{"feed_name":"us-water-issues","schema_version":"agent-1.3.2","generated_at":"2026-10-14T14:10:06Z","source_feed":{"feed_name":"us-water-intelligence","schema_version":"1.3.2","run_id":"run_2026-10-14_national_claude","mode":"incremental"},"run":{"mode":"incremental","run_id":"run_2026-10-14_national_claude","run_date":"2026-10-14","research_start":"2023-10-14","research_end":"2026-10-14","prior_run_date":"2026-10-13","revision":80},"filters_applied":{},"summary":{"highest_risk":"The highest-risk findings in this update include PFAS contamination affecting drinking-water systems and private wells, continuing Helene-related water and wastewater recovery in western North Carolina, major drinking-water and sewer compliance problems in Pennsylvania and Ohio, and persistent industrial, agricultural and urban water-quality burdens in Illinois.","directional_picture":"Conditions are mixed. Major public investment and completed repairs show improvement at several utilities, but PFAS treatment exposure, aging infrastructure, consent-decree obligations, flooding, drought and affordability pressures remain unresolved; most newly established baselines still have insufficient comparable history for projection.","cross_cutting":[{"label":"Persistent contaminants","text":"PFAS is a recurring drinking-water, groundwater and industrial-discharge driver across all four states."},{"label":"Infrastructure finance","text":"Large awarded and planned capital programs are documented, while comparable household-burden, arrears and utility-liquidity data remain uneven."},{"label":"Climate resilience","text":"Flooding, drought and disaster recovery continue to affect water and wastewater reliability, especially in western North Carolina."}]},"category_notes":{},"system_baselines":{"system_type":"community","violation_basis":"health_based","period_start":"2025-07-01","period_end":"2026-06-30","as_of_date":"2026-10-10","sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SDWIS WATER_SYSTEM table: active community water systems (Envirofacts data service)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-10-10","url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWS_ACTIVITY_CODE/A/PWS_TYPE_CODE/CWS/COUNT/JSON","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS VIOLATION table: health-based violations of community water systems, compliance period beginning Jul 2025 to Jun 2026 (Envirofacts data service)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-10-10","url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/PWS_TYPE_CODE/CWS/COMPL_PER_BEGIN_DATE/%3E/2025-06-30/COMPL_PER_BEGIN_DATE/%3C/2026-07-01/COUNT/JSON","basis":"Federal 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1252,"population_in_violation":299929,"source_refs":[1,2]},"NV":{"systems_total":228,"systems_with_violations":17,"population_served":3133364,"population_in_violation":22629,"source_refs":[1,2]},"NY":{"systems_total":2198,"systems_with_violations":70,"population_served":18192453,"population_in_violation":634789,"source_refs":[1,2]},"OH":{"systems_total":1085,"systems_with_violations":32,"population_served":10515275,"population_in_violation":516517,"source_refs":[1,2]},"OK":{"systems_total":885,"systems_with_violations":182,"population_served":3676394,"population_in_violation":529799,"source_refs":[1,2]},"OR":{"systems_total":937,"systems_with_violations":43,"population_served":3755184,"population_in_violation":27935,"source_refs":[1,2]},"PA":{"systems_total":1781,"systems_with_violations":135,"population_served":11452721,"population_in_violation":523193,"source_refs":[1,2]},"PR":{"systems_total":404,"systems_with_violations":8,"population_served":3295853,"population_in_violation":1171317,"source_refs":[1,2]},"RI":{"systems_total":93,"systems_with_violations":6,"population_served":1064124,"population_in_violation":15085,"source_refs":[1,2]},"SC":{"systems_total":555,"systems_with_violations":13,"population_served":4774716,"population_in_violation":326064,"source_refs":[1,2]},"SD":{"systems_total":512,"systems_with_violations":20,"population_served":931722,"population_in_violation":45623,"source_refs":[1,2]},"TN":{"systems_total":454,"systems_with_violations":9,"population_served":7889387,"population_in_violation":51747,"source_refs":[1,2]},"TX":{"systems_total":4631,"systems_with_violations":322,"population_served":33125025,"population_in_violation":1692722,"source_refs":[1,2]},"UT":{"systems_total":555,"systems_with_violations":18,"population_served":3738889,"population_in_violation":5150,"source_refs":[1,2]},"VA":{"systems_total":1049,"systems_with_violations":27,"population_served":7432582,"population_in_violation":58650,"source_refs":[1,2]},"VI":{"systems_total":19,"systems_with_violations":2,"population_served":71702,"population_in_violation":279,"source_refs":[1,2]},"VT":{"systems_total":377,"systems_with_violations":5,"population_served":461257,"population_in_violation":439,"source_refs":[1,2]},"WA":{"systems_total":2401,"systems_with_violations":62,"population_served":9610013,"population_in_violation":24074,"source_refs":[1,2]},"WI":{"systems_total":978,"systems_with_violations":38,"population_served":4267601,"population_in_violation":52103,"source_refs":[1,2]},"WV":{"systems_total":424,"systems_with_violations":73,"population_served":1557394,"population_in_violation":214502,"source_refs":[1,2]},"WY":{"systems_total":316,"systems_with_violations":10,"population_served":541437,"population_in_violation":9498,"source_refs":[1,2]}},"notes":"Computed 2026-10-10 from EPA Envirofacts SDWIS (federal quarterly refresh). Active community water systems; a system counts once if any health-based violation (MCL, MRDL, treatment technique) has a compliance period beginning 2025-07-01 to 2026-06-30. 32 violating systems no longer active are excluded from both counts. The window ends June 2026 because SDWIS shows almost no violations for Jul-Sep 2026 yet (federal reporting lag of about one quarter); states report violations to EPA, and under-reporting by some states is documented, so low state counts are not proof of compliance. States use the SDWIS state_code (where the system is), so tribal systems under an EPA region are counted in that state; a handful of Canadian-coded border systems are excluded from state entries. Population figures are SDWIS population_served_count sums; people served by several systems may be counted more than once."},"milestones":[],"records":[{"id":"US-AL-BIRMINGHAM-RECURRING-STREET-FLOODING-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Recurring Birmingham and Irondale street flooding","description":"National Weather Service storm records document road and street flooding in Birmingham in September 2024 and again in Birmingham and Irondale in August 2025. The two events support a recurring urban-flooding dossier, but the records do not attribute the flooding to a named drainage failure.","location":{"name":"Birmingham-Irondale urban drainage area","type":"Multi-city stormwater and street-flooding area","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Birmingham and Irondale, Jefferson County, Alabama","counties":["Jefferson"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Intense rainfall produced repeated flash and street flooding; the cited records do not establish a specific failed drainage asset.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Birmingham-Irondale urban drainage area: National Weather Service storm records document road and street flooding in Birmingham in September 2024 and again in Birmingham and Irondale in August 2025. Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena - September 2024 supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For Recurring Birmingham and Irondale street flooding, status is Monitoring or Emerging Risk; Reported: 2.5-3.5 inches of rain in the August 2025 event; several streets flooded. September 2024 roads became temporarily impassable; depth and damage were not reported. supports service score 1. [1]","scale":"Birmingham-Irondale urban drainage area has city extent; Not reported., supporting scale score 1. [1]","duration":"Recurring Birmingham and Irondale street flooding is documented from 2026-10-09 through 2026-10-09; duration score is 1. [1]","significance":"National Weather Service Birmingham documents Event response and road closures were reported for Birmingham-Irondale urban drainage area, supporting significance score 0. [1]"}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 2.5-3.5 inches of rain in the August 2025 event; several streets flooded. September 2024 roads became temporarily impassable; depth and damage were not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No stormwater-finance, asset-condition, or dedicated-revenue evidence was located in the cited event records."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Analytical projection: short-duration street flooding remains plausible during future high-intensity rain over the next 12-24 months; confidence is low because only two comparable events and no drainage-capacity model were verified.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: short-duration street flooding remains plausible during future high-intensity rain over the next 12-24 months; confidence is low because only two comparable events and no drainage-capacity model were verified.","horizon":"12-24 months or source-stated horizon","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, hydrologic change, project completion, or funding change."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Birmingham"},{"name":"City of Irondale"},{"name":"Jefferson County Emergency Management"},{"name":"National Weather Service Birmingham"}],"public_contact":"National Weather Service Birmingham, (205) 664-3010","corrective_actions":["Event response and road closures were reported","a basin-specific corrective program was not verified."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena - September 2024","publisher":"National Weather Service Birmingham","date":"2025-10-06","url":"https://www.weather.gov/media/bmx/stormdat/2024/bmxsep2024.pdf","basis":"Federal storm-event record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena - August 2025","publisher":"National Weather Service Birmingham","date":"2025-08-31","url":"https://www.weather.gov/media/bmx/stormdat/2025/bmxaug2025.pdf","basis":"Federal storm-event record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New verified recurring-event record from Alabama baseline Batch 2."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-09","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Properties affected","Flood depth","Drainage capacity","Damage cost","Corrective capital plan"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AL-BLOUNT-COUNTY-E-COLI-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Blount County Water Authority E. coli MCL violation","description":"ADEM recorded a one-month E. coli maximum-contaminant-level violation and a March 2024 return-to-compliance date. No later recurrence was verified in accessible records.","location":{"name":"Blount County Water Authority","type":"Public water system service area","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Blount County, Alabama","counties":["Blount"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented E. coli maximum-contaminant-level violation was the primary issue; no infrastructure cause was identified in the cited record.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Blount County Water Authority: ADEM recorded a one-month E. Annual Compliance Report, Calendar Year 2024 supports harm score 2. [1]","service":"For Blount County Water Authority E. coli MCL violation, status is Resolved or Stabilized; Reported: E. coli MCL violation for February 1-29, 2024; return-to-compliance date March 19, 2024. supports service score 1. [1]","scale":"Blount County Water Authority has system extent; Reported regulatory service population: 19,074., supporting scale score 1. [1]","duration":"Blount County Water Authority E. coli MCL violation is documented from 2026-10-09 through 2026-10-09; duration score is 0. [1]","significance":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management documents Return to compliance recorded March 19, 2024 for Blount County Water Authority, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":19074,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported regulatory service population: 19,074."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: E. coli MCL violation for February 1-29, 2024; return-to-compliance date March 19, 2024."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The cited compliance table does not provide financial or operating-capacity evidence."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"12-24 months or source-stated horizon","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, hydrologic change, project completion, or funding change."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"ADEM Drinking Water Branch"},{"name":"Blount County Water Authority"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Drinking Water Branch, (334) 271-7773","corrective_actions":["Return to compliance recorded March 19, 2024","underlying corrective action details were not reported in the annual table."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Compliance Report, Calendar Year 2024","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-06-01","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-06/2024DWBAnnualComplianceReport.pdf","basis":"State regulatory record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 1."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-09","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Measured organism concentration","Specific corrective action","2025 compliance detail"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AL-BUTLER-TTHM-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Butler Water System TTHM violations","description":"Two quarterly average violations were followed by a recorded return to compliance.","location":{"name":"Butler Water System","type":"Municipal public water system service area","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Butler, Choctaw County, Alabama","counties":["Choctaw"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Regulated disinfection-byproduct MCL exceedances are the documented primary issue; the cited table does not establish an infrastructure cause.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Butler Water System: Two quarterly average violations were followed by a recorded return to compliance. Annual Compliance Report, Calendar Year 2024 supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For Butler Water System TTHM violations, status is Resolved or Stabilized; Reported: TTHM MCL violations in Q1 and Q2 2024; return-to-compliance date August 16, 2024. supports service score 0. [1]","scale":"Butler Water System has city extent; Reported regulatory service population: 4,590., supporting scale score 1. [1]","duration":"Butler Water System TTHM violations is documented from 2026-10-09 through 2026-10-09; duration score is 1. [1]","significance":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management documents Compliance monitoring and operational evaluation are required for Butler Water System, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":4590,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported regulatory service population: 4,590."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: TTHM MCL violations in Q1 and Q2 2024; return-to-compliance date August 16, 2024."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The annual compliance table does not provide utility financial evidence."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"12-24 months or source-stated horizon","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, hydrologic change, project completion, or funding change."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"ADEM Drinking Water Branch"},{"name":"Butler Water System"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Drinking Water Branch, (334) 271-7773","corrective_actions":["Compliance monitoring and operational evaluation are required","the annual table does not describe system-specific treatment changes."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Compliance Report, Calendar Year 2024","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-06-01","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-06/2024DWBAnnualComplianceReport.pdf","basis":"State regulatory record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 1."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-09","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Measured concentration","System-specific corrective action","2025 compliance detail"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AL-CHAMBERS-SWINERTON-SOLAR-STORMWATER-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lafayette solar-site sediment discharges","description":"Inadequate construction-stormwater controls at a utility-scale solar site caused unauthorized sediment-laden discharges. A federal multistate settlement includes an Alabama watershed stream-credit requirement.","location":{"name":"Lafayette utility-scale solar construction site","type":"Solar-energy construction site and affected watershed","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Near Lafayette, Chambers County, Alabama","counties":["Chambers"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["other","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Construction-control failures at an energy facility caused documented sediment discharges and watershed harm.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA and ADEM stated the sediment-laden discharges harmed the watershed and ecosystem.","service":"No drinking-water or sanitation service impact was documented.","scale":"The documented impact is a local watershed; affected population was not reported.","duration":"The violations occurred during construction; continuing contamination was not established.","significance":"A federal multistate consent decree imposes penalties and mitigation."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: $2.3 million multistate penalty, including $540,500 to ADEM, plus 14,020 Alabama watershed stream credits; the total is not Alabama-only."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","role":"Federal regulator"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Justice","role":"Federal enforcement"},{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","role":"State regulator"}],"public_contact":"EPA Press Office, press@epa.gov","corrective_actions":["Purchase 14,020 stream credits in the surrounding Alabama watershed","Consent-decree compliance"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Swinerton Builders settlement for Clean Water Act violations","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2024-01-17","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/swinerton-builders-reaches-agreement-address-clean-water-act-violations-and-offset","basis":"Federal enforcement release"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected population","Alabama mitigation purchase cost"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AL-CLANTON-BACKUP-PUMP-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Clanton failing backup source-water pump","description":"Clanton’s aging backup source-water pump was failing, leaving only about one day of stored water if the electric main pump lost power. A funded replacement project is underway.","location":{"name":"Clanton Water Works and Sewer Board","type":"Municipal water utility service area","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Clanton, Chilton County, Alabama","counties":["Chilton"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The principal risk is an aging and failing diesel backup pump that leaves the system without production redundancy during a power outage.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Clanton Water Works and Sewer Board: Clanton’s aging backup source-water pump was failing, leaving only about one day of stored water if the electric main pump lost power. Gov. Ivey awards grant to help city of Clanton with water supply need supports harm score 0. [1]","service":"For Clanton failing backup source-water pump, status is Corrective Action Underway; Reported: without the backup pump, stored supply is about 24 hours; $500,000 grant and $100,000 city contribution. supports service score 2. [1]","scale":"Clanton Water Works and Sewer Board has city extent; Reported: nearly 5,000 residential and business customers., supporting scale score 1. [1]","duration":"Clanton failing backup source-water pump is documented from 2026-10-09 through 2026-10-09; duration score is 1. [1]","significance":"Alabama Department of Economic and Community Affairs documents Replace the diesel-powered backup pump at the Lake Mitchell supply site. for Clanton Water Works and Sewer Board, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":5000,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: nearly 5,000 residential and business customers."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: without the backup pump, stored supply is about 24 hours; $500,000 grant and $100,000 city contribution."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["A single-point operational vulnerability is documented; evidence does not establish broader financial distress."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"12-24 months or source-stated horizon","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, hydrologic change, project completion, or funding change."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Clanton"},{"name":"Clanton Water Works and Sewer Board"},{"name":"ADECA"},{"name":"U.S"},{"name":"Department of Housing and Urban Development"}],"public_contact":"ADECA Communications and External Affairs, (334) 242-5525","corrective_actions":["Replace the diesel-powered backup pump at the Lake Mitchell supply site."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Gov. Ivey awards grant to help city of Clanton with water supply need","publisher":"Alabama Department of Economic and Community Affairs","date":"2024-10-30","url":"https://adeca.alabama.gov/2024/10/30/gov-ivey-awards-grant-to-help-city-of-clanton-with-water-supply-need/","basis":"State project notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 1."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pump age","Failure frequency","Project completion date"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AL-COLBERT-TVA-CCR-GROUNDWATER-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Colbert Fossil Plant ash-area groundwater exceedances","description":"TVA documented arsenic, molybdenum, and lithium at statistically significant levels above groundwater protection standards at Ash Disposal Area 4. The unit is capped, but final groundwater remedy selection remained pending.","location":{"name":"TVA Colbert Fossil Plant Ash Disposal Area 4","type":"Closed coal-ash unit and affected groundwater","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Tuscumbia, Colbert County, Alabama; Cane Creek and Tennessee River context","counties":["Colbert"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The core issue is confirmed groundwater constituent levels above federal CCR protection standards.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Arsenic, molybdenum, and lithium were confirmed above groundwater protection standards.","service":"No drinking-water interruption or potable-well impact was documented.","scale":"The documented impact is localized to facility groundwater; downstream population was not quantified.","duration":"Assessment monitoring and remedy selection have continued for years.","significance":"Federal and state CCR corrective-measures oversight is active."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: June 2025 COF-105 arsenic 99% lower confidence bound was 12.2 micrograms per liter versus a 10 micrograms per liter groundwater protection standard."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Tennessee Valley Authority","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","role":"State regulator"}],"public_contact":"TVA Colbert CCR public contact channel; ADEM, 334-271-7700","corrective_actions":["Cap and post-closure maintenance","Assessment monitoring","Source characterization","Final remedy selection and design"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Midyear 2025 Appendix IV groundwater protection standard exceedance notification","publisher":"Tennessee Valley Authority","date":"2025-06-20","url":"https://www.tva.com/docs/default-source/ccr/cof/surface-impoundment---ash-disposal-area-4/groundwater-monitoring/assessment-monitoring/257-95(g)_notification_appiv_gwps_exceed_cof_ash_disposal_area_4_midyear_2025.pdf?sfvrsn=dee7f2af_1","basis":"Utility CCR monitoring record"},{"ref":2,"title":"2025 semiannual remedy-selection progress report","publisher":"Tennessee Valley Authority","date":"2025-07-11","url":"https://www.tva.com/docs/default-source/ccr/cof/surface-impoundment---ash-disposal-area-4/groundwater-monitoring/corrective-measures/257-97(a)_2025_12th_semiannual_progress_report_cof_ash_disposal_area_4.pdf?sfvrsn=a4b5bb32_4","basis":"Utility CCR corrective-measures report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-09","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected population","Remedy cost","Funding source and gap"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AL-CWM-DBP-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"CWM Water Authority TTHM and HAA5 violations","description":"Repeated violations affected two regulated disinfection-byproduct groups before a recorded return to compliance.","location":{"name":"CWM Water Authority","type":"Public water system service area","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Wilcox County, Alabama","counties":["Wilcox"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Regulated disinfection-byproduct MCL exceedances are the documented primary issue; the cited table does not establish an infrastructure cause.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"CWM Water Authority: Repeated violations affected two regulated disinfection-byproduct groups before a recorded return to compliance. Annual Compliance Report, Calendar Year 2024 supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For CWM Water Authority TTHM and HAA5 violations, status is Resolved or Stabilized; Reported: TTHM and HAA5 MCL violations across Q1-Q3 2024; return-to-compliance date October 24, 2024. supports service score 0. [1]","scale":"CWM Water Authority has system extent; Reported regulatory service population: 1,749., supporting scale score 1. [1]","duration":"CWM Water Authority TTHM and HAA5 violations is documented from 2026-10-09 through 2026-10-09; duration score is 2. [1]","significance":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management documents Compliance monitoring and operational evaluation are required for CWM Water Authority, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":1749,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported regulatory service population: 1,749."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: TTHM and HAA5 MCL violations across Q1-Q3 2024; return-to-compliance date October 24, 2024."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The annual compliance table does not provide utility financial evidence."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"12-24 months or source-stated horizon","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, hydrologic change, project completion, or funding change."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"ADEM Drinking Water Branch"},{"name":"CWM Water Authority"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Drinking Water Branch, (334) 271-7773","corrective_actions":["Compliance monitoring and operational evaluation are required","the annual table does not describe system-specific treatment changes."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Compliance Report, Calendar Year 2024","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-06-01","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-06/2024DWBAnnualComplianceReport.pdf","basis":"State regulatory record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 1."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-09","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Measured concentration","System-specific corrective action","2025 compliance detail"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AL-DECATUR-PFAS-PILOT-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Decatur Utilities PFAS treatment pilot and recurring detections","description":"Decatur Utilities reports PFAS detections below applicable federal limits but lacks dedicated PFAS-removal technology. A state-funded pilot is testing treatment options for future compliance and resilience.","location":{"name":"Decatur Utilities","type":"Municipal water utility service area","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Decatur and Morgan County, Alabama","counties":["Decatur","Morgan"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Recurring PFAS detections and the absence of dedicated PFAS-removal treatment drive the study; current results remain below the utility-reported federal limits.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Decatur Utilities: Decatur Utilities reports PFAS detections below applicable federal limits but lacks dedicated PFAS-removal technology. DU drinking water in EPA compliance; Phase 2 PFAS treatment study approved supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For Decatur Utilities PFAS treatment pilot and recurring detections, status is Corrective Action Underway; Reported: quarterly averages since July 2022 were 2.21 ppt PFOA and 2.46 ppt PFOS; $1.5 million DWSRF assistance supports pilot work. supports service score 0. [1]","scale":"Decatur Utilities has city extent; Reported DWSRF project population: 57,303., supporting scale score 1. [1]","duration":"Decatur Utilities PFAS treatment pilot and recurring detections is documented from 2026-10-09 through 2026-10-09; duration score is 1. [1]","significance":"Decatur Utilities documents Full-scale pilot testing of five treatment alternatives and preliminary design for future PFAS treatment. for Decatur Utilities, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":57303,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported DWSRF project population: 57,303."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: quarterly averages since July 2022 were 2.21 ppt PFOA and 2.46 ppt PFOS; $1.5 million DWSRF assistance supports pilot work."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The utility reports current compliance; the cited sources do not establish fiscal stress."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"12-24 months or source-stated horizon","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, hydrologic change, project completion, or funding change."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Decatur Utilities"},{"name":"ADEM Drinking Water State Revolving Fund program"}],"public_contact":"Decatur Utilities Water Treatment Plant, (256) 552-1440; ADEM Drinking Water Branch, (334) 271-7773","corrective_actions":["Full-scale pilot testing of five treatment alternatives and preliminary design for future PFAS treatment."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DU drinking water in EPA compliance; Phase 2 PFAS treatment study approved","publisher":"Decatur Utilities","date":"2025-07-28","url":"https://www.decaturutilities.com/post/phase-2-pfas-treatment-study","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Categorical Exclusion - Decatur Utilities PFAS Study","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-09-17","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-09/09-25decatur.pdf","basis":"State regulatory record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 1."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Full-scale treatment cost","Implementation schedule after pilot"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AL-DEKALB-JACKSON-DBP-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"DeKalb-Jackson recurring TTHM and HAA5 violations","description":"Repeated violations affected both TTHM and HAA5, with no return-to-compliance date in the 2024 report.","location":{"name":"DeKalb-Jackson Water Supply District","type":"Regional public water system service area","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Jackson County, Alabama","counties":["Jackson"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Regulated disinfection-byproduct MCL exceedances are the documented primary issue; the cited table does not establish an infrastructure cause.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DeKalb-Jackson Water Supply District: Repeated violations affected both TTHM and HAA5, with no return-to-compliance date in the 2024 report. Annual Compliance Report, Calendar Year 2024 supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For DeKalb-Jackson recurring TTHM and HAA5 violations, status is Unknown; Reported: multiple TTHM and HAA5 MCL violations across 2024; the annual table shows no return-to-compliance date. supports service score 0. [1]","scale":"DeKalb-Jackson Water Supply District has system extent; Reported regulatory service population: 15,531., supporting scale score 1. [1]","duration":"DeKalb-Jackson recurring TTHM and HAA5 violations is documented from 2026-10-09 through 2026-10-09; duration score is 2. [1]","significance":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management documents Compliance monitoring and operational evaluation are required for DeKalb-Jackson Water Supply District, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":15531,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported regulatory service population: 15,531."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: multiple TTHM and HAA5 MCL violations across 2024; the annual table shows no return-to-compliance date."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The annual compliance table does not provide utility financial evidence."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"12-24 months or source-stated horizon","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, hydrologic change, project completion, or funding change."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"ADEM Drinking Water Branch"},{"name":"DeKalb-Jackson Water Supply District"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Drinking Water Branch, (334) 271-7773","corrective_actions":["Compliance monitoring and operational evaluation are required","the annual table does not describe system-specific treatment changes."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Compliance Report, Calendar Year 2024","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-06-01","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-06/2024DWBAnnualComplianceReport.pdf","basis":"State regulatory record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":5,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 1."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Unknown","score":5,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-09","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Measured concentration","System-specific corrective action","2025 compliance detail"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AL-DRAFT303D-PATHOGENS-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Proposed pathogen impairments across Alabama waterways","description":"ADEM proposed adding multiple river, creek, bayou, bay, and lake assessment units to the 2026 impaired-waters list after E. coli or Enterococcus criteria were exceeded. The listed waters span numerous counties and basins; the proposal is a regulatory finding, not a statewide recreational-water closure.","location":{"name":"Alabama proposed pathogen-impaired waters","type":"Statewide impaired-water assessment-unit cohort","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Multiple Alabama, Black Warrior, Cahaba, Chattahoochee, Chipola, Choctawhatchee, Escambia, Mobile, Perdido, and Tennessee basin waters","extent":"statewide","counties":[]},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Measured bacterial-criterion exceedances across multiple surface-water assessment units are the principal issue.","secondary_drivers":["No utility-solvency evidence was identified."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Localized or plausible harm is supported by [1]: Reported: individual stations recorded E. coli or Enterococcus exceedances ranging from 2 of 8 samples to 7 of 41 samples; ADEM proposed the affected units for the 2026 Section 303(d) list.","service":"Limited or indirect service impact is supported by [1]: Reported: individual stations recorded E. coli or Enterococcus exceedances ranging from 2 of 8 samples to 7 of 41 samples; ADEM proposed the affected units for the 2026 Section 303(d) list.","scale":"Multi-community, basin, or large-population scale is supported by [1]: Multiple Alabama, Black Warrior, Cahaba, Chattahoochee, Chipola, Choctawhatchee, Escambia, Mobile, Perdido, and Tennessee basin waters.","duration":"Ongoing or recurring duration is supported by dates/status in [1]; latest status is Monitoring or Emerging Risk.","significance":"Official response or material concern is documented in [1]: Reported: individual stations recorded E. coli or Enterococcus exceedances ranging from 2 of 8 samples to 7 of 41 samples; ADEM proposed the affected units for the 2026 Section 303(d) list."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected-population count was reported in the cited source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: individual stations recorded E. coli or Enterococcus exceedances ranging from 2 of 8 samples to 7 of 41 samples; ADEM proposed the affected units for the 2026 Section 303(d) list."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No utility-solvency evidence was identified."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"This is the first comparable statewide proposal in the index.","projection":{"statement":"Listed units will require final listing decisions and subsequent restoration planning; timing cannot be forecast from the proposal alone.","horizon":"2026-2028","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["ADEM finalizes the proposed listings"],"reversal_factors":["New monitoring supports delisting or changes pollutant attribution"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","role":"State water-quality assessor and TMDL agency"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Water Division, Joseph Roy: jtr@adem.alabama.gov","corrective_actions":["Public review of the draft list","Final listing decision","TMDL development or other restoration action for listed waters"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Alabama Draft 2026 Section 303(d) List Fact Sheet","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2026-01-14","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2026-01/01-26ALDRAFT303dFactSheet.pdf","basis":"State impaired-waters proposal"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-01-14","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Population affected","Final 2026 list status","Pollutant-source attribution by assessment unit"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-FORT-PAYNE-AGING-LINES-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Fort Payne downtown aging water-line replacement","description":"Fort Payne documented frequent leaks and low pressure in roughly 80-year-old downtown water lines. A funded replacement project covers more than 8,000 feet.","location":{"name":"Fort Payne downtown water-line project area","type":"Municipal water infrastructure project area","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Fort Payne, DeKalb County, Alabama","counties":["DeKalb"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Eighty-year-old, undersized metal lines with frequent leaks and low pressure are the documented principal failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Fort Payne downtown water-line project area: Fort Payne documented frequent leaks and low pressure in roughly 80-year-old downtown water lines. Gov. Ivey announces grant to upgrade Fort Payne water lines supports harm score 0. [1]","service":"For Fort Payne downtown aging water-line replacement, status is Corrective Action Underway; Reported: more than 8,000 feet of line; $1 million grant plus $545,445 local funding. supports service score 1. [1]","scale":"Fort Payne downtown water-line project area has county extent; Reported: more than 50 businesses, 20 residences, and a public housing development., supporting scale score 1. [1]","duration":"Fort Payne downtown aging water-line replacement is documented from 2026-10-09 through 2026-10-09; duration score is 2. [1]","significance":"Alabama Department of Economic and Community Affairs documents Replace old and undersized lines and add six hydrants along Gault Avenue and adjoining streets. for Fort Payne downtown water-line project area, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":50,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: more than 50 businesses, 20 residences, and a public housing development."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: more than 8,000 feet of line; $1 million grant plus $545,445 local funding."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Aging assets and grant use are documented, but no structural revenue or solvency concern is established."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"12-24 months or source-stated horizon","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, hydrologic change, project completion, or funding change."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Water Works Board of the City of Fort Payne"},{"name":"City of Fort Payne"},{"name":"ADECA"},{"name":"Appalachian Regional Commission"}],"public_contact":"ADECA Communications and External Affairs, (334) 242-5525","corrective_actions":["Replace old and undersized lines and add six hydrants along Gault Avenue and adjoining streets."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Gov. Ivey announces grant to upgrade Fort Payne water lines","publisher":"Alabama Department of Economic and Community Affairs","date":"2024-05-03","url":"https://adeca.alabama.gov/2024/05/03/gov-ivey-announces-grant-to-upgrade-fort-payne-water-lines/","basis":"State project notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 1."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Leak frequency","Water-loss volume","Project completion date"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AL-GA-ACT-ALLATOONA-ALLOCATION-2021","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"ACT Basin Allatoona water-supply allocation litigation","description":"Alabama continues to challenge the federal allocation of Allatoona Lake storage for Georgia municipal and industrial supply. A federal district court upheld the Corps in March 2025; Alabama appealed in May 2025, and Georgia disclosed the appeal as pending in June 2026.","location":{"name":"Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa River Basin and Allatoona Lake","type":"Interstate river basin and federal reservoir","state":"AL","states":["AL","GA"],"detail":"Allatoona Lake, Georgia, and downstream ACT Basin communities in Georgia and Alabama","counties":[],"extent":"multi_state"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The dispute concerns the quantity and allocation of federal reservoir storage for municipal and industrial supply and downstream operations.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No current health or environmental harm was documented in the cited ruling or June 2026 disclosure.","service":"The challenged allocation governs municipal and industrial supply and reservoir operations, but no current outage or unsafe-water event was reported.","scale":"The ACT is a 22,739-square-mile interstate basin spanning Georgia and Alabama with multiple downstream stakeholders.","duration":"The 2015 action remained in litigation through a May 2025 appeal and was still disclosed as pending in June 2026.","significance":"Formal federal litigation challenges a Corps record of decision allocating 32,698 acre-feet of reservoir storage."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Georgia requested increased withdrawals from 37.1 to 94 MGD through 2050; the 2021 record of decision allocated 32,698 acre-feet, 5.85% of usable storage and 12.1% of the conservation pool."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The June 2026 official disclosure states the appeal outcome and duration cannot be predicted.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","role":"Federal reservoir operator"},{"name":"State of Alabama","role":"Plaintiff-appellant"},{"name":"State of Georgia","role":"Intervenor"}],"public_contact":"USACE Mobile District Water Management, water-sam@usace.army.mil, 251-690-2717","corrective_actions":["District court upheld the Corps allocation","Alabama appealed; no court-ordered corrective action reported"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"State of Alabama v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Memorandum Opinion","publisher":"U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia","date":"2025-03-31","url":"https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/district-of-columbia/dcdce/1:2015cv00696/171627/169/","basis":"Court opinion mirror"},{"ref":2,"title":"Preliminary Official Statement Dated June 12, 2026","publisher":"State of Georgia / Georgia State Financing and Investment Commission","date":"2026-06-12","url":"https://gsfic.georgia.gov/document/document/gastate-pos-26abc/download","basis":"Official state disclosure"},{"ref":3,"title":"Alabama v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, appeal 25-5206","publisher":"U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit","date":"2025-05-29","url":"https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/cadc/25-5206","basis":"Court docket mirror"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Ongoing litigation","score":7,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-09","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected population","Litigation cost","Rate or affordability effects"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-GILBERTOWN-TTHM-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Gilbertown recurring TTHM violations","description":"The 2024 annual table documents repeated quarterly violations but does not establish current resolution.","location":{"name":"Utilities Board of the Town of Gilbertown","type":"Municipal public water system service area","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Gilbertown, Choctaw County, Alabama","counties":["Choctaw"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Regulated disinfection-byproduct MCL exceedances are the documented primary issue; the cited table does not establish an infrastructure cause.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Utilities Board of the Town of Gilbertown: The 2024 annual table documents repeated quarterly violations but does not establish current resolution. Annual Compliance Report, Calendar Year 2024 supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For Gilbertown recurring TTHM violations, status is Unknown; Reported: TTHM MCL violations in all four 2024 quarters; the annual table shows no return-to-compliance date. supports service score 0. [1]","scale":"Utilities Board of the Town of Gilbertown has city extent; Reported regulatory service population: 8,157., supporting scale score 1. [1]","duration":"Gilbertown recurring TTHM violations is documented from 2026-10-09 through 2026-10-09; duration score is 2. [1]","significance":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management documents Compliance monitoring and operational evaluation are required for Utilities Board of the Town of Gilbertown, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":8157,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported regulatory service population: 8,157."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: TTHM MCL violations in all four 2024 quarters; the annual table shows no return-to-compliance date."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The annual compliance table does not provide utility financial evidence."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"12-24 months or source-stated horizon","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, hydrologic change, project completion, or funding change."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"ADEM Drinking Water Branch"},{"name":"Utilities Board of the Town of Gilbertown"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Drinking Water Branch, (334) 271-7773","corrective_actions":["Compliance monitoring and operational evaluation are required","the annual table does not describe system-specific treatment changes."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Compliance Report, Calendar Year 2024","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-06-01","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-06/2024DWBAnnualComplianceReport.pdf","basis":"State regulatory record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":5,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 1."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Unknown","score":5,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-09","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Measured concentration","System-specific corrective action","2025 compliance detail"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AL-HAMILTON-SUPPLY-RELIABILITY-2023","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Hamilton single-source shutdown and alternative supply project","description":"A 2023 upstream dam breach sent sediment into Hamilton’s sole source and forced a temporary plant shutdown. A secondary interconnection project is intended to prevent recurrence.","location":{"name":"City of Hamilton water system","type":"Municipal public water system service area","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Hamilton, Marion County, Alabama","counties":["Marion"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A sediment pulse made the existing plant unable to treat its sole source, and the system lacked an alternative interconnection.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"City of Hamilton water system: A 2023 upstream dam breach sent sediment into Hamilton’s sole source and forced a temporary plant shutdown. Gov. Ivey announces grant to aid Hamilton water upgrades supports harm score 0. [1]","service":"For Hamilton single-source shutdown and alternative supply project, status is Corrective Action Underway; Reported: $309,812 ARC grant plus $309,813 city pledge; the 2023 event temporarily closed schools, businesses, and a manufacturing plant. supports service score 2. [1]","scale":"City of Hamilton water system has city extent; Reported: 3,512 residential and business customers., supporting scale score 1. [1]","duration":"Hamilton single-source shutdown and alternative supply project is documented from 2026-10-09 through 2026-10-09; duration score is 1. [1]","significance":"Alabama Department of Economic and Community Affairs documents Construct a secondary connection, water-line extension, booster pumps, and a booster-station upgrade for City of Hamilton water system, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":3512,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 3,512 residential and business customers."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: $309,812 ARC grant plus $309,813 city pledge; the 2023 event temporarily closed schools, businesses, and a manufacturing plant."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Single-source operational vulnerability is documented; no insolvency, default, or chronic deficit is established."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"12-24 months or source-stated horizon","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, hydrologic change, project completion, or funding change."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Hamilton"},{"name":"Marion County Public Water Authority"},{"name":"Guin water system"},{"name":"ADECA"},{"name":"Appalachian Regional Commission"}],"public_contact":"ADECA Communications and External Affairs, (334) 242-5525","corrective_actions":["Construct a secondary connection, water-line extension, booster pumps, and a booster-station upgrade","the project reached bidding in 2026."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Gov. Ivey announces grant to aid Hamilton water upgrades","publisher":"Alabama Department of Economic and Community Affairs","date":"2024-05-09","url":"https://adeca.alabama.gov/2024/05/09/gov-ivey-announces-grant-to-aid-hamilton-water-upgrades/","basis":"State project notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 1."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-09","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Outage duration","Population affected","Project completion date"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AL-JACKSON-COUNTY-TTHM-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Jackson County Water Authority recurring TTHM violations","description":"Two consecutive quarterly violations were recorded without a return-to-compliance date in the report.","location":{"name":"Jackson County Water Authority","type":"Public water system service area","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Jackson County, Alabama","counties":["Jackson"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Regulated disinfection-byproduct MCL exceedances are the documented primary issue; the cited table does not establish an infrastructure cause.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Jackson County Water Authority: Two consecutive quarterly violations were recorded without a return-to-compliance date in the report. Annual Compliance Report, Calendar Year 2024 supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For Jackson County Water Authority recurring TTHM violations, status is Unknown; Reported: TTHM MCL violations in Q3 and Q4 2024; the annual table shows no return-to-compliance date. supports service score 0. [1]","scale":"Jackson County Water Authority has system extent; Reported regulatory service population: 7,800., supporting scale score 1. [1]","duration":"Jackson County Water Authority recurring TTHM violations is documented from 2026-10-09 through 2026-10-09; duration score is 1. [1]","significance":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management documents Compliance monitoring and operational evaluation are required for Jackson County Water Authority, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":7800,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported regulatory service population: 7,800."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: TTHM MCL violations in Q3 and Q4 2024; the annual table shows no return-to-compliance date."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The annual compliance table does not provide utility financial evidence."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"12-24 months or source-stated horizon","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, hydrologic change, project completion, or funding change."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"ADEM Drinking Water Branch"},{"name":"Jackson County Water Authority"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Drinking Water Branch, (334) 271-7773","corrective_actions":["Compliance monitoring and operational evaluation are required","the annual table does not describe system-specific treatment changes."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Compliance Report, Calendar Year 2024","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-06-01","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-06/2024DWBAnnualComplianceReport.pdf","basis":"State regulatory record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 1."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-09","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Measured concentration","System-specific corrective action","2025 compliance detail"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AL-JEFFERSON-BIRMINGHAM-HIDE-TALLOW-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Birmingham Hide and Tallow discharge to Valley Creek","description":"ADEM alleged that an improperly operated wastewater pond and inadequate spill and BMP controls caused an unpermitted industrial wastewater discharge with floating debris and dissolved-oxygen violations in Valley Creek. Final order and compliance certification were not verified.","location":{"name":"Birmingham Hide and Tallow Company","type":"Industrial facility and affected receiving stream","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Bessemer, Jefferson County, Alabama; Valley Creek","counties":["Jefferson"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water","other"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Industrial wastewater-control failures caused a documented unpermitted discharge and receiving-water violations.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Floating debris and dissolved-oxygen violations were documented; ecological outcome was not quantified.","service":"No utility-service impact was documented.","scale":"The documented impact is localized to Valley Creek.","duration":"Multiple operational, permit, and control failures were alleged, but duration was not quantified.","significance":"ADEM proposed a consent order with engineering and certification requirements."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: proposed $40,000 civil penalty; final assessed or paid amount not verified."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Water Division","role":"State regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Water Division, Chief Daphne Y. Lutz, 334-271-7700","corrective_actions":["Professional-engineer report and recommendations","Compliance certification","Permit compliance"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Birmingham Hide and Tallow proposed consent order","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-28","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-08/08-25bhat.html","basis":"State proposed enforcement order"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected population","Final order status","Final penalty"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AL-LOWNDES-WASTEWATER-ACCESS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lowndes County failing onsite wastewater systems and raw-sewage exposure","description":"EPA documented families and children exposed to raw sewage from failing systems or straight pipes in Lowndes County. ADPH launched a countywide assessment and a $1.5 million installation contract, while EPA planning found that White Hall and the wider Black Belt still lacked reliably functioning wastewater systems.","location":{"name":"Lowndes County sanitation-access area","type":"County and unincorporated wastewater service gap","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Lowndes County and White Hall, Alabama","counties":["Lowndes"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["other","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Failing or absent onsite treatment systems and unsuitable soils materially combine with raw-sewage exposure and unequal sanitation access.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Lowndes County sanitation-access area: EPA documented families and children exposed to raw sewage from failing systems or straight pipes in Lowndes County. EPA expands wastewater sanitation initiative to Greene and Lowndes Counties supports harm score 2. [1]","service":"For Lowndes County failing onsite wastewater systems and raw-sewage exposure, status is Corrective Action Underway; Reported: ADPH funded a $1.5 million septic-installation contract; White Hall had 46 wastewater customers and treated 15,000 gallons per day. supports service score 2. [1]","scale":"Lowndes County sanitation-access area has county extent; Not reported. EPA reported White Hall's 2020 population as 806., supporting scale score 1. [1]","duration":"Lowndes County failing onsite wastewater systems and raw-sewage exposure is documented from 2026-10-09 through 2026-10-09; duration score is 2. [1]","significance":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency documents $1.5 million septic installation contract, household risk assessment, site-specific soil testing and system design, EPA technical assistance, and community wastewater planning. for Lowndes County sanitation-access area, supporting significance score 2. [1]"}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":4907,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported. EPA reported White Hall's 2020 population as 806."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADPH funded a $1.5 million septic-installation contract; White Hall had 46 wastewater customers and treated 15,000 gallons per day."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Low-income and dispersed service area; unsuitable soils; limited existing wastewater coverage; dependence on grants and appropriations; no confirmed utility insolvency."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Analytical projection: grant-backed installations should reduce exposure for selected households over 12-24 months, but countywide access will remain constrained unless funding and long-term maintenance scale beyond the initial program.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: grant-backed installations should reduce exposure for selected households over 12-24 months, but countywide access will remain constrained unless funding and long-term maintenance scale beyond the initial program.","horizon":"12-24 months or source-stated horizon","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, hydrologic change, project completion, or funding change."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Public Health"},{"name":"Lowndes County Unincorporated Wastewater Program Sewer Board"},{"name":"U.S"},{"name":"EPA"},{"name":"U.S"},{"name":"DOJ and HHS under the interim resolution agreement"}],"public_contact":"ADPH Lowndes County Septic System Improvement Program, (334) 206-5373; EPA WaterTA, SepticHelp@epa.gov","corrective_actions":["$1.5 million septic installation contract, household risk assessment, site-specific soil testing and system design, EPA technical assistance, and community wastewater planning."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA expands wastewater sanitation initiative to Greene and Lowndes Counties","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2024-02-15","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/biden-harris-administration-expands-epa-program-bring-wastewater-sanitation-services-3","basis":"Federal program record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Contract signed to install septic tank systems for Lowndes County residents","publisher":"Alabama Department of Public Health","date":"2024-06-28","url":"https://www.alabamapublichealth.gov/blog/2024/06/nr-28.html","basis":"State public-health record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Options for Clean Water Solutions in White Hall, Alabama","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2024-02-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-02/whitehall-solutionsplan.pdf","basis":"Federal technical plan"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 2."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Removed the 4,907-address figure, which the cited sources do not contain."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Verified number of households with failed systems","Installations completed as of run date","Normalized household wastewater burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AL-LUVERNE-WWTP-ENFORCEMENT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Luverne WWTP effluent and reporting violations","description":"ADEM proposed a consent order for effluent permit-limit violations and late discharge-monitoring reports at the Luverne wastewater treatment plant. The proposed order would require an engineering report, progress reports, compliance certification, and a $6,400 civil penalty.","location":{"name":"Luverne Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment system","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Luverne, Crenshaw County, Alabama","counties":["Crenshaw"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The cited basis is wastewater effluent-limit and monitoring-report violations; no physical asset failure was identified in the notice.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Luverne Wastewater Treatment Plant: ADEM proposed a consent order for effluent permit-limit violations and late discharge-monitoring reports at the Luverne wastewater treatment plant. Proposed administrative order - Luverne WWTP supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For Luverne WWTP effluent and reporting violations, status is Monitoring or Emerging Risk; Reported: proposed $6,400 civil penalty; pollutant values and discharge volumes were not reported. supports service score 0. [1]","scale":"Luverne Wastewater Treatment Plant has site extent; Not reported., supporting scale score 1. [1]","duration":"Luverne WWTP effluent and reporting violations is documented from 2026-10-09 through 2026-10-09; duration score is 1. [1]","significance":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management documents Proposed engineering report, progress reporting, certification of compliance, permit compliance, and $6,400 penalty for Luverne Wastewater Treatment Plant, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: proposed $6,400 civil penalty; pollutant values and discharge volumes were not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The notice does not provide audited finances, rate adequacy, arrears, reserves, or capital-capacity evidence."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient comparable compliance history for a defensible projection.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient comparable compliance history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"12-24 months or source-stated horizon","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, hydrologic change, project completion, or funding change."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management"},{"name":"Water Works and Sewer Board of the City of Luverne"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Water Division, (334) 271-7823, h2omail@adem.alabama.gov","corrective_actions":["Proposed engineering report, progress reporting, certification of compliance, permit compliance, and $6,400 penalty","final order status was not verified."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Proposed administrative order - Luverne WWTP","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2026-09-03","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2026-08/09-26luverne.html","basis":"State enforcement notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 2; proposed, not final, enforcement action."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutants and measured concentrations","Violation dates","Discharge volume","Final-order status","Population affected"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AL-MOBILE-BALDWIN-SHELLFISH-CLOSURE-2026-10","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Alabama coastal shellfish-growing-water closure","description":"ADPH closed all six named coastal growing-water areas after rainfall created possible bacteriological contamination. Harvesting may resume only after monitoring shows the waters meet bacteriological criteria.","location":{"name":"Alabama shellfish-growing areas I-VI","type":"Coastal shellfish-growing-water areas","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Cedar Point, Portersville Bay, Heron Bay, Navy Cove, Dauphin Island Bay, and Grand Bay; Mobile and Baldwin counties","counties":["Mobile","Baldwin"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Possible bacteriological contamination after rainfall caused an official harvest closure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The notice identifies possible, not confirmed, bacteriological contamination.","service":"Commercial and recreational harvesting was prohibited.","scale":"Six coastal areas in two counties were closed.","duration":"The event was expected to be short-lived, but no reopening was verified by the run date.","significance":"The State Health Officer ordered the closure."}},"status":"Active Emergency","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: areas I-VI closed at 10:00 a.m. on October 8, 2026."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Public Health","role":"Shellfish sanitation and closure authority"}],"public_contact":"ADPH, Nan Steedley, 251-433-2428","corrective_actions":["Bacteriological monitoring","Reopening only after criteria are met"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"All Alabama shellfish-growing waters closed","publisher":"Alabama Department of Public Health","date":null,"url":"https://www.alabamapublichealth.gov/blog/2026/10/nr-08b.html","basis":"State public-health closure","accessed":"2026-10-08"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Active Emergency","score":5,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Active Emergency","score":5,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Active Emergency","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Active Emergency","score":5,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Population affected","Harvest revenue loss","Closure duration"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AL-MOBILE-PLANT-BARRY-CCR-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Plant Barry coal-ash compliance settlement","description":"EPA settled groundwater-monitoring and emergency-planning violations at Alabama Power Plant Barry while noting a third closure allegation remained unresolved. The settlement requires additional groundwater work and emergency-plan improvements.","location":{"name":"Alabama Power Plant Barry","type":"Electric-generating facility coal-ash impoundment","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Bucks, Mobile County, Alabama; approximately 600-acre impoundment along the Mobile River","counties":["Mobile"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","other"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Deficient groundwater-monitoring and emergency-planning systems at a large coal-ash impoundment create water-quality and infrastructure-control risks.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA documented potential coal-ash contamination risk without quantifying offsite exposure.","service":"No water or power service interruption was documented.","scale":"The approximately 600-acre impoundment is locally significant; affected population was not reported.","duration":"Closure and groundwater oversight are long-term, and one allegation remained unresolved.","significance":"EPA entered a final settlement while retaining an unresolved enforcement allegation."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: approximately 600-acre ash impoundment and $278,000 civil penalty."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Power","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"EPA Region 4","role":"Federal regulator"},{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","role":"State regulator"}],"public_contact":"EPA Region 4, region4press@epa.gov, 404-562-8400","corrective_actions":["Additional groundwater sampling and analysis","Groundwater-flow evaluation and possible added wells","Monitoring-plan and emergency-action-plan improvements"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA reaches settlement with Alabama Power Company on coal ash","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2024-10-09","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-reaches-settlement-alabama-power-company-address-compliance-certain-coal-ash","basis":"Federal enforcement release"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected population","Closure CAPEX","Funding sources"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AL-OLIN-MCINTOSH-GROUNDWATER-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Olin McIntosh Superfund groundwater contamination","description":"EPA reports contamination in the alluvial and Miocene aquifers beneath the 1,150-acre Olin McIntosh Superfund site. Cleanup standards have not been attained, additional source characterization and action are warranted, groundwater-use restrictions remain, monitoring continues, and a fish-consumption advisory remains in effect near the site.","location":{"name":"Olin McIntosh Superfund Site","type":"Industrial Superfund facility and affected groundwater","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"McIntosh, Washington County, Alabama; adjacent Tombigbee River","counties":["Washington"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Persistent contamination in the alluvial and Miocene aquifers and failure to attain cleanup standards are the principal issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Olin McIntosh Superfund Site: EPA reports contamination in the alluvial and Miocene aquifers beneath the 1,150-acre Olin McIntosh Superfund site. Superfund Sites in Reuse in Alabama - Olin Corp. McIntosh Plant supports harm score 2. [1]","service":"For Olin McIntosh Superfund groundwater contamination, status is Corrective Action Underway; Reported: 1,150-acre Superfund site; groundwater cleanup standards not attained; EPA says groundwater migration is unlikely to cross the site boundary; construction is not complete. supports service score 1. [1]","scale":"Olin McIntosh Superfund Site has watershed extent; Not reported. EPA states McIntosh residents use municipal water and no current unacceptable human exposure pathway is identified., supporting scale score 1. [1]","duration":"Olin McIntosh Superfund groundwater contamination is documented from 2026-10-09 through 2026-10-09; duration score is 2. [1]","significance":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency documents Groundwater monitoring, source characterization, land and groundwater-use controls, engineered caps, soil and sediment treatment/stabilization, and EPA oversight of remedial design and action. for Olin McIntosh Superfund Site, supporting significance score 2. [1]"}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported. EPA states McIntosh residents use municipal water and no current unacceptable human exposure pathway is identified."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 1,150-acre Superfund site; groundwater cleanup standards not attained; EPA says groundwater migration is unlikely to cross the site boundary; construction is not complete."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The cited Superfund records identify responsible-party cleanup and monitoring, not utility revenue or solvency stress."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Analytical projection: monitoring and source characterization will continue through at least the 2028 investigation horizon; cleanup progress is expected, but attainment timing cannot be forecast from the available record.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: monitoring and source characterization will continue through at least the 2028 investigation horizon; cleanup progress is expected, but attainment timing cannot be forecast from the available record.","horizon":"12-24 months or source-stated horizon","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, hydrologic change, project completion, or funding change."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S"},{"name":"EPA Region 4"},{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management"},{"name":"Olin Corporation"},{"name":"Alabama Department of Public Health for fish advisory"}],"public_contact":"EPA Region 4 Superfund Records Center, (404) 562-8946","corrective_actions":["Groundwater monitoring, source characterization, land and groundwater-use controls, engineered caps, soil and sediment treatment/stabilization, and EPA oversight of remedial design and action."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Superfund Sites in Reuse in Alabama - Olin Corp. McIntosh Plant","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2024-09-30","url":"https://www.epa.gov/superfund-redevelopment/superfund-sites-reuse-alabama","basis":"Federal Superfund status record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Olin Corp. McIntosh Plant cleanup status","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2024-08-20","url":"https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/SiteProfiles/index.cfm?fuseaction=second.cleanup&id=0400153","basis":"Federal Superfund site profile"},{"ref":3,"title":"Amended Record of Decision, Olin Corp. McIntosh Plant Operable Unit 2","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2024-09-01","url":"https://semspub.epa.gov/work/04/11200194.pdf","basis":"Federal cleanup decision"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 2."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Reworded migration status to match the EPA profile."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current contaminant concentrations by well","Population relying on nearby aquifers","Final construction completion status after the 2026-2027 schedule"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AL-PRICHARD-RECEIVERSHIP-2023","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Prichard Water Works & Sewer Board receivership","description":"A court receivership and severe revenue/capital stress remain the core issue. ADEM also recorded recurring TTHM MCL violations in Q2-Q4 2024, linking the financial and operational dossier to a documented drinking-water compliance concern.","location":{"name":"Prichard Water Works & Sewer Board","type":"Court-supervised water and sewer utility","state":"AL","detail":"Prichard and surrounding service area, Mobile County, Alabama","states":["AL"],"counties":["Mobile"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"A bond default, court receivership, inadequate rates, negative cash outlook, and governance failures are the principal causes of continuity and capital risk.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Prichard Water Works & Sewer Board: A court receivership and severe revenue/capital stress remain the core issue. Prichard Water Works & Sewer Board - 2025 Revenue Sufficiency Study supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For Prichard Water Works & Sewer Board receivership, status is Ongoing Major Issue; Reported: ADEM listed TTHM MCL violations for Q2-Q4 2024 and no return-to-compliance date in the 2024 annual table. supports service score 2. [1]","scale":"Prichard Water Works & Sewer Board has system extent; Reported regulatory service population: 29,253., supporting scale score 1. [1]","duration":"Prichard Water Works & Sewer Board receivership is documented from 2026-10-09 through 2026-10-09; duration score is 2. [1]","significance":"Not reported documents Receivership, financial plan, cost-of-service study, asset-management work, consent-order compliance, and potential regional acquisition. for Prichard Water Works & Sewer Board, supporting significance score 2. [1]"}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":29253,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported regulatory service population: 29,253."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed TTHM MCL violations for Q2-Q4 2024 and no return-to-compliance date in the 2024 annual table."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Severe","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["Confirmed default and receivership; negative modeled cash flow; inadequate rates; capital and consent-order needs; acquisition pressure; dependence on grants and restructuring."]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","projection":{"statement":"Severe risk will persist until rates, debt, governance, and capital delivery are restructured.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"High on continued distress; Low on the outcome or timing of acquisition","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Mobile County Circuit Court"},{"name":"court-appointed receiver"},{"name":"PWWSB"},{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management"},{"name":"Mobile Area Water & Sewer System evaluating feasibility"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Drinking Water Branch, (334) 271-7773","corrective_actions":["Receivership, financial plan, cost-of-service study, asset-management work, consent-order compliance, and potential regional acquisition."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Prichard Water Works & Sewer Board - 2025 Revenue Sufficiency Study","publisher":"Not reported","date":"2025-03-19","url":"https://fixprichardwater.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Supplemental-DMP-with-Appendices.pdf","basis":"Primary or official record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Annual Compliance Report, Calendar Year 2024","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-06-01","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-06/2024DWBAnnualComplianceReport.pdf","basis":"State regulatory record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Verified baseline history."},{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Alabama Batch 1 source enrichment."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-09","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current TTHM status","Normalized residential bill burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AL-RIVIERA-FOLEY-SSO-2026-10","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Riviera Utilities Foley sanitary sewer overflows","description":"Riviera Utilities reported two October 4 sanitary sewer overflows during more than 5 inches of rain in 12 hours. Operators returned Victoria Place to service and rerouted flows to lower Pebble Creek force-main pressure; the utility advised caution in affected waterways.","location":{"name":"Riviera Utilities Foley wastewater system","type":"Municipal wastewater collection system and receiving waters","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Foley, Baldwin County, Alabama; Boggy Branch and Bon Secour River","counties":["Baldwin"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["other","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Extreme inflow and hydraulic pressure combined with a temporarily unavailable lift station and collection-system limits to cause two sewage releases.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Riviera Utilities Foley wastewater system: Riviera Utilities reported two October 4 sanitary sewer overflows during more than 5 inches of rain in 12 hours. SSO 10/4 supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For Riviera Utilities Foley sanitary sewer overflows, status is Monitoring or Emerging Risk; Reported: 5,940 gallons to Boggy Branch and 6,190 gallons to Bon Secour River; Estimated combined volume: 12,130 gallons (5,940 + 6,190). supports service score 0. [1]","scale":"Riviera Utilities Foley wastewater system has watershed extent; Not reported; Riviera Utilities serves nearly 100,000 customers across all utility services, but that is not the affected population for these releases., supporting scale score 1. [1]","duration":"Riviera Utilities Foley sanitary sewer overflows is documented from 2026-10-09 through 2026-10-09; duration score is 0. [1]","significance":"Riviera Utilities documents Returned the lined Victoria Place lift station to service, opened valves to alternate collection basins, restored pump operation, reported the events to ADEM, and issued waterway precautions. for Riviera Utilities Foley wastewater system, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":100000,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported; Riviera Utilities serves nearly 100,000 customers across all utility services, but that is not the affected population for these releases."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 5,940 gallons to Boggy Branch and 6,190 gallons to Bon Secour River; Estimated combined volume: 12,130 gallons (5,940 + 6,190)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Storm sensitivity and lift-station constraints warrant monitoring; no evidence of insolvency or revenue distress was located."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient comparable event and capacity history for a defensible projection; future extreme-rain response is the key indicator.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient comparable event and capacity history for a defensible projection; future extreme-rain response is the key indicator.","horizon":"12-24 months or source-stated horizon","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, hydrologic change, project completion, or funding change."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Riviera Utilities"},{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management"}],"public_contact":"Riviera Utilities, Foley office, (251) 943-5001","corrective_actions":["Returned the lined Victoria Place lift station to service, opened valves to alternate collection basins, restored pump operation, reported the events to ADEM, and issued waterway precautions."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SSO 10/4","publisher":"Riviera Utilities","date":"2026-10-04","url":"https://www.rivierautilities.com/newsroom/sso-104","basis":"Utility incident report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"New weekly incremental record; two same-storm events consolidated under one stable ID."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Status changed from Resolved: the utility page reports the station returned to service and pumps back within specifications but does not say the overflows ended."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Discharge duration","Sampling results","Cleanup completion date","People or properties affected"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AL-SID-081700427-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Linamar FY2024 pretreatment discharge noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified Linamar (IU081700427) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for a technical-review-criteria or permit exceedance, or a prohibited discharge. The notice did not report pollutant concentration, receiving-water outcome, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"Linamar","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU081700427; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is an industrial pretreatment exceedance or prohibited discharge tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists Linamar (IU081700427) for a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge, but it does not identify the pollutant, concentration, or realized harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from Linamar.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, Linamar; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU081700427 discharge noncompliance within FY2024; the notice does not give exact dates or confirm whether it continued afterward.","significance":"ADEM included Linamar in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU081700427 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-083600413-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Aladdin Manufacturing of Alabama FY2024 pretreatment discharge noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified Aladdin Manufacturing of Alabama (IU083600413) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for a technical-review-criteria or permit exceedance, or a prohibited discharge. The notice did not report pollutant concentration, receiving-water outcome, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"Aladdin Manufacturing of Alabama","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU083600413; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is an industrial pretreatment exceedance or prohibited discharge tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists Aladdin Manufacturing of Alabama (IU083600413) for a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge, but it does not identify the pollutant, concentration, or realized harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from Aladdin Manufacturing of Alabama.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, Aladdin Manufacturing of Alabama; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU083600413 discharge noncompliance within FY2024; the notice does not give exact dates or confirm whether it continued afterward.","significance":"ADEM included Aladdin Manufacturing of Alabama in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU083600413 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-084200196-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Steelcase FY2024 pretreatment discharge noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified Steelcase (IU084200196) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for a technical-review-criteria or permit exceedance, or a prohibited discharge. The notice did not report pollutant concentration, receiving-water outcome, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"Steelcase","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU084200196; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is an industrial pretreatment exceedance or prohibited discharge tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists Steelcase (IU084200196) for a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge, but it does not identify the pollutant, concentration, or realized harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from Steelcase.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, Steelcase; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU084200196 discharge noncompliance within FY2024; the notice does not give exact dates or confirm whether it continued afterward.","significance":"ADEM included Steelcase in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU084200196 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-084200425-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Snap-On Logistics FY2024 pretreatment monitoring noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified Snap-On Logistics (IU084200425) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for missed monitoring or reporting requirements. The notice did not identify a pollutant release, concentration, service effect, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"Snap-On Logistics","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU084200425; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is industrial pretreatment monitoring or reporting noncompliance tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists Snap-On Logistics (IU084200425) for monitoring or reporting noncompliance; it does not document a pollutant release or resulting harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from Snap-On Logistics.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, Snap-On Logistics; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU084200425 noncompliance within FY2024, but the notice does not establish its duration or continuation after that fiscal year.","significance":"ADEM included Snap-On Logistics in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU084200425 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving monitoring or reporting."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":2,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":2,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-084200563-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"American Leakless Company FY2024 pretreatment monitoring noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified American Leakless Company (IU084200563) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for missed monitoring or reporting requirements. The notice did not identify a pollutant release, concentration, service effect, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"American Leakless Company","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU084200563; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is industrial pretreatment monitoring or reporting noncompliance tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists American Leakless Company (IU084200563) for monitoring or reporting noncompliance; it does not document a pollutant release or resulting harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from American Leakless Company.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, American Leakless Company; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU084200563 noncompliance within FY2024, but the notice does not establish its duration or continuation after that fiscal year.","significance":"ADEM included American Leakless Company in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU084200563 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving monitoring or reporting."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":2,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":2,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-084200603-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Indorama Ventures Sustainable Solutions FY2024 pretreatment discharge noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified Indorama Ventures Sustainable Solutions (IU084200603) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for a technical-review-criteria or permit exceedance, or a prohibited discharge. The notice did not report pollutant concentration, receiving-water outcome, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"Indorama Ventures Sustainable Solutions","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU084200603; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is an industrial pretreatment exceedance or prohibited discharge tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists Indorama Ventures Sustainable Solutions (IU084200603) for a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge, but it does not identify the pollutant, concentration, or realized harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from Indorama Ventures Sustainable Solutions.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, Indorama Ventures Sustainable Solutions; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU084200603 discharge noncompliance within FY2024; the notice does not give exact dates or confirm whether it continued afterward.","significance":"ADEM included Indorama Ventures Sustainable Solutions in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU084200603 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-084500086-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Kennametal FY2024 pretreatment discharge noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified Kennametal (IU084500086) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for a technical-review-criteria or permit exceedance, or a prohibited discharge. The notice did not report pollutant concentration, receiving-water outcome, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"Kennametal","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU084500086; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is an industrial pretreatment exceedance or prohibited discharge tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists Kennametal (IU084500086) for a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge, but it does not identify the pollutant, concentration, or realized harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from Kennametal.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, Kennametal; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU084500086 discharge noncompliance within FY2024; the notice does not give exact dates or confirm whether it continued afterward.","significance":"ADEM included Kennametal in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU084500086 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-084800250-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Parker Hannifin - Boaz FY2024 pretreatment discharge noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified Parker Hannifin - Boaz (IU084800250) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for a technical-review-criteria or permit exceedance, or a prohibited discharge. The notice did not report pollutant concentration, receiving-water outcome, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"Parker Hannifin - Boaz","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU084800250; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is an industrial pretreatment exceedance or prohibited discharge tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists Parker Hannifin - Boaz (IU084800250) for a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge, but it does not identify the pollutant, concentration, or realized harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from Parker Hannifin - Boaz.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, Parker Hannifin - Boaz; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU084800250 discharge noncompliance within FY2024; the notice does not give exact dates or confirm whether it continued afterward.","significance":"ADEM included Parker Hannifin - Boaz in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU084800250 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-085200103-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Bunge North America FY2024 pretreatment discharge noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified Bunge North America (IU085200103) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for a technical-review-criteria or permit exceedance, or a prohibited discharge. The notice did not report pollutant concentration, receiving-water outcome, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"Bunge North America","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU085200103; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is an industrial pretreatment exceedance or prohibited discharge tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists Bunge North America (IU085200103) for a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge, but it does not identify the pollutant, concentration, or realized harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from Bunge North America.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, Bunge North America; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU085200103 discharge noncompliance within FY2024; the notice does not give exact dates or confirm whether it continued afterward.","significance":"ADEM included Bunge North America in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU085200103 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-300300003-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Elm Machining FY2024 pretreatment monitoring noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified Elm Machining (IU300300003) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for missed monitoring or reporting requirements. The notice did not identify a pollutant release, concentration, service effect, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"Elm Machining","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU300300003; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is industrial pretreatment monitoring or reporting noncompliance tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists Elm Machining (IU300300003) for monitoring or reporting noncompliance; it does not document a pollutant release or resulting harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from Elm Machining.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, Elm Machining; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU300300003 noncompliance within FY2024, but the notice does not establish its duration or continuation after that fiscal year.","significance":"ADEM included Elm Machining in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU300300003 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving monitoring or reporting."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":2,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":2,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-304100163-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hanwha Advanced Materials America FY2024 pretreatment monitoring noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified Hanwha Advanced Materials America (IU304100163) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for missed monitoring or reporting requirements. The notice did not identify a pollutant release, concentration, service effect, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"Hanwha Advanced Materials America","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU304100163; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is industrial pretreatment monitoring or reporting noncompliance tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists Hanwha Advanced Materials America (IU304100163) for monitoring or reporting noncompliance; it does not document a pollutant release or resulting harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from Hanwha Advanced Materials America.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, Hanwha Advanced Materials America; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU304100163 noncompliance within FY2024, but the notice does not establish its duration or continuation after that fiscal year.","significance":"ADEM included Hanwha Advanced Materials America in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU304100163 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving monitoring or reporting."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":2,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":2,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-304100164-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Pharmavite East Coast Manufacturing FY2024 pretreatment discharge noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified Pharmavite East Coast Manufacturing (IU304100164) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for a technical-review-criteria or permit exceedance, or a prohibited discharge. The notice did not report pollutant concentration, receiving-water outcome, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"Pharmavite East Coast Manufacturing","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU304100164; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"watershed","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is an industrial pretreatment exceedance or prohibited discharge tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists Pharmavite East Coast Manufacturing (IU304100164) for a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge, but it does not identify the pollutant, concentration, or realized harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from Pharmavite East Coast Manufacturing.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, Pharmavite East Coast Manufacturing; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU304100164 discharge noncompliance within FY2024; the notice does not give exact dates or confirm whether it continued afterward.","significance":"ADEM included Pharmavite East Coast Manufacturing in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU304100164 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-304100166-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Niagara Bottling FY2024 pretreatment discharge noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified Niagara Bottling (IU304100166) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for a technical-review-criteria or permit exceedance, or a prohibited discharge. The notice did not report pollutant concentration, receiving-water outcome, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"Niagara Bottling","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU304100166; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is an industrial pretreatment exceedance or prohibited discharge tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists Niagara Bottling (IU304100166) for a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge, but it does not identify the pollutant, concentration, or realized harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from Niagara Bottling.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, Niagara Bottling; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU304100166 discharge noncompliance within FY2024; the notice does not give exact dates or confirm whether it continued afterward.","significance":"ADEM included Niagara Bottling in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU304100166 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-323500038-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Allied Motion/Globe Motors FY2024 pretreatment monitoring noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified Allied Motion/Globe Motors (IU323500038) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for missed monitoring or reporting requirements. The notice did not identify a pollutant release, concentration, service effect, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"Allied Motion/Globe Motors","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU323500038; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is industrial pretreatment monitoring or reporting noncompliance tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists Allied Motion/Globe Motors (IU323500038) for monitoring or reporting noncompliance; it does not document a pollutant release or resulting harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from Allied Motion/Globe Motors.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, Allied Motion/Globe Motors; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU323500038 noncompliance within FY2024, but the notice does not establish its duration or continuation after that fiscal year.","significance":"ADEM included Allied Motion/Globe Motors in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU323500038 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving monitoring or reporting."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":2,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":2,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-323500040-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Unifirst FY2024 pretreatment discharge noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified Unifirst (IU323500040) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for a technical-review-criteria or permit exceedance, or a prohibited discharge. The notice did not report pollutant concentration, receiving-water outcome, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"Unifirst","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU323500040; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is an industrial pretreatment exceedance or prohibited discharge tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists Unifirst (IU323500040) for a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge, but it does not identify the pollutant, concentration, or realized harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from Unifirst.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, Unifirst; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU323500040 discharge noncompliance within FY2024; the notice does not give exact dates or confirm whether it continued afterward.","significance":"ADEM included Unifirst in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU323500040 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-330700072-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hwashin America - Montgomery Highway FY2024 pretreatment discharge noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified Hwashin America - Montgomery Highway (IU330700072) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for a technical-review-criteria or permit exceedance, or a prohibited discharge. The notice did not report pollutant concentration, receiving-water outcome, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"Hwashin America - Montgomery Highway","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU330700072; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is an industrial pretreatment exceedance or prohibited discharge tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists Hwashin America - Montgomery Highway (IU330700072) for a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge, but it does not identify the pollutant, concentration, or realized harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from Hwashin America - Montgomery Highway.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, Hwashin America - Montgomery Highway; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU330700072 discharge noncompliance within FY2024; the notice does not give exact dates or confirm whether it continued afterward.","significance":"ADEM included Hwashin America - Montgomery Highway in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU330700072 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-330700073-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hwashin America - Industrial Boulevard FY2024 pretreatment monitoring noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified Hwashin America - Industrial Boulevard (IU330700073) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for missed monitoring or reporting requirements. The notice did not identify a pollutant release, concentration, service effect, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"Hwashin America - Industrial Boulevard","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU330700073; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is industrial pretreatment monitoring or reporting noncompliance tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists Hwashin America - Industrial Boulevard (IU330700073) for monitoring or reporting noncompliance; it does not document a pollutant release or resulting harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from Hwashin America - Industrial Boulevard.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, Hwashin America - Industrial Boulevard; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU330700073 noncompliance within FY2024, but the notice does not establish its duration or continuation after that fiscal year.","significance":"ADEM included Hwashin America - Industrial Boulevard in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU330700073 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving monitoring or reporting."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":2,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":2,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-332000041-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Shaw Industries FY2024 pretreatment discharge noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified Shaw Industries (IU332000041) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for a technical-review-criteria or permit exceedance, or a prohibited discharge. The notice did not report pollutant concentration, receiving-water outcome, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"Shaw Industries","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU332000041; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is an industrial pretreatment exceedance or prohibited discharge tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists Shaw Industries (IU332000041) for a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge, but it does not identify the pollutant, concentration, or realized harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from Shaw Industries.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, Shaw Industries; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU332000041 discharge noncompliance within FY2024; the notice does not give exact dates or confirm whether it continued afterward.","significance":"ADEM included Shaw Industries in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU332000041 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-344100074-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Nashville Wire Products Manufacturing FY2024 pretreatment discharge noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified Nashville Wire Products Manufacturing (IU344100074) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for a technical-review-criteria or permit exceedance, or a prohibited discharge. The notice did not report pollutant concentration, receiving-water outcome, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"Nashville Wire Products Manufacturing","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU344100074; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is an industrial pretreatment exceedance or prohibited discharge tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists Nashville Wire Products Manufacturing (IU344100074) for a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge, but it does not identify the pollutant, concentration, or realized harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from Nashville Wire Products Manufacturing.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, Nashville Wire Products Manufacturing; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU344100074 discharge noncompliance within FY2024; the notice does not give exact dates or confirm whether it continued afterward.","significance":"ADEM included Nashville Wire Products Manufacturing in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU344100074 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-344100164-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"DAEWON America Opelika FY2024 pretreatment discharge noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified DAEWON America Opelika (IU344100164) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for a technical-review-criteria or permit exceedance, or a prohibited discharge. The notice did not report pollutant concentration, receiving-water outcome, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"DAEWON America Opelika","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU344100164; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is an industrial pretreatment exceedance or prohibited discharge tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists DAEWON America Opelika (IU344100164) for a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge, but it does not identify the pollutant, concentration, or realized harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from DAEWON America Opelika.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, DAEWON America Opelika; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU344100164 discharge noncompliance within FY2024; the notice does not give exact dates or confirm whether it continued afterward.","significance":"ADEM included DAEWON America Opelika in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU344100164 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-350800009-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Southern Tool FY2024 pretreatment discharge noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified Southern Tool (IU350800009) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for a technical-review-criteria or permit exceedance, or a prohibited discharge. The notice did not report pollutant concentration, receiving-water outcome, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"Southern Tool","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU350800009; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is an industrial pretreatment exceedance or prohibited discharge tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists Southern Tool (IU350800009) for a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge, but it does not identify the pollutant, concentration, or realized harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from Southern Tool.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, Southern Tool; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU350800009 discharge noncompliance within FY2024; the notice does not give exact dates or confirm whether it continued afterward.","significance":"ADEM included Southern Tool in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU350800009 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-350800048-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Solutia FY2024 pretreatment discharge noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified Solutia (IU350800048) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for a technical-review-criteria or permit exceedance, or a prohibited discharge. The notice did not report pollutant concentration, receiving-water outcome, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"Solutia","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU350800048; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is an industrial pretreatment exceedance or prohibited discharge tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists Solutia (IU350800048) for a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge, but it does not identify the pollutant, concentration, or realized harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from Solutia.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, Solutia; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU350800048 discharge noncompliance within FY2024; the notice does not give exact dates or confirm whether it continued afterward.","significance":"ADEM included Solutia in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU350800048 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-350800128-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Parker Hannifin - Jacksonville FY2024 pretreatment discharge noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified Parker Hannifin - Jacksonville (IU350800128) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for a technical-review-criteria or permit exceedance, or a prohibited discharge. The notice did not report pollutant concentration, receiving-water outcome, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"Parker Hannifin - Jacksonville","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU350800128; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is an industrial pretreatment exceedance or prohibited discharge tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists Parker Hannifin - Jacksonville (IU350800128) for a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge, but it does not identify the pollutant, concentration, or realized harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from Parker Hannifin - Jacksonville.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, Parker Hannifin - Jacksonville; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU350800128 discharge noncompliance within FY2024; the notice does not give exact dates or confirm whether it continued afterward.","significance":"ADEM included Parker Hannifin - Jacksonville in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU350800128 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-350801157-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Biomune FY2024 pretreatment discharge noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified Biomune (IU350801157) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for a technical-review-criteria or permit exceedance, or a prohibited discharge. The notice did not report pollutant concentration, receiving-water outcome, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"Biomune","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU350801157; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is an industrial pretreatment exceedance or prohibited discharge tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists Biomune (IU350801157) for a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge, but it does not identify the pollutant, concentration, or realized harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from Biomune.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, Biomune; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU350801157 discharge noncompliance within FY2024; the notice does not give exact dates or confirm whether it continued afterward.","significance":"ADEM included Biomune in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU350801157 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-355800537-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"WKW Erbsloeh North America FY2024 pretreatment monitoring noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified WKW Erbsloeh North America (IU355800537) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for missed monitoring or reporting requirements. The notice did not identify a pollutant release, concentration, service effect, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"WKW Erbsloeh North America","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU355800537; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is industrial pretreatment monitoring or reporting noncompliance tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists WKW Erbsloeh North America (IU355800537) for monitoring or reporting noncompliance; it does not document a pollutant release or resulting harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from WKW Erbsloeh North America.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, WKW Erbsloeh North America; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU355800537 noncompliance within FY2024, but the notice does not establish its duration or continuation after that fiscal year.","significance":"ADEM included WKW Erbsloeh North America in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU355800537 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving monitoring or reporting."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":2,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":2,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-356100291-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Nemak USA FY2024 pretreatment discharge noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified Nemak USA (IU356100291) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for a technical-review-criteria or permit exceedance, or a prohibited discharge. The notice did not report pollutant concentration, receiving-water outcome, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"Nemak USA","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU356100291; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is an industrial pretreatment exceedance or prohibited discharge tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists Nemak USA (IU356100291) for a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge, but it does not identify the pollutant, concentration, or realized harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from Nemak USA.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, Nemak USA; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU356100291 discharge noncompliance within FY2024; the notice does not give exact dates or confirm whether it continued afterward.","significance":"ADEM included Nemak USA in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU356100291 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-375100089-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Coca-Cola Bottling United FY2024 pretreatment discharge noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified Coca-Cola Bottling United (IU375100089) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for a technical-review-criteria or permit exceedance, or a prohibited discharge. The notice did not report pollutant concentration, receiving-water outcome, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"Coca-Cola Bottling United","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU375100089; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is an industrial pretreatment exceedance or prohibited discharge tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists Coca-Cola Bottling United (IU375100089) for a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge, but it does not identify the pollutant, concentration, or realized harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from Coca-Cola Bottling United.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, Coca-Cola Bottling United; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU375100089 discharge noncompliance within FY2024; the notice does not give exact dates or confirm whether it continued afterward.","significance":"ADEM included Coca-Cola Bottling United in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU375100089 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-375100138-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Industrial Specialty FY2024 pretreatment discharge noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified Industrial Specialty (IU375100138) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for a technical-review-criteria or permit exceedance, or a prohibited discharge. The notice did not report pollutant concentration, receiving-water outcome, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"Industrial Specialty","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU375100138; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is an industrial pretreatment exceedance or prohibited discharge tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists Industrial Specialty (IU375100138) for a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge, but it does not identify the pollutant, concentration, or realized harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from Industrial Specialty.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, Industrial Specialty; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU375100138 discharge noncompliance within FY2024; the notice does not give exact dates or confirm whether it continued afterward.","significance":"ADEM included Industrial Specialty in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU375100138 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-384700041-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"NTN Bower FY2024 pretreatment discharge noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified NTN Bower (IU384700041) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for a technical-review-criteria or permit exceedance, or a prohibited discharge. The notice did not report pollutant concentration, receiving-water outcome, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"NTN Bower","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU384700041; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is an industrial pretreatment exceedance or prohibited discharge tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists NTN Bower (IU384700041) for a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge, but it does not identify the pollutant, concentration, or realized harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from NTN Bower.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, NTN Bower; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU384700041 discharge noncompliance within FY2024; the notice does not give exact dates or confirm whether it continued afterward.","significance":"ADEM included NTN Bower in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU384700041 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-390500001-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Fieldstone Meats FY2024 pretreatment monitoring noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified Fieldstone Meats (IU390500001) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for missed monitoring or reporting requirements. The notice did not identify a pollutant release, concentration, service effect, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"Fieldstone Meats","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU390500001; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is industrial pretreatment monitoring or reporting noncompliance tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists Fieldstone Meats (IU390500001) for monitoring or reporting noncompliance; it does not document a pollutant release or resulting harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from Fieldstone Meats.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, Fieldstone Meats; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU390500001 noncompliance within FY2024, but the notice does not establish its duration or continuation after that fiscal year.","significance":"ADEM included Fieldstone Meats in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU390500001 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving monitoring or reporting."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":2,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":2,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-392200441-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Rehau FY2024 pretreatment discharge noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified Rehau (IU392200441) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for a technical-review-criteria or permit exceedance, or a prohibited discharge. The notice did not report pollutant concentration, receiving-water outcome, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"Rehau","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU392200441; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is an industrial pretreatment exceedance or prohibited discharge tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists Rehau (IU392200441) for a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge, but it does not identify the pollutant, concentration, or realized harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from Rehau.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, Rehau; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU392200441 discharge noncompliance within FY2024; the notice does not give exact dates or confirm whether it continued afterward.","significance":"ADEM included Rehau in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU392200441 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-392800460-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Evergreen Environmental Partners FY2024 pretreatment monitoring noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified Evergreen Environmental Partners (IU392800460) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for missed monitoring or reporting requirements. The notice did not identify a pollutant release, concentration, service effect, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"Evergreen Environmental Partners","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU392800460; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is industrial pretreatment monitoring or reporting noncompliance tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists Evergreen Environmental Partners (IU392800460) for monitoring or reporting noncompliance; it does not document a pollutant release or resulting harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from Evergreen Environmental Partners.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, Evergreen Environmental Partners; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU392800460 noncompliance within FY2024, but the notice does not establish its duration or continuation after that fiscal year.","significance":"ADEM included Evergreen Environmental Partners in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU392800460 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving monitoring or reporting."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":2,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":2,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-393700274-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Buffalo Rock FY2024 pretreatment discharge noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified Buffalo Rock (IU393700274) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for a technical-review-criteria or permit exceedance, or a prohibited discharge. The notice did not report pollutant concentration, receiving-water outcome, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"Buffalo Rock","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU393700274; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is an industrial pretreatment exceedance or prohibited discharge tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists Buffalo Rock (IU393700274) for a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge, but it does not identify the pollutant, concentration, or realized harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from Buffalo Rock.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, Buffalo Rock; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU393700274 discharge noncompliance within FY2024; the notice does not give exact dates or confirm whether it continued afterward.","significance":"ADEM included Buffalo Rock in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU393700274 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-393700965-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Kamtek FY2024 pretreatment discharge noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified Kamtek (IU393700965) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for a technical-review-criteria or permit exceedance, or a prohibited discharge. The notice did not report pollutant concentration, receiving-water outcome, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"Kamtek","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU393700965; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is an industrial pretreatment exceedance or prohibited discharge tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists Kamtek (IU393700965) for a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge, but it does not identify the pollutant, concentration, or realized harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from Kamtek.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, Kamtek; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU393700965 discharge noncompliance within FY2024; the notice does not give exact dates or confirm whether it continued afterward.","significance":"ADEM included Kamtek in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU393700965 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-395300144-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Perry County Associates FY2024 pretreatment discharge noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified Perry County Associates (IU395300144) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for a technical-review-criteria or permit exceedance, or a prohibited discharge. The notice did not report pollutant concentration, receiving-water outcome, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"Perry County Associates","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU395300144; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"county","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is an industrial pretreatment exceedance or prohibited discharge tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists Perry County Associates (IU395300144) for a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge, but it does not identify the pollutant, concentration, or realized harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from Perry County Associates.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, Perry County Associates; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU395300144 discharge noncompliance within FY2024; the notice does not give exact dates or confirm whether it continued afterward.","significance":"ADEM included Perry County Associates in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU395300144 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-396300006-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Motherson Electroplating US FY2024 pretreatment monitoring noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified Motherson Electroplating US (IU396300006) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for missed monitoring or reporting requirements. The notice did not identify a pollutant release, concentration, service effect, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"Motherson Electroplating US","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU396300006; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is industrial pretreatment monitoring or reporting noncompliance tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists Motherson Electroplating US (IU396300006) for monitoring or reporting noncompliance; it does not document a pollutant release or resulting harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from Motherson Electroplating US.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, Motherson Electroplating US; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU396300006 noncompliance within FY2024, but the notice does not establish its duration or continuation after that fiscal year.","significance":"ADEM included Motherson Electroplating US in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU396300006 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving monitoring or reporting."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":2,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":2,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-396300404-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Phifer Incorporated FY2024 pretreatment discharge noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified Phifer Incorporated (IU396300404) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for a technical-review-criteria or permit exceedance, or a prohibited discharge. The notice did not report pollutant concentration, receiving-water outcome, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"Phifer Incorporated","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU396300404; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is an industrial pretreatment exceedance or prohibited discharge tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists Phifer Incorporated (IU396300404) for a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge, but it does not identify the pollutant, concentration, or realized harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from Phifer Incorporated.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, Phifer Incorporated; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU396300404 discharge noncompliance within FY2024; the notice does not give exact dates or confirm whether it continued afterward.","significance":"ADEM included Phifer Incorporated in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU396300404 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-396400057-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Mar-Jac Poultry AL FY2024 pretreatment discharge noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified Mar-Jac Poultry AL (IU396400057) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for a technical-review-criteria or permit exceedance, or a prohibited discharge. The notice did not report pollutant concentration, receiving-water outcome, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"Mar-Jac Poultry AL","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU396400057; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is an industrial pretreatment exceedance or prohibited discharge tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists Mar-Jac Poultry AL (IU396400057) for a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge, but it does not identify the pollutant, concentration, or realized harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from Mar-Jac Poultry AL.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, Mar-Jac Poultry AL; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU396400057 discharge noncompliance within FY2024; the notice does not give exact dates or confirm whether it continued afterward.","significance":"ADEM included Mar-Jac Poultry AL in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU396400057 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-404600031-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Foster Poultry Farms FY2024 pretreatment monitoring noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified Foster Poultry Farms (IU404600031) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for missed monitoring or reporting requirements. The notice did not identify a pollutant release, concentration, service effect, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"Foster Poultry Farms","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU404600031; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is industrial pretreatment monitoring or reporting noncompliance tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists Foster Poultry Farms (IU404600031) for monitoring or reporting noncompliance; it does not document a pollutant release or resulting harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from Foster Poultry Farms.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, Foster Poultry Farms; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU404600031 noncompliance within FY2024, but the notice does not establish its duration or continuation after that fiscal year.","significance":"ADEM included Foster Poultry Farms in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU404600031 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving monitoring or reporting."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":2,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":2,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-414900215-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"EcoSouth Services of Mobile FY2024 pretreatment discharge noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified EcoSouth Services of Mobile (IU414900215) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for a technical-review-criteria or permit exceedance, or a prohibited discharge. The notice did not report pollutant concentration, receiving-water outcome, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"EcoSouth Services of Mobile","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU414900215; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is an industrial pretreatment exceedance or prohibited discharge tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists EcoSouth Services of Mobile (IU414900215) for a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge, but it does not identify the pollutant, concentration, or realized harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from EcoSouth Services of Mobile.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, EcoSouth Services of Mobile; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU414900215 discharge noncompliance within FY2024; the notice does not give exact dates or confirm whether it continued afterward.","significance":"ADEM included EcoSouth Services of Mobile in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU414900215 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-414900238-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Olympic Shellfish Products FY2024 pretreatment monitoring noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified Olympic Shellfish Products (IU414900238) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for missed monitoring or reporting requirements. The notice did not identify a pollutant release, concentration, service effect, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"Olympic Shellfish Products","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU414900238; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is industrial pretreatment monitoring or reporting noncompliance tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists Olympic Shellfish Products (IU414900238) for monitoring or reporting noncompliance; it does not document a pollutant release or resulting harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from Olympic Shellfish Products.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, Olympic Shellfish Products; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU414900238 noncompliance within FY2024, but the notice does not establish its duration or continuation after that fiscal year.","significance":"ADEM included Olympic Shellfish Products in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU414900238 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving monitoring or reporting."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":2,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":2,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SID-414900629-FY2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Qualawash Holdings FY2024 pretreatment discharge noncompliance","description":"ADEM identified Qualawash Holdings (IU414900629) in significant noncompliance during FY2024 for a technical-review-criteria or permit exceedance, or a prohibited discharge. The notice did not report pollutant concentration, receiving-water outcome, penalty, corrective action, or current resolution.","location":{"name":"Qualawash Holdings","type":"Industrial pretreatment user","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama; SID permit IU414900629; receiving POTW identified in the cited notice","extent":"site","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is an industrial pretreatment exceedance or prohibited discharge tied to a public wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM's FY2024 notice lists Qualawash Holdings (IU414900629) for a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge, but it does not identify the pollutant, concentration, or realized harm.","service":"The notice reports no interruption or impairment at the POTW receiving wastewater from Qualawash Holdings.","scale":"The cited record identifies one industrial user, Qualawash Holdings; it does not report a downstream geographic extent or affected population.","duration":"ADEM identifies the IU414900629 discharge noncompliance within FY2024; the notice does not give exact dates or confirm whether it continued afterward.","significance":"ADEM included Qualawash Holdings in its mandatory annual significant-noncompliance notice; no facility-specific penalty or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ADEM listed SID IU414900629 for FY2024 significant noncompliance involving a discharge exceedance or prohibited discharge."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is insufficient for a defensible projection.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Industrial Section","role":"State pretreatment regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Industrial Section, 334-271-7799","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the statewide notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2024 industrial users in significant noncompliance with pretreatment standards","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/08-25sid.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":4,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant and concentration","Affected population","Penalty","Corrective action","Current resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SMALL-SYSTEM-TMF-COHORT-2026","revision":4,"change_type":"changed","title":"Alabama small-system technical, managerial, and financial capacity cohort","description":"ADEM’s three-year capacity report documents a cohort of systems needing technical, managerial, or financial assistance. The report distinguishes broad structural stress from formal insolvency and says all enforcement-priority systems either returned to compliance or received formal enforcement.","location":{"name":"Alabama small-system capacity-assistance cohort","type":"Statewide public water system cohort","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"56 public water systems across Alabama","extent":"statewide","counties":[]},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"ADEM identifies revenue adequacy, rate reluctance, delinquent accounts, water loss, governance, and management capacity as recurring structural constraints among assisted systems.","secondary_drivers":["Cohort-level signals include excessive water loss, delinquent accounts, insufficient source capacity, inadequate revenue, rate reluctance, cross-subsidy, management turnover, and dependence on technical assistance; these signals do not apply equally to every named system."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM’s three-year capacity report documents a cohort of systems needing technical, managerial, or financial assistance. The report distinguishes broad structural stress from formal insolvency and says all enforcement-priority systems either returned to compliance or received formal enforcement.","service":"ADEM’s three-year capacity report documents a cohort of systems needing technical, managerial, or financial assistance. The report distinguishes broad structural stress from formal insolvency and says all enforcement-priority systems either returned to compliance or received formal enforcement.","scale":"ADEM’s three-year capacity report documents a cohort of systems needing technical, managerial, or financial assistance. The report distinguishes broad structural stress from formal insolvency and says all enforcement-priority systems either returned to compliance or received formal enforcement.","duration":"ADEM’s three-year capacity report documents a cohort of systems needing technical, managerial, or financial assistance. The report distinguishes broad structural stress from formal insolvency and says all enforcement-priority systems either returned to compliance or received formal enforcement.","significance":"ADEM’s three-year capacity report documents a cohort of systems needing technical, managerial, or financial assistance. The report distinguishes broad structural stress from formal insolvency and says all enforcement-priority systems either returned to compliance or received formal enforcement."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported; 56 systems received technical, managerial, and financial-capacity evaluation or assistance over FY2024-FY2026."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 56 systems evaluated/assisted; 32 systems reached EPA enforcement-priority scores during FY2024-FY2026; 13 systems were inactivated."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Cohort-level signals include excessive water loss, delinquent accounts, insufficient source capacity, inadequate revenue, rate reluctance, cross-subsidy, management turnover, and dependence on technical assistance; these signals do not apply equally to every named system."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"12-24 months or source-stated horizon","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, hydrologic change, project completion, or funding change."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"ADEM Drinking Water Branch","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Alabama Rural Water Association","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Communities Unlimited","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"USDA Rural Development","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"ADECA","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Drinking Water Branch, (334) 271-7773","corrective_actions":["Technical assistance, leak surveys, rate studies, asset-management plans, source assessments, training, grant/loan applications, formal enforcement where required, and consolidation of non-viable systems."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Alabama 2026 Triennial Capacity Development Report","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2026-09-15","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2026-09/CapacityDevelopmentTriennialReport2026.pdf","basis":"State regulatory record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 1."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["System-by-system signal attribution","Combined population served","System-specific affordability measures"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-STATEWIDE-AG-RUNOFF-IMPAIRMENTS-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Agricultural-source impairment of Alabama waters","description":"Alabama attributes pathogen, nutrient, pesticide, and sediment impairment to agriculture, animal feeding operations, pasture grazing, crop production, and aquaculture. Source categories overlap and identify broad source classes rather than farm-level responsibility.","location":{"name":"Alabama agricultural watersheds","type":"Statewide agricultural watershed system","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Agricultural watersheds across Alabama","extent":"statewide","counties":[]},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Agricultural sources are linked to designated-use impairment in streams and reservoirs.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The state assessment confirms designated-use impairment.","service":"Fishing, swimming, ecological, and some public-supply uses are affected.","scale":"Agricultural source classes cover thousands of river miles and tens of thousands of reservoir acres statewide.","duration":"Many segments predate 2024 and remain listed.","significance":"The impairments have formal Section 303(d), TMDL, and AFO/CAFO program implications."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported overlapping Category 5 extents include 1,001.25 river miles and 75,840.11 reservoir acres attributed to generic agriculture; 858.07 river miles to animal feeding operations; and 2,387.35 river miles to pasture grazing. Do not sum overlapping source categories."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Generic-agriculture Category 5 mileage rose from 2022 to 2024 while pasture-grazing Category 5 mileage fell and Category 4 mileage rose; reassessment and TMDL movement limit comparability.","projection":{"statement":"Agricultural nonpoint-source impairments are likely to remain material.","horizon":"Next biennial assessment","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Source classification remains comparable."],"reversal_factors":["BMP adoption","TMDL implementation","Validated delisting"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"ADEM Nonpoint Source Unit","role":"State nonpoint-source program"},{"name":"ADEM AFO/CAFO Program","role":"Animal-feeding-operation regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM NPS Unit, adem.nps.program@adem.alabama.gov, 334-394-4354; ADEM AFO/CAFO Program, fieldmail@adem.alabama.gov, 334-260-2700","corrective_actions":["Agricultural best management practices","Nutrient-management planning","AFO/CAFO registration and waste-management requirements","Watershed implementation projects"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2024 Integrated Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment Report","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2024-04-01","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/programs/water/waterforms/2024AL-IWQMAR.pdf","basis":"State regulatory assessment"},{"ref":2,"title":"2022 Integrated Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment Report","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2022-04-01","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/programs/water/waterforms/2022AL-IWQMAR.pdf","basis":"State regulatory assessment"},{"ref":3,"title":"2025 Nonpoint Source Management Program Annual Report","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-12-31","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-12/NPS2025.pdf","basis":"State program report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Population affected","Agriculture-only remediation need","Agriculture-only funding gap"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2025-12-31","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-AL-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2025-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Alabama 2025-2026 statewide drought episode","description":"ADECA declared all Alabama drought regions under Warning or Watch in April 2026 because of prolonged precipitation deficits and extremely low streamflow and groundwater conditions. Conditions improved through June, and the August 5 declaration placed every region at None. Drought has since returned: National Weather Service statements dated September 24 and 29, 2026 report severe drought (D2) developing in parts of southwest Alabama and in far northern Alabama near the Tennessee line. No newer ADECA declaration was found.","location":{"name":"Alabama drought regions","type":"Statewide drought region","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"All 67 Alabama counties","counties":["Alabama"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["other","groundwater","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Prolonged precipitation, streamflow, and groundwater deficits drove statewide drought declarations without a documented infrastructure failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Alabama drought regions: ADECA declared all Alabama drought regions under Warning or Watch in April 2026 because of prolonged precipitation deficits and extremely low streamflow and groundwater conditions. Alabama Drought Declaration supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"Statewide service impact was limited to local restrictions; the drought returned as moderate to severe drought in Wilcox, Conecuh, Escambia and northern counties by late September 2026 (refs 4, 5).","scale":"Alabama drought regions has statewide extent; Reported geographic scale: all 67 Alabama counties were under Warning or Watch on April 2, 2026; a directly affected population was not reported., supporting scale score 2. [1]","duration":"Alabama 2025-2026 statewide drought episode is documented from 2026-10-09 through 2026-10-09; duration score is 2. [1]","significance":"ADECA Office of Water Resources documents State monitoring, staged declarations, public conservation guidance, and local water-system recommendations. for Alabama drought regions, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":67,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported geographic scale: all 67 Alabama counties were under Warning or Watch on April 2, 2026; a directly affected population was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: all counties under Warning or Watch on April 2, 2026; all regions at None on August 5, 2026; severe drought returned in parts of southwest and north Alabama by September 24-29, 2026."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No utility default, liquidity crisis, or rate stress was identified in the statewide drought declarations."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Late-September 2026 NWS statements report drought returning: severe drought (D2) in Wilcox, Conecuh, Escambia and nearby counties and in far northern Alabama (refs 4, 5).","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: with drought intensifying again in September 2026, a new ADECA Advisory or Watch declaration is plausible if the dryness persists.","horizon":"12-24 months or source-stated horizon","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, hydrologic change, project completion, or funding change."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Economic and Community Affairs Office of Water Resources"},{"name":"Alabama Drought Assessment and Planning Team"}],"public_contact":"ADECA Office of Water Resources, (334) 242-5499, water@adeca.alabama.gov","corrective_actions":["State monitoring, staged declarations, public conservation guidance, and local water-system recommendations."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Alabama Drought Declaration","publisher":"ADECA Office of Water Resources","date":"2026-04-02","url":"https://adeca.alabama.gov/wp-content/uploads/Apr-2026-Drought-Declaration.pdf","basis":"State drought declaration"},{"ref":2,"title":"Alabama Drought Declaration","publisher":"ADECA Office of Water Resources","date":"2026-06-10","url":"https://adeca.alabama.gov/wp-content/uploads/Jun-2026-Drought-Declaration.pdf","basis":"State drought declaration"},{"ref":3,"title":"Alabama Drought Declaration","publisher":"ADECA Office of Water Resources","date":"2026-08-05","url":"https://adeca.alabama.gov/wp-content/uploads/DroughtDeclaration.pdf","basis":"State drought declaration"},{"ref":4,"title":"Drought Information Statement, southeast Mississippi, southwest Alabama and western Florida Panhandle","publisher":"National Weather Service Mobile/Pensacola","date":"2026-09-24","url":"https://www.weather.gov/media/mob/DGT/DGT_MOB_09242026.pdf","basis":"Federal agency"},{"ref":5,"title":"Drought Information Statement, northern Alabama and southern Middle Tennessee","publisher":"National Weather Service Huntsville","date":"2026-09-29","url":"https://www.weather.gov/media/hun/DGT/DGT_HUN_10012026.pdf","basis":"Federal agency"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 2; scored on the episode's peak documented severity and labeled stabilized at latest declaration."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Update: drought returning in late September 2026 per NWS Mobile and Huntsville statements; status moved from Resolved or Stabilized. Score unchanged."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Statewide demand reduction","Crop loss","Reservoir and aquifer changes","Households under mandatory restrictions"],"related_ids":["US-NATIONAL-DROUGHT-2026-10"],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AL-STATEWIDE-FISH-ADVISORIES-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Alabama fish-consumption advisories for mercury, PFOS, and PCBs","description":"Alabama maintains current fish-consumption restrictions, including Do Not Eat Any advisories and meal-frequency limits, because of mercury, PFOS, and PCB contamination in multiple waters.","location":{"name":"Alabama fish-advisory waters","type":"Statewide fish-consumption advisory network","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Multiple Alabama rivers, creeks, bays, and reservoirs","extent":"statewide","counties":[]},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminants accumulated in fish tissue restrict safe consumption from affected surface waters.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Official health restrictions include Do Not Eat Any.","service":"Advisories limit local food and recreational uses without closing the waters.","scale":"Multiple basins and counties are covered statewide.","duration":"Annual updates address persistent mercury, PFOS, and PCB contamination.","significance":"ADPH issues formal public-health advisories with continuing annual monitoring."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 386 fish samples from 34 collection stations were analyzed in fall 2025; the 2026 guidance includes Do Not Eat Any restrictions."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable statewide advisory counts were not established.","projection":{"statement":"Annual advisories are likely to continue while persistent contaminants remain.","horizon":"12 months","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Monitoring continues."],"reversal_factors":["Clean fish-tissue results"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Public Health Toxicology","role":"Fish-consumption advisory authority"},{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","role":"Sampling partner"}],"public_contact":"ADPH Toxicology, John Guarisco, Ph.D., 334-206-5973","corrective_actions":["Annual fish-tissue sampling","Public consumption limits and updates"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ADPH releases 2026 fish-consumption advisories","publisher":"Alabama Department of Public Health","date":"2026-06-16","url":"https://www.alabamapublichealth.gov/blog/2026/06/nr-16.html","basis":"State public-health notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"2026 Alabama Fish Consumption Advisories","publisher":"Alabama Department of Public Health","date":"2026-06-16","url":"https://www.alabamapublichealth.gov/tox/assets/2026_fishadvisory.pdf","basis":"State public-health advisory"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Population affected","Remediation cost","Household food-cost impact"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2025","revision":4,"change_type":"changed","title":"Alabama lead, galvanized, and unknown service-line inventory","description":"ADEM reported statewide inventories containing confirmed lead and galvanized service lines plus a large number of lines whose material remained unknown. The report states inventories were still under review, so counts may change.","location":{"name":"Alabama public-water-system service-line inventory","type":"Statewide public water system inventory","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama","extent":"statewide","counties":[]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Known lead and galvanized lines create a physical replacement need, while the much larger unknown inventory creates a statewide exposure-assessment and compliance gap.","secondary_drivers":["Replacement and inventory costs are material, but system-specific revenue capacity and affordability effects were not assessed."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM reported statewide inventories containing confirmed lead and galvanized service lines plus a large number of lines whose material remained unknown. The report states inventories were still under review, so counts may change.","service":"ADEM reported statewide inventories containing confirmed lead and galvanized service lines plus a large number of lines whose material remained unknown. The report states inventories were still under review, so counts may change.","scale":"ADEM reported statewide inventories containing confirmed lead and galvanized service lines plus a large number of lines whose material remained unknown. The report states inventories were still under review, so counts may change.","duration":"ADEM reported statewide inventories containing confirmed lead and galvanized service lines plus a large number of lines whose material remained unknown. The report states inventories were still under review, so counts may change.","significance":"ADEM reported statewide inventories containing confirmed lead and galvanized service lines plus a large number of lines whose material remained unknown. The report states inventories were still under review, so counts may change."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Population not reported; inventory covers 2,297,554 service lines across 517 of 524 systems."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 4,550 lead lines; 55,839 galvanized-requiring-replacement lines; 266,404 unknown lines; 1,970,761 non-lead lines (May 6, 2025 run)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Replacement and inventory costs are material, but system-specific revenue capacity and affordability effects were not assessed."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"12-24 months or source-stated horizon","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, hydrologic change, project completion, or funding change."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"ADEM Drinking Water Branch","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Alabama public water systems","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"EPA under the Lead and Copper Rule Revisions","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Drinking Water Branch, (334) 271-7773","corrective_actions":["Systems must notify customers with lead, galvanized-requiring-replacement, or unknown lines and develop replacement/inventory work under federal and state requirements."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Alabama Service Line Inventory Submissions","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-05-06","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-05/SLIReport.pdf","basis":"State regulatory record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 1."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Population served by affected line class","Replacement cost","Household burden"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-STATEWIDE-SURFACE-IMPAIRMENTS-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Alabama statewide surface-water impairments","description":"Alabama documents extensive Category 5 waters needing TMDLs and Category 4 waters with TMDLs for pathogens, mercury, nutrients, sediment, PFOS, PCBs, and other causes. Most 2024 listed segments also appeared in 2022, indicating persistent designated-use impairment.","location":{"name":"Alabama impaired surface waters","type":"Statewide surface-water and watershed system","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabama rivers, reservoirs, and estuaries","extent":"statewide","counties":[]},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["agricultural","drinking-water-quality","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented failure is nonattainment of designated water uses from pollutants and habitat degradation.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Confirmed designated-use impairment involves pathogens, mercury, PFOS, PCBs, nutrients, and sediment.","service":"Public-water-supply, swimming, fishing, and ecological uses are affected, but no statewide service outage is documented.","scale":"The record covers thousands of river miles, tens of thousands of reservoir acres, and estuarine waters statewide.","duration":"ADEM states most 2024-listed waters also appeared on the 2022 list.","significance":"The waters are formally listed under Clean Water Act Section 303(d) with TMDL obligations."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported overlapping Category 5 extents include 3,139.06 river miles and 7,045.68 reservoir acres for E. coli; 83,170.97 reservoir acres and 211.21 estuary square miles for mercury; and 19,378.31 reservoir acres for PFOS. Cause-specific extents must not be summed."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Impairments are persistent; direct counts are affected by reassessment and movement between Categories 4 and 5.","projection":{"statement":"A multi-year TMDL and restoration workload is likely to continue.","horizon":"Next biennial assessment cycle","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Assessment methodology remains comparable."],"reversal_factors":["Validated improvement","TMDL implementation","Delisting"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management Water Division","role":"State water-quality regulator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Water Division, h2omail@adem.alabama.gov, 334-271-7823","corrective_actions":["TMDL development and implementation","Rotating basin monitoring","Watershed plans and Section 319 projects"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2024 Integrated Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment Report","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2024-04-01","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/programs/water/waterforms/2024AL-IWQMAR.pdf","basis":"State regulatory assessment"},{"ref":2,"title":"303(d) Information and Map","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2026-01-14","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/water/water-quality/303d-information-and-map","basis":"State regulatory portal"},{"ref":3,"title":"2025 Nonpoint Source Management Program Annual Report","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-12-31","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-12/NPS2025.pdf","basis":"State program report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Population affected","Statewide capital requirement","Statewide funding gap"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2025-12-31","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","label":"Section 319 awards FY2019-FY2024","value":19372100,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","period_start":"2019-10","period_end":"2024-09","funding_stage":"secured","scope":{"program":"Alabama Nonpoint Source Program","geography":"Alabama"},"basis":{"definition":"All awards reported obligated; includes program and project funds."},"source_refs":[3],"notes":"Statewide program amount; not funding secured for every impaired segment."},{"metric":"secured_funding","label":"Section 319 FY2024 award","value":3161100,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","period_start":"2023-10","period_end":"2024-09","funding_stage":"secured","scope":{"program":"Alabama Nonpoint Source Program","geography":"Alabama"},"basis":{"definition":"FY2024 award includes program and project funds."},"source_refs":[3],"notes":"Requires a 40% nonfederal match for subawards; not an agriculture-only amount."}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-AL-SWEETWATER-TTHM-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Sweetwater recurring TTHM violations","description":"Three consecutive quarterly violations were recorded without a return-to-compliance date in the report.","location":{"name":"Water Works and Sewer Board of the Town of Sweetwater","type":"Municipal public water system service area","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Sweetwater, Marengo County, Alabama","counties":["Marengo"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Regulated disinfection-byproduct MCL exceedances are the documented primary issue; the cited table does not establish an infrastructure cause.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Water Works and Sewer Board of the Town of Sweetwater: Three consecutive quarterly violations were recorded without a return-to-compliance date in the report. Annual Compliance Report, Calendar Year 2024 supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For Sweetwater recurring TTHM violations, status is Unknown; Reported: TTHM MCL violations in Q1, Q2, and Q3 2024; the annual table shows no return-to-compliance date. supports service score 0. [1]","scale":"Water Works and Sewer Board of the Town of Sweetwater has city extent; Reported regulatory service population: 465., supporting scale score 1. [1]","duration":"Sweetwater recurring TTHM violations is documented from 2026-10-09 through 2026-10-09; duration score is 2. [1]","significance":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management documents Compliance monitoring and operational evaluation are required for Water Works and Sewer Board of the Town of Sweetwater, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":465,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported regulatory service population: 465."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: TTHM MCL violations in Q1, Q2, and Q3 2024; the annual table shows no return-to-compliance date."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The annual compliance table does not provide utility financial evidence."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"12-24 months or source-stated horizon","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, hydrologic change, project completion, or funding change."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"ADEM Drinking Water Branch"},{"name":"Water Works and Sewer Board of the Town of Sweetwater"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Drinking Water Branch, (334) 271-7773","corrective_actions":["Compliance monitoring and operational evaluation are required","the annual table does not describe system-specific treatment changes."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Compliance Report, Calendar Year 2024","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-06-01","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-06/2024DWBAnnualComplianceReport.pdf","basis":"State regulatory record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":5,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 1."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Unknown","score":5,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-09","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Measured concentration","System-specific corrective action","2025 compliance detail"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AL-TENNESSEE-RIVER-MERCURY-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Mercury fish advisories support new Tennessee basin impairment listings","description":"ADEM proposed adding four Tennessee basin assessment units after 2024 Alabama Department of Public Health fish-consumption advisories for mercury. The affected units include Crow Creek and Short Creek on Guntersville Lake, the Tennessee River on Wheeler Lake, and Spring Creek on Pickwick Lake.","location":{"name":"Guntersville, Wheeler, and Pickwick Lake tributary units","type":"Reservoir and river assessment-unit cohort","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Jackson, Marshall, Lauderdale, Lawrence, and Colbert Counties, Alabama","counties":["Colbert"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Mercury-related fish-consumption advisories and proposed impairment listings are the principal documented issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Confirmed or persistent harm is supported by [1]: Reported: four assessment units were proposed for mercury impairment based on 2024 fish-consumption advisories.","service":"Limited or indirect service impact is supported by [1]: Reported: four assessment units were proposed for mercury impairment based on 2024 fish-consumption advisories.","scale":"Material local scale is supported by [1]: Jackson, Marshall, Lauderdale, Lawrence, and Colbert Counties, Alabama.","duration":"Ongoing or recurring duration is supported by dates/status in [1]; latest status is Monitoring or Emerging Risk.","significance":"Official response or material concern is documented in [1]: Reported: four assessment units were proposed for mercury impairment based on 2024 fish-consumption advisories."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected-population count was reported in the cited source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: four assessment units were proposed for mercury impairment based on 2024 fish-consumption advisories."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["['No utility-solvency evidence was identified.']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The index has one comparable advisory/listing observation.","projection":{"statement":"Advisories should be treated as continuing until ADPH issues updated guidance.","horizon":"12 months","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["No superseding advisory is issued"],"reversal_factors":["New fish-tissue data supports changed guidance"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Public Health","role":"Fish-consumption advisory authority"},{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","role":"Water-quality assessor"}],"public_contact":"ADPH Environmental Toxicology, (334) 206-5971","corrective_actions":["Maintain public fish-consumption guidance","Final listing decision","Continued fish-tissue and water-quality monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Alabama Draft 2026 Section 303(d) List Fact Sheet","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2026-01-14","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2026-01/01-26ALDRAFT303dFactSheet.pdf","basis":"State impaired-waters proposal"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-01-14","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Population consuming affected fish","Fish-tissue mercury concentrations","Final 2026 list status"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AL-WALTER-F-GEORGE-NUTRIENTS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Walter F. George Lake nutrient impairments proposed","description":"ADEM proposed three Walter F. George Lake-linked assessment units for nutrient impairment after 2021 and 2024 growing-season chlorophyll-a results. The proposal covers Chattahoochee River and Cowikee Creek units in Barbour and Henry Counties.","location":{"name":"Walter F. George Lake","type":"Interstate reservoir assessment units","state":"AL","states":["AL","GA"],"detail":"Chattahoochee River and Cowikee Creek units, Barbour and Henry Counties, Alabama","county":"Barbour; Henry","counties":["Barbour","Henry"],"extent":"multi_state"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Elevated chlorophyll-a and proposed nutrient impairment listings are the primary documented issue; the source does not assign a single causal sector.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Localized or plausible harm is supported by [1]: Reported: mean growing-season chlorophyll-a values were 17-27 ug/L across cited stations in 2021 and 20-28 ug/L in 2024.","service":"No essential-service interruption is documented in [1].","scale":"Material local scale is supported by [1]: Chattahoochee River and Cowikee Creek units, Barbour and Henry Counties, Alabama.","duration":"Prolonged or repeatedly unresolved duration is supported by dates/status in [1]; latest status is Monitoring or Emerging Risk.","significance":"Official response or material concern is documented in [1]: Reported: mean growing-season chlorophyll-a values were 17-27 ug/L across cited stations in 2021 and 20-28 ug/L in 2024."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected-population count was reported in the cited source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: mean growing-season chlorophyll-a values were 17-27 ug/L across cited stations in 2021 and 20-28 ug/L in 2024."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["['No utility-solvency evidence was identified.']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Comparable 2021 and 2024 values remained elevated within the reported range.","projection":{"statement":"Nutrient impairment review is likely to continue through final listing and planning.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Monitoring methods remain comparable"],"reversal_factors":["Lower future chlorophyll-a results or revised assessment thresholds"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","role":"State water-quality assessor"},{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","role":"Reservoir operator"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Water Division, Joseph Roy: jtr@adem.alabama.gov","corrective_actions":["Final listing decision","Nutrient-source assessment","TMDL or restoration planning if finalized"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Alabama Draft 2026 Section 303(d) List Fact Sheet","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2026-01-14","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2026-01/01-26ALDRAFT303dFactSheet.pdf","basis":"State impaired-waters proposal"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 3."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Corrected the 2021 chlorophyll-a range to 17-27 ug/L per the fact sheet."}],"first_seen":"2026-01-14","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Population affected","Final 2026 list status","Source-apportionment data"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AL-WARRIOR-RIVER-TTHM-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Warrior River Water Authority TTHM violation","description":"A single quarterly violation was followed by a recorded return to compliance.","location":{"name":"Warrior River Water Authority","type":"Public water system service area","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Jefferson County, Alabama","counties":["Jefferson"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Regulated disinfection-byproduct MCL exceedances are the documented primary issue; the cited table does not establish an infrastructure cause.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Warrior River Water Authority: A single quarterly violation was followed by a recorded return to compliance. Annual Compliance Report, Calendar Year 2024 supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For Warrior River Water Authority TTHM violation, status is Resolved or Stabilized; Reported: TTHM MCL violation in Q3 2024; return-to-compliance date November 13, 2024. supports service score 0. [1]","scale":"Warrior River Water Authority has watershed extent; Reported regulatory service population: 37,263., supporting scale score 1. [1]","duration":"Warrior River Water Authority TTHM violation is documented from 2026-10-09 through 2026-10-09; duration score is 0. [1]","significance":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management documents Compliance monitoring and operational evaluation are required for Warrior River Water Authority, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":37263,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported regulatory service population: 37,263."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: TTHM MCL violation in Q3 2024; return-to-compliance date November 13, 2024."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The annual compliance table does not provide utility financial evidence."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"12-24 months or source-stated horizon","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, hydrologic change, project completion, or funding change."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"ADEM Drinking Water Branch"},{"name":"Warrior River Water Authority"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Drinking Water Branch, (334) 271-7773","corrective_actions":["Compliance monitoring and operational evaluation are required","the annual table does not describe system-specific treatment changes."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Compliance Report, Calendar Year 2024","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-06-01","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-06/2024DWBAnnualComplianceReport.pdf","basis":"State regulatory record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 1."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-09","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Measured concentration","System-specific corrective action","2025 compliance detail"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AL-WILCOX-COUNTY-TTHM-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Wilcox County Water and Sewer District TTHM violation","description":"A single quarterly violation was followed by a prompt recorded return to compliance.","location":{"name":"Wilcox County Water and Sewer District","type":"County water utility service area","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Wilcox County, Alabama","counties":["Wilcox"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Regulated disinfection-byproduct MCL exceedances are the documented primary issue; the cited table does not establish an infrastructure cause.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Wilcox County Water and Sewer District: A single quarterly violation was followed by a prompt recorded return to compliance. Annual Compliance Report, Calendar Year 2024 supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For Wilcox County Water and Sewer District TTHM violation, status is Resolved or Stabilized; Reported: TTHM MCL violation in Q1 2024; return-to-compliance date April 9, 2024. supports service score 0. [1]","scale":"Wilcox County Water and Sewer District has system extent; Reported regulatory service population: 6,144., supporting scale score 1. [1]","duration":"Wilcox County Water and Sewer District TTHM violation is documented from 2026-10-09 through 2026-10-09; duration score is 0. [1]","significance":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management documents Compliance monitoring and operational evaluation are required for Wilcox County Water and Sewer District, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":6144,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported regulatory service population: 6,144."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: TTHM MCL violation in Q1 2024; return-to-compliance date April 9, 2024."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The annual compliance table does not provide utility financial evidence."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"12-24 months or source-stated horizon","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, hydrologic change, project completion, or funding change."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"ADEM Drinking Water Branch"},{"name":"Wilcox County Water and Sewer District"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Drinking Water Branch, (334) 271-7773","corrective_actions":["Compliance monitoring and operational evaluation are required","the annual table does not describe system-specific treatment changes."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Compliance Report, Calendar Year 2024","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-06-01","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2025-06/2024DWBAnnualComplianceReport.pdf","basis":"State regulatory record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"New verified record from Alabama baseline Batch 1."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-09","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Measured concentration","System-specific corrective action","2025 compliance detail"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-ARIZONA-VILLAGE-MANGANESE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Arizona Village manganese emergency and loss of redundant well","description":"EPA's November 13, 2025 emergency order found manganese at 1.1 mg/L in the remaining active well, above the 1 mg/L one-day advisory, after the backup well casing collapsed. The utility failed to issue the required Do Not Drink notice within 24 hours; an emergency interconnection and alternate water were required.","location":{"name":"Arizona Village Public Water System","type":"Tribal public water system","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Fort Mojave Indian Reservation, Mohave County, Arizona","counties":["Mohave"],"extent":"system","coordinates":{"lat":34.8509,"lon":-114.595,"precision":"system_centroid","source_ref":1}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Manganese above an acute advisory and the loss of the redundant well were both material causes.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Arizona Village manganese emergency and loss of redundant well: EPA's November 13, 2025 emergency order found manganese at 1.1 mg/L in the remaining active well, above the 1 mg/L one-day advisory, after the backup well casing collapsed. The utility failed to issue the required Do Not Drink notice within 24 hours; an emergency interconnection and alternate water were required. Harm score 2 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Arizona Village manganese emergency and loss of redundant well: essential-service score 2 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Arizona Village manganese emergency and loss of redundant well: scale score 1 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Arizona Village manganese emergency and loss of redundant well: duration score 1 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Arizona Village manganese emergency and loss of redundant well: significance score 2 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":2879,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 2879. EPA emergency order reports a population of 2,879 and 1,425 connections."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Manganese 1.1 mg/L versus EPA one-day advisory 1.0 mg/L; 2,879 residents served."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["single active source after backup well collapse; failed Tier 1 public notification; corrective capital cost not reported"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"EPA's emergency order documents one acute episode and required corrective actions, but no comparable post-order series was verified [1].","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: service and manganese risk remains elevated until redundant supply and EPA-required compliance measures are demonstrated complete.","horizon":"6-18 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["The backup well remains unavailable until documented otherwise","The emergency order remains the latest verified status"],"reversal_factors":["Verified restoration of redundant supply","Compliant manganese monitoring","EPA closure of the emergency order"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Fort Mojave Tribal Utilities Authority"},{"name":"EPA Region 9"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["Emergency interconnection with the City of Needles","At least one gallon per person per day of alternate water","Monthly manganese sampling","EPA-approved compliance plan"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Emergency Administrative Order, Arizona Village PWS","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2025-11-13","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2025-11/pws-aeo-2026-010-eao-ft-mojave-tribal-utilities-authority-arizona-village-pws-2025-11-13.pdf","basis":"Federal emergency order"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Arizona baseline evidence update."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Opened ref 1 (EPA emergency order dated Nov. 13, 2025): manganese 1.1 mg/L above EPA acute advisory, ~2,879 year-round residents, 24-hour Do Not Drink notice requirement, Nov. 7, 2025 emergency interconnection all confirmed. No change."}],"first_seen":"2025-11-13","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current advisory termination status","Approved compliance-plan cost","Rates and liquidity"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-CA-TIJUANA-RIVER-SEWAGE-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Tijuana River cross-border sewage crisis","description":"Cross-border sewage in the Tijuana River continues under a U.S.-Mexico corrective program. EPA reports border treatment capacity more than doubled to 53 MGD, canyon-collector effluent down 97% and plant exceedances down 99%, and the first major contract to expand the South Bay plant to 50 MGD was awarded in September 2026. A draft federal health report found hydrogen sulfide from the sewage briefly exceeded the short-term illness threshold on three days in September 2024.","location":{"name":"Tijuana River watershed and South Bay","type":"Binational watershed and treatment system","state":"CA","detail":"San Diego County, California","states":["CA"],"counties":["San Diego"],"extent":"watershed","coordinates":{"lat":32.5527,"lon":-117.0646,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","other"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Insufficient and unreliable conveyance/treatment capacity causes untreated or inadequately treated flows that impair receiving waters and beaches.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Draft ATSDR report found hydrogen sulfide spiking above the short-term illness threshold on three days in September 2024 near an elementary school (ref 3).","service":"Conveyance repairs are due December 2026 and July 2027 and river gates Phase 2 early 2027, so wet-weather bypass risk persists (ref 1).","scale":"The binational watershed and South Bay communities in San Diego County are affected, with hundreds of millions of dollars invested (ref 3).","duration":"The crisis spans years; full South Bay design approval is expected in October 2026 and operations recommendations in December 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"A U.S.-Mexico agreement (Minute 333) and federal quarterly reporting govern the program (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources do not give a population affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: border treatment capacity reached 53 MGD; canyon-collector effluent fell 97%; plant exceedances fell 99%; dry-season flows fell 54% in 2025-2026 versus 2022-2024."},"measures":[{"name":"Border treatment capacity","value":53,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"EPA, as reported and not independently verified (ref 1)."},{"name":"South Bay plant expansion target","value":50,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Plant was expanded to 35 MGD in August 2025; first major construction contract awarded September 2026 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Tijuana River pilot channel cleared","value":16622,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Cleared before wet season (ref 1)."},{"name":"Days hydrogen sulfide exceeded short-term threshold","value":3,"unit":"days (September 2024)","status":"Reported","note":"Monitor near an elementary school (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Capital-delivery and cross-border governance risks are substantial, but the cited evidence does not establish utility insolvency."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","projection":{"statement":"Dry-weather performance should improve as construction proceeds, while wet-weather bypass risk remains.","horizon":"Through 2027","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["Schedule slippage","Extreme rain","Cross-border funding gaps"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Federal lead and quarterly reporting"},{"name":"U.S. Section, International Boundary and Water Commission (USIBWC)","role":"Operates South Bay International Wastewater Treatment Plant"},{"name":"Mexican federal and local agencies","role":"Conveyance and treatment projects in Tijuana"},{"name":"San Diego regional agencies","role":"Local coordination and monitoring"}],"public_contact":"EPA Tijuana River watershed public updates page, epa.gov/sustainable-water-infrastructure/tijuana-river-watershed-public-updates","corrective_actions":["Parallel Gravity Line completed August 2026; Tijuana River Gates Phase 2 under construction since September 2026 (ref 1)","First major contract to expand South Bay International Wastewater Treatment Plant to 50 MGD awarded September 2026; full design approval expected October 2026 (refs 1, 2)","Mexican interceptor and collector work under way, e.g. Poniente Interceptor 460 of 705 m (ref 2)","ATSDR recommends continued sewage reduction and local air monitoring (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Trump EPA Tijuana sewage crisis quarterly update: Phase 2 river gates under construction","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-09-30","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/trump-epa-tijuana-sewage-crisis-quarterly-update-phase-2-river-gates-under","basis":"Primary or official record"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA reports progress on Tijuana River sewage infrastructure","publisher":"Water & Wastes Digest","date":"2026-10-01","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.wwdmag.com/wastewater-treatment/news/55409031/epa-reports-progress-on-tijuana-river-sewage-infrastructure","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Federal Water Tap, October 12, 2026: Tijuana River Sewage Contributes to Harmful Regional Air Pollution, Health Agency Says","publisher":"Circle of Blue","date":"2026-10-12","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.circleofblue.org/newsletter/federal-water-tap-october-12-2026-tijuana-river-sewage-contributes-to-harmful-regional-air-pollution-health-agency-says/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Verified baseline history."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Added South Bay expansion contract details and a draft federal hydrogen sulfide health report; severity notes rewritten with source references."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-CA-TULARE-LAKE-GW-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Tulare Lake Subbasin critical overdraft and state intervention","description":"The State Water Board designated the Tulare Lake Subbasin probationary on April 16, 2024, citing deficiencies in the groundwater sustainability plan on subsidence, groundwater quality and groundwater levels; staff reported 698 wells projected to be at risk of running dry in drought (ref 5). Most pumpers must report extractions and pay fees ($300 per well plus $20 per acre-foot). On April 7, 2026 the Board excluded pumpers extracting no more than 20 acre-feet a year who do not export groundwater, and on August 12, 2026 a trial court enjoined probation enforcement in only the Tri-County Water Authority and Southwest Kings GSA territories while litigation by the Kings County Farm Bureau continues (refs 1, 3, 4).","location":{"name":"Tulare Lake Subbasin","type":"Groundwater subbasin","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Groundwater subbasin, Kings and Tulare counties, California","counties":["Kings","Tulare"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural","other"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Chronic overdraft, declining levels, subsidence, and groundwater-quality deficiencies are the principal documented failures.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Staff found worsening subsidence and 698 wells at risk of running dry in drought; levees protecting Corcoran were raised twice in a decade (ref 5).","service":"Pumpers must meter, report and pay fees under probation, but the pages report no loss of water service (refs 1, 4).","scale":"The probationary subbasin covers Kings and Tulare counties and most pumpers are subject to reporting (refs 3, 4).","duration":"Probation began April 16, 2024 and the first extraction reports were due May 1, 2026; litigation continues into August 2026 (ref 4).","significance":"First groundwater basin ever designated probationary under SGMA (ref 5); a court enjoined enforcement in two GSA territories on August 12, 2026 (ref 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The cited pages do not give a population figure."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"698 wells projected to be at risk of running dry during drought, per State Water Board staff final report on probation (April 2024) [5]."},"measures":[{"name":"Wells projected at risk of running dry during drought","value":698,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"State Water Board staff final report as described in the April 15, 2024 release (ref 5)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Measurement fees, pumping constraints, infrastructure damage, and litigation create exposure; no single utility insolvency is established."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient comparable history.","projection":{"statement":"State intervention and contested implementation will continue.","horizon":"Through 2027","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["Improved local plans","Recharge","Court rulings"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"California State Water Resources Control Board"},{"name":"Department of Water Resources"},{"name":"local groundwater sustainability agencies"}],"public_contact":"Responsible office contact not reported.","corrective_actions":["Extraction measurement and annual reporting","State fees","Local plan revision","Litigation-limited enforcement in two GSA territories","Minimal impact exclusion adopted April 7, 2026 for pumpers extracting up to 20 acre-feet per year without export"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"California State Water Board - Tulare Lake Subbasin Updates","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2026-08-12","url":"https://water.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/gmp/groundwater_basins/tulare_lake_subbasin_updates.html","basis":"State agency status page","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"California DWR - Draft Subsidence Best Management Practice","publisher":"California Department of Water Resources","date":"2025-09-01","url":"https://water.ca.gov/-/media/DWR-Website/Web-Pages/Programs/Groundwater-Management/Subsidence/Files/Subsidence_BMP_Public_Draft.pdf","basis":"State agency draft report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Tulare Lake Subbasin","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":null,"url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/sgma/groundwater_basins/tulare_lake_subbasin.html","basis":"Current official basin and fee page","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":4,"title":"Tulare Lake Subbasin Updates","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2026-08-12","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/sgma/groundwater_basins/tulare_lake_subbasin_updates.html","basis":"Official status/litigation update","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":5,"title":"State Water Board Takes Action to Protect Groundwater in Kings and Tulare Counties","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2024-04-15","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2024/pr20240415-tulare-lake-probationary-hearing.html","basis":"Official probation action","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Verified baseline history."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Verified baseline history."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Re-verification of 4 of 5 source pages (DWR draft subsidence BMP PDF returned HTTP 403 and could not be opened, so verification status left unchanged). Duplicate source ref numbers renumbered 1-5 and placeholder description replaced. New at source: April 7, 2026 minimal impact exclusion (20 acre-feet/year) and August 12, 2026 limited preliminary injunction covering only the Tri-County Water Authority and Southwest Kings GSA territories."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"fixed_charge","value":300,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD per well per year","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-10-14","scope":{"project":"Non-exempt Tulare Lake pumpers","program":"annual probationary-basin well filing"},"source_refs":[3],"notes":"Original source-specific metric label: annual_base_filing_fee. The same statewide probation fee schedule applies independently to each named basin; do not aggregate it across records."},{"metric":"volumetric_rate","value":20,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD per acre-foot","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-10-14","scope":{"project":"Non-exempt Tulare Lake pumpers","program":"probationary-basin pumping charge"},"source_refs":[3],"notes":"Original source-specific metric label: volumetric_probation_fee. The same statewide probation fee schedule applies independently to each named basin; do not aggregate it across records."}],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[{"metric":"probation_fee_schedule","values":[300,20],"note":"Different units and fee components under one schedule; not competing estimates."}]}},{"id":"US-CO-RIVER-SHORTAGE-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Colorado River basin shortage operations","description":"Arizona remained under Tier 1 shortage through 2026, and federal 2027-2028 rules impose deeper Lower Basin reductions after Basin states failed to reach full consensus. The carried-forward interstate record is updated rather than duplicated.","location":{"name":"Colorado River Basin","type":"Interstate basin","state":"AZ","states":["AZ","CA","CO","NV","NM","UT","WY"],"detail":"Seven U.S. basin states, tribal nations, and Mexico","counties":[],"extent":"multi_state"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","water-rights","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Prolonged hydrologic shortage and low storage are the principal drivers; operating rules allocate reduced supply.","secondary_drivers":["supply and replacement-cost exposure; no confirmed utility insolvency"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Colorado River basin shortage operations: Arizona remained under Tier 1 shortage through 2026, and federal 2027-2028 rules impose deeper Lower Basin reductions after Basin states failed to reach full consensus. The carried-forward interstate record is updated rather than duplicated. Harm score 1 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Colorado River basin shortage operations: essential-service score 2 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Colorado River basin shortage operations: scale score 2 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Colorado River basin shortage operations: duration score 2 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Colorado River basin shortage operations: significance score 2 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Reported: 40000000. Bureau of Reclamation reports more than 40 million people basin-wide."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Arizona Tier 1 cut 512,000 acre-feet; 2027 Lower Basin reduction 1.25 million acre-feet, proposed Arizona share 760,000 acre-feet."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["supply and replacement-cost exposure; no confirmed utility insolvency"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The 2027-2028 federal operating decision carries deeper Lower Basin reductions after states did not reach full consensus [1].","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: shortage-driven allocation pressure is likely to persist through the 2027-2028 operating period unless storage and basin agreements improve materially.","horizon":"Through 2028","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["The cited federal operating decision remains in force","No rapid multi-year hydrologic recovery occurs"],"reversal_factors":["Material reservoir recovery","A superseding basin-wide agreement","New conservation or augmentation that changes operating tiers"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Bureau of Reclamation","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Arizona Department of Water Resources","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Colorado River Basin states and tribes","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["2027-2028 operating guidelines; Adaptive 10-year framework; Conservation and storage tools"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Final 2027-2028 Colorado River guidelines","publisher":"Bureau of Reclamation","date":"2026-08-21","url":"https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/news-release/5392?filterBy=topic&topic=Colorado+River","basis":"Federal operating decision"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-08-21","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable rates or household burden unless stated","Current funding gap unless stated"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-HI-SOUTH-KOHALA-LALAMILO-SUPPLY-2026-10","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"South Kohala-Lalamilo essential-use-only water restriction","description":"Hawaii County DWS escalated an October 2 restriction to essential-use-only on October 5 while crews repaired wells and worked to preserve tank storage. No cancellation was located through the end of the research window.","location":{"name":"South Kohala-Lalamilo water service area","type":"County water system service area","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Kawaihae, Hapuna, Puako, Mauna Kea, and Mauna Lani, Hawaii County, Hawaii","counties":["Hawaii"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Multiple wells under repair reduced production and storage reliability enough to require essential-use-only restrictions.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"South Kohala-Lalamilo water service area: Hawaii County DWS escalated an October 2 restriction to essential-use-only on October 5 while crews repaired wells and worked to preserve tank storage. South Kohala-Lalamilo Essential Use Only Notice supports harm score 0. [1]","service":"For South Kohala-Lalamilo essential-use-only water restriction, status is Active Emergency; Reported: essential use only from October 5, replacing an October 2 restriction; duration and affected-customer count not reported. supports service score 2. [1]","scale":"South Kohala-Lalamilo water service area has system extent; Not reported; notice applies to all Department of Water Supply customers in six named South Kohala areas., supporting scale score 1. [1]","duration":"South Kohala-Lalamilo essential-use-only water restriction is documented from 2026-10-09 through 2026-10-09; duration score is 1. [1]","significance":"Hawaii County Department of Water Supply documents Repair affected wells, stabilize system production and storage, restrict use to drinking, sanitation, cooking, and hygiene until conditions improve. for South Kohala-Lalamilo water service area, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Active Emergency","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported; notice applies to all Department of Water Supply customers in six named South Kohala areas."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: essential use only from October 5, replacing an October 2 restriction; duration and affected-customer count not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Repeated well and power-related restrictions indicate redundancy risk; no insolvency, default, or audited revenue stress was verified."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Analytical projection: restrictions may remain until well repairs restore storage margin; horizon days to weeks, confidence Medium.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: restrictions may remain until well repairs restore storage margin; horizon days to weeks, confidence Medium.","horizon":"12-24 months or source-stated horizon","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, hydrologic change, project completion, or funding change."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Hawaii County Department of Water Supply"}],"public_contact":"Hawaii County Department of Water Supply, (808) 961-8790","corrective_actions":["Repair affected wells, stabilize system production and storage, restrict use to drinking, sanitation, cooking, and hygiene until conditions improve."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"South Kohala-Lalamilo Essential Use Only Notice","publisher":"Hawaii County Department of Water Supply","date":"2026-10-05","url":"https://www.hawaiidws.org/south-kohala-lalamilo-essential-use-only-notice/","basis":"Utility notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Active Emergency","score":5,"note":"New weekly incremental record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Active Emergency","score":5,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Active Emergency","score":5,"note":"Hawaii baseline pass retained the active restriction; corrected the unknown population label to Not reported."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Customers affected","Number and capacity of unavailable wells","Expected restoration date"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-LA-NEW-ORLEANS-DRAINAGE-OCT2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"New Orleans October drainage pump interruptions and street flooding","description":"During 6-9 inches of rain on October 3-4, the Carrollton Underpass flooded for about four hours, Canal Underpass had temporarily high water, and DPS 3 lost all but one pump for roughly 30 minutes. SWBNO changed operating protocol to provide DPS 3 two power sources and continued permanent pump replacement at Carrollton.","location":{"name":"New Orleans drainage service area","type":"Municipal drainage and flood-protection service area","state":"LA","states":["LA"],"detail":"New Orleans, Louisiana","counties":["Orleans"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Temporary pump, feeder, and underpass-station limitations were the proximate causes of localized drainage failures during heavy rain.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"New Orleans drainage service area: During 6-9 inches of rain on October 3-4, the Carrollton Underpass flooded for about four hours, Canal Underpass had temporarily high water, and DPS 3 lost all but one pump for roughly 30 minutes. SWBNO Provides Operational Status Ahead of Hurricane Isaias supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For New Orleans October drainage pump interruptions and street flooding, status is Corrective Action Underway; Reported: 6-9 inches in 48 hours; Carrollton flooding about 11 a.m.-3 p.m.; DPS 3 limited to one pump for about 30 minutes. supports service score 1. [1]","scale":"New Orleans drainage service area has city extent; Not reported; localized flooding included the Carrollton Underpass and drainage areas served by DPS 3., supporting scale score 1. [1]","duration":"New Orleans October drainage pump interruptions and street flooding is documented from 2026-10-09 through 2026-10-09; duration score is 1. [1]","significance":"Sewerage & Water Board of New Orleans documents Dual-source operating protocol at DPS 3, temporary pumping at Carrollton, permanent pump replacement, catch-basin cleaning, and investigation of reported flood locations. for New Orleans drainage service area, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported; localized flooding included the Carrollton Underpass and drainage areas served by DPS 3."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 6-9 inches in 48 hours; Carrollton flooding about 11 a.m.-3 p.m.; DPS 3 limited to one pump for about 30 minutes."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Aging equipment and incomplete permanent replacement create operational exposure; this event does not establish insolvency."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Analytical projection: localized flooding exposure remains during rainfall above design pumping rates or while permanent underpass equipment is unavailable; horizon through completion of repairs, confidence Medium.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: localized flooding exposure remains during rainfall above design pumping rates or while permanent underpass equipment is unavailable; horizon through completion of repairs, confidence Medium.","horizon":"12-24 months or source-stated horizon","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, hydrologic change, project completion, or funding change."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Sewerage & Water Board of New Orleans"},{"name":"City of New Orleans emergency and drainage response offices"}],"public_contact":"Sewerage & Water Board of New Orleans, 52-WATER / (504) 529-2837; street flooding via 311","corrective_actions":["Dual-source operating protocol at DPS 3, temporary pumping at Carrollton, permanent pump replacement, catch-basin cleaning, and investigation of reported flood locations."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SWBNO Provides Operational Status Ahead of Hurricane Isaias","publisher":"Sewerage & Water Board of New Orleans","date":null,"url":"https://swbno.org/PressReleases/Details/5120","basis":"Utility update","accessed":"2026-10-08"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New weekly incremental record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Structures or residents affected","Flood depths","Permanent pump completion date"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-MA-CT-HOUSATONIC-PCB-CLEANUP-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Housatonic River PCB cleanup design milestone","description":"EPA announced an October 21 public meeting on final design plans for two rail loading areas needed for the Rest of River cleanup. The underlying issue is persistent PCB contamination from GE's Pittsfield facility; the design milestone advances, but does not complete, remediation.","location":{"name":"GE-Pittsfield/Housatonic River Superfund Site","type":"Interstate Superfund river corridor","state":"MA","states":["MA","CT"],"detail":"Pittsfield, Massachusetts, through the Housatonic River corridor in Massachusetts and Connecticut","extent":"multi_state","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Long-lived PCB contamination of the river and biota is the principal issue; rail infrastructure is a cleanup-enabling secondary driver.","secondary_drivers":["The cited evidence concerns a responsible-party Superfund cleanup, not utility solvency or rate adequacy."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"EPA announced an October 21 public meeting on final design plans for two rail loading areas needed for the Rest of River cleanup. The underlying issue is persistent PCB contamination from GE's Pittsfield facility; the design milestone advances, but does not complete, remediation.","service":"EPA announced an October 21 public meeting on final design plans for two rail loading areas needed for the Rest of River cleanup. The underlying issue is persistent PCB contamination from GE's Pittsfield facility; the design milestone advances, but does not complete, remediation.","scale":"EPA announced an October 21 public meeting on final design plans for two rail loading areas needed for the Rest of River cleanup. The underlying issue is persistent PCB contamination from GE's Pittsfield facility; the design milestone advances, but does not complete, remediation.","duration":"EPA announced an October 21 public meeting on final design plans for two rail loading areas needed for the Rest of River cleanup. The underlying issue is persistent PCB contamination from GE's Pittsfield facility; the design milestone advances, but does not complete, remediation.","significance":"EPA announced an October 21 public meeting on final design plans for two rail loading areas needed for the Rest of River cleanup. The underlying issue is persistent PCB contamination from GE's Pittsfield facility; the design milestone advances, but does not complete, remediation."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported; the cleanup concerns a multi-state river corridor and fish-consumption advisory areas."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: final rail-transload design submitted September 21, 2026; public comment open through November 6, 2026."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The cited evidence concerns a responsible-party Superfund cleanup, not utility solvency or rate adequacy."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Analytical projection: cleanup design will continue toward construction over the next 6-18 months if EPA approval, contracting, and site access proceed; confidence Low.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: cleanup design will continue toward construction over the next 6-18 months if EPA approval, contracting, and site access proceed; confidence Low.","horizon":"12-24 months or source-stated horizon","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, hydrologic change, project completion, or funding change."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA New England","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"General Electric","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Massachusetts and Connecticut environmental and public-health agencies","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Tribal partners","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"EPA New England, Jo Kittrell, (857) 262-3789; R1Housatonic@epa.gov","corrective_actions":["EPA review of the September 21 final design submission, public comment through November 6, and construction logistics supporting Rest of River remediation."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA to host Open House on Final Design Plans for New Rail Spurs on October 21, 2026","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2026-10-06","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-host-open-house-final-design-plans-new-rail-spurs-october-21-2026","basis":"Federal update"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA Cleanups: GE-Pittsfield/Housatonic River Site","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2026-08-31","url":"https://www.epa.gov/ge-housatonic","basis":"Federal site record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New weekly incremental record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current PCB concentrations by reach","Population exposed","Construction start and completion dates"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MS-JACKSON-WATER-2022","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Jackson drinking-water system stabilization","description":"Jackson drinking-water system stabilization remains corrective action underway. Reported: revenue collection exceeded 85% in each Q4 2025 month, but current rates covered only operating costs; $54 million reallocation remained inaccessible at quarter-end; aged payables listed at $21.35 million. Current response includes Priority projects, treatment-plant repairs, leak and valve work, winterization, corrosion control, billing and collection changes, and financing restructuring..","location":{"name":"City of Jackson Public Water System","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MS","detail":"Jackson, Mississippi","states":["MS"],"counties":["Hinds"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Distribution and treatment reliability failures remain materially linked to revenue insufficiency, debt, billing, and management capacity.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Residual reliability and water-quality risks remain under stabilization, although operations improved.","service":"The system serving about 160,000 remains under priority repair and court-appointed management.","scale":"Approximately 160,000 people are served.","duration":"Federal court supervision and structural repairs have continued since 2022.","significance":"Court-appointed management plus inaccessible funding, debt-service, and $21.35 million aged-payables signals support maximum significance."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: revenue collection exceeded 85% in each Q4 2025 month, but current rates covered only operating costs; $54 million reallocation remained inaccessible at quarter-end; aged payables listed at $21.35 million."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Severe","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Current rates cover operating costs only; debt service is unfunded by current revenue; aged payables; grant dependence; court-appointed management; billing and collection weakness."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","projection":{"statement":"Physical reliability should continue improving, but financial continuity remains fragile without accessible grant funds, a rate solution, or debt restructuring.","horizon":"12 months","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["Funding release","Sustained collections"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S"},{"name":"District Court"},{"name":"EPA"},{"name":"DOJ"},{"name":"Mississippi State Department of Health"},{"name":"City of Jackson"},{"name":"JXN Water interim manager"}],"public_contact":"Responsible office contact not reported.","corrective_actions":["Priority projects, treatment-plant repairs, leak and valve work, winterization, corrosion control, billing and collection changes, and financing restructuring."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"JXN Water Interim Third-Party Manager - Q4 2025 Consolidated Report","publisher":"Not reported","date":"2026-01-31","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2026-03/q4-2025-water-report.pdf","basis":"Primary or official record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Verified baseline history."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-09","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-01-31","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"pending_funding","value":54000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-01-31","funding_stage":"pending","scope":{"utility":"JXN Water","program":"Federal funding reallocation","geography":"Jackson, Mississippi"},"basis":{"definition":"Reallocated amount remained inaccessible at quarter end."},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Inaccessible at the source date; not treated as secured or spent."}],"operating_health":[{"metric":"collection_rate","text":"Exceeded 85% in each month of Q4 2025","unit":"percent","status":"Reported","period_start":"2025-10","period_end":"2025-12","scope":{"utility":"JXN Water","geography":"Jackson, Mississippi"},"basis":{"definition":"Monthly revenue collection rate."},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Source reports a threshold, not an exact quarterly average."}],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-MULTI-CHEMOURS-PFAS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Chemours multi-state PFAS discharge settlement","description":"Chemours multi-state PFAS discharge settlement remains corrective action underway. Reported: settlement value exceeds $450 million, including a $22.5 million civil penalty and $90 million multi-year PFAS-discharge mitigation program. Current response includes Surface-water controls, clean-water provision to nearby communities, source evaluation and controls in North Carolina, penalties, and long-term mitigation..","location":{"name":"Chemours PFAS facilities","type":"Multi-state industrial facilities and receiving waters","state":"NC","states":["NC","NJ","WV"],"counties":["Bladen","Middlesex","Salem","Wood"],"detail":"Chambers Works and Parlin, New Jersey; Fayetteville Works, North Carolina; Washington Works, West Virginia; alleged releases affected the Delaware, Cape Fear, and Ohio rivers.","extent":"multi_state"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["other","surface-water","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Industrial PFAS releases to surface water and surrounding environments are the documented primary issue; controls and treatment are remedies.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Alleged PFAS releases are persistent contamination with potentially long-lived effects.","service":"The settlement requires clean-water provision to nearby communities, showing localized service and treatment consequences.","scale":"Four facilities and receiving waters or communities in North Carolina, New Jersey, and West Virginia are involved.","duration":"Long-term controls and a multi-year mitigation program are required.","significance":"The federal settlement exceeds $450 million, including a $22.5 million penalty and a $90 million mitigation program."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: settlement value exceeds $450 million, including a $22.5 million civil penalty and $90 million multi-year PFAS-discharge mitigation program."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The settlement creates large corporate compliance costs; it does not establish a water-utility business-model failure."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","projection":{"statement":"Verified discharge controls should reduce releases if the decree is approved and implemented.","horizon":"Multi-year","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Performance data and court approval are key conditions"],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"EPA"},{"name":"DOJ"},{"name":"West Virginia DEP"},{"name":"Chemours"},{"name":"state regulators in affected jurisdictions"}],"public_contact":"Responsible office contact not reported.","corrective_actions":["Surface-water controls, clean-water provision to nearby communities, source evaluation and controls in North Carolina, penalties, and long-term mitigation."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA - Chemours PFAS Settlement Summary","publisher":"Not reported","date":"2026-06-24","url":"https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/chemours-settlement-summary-june-2026","basis":"Primary or official record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Verified baseline history."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-09","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-NATIONAL-DROUGHT-2026-10","revision":4,"change_type":"changed","title":"Widespread 2026 U.S. drought, acute in Caribbean territories","description":"Widespread 2026 U.S. drought, acute in Caribbean territories remains ongoing major issue. Reported: 46.29% of the U.S. and Puerto Rico and 55.21% of the Lower 48 in drought; 41 states at D1 or worse. St. Thomas was D4; St. John and St. Croix were D3. Current response includes Monitoring, drought response, conservation, and agricultural assistance vary by jurisdiction..","location":{"name":"United States and Puerto Rico; U.S. Virgin Islands focus","type":"National and territorial region","state":"PR","states":["PR","VI"],"national":true,"extent":"multi_state","counties":[]},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["agricultural","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Precipitation deficits and heat-driven drought are the primary documented conditions; local supply and agricultural impacts vary.","secondary_drivers":["The national dataset does not resolve individual utility revenue, reserve, or treatment-cost effects."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Widespread drought affected agriculture and the environment; cited national pages do not document one uniform acute harm.","service":"Territorial and regional drought can constrain supply, but no single national service failure was reported.","scale":"About 101.9 million people, 46.29% of the U.S. and Puerto Rico, and 41 states were at D1 or worse.","duration":"Conditions were widespread and persistent through the cited October 7-8 snapshot.","significance":"Official multi-jurisdiction monitoring and response were active, without one nationwide emergency action."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 46.29% of the U.S. and Puerto Rico and 55.21% of the Lower 48 in drought; 41 states at D1 or worse. St. Thomas was D4; St. John and St. Croix were D3."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The national dataset does not resolve individual utility revenue, reserve, or treatment-cost effects."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","projection":{"statement":"Drought persistence was expected in parts of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.","horizon":"October 2026","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["Tropical rainfall can reverse conditions quickly"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NOAA/NIDIS","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"National Drought Mitigation Center","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"USDA","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"territorial and state water and emergency agencies","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Monitoring, drought response, conservation, and agricultural assistance vary by jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drought.gov - National Current Conditions","publisher":"Not reported","date":"2026-10-07","url":"https://www.drought.gov/current-conditions","basis":"Primary or official record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Drought.gov - Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands Update","publisher":"Not reported","date":"2026-10-08","url":"https://www.drought.gov/drought-status-updates/drought-update-puerto-rico-and-us-virgin-islands-2026-10-08","basis":"Primary or official record","accessed":"2026-10-08"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Verified baseline history."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NY-NYC-STORMWATER-CAPACITY-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"New York City extreme-rain drainage gap","description":"New York City extreme-rain drainage gap remains ongoing major issue. Reported: roughly $30 billion and 15-20 years estimated for stormwater resilience; about $1 billion/year current sewer and stormwater spending; 86 priority drainage areas identified. Current response includes Cloudburst projects, sewer upsizing, Bluebelts, porous pavement, flood sensors, and multi-year drainage investments..","location":{"name":"New York City","type":"Citywide drainage and combined-sewer service area","state":"NY","detail":"New York City, New York","states":["NY"],"counties":["Bronx","Kings","New York","Queens","Richmond"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Existing sewers were not designed for recurrent present-day extreme rainfall, creating a documented long-term capacity gap.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Repeated extreme rain causes localized flooding, property damage, and safety hazards.","service":"Rainfall repeatedly exceeds drainage design capacity in priority neighborhoods.","scale":"The citywide system has 86 priority drainage areas.","duration":"Recurrent risk persists against a 15-20 year capital horizon.","significance":"The city reports an approximately $30 billion resilience need and about $1 billion per year in spending, without a cited emergency or enforcement order."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: roughly $30 billion and 15-20 years estimated for stormwater resilience; about $1 billion/year current sewer and stormwater spending; 86 priority drainage areas identified."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Large capital gap and long delivery horizon; evidence does not show insolvency or service-revenue failure."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","projection":{"statement":"Recurrent neighborhood flooding will persist during extreme rain while capital work advances.","horizon":"5-10 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["Faster delivery","Lower storm frequency"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NYC Department of Environmental Protection"},{"name":"Mayor's Office"},{"name":"Department of Design and Construction"},{"name":"MTA for subway interfaces"}],"public_contact":"Responsible office contact not reported.","corrective_actions":["Cloudburst projects, sewer upsizing, Bluebelts, porous pavement, flood sensors, and multi-year drainage investments."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"New York City - Briefing on Recurrent Extreme-Rain Flooding","publisher":"Not reported","date":"2025-07-15","url":"https://www.nyc.gov/mayors-office/news/2025/07/transcript-mayor-adams-briefs-media-last-night-s-flooding","basis":"Primary or official record"},{"ref":2,"title":"NYC DEP - Climate Resilience and Stormwater Capital Progress","publisher":"Not reported","date":"2025-12-18","url":"https://www.nyc.gov/site/dep/news/25-031/mayor-adams-nyc-department-environmental-protection-delivered-historic-progress-climate","basis":"Primary or official record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Verified baseline history."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-09","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2025-12-18","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"capital_need","value":30000000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-07-15","funding_stage":"estimated","scope":{"program":"New York City stormwater resilience","geography":"New York City"},"basis":{"definition":"City estimate described as roughly $30 billion over 15-20 years."},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Reported estimate; not an approved budget or secured funding."},{"metric":"annual_capital_spending","value":1000000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD per year","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-12-18","funding_stage":"spent","scope":{"program":"New York City sewer and stormwater investment","geography":"New York City"},"basis":{"definition":"City-reported current spending of about $1 billion per year."},"source_refs":[2],"notes":"Annual spending is not additive to the total estimated need."}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-OH-LAKE-ERIE-HAB-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Western Lake Erie harmful algal bloom","description":"Western Lake Erie harmful algal bloom remains monitoring or emerging risk. Reported forecast: 2026 bloom severity index 3.5, likely range 3.0-4.5; 3-5 is classified as moderate. Current response includes Seasonal forecasting, intake monitoring, public advisories, and binational phosphorus-reduction programs..","location":{"name":"Western Lake Erie and Maumee River watershed","type":"Great Lake basin and drinking-water source","state":"OH","states":["OH","MI"],"detail":"Western Lake Erie, including Maumee Bay and nearshore waters from Monroe, Michigan, toward Leamington, Ontario; Maumee River watershed nutrient-loading context.","extent":"multi_state","counties":[]},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["agricultural","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nutrient loading and bloom biomass are the documented primary water-quality concern; treatment plants manage intake risk.","secondary_drivers":["Recurring source-water treatment and monitoring needs; utility-specific cost evidence was not verified."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"A moderate harmful algal bloom creates localized drinking-water, recreation, and ecosystem risk; no acute exposure was documented in the forecast.","service":"Utilities required intake monitoring; no treatment failure was reported.","scale":"Western Lake Erie and the Maumee watershed form a large multi-community drinking-water source.","duration":"The evidence is a seasonal bloom forecast and monitoring cycle; persistence beyond the season was not established.","significance":"NOAA issued an official forecast and operational monitoring, not an emergency order."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported forecast: 2026 bloom severity index 3.5, likely range 3.0-4.5; 3-5 is classified as moderate."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Recurring source-water treatment and monitoring needs; utility-specific cost evidence was not verified."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No post-season severity projection is made from the June forecast alone. Future bloom risk depends heavily on spring phosphorus loads and weather.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NOAA","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"EPA","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Ohio EPA","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"USGS","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement partners","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"local water utilities","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Seasonal forecasting, intake monitoring, public advisories, and binational phosphorus-reduction programs."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"NOAA - 2026 Western Lake Erie Harmful Algal Bloom Forecast","publisher":"Not reported","date":"2026-06-25","url":"https://www.noaa.gov/news-release/moderate-harmful-algal-bloom-predicted-for-western-lake-erie","basis":"Primary or official record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Verified baseline history."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OR-CA-KLAMATH-AG-ALLOCATION-2026","revision":4,"change_type":"changed","title":"Reduced Klamath Project irrigation allocation","description":"Reduced Klamath Project irrigation allocation. Reclamation's April 6, 2026 initial allocation supplied Upper Klamath Lake-served lands at about 63% of full supply. Reported: Upper Klamath Lake allocation 221000 acre-feet; Reported: Gerber Reservoir allocation 35000 acre-feet; Reported: Clear Lake Reservoir allocation 35000 acre-feet; Reported: Klamath Project service footprint 230000 acres (approximately)","location":{"name":"Klamath Project","type":"Water project","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Klamath Project, ['Oregon', 'California'], Siskiyou","extent":"statewide","counties":[]},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Low available water and competing ecological and project demands constrain the irrigation supply.","secondary_drivers":["Farm-income and district-revenue volatility are plausible; no district-level default or audited financial stress was verified."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"A major irrigation project serving about 230,000 acres across two states and two refuges received a materially reduced allocation amid recurring hydrologic constraints; federal drought-relief funding confirms material economic significance.","service":"A major irrigation project serving about 230,000 acres across two states and two refuges received a materially reduced allocation amid recurring hydrologic constraints; federal drought-relief funding confirms material economic significance.","scale":"A major irrigation project serving about 230,000 acres across two states and two refuges received a materially reduced allocation amid recurring hydrologic constraints; federal drought-relief funding confirms material economic significance.","duration":"A major irrigation project serving about 230,000 acres across two states and two refuges received a materially reduced allocation amid recurring hydrologic constraints; federal drought-relief funding confirms material economic significance.","significance":"A major irrigation project serving about 230,000 acres across two states and two refuges received a materially reduced allocation amid recurring hydrologic constraints; federal drought-relief funding confirms material economic significance."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported: Project acreage is reported; producer/household count is not."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Upper Klamath Lake allocation 221000 acre-feet; Reported: Gerber Reservoir allocation 35000 acre-feet; Reported: Clear Lake Reservoir allocation 35000 acre-feet; Reported: Klamath Project service footprint 230000 acres (approximately)"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Farm-income and district-revenue volatility are plausible; no district-level default or audited financial stress was verified."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Analytical projection: allocation volatility will remain elevated through the next water year absent stronger snowpack and spring inflows.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: allocation volatility will remain elevated through the next water year absent stronger snowpack and spring inflows.","horizon":"1 year","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Hydrologic variability remains the dominant driver."],"reversal_factors":["Above-normal snowpack, precipitation, storage, or operating changes."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Klamath Project Drought Response Agency","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"irrigation districts","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"tribal and wildlife partners","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Track hydrology and adjust operations; Administer $19.1 million drought-resiliency support"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Reclamation announces initial 2026 water supply allocations for the Klamath Project","publisher":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","date":"2026-04-06","url":"https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/news-release/5312","basis":"Federal allocation decision","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Verified baseline history."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Verified baseline history."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Re-verified against Reclamation release of April 6, 2026 (opened via WebFetch): 221,000 AF Upper Klamath Lake (about 63% of full supply), 35,000 AF each Gerber and Clear Lake, about 230,000 acres, $19.1 million drought funding confirmed. Release describes the allocations as initial; no revision shown on the page."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":19100000,"currency":"USD","unit":"available funding","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-04-06","scope":{"project":"Klamath Project Drought Response Agency"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original source-specific metric label: drought_resiliency_funding.","funding_stage":"secured","basis":{"definition":""}},{"status":"Not reported","metric":"funding_gap","value":null,"notes":"Original source-specific metric label: losses_or_gap.","scope":{"project":""},"basis":{"definition":""},"source_refs":[]}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-TN-COLUMBIA-LONG-TERM-WATER-SUPPLY-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Columbia long-term drinking-water expansion","description":"EPA closed a $272 million WIFIA loan for Columbia's Long Term Water Supply Program. The program will construct a raw-water intake and transmission main and improve the existing treatment plant to meet growth and reliability needs.","location":{"name":"Columbia Power and Water Systems service area","type":"Municipal and regional public water supply area","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Columbia and nearby rural communities, Maury County, Tennessee","counties":["Maury"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The project addresses documented intake, transmission, treatment-capacity, and reliability needs associated with regional growth.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Columbia Power and Water Systems service area: EPA closed a $272 million WIFIA loan for Columbia's Long Term Water Supply Program. EPA Announces $272 Million WIFIA Loan to Support Drinking Water in Columbia, Tennessee supports harm score 0. [1]","service":"For Columbia long-term drinking-water expansion, status is Corrective Action Underway; Reported: $272 million WIFIA loan; Columbia population about 50,000. supports service score 1. [1]","scale":"Columbia Power and Water Systems service area has city extent; Reported: Columbia population about 50,000; nearby rural communities also benefit, but their population was not reported., supporting scale score 1. [1]","duration":"Columbia long-term drinking-water expansion is documented from 2026-10-09 through 2026-10-09; duration score is 1. [1]","significance":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency documents Construct a new raw-water intake and transmission main and improve the existing drinking-water treatment plant. for Columbia Power and Water Systems service area, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":50000,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: Columbia population about 50,000; nearby rural communities also benefit, but their population was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: $272 million WIFIA loan; Columbia population about 50,000."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Long-term federal financing is intended to lower lifecycle cost; the source does not indicate default, reserve depletion, or unaffordable debt."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Analytical projection: project financing should improve delivery certainty over the multi-year construction horizon if permits, procurement, and cost controls remain on track; confidence Medium.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: project financing should improve delivery certainty over the multi-year construction horizon if permits, procurement, and cost controls remain on track; confidence Medium.","horizon":"12-24 months or source-stated horizon","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, hydrologic change, project completion, or funding change."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Columbia"},{"name":"Columbia Power & Water Systems"},{"name":"U.S"},{"name":"Environmental Protection Agency WIFIA program"}],"public_contact":"U.S. EPA Press Office, press@epa.gov; Columbia Power & Water Systems public contact not verified in this run","corrective_actions":["Construct a new raw-water intake and transmission main and improve the existing drinking-water treatment plant."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA Announces $272 Million WIFIA Loan to Support Drinking Water in Columbia, Tennessee","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2026-10-02","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-announces-272-million-wifia-loan-support-drinking-water-columbia-tennessee","basis":"Federal financing record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New weekly incremental record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-09","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Existing and future MGD capacity","Total project cost","Construction schedule","Rate impact"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AK-KAKTOVIK-ETHYLENE-GLYCOL-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Kaktovik water-system ethylene glycol incident","description":"Kaktovik issued a Do Not Drink order after September 5 laboratory results reported ethylene glycol at about 26-33 mg/L in parts of the system. Later samples were nondetect, a failed heat exchanger was identified, stored water was replaced, coliform tests were negative, and DEC rescinded the order on September 26.","location":{"name":"Kaktovik public water system","type":"Public water or wastewater system service area","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"Kaktovik; North Slope Borough","counties":["North Slope Borough"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A failed heat exchanger was identified during an incident involving reported ethylene glycol in treated water, so a physical asset failure and water-quality risk were materially causal.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"A chemical was reported above EPA's lifetime health advisory, but officials said adverse health effects were not expected and clinical review/testing found no evidence of toxicity.","service":"The whole community was told not to drink tap water and to use alternative water for consumption.","scale":"Community-wide impact; service population was not reported in the cited notices.","duration":"The order and emergency potable-water operations lasted roughly three weeks.","significance":"A formal Do Not Drink order, tank draining/refilling, emergency water operations, and a failed heat exchanger were documented."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible, non-duplicative affected-person count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["['unfunded mandate or rising treatment cost: yes', 'dependence on emergency support: yes']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"","projection":{"statement":"No quantitative projection; continued testing and repairs reduce near-term risk, but recurrence cannot be assessed from one incident.","horizon":"near term","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["planned inspections and upgrades occur"],"reversal_factors":["additional contamination pathway","asset failure"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"North Slope Borough","role":"system owner/operator and incident lead"},{"name":"Alaska DEC Drinking Water Program","role":"regulator and order rescission authority"}],"public_contact":"info@north-slope.org; Kaktovik Public Works 907-640-6514 / 907-640-6515","corrective_actions":["drained and replaced affected stored water","investigated and identified a failed heat exchanger","performed repeated glycol and bacteriological testing","offered optional in-home glycol testing","planned additional maintenance, inspections and facility improvements"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Kaktovik Water Incident Management Team Operational Update, September 19","publisher":"North Slope Borough","date":"2026-09-21","url":"https://www.north-slope.org/news/public-service-announcement-kaktovik-water-incident-management-team-operational-update-september-19/","basis":"local_government"},{"ref":2,"title":"Kaktovik Do Not Drink Order Lifted","publisher":"North Slope Borough","date":"2026-09-29","url":"https://www.north-slope.org/news/20523/","basis":"local_government"},{"ref":3,"title":"Kaktovik Water Response Community Update, October 1","publisher":"North Slope Borough","date":"2026-10-01","url":"https://www.north-slope.org/news/kaktovik-water-response-community-update-october-1/","basis":"local_government"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":0,"note":"New Alaska baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 8 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":0,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-09-05","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["population served","incident cost","repair cost"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AK-YAKUTAT-AIRPORT-PFAS-WATERLINE","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Yakutat Airport-area PFAS in drinking-water wells and municipal water-line extension","description":"DEC documented historic PFAS detections up to 90 ppt in potable wells near Yakutat Airport. May 2024 samples did not exceed the then-current 70-ppt state action level, but the planned municipal extension remains the long-term response and construction-area contaminants require special handling.","location":{"name":"City and Borough of Yakutat Water System","type":"Public water or wastewater system service area","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"Yakutat; City and Borough of Yakutat; Yakutat Airport and nearby properties","counties":["Yakutat City and Borough"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["other","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"PFAS-affected private wells are the water-quality driver, while the documented response is a 4.5-mile municipal distribution extension and well decommissioning.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"PFAS was detected in potable wells; recent cited samples were below the then-current Alaska action level.","service":"Some private wells were removed from drinking-water use and a new municipal supply is planned.","scale":"Airport-area properties; the PWS project listing gives community population 540, not a confirmed affected count.","duration":"The active site and waterline response have persisted since 2019.","significance":"An active contaminated site and a $1.5 million forgivable-loan project are documented."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible, non-duplicative affected-person count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["['unfunded mandate or rising treatment cost: yes', 'dependence on temporary grants: yes']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"","projection":{"statement":"The municipal extension would reduce reliance on affected private wells if completed; construction contamination-management requirements create schedule and cost uncertainty.","horizon":"multi-year","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["project financing remains available","extension proceeds"],"reversal_factors":["project delay","new well exceedances"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City and Borough of Yakutat","role":"water-system owner and project applicant"},{"name":"Alaska DEC","role":"drinking-water, contaminated-site and financing oversight"},{"name":"Alaska DOT&PF","role":"airport property owner/responsible entity"}],"public_contact":"Mollie Dwyer, 907-465-5333, mollie.dwyer@alaska.gov","corrective_actions":["planned water-main and service-line extension","decommission affected wells","prepare construction materials management plan","continue site investigation and special handling of contaminated material"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ADOT&PF Yakutat Airport Sitewide PFAS","publisher":"Alaska DEC","date":"2025-05-22","url":"https://dec.alaska.gov/Applications/SPAR/PublicMVC/CSP/SiteReport/27090","basis":"state"},{"ref":2,"title":"Alaska Drinking Water Fund SFY24 Project Priority List","publisher":"Alaska DEC","date":"2023-11-28","url":"https://dec.alaska.gov/media/j2lpvlbv/sfy24-dwsrf-ppl-1.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"New Alaska baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 6 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."}],"first_seen":"2019-02-01","latest_seen":"2025-05-22","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["number of affected properties","current project construction status","current project cost beyond listed financing","rates"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2023-11-28","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"pending_funding","value":1500000,"currency":"USD","unit":"project total","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2023-11-28","scope":{"geography":"airport water-line extension"},"basis":{"definition":"100% principal-forgivable BIL Emerging Contaminants loan"},"notes":"Funding listing is for the extension project and is not an expenditure total.","source_refs":[2],"funding_stage":"pending"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-AK-SOUTHEAST-301H-BACTERIA-DISINFECTION-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Southeast Alaska wastewater plants required to add disinfection","description":"EPA reported that wastewater discharges from six Southeast Alaska communities were not consistently disinfected and contained high fecal-coliform and enterococcus levels. Renewed permits require compliance with updated Alaska bacteria standards within five years, which will require capital investments.","location":{"name":"Southeast Alaska","type":"Public water or wastewater system service area","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"Southeast Alaska","counties":[],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"High bacterial loads in incompletely disinfected effluent are the water-quality problem, while compliance requires capital treatment upgrades.","secondary_drivers":["unfunded mandate or rising treatment cost: yes"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"EPA documented high bacteria in marine discharges and standards intended to protect recreation and subsistence; no illness count was reported.","service":"Wastewater service continues but plants must materially change treatment.","scale":"Six communities and multiple Southeast Alaska marine receiving waters are affected.","duration":"The long-standing 301(h) treatment configuration requires a five-year compliance transition.","significance":"New federal permits and state concurrence mandate capital disinfection investments."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible, non-duplicative affected-person count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"No single quantitative measure reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["unfunded mandate or rising treatment cost: yes"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"","projection":{"statement":"Required disinfection should reduce bacteria if facilities deliver upgrades on schedule; cost, design and construction schedules remain unverified for most systems.","horizon":"five years from permit issuance","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["permit schedules remain in force","projects obtain financing"],"reversal_factors":["project delays","permit noncompliance","successful early completion"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 10","role":"NPDES permitting authority"},{"name":"Alaska DEC","role":"state water-quality standards and permit concurrence"},{"name":"six municipal wastewater utilities","role":"facility owners/operators and upgrade delivery"}],"public_contact":"Bill Dunbar, dunbar.bill@epa.gov, 206-245-7452","corrective_actions":["install and operate wastewater disinfection","meet revised bacteria limits within five years","develop system-specific compliance plans","seek Clean Water State Revolving Fund financing as needed"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Renewed EPA wastewater permits require Haines, Sitka, Skagway, and Wrangell to significantly reduce bacteria from sewage discharges","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2024-12-05","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/renewed-epa-wastewater-permits-require-haines-sitka-skagway-and-wrangell-significantly","basis":"federal"},{"ref":2,"title":"Alaska Clean Water Fund SFY26 Project Priority List","publisher":"Alaska DEC","date":"2025-10-01","url":"https://dec.alaska.gov/media/2jidc4ys/sfy26-cw-base-gs-iup-final.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"New Alaska baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-12-05","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["facility-specific bacteria measurements","capital costs","funding secured","rate effects","system populations"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AK-KODIAK-LIFT-STATION-5-END-OF-LIFE","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Kodiak Lift Station 5 and force main replacement","description":"Kodiak is replacing its largest wastewater lift station and force main, which DEC describes as approximately 45 years old and at the end of useful life. A $5.4 million, 20-year, below-market Clean Water Fund loan was awarded to reduce failure and discharge risk.","location":{"name":"Kodiak Lift Station 5 and force main","type":"Public water or wastewater system service area","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"Kodiak; Kodiak Island Borough","counties":["Kodiak Island Borough"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The documented risk is an end-of-useful-life lift station, controls, pumps and force main whose failure could release wastewater.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Failure could cause a wastewater discharge, but no current spill is reported.","service":"It is the city's largest lift station and pumps directly to the treatment plant.","scale":"City-scale critical asset; affected population not stated in the source.","duration":"Assets are approximately 45 years old and at end of life.","significance":"$5.4 million replacement financing is documented."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible, non-duplicative affected-person count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["['deferred maintenance or repeated failures: yes', 'funding secured: yes']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"","projection":{"statement":"Replacement should reduce failure and discharge risk if delivered as planned.","horizon":"project delivery","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["project completes within loan scope"],"reversal_factors":["construction delay","cost escalation"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Kodiak","role":"owner and borrower"},{"name":"Alaska DEC State Revolving Fund Program","role":"financing authority"}],"public_contact":"dec.srfprogram@alaska.gov","corrective_actions":["replace lift station structure, controls, pumps and force main"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Kodiak Lift Station 5 and Force Main Replacement","publisher":"Alaska DEC","date":null,"url":"https://dec.alaska.gov/water/state-revolving-fund/success-stories/","basis":"state","accessed":"2026-10-09"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"New Alaska baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 5 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["award date","construction schedule","project completion percentage","rate impact"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-09","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":5400000,"currency":"USD","unit":"loan award","status":"Reported","scope":{"geography":"Lift Station 5 and force main replacement"},"basis":{"definition":"20-year loan at 1.65625%"},"source_refs":[1],"funding_stage":"secured"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-AK-SAXMAN-TURBIDITY-OUTAGE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Saxman turbidity-driven water-production and pressure emergency","description":"Heavy rain caused extremely turbid raw water in Saxman, the treatment plant struggled to produce water, storage emptied and distribution pressure was lost. The city distributed bottled water and issued a boil notice while flushing the reservoir and evaluating filter media and controls; DEC later listed the winter issue as resolved.","location":{"name":"Saxman community water system","type":"Public water or wastewater system service area","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"Saxman; Ketchikan Gateway Borough","counties":["Ketchikan Gateway Borough"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Extreme raw-water turbidity limited treatment production, emptied storage and caused pressure loss and a boil notice.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"A boil notice addressed potential contamination from pressure loss; confirmed contamination was not reported.","service":"Storage emptied and pressure was lost; bottled water was distributed.","scale":"Community-wide local impact; population not stated.","duration":"A multi-day winter emergency that was later resolved.","significance":"Formal boil notice and multi-party technical response."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible, non-duplicative affected-person count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["['source water volatility: yes', 'treatment capacity vulnerability: yes']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"Not established","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Saxman","role":"system owner/operator"},{"name":"Alaska DEC Remote Maintenance Worker Program","role":"emergency coordination"},{"name":"Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium","role":"filter-media and stream/current detector technical support"}],"public_contact":"See responsible agency public contact page in cited sources.","corrective_actions":["reservoir flushing","bottled-water distribution","filter media depth assessment","stream/current detector engineering support"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Alaska Remote Maintenance Worker Program FFY25 Winter Issues","publisher":"Alaska DEC","date":"2025-09-30","url":"https://dec.alaska.gov/media/aeobackm/fy25-rmw-annual-report.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":0,"note":"New Alaska baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 7 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":0,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-01-14","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["population","turbidity measurement","boil-notice rescission date","financials"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AK-RAMPART-WELL-PUMP-OUTAGE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Rampart well-pump failure and no-water outage","description":"Rampart had no community water while DEC and Tanana Chiefs Conference RMWs replaced a failed well pump, motor, wiring and control components. Shipping lost two replacement motors in transit, prolonging the outage; service and pressure were restored February 19, 2025, and the operator worked to lift the boil notice.","location":{"name":"Rampart community water system","type":"Public water or wastewater system service area","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"Rampart","counties":["Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Failure of the well pump, motor, wiring and control-panel components caused the outage.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"A boil notice followed restoration; confirmed contamination was not reported.","service":"The community had no water.","scale":"Community-wide local impact; population not stated.","duration":"The outage and procurement/shipping effort persisted for weeks.","significance":"Core well assets failed and repeated logistics failures delayed restoration."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible, non-duplicative affected-person count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["['single asset or supply chain vulnerability: yes', 'dependence on emergency technical assistance: yes']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"","projection":{"statement":"Restored asset stabilized service; redundancy and spare-parts status remain unknown.","horizon":"near term","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["replacement equipment remains operable"],"reversal_factors":["pump failure","control failure"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Rampart community utility","role":"owner/operator"},{"name":"Tanana Chiefs Conference RMW Program","role":"diagnosis, procurement and installation"},{"name":"Alaska DEC Drinking Water Program","role":"boil-notice oversight"}],"public_contact":"See responsible agency public contact page in cited sources.","corrective_actions":["replace pump, motor, well wire and control components","repressurize system","refill storage","work with DEC to lift boil notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Alaska Remote Maintenance Worker Program FFY25 Winter Issues","publisher":"Alaska DEC","date":"2025-09-30","url":"https://dec.alaska.gov/media/aeobackm/fy25-rmw-annual-report.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":0,"note":"New Alaska baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 8 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":0,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-01-13","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["population","exact outage start","boil-notice rescission date","financials"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AK-RUSSIAN-MISSION-PUMP-TANK-FREEZE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Russian Mission broken pump and frozen water tank outage","description":"Russian Mission reported no water after a pump failure and frozen tank. RMWs temporarily pressurized the untreated distribution system directly from the well, restored circulation and began refilling the tank; the system was operational by December 6, 2024.","location":{"name":"Russian Mission community water system","type":"Public water or wastewater system service area","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"Russian Mission","counties":["Kusilvak Census Area"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A broken pump and frozen tank interrupted untreated community-water service.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"The report explicitly identifies the system as untreated.","service":"The village was without water.","scale":"The cited incident affected the named Russian Mission community water system community or system; the source did not report a broader affected-person count [1].","duration":"Multi-day incident restored within the week.","significance":"Pump and storage failures required an emergency bypass and onsite RMW response."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible, non-duplicative affected-person count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["['repeated freeze or asset risk: yes', 'dependence on emergency support: yes']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"Not established","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Russian Mission tribal/community utility","role":"owner/operator"},{"name":"YKHC Remote Maintenance Worker Program","role":"emergency repair and system restoration"}],"public_contact":"See responsible agency public contact page in cited sources.","corrective_actions":["directly pressurize system from well","fill and circulate distribution loops","refill frozen tank via return line","thaw frozen service lines"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Alaska Remote Maintenance Worker Program FFY25 Winter Issues","publisher":"Alaska DEC","date":"2025-09-30","url":"https://dec.alaska.gov/media/aeobackm/fy25-rmw-annual-report.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":0,"note":"New Alaska baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 7 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":0,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-12-02","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["population","water-quality sampling","financials"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AK-HOOPER-BAY-WELLFIELD-POWER-OUTAGE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hooper Bay wellfield power failure and pressure loss","description":"A power failure at Hooper Bay's wellfield stopped production, depleted storage and caused distribution pressure loss. Households self-hauled 5-10 gallons per day from the washeteria while RMWs attempted backup generation and refilled storage; well power and piped service were restored in December 2024.","location":{"name":"Hooper Bay community water system","type":"Public water or wastewater system service area","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"Hooper Bay","counties":["Kusilvak Census Area"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Loss of power to the wellfield stopped water production, depleted storage and caused pressure loss.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Pressure loss created potential water-quality risk; confirmed contamination was not reported.","service":"Piped service was interrupted and residents shifted to very limited self-haul water.","scale":"The cited incident affected the named Hooper Bay community water system community or system; the source did not report a broader affected-person count [1].","duration":"Power was restored, failed again, and storage rebuilding extended beyond one week.","significance":"Failure of primary energy supply and difficulty starting backup generation exposed critical infrastructure dependence."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible, non-duplicative affected-person count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["['extreme energy dependence: yes', 'backup power failure: yes', 'dependence on emergency support: yes']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"Not established","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Hooper Bay community utility","role":"owner/operator"},{"name":"Alaska Village Electric Cooperative","role":"wellfield power provider"},{"name":"YKHC Remote Maintenance Worker Program","role":"emergency water-system support"}],"public_contact":"See responsible agency public contact page in cited sources.","corrective_actions":["attempt backup generator start","haul and transfer water into storage","restore wellfield power","repressurize loops","rebuild storage level"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Alaska Remote Maintenance Worker Program FFY25 Winter Issues","publisher":"Alaska DEC","date":"2025-09-30","url":"https://dec.alaska.gov/media/aeobackm/fy25-rmw-annual-report.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":0,"note":"New Alaska baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 8 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":0,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-12-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["population","exact restoration date","financials"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AK-CHEFORNAK-FROZEN-WATER-MAIN-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Chefornak frozen water-distribution main","description":"Chefornak's distribution main froze, leaving 800 feet still to thaw as of December 12, 2024 and limiting service to critical community facilities. Weather delayed replacement jetting equipment; local operators restored the washeteria and school complex while continuing thaw work.","location":{"name":"Chefornak community water distribution system","type":"Public water or wastewater system service area","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"Chefornak","counties":["Bethel Census Area"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A frozen distribution main and delayed jetting equipment restricted water access.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Reduced sanitation access created plausible localized health risk.","service":"Water service to critical community facilities was interrupted.","scale":"Community facilities and distribution customers were affected locally.","duration":"Hundreds of feet remained frozen for multiple weeks.","significance":"Emergency jetting equipment and RMW support were needed."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible, non-duplicative affected-person count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["['repeated freeze risk: yes', 'equipment failure or shortage: yes', 'dependence on emergency support: yes']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"","projection":{"statement":"Recurring distribution freeze-ups remain likely without verified permanent thermal or circulation upgrades.","horizon":"winter seasons","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["system configuration remains materially unchanged"],"reversal_factors":["completed freeze-protection retrofit","milder winters"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Chefornak community utility","role":"owner/operator"},{"name":"YKHC Remote Maintenance Worker Program","role":"equipment and technical support"}],"public_contact":"See responsible agency public contact page in cited sources.","corrective_actions":["ship jetting equipment","thaw distribution main","replace failed jetting equipment","restore critical-facility service"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Alaska Remote Maintenance Worker Program FFY25 Winter Issues","publisher":"Alaska DEC","date":"2025-09-30","url":"https://dec.alaska.gov/media/aeobackm/fy25-rmw-annual-report.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":0,"note":"New Alaska baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 7 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":0,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-11-30","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["households affected","permanent mitigation status","financials"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AK-NUNAPITCHUK-RAW-LINE-FREEZE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Nunapitchuk raw-water line freeze after control malfunction","description":"Nunapitchuk's raw-water line froze after a warm-weather shutdown control malfunction turned off heat-add pumps following construction rewiring. The project team repaired the controls and thawed the line by December 5, 2024.","location":{"name":"Nunapitchuk community water system","type":"Public water or wastewater system service area","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"Nunapitchuk","counties":["Bethel Census Area"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A rewired control-panel malfunction shut down heat-add pumps and allowed the raw-water line to freeze.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"No contamination or health harm was reported.","service":"The raw-water supply to the treatment plant was interrupted.","scale":"Community system affected.","duration":"About one week.","significance":"Construction-control error required project-team repair."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible, non-duplicative affected-person count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["['construction or control quality failure: yes', 'dependence on outside project team: yes']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"Not established","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Nunapitchuk community utility","role":"owner/operator"},{"name":"YKHC Remote Maintenance Worker Program","role":"remote diagnosis and coordination"},{"name":"water-system construction project team","role":"control repair"}],"public_contact":"See responsible agency public contact page in cited sources.","corrective_actions":["repair control panel","restore heat-add pump controls","thaw raw-water line"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Alaska Remote Maintenance Worker Program FFY25 Winter Issues","publisher":"Alaska DEC","date":"2025-09-30","url":"https://dec.alaska.gov/media/aeobackm/fy25-rmw-annual-report.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":0,"note":"New Alaska baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 5 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":0,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-11-27","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["population","repair cost"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AK-GALENA-DISTRIBUTION-FREEZE-LEAK-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Galena water-plant leak and frozen distribution loop","description":"Galena reported a significant leak outside the GILA water plant and a frozen city distribution loop serving five homes. RMWs helped develop a bypass and in-home storage options; the freeze stopped spreading and was judged stable enough to remain until summer work.","location":{"name":"Galena","type":"Public water or wastewater system service area","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"Galena","counties":["Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A significant distribution leak and a separate frozen city loop interrupted service and could not be thawed without excavation.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"No contamination was reported.","service":"Five homes were directly affected by the frozen loop; a separate major leak was reported.","scale":"Five homes and localized plant distribution infrastructure.","duration":"The frozen section was expected to remain until summer.","significance":"Excavation or bypass, contractor support and household storage were required."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible, non-duplicative affected-person count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["['deferred or weather-delayed repair: yes', 'outside contractor dependence: yes']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"Not established","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Galena","role":"city water-system owner/operator"},{"name":"Galena Interior Learning Academy","role":"GILA water-plant operator"},{"name":"Tanana Chiefs Conference RMW Program","role":"bypass, storage and repair planning"}],"public_contact":"See responsible agency public contact page in cited sources.","corrective_actions":["contractor leak repair","prevent freeze expansion","develop bypass","seek in-home water tanks","plan summer excavation or repair"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Alaska Remote Maintenance Worker Program FFY25 Winter Issues","publisher":"Alaska DEC","date":"2025-09-30","url":"https://dec.alaska.gov/media/aeobackm/fy25-rmw-annual-report.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":0,"note":"New Alaska baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 6 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":0,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-11-18","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["summer repair completion","cost","water-quality sampling"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AK-KOYUK-FROZEN-WATER-SANITATION-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Koyuk frozen water loop causing potable-water and sanitation loss","description":"A prolonged 2026 cold season froze water lines on Koyuk's principal water loop, leaving part of the community without potable water or sanitation. Households relied on hauled or bottled water and a boil notice was in effect; later resolution was not located.","location":{"name":"Koyuk community water and sanitation system","type":"Public water or wastewater system service area","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"Koyuk","counties":["Nome Census Area"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Frozen water lines on a major loop caused both water and sanitation service loss.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Concurrent loss of potable water and sanitation presents an acute health risk.","service":"Parts of the community lacked both potable water and sanitation.","scale":"A portion of one rural community; affected count not reported.","duration":"The condition persisted through an unusually extended cold season.","significance":"A boil notice, bottled-water shipment and regional emergency coordination were required."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible, non-duplicative affected-person count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["['repeated freeze failures: yes', 'dependence on emergency bottled water: yes', 'remote logistics exposure: yes']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"","projection":{"statement":"Recurring freeze-related loss remains plausible without permanent thermal, circulation or loop rehabilitation work.","horizon":"winter seasons","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["underlying loop vulnerability persists"],"reversal_factors":["verified capital rehabilitation","redundant supply"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City/Tribe of Koyuk","role":"local utility owner/operator"},{"name":"Norton Sound Health Corporation","role":"bottled-water and technical support"},{"name":"Kawerak, Inc.","role":"regional emergency coordination"},{"name":"Alaska state agencies","role":"emergency response"}],"public_contact":"See responsible agency public contact page in cited sources.","corrective_actions":["water hauling","bottled-water shipment","boil notice","regional and state emergency coordination"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Extended cold season community water and fuel impacts","publisher":"Alaska State Legislature record","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?docid=15280&session=34","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":0,"note":"New Alaska baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 9 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."}],"first_seen":"2026-04-01","latest_seen":"2026-05-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["issue date","affected count","repair status","boil-notice rescission","financials"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AK-WALES-FROZEN-INTAKE-LOW-STORAGE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Wales frozen water intake and critically low storage","description":"Wales' water intake froze in October 2025. By April 20, 2026, the storage tank reportedly had four feet of water remaining and the community was asked to reduce consumption until annual thawing; later resolution was not located.","location":{"name":"Wales community water system","type":"Public water or wastewater system service area","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"Wales","counties":["Nome Census Area"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A frozen intake prevented normal replenishment and drove the storage shortage.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"A prolonged supply shortage creates plausible hygiene and health impacts.","service":"Intake remained unavailable and conservation was requested.","scale":"The cited incident affected the named Wales community water system community or system; the source did not report a broader affected-person count [1].","duration":"The intake remained frozen for roughly six months.","significance":"Critical source infrastructure failed for an entire winter season."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible, non-duplicative affected-person count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["['single source vulnerability: yes', 'seasonal recovery dependence: yes']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"","projection":{"statement":"No forward forecast; resolution depends on thawing or repair and was not verified.","horizon":"winter 2025-2026","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["intake thaw","alternate source"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Wales community utility","role":"owner/operator"},{"name":"Kawerak, Inc.","role":"regional reporting and emergency coordination"}],"public_contact":"See responsible agency public contact page in cited sources.","corrective_actions":["community water-use reduction request","await annual intake thaw","regional coordination"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Extended cold season community impacts","publisher":"Alaska State Legislature record","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?docid=15213&session=34","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":0,"note":"New Alaska baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 8 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":0,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-10-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["population","tank capacity","daily demand","resolution","financials"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AK-PERRYVILLE-PRESSURE-LOSS-BWN-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Perryville prolonged freeze, pressure loss and emergency water","description":"Perryville reportedly remained under a boil notice from mid-March 2026 after prolonged freezing caused low pressure. Alaska flew treated water to the community as an emergency measure; later resolution was not located.","location":{"name":"Perryville community water system","type":"Public water or wastewater system service area","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"Perryville; Lake and Peninsula Borough","counties":["Lake and Peninsula Borough"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A deep, prolonged freeze caused pressure loss and a boil notice, requiring state-delivered treated water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Low pressure prompted a boil notice, indicating potential contamination risk.","service":"Emergency treated water had to be flown in.","scale":"The cited incident affected the named Perryville community water system community or system; the source did not report a broader affected-person count [1].","duration":"Notice persisted from mid-March into at least late April/early May.","significance":"Formal boil notice and state emergency air delivery."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible, non-duplicative affected-person count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["['freeze related failure: yes', 'dependence on emergency state water: yes', 'remote logistics exposure: yes']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"","projection":{"statement":"No projection; resolution and permanent mitigation were not verified.","horizon":"spring 2026","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["pressure stabilization","notice rescission","capital repair"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Perryville community utility","role":"owner/operator"},{"name":"State of Alaska","role":"emergency treated-water delivery and regulatory response"}],"public_contact":"See responsible agency public contact page in cited sources.","corrective_actions":["boil notice","state air delivery of treated water","freeze and pressure response"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Extended cold season community impacts","publisher":"Alaska State Legislature record","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?docid=15213&session=34","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":0,"note":"New Alaska baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 8 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":0,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-03-15","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["population","pressure level","rescission","financials"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AK-CHIGNIK-BAY-LOW-PRESSURE-BWN-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Chignik Bay freeze-related low-pressure boil notice","description":"Chignik Bay issued a boil notice on April 23, 2026 after prolonged freezing contributed to low pressure. No later authoritative rescission was located in this review.","location":{"name":"Chignik Bay public water system","type":"Public water or wastewater system service area","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"Chignik Bay; Lake and Peninsula Borough","counties":["Lake and Peninsula Borough"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Freeze-related low system pressure triggered the notice.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Pressure loss creates potential contamination risk.","service":"A boil notice restricted potable use.","scale":"The cited incident affected the named Chignik Bay public water system community or system; the source did not report a broader affected-person count [1].","duration":"Duration beyond issue date is unverified.","significance":"A formal boil notice followed freeze-related pressure failure."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible, non-duplicative affected-person count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["['freeze related failure: yes']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"Not established","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Chignik Bay community utility","role":"owner/operator"},{"name":"Alaska DEC Drinking Water Program","role":"boil-notice oversight"}],"public_contact":"See responsible agency public contact page in cited sources.","corrective_actions":["boil notice","pressure-restoration work not detailed in source"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Extended cold season community impacts","publisher":"Alaska State Legislature record","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?docid=15213&session=34","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"New Alaska baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 6 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-04-23","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["population","pressure","duration","rescission","financials"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AK-BEAVER-FROZEN-PIPES-BWN-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Beaver frozen pipes and multiple-leak boil notice","description":"Beaver's water system entered a boil notice on January 12, 2026 because of frozen pipes and multiple leaks. DEC's monitoring summary records the notice as closed April 29, 2026.","location":{"name":"Beaver Water Treatment System","type":"Public water or wastewater system service area","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"Beaver","counties":["Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Frozen pipes and multiple physical leaks caused pressure and drinking-water risk.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"A boil notice addressed potential contamination; confirmed contamination was not reported.","service":"Leaks and frozen pipes restricted normal potable-water service.","scale":"Community system affected.","duration":"Notice remained recorded from January 12 through April 29.","significance":"Multiple leaks and a formal three-month boil notice."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible, non-duplicative affected-person count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["['multiple distribution leaks: yes', 'long notice duration: yes']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"","projection":{"statement":"Notice closure indicates stabilization; permanent repair scope is not documented.","horizon":"near term","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["new freeze or leak"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Beaver community water utility","role":"owner/operator"},{"name":"Alaska DEC Drinking Water Program","role":"regulatory oversight"}],"public_contact":"See responsible agency public contact page in cited sources.","corrective_actions":["repair frozen pipes and leaks","close boil notice after system stabilization"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Beaver Water Treatment System Monitoring Summary","publisher":"Alaska DEC","date":"2026-04-29","url":"https://dec.alaska.gov/dww/MonSumm/360230.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":0,"note":"New Alaska baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 7 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."}],"first_seen":"2026-01-12","latest_seen":"2026-04-29","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["population","repair details","financials"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AK-AKIAK-PRESSURE-LOSS-BWN-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Akiak storage depletion and pressure-loss boil notice","description":"Akiak's storage tank drained empty, causing pressure loss and a boil notice issued September 21, 2026. The regional health corporation continued to list the notice at the October 9 review date.","location":{"name":"Akiak Water System","type":"Public water or wastewater system service area","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"Akiak","counties":["Bethel Census Area"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"An empty storage tank caused distribution pressure loss and potential contamination risk.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Pressure loss creates potential microbial contamination risk.","service":"Storage depleted completely and pressure was lost.","scale":"Community system affected; population not stated.","duration":"Notice remained listed more than two weeks after issuance.","significance":"Formal boil notice and complete storage depletion."}},"status":"Active Emergency","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible, non-duplicative affected-person count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["['storage depletion: yes', 'ongoing notice: yes', 'dependence on regional support: yes']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"","projection":{"statement":"No projection; restoration evidence was not available.","horizon":"current","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["storage restoration","negative bacteriological samples","notice rescission"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Akiak community water utility","role":"owner/operator"},{"name":"Alaska DEC Drinking Water Program","role":"notice authority"},{"name":"Yukon-Kuskokwim Health Corporation","role":"public health notice and regional support"}],"public_contact":"907-543-6420 (Environmental Health program contact listed by YKHC)","corrective_actions":["boil notice","restore storage and pressure","bacteriological clearance required before rescission"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Boil Water Notice","publisher":"Yukon-Kuskokwim Health Corporation","date":"2026-09-21","url":"https://www.ykhc.org/health-initiatives/boil-water-notice/","basis":"tribal"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Active Emergency","score":0,"note":"New Alaska baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Active Emergency","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 8 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."}],"first_seen":"2026-09-21","latest_seen":"2026-10-09","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["population","cause of tank depletion","restoration schedule","financials"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AK-DILLINGHAM-HYDRANT-BREAK-BWN-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Dillingham hydrant-break shutdown and boil notice","description":"Dillingham shut down power to its water system on December 2, 2025 to repair a busted fire hydrant, prompting a boil notice. DEC rescinded the notice on December 5 after repair and clearance.","location":{"name":"Dillingham Water System","type":"Public water or wastewater system service area","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"Dillingham","counties":["Dillingham Census Area"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A busted hydrant required a power shutdown and interrupted system pressure, prompting the notice.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"A boil notice addressed potential contamination; no confirmed contamination was reported.","service":"A temporary system shutdown and pressure interruption occurred.","scale":"City water system affected.","duration":"Resolved within three days.","significance":"Formal boil notice and infrastructure repair."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible, non-duplicative affected-person count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"Not established","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Dillingham","role":"system owner/operator"},{"name":"Alaska DEC Drinking Water Program","role":"notice and rescission authority"}],"public_contact":"John Davis, 907-262-8201, john.davis@alaska.gov","corrective_actions":["repair busted hydrant","restore system","collect clearance samples","rescind boil notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Boil Water Notice Rescinded for Dillingham Water System","publisher":"Alaska DEC","date":"2025-12-05","url":"https://www.dillinghamak.us/sites/default/files/fileattachments/community/page/12667/20251205_260197_dillingham_ws_bwn_rescinded_letter_002.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":0,"note":"New Alaska baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 5 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":0,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-12-02","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["population","cost"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AK-CRAIG-LEAKS-LOW-PRESSURE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Craig suspected leaks, record-low storage and boil advisory","description":"Craig entered water conservation after suspected leaks drove storage to record-low levels, then received a boil advisory January 6, 2026 when pressure fell below 20 psi. The city planned leak repairs and systemwide bacteriological sampling; later rescission was not located in this review.","location":{"name":"City of Craig water system","type":"Public water or wastewater system service area","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"Craig","counties":["Prince of Wales-Hyder Census Area"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Suspected distribution leaks reduced storage and pressure below the state threshold.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Below-20-psi pressure can draw untreated water into leaking pipes; no confirmed contamination was reported.","service":"Conservation and boil restrictions followed record-low storage and pressure loss.","scale":"City system affected.","duration":"At least several days; final duration unverified.","significance":"DEC advisory and system leak-repair response."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible, non-duplicative affected-person count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["['leakage or nonrevenue water: yes', 'record low storage: yes']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"","projection":{"statement":"No projection; leak location, repair completion and rescission were not verified.","horizon":"current incident","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["leak repair","storage recovery","negative samples"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Craig Public Works","role":"system owner/operator and repairs"},{"name":"Alaska DEC Drinking Water Program","role":"boil-advisory authority"}],"public_contact":"See responsible agency public contact page in cited sources.","corrective_actions":["water conservation notice","locate and repair leaks","collect bacteria samples","boil advisory until state clearance"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Craig on water boil advisory due to low water pressure","publisher":"KRBD","date":"2026-01-06","url":"https://www.krbd.org/2026/01/06/craig-on-water-boil-advisory-due-to-low-water-pressure/","basis":"news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Unknown","score":0,"note":"New Alaska baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Unknown","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 7 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Unknown","score":0,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-12-30","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["population","leak volume","repair status","rescission","financials"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AK-JUNEAU-MENDENHALL-GLOF-RECURRING","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Recurring Mendenhall River glacial-lake outburst flooding","description":"Annual or near-annual outburst floods from Suicide Basin have created an ongoing flood threat in Juneau's Mendenhall Valley. The 2024 event discharged a reported 42,700 cubic feet per second and affected about 300 residences; provisional 2025 discharge reached 51,000 cfs. Federal and local agencies installed temporary barriers and an earthen berm while studying a durable solution.","location":{"name":"Mendenhall River Valley","type":"River valley flood-risk area","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"Juneau; City and Borough of Juneau; Mendenhall Valley; Mendenhall River, Mendenhall Lake, Suicide Basin","counties":["City and Borough of Juneau"],"extent":"watershed","coordinates":{"lat":58.42,"lon":-134.58,"precision":"city","source_ref":1}},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["other","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A worsening glacier-driven water-release hazard and the absence of a permanent flood-control system are both materially causal to recurring neighborhood flooding.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Official sources describe severe risk to life and property and repeated record floods.","service":"Homes, public facilities and utilities in the Mendenhall Valley have been affected or threatened.","scale":"Material local impact in one urban valley; about 300 residences were affected in 2024.","duration":"Events have occurred most years since 2011 and record discharge increased in 2023, 2024 and 2025.","significance":"Emergency mitigation, a federal technical study and about $35 million in 2026 Phase 2 work document major infrastructure significance."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible, non-duplicative affected-person count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Record peak discharge increased from 34,200 cfs in 2023 to 42,700 cfs in 2024 and provisional 51,000 cfs in 2025.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: material annual GLOF risk will persist until a durable mitigation project is operating; temporary barriers reduce, but do not eliminate, exposure.","horizon":"annual flood seasons through 2028","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Suicide Basin continues seasonal filling and release","Temporary works remain maintained"],"reversal_factors":["Permanent engineered mitigation","Material change in glacier-basin hydraulics"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City and Borough of Juneau","role":"local emergency response and mitigation partner"},{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Alaska District","role":"technical study, advance measures and barriers"},{"name":"National Weather Service Juneau","role":"forecasting, warnings and event analysis"}],"public_contact":"Alaska District Public Affairs, 907-753-2520, Public.Affairs3@usace.army.mil","corrective_actions":["Phase 1 temporary barriers installed in 2025","Phase 2 temporary barriers and earthen berm completed in July 2026","USACE technical report and longer-term solution analysis underway","Emergency preparedness training and inundation mapping"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Mendenhall Valley Technical Report","publisher":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Alaska District","date":null,"url":"https://www.poa.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works-and-Planning/Mendenhall-Valley-Technical-Report/","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-09"},{"ref":2,"title":"Mendenhall Glacial Outburst Lake Flooding Technical Report Statement of Work","publisher":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","date":"2025-10-28","url":"https://www.poa.usace.army.mil/Portals/34/docs/civilworks/publicreview/MendenhallTechReportSOW.pdf","basis":"federal"},{"ref":3,"title":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Completes Phase 2 of Flood Mitigation Measures in Mendenhall River Valley","publisher":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","date":"2026-07-24","url":"https://www.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Releases/News-Release-Article-View/Article/4555087/us-army-corps-of-engineers-completes-phase-2-of-flood-mitigation-measures-in-me/","basis":"federal"},{"ref":4,"title":"Mendenhall River flooding update: approximately 290 homes damaged","publisher":"City and Borough of Juneau","date":"2024-08-11","url":"https://juneau.org/newsroom-item/mendenhall-river-flooding-update-approximately-290-homes-damaged","basis":"local_government"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"New Alaska baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 9 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-08-06","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["population directly affected","permanent project cost","funding gap","household financial losses"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-07-24","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"annual_capital_spending","value":35000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"total_to_date","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-07-24","scope":{"geography":"Phase 2 barriers and related work"},"basis":{"definition":"USACE reported project cost to date"},"notes":"This is not a long-term solution cost or a funding gap.","source_refs":[3],"funding_stage":"spent"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-AK-WESTERN-COAST-2025-STORM-FLOOD-RECOVERY","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Western Alaska 2025 coastal storm flooding and prolonged recovery","description":"Two October 2025 storms associated with Typhoon Halong caused coastal surge and flooding across more than 40 western Alaska communities, damaging homes, boardroads, airports and other essential infrastructure. By April 2026, Alaska DOT&PF reported more than $110 million invested in restoration, with hundreds of homes completed or still in progress.","location":{"name":"Western Alaska coastal communities","type":"Regional flood-affected communities","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"Northwest Arctic Borough, North Slope Borough; Western and Northern Alaska","counties":["Northwest Arctic","North Slope"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Extreme coastal water levels directly caused flooding while widespread damage to transportation, access, housing and water/sanitation-supporting infrastructure made the impact an infrastructure crisis as well.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Official emergency response records describe inundated communities, homes lifted from foundations and search-and-rescue operations.","service":"More than 50 airports and essential transportation routes were initially affected; water/sanitation status was tracked in community recovery.","scale":"Recovery extended across 40-plus western Alaska communities and multiple borough/REAA areas.","duration":"Major rebuilding continued at least through April 2026, six months after the storms.","significance":"State and federal disaster declarations and more than $110 million in reported restoration investment."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible, non-duplicative affected-person count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than 40 western Alaska communities were affected or reached (ref 1); by April 2026 Alaska DOT&PF reported 20 communities with emergency repairs mostly complete and 10 with active work (ref 2)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["['dependence on emergency support: yes', 'small remote service base: yes']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"200+ homes substantially complete and 150+ in progress by April 2026; Airports reopened after the storm","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: access and housing restoration should continue improving through 2026, although unresolved exposure to future coastal storms remains.","horizon":"recovery through 2026","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Contractor and public funding continue","No comparable new storm disrupts work"],"reversal_factors":["New coastal flooding","logistics or funding interruption"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities","role":"infrastructure assessment and recovery"},{"name":"Alaska Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Management","role":"disaster coordination"},{"name":"FEMA","role":"federal disaster assistance"}],"public_contact":"Amber Shumpert, Emergency Response Manager, amber.shumpert@alaska.gov, 907-322-0603","corrective_actions":["Home relocation, repair and reinforcement","Boardroad and airport restoration","Federal and state disaster assistance","Ongoing multi-community damage assessment and recovery contracting"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Timeline - 2025 Storms","publisher":"Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities","date":"2025-10-07","url":"https://dot.alaska.gov/storms/2025storms/timeline.shtml","basis":"state"},{"ref":2,"title":"Accomplishments - 2025 Storms","publisher":"Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities","date":"2026-04-06","url":"https://dot.alaska.gov/storms/2025storms/accomplishments.shtml","basis":"state"},{"ref":3,"title":"Governor Dunleavy Amends Disaster Declaration to Support West Coast Storm Recovery","publisher":"Office of the Governor, State of Alaska","date":"2025-10-24","url":"https://gov.alaska.gov/governor-dunleavy-amends-disaster-declaration-to-support-west-coast-storm-recovery/","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":10,"note":"New Alaska baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":10,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":10,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Key measure restated: 40 is the count of communities affected or reached, per DOT&PF pages; recovery work is in fewer communities."}],"first_seen":"2025-10-08","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["total people displaced","complete damage estimate","funding secured by source","remaining funding gap","community-level water and sanitation outage duration"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-04-06","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"annual_capital_spending","value":110000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"minimum_total_invested","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-04-06","scope":{"geography":"western Alaska storm recovery"},"basis":{"definition":"DOT&PF cumulative reported investment"},"notes":"Not a complete damage estimate or funding gap.","source_refs":[2],"funding_stage":"spent"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-AK-NORTH-POLE-REFINERY-GROUNDWATER-PLUMES","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"North Pole refinery sulfolane and PFAS groundwater plumes","description":"Alaska DEC continues oversight of sulfolane and PFAS contamination in groundwater at and north of the former North Pole Refinery. The sulfolane plume extends about 3.5 miles north-northwest; PFAS above state action or cleanup levels has been found in groundwater, and onsite PFAS is migrating off the former refinery property. DEC advises against using untreated contaminated wells and continues monitoring and alternative-water evaluation. The drinking-water advisory and municipal connection response are consolidated here rather than duplicated as a second finding.","location":{"name":"North Pole refinery area","type":"Contaminated site and affected watershed","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"North Pole; Fairbanks North Star Borough; North Pole piped water expansion area; groundwater aquifer, Badger (Chena) Slough","counties":["Fairbanks North Star"],"extent":"watershed","coordinates":{"lat":64.75,"lon":-147.35,"precision":"city","source_ref":1}},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["other","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The principal current issue is persistent chemical contamination and migration in groundwater; municipal water expansion and alternative supplies are corrective responses.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"DEC maintains a contaminated-groundwater advisory and documents PFAS above action levels and sulfolane affecting private wells.","service":"Residents were advised to connect to piped water or use effective treatment/alternative water.","scale":"A multi-mile plume affects the North Pole service area; exact population not reported in reviewed sources.","duration":"DEC says sulfolane is expected to remain for many years and annual monitoring continues.","significance":"Long-term state cleanup oversight, advisory, municipal water expansion and remedial-alternative work are active."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible, non-duplicative affected-person count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["['unfunded contaminant cost: yes']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Sulfolane did not expand beyond the municipal service area through 2024; PFAS above action levels remains in some groundwater and onsite migration is documented","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: long-term monitoring and some alternative-water support will remain necessary through 2028; no precise plume expansion is projected.","horizon":"through next five-year review in 2028","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Annual monitoring continues","Municipal service remains available"],"reversal_factors":["Verified plume contraction","New migration beyond the service area","Effective source removal"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, Contaminated Sites Program","role":"cleanup oversight and public advisory"},{"name":"Williams Alaska Petroleum, Inc.","role":"monitoring, remedial alternatives and alternative-water evaluation"}],"public_contact":"DEC Fairbanks, 907-451-2143","corrective_actions":["Annual sulfolane plume monitoring including buffer wells","PFAS site investigation and remedial alternatives","Alternative water supply evaluation for wells with detectable sulfolane","Use of expanded municipal piped water system","Targeted PFAS source-removal planning"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"North Pole Refinery Contamination Response At A Glance 2026","publisher":"Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation","date":"2026-04-01","url":"https://dec.alaska.gov/spar/csp/sites/north-pole-refinery/documents/at-a-glance-fact-sheet-04-2026/","basis":"state"},{"ref":2,"title":"Contaminated Groundwater Advisory, North Pole Public Water Service Area","publisher":"Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation","date":"2025-03-01","url":"https://dec.alaska.gov/spar/csp/sites/north-pole-refinery/documents/groundwater-advisory-faqs/","basis":"state"},{"ref":3,"title":"North Pole Refinery Maps","publisher":"Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://dec.alaska.gov/spar/csp/sites/north-pole-refinery/map","basis":"state"},{"ref":4,"title":"Contaminated Groundwater Advisory, North Pole Water Expansion","publisher":"Alaska DEC","date":"2018-11-01","url":"https://dec.alaska.gov/spar/csp/sites/north-pole-refinery/documents/groundwater-advisory/","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"New Alaska baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 8 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."}],"first_seen":"2024-03-30","latest_seen":"2026-05-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["current affected population","current well-by-well concentrations","cleanup cost","funding gap","water rates and bills"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AK-RED-DEVIL-MINE-KUSKOKWIM-METALS","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Red Devil Mine metals contamination in Red Devil Creek and Kuskokwim River","description":"Red Devil Creek and a nearshore segment of the Kuskokwim River remain impaired by antimony, arsenic and mercury from the abandoned Red Devil Mine. A 2024 federal cleanup decision and Alaska's approved Category 4b recovery plan call for excavation, treatment, an engineered repository and long-term monitoring, but DEC reported that BLM was still awaiting implementation funding in December 2025.","location":{"name":"Red Devil Mine and Kuskokwim River","type":"Contaminated site and affected watershed","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"Red Devil; Red Devil Creek, Kuskokwim River","counties":[],"extent":"watershed","coordinates":{"lat":61.7625,"lon":-157.30889,"precision":"city","source_ref":1}},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Persistent metals contamination of creek, river sediment and groundwater is the principal issue; remediation infrastructure is the response.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"DEC's recovery plan states actual and threatened hazardous-substance releases pose unacceptable risk to human health and the environment.","service":"All designated uses are affected, and the Kuskokwim supports subsistence communities, but no current drinking-water outage is documented.","scale":"The directly listed segments are localized near Red Devil, including 1.5 miles of creek and 0.189 mile of river.","duration":"Mine closed in 1971; contamination persists and restoration is expected to take 30 years.","significance":"CERCLA record of decision, impaired-water recovery plan and major excavation/repository remedy."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible, non-duplicative affected-person count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"2024 ROD and recovery plan completed; Implementation funding still pending in 2025","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: contamination will remain an active long-term issue; measurable improvement depends on BLM obtaining funds and implementing the selected remedy.","horizon":"30-year cleanup horizon","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Selected remedy is funded and implemented","Long-term monitoring continues"],"reversal_factors":["Funding delay","Remedy underperformance","Accelerated excavation and source control"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Bureau of Land Management","role":"lead cleanup agency"},{"name":"Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"lead state regulator"}],"public_contact":"Francis Marley, 907-621-4616, fmarley@blm.gov; Anne Marie Palmieri, 907-766-3184, annemarie.palmieri@alaska.gov","corrective_actions":["Excavate contaminated tailings, soil and sediments","Solidify arsenic-hazardous material","Construct and maintain engineered repository","Excavate nearshore Kuskokwim sediments","Long-term groundwater, creek and river-sediment monitoring","Institutional controls and access restrictions"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"TMDL Alternative - Category 4b Demonstration: Red Devil Creek and Kuskokwim River","publisher":"Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation","date":"2024-08-01","url":"https://dec.alaska.gov/media/rsedypnn/final-2024-red-devil-mine-4b-demonstration.pdf","basis":"state"},{"ref":2,"title":"BLM announces decision on Red Devil Mine Remediation Plan","publisher":"Bureau of Land Management","date":"2024-01-31","url":"https://www.blm.gov/press-release/blm-announces-decision-red-devil-mine-remediation-plan","basis":"federal"},{"ref":3,"title":"Red Devil Mine","publisher":"Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation","date":"2025-12-12","url":"https://dec.alaska.gov/spar/csp/sites/red-devil/","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"New Alaska baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 8 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-22","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["remedy cost","funding secured","funding gap amount","current contaminant concentrations","population using affected segment"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AK-KENAI-2024-AGRICULTURAL-DROUGHT-STRESS","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Kenai agricultural drought stress and irrigation demand in June 2024","description":"USDA's Alaska crop report for the week ending June 30, 2024 documented continued drought stress in Kenai, irrigation required for many crops, 80 percent of topsoil moisture rated short and 50 percent of subsoil moisture rated short. The reviewed source supports a localized agricultural water-stress episode, but not a continuing emergency.","location":{"name":"Kenai Peninsula farms","type":"Agricultural region","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"Kenai Peninsula Borough; Kenai","counties":["Kenai Peninsula"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue was insufficient soil moisture and resulting irrigation demand, not a failed irrigation asset or utility.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"USDA documented crop drought stress, a localized agricultural impact.","service":"No essential water-service interruption documented.","scale":"Kenai regional agricultural conditions were affected; number of farms not reported.","duration":"Report said another week of drought stress; longer persistence was not verified.","significance":"No declaration, enforcement or material funding response documented."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible, non-duplicative affected-person count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One weekly report documented another week of drought stress.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"Not established","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, Alaska Field Office","role":"crop condition reporting"}],"public_contact":"907-745-4272","corrective_actions":["Irrigation used for many crops; no public corrective program documented in reviewed source"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Crop Progress and Condition, Week Ending June 30, 2024","publisher":"USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service","date":"2024-07-02","url":"https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Alaska/Publications/Crop_Progress_%26_Condition/2024/CW063024.pdf","basis":"federal"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"New Alaska baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 3 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-06-30","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["affected farm count","water withdrawals","crop losses","duration after June 2024","financial impact"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AK-RED-DOG-2026-PROCESS-WATER-DISCHARGE","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Red Dog Mine process-water discharge permit violation","description":"EPA alleged that a failed slurry pump at Red Dog Mine caused about 1,000 gallons of process water to reach Red Dog Creek in violation of the facility's Clean Water Act discharge permit. A proposed administrative settlement published September 21, 2026 calls for Teck Alaska to pay a $21,618 civil penalty; no quantified ecological or drinking-water impact was reported in the notice.","location":{"name":"Red Dog Mine","type":"Industrial facility and receiving water","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"Northwest Arctic; Red Dog Creek","counties":["Northwest Arctic"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The principal issue is an industrial process-water release to a creek; the pump failure is a causal operational driver.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Industrial process water reached Red Dog Creek; the notice does not document measured harm.","service":"No drinking-water or sanitation interruption documented.","scale":"About 1,000 gallons at one facility; affected population not reported.","duration":"Single pump-failure release; no ongoing discharge stated.","significance":"Formal proposed EPA Clean Water Act penalty settlement."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible, non-duplicative affected-person count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"process_water_released: 1000 gallons_approximately"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One alleged 2026 CWA violation","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"Not established","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 10","role":"Clean Water Act enforcement"},{"name":"Teck Alaska Inc.","role":"mine operator and respondent"}],"public_contact":"Steven Potokar, potokar.steven@epa.gov, 206-553-6354","corrective_actions":["Proposed administrative settlement and civil penalty","Public comment period through October 21, 2026"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Proposed Settlement with Teck Alaska Inc. for Clean Water Act Violations in Alaska","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2026-09-21","url":"https://www.epa.gov/publicnotices/proposed-settlement-teck-alaska-inc-clean-water-act-violations-alaska","basis":"federal"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":2,"note":"New Alaska baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":2,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":2,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-09-21","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["release date","process-water constituents","measured water-quality impact","corrective equipment work"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AK-RURAL-NATIVE-SANITATION-ACCESS-GAP-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Persistent rural Alaska Native village water and sanitation access gap","description":"EPA reported that 1,129 rural Alaska homes still lacked drinking water service, wastewater service or both in 2025, despite a 70 percent decline over 20 years. Congress appropriated $39 million for the FY2025 Alaska Native Villages grant program to improve infrastructure serving 1,723 homes in 14 communities; remoteness, permafrost, cost and local operating capacity remain structural barriers. Alaska DEC separately documented $2.206 billion in rural sanitation capital need, and GAO found that 73 of 157 covered village systems lacked a properly certified primary operator in FY2025.","location":{"name":"Rural Alaska Native villages","type":"Statewide program or condition","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"rural Alaska; multiple remote communities","counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","drinking-water-supply","wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The central issue is a persistent access and equity gap driven by remote-community economics, governance and operating capacity, with physical infrastructure deficits as a major secondary driver.","secondary_drivers":["debt or capital needs exceed revenue capacity: yes","deferred maintenance or repeated failures: yes","shrinking or low income customer base: yes","weak management or operator capacity: yes","dependence on temporary grants: yes","extreme energy and logistics cost exposure: yes"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"The state classifies $715.5 million of documented upgrades as addressing substantial health threats and $1.081 billion as first service.","service":"Needs encompass first access to drinking water and wastewater disposal and major existing-system upgrades.","scale":"The issue spans rural and Alaska Native communities statewide.","duration":"Long-standing access and O&M deficiencies remained material in 2025-2026.","significance":"The documented capital requirement exceeds $2.2 billion, with structural financing and operator-capacity barriers."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible, non-duplicative affected-person count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"No single quantitative measure reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Severe","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["debt or capital needs exceed revenue capacity: yes","deferred maintenance or repeated failures: yes","shrinking or low income customer base: yes","weak management or operator capacity: yes","dependence on temporary grants: yes","extreme energy and logistics cost exposure: yes"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Homes without service declined 70 percent over 20 years, from 6,892 in 2005 to 1,129 in 2025; FY2025 funding targets 1,723 homes in 14 communities","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: the unserved-home count should continue declining if annual capital and technical-assistance funding is sustained, but the remaining remote homes are likely to be costlier and slower to serve.","horizon":"multi-year through 2030","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Federal and state funding continues","Projects can be operated and maintained locally","Construction logistics remain feasible"],"reversal_factors":["Funding cuts","Permafrost or disaster damage","Operator shortages","Capital cost escalation"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 10","role":"ANV grant manager"},{"name":"Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation Village Safe Water Program","role":"state grant administration and project delivery"},{"name":"Indian Health Service","role":"sanitation deficiency data and project implementation partner"},{"name":"Tribal and city governments","role":"local ownership, governance and operations"}],"public_contact":"See responsible agency public contact page in cited sources.","corrective_actions":["FY2025 $39 million ANV appropriation","Capital projects for drinking water and wastewater","RUBA managerial and financial assistance","Remote Maintenance Worker operator assistance","Updated EPA grant guidelines issued May 2025"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY2025 Alaska Native Villages Grant Program Fact Sheet","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2026-03-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2026-03/anv-report-2025.pdf","basis":"federal"},{"ref":2,"title":"Alaska Native Villages and Rural Communities Water Grant Program","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2026-09-10","url":"https://www.epa.gov/small-and-rural-wastewater-systems/alaska-native-villages-and-rural-communities-water-grant-program","basis":"federal"},{"ref":3,"title":"Administration Announces $225 million to Improve Drinking Water and Wastewater Infrastructure for Tribes and Alaska Native Villages","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2024-05-22","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/biden-harris-administration-announces-225-million-improve-drinking-water-and","basis":"federal"},{"ref":4,"title":"Rural Alaska Sanitation Funding Need","publisher":"Alaska DEC","date":"2025-03-13","url":"https://dec.alaska.gov/media/rgdhl0bb/rural-sanitation-funding-need-chart-sfy25.pdf","basis":"state"},{"ref":5,"title":"Tribal Water Infrastructure: Opportunities Exist to Improve Federal Assistance","publisher":"U.S. Government Accountability Office","date":"2026-09-22","url":"https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-26-107178","basis":"federal"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"New Alaska baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-05-22","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["community-by-community unserved-home count","statewide capital need","identified funding gap","household bills and burden","arrears and shutoffs"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2025-03-13","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"capital_need","value":1081295360,"currency":"USD","unit":"documented need","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-03-13","scope":{"geography":"rural Alaska","project":"first service"},"basis":{"definition":"state sanitation needs inventory"},"source_refs":[1],"funding_stage":"estimated"},{"metric":"capital_need","value":715529894,"currency":"USD","unit":"documented need","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-03-13","scope":{"geography":"rural Alaska","project":"substantial health-threat upgrades"},"basis":{"definition":"state sanitation needs inventory"},"source_refs":[1],"funding_stage":"estimated"},{"metric":"capital_need","value":409451808,"currency":"USD","unit":"documented need","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-03-13","scope":{"geography":"rural Alaska","project":"operating-benefit or minor-health-threat upgrades"},"basis":{"definition":"state sanitation needs inventory"},"source_refs":[1],"funding_stage":"estimated"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-AK-FORTYMILE-NORTH-FORK-SUBMERGED-LANDS-TITLE","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Fortymile River North Fork submerged-lands title dispute","description":"Alaska and the United States litigated ownership of the bed beneath the upper 16 miles of the North Fork of the Fortymile River. In December 2025, the United States filed a Quiet Title Act disclaimer recognizing state ownership and ending the dispute.","location":{"name":"North Fork Fortymile River","type":"Navigable river reach","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"Interior Alaska near Canadian border; North Fork of the Fortymile River","counties":[],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue was a governance and legal-title conflict over a navigable waterway, not a water-quality, quantity or physical infrastructure failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"No health or environmental injury documented.","service":"No water service interruption documented.","scale":"The title dispute covered 16 river miles and affected state management/access authority.","duration":"The state described more than a decade of related proceedings and a seven-year argument over this reach.","significance":"Federal quiet-title litigation and disclaimer formally resolved ownership."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible, non-duplicative affected-person count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"No single quantitative measure reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"United States filed disclaimer recognizing state title","projection":{"statement":"No projection; this specific 16-mile title dispute concluded.","horizon":"resolved December 2025","confidence":"High","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["New litigation challenging implementation"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alaska Department of Law","role":"state litigation"},{"name":"U.S. Department of the Interior","role":"federal party and disclaimer filer"}],"public_contact":"Sam Curtis, sam.curtis@alaska.gov, 907-269-6269","corrective_actions":["United States filed Quiet Title Act disclaimer","State and federal agencies to implement settled navigability law"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Navigability Fight Over Fortymile River Heads to Trial","publisher":"Alaska Department of Law","date":"2024-02-29","url":"https://law.alaska.gov/press/releases/2024/022924-FortymileRiver.html","basis":"state"},{"ref":2,"title":"Alaska Secures Statehood Rights in Fortymile River Case","publisher":"Alaska Department of Law","date":"2025-12-29","url":"https://law.alaska.gov/press/releases/2025/122925-FortymileRiver.html","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":0,"note":"New Alaska baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":0,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-02-29","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["federal disclaimer filing URL","case number","quantified litigation cost","affected population"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AK-2026-LOCALIZED-DROUGHT","revision":4,"change_type":"changed","title":"Localized Alaska drought conditions as of October 2026","description":"The federal Drought.gov Alaska dashboard showed 0.7 percent of Alaska in moderate-or-worse drought (D1-D4) when accessed October 9, 2026. The reviewed dashboard extract did not identify the affected locality or document a current community water-supply impact, so this is retained as a low-severity monitoring record.","location":{"name":"Alaska localized drought area","type":"Statewide program or condition","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"Alaska","counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The only supported current condition is localized hydrologic drought; no failed asset or governance condition is documented.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"No current harm documented in reviewed dashboard extract.","service":"No current water-service impact documented.","scale":"0.7 percent of Alaska was in D1-D4 drought, a small but nonzero area.","duration":"Duration not established.","significance":"No declaration or response documented."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible, non-duplicative affected-person count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"No single quantitative measure reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"0.7 percent of state in D1-D4 on access date","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"Not established","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"National Integrated Drought Information System","role":"federal drought dashboard and coordination"},{"name":"U.S. Drought Monitor","role":"weekly drought classification"}],"public_contact":"See responsible agency public contact page in cited sources.","corrective_actions":["Monitoring; no specific response identified"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drought in Alaska","publisher":"National Integrated Drought Information System","date":null,"url":"https://www.drought.gov/states/alaska","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-09"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"New Alaska baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["affected locality","affected population","duration","documented impacts","response"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AZ-TUCSON-PFAS-WELLS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Tucson PFAS plume, well shutdowns, and treatment buildout","description":"Tucson Water reports almost 30 PFAS-affected production wells removed from service, including nine northwest wells shut for PFAS and 1,4-dioxane. Delivered water remains compliant while multiple treatment and plume-containment projects proceed.","location":{"name":"Tucson Water PFAS response","type":"Municipal water utility service area","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Tucson, Pima County, Arizona","counties":["Pima"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["other","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"PFAS contamination removed groundwater wells from service and requires treatment infrastructure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Tucson PFAS plume, well shutdowns, and treatment buildout: Tucson Water reports almost 30 PFAS-affected production wells removed from service, including nine northwest wells shut for PFAS and 1,4-dioxane. Delivered water remains compliant while multiple treatment and plume-containment projects proceed. Harm score 1 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Tucson PFAS plume, well shutdowns, and treatment buildout: essential-service score 1 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Tucson PFAS plume, well shutdowns, and treatment buildout: scale score 2 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Tucson PFAS plume, well shutdowns, and treatment buildout: duration score 2 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Tucson PFAS plume, well shutdowns, and treatment buildout: significance score 2 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":750000,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 750000. Utility states it serves more than 750,000 customers/people; source terminology is retained."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Almost 30 wells removed from service; at least $55 million in separately described treatment financing."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["ratepayer remediation-cost exposure; nearly 30 wells removed from service"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Tucson Water"},{"name":"ADEQ"},{"name":"Arizona WIFA"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["PFAS-positive wells withheld from potable service","TARP ion-exchange project","Northwest and Randolph treatment facilities"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PFAS","publisher":"Tucson Water","date":null,"url":"https://www.tucsonaz.gov/Departments/Tucson-Water/Water-Quality/PFAS","basis":"Utility project page","accessed":"2026-10-09"},{"ref":2,"title":"TARP","publisher":"Tucson Water","date":null,"url":"https://www.tucsonaz.gov/Departments/Water/Water-Quality/TARP","basis":"Utility project page","accessed":"2026-10-09"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable household burden","Arrears and shutoffs","Debt-service coverage unless noted"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-09","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":25000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","funding_stage":"secured","as_of_date":"2026-10-09","source_refs":[1],"scope":{"project":"TARP PFAS pretreatment allocation"}},{"metric":"secured_funding","value":30000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","funding_stage":"approved","as_of_date":"2026-10-09","source_refs":[1],"notes":"Includes $10 million forgivable; not a complete program total.","scope":{"project":"Northwest facility financing"}}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-AZ-STATEWIDE-PFAS-SCREENING-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Arizona statewide PFAS exceedances under new federal standards","description":"ADEQ reported that 12% of sampled public water systems exceeded at least one 2024 federal PFAS MCL and is prioritizing high-risk, rural, small, and disadvantaged systems for mitigation.","location":{"name":"Arizona PFAS sampling program","type":"Statewide drinking-water program","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Arizona public water systems","counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS above federal MCLs is the principal issue.","secondary_drivers":["small-system treatment exposure; statewide mitigation cost not reported"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Arizona statewide PFAS exceedances under new federal standards: ADEQ reported that 12% of sampled public water systems exceeded at least one 2024 federal PFAS MCL and is prioritizing high-risk, rural, small, and disadvantaged systems for mitigation. Harm score 1 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Arizona statewide PFAS exceedances under new federal standards: essential-service score 0 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Arizona statewide PFAS exceedances under new federal standards: scale score 2 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Arizona statewide PFAS exceedances under new federal standards: duration score 1 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Arizona statewide PFAS exceedances under new federal standards: significance score 2 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"No single quantitative measure reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["small-system treatment exposure; statewide mitigation cost not reported"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["Additional baseline monitoring; Technical and funding assistance; Treatment or alternative-source planning before April 2029"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PFAS in Drinking Water","publisher":"ADEQ","date":"2025-05-27","url":"https://www.azdeq.gov/PFAS_DW","basis":"State program record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-05-27","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable household burden","Arrears and shutoffs","Debt-service coverage unless noted"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AZ-PHOENIX-AMA-GW-UNMET-DEMAND-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Phoenix AMA modeled groundwater unmet demand","description":"ADWR modeling projects 4.86 million acre-feet of unmet groundwater demand over 100 years and continues to withhold new groundwater-based Assured Water Supply determinations.","location":{"name":"Phoenix Active Management Area","type":"Active management area","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Maricopa, Pinal, and Yavapai Counties, Arizona","counties":["Maricopa","Pinal","Yavapai"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["other","agricultural","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Physical groundwater availability is the binding constraint on new assured-supply determinations.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Phoenix AMA modeled groundwater unmet demand: ADWR modeling projects 4.86 million acre-feet of unmet groundwater demand over 100 years and continues to withhold new groundwater-based Assured Water Supply determinations. Harm score 0 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Phoenix AMA modeled groundwater unmet demand: essential-service score 1 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Phoenix AMA modeled groundwater unmet demand: scale score 2 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Phoenix AMA modeled groundwater unmet demand: duration score 2 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Phoenix AMA modeled groundwater unmet demand: significance score 1 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":4600000,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 4600000. ADWR reports approximately 4.6 million residents in the AMA."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["alternative supplies face legal, financial, and infrastructure barriers"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Water Resources"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["Annual model updates","Alternative-supply pathways","Assured Water Supply rule changes"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Phoenix AMA Groundwater Supply Updates","publisher":"ADWR","date":null,"url":"https://www.azwater.gov/phoenix-ama-groundwater-supply-updates","basis":"State model portal","accessed":"2026-10-09"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 6 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable household burden","Arrears and shutoffs","Debt-service coverage unless noted"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-PHOENIX-PIPELINE-LIFECYCLE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Phoenix water-pipeline lifecycle replacement exposure","description":"Phoenix Water Services estimated $15.5 billion to replace or rehabilitate all water pipelines over an assumed 75-year average life. The figure is a lifecycle estimate, not a verified present funding gap.","location":{"name":"Phoenix Water Services","type":"Municipal water utility service area","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona","counties":["Maricopa"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Long-run rehabilitation and replacement of physical distribution assets is the principal issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Phoenix water-pipeline lifecycle replacement exposure: Phoenix Water Services estimated $15.5 billion to replace or rehabilitate all water pipelines over an assumed 75-year average life. The figure is a lifecycle estimate, not a verified present funding gap. Harm score 0 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Phoenix water-pipeline lifecycle replacement exposure: essential-service score 1 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Phoenix water-pipeline lifecycle replacement exposure: scale score 2 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Phoenix water-pipeline lifecycle replacement exposure: duration score 2 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Phoenix water-pipeline lifecycle replacement exposure: significance score 1 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$15.5 billion lifecycle pipeline replacement estimate; not a current funding gap."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["large long-term capital exposure; revenue adequacy not established"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Phoenix Water Services"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["Distribution-main replacement","Transmission-main inspection and prioritization"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Phoenix City Council Policy Session","publisher":"City of Phoenix","date":"2024-10-16","url":"https://www.phoenix.gov/content/dam/phoenix/cityclerksite/city-council-meeting-files/2024/241016002.pdf","basis":"Municipal capital record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Opened ref 1 (Phoenix City Council packet dated Oct. 16, 2024, revised Oct. 11, 2024): $15.5 billion pipeline replacement estimate with 75-year average life expectancy confirmed. No change."}],"first_seen":"2024-10-16","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable household burden","Arrears and shutoffs","Debt-service coverage unless noted"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2024-10-16","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[{"metric":"replacement_value","value":15500000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","funding_stage":"estimated","as_of_date":"2024-10-16","source_refs":[1],"notes":"Lifecycle estimate, not a present funding gap."}],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-AZ-TONTO-CREEK-FINANCIAL-DISTRESS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Tonto Creek aging assets and steep potential bill increase","description":"The 78-home utility reported rates too low for too long, repeated tank leaks, and breaks in 60-year-old pipes. Regulators approved rate and WIFA-loan surcharge mechanisms that could raise the median bill from $46.21 to $189.80.","location":{"name":"Tonto Creek Water Company","type":"Small regulated water utility","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Tonto Creek area east of Payson, Gila County, Arizona","counties":["Gila"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Long-term rate insufficiency and weak financing capacity drive deferred asset replacement.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Tonto Creek aging assets and steep potential bill increase: The 78-home utility reported rates too low for too long, repeated tank leaks, and breaks in 60-year-old pipes. Regulators approved rate and WIFA-loan surcharge mechanisms that could raise the median bill from $46.21 to $189.80. Harm score 0 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Tonto Creek aging assets and steep potential bill increase: essential-service score 1 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Tonto Creek aging assets and steep potential bill increase: scale score 0 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Tonto Creek aging assets and steep potential bill increase: duration score 2 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Tonto Creek aging assets and steep potential bill increase: significance score 2 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Severe","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["rates structurally too low; repeated failures from underinvestment; 78-home customer base; no formal insolvency"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Corporation Commission"},{"name":"Tonto Creek Water Company"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["Replace leaking tanks and meters","Repair or replace 60-year-old pipes","Pursue WIFA financing"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"June 10, 2026 Open Meeting Highlights","publisher":"Arizona Corporation Commission","date":"2026-06-12","url":"https://www.azcc.gov/news/home/2026/06/12/june-10--2026-open-meeting-highlights","basis":"State rate decision"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 5 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Re-checked ACC June 10, 2026 open-meeting highlights (published Jun 12, 2026): about 78 homes, rates too low for too long, leaking tanks, 60-year-old pipes breaking, median bill $46.21 to $62.39 with potential $189.80 depending on WIFA surcharge. Matches; no change."}],"first_seen":"2026-06-12","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable household burden","Arrears and shutoffs","Debt-service coverage unless noted"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-JAKES-CORNER-FINANCIAL-CAPACITY-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Jake's Corner financial distress and consolidation pressure","description":"ACC reported prior financial and water-quality struggles but current ADWR/ADEQ compliance by June 2026; it encouraged acquisition or consolidation. The typical monthly bill rose from $67.34 to $138.95.","location":{"name":"Jake's Corner Water Company","type":"Small regulated water utility","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Jake's Corner near Payson, Gila County, Arizona","counties":["Gila"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"An 18-home customer base and financial weakness are the central constraints.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Jake's Corner financial distress and consolidation pressure: ACC reported prior financial and water-quality struggles but current ADWR/ADEQ compliance by June 2026; it encouraged acquisition or consolidation. The typical monthly bill rose from $67.34 to $138.95. Harm score 1 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Jake's Corner financial distress and consolidation pressure: essential-service score 1 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Jake's Corner financial distress and consolidation pressure: scale score 0 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Jake's Corner financial distress and consolidation pressure: duration score 1 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Jake's Corner financial distress and consolidation pressure: significance score 2 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Severe","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["financial struggle; 18-home customer base; consolidation pressure; no formal insolvency"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Corporation Commission"},{"name":"Jake's Corner Water Company"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["Approved cost-of-service rate increase","Potential acquisition or consolidation"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"June 10, 2026 Open Meeting Highlights","publisher":"Arizona Corporation Commission","date":"2026-06-12","url":"https://www.azcc.gov/news/home/2026/06/12/june-10--2026-open-meeting-highlights","basis":"State rate decision"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 5 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":0,"note":"Opened ref 1 (ACC June 10, 2026 open meeting highlights, posted June 12, 2026): Jake's Corner 18 homes, past financial and water-quality struggles, bill from about $67.34 to $138.95 confirmed. No change."}],"first_seen":"2026-06-12","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable household burden","Arrears and shutoffs","Debt-service coverage unless noted"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-MCNEAL-STORAGE-COMPLIANCE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"McNeal compliance-driven storage and financing need","description":"ACC approved $193,471.14 of WIFA borrowing for an 8,000-gallon storage tank and improvements required by an ADEQ consent order, while denying recovery of a civil penalty and legal fees.","location":{"name":"McNeal Water Company","type":"Small regulated water utility","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"McNeal, Cochise County, Arizona","counties":["Cochise"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A physical storage project is required to remedy compliance deficiencies.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"McNeal compliance-driven storage and financing need: ACC approved $193,471.14 of WIFA borrowing for an 8,000-gallon storage tank and improvements required by an ADEQ consent order, while denying recovery of a civil penalty and legal fees. Harm score 1 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"McNeal compliance-driven storage and financing need: essential-service score 1 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"McNeal compliance-driven storage and financing need: scale score 0 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"McNeal compliance-driven storage and financing need: duration score 2 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"McNeal compliance-driven storage and financing need: significance score 2 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["24-customer system; external financing dependence; consent-order capital requirement"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Corporation Commission"},{"name":"ADEQ"},{"name":"Arizona WIFA"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["Build 8,000-gallon storage tank","Complete consent-order improvements"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"August 13, 2024 Open Meeting Highlights","publisher":"Arizona Corporation Commission","date":"2024-08-15","url":"https://www.azcc.gov/news/home/2024/08/15/august-13--2024-open-meeting-highlights","basis":"State financing decision"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 6 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Opened ref 1 (ACC Aug. 13, 2024 open meeting highlights): McNeal Water Company 24 customers, WIFA borrowing $193,471.14 for 8,000-gallon storage tank per 2016 ADEQ consent order, recommended order denies emergency surcharge covering civil penalty and attorney fees confirmed. No change."}],"first_seen":"2024-08-15","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable household burden","Arrears and shutoffs","Debt-service coverage unless noted"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-SEDONA-TANK-RATE-ALLOCATION-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Sedona tank costs create localized rate disparity","description":"ACC assigned more than $6 million of incremental undergrounding and aesthetic cost for a completed $20 million tank to Sedona customers, producing about a 45% typical-bill increase.","location":{"name":"Arizona Water Company Sedona system","type":"Regulated water utility service area","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Sedona, Coconino and Yavapai Counties, Arizona","counties":["Coconino","Yavapai"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The current issue is geographic allocation of extraordinary infrastructure costs.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Sedona tank costs create localized rate disparity: ACC assigned more than $6 million of incremental undergrounding and aesthetic cost for a completed $20 million tank to Sedona customers, producing about a 45% typical-bill increase; a 3% franchise-tax waiver offsets part of the cost. Harm score 0 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Sedona tank costs create localized rate disparity: essential-service score 0 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Sedona tank costs create localized rate disparity: scale score 1 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Sedona tank costs create localized rate disparity: duration score 1 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Sedona tank costs create localized rate disparity: significance score 1 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["geographic rate disparity; no formal financial distress"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Corporation Commission"},{"name":"Arizona Water Company"},{"name":"City of Sedona"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["Customer-assistance review"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ACC decides who will pay for Sedona water tank","publisher":"Arizona Corporation Commission","date":"2025-07-24","url":"https://www.azcc.gov/news/home/2025/07/24/acc-decides-who-will-pay-for-new-undergrounded-sedona-water-tank","basis":"State rate decision"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 3 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Re-checked ACC release (Jul 24, 2025): about $20 million tank completed March 2025, more than $6 million incremental cost assigned to Sedona customers, average Sedona bill up about 45%, customer-assistance review amendment. The page does not mention a 3% franchise-tax waiver, so that unsupported clause was removed from the description and corrective actions."}],"first_seen":"2025-07-24","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable household burden","Arrears and shutoffs","Debt-service coverage unless noted"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-PICACHO-RATE-RESET-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Picacho legacy underpricing and abrupt cost-of-service correction","description":"Picacho Water and Sewer had not filed rate cases since formation in 1998-1999, and regulators said the former developer operated the water utility at a loss. ACC approved cost-of-service rates after new ownership implemented utility accounting.","location":{"name":"Picacho Water and Sewer","type":"Regulated water and sewer utilities","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Robson Ranch south of Casa Grande, Pinal County, Arizona","counties":["Pinal"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Decades without rate cases and prior operation at a loss created a rate shock.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Picacho legacy underpricing and abrupt cost-of-service correction: Picacho Water and Sewer had not filed rate cases since formation in 1998-1999, and regulators said the former developer operated the water utility at a loss. ACC approved cost-of-service rates after new ownership implemented utility accounting. Harm score 0 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Picacho legacy underpricing and abrupt cost-of-service correction: essential-service score 1 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Picacho legacy underpricing and abrupt cost-of-service correction: scale score 1 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Picacho legacy underpricing and abrupt cost-of-service correction: duration score 2 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Picacho legacy underpricing and abrupt cost-of-service correction: significance score 2 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["historic operating loss; rates structurally too low; abrupt affordability shock; no formal insolvency"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Corporation Commission"},{"name":"JW Water"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["Cost-of-service rates","Formal utility accounting"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ACC approves Picacho rate cases","publisher":"Arizona Corporation Commission","date":"2026-03-04","url":"https://azcc.gov/news/home/2026/03/05/acc-approves-picacho-water-and-picacho-sewer-rate-cases-in-split-vote","basis":"State rate decision"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 6 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Opened ref 1 (ACC release, Mar. 4, 2026): Picacho Water and Sewer rates set when created in 1998-1999, never filed a rate case, developer operated utility at a loss, split vote approval confirmed. No change."}],"first_seen":"2026-03-04","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable household burden","Arrears and shutoffs","Debt-service coverage unless noted"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-AWC-EASTERN-GROUP-RATES-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Arizona Water Company Eastern Group residential bill increases","description":"ACC approved an approximately 22% revenue increase for 38,000 customers, with residential monthly bill effects reported at 25%-45% depending on area and $1.6 million of tank rehabilitation spending.","location":{"name":"Arizona Water Company Eastern Group","type":"Multi-system regulated water utility","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Apache Junction, Superior, Sierra Vista, and Falcon Valley, Arizona","counties":["Pinal","Cochise","Maricopa"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is a regulated revenue requirement and customer pricing action.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Arizona Water Company Eastern Group residential bill increases: ACC approved an approximately 22% revenue increase for 38,000 customers, with residential monthly bill effects reported at 25%-45% depending on area and $1.6 million of tank rehabilitation spending. Harm score 0 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Arizona Water Company Eastern Group residential bill increases: essential-service score 0 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Arizona Water Company Eastern Group residential bill increases: scale score 1 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Arizona Water Company Eastern Group residential bill increases: duration score 1 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Arizona Water Company Eastern Group residential bill increases: significance score 1 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":38000,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 38000. ACC reports approximately 38,000 customers."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["material rate increase; sustainability surcharge exposure"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Corporation Commission"},{"name":"Arizona Water Company"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["Tank rehabilitation","Projects reducing groundwater reliance"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"July 9, 2024 Open Meeting Highlights","publisher":"Arizona Corporation Commission","date":"2024-07-11","url":"https://azcc.gov/news/home/2024/07/11/july-9--2024-open-meeting-highlights","basis":"State rate decision"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 3 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Opened ref 1 (ACC July 9, 2024 open meeting highlights, posted July 11, 2024): Arizona Water Company Eastern Group ~38,000 customers, 22% revenue increase, 25%-45% residential bill increase, $1.6 million tank rehabilitation all confirmed. No change."}],"first_seen":"2024-07-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable household burden","Arrears and shutoffs","Debt-service coverage unless noted"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-EPCOR-SAN-TAN-RATES-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"San Tan rehabilitation and rate reset","description":"ACC approved 14.5% water and 35.2% wastewater revenue increases for EPCOR San Tan, with a typical water bill of $32.56 at 6,500 gallons and a $57.91 residential wastewater flat charge.","location":{"name":"EPCOR San Tan","type":"Regulated water and wastewater utility","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Queen Creek, Florence, and San Tan Valley, Pinal County, Arizona","counties":["Pinal"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The current issue is recovery of costs following acquisition and rehabilitation of a historically troubled utility.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"San Tan rehabilitation and rate reset: ACC approved 14.5% water and 35.2% wastewater revenue increases for EPCOR San Tan, with a typical water bill of $32.56 at 6,500 gallons and a $57.91 residential wastewater flat charge. Harm score 0 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"San Tan rehabilitation and rate reset: essential-service score 1 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"San Tan rehabilitation and rate reset: scale score 1 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"San Tan rehabilitation and rate reset: duration score 1 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"San Tan rehabilitation and rate reset: significance score 1 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["historic regulatory failure; acquisition and rehabilitation costs"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Corporation Commission"},{"name":"EPCOR USA"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["Approved revenue reset","Continued system rehabilitation"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"End of an era with EPCOR San Tan rate case","publisher":"Arizona Corporation Commission","date":"2025-07-10","url":"https://www.azcc.gov/news/home/2025/07/10/vice-chair-myers---end-of-an-era--with-epcor-san-tan-rate-case","basis":"State rate decision"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 4 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."}],"first_seen":"2025-07-10","latest_seen":"2025-07-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable household burden","Arrears and shutoffs","Debt-service coverage unless noted"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-JOSHUA-VALLEY-RATE-RESET-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Joshua Valley residential bill increase","description":"ACC approved an increase in the typical bill from $28.44 to $48.69 for a 1,063-customer system.","location":{"name":"Joshua Valley Water Company","type":"Small regulated water utility","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Meadview, Mohave County, Arizona","counties":["Mohave"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The verified issue is a material regulated rate increase after rates had been unchanged since 2016.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Joshua Valley residential bill increase: ACC approved an increase in the typical bill from $28.44 to $48.69 for a 1,063-customer system. Harm score 0 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Joshua Valley residential bill increase: essential-service score 0 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Joshua Valley residential bill increase: scale score 1 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Joshua Valley residential bill increase: duration score 1 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Joshua Valley residential bill increase: significance score 1 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1063,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 1063. ACC reports 1,063 customers."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["71.2% estimated bill increase; structural distress not established"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Corporation Commission"},{"name":"Joshua Valley Water Company"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["Approved rate reset"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"January 14, 2026 Open Meeting Highlights","publisher":"Arizona Corporation Commission","date":"2026-01-21","url":"https://www.azcc.gov/news/home/2026/01/21/january-14--2026-open-meeting-highlights","basis":"State rate decision"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 3 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Opened ref 1 (ACC Jan. 14, 2026 open meeting highlights): Joshua Valley Utility ~1,063 customers, bill about $28.44 to $48.69 confirmed. No change."}],"first_seen":"2026-01-21","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable household burden","Arrears and shutoffs","Debt-service coverage unless noted"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-BONITA-CREEK-RATE-RESET-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Bonita Creek 44% typical-bill increase","description":"ACC approved a typical monthly bill increase from $72.10 to $103.61 for Bonita Creek Water Company, which has 62 connections.","location":{"name":"Bonita Creek Water Company","type":"Small regulated water utility","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Graham County, Arizona","counties":["Graham"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The supported issue is a material regulated rate correction for a very small utility.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Bonita Creek 44% typical-bill increase: ACC approved a typical monthly bill increase from $72.10 to $103.61 for Bonita Creek Water Company, which has 62 connections. Harm score 0 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Bonita Creek 44% typical-bill increase: essential-service score 0 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Bonita Creek 44% typical-bill increase: scale score 0 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Bonita Creek 44% typical-bill increase: duration score 1 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Bonita Creek 44% typical-bill increase: significance score 1 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["62-connection customer base; 44% typical-bill increase"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Corporation Commission"},{"name":"Bonita Creek Water Company"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["Approved rate reset"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"August 13, 2024 Open Meeting Highlights","publisher":"Arizona Corporation Commission","date":"2024-08-15","url":"https://www.azcc.gov/news/home/2024/08/15/august-13--2024-open-meeting-highlights","basis":"State rate decision"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 2 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Opened ref 1 (ACC Aug. 13, 2024 open meeting highlights, posted Aug. 15, 2024): Bonita Creek approved 5-0, ~62 connections, typical bill $72.10 to $103.61 confirmed. No change."}],"first_seen":"2024-08-15","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable household burden","Arrears and shutoffs","Debt-service coverage unless noted"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-PWS-0402027-FLUORIDE-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"San Simon DWID fluoride exceedance","description":"ADEQ's current public-notice inventory lists San Simon DWID for a fluoride exceedance and reports facility improvement in process. The statewide page does not provide a verified affected population or utility-finance profile.","location":{"name":"San Simon DWID","type":"Public water system","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Cochise County, Arizona","counties":["Cochise"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The principal issue is a documented fluoride drinking-water exceedance.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"San Simon DWID fluoride exceedance: ADEQ's current public-notice inventory lists San Simon DWID for a fluoride exceedance and reports facility improvement in process. The statewide page does not provide a verified affected population or utility-finance profile. Harm score 1 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"San Simon DWID fluoride exceedance: essential-service score 0 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"San Simon DWID fluoride exceedance: scale score 0 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"San Simon DWID fluoride exceedance: duration score 1 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"San Simon DWID fluoride exceedance: significance score 1 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["financial condition not reported"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Environmental Quality"},{"name":"San Simon DWID"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["facility improvement in process"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drinking Water Public Notices","publisher":"ADEQ","date":"2026-08-24","url":"https://www.azdeq.gov/drinking-water-public-notices","basis":"State compliance inventory"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 3 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."}],"first_seen":"2026-08-24","latest_seen":"2026-08-24","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected population","Contaminant concentration","Rates and treatment cost"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-PWS-0406004-ARSENIC-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"CS Verde Lee Water Company arsenic exceedance","description":"ADEQ's current public-notice inventory lists CS Verde Lee Water Company for a arsenic exceedance and reports additional sampling. The statewide page does not provide a verified affected population or utility-finance profile.","location":{"name":"CS Verde Lee Water Company","type":"Public water system","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Greenlee County, Arizona","counties":["Greenlee"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The principal issue is a documented arsenic drinking-water exceedance.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"CS Verde Lee Water Company arsenic exceedance: ADEQ's current public-notice inventory lists CS Verde Lee Water Company for a arsenic exceedance and reports additional sampling. The statewide page does not provide a verified affected population or utility-finance profile. Harm score 1 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"CS Verde Lee Water Company arsenic exceedance: essential-service score 0 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"CS Verde Lee Water Company arsenic exceedance: scale score 0 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"CS Verde Lee Water Company arsenic exceedance: duration score 1 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"CS Verde Lee Water Company arsenic exceedance: significance score 1 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["financial condition not reported"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Environmental Quality"},{"name":"CS Verde Lee Water Company"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["additional sampling"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drinking Water Public Notices","publisher":"ADEQ","date":"2026-08-24","url":"https://www.azdeq.gov/drinking-water-public-notices","basis":"State compliance inventory"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 3 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."}],"first_seen":"2026-08-24","latest_seen":"2026-08-24","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected population","Contaminant concentration","Rates and treatment cost"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-PWS-0415123-TTHM-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Cibola Water Improvement District TTHM exceedance","description":"ADEQ's current public-notice inventory lists Cibola Water Improvement District for a TTHM exceedance and reports facility improvement in process. The statewide page does not provide a verified affected population or utility-finance profile.","location":{"name":"Cibola Water Improvement District","type":"Public water system","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"La Paz County, Arizona","counties":["La Paz"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The principal issue is a documented TTHM drinking-water exceedance.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Cibola Water Improvement District TTHM exceedance: ADEQ's current public-notice inventory lists Cibola Water Improvement District for a TTHM exceedance and reports facility improvement in process. The statewide page does not provide a verified affected population or utility-finance profile. 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The statewide page does not provide a verified affected population or utility-finance profile.","location":{"name":"Sun Leisure Estates Improvement District","type":"Public water system","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Yuma County, Arizona","counties":["Yuma"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The principal issue is a documented combined uranium drinking-water exceedance.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Sun Leisure Estates Improvement District combined uranium exceedance: ADEQ's current public-notice inventory lists Sun Leisure Estates Improvement District for a combined uranium exceedance and reports additional sampling. The statewide page does not provide a verified affected population or utility-finance profile. Harm score 1 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Sun Leisure Estates Improvement District combined uranium exceedance: essential-service score 0 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Sun Leisure Estates Improvement District combined uranium exceedance: scale score 0 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Sun Leisure Estates Improvement District combined uranium exceedance: duration score 1 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Sun Leisure Estates Improvement District combined uranium exceedance: significance score 1 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["financial condition not reported"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Environmental Quality"},{"name":"Sun Leisure Estates Improvement District"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["additional sampling"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drinking Water Public Notices","publisher":"ADEQ","date":"2026-08-24","url":"https://www.azdeq.gov/drinking-water-public-notices","basis":"State compliance inventory"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 3 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."}],"first_seen":"2026-08-24","latest_seen":"2026-08-24","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected population","Contaminant concentration","Rates and treatment cost"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-PWS-0414022-TTHM-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Town of Wellton TTHM exceedance","description":"ADEQ's current public-notice inventory lists Town of Wellton for a TTHM exceedance and reports facility improvement in process. The statewide page does not provide a verified affected population or utility-finance profile.","location":{"name":"Town of Wellton","type":"Public water system","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Yuma County, Arizona","counties":["Yuma"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The principal issue is a documented TTHM drinking-water exceedance.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Town of Wellton TTHM exceedance: ADEQ's current public-notice inventory lists Town of Wellton for a TTHM exceedance and reports facility improvement in process. The statewide page does not provide a verified affected population or utility-finance profile. Harm score 1 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Town of Wellton TTHM exceedance: essential-service score 0 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Town of Wellton TTHM exceedance: scale score 0 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Town of Wellton TTHM exceedance: duration score 1 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Town of Wellton TTHM exceedance: significance score 1 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["financial condition not reported"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Environmental Quality"},{"name":"Town of Wellton"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["facility improvement in process"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drinking Water Public Notices","publisher":"ADEQ","date":"2026-08-24","url":"https://www.azdeq.gov/drinking-water-public-notices","basis":"State compliance inventory"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 3 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."}],"first_seen":"2026-08-24","latest_seen":"2026-08-24","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected population","Contaminant concentration","Rates and treatment cost"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-ONSITE-WASTEWATER-AGING-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Statewide aging and failure risk in onsite wastewater systems","description":"ADEQ reports more than 600,000 onsite systems, about 114,000 over 50 years old; review of 100 inspection reports found up to 80% failed and one-third of surveyed owners reported backups or surfacing sewage.","location":{"name":"Arizona onsite wastewater systems","type":"Statewide decentralized wastewater systems","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"All 15 Arizona counties","counties":["Arizona"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["groundwater","other"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Physical septic failures and a regulatory and monitoring deficit are both material.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Statewide aging and failure risk in onsite wastewater systems: ADEQ reports more than 600,000 onsite systems, about 114,000 over 50 years old; review of 100 inspection reports found up to 80% failed and one-third of surveyed owners reported backups or surfacing sewage. Harm score 1 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Statewide aging and failure risk in onsite wastewater systems: essential-service score 1 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Statewide aging and failure risk in onsite wastewater systems: scale score 2 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Statewide aging and failure risk in onsite wastewater systems: duration score 2 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Statewide aging and failure risk in onsite wastewater systems: significance score 1 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than 600,000 systems; about 114,000 over 50 years old; up to 80% of 100 reports failed."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[""]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"ADEQ"},{"name":"Arizona county permitting agencies"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["Modernize rules and permitting","Develop statewide tracking","Consider homeowner assistance"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Onsite Wastewater Proposed Regulatory Framework","publisher":"ADEQ","date":"2024-01-01","url":"https://static.azdeq.gov/wqd/rulemaking/onsite/owtf_framework.pdf","basis":"State regulatory framework"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Batch 6 data-quality repair: carried-forward map placement, projection, status, or financial metric normalization; underlying issue evidence was not re-scored."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-01","latest_seen":"2024-01-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable rates or household burden unless stated","Current funding gap unless stated"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-NTUA-WASTEWATER-DECREE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Navajo Tribal Utility Authority wastewater violations and upgrade decree","description":"EPA and DOJ alleged recurring permit violations and failure to maintain sewer systems at Chinle, Kayenta, and Tuba City; a partial consent decree requires about $100 million in treatment and collection improvements.","location":{"name":"NTUA wastewater systems","type":"Tribal wastewater utility systems","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Chinle, Kayenta, Tuba City and another Navajo community, Arizona","counties":["Apache","Navajo"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","other"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Discharges and spills were tied to treatment and collection-system deficiencies.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Navajo Tribal Utility Authority wastewater violations and upgrade decree: EPA and DOJ alleged recurring permit violations and failure to maintain sewer systems at Chinle, Kayenta, and Tuba City; a partial consent decree requires about $100 million in treatment and collection improvements. Harm score 2 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Navajo Tribal Utility Authority wastewater violations and upgrade decree: essential-service score 1 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Navajo Tribal Utility Authority wastewater violations and upgrade decree: scale score 1 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Navajo Tribal Utility Authority wastewater violations and upgrade decree: duration score 2 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Navajo Tribal Utility Authority wastewater violations and upgrade decree: significance score 2 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":20000,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 20000. EPA reports approximately 20,000 people in four communities."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["repeated failures; federal grant dependence; funding gap not reported"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Navajo Tribal Utility Authority"},{"name":"Navajo Nation EPA"},{"name":"EPA Region 9"},{"name":"U.S"},{"name":"DOJ"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["Interim plant improvements","New treatment plants","Collection-system survey and repair plan"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"NTUA agrees to $100 million wastewater improvements","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2024-01-10","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/navajo-tribal-utility-authority-agrees-100-million-wastewater-treatment-improvements-0","basis":"Federal enforcement release"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 8 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Opened ref 1 (EPA release, Jan. 10, 2024): NTUA partial consent decree for Chinle, Kayenta, Tuba City, $100 million in improvements confirmed. No change."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable rates or household burden unless stated","Current funding gap unless stated"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-WMAT-WASTEWATER-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"White Mountain Apache wastewater noncompliance at three facilities","description":"EPA found residual chlorine, E. coli, phosphorus, turbidity, and ammonia exceedances at three facilities; agreements require upgrades and compliance by 2027-2028.","location":{"name":"White Mountain Apache wastewater facilities","type":"Tribal wastewater facilities","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Fort Apache Reservation, Apache and Navajo Counties, Arizona","counties":["Apache","Navajo"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","other"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Permit exceedances and inadequate treatment infrastructure jointly drive the issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"White Mountain Apache wastewater noncompliance at three facilities: EPA found residual chlorine, E. coli, phosphorus, turbidity, and ammonia exceedances at three facilities; agreements require upgrades and compliance by 2027-2028. Harm score 2 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"White Mountain Apache wastewater noncompliance at three facilities: essential-service score 1 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"White Mountain Apache wastewater noncompliance at three facilities: scale score 1 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"White Mountain Apache wastewater noncompliance at three facilities: duration score 2 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"White Mountain Apache wastewater noncompliance at three facilities: significance score 2 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["compliance-cost exposure; grant dependence; operator capacity"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"White Mountain Apache Tribe"},{"name":"White Mountain Apache Tribal Utility Authority"},{"name":"EPA Region 9"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["Sunrise compliance by 2027","Hon-Dah and Whiteriver upgrades through 2028"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA and White Mountain Apache agree to improve wastewater treatment","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2024-10-10","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-white-mountain-apache-agree-improve-wastewater-treatment-tribal-land","basis":"Federal enforcement release"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 8 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Re-checked EPA release (Oct 10, 2024): chlorine, E. coli, phosphorus, turbidity and ammonia exceedances; Sunrise Park compliance by Jan 1, 2027, Hon-Dah upgrade plan by Mar 1, 2028, Whiteriver NPDES compliance by Jun 1, 2028. Matches; no change."}],"first_seen":"2024-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable rates or household burden unless stated","Current funding gap unless stated"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-SAN-CARLOS-WASTEWATER-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"San Carlos Apache wastewater discharges and lagoon-upgrade need","description":"An August 2024 EPA order requires a compliance plan; EPA also identified a $34.087 million central sewer and lagoon upgrade intended to eliminate the San Carlos River point-source discharge.","location":{"name":"San Carlos Wastewater Treatment Facility","type":"Tribal wastewater facility","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"San Carlos Apache Reservation, Arizona","counties":["Gila","Graham","Pinal"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","other"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Unauthorized discharges stem from compliance and physical treatment deficiencies.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"San Carlos Apache wastewater discharges and lagoon-upgrade need: An August 2024 EPA order requires a compliance plan; EPA also identified a $34.087 million central sewer and lagoon upgrade intended to eliminate the San Carlos River point-source discharge. Harm score 1 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"San Carlos Apache wastewater discharges and lagoon-upgrade need: essential-service score 1 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"San Carlos Apache wastewater discharges and lagoon-upgrade need: scale score 1 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"San Carlos Apache wastewater discharges and lagoon-upgrade need: duration score 1 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"San Carlos Apache wastewater discharges and lagoon-upgrade need: significance score 2 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["major capital need; potential grant dependence; revenue capacity unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"San Carlos Apache Tribe"},{"name":"EPA Region 9"},{"name":"Indian Health Service"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["Prevent unauthorized discharges","Biweekly EPA meetings","Pursue lagoon upgrade"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"San Carlos compliance agreements","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2024-08-27","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/san-carlos-apache-tribe-epa-agree-bring-tribes-wastewater-and-drinking-water-systems","basis":"Federal enforcement release"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 6 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."}],"first_seen":"2024-08-27","latest_seen":"2024-08-27","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable rates or household burden unless stated","Current funding gap unless stated"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-SOUTH-FLORENCE-WWTP-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"South Florence WWTP solids discharge to the Gila River","description":"An August 2024 inspection found wastewater solids bypassing treatment and extending at least 200 feet downstream; ADEQ prohibited river discharge, verified repairs in August 2025, and retained remaining order requirements.","location":{"name":"South Florence Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Florence, Pinal County, Arizona","counties":["Pinal"],"extent":"site","coordinates":{"lat":33.03897,"lon":-111.40522,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Failed aeration basins caused inadequately treated solids to reach the river.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"South Florence WWTP solids discharge to the Gila River: An August 2024 inspection found wastewater solids bypassing treatment and extending at least 200 feet downstream; ADEQ prohibited river discharge, verified repairs in August 2025, and retained remaining order requirements. Harm score 1 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"South Florence WWTP solids discharge to the Gila River: essential-service score 1 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"South Florence WWTP solids discharge to the Gila River: scale score 1 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"South Florence WWTP solids discharge to the Gila River: duration score 1 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"South Florence WWTP solids discharge to the Gila River: significance score 2 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":24000,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 24000. ADEQ fact sheet reports a service population of 24,000."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[""]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Florence"},{"name":"ADEQ"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["Repair aeration basins","Complete consent-order requirements"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"South Florence AZPDES Fact Sheet","publisher":"ADEQ","date":"2026-01-01","url":"https://static.azdeq.gov/pn/azpdes_southflorence_fs.pdf","basis":"State permit fact sheet"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 6 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."}],"first_seen":"2026-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-01-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable rates or household burden unless stated","Current funding gap unless stated"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-CA-DENALI-BIOSOLIDS-2024","revision":4,"change_type":"changed","title":"Illegal biosolids land application at Arizona and California sites","description":"Denali applied POTW biosolids to hundreds of Arizona and California sites without adequate agronomic information; a judicial settlement imposed a $610,000 penalty and a five-year sampling and calculation protocol if operations resume.","location":{"name":"Denali biosolids application sites","type":"Multi-state biosolids land-application sites","state":"AZ","states":["AZ","CA"],"detail":"Hundreds of agricultural sites in Arizona and California","counties":[],"extent":"multi_state"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["agricultural","groundwater","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Excessive and inadequately characterized nitrogen loading from biosolids was the principal issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Illegal biosolids land application at Arizona and California sites: Denali applied POTW biosolids to hundreds of Arizona and California sites without adequate agronomic information; a judicial settlement imposed a $610,000 penalty and a five-year sampling and calculation protocol if operations resume. Harm score 1 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Illegal biosolids land application at Arizona and California sites: essential-service score 0 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Illegal biosolids land application at Arizona and California sites: scale score 2 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Illegal biosolids land application at Arizona and California sites: duration score 1 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Illegal biosolids land application at Arizona and California sites: significance score 2 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"No single quantitative measure reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Denali Water Solutions","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"U.S. DOJ","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["Site-specific sampling and agronomic-rate controls"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Denali Water Solutions Clean Water Act settlement","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2024-11-12","url":"https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/denali-water-solutions-llc-clean-water-act-settlement-summary","basis":"Federal enforcement settlement"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":0,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":0,"note":"Opened ref 1 (EPA settlement summary, Nov. 12, 2024): $610,000 civil penalty and Soil Sampling and Agronomic Rate Calculation Protocol confirmed; consent decree lodged Nov. 7, 2024 with 30-day comment period. No change."}],"first_seen":"2024-11-12","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable rates or household burden unless stated","Current funding gap unless stated"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AZ-HAVASUPAI-FLOOD-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"August 2024 Havasupai flash-flood disaster","description":"August 22-23 flooding stranded people, required evacuation of 104 people, damaged 21 residences, and led to a federal major-disaster declaration; some canyon areas remain restricted because of flood damage and unstable ground.","location":{"name":"Supai and Havasu Canyon","type":"Tribal community and canyon","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Havasupai Reservation, Coconino County, Arizona","counties":["Coconino"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Flash flooding damaged residences and access infrastructure in an isolated tribal community.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"August 2024 Havasupai flash-flood disaster: August 22-23 flooding stranded people, required evacuation of 104 people, damaged 21 residences, and led to a federal major-disaster declaration; some canyon areas remain restricted because of flood damage and unstable ground. Harm score 2 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"August 2024 Havasupai flash-flood disaster: essential-service score 2 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"August 2024 Havasupai flash-flood disaster: scale score 1 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"August 2024 Havasupai flash-flood disaster: duration score 1 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"August 2024 Havasupai flash-flood disaster: significance score 2 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":104,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 104. Arizona National Guard evacuated 104 tribal members and visitors; 21 residences were affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[""]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Havasupai Tribe"},{"name":"FEMA"},{"name":"Arizona DEMA"},{"name":"National Park Service"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["Federal IA, PA and hazard mitigation","Housing and infrastructure repair","Area restrictions"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Havasupai Tribe Preliminary Damage Assessment","publisher":"FEMA","date":"2024-10-25","url":"https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/PDAReport_FEMA4840DR-HavasupaiTribe.pdf","basis":"Federal disaster record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 8 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."}],"first_seen":"2024-10-25","latest_seen":"2024-10-25","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable rates or household burden unless stated","Current funding gap unless stated"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-GILA-MOHAVE-FLOOD-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"September 2025 catastrophic Gila and Mohave County flooding","description":"September 25-27 storms caused three deaths and extensive multi-county damage; Arizona later documented more than $100 million in physical damages, but FEMA denied the request and appeal.","location":{"name":"Gila and Mohave County flood areas","type":"Multi-county flood disaster","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Globe, Miami, Claypool and Mohave County, Arizona","counties":["Gila","Mohave"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Extreme rain produced acute flooding and prolonged infrastructure damage.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"September 2025 catastrophic Gila and Mohave County flooding: September 25-27 storms caused three deaths and extensive multi-county damage; Arizona later documented more than $100 million in physical damages, but FEMA denied the request and appeal. Harm score 2 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"September 2025 catastrophic Gila and Mohave County flooding: essential-service score 2 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"September 2025 catastrophic Gila and Mohave County flooding: scale score 2 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"September 2025 catastrophic Gila and Mohave County flooding: duration score 1 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"September 2025 catastrophic Gila and Mohave County flooding: significance score 2 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["major recovery funding exposure; utility-level solvency not assessed"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Globe"},{"name":"Town of Miami"},{"name":"Gila County"},{"name":"Mohave County"},{"name":"Arizona DEMA"},{"name":"FEMA"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["Debris removal and stabilization","Pinal Creek mitigation","Long-term regional recovery"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Arizona flood appeal","publisher":"Office of the Arizona Governor","date":"2026-01-28","url":"https://azgovernor.gov/office-arizona-governor/news/2026/01/governor-katie-hobbs-and-bipartisan-leaders-stand-solidarity","basis":"State disaster record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 9 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":0,"note":"Opened ref 1 (Governor's release, Jan. 28, 2026): more than $100 million in physical damages, three lives lost, FEMA denial and state appeal confirmed. The page does not give the Sept. 25-27 storm dates or the word 'multi-county' beyond Gila and Mohave counties, so those details remain unconfirmed by this page."}],"first_seen":"2026-01-28","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable rates or household burden unless stated","Current funding gap unless stated"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Persistent and worsening statewide Arizona drought","description":"Arizona drought has persisted since the mid-1990s; 2025 brought record-low seasonal streamflow periods and 2026 monitoring found widespread extreme-to-exceptional long-term drought.","location":{"name":"Arizona statewide drought","type":"Statewide drought condition","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Arizona","counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["surface-water","groundwater","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Precipitation deficits, heat, low snowpack, soil-moisture loss, and reduced runoff are the principal drivers.","secondary_drivers":[""],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Persistent and worsening statewide Arizona drought: Arizona drought has persisted since the mid-1990s; 2025 brought record-low seasonal streamflow periods and 2026 monitoring found widespread extreme-to-exceptional long-term drought. Harm score 1 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Persistent and worsening statewide Arizona drought: essential-service score 1 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Persistent and worsening statewide Arizona drought: scale score 2 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Persistent and worsening statewide Arizona drought: duration score 2 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Persistent and worsening statewide Arizona drought: significance score 2 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"No single quantitative measure reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[""]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Water Resources","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Arizona Drought Monitoring Technical Committee","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["Maintain drought declarations; Quarterly monitoring; Interagency preparedness"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Arizona Drought Preparedness Annual Report 2025","publisher":"ADWR","date":"2026-02-01","url":"https://www.azwater.gov/sites/default/files/2026-02/2025_ADPAR_FINAL.pdf","basis":"State drought report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":0,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-02-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable rates or household burden unless stated","Current funding gap unless stated"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AZ-ARAVAIPA-CANYON-GW-NEGATIVE-BALANCE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Aravaipa Canyon groundwater negative balance","description":"ADWR's current basin factsheet reports annual outflows exceeding inflows by 1,915 acre-feet. ADWR cautions that a negative basin balance is not identical to a legal safe-yield or overdraft determination.","location":{"name":"Aravaipa Canyon","type":"Groundwater basin","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Graham and Pinal Counties, Arizona","counties":["Graham","Pinal"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The state water budget reports annual groundwater outflows exceeding inflows.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Aravaipa Canyon groundwater negative balance: ADWR's current basin factsheet reports annual outflows exceeding inflows by 1,915 acre-feet. ADWR cautions that a negative basin balance is not identical to a legal safe-yield or overdraft determination. Harm score 0 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Aravaipa Canyon groundwater negative balance: essential-service score 0 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Aravaipa Canyon groundwater negative balance: scale score 0 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Aravaipa Canyon groundwater negative balance: duration score 1 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Aravaipa Canyon groundwater negative balance: significance score 1 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":764,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 764. Population reported in the ADWR basin factsheet."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["no utility financial evidence"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Water Resources"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["State assessment and planning data","no basin-specific corrective mandate verified"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Aravaipa Canyon basin factsheet","publisher":"ADWR","date":"2025-11-01","url":"https://www.azwater.gov/sites/default/files/2025-11/Aravaipa%20Canyon_0.pdf","basis":"State basin factsheet"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 2 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."}],"first_seen":"2025-11-01","latest_seen":"2025-11-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Rates","Capital needs","Comparable annual trend series"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-BIG-SANDY-GW-NEGATIVE-BALANCE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Big Sandy groundwater negative balance","description":"ADWR's current basin factsheet reports annual outflows exceeding inflows by 18,075 acre-feet. ADWR cautions that a negative basin balance is not identical to a legal safe-yield or overdraft determination.","location":{"name":"Big Sandy","type":"Groundwater basin","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Mohave and Yavapai Counties, Arizona","counties":["Mohave","Yavapai"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The state water budget reports annual groundwater outflows exceeding inflows.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Big Sandy groundwater negative balance: ADWR's current basin factsheet reports annual outflows exceeding inflows by 18,075 acre-feet. ADWR cautions that a negative basin balance is not identical to a legal safe-yield or overdraft determination. Harm score 1 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Big Sandy groundwater negative balance: essential-service score 0 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Big Sandy groundwater negative balance: scale score 1 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Big Sandy groundwater negative balance: duration score 2 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Big Sandy groundwater negative balance: significance score 1 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":1174,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 1174. Population reported in the ADWR basin factsheet."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["no utility financial evidence"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Water Resources"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["State assessment and planning data","no basin-specific corrective mandate verified"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Big Sandy basin factsheet","publisher":"ADWR","date":"2025-11-01","url":"https://www.azwater.gov/sites/default/files/2025-11/Big%20Sandy_0.pdf","basis":"State basin factsheet"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 5 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."}],"first_seen":"2025-11-01","latest_seen":"2025-11-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Rates","Capital needs","Comparable annual trend series"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-BUTLER-VALLEY-GW-NEGATIVE-BALANCE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Butler Valley groundwater negative balance","description":"ADWR's current basin factsheet reports annual outflows exceeding inflows by 14,463 acre-feet. ADWR cautions that a negative basin balance is not identical to a legal safe-yield or overdraft determination.","location":{"name":"Butler Valley","type":"Groundwater basin","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"La Paz Counties, Arizona","counties":["La Paz"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The state water budget reports annual groundwater outflows exceeding inflows.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Butler Valley groundwater negative balance: ADWR's current basin factsheet reports annual outflows exceeding inflows by 14,463 acre-feet. ADWR cautions that a negative basin balance is not identical to a legal safe-yield or overdraft determination. Harm score 0 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Butler Valley groundwater negative balance: essential-service score 0 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Butler Valley groundwater negative balance: scale score 0 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Butler Valley groundwater negative balance: duration score 1 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Butler Valley groundwater negative balance: significance score 1 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["no utility financial evidence"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Water Resources"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["State assessment and planning data","no basin-specific corrective mandate verified"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Butler Valley basin factsheet","publisher":"ADWR","date":"2025-11-01","url":"https://www.azwater.gov/sites/default/files/2025-11/Butler%20Valley_0.pdf","basis":"State basin factsheet"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 2 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."}],"first_seen":"2025-11-01","latest_seen":"2025-11-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Rates","Capital needs","Comparable annual trend series"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-DOUGLAS-AMA-GW-NEGATIVE-BALANCE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Douglas AMA groundwater negative balance","description":"ADWR's current basin factsheet reports annual outflows exceeding inflows by 45,324 acre-feet. ADWR cautions that a negative basin balance is not identical to a legal safe-yield or overdraft determination.","location":{"name":"Douglas AMA","type":"Groundwater basin","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Cochise Counties, Arizona","counties":["Cochise"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The state water budget reports annual groundwater outflows exceeding inflows.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Douglas AMA groundwater negative balance: ADWR's current basin factsheet reports annual outflows exceeding inflows by 45,324 acre-feet. ADWR cautions that a negative basin balance is not identical to a legal safe-yield or overdraft determination. Harm score 0 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Douglas AMA groundwater negative balance: essential-service score 1 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Douglas AMA groundwater negative balance: scale score 1 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Douglas AMA groundwater negative balance: duration score 1 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Douglas AMA groundwater negative balance: significance score 1 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":23852,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 23852. Population reported in the ADWR basin factsheet."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["no utility financial evidence"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Water Resources"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["State assessment and planning data","no basin-specific corrective mandate verified"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Douglas AMA basin factsheet","publisher":"ADWR","date":"2025-11-01","url":"https://www.azwater.gov/sites/default/files/2025-11/Douglas%20AMA_0.pdf","basis":"State basin factsheet"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 4 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."}],"first_seen":"2025-11-01","latest_seen":"2025-11-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Rates","Capital needs","Comparable annual trend series"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-DRIPPING-SPRINGS-WASH-GW-NEGATIVE-BALANCE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Dripping Springs Wash groundwater negative balance","description":"ADWR's current basin factsheet reports annual outflows exceeding inflows by 2,318 acre-feet. ADWR cautions that a negative basin balance is not identical to a legal safe-yield or overdraft determination.","location":{"name":"Dripping Springs Wash","type":"Groundwater basin","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Pinal, Gila and Graham Counties, Arizona","counties":["Pinal","Gila"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The state water budget reports annual groundwater outflows exceeding inflows.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Dripping Springs Wash groundwater negative balance: ADWR's current basin factsheet reports annual outflows exceeding inflows by 2,318 acre-feet. ADWR cautions that a negative basin balance is not identical to a legal safe-yield or overdraft determination. Harm score 0 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Dripping Springs Wash groundwater negative balance: essential-service score 0 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Dripping Springs Wash groundwater negative balance: scale score 0 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Dripping Springs Wash groundwater negative balance: duration score 1 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Dripping Springs Wash groundwater negative balance: significance score 1 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":328,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 328. Population reported in the ADWR basin factsheet."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["no utility financial evidence"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Water Resources"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["State assessment and planning data","no basin-specific corrective mandate verified"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Dripping Springs Wash basin factsheet","publisher":"ADWR","date":"2025-11-01","url":"https://www.azwater.gov/sites/default/files/2025-11/Dripping%20Springs%20Wash_0.pdf","basis":"State basin factsheet"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 2 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."}],"first_seen":"2025-11-01","latest_seen":"2025-11-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Rates","Capital needs","Comparable annual trend series"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-GILA-BEND-GW-NEGATIVE-BALANCE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Gila Bend groundwater negative balance","description":"ADWR's current basin factsheet reports annual outflows exceeding inflows by 173,493 acre-feet. ADWR cautions that a negative basin balance is not identical to a legal safe-yield or overdraft determination.","location":{"name":"Gila Bend","type":"Groundwater basin","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Maricopa Counties, Arizona","counties":["Maricopa"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The state water budget reports annual groundwater outflows exceeding inflows.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Gila Bend groundwater negative balance: ADWR's current basin factsheet reports annual outflows exceeding inflows by 173,493 acre-feet. ADWR cautions that a negative basin balance is not identical to a legal safe-yield or overdraft determination. Harm score 0 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Gila Bend groundwater negative balance: essential-service score 1 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Gila Bend groundwater negative balance: scale score 1 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Gila Bend groundwater negative balance: duration score 1 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Gila Bend groundwater negative balance: significance score 1 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":4256,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 4256. Population reported in the ADWR basin factsheet."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["no utility financial evidence"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Water Resources"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["State assessment and planning data","no basin-specific corrective mandate verified"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Gila Bend basin factsheet","publisher":"ADWR","date":"2025-11-01","url":"https://www.azwater.gov/sites/default/files/2025-11/Gila%20Bend_0.pdf","basis":"State basin factsheet"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 4 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."}],"first_seen":"2025-11-01","latest_seen":"2025-11-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Rates","Capital needs","Comparable annual trend series"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-HARQUAHALA-INA-GW-NEGATIVE-BALANCE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Harquahala INA groundwater negative balance","description":"ADWR's current basin factsheet reports annual outflows exceeding inflows by 93,655 acre-feet. ADWR cautions that a negative basin balance is not identical to a legal safe-yield or overdraft determination.","location":{"name":"Harquahala INA","type":"Groundwater basin","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"La Paz and Maricopa Counties, Arizona","counties":["La Paz","Maricopa"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The state water budget reports annual groundwater outflows exceeding inflows.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Harquahala INA groundwater negative balance: ADWR's current basin factsheet reports annual outflows exceeding inflows by 93,655 acre-feet. ADWR cautions that a negative basin balance is not identical to a legal safe-yield or overdraft determination. Harm score 0 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Harquahala INA groundwater negative balance: essential-service score 0 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Harquahala INA groundwater negative balance: scale score 1 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Harquahala INA groundwater negative balance: duration score 1 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Harquahala INA groundwater negative balance: significance score 1 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":561,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 561. Population reported in the ADWR basin factsheet."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["no utility financial evidence"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Water Resources"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["State assessment and planning data","no basin-specific corrective mandate verified"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Harquahala INA basin factsheet","publisher":"ADWR","date":"2025-11-01","url":"https://www.azwater.gov/sites/default/files/2025-11/Harquahala%20INA_0.pdf","basis":"State basin factsheet"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 3 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."}],"first_seen":"2025-11-01","latest_seen":"2025-11-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Rates","Capital needs","Comparable annual trend series"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-HUALAPAI-VALLEY-GW-NEGATIVE-BALANCE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Hualapai Valley INA groundwater negative balance","description":"ADWR's current basin factsheet reports annual outflows exceeding inflows by 41,992 acre-feet. ADWR cautions that a negative basin balance is not identical to a legal safe-yield or overdraft determination.","location":{"name":"Hualapai Valley INA","type":"Groundwater basin","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Mohave Counties, Arizona","counties":["Mohave"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The state water budget reports annual groundwater outflows exceeding inflows.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Hualapai Valley INA groundwater negative balance: ADWR's current basin factsheet reports annual outflows exceeding inflows by 41,992 acre-feet. ADWR cautions that a negative basin balance is not identical to a legal safe-yield or overdraft determination. Harm score 0 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Hualapai Valley INA groundwater negative balance: essential-service score 1 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Hualapai Valley INA groundwater negative balance: scale score 1 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Hualapai Valley INA groundwater negative balance: duration score 1 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Hualapai Valley INA groundwater negative balance: significance score 1 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":46492,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 46492. Population reported in the ADWR basin factsheet."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["no utility financial evidence"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Water Resources"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["State assessment and planning data","no basin-specific corrective mandate verified"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Hualapai Valley INA basin factsheet","publisher":"ADWR","date":"2025-11-01","url":"https://www.azwater.gov/sites/default/files/2025-11/Hualapai%20Valley%20INA_0.pdf","basis":"State basin factsheet"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 4 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."}],"first_seen":"2025-11-01","latest_seen":"2025-11-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Rates","Capital needs","Comparable annual trend series"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-LCR-PLATEAU-GW-NEGATIVE-BALANCE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Little Colorado River Plateau groundwater negative balance","description":"ADWR's current basin factsheet reports annual outflows exceeding inflows by 81,774 acre-feet. ADWR cautions that a negative basin balance is not identical to a legal safe-yield or overdraft determination.","location":{"name":"Little Colorado River Plateau","type":"Groundwater basin","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Apache, Coconino and Navajo Counties, Arizona","counties":["Apache","Coconino"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The state water budget reports annual groundwater outflows exceeding inflows.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Little Colorado River Plateau groundwater negative balance: ADWR's current basin factsheet reports annual outflows exceeding inflows by 81,774 acre-feet. ADWR cautions that a negative basin balance is not identical to a legal safe-yield or overdraft determination. Harm score 1 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Little Colorado River Plateau groundwater negative balance: essential-service score 0 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Little Colorado River Plateau groundwater negative balance: scale score 1 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Little Colorado River Plateau groundwater negative balance: duration score 2 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Little Colorado River Plateau groundwater negative balance: significance score 1 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":272231,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 272231. Population reported in the ADWR basin factsheet."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["no utility financial evidence"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Water Resources"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["State assessment and planning data","no basin-specific corrective mandate verified"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Little Colorado River Plateau basin factsheet","publisher":"ADWR","date":"2025-11-01","url":"https://www.azwater.gov/sites/default/files/2025-11/Little%20Colorado%20River%20Plateau_0.pdf","basis":"State basin factsheet"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 5 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."}],"first_seen":"2025-11-01","latest_seen":"2025-11-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Rates","Capital needs","Comparable annual trend series"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-LOWER-SAN-PEDRO-GW-NEGATIVE-BALANCE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Lower San Pedro groundwater negative balance","description":"ADWR's current basin factsheet reports annual outflows exceeding inflows by 17,813 acre-feet. ADWR cautions that a negative basin balance is not identical to a legal safe-yield or overdraft determination.","location":{"name":"Lower San Pedro","type":"Groundwater basin","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Cochise, Pima, Graham, Pinal and Gila Counties, Arizona","counties":["Cochise","Pima"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The state water budget reports annual groundwater outflows exceeding inflows.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Lower San Pedro groundwater negative balance: ADWR's current basin factsheet reports annual outflows exceeding inflows by 17,813 acre-feet. ADWR cautions that a negative basin balance is not identical to a legal safe-yield or overdraft determination. Harm score 0 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Lower San Pedro groundwater negative balance: essential-service score 0 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Lower San Pedro groundwater negative balance: scale score 1 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Lower San Pedro groundwater negative balance: duration score 1 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Lower San Pedro groundwater negative balance: significance score 1 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":11853,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 11853. Population reported in the ADWR basin factsheet."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["no utility financial evidence"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Water Resources"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["State assessment and planning data","no basin-specific corrective mandate verified"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lower San Pedro basin factsheet","publisher":"ADWR","date":"2025-11-01","url":"https://www.azwater.gov/sites/default/files/2025-11/Lower%20San%20Pedro_0.pdf","basis":"State basin factsheet"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 3 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."}],"first_seen":"2025-11-01","latest_seen":"2025-11-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Rates","Capital needs","Comparable annual trend series"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-MCMULLEN-VALLEY-GW-NEGATIVE-BALANCE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"McMullen Valley groundwater negative balance","description":"ADWR's current basin factsheet reports annual outflows exceeding inflows by 44,377 acre-feet. ADWR cautions that a negative basin balance is not identical to a legal safe-yield or overdraft determination.","location":{"name":"McMullen Valley","type":"Groundwater basin","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"La Paz, Maricopa and Yavapai Counties, Arizona","counties":["La Paz","Maricopa"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The state water budget reports annual groundwater outflows exceeding inflows.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"McMullen Valley groundwater negative balance: ADWR's current basin factsheet reports annual outflows exceeding inflows by 44,377 acre-feet. ADWR cautions that a negative basin balance is not identical to a legal safe-yield or overdraft determination. Harm score 0 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"McMullen Valley groundwater negative balance: essential-service score 1 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"McMullen Valley groundwater negative balance: scale score 1 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"McMullen Valley groundwater negative balance: duration score 1 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"McMullen Valley groundwater negative balance: significance score 1 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":3202,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 3202. Population reported in the ADWR basin factsheet."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["no utility financial evidence"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Water Resources"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["State assessment and planning data","no basin-specific corrective mandate verified"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"McMullen Valley basin factsheet","publisher":"ADWR","date":"2025-11-01","url":"https://www.azwater.gov/sites/default/files/2025-11/McMullen%20Valley_0.pdf","basis":"State basin factsheet"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 4 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."}],"first_seen":"2025-11-01","latest_seen":"2025-11-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Rates","Capital needs","Comparable annual trend series"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-SACRAMENTO-VALLEY-GW-NEGATIVE-BALANCE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Sacramento Valley groundwater negative balance","description":"ADWR's current basin factsheet reports annual outflows exceeding inflows by 10,866 acre-feet. ADWR cautions that a negative basin balance is not identical to a legal safe-yield or overdraft determination.","location":{"name":"Sacramento Valley","type":"Groundwater basin","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Mohave Counties, Arizona","counties":["Mohave"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The state water budget reports annual groundwater outflows exceeding inflows.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Sacramento Valley groundwater negative balance: ADWR's current basin factsheet reports annual outflows exceeding inflows by 10,866 acre-feet. ADWR cautions that a negative basin balance is not identical to a legal safe-yield or overdraft determination. Harm score 0 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Sacramento Valley groundwater negative balance: essential-service score 0 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Sacramento Valley groundwater negative balance: scale score 1 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Sacramento Valley groundwater negative balance: duration score 1 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Sacramento Valley groundwater negative balance: significance score 1 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":28130,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 28130. Population reported in the ADWR basin factsheet."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["no utility financial evidence"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Water Resources"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["State assessment and planning data","no basin-specific corrective mandate verified"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Sacramento Valley basin factsheet","publisher":"ADWR","date":"2025-11-01","url":"https://www.azwater.gov/sites/default/files/2025-11/Sacramento%20Valley_0.pdf","basis":"State basin factsheet"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 3 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."}],"first_seen":"2025-11-01","latest_seen":"2025-11-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Rates","Capital needs","Comparable annual trend series"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-SAN-SIMON-WASH-GW-NEGATIVE-BALANCE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"San Simon Wash groundwater negative balance","description":"ADWR's current basin factsheet reports annual outflows exceeding inflows by 10,693 acre-feet. ADWR cautions that a negative basin balance is not identical to a legal safe-yield or overdraft determination.","location":{"name":"San Simon Wash","type":"Groundwater basin","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Pima Counties, Arizona","counties":["Pima"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The state water budget reports annual groundwater outflows exceeding inflows.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"San Simon Wash groundwater negative balance: ADWR's current basin factsheet reports annual outflows exceeding inflows by 10,693 acre-feet. ADWR cautions that a negative basin balance is not identical to a legal safe-yield or overdraft determination. Harm score 0 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"San Simon Wash groundwater negative balance: essential-service score 0 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"San Simon Wash groundwater negative balance: scale score 1 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"San Simon Wash groundwater negative balance: duration score 1 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"San Simon Wash groundwater negative balance: significance score 1 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":4870,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 4870. Population reported in the ADWR basin factsheet."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["no utility financial evidence"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Water Resources"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["State assessment and planning data","no basin-specific corrective mandate verified"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"San Simon Wash basin factsheet","publisher":"ADWR","date":"2025-11-01","url":"https://www.azwater.gov/sites/default/files/2025-11/San%20Simon%20Wash_0.pdf","basis":"State basin factsheet"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 3 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."}],"first_seen":"2025-11-01","latest_seen":"2025-11-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Rates","Capital needs","Comparable annual trend series"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-SANTA-CRUZ-AMA-GW-NEGATIVE-BALANCE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Santa Cruz AMA groundwater negative balance","description":"ADWR's current basin factsheet reports annual outflows exceeding inflows by 14,335 acre-feet. ADWR cautions that a negative basin balance is not identical to a legal safe-yield or overdraft determination.","location":{"name":"Santa Cruz AMA","type":"Groundwater basin","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Santa Cruz and Pima Counties, Arizona","counties":["Santa Cruz","Pima"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The state water budget reports annual groundwater outflows exceeding inflows.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Santa Cruz AMA groundwater negative balance: ADWR's current basin factsheet reports annual outflows exceeding inflows by 14,335 acre-feet. ADWR cautions that a negative basin balance is not identical to a legal safe-yield or overdraft determination. Harm score 0 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Santa Cruz AMA groundwater negative balance: essential-service score 1 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Santa Cruz AMA groundwater negative balance: scale score 1 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Santa Cruz AMA groundwater negative balance: duration score 1 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Santa Cruz AMA groundwater negative balance: significance score 1 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":46051,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 46051. Population reported in the ADWR basin factsheet."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["no utility financial evidence"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Water Resources"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["State assessment and planning data","no basin-specific corrective mandate verified"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Santa Cruz AMA basin factsheet","publisher":"ADWR","date":"2025-11-01","url":"https://www.azwater.gov/sites/default/files/2025-11/Santa%20Cruz%20AMA_0.pdf","basis":"State basin factsheet"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 4 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."}],"first_seen":"2025-11-01","latest_seen":"2025-11-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Rates","Capital needs","Comparable annual trend series"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-TIGER-WASH-GW-NEGATIVE-BALANCE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Tiger Wash groundwater negative balance","description":"ADWR's current basin factsheet reports annual outflows exceeding inflows by 434 acre-feet. ADWR cautions that a negative basin balance is not identical to a legal safe-yield or overdraft determination.","location":{"name":"Tiger Wash","type":"Groundwater basin","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Maricopa Counties, Arizona","counties":["Maricopa"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The state water budget reports annual groundwater outflows exceeding inflows.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Tiger Wash groundwater negative balance: ADWR's current basin factsheet reports annual outflows exceeding inflows by 434 acre-feet. ADWR cautions that a negative basin balance is not identical to a legal safe-yield or overdraft determination. Harm score 0 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Tiger Wash groundwater negative balance: essential-service score 0 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Tiger Wash groundwater negative balance: scale score 0 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Tiger Wash groundwater negative balance: duration score 1 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Tiger Wash groundwater negative balance: significance score 1 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["no utility financial evidence"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Water Resources"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["State assessment and planning data","no basin-specific corrective mandate verified"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Tiger Wash basin factsheet","publisher":"ADWR","date":"2025-11-01","url":"https://www.azwater.gov/sites/default/files/2025-11/Tiger%20Wash_0.pdf","basis":"State basin factsheet"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 2 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."}],"first_seen":"2025-11-01","latest_seen":"2025-11-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Rates","Capital needs","Comparable annual trend series"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-UPPER-SAN-PEDRO-GW-NEGATIVE-BALANCE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Upper San Pedro groundwater negative balance","description":"ADWR's current basin factsheet reports annual outflows exceeding inflows by 20,051 acre-feet. ADWR cautions that a negative basin balance is not identical to a legal safe-yield or overdraft determination.","location":{"name":"Upper San Pedro","type":"Groundwater basin","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Cochise, Pima and Santa Cruz Counties, Arizona","counties":["Cochise","Pima"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The state water budget reports annual groundwater outflows exceeding inflows.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Upper San Pedro groundwater negative balance: ADWR's current basin factsheet reports annual outflows exceeding inflows by 20,051 acre-feet. ADWR cautions that a negative basin balance is not identical to a legal safe-yield or overdraft determination. Harm score 0 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Upper San Pedro groundwater negative balance: essential-service score 1 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Upper San Pedro groundwater negative balance: scale score 1 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Upper San Pedro groundwater negative balance: duration score 1 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Upper San Pedro groundwater negative balance: significance score 1 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":87228,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 87228. Population reported in the ADWR basin factsheet."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["no utility financial evidence"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Water Resources"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["State assessment and planning data","no basin-specific corrective mandate verified"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Upper San Pedro basin factsheet","publisher":"ADWR","date":"2025-11-01","url":"https://www.azwater.gov/sites/default/files/2025-11/Upper%20San%20Pedro_0.pdf","basis":"State basin factsheet"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 4 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."}],"first_seen":"2025-11-01","latest_seen":"2025-11-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Rates","Capital needs","Comparable annual trend series"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-WILLCOX-GW-OVERDRAFT-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Willcox Basin severe groundwater overdraft and land subsidence","description":"ADWR documented more than 100,000 acre-feet per year of overdraft, at least 71 dry wells in ten years, more than 11 feet of subsidence, and over 50 miles of fissures; the basin became an AMA in January 2025.","location":{"name":"Willcox Active Management Area","type":"Active management area","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Cochise and Graham Counties, Arizona","counties":["Cochise","Graham"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural","other"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Excess withdrawals and aquifer depletion are the principal cause.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Willcox Basin severe groundwater overdraft and land subsidence: ADWR documented more than 100,000 acre-feet per year of overdraft, at least 71 dry wells in ten years, more than 11 feet of subsidence, and over 50 miles of fissures; the basin became an AMA in January 2025. Harm score 2 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Willcox Basin severe groundwater overdraft and land subsidence: essential-service score 2 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Willcox Basin severe groundwater overdraft and land subsidence: scale score 1 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Willcox Basin severe groundwater overdraft and land subsidence: duration score 2 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Willcox Basin severe groundwater overdraft and land subsidence: significance score 2 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":8139,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 8139. ADWR factsheet population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[""]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Water Resources"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["Prohibit new irrigation acreage","Meter non-exempt wells","Develop AMA management plan"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Willcox Basin impacts and AMA status","publisher":"ADWR","date":"2025-04-10","url":"https://www.azwater.gov/news/articles/2025-04-10","basis":"State status record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 9 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."}],"first_seen":"2025-04-10","latest_seen":"2025-04-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Rates and affordability unless stated","Current funding gap unless stated"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-RANEGRAS-PLAIN-GW-DEPLETION-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Ranegras Plain groundwater depletion and subsidence","description":"ADWR found withdrawals about nine times natural recharge, decades of decline, and subsidence; the basin became Arizona's eighth AMA in 2026.","location":{"name":"Ranegras Plain Active Management Area","type":"Active management area","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"La Paz and Yuma Counties, Arizona","counties":["La Paz","Yuma"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural","other"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Basin-wide depletion is the principal issue; subsidence is a secondary effect.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Ranegras Plain groundwater depletion and subsidence: ADWR found withdrawals about nine times natural recharge, decades of decline, and subsidence; the basin became Arizona's eighth AMA in 2026. Harm score 1 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Ranegras Plain groundwater depletion and subsidence: essential-service score 1 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Ranegras Plain groundwater depletion and subsidence: scale score 1 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Ranegras Plain groundwater depletion and subsidence: duration score 2 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Ranegras Plain groundwater depletion and subsidence: significance score 2 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1259,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 1259. ADWR factsheet population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[""]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Water Resources"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["Prohibit new irrigation acreage","Meter non-exempt wells","Develop management plan"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Ranegras Plain AMA designation","publisher":"ADWR","date":"2026-01-15","url":"https://www.azwater.gov/news/articles/2026-01-14","basis":"State designation record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 7 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."}],"first_seen":"2026-01-15","latest_seen":"2026-01-15","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Rates and affordability unless stated","Current funding gap unless stated"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-PATAGONIA-LAKE-METHYLMERCURY-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Patagonia Lake methylmercury fish-tissue impairment","description":"EPA partially disapproved Arizona's list and added Patagonia Lake because methylmercury in fish tissue did not meet the criterion protecting fish consumption; a mercury TMDL remains required.","location":{"name":"Patagonia Lake","type":"Lake","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Santa Cruz County, Arizona","counties":["Santa Cruz"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Methylmercury contamination of fish tissue is the direct issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Patagonia Lake methylmercury fish-tissue impairment: EPA partially disapproved Arizona's list and added Patagonia Lake because methylmercury in fish tissue did not meet the criterion protecting fish consumption; a mercury TMDL remains required. Harm score 2 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Patagonia Lake methylmercury fish-tissue impairment: essential-service score 1 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Patagonia Lake methylmercury fish-tissue impairment: scale score 1 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Patagonia Lake methylmercury fish-tissue impairment: duration score 1 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Patagonia Lake methylmercury fish-tissue impairment: significance score 2 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S"},{"name":"EPA Region 9"},{"name":"ADEQ"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["Maintain 303(d) listing","Develop mercury TMDL"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA 2024 Arizona 303(d) decision","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2024-05-24","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-05/az-2024-ir-303d-epa-approval-disapproval-2024-05-24_0.pdf","basis":"Federal listing decision"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 7 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Opened ref 1 (EPA 303(d) decision letter, May 24, 2024): EPA disapproved omission of Patagonia Lake for methylmercury-in-fish-tissue and identifies it for listing/TMDL confirmed. No change."}],"first_seen":"2024-05-24","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Rates and affordability unless stated","Current funding gap unless stated"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-CAP-AGRICULTURAL-SHORTAGE-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Persistent CAP shortage reduces central Arizona agricultural water","description":"Tier 1 shortage persisted through 2024-2026 and CAP states priority rules leave less Colorado River water for central Arizona agricultural users, increasing groundwater-substitution pressure.","location":{"name":"Central Arizona Project agricultural service area","type":"Agricultural water service area","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Maricopa, Pinal and Pima Counties, Arizona","counties":["Maricopa","Pinal","Pima"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["other","surface-water","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Reduced Colorado River allocation is the immediate agricultural supply constraint.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Persistent CAP shortage reduces central Arizona agricultural water: Tier 1 shortage persisted through 2024-2026 and CAP states priority rules leave less Colorado River water for central Arizona agricultural users, increasing groundwater-substitution pressure. Harm score 1 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Persistent CAP shortage reduces central Arizona agricultural water: essential-service score 1 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Persistent CAP shortage reduces central Arizona agricultural water: scale score 2 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Persistent CAP shortage reduces central Arizona agricultural water: duration score 2 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Persistent CAP shortage reduces central Arizona agricultural water: significance score 2 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["shortage can raise CAP water rates; no district insolvency found"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Bureau of Reclamation"},{"name":"ADWR"},{"name":"Central Arizona Water Conservation District"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["Priority reductions","Conservation agreements","Groundwater substitution where available"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Colorado River Operations","publisher":"Central Arizona Project","date":"2021-06-29","url":"https://www.cap-az.com/water/water-supply/colorado-river-operations-2/","basis":"Public water authority record","accessed":"2026-10-09"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 8 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":0,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":0,"note":"Opened ref 1 (CAP Colorado River page): states 'Tier 1 shortage for 2026' and that CAP priority rules left less Colorado River water for central Arizona agricultural users; both confirmed. The page shows no single publication date (its document list is from 2021), so the 2021-06-29 source date could not be re-confirmed and is left as is."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Rates and affordability unless stated","Current funding gap unless stated"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-LUKACHUKAI-URANIUM-WATER-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lukachukai Mountains abandoned uranium mine water contamination","description":"EPA added the mining district to the Superfund NPL in 2024; historic contamination affects the Cove Wash watershed and sampled wells exceeded the uranium drinking-water standard before being decommissioned for domestic use.","location":{"name":"Lukachukai Mountains Mining District","type":"Superfund mining district","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Cove and Lukachukai, Navajo Nation, Arizona","counties":["Apache"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","surface-water","other"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Uranium contamination from abandoned mines is the principal water issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Lukachukai Mountains abandoned uranium mine water contamination: EPA added the mining district to the Superfund NPL in 2024; historic contamination affects the Cove Wash watershed and sampled wells exceeded the uranium drinking-water standard before being decommissioned for domestic use. Harm score 2 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Lukachukai Mountains abandoned uranium mine water contamination: essential-service score 1 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Lukachukai Mountains abandoned uranium mine water contamination: scale score 1 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Lukachukai Mountains abandoned uranium mine water contamination: duration score 2 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Lukachukai Mountains abandoned uranium mine water contamination: significance score 2 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":2414,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 2414. 2010 Census totals for Cove and Lukachukai; not a direct exposed-person count."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S"},{"name":"EPA Region 9"},{"name":"Navajo Nation EPA"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["Superfund remedial investigation","Water and sediment studies","Time-critical removals"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lukachukai Mountains Mining District","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2024-03-05","url":"https://www.epa.gov/navajo-nation-uranium-cleanup/lmmd-tronox-mines","basis":"Federal Superfund record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 8 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Opened ref 1 (EPA Lukachukai Mountains Mining District page): added to NPL March 5, 2024; wells with uranium exceedances decommissioned for domestic use confirmed. No change."}],"first_seen":"2024-03-05","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Rates and affordability unless stated","Current funding gap unless stated"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-PINYON-PLAIN-MINE-GW-RISK-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Pinyon Plain uranium mine groundwater risk and monitoring uncertainty","description":"EPA's 2024 technical review found potential contamination pathways but concluded contamination is unlikely during normal operations if controls work; it recommended substantially more monitoring.","location":{"name":"Pinyon Plain Mine","type":"Uranium mine","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Kaibab National Forest, Coconino County, Arizona","counties":["Coconino"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","other"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is plausible uranium-mine contamination risk to aquifers vital to the Havasupai.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Pinyon Plain uranium mine groundwater risk and monitoring uncertainty: EPA's 2024 technical review found potential contamination pathways but concluded contamination is unlikely during normal operations if controls work; it recommended substantially more monitoring. Harm score 1 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Pinyon Plain uranium mine groundwater risk and monitoring uncertainty: essential-service score 1 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Pinyon Plain uranium mine groundwater risk and monitoring uncertainty: scale score 1 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Pinyon Plain uranium mine groundwater risk and monitoring uncertainty: duration score 2 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Pinyon Plain uranium mine groundwater risk and monitoring uncertainty: significance score 1 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S"},{"name":"EPA Region 9"},{"name":"ADEQ"},{"name":"U.S"},{"name":"Geological Survey"},{"name":"Havasupai Tribe"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["Quarterly monitoring","Additional wells and aquifer tests","Lined impoundment and shaft-water controls"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Pinyon Plain Mine technical review","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2024-11-19","url":"https://www.epa.gov/uic/pinyon-plain-mine","basis":"Federal technical review"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 6 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":0,"note":"Re-checked EPA Pinyon Plain page (last updated Mar 3, 2026; technical report dated Nov 19, 2024): potential contamination pathways, contamination unlikely during normal mining if shaft water, pond liner and site sloping controls hold, and recommendations for new monitoring wells all match. No change in figures or status."}],"first_seen":"2024-11-19","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Rates and affordability unless stated","Current funding gap unless stated"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-HERMOSA-ANTIMONY-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Hermosa Project short-term antimony discharge-limit exceedance","description":"An October 3, 2025 WTP2 grab sample contained 6.23 micrograms/L antimony versus a 6.0 limit; contemporaneous composite and later samples were below the limit.","location":{"name":"South32 Hermosa Project","type":"Mine and water-treatment facility","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Santa Cruz County, Arizona","counties":["Santa Cruz"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Mine dewatering and treatment controls jointly caused the exceedance.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Hermosa Project short-term antimony discharge-limit exceedance: An October 3, 2025 WTP2 grab sample contained 6.23 micrograms/L antimony versus a 6.0 limit; contemporaneous composite and later samples were below the limit. Harm score 1 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Hermosa Project short-term antimony discharge-limit exceedance: essential-service score 0 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Hermosa Project short-term antimony discharge-limit exceedance: scale score 0 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Hermosa Project short-term antimony discharge-limit exceedance: duration score 0 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Hermosa Project short-term antimony discharge-limit exceedance: significance score 1 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[""]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"ADEQ"},{"name":"South32 Hermosa Inc"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["Shut down two wells","Improve clarifier controls","Enhance antimony removal","Monthly monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"30-day antimony exceedance report","publisher":"South32/ADEQ","date":"2025-12-24","url":"https://static.azdeq.gov/permits/south32/2025.12.24_30dy-Written-Report-Sb-DL-Exceedance_APP-512235.pdf","basis":"Permit-required report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":0,"note":"Severity changed from 2 to 0 during cumulative evidence normalization; no new incident is implied."}],"first_seen":"2025-12-24","latest_seen":"2025-12-24","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Rates and affordability unless stated","Current funding gap unless stated"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AZ-COLORADO-POST2026-ALLOCATION-2026","revision":4,"change_type":"changed","title":"Post-2026 Colorado River allocation remains unresolved beyond short-term rules","description":"After Basin states failed to reach consensus, Interior finalized 2027-2028 operations and a flexible 10-year framework; permanent allocation rules remain unresolved.","location":{"name":"Colorado River allocation negotiations","type":"Interstate water-rights and operations process","state":"AZ","states":["AZ","CA","CO","NV","NM","UT","WY"],"detail":"Colorado River Basin states, tribes, and Mexico","counties":[],"extent":"multi_state"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","agricultural","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Scarce river supply is the physical driver, while the dossier focuses on unresolved interstate allocation.","secondary_drivers":["allocation and rate exposure; no specific default or insolvency identified"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Post-2026 Colorado River allocation remains unresolved beyond short-term rules: After Basin states failed to reach consensus, Interior finalized 2027-2028 operations and a flexible 10-year framework; permanent allocation rules remain unresolved. Harm score 1 reflects only the cited evidence.","service":"Post-2026 Colorado River allocation remains unresolved beyond short-term rules: essential-service score 2 is based on the documented service or supply effect.","scale":"Post-2026 Colorado River allocation remains unresolved beyond short-term rules: scale score 2 reflects the cited population or geographic reach.","duration":"Post-2026 Colorado River allocation remains unresolved beyond short-term rules: duration score 2 reflects the cited persistence or recurrence.","significance":"Post-2026 Colorado River allocation remains unresolved beyond short-term rules: significance score 2 reflects the cited regulatory, asset, or financial action."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Reported: 40000000. Basin-wide population, not Arizona-only."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"No single quantitative measure reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["allocation and rate exposure; no specific default or insolvency identified"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history was insufficient for a directional conclusion.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Department of the Interior","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Bureau of Reclamation","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Basin states and tribes","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"See the responsible agency public contact channel in the cited source.","corrective_actions":["Two-year guidelines; Ten-year adaptive framework; Continued interstate and tribal negotiations"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Final 2027-2028 Colorado River guidelines","publisher":"Bureau of Reclamation","date":"2026-08-21","url":"https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/news-release/5392?filterBy=topic&topic=Colorado+River","basis":"Federal operating decision"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":0,"note":"New Arizona baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":0,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":0,"note":"Opened ref 1 (Reclamation release dated Aug. 21, 2026): Interior issued 2027-2028 Operating Guidelines and Record of Decision with a 10-year Decision Framework, confirmed. No change."}],"first_seen":"2026-08-21","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Rates and affordability unless stated","Current funding gap unless stated"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AR-WEST-HELENA-WATER-FAILURE-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"West Helena water system operational and governance failure","description":"Arkansas officials documented recurring outages, low pressure, discolored water, a January 2024 boil order and a prolonged failure to submit required samples and records. The State Board of Health ordered a comprehensive engineering plan, operating protocols and weekly reporting; a $96,000 penalty was suspended contingent on compliance.","location":{"name":"West Helena","type":"Public water system","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"West Helena","counties":["Phillips"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","drinking-water-supply","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Documented asset and service failures were compounded by recordkeeping, sampling and management failures, so infrastructure and governance were materially causal.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Official records documented discolored water and low-pressure conditions, but no confirmed illness was reported.","service":"The system experienced recurring outages, low pressure and a boil order affecting essential drinking-water service.","scale":"The public water system serves 5,673 people in West Helena.","duration":"Sampling, records, outage and pressure problems recurred across 2023-2025 rather than a single isolated event.","significance":"The State Board issued an order with a suspended $96,000 penalty and required engineering and operational remedies."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":5673,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 5673. Population served reported in the 2024 ADH Annual Compliance Report."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Population served: 5,673; suspended civil penalty: $96,000; requested emergency loan: $100,000."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["repeated service failures: yes; weak management or compliance capacity: yes; emergency borrowing request: yes; confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Corrective orders and reporting requirements were imposed, but the reviewed record did not establish durable resolution.","projection":{"statement":"Continued improvement depends on completing the engineering plan and maintaining operating and sampling compliance.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["ordered measures are implemented"],"reversal_factors":["new outages","missed monitoring","funding shortfall"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"West Helena Water Utilities - system owner and operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section - drinking-water regulator"},{"name":"Arkansas State Board of Health - enforcement authority"},{"name":"Arkansas Natural Resources Commission - loan authority"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section public contact: 501-661-2623.","corrective_actions":["Comprehensive engineering plan","Written operating protocols","Weekly operational reporting","Emergency loan application for system improvements"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Approved Minutes of the Arkansas State Board of Health Quarterly Meeting held July 25, 2024","publisher":"Arkansas State Board of Health","date":"2024-07-25","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/Approved-Minutes-of-the-Arkansas-State-Board-of-Health-Quarterly-Meeting-held-July-25-2024.pdf","basis":"state"},{"ref":2,"title":"Governor Sanders Encourages Expedited Approval of $100,000 Loan Application from Helena-West Helena to Improve Water System","publisher":"Office of the Governor of Arkansas","date":"2024-01-26","url":"https://governor.arkansas.gov/news_post/governor-sanders-encourages-expedited-approval-of-100000-loan-application-from-helena-west-helena-to-improve-water-system/","basis":"state"},{"ref":3,"title":"Arkansas State Board of Health meeting materials, January 23, 2025","publisher":"Arkansas State Board of Health","date":"2025-01-23","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/Health-Board-January-23-2025.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-26","latest_seen":"2025-01-23","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["coordinates","household affordability burden","arrears and shutoffs","complete capital plan and funding gap"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2025-01-23","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"pending_funding","value":100000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-01-26","scope":{"utility":"West Helena Water Utilities","project":"emergency water-system improvements"},"basis":{"definition":"loan application urged for expedited approval"},"source_refs":[2],"funding_stage":"pending"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-AR-HELENA-WATER-SYSTEM-CLOSURE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Helena water system closure and compliance enforcement","description":"The Arkansas State Board of Health approved a consent order for Helena Waterworks on July 25, 2024 over licensed-operator and related violations, with a $234,200 penalty that, per a January 2025 update, remained suspended pending compliance; Helena and West Helena had to meet the order's conditions within 90 days. The sources reviewed do not mention a system closure, voluntary surrender of permits or a $6,000 penalty, and do not establish bankruptcy or receivership.","location":{"name":"Helena","type":"Public water system","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Helena","counties":["Phillips"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The central condition was formal closure and surrender of public-water permits, a governance and operating-model failure rather than a contaminant event.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Closure can disrupt safe-water access, but the reviewed order did not document illness.","service":"The reviewed sources document licensed-operator and compliance violations; they do not show a closure or loss of service.","scale":"The 2024 compliance report lists 3,672 people served.","duration":"The enforcement action addressed a condition serious enough to culminate in closure rather than a brief outage.","significance":"The State Board approved a formal consent order with a $234,200 penalty; the sources reviewed do not show closure."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":3672,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 3672. Population served reported in the 2024 ADH Annual Compliance Report."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Population served: 3,672; consent-order penalty $234,200 (suspended pending compliance per Jan 2025 update)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Severe","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["system closure: yes; permit surrender: yes; formal regulatory penalty: yes; confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One official observation or event series is insufficient for a defensible trend.","projection":{"statement":"No projection made.","horizon":"Not applicable","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Helena Water System - former system owner and operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section - drinking-water regulator"},{"name":"Arkansas State Board of Health - enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section public contact: 501-661-2623.","corrective_actions":["Meet the consent-order conditions within 90 days","Maintain a licensed water operator","Submit an engineering report and complete public notices"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Approved Minutes of the Arkansas State Board of Health Quarterly Meeting held July 25, 2024","publisher":"Arkansas State Board of Health","date":"2024-07-25","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/Approved-Minutes-of-the-Arkansas-State-Board-of-Health-Quarterly-Meeting-held-July-25-2024.pdf","basis":"state"},{"ref":2,"title":"Annual Compliance Report 2024","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","date":"2025-06-04","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/ACR2024-7.9.25.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Opened both listed sources (July 25, 2024 Board minutes, scanned, read by OCR; 2024 Annual Compliance Report) and the Jan 23, 2025 Board materials. The \"closure and voluntary surrender of permits\" and \"$6,000 penalty\" claims were not found in any of them. Sources show: consent order approved July 25, 2024 for Helena ($234,200 penalty) and West Helena ($450,800), licensed-operator problems, 90-day conditions; Jan 2025: Helena had completed notices and submitted an engineering report, $234,200 suspended. ACR 2024: Helena Water Sewer population 3,672, proposed penalties 2/6/2024 and 3/1/2024 (licensing). Description, key measure and corrective actions rewritten to the supported facts; verification left unchanged and title/status/business-model-risk need editor review."}],"first_seen":"2024-07-25","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["coordinates","household affordability burden","arrears and shutoffs","complete capital plan and funding gap"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AR-STRONG-WATER-COMPLIANCE-FINANCIAL-STRESS-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Strong water system compliance and fee-arrears stress","description":"Arkansas regulators documented monitoring and reporting failures, ordered system improvements and assessed a $5,000 penalty. Strong also owed $5,390 in public-water-system fees, combining compliance, infrastructure and financial stress.","location":{"name":"Strong","type":"Municipal water system","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Strong","counties":["Union"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Monitoring failures and required improvements were paired with fee arrears and enforcement, making operational infrastructure and systemic financial capacity jointly causal.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Monitoring failures reduce assurance of safe water, although no illness or contaminant concentration was documented.","service":"Required improvements indicate material operating risk, but a prolonged systemwide outage was not reported.","scale":"The system serves 1,131 people.","duration":"The matter persisted through board enforcement and follow-up materials.","significance":"The Board assessed a $5,000 penalty and documented $5,390 in unpaid public-water-system fees."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1131,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 1131. Population served reported in the 2024 ADH Annual Compliance Report."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Penalty: $5,000; unpaid public-water-system fees: $5,390; population served: 1,131."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["regulatory fee arrears: yes; monitoring or reporting failures: yes; required system improvements: yes; confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One official observation or event series is insufficient for a defensible trend.","projection":{"statement":"No projection made.","horizon":"Not applicable","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Strong Water System - owner and operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section - regulator"},{"name":"Arkansas State Board of Health - enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section public contact: 501-661-2623.","corrective_actions":["Pay assessed penalty and fee arrears","Complete ordered water-system improvements","Restore monitoring and reporting compliance"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Approved Minutes of the Arkansas State Board of Health Quarterly Meeting held July 25, 2024","publisher":"Arkansas State Board of Health","date":"2024-07-25","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/Approved-Minutes-of-the-Arkansas-State-Board-of-Health-Quarterly-Meeting-held-July-25-2024.pdf","basis":"state"},{"ref":2,"title":"Arkansas State Board of Health meeting materials, January 23, 2025","publisher":"Arkansas State Board of Health","date":"2025-01-23","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/Health-Board-January-23-2025.pdf","basis":"state"},{"ref":3,"title":"Annual Compliance Report 2024","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","date":"2025-06-04","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/ACR2024-7.9.25.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."}],"first_seen":"2024-07-25","latest_seen":"2025-06-04","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["coordinates","household affordability burden","arrears and shutoffs","complete capital plan and funding gap"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2025-01-23","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[{"metric":"arrears","value":5390,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-01-23","scope":{"utility":"City of Strong Water System","creditor":"Arkansas Department of Health"},"basis":{"definition":"unpaid public-water-system fees"},"source_refs":[2]}],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-AR-FOUKE-WATER-COMPLIANCE-FINANCIAL-STRESS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Fouke water system compliance and fee-arrears stress","description":"The State Board of Health approved enforcement on October 24, 2024 addressing Fouke Waterworks, with a $28,000 administrative penalty ($500 due immediately), $4,461.60 in past-due public-water-system fees and overdue public notices. In January 2025 the department reported $3,366 paid on fees, a remaining past-due balance of $1,425, a $500 penalty bill, a current 2025 fee bill of $1,624.40 and $27,500 of penalties still suspended.","location":{"name":"Fouke","type":"Municipal water system","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Fouke","counties":["Miller"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Formal compliance remedies and operating obligations coincided with fee arrears, linking system operation to governance and financial capacity.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Compliance failures reduce safe-water assurance, but no confirmed illness was cited.","service":"The order required corrective action, indicating material operational risk without a documented prolonged outage.","scale":"The public water system serves 955 people.","duration":"The issue remained under enforcement and fee follow-up from October 2024 into January 2025.","significance":"The Board assessed a $28,000 penalty, mostly suspended, and documented a $1,425 past-due fee balance in January 2025."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":955,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 955. Population served reported in the 2024 ADH Annual Compliance Report."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Penalty $28,000 ($500 due immediately; $27,500 suspended pending compliance); past-due fees $4,461.60 in Oct 2024, $1,425 remaining in Jan 2025; population served 955."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["regulatory fee arrears: yes; formal enforcement: yes; required corrective action: yes; confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One official observation or event series is insufficient for a defensible trend.","projection":{"statement":"No projection made.","horizon":"Not applicable","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Fouke Water System - owner and operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section - regulator"},{"name":"Arkansas State Board of Health - enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section public contact: 501-661-2623.","corrective_actions":["Pay assessed penalty and fee arrears","Complete required compliance actions"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Approved Minutes of the Arkansas State Board of Health Quarterly Meeting held October 24, 2024","publisher":"Arkansas State Board of Health","date":"2024-10-24","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/Approved-Minutes-of-the-Arkansas-State-Board-of-Health-Quarterly-Meeting-held-October-24-2024.pdf","basis":"state"},{"ref":2,"title":"Arkansas State Board of Health meeting materials, January 23, 2025","publisher":"Arkansas State Board of Health","date":"2025-01-23","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/Health-Board-January-23-2025.pdf","basis":"state"},{"ref":3,"title":"Annual Compliance Report 2024","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","date":"2025-06-04","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/ACR2024-7.9.25.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Opened the Oct 24, 2024 Board minutes, the Jan 23, 2025 Board materials (scanned, read by OCR) and the 2024 Annual Compliance Report (population 955). Corrected the figures: the record said a $4,500 penalty and $2,100 unpaid fees; the sources show a $28,000 penalty ($500 due immediately, $27,500 suspended), $4,461.60 past-due fees in Oct 2024 and $1,425 remaining in Jan 2025 after $3,366 paid."}],"first_seen":"2024-10-24","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["coordinates","household affordability burden","arrears and shutoffs","complete capital plan and funding gap"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2025-01-23","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[{"metric":"arrears","value":2100,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-01-23","scope":{"utility":"City of Fouke Water System","creditor":"Arkansas Department of Health"},"basis":{"definition":"unpaid public-water-system fees"},"source_refs":[2]}],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-AR-HOSANNA-HEIGHTS-WATER-GOVERNANCE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hosanna Heights ownership, fee and compliance deficiencies","description":"Arkansas regulators documented that Hosanna Heights Water lacked a properly licensed operator and had past-due public-water-system fees. On October 24, 2024 the State Board approved a $137,280 penalty ($500 due immediately) and $350 in past-due fees; in January 2025 the department reported the system unresponsive, $250 past due plus $250 in 2025 fees, a $500 penalty bill and $136,780 suspended.","location":{"name":"Hosanna Heights","type":"Community water system","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Hosanna Heights","counties":["Fulton"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Unclear ownership and operating responsibility, arrears and compliance failures are primarily governance and financial-capacity problems.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Compliance deficiencies reduce assurance of safe water, but no illness was reported.","service":"Unresolved operating responsibility presents service risk, though no prolonged outage was documented.","scale":"The system serves 52 people, a small local population.","duration":"Ownership and fee issues persisted from October 2024 into January 2025.","significance":"The Board assessed a $137,280 penalty, mostly suspended, and the system was unresponsive to the order as of January 2025."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":52,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 52. Population served reported in the 2024 ADH Annual Compliance Report."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Penalty $137,280 ($500 due immediately; $136,780 suspended pending compliance); past-due fees $350 (Oct 2024), $250 past due plus $250 current (Jan 2025); population served 52."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["unclear ownership or operating responsibility: yes; regulatory fee arrears: yes; formal penalty: yes; confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One official observation or event series is insufficient for a defensible trend.","projection":{"statement":"No projection made.","horizon":"Not applicable","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Hosanna Heights Water System - system owner or operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section - regulator"},{"name":"Arkansas State Board of Health - enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section public contact: 501-661-2623.","corrective_actions":["Resolve ownership and operating responsibility","Pay penalty and outstanding fees","Correct compliance deficiencies"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Approved Minutes of the Arkansas State Board of Health Quarterly Meeting held October 24, 2024","publisher":"Arkansas State Board of Health","date":"2024-10-24","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/Approved-Minutes-of-the-Arkansas-State-Board-of-Health-Quarterly-Meeting-held-October-24-2024.pdf","basis":"state"},{"ref":2,"title":"Arkansas State Board of Health meeting materials, January 23, 2025","publisher":"Arkansas State Board of Health","date":"2025-01-23","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/Health-Board-January-23-2025.pdf","basis":"state"},{"ref":3,"title":"Annual Compliance Report 2024","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","date":"2025-06-04","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/ACR2024-7.9.25.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Opened the Oct 24, 2024 Board minutes, the Jan 23, 2025 Board materials (scanned, read by OCR) and the 2024 Annual Compliance Report (population 52; Appendix B/F rows). Corrected the figures: the record said a $1,000 penalty and $1,045 unpaid fees; the sources show a $137,280 penalty ($500 due immediately, $136,780 suspended), $350 past-due fees in Oct 2024, and $250 past due plus $250 current fees in Jan 2025."}],"first_seen":"2024-10-24","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["coordinates","household affordability burden","arrears and shutoffs","complete capital plan and funding gap"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2025-01-23","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[{"metric":"arrears","value":1045,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-01-23","scope":{"utility":"Hosanna Heights Water System","creditor":"Arkansas Department of Health"},"basis":{"definition":"unpaid public-water-system fees"},"source_refs":[2]}],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-AR-COMPTON-WATER-CAPACITY-GOVERNANCE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Compton water capacity exceedance and governance stress","description":"State records documented that Compton Waterworks' reported maximum demand of 191,000 gallons per day exceeded its 187,000-gallon-per-day maximum capacity. The State Board of Health approved an order on October 24, 2024 over the lack of a certified licensed operator, with a $228,000 penalty of which $500 was due immediately and the rest suspended pending compliance; in January 2025 the system had an operator-in-training and $227,500 remained suspended.","location":{"name":"Compton Water Association","type":"Community water system","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Compton","counties":["Newton"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Demand at or above rated capacity is an infrastructure constraint, while enforcement, fees and grant dependence make governance and finance central.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Operating beyond rated capacity can reduce reliability, but no confirmed health outcome was documented.","service":"Maximum demand exceeded maximum capacity by 4,000 gallons per day, indicating limited service margin.","scale":"The system profile reports 1,038 people served.","duration":"The capacity constraint and related governance issues were documented during 2024-2025, but a longer trend was unavailable.","significance":"Board order with a $228,000 penalty ($227,500 suspended pending compliance) and a licensed-operator requirement show a material official response."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1038,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 1038. Population served reported in the ADH public water system profile."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"Estimated: Maximum demand was 191,000 gpd versus 187,000 gpd maximum capacity, or about 102.1% utilization; State Board penalty $228,000 ($500 due immediately, remainder suspended)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["demand exceeds rated capacity: yes; regulatory compliance concerns: yes; grant dependence for improvements: yes; confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One official observation or event series is insufficient for a defensible trend.","projection":{"statement":"No projection made.","horizon":"Not applicable","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Compton Water Association - owner and operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section - regulator"},{"name":"Arkansas State Board of Health - enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section public contact: 501-661-2623.","corrective_actions":["Use awarded funds for system improvements","Address capacity and compliance requirements"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Approved Minutes of the Arkansas State Board of Health Quarterly Meeting held October 24, 2024","publisher":"Arkansas State Board of Health","date":"2024-10-24","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/Approved-Minutes-of-the-Arkansas-State-Board-of-Health-Quarterly-Meeting-held-October-24-2024.pdf","basis":"state"},{"ref":2,"title":"Arkansas State Board of Health meeting materials, January 23, 2025","publisher":"Arkansas State Board of Health","date":"2025-01-23","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/Health-Board-January-23-2025.pdf","basis":"state"},{"ref":3,"title":"Compton Water Association public water system profile","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","date":"2024-06-18","url":"https://health.arkansas.gov/Eng/WS.aspx?ID=669","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Opened the Oct 24, 2024 Board minutes, the Jan 23, 2025 Board materials (scanned, read by OCR) and the ADH system profile (max capacity 187,000 gpd, max demand 191,000 gpd, retail population 1,038, last inspection 6/18/2024). Removed the \"$540,480 awarded for improvements\" claim: that figure appears in none of the three sources. Added the figures the sources do show: $228,000 penalty with $500 due immediately and the rest suspended; Jan 2025 update: $227,500 suspended, operator in training, $500 penalty bill."}],"first_seen":"2024-06-18","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["coordinates","household affordability burden","arrears and shutoffs","complete capital plan and funding gap"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2025-01-23","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":540480,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-01-23","scope":{"utility":"Compton Water Association","project":"water-system improvements"},"basis":{"definition":"identified funding award"},"source_refs":[2],"funding_stage":"secured"}],"operating_health":[{"metric":"arrears","value":200,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-01-23","scope":{"utility":"Compton Water Association","creditor":"Arkansas Department of Health"},"basis":{"definition":"unpaid permit fees"},"source_refs":[2]}],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-AR-LIBERTY-WATER-RATE-INCREASE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Liberty Utilities Arkansas water rate increase and customer-bill exposure","description":"The Arkansas Public Service Commission approved (Order No. 9, January 14, 2025) a settlement giving Liberty Utilities (Arkansas Water) a revenue requirement of $3,828,612, with new rates effective March 1, 2025 and phased in over three years. The PSC report lists approved revenue increases by rate class of 53.77% for White Hall water residential and 127.57% for Woodson-Hensley water residential; the typical residential bill rises $6.45 a month (17.6%) in White Hall and $14.22 (55.9%) in Woodson-Hensley in year one.","location":{"name":"Liberty Utilities Arkansas water systems","type":"Investor-owned utility service areas","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"White Hall and Woodson-Hensley","counties":["Jefferson"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The primary issue is PSC-approved revenue and rate restructuring with large customer bill effects, tied to capital and operating cost recovery.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No direct health or environmental harm was documented in the rate case.","service":"The rate order did not report service interruption.","scale":"The utility reported approximately 2,400 Arkansas water customers across the affected systems.","duration":"The approved increases phase in over three years.","significance":"A PSC order set a $3,828,612 revenue requirement and approved unusually large cumulative increases for some customer classes."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":2400,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 2400. Approximate water customer count reported by Liberty Utilities; this is accounts, not people."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Approved revenue requirement $3,828,612; approved residential-class revenue increases of 53.77% (White Hall water) and 127.57% (Woodson-Hensley water); year-one typical monthly bill increase $6.45 (17.6%) and $14.22 (55.9%)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["large phased rate increases: yes; capital cost recovery pressure: yes; regulated revenue requirement established: yes; confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Customer rates are scheduled to rise in three annual steps, while no sourced household-burden measure was available.","projection":{"statement":"Bills will rise further through the approved phase-in if the tariff remains in effect.","horizon":"through 2027","confidence":"High","assumptions":["PSC order and tariff remain unchanged","customer usage is stable"],"reversal_factors":["later PSC modification","lower consumption","new assistance or offsetting credits"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Liberty Utilities (Pine Bluff Water) Inc"},{"name":"- regulated water utility"},{"name":"Arkansas Public Service Commission - rate regulator"}],"public_contact":"Liberty Utilities customer service: 1-855-382-6508; Arkansas Public Service Commission Consumer Services: 501-682-1718.","corrective_actions":["Three-step implementation of approved tariff","Capital investment and operating-cost recovery under PSC oversight"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Arkansas Public Service Commission First Quarter 2025 Rate Case Report","publisher":"Arkansas Public Service Commission","date":"2025-03-31","url":"https://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/Home/FTPDocument?path=%2FAssembly%2FMeeting+Attachments%2F000%2F27500%2FExhibit+H.18.a+-+PSC+-+1Q25+Rate+Case+Report.pdf","basis":"state"},{"ref":2,"title":"Liberty Utilities Arkansas Water Tariff, effective March 1, 2025","publisher":"Liberty Utilities","date":"2025-03-01","url":"https://arkansas.libertyutilities.com/uploads/AR%20CURRENT%20AR%20WATER%20TARIFF%20030125.pdf","basis":"utility"},{"ref":3,"title":"Arkansas Water Rate Update","publisher":"Liberty Utilities","date":"2025-01-14","url":"https://arkansas.libertyutilities.com/pine-bluff/residential/rates-and-tariffs/arkansas-water-rate-update-residential-arkansas-liberty.html","basis":"utility"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Opened the PSC quarterly report (letter dated April 14, 2025, quarter ended March 31, 2025), the Liberty tariff (filed 1/28/2025) and the Liberty rate-update page (APSC approval Jan 14, 2025, effective March 1, 2025, three-year phase-in, about 2,400 water customers). Corrected wording: the PSC lists 53.77% and 127.57% as the approved revenue increase by rate class, not a cumulative customer bill increase; added the PSC year-one typical-bill figures. The percentages and revenue requirement themselves match."}],"first_seen":"2025-01-14","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["household income and bill burden","arrears and shutoffs","customer assistance participation","project-level capital plan and funding gap"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2025-03-01","rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"rate_change_approved","value":53.77,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-01-14","scope":{"utility":"Liberty Utilities","service_area":"White Hall","customer_class":"residential"},"basis":{"definition":"cumulative approved increase across three steps"},"source_refs":[3],"rate_change_stage":"approved"},{"metric":"rate_change_approved","value":75.29,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-01-14","scope":{"utility":"Liberty Utilities","service_area":"White Hall","customer_class":"commercial"},"basis":{"definition":"cumulative approved increase across three steps"},"source_refs":[3],"rate_change_stage":"approved"},{"metric":"rate_change_approved","value":127.57,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-01-14","scope":{"utility":"Liberty Utilities","service_area":"Woodson-Hensley","customer_class":"residential"},"basis":{"definition":"cumulative approved increase across three steps"},"source_refs":[3],"rate_change_stage":"approved"},{"metric":"rate_change_approved","value":251.6,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-01-14","scope":{"utility":"Liberty Utilities","service_area":"Woodson-Hensley","customer_class":"commercial"},"basis":{"definition":"cumulative approved increase across three steps"},"source_refs":[3],"rate_change_stage":"approved"},{"metric":"fixed_charge","value":15.77,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-03-01","scope":{"utility":"Liberty Utilities","customer_class":"residential","meter_size":"5/8 inch","billing_period":"monthly"},"basis":{"definition":"monthly customer charge; water only"},"source_refs":[2]},{"metric":"volumetric_rate","value":6.1,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-03-01","scope":{"utility":"Liberty Utilities","customer_class":"residential","billing_period":"monthly"},"basis":{"definition":"per 1,000 gallons; water only"},"source_refs":[2]},{"metric":"normalized_monthly_residential_bill","value":43.15,"currency":"USD","unit":"per_month","status":"Estimated","as_of_date":"2025-03-01","scope":{"utility":"Liberty Utilities","customer_class":"residential","service_type":"water"},"basis":{"consumption":"4488","consumption_unit":"gallons_per_month","billing_period":"monthly","included_charges":["fixed customer charge","volumetric water charge"],"excluded_charges":["taxes","surcharges","wastewater","other services"],"included_services":"water only","fixed_charge":15.77,"volumetric_rate_per_1000_gallons":6.1,"services_included":["water"]},"source_refs":[2],"method":"$15.77 + (4.488 x $6.10)","notes":"Excludes taxes, surcharges, wastewater and other services.","normalized":true}],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"amount_spent","value":3000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-01-14","scope":{"utility":"Liberty Utilities","period":"since 2021"},"basis":{"definition":"utility-reported investment; stated as more than $3 million"},"source_refs":[3],"funding_stage":"spent"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[{"metric":"revenue_requirement","value":3828612,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-03-31","scope":{"utility":"Liberty Utilities"},"basis":{"definition":"approved annual revenue requirement"},"source_refs":[1]}],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-AR-BANKS-BOIL-ORDER-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Banks systemwide boil order after main break","description":"Arkansas's active boil-order list showed Banks Waterworks under a boil-water order issued 2026-10-09 because of a water-main break. The listed extent was entire system; the order was still active (no lifted date listed) when checked on October 13, 2026.","location":{"name":"Banks Waterworks","type":"Public water system","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Entire system","counties":["Bradley"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A physical main break caused pressure loss and the precautionary order.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Banks Waterworks: Arkansas's active boil-order list showed Banks Waterworks under a boil-water order issued 2026-10-09 because of a water-main break. Active Boil Water Orders supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For Banks systemwide boil order after main break, status is Active Emergency; Reported: Systemwide precautionary boil order; population served 244. supports service score 1. [1]","scale":"Banks Waterworks has system extent; Reported: 244. System population served reported on the Arkansas Department of Health active boil-order list; the listed population may exceed the affected population for partial-area orders., supporting scale score 0. [1]","duration":"Banks systemwide boil order after main break is documented from 2026-10-09 through 2026-10-10; duration score is 0. [1]","significance":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section documents Repair the main break for Banks Waterworks, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Active Emergency","population_affected":{"value":244,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 244. System population served reported on the Arkansas Department of Health active boil-order list; the listed population may exceed the affected population for partial-area orders."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Systemwide precautionary boil order; population served 244."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no; utility financial distress: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The order was active on the run date; comparable history was insufficient.","projection":{"statement":"No quantitative projection made.","horizon":"Until corrective action and clearance sampling are complete","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["the active-order list is current"],"reversal_factors":["repair completion","satisfactory clearance samples"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Banks Waterworks - public water system owner or operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section - drinking-water regulator and boil-order publisher"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section public contact: 501-661-2623.","corrective_actions":["Repair the main break","Restore pressure and complete bacteriological clearance before lifting the order"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Active Boil Water Orders","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","date":null,"url":"https://health.arkansas.gov/wa_engTraining/boilwaterorder.aspx","basis":"state","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Active Emergency","score":3,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Active Emergency","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Active Emergency","score":3,"note":"Opened the ADH Active Boil Water Orders page (live list, no page date) on 2026-10-13. Banks Waterworks still listed, issued 10/9/2026 5:57 PM, entire system, water line break, Bradley County, no lifted date: still active. No change. The page lists date issued/lifted, system, area, reason and county but not population served, so the population figure was not re-confirmed."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["precise number of affected people","coordinates","repair cost and funding source","household bill and affordability effects","clearance-sample results"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AR-SMACKOVER-BOIL-ORDER-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Smackover boil order after main break","description":"Arkansas's boil-order list showed Smackover Waterworks under a boil-water order issued 2026-10-09 for the Mt. Holly Road area because of a water-line break. The order was still listed with no lift date when checked on October 13, 2026.","location":{"name":"Smackover Waterworks","type":"Public water system","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Mt. Holly Road area","counties":["Union"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A physical main break caused pressure loss and the precautionary order.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Smackover Waterworks: Arkansas's active boil-order list showed Smackover Waterworks under a boil-water order issued 2026-10-09 because of a water-main break. Active Boil Water Orders supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For Smackover boil order after main break, status is Active Emergency; Reported: Partial-area precautionary boil order; system population served 2,821. supports service score 1. [1]","scale":"Smackover Waterworks has system extent; Reported: 2821. System population served reported on the Arkansas Department of Health active boil-order list; the listed population may exceed the affected population for partial-area orders., supporting scale score 0. [1]","duration":"Smackover boil order after main break is documented from 2026-10-09 through 2026-10-13; duration score is 0. [1]","significance":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section documents Repair the main break for Smackover Waterworks, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Active Emergency","population_affected":{"value":2821,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 2821. System population served reported on the Arkansas Department of Health active boil-order list; the listed population may exceed the affected population for partial-area orders."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Partial-area precautionary boil order; system population served 2,821."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no; utility financial distress: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The order was still listed with no lift date on 2026-10-13; comparable history was insufficient.","projection":{"statement":"No quantitative projection made.","horizon":"Until corrective action and clearance sampling are complete","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["the active-order list is current"],"reversal_factors":["repair completion","satisfactory clearance samples"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Smackover Waterworks - public water system owner or operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section - drinking-water regulator and boil-order publisher"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section public contact: 501-661-2623.","corrective_actions":["Repair the main break","Restore pressure and complete bacteriological clearance before lifting the order"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Active Boil Water Orders","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","date":null,"url":"https://health.arkansas.gov/wa_engTraining/boilwaterorder.aspx","basis":"state","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Active Emergency","score":3,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Active Emergency","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Active Emergency","score":3,"note":"Opened ADH active boil-order list on 2026-10-13: order still listed with no lift date. Issue date, cause and extent match. The population figure is not shown on the current page layout, retained from the earlier run."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["precise number of affected people","coordinates","repair cost and funding source","household bill and affordability effects","clearance-sample results"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AR-WALDRON-BOIL-ORDER-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"resolved","title":"Waldron systemwide boil order after main break","description":"Arkansas's boil-order list showed Waldron Waterworks under a systemwide boil-water order issued 2026-10-08 because of a main break. The list shows the order lifted 2026-10-12 at 12:37 PM.","location":{"name":"Waldron Waterworks","type":"Public water system","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Entire system","counties":["Scott"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A physical main break caused pressure loss and the precautionary order.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Waldron Waterworks: Arkansas's active boil-order list showed Waldron Waterworks under a boil-water order issued 2026-10-08 because of a water-main break. Active Boil Water Orders supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For Waldron systemwide boil order after main break, status is Resolved or Stabilized (order lifted 2026-10-12 12:37 PM); Reported: Systemwide precautionary boil order; population served 3,550. supports service score 1. [1]","scale":"Waldron Waterworks has system extent; Reported: 3550. System population served reported on the Arkansas Department of Health active boil-order list; the listed population may exceed the affected population for partial-area orders., supporting scale score 1. [1]","duration":"Waldron systemwide boil order after main break is documented from 2026-10-08 through 2026-10-12; duration score is 0. [1]","significance":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section documents Repair the main break for Waldron Waterworks, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":3550,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 3550. System population served reported on the Arkansas Department of Health active boil-order list; the listed population may exceed the affected population for partial-area orders."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Systemwide precautionary boil order; population served 3,550."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no; utility financial distress: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Boil order lifted 2026-10-12 12:37 PM per the ADH list on 2026-10-13.","projection":{"statement":"No quantitative projection made.","horizon":"Until corrective action and clearance sampling are complete","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["the active-order list is current"],"reversal_factors":["repair completion","satisfactory clearance samples"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Waldron Waterworks - public water system owner or operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section - drinking-water regulator and boil-order publisher"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section public contact: 501-661-2623.","corrective_actions":["Repair the main break","Restore pressure and complete bacteriological clearance before lifting the order (lifted 2026-10-12 12:37 PM)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Active Boil Water Orders","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","date":null,"url":"https://health.arkansas.gov/wa_engTraining/boilwaterorder.aspx","basis":"state","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Active Emergency","score":4,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Active Emergency","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"Opened ADH active boil-order list on 2026-10-13: order now shows a lift time of 2026-10-12 12:37 PM. Status changed to Resolved or Stabilized. Order issue date and cause match. The population figure is not shown on the current page layout, retained from the earlier run."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-08","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["precise number of affected people","coordinates","repair cost and funding source","household bill and affordability effects","clearance-sample results"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AR-CROSS-COUNTY-RURAL-BOIL-ORDER-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"resolved","title":"Cross County Rural Water systemwide boil order after main break","description":"Arkansas's active boil-order list showed Cross County Rural Water System under a boil-water order issued 2026-10-07 because of a water-main break. The listed extent was entire multi-county system; the list shows it lifted on 2026-10-12.","location":{"name":"Cross County Rural Water System","type":"Public water system","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Entire system across three counties","counties":["Craighead","Jackson","Poinsett"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A physical main break caused pressure loss and the precautionary order.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Cross County Rural Water System: Arkansas's active boil-order list showed Cross County Rural Water System under a boil-water order issued 2026-10-07 because of a water-main break. Active Boil Water Orders supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For Cross County Rural Water systemwide boil order after main break, status is Active Emergency; Reported: Systemwide precautionary boil order across Craighead, Jackson and Poinsett counties; population served 8,788. supports service score 1. [1]","scale":"Cross County Rural Water System has multi_county extent; Reported: 8788. System population served reported on the Arkansas Department of Health active boil-order list; the listed population may exceed the affected population for partial-area orders., supporting scale score 2. [1]","duration":"Cross County Rural Water systemwide boil order after main break is documented from 2026-10-07 through 2026-10-12; duration score is 1. [1]","significance":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section documents Repair the main break for Cross County Rural Water System, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":8788,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 8788. System population served reported on the Arkansas Department of Health active boil-order list; the listed population may exceed the affected population for partial-area orders."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Systemwide precautionary boil order across Craighead, Jackson and Poinsett counties; population served 8,788."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no; utility financial distress: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Order lifted 2026-10-12 per the ADH list; status was active on 2026-10-10 to 2026-10-11.","projection":{"statement":"No quantitative projection made.","horizon":"Until corrective action and clearance sampling are complete","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["the active-order list is current"],"reversal_factors":["repair completion","satisfactory clearance samples"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Cross County Rural Water System - public water system owner or operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section - drinking-water regulator and boil-order publisher"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section public contact: 501-661-2623.","corrective_actions":["Repair the main break","Restore pressure and complete bacteriological clearance before lifting the order"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Active Boil Water Orders","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","date":null,"url":"https://health.arkansas.gov/wa_engTraining/boilwaterorder.aspx","basis":"state","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Active Emergency","score":6,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Active Emergency","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Opened the ADH Active Boil Water Orders page (live list, no page date) on 2026-10-13. Cross County Rural Water Sys rows (issued 10/7/2026 11:19 AM, main break, Craighead/Jackson/Poinsett counties) now show a date lifted of 10/12/2026 8:21 AM. Status changed to Resolved or Stabilized. The page lists date issued/lifted, system, area, reason and county but not population served, so the population figure was not re-confirmed."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-07","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["precise number of affected people","coordinates","repair cost and funding source","household bill and affordability effects","clearance-sample results"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AR-SYLAMORE-VALLEY-BOIL-ORDER-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Sylamore Valley partial boil order after main break","description":"Arkansas's boil-order list showed Sylamore Valley Water Association under a boil-water order issued 2026-10-07 for the Highway 9 area south of the railroad tracks because of a main break. The order was still listed with no lift date when checked on October 13, 2026.","location":{"name":"Sylamore Valley Water Association","type":"Public water system","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Highway 9 south of the railroad","counties":["Stone"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A physical main break caused pressure loss and the precautionary order.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Sylamore Valley Water Association: Arkansas's active boil-order list showed Sylamore Valley Water Association under a boil-water order issued 2026-10-07 because of a water-main break. Active Boil Water Orders supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For Sylamore Valley partial boil order after main break, status is Active Emergency; Reported: Precautionary boil order for Highway 9 south of the railroad; system population served 290. supports service score 1. [1]","scale":"Sylamore Valley Water Association has system extent; Reported: 290. System population served reported on the Arkansas Department of Health active boil-order list; the listed population may exceed the affected population for partial-area orders., supporting scale score 0. [1]","duration":"Sylamore Valley partial boil order after main break is documented from 2026-10-07 through 2026-10-13; duration score is 0. [1]","significance":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section documents Repair the main break for Sylamore Valley Water Association, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Active Emergency","population_affected":{"value":290,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 290. System population served reported on the Arkansas Department of Health active boil-order list; the listed population may exceed the affected population for partial-area orders."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Precautionary boil order for Highway 9 south of the railroad; system population served 290."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no; utility financial distress: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The order was still listed with no lift date on 2026-10-13; comparable history was insufficient.","projection":{"statement":"No quantitative projection made.","horizon":"Until corrective action and clearance sampling are complete","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["the active-order list is current"],"reversal_factors":["repair completion","satisfactory clearance samples"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Sylamore Valley Water Association - public water system owner or operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section - drinking-water regulator and boil-order publisher"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section public contact: 501-661-2623.","corrective_actions":["Repair the main break","Restore pressure and complete bacteriological clearance before lifting the order"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Active Boil Water Orders","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","date":null,"url":"https://health.arkansas.gov/wa_engTraining/boilwaterorder.aspx","basis":"state","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Active Emergency","score":3,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Active Emergency","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Active Emergency","score":3,"note":"Opened ADH active boil-order list on 2026-10-13: order still listed with no lift date. Issue date, cause and extent match. The population figure is not shown on the current page layout, retained from the earlier run."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-07","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["precise number of affected people","coordinates","repair cost and funding source","household bill and affordability effects","clearance-sample results"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AR-MIDWAY-WATER-BOIL-ORDER-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"resolved","title":"Midway Water partial boil order after main break","description":"Arkansas's boil-order list showed Midway Water Association under a boil-water order issued 2026-10-05 for customers south and east of Proctor Rd because of a main break. The list shows the order lifted 2026-10-13 at 9:21 AM.","location":{"name":"Midway Water Users Association","type":"Public water system","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"South and east of Proctor","counties":["Crittenden"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A physical main break caused pressure loss and the precautionary order.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Midway Water Users Association: Arkansas's active boil-order list showed Midway Water Users Association under a boil-water order issued 2026-10-05 because of a water-main break. Active Boil Water Orders supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For Midway Water partial boil order after main break, status is Resolved or Stabilized (order lifted 2026-10-13 9:21 AM); Reported: Precautionary boil order south and east of Proctor; system population served 1,899. supports service score 1. [1]","scale":"Midway Water Users Association has system extent; Reported: 1899. System population served reported on the Arkansas Department of Health active boil-order list; the listed population may exceed the affected population for partial-area orders., supporting scale score 1. [1]","duration":"Midway Water partial boil order after main break is documented from 2026-10-05 through 2026-10-13; duration score is 0. [1]","significance":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section documents Repair the main break for Midway Water Users Association, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":1899,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 1899. System population served reported on the Arkansas Department of Health active boil-order list; the listed population may exceed the affected population for partial-area orders."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Precautionary boil order south and east of Proctor; system population served 1,899."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no; utility financial distress: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Boil order lifted 2026-10-13 9:21 AM per the ADH list on 2026-10-13.","projection":{"statement":"No quantitative projection made.","horizon":"Until corrective action and clearance sampling are complete","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["the active-order list is current"],"reversal_factors":["repair completion","satisfactory clearance samples"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Midway Water Users Association - public water system owner or operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section - drinking-water regulator and boil-order publisher"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section public contact: 501-661-2623.","corrective_actions":["Repair the main break","Restore pressure and complete bacteriological clearance before lifting the order (lifted 2026-10-13 9:21 AM)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Active Boil Water Orders","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","date":null,"url":"https://health.arkansas.gov/wa_engTraining/boilwaterorder.aspx","basis":"state","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Active Emergency","score":4,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Active Emergency","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"Opened ADH active boil-order list on 2026-10-13: order now shows a lift time of 2026-10-13 9:21 AM. Status changed to Resolved or Stabilized. Order issue date and cause match. The population figure is not shown on the current page layout, retained from the earlier run."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-05","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["precise number of affected people","coordinates","repair cost and funding source","household bill and affordability effects","clearance-sample results"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AR-RIVERSIDE-KINGS-RIVER-ECOLI-BOIL-ORDER-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Riverside at Kings River boil order after multiple E. coli samples","description":"Arkansas's boil-order list showed Riverside Resort at Kings River under a systemwide boil-water order issued 2026-10-01 because of multiple E. coli-positive water samples. The order was still listed with no lift date when checked on October 13, 2026.","location":{"name":"Riverside at Kings River","type":"Public water system","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Entire system","counties":["Carroll"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Direct bacteriological evidence, rather than a reported asset break, triggered the order.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Riverside at Kings River: Arkansas's active boil-order list showed Riverside at Kings River under a boil-water order issued 2026-10-01 because of multiple E. Active Boil Water Orders supports harm score 2. [1]","service":"For Riverside at Kings River boil order after multiple E. coli samples, status is Active Emergency; Reported: Multiple E. coli samples prompted a systemwide boil order; population served 25. supports service score 1. [1]","scale":"Riverside at Kings River has system extent; Reported: 25. System population served reported on the Arkansas Department of Health active boil-order list; the listed population may exceed the affected population for partial-area orders., supporting scale score 0. [1]","duration":"Riverside at Kings River boil order after multiple E. coli samples is documented from 2026-10-01 through 2026-10-13; duration score is 1. [1]","significance":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section documents Issue boil-water notice for Riverside at Kings River, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Active Emergency","population_affected":{"value":25,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 25. System population served reported on the Arkansas Department of Health active boil-order list; the listed population may exceed the affected population for partial-area orders."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Multiple E. coli samples prompted a systemwide boil order; population served 25."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no; utility financial distress: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The order was still listed with no lift date on 2026-10-13; comparable history was insufficient.","projection":{"statement":"No quantitative projection made.","horizon":"Until corrective action and clearance sampling are complete","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["the active-order list is current"],"reversal_factors":["repair completion","satisfactory clearance samples"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Riverside at Kings River - public water system owner or operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section - drinking-water regulator and boil-order publisher"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section public contact: 501-661-2623.","corrective_actions":["Issue boil-water notice","Investigate contamination source","Complete disinfection and bacteriological clearance"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Active Boil Water Orders","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","date":null,"url":"https://health.arkansas.gov/wa_engTraining/boilwaterorder.aspx","basis":"state","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Active Emergency","score":5,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Active Emergency","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Active Emergency","score":5,"note":"Opened ADH active boil-order list on 2026-10-13: order still listed with no lift date. Issue date, cause and extent match. The population figure is not shown on the current page layout, retained from the earlier run."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["precise number of affected people","coordinates","repair cost and funding source","household bill and affordability effects","clearance-sample results"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AR-HOLLY-GROVE-DISINFECTANT-BOIL-ORDER-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"resolved","title":"Holly Grove boil order for inadequate disinfectant residual","description":"Arkansas's active boil-order list showed Holly Grove Waterworks under a boil-water order issued 2026-10-01 because of inadequate disinfectant residual. The listed extent was entire system; the list shows it lifted on 2026-10-12.","location":{"name":"Holly Grove Waterworks","type":"Public water system","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Entire system","counties":["Monroe"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Treatment or disinfectant failure directly affected water quality and essential system operation.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Holly Grove Waterworks: Arkansas's active boil-order list showed Holly Grove Waterworks under a boil-water order issued 2026-10-01 because of inadequate disinfectant residual. Active Boil Water Orders supports harm score 2. [1]","service":"For Holly Grove boil order for inadequate disinfectant residual, status is Active Emergency; Reported: Systemwide boil order for inadequate disinfectant residual; population served 1,557. supports service score 1. [1]","scale":"Holly Grove Waterworks has system extent; Reported: 1557. System population served reported on the Arkansas Department of Health active boil-order list; the listed population may exceed the affected population for partial-area orders., supporting scale score 1. [1]","duration":"Holly Grove boil order for inadequate disinfectant residual is documented from 2026-10-01 through 2026-10-12; duration score is 1. [1]","significance":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section documents Restore adequate disinfectant residual for Holly Grove Waterworks, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":1557,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 1557. System population served reported on the Arkansas Department of Health active boil-order list; the listed population may exceed the affected population for partial-area orders."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Systemwide boil order for inadequate disinfectant residual; population served 1,557."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no; utility financial distress: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Order lifted 2026-10-12 per the ADH list; status was active on 2026-10-10 to 2026-10-11.","projection":{"statement":"No quantitative projection made.","horizon":"Until corrective action and clearance sampling are complete","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["the active-order list is current"],"reversal_factors":["repair completion","satisfactory clearance samples"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Holly Grove Waterworks - public water system owner or operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section - drinking-water regulator and boil-order publisher"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section public contact: 501-661-2623.","corrective_actions":["Restore adequate disinfectant residual","Complete bacteriological clearance before lifting the order"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Active Boil Water Orders","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","date":null,"url":"https://health.arkansas.gov/wa_engTraining/boilwaterorder.aspx","basis":"state","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Active Emergency","score":6,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Active Emergency","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Opened the ADH Active Boil Water Orders page (live list, no page date) on 2026-10-13. Holly Grove Waterworks (issued 10/1/2026 12:23 PM, entire system, inadequate disinfectant level, Monroe County) now shows a date lifted of 10/12/2026 8:57 AM. Status changed to Resolved or Stabilized. The page lists date issued/lifted, system, area, reason and county but not population served, so the population figure was not re-confirmed."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["precise number of affected people","coordinates","repair cost and funding source","household bill and affordability effects","clearance-sample results"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AR-GLEN-ACRES-DISINFECTANT-BOIL-ORDER-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"resolved","title":"Glen Acres boil order for inadequate disinfectant residual","description":"Arkansas's active boil-order list showed Glen Acres Waterworks under a boil-water order issued 2026-09-23 because of inadequate disinfectant residual. The listed extent was entire system; the list shows it lifted on 2026-10-12.","location":{"name":"Glen Acres Waterworks","type":"Public water system","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Entire system","counties":["Carroll"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Treatment or disinfectant failure directly affected water quality and essential system operation.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Glen Acres Waterworks: Arkansas's active boil-order list showed Glen Acres Waterworks under a boil-water order issued 2026-09-23 because of inadequate disinfectant residual. Active Boil Water Orders supports harm score 2. [1]","service":"For Glen Acres boil order for inadequate disinfectant residual, status is Active Emergency; Reported: Systemwide boil order for inadequate disinfectant residual; population served 68. supports service score 1. [1]","scale":"Glen Acres Waterworks has system extent; Reported: 68. System population served reported on the Arkansas Department of Health active boil-order list; the listed population may exceed the affected population for partial-area orders., supporting scale score 0. [1]","duration":"Glen Acres boil order for inadequate disinfectant residual is documented from 2026-09-23 through 2026-10-12; duration score is 1. [1]","significance":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section documents Restore adequate disinfectant residual for Glen Acres Waterworks, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":68,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 68. System population served reported on the Arkansas Department of Health active boil-order list; the listed population may exceed the affected population for partial-area orders."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Systemwide boil order for inadequate disinfectant residual; population served 68."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no; utility financial distress: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Order lifted 2026-10-12 per the ADH list; status was active on 2026-10-10 to 2026-10-11.","projection":{"statement":"No quantitative projection made.","horizon":"Until corrective action and clearance sampling are complete","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["the active-order list is current"],"reversal_factors":["repair completion","satisfactory clearance samples"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Glen Acres Waterworks - public water system owner or operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section - drinking-water regulator and boil-order publisher"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section public contact: 501-661-2623.","corrective_actions":["Restore adequate disinfectant residual","Complete bacteriological clearance before lifting the order"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Active Boil Water Orders","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","date":null,"url":"https://health.arkansas.gov/wa_engTraining/boilwaterorder.aspx","basis":"state","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Active Emergency","score":5,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Active Emergency","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Opened the ADH Active Boil Water Orders page (live list, no page date) on 2026-10-13. Glen Acres (issued 9/23/2026 8:38 AM, entire system, inadequate disinfectant level, Carroll County) now shows a date lifted of 10/12/2026 7:38 AM. Status changed to Resolved or Stabilized. The page lists date issued/lifted, system, area, reason and county but not population served, so the population figure was not re-confirmed."}],"first_seen":"2026-09-23","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["precise number of affected people","coordinates","repair cost and funding source","household bill and affordability effects","clearance-sample results"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AR-LITTLE-FIR-BOIL-ORDER-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Little Fir Recreation Area prolonged boil order after treatment-equipment failure","description":"Arkansas's active boil-order list showed U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Little Fir Recreation Area under a boil-water order issued 2025-07-19 because of treatment-equipment failure. The listed extent was entire system; the order was still active (no lifted date listed) when checked on October 13, 2026.","location":{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Little Fir Recreation Area","type":"Public water system","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Entire public water system","counties":["Garland"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Treatment or disinfectant failure directly affected water quality and essential system operation.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Little Fir Recreation Area: Arkansas's active boil-order list showed U.S. Active Boil Water Orders supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For Little Fir Recreation Area prolonged boil order after treatment-equipment failure, status is Active Emergency; Reported: Boil order remained active after a July 19, 2025 treatment-equipment failure; population served 100. supports service score 2. [1]","scale":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Little Fir Recreation Area has system extent; Reported: 100. System population served reported on the Arkansas Department of Health active boil-order list; the listed population may exceed the affected population for partial-area orders., supporting scale score 0. [1]","duration":"Little Fir Recreation Area prolonged boil order after treatment-equipment failure is documented from 2025-07-19 through 2026-10-10; duration score is 2. [1]","significance":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section documents Repair or replace failed treatment equipment for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Little Fir Recreation Area, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Active Emergency","population_affected":{"value":100,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 100. System population served reported on the Arkansas Department of Health active boil-order list; the listed population may exceed the affected population for partial-area orders."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Boil order remained active after a July 19, 2025 treatment-equipment failure; population served 100."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no; utility financial distress: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The order remained active long after issuance.","projection":{"statement":"No quantitative projection made.","horizon":"Until corrective action and clearance sampling are complete","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["the active-order list is current"],"reversal_factors":["repair completion","satisfactory clearance samples"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S"},{"name":"Army Corps of Engineers Little Fir Recreation Area - public water system owner or operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section - drinking-water regulator and boil-order publisher"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section public contact: 501-661-2623.","corrective_actions":["Repair or replace failed treatment equipment","Restore compliant treatment and complete clearance sampling"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Active Boil Water Orders","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","date":null,"url":"https://health.arkansas.gov/wa_engTraining/boilwaterorder.aspx","basis":"state","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Active Emergency","score":6,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Active Emergency","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Active Emergency","score":6,"note":"Opened the ADH Active Boil Water Orders page (live list, no page date) on 2026-10-13. USCOE OC - LITTLE FIR still listed, issued 7/19/2025 6:10 PM, entire system, equipment failure in the water treatment plant, Garland County, no lifted date: still active. No change. The page lists date issued/lifted, system, area, reason and county but not population served, so the population figure was not re-confirmed."}],"first_seen":"2025-07-19","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["precise number of affected people","coordinates","repair cost and funding source","household bill and affordability effects","clearance-sample results"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AR-WILMOT-ECOLI-MCL-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Wilmot Waterworks E. coli maximum contaminant level violation","description":"The Arkansas Department of Health 2024 Annual Compliance Report identified Wilmot Waterworks for a microbiological maximum contaminant level violation during 2024-09-01 through 2024-09-30. The appendix identifies the violation but does not report the observed concentration in the reviewed table.","location":{"name":"Wilmot Waterworks","type":"Public water system","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Wilmot Waterworks","counties":["Ashley"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A named contaminant maximum-contaminant-level violation is directly a drinking-water quality issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Wilmot Waterworks: The Arkansas Department of Health 2024 Annual Compliance Report identified Wilmot Waterworks for a microbiological maximum contaminant level violation during 2024-09-01 through 2024-09-30. Annual Compliance Report 2024 supports harm score 2. [1]","service":"For Wilmot Waterworks E. coli maximum contaminant level violation, status is Monitoring or Emerging Risk; Reported: Official 2024 microbiological maximum contaminant level violation; observed concentration not reported in the reviewed table. supports service score 1. [1]","scale":"Wilmot Waterworks has system extent; Reported: 825. Population served reported in the same ADH annual compliance report., supporting scale score 1. [1]","duration":"Wilmot Waterworks E. coli maximum contaminant level violation is documented from 2024-09-01 through 2024-09-30; duration score is 1. [1]","significance":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section documents Return to compliance with applicable monitoring, treatment and maximum-contaminant-level requirements for Wilmot Waterworks, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":416,"status":"Reported","note":"Retail population 416 per the ADH 2024 Annual Compliance Report Appendix A (corrected from 825, which belongs to Imboden Waterworks)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Official 2024 microbiological maximum contaminant level violation; observed concentration not reported in the reviewed table."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no; utility financial distress: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"A single reported 2024 violation period does not establish a multi-year trend.","projection":{"statement":"No projection made without comparable post-2024 compliance data.","horizon":"Not applicable","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["later compliant monitoring","new violations"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Wilmot Waterworks - public water system owner or operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section - Safe Drinking Water Act primacy agency"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section public contact: 501-661-2623.","corrective_actions":["Return to compliance with applicable monitoring, treatment and maximum-contaminant-level requirements","Continue required public notification and follow-up monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Compliance Report 2024","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","date":"2025-06-04","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/ACR2024-7.9.25.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Opened ADH 2024 Annual Compliance Report (dated 2025-06-04); Wilmot Waterworks entry confirmed (code 1A E. coli MCL, violation dated 9/1/2024). Corrected population: record said 825 (which is the Imboden Waterworks entry in the same report); the report lists 416 for Wilmot."}],"first_seen":"2024-09-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["observed contaminant concentration","precise affected population where not shown","coordinates","corrective-action completion date","treatment cost and funding source","household bill and affordability effects"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AR-DANVILLE-TREATMENT-TECHNIQUE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Danville Waterworks treatment-technique violation","description":"The Arkansas Department of Health 2024 Annual Compliance Report identified Danville Waterworks for a treatment-technique violation during 2024-01-31 through 2024-02-29. The appendix identifies the violation but does not report the observed concentration in the reviewed table.","location":{"name":"Danville Waterworks","type":"Public water system","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Danville Waterworks","counties":["Yell"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A treatment-technique violation concerns both required treatment operation and the quality assurance it provides.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Danville Waterworks: The Arkansas Department of Health 2024 Annual Compliance Report identified Danville Waterworks for a treatment-technique violation during 2024-01-31 through 2024-02-29. Annual Compliance Report 2024 supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For Danville Waterworks treatment-technique violation, status is Monitoring or Emerging Risk; Reported: Official 2024 treatment-technique violation; observed concentration not reported in the reviewed table. supports service score 1. [1]","scale":"Danville Waterworks has system extent; Reported: 2810. Population served reported in the same ADH annual compliance report., supporting scale score 1. [1]","duration":"Danville Waterworks treatment-technique violation is documented from 2024-01-31 through 2024-02-29; duration score is 1. [1]","significance":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section documents Return to compliance with applicable monitoring, treatment and maximum-contaminant-level requirements for Danville Waterworks, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":2810,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 2810. Retail population listed for Danville Waterworks in the 2024 ADH Annual Compliance Report (Appendix E)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Official 2024 treatment-technique violation; observed concentration not reported in the reviewed table."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no; utility financial distress: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"A single reported 2024 violation period does not establish a multi-year trend.","projection":{"statement":"No projection made without comparable post-2024 compliance data.","horizon":"Not applicable","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["later compliant monitoring","new violations"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Danville Waterworks - public water system owner or operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section - Safe Drinking Water Act primacy agency"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section public contact: 501-661-2623.","corrective_actions":["Return to compliance with applicable monitoring, treatment and maximum-contaminant-level requirements","Continue required public notification and follow-up monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Compliance Report 2024","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","date":"2025-06-04","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/ACR2024-7.9.25.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Opened the 2024 Annual Compliance Report PDF (Appendix E): treatment-technique (code 41) rows dated 1/31/2024 and 2/29/2024 match. Corrected population served from 2,498 to 2,810 (value printed in the report). Severity scale score left unchanged."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-31","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["observed contaminant concentration","precise affected population where not shown","coordinates","corrective-action completion date","treatment cost and funding source","household bill and affordability effects"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AR-LAURELWOOD-RADIUM-MCL-2024","revision":4,"change_type":"changed","title":"Laurelwood water system combined radium violation","description":"The Arkansas Department of Health 2024 Annual Compliance Report identified Laurelwood Water System for a combined radium maximum contaminant level violation during 2024-01-01 through 2024-04-30. The appendix identifies the violation but does not report the observed concentration in the reviewed table.","location":{"name":"Laurelwood Water System","type":"Public water system","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Laurelwood Water System","counties":[],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A named contaminant maximum-contaminant-level violation is directly a drinking-water quality issue.","secondary_drivers":["confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no; utility financial distress: unknown"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Combined radium above its MCL represents chronic radiological exposure potential; no measured value or health outcome was reported.","service":"No outage or loss of service was documented.","scale":"The affected population was not reported in the reviewed appendix, so no scale point was assigned.","duration":"The annual report identified a violation period from 2024-01-01 through 2024-04-30, without evidence supporting a prolonged score.","significance":"The state annual compliance report formally identified the Safe Drinking Water Act violation."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported. Population served was not verified for this system in the reviewed source extract."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Official 2024 combined radium maximum contaminant level violation; observed concentration not reported in the reviewed table; applicable MCL 5 pCi/L."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no; utility financial distress: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"A single reported 2024 violation period does not establish a multi-year trend.","projection":{"statement":"No projection made without comparable post-2024 compliance data.","horizon":"Not applicable","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["later compliant monitoring","new violations"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Laurelwood Water System","role":"public water system owner or operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","role":"Safe Drinking Water Act primacy agency"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section public contact: 501-661-2623.","corrective_actions":["Return to compliance with applicable monitoring, treatment and maximum-contaminant-level requirements; Continue required public notification and follow-up monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Compliance Report 2024","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","date":"2025-06-04","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/ACR2024-7.9.25.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Opened the 2024 Annual Compliance Report PDF (ADH Engineering Section; Appendix F dated June 4, 2025). The system's violation rows and periods match this record (violation code, quarter start dates); the report lists no concentration, as the record says. Source date unchanged. No change in status."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["observed contaminant concentration","precise affected population where not shown","coordinates","corrective-action completion date","treatment cost and funding source","household bill and affordability effects"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AR-ARKANSAS-CITY-TTHM-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Arkansas City Waterworks TTHM violations","description":"The Arkansas Department of Health 2024 Annual Compliance Report identified Arkansas City Waterworks for a repeated total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violations during 2024-01-01 through 2024-12-31. The appendix identifies the violation but does not report the observed concentration in the reviewed table.","location":{"name":"Arkansas City Waterworks","type":"Public water system","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Arkansas City Waterworks","counties":["Desha"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A named contaminant maximum-contaminant-level violation is directly a drinking-water quality issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Arkansas City Waterworks: The Arkansas Department of Health 2024 Annual Compliance Report identified Arkansas City Waterworks for a repeated total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violations during 2024-01-01 through 2024-12-31. Annual Compliance Report 2024 supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For Arkansas City Waterworks TTHM violations, status is Monitoring or Emerging Risk; Reported: Official 2024 repeated total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violations; observed concentration not reported in the reviewed table; applicable MCL 0.08 mg/L. supports service score 0. [1]","scale":"Arkansas City Waterworks has system extent; Reported: 366. Population served reported in the same ADH annual compliance report., supporting scale score 0. [1]","duration":"Arkansas City Waterworks TTHM violations is documented from 2024-01-01 through 2024-12-31; duration score is 2. [1]","significance":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section documents Return to compliance with applicable monitoring, treatment and maximum-contaminant-level requirements for Arkansas City Waterworks, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":366,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 366. Population served reported in the same ADH annual compliance report."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Official 2024 repeated total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violations; observed concentration not reported in the reviewed table; applicable MCL 0.08 mg/L."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no; utility financial distress: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Multiple 2024 quarterly violation periods establish recurrence within the year; post-2024 status was not verified.","projection":{"statement":"No projection made without comparable post-2024 compliance data.","horizon":"Not applicable","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["later compliant monitoring","new violations"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arkansas City Waterworks - public water system owner or operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section - Safe Drinking Water Act primacy agency"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section public contact: 501-661-2623.","corrective_actions":["Return to compliance with applicable monitoring, treatment and maximum-contaminant-level requirements","Continue required public notification and follow-up monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Compliance Report 2024","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","date":"2025-06-04","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/ACR2024-7.9.25.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Opened the 2024 Annual Compliance Report PDF (Appendix F, June 4, 2025): Arkansas City rows for TTHM MCL (1/1/2024 listed twice, 10/1/2024) and retail population 366 match. No concentration reported, as the record says. No change in status."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["observed contaminant concentration","precise affected population where not shown","coordinates","corrective-action completion date","treatment cost and funding source","household bill and affordability effects"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AR-BELLEVILLE-TTHM-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Belleville Waterworks TTHM violation","description":"The Arkansas Department of Health 2024 Annual Compliance Report identified Belleville Waterworks for a total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violation during 2024-04-01 through 2024-06-30. The appendix identifies the violation but does not report the observed concentration in the reviewed table.","location":{"name":"Belleville Waterworks","type":"Public water system","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Belleville Waterworks","counties":["Yell"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A named contaminant maximum-contaminant-level violation is directly a drinking-water quality issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Belleville Waterworks: The Arkansas Department of Health 2024 Annual Compliance Report identified Belleville Waterworks for a total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violation during 2024-04-01 through 2024-06-30. Annual Compliance Report 2024 supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For Belleville Waterworks TTHM violation, status is Monitoring or Emerging Risk; Reported: Official 2024 total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violation; observed concentration not reported in the reviewed table; applicable MCL 0.08 mg/L. supports service score 0. [1]","scale":"Belleville Waterworks has system extent; Reported: 1103. Population served reported in the same ADH annual compliance report., supporting scale score 0. [1]","duration":"Belleville Waterworks TTHM violation is documented from 2024-04-01 through 2024-06-30; duration score is 1. [1]","significance":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section documents Return to compliance with applicable monitoring, treatment and maximum-contaminant-level requirements for Belleville Waterworks, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":1103,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 1103. Retail population listed for Belleville Water in the 2024 ADH Annual Compliance Report (Appendix F)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Official 2024 total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violation; observed concentration not reported in the reviewed table; applicable MCL 0.08 mg/L."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no; utility financial distress: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"A single reported 2024 violation period does not establish a multi-year trend.","projection":{"statement":"No projection made without comparable post-2024 compliance data.","horizon":"Not applicable","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["later compliant monitoring","new violations"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Belleville Waterworks - public water system owner or operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section - Safe Drinking Water Act primacy agency"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section public contact: 501-661-2623.","corrective_actions":["Return to compliance with applicable monitoring, treatment and maximum-contaminant-level requirements","Continue required public notification and follow-up monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Compliance Report 2024","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","date":"2025-06-04","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/ACR2024-7.9.25.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Opened the 2024 Annual Compliance Report PDF (Appendix F, June 4, 2025): the 4/1/2024 TTHM MCL row for Belleville Water matches. Corrected population served from 533 to 1,103 (the report lists 1,103; 533 is the listed population of a different system, Subiaco City Waterworks). Severity scale score left unchanged for the editor to review."}],"first_seen":"2024-04-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["observed contaminant concentration","precise affected population where not shown","coordinates","corrective-action completion date","treatment cost and funding source","household bill and affordability effects"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AR-BUENA-VISTA-OGEMAW-TTHM-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Buena Vista-Ogemaw Water Association TTHM violations","description":"The Arkansas Department of Health 2024 Annual Compliance Report identified Buena Vista-Ogemaw Water Association for a repeated total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violations during 2024-07-01 through 2024-12-31. The appendix identifies the violation but does not report the observed concentration in the reviewed table.","location":{"name":"Buena Vista-Ogemaw Water Association","type":"Public water system","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Buena Vista-Ogemaw Water Association","counties":["Ouachita"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A named contaminant maximum-contaminant-level violation is directly a drinking-water quality issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Buena Vista-Ogemaw Water Association: The Arkansas Department of Health 2024 Annual Compliance Report identified Buena Vista-Ogemaw Water Association for a repeated total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violations during 2024-07-01 through 2024-12-31. Annual Compliance Report 2024 supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For Buena Vista-Ogemaw Water Association TTHM violations, status is Monitoring or Emerging Risk; Reported: Official 2024 repeated total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violations; observed concentration not reported in the reviewed table; applicable MCL 0.08 mg/L. supports service score 0. [1]","scale":"Buena Vista-Ogemaw Water Association has system extent; Not reported. Population served was not verified for this system in the reviewed source extract., supporting scale score 0. [1]","duration":"Buena Vista-Ogemaw Water Association TTHM violations is documented from 2024-07-01 through 2024-12-31; duration score is 2. [1]","significance":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section documents Return to compliance with applicable monitoring, treatment and maximum-contaminant-level requirements for Buena Vista-Ogemaw Water Association, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported. Population served was not verified for this system in the reviewed source extract."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Official 2024 repeated total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violations; observed concentration not reported in the reviewed table; applicable MCL 0.08 mg/L."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no; utility financial distress: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Multiple 2024 quarterly violation periods establish recurrence within the year; post-2024 status was not verified.","projection":{"statement":"No projection made without comparable post-2024 compliance data.","horizon":"Not applicable","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["later compliant monitoring","new violations"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Buena Vista-Ogemaw Water Association - public water system owner or operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section - Safe Drinking Water Act primacy agency"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section public contact: 501-661-2623.","corrective_actions":["Return to compliance with applicable monitoring, treatment and maximum-contaminant-level requirements","Continue required public notification and follow-up monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Compliance Report 2024","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","date":"2025-06-04","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/ACR2024-7.9.25.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Opened the 2024 Annual Compliance Report PDF (ADH Engineering Section; Appendix F dated June 4, 2025). The system's violation rows and periods match this record (violation code, quarter start dates); the report lists no concentration, as the record says. Source date unchanged. No change in status."}],"first_seen":"2024-07-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["observed contaminant concentration","precise affected population where not shown","coordinates","corrective-action completion date","treatment cost and funding source","household bill and affordability effects"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AR-CENTRAL-LOGAN-HAA5-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Central Logan County Public Water Facility HAA5 violations","description":"The Arkansas Department of Health 2024 Annual Compliance Report identified Central Logan County Public Water Facility for a repeated HAA5 maximum contaminant level violations during 2024-07-01 through 2024-12-31. The appendix identifies the violation but does not report the observed concentration in the reviewed table.","location":{"name":"Central Logan County Public Water Facility","type":"Public water system","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Central Logan County Public Water Facility","counties":["Logan"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A named contaminant maximum-contaminant-level violation is directly a drinking-water quality issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Central Logan County Public Water Facility: The Arkansas Department of Health 2024 Annual Compliance Report identified Central Logan County Public Water Facility for a repeated HAA5 maximum contaminant level violations during 2024-07-01 through 2024-12-31. Annual Compliance Report 2024 supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For Central Logan County Public Water Facility HAA5 violations, status is Monitoring or Emerging Risk; Reported: Official 2024 repeated HAA5 maximum contaminant level violations; observed concentration not reported in the reviewed table; applicable MCL 0.06 mg/L. supports service score 0. [1]","scale":"Central Logan County Public Water Facility has system extent; Not reported. Population served was not verified for this system in the reviewed source extract., supporting scale score 0. [1]","duration":"Central Logan County Public Water Facility HAA5 violations is documented from 2024-07-01 through 2024-12-31; duration score is 2. [1]","significance":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section documents Return to compliance with applicable monitoring, treatment and maximum-contaminant-level requirements for Central Logan County Public Water Facility, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported. Population served was not verified for this system in the reviewed source extract."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Official 2024 repeated HAA5 maximum contaminant level violations; observed concentration not reported in the reviewed table; applicable MCL 0.06 mg/L."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no; utility financial distress: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Multiple 2024 quarterly violation periods establish recurrence within the year; post-2024 status was not verified.","projection":{"statement":"No projection made without comparable post-2024 compliance data.","horizon":"Not applicable","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["later compliant monitoring","new violations"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Central Logan County Public Water Facility - public water system owner or operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section - Safe Drinking Water Act primacy agency"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section public contact: 501-661-2623.","corrective_actions":["Return to compliance with applicable monitoring, treatment and maximum-contaminant-level requirements","Continue required public notification and follow-up monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Compliance Report 2024","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","date":"2025-06-04","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/ACR2024-7.9.25.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Opened the 2024 Annual Compliance Report PDF (ADH Engineering Section; Appendix F dated June 4, 2025). The system's violation rows and periods match this record (violation code, quarter start dates); the report lists no concentration, as the record says. Source date unchanged. No change in status."}],"first_seen":"2024-07-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["observed contaminant concentration","precise affected population where not shown","coordinates","corrective-action completion date","treatment cost and funding source","household bill and affordability effects"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AR-CHICOT-JUNCTION-TTHM-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Chicot Junction Water System TTHM violation","description":"The Arkansas Department of Health 2024 Annual Compliance Report identified Chicot Junction Water System for a total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violation during 2024-10-01 through 2024-12-31. The appendix identifies the violation but does not report the observed concentration in the reviewed table.","location":{"name":"Chicot Junction Water System","type":"Public water system","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Chicot Junction Water System","counties":["Chicot"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A named contaminant maximum-contaminant-level violation is directly a drinking-water quality issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Chicot Junction Water System: The Arkansas Department of Health 2024 Annual Compliance Report identified Chicot Junction Water System for a total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violation during 2024-10-01 through 2024-12-31. Annual Compliance Report 2024 supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For Chicot Junction Water System TTHM violation, status is Monitoring or Emerging Risk; Reported: Official 2024 total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violation; observed concentration not reported in the reviewed table; applicable MCL 0.08 mg/L. supports service score 0. [1]","scale":"Chicot Junction Water System has system extent; Not reported. Population served was not verified for this system in the reviewed source extract., supporting scale score 0. [1]","duration":"Chicot Junction Water System TTHM violation is documented from 2024-10-01 through 2024-12-31; duration score is 1. [1]","significance":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section documents Return to compliance with applicable monitoring, treatment and maximum-contaminant-level requirements for Chicot Junction Water System, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported. Population served was not verified for this system in the reviewed source extract."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Official 2024 total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violation; observed concentration not reported in the reviewed table; applicable MCL 0.08 mg/L."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no; utility financial distress: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"A single reported 2024 violation period does not establish a multi-year trend.","projection":{"statement":"No projection made without comparable post-2024 compliance data.","horizon":"Not applicable","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["later compliant monitoring","new violations"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Chicot Junction Water System - public water system owner or operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section - Safe Drinking Water Act primacy agency"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section public contact: 501-661-2623.","corrective_actions":["Return to compliance with applicable monitoring, treatment and maximum-contaminant-level requirements","Continue required public notification and follow-up monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Compliance Report 2024","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","date":"2025-06-04","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/ACR2024-7.9.25.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Opened the 2024 Annual Compliance Report PDF (ADH Engineering Section; Appendix F dated June 4, 2025). The system's violation rows and periods match this record (violation code, quarter start dates); the report lists no concentration, as the record says. Source date unchanged. No change in status."}],"first_seen":"2024-10-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["observed contaminant concentration","precise affected population where not shown","coordinates","corrective-action completion date","treatment cost and funding source","household bill and affordability effects"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AR-EAST-LOGAN-HAA5-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"East Logan County Water Facility HAA5 violations","description":"The Arkansas Department of Health 2024 Annual Compliance Report identified East Logan County Water Facility for a repeated HAA5 maximum contaminant level violations during 2024-01-01 through 2024-09-30. The appendix identifies the violation but does not report the observed concentration in the reviewed table.","location":{"name":"East Logan County Water Facility","type":"Public water system","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"East Logan County Water Facility","counties":["Logan"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A named contaminant maximum-contaminant-level violation is directly a drinking-water quality issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"East Logan County Water Facility: The Arkansas Department of Health 2024 Annual Compliance Report identified East Logan County Water Facility for a repeated HAA5 maximum contaminant level violations during 2024-01-01 through 2024-09-30. Annual Compliance Report 2024 supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For East Logan County Water Facility HAA5 violations, status is Monitoring or Emerging Risk; Reported: Official 2024 repeated HAA5 maximum contaminant level violations; observed concentration not reported in the reviewed table; applicable MCL 0.06 mg/L. supports service score 0. [1]","scale":"East Logan County Water Facility has system extent; Not reported. Population served was not verified for this system in the reviewed source extract., supporting scale score 0. [1]","duration":"East Logan County Water Facility HAA5 violations is documented from 2024-01-01 through 2024-09-30; duration score is 2. [1]","significance":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section documents Return to compliance with applicable monitoring, treatment and maximum-contaminant-level requirements for East Logan County Water Facility, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported. Population served was not verified for this system in the reviewed source extract."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Official 2024 repeated HAA5 maximum contaminant level violations; observed concentration not reported in the reviewed table; applicable MCL 0.06 mg/L."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no; utility financial distress: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Multiple 2024 quarterly violation periods establish recurrence within the year; post-2024 status was not verified.","projection":{"statement":"No projection made without comparable post-2024 compliance data.","horizon":"Not applicable","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["later compliant monitoring","new violations"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"East Logan County Water Facility - public water system owner or operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section - Safe Drinking Water Act primacy agency"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section public contact: 501-661-2623.","corrective_actions":["Return to compliance with applicable monitoring, treatment and maximum-contaminant-level requirements","Continue required public notification and follow-up monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Compliance Report 2024","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","date":"2025-06-04","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/ACR2024-7.9.25.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Opened the 2024 Annual Compliance Report PDF (ADH Engineering Section; Appendix F dated June 4, 2025). The system's violation rows and periods match this record (violation code, quarter start dates); the report lists no concentration, as the record says. Source date unchanged. No change in status."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["observed contaminant concentration","precise affected population where not shown","coordinates","corrective-action completion date","treatment cost and funding source","household bill and affordability effects"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AR-GREASY-VALLEY-HAA5-2024","revision":4,"change_type":"changed","title":"Greasy Valley Water Association HAA5 violation","description":"The Arkansas Department of Health 2024 Annual Compliance Report identified Greasy Valley Water Association for a HAA5 maximum contaminant level violation during 2024-10-01 through 2024-12-31. The appendix identifies the violation but does not report the observed concentration in the reviewed table.","location":{"name":"Greasy Valley Water Association","type":"Public water system","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Greasy Valley Water Association","counties":[],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A named contaminant maximum-contaminant-level violation is directly a drinking-water quality issue.","secondary_drivers":["confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no; utility financial distress: unknown"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"A haloacetic acids (HAA5) MCL violation indicates contaminant exposure potential, but the observed concentration and health outcomes were not reported.","service":"No outage or loss of service was documented.","scale":"The affected population was not reported in the reviewed appendix, so no scale point was assigned.","duration":"The annual report identified a violation period from 2024-10-01 through 2024-12-31, without evidence supporting a prolonged score.","significance":"The state annual compliance report formally identified the Safe Drinking Water Act violation."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported. Population served was not verified for this system in the reviewed source extract."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Official 2024 HAA5 maximum contaminant level violation; observed concentration not reported in the reviewed table; applicable MCL 0.06 mg/L."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no; utility financial distress: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"A single reported 2024 violation period does not establish a multi-year trend.","projection":{"statement":"No projection made without comparable post-2024 compliance data.","horizon":"Not applicable","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["later compliant monitoring","new violations"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Greasy Valley Water Association","role":"public water system owner or operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","role":"Safe Drinking Water Act primacy agency"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section public contact: 501-661-2623.","corrective_actions":["Return to compliance with applicable monitoring, treatment and maximum-contaminant-level requirements; Continue required public notification and follow-up monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Compliance Report 2024","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","date":"2025-06-04","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/ACR2024-7.9.25.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Opened the 2024 Annual Compliance Report PDF (ADH Engineering Section; Appendix F dated June 4, 2025). The system's violation rows and periods match this record (violation code, quarter start dates); the report lists no concentration, as the record says. Source date unchanged. No change in status."}],"first_seen":"2024-10-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["observed contaminant concentration","precise affected population where not shown","coordinates","corrective-action completion date","treatment cost and funding source","household bill and affordability effects"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AR-HARMONY-TTHM-2024","revision":4,"change_type":"changed","title":"Harmony Water Association TTHM violation","description":"The Arkansas Department of Health 2024 Annual Compliance Report identified Harmony Water Association for a total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violation during 2024-10-01 through 2024-12-31. The appendix identifies the violation but does not report the observed concentration in the reviewed table.","location":{"name":"Harmony Water Association","type":"Public water system","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Harmony Water Association","counties":[],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A named contaminant maximum-contaminant-level violation is directly a drinking-water quality issue.","secondary_drivers":["confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no; utility financial distress: unknown"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"A total trihalomethanes MCL violation indicates contaminant exposure potential, but the observed concentration and health outcomes were not reported.","service":"No outage or loss of service was documented.","scale":"The affected population was not reported in the reviewed appendix, so no scale point was assigned.","duration":"The annual report identified a violation period from 2024-10-01 through 2024-12-31, without evidence supporting a prolonged score.","significance":"The state annual compliance report formally identified the Safe Drinking Water Act violation."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported. Population served was not verified for this system in the reviewed source extract."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Official 2024 total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violation; observed concentration not reported in the reviewed table; applicable MCL 0.08 mg/L."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no; utility financial distress: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"A single reported 2024 violation period does not establish a multi-year trend.","projection":{"statement":"No projection made without comparable post-2024 compliance data.","horizon":"Not applicable","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["later compliant monitoring","new violations"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Harmony Water Association","role":"public water system owner or operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","role":"Safe Drinking Water Act primacy agency"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section public contact: 501-661-2623.","corrective_actions":["Return to compliance with applicable monitoring, treatment and maximum-contaminant-level requirements; Continue required public notification and follow-up monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Compliance Report 2024","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","date":"2025-06-04","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/ACR2024-7.9.25.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Opened the 2024 Annual Compliance Report PDF (ADH Engineering Section; Appendix F dated June 4, 2025). The system's violation rows and periods match this record (violation code, quarter start dates); the report lists no concentration, as the record says. Source date unchanged. No change in status."}],"first_seen":"2024-10-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["observed contaminant concentration","precise affected population where not shown","coordinates","corrective-action completion date","treatment cost and funding source","household bill and affordability effects"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AR-HUTTIG-TTHM-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Huttig Waterworks TTHM violation","description":"The Arkansas Department of Health 2024 Annual Compliance Report identified Huttig Waterworks for a total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violation during 2024-07-01 through 2024-09-30. The appendix identifies the violation but does not report the observed concentration in the reviewed table.","location":{"name":"Huttig Waterworks","type":"Public water system","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Huttig Waterworks","counties":["Union"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A named contaminant maximum-contaminant-level violation is directly a drinking-water quality issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Huttig Waterworks: The Arkansas Department of Health 2024 Annual Compliance Report identified Huttig Waterworks for a total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violation during 2024-07-01 through 2024-09-30. Annual Compliance Report 2024 supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For Huttig Waterworks TTHM violation, status is Monitoring or Emerging Risk; Reported: Official 2024 total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violation; observed concentration not reported in the reviewed table; applicable MCL 0.08 mg/L. supports service score 0. [1]","scale":"Huttig Waterworks has system extent; Not reported. Population served was not verified for this system in the reviewed source extract., supporting scale score 0. [1]","duration":"Huttig Waterworks TTHM violation is documented from 2024-07-01 through 2024-09-30; duration score is 1. [1]","significance":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section documents Return to compliance with applicable monitoring, treatment and maximum-contaminant-level requirements for Huttig Waterworks, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported. Population served was not verified for this system in the reviewed source extract."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Official 2024 total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violation; observed concentration not reported in the reviewed table; applicable MCL 0.08 mg/L."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no; utility financial distress: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"A single reported 2024 violation period does not establish a multi-year trend.","projection":{"statement":"No projection made without comparable post-2024 compliance data.","horizon":"Not applicable","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["later compliant monitoring","new violations"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Huttig Waterworks - public water system owner or operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section - Safe Drinking Water Act primacy agency"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section public contact: 501-661-2623.","corrective_actions":["Return to compliance with applicable monitoring, treatment and maximum-contaminant-level requirements","Continue required public notification and follow-up monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Compliance Report 2024","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","date":"2025-06-04","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/ACR2024-7.9.25.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Opened the 2024 Annual Compliance Report PDF (ADH Engineering Section; Appendix F dated June 4, 2025). The system's violation rows and periods match this record (violation code, quarter start dates); the report lists no concentration, as the record says. Source date unchanged. No change in status."}],"first_seen":"2024-07-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["observed contaminant concentration","precise affected population where not shown","coordinates","corrective-action completion date","treatment cost and funding source","household bill and affordability effects"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AR-LAKESIDE-TTHM-2024","revision":4,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lakeside Water Association TTHM violations","description":"The Arkansas Department of Health 2024 Annual Compliance Report identified Lakeside Water Association for a repeated total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violations during 2024-01-01 through 2024-09-30. The appendix identifies the violation but does not report the observed concentration in the reviewed table.","location":{"name":"Lakeside Water Association","type":"Public water system","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Lakeside Water Association","counties":[],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A named contaminant maximum-contaminant-level violation is directly a drinking-water quality issue.","secondary_drivers":["confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no; utility financial distress: unknown"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"A total trihalomethanes MCL violation indicates contaminant exposure potential, but the observed concentration and health outcomes were not reported.","service":"No outage or loss of service was documented.","scale":"The affected population was not reported in the reviewed appendix, so no scale point was assigned.","duration":"Violations recurred across multiple quarters from 2024-01-01 through 2024-09-30.","significance":"The state annual compliance report formally identified the Safe Drinking Water Act violation."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported. Population served was not verified for this system in the reviewed source extract."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Official 2024 repeated total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violations; observed concentration not reported in the reviewed table; applicable MCL 0.08 mg/L."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no; utility financial distress: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Multiple 2024 quarterly violation periods establish recurrence within the year; post-2024 status was not verified.","projection":{"statement":"No projection made without comparable post-2024 compliance data.","horizon":"Not applicable","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["later compliant monitoring","new violations"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Lakeside Water Association","role":"public water system owner or operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","role":"Safe Drinking Water Act primacy agency"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section public contact: 501-661-2623.","corrective_actions":["Return to compliance with applicable monitoring, treatment and maximum-contaminant-level requirements; Continue required public notification and follow-up monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Compliance Report 2024","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","date":"2025-06-04","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/ACR2024-7.9.25.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Opened the 2024 Annual Compliance Report PDF (ADH Engineering Section; Appendix F dated June 4, 2025). The system's violation rows and periods match this record (violation code, quarter start dates); the report lists no concentration, as the record says. Source date unchanged. No change in status."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["observed contaminant concentration","precise affected population where not shown","coordinates","corrective-action completion date","treatment cost and funding source","household bill and affordability effects"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AR-LEE-COUNTY-TTHM-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lee County Water Association TTHM violations","description":"The Arkansas Department of Health 2024 Annual Compliance Report identified Lee County Water Association for a repeated total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violations during 2024-01-01 through 2024-09-30. The appendix identifies the violation but does not report the observed concentration in the reviewed table.","location":{"name":"Lee County Water Association","type":"Public water system","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Lee County Water Association","counties":["Lee"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A named contaminant maximum-contaminant-level violation is directly a drinking-water quality issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Lee County Water Association: The Arkansas Department of Health 2024 Annual Compliance Report identified Lee County Water Association for a repeated total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violations during 2024-01-01 through 2024-09-30. Annual Compliance Report 2024 supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For Lee County Water Association TTHM violations, status is Monitoring or Emerging Risk; Reported: Official 2024 repeated total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violations; observed concentration not reported in the reviewed table; applicable MCL 0.08 mg/L. supports service score 0. [1]","scale":"Lee County Water Association has system extent; Not reported. Population served was not verified for this system in the reviewed source extract., supporting scale score 0. [1]","duration":"Lee County Water Association TTHM violations is documented from 2024-01-01 through 2024-09-30; duration score is 2. [1]","significance":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section documents Return to compliance with applicable monitoring, treatment and maximum-contaminant-level requirements for Lee County Water Association, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported. Population served was not verified for this system in the reviewed source extract."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Official 2024 repeated total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violations; observed concentration not reported in the reviewed table; applicable MCL 0.08 mg/L."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no; utility financial distress: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Multiple 2024 quarterly violation periods establish recurrence within the year; post-2024 status was not verified.","projection":{"statement":"No projection made without comparable post-2024 compliance data.","horizon":"Not applicable","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["later compliant monitoring","new violations"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Lee County Water Association - public water system owner or operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section - Safe Drinking Water Act primacy agency"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section public contact: 501-661-2623.","corrective_actions":["Return to compliance with applicable monitoring, treatment and maximum-contaminant-level requirements","Continue required public notification and follow-up monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Compliance Report 2024","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","date":"2025-06-04","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/ACR2024-7.9.25.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Opened the 2024 Annual Compliance Report PDF (ADH Engineering Section; Appendix F dated June 4, 2025). The system's violation rows and periods match this record (violation code, quarter start dates); the report lists no concentration, as the record says. Source date unchanged. No change in status."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["observed contaminant concentration","precise affected population where not shown","coordinates","corrective-action completion date","treatment cost and funding source","household bill and affordability effects"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AR-MORO-TTHM-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Moro Waterworks TTHM violations","description":"The Arkansas Department of Health 2024 Annual Compliance Report identified Moro Waterworks for a repeated total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violations during 2024-01-01 through 2024-06-30. The appendix identifies the violation but does not report the observed concentration in the reviewed table.","location":{"name":"Moro Waterworks","type":"Public water system","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Moro Waterworks","counties":["Lee"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A named contaminant maximum-contaminant-level violation is directly a drinking-water quality issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Moro Waterworks: The Arkansas Department of Health 2024 Annual Compliance Report identified Moro Waterworks for a repeated total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violations during 2024-01-01 through 2024-06-30. Annual Compliance Report 2024 supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For Moro Waterworks TTHM violations, status is Monitoring or Emerging Risk; Reported: Official 2024 repeated total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violations; observed concentration not reported in the reviewed table; applicable MCL 0.08 mg/L. supports service score 0. [1]","scale":"Moro Waterworks has system extent; Not reported. Population served was not verified for this system in the reviewed source extract., supporting scale score 0. [1]","duration":"Moro Waterworks TTHM violations is documented from 2024-01-01 through 2024-06-30; duration score is 2. [1]","significance":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section documents Return to compliance with applicable monitoring, treatment and maximum-contaminant-level requirements for Moro Waterworks, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":219,"status":"Reported","note":"Retail population 219 per the ADH 2024 Annual Compliance Report Appendix F."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Official 2024 repeated total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violations; observed concentration not reported in the reviewed table; applicable MCL 0.08 mg/L."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no; utility financial distress: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Multiple 2024 quarterly violation periods establish recurrence within the year; post-2024 status was not verified.","projection":{"statement":"No projection made without comparable post-2024 compliance data.","horizon":"Not applicable","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["later compliant monitoring","new violations"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Moro Waterworks - public water system owner or operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section - Safe Drinking Water Act primacy agency"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section public contact: 501-661-2623.","corrective_actions":["Return to compliance with applicable monitoring, treatment and maximum-contaminant-level requirements","Continue required public notification and follow-up monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Compliance Report 2024","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","date":"2025-06-04","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/ACR2024-7.9.25.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Opened ADH 2024 Annual Compliance Report (dated 2025-06-04); Moro Waterworks entry confirmed (code 2950 TTHM MCL, violations dated 1/1/2024 and 4/1/2024). Added retail population 219 from the same table (previously not reported)."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["observed contaminant concentration","precise affected population where not shown","coordinates","corrective-action completion date","treatment cost and funding source","household bill and affordability effects"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AR-OLA-TTHM-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Ola Waterworks TTHM violations","description":"The Arkansas Department of Health 2024 Annual Compliance Report identified Ola Waterworks for a repeated total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violations during 2024-04-01 through 2024-12-31. The appendix identifies the violation but does not report the observed concentration in the reviewed table.","location":{"name":"Ola Waterworks","type":"Public water system","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Ola Waterworks","counties":["Yell"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A named contaminant maximum-contaminant-level violation is directly a drinking-water quality issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Ola Waterworks: The Arkansas Department of Health 2024 Annual Compliance Report identified Ola Waterworks for a repeated total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violations during 2024-04-01 through 2024-12-31. Annual Compliance Report 2024 supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For Ola Waterworks TTHM violations, status is Monitoring or Emerging Risk; Reported: Official 2024 repeated total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violations; observed concentration not reported in the reviewed table; applicable MCL 0.08 mg/L. supports service score 0. [1]","scale":"Ola Waterworks has system extent; Not reported. Population served was not verified for this system in the reviewed source extract., supporting scale score 0. [1]","duration":"Ola Waterworks TTHM violations is documented from 2024-04-01 through 2024-12-31; duration score is 2. [1]","significance":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section documents Return to compliance with applicable monitoring, treatment and maximum-contaminant-level requirements for Ola Waterworks, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":1204,"status":"Reported","note":"Retail population 1,204 per the ADH 2024 Annual Compliance Report Appendix F."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Official 2024 repeated total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violations; observed concentration not reported in the reviewed table; applicable MCL 0.08 mg/L."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no; utility financial distress: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Multiple 2024 quarterly violation periods establish recurrence within the year; post-2024 status was not verified.","projection":{"statement":"No projection made without comparable post-2024 compliance data.","horizon":"Not applicable","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["later compliant monitoring","new violations"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Ola Waterworks - public water system owner or operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section - Safe Drinking Water Act primacy agency"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section public contact: 501-661-2623.","corrective_actions":["Return to compliance with applicable monitoring, treatment and maximum-contaminant-level requirements","Continue required public notification and follow-up monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Compliance Report 2024","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","date":"2025-06-04","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/ACR2024-7.9.25.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Opened ADH 2024 Annual Compliance Report (dated 2025-06-04); Ola Waterworks entry confirmed (code 2950 TTHM MCL, violations dated 4/1, 7/1 and 10/1/2024). Added retail population 1,204 from the same table."}],"first_seen":"2024-04-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["observed contaminant concentration","precise affected population where not shown","coordinates","corrective-action completion date","treatment cost and funding source","household bill and affordability effects"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AR-OZAN-CREEK-TTHM-2024","revision":4,"change_type":"changed","title":"Ozan Creek Rural Public Water Authority TTHM violation","description":"The Arkansas Department of Health 2024 Annual Compliance Report identified Ozan Creek Rural Public Water Authority for a total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violation during 2024-01-01 through 2024-03-31. The appendix identifies the violation but does not report the observed concentration in the reviewed table.","location":{"name":"Ozan Creek Rural Public Water Authority","type":"Public water system","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Ozan Creek Rural Public Water Authority","counties":[],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A named contaminant maximum-contaminant-level violation is directly a drinking-water quality issue.","secondary_drivers":["confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no; utility financial distress: unknown"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"A total trihalomethanes MCL violation indicates contaminant exposure potential, but the observed concentration and health outcomes were not reported.","service":"No outage or loss of service was documented.","scale":"The affected population was not reported in the reviewed appendix, so no scale point was assigned.","duration":"The annual report identified a violation period from 2024-01-01 through 2024-03-31, without evidence supporting a prolonged score.","significance":"The state annual compliance report formally identified the Safe Drinking Water Act violation."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":787,"status":"Reported","note":"Retail population 787 per the ADH 2024 Annual Compliance Report Appendix F."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Official 2024 total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violation; observed concentration not reported in the reviewed table; applicable MCL 0.08 mg/L."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no; utility financial distress: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"A single reported 2024 violation period does not establish a multi-year trend.","projection":{"statement":"No projection made without comparable post-2024 compliance data.","horizon":"Not applicable","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["later compliant monitoring","new violations"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Ozan Creek Rural Public Water Authority","role":"public water system owner or operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","role":"Safe Drinking Water Act primacy agency"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section public contact: 501-661-2623.","corrective_actions":["Return to compliance with applicable monitoring, treatment and maximum-contaminant-level requirements; Continue required public notification and follow-up monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Compliance Report 2024","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","date":"2025-06-04","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/ACR2024-7.9.25.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Opened ADH 2024 Annual Compliance Report (dated 2025-06-04); Ozan Creek Rural Water System entry confirmed (code 2950 TTHM MCL, violation dated 1/1/2024). Added retail population 787 from the same table."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["observed contaminant concentration","precise affected population where not shown","coordinates","corrective-action completion date","treatment cost and funding source","household bill and affordability effects"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AR-SOUTHWEST-ARKANSAS-HAA5-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Southwest Arkansas Water Facilities Board HAA5 violation","description":"The Arkansas Department of Health 2024 Annual Compliance Report identified Southwest Arkansas Water Facilities Board for a HAA5 maximum contaminant level violation during 2024-10-01 through 2024-12-31. The appendix identifies the violation but does not report the observed concentration in the reviewed table.","location":{"name":"Southwest Arkansas Water Facilities Board","type":"Public water system","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Southwest Arkansas Water Facilities Board","counties":["Hempstead"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A named contaminant maximum-contaminant-level violation is directly a drinking-water quality issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Southwest Arkansas Water Facilities Board: The Arkansas Department of Health 2024 Annual Compliance Report identified Southwest Arkansas Water Facilities Board for a HAA5 maximum contaminant level violation during 2024-10-01 through 2024-12-31. Annual Compliance Report 2024 supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For Southwest Arkansas Water Facilities Board HAA5 violation, status is Monitoring or Emerging Risk; Reported: Official 2024 HAA5 maximum contaminant level violation; observed concentration not reported in the reviewed table; applicable MCL 0.06 mg/L. supports service score 0. [1]","scale":"Southwest Arkansas Water Facilities Board has system extent; Reported: 866. Population served reported in the same ADH annual compliance report., supporting scale score 0. [1]","duration":"Southwest Arkansas Water Facilities Board HAA5 violation is documented from 2024-10-01 through 2024-12-31; duration score is 1. [1]","significance":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section documents Return to compliance with applicable monitoring, treatment and maximum-contaminant-level requirements for Southwest Arkansas Water Facilities Board, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":2335,"status":"Reported","note":"Retail population 2,335 per the ADH 2024 Annual Compliance Report Appendix F (the table truncates the system name); corrected from 866, which is a customer count from a separate source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Official 2024 HAA5 maximum contaminant level violation; observed concentration not reported in the reviewed table; applicable MCL 0.06 mg/L."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no; utility financial distress: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"A single reported 2024 violation period does not establish a multi-year trend.","projection":{"statement":"No projection made without comparable post-2024 compliance data.","horizon":"Not applicable","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["later compliant monitoring","new violations"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Southwest Arkansas Water Facilities Board - public water system owner or operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section - Safe Drinking Water Act primacy agency"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section public contact: 501-661-2623.","corrective_actions":["Return to compliance with applicable monitoring, treatment and maximum-contaminant-level requirements","Continue required public notification and follow-up monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Compliance Report 2024","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","date":"2025-06-04","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/ACR2024-7.9.25.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Opened ADH 2024 Annual Compliance Report (dated 2025-06-04); Southwest Arkansas Water System (name truncated in the table) entry confirmed (code 2456 HAA5 MCL, violation dated 10/1/2024). Corrected population: record said 866 'from the same report', but the report lists retail population 2,335 (866 is the customer count in the governor's May 2026 release)."}],"first_seen":"2024-10-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["observed contaminant concentration","precise affected population where not shown","coordinates","corrective-action completion date","treatment cost and funding source","household bill and affordability effects"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AR-TRI-COUNTY-MOORES-CHAPEL-TTHM-2024","revision":4,"change_type":"changed","title":"Tri County Moores Chapel Water Association TTHM violations","description":"The Arkansas Department of Health 2024 Annual Compliance Report identified Tri County Moores Chapel Water Association for a repeated total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violations during 2024-04-01 through 2024-12-31. The appendix identifies the violation but does not report the observed concentration in the reviewed table.","location":{"name":"Tri County Moores Chapel Water Association","type":"Public water system","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Tri County Moores Chapel Water Association","counties":[],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A named contaminant maximum-contaminant-level violation is directly a drinking-water quality issue.","secondary_drivers":["confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no; utility financial distress: unknown"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"A total trihalomethanes MCL violation indicates contaminant exposure potential, but the observed concentration and health outcomes were not reported.","service":"No outage or loss of service was documented.","scale":"The affected population was not reported in the reviewed appendix, so no scale point was assigned.","duration":"Violations recurred across multiple quarters from 2024-04-01 through 2024-12-31.","significance":"The state annual compliance report formally identified the Safe Drinking Water Act violation."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":3112,"status":"Reported","note":"Retail population 3,112 per the ADH 2024 Annual Compliance Report Appendix F."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Official 2024 repeated total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violations; observed concentration not reported in the reviewed table; applicable MCL 0.08 mg/L."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no; utility financial distress: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Multiple 2024 quarterly violation periods establish recurrence within the year; post-2024 status was not verified.","projection":{"statement":"No projection made without comparable post-2024 compliance data.","horizon":"Not applicable","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["later compliant monitoring","new violations"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Tri County Moores Chapel Water Association","role":"public water system owner or operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","role":"Safe Drinking Water Act primacy agency"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section public contact: 501-661-2623.","corrective_actions":["Return to compliance with applicable monitoring, treatment and maximum-contaminant-level requirements; Continue required public notification and follow-up monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Compliance Report 2024","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","date":"2025-06-04","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/ACR2024-7.9.25.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Opened ADH 2024 Annual Compliance Report (dated 2025-06-04); Tri County RWDD - Moores Chapel entry confirmed (code 2950 TTHM MCL, violations dated 4/1, 7/1 and 10/1/2024). Added retail population 3,112 from the same table."}],"first_seen":"2024-04-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["observed contaminant concentration","precise affected population where not shown","coordinates","corrective-action completion date","treatment cost and funding source","household bill and affordability effects"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AR-WOOSTER-TTHM-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Wooster Waterworks TTHM violations","description":"The Arkansas Department of Health 2024 Annual Compliance Report identified Wooster Waterworks for a repeated total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violations during 2024-01-01 through 2024-09-30. The appendix identifies the violation but does not report the observed concentration in the reviewed table.","location":{"name":"Wooster Waterworks","type":"Public water system","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Wooster Waterworks","counties":["Faulkner"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A named contaminant maximum-contaminant-level violation is directly a drinking-water quality issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Wooster Waterworks: The Arkansas Department of Health 2024 Annual Compliance Report identified Wooster Waterworks for a repeated total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violations during 2024-01-01 through 2024-09-30. Annual Compliance Report 2024 supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For Wooster Waterworks TTHM violations, status is Monitoring or Emerging Risk; Reported: Official 2024 repeated total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violations; observed concentration not reported in the reviewed table; applicable MCL 0.08 mg/L. supports service score 0. [1]","scale":"Wooster Waterworks has system extent; Not reported. Population served was not verified for this system in the reviewed source extract., supporting scale score 0. [1]","duration":"Wooster Waterworks TTHM violations is documented from 2024-01-01 through 2024-09-30; duration score is 2. [1]","significance":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section documents Return to compliance with applicable monitoring, treatment and maximum-contaminant-level requirements for Wooster Waterworks, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":5000,"status":"Reported","note":"Retail population 5,000 per the ADH 2024 Annual Compliance Report Appendix F."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Official 2024 repeated total trihalomethanes maximum contaminant level violations; observed concentration not reported in the reviewed table; applicable MCL 0.08 mg/L."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no; utility financial distress: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Multiple 2024 quarterly violation periods establish recurrence within the year; post-2024 status was not verified.","projection":{"statement":"No projection made without comparable post-2024 compliance data.","horizon":"Not applicable","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["later compliant monitoring","new violations"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Wooster Waterworks - public water system owner or operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section - Safe Drinking Water Act primacy agency"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section public contact: 501-661-2623.","corrective_actions":["Return to compliance with applicable monitoring, treatment and maximum-contaminant-level requirements","Continue required public notification and follow-up monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Compliance Report 2024","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","date":"2025-06-04","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/ACR2024-7.9.25.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Opened ADH 2024 Annual Compliance Report (dated 2025-06-04); Wooster Waterworks entry confirmed (code 2950 TTHM MCL, violations dated 1/1, 4/1 and 7/1/2024). Added retail population 5,000 from the same table."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["observed contaminant concentration","precise affected population where not shown","coordinates","corrective-action completion date","treatment cost and funding source","household bill and affordability effects"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AR-SOUTHWEST-ARKANSAS-WFB-INFRASTRUCTURE-FINANCING-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Southwest Arkansas Water Facilities Board financed system improvements","description":"Arkansas announced $100,000 in Drinking Water State Revolving Fund financing for Southwest Arkansas Water Facilities Board system improvements and extension. The source reported 866 customers and did not identify an active service failure.","location":{"name":"Southwest Arkansas Water Facilities Board","type":"Regional water utility","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Hempstead County","counties":["Hempstead"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The finding is a funded physical water-system improvement and extension project, with no documented systemic financial failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No current health or environmental harm was reported.","service":"No outage or loss of essential service was reported.","scale":"The project serves 866 customers, but no current affected population was documented.","duration":"A multi-step improvement project implies an ongoing capital need, but no unresolved failure duration was reported.","significance":"The state approved $100,000 in DWSRF financing, a material but limited official capital action."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":866,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 866. Reported as customers served, not people."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: DWSRF financing secured: $100,000 for system improvements and extension; 866 customers served."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no; utility financial distress: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One official observation or event series is insufficient for a defensible trend.","projection":{"statement":"No projection made.","horizon":"Not applicable","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Southwest Arkansas Water Facilities Board - project owner"},{"name":"Arkansas Natural Resources Commission - financing authority"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Agriculture - state water-financing administration"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section public contact: 501-661-2623.","corrective_actions":["Complete funded system improvements and extension"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Governor Sanders Announces $3,176,035 in Arkansas Water Financing","publisher":"Office of the Governor of Arkansas","date":"2026-05-21","url":"https://governor.arkansas.gov/news_post/governor-sanders-announces-3176035-in-arkansas-water-financing/","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":2,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":2,"note":"Opened governor's release (May 21, 2026) via WebFetch (HTTP 403 to curl): $100,000 DWSRF loan for Southwest Arkansas Water Facilities Board of Hempstead County, 866 customers. Matches; no change."}],"first_seen":"2026-05-21","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["coordinates","household affordability burden","arrears and shutoffs","complete capital plan and funding gap"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-05-21","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":100000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-05-21","scope":{"utility":"Southwest Arkansas Water Facilities Board","project":"system improvements and extension"},"basis":{"definition":"Drinking Water State Revolving Fund financing"},"source_refs":[1],"funding_stage":"secured"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-AR-VAN-BUREN-WATER-LINE-FINANCING-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Van Buren financed water-line improvements","description":"Arkansas announced $2,000,000 in Drinking Water State Revolving Fund financing for Van Buren water-line improvements. The source reported 8,768 customers and did not identify an active service failure.","location":{"name":"Van Buren Water Utilities","type":"Municipal water utility","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Van Buren","counties":["Crawford"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The finding is a funded water-line capital project, with no reported contaminant event or formal financial distress.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No current health or environmental harm was reported.","service":"No outage or loss of essential service was reported.","scale":"The utility serves 8,768 customers, a material local service base.","duration":"Water-line improvements are an ongoing capital project, but no prolonged current failure was identified.","significance":"The state approved $2 million in DWSRF financing for the project."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":8768,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 8768. Reported as customers served, not people."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: DWSRF financing secured: $2,000,000 for water-line improvements; 8,768 customers served."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership: no; utility financial distress: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One official observation or event series is insufficient for a defensible trend.","projection":{"statement":"No projection made.","horizon":"Not applicable","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Van Buren Water Utilities - project owner"},{"name":"Arkansas Natural Resources Commission - financing authority"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Agriculture - state water-financing administration"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section public contact: 501-661-2623.","corrective_actions":["Complete funded water-line improvements"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Governor Sanders Announces $3,176,035 in Arkansas Water Financing","publisher":"Office of the Governor of Arkansas","date":"2026-05-21","url":"https://governor.arkansas.gov/news_post/governor-sanders-announces-3176035-in-arkansas-water-financing/","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"Opened governor's release (May 21, 2026) via WebFetch (HTTP 403 to curl): $2,000,000 DWSRF loan for Van Buren water line improvements, 8,768 customers. Matches; no change."}],"first_seen":"2026-05-21","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["coordinates","household affordability burden","arrears and shutoffs","complete capital plan and funding gap"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-05-21","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":2000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-05-21","scope":{"utility":"City of Van Buren Water Utilities","project":"water-line improvements"},"basis":{"definition":"Drinking Water State Revolving Fund financing"},"source_refs":[1],"funding_stage":"secured"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-AR-FORT-SMITH-WASTEWATER-MASSARD-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Fort Smith faces major Massard and sewer compliance work","description":"Fort Smith remains under federal and state wastewater enforcement while it designs major Massard Water Reclamation Facility and wet-weather collection improvements. Official records document recurring sanitary sewer overflows, 2023 treatment-limit violations, and approximately 15 million gallons of untreated wastewater discharged from the largest remaining wet-weather overflow site since February 2022; no insolvency proceeding is reported.","location":{"name":"City of Fort Smith Water Utilities","type":"Utility Service Area","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Fort Smith, Sebastian County, Arkansas","counties":["Sebastian"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Collection-system capacity and aging treatment assets caused overflows while treatment-process failures caused ammonia and other permit exceedances, making infrastructure and water quality materially causal.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Official records document untreated wastewater releases and repeated ammonia, CBOD/BOD, and TSS permit violations.","service":"Recurring wet-weather SSOs and treatment noncompliance affect the municipal sanitation system.","scale":"The city utility operates more than 500 miles of sewer and treats more than 5.5 billion gallons per year for Fort Smith and regional users.","duration":"Federal consent-decree work and state CAO compliance remained active across multiple years through 2026.","significance":"A federal consent decree, state CAO, and a reported $150 million Massard construction estimate establish major regulatory and capital significance."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported. A defensible affected-population value was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 22 effluent-limit violations from Dec 31, 2020 through Nov 30, 2023, including 16 ammonia nitrogen, 2 CBOD, 2 TSS and 2 fecal coliform (CAO LIS 24-023)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["deferred maintenance repeated failures; Large compliance capital needs and repeated failures indicate structural stress, but the reviewed sources do not document bankruptcy, default, receivership, or inability to fund the program."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"2024 state CAO; 2026 $150 million construction estimate; approximately 15 million gallons released since 2022 at the largest remaining wet-weather site","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: compliance and rate pressure will likely persist through multi-year design and construction, but the timing and household impact cannot be quantified from the reviewed sources.","horizon":"3-10 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["planned capital work proceeds","permit requirements remain in force"],"reversal_factors":["accelerated construction","additional grants or low-cost financing","verified sustained permit compliance"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Fort Smith Water Utilities - owner and operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Division of Environmental Quality - state NPDES and CAO enforcement"},{"name":"U.S"},{"name":"Environmental Protection Agency - federal consent-decree oversight"},{"name":"U.S"},{"name":"Department of Justice - federal consent-decree party"}],"public_contact":"Water/Sewer Emergency, 479-784-2342; Customer Service, 479-784-2262, CustomerService@FortSmithAR.gov","corrective_actions":["Implement the state corrective action plan for Massard effluent violations","Design and construct Massard aeration, clarification, solids, disinfection, discharge, and wet-weather treatment improvements","Continue federal consent-decree collection-system capacity projects"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Executed Consent Administrative Order LIS 24-023","publisher":"Arkansas Division of Environmental Quality","date":"2024-02-12","url":"https://www.adeq.state.ar.us/downloads/WebDatabases/PermitsOnline/NPDES/EnforcementReports/AR0021750_Executed%20CAO_20240212.pdf","basis":"primary state"},{"ref":2,"title":"Massard WRF CAO Quarter 1 Update","publisher":"City of Fort Smith / Garver","date":"2024-04-15","url":"https://www.adeq.state.ar.us/downloads/WebDatabases/PermitsOnline/NPDES/EnforcementReports/AR0021750_Quarterly%20Progress%20Report_20240415.pdf","basis":"primary utility"},{"ref":3,"title":"Board of Directors Staff Report: Massard Water Reclamation Facility Improvements","publisher":"City of Fort Smith","date":"2026-05-26","url":"https://www.fortsmithar.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/14578/639149759054930000","basis":"primary local_government"},{"ref":4,"title":"Massard Water Reclamation Facility","publisher":"City of Fort Smith","date":null,"url":"https://www.fortsmithar.gov/government/departments/water-utilities/water-reclamation/wastewater-treatment/massard-water-reclamation-facility","basis":"primary utility","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":10,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":10,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":10,"note":"Opened the executed CAO LIS 24-023 (scanned, read by OCR) and the April 15, 2024 first quarterly update (CAP submitted April 8, 2024). Replaced the key measure with the CAO figures: 22 violations Dec 31, 2020 to Nov 30, 2023 (16 ammonia). Two sources (Fort Smith staff report and the Massard facility page) returned HTTP 403 to curl and WebFetch, so the $150 million estimate and 15 million gallon figures were not re-checked; verification left unchanged."}],"first_seen":"2023-11-16","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["service_population","typical_residential_bill","affordability_burden","funding_gap","debt_and_liquidity"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-05-26","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":150000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"dollars","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-05-26","scope":{"project":"Massard WRF improvements"},"basis":{"definition":"city staff construction estimate"},"source_refs":[3],"notes":"city staff construction estimate","funding_stage":"estimated"},{"metric":"contract_award","value":8575000,"currency":"USD","unit":"dollars","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-05-26","scope":{"project":"Massard WRF improvement design"},"basis":{"definition":"proposed professional-services agreement"},"source_refs":[3],"notes":"proposed professional-services agreement","funding_stage":"proposed"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-AR-HOT-SPRINGS-GULPHA-SSO-2024","revision":4,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hot Springs continues work on recurring Gulpha Basin sewer overflows","description":"Hot Springs continues corrective construction under state Consent Administrative Order LIS 22-007 for recurring sanitary sewer overflows into Gulpha Creek and the Lake Catherine watershed. An April 2026 DEQ amendment says the city reported 155 overflows totaling about 121 million gallons from July 2021 to June 2025, missed the September 2024 compliance date, and now has until September 15, 2027; $9,600 of a suspended penalty was recalled.","location":{"name":"City of Hot Springs Utilities","type":"Utility Service Area","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Hot Springs, Garland County, Arkansas","counties":["Garland"],"extent":"watershed","coordinates":{"lat":34.52,"lon":-93.05,"precision":"city","source_ref":5}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Rainfall-driven inflow and infiltration and constrained sewer and pump infrastructure caused raw-sewage releases and elevated bacteria in receiving waters.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Raw sewage reached creeks and January 2024 sampling reported E. coli above the seasonal criterion.","service":"The recurring overflow problem is localized to collection and pump-system locations without a documented citywide sanitation outage.","scale":"The affected city basins and downstream recreational lake are material local areas, but a verified affected population was not published.","duration":"Overflows and CAO work recurred from January 2022 through at least April 2026, with the compliance date moved to September 2027 (ref 5).","significance":"CAO LIS 22-007 was amended in 2026 (CAO-AMEND-25-19) after the city missed its September 30, 2024 certification, and $9,600 of the suspended penalty was recalled (ref 5)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported. A defensible affected-population value was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"DEQ reviewed 155 overflows into Gulpha Creek totaling approximately 121 million gallons (Jul 1, 2021-Jun 6, 2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"Overflows into Gulpha Creek","value":155,"unit":"events","status":"Reported","note":"Jul 1, 2021 - Jun 6, 2025 (ref 5)."},{"name":"Overflow volume","value":121,"unit":"million gallons (approx.)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 5."},{"name":"Suspended penalty recalled","value":9600,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 5."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["deferred maintenance repeated failures; Recurring SSOs and extended capital work warrant monitoring, but no audited solvency or debt distress was found."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"2025 SSO events increased 30%; 2025 overflow volume decreased 66%; SSES was about 50% complete at end-2025","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: overflow volume may continue to fall if scheduled interceptor, pump, force-main, and rehabilitation projects are completed, but event counts had not yet improved.","horizon":"18-24 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["construction remains on schedule","identified inflow and infiltration sources are corrected"],"reversal_factors":["construction delay","extreme rainfall","new capacity constraints"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Hot Springs Utilities - owner, operator, and corrective-action lead"},{"name":"Arkansas Division of Environmental Quality - NPDES and CAO enforcement"}],"public_contact":"Utilities 24/7 Hotline, 501-321-6200; ","corrective_actions":["Construct Lower Gulpha interceptor, pump-station, and force-main improvements","Clean and disinfect overflow sites and document sampling and communications","Complete CCTV, smoke testing, and sanitary sewer evaluation study","Complete the remaining three phases of gravity interceptor improvements and certify compliance by September 15, 2027"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Hot Springs SSO Letter and Study Request","publisher":"Arkansas Division of Environmental Quality","date":"2024-01-31","url":"https://adeq.state.ar.us/downloads/WebDatabases/PermitsOnline/NPDES/EnforcementReports/AR0033880_Hot%20Springs%20SSO%20Letter%20and%20Study%20Request_20240131.pdf","basis":"primary state"},{"ref":2,"title":"Monthly Hot Springs Pump Station Progress Report - January 2024","publisher":"City of Hot Springs","date":"2024-02-15","url":"https://www.adeq.state.ar.us/downloads/WebDatabases/PermitsOnline/NPDES/EnforcementReports/AR0033880_%20Monthly%20Hot%20Springs%20Pump%20Station%20Progress%20Report%20-%20January%202024_20240215.pdf","basis":"primary utility"},{"ref":3,"title":"City of Hot Springs Budget Book 2026","publisher":"City of Hot Springs","date":"2026-03-01","url":"https://www.hotspringsar.gov/Archive.aspx?ADID=806","basis":"primary local_government"},{"ref":4,"title":"AR0033880 Enforcement Reports","publisher":"Arkansas Division of Environmental Quality","date":null,"url":"https://adeq.state.ar.us/home/pdssql/p_permits_online_npdes_additonal.aspx?Category=EnforcementReports&PmtNbr=AR0033880&Title=Enforcement+Reports","basis":"primary state","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"Amendment No. 001 to Consent Administrative Order LIS 22-007 (CAO-AMEND-25-19)","publisher":"Arkansas DEQ","date":"2026-04-16","url":"https://adeq.state.ar.us/downloads/WebDatabases/PermitsOnline/NPDES/EnforcementReports/AR0033880_CAO-AMEND-25-19%20amendment%20for%20CAO%20LIS%2022-007_20260416.pdf","basis":"primary state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"DEQ amended CAO LIS 22-007 (April 2026): compliance moved to Sept. 15, 2027 after a missed deadline; 155 overflows (about 121 million gallons) reviewed."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Opened all five sources. CAO-AMEND-25-19 (dated 2026-04-16): 155 SSOs into Gulpha Creek totaling about 121 million gallons (Jul 1, 2021 to Jun 6, 2025), September 30, 2024 certification missed, new date September 15, 2027, $9,600 of the suspended penalty recalled (amendment effective on signature, subject to public comment). 2026 Budget Book: SSO events up 30% vs 2024, volume 66% lower, SSES about 50% complete at end of 2025. Jan 31, 2024 DEQ letter and the pump-station progress report (scanned, OCR) match. The DEQ listing shows newer SSO analysis reports through 2026-09-15 that were not opened. No change."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-08","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["service_population","capital_cost","funding_gap","typical_residential_bill","affordability_burden","debt_and_liquidity"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AR-HASKELL-NORTH-WWTP-2023","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Haskell continues work after repeated wastewater violations","description":"Haskell's North Wastewater Treatment Plant remained under a state corrective schedule after 26 documented effluent-limit violations. A January 2025 report documented smoke testing, manhole inspection, treatment adjustments, and applications for state loan and grant support; later compliance was not verified in this review.","location":{"name":"City of Haskell","type":"Utility Service Area","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Haskell, Saline County, Arkansas","counties":["Saline"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Collection-system inflow and infiltration and treatment-process limitations jointly contributed to recurring effluent and capacity problems.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"TSS, pH, fecal-coliform, and dissolved-oxygen violations present localized environmental risk without documented acute harm.","service":"A small municipal wastewater system required corrective work but no complete sanitation outage was documented.","scale":"The 2024 permit application reported 4,478 people served.","duration":"The CAO was repeatedly amended and corrective work continued into 2025.","significance":"Twenty-six formal permit violations and an enforceable CAO milestone schedule constitute major regulatory significance."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported. A defensible affected-population value was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 26 effluent-limit violations from Jan 1, 2022 through Jun 30, 2023 (13 TSS, 11 pH, 1 fecal coliform, 1 dissolved oxygen)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["deferred maintenance repeated failures; temporary funding dependence; Prolonged compliance work and reliance on pending loan and grant applications warrant monitoring, but no formal insolvency evidence was found."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"75% of smoke testing completed; 36 manholes inspected; loan and grant application submitted","projection":{"statement":"No projection; post-January 2025 compliance and financing outcomes were not verified.","horizon":"Not specified","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Haskell - owner and operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Division of Environmental Quality - NPDES and CAO enforcement"},{"name":"Arkansas Natural Resources Commission - loan and grant program administrator"}],"public_contact":"501-317-8819; City of Haskell, 501-776-2666, info@cityofhaskell.org","corrective_actions":["Complete sanitary sewer evaluation, smoke testing, and manhole inspections","Add soda ash to stabilize treatment","Pursue ANRC loan and Sewer Overflow and Stormwater Reuse Municipal Grant funding"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Executed CAO Amendment 003","publisher":"Arkansas Division of Environmental Quality","date":"2023-10-17","url":"https://www.adeq.state.ar.us/downloads/WebDatabases/PermitsOnline/NPDES/EnforcementReports/AR0051713_Executed%20CAO%20Amendment%20003_20231017.pdf","basis":"primary state"},{"ref":2,"title":"CAO Quarterly Progress Report","publisher":"City of Haskell / Halff","date":"2025-01-29","url":"https://www.adeq.state.ar.us/downloads/WebDatabases/PermitsOnline/NPDES/EnforcementReports/AR0051713_CAO%2019-023%20Progress%20Report_20250129.pdf","basis":"primary utility"},{"ref":3,"title":"Haskell North Wastewater NPDES Renewal Application","publisher":"City of Haskell","date":"2024-09-17","url":"https://www.adeq.state.ar.us/downloads/WebDatabases/PermitsOnline/NPDES/PermitInformation/AR0051713_Renewal%20Application_20240917.pdf","basis":"primary utility"},{"ref":4,"title":"Executed CAO 24-169 Cover Letter","publisher":"Arkansas Division of Environmental Quality","date":"2024-12-18","url":"https://www.adeq.state.ar.us/downloads/WebDatabases/PermitsOnline/NPDES/EnforcementReports/AR0051713_Executed%20Cover%20Letter%20CAO%2024-169_20241218.pdf","basis":"primary state"},{"ref":5,"title":"Facility Details: City of Haskell North WTP","publisher":"Arkansas Division of Environmental Quality","date":null,"url":"https://adeq.state.ar.us/home/pdssql/p_facil_details.aspx?AFIN=6300976&AFINDash=63-00976","basis":"primary state","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Opened all five sources (Amendment 003 and the permit-facility page; the PDFs are scanned and were read by OCR). Amendment 003 confirms the 26 violations (13 TSS, 11 pH, 1 fecal coliform, 1 DO). Jan 29, 2025 progress report confirms 75% of 145,000 ft smoke testing, 36 manholes, funding application Dec 20, 2024, soda ash. Renewal application lists 4,478 served. Dec 18, 2024 DEQ letter shows a further CAO LIS 24-169 executed Dec 12, 2024 (effective Jan 21, 2025, $500 penalty). Replaced the placeholder key measure with the violation breakdown."}],"first_seen":"2023-10-17","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["post_2025_compliance_status","capital_requirement","funding_award","funding_gap","rates","affordability","debt_and_liquidity"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AR-CONCORD-WASTEWATER-CAO-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Concord sewer system weighs financing and regionalization under active CAO","description":"Concord Water and Sewer Public Facilities Board remains under a state wastewater consent order with recurring noncompliance reports, an expired permit still under review, and unresolved inflow, infiltration, and plant-capacity needs. The system is pursuing grants and discussing regionalization with Van Buren; no bankruptcy or receivership is documented.","location":{"name":"Concord Water and Sewer PFB","type":"Utility Service Area","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Van Buren area, Crawford County, Arkansas","counties":["Crawford"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Inoperable treatment equipment and collection-system inflow and infiltration caused violations, while limited financing and management capacity constrain correction.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Recurring bypass and influent/effluent noncompliance creates localized receiving-water risk; no acute harm in the current window was quantified.","service":"The small sewer system requires continuing interim operation and rehabilitation without a documented complete service outage.","scale":"Impacts are localized to Concord's service area and Flat Rock Creek watershed.","duration":"Corrective reporting and noncompliance continued from 2023 through June 2026.","significance":"A binding CAO remains unresolved and DEQ reportedly will not renew the expired permit until the CAO is addressed."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported. A defensible affected-population value was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: NPDES permit expired May 31, 2025; renewal application submitted April 14, 2025 was at stage 21 of 41 in DEQ review as of Quarterly Report 13 (January 15, 2026)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["deferred maintenance repeated failures; capital needs exceed current revenue capacity; temporary funding dependence; consolidation regionalization pressure; Concord is piecing repairs within its budget, seeking multiple external funding sources, and evaluating regionalization; this is material financial and operational stress but not confirmed insolvency."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"permit expired May 2025; renewal held pending CAO resolution; 2025-2026 noncompliance reports; regionalization discussions","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: pressure for major external financing or regionalization is likely to continue while the CAO blocks permit renewal and inflow, infiltration, and capacity work remains incomplete.","horizon":"1-3 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["CAO remains unresolved","grant funding is not sufficient for all repairs"],"reversal_factors":["grant award","successful regionalization","verified rehabilitation and permit renewal"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Concord Water and Sewer Public Facilities Board - owner and operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Division of Environmental Quality - NPDES and CAO enforcement"},{"name":"Van Buren Municipal Utilities - potential regionalization partner"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas DEQ Water Quality Enforcement, 501-682-0640","corrective_actions":["Rehabilitate highest-priority inflow and infiltration sources","Increase wastewater-plant capacity and reduce headworks overflows","Seek state, nonprofit, and rural-water financing","Evaluate regionalization with Van Buren Municipal Utilities"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Consent Administrative Order Quarterly Report 13","publisher":"Concord Water and Sewer PFB / McClelland Consulting Engineers","date":"2026-01-15","url":"https://www.adeq.state.ar.us/downloads/WebDatabases/PermitsOnline/NPDES/EnforcementReports/AR0050938_Quarterly%20Report%2013_20260115.pdf","basis":"primary utility"},{"ref":2,"title":"Concord Water Corrective Action Plan Schedule","publisher":"Concord Water and Sewer PFB / McClelland Consulting Engineers","date":"2024-07-10","url":"https://adeq.state.ar.us/downloads/WebDatabases/PermitsOnline/NPDES/EnforcementReports/AR0050938_Concord%20Water%20CAP%20Schedule_20240710.pdf","basis":"primary utility"},{"ref":3,"title":"AR0050938 Enforcement Reports","publisher":"Arkansas Division of Environmental Quality","date":null,"url":"https://www.adeq.state.ar.us/home/pdssql/p_permits_online_npdes_additonal.aspx?Category=EnforcementReports&PmtNbr=ar0050938&Title=Enforcement+Reports","basis":"primary state","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Opened all three sources. Quarterly Report 13 (Jan 15, 2026, scanned, read by OCR): permit expired May 31, 2025 and DEQ indicates it will not be renewed until the CAO is addressed; regionalization talks with Van Buren Municipal Utilities; AEDG grant application pending. The DEQ enforcement listing shows later items (Quarterly Report 14 dated 2026-04-15 and influent NCRs through 2026-06-08) that were not opened. Replaced the placeholder key measure (\"None date\") with the permit figures above. The July 2024 CAP schedule still shows final compliance Dec 31, 2026."}],"first_seen":"2023-11-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["service_population","capital_cost","grant_amount","funding_gap","rates","affordability","debt_and_liquidity"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AR-YELLVILLE-WASTEWATER-CAO-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Yellville sewer repairs advance with one contract section still unfunded","description":"Yellville is replacing damaged sewer lines, manholes, lift-station components, and treatment assets under a state consent order. Federal and state funding supports part of the work, but 2025 bids exceeded the original funding expectation and available funds covered only one of two construction sections; no insolvency proceeding is reported.","location":{"name":"City of Yellville","type":"Utility Service Area","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Yellville, Marion County, Arkansas","counties":["Marion"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Damaged collection, lift-station, and treatment assets caused repeated overflows and discharge violations, while a documented funding shortfall delays full correction.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Official project records document repeated untreated-sewage releases and risk to Crooked Creek.","service":"The municipal system has recurring overflows and treatment violations without a documented complete outage.","scale":"Impacts concern Yellville, neighboring communities, and the Crooked Creek watershed; exact affected population was not verified.","duration":"The CAO and overflow problem persisted for years and required a 2024 deadline extension.","significance":"An active CAO, extensive asset replacement, and bids beyond the available $2.16 million establish major significance."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported. A defensible affected-population value was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: significant sanitary sewer overflows: 72 events"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["deferred maintenance repeated failures; capital needs exceed current revenue capacity; temporary funding dependence; The small city depends on grants and a state loan, bids exceeded the original budget, and only one of two contract sections was funded; this is elevated stress, not confirmed insolvency."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"plans approved in 2025; federal grant secured; bids exceed available funding; principal forgiveness not awarded","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: partial construction should reduce overflow risk, but final compliance remains uncertain until the second contract section is funded and completed.","horizon":"1-3 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Contract Section I proceeds","additional funding is sought for Contract Section II"],"reversal_factors":["Act 812 grant award","lower rebid cost","construction delay or further escalation"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Yellville - owner and operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Division of Environmental Quality - NPDES and CAO enforcement"},{"name":"U.S"},{"name":"Environmental Protection Agency - Community Grant funder"},{"name":"Arkansas Natural Resources Commission - loan and potential grant administrator"}],"public_contact":"Mayor, mayor@yellville.net; City of Yellville, 870-449-6581","corrective_actions":["Replace damaged sewer main and manholes","Improve two lift stations and construct equalization capacity","Improve aeration and construct an anoxic basin and new lift station","Seek additional Act 812 funding for the unfunded contract section"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Yellville Proposed CAO Amendment Cover Letter","publisher":"Arkansas Division of Environmental Quality","date":"2024-10-29","url":"https://www.adeq.state.ar.us/downloads/WebDatabases/PermitsOnline/NPDES/EnforcementReports/AR0034037_Yellville%20Proposed%20CAO%20Cover%20Letter_20241029.pdf","basis":"primary state"},{"ref":2,"title":"Corrective Action Plan Quarterly Progress Report","publisher":"City of Yellville / Engineering Services","date":"2024-12-10","url":"https://adeq.state.ar.us/downloads/WebDatabases/PermitsOnline/NPDES/EnforcementReports/AR0034037_CAP%20CAO%20Quarterly%20Progress%20Report%20Dec%202024_20241210.pdf","basis":"primary utility"},{"ref":3,"title":"Corrective Action Plan Quarterly Progress Report","publisher":"City of Yellville / Engineering Services","date":"2025-12-15","url":"https://www.adeq.state.ar.us/downloads/WebDatabases/PermitsOnline/NPDES/EnforcementReports/AR0034037_Corrective%20Action%20Plan%20Quarterly%20Progress%20Report%2012.2025_20251215.pdf","basis":"primary utility"},{"ref":4,"title":"FY2023 Community Project Funding: Yellville Wastewater Collection and Treatment Improvements","publisher":"Office of U.S. Representative Steve Womack","date":"2022-04-01","url":"https://womack.house.gov/legislation/fy2023.htm","basis":"supporting federal"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Opened ADEQ cover letter (2024-10-29, extension request), Dec 2024 and Dec 2025 progress reports (grant about $2.16 million; bids exceed original funding and cover one of two sections; Act 812 application in 2026) and Womack FY2023 request page (72 SSOs, Jan 2019-Apr 2021; undated page, $2.16 million). Matches; no change."}],"first_seen":"2023-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["service_population","exact_total_bid","funding_gap","rates","affordability","debt_and_liquidity"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2025-12-15","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":2160000,"currency":"USD","unit":"dollars","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-05-01","scope":{"project":"collection and treatment improvements"},"basis":{"definition":"approved award with cost-share waiver"},"source_refs":[2],"notes":"approved award with cost-share waiver","funding_stage":"secured"},{"metric":"secured_funding","value":384190,"currency":"USD","unit":"dollars","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-12-15","scope":{"project":"wastewater improvements"},"basis":{"definition":"includes $11,090 origination fee"},"source_refs":[3],"notes":"includes $11,090 origination fee","funding_stage":"secured"},{"metric":"capital_need","value":2160000,"currency":"USD","unit":"dollars","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-12-15","scope":{"project":"two wastewater contract sections"},"basis":{"definition":"opened bids exceeded this amount and it would fund only one section"},"source_refs":[3],"notes":"opened bids exceeded this amount and it would fund only one section","funding_stage":"estimated"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-AR-CHARLESTON-WWTP-CAO-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Charleston wastewater compliance schedule extends to 2027","description":"Charleston asked the state on December 16, 2024 to amend its Consent Administrative Order LIS 18-101 (Amendment 003), proposing construction completion by March 1, 2027 and final compliance by November 1, 2027, after significant sewer inflow and infiltration and treatment-plant problems. The source is the city's request and engineer memo; DEQ approval of the amendment and later milestone performance were not shown or verified.","location":{"name":"Charleston Water Works","type":"Utility Service Area","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Charleston, Franklin County, Arkansas","counties":["Franklin"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Significant collection-system inflow and infiltration and treatment-plant limitations jointly prevent consistent NPDES compliance.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The active CAO addresses permit-compliance risk, but current-window pollutant quantities or acute harm were not reported.","service":"The municipal wastewater system requires major correction without a documented complete outage.","scale":"The issue affects Charleston's local sewer service area; population was not verified.","duration":"The CAO originated in 2018 and the 2024 request extended final compliance to 2027.","significance":"A binding CAO and multi-year engineering, budgeting, and construction schedule establish major significance."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported. A defensible affected-population value was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: requested final compliance date of November 1, 2027 (moved from February 1, 2025); construction complete March 1, 2027; engineer's rough-order-of-magnitude improvement cost $1,347,000 plus $90,000 a year (Appendix B)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["deferred maintenance repeated failures; The long corrective schedule is an early warning, but no current cost, debt, liquidity, or funding-gap data were found."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"proposed final compliance extended to November 2027","projection":{"statement":"No projection; indexed records did not verify whether 2025-2026 milestones were met.","horizon":"Not specified","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Charleston - owner and operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Division of Environmental Quality - NPDES and CAO enforcement"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas DEQ Water Quality Enforcement, 501-682-0640","corrective_actions":["Retain consulting engineer and finalize improvement plan","Adopt and budget the recommended plan","Complete construction by March 1, 2027","Seek final compliance by November 1, 2027"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Consent Administrative Order Update and Corrective Action Plan","publisher":"City of Charleston / Mickle Griffin Engineers","date":"2024-12-17","url":"https://www.adeq.state.ar.us/downloads/WebDatabases/PermitsOnline/NPDES/EnforcementReports/AR0033791_CAO%20Extension%20Request_20241226.pdf","basis":"primary utility"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Opened the city request and Mickle Griffin memo (scanned PDF, read by OCR; letter Dec 16, 2024, memo Dec 17, 2024). Replaced the placeholder key measure (\"None date\") with the figures in the document: requested final compliance Nov 1, 2027 (was Feb 1, 2025), construction complete Mar 1, 2027, ROM cost $1.347 million plus $90,000/yr. Clarified that this is a request for Amendment 003, not an approved order."}],"first_seen":"2024-12-17","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["service_population","receiving_water","current_compliance","capital_cost","funding","funding_gap","rates","affordability","debt_and_liquidity"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AR-STATEWIDE-FLOOD-2025-DR4873","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Deadly April 2025 flooding triggered a major Arkansas disaster declaration","description":"Record rainfall and flooding affected many Arkansas counties from April 2-22, 2025. NWS reported three deaths and 14 injuries, primarily from flooding, and FEMA issued major disaster DR-4873; the acute event ended and recovery assistance followed. FEMA's page (updated Aug. 13, 2026) shows about $25.0 million in Individual Assistance approved on 4,142 applications and about $40.5 million in Public Assistance obligated; the application period has closed.","location":{"name":"Arkansas, multiple counties","type":"Multi County Event","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Arkansas, multiple counties","counties":["Baxter","Boone","Carroll","Clay","Craighead","Crawford","Crittenden","Cross","Desha","Fulton","Greene","Independence","Izard","Jackson","Lawrence","Lee","Madison","Marion","Mississippi","Monroe","Newton","Poinsett","Randolph","Searcy","Sharp","Stone","Washington","Woodruff"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Exceptional rainfall and river and flash flooding, rather than a documented drainage-asset failure, were the principal cause.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"NWS reported three fatalities and 14 injuries, primarily due to flooding.","service":"Historic flash and river flooding disrupted roads, homes, agriculture, and emergency response.","scale":"The presidential disaster covered multiple counties across Arkansas.","duration":"The incident period lasted April 2-22, 2025 and then entered recovery.","significance":"A presidential major disaster declaration and FEMA Individual and Public Assistance establish major significance."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported. A defensible affected-population value was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: maximum event rainfall: 14.14 inches"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["This is a regional hazard event rather than a utility financial record."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"acute event ended; FEMA recovery assistance approved and the application period has closed","projection":{"statement":"No event-specific projection.","horizon":"Not specified","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arkansas Division of Emergency Management - state emergency coordination"},{"name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency - federal disaster and recovery assistance"},{"name":"National Weather Service - warnings and event documentation"}],"public_contact":"NWS Little Rock, nws.littlerock@noaa.gov","corrective_actions":["Federal Individual and Public Assistance","State and local emergency response and recovery","Continued flood warning and river monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"April 2025 Monthly Summary","publisher":"National Weather Service Little Rock","date":"2025-05-01","url":"https://www.weather.gov/lzk/apr2025.htm","basis":"primary federal"},{"ref":2,"title":"FEMA-4873-DR Arkansas Disaster Declaration as of 06/24/2025","publisher":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","date":"2025-06-24","url":"https://gis.fema.gov/maps/dec_4873.pdf","basis":"primary federal"},{"ref":3,"title":"Arkansas Severe Storms, Tornadoes, and Flooding DR-4873-AR","publisher":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","date":"2025-05-21","url":"https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4873","basis":"primary federal"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":9,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":9,"note":"Opened NWS April 2025 summary (rainfall up to 14.14 in; 3 fatalities, 14 injuries April 2-5), FEMA map (initial declaration 5/21/2025) and FEMA page via WebFetch (declared May 21, 2025; incident April 2-22; page updated Aug 13, 2026: about $25.0 million IA across 4,142 applications and $40.5 million PA obligated; application period closed). Added the FEMA totals to the description."}],"first_seen":"2025-04-02","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["total_damage","population_affected","structures_damaged","unmet_recovery_need"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2025-06-24","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[{"metric":"subsidies_transfers","value":4882978.08,"currency":"USD","unit":"dollars","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-10-10","scope":{"project":"DR-4873 approved housing and other-needs assistance"},"basis":{"definition":""},"source_refs":[3],"notes":""}],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-AR-NORTH-CENTRAL-FLASH-FLOOD-2024-07","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Historic July 2024 flash flooding forced evacuations in north-central Arkansas","description":"Life-threatening flash flooding struck north-central Arkansas on July 16-17, 2024. A nursing home was evacuated, residents were displaced, roads and bridges were damaged, and Crooked Creek rose 12 feet at Yellville; NWS reported no fatalities.","location":{"name":"Yellville and north-central Arkansas","type":"Multi County Event","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Yellville and north-central Arkansas","counties":["Baxter","Boone","Cleburne","Conway","Faulkner","Marion","Searcy","Stone","White"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"An extraordinary short-duration rainfall event and rapid stream rise caused the flooding; no principal drainage-asset failure was established.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Life-threatening currents inundated homes, a church, campground, and public buildings and forced evacuations.","service":"A nursing home, roads, bridges, courthouse, homes, and a campground were disrupted.","scale":"Impacts and rainfall above six inches extended across numerous north-central counties.","duration":"The acute flood was a discrete event and was not documented as continuing.","significance":"NWS issued a Flash Flood Emergency and local evacuations and closures occurred, but no major disaster declaration specific to this event was identified."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":80,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 80. nursing home evacuated; this may represent a subset of affected people."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: three hour rainfall: 5.76 inches"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Event record, not a utility financial assessment."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"acute event ended with no fatalities","projection":{"statement":"No event-specific projection.","horizon":"Not specified","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"National Weather Service Little Rock - warning and event documentation"},{"name":"Affected county and municipal governments - evacuation, road closure, and response"}],"public_contact":"NWS Little Rock, nws.littlerock@noaa.gov","corrective_actions":["Nursing-home and residential evacuation","Road and bridge closures","Emergency warning and rescue response"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Flooding Rain and Spotty Severe Storms on July 16-17, 2024","publisher":"National Weather Service Little Rock","date":"2024-07-18","url":"https://www.weather.gov/lzk/rain0724.htm","basis":"primary federal"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"Opened NWS page: Flippin 5.76 in between 2 and 5 am, Yellville nursing home evacuated (at least 80), Crooked Creek rose twelve feet at Yellville, no fatalities. Matches; no change."}],"first_seen":"2024-07-16","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["total_population_affected","damage_cost","recovery_cost"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AR-LITTLE-ROCK-URBAN-FLOOD-2024-05","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Record May rain flooded roads across central Arkansas","description":"Training thunderstorms produced record May rainfall and urban flooding from Little Rock and North Little Rock toward Beebe on May 31, 2024. Numerous roads became impassable, vehicles were submerged, and high water threatened homes; the acute event ended.","location":{"name":"Little Rock to Beebe, Arkansas","type":"Multi City Event","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Little Rock to Beebe, Arkansas","counties":["Pulaski","White"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Extreme rainfall was the documented principal driver; the source did not attribute the event to a specific drainage-asset failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Vehicles were under water and homes were threatened, but no death or injury was documented in the reviewed source.","service":"Numerous roads were flooded and sometimes impassable.","scale":"The event affected a multi-city corridor from Little Rock to Beebe.","duration":"The flooding was a short, isolated event.","significance":"Official flash-flood reporting and road response occurred without a documented major disaster declaration."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported. A defensible affected-population value was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: daily rainfall: 5.41 inches"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Event record, not a utility financial assessment."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"acute event ended","projection":{"statement":"No event-specific projection.","horizon":"Not specified","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"National Weather Service Little Rock - warning and event documentation"},{"name":"Affected municipalities and road agencies - local flood and road response"}],"public_contact":"NWS Little Rock, nws.littlerock@noaa.gov","corrective_actions":["Road closures and local emergency response"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Flooding Rain on May 31, 2024","publisher":"National Weather Service Little Rock","date":"2024-06-01","url":"https://www.weather.gov/lzk/rain0524.htm","basis":"primary federal"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"Opened NWS page: Little Rock 5.41 in on May 31, 2024 (wettest May day since 1955), roads flooded from Little Rock to Beebe, vehicles under water. Matches; no change."}],"first_seen":"2024-05-31","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["population_affected","structures_damaged","damage_cost"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AR-WESTERN-FLOOD-2024-11","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Record November rain drove western Arkansas flooding","description":"Record rainfall caused widespread flash and river flooding in western and northern Arkansas from November 3-5, 2024. Harrison set one-, two-, and three-day rainfall records, while roads and buildings flooded, a bridge washed out, homes were isolated, and high-water rescues occurred.","location":{"name":"Harrison and western Arkansas","type":"Multi County Event","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Harrison and western Arkansas","counties":["Boone","Franklin","Madison"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Extreme rainfall rapidly raised drought-depleted streams; no principal flood-control asset failure was documented.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Dangerous currents required rescues and isolated residences, but no death was documented in the reviewed source.","service":"Roads and buildings flooded and a bridge washed out.","scale":"Impacts spanned multiple western and northern counties.","duration":"The event was short-lived and acute.","significance":"All-time rainfall records, rescues, and multiple river-flood responses establish major official significance despite no located disaster declaration."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported. A defensible affected-population value was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: one day rainfall: 7.83 inches"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Event record, not a utility financial assessment."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"acute event ended","projection":{"statement":"No event-specific projection.","horizon":"Not specified","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"National Weather Service Little Rock - warning and event documentation"},{"name":"Affected local governments and responders - rescue and road response"}],"public_contact":"NWS Little Rock, nws.littlerock@noaa.gov","corrective_actions":["High-water rescues","Road and bridge closures","Post-event repair and recovery"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Harrison, Arkansas Breaks Numerous Rainfall Records","publisher":"National Weather Service Little Rock","date":"2024-11-05","url":"https://www.weather.gov/lzk/pns110524txt.htm","basis":"primary federal"},{"ref":2,"title":"Arkansas Yearly Climate Summary 2024, Page 2","publisher":"National Weather Service Little Rock","date":"2025-01-01","url":"https://www.weather.gov/lzk/2024a.htm","basis":"primary federal"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Opened NWS PNS (Harrison 7.83 in Nov 4, 2024; all-time 1-, 2- and 3-day records) and 2024 climate summary (bridge washed out near Watalula, four residences cut off, high-water rescues in Madison County). Matches; no change."}],"first_seen":"2024-11-03","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["population_affected","structures_damaged","damage_cost"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AR-STATEWIDE-RECURRING-DROUGHT-2023-2026","revision":4,"change_type":"changed","title":"Severe drought covered most of Arkansas in September 2026","description":"Arkansas experienced recurring severe drought during 2023-2026. By September 25, 2026, nearly 74% of the state was in severe drought or worse, with exceptional drought in parts of northern and southeastern Arkansas, significant agricultural and livestock impacts, low streamflows, and elevated wildfire potential.","location":{"name":"Arkansas","type":"Statewide Condition","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Arkansas","counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["agricultural","surface-water","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Precipitation deficits, heat, low streamflows, and depleted soil moisture reduced water availability across the state.","secondary_drivers":["Statewide resource condition; individual utility financial impacts were not assessed in this cell."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"NWS documented significant livestock and agricultural impacts, below-normal streamflows, and elevated wildfire potential.","service":"Water resources and agriculture were stressed, but no statewide public-water outage was documented.","scale":"Most of Arkansas was affected, with nearly 74% in D2 or worse in September 2026.","duration":"Material drought episodes recurred in 2023, 2024, 2025, and 2026.","significance":"D4 classification, USDA disaster designations, and burn bans across as many as 66 of 75 counties establish major official significance."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported. A defensible affected-population value was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: state area d2 or worse: 74 percent"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Statewide resource condition; individual utility financial impacts were not assessed in this cell."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"patchy degradation in September 2026; nearly 74% D2 or worse; below to much below normal streamflow","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection based on the NWS outlook: drought improvement was expected across much of Arkansas by the end of 2026, but forecast confidence was limited and conditions could persist locally.","horizon":"through December 2026","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["forecast rainfall occurs","temperatures do not remain substantially above normal"],"reversal_factors":["continued precipitation deficits","persistent heat","rapid widespread rainfall"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"National Weather Service","role":"drought monitoring and outlook"},{"name":"U.S. Drought Monitor","role":"drought classification"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture Farm Service Agency","role":"agricultural disaster designation"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Agriculture","role":"state water and agricultural response"}],"public_contact":"NWS Little Rock, nws.littlerock@noaa.gov","corrective_actions":["Drought and streamflow monitoring; Agricultural disaster assistance; Burn bans and wildfire readiness; State conservation and water-management programs"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drought Information Statement for Arkansas","publisher":"National Weather Service Little Rock","date":"2026-09-25","url":"https://www.weather.gov/media/lzk/DGT/DGT_LZK_09252026.txt","basis":"primary federal"},{"ref":2,"title":"Arkansas Yearly Climate Summary 2024, Page 2","publisher":"National Weather Service Little Rock","date":"2025-01-01","url":"https://www.weather.gov/lzk/2024a.htm","basis":"primary federal"},{"ref":3,"title":"December 2023 Monthly Summary","publisher":"National Weather Service Little Rock","date":"2024-01-01","url":"https://www.weather.gov/lzk/dec2023.htm","basis":"primary federal"},{"ref":4,"title":"Secretarial Disaster Designations - 2024 Crop Year","publisher":"U.S. Department of Agriculture Farm Service Agency","date":"2024-11-06","url":"https://www.fsa.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2024-11/ALL_DROUGHT_CoList_CY2024_20241106.pdf","basis":"primary federal"},{"ref":5,"title":"Secretarial Disaster Designation S6093","publisher":"U.S. Department of Agriculture Farm Service Agency","date":"2026-01-13","url":"https://www.fsa.usda.gov/news-events/news/01-13-2026/secretarial-disaster-designation-s6093","basis":"primary federal"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"Opened NWS Sept 25, 2026 drought statement (nearly 74% D2 or worse; D4 northern and southeast; livestock/agriculture impacts; low streamflow; improvement expected through year end; next update Oct 23, 2026), 2024 climate summary (burn bans in 66 of 75 counties), Dec 2023 summary and USDA S6093 page (approved Dec 29, 2025, 18 counties). Still the latest statement; matches, no change."}],"first_seen":"2023-10-24","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["population_affected","economic_loss","public_water_restrictions","water_supply_outages"],"related_ids":["US-AR-MRVA-CRITICAL-GROUNDWATER-2023-2026"]},{"id":"US-AR-MRVA-CRITICAL-GROUNDWATER-2023-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Arkansas critical groundwater areas face long-term depletion risk","description":"Long-term groundwater withdrawals above estimated sustainable rates continue to affect eastern and southern Arkansas aquifers. The state's 2025 report (released July 2026) found alluvial averages up over one and ten years but down over five, with withdrawals still above sustainable levels; the 2024 report found 75% of 299 comparable wells fell, averaging -1.35 feet in a year. 2026 USGS scenarios projected declining saturated thickness in 16 of 20 Grand Prairie scenarios unless pumping is materially reduced or surface-water substitution expands.","location":{"name":"Eastern and southern Arkansas","type":"Multi County Aquifer","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Eastern and southern Arkansas","counties":["Arkansas","Bradley","Calhoun","Clay","Columbia","Craighead","Cross","Greene","Jefferson","Lee","Lonoke","Monroe","Ouachita","Phillips","Poinsett","Prairie","Pulaski","St. Francis","Union","White"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Groundwater withdrawals, long-term depletion, reduced saturated thickness, and associated stream-baseflow effects are the principal issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"State and USGS sources document long-term aquifer depletion and reduced stream baseflow.","service":"Declines limit well production and threaten future irrigation and public-supply availability, but no current widespread outage was documented.","scale":"The condition spans multiple critical groundwater areas across eastern and southern Arkansas and supports regionally significant agriculture and public supply.","duration":"Declines have persisted for decades and most modeled Grand Prairie scenarios continue through 2055.","significance":"Arkansas formally designated multiple Critical Groundwater Areas and state and federal agencies maintain major monitoring and management programs."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported. A defensible affected-population value was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"2023 report (spring 2022-2023): alluvial aquifer one-year level change -0.7 feet; 2024 report: -1.35 feet, 223 of 299 wells (75%) declining; 2025 report: one- and ten-year averages up, five-year down (no figures given)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["This is a regional aquifer resource assessment, not a single utility financial assessment."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"2024 one-year average decline (75% of comparable wells fell); 2025 report shows one- and ten-year gains but a five-year decline; 16 of 20 Grand Prairie scenarios decline","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: without material pumping reductions or surface-water substitution, average saturated thickness is likely to decline in the Grand Prairie Critical Groundwater Area; magnitude varies widely by climate and management scenario.","horizon":"through 2055","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["modeled climate and irrigation-demand scenarios bracket future conditions","current aquifer-management structure continues"],"reversal_factors":["large pumping reductions","Bayou Meto and Grand Prairie surface-water substitution","sustained recharge above modeled levels","expanded conservation"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arkansas Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Division - groundwater monitoring and management"},{"name":"Arkansas Natural Resources Commission - critical-area designation and water policy"},{"name":"U.S"},{"name":"Geological Survey - regional monitoring, mapping, and modeling"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Natural Resources Division, 501-225-1598; USGS Central Plains Water Science Center, 402-328-4100, cjlee@usgs.gov","corrective_actions":["Continue groundwater-level monitoring","Promote conservation and irrigation efficiency","Expand conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater","Evaluate pumping-reduction scenarios and Bayou Meto and Grand Prairie projects"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2023 Arkansas Groundwater Protection and Management Report","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Division","date":"2024-02-01","url":"https://media.ark.org/agri/2023-Groundwater-Report-Final.pdf","basis":"primary state"},{"ref":2,"title":"Groundwater report shows aquifer decline","publisher":"Talk Business & Politics","date":"2025-08-11","url":"https://talkbusiness.net/2025/08/groundwater-report-shows-aquifer-decline/","basis":"secondary news"},{"ref":3,"title":"Altitude of the potentiometric surface and depth to water in the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer, spring 2024","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","date":"2026-09-02","url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sim3555/full","basis":"primary federal"},{"ref":4,"title":"Scenarios to assess future water availability in the Mississippi River Valley Alluvial Aquifer for the Cache River and Grand Prairie Regions of Arkansas","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","date":"2026-06-08","url":"https://www.usgs.gov/publications/scenarios-assess-future-water-availability-mississippi-river-valley-alluvial-aquifer","basis":"primary federal"},{"ref":5,"title":"Designation of Critical Ground Water Areas","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Agriculture","date":null,"url":"https://agriculture.arkansas.gov/natural-resources/news/commission-orders/designation-of-critical-ground-water-areas/","basis":"primary state","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"Opened 2023 report (spring 2022-23 alluvial change -0.7 ft), Talk Business Aug 2025 (299 of 467 wells; -1.35 ft; 223 wells/75% declined), USGS SIM 3555 (first posted Sept 2, 2026, corrected from 09-01), USGS scenarios preprint (June 8, 2026; Grand Prairie declines in 16 of 20 scenarios), and the July 7, 2026 state release and July 9, 2026 Talk Business article on the 2025 report. Source ref 5 (ADA Critical Ground Water Areas page) not opened: HTTP 403 by curl, HTTP 404 by WebFetch, so verification status left unchanged. Corrected stale text: the latest state report (2025 data) shows alluvial one- and ten-year averages up and five-year down, not short-term declines; key measure labelled with its report year."}],"first_seen":"2023-11-17","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["current_total_withdrawals","current_sustainable_yield","affected_population","farm_economic_loss","program_funding"],"related_ids":["US-AR-STATEWIDE-RECURRING-DROUGHT-2023-2026"],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AR-ILLINOIS-RIVER-POULTRY-LITIGATION-2026","revision":4,"change_type":"changed","title":"Illinois River Watershed poultry-litter pollution and interstate litigation","description":"A federal court found that phosphorus runoff from land-applied poultry waste continued to cause injury in the interstate Illinois River Watershed. Oklahoma announced a nearly $44 million settlement with six poultry companies in July 2026 that includes watershed funding, penalties, independent auditing, buffers and phased reductions in watershed litter application; court finalization and dismissal were not independently verified in this batch.","location":{"name":"Illinois River Watershed","type":"Interstate watershed","state":"AR","states":["AR","OK"],"detail":"northwest Arkansas and northeast Oklahoma, including the Illinois River, Flint Creek, Baron Fork and Lake Tenkiller","counties":[],"extent":"multi_state","source_refs":[1,2,3]},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["agricultural","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The litigation and interstate conflict arise from confirmed persistent phosphorus pollution and resulting algal and aquatic impacts in a shared watershed.","secondary_drivers":["utility financial distress: not applicable; corporate settlement liability: yes"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The federal court found continuing phosphorus injury, increased algal biomass and impairment of the watershed's aesthetics beneficial use [2,3].","service":"Recreational, aesthetic and aquatic-life uses are impaired, but a drinking-water service interruption was not documented [2,3].","scale":"The condition affects an interstate watershed spanning northwest Arkansas, northeast Oklahoma and downstream Lake Tenkiller [1,2].","duration":"The pollution dispute and litigation persisted for about two decades, and the court found material pollution remained in 2025 [1,2].","significance":"The matter produced a federal judgment and a nearly $44 million settlement with enforceable controls, penalties and independent monitoring [1]."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported. No non-duplicative watershed population was reported in the cited records."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Nearly $44 million settlement and seven years of phased litter-application controls [1]."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["utility financial distress: not applicable; corporate settlement liability: yes"]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"The settlement materially improves the remediation outlook, while the latest merits ruling found pollution remained ongoing [1,2].","projection":{"statement":"No quantitative water-quality projection; improvement depends on court finalization, sustained litter export, buffers and compliance monitoring.","horizon":"seven-year settlement term","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["The settlement is finalized and implemented","Annual audits and phased litter controls are enforced"],"reversal_factors":["Court rejection or modification","Noncompliance","Continued release of legacy soil phosphorus"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma","role":"federal adjudication and settlement oversight"},{"name":"Oklahoma Office of the Attorney General","role":"plaintiff and settlement administrator"},{"name":"Oklahoma Conservation Commission","role":"recipient of the Environmental Relief Fund"},{"name":"Arkansas Division of Environmental Quality","role":"upstream water-quality assessment and regulation"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas DEQ Office of Water Quality, 501-682-5876; Oklahoma Office of the Attorney General public contact channel.","corrective_actions":["Environmental Relief Fund; phased poultry-litter export and application limits; vegetative buffers; annual compliance certifications and audits; independent compliance monitor"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drummond reaches nearly $44M settlement resolving 21-year poultry litter pollution lawsuit","publisher":"Oklahoma Office of the Attorney General","date":"2026-07-13","url":"https://oklahoma.gov/oag/news/newsroom/2026/july/drummond-reaches-nearly-44m-settlement-resolving-21-year-poultry-litter-pollution-lawsuit.html","basis":"state"},{"ref":2,"title":"Poultry litter pollution remains high in Illinois River Watershed, federal judge rules","publisher":"Oklahoma Office of the Attorney General","date":"2025-06-18","url":"https://oklahoma.gov/oag/news/newsroom/2025/june/poultry-litter-pollution-remains-high-in-illinois-river-watersheds-federal-judge-rules.html","basis":"state"},{"ref":3,"title":"Opinion and Order, State of Oklahoma v. Tyson Foods, Inc., Document 3161","publisher":"U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma","date":"2025-06-17","url":"https://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/oklahoma/okndce/4%3A2005cv00329/22038/3161","basis":"court"},{"ref":4,"title":"Arkansas DEQ Comment on EPA Action on the 2020 303(d) List","publisher":"Arkansas Division of Environmental Quality","date":"2024-08-26","url":"https://adeq.state.ar.us/water/planning/integrated/303d/pdfs/2020/303-d-comment-2024-08-26-final.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Opened the Oklahoma AG release of July 13, 2026 (nearly $44 million: $41,671,000 relief fund, $420,000 penalties, $1.9 million auditor fund, litter-application caps of 40/30/20% over seven years, settlement subject to finalization), the June 18, 2025 AG release on the ruling, and the Arkansas DEQ 2024 comment letter on the 2020 303(d) list. The Justia opinion (ref 3) returned HTTP 403, so verification was left unchanged. No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-08-26","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["affected population","final court dismissal","post-settlement water-quality outcomes"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-07-13","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"pending_funding","value":41671000,"currency":"USD","unit":"settlement fund","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-07-13","scope":{"geography":"Illinois River Watershed","program":"Environmental Relief Fund"},"basis":{"definition":"settlement amount for watershed stewardship and litigation costs"},"source_refs":[1],"funding_stage":"pending"},{"metric":"pending_funding","value":1900000,"currency":"USD","unit":"auditor fund","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-07-13","scope":{"geography":"Illinois River Watershed","program":"independent compliance monitoring"},"basis":{"definition":"combined auditor funding"},"source_refs":[1],"funding_stage":"pending"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-AR-BUFFALO-RIVER-MULTIPARAMETER-IMPAIRMENT-2024","revision":4,"change_type":"changed","title":"Buffalo River watershed pathogen, temperature, oxygen and biological impairments","description":"Arkansas's EPA-approved 2026 assessment carries multiple Buffalo River watershed segments as impaired for E. coli, temperature, dissolved oxygen or biological integrity. The watershed remains under Category 4b alternative pollution controls and monitoring; DEQ identifies several possible pathogen sources but does not assign a definitive source to the mainstem listings.","location":{"name":"Buffalo River Watershed","type":"Watershed","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Arkansas DEQ planning segment 4J, north-central Arkansas","counties":[],"extent":"watershed","source_refs":[1,2,3]},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["agricultural","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Multiple mainstem and tributary segments fail pathogen, temperature, dissolved-oxygen or aquatic-biological criteria, without a documented physical-system failure as the principal cause.","secondary_drivers":["water utility structural stress: not applicable"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ documented E. coli exceedances, temperature and dissolved-oxygen nonattainment and fish biological-integrity impairment [1,3].","service":"Primary-contact recreation and aquatic-life uses are affected, but no drinking-water outage was reported [1,3].","scale":"The mainstem and multiple tributaries contain listed segments across the watershed [1].","duration":"Carry-forward and remnant listings persisted from the 2024 cycle into the EPA-approved 2026 list [1,2].","significance":"Formal Category 4b controls and effectiveness monitoring are in place, but no emergency declaration or major enforcement order was found [1,3]."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported. DEQ reports impaired segments and uses, not a resident or visitor count."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Three Buffalo River E. coli segments measure 6.83, 7.49 and 33.57 miles; measures are not summed across pollutant pairs where overlap is possible [1]."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["water utility structural stress: not applicable"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Multiple listings were carried forward or retained as remnants in 2026 [1].","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient comparable outcome history to forecast attainment.","horizon":"not established","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Category 4b controls continue"],"reversal_factors":["New source attribution","Demonstrated attainment","Worsening pathogen or oxygen measurements"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arkansas Division of Environmental Quality","role":"assessment, planning and Category 4b implementation"},{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 6","role":"303(d) review and approval"},{"name":"National Park Service","role":"Buffalo National River management partner"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas DEQ Office of Water Quality, 501-682-5876; Planning Program Supervisor Brie Lusk, brie.olsen@arkansas.gov.","corrective_actions":["Category 4b alternative pollution-control plan; source-reduction practices; implementation milestones; effectiveness monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2026 Arkansas Impaired Waterbodies List","publisher":"Arkansas Division of Environmental Quality","date":"2026-04-01","url":"https://adeq.state.ar.us/water/planning/integrated/303d/pdfs/2026/draft-2026-impaired-waterbodies-list.pdf","basis":"state"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA Action Letter on Arkansas 2024 and 2026 Integrated Reports","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 6","date":"2026-05-21","url":"https://adeq.state.ar.us/water/planning/integrated/303d/pdfs/2026/EPA_2024and2026_ActionLetter.pdf","basis":"federal"},{"ref":3,"title":"2024 Integrated Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment Report","publisher":"Arkansas Division of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-07-31","url":"https://adeq.state.ar.us/water/planning/integrated/303d/pdfs/2024/2024%20305(b)%20Report.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Opened all three sources. The Category 4b list (file title \"Draft 2026 Category 4b Listing\", cited as the 2026 impaired waterbodies list) shows Buffalo River E. coli segments of 6.83, 7.49 and 33.57 miles plus Buffalo River temperature segments; EPA letter (May 21, 2026) approves all listings; the 2024 305(b) report has the Category 4b rationale for the watershed. No change."}],"first_seen":"2025-07-31","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["affected population","current measured concentrations","implementation cost","attainment date"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AR-BULL-SHOALS-NORFORK-MERCURY-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Bull Shoals and Norfork Lakes mercury-in-walleye advisories","description":"Bull Shoals and Norfork Lakes remain listed for mercury in fish tissue, and Arkansas continues a consumption advisory for walleye 18 inches or longer. Swimming, boating, fishing and drinking-water use remain allowed; the advisory is aimed at limiting long-term dietary exposure.","location":{"name":"Bull Shoals and Norfork Lakes","type":"Multi-lake advisory area","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Bull Shoals Lake in Marion, Baxter and Boone Counties; Norfork Lake in Baxter and Fulton Counties","counties":["Marion","Baxter","Boone","Fulton"],"extent":"watershed","source_refs":[1,2]},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Mercury bioaccumulation in fish tissue has produced continuing consumption restrictions in two reservoirs.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The health advisory identifies developmental risk from long-term consumption of high-mercury walleye, particularly for pregnant or breastfeeding people and young children [2].","service":"Fish consumption is restricted, while other fish species and recreational uses remain available [2].","scale":"The advisory covers two large reservoirs across four Arkansas counties [1,2].","duration":"The January 2023 advisory remained reflected in carry-forward 2026 impairment listings [1,2].","significance":"A formal health advisory and Clean Water Act impairment listings require continued monitoring [1,2]."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported. No resident, angler or fish-consumer count was reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: High-risk groups should not eat walleye 18 inches or longer; the general public should eat no more than two meals per month [2]."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["water utility structural stress: not applicable"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"The advisory remains reflected in carry-forward 2026 listings [1,2].","projection":{"statement":"No defensible advisory end date can be projected from the available monitoring history.","horizon":"not established","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["The advisory protocol remains unchanged"],"reversal_factors":["Repeated compliant fish-tissue results","Revised health guidance","Higher future measurements"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health - health advisory"},{"name":"Arkansas Game and Fish Commission - fish collection"},{"name":"Arkansas Division of Environmental Quality - laboratory analysis, impairment assessment and monitoring"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health, 1-800-462-0599; Arkansas DEQ fish monitoring contact Jim Wise, 501-682-0662, Jim.Wise@arkansas.gov.","corrective_actions":["2026-2029 rotational fish-tissue sampling","interagency advisory review"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2026 Arkansas Impaired Waterbodies List","publisher":"Arkansas Division of Environmental Quality","date":"2026-04-01","url":"https://adeq.state.ar.us/water/planning/integrated/303d/pdfs/2026/draft-2026-impaired-waterbodies-list.pdf","basis":"state"},{"ref":2,"title":"Fish consumption advisory issued for Bull Shoals and Norfork lakes","publisher":"Arkansas Game and Fish Commission","date":"2023-01-25","url":"https://www.agfc.com/news/fish-consumption-advisory-issued-for-bull-shoals-and-norfork-lakes/","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Opened both sources (the AGFC page via WebFetch; curl returned HTTP 403). The impaired-waterbodies list carries Bull Shoals Lake (20.38 and 32.03 sq mi) and Norfork Lake (6.45 and 21.61 sq mi) mercury in fish tissue listings. AGFC page: advisory announced Jan 25, 2023; high-risk groups should not eat walleye 18 inches or longer, everyone else no more than two meals per month. No change."}],"first_seen":"2023-01-25","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["affected population","latest individual fish-tissue concentrations","source apportionment"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AR-LANXESS-CENTRAL-NPDES-NONCOMPLIANCE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"LANXESS Central Plant recurring discharges and unresolved effluent compliance","description":"LANXESS reported recurring industrial wastewater and brine releases at its El Dorado Central Plant in 2024 and 2025. In July 2025 the company reported that it had not achieved all final NPDES limits for several metals, cyanide and whole-effluent toxicity and was implementing structural and operational best-management practices.","location":{"name":"LANXESS Central Plant","type":"Industrial facility","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"El Dorado, Union County, Arkansas; NPDES AR0001171; AFIN 70-00012","counties":["Union"],"extent":"watershed","coordinates":{"lat":33.214397,"lon":-92.748778,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"source_refs":[1,2,3,4]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The principal issue is recurring industrial wastewater and brine releases plus unresolved compliance with pollutant and toxicity limits.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Localized brine and elevated-pH releases reached an intermittent stream or permitted outfall; the company reported no observed adverse offsite effect for the brine releases [2,3,4].","service":"No drinking-water, wastewater or flood-protection service interruption was documented.","scale":"The documented effects were limited to the facility and local receiving waters [2,3,4].","duration":"Multiple releases and noncompliance reports occurred during 2024-2025, and final-limit compliance remained incomplete in July 2025 [1-4].","significance":"The record includes unpermitted discharges and an active NPDES schedule of compliance for metals, cyanide and whole-effluent toxicity [1]."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported. No public exposure or affected-population count was reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: A March 2025 release involved approximately 15,000 gallons of pH-10 boiler blowdown; about 3,000 gallons were recovered [4]."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["deferred maintenance causing repeat failures: unknown; capital needs exceed revenue capacity: unknown; utility-rate or affordability exposure: not applicable"]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Releases recurred while the company began implementing BMPs and evaluating additional treatment [1-4].","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient evidence to project the date of full permit compliance.","horizon":"not established","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["BMP implementation continues"],"reversal_factors":["Demonstrated final-limit compliance","Additional releases","Permit or enforcement changes"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arkansas Division of Environmental Quality Office of Water Quality - NPDES permitting and enforcement"},{"name":"LANXESS Corporation - facility owner and corrective-action implementer"}],"public_contact":"Thomas Hammons, LANXESS Remediation and Water - Environmental, 870-314-1689, thomas.hammons@lanxess.com; Arkansas DEQ Office of Water Quality, 501-682-5876.","corrective_actions":["engineering source evaluation completed March 2025","check dams and vegetated buffers","housekeeping and inspection improvements","routine sampling to assess BMP effectiveness"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Schedule of Compliance Progress Report Year 1","publisher":"LANXESS Corporation, filed with Arkansas DEQ","date":"2025-07-15","url":"https://adeq.state.ar.us/downloads/WebDatabases/PermitsOnline/NPDES/EnforcementReports/AR0001171_Status%20Progress%20Report_20250715.pdf","basis":"utility"},{"ref":2,"title":"Five-Day Report - January 18, 2024 Unpermitted Brine Discharge","publisher":"LANXESS Corporation, filed with Arkansas DEQ","date":"2024-01-23","url":"https://adeq.state.ar.us/downloads/WebDatabases/PermitsOnline/NPDES/EnforcementReports/AR0001171_5-day%20Follow-up%20to%201.18.2024%20Brine%20Discharge_20240123.pdf","basis":"utility"},{"ref":3,"title":"Notification of February 15, 2024 Brine Spill","publisher":"LANXESS Corporation, filed with Arkansas DEQ","date":"2024-02-16","url":"https://adeq.state.ar.us/downloads/WebDatabases/PermitsOnline/NPDES/EnforcementReports/AR0001171_Notification%20of%20Brine%20Spill_20240215.pdf","basis":"utility"},{"ref":4,"title":"Five-Day Follow-Up Regarding March 9, 2025 Unpermitted Discharge","publisher":"LANXESS Corporation, filed with Arkansas DEQ","date":"2025-03-14","url":"https://adeq.state.ar.us/downloads/WebDatabases/PermitsOnline/NPDES/EnforcementReports/AR0001171_5%20Day%20Follow-Up%20Regarding%20Unpermitted%20Discharge_20250314.pdf","basis":"utility"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Opened all four PDFs (Notification of Feb 15, 2024 spill read by OCR). July 15, 2025 progress report: not in compliance with all final limits (outfalls 004, 005, 006), BMPs being implemented. March 9, 2025 release: about 15,000 gallons of pH ~10 boiler blowdown, about 3,000 gallons recovered. Jan 18, 2024 (about 100 bbl) and Feb 15, 2024 (about 180 bbl) brine releases confirmed. No change."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-18","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["receiving-water analytical results","affected population","corrective-action cost","full-compliance date","corporate financial capacity"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-AR-BAYOU-BARTHOLOMEW-OXYGEN-TURBIDITY-2026","revision":4,"change_type":"changed","title":"Bayou Bartholomew dissolved-oxygen and turbidity impairments","description":"Arkansas's EPA-approved 2026 assessment newly lists two Bayou Bartholomew segments for primary-season dissolved-oxygen impairment and carries another segment for critical-season dissolved oxygen. Arkansas also issued a turbidity TMDL in August 2026; spatial overlap among pollutant-pair segments was not independently resolved.","location":{"name":"Bayou Bartholomew","type":"River and watershed","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Arkansas DEQ planning segment 2B in southeast Arkansas","counties":[],"extent":"watershed","source_refs":[1,2,3]},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Multiple river segments fail dissolved-oxygen criteria, and a separate turbidity TMDL addresses another water-quality impairment.","secondary_drivers":["water utility structural stress: not applicable"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ confirmed dissolved-oxygen nonattainment affecting aquatic life [1].","service":"Aquatic-life use is affected, without a documented drinking-water or sanitation interruption [1].","scale":"The two new primary-season assessment units total 131.43 river miles before any overlap with other pollutant pairs [1].","duration":"The new primary-season listings do not establish how long the condition has persisted, so no duration point is assigned [1].","significance":"The river has formal Category 5 listings and a new August 2026 turbidity TMDL [1,3]."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported. No watershed population was reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Two newly listed primary-season dissolved-oxygen segments measure 97.00 and 34.43 miles [1]."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["water utility structural stress: not applicable"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The primary-season dissolved-oxygen listings are new in 2026 [1].","projection":{"statement":"No defensible attainment projection was found.","horizon":"not established","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Corrective planning continues"],"reversal_factors":["New monitoring","TMDL implementation","Worsening oxygen conditions"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arkansas Division of Environmental Quality","role":"assessment and TMDL implementation"},{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 6","role":"303(d) review and approval"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas DEQ Office of Water Quality, 501-682-5876.","corrective_actions":["August 18, 2026 turbidity TMDL; future dissolved-oxygen TMDL or other corrective action not yet specified in the cited record"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2026 Integrated Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment Report","publisher":"Arkansas Division of Environmental Quality","date":"2026-04-01","url":"https://adeq.state.ar.us/water/planning/integrated/303d/pdfs/2026/2026%20305(b)%20Report.pdf","basis":"state"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA Action Letter on Arkansas 2024 and 2026 Integrated Reports","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 6","date":"2026-05-21","url":"https://adeq.state.ar.us/water/planning/integrated/303d/pdfs/2026/EPA_2024and2026_ActionLetter.pdf","basis":"federal"},{"ref":3,"title":"Arkansas Total Maximum Daily Loads - Bayou Bartholomew","publisher":"Arkansas Division of Environmental Quality","date":"2026-08-18","url":"https://adeq.state.ar.us/water/planning/integrated/tmdl/","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Arkansas baseline Batch 6 record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Opened all three sources. 2026 Integrated Report: AR_08040205_006 (97.00 mi) and AR_08040205_013 (34.43 mi) listed as new Primary Season DO; AR_08040205_001 Critical Season DO (64.48 mi) carried forward. EPA letter dated May 21, 2026 approves the lists (received April 1, 2026). ADEQ TMDL page shows a Bayou Bartholomew turbidity TMDL dated 08/18/2026. No change."}],"first_seen":"2026-04-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["affected population","measured dissolved-oxygen values","impairment duration","corrective-action cost","dissolved-oxygen attainment schedule"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CA-FAILING-DRINKING-WATER-SYSTEMS-2025","revision":4,"change_type":"changed","title":"California failing public drinking-water systems cohort","description":"California's 2025 Drinking Water Needs Assessment identified 390 public water systems serving 811,964 people that were failing to meet the state's Human Right to Water criteria as of December 31, 2024. The cohort is concentrated in disadvantaged communities and overlaps with contaminant-specific records, so its counts should not be added to those records. The 2026 Needs Assessment (data as of December 31, 2025) lists 406 Failing systems serving 645,279 people, so the 2025 figures above are the prior-year baseline (ref 4).","location":{"name":"California failing water systems","type":"Statewide public-water-system cohort","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"California statewide","counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"The official cohort combines failure to meet primary drinking-water standards with system capacity and infrastructure barriers.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The Failing list covers systems out of compliance or consistently failing primary drinking-water standards [1].","service":"The state defines Failing as inability to provide an adequate, reliable supply that is pure, wholesome and potable [2].","scale":"390 systems serving 811,964 Californians were on the list at year-end 2024 [1].","duration":"Only 77% of systems had remained continuously compliant since 2017, indicating persistent failures in the remainder [1].","significance":"California operates the SAFER funding and intervention program and had provided $443 million to 62% of failing systems [1]."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":811964,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the 390 Failing systems as of December 31, 2024 [1]."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"390 Failing public water systems served 811,964 people as of December 31, 2024 [1]."},"measures":[{"name":"Failing public water systems, December 31, 2025 (2026 report)","value":406,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Serving 645,279 Californians; 654 At-Risk systems serving about 1,795,865 people (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["390 systems officially classified as failing","79% serve disadvantaged communities","state intervention and grant dependence are material"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The state reported that the population without safe drinking water had fallen from 1.6 million to about 800,000, while substantial failures persisted [1,3].","projection":{"statement":"The failing-system population should continue to decline if SAFER funding and consolidations persist, but the remaining small disadvantaged systems are likely to require sustained intervention.","horizon":"2-5 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["SAFER appropriations and technical assistance continue","projects reach completion"],"reversal_factors":["funding reductions","new contaminants or standards","project cost escalation"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"California State Water Resources Control Board","role":"drinking-water regulator and SAFER administrator"},{"name":"Local public water systems","role":"operators and corrective-action implementers"}],"public_contact":"State Water Board Needs Assessment Unit, DDW-SAFER-NAU@waterboards.ca.gov.","corrective_actions":["SAFER grants and technical assistance","system consolidation and administrator appointments","interim and long-term drinking-water projects"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2025 Drinking Water Needs Assessment Fact Sheet","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2025-04-01","url":"https://water.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/needs/2025/2025-needs-factsheet.pdf","basis":"State regulator","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"2025 Drinking Water Needs Assessment","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2025-04-01","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/needs/2025needsassessment.pdf","basis":"State regulator","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"Needles celebrates completion of new state-funded drinking water system","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2025-04-08","url":"https://waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2025/pr20250408-needles-ribbon-cutting-final.html","basis":"State regulator","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":4,"title":"2026 SAFER Drinking Water Needs Assessment (fact sheet, last updated June 2026)","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":null,"accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/needs/2026/2026-needs-factsheet.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":10,"note":"New California baseline cohort record."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":10,"note":"Correction run (contract 1.4.2), no change to the finding: secondary_drivers reset to an empty array (a business_model_risk block had been placed there); business_model_risk.signals unwrapped to its list."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":10,"note":"Re-verified 2025 fact sheet and full report: 390 Failing systems, 811,964 people, 77% continuously compliant since 2017, $443 million to 62% of systems confirmed. New at source: 2026 Needs Assessment fact sheet (last updated June 2026) reports 406 Failing systems serving 645,279 people as of December 31, 2025; added as ref 4."}],"first_seen":"2024-12-31","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["system-by-system current status in this cohort record","comparable residential bills","arrears and shutoffs","non-overlapping funding gap"],"related_ids":["US-CA-NITRATE-MCL-COHORT-2024","US-CA-PFAS-DAC-TESTING-2024"],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2024-12-31","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":443000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-12-31","funding_stage":"secured","scope":{"program":"SAFER funding and technical assistance","geography":"California failing systems"},"basis":{"definition":"amount reported for 62% of failing systems"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Cohort total; do not allocate to individual systems without project records."}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CA-NITRATE-MCL-COHORT-2024","revision":4,"change_type":"changed","title":"California 2024 nitrate drinking-water violation cohort","description":"California reported 262 nitrate maximum-contaminant-level violations at 97 public water systems in 14 counties during 2024, plus one nitrite violation in Santa Barbara County. This statewide cohort preserves the official aggregate because the annual report does not provide enough current system-level detail in its indexed text to create reliable individual dossiers for every system.","location":{"name":"California nitrate-violation systems","type":"Multi-system drinking-water compliance cohort","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"14 California counties; individual systems are maintained in state compliance records","counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["agricultural","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The defining evidence is acute-health drinking-water MCL noncompliance for nitrate or nitrite.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Nitrate and nitrite violations trigger 24-hour public notice because of acute health effects [1].","service":"Affected systems must provide notice and alternative-water guidance when the acute MCL is exceeded [1].","scale":"97 systems in 14 counties incurred 262 nitrate MCL violations in 2024 [1].","duration":"The annual report documents violations across one calendar year but does not establish persistence at every system [1].","significance":"These were formal MCL violations under the state drinking-water program and represented 56% of inorganic-chemical MCL violations [1]."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The statewide annual report did not provide a non-duplicative population for the 97-system cohort."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"262 nitrate MCL violations at 97 public water systems in 14 counties during 2024 [1]."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["small-system treatment and monitoring burden is plausible","cohort-level financial evidence was not reported"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"A comparable multi-year cohort series was not extracted.","projection":{"statement":"No defensible statewide violation-count projection is available from one annual observation.","horizon":"not established","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["monitoring definitions remain comparable"],"reversal_factors":["system treatment projects","source replacement","new monitoring results"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"California State Water Resources Control Board Division of Drinking Water","role":"primacy regulator"},{"name":"Affected public water systems","role":"public notice and corrective action"}],"public_contact":"California Division of Drinking Water district offices; statewide program information at DDWRegUnit@waterboards.ca.gov.","corrective_actions":["acute public notification","alternative-water guidance","source removal, replacement or treatment as directed by regulators"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"California Drinking Water Program 2024 Annual Compliance Report","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2025-06-25","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/docs/2024/2024-acr-final-6-25-2025.pdf","basis":"State compliance report","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"New California baseline cohort record."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"Correction run (contract 1.4.2), no change to the finding: secondary_drivers reset to an empty array (a business_model_risk block had been placed there); business_model_risk.signals unwrapped to its list."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"Re-verified against the 2024 Annual Compliance Report (cover dated July 2025): 262 nitrate MCL violations at 97 systems in 14 counties, one nitrite violation in Santa Barbara County, 56% of inorganic MCL violations confirmed. Source URL corrected (previous URL returned HTTP 404)."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["system names and populations in indexed report text","current resolution by system","treatment costs"],"related_ids":["US-CA-FAILING-DRINKING-WATER-SYSTEMS-2025"]},{"id":"US-CA-PFAS-DAC-TESTING-2024","revision":4,"change_type":"changed","title":"California disadvantaged-community PFAS well testing program","description":"California ordered 1,190 public water systems in disadvantaged communities to sample nearly 4,000 drinking-water wells for 25 PFAS compounds during a 2024-2026 state-funded program. This is an emerging-contaminant surveillance finding, not evidence that every tested well is contaminated.","location":{"name":"California disadvantaged-community wells","type":"Statewide PFAS surveillance cohort","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Disadvantaged communities across California","counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The program is measuring persistent chemicals in drinking-water wells and requires response when state levels are exceeded.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"PFAS are persistent and drinking-water exposure is a recognized concern, but contamination is not established for every sampled well [1].","service":"Sampling alone did not document a service interruption across the cohort [1].","scale":"The program covers nearly 4,000 wells at 1,190 disadvantaged-community systems [1].","duration":"Sampling began in 2024 and continues through 2026, reflecting long-term emerging-contaminant management [1,2].","significance":"Exceedance of a state response level requires source removal, treatment, or written customer notice [1]."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The program source did not publish a non-duplicative service population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"1,190 systems notified to sample nearly 4,000 wells for 25 PFAS chemicals during 2024-2026 [1,2]."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["testing was state-funded because participating disadvantaged systems may struggle to afford monitoring","future treatment exposure depends on results"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Sampling coverage is expanding, but comparable detection trends are not yet established.","projection":{"statement":"More detections and treatment planning are likely to be identified as sampling completes, but the number and cost cannot be projected from the published program totals.","horizon":"through 2026 and early compliance planning","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["sampling program completes","federal monitoring requirements remain in effect"],"reversal_factors":["revised standards","low detection frequency","additional funding"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"California State Water Resources Control Board","role":"sampling-order issuer and program manager"},{"name":"Participating public water systems","role":"sampling and response"}],"public_contact":"State Water Board Office of Public Affairs, OPA@waterboards.ca.gov; PFAS program contacts are listed on the cited program page.","corrective_actions":["free state-funded sampling","public notification and assessment above notification levels","source removal or treatment above response levels"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Testing program for PFAS expands to thousands of wells serving disadvantaged communities statewide","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2024-04-01","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2024/pr20240401-final-pfas-testing.html","basis":"State regulator","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"PFAS Drinking Water Information and Resources","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2026-10-12","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/pfas/drinking_water.html","basis":"State program record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New California baseline surveillance record."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Correction run (contract 1.4.2), no change to the finding: secondary_drivers reset to an empty array (a business_model_risk block had been placed there); business_model_risk.signals unwrapped to its list."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Re-verified: 1,190 systems and nearly 4,000 wells (April 1, 2024 release) and 25 PFAS chemicals, project running 2024 through 2026 (state PFAS page, last updated October 12, 2026) confirmed. State page also lists revised notification and response levels issued June 27 and October 29, 2025 (PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFHxA)."}],"first_seen":"2024-04-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["completed-sample count","detections by analyte","affected population","treatment cost"],"related_ids":["US-CA-FAILING-DRINKING-WATER-SYSTEMS-2025"]},{"id":"US-CA-DRY-DOMESTIC-WELLS-2026","revision":5,"change_type":"changed","title":"California reported dry domestic-well outages","description":"California's voluntary Dry Well Reporting System showed 68 reports in 2026 year to date (34% fewer than the same period last year) and 6,206 cumulative reports across outage, interim-solution and resolved statuses as of October 14, 2026. The state cautions that reports are under-representative and may contain duplicates, so only published totals are used.","location":{"name":"California dry-well reports","type":"Statewide domestic-well outage cohort","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"California statewide","counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["groundwater","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The reported condition is loss of household groundwater supply from private wells.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Household well outages can eliminate drinking-water access, although health outcomes were not quantified [1].","service":"Each outage report represents loss of a self-managed household or eligible agricultural supply [1].","scale":"The dashboard showed 6,206 cumulative reports and 68 reports in 2026 year to date [1].","duration":"The system includes unresolved outages and temporary solutions, but does not publish a single cohort duration [2].","significance":"DWR uses the reports to coordinate drought assistance and track supply impacts [1,2]."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Reports are well-based and may include duplicates; no defensible person count was published."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"68 dry-well reports in 2026 year to date; 6,206 cumulative reports in all statuses as of October 14, 2026 [1]."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["household cost and assistance dependence may be material","the cohort is not a utility financial record"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"2026 year-to-date reports were 34% lower than the comparable prior-year period [1].","projection":{"statement":"Reported new outages may remain below the prior-year pace if groundwater and precipitation conditions hold, but voluntary reporting and hydrologic volatility limit confidence.","horizon":"next 12 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["reporting practice remains comparable","no severe new drought"],"reversal_factors":["rapid groundwater decline","multi-year drought","reporting expansion"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"California Department of Water Resources","role":"reporting system and drought-resource coordination"},{"name":"County and local assistance agencies","role":"verification and household assistance"}],"public_contact":"California DWR Dry Well Reporting System support channel on the cited portal.","corrective_actions":["outage reporting and verification","bottled or hauled water and storage","well repair or replacement","groundwater-level recovery tracking"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Dry Well Reporting System","publisher":"California Department of Water Resources","date":null,"url":"https://mydrywatersupply.water.ca.gov/report/","basis":"State live dashboard","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Statewide Summary of Locally Reported Household Water Shortages","publisher":"California Department of Water Resources","date":null,"url":"https://mydrywatersupply.water.ca.gov/report/publicpage","basis":"State methodology and summary","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New California baseline cohort record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Correction run (contract 1.4.2), no change to the finding: secondary_drivers reset to an empty array (a business_model_risk block had been placed there); business_model_risk.signals unwrapped to its list."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Dashboard updated October 14, 2026: year to date 68 reports (was 67), last 30 days 1 report (66% decrease), total 6,206 (was 6,205). Figures updated."}],"first_seen":"2023-10-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["unique unresolved households","people affected","county distribution in this batch","assistance costs"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CA-URBAN-SUPPLIER-SHORTAGE-PROJECTIONS-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"California urban suppliers projecting mitigable 2025 shortages","description":"Fourteen California urban water suppliers projected shortages in seven hydrologic regions for 2025: six at less than 10% and eight at less than 20%. DWR reported that the suppliers expected to fully address the projected gaps through shortage-response actions, so this is a monitored reliability risk rather than a documented service failure.","location":{"name":"California urban shortage projections","type":"Multi-supplier water-reliability cohort","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Seven hydrologic regions across California","counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The evidence concerns forecast supply deficits relative to unconstrained demand.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No realized health or environmental harm was documented [1].","service":"Fourteen suppliers projected shortages, but all reported response actions sufficient to cover them [1].","scale":"The suppliers spanned seven hydrologic regions [1].","duration":"The projection covered one upcoming year and did not establish a prolonged deficit [1].","significance":"Annual assessments are required under California Water Code and trigger formal contingency planning [1,2]."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"DWR did not provide a non-duplicative population total in the indexed summary."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Six suppliers projected less than 10% shortage and eight projected less than 20%, all mitigable through response actions [1]."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["no cohort-level fiscal distress documented","planned response capacity was reported"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Only the 2025 assessment was analyzed for this batch.","projection":{"statement":"Near-term service interruptions are unlikely if suppliers implement their stated response actions; imported-supply and drought conditions remain reversal risks.","horizon":"one year","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["response actions perform as submitted","conditions remain within planning assumptions"],"reversal_factors":["deeper drought","allocation cuts","demand above forecast"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"California Department of Water Resources","role":"annual assessment review and statewide summary"},{"name":"Reporting urban water suppliers","role":"shortage response"}],"public_contact":"California DWR Water Shortage Contingency Planning Section, AWSDA@water.ca.gov.","corrective_actions":["supplier shortage-response actions","demand reduction and supply augmentation","ongoing reassessment"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2025 Annual Water Supply and Demand Assessment Summary Report","publisher":"California Department of Water Resources","date":"2025-09-08","url":"https://water.ca.gov/-/media/DWR-Website/Web-Pages/Programs/Water-Use-And-Efficiency/Files/2025-AWSDA-Summary-Report-B-161_9-8-25.pdf","basis":"State supply assessment"},{"ref":2,"title":"Annual Water Supply and Demand Assessment Program","publisher":"California Department of Water Resources","date":"2026-09-30","url":"https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Water-Use-And-Efficiency/Water-Supply-and-Demand-Assessment","basis":"State program record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New California baseline cohort record."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Correction run (contract 1.4.2), no change to the finding: secondary_drivers reset to an empty array (a business_model_risk block had been placed there); business_model_risk.signals unwrapped to its list."}],"first_seen":"2025-07-01","latest_seen":"2025-09-08","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["supplier names in indexed summary","population affected","response-action cost"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CA-LA-WILDFIRE-WATER-SYSTEMS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Los Angeles wildfire impacts to nine public water systems","description":"January 2025 wildfires damaged water infrastructure, disrupted power and created contamination risk across nine Los Angeles County public water systems. Advisories were lifted by May 9, 2025, while long-term repairs and resilience upgrades continued; LADWP reported restoring Palisades pressure within nine days and beginning about $77.7 million of main replacement.","location":{"name":"Los Angeles County fire-impacted water systems","type":"Multi-system wildfire recovery area","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Pacific Palisades and Altadena areas, Los Angeles County, California","coordinates":{"lat":34.1478,"lon":-118.1445,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Los Angeles"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Physical damage and pressure loss affected essential water service while possible contaminant intrusion required do-not-drink notices and testing.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Possible smoke, ash and burned-material contamination required benzene screening, though systems were later cleared [1].","service":"Nine systems were affected and advisories restricted drinking use until testing and remediation were completed [1].","scale":"The event affected nine public systems in two major fire areas [1].","duration":"Palisades pressure was restored within nine days and all advisories were lifted by May 9, 2025 [1,2].","significance":"The State Water Board issued formal orders and long-term infrastructure repairs and resilience projects continue [1,2]."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The cited state and utility summaries did not report a non-duplicative service population for all nine systems."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Nine public water systems were affected; LADWP shut off more than 5,000 damaged service meters and began about $77.7 million of Palisades main replacement [1,2]."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["{'level': 'Watch', 'confirmed_insolvency': False, 'signals': ['large wildfire recovery capital exposure', 'no insolvency or default documented'], 'evidence_summary': 'The recovery requires material capital work, but cited records do not show utility insolvency.', 'confidence': 'Medium'}"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"All advisories were lifted by May 2025 and Palisades pressure was restored in nine days; permanent work continues [1,2].","projection":{"statement":"Reliability should continue improving as main replacement and regulator-station work proceed, subject to construction and future wildfire risk.","horizon":"1-3 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["capital program proceeds","no comparable new fire"],"reversal_factors":["construction delays","new wildfire","cost escalation"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"California State Water Resources Control Board Division of Drinking Water","role":"emergency orders and clearance"},{"name":"Los Angeles Department of Water and Power and eight other affected systems","role":"restoration and capital work"}],"public_contact":"California State Water Board Office of Public Affairs, OPA@waterboards.ca.gov; LADWP customer service, 1-800-DIAL-DWP.","corrective_actions":["benzene and bacteriological testing","system flushing and damaged-service isolation","main replacement and pressure-regulator upgrades","long-term resilience planning"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"L.A. firestorms recovery milestone: Safe drinking water restored for all impacted public water systems","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2025-05-09","url":"https://waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2025/pr20250509-la-wildfire-recovery.html","basis":"State regulator","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"January 2025 Wildfires - One-Year Update","publisher":"Los Angeles Department of Water and Power","date":"2026-01-07","url":"https://www.ladwp.com/sites/default/files/2026-01/Palisades%20Fire%20-%20One%20Year%20Anniversary%20Summary%20ADA.pdf","basis":"Utility report","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New California baseline record; emergency advisories resolved, capital recovery ongoing."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Re-verified: State Water Board release of May 9, 2025 (nine systems, last advisory lifted by Las Flores Water Co.) and LADWP one-year update (January 2026: pressure restored January 16, more than 5,000 meters shut off, about 99,700 feet / $77.7 million Palisades main replacement begun) confirmed."}],"first_seen":"2025-01-07","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["non-duplicative affected population","total recovery cost across nine systems","insurance and funding split"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-01-07","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"capital_need","value":77700000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD estimated project cost","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-01-07","funding_stage":"estimated","scope":{"utility":"Los Angeles Department of Water and Power","project":"Pacific Palisades mainline replacement","geography":"Pacific Palisades"},"basis":{"definition":"utility-reported estimate for approximately 99,700 feet"},"source_refs":[2],"notes":"Funding source and remaining gap were not reported."}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CA-NEEDLES-WATER-SYSTEM-RECOVERY-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Needles drinking-water system replacement after complete failure","description":"Needles completed a new drinking-water system in 2025 after an 80-year-old system failed completely in 2020 following a burst pipe and lightning strike, amid iron and manganese contamination and deferred repairs. A $14.3 million SAFER grant funded booster stations, pipeline upgrades, backup generators and centralized treatment for the remote disadvantaged community.","location":{"name":"City of Needles water system","type":"Municipal drinking-water utility","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Needles, San Bernardino County, California","coordinates":{"lat":34.8481,"lon":-114.6141,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["San Bernardino"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Aging infrastructure caused complete service failure while iron and manganese contamination required treatment.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Iron and manganese contamination was documented, but acute health outcomes were not reported [1].","service":"The municipal water system failed completely and required emergency repairs [1].","scale":"The failure affected one remote city system [1].","duration":"The state described long-standing disrepair before the 2025 replacement was completed [1].","significance":"The state fully funded a $14.3 million replacement because consolidation was infeasible [1]."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":5000,"status":"Reported","note":"The state release says the new system serves its 5,000 residents (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$14.3 million SAFER grant for a replacement system including treatment, pipeline, booster and backup-power upgrades [1]."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["{'level': 'Elevated', 'confirmed_insolvency': False, 'signals': ['low-income customer base', 'deferred maintenance', 'remote system could not consolidate', 'replacement depended on a full state grant'], 'evidence_summary': 'The prior business model could not fund required renewal without grant support; no bankruptcy, default, or receivership was reported.', 'confidence': 'High'}"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The new system was completed and publicly inaugurated in April 2025 [1].","projection":{"statement":"Near-term reliability should remain improved if the city sustains operation and maintenance of the new assets.","horizon":"1-3 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["new facilities operate as designed","adequate operations funding"],"reversal_factors":["maintenance shortfalls","extreme heat or power failures","new contamination"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Needles","role":"system owner and operator"},{"name":"California State Water Resources Control Board SAFER Program","role":"funder and technical partner"}],"public_contact":"City of Needles, 760-326-2113; State Water Board Office of Public Affairs, OPA@waterboards.ca.gov.","corrective_actions":["centralized treatment facility","booster-station replacements","pipeline upgrades","backup generators"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Needles celebrates completion of new state-funded drinking water system","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2025-04-08","url":"https://waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2025/pr20250408-needles-ribbon-cutting-final.html","basis":"State regulator and project record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":8,"note":"New California baseline record documenting a completed corrective project."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":8,"note":"Re-verified against the April 8, 2025 State Water Board release: system failed in 2020, $14.3 million SAFER grant (headline says $14 million), booster stations, pipeline, backup generators and centralized treatment confirmed. Population served (5,000 residents) added."}],"first_seen":"2020-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["service population","post-project bill","annual operating cost","reserve and debt metrics"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2025-04-08","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":14300000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-04-08","funding_stage":"secured","scope":{"utility":"City of Needles","project":"drinking-water system replacement","geography":"Needles"},"basis":{"definition":"SAFER grant"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"The same release also rounds the grant to $14 million."}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[{"metric":"secured_funding","values":[14000000,14300000],"note":"Rounded and quoted project figures in the same source."}]}},{"id":"US-CA-LA-HYPERION-AOC-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hyperion wastewater plant resilience order","description":"EPA's March 2024 administrative order requires Los Angeles to improve the Hyperion Wastewater Treatment Plant after a 2021 headworks failure released 12.5 million gallons of untreated sewage and contributed to at least 53 subsequent effluent violations. The dated enforcement action and ongoing corrective requirements fall within the baseline window even though the initiating spill predates it.","location":{"name":"Hyperion Water Reclamation Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Playa del Rey, Los Angeles County, California","coordinates":{"lat":33.9234,"lon":-118.4316,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Los Angeles"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["other","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A treatment-plant asset failure caused a major untreated discharge and formal resilience upgrades are required.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Untreated sewage entered Santa Monica Bay and affected beach access and ocean wildlife habitat [1].","service":"The headworks failure flooded plant processes and impaired treatment [1].","scale":"The discharge totaled 12.5 million gallons at the largest western U.S. wastewater plant [1].","duration":"At least 53 effluent violations followed from July through October 2021, with corrective obligations imposed in 2024 [1].","significance":"EPA entered a Clean Water Act administrative order requiring multiple structural and operational improvements [1]."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The EPA order summary did not provide a defensible affected-person count."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"12.5 million gallons of untreated sewage discharged; at least 53 later effluent violations [1]."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["{'level': 'Watch', 'confirmed_insolvency': False, 'signals': ['major asset and resilience work required', 'no insolvency or liquidity evidence reviewed'], 'evidence_summary': 'The order implies material capital and operational exposure but not insolvency.', 'confidence': 'Medium'}"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The 2024 order requires monitoring, overflow, interceptor, staffing and asset-analysis improvements [1].","projection":{"statement":"Failure risk should decline as ordered work is completed, but performance depends on implementation and extreme-flow conditions.","horizon":"multi-year order implementation","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Los Angeles completes required work","monitoring and staffing controls remain in place"],"reversal_factors":["project delay","extreme storm inflow","new equipment failure"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 9","role":"Clean Water Act enforcement"},{"name":"City of Los Angeles, LA Sanitation and Environment","role":"plant owner and corrective-action implementer"}],"public_contact":"EPA Region 9 contact Michael Brogan, 415-295-9314; LA Sanitation customer care, 1-800-773-2489.","corrective_actions":["remote monitoring and alarms","high-level overflow channel and screens","interceptor cleaning","staffing, training and procedure updates","critical asset analyses"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA Orders City of Los Angeles to Implement Improvements to Hyperion Wastewater Treatment Plant","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2024-03-21","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-orders-city-los-angeles-implement-improvements-hyperion-wastewater-treatment-plant","basis":"Federal enforcement order summary","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":10,"note":"New California baseline enforcement record."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":10,"note":"Re-verified against the EPA release of March 21, 2024: July 2021 discharge of 12.5 million gallons, at least 53 effluent violations July 17 to October 31, 2021 and administrative order on consent requirements confirmed. Plant name aligned with source wording."}],"first_seen":"2024-03-21","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["corrective capital cost","completion dates","affected population","current effluent-compliance status"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-CA-LAKE-TAHOE-SEWAGE-SPILL-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lake Tahoe force-main sewage spill and settlement","description":"A Caltrans subcontractor punctured North Tahoe Public Utility District's sewer force main on July 18, 2024, spilling about 123,000 gallons of sewage over July 18-19, of which about 85,000 gallons entered Lake Tahoe. Elevated bacteria led to closure of Carnelian West Beach for 13 days and Patton Landing Beach for a week. In August 2025 the Lahontan Water Board approved an $850,000 settlement paid by Caltrans and the district, covering a civil fine and an environmental project at Secline Beach.","location":{"name":"Carnelian West Beach and Lake Tahoe","type":"Sewer force-main spill site","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Carnelian Bay and Kings Beach, Placer County, California","coordinates":{"lat":39.226,"lon":-120.082,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Placer"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","other"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Physical damage to a sewer force main discharged untreated sewage directly to Lake Tahoe.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Sampling showed elevated bacteria; Carnelian West Beach closed 13 days and Patton Landing Beach one week (ref 1).","service":"The punctured force main carries sewage out of the Tahoe area; the release reports no prolonged sanitation outage (ref 1).","scale":"Approximately 85,000 gallons entered Lake Tahoe at one shoreline site [1].","duration":"The spill lasted July 18-19, 2024 and beach restrictions lasted up to 13 days [1].","significance":"The Lahontan Water Board approved an $850,000 settlement including a civil fine and an environmental project (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Beach users and nearby communities were affected, but no person count was reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 123,000 gallons spilled and 85,000 gallons entered Lake Tahoe; beaches closed up to 13 days [1]."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["{'level': 'Not Indicated', 'confirmed_insolvency': False, 'signals': ['no utility financial distress documented'], 'evidence_summary': 'The settlement is material but does not establish insolvency or operating distress.', 'confidence': 'High'}"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The spill ended, beaches reopened and a final settlement was approved [1].","projection":{"statement":"The incident is stabilized; localized sanitation and drainage benefits depend on completion of the supplemental project.","horizon":"1-2 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["project completion","no repeat force-main damage"],"reversal_factors":["new spill","project noncompletion"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board","role":"enforcement and settlement oversight"},{"name":"North Tahoe Public Utility District","role":"force-main owner"},{"name":"California Department of Transportation and contractor","role":"construction parties"}],"public_contact":"Lahontan Water Board Information Officer Nick Cahill, nick.cahill@waterboards.ca.gov; 916-341-7365.","corrective_actions":["spill containment and cleanup","civil settlement","Secline Beach public restrooms, drinking fountains and drainage improvements"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lahontan Water Board approves $850,000 penalty for Lake Tahoe sewage spill","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2025-08-26","url":"https://waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2025/pr20250826-2024-tahoe-sewage-spill-set.html","basis":"State enforcement settlement","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"New California baseline incident record."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"Re-verified against the August 26, 2025 release: 123,000 gallons spilled, about 85,000 gallons to the lake, $850,000 settlement, closures of 13 days and one week confirmed. Description clarified (payers Caltrans and the district; split between fine and project is not stated)."}],"first_seen":"2024-07-18","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["affected population","force-main repair cost","project completion date"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-CA-SAN-DIEGO-SEWER-OVERFLOW-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"San Diego pump-station sewer overflow settlement","description":"California's San Diego Water Board approved an $11.4 million penalty in June 2025 for a January 2023 pump-station failure that spilled an estimated 9.8 million gallons of untreated wastewater. Inadequate maintenance, equipment breakdown and high storm flows contributed; bacteria prompted closure notices at seven shoreline and river locations.","location":{"name":"San Diego metropolitan sewer collection system","type":"Municipal sewer collection system","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Downtown San Diego, San Diego Bay shoreline and lower San Diego River, San Diego County","coordinates":{"lat":32.7157,"lon":-117.1611,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["San Diego"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["other","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A pump-station maintenance and equipment failure during high storm flows caused a major untreated-sewage release.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Sampling found high bacteria and seven locations were posted closed [1].","service":"A pump-station failure caused uncontrolled collection-system overflow at multiple locations [1].","scale":"An estimated 9.8 million gallons reached the downtown corridor, bay shoreline and lower river [1].","duration":"The source describes a major event rather than prolonged service loss; enforcement concluded in 2025 [1].","significance":"The $11.4 million penalty was the regional board's largest assessment [1]."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The enforcement source did not quantify exposed residents or beach users."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"Estimated 9.8 million gallons of untreated wastewater and an $11.4 million penalty [1]."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["{'level': 'Watch', 'confirmed_insolvency': False, 'signals': ['inadequate maintenance contributed', 'large penalty', 'no insolvency or liquidity evidence'], 'evidence_summary': 'Maintenance deficiencies and a large penalty are operating-risk signals, but do not establish insolvency.', 'confidence': 'Medium'}"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The enforcement matter was settled in June 2025; no comparable repeat event was established in this batch [1].","projection":{"statement":"Repeat risk should decline if maintenance and pump reliability improve, but extreme storm flows remain a reversal factor.","horizon":"1-3 years","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["corrective maintenance occurs"],"reversal_factors":["deferred maintenance","equipment failure","extreme rainfall"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board","role":"enforcement"},{"name":"City of San Diego Public Utilities Department","role":"collection-system operator"}],"public_contact":"San Diego Water Board, 619-516-1990; City of San Diego Public Utilities, 619-515-3500.","corrective_actions":["civil penalty","collection-system maintenance and reliability response"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of San Diego to pay record penalty for massive sewer collection system overflow","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2025-06-13","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2025/pr20250613-san-diego-pay-record-penalty.html","basis":"State enforcement release","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"August 5, 2025 Executive Director's Report","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2025-08-05","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/board_info/agendas/2025/aug/080625_9_edrpt.pdf","basis":"State enforcement summary","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":9,"note":"New California baseline enforcement record."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":9,"note":"Re-verified against the June 13, 2025 release and the August 5, 2025 Executive Director's Report: $11.4 million penalty, estimated 9.8 million gallons, January 16, 2023 pump-station failure, closure notices at seven locations confirmed."}],"first_seen":"2023-01-16","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["affected population","corrective capital cost","current pump-station condition"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-CA-MENS-COLONY-WASTEWATER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"California Men's Colony water and wastewater violations","description":"The Central Coast Water Board approved a $1.67 million settlement in February 2025 covering about 50,000 gallons of partially treated wastewater discharged to Chorro Creek, 59 wastewater effluent-limit violations from May 2023 through May 2024, and 400,200 gallons of drinking-water filter backwash discharged to Chorro Creek and Reservoir. A 2026 staff report described a continuing history of noncompliance and infrastructure-repair requirements.","location":{"name":"California Men's Colony treatment facilities","type":"Institutional water and wastewater treatment facilities","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"San Luis Obispo, San Luis Obispo County, California","coordinates":{"lat":35.346,"lon":-120.724,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["San Luis Obispo"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["other","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Treatment and infrastructure failures caused unauthorized discharges and repeated effluent-limit violations.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Partially treated wastewater and filter backwash reached Chorro Creek and Reservoir, with 59 pollutant and pH violations [1].","service":"Treatment operations failed permit limits, but a prison-wide sanitation outage was not reported [1].","scale":"The discharges were localized to the institutional facilities and receiving waters [1].","duration":"Effluent violations continued from May 2023 through May 2024 and the 2026 staff report described a history of noncompliance [1,2].","significance":"The regional board imposed $1.67 million in liability and federal and state orders require studies and repairs [1,2]."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The sources did not quantify affected people or establish drinking-water exposure."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"59 effluent violations, about 50,000 gallons of partially treated wastewater and 400,200 gallons of filter backwash [1]."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["{'level': 'Watch', 'confirmed_insolvency': False, 'signals': ['repeated noncompliance', 'repair requirements', 'no insolvency or liquidity evidence'], 'evidence_summary': 'Operational and capital exposure is clear, but the state institutional operator is not shown to be insolvent.', 'confidence': 'Medium'}"]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"The 2025 settlement resolved listed liabilities, while a 2026 staff report continued to describe infrastructure and compliance concerns [2].","projection":{"statement":"Compliance may improve if required studies and repairs are completed; the documented history makes near-term recurrence plausible.","horizon":"1-3 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["ordered repairs proceed","permit monitoring continues"],"reversal_factors":["new violations","project delay","demonstrated sustained compliance"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board","role":"state permitting and enforcement"},{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","role":"federal order oversight"},{"name":"California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation","role":"facility owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"Central Coast Water Board, 805-549-3147; California Men's Colony public information through CDCR.","corrective_actions":["$1.67 million settlement","$188,000 well-testing supplemental project","facility studies and water/wastewater infrastructure repairs"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Central Coast Water Board enforcement summary for California Men's Colony","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board, Central Coast Region","date":"2025-06-09","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2025/jun/item09_att1.pdf","basis":"State enforcement record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Staff Report for Informational Item on California Men's Colony","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board, Central Coast Region","date":"2026-02-10","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2026/feb/item11_stfrpt.pdf","basis":"State staff report","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-09","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New California baseline enforcement record."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Re-verified: ACL Order R3-2025-0005 ($1,671,605; board meeting February 20, 2025; 59 effluent violations May 24, 2023 to May 31, 2024; about 50,000 gallons December 11, 2022; 400,200 gallons backwash August 2023; $188,000 supplemental project) and February 2026 staff report (EPA consent orders of September 14, 2023 and May 16, 2024, amended April 11, 2025) confirmed. Source dates corrected to document dates."}],"first_seen":"2023-05-24","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["current effluent monitoring results","repair cost and schedule","affected population"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-CA-SAN-DIEGO-JAN-2024-FLOOD","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"January 2024 San Diego urban flooding and stormwater-system overload","description":"January 22, 2024 storm brought 2.73 inches of rain in 24 hours to San Diego, the highest since 1850 per the City, overwhelming six of the City's 15 stormwater pump stations and causing flooding along Chollas Creek. FEMA's preliminary damage assessment counted 858 residences (595 major, 208 minor, 55 affected); the State reported three deaths and the City more than 200 water rescues. A federal major disaster was declared February 19, 2024; the City is funding stormwater projects including $4.36 million in federal FY2026 funding.","location":{"name":"San Diego","type":"City and county urban watershed","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"City and county urban watershed, Chollas Creek watershed and other affected neighborhoods, City and County of San Diego, California, No single defensible point represents the multi-neighborhood flood footprint.","counties":["San Diego"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Record rainfall drove flash flooding while six of the city's 15 stormwater pump stations were overwhelmed and two remained out of service, so hydrology and drainage-system performance were both materially causal.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"California reported three deaths and more than 800 significantly damaged homes; FEMA classified 595 residences as major damage.","service":"More than 200 water rescues were performed; city records documented road impacts and six of 15 pump stations overwhelmed.","scale":"The impact was severe across several neighborhoods but concentrated within San Diego County.","duration":"Emergency response was acute, while housing recovery and capital corrections extended into 2025-2026.","significance":"A presidential major disaster was declared and the city is undertaking multiple capital corrections."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":858,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 858 residences impacted in FEMA's preliminary damage assessment; the City separately managed 928 households/cases and reported 1,023 individuals in the emergency temporary-lodging cohort as of 2024-06-17. These measures have different scopes and must not be summed."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"FEMA preliminary damage assessment: 858 residences (595 major damage, 208 minor, 55 affected); 2.73 inches of rain in 24 hours; three deaths."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient comparable history.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of San Diego Stormwater Department"},{"name":"County of San Diego"},{"name":"California Governor's Office of Emergency Services"},{"name":"FEMA"}],"public_contact":"City of San Diego Stormwater Department, (858) 541-4300; FEMA Helpline, 800-621-3362.","corrective_actions":["Emergency shelter and temporary lodging","Drain and channel clearing and pump-station repair","Beta Street/Chollas Creek, Jamacha channel, Famosa Slough and Pump Station D capital projects","FEMA individual assistance and statewide hazard-mitigation eligibility"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Preliminary Damage Assessment Report, FEMA-4758-DR-CA","publisher":"FEMA","date":"2024-02-19","url":"https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/PDAReport_FEMA4758DR-CA.pdf","basis":"Federal disaster assessment","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Governor Newsom Secures Presidential Major Disaster Declaration to Support Storm Recovery Efforts in San Diego","publisher":"Office of Governor Gavin Newsom","date":"2024-02-19","url":"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2024/02/19/governor-newsom-secures-presidential-major-disaster-declaration-to-support-storm-recovery-efforts-in-san-diego/","basis":"State disaster record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"City of San Diego Deploys Teams to Assess Damage and Clean Up Areas Impacted by Storm","publisher":"City of San Diego","date":"2024-01-24","url":"https://www.sandiego.gov/sites/default/files/2024-01/2024-1-24%20Storm%20Damage%20Aftermath.pdf","basis":"Municipal response record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":4,"title":"One Year Since Record-Breaking Storm, City of San Diego Encourages Flood Preparedness and Prevention","publisher":"City of San Diego","date":"2025-01-21","url":"https://www.sandiego.gov/sites/default/files/2025-01/2025-01-21-one-year-since-record-breaking-storm-city-of-san-diego-encourages-flood-preparedness-and-prevention.pdf","basis":"Municipal follow-up","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":5,"title":"City of San Diego Secures $4 Million in Federal Funding for Stormwater Infrastructure Projects","publisher":"City of San Diego","date":"2026-01-21","url":"https://www.sandiego.gov/sites/default/files/2026-01/2026-1-21-city-of-san-diego-secures-4-million-in-federal-funding-for-stormwater-infrastructure-projects.pdf","basis":"Municipal funding/corrective-action record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Verified baseline history."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Re-verified all five sources (FEMA PDA and Governor release fetched through WebFetch). Confirmed: 595/208/55 and 858 residences (FEMA-4758-DR declared February 19, 2024), three deaths, six of 15 pump stations overwhelmed (January 24, 2024 city release), 2.73 inches and 200+ water rescues (January 21, 2025 release), $4.36 million federal funding (January 21, 2026 release). Truncated description and key measure rewritten."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Complete property-damage dollar total","Total city stormwater capital need and funding gap","Nonduplicative displaced-person total","Project completion dates"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":4360000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-01-21","scope":{"project":"Four City of San Diego stormwater projects"},"basis":{"definition":"FY2026 congressional spending package; approximately $1.1 million per project"},"source_refs":[5],"notes":"Award/appropriation, not total project cost or funding gap. Original source-specific metric label: secured_federal_stormwater_project_funding.","funding_stage":"secured"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CA-SWP-PARTIAL-ALLOCATIONS-2024-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Recurring partial State Water Project allocations","description":"Recurring partial State Water Project allocations.  Reported: 2024 south-of-Delta allocation forecast 40 percent of requested supply; Reported: 2025 allocation for most contractors 50 percent of requested Table A amounts; Reported: 2026 current allocation 45 percent of Table A","location":{"name":"Recurring partial State Water Project allocations","type":"State water-supply project service area","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"State water-supply project service area, California State Water Project service area","extent":"statewide","counties":[]},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Hydrology, snowpack timing, stored supply and regulatory requirements limited deliveries below contractors' requested Table A amounts in three consecutive years.","secondary_drivers":[""],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Partial imported-supply availability creates plausible agricultural and reliability pressure; no statewide realized health harm was documented.","service":"Allocations were materially below requested amounts but contractors retained other supplies and storage.","scale":"The project serves 27 million people and 750,000 acres of farmland.","duration":"Final/current allocations remained partial in 2024, 2025 and 2026.","significance":"DWR issued formal project-wide allocations and emphasized careful carryover management."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Reported service context: the SWP provides water to 27 million Californians and 750,000 acres of farmland; this is not a count of people experiencing an outage."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 2024 south-of-Delta allocation forecast 40 percent of requested supply; Reported: 2025 allocation for most contractors 50 percent of requested Table A amounts; Reported: 2026 current allocation 45 percent of Table A"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[""]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Analytical projection: allocation volatility is likely to persist over the next 1-3 water years because DWR ties allocations to hydrology, storage, runoff and regulatory obligations.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: allocation volatility is likely to persist over the next 1-3 water years because DWR ties allocations to hydrology, storage, runoff and regulatory obligations.","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Current allocation framework continues"],"reversal_factors":["Sustained wet hydrology","Material operational or conveyance changes","Regulatory changes"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"California Department of Water Resources","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"29 State Water Project contractors","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"DWR Public Affairs, media@water.ca.gov; SWP Water Supply Contracts Unit, SWPcontracts@water.ca.gov.","corrective_actions":["Monthly allocation updates; Reservoir carryover management; Transfers/exchanges and contractor portfolio management; Flood-flow capture when operationally available"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"State Water Project Increases Projected Water Supply Allocation","publisher":"California Department of Water Resources","date":"2024-04-23","url":"https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2024/Apr-24/State-Water-Project-Increases-Projected-Water-Supply-Allocation","basis":"State allocation notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Notice to SWP Contractors 25-05","publisher":"California Department of Water Resources","date":"2025-04-29","url":"https://water.ca.gov/-/media/DWR-Website/Web-Pages/Programs/State-Water-Project/Management/SWP-Water-Contractors/Files/NTC-2025.pdf","basis":"Official contractor notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"State Water Project Allocation Increases Heading into Summer Months","publisher":"California Department of Water Resources","date":"2026-05-15","url":"https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2026/May-2026/State-Water-Project-Allocation-Increases-Heading-into-Summer-Months","basis":"State allocation notice"},{"ref":4,"title":"As New Water Year Begins, California Prepares for Strong El Nino and Expanded Water Supplies","publisher":"California Department of Water Resources","date":"2026-10-01","url":"https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2026/Oct-2026/As-New-Water-Year-Begins-California-Prepares-for-Strong-El-Nino-and-Expanded-Water-Supplies","basis":"Current state hydrology context"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Verified baseline history."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Contractor-specific shortage impact","Replacement-water cost","Household bill impact","Final 2026 contractor-specific deliveries"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CA-CVP-SOUTH-DELTA-ALLOCATION-2024-2026","revision":4,"change_type":"changed","title":"Recurring Central Valley Project south-of-Delta allocation shortfalls","description":"Recurring Central Valley Project south-of-Delta allocation shortfalls.  Reported: South-of-Delta agricultural allocation 50 percent of contract supply; Reported: South-of-Delta agricultural allocation 50 percent of contract supply; Reported: South-of-Delta irrigation allocation 28 percent of contract supply; Reported: South-of-Delta M&I allocation 78 percent of historic use or public-health-and-safety needs, whichever greater","location":{"name":"Central Valley Project south-of-Delta contractors","type":"Federal water-project service area","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Federal water-project service area, Central Valley Project, especially south-of-Delta and Eastside contractors, California","extent":"statewide","counties":[]},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["agricultural","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Hydrology, storage, operational limits and regulatory requirements repeatedly constrained south-of-Delta and other junior CVP contract deliveries.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Reduced irrigation supply creates plausible crop and economic harm; realized losses were not quantified.","service":"The August 2026 south-of-Delta irrigation allocation was only 28% and Eastside water-service contractors initially received 0%.","scale":"The CVP serves more than 6 million Californians and about 3 million farmland acres.","duration":"Material allocation constraints recurred in 2024, 2025 and 2026.","significance":"Reclamation issued formal contract allocations and established drought-reserve and resiliency actions."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Reported service context: CVP serves over 6 million Californians and about 3 million acres of farmland; allocation impacts differ by contractor and this is not an outage count."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: South-of-Delta agricultural allocation 50 percent of contract supply; Reported: South-of-Delta agricultural allocation 50 percent of contract supply; Reported: South-of-Delta irrigation allocation 28 percent of contract supply; Reported: South-of-Delta M&I allocation 78 percent of historic use or public-health-and-safety needs, whichever greater"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Analytical projection: south-of-Delta contract deliveries will remain volatile over the next 1-3 years; confidence is medium because three consecutive water years show partial allocations but realized deliveries also depend on rescheduled water.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: south-of-Delta contract deliveries will remain volatile over the next 1-3 years; confidence is medium because three consecutive water years show partial allocations but realized deliveries also depend on rescheduled water.","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Current contract and operating regime continues"],"reversal_factors":["Sustained wet hydrology","Operational flexibility","Large carryover supplies"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, California-Great Basin Region","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"CVP contractors","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Reclamation Office of Communications, 916-978-5100, sha-mpr-publicaffairs@usbr.gov.","corrective_actions":["Updated allocations as conditions change; Rescheduling prior-year water; 93,000 acre-foot drought reserve pool; Long-term drought-plan projects and aquifer storage/recharge"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water Year 2024 Timeline","publisher":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","date":"2024-06-25","url":"https://www.usbr.gov/mp/drought/archive/wy24timeline.html","basis":"Federal allocation timeline"},{"ref":2,"title":"Reclamation boosts California's 2025 Central Valley Project water supply allocations","publisher":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","date":"2025-04-28","url":"https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/news-release/5143","basis":"Federal allocation notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"Reclamation increases Central Valley Project 2026 water supply allocations for south-of-Delta contractors","publisher":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","date":"2026-08-11","url":"https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/news-release/5386","basis":"Current federal allocation notice"},{"ref":4,"title":"$81 million investment for water conservation and drought resilience south of the Delta","publisher":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","date":"2024-05-21","url":"https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/news-release/4843","basis":"Federal funding and corrective-action record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Verified baseline history."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Re-verified against the cited source pages; figures and dates confirmed."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Contractor-specific delivery and crop-loss data","Replacement-water costs","Rate impacts","Nonduplicative affected population"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":81000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-05-21","scope":{"project":"CVP south-of-Delta drought plan and infrastructure"},"basis":{"definition":"Inflation Reduction Act investment"},"source_refs":[4],"notes":"Program investment, not total capital requirement or remaining gap. Original source-specific metric label: secured_drought_resilience_investment.","funding_stage":"secured"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CA-TULE-GW-PROBATION-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Tule Subbasin overdraft, subsidence and SGMA probation","description":"Tule Subbasin overdraft, subsidence and SGMA probation.  Reported: DWR analysis under return-of-drought conditions 550 domestic wells, more than, potentially dry; Reported: Board description of annual overdraft 500000 household-equivalent annual water supply depleted, at least; Reported: Subsidence damage along Friant-Kern Canal 500000000 USD, nearly","location":{"name":"Tule Subbasin overdraft, subsidence and SGMA probation","type":"Groundwater subbasin","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Groundwater subbasin, Tule Subbasin, Tulare and Kern counties, California","counties":["Tulare","Kern"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","agricultural","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Groundwater overdraft and declining levels are depleting supply while subsidence is damaging the Friant-Kern Canal and threatens the repair investment.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Overdraft threatens drinking water quality and shallow wells, with disproportionate risk to disadvantaged communities.","service":"DWR analysis found more than 550 domestic wells could go dry if recent drought returned, and canal capacity is affected by subsidence.","scale":"Subbasin-wide impacts affect domestic users and major agricultural conveyance.","duration":"The basin is critically overdrafted and must reach sustainability by 2040.","significance":"The Board imposed formal probation and potential interim-plan escalation."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":250000,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported infrastructure dependency: Friant-Kern Canal provides water for more than 250,000 residents and at least 1 million acres of farmland; not all are within or solely dependent on the Tule Subbasin."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: DWR analysis under return-of-drought conditions 550 domestic wells, more than, potentially dry; Reported: Board description of annual overdraft 500000 household-equivalent annual water supply depleted, at least; Reported: Subsidence damage along Friant-Kern Canal 500000000 USD, nearly"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Analytical projection: without pumping reductions sufficient to halt subsidence, well and canal risks will continue through the next 1-3 years.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: without pumping reductions sufficient to halt subsidence, well and canal risks will continue through the next 1-3 years.","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Probation remains in effect","Current pumping pressures continue"],"reversal_factors":["Effective demand management","Recharge","Approved sustainable revised plan"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"California State Water Resources Control Board"},{"name":"California Department of Water Resources"},{"name":"Tule Subbasin groundwater sustainability agencies"}],"public_contact":"State Water Board Office of Sustainable Groundwater Management, SGMA@waterboards.ca.gov, 916-322-6508; Office of Public Affairs, OPA@waterboards.ca.gov.","corrective_actions":["Probationary extraction reporting","Reporting/fee exclusions for qualifying small pumpers and two GSAs","Local sustainability-plan revision","Friant-Kern Canal repairs","Potential interim plan if deficiencies persist"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"State Water Board takes action to protect groundwater in overdrafted Tule Subbasin","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2024-09-18","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2024/pr240918-tule-probationary-hearing-action.html","basis":"Official probation action and impact measures"},{"ref":2,"title":"Tule Subbasin","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2026-09-21","url":"https://waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/sgma/groundwater_basins/tule-subbasin.html","basis":"Current official basin/reporting status"},{"ref":3,"title":"Board sets probationary hearing for critically overdrafted Tule groundwater subbasin","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2024-03-07","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2024/pr20240307-tule-subbasin-probationary-hearing.html","basis":"Official well-risk and infrastructure context"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Verified baseline history."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Re-verified against source pages; figures and dates confirmed. Tule status page source date updated to its 2026-09-21 revision; probation continues (April 2026 exclusion decisions and May 2026 reporting deadline recorded there)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current basinwide pumping and overdraft volume in acre-feet","Current repair spending","Nonduplicative population affected","GSA-specific fee burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"fixed_charge","value":300,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD per well per year","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-10-10","scope":{"project":"Non-exempt probationary-basin pumpers","program":"annual probationary-basin well filing"},"source_refs":[2],"notes":"Original source-specific metric label: annual_base_filing_fee. The same statewide probation fee schedule applies independently to each named basin; do not aggregate it across records."},{"metric":"volumetric_rate","value":20,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD per acre-foot","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-10-10","scope":{"project":"Non-exempt probationary-basin pumpers","program":"probationary-basin pumping charge"},"source_refs":[2],"notes":"Original source-specific metric label: volumetric_probation_fee. The same statewide probation fee schedule applies independently to each named basin; do not aggregate it across records."}],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[{"metric":"replacement_value","value":500000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD, nearly","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-09-18","scope":{"project":"Friant-Kern Canal subsidence damage"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Damage estimate, not necessarily total amount spent or remaining. Original source-specific metric label: reported_infrastructure_damage."}],"conflicts":[{"metric":"probation_fee_schedule","values":[300,20],"note":"Different units and fee components under one schedule; not competing estimates."}]}},{"id":"US-CA-KAWEAH-GW-PLAN-REPAIR-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Kaweah Subbasin overdraft impacts and revised groundwater plans","description":"Kaweah Subbasin overdraft impacts and revised groundwater plans.  Reported: Board press release wording is ambiguous about the two domestic-well scenario counts; retain as competing/scenario figures, do not sum. approximately 872 domestic wells, nearly 1,545 domestic wells, and 53 public-supply wells wells potentially dry under different modeled drought/threshold scenarios","location":{"name":"Kaweah Subbasin","type":"Groundwater subbasin","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Groundwater subbasin, Kaweah Subbasin, principally Tulare County with portions of Kings County, California","counties":["Tulare","Kings"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Groundwater declines threatened domestic wells while pumping-related subsidence threatened conveyance infrastructure; revised plans address both causes.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Plans had allowed dry-well, water-quality and subsidence impacts.","service":"The 2024 draft analysis found large potential domestic/public well impacts during drought.","scale":"Multi-GSA subbasin impact; population not quantified.","duration":"Critically overdrafted conditions are chronic and managed toward 2040.","significance":"State intervention ended after revised plans, but DWR oversight continues."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":250000,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported. The Friant-Kern Canal serves more than 250,000 people regionally, but that is not a Kaweah-specific affected-population count."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Board press release wording is ambiguous about the two domestic-well scenario counts; retain as competing/scenario figures, do not sum. approximately 872 domestic wells, nearly 1,545 domestic wells, and 53 public-supply wells wells potentially dry under different modeled drought/threshold scenarios"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Analytical projection: plan governance should improve over the next 1-3 years, but physical recovery will lag and depends on implementation.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: plan governance should improve over the next 1-3 years, but physical recovery will lag and depends on implementation.","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["GSAs implement the 2024 plans"],"reversal_factors":["Renewed drought","Insufficient demand management","Unfunded mitigation"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"California Department of Water Resources"},{"name":"East Kaweah GSA"},{"name":"Greater Kaweah GSA"},{"name":"Mid-Kaweah GSA"}],"public_contact":"California State Water Board Office of Public Affairs, edward.ortiz@waterboards.ca.gov; SGMA@waterboards.ca.gov, 916-322-6508.","corrective_actions":["Revised 2024 groundwater sustainability plans","Dry-well and water-quality mitigation including emergency drinking water and well replacement","Shift lower-aquifer irrigation pumping","Expanded groundwater-quality monitoring","Ongoing DWR review"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"State Water Board to hold probationary hearing for critically overdrafted Kaweah subbasin","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2024-05-07","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2024/pr05072024-kaweah-probationary-notice.html","basis":"Official risk assessment"},{"ref":2,"title":"Kaweah Subbasin to exit state intervention after improving SGMA groundwater plans","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2025-12-02","url":"https://waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2025/pr20251202-kaweah-subbasin-exit-state-intervention.html","basis":"Official current status and corrective actions"},{"ref":3,"title":"Kaweah Subbasin Staff Assessment","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2025-10-01","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/sgma/docs/kaweah/202510-kaweah-staff-assessment.pdf","basis":"Official technical assessment"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Verified baseline history."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Re-verified against source pages. Corrected wording: the 2024 notice says nearly 1,545 domestic wells (not \"additional\"); the Dec 2025 release confirms the subbasin was returned to DWR oversight."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current dry wells","Mitigation-program funding","Current subsidence rate","Affected population"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-CA-KERN-GW-PLAN-REPAIR-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Kern County Subbasin critical overdraft and revised groundwater plan","description":"Kern County Subbasin critical overdraft and revised groundwater plan.  Reported: Approximate subbasin area 1780000 acres; Reported: Board release 20 local managing agencies","location":{"name":"Kern County Subbasin","type":"Groundwater subbasin","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Groundwater subbasin, Kern County Subbasin, Kern County, California","counties":["Kern"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Critical groundwater overdraft and associated sustainability-plan deficiencies are the core issue; revised plans avoided probation but require continued implementation.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Critical overdraft can affect wells, subsidence and water quality, but current realized impacts were not quantified in the cited status release.","service":"Groundwater is used for drinking water and irrigated agriculture.","scale":"The subbasin covers about 1.78 million acres and is managed by 20 local agencies.","duration":"Management must reach sustainability by 2040.","significance":"Probation was avoided, so no current formal state enforcement action remains beyond DWR oversight."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Approximate subbasin area 1780000 acres; Reported: Board release 20 local managing agencies"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Insufficient comparable history.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"California Department of Water Resources"},{"name":"20 Kern County Subbasin local groundwater agencies"}],"public_contact":"California State Water Board Office of Public Affairs, edward.ortiz@waterboards.ca.gov; SGMA@waterboards.ca.gov, 916-322-6508.","corrective_actions":["Revised groundwater sustainability plans submitted September 2025","Returned to DWR oversight","Continued implementation and periodic plan review"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Kern County Subbasin avoids probation under SGMA and returns to DWR oversight","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2025-09-18","url":"https://waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2025/pr20250918-kern-county-subbasin-return-to-dwr.html","basis":"Official status record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Verified baseline history."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Re-verified against the cited source pages; figures and dates confirmed."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current overdraft volume","Well impacts","Subsidence rate","Plan funding","Population affected"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-CA-CHOWCHILLA-GW-PLAN-REPAIR-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Chowchilla Subbasin overdraft-plan repair and continued sustainability risk","description":"Chowchilla Subbasin overdraft-plan repair and continued sustainability risk.  Reported: 2025 plan limit; plan targets zero additional subsidence after 2040 2 feet cumulative allowable subsidence through 2040; Reported: New minimum thresholds set to Fall 2015 levels 2015 fall-year groundwater-level threshold basis","location":{"name":"Chowchilla Subbasin","type":"Groundwater subbasin","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Groundwater subbasin, Chowchilla Subbasin, Madera and Merced counties, California","counties":["Madera","Merced"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Declining groundwater, dry-well risk and subsidence threatened supply and infrastructure; the revised plan adds thresholds, demand management and mitigation.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Prior plan deficiencies involved subsidence and well impacts.","service":"Revised protections cover drinking-water and public-supply wells.","scale":"Multi-agency subbasin; affected population not reported.","duration":"Groundwater recovery/management extends to 2040.","significance":"State probation was avoided and the basin returned to routine DWR oversight."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 2025 plan limit; plan targets zero additional subsidence after 2040 2 feet cumulative allowable subsidence through 2040; Reported: New minimum thresholds set to Fall 2015 levels 2015 fall-year groundwater-level threshold basis"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Insufficient comparable history.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"California Department of Water Resources"},{"name":"Four Chowchilla Subbasin groundwater sustainability agencies"}],"public_contact":"California State Water Board Office of Public Affairs, edward.ortiz@waterboards.ca.gov; SGMA@waterboards.ca.gov, 916-322-6508.","corrective_actions":["2025 revised GSP","Higher groundwater minimum thresholds","Demand management","Expanded well mitigation and water-quality protections","Subsidence limits"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"State Water Board returns Chowchilla Subbasin to Department of Water Resources' jurisdiction","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2025-06-03","url":"https://waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2025/pr20250603-chowchilla-subbasin.html","basis":"Official status and plan-improvement record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Verified baseline history."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Re-verified against the cited source pages; figures and dates confirmed."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current subsidence and groundwater levels","Mitigation costs and funding","Affected population"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-CA-DELTA-MENDOTA-GW-PLAN-REPAIR-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Delta-Mendota Subbasin subsidence and unified groundwater-plan repair","description":"Delta-Mendota Subbasin subsidence and unified groundwater-plan repair.  Reported: Area southwest of Mendota since mid-1920s 29 feet historic subsidence, over; Reported: Eastern and southern subbasin areas cited in 2026 staff assessment; historical context outside primary research window 0.15-0.75 feet subsidence; Reported: Board press release 23 groundwater agencies previously operating separate plans","location":{"name":"Delta-Mendota Subbasin","type":"Groundwater subbasin","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Groundwater subbasin, Delta-Mendota Subbasin, western San Joaquin Valley, California","counties":["Stanislaus","Merced","Madera","Fresno"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Historic and continuing pumping-related subsidence threatened land and infrastructure while fragmented management required a unified sustainability plan.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Subsidence is irreversible in part and drinking-water-well risk required mitigation.","service":"Subsidence and well impacts present material but not quantified current service risk.","scale":"Large multi-county, multi-GSA subbasin.","duration":"Historic subsidence dates to the 1920s and some areas showed increasing rates in 2015-2023.","significance":"The Board ended intervention after a unified plan and mitigation program, while DWR oversight continues."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Area southwest of Mendota since mid-1920s 29 feet historic subsidence, over; Reported: Eastern and southern subbasin areas cited in 2026 staff assessment; historical context outside primary research window 0.15-0.75 feet subsidence; Reported: Board press release 23 groundwater agencies previously operating separate plans"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Insufficient comparable history.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"California Department of Water Resources"},{"name":"Delta-Mendota Subbasin groundwater sustainability agencies"}],"public_contact":"California State Water Board Office of Sustainable Groundwater Management, SGMA@waterboards.ca.gov, 916-322-6508.","corrective_actions":["Single 2024 unified GSP","Drinking-water-well mitigation program","Subsidence Control Measures Agreement","Return to DWR oversight"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Delta-Mendota Subbasin exits state intervention, returns to DWR oversight","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2026-04-07","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2026/pr20260407-delta-mendota-subbasin-returns-to-dwr-oversight.html","basis":"Official current status"},{"ref":2,"title":"Delta-Mendota Subbasin Staff Assessment","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2026-03-01","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/sgma/docs/delta-mendota/202603-dm-staff-assessment.pdf","basis":"Official technical assessment"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Verified baseline history."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Re-verified against the cited source pages; figures and dates confirmed."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current subsidence measurements after 2023","Mitigation funding","Affected population","Current pumping balance"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-CA-PLEASANT-VALLEY-GW-INTERVENTION-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Pleasant Valley Subbasin inadequate groundwater sustainability plan","description":"Pleasant Valley Subbasin inadequate groundwater sustainability plan.  Reported: Pleasant Valley GSA, Fresno County GSA-Pleasant Valley and City of Coalinga GSA 3 groundwater sustainability agencies","location":{"name":"Pleasant Valley Subbasin","type":"Groundwater subbasin","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Groundwater subbasin, Pleasant Valley Subbasin, Fresno County, California, including Coalinga area","counties":["Fresno"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"DWR's inadequate determination concerns whether local management can achieve sustainable groundwater conditions; physical impact details were not sufficiently indexed for a stronger infrastructure classification.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Inadequate sustainability planning supports plausible overdraft harm, but reviewed indexed records did not quantify realized impacts.","service":"Groundwater reliability is material to basin users; outages were not documented.","scale":"One multi-agency subbasin.","duration":"The plan was incomplete in January 2024 and inadequate in February 2025.","significance":"The subbasin remained in state intervention as of the latest statewide update located."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Pleasant Valley GSA, Fresno County GSA-Pleasant Valley and City of Coalinga GSA 3 groundwater sustainability agencies"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient comparable history.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"California State Water Resources Control Board"},{"name":"California Department of Water Resources"},{"name":"Pleasant Valley GSA"},{"name":"County of Fresno GSA-Pleasant Valley"},{"name":"City of Coalinga GSA"}],"public_contact":"California State Water Board Office of Sustainable Groundwater Management, SGMA@waterboards.ca.gov, 916-322-6508.","corrective_actions":["State intervention review","Local groundwater sustainability-plan revision required"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Pleasant Valley Subbasin","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2025-03-12","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/sgma/groundwater_basins/pleasant-valley-subbasin.html","basis":"Official basin page documenting January 2024 incomplete and February 2025 inadequate determinations"},{"ref":2,"title":"Kaweah Subbasin to exit state intervention after improving SGMA groundwater plans","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2025-12-02","url":"https://waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2025/pr20251202-kaweah-subbasin-exit-state-intervention.html","basis":"Statewide comparison noting Pleasant Valley remained in intervention"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Verified baseline history."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Re-verified against the cited source pages; figures and dates confirmed."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current intervention milestone after February 2025","Specific DWR deficiencies","Groundwater level and subsidence measures","Population affected","Mitigation cost/funding"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-CA-SALTON-SEA-SHRINKAGE-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Salton Sea shrinkage, exposed lakebed and habitat-loss response","description":"Salton Sea shrinkage, exposed lakebed and habitat-loss response. In May 2025 the first two Species Conservation Habitat ponds were being filled; by September 2026 DWR reported roughly 2,010 acres of added habitat and planned to fill remaining ponds to reach about 9,500 acres. Reported: SCH planned habitat footprint 9500 acres; Reported: habitat added by first two ponds 2010 acres; Reported: federal commitments for SCH expansion 245000000 committed funding; Reported: Proposition 4 Salton Sea Management Program allocation 160000000 allocation","location":{"name":"Salton Sea","type":"Water body","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Salton Sea, California, Eastern Coachella Valley and Imperial Valley communities; tribal and other shoreline communities","counties":["Imperial","Riverside"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["agricultural","other","drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Reduced inflows and lake shrinkage are exposing playa and eliminating aquatic habitat; restoration infrastructure is a response rather than the principal cause.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Salton Sea: Salton Sea shrinkage, exposed lakebed and habitat-loss response. Some Like It Hot: DWR Scientists Endure Extreme Heat to Study Desert Pupfish at the Salton Sea supports harm score 2. [1]","service":"For Salton Sea shrinkage, exposed lakebed and habitat-loss response, status is Corrective Action Underway; Reported: SCH planned habitat footprint 9500 acres; Reported: habitat added by first two ponds 2010 acres; Reported: federal commitments for SCH expansion 245000000 committed funding; Reported: Proposition 4 Salton Sea Management Program allocation 160000000 allocation supports service score 1. [1]","scale":"Salton Sea has watershed extent; Not reported: Official sources describe affected shoreline communities but do not provide a defensible affected-person count., supporting scale score 2. [1]","duration":"Salton Sea shrinkage, exposed lakebed and habitat-loss response is documented from 2026-10-10 through 2026-10-10; duration score is 2. [1]","significance":"California Natural Resources Agency / DWR documents Fill and operate SCH ponds for Salton Sea, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported: Official sources describe affected shoreline communities but do not provide a defensible affected-person count."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: SCH planned habitat footprint 9500 acres; Reported: habitat added by first two ponds 2010 acres; Reported: federal commitments for SCH expansion 245000000 committed funding; Reported: Proposition 4 Salton Sea Management Program allocation 160000000 allocation"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Analytical projection: restored wetted habitat should expand through 2027 if remaining pond construction and water delivery proceed, but basin-wide shrinkage and dust risk will persist beyond the project footprint.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: restored wetted habitat should expand through 2027 if remaining pond construction and water delivery proceed, but basin-wide shrinkage and dust risk will persist beyond the project footprint.","horizon":"1-3 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Committed funds remain available and construction/water delivery stay on schedule."],"reversal_factors":["Construction delay, funding reallocation, reduced inflows, operational failure."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"California Department of Water Resources"},{"name":"California Natural Resources Agency"},{"name":"Salton Sea Management Program"},{"name":"U.S"},{"name":"Bureau of Reclamation"},{"name":"Salton Sea Conservancy"}],"public_contact":"office: DWR Salton Sea Unit; email: SaltonSea@water.ca.gov","corrective_actions":["Fill and operate SCH ponds","Complete remaining components toward roughly 9,500 acres","Implement dust-suppression and habitat projects","Use the new conservancy for long-term restoration and operations support"],"sources":[{"ref":"S1","title":"Some Like It Hot: DWR Scientists Endure Extreme Heat to Study Desert Pupfish at the Salton Sea","publisher":"California Natural Resources Agency / DWR","date":"2026-09-04","url":"https://resources.ca.gov/Home/News/Blog/2026/Sep-2026/Some-Like-it-Hot","basis":"State project update"},{"ref":"S2","title":"State Reaches Historic Salton Sea Milestone as First Major Restoration Project Fills with Water","publisher":"California Department of Water Resources","date":"2025-05-23","url":"https://water.ca.gov/CNRAHome/Newsroom/Page-Content/News-List/State-Reaches-Historic-Salton-Sea-Milestone-as-First-Major-Restoration-Project-Fills-with-Water","basis":"State project and funding record"},{"ref":"S3","title":"Proposition 4 Allocation Balance Report - PRC 91033(a)","publisher":"California Natural Resources Agency","date":"2026-03-23","url":"https://cnra.assets.resources.ca.gov/AllocationBalanceReport/prop_4_allocation_balance_report.html","basis":"State allocation record"},{"ref":"S4","title":"Salton Sea Unit","publisher":"California Department of Water Resources","date":null,"url":"https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Integrated-Regional-Water-Management/Salton-Sea-Unit","basis":"State program/contact record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Verified baseline history."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Partial check: Prop 4 allocation report opened (dated \"as of March 23, 2026\"; $160,000,000 allocation, $158.8M net, confirmed) and source date corrected; S1, S2, S4 returned 403 so the record is not re-verified."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["No current basin-wide exposed-playa acreage was verified.","No affected-population estimate or complete program funding gap was published in reviewed records.","Agricultural transfer-driven inflow reductions are a secondary driver but were not separately quantified here."],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"rates_and_costs":[{"status":"Not reported","metric":"typical_residential_bill","notes":"Original source-specific metric label: rates_customer_cost."}],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":200000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"project estimate","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-05-23","scope":{"project":"Original SCH concept"},"source_refs":["S2"],"notes":"Original source-specific metric label: original_4_100_acre_sch_project_cost.","funding_stage":"estimated"},{"metric":"secured_funding","value":245000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"commitments","status":"Reported","period_start":"2023-01-01","period_end":"2025-05-23","source_refs":["S2"],"notes":"Original source-specific metric label: federal_expansion_commitments.","funding_stage":"secured"},{"metric":"secured_funding","value":160000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"allocation","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-03-23","source_refs":["S3"],"notes":"Original source-specific metric label: proposition_4_program_allocation.","funding_stage":"secured"},{"status":"Not reported","notes":"Amounts overlap different program/project scopes and must not be summed.","metric":"funding_gap"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CA-CLEAR-LAKE-HABS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Clear Lake recurring harmful algal blooms and nutrient impairment","description":"Clear Lake recurring harmful algal blooms and nutrient impairment. Danger, warning and caution advisories were posted in August 2025; the lake remains 303(d)-listed for algal blooms and the Water Board completed a 2024-2025 second-phase drivers study while reviewing the nutrient TMDL.","location":{"name":"Clear Lake","type":"Water body","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Clear Lake, Lake, California, Big Valley Band of Pomo Indians and Elem Indian Colony are documented monitoring partners; other Clear Lake tribes may also be affected","counties":["Lake"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","other"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Recurring cyanobacterial blooms and nutrient impairment directly degrade lake water quality and beneficial uses.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Clear Lake: Clear Lake recurring harmful algal blooms and nutrient impairment. Visitors urged to take caution after harmful algal blooms confirmed in Clear Lake supports harm score 2. [1]","service":"Danger, warning and caution advisories were posted across Clear Lake on 2025-08-21 [S5]; the Central Valley Water Board tracks load allocations through enforcement orders and a TMDL five-year update [S6].","scale":"Clear Lake has watershed extent; Not reported: Lake users and shoreline/tribal communities are affected; no official count was provided., supporting scale score 1. [1]","duration":"Clear Lake recurring harmful algal blooms and nutrient impairment is documented from 2026-10-10 through 2026-10-10; duration score is 2. [1]","significance":"California State Water Resources Control Board documents Continue tribal and agency HAB monitoring/advisories for Clear Lake, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported: Lake users and shoreline/tribal communities are affected; no official count was provided."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported: no numeric phosphorus allocation appears on the cited pages"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Analytical projection: seasonal HAB advisories are likely to recur while nutrient-control revisions and watershed projects proceed.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: seasonal HAB advisories are likely to recur while nutrient-control revisions and watershed projects proceed.","horizon":"1-3 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Recent recurrence and longstanding impairment remain representative."],"reversal_factors":["Sustained nutrient-load reductions, hydrologic shifts, or monitoring showing durable improvement."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board"},{"name":"State Water Resources Control Board"},{"name":"Lake County"},{"name":"Big Valley Band of Pomo Indians"},{"name":"Elem Indian Colony"}],"public_contact":"name: Jessica Rader; role: Clear Lake Nutrient Control Program contact; email: Jessica.Rader@waterboards.ca.gov; phone: 916-464-3199","corrective_actions":["Continue tribal and agency HAB monitoring/advisories","Update/reassess nutrient TMDL","Implement phosphorus load allocations and watershed restoration"],"sources":[{"ref":"S5","title":"Visitors urged to take caution after harmful algal blooms confirmed in Clear Lake","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2025-08-21","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/swamp/docs/2025/clear-lake-HABs-advisory.pdf","basis":"State health/recreation advisory"},{"ref":"S6","title":"Clear Lake Nutrient Control Program and TMDL","publisher":"Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board","date":"2025-04-11","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/rwqcb5/water_issues/tmdl/central_valley_projects/clear_lake_nutrients/","basis":"State TMDL and current study record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Verified baseline history."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Re-verified. Removed the 87,100 kg/year phosphorus allocation, which appears on neither cited page; TMDL page source date corrected to its 4/11/25 last-updated date."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["No toxin concentration was published in the reviewed 2025 advisory.","Current October 2026 advisory status was not verified; status is based on the persistent underlying impairment, not an assumption that the 2025 posting remains in force."],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-CA-LAKE-ELSINORE-CANYON-NUTRIENTS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lake Elsinore and Canyon Lake nutrient impairment and harmful algal blooms","description":"Lake Elsinore and Canyon Lake nutrient impairment and harmful algal blooms. The Santa Ana Water Board adopted revised nutrient TMDLs on July 25, 2025, with interim and final numeric targets, monitoring, aeration/mixing and alum-treatment measures over a 20-30 year implementation period. Reported: final numeric targets and allocations to be met within 30 years (interim targets within 20 years)","location":{"name":"San Jacinto River watershed","type":"Watershed","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"['Lake Elsinore', 'Canyon Lake'], Riverside, California, San Jacinto River watershed","counties":["Riverside"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Excess nitrogen and phosphorus from watershed runoff and lake sediments drive toxic algal growth, oxygen depletion and fish kills.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"San Jacinto River watershed: Lake Elsinore and Canyon Lake nutrient impairment and harmful algal blooms. Santa Ana Water Board strengthens nutrient contaminant levels for Lake Elsinore, Canyon Lake supports harm score 2. [1]","service":"For Lake Elsinore and Canyon Lake nutrient impairment and harmful algal blooms, status is Corrective Action Underway; Reported: final numeric targets within 30 years supports service score 1. [1]","scale":"San Jacinto River watershed has watershed extent; Not reported: The regional board serves a region of almost 5 million, but that is not an affected-population estimate for these lakes., supporting scale score 1. [1]","duration":"Lake Elsinore and Canyon Lake nutrient impairment and harmful algal blooms is documented from 2026-10-10 through 2026-10-10; duration score is 2. [1]","significance":"California State Water Resources Control Board documents Revised nutrient load limits and numeric targets for San Jacinto River watershed, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported: The regional board serves a region of almost 5 million, but that is not an affected-population estimate for these lakes."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: final numeric targets and allocations to be met within 30 years of the 2025 TMDL adoption (interim targets within 20 years)"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Analytical projection: nutrient impairment and episodic bloom restrictions will remain material during the early implementation phases because final targets extend 20-30 years.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: nutrient impairment and episodic bloom restrictions will remain material during the early implementation phases because final targets extend 20-30 years.","horizon":"5-10 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Adopted schedule remains in force and source controls take time to affect lake response."],"reversal_factors":["Accelerated in-lake treatment or unexpectedly rapid load reductions."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Santa Ana Regional Water Quality Control Board"},{"name":"Lake Elsinore and San Jacinto Watersheds Authority"},{"name":"Lake Elsinore and Canyon Lake TMDL Task Force"}],"public_contact":"office: State Water Board Office of Public Affairs; email: OPA@waterboards.ca.gov; phone: 916-341-7365","corrective_actions":["Revised nutrient load limits and numeric targets","Lake Elsinore aeration and mixing","Canyon Lake alum applications","Expanded monitoring and watershed nutrient controls"],"sources":[{"ref":"S7","title":"Santa Ana Water Board strengthens nutrient contaminant levels for Lake Elsinore, Canyon Lake","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2025-07-25","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2025/pr20250725-santa-ana-tmdls.html","basis":"State regulatory action"},{"ref":"S8","title":"Highly toxic harmful algal bloom at Lake Elsinore triggers Danger advisory","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2024-06-27","url":"https://water.waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2024/pr20240627-hab-news-advisory-lake-elsinore.html","basis":"State health/recreation advisory"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Verified baseline history."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Re-verified. Filled the implementation horizon (30 years for final targets, 20 for interim) from the July 2025 release."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current toxin concentrations and exact affected recreation days were not verified.","Project-level costs and funding were not reported in the reviewed release."],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-CA-KLAMATH-RIVER-RESTORATION-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lower Klamath River post-dam-removal ecosystem restoration","description":"Lower Klamath River post-dam-removal ecosystem restoration. All four dams were removed by October 2, 2024, reopening nearly 400 miles of habitat; restoration of 2,200 acres of formerly submerged land continues for several years. Reported: reopened aquatic habitat 400 river miles (nearly); Reported: formerly submerged lands under continuing restoration 2200 acres; Reported: project estimated cost 500000000 estimated project cost","location":{"name":"Klamath River","type":"Water body","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Klamath River, ['California', 'Oregon'], ['Karuk Tribe', 'Yurok Tribe', 'Shasta Indian Nation', 'Klamath Tribes and other basin tribes']","counties":["Siskiyou, California","Klamath, Oregon"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","other"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Obsolete dams caused fish-passage and water-quality harm; removal is complete, but landscape and ecosystem restoration remains underway.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Klamath River: Lower Klamath River post-dam-removal ecosystem restoration. Klamath River dams fully removed ahead of schedule supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For Lower Klamath River post-dam-removal ecosystem restoration, status is Corrective Action Underway; Reported: reopened aquatic habitat 400 river miles (nearly); Reported: formerly submerged lands under continuing restoration 2200 acres; Reported: project estimated cost 500000000 estimated project cost supports service score 1. [1]","scale":"Klamath River has watershed extent; Not reported: Not reported, supporting scale score 2. [1]","duration":"Lower Klamath River post-dam-removal ecosystem restoration is documented from 2026-10-10 through 2026-10-10; duration score is 1. [1]","significance":"Office of Governor Gavin Newsom documents Restore 2,200 acres of former reservoir lands for Klamath River, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported: Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: reopened aquatic habitat 400 river miles (nearly); Reported: formerly submerged lands under continuing restoration 2200 acres; Reported: project estimated cost 500000000 estimated project cost"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Analytical projection: fish access and riparian recovery should continue improving, but reliable post-removal water-quality trend assessment requires new monitoring data.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: fish access and riparian recovery should continue improving, but reliable post-removal water-quality trend assessment requires new monitoring data.","horizon":"3-5 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Restoration and monitoring continue."],"reversal_factors":["Poor revegetation, erosion, extreme drought, disease, or inadequate flows."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Klamath River Renewal Corporation"},{"name":"California State Water Resources Control Board"},{"name":"Oregon agencies"},{"name":"Federal Energy Regulatory Commission"},{"name":"Karuk Tribe"},{"name":"Yurok Tribe"},{"name":"Shasta Indian Nation"}],"public_contact":"office: State Water Board Office of Public Affairs; email: OPA@waterboards.ca.gov","corrective_actions":["Restore 2,200 acres of former reservoir lands","Monitor post-removal water quality and fish reoccupation","Continue tribal/state/federal basin restoration"],"sources":[{"ref":"S9","title":"Klamath River dams fully removed ahead of schedule","publisher":"Office of Governor Gavin Newsom","date":"2024-10-02","url":"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2024/10/02/klamath-river-dams-fully-removed-ahead-of-schedule/","basis":"State completion and restoration record"},{"ref":"S10","title":"How California Rose to the Challenge of Protecting Water Quality","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2026-03-25","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/stories/2026/protecting-water-quality.html","basis":"State project/regulatory retrospective"},{"ref":"S11","title":"Proposed Final 2026 California Integrated Report Staff Report","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2026-01-01","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/2025_2026state_ir_reports_final/proposed-final-2026-california-integrated-report-staff-report-track-changes.pdf","basis":"State water-quality assessment methodology"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Verified baseline history."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Re-verified against source pages (S11 integrated report opened as PDF; its Klamath dam removal update section confirmed, document date not independently confirmed). Story source date corrected to 2026-03-25."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["The 2026 Integrated Report intentionally deferred assessment of pre-removal water-quality data, so a comparable post-removal water-quality trend is not yet available.","Do not merge with the Klamath Project irrigation allocation; they share a basin but represent distinct current issues."],"related_ids":["US-OR-CA-KLAMATH-AG-ALLOCATION-2026"],"financial_evidence":{"rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":500000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"project estimate","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-04-01","source_refs":["S10"],"notes":"Original source-specific metric label: dam_removal_and_restoration_project_estimated_cost.","funding_stage":"estimated"},{"status":"Not reported","metric":"funding_gap"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CA-CENTRAL-VALLEY-NITRATE-MANAGEMENT-2025","revision":5,"change_type":"changed","title":"Central Valley agricultural and mixed-source nitrate contamination management zones","description":"Central Valley agricultural and mixed-source nitrate contamination management zones. The Nitrate Control Program expanded to eight Priority 2 basins in 2025; by June 2026 the broader program had delivered replacement water to over 2,200 households and distributed more than 5 million gallons. Reported: wells sampled in Priority 1 basins 9000 wells (over); Reported: replacement-water households 1800 households (over); Reported: replacement water distributed 3700000 gallons (over); Reported: notices to comply 900 dischargers (over)","location":{"name":"California Central Valley","type":"California documented water issue area","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"California Central Valley, ['Delta-Mendota', 'Eastern San Joaquin', 'Madera', 'Merced', 'Kern County Poso', 'Kern County West-side South', 'Tulare Lake', 'Yolo'], California","extent":"statewide","counties":[]},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drinking-water-quality","governance-affordability-equity","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nitrate from growers, dairies and other regulated dischargers has contaminated domestic-well groundwater above the drinking-water standard.","secondary_drivers":["unfunded_mandate_or_rising_treatment_costs: Yes - regulated dischargers face continuing testing, replacement-water and source-control obligations; total exposure not reported; dependence_on_temporary_support: Unknown; affordability_disparity: Yes - rural domestic-well households require free replacement water"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Wells exceed the 10 mg/L nitrate-N drinking-water standard and require replacement water; contamination affects multiple basins and thousands of households and has prompted more than 900 compliance notices and formal management-zone orders.","service":"Wells exceed the 10 mg/L nitrate-N drinking-water standard and require replacement water; contamination affects multiple basins and thousands of households and has prompted more than 900 compliance notices and formal management-zone orders.","scale":"Wells exceed the 10 mg/L nitrate-N drinking-water standard and require replacement water; contamination affects multiple basins and thousands of households and has prompted more than 900 compliance notices and formal management-zone orders.","duration":"Wells exceed the 10 mg/L nitrate-N drinking-water standard and require replacement water; contamination affects multiple basins and thousands of households and has prompted more than 900 compliance notices and formal management-zone orders.","significance":"Wells exceed the 10 mg/L nitrate-N drinking-water standard and require replacement water; contamination affects multiple basins and thousands of households and has prompted more than 900 compliance notices and formal management-zone orders."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Reported minimum: 2200"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: wells sampled in Priority 1 basins 9000 wells (over); Reported: replacement-water households 1800 households (over); Reported: replacement water distributed 3700000 gallons (over); Reported: notices to comply 900 dischargers (over)"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["unfunded_mandate_or_rising_treatment_costs: Yes - regulated dischargers face continuing testing, replacement-water and source-control obligations; total exposure not reported; dependence_on_temporary_support: Unknown; affordability_disparity: Yes - rural domestic-well households require free replacement water"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Analytical projection: testing and replacement-water enrollment will increase as Priority 2 implementation matures, while aquifer restoration will take substantially longer.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: testing and replacement-water enrollment will increase as Priority 2 implementation matures, while aquifer restoration will take substantially longer.","horizon":"1-5 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Management-zone implementation continues and outreach reaches private-well users."],"reversal_factors":["Weak enrollment, enforcement delay, or insufficient long-term source reduction."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"State Water Resources Control Board","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"CV-SALTS management zones","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Growers, dairies, industrial facilities and wastewater dischargers","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"office: State Water Board Office of Public Affairs; email: OPA@waterboards.ca.gov; phone: 916-341-7365","corrective_actions":["Free domestic-well testing; Bottled water and filling stations for exceedances; Management-zone implementation plans; Compliance notices and permit amendments; Long-term nitrate source reduction"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"State expands program that has provided free replacement water for over 1,800 nitrate-impacted wells","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2025-02-27","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2025/pr20250227-cv-salts-expansion.html","basis":"State regulator and program metrics"},{"ref":2,"title":"Central Valley Water Board advances groundwater protection, safer drinking water in Modesto area","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2026-06-04","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2026/pr20260604-central-valley-water-board-advances-groundwater-protection.html","basis":"State regulator and updated program metrics"},{"ref":3,"title":"CV-SALTS Modesto and Turlock Management Zone adopted orders","publisher":"Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board","date":"2026-10-05","url":"https://water.waterboards.ca.gov/centralvalley/water_issues/salinity/nitrate_mz/modesto_turlock_mz/","basis":"State adopted orders/program record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Verified baseline history."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Correction run (contract 1.4.2), no change to the finding: secondary category \"Governance, Affordability, and Equity\" mapped to governance-affordability-equity."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Re-verified; figures confirmed. Modesto/Turlock page date updated to its 2026-10-05 revision (Order R5-2026-0032 adopted 2026-06-03)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Source attribution is mixed; agriculture is a major regulated source but the program also covers dairies, industry and wastewater.","No unduplicated person count, total remediation cost, or aquifer recovery timeline was verified.","Keep related but distinct from the public-water-system nitrate MCL cohort already indexed."],"related_ids":["US-CA-NITRATE-MCL-COHORT-2024"],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[{"status":"Not reported","metric":"typical_residential_bill","value":null,"notes":"Original source-specific metric label: rates_customer_cost.","scope":{"project":""},"basis":{"definition":""},"source_refs":[]}],"capital_and_funding":[{"status":"Not reported","metric":"project_estimate","value":null,"notes":"Original source-specific metric label: program_cost.","scope":{"project":""},"basis":{"definition":""},"source_refs":[]}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CA-CENTRAL-VALLEY-DAIRY-MANURE-NITRATE-2026","revision":4,"change_type":"changed","title":"Central Valley dairy manure overapplication and groundwater nitrate controls","description":"Central Valley dairy manure overapplication and groundwater nitrate controls. The State Water Board adopted a statewide precedential dairy order on September 15, 2026 (WQO 2026-0028; announced September 16), requiring revised regional permits, stricter monitoring, alternative water and phased manure-application limits. Reported: maximum manure-application compliance schedule 35 years; Reported: dairies within one mile of high nitrate-risk areas located in Central Valley 94 percent (approximately)","location":{"name":"Central Valley","type":"California documented water issue area","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Central Valley, California","counties":[],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Overapplication and leakage of nitrogen-rich dairy manure have degraded groundwater used by households.","secondary_drivers":["unfunded_mandate_or_rising_treatment_costs: Yes - new compliance, monitoring, alternative-water and manure-management obligations; operational_continuity_threat: Unknown; rates_or_customer_burden: Not applicable/not reported"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The state found dairy manure overapplication harms drinking-water groundwater; the problem is region-wide, persists in household wells, and requires a legally binding correction schedule that may extend up to 35 years.","service":"The state found dairy manure overapplication harms drinking-water groundwater; the problem is region-wide, persists in household wells, and requires a legally binding correction schedule that may extend up to 35 years.","scale":"The state found dairy manure overapplication harms drinking-water groundwater; the problem is region-wide, persists in household wells, and requires a legally binding correction schedule that may extend up to 35 years.","duration":"The state found dairy manure overapplication harms drinking-water groundwater; the problem is region-wide, persists in household wells, and requires a legally binding correction schedule that may extend up to 35 years.","significance":"The state found dairy manure overapplication harms drinking-water groundwater; the problem is region-wide, persists in household wells, and requires a legally binding correction schedule that may extend up to 35 years."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported: Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: maximum manure-application compliance schedule 35 years; Reported: dairies within one mile of high nitrate-risk areas located in Central Valley 94 percent (approximately)"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["unfunded_mandate_or_rising_treatment_costs: Yes - new compliance, monitoring, alternative-water and manure-management obligations; operational_continuity_threat: Unknown; rates_or_customer_burden: Not applicable/not reported"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Analytical projection: permit revisions and monitoring obligations will tighten in the next two years, but meaningful groundwater improvement will be slow under a schedule that can extend 35 years.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: permit revisions and monitoring obligations will tighten in the next two years, but meaningful groundwater improvement will be slow under a schedule that can extend 35 years.","horizon":"2-10 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Six-month milestone oversight and regional permit revisions occur."],"reversal_factors":["Legal challenge, implementation delay, faster manure treatment/export adoption."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"State Water Resources Control Board","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"California dairy operators","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"name: Nick Cahill; role: State Water Board Information Officer; email: nick.cahill@waterboards.ca.gov","corrective_actions":["Revise Central Valley dairy WDRs; Phase down excess manure application; Provide alternative water to affected households; Increase nitrogen and pond-leak monitoring; Facilitate treated-manure export; Publish six-month milestone reports"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"State Water Board adopts order to protect groundwater from overapplication of manure at dairies","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2026-09-16","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2026/pr20260916-dairy-adopted-order.html","basis":"State precedential order summary"},{"ref":2,"title":"Dairy Order proceeding and high nitrate-risk area map","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2026-09-18","url":"https://waterboards.ca.gov/public_notices/petitions/water_quality/r5-2013-0122.html","basis":"State regulatory proceeding"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Verified baseline history."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Re-verified. Adoption date corrected to September 15, 2026 (release of Sept 16 says \"yesterday\"; petition page confirms Sept 15); petition page source date set to its 2026-09-18 update."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["The reviewed summary did not report number of regulated dairies, affected wells/households attributable specifically to dairies, or compliance cost.","Related to, but should not replace, the mixed-source CV-SALTS nitrate dossier."],"related_ids":["US-CA-CENTRAL-VALLEY-NITRATE-MANAGEMENT-2025"],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"status":"Not reported","metric":"funding_gap","value":null,"scope":{"project":""},"basis":{"definition":""},"source_refs":[]}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[{"status":"Reported","text":"Responsible dairies must provide alternative water, monitor nitrogen and ponds, change land application, and potentially treat or export manure; aggregate cost was not published.","notes":"Dairies responsible for impacts must provide alternative water, monitor nitrogen and ponds, change land application, and potentially treat/export manure; no aggregate cost was published.","source_refs":[1],"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","scope":{"project":""},"basis":{"definition":""}}],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CA-CROCKETT-CH-SUGAR-DISCHARGES-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"C&H Sugar refinery wastewater and Carquinez Strait discharge violations","description":"C&H Sugar refinery wastewater and Carquinez Strait discharge violations. EPA entered an administrative order in January 2025; the regional board adopted/posted Order R2-2025-1022 with a $734,000 settlement and monitoring of improvements. Reported: unauthorized raw sugar discharge occasions 3 occasions (at least); Reported: reported effluent-limit violations 15 violations","location":{"name":"C&H Sugar refinery and Philip F. Meads Water Treatment Plant","type":"Industrial or public facility","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"C&H Sugar refinery and Philip F. Meads Water Treatment Plant, Crockett, Contra Costa, California, Carquinez Strait / San Francisco Bay","counties":["Contra Costa"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Unauthorized and permit-exceeding industrial discharges were compounded by wastewater-system operation and maintenance failures.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"C&H Sugar refinery and Philip F. Meads Water Treatment Plant: C&H Sugar refinery wastewater and Carquinez Strait discharge violations. EPA Orders C&H Sugar to Comply with Clean Water Act, Protect Carquinez Strait and the Bay supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For C&H Sugar refinery wastewater and Carquinez Strait discharge violations, status is Corrective Action Underway; Reported: unauthorized raw sugar discharge occasions 3 occasions (at least); Reported: reported effluent-limit violations 15 violations supports service score 1. [1]","scale":"C&H Sugar refinery and Philip F. Meads Water Treatment Plant has site extent; Not reported: Crockett residents experienced a 2022 odor episode, but the current water-issue affected population was not quantified., supporting scale score 1. [1]","duration":"C&H Sugar refinery wastewater and Carquinez Strait discharge violations is documented from 2026-10-10 through 2026-10-10; duration score is 1. [1]","significance":"U.S. EPA documents Modify sugar offloading system for C&H Sugar refinery and Philip F. Meads Water Treatment Plant, supporting significance score 2. [1]"}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":2022,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported: Crockett residents experienced a 2022 odor episode, but the current water-issue affected population was not quantified."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: unauthorized raw sugar discharge occasions 3 occasions (at least); Reported: reported effluent-limit violations 15 violations"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["repeated_failures_underinvestment: Yes - repeated effluent violations and documented O&M failures; capital_need_exceeds_revenue: Unknown; insolvency: No evidence"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Analytical projection: discharge risk should decline if ordered offloading and wastewater controls are sustained; compliance monitoring remains necessary because violations were repeated.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: discharge risk should decline if ordered offloading and wastewater controls are sustained; compliance monitoring remains necessary because violations were repeated.","horizon":"1-2 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Orders are implemented and monitored."],"reversal_factors":["Treatment or power failure, inadequate maintenance, or noncompliance."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S"},{"name":"EPA Region 9"},{"name":"San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board"},{"name":"C&H Sugar Company"},{"name":"Crockett Community Services District"}],"public_contact":"name: Michael Brogan; role: EPA Region 9 media contact; email: brogan.michael@epa.gov; phone: 415-295-9314","corrective_actions":["Modify sugar offloading system","Demonstrate discharge prevention","Update stormwater pollution prevention and sugar-management practices","Continue wastewater reliability improvements","Fund Carquinez Waterfront stormwater project"],"sources":[{"ref":"S18","title":"EPA Orders C&H Sugar to Comply with Clean Water Act, Protect Carquinez Strait and the Bay","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2025-01-17","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-orders-ch-sugar-comply-clean-water-act-protect-carquinez-strait-and-bay","basis":"Federal enforcement order summary"},{"ref":"S19","title":"C&H Sugar agrees to pay $734,000 for Crockett odor nuisance and wastewater violations","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2025-10-22","url":"https://waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2025/pr20251022-ch-sugar-enforcement-release.html","basis":"State settlement summary"},{"ref":"S20","title":"Order R2-2025-1022","publisher":"San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board","date":"2025-11-01","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/rwqcb2/board_info/agendas/2025/November/CHSugar/Proposed_Stipulated_Order.pdf","basis":"State enforcement order"},{"ref":"S21","title":"CIWQS public facilities report - C&H Sugar","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2026-10-07","url":"https://ciwqs.waterboards.ca.gov/ciwqs/readOnly/CiwqsReportServlet?reportID=8309044&sortCol=22","basis":"State permit/facility coordinates"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Verified baseline history."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutant concentrations and discharge volumes were not stated in reviewed summaries.","Facility improvement cost and financial capacity were not reported."],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"status":"Not reported","metric":"project_estimate","notes":"Original source-specific metric label: capital_cost."},{"metric":"approved_budget","value":374000,"currency":"USD","unit":"settlement allocation","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-10-22","scope":{"project":"Carquinez Waterfront stormwater project"},"source_refs":["S19"],"notes":"Original source-specific metric label: supplemental_environmental_project.","funding_stage":"approved"},{"metric":"amount_spent","value":360000,"currency":"USD","unit":"settlement allocation","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-10-22","source_refs":["S19"],"notes":"Original source-specific metric label: cleanup_and_abatement_account_payment.","funding_stage":"spent"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","value":734000,"currency":"USD","unit":"settlement","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-11-01","source_refs":["S19","S20"],"notes":"Original source-specific metric label: administrative_civil_liability."}],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CA-OAKLAND-RADIUS-METALS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Radius Recycling metals and toxicity discharge violations","description":"Radius Recycling metals and toxicity discharge violations. In a June 18, 2025 release EPA announced it had initiated an Administrative Order on Consent requiring a granular activated carbon treatment unit and a stronger Water Pollution Prevention Plan; an environmental-justice collaborative MOU with state, regional and community partners began in January 2025. Reported contextual only: San Francisco Bay regional population context 7500000 people","location":{"name":"Radius Recycling metal recycling facility","type":"Industrial or public facility","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Radius Recycling metal recycling facility, West Oakland, Alameda, California, Oakland Inner Harbor / San Francisco Bay","counties":["Alameda"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water","other"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Industrial wastewater exceeded metals and toxicity limits, requiring new treatment and operational pollution-prevention controls.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Radius Recycling metal recycling facility: Radius Recycling metals and toxicity discharge violations. EPA agreement with West Oakland metal recycler reduces pollution into San Francisco Bay supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For Radius Recycling metals and toxicity discharge violations, status is Corrective Action Underway; Reported contextual only: San Francisco Bay regional population context 7500000 people supports service score 1. [1]","scale":"Radius Recycling metal recycling facility has site extent; Not reported: EPA's 7.5 million Bay Area figure describes regional resource context, not people proven affected by this facility., supporting scale score 1. [1]","duration":"Radius Recycling metals and toxicity discharge violations is documented from 2026-10-10 through 2026-10-10; duration score is 1. [1]","significance":"U.S. EPA documents Install granular activated carbon treatment for Radius Recycling metal recycling facility, supporting significance score 2. [1]"}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported: EPA's 7.5 million Bay Area figure describes regional resource context, not people proven affected by this facility."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported contextual only: San Francisco Bay regional population context 7500000 people"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["unfunded_compliance_cost: Yes - required new treatment, cost not reported; insolvency: No evidence; environmental_justice: Yes - formal West Oakland collaborative"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Analytical projection: effluent metals and toxicity should improve after treatment commissioning, subject to verification data.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: effluent metals and toxicity should improve after treatment commissioning, subject to verification data.","horizon":"1-2 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Treatment is installed and operated as ordered."],"reversal_factors":["Installation delay, treatment underperformance, or site-management failures."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 9"},{"name":"San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board"},{"name":"CalEPA"},{"name":"State Water Resources Control Board"},{"name":"Bay Area Air Quality Management District"},{"name":"Department of Toxic Substances Control"},{"name":"Radius Recycling"},{"name":"West Oakland Environmental Indicators Project"}],"public_contact":"name: Mikayla Rumph; role: EPA media contact; email: rumph.mikayla@epa.gov; phone: 213-317-5259","corrective_actions":["Install granular activated carbon treatment","Develop and implement Water Pollution Prevention Plan","Increase inspections, cleaning and maintenance","Continue West Oakland collaborative oversight"],"sources":[{"ref":"S22","title":"EPA agreement with West Oakland metal recycler reduces pollution into San Francisco Bay","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2025-06-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-agreement-west-oakland-metal-recycler-reduces-pollution-san-francisco-bay","basis":"Federal enforcement order summary","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":"S23","title":"West Oakland Collaborative Memorandum of Understanding","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2025-01-17","url":"https://www.epa.gov/ca/west-oakland-collaborative","basis":"Federal/state/community agreement","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Verified baseline history."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Re-verified against both EPA pages: the June 18, 2025 release says EPA initiated an Administrative Order on Consent (no order date given) and neither page states a three-year MOU term, so that claim was removed; responsible-body names corrected. No later development found at the sources."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["No exceedance concentrations, event counts, treatment cost or installation deadline was reported in the public summary."],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"status":"Reported","text":"New granular activated carbon treatment is required; cost was not reported.","notes":"New granular activated carbon treatment required; cost not reported. Original source-specific metric label: capital_requirement.","source_refs":["S22"],"metric":"capital_need"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CA-SANTA-SUSANA-STORMWATER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Santa Susana Field Laboratory contaminated stormwater discharges","description":"Santa Susana Field Laboratory contaminated stormwater discharges. The Water Board release (Dec. 2, 2025) proposed nearly $600,000 for the Boeing complaint and tentatively set a Feb. 26, 2026 hearing; CIWQS lists ACL R4-2025-0268 (effective 12/01/2025) as Active when accessed on Oct. 14, 2026; the complaint covers 39 exceedances from January 2023 through March 2025, while legacy cleanup orders remain active. Reported: alleged stormwater discharge violations 39 violations; Reported: site area 2850 acres","location":{"name":"Santa Susana Field Laboratory","type":"Industrial or public facility","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Santa Susana Field Laboratory, Ventura, California, Simi Hills / upper Los Angeles River and Calleguas Creek watershed headwaters","counties":["Ventura"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Legacy industrial soil and groundwater contamination continues to mobilize through stormwater, while cleanup and discharge-control infrastructure remain under formal oversight.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Santa Susana Field Laboratory: Santa Susana Field Laboratory contaminated stormwater discharges. Boeing accused of discharge violations at Santa Susana Field Laboratory supports harm score 2. [1]","service":"For Santa Susana Field Laboratory contaminated stormwater discharges, status is Corrective Action Underway; Reported: alleged stormwater discharge violations 39 violations; Reported: site area 2850 acres supports service score 1. [1]","scale":"Santa Susana Field Laboratory has site extent; Not reported: Nearby regional population was not treated as an exposure estimate; receiving creeks are not drinking-water sources., supporting scale score 1. [1]","duration":"Santa Susana Field Laboratory contaminated stormwater discharges is documented from 2026-10-10 through 2026-10-10; duration score is 2. [1]","significance":"California State Water Resources Control Board documents Continue water-quality monitoring and active cleanup orders for Santa Susana Field Laboratory, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported: Nearby regional population was not treated as an exposure estimate; receiving creeks are not drinking-water sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: alleged stormwater discharge violations 39 violations; Reported: site area 2850 acres"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["long_term_compliance_and_cleanup_cost: Yes - legacy contamination and active cleanup/enforcement; insolvency: No evidence"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Analytical projection: contaminated-runoff risk will persist through cleanup and remain storm-dependent despite enforcement.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: contaminated-runoff risk will persist through cleanup and remain storm-dependent despite enforcement.","horizon":"3-5 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Legacy contamination remains onsite and cleanup continues."],"reversal_factors":["Accelerated soil removal/containment or verified sustained compliance."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board"},{"name":"California Department of Toxic Substances Control"},{"name":"CalEPA"},{"name":"The Boeing Company"},{"name":"NASA"},{"name":"U.S"},{"name":"Department of Energy"}],"public_contact":"name: Ailene Voisin; role: Water Board Information Officer; email: ailene.voisin@waterboards.ca.gov","corrective_actions":["Continue water-quality monitoring and active cleanup orders","Implement CalEPA 2022 cleanup framework","Resolve active administrative civil liability matter","Control contaminated runoff"],"sources":[{"ref":"S24","title":"Boeing accused of discharge violations at Santa Susana Field Laboratory","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2025-12-02","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2025/pr20251202-santa-susana.html","basis":"State enforcement complaint summary","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":"S25","title":"CIWQS Party At-A-Glance - The Boeing Company","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":null,"url":"https://ciwqs.waterboards.ca.gov/ciwqs/readOnly/PublicReportPartyAtGlanceServlet?paagrPartyID=46819&relRMSortCol=9&relRMSortDir=desc&reportID=2","basis":"State enforcement status record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Verified baseline history."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Re-verified: release (Dec. 2, 2025; 39 violations Jan. 2023 to Mar. 2025; 2,850 acres) and CIWQS party record (ACL R4-2025-0268 Active, effective 12/01/2025) both match. CIWQS page carries no publication date, so the source date was cleared. Final disposition of the ACL not shown on either page."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["The final disposition of the proposed penalty was not located; CIWQS showed the ACL as active.","Discharge volumes, concentration table and total cleanup cost were not extracted."],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"status":"Not reported","metric":"project_estimate","notes":"Original source-specific metric label: cleanup_cost."}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","value":600000,"currency":"USD","unit":"proposed penalty (nearly)","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-12-02","source_refs":["S24"],"notes":"Original source-specific metric label: proposed_administrative_civil_liability."}],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CA-DIABLO-CANYON-COOLING-DISCHARGES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Diablo Canyon once-through cooling and ocean discharge regulatory exposure","description":"Diablo Canyon once-through cooling and ocean discharge regulatory exposure. The Central Coast Water Board adopted NPDES Order R3-2026-0001 (effective April 17, 2026) and a Section 401 certification on February 26, 2026, adding stricter discharge limits, monitoring and measures to reduce cooling-intake harm. Reported: thermal effluent daily-average limit above intake temperature 22 degrees Fahrenheit; Reported: once-through-cooling policy compliance date 2030-10-31 date","location":{"name":"Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant","type":"Industrial or public facility","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant, San Luis Obispo, California, Diablo Cove / Pacific Ocean","counties":["San Luis Obispo"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Power-plant cooling infrastructure withdraws and thermally discharges seawater with documented marine effects, requiring updated permits and mitigation during extended operation.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant: Diablo Canyon once-through cooling and ocean discharge regulatory exposure. Order R3-2026-0001, NPDES Permit CA0003751 for Diablo Canyon Power Plant supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For Diablo Canyon once-through cooling and ocean discharge regulatory exposure, status is Corrective Action Underway; Reported: thermal effluent daily-average limit above intake temperature 22 degrees Fahrenheit; Reported: once-through-cooling policy compliance date 2030-10-31 date supports service score 0. [1]","scale":"Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant has site extent; Not reported: Ecological receptors are primary; no human affected count was reported., supporting scale score 1. [1]","duration":"Diablo Canyon once-through cooling and ocean discharge regulatory exposure is documented from 2026-10-10 through 2026-10-10; duration score is 2. [1]","significance":"Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board documents Comply with NPDES Order R3-2026-0001 for Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant, supporting significance score 1. [1]"}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported: Ecological receptors are primary; no human affected count was reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: thermal effluent daily-average limit above intake temperature 22 degrees Fahrenheit; Reported: once-through-cooling policy compliance date 2030-10-31 date"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["regulatory_and_mitigation_cost: Yes - continued operation requires updated permits, monitoring and mitigation; insolvency: No evidence"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Analytical projection: regulatory monitoring and mitigation exposure will persist through the 2030 once-through-cooling compliance date; recent permit evidence does not support predicting a thermal-limit violation.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: regulatory monitoring and mitigation exposure will persist through the 2030 once-through-cooling compliance date; recent permit evidence does not support predicting a thermal-limit violation.","horizon":"through 2030","confidence":"High","assumptions":["Plant remains in extended operation and permits remain effective."],"reversal_factors":["Early closure, permit litigation, or technology/operating change."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board"},{"name":"State Water Resources Control Board"},{"name":"Pacific Gas and Electric Company"},{"name":"U.S"},{"name":"Nuclear Regulatory Commission"}],"public_contact":"name: Nick Cahill; role: State Water Board Information Officer; email: nick.cahill@waterboards.ca.gov","corrective_actions":["Comply with NPDES Order R3-2026-0001","Increase effluent and receiving-water monitoring","Reduce cooling-intake impacts under Once-Through Cooling Policy","Maintain Section 401 certification requirements"],"sources":[{"ref":"S26","title":"Order R3-2026-0001, NPDES Permit CA0003751 for Diablo Canyon Power Plant","publisher":"Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board","date":"2026-02-26","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/rwqcb3/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2026/r3-2026-0001.pdf","basis":"State adopted permit","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":"S27","title":"Policies / Significant General Permits - Once-Through Cooling Policy amendment","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2024-01-02","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/board_info/exec_dir_rpts/pol_per_view.html","basis":"State policy record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":"S28","title":"Central Coast Water Board adopts new water quality permits for Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2026-02-26","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2026/pr20260226-diablo-canyon-permit-adoption.html","basis":"State permit adoption summary","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Verified baseline history."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Re-verified against Order R3-2026-0001 (adopted Feb. 26, 2026, effective Apr. 17, 2026; 22 F thermal limit; OTC compliance Oct. 31, 2030; max daily flow 2,760 MGD), the Feb. 26, 2026 release and the Policies table. Policies-table source date set to the entry date shown for the 2023 OTC amendment (2024-01-02); the page itself carries no single date."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current intake/discharge flow, impingement/entrainment quantities and mitigation payments were not extracted.","This is regulatory/environmental exposure, not a documented current permit exceedance."],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[{"status":"Not reported","notes":"Interim mitigation invoices exist, but a complete current cost was not extracted. Original source-specific metric label: mitigation_cost.","metric":"forward_cost_exposure"}],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CA-GARDEN-GROVE-WICKED-STORMWATER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Wicked Creations unpermitted industrial stormwater discharge","description":"Wicked Creations unpermitted industrial stormwater discharge. The April 24, 2026 Santa Ana Water Board docket contains an administrative civil-liability order describing 508 days of violation as of September 15, 2025 and a $154,603 total liability ($150,000 plus $4,603 staff costs; Complaint R8-2025-0066); the order text records a March 13, 2026 hearing and Board action, some pages carry tentative markings, so final signed status was not independently verified.","location":{"name":"Wicked Creations, Inc.","type":"Industrial or public facility","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Wicked Creations, Inc., Garden Grove, Orange, California, East Garden Grove Wintersburg Channel","counties":["Orange"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The documented failure is prolonged non-enrollment and noncooperation with industrial stormwater regulation; specific pollutant harm was not quantified.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Wicked Creations, Inc.: Wicked Creations unpermitted industrial stormwater discharge. Administrative Civil Liability Order R8-2025-0066 - Wicked Creations, Inc. supports harm score 0. [1]","service":"For Wicked Creations unpermitted industrial stormwater discharge, status is Monitoring or Emerging Risk; Reported: days without required regulatory coverage 508 days supports service score 0. [1]","scale":"Wicked Creations, Inc. has site extent; Not reported: Not reported, supporting scale score 0. [1]","duration":"Wicked Creations unpermitted industrial stormwater discharge is documented from 2026-10-10 through 2026-10-10; duration score is 2. [1]","significance":"Santa Ana Regional Water Quality Control Board documents The docketed order calls for payment of the stated liability, Industrial General Permit or alternative NPDES coverage, and compliance with industrial stormwater requirements for Wicked Creations, Inc., supporting significance score 2. [1]"}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported: Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: days without required regulatory coverage 508 days"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["governance_or_management_capacity: Yes - repeated noncooperation and failure to enroll; insolvency: No evidence"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient history for a compliance projection.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient history for a compliance projection.","horizon":"Not applicable","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["None"],"reversal_factors":["Permit enrollment and verified compliance."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Santa Ana Regional Water Quality Control Board"},{"name":"Wicked Creations, Inc"}],"public_contact":"office: Santa Ana Regional Water Quality Control Board","corrective_actions":["The docketed order calls for payment of the stated liability, Industrial General Permit or alternative NPDES coverage, and compliance with industrial stormwater requirements","final signed status requires verification."],"sources":[{"ref":"S29","title":"Administrative Civil Liability Order R8-2025-0066 - Wicked Creations, Inc.","publisher":"Santa Ana Regional Water Quality Control Board","date":"2026-04-24","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/santaana/board_info/agendas/2026/4-24-2026/item_8_acl.pdf","basis":"State enforcement order","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Verified baseline history."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Re-verified against the docketed order: $150,000 + $4,603 = $154,603, 508 days as of Sept. 15, 2025, hearing and Board action dated March 13, 2026. Pages are still stamped [Tentative], so signed final status remains unconfirmed."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["The indexed PDF carried tentative markings in some pages despite describing board action; verify final signed order metadata before publication.","Specific pollutants, discharge volumes and ecological effects were not reported."],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[{"status":"Not reported","metric":"forward_cost_exposure","notes":"Original source-specific metric label: economic_benefit."},{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","value":154603,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD in docketed administrative civil-liability order","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-04-24","source_refs":["S29"],"notes":"Original source-specific metric label: administrative_civil_liability."}],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CA-OTAY-IIP-WETLAND-STORMWATER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"International Industrial Park construction stormwater and aquatic-resource violations","description":"International Industrial Park construction stormwater and aquatic-resource violations. San Diego Water Board Order R9-2025-0052 settled construction stormwater violations and required more than $1.2 million in off-site compensatory mitigation under related Section 401 Order RS-2025-0021; EPA was negotiating a Section 404 resolution; the stipulated order (signed April 28, 2025) also cites at least 32 days of ineffective erosion controls. Reported: days with ineffective housekeeping controls 29 days (at least)","location":{"name":"International Industrial Park development","type":"Industrial or public facility","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"International Industrial Park development, San Diego, California, Otay/Tijuana border-region watershed; exact receiving feature not extracted","counties":["San Diego"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Industrial-park construction failed stormwater controls and affected regulated aquatic resources, requiring monetary penalties and off-site compensatory mitigation.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"International Industrial Park development: International Industrial Park construction stormwater and aquatic-resource violations. Administrative Civil Liability Order R9-2025-0052 - International Industrial Park, Inc. supports harm score 1. [1]","service":"For International Industrial Park construction stormwater and aquatic-resource violations, status is Corrective Action Underway; Reported: days with ineffective housekeeping controls 29 days (at least) supports service score 0. [1]","scale":"International Industrial Park development has watershed extent; Not reported: Not reported, supporting scale score 1. [1]","duration":"International Industrial Park construction stormwater and aquatic-resource violations is documented from 2026-10-10 through 2026-10-10; duration score is 1. [1]","significance":"San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board documents Pay $102,789 liability for International Industrial Park development, supporting significance score 2. [1]"}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported: Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: days with ineffective housekeeping controls 29 days (at least)"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["material_compliance_cost: Yes - penalty and mitigation exceed $1.3 million combined, but scopes must remain separate; insolvency: No evidence"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Analytical projection: regulatory exposure remains until compensatory mitigation and any federal Section 404 resolution are completed.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: regulatory exposure remains until compensatory mitigation and any federal Section 404 resolution are completed.","horizon":"1-3 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Orders remain effective."],"reversal_factors":["Verified completion or further noncompliance."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board"},{"name":"U.S"},{"name":"EPA"},{"name":"International Industrial Park, Inc"}],"public_contact":"office: San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board","corrective_actions":["Pay $102,789 liability","Complete over $1.2 million off-site compensatory mitigation","Maintain construction stormwater compliance","Resolve alleged Section 404 violation with EPA"],"sources":[{"ref":"S30","title":"Administrative Civil Liability Order R9-2025-0052 - International Industrial Park, Inc.","publisher":"San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board","date":"2025-04-28","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/sandiego/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2025/r9_2025_0052.pdf","basis":"State enforcement settlement","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Verified baseline history."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Re-verified against Order R9-2025-0052: $102,789 liability, at least 29 days of inadequate housekeeping and 32 days of erosion-control failures, over $1.2 million off-site mitigation, EPA Section 404 negotiation. No later development found at the source."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Exact acreage of affected aquatic resources, receiving water and mitigation schedule were not extracted.","EPA Section 404 negotiation outcome was not located."],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"approved_budget","value":1200000,"currency":"USD","unit":"budgeted cost (over)","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-04-28","source_refs":["S30"],"notes":"Original source-specific metric label: off_site_compensatory_mitigation_budget.","funding_stage":"approved"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","value":102789,"currency":"USD","unit":"settlement","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-04-28","source_refs":["S30"],"notes":"Original source-specific metric label: administrative_civil_liability."}],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CA-AFFORDABILITY-BURDEN-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"California statewide drinking-water affordability burden and small-system price disparity","description":"California statewide drinking-water affordability burden and small-system price disparity.  Reported: Systems assessed 3178 systems and K-12 school systems; Reported: High affordability burden 90 systems; Reported: Medium affordability burden 375 systems; Reported: Low affordability burden 1432 systems","location":{"name":"California drinking-water systems","type":"Statewide cohort","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"CA, California statewide; county concentrations include Monterey, Kern, San Joaquin, Nevada, San Bernardino, Sonoma, Mendocino, Riverside, San Diego, Santa Barbara, Tulare, and Tuolumne counties, Statewide cohort","counties":["Monterey","Kern","San Joaquin","Nevada","San Bernardino","Sonoma","Mendocino","Riverside","San Diego","Santa Barbara","Tulare","Tuolumne"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","other"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The documented problem is the ability of communities and small systems to support safe, reliable water service at affordable charges, rather than a single physical failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The Board states that customers unable to pay may face challenges accessing reliable safe water and that system financial capacity affects future rates; no quantified health outcome is attributed to this cohort.","service":"California statewide drinking-water affordability burden and small-system price disparity.  Reported: Systems assessed 3178 systems and K-12 school systems; Reported: High affordability burden 90 systems; Reported: Medium affordability burden 375 systems; Reported: Low affordability burden 1432 systems","scale":"The statewide assessment analyzed 3,178 systems/schools; 90 had high, 375 medium, and 1,432 low affordability burden.","duration":"The Board reports annual charge increases since 2020 and relatively stable high-burden shares among DAC/SDAC systems since 2022, but methodology changed in 2023 and 2025.","significance":"The results formally guide SAFER funding and assistance; no insolvency or statewide emergency proceeding is reported."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The assessment covers 2,815 community water systems and 363 non-transient non-community K-12 school systems (3,178 total) but does not publish a deduplicated population for the affordability-burden cohorts."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Systems assessed 3178 systems and K-12 school systems; Reported: High affordability burden 90 systems; Reported: Medium affordability burden 375 systems; Reported: Low affordability burden 1432 systems"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Insufficient comparable history.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"California State Water Resources Control Board"},{"name":"Division of Drinking Water"},{"name":"Division of Financial Assistance"},{"name":"SAFER Advisory Group"},{"name":"individual water systems"}],"public_contact":"name: Needs Analysis Unit; email: DDW-SAFER-NAU@waterboards.ca.gov","corrective_actions":["Use annual affordability results to prioritize SAFER funding and technical assistance","Maintain the Safe and Affordable Drinking Water Fund expenditure plan","Collect rate, revenue, expense, and assistance-program data through the electronic Annual Report"],"sources":[{"ref":"CA-AFF-1","title":"2025 Drinking Water Needs Assessment","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2025-06-01","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/needs/2025needsassessment.pdf","basis":"Official statewide affordability, rates, and funding-gap assessment","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":"CA-AFF-2","title":"Water System Financial Capacity and Community Affordability Dashboard","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2023-05-01","url":"https://waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/afforddashboard.html","basis":"Official dashboard and public contact channel","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Verified baseline history."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Re-verified against the June 2025 Needs Assessment (3,178 systems: 90 high, 375 medium, 1,432 low burden; $70.95, $76.32 and $43.51 average 6-HCF bills; $11.5 billion need and $5.5 billion grant gap) and the dashboard page (last updated 05/01/2023). Population field corrected: a count of systems had been entered as a population."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["No household-level indicators or statewide household count","Rate data cover 1,937 of 3,178 systems and are unweighted across systems","Debt, liquidity, arrears, shutoff, and assistance enrollment are unavailable for most individual systems","2025 DAC method changed, limiting trend comparability"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"average_residential_bill","value":70.95,"currency":"USD","unit":"per month at 6 HCF","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2023-12-31","scope":{"geography":"California reporting public water systems","customer_class":"Residential proxy","service_type":"Water","program":"all reporting systems"},"basis":{"definition":"Equal weighting across systems; water only; 6 HCF (4,488 gallons) per month","consumption":"6 HCF (4,488 gallons)","billing_period":"monthly","services_included":["water"],"included_charges":["source-defined monthly residential water charge"]},"source_refs":["CA-AFF-1"],"notes":"Do not treat as a population-weighted statewide household average. Original source-specific metric label: unweighted_average_monthly_residential_water_charge.","sample":{"size":1937,"systems":1937,"coverage":"Systems with finalized valid charge data in the cited assessment","comparable":true}},{"metric":"average_residential_bill","value":76.32,"currency":"USD","unit":"per month at 6 HCF","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2023-12-31","scope":{"geography":"California reporting public water systems","customer_class":"Residential proxy","service_type":"Water","program":"small reporting systems"},"basis":{"definition":"Equal weighting across reporting systems","consumption":"6 HCF (4,488 gallons)","billing_period":"monthly","services_included":["water"],"included_charges":["source-defined monthly residential water charge"]},"source_refs":["CA-AFF-1"],"notes":"Original source-specific metric label: unweighted_average_monthly_charge_small_systems.","sample":{"size":1550,"systems":1550,"coverage":"Systems with finalized valid charge data in the cited assessment","comparable":true}},{"metric":"average_residential_bill","value":43.51,"currency":"USD","unit":"per month at 6 HCF","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2023-12-31","scope":{"geography":"California reporting public water systems","customer_class":"Residential proxy","service_type":"Water","program":"large reporting systems"},"basis":{"definition":"Equal weighting across reporting systems","consumption":"6 HCF (4,488 gallons)","billing_period":"monthly","services_included":["water"],"included_charges":["source-defined monthly residential water charge"]},"source_refs":["CA-AFF-1"],"notes":"Original source-specific metric label: unweighted_average_monthly_charge_large_systems.","sample":{"size":84,"systems":84,"coverage":"Systems with finalized valid charge data in the cited assessment","comparable":true}}],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"capital_need","value":11500000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"total","status":"Reported","period_start":"2024-01-01","period_end":"2029-12-31","scope":{"project":"Failing and at-risk public systems, high-risk state small systems, and domestic wells"},"basis":{"definition":"2024 State Water Board funding-gap analysis"},"source_refs":["CA-AFF-1"],"notes":"Original source-specific metric label: five_year_capital_and_managerial_assistance_need.","funding_stage":"estimated"},{"metric":"funding_gap","value":5500000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"total","status":"Reported","period_start":"2024-01-01","period_end":"2029-12-31","scope":{"project":"Same statewide need cohort"},"basis":{"definition":"2024 State Water Board funding-gap analysis"},"source_refs":["CA-AFF-1"],"notes":"Original source-specific metric label: five_year_grant_funding_gap.","funding_stage":"gap"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[{"metric":"disadvantaged_indicator","value":90,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-06-01","scope":{"project":"California affordability assessment"},"basis":{"definition":"All three community-level affordability indicator thresholds exceeded"},"source_refs":["CA-AFF-1"],"notes":"The assessment expressly lacks household-level affordability indicators. Original source-specific metric label: high_affordability_burden_systems."}],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[{"metric":"average_residential_bill","values":[70.95,76.32,43.51],"note":"Values apply to different explicitly named system samples on the same 6-HCF basis."}]}},{"id":"US-CA-CATALINA-WATER-AFFORDABILITY-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Catalina Water adopted rate path creates severe low-income affordability burden","description":"Catalina Water adopted rate path creates severe low-income affordability burden.  Reported: AR20 for non-CARE customers 16.25 percent of discretionary income at 3,000 gallons/month; Reported: AR20 for CARE customers 10.34 percent of discretionary income at 3,000 gallons/month; Reported: 2024 revenue requirement 10364000 annual; Reported: CARE subsidy 32.5 percent bill discount Affordability ratios and subsidy figures are taken from the CPUC proposed decision of Nov. 9, 2023; Advice 140-W (Feb. 5, 2024) confirms D.23-12-007 authorized the $10.364 million 2024 revenue requirement and the CARE discount increase from 20 to 32.5 percent.","location":{"name":"Catalina Water","type":"Investor-owned utility service area","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"CA, Santa Catalina Island, including Avalon, Los Angeles County, Investor-owned utility service area","counties":["Los Angeles"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The core current issue is recovery of drought, infrastructure, and deferred-revenue costs from a small isolated customer base through rates that the CPUC found create an affordability concern.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The CPUC expressly identified affordability concerns and very high projected low-income discretionary-income burdens; no health outcome was quantified.","service":"Catalina Water adopted rate path creates severe low-income affordability burden.  Reported: AR20 for non-CARE customers 16.25 percent of discretionary income at 3,000 gallons/month; Reported: AR20 for CARE customers 10.34 percent of discretionary income at 3,000 gallons/month; Reported: 2024 revenue requirement 10364000 annual; Reported: CARE subsidy 32.5 percent bill discount","scale":"The service area is geographically isolated and serves about 4,000 permanent residents, but is not a large-population system.","duration":"The adopted phase-in runs through 2028/2029, with memorandum-account recovery over 10 years and deferred revenue over 15 years.","significance":"CPUC D.23-12-007 adopted a $10.364 million 2024 revenue requirement and extraordinary long amortization to mitigate rate shock."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":4000,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: approximately 4,000 permanent residents and 1 million annual visitors (CPUC proposed decision)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: AR20 for non-CARE customers 16.25 percent of discretionary income at 3,000 gallons/month; Reported: AR20 for CARE customers 10.34 percent of discretionary income at 3,000 gallons/month; Reported: 2024 revenue requirement 10364000 annual; Reported: CARE subsidy 32.5 percent bill discount"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Insufficient comparable history.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"California Public Utilities Commission"},{"name":"Southern California Edison / Catalina Water"},{"name":"City of Avalon"}],"public_contact":"name: CPUC Public Advisor's Office; email: public.advisor@cpuc.ca.gov; phone: 866-849-8390","corrective_actions":["Five-year rate phase-in","Increase CARE subsidy to 32.5%","Ten-year recovery of drought and lost-revenue memorandum accounts","Fifteen-year recovery of deferred revenues","Annual distribution of bill-assistance information"],"sources":[{"ref":"CA-CAT-1","title":"Proposed Decision of ALJ Toy, A.20-10-018 (Catalina Water general rate case; adopted as D.23-12-007)","publisher":"California Public Utilities Commission","date":"2023-11-09","url":"https://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Published/G000/M521/K448/521448271.pdf","basis":"CPUC proposed decision (mailed Nov. 9, 2023); adoption as D.23-12-007 is shown in Advice 140-W","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":"CA-CAT-2","title":"Advice 140-W implementing D.23-12-007","publisher":"Southern California Edison filed with CPUC","date":"2024-02-05","url":"https://files.cpuc.ca.gov/WaterAdviceLetters/Water_Division/Advice_Letters/2024/Class%20C/Southern%20CA%20Edison/140-W%20(Part%201%20of%201).pdf","basis":"Implementation filing confirming decision date and revenue requirement","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Verified baseline history."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Re-verified: the first source URL is the proposed decision (Nov. 9, 2023), not the adopted decision, so its title and date were corrected; AR20 16.25/10.34 percent, 32.5 percent CARE, $12.3 million and $4,281,482 recovery figures match it, and Advice 140-W matches the $10.364 million revenue requirement and CARE change. An unsupported 1,917-customer figure was removed from the population note."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current normalized bill by meter size and season was not calculated","Current arrears, shutoffs, CARE enrollment, reserve balance, debt, and household count at each income level were not reported","CPUC PDF is styled as a revised proposed decision but subsequent official advice letter confirms adoption as D.23-12-007"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[{"metric":"household_burden_water","value":16.25,"unit":"percent discretionary income","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-01-01","scope":{"project":"20th-percentile-income Catalina household, non-CARE"},"basis":{"definition":"Essential service level of 3,000 gallons/month"},"source_refs":["CA-CAT-1"],"notes":"Projected 32.79% in 2028. Original source-specific metric label: ar20_non_care."},{"metric":"low_income_burden","value":10.34,"unit":"percent discretionary income","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-01-01","scope":{"project":"20th-percentile-income Catalina household enrolled in CARE"},"basis":{"definition":"Essential service level of 3,000 gallons/month"},"source_refs":["CA-CAT-1"],"notes":"Projected 13.51% in 2028. Original source-specific metric label: ar20_care."},{"metric":"assistance_benefit","value":32.5,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-01-01","scope":{"project":"Eligible Catalina Water residential customers"},"basis":{"definition":"CPUC-authorized subsidy"},"source_refs":["CA-CAT-1"],"notes":"Original source-specific metric label: care_discount."}],"unit_economics":[{"metric":"projected_operating_gap","value":12300000,"currency":"USD","unit":"total","status":"Reported","period_start":"2025-01-01","period_end":"2039-12-31","scope":{"project":"Catalina Water"},"basis":{"definition":"Estimated CPUC-authorized recovery over 15 years"},"source_refs":["CA-CAT-1"],"notes":"Original source-specific metric label: deferred_revenues_caused_by_phase_in."},{"metric":"projected_operating_gap","value":4281000,"currency":"USD","unit":"total","status":"Reported","period_start":"2026-01-01","period_end":"2035-12-31","scope":{"project":"Catalina Water"},"basis":{"definition":"Authorized recovery over 10 years"},"source_refs":["CA-CAT-1"],"notes":"Original source-specific metric label: lost_revenue_and_drought_memorandum_account_costs."},{"metric":"revenue_requirement","value":10364000,"currency":"USD","unit":"annual","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-01-01","scope":{"project":"Catalina Water"},"basis":{"definition":"CPUC D.23-12-007"},"source_refs":["CA-CAT-2"],"notes":"Original source-specific metric label: authorized_2024_revenue_requirement."}],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CA-KEENE-WATER-FINANCIAL-DISTRESS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Keene Water System existential rate and utility-exit proceeding","description":"Keene Water System existential rate and utility-exit proceeding.  Reported: Requested revenue increase 500 percent or more versus 2024; Reported: Potential average residential increase 860 per month; Reported: Customers 24 customers; Reported: Maximum day demand 50 gallons per minute","location":{"name":"Keene Water System","type":"Class D investor-owned utility service area","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"CA, Keene and Woodford communities, Kern County, Class D investor-owned utility service area","counties":["Kern"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["other","drinking-water-supply","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The owner states that continued operation requires more than a 500% revenue increase or relief from its public-utility service obligation, making governance, revenue sufficiency, and continuity the principal issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"UPRR's filed expert testimony reports scarce local groundwater and widespread source-quality exceedances; the current delivered-water compliance status is not established here.","service":"Keene Water System existential rate and utility-exit proceeding.  Reported: Requested revenue increase 500 percent or more versus 2024; Reported: Potential average residential increase 860 per month; Reported: Customers 24 customers; Reported: Maximum day demand 50 gallons per minute","scale":"Only about 24 customers are documented, so no scale point is awarded.","duration":"The filed testimony reviews unresolved alternatives from 2006-2024, and the paired rate/exit proceedings remained pending in 2026.","significance":"Two consolidated CPUC applications directly concern rate sufficiency and the owner's request to leave public utility status."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":24,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: approximately 24 customers as of December 31, 2024, including 21 residential and 3 business customers; population not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Requested revenue increase 500 percent or more versus 2024; Reported: Potential average residential increase 860 per month; Reported: Customers 24 customers; Reported: Maximum day demand 50 gallons per minute"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Severe","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Insufficient comparable history.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"California Public Utilities Commission"},{"name":"Union Pacific Railroad Company d/b/a Keene Water System"},{"name":"California State Water Resources Control Board"}],"public_contact":"name: CPUC Public Advisor's Office; email: public.advisor@cpuc.ca.gov; phone: 866-849-8390","corrective_actions":["CPUC review of A.25-03-016 rate application","CPUC review of A.25-03-017 request to be relieved of utility obligations","State Water Board feasibility work on successor or alternative service","Evaluation of local wells, treatment, consolidation, and imported-water alternatives"],"sources":[{"ref":"CA-KEENE-1","title":"CPUC Holds Public Forum for Ratepayers on Keene Water System","publisher":"California Public Utilities Commission","date":"2026-02-02","url":"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/news-and-updates/all-news/cpuc-holds-public-forum-for-ratepayers-on-keene-water-system","basis":"Official proceeding status and rate/exit summary","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":"CA-KEENE-2","title":"Opening Testimony of Lindsay Atkinson, A.25-03-016/A.25-03-017","publisher":"Union Pacific Railroad Company filing at California Public Utilities Commission","date":"2025-03-28","url":"https://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/SupDoc/A2503016%3BA2503017/8057/562188044.pdf","basis":"Filed source, customer, demand, water-quality, and alternative-supply evidence","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Verified baseline history."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Re-verified: CPUC release (Feb. 2, 2026; public forums March 3, 2026; 500 percent and $860 per month; applications pending) and UPRR opening testimony (Mar. 28, 2025; 24 customers at Dec. 31, 2024; 50 gpm maximum day demand; $15 million ranch price) match. No CPUC decision found on either page."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["No current operating statements, reserves, debt, arrears, or approved rate schedule in reviewed records","Current delivered-water compliance status and exact population were not verified","Proceedings were pending; requested rates and exit are not approved outcomes"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"rate_change_proposed","value":500,"unit":"percent or more","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-02-02","scope":{"project":"Keene Water System"},"basis":{"definition":"Compared with 2024 revenue; utility says needed to stay in operation"},"source_refs":["CA-KEENE-1"],"notes":"Original source-specific metric label: requested_revenue_increase."}],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":15000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"asking price","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-03-28","scope":{"project":"Potential source-development alternative"},"basis":{"definition":"UPRR expert testimony; not an authorized project cost"},"source_refs":["CA-KEENE-2"],"notes":"Original source-specific metric label: ranch_acquisition_price_demanded_for_access_to_five_potential_well_sites.","funding_stage":"estimated"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[{"metric":"annual_household_impact","value":860,"currency":"USD","unit":"per month","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-02-02","scope":{"project":"Keene residential customers"},"basis":{"definition":"Utility's pending requested revenue requirement as summarized by CPUC"},"source_refs":["CA-KEENE-1"],"notes":"Not approved; larger meters could face greater increases. Original source-specific metric label: potential_average_residential_monthly_increase."}],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CA-DELTA-CONVEYANCE-WATER-RIGHTS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Contested Delta Conveyance Project water-right change petitions","description":"Contested Delta Conveyance Project water-right change petitions.  Reported: Protests filed 38 protests; Reported: Project cost estimate 20100000000 real 2023 undiscounted dollars; Reported: Community Benefits Program set-aside 200000000 total; Reported: State Water Project service population 27000000 people","location":{"name":"Delta Conveyance Project","type":"Watershed, project corridor, and statewide service area","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"CA, Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and State Water Project service area, Watershed, project corridor, and statewide service area","counties":["Sacramento","Yolo","Solano","Contra Costa","San Joaquin"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","drinking-water-supply","surface-water","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"The contested proceeding would authorize new diversion points for a major tunnel, so water allocation and potential ecosystem/community effects are inseparable from the proposed physical conveyance asset.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Thirty-eight protests and the formal hearing reflect unresolved alleged injury and community/ecosystem effects; the project is not operating, so confirmed project-caused harm is not scored.","service":"Contested Delta Conveyance Project water-right change petitions.  Reported: Protests filed 38 protests; Reported: Project cost estimate 20100000000 real 2023 undiscounted dollars; Reported: Community Benefits Program set-aside 200000000 total; Reported: State Water Project service population 27000000 people","scale":"The State Water Project serves multiple regions and 750,000 acres of farmland.","duration":"Petitions were filed in February 2024 and the surrebuttal phase ended September 3, 2026 and closing briefs were being scheduled in October 2026.","significance":"Formal water-right change hearing for an estimated $20.1 billion project and four State Water Project permits."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":27,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 27 million Californians and 750,000 acres of farmland rely on State Water Project supplies; this is the service-area exposure, not a count of people harmed by the pending petition."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Protests filed 38 protests; Reported: Project cost estimate 20100000000 real 2023 undiscounted dollars; Reported: Community Benefits Program set-aside 200000000 total; Reported: State Water Project service population 27000000 people"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Insufficient comparable history.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"California Department of Water Resources"},{"name":"State Water Resources Control Board Administrative Hearings Office"},{"name":"Delta Conveyance Design and Construction Authority"},{"name":"participating State Water Project contractors"}],"public_contact":"name: DWR Delta Conveyance; email: deltaconveyance@water.ca.gov; phone: 1-866-924-9955","corrective_actions":["Administrative hearing on Permits 16478, 16479, 16481, and 16482","Supplemental modeling and evidentiary review","Potential permit conditions","$200 million local community-benefits commitment"],"sources":[{"ref":"CA-DCP-1","title":"Delta Conveyance Project hearing page","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board Administrative Hearings Office","date":"2026-10-07","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/administrative_hearings_office/delta-conveyance.html","basis":"Current official hearing status and petition scope","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":"CA-DCP-2","title":"Analysis: Benefits of the Delta Conveyance Project Far Exceed Costs","publisher":"California Department of Water Resources","date":"2024-05-16","url":"https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2024/May-24/Benefits-of-the-Delta-Conveyance-Project-Far-Exceed-Costs","basis":"Official cost, service-area, benefits, and community-program figures","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":"CA-DCP-3","title":"Delta Conveyance Project water-right petition page","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2024-06-19","url":"https://waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/delta_conveyance.html","basis":"Official record of 38 protests and transfer to hearing office","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":"CA-DCP-4","title":"Procedural Ruling and Closing Brief Guidance, Delta Conveyance Project hearing","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board, Administrative Hearings Office","date":"2026-10-07","url":"https://waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/administrative_hearings_office/docs/2026/2026-10-07-procedural-ruling-dcp.pdf","basis":"Official ruling on hearing status and closing briefs","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Verified baseline history."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Re-checked hearing page (docket lists an Oct. 13, 2026 Notice of Status Conference) and the Oct. 7, 2026 procedural ruling: surrebuttal concluded Sept. 3, 2026, additional protestant evidence denied without prejudice, closing and reply briefs and a status conference (Oct. 15 or 19) set, parties urged to negotiate permit terms. 38 protests confirmed on the petition page. The DWR cost-estimate release returned HTTP 403, so the $20.1 billion and $200 million figures could not be re-verified."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["No final decision or permit conditions as of the run date","Project opponents' claimed impacts were not independently quantified here","Participating-agency cost shares, financing, rates, and household affordability were not verified","County list reflects the core Delta geography, not the full beneficiary service area"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":20100000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"real 2023 undiscounted dollars","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-05-16","scope":{"project":"Delta Conveyance Project"},"basis":{"definition":"DWR/DCA 2024 estimate"},"source_refs":["CA-DCP-2"],"notes":"Original source-specific metric label: delta_conveyance_project_cost_estimate.","funding_stage":"estimated"},{"metric":"approved_budget","value":200000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"total","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-05-16","scope":{"project":"Local Delta communities"},"basis":{"definition":"DWR project commitment"},"source_refs":["CA-DCP-2"],"notes":"Original source-specific metric label: community_benefits_program_set_aside.","funding_stage":"approved"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CA-SCOTT-SHASTA-CURTAILMENTS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Scott and Shasta river emergency flow rules and recurring water-right curtailments","description":"Scott and Shasta river emergency flow rules and recurring water-right curtailments.  Reported: County population 43500 people; Reported: Minimum human health and safety allowance 55 gallons per person per day; Reported: Emergency regulation outside date 2031 calendar year","location":{"name":"Scott and Shasta rivers","type":"Two watersheds and adjudicated water-right areas","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"CA, Scott River and Shasta River watersheds, Siskiyou County, tributaries to the Klamath River, Two watersheds and adjudicated water-right areas","counties":["Siskiyou"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["agricultural","surface-water","groundwater","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Insufficient instream flows and competing demands for agriculture, domestic use, tribes, livestock, and imperiled fish drive the emergency curtailment regime.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The Board identifies imperiled fish and minimum-flow failures as the basis for recurring surface- and groundwater curtailments; coho migration protection is a stated objective.","service":"Scott and Shasta river emergency flow rules and recurring water-right curtailments.  Reported: County population 43500 people; Reported: Minimum human health and safety allowance 55 gallons per person per day; Reported: Emergency regulation outside date 2031 calendar year","scale":"Two economically and culturally important watersheds in Siskiyou County are affected.","duration":"Emergency rules were adopted for 2024, readopted in 2025, and extended by AB 263 through 2031 or until permanent flow rules are adopted.","significance":"Formal emergency regulation and repeated surface-water and adjudicated-groundwater curtailment orders."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":43500,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: Siskiyou County population 43,500; the affected watershed population and number of curtailed diverters are not stated on the program page."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: County population 43500 people; Reported: Minimum human health and safety allowance 55 gallons per person per day; Reported: Emergency regulation outside date 2031 calendar year"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Insufficient comparable history.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"California State Water Resources Control Board"},{"name":"California Department of Fish and Wildlife"},{"name":"Scott Valley and Shasta Valley Watermaster District"},{"name":"water-right holders and groundwater diverters"}],"public_contact":"name: Scott-Shasta Flow Response; email: ScottShastaFlows@waterboards.ca.gov; phone: 916-327-3113","corrective_actions":["Minimum instream-flow requirements","Conditional surface- and groundwater curtailment orders","Local Cooperative Solutions in lieu of curtailment","Hydrologic monitoring and adaptive addenda","Scientific work toward permanent flow rules"],"sources":[{"ref":"CA-SS-1","title":"Scott River and Shasta River Watersheds Emergency Regulation","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2026-07-02","url":"https://waterboards.ca.gov/drought/scott_shasta_rivers/","basis":"Current official regulation, orders, extension, affected uses, and contacts","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":"CA-SS-2","title":"Scott River Watershed Curtailment Orders and Addendums","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2026-05-27","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/scott_shasta_rivers/scott_2024addendums.html","basis":"Surface- and groundwater curtailment history","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":"CA-SS-3","title":"Shasta River Watershed Curtailment Orders and Addendums","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2026-06-16","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drought/scott_shasta_rivers/shasta_curtailment.html","basis":"Current Shasta conditional curtailment status","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Verified baseline history."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Re-verified: Scott surface-water curtailments in effect (Order WR 2026-0005-DWR), groundwater curtailment conditionally suspended July 2, 2026 (Addendum 1 to WR 2026-0008-DWR); Shasta conditional curtailments reinstated June 16, 2026 (Addendum 6); AB 263 extends the emergency regulation to January 1, 2031; Siskiyou County 43,500; 55 gallons per person per day allowance. No later addendum listed."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Number of affected rights, irrigated acres, tribal population, and economic loss not quantified","Current flow values and fish counts were not extracted","No system-specific rate or affordability data"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-CA-BAY-DELTA-PLAN-ALLOCATION-2026","revision":4,"change_type":"changed","title":"Sacramento-Delta plan update confronts long-running flow allocation and tribal-use conflict","description":"Sacramento-Delta plan update confronts long-running flow allocation and tribal-use conflict.  Reported: Service population 30000000 people, approximately; Reported: Farmland dependent on Bay-Delta supplies 4000000 acres; Reported: Proposed aquatic habitat restoration 27000 acres, more than; Reported: Healthy Rivers and Landscapes restoration/actions 2900000000 program total","location":{"name":"Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta","type":"Multi-county watershed and statewide water-supply system","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"CA, Sacramento River, tributaries, Delta eastside tributaries, and San Francisco Bay/Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta watershed, Multi-county watershed and statewide water-supply system","extent":"statewide","counties":[]},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["surface-water","agricultural","drinking-water-supply","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The plan addresses degraded fish habitat and the allocation of river flows among ecosystems, tribes, municipalities, and agriculture through enforceable water-right pathways.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The Board documents long-term native fish decline, habitat loss, climate pressure, and competing demands; proposed protections include increased flows and habitat restoration.","service":"Sacramento-Delta plan update confronts long-running flow allocation and tribal-use conflict.  Reported: Service population 30000000 people, approximately; Reported: Farmland dependent on Bay-Delta supplies 4000000 acres; Reported: Proposed aquatic habitat restoration 27000 acres, more than; Reported: Healthy Rivers and Landscapes restoration/actions 2900000000 program total","scale":"Nearly 30 million Californians, 4 million farm acres, tribes, local communities, and a statewide economy depend on the Bay-Delta system.","duration":"Drafting, consultation, and hearings continued throughout the three-year window and address long-running degradation and allocation conflict.","significance":"A final draft with enforceable voluntary and regulatory pathways, $2.9 billion in restoration actions, and new Tribal Tradition and Culture beneficial-use recognition awaits Board adoption."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Reported: the Bay-Delta provides water for nearly 30 million Californians and 4 million acres of farmland; these are service-area figures, not counts of people experiencing harm."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Service population 30000000 people, approximately; Reported: Farmland dependent on Bay-Delta supplies 4000000 acres; Reported: Proposed aquatic habitat restoration 27000 acres, more than; Reported: Healthy Rivers and Landscapes restoration/actions 2900000000 program total"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient comparable history.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"California State Water Resources Control Board","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"California Department of Water Resources","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"public water agencies and water-right holders","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"California Native American Tribes","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Healthy Rivers and Landscapes participants","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"name: Sacramento/Delta Plan comments; email: SacDeltaComments@waterboards.ca.gov","corrective_actions":["Proposed enforceable voluntary HRL and regulatory pathways; Increased river flows and restoration of more than 27,000 acres; Recognition of Tribal Tradition and Culture as a beneficial use; Annual reporting, triennial Board review, and dedicated science program; Board adoption hearing scheduled for October 28-29, 2026"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"State Water Board releases final draft plan to protect California's Bay-Delta, water and wildlife","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2026-08-19","url":"https://waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2026/pr20260819-state-water-board-final-draft-plan-to-protect-california%E2%80%99s-bay-delta.html","basis":"Official problem statement, scale, proposed actions, investment, and schedule","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Sacramento/Delta Update to Bay-Delta Plan","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2026-08-19","url":"https://water.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/comp_review.html","basis":"Final draft, dual water-right pathways, tribal beneficial use, comment and adoption schedule","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"Consultation and Engagement With California Native American Tribes","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2026-08-19","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/tribal_coordination.html","basis":"Official tribal consultation record and public contact","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Verified baseline history."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Re-verified: written comments closed Sept. 18, 2026; Board adoption hearing remains set for Oct. 28-29, 2026; nearly 30 million people, 4 million farm acres, 27,000 acres of habitat and $2.9 billion figures match the Aug. 19, 2026 release."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["No final adoption outcome as of 2026-10-10","Water-supply impacts vary by hydrology and pathway and were not reduced to one defensible number","Funding-source, ratepayer, and utility-specific cost allocation not verified","Critical score should be corroborated on update after the October 28-29 Board meeting"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"pending_funding","value":2900000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"program total","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-08-19","scope":{"project":"Sacramento-Delta update / HRL pathway"},"basis":{"definition":"State Water Board final-draft announcement"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Source calls this facilitated investment; secured/spent breakdown was not verified. Original source-specific metric label: healthy_rivers_and_landscapes_restoration_and_related_actions.","funding_stage":"pending"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CO-DWQ-SNAKE-RIVER-PFAS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Snake River Water District PFAS detections above proposed federal standards and health-advisory amounts","description":"Snake River Water District PFAS detections above proposed federal standards and health-advisory amounts. The district's March 22, 2024 notice says repeated UCMR and voluntary testing continued to detect PFAS and advised exposure reduction; no later authoritative resolution was located.","location":{"name":"Snake River Water District","type":"special district drinking-water system","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Keystone-area service area, Summit County, Colorado","counties":["Summit"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The principal documented problem is PFOA and PFOS in treated drinking water above then-proposed standards and advisory amounts.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Snake River Water District PFAS detections above proposed federal standards and health-advisory amounts: Repeated detections in treated water with direct consumer exposure advice; system-scale population and exact concentrations were not verified, so scale and regulatory components remain conservative. Harm component 2/2.","service":"Snake River Water District PFAS detections above proposed federal standards and health-advisory amounts: The district's March 22, 2024 notice says repeated UCMR and voluntary testing continued to detect PFAS and advised exposure reduction; no later authoritative resolution was located. Essential-service component 1/2.","scale":"Snake River Water District PFAS detections above proposed federal standards and health-advisory amounts: Not reported Scale component 1/2.","duration":"Snake River Water District PFAS detections above proposed federal standards and health-advisory amounts: evidence spans 2023-07-01 through 2024-03-22. Duration component 1/2.","significance":"Snake River Water District PFAS detections above proposed federal standards and health-advisory amounts: responsible bodies and formal actions are documented in the cited record. Significance component 0/2."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: PFOA/PFOS result relative to proposed standard and health advisory not reported"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["['unfunded contaminant treatment cost: Unknown', 'temporary funding dependence: Unknown', 'other structural signals: Unknown']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The district's March 22, 2024 notice says repeated UCMR and voluntary testing continued to detect PFAS and advised exposure reduction; no later authoritative resolution was located.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Snake River Water District"},{"name":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment"},{"name":"U.S. EPA"}],"public_contact":"District public contact page: https://snakeriverwater.colorado.gov/contact-us","corrective_actions":["Additional voluntary testing","Consumer advice to use certified PFAS-reduction filters or reverse-osmosis-treated bottled water for ingestion"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Consumer Drinking Water Notice - Ongoing PFAS Analysis","publisher":"Official source at snakeriverwater.colorado.gov","date":"2024-03-22","url":"https://snakeriverwater.colorado.gov/press-release/consumer-drinking-water-notice-ongoing-pfas-analysis","basis":"Utility primary notice","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New verified Colorado baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Re-verified: district notice (posted 2024-03-22) reopened; it still reports PFAS in treated water at the Base 3 plant above the proposed standard and interim advisory levels, voluntary samples Oct 16, 2023 and Jan 29, 2024, and a pending CDPHE funding decision expected April or May 2024. No later notice found on the page."}],"first_seen":"2023-07-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current concentrations and treatment status unverified","Population served not verified"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-CO-DWQ-ASPEN-SANITARY-SURVEY-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Aspen drinking-water sanitary-survey deficiencies and violations","description":"Aspen drinking-water sanitary-survey deficiencies and violations. Aspen's 2024 consumer confidence report says CDPHE considered all listed significant deficiencies and violations closed as of April 11, 2025. The survey was conducted Sept. 18-19, 2024 with a CDPHE findings letter on Oct. 11, 2024; the report also lists two backflow-prevention program violations that CDPHE likewise considers closed.","location":{"name":"City of Aspen drinking-water system","type":"municipal water system","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Aspen, Pitkin County, Colorado","counties":["Pitkin"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The cited deficiencies involved physical treatment cross-connections, clearwell conditions, vents and finished-water storage assets.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Aspen drinking-water sanitary-survey deficiencies and violations: Official sanitary deficiencies created localized plausible risk but no contamination or outage was reported, and all were closed. Harm component 1/2.","service":"Aspen drinking-water sanitary-survey deficiencies and violations: Aspen's 2024 consumer confidence report says CDPHE considered all listed significant deficiencies and violations closed as of April 11, 2025. Essential-service component 0/2.","scale":"Aspen drinking-water sanitary-survey deficiencies and violations: Not reported Scale component 1/2.","duration":"Aspen drinking-water sanitary-survey deficiencies and violations: evidence spans 2024-09-18 through 2025-04-11. Duration component 0/2.","significance":"Aspen drinking-water sanitary-survey deficiencies and violations: responsible bodies and formal actions are documented in the cited record. Significance component 0/2."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 10 sanitary-survey significant deficiencies and violations listed (8 deficiencies, 2 violations), all closed as of April 11, 2025; 2 separate backflow-program violations also closed"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["['repeated failures due to underinvestment: Unknown', 'financial distress: No evidence located']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Aspen's 2024 consumer confidence report says CDPHE considered all listed significant deficiencies and violations closed as of April 11, 2025.","projection":{"statement":"No forward projection beyond documented closure.","horizon":"none","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Closure status remains valid"],"reversal_factors":["New sanitary-survey findings"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Aspen"},{"name":"CDPHE Water Quality Control Division"}],"public_contact":"Aspen water quality contact Ryan Loebach, 970-429-1986 (published in CCR)","corrective_actions":["Corrected treatment cross-connections","Corrected clearwell and finished-water storage deficiencies"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Aspen 2024 Water Quality Report","publisher":"Official source at aspen.gov","date":null,"url":"https://www.aspen.gov/DocumentCenter/View/15101/2024-Drinking-Water-Consumer-Confidence-Report-PDF","basis":"Municipal consumer confidence report quoting CDPHE survey status","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":2,"note":"New verified Colorado baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":2,"note":"Re-verified against the CCR; corrected the item count (10 survey items listed, not 7) and added the two backflow-program violations; cleared source date because the report shows no publication date."}],"first_seen":"2024-09-18","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Underlying CDPHE closure letter was not independently retrieved","Report page shows no publication date (source date cleared; CDPHE closure date is April 11, 2025)"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-CO-DWS-DENVER-STAGE1-2026","revision":5,"change_type":"changed","title":"Denver Water Stage 1 drought and mandatory demand reduction","description":"Denver Water Stage 1 drought and mandatory demand reduction. Board Resolution 002-2026 remains effective through April 30, 2027 or further action, imposing mandatory watering limits and a 20% systemwide demand-reduction goal.","location":{"name":"Denver Water","type":"regional municipal utility","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Denver, Denver Water combined service area, Colorado","counties":["Denver"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CO0116001","coordinates":{"lat":39.7392,"lon":-104.9903,"precision":"city","source_ref":1}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Record-low source-watershed snowpack and below-normal reservoir storage constrained available potable-water supply.","secondary_drivers":["extreme demand volatility: Yes","rate increase or affordability risk: Yes - drought pricing, household burden not quantified","financial distress: No evidence located"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Denver Water Stage 1 drought and mandatory demand reduction: Regional supply stress prompted binding restrictions and drought pricing across a large service area; indoor service remained available. Harm component 1/2.","service":"Denver Water Stage 1 drought and mandatory demand reduction: Board Resolution 002-2026 remains effective through April 30, 2027 or further action, imposing mandatory watering limits and a 20% systemwide demand-reduction goal. Essential-service component 1/2.","scale":"Denver Water Stage 1 drought and mandatory demand reduction: Not restated in reviewed 2026 resolution; Denver Water historically reports about 1.5 million customers, but that figure was not used as a scored quantitative measure here. Scale component 2/2.","duration":"Denver Water Stage 1 drought and mandatory demand reduction: evidence spans 2026-03-25 through 2026-10-10. Duration component 1/2.","significance":"Denver Water Stage 1 drought and mandatory demand reduction: responsible bodies and formal actions are documented in the cited record. Significance component 0/2."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":1287000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per EPA SDWIS for Denver Water Board, CO0116001 (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Reservoir storage 80 percent full"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["extreme demand volatility: Yes","rate increase or affordability risk: Yes - drought pricing, household burden not quantified","financial distress: No evidence located"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Board Resolution 002-2026 remains effective through April 30, 2027 or further action, imposing mandatory watering limits and a 20% systemwide demand-reduction goal.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: restrictions remain likely through the board's April 30, 2027 authorization unless the 2026-27 water year materially restores storage.","horizon":"7 months","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["No above-normal sustained precipitation recovery","Board does not rescind declaration"],"reversal_factors":["Exceptional winter snowpack","Demand materially below target"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Denver Board of Water Commissioners","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Denver Water","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Denver Water Customer Care: 303-893-2444","corrective_actions":["Mandatory conservation","Continued supply monitoring","Temporary drought pricing"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Board Resolution 002-2026 for Stage 1 Drought Declaration","publisher":"Official source at denverwater.org","date":"2026-03-25","url":"https://www.denverwater.org/drought/board-resolution-drought-declaration","basis":"Utility governing-board resolution","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Denver Board declares Stage 1 drought and drought pricing","publisher":"Official source at denverwater.org","date":"2026-04-08","url":"https://www.denverwater.org/tap/denver-board-water-commissioners-declares-stage-1-drought-implements-mandatory-watering","basis":"Utility notice","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system lookup, Denver Water Board (CO0116001)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CO0116001/JSON","basis":"Federal database"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New verified Colorado baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Correction run (contract 1.4.2), no change to the finding: secondary category \"Governance, Affordability, and Equity\" mapped to governance-affordability-equity."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Added EPA system ID CO0116001 (SDWIS population served 1,287,000) and city coordinates."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Re-verified: resolution 002-2026 adopted March 25, 2026 and effective through April 30, 2027, two-day watering limit, 20% goal; reservoir 80% full on March 23, 2026; drought pricing voted April 8, 2026; SDWIS population 1,287,000. No later stage change on the pages."}],"first_seen":"2026-03-25","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Household burden of drought surcharge not verified"],"related_ids":["CO-DWS-ASPEN-STAGE3-2026","CO-DWS-DURANGO-STAGE1-2026","CO-DWS-CANON-STAGE1-2026","CO-DWS-AURORA-STAGE1-2026"],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"rate_change_recent","value":null,"unit":"surcharge on higher outdoor use","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-04-08","scope":{"project":"Denver Water customers"},"basis":{"definition":"Added to existing rates beginning with May 2026 outdoor use; exact tariff not extracted"},"source_refs":[2],"notes":"Board materials anticipate lower sales revenue plus added drought operating/capital costs. Original source label: Temporary drought pricing.","text":"Board materials anticipate lower sales revenue plus added drought operating/capital costs. Original source label: Temporary drought pricing."}],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CO-DWS-ASPEN-STAGE3-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Aspen Stage Three water shortage","description":"Aspen Stage Three water shortage. City webpage states Stage Three restrictions effective May 15, 2026 and current at review.","location":{"name":"City of Aspen water system","type":"municipal water system","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Aspen, Pitkin County, Colorado","counties":["Pitkin"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Record-low snowpack, heat and low streamflow reduced the city system's local-stream supply.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Aspen Stage Three water shortage: Mandatory Stage Three controls address material citywide supply stress; safe indoor service loss is not reported. Harm component 1/2.","service":"Aspen Stage Three water shortage: City webpage states Stage Three restrictions effective May 15, 2026 and current at review. Essential-service component 1/2.","scale":"Aspen Stage Three water shortage: All City water-system users; count not reported Scale component 1/2.","duration":"Aspen Stage Three water shortage: evidence spans 2026-05-12 through 2026-10-10. Duration component 1/2.","significance":"Aspen Stage Three water shortage: responsible bodies and formal actions are documented in the cited record. Significance component 0/2."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"All City water-system users; count not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Stage Three systemwide water-use reduction target of 15% to 25% (outdoor target 25% to 60%)"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["['single source or supply vulnerability: Yes', 'rate increase or affordability risk: Yes - temporary rates, burden unknown', 'financial distress: No evidence located']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"City webpage states Stage Three restrictions effective May 15, 2026 and current at review.","projection":{"statement":"No precise duration projection; Stage Three persists until the city changes it.","horizon":"seasonal","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Webpage remains current"],"reversal_factors":["Sustained precipitation and streamflow recovery"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Aspen City Council"},{"name":"City of Aspen Utilities"}],"public_contact":"Drought hotline 970-429-1777; watersave@aspen.gov","corrective_actions":["Mandatory conservation","Temporary shortage rates"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Aspen Drought Watch - Stage Three Water Shortage","publisher":"Official source at aspen.gov","date":null,"url":"https://aspen.gov/1157/Drought-Watch","basis":"Municipal utility notice","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":4,"note":"New verified Colorado baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":4,"note":"Re-verified: Stage Three effective May 15, 2026 (council vote May 12); filled the reduction target (15-25% systemwide, 25-60% outdoor); page has no date so source date cleared; Denver related id corrected."}],"first_seen":"2026-05-12","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current storage/streamflow measurement not supplied on page","Page shows no last-updated date; council vote May 12, 2026, effective May 15, 2026"],"related_ids":["US-CO-DWS-DENVER-STAGE1-2026"],"financial_evidence":{"rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"rate_change_recent","unit":"rate adjustment","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-05-15","scope":{"project":"City water-system users"},"basis":{"definition":"Resolution 061, Series 2026; exact schedule not extracted"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Household bill impact not quantified. Original source label: Temporary shortage rates.","text":"Household bill impact not quantified. Original source label: Temporary shortage rates."}],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CO-DWS-DURANGO-STAGE1-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"resolved","title":"Durango Stage 1 mandatory water shortage restrictions","description":"Durango Stage 1 mandatory water shortage restrictions, effective April 10, 2026 (ratified by council April 21), were ended by the City Council on October 6, 2026 after recent rain, cooler temperatures and improved raw-water supplies reduced demand; the city still encourages conservation.","location":{"name":"City of Durango water system","type":"municipal water system","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Durango, La Plata County, Colorado","counties":["La Plata"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Record-low snowpack, low snow-water equivalent and early runoff created a city-defined critical water-supply shortage.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Durango Stage 1 mandatory water shortage restrictions: Mandatory systemwide controls and official critical-shortage designation; no indoor outage reported. Harm component 1/2.","service":"Durango Stage 1 mandatory water shortage restrictions: City enacted mandatory Stage 1 restrictions effective April 10, 2026; no rescission located. Essential-service component 1/2.","scale":"Durango Stage 1 mandatory water shortage restrictions: City water customers; count not reported Scale component 1/2.","duration":"Durango Stage 1 mandatory water shortage restrictions: evidence spans 2026-04-10 through 2026-10-10. Duration component 1/2.","significance":"Durango Stage 1 mandatory water shortage restrictions: responsible bodies and formal actions are documented in the cited record. Significance component 0/2."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"City water customers; count not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Stage 1 outdoor watering limited to 3 days per week from April 10, 2026; restrictions ended Oct. 6, 2026"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["['extreme demand volatility: Yes', 'financial distress: No evidence located']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"City Council voted Oct. 6, 2026 to end Stage 1 restrictions (refs 2, 3); the city says normal water-use practices can resume.","projection":{"statement":"No forward projection; restrictions have been lifted.","horizon":"none","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["Renewed drought or supply shortfall"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Durango City Manager"},{"name":"Durango City Council/Utilities"}],"public_contact":"City of Durango general public contact via durangoco.gov","corrective_actions":["Stage 1 demand controls and monitoring","Council ended Stage 1 restrictions Oct. 6, 2026; conservation still encouraged"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Durango implements Stage 1 mandatory water restrictions","publisher":"Official source at durangoco.gov","date":"2026-04-10","url":"https://durangoco.gov/m/newsflash/Home/Detail/4629","basis":"Municipal notice","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Council votes to end stage 1 water restrictions","publisher":"City of Durango","date":"2026-10-06","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.durangoco.gov/m/newsflash/Home/Detail/4896","basis":"Municipal notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"Durango lifts Stage 1 water restrictions","publisher":"The Durango Herald","date":"2026-10-07","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/news/durango-lifts-stage-1-water-restrictions","basis":"Local news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":4,"note":"New verified Colorado baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"Resolved: city notice (ref 2) and Durango Herald (ref 3) report council ended Stage 1 restrictions Oct. 6, 2026 after rain, cooler temperatures and better raw-water supply. Original notice (ref 1) re-verified."}],"first_seen":"2026-04-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["No numeric supply volume or customer count in notice"],"related_ids":["CO-DWS-DENVER-STAGE1-2026"],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-CO-DWS-CANON-STAGE1-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Cañon City Stage 1 water restrictions","description":"Cañon City Stage 1 water restrictions. City page identifies Stage 1 restrictions effective July 1, 2026 and current at review. The page asks for a voluntary 20-30% citywide reduction, limits watering to 1-2 days per week, and reports July 2026 use about 13.7% and August 2026 use about 12.8% below the three-year average.","location":{"name":"Cañon City water system","type":"municipal water system","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Cañon City, Fremont County, Colorado","counties":["Fremont"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Continued drought made supply likely to fall short of full customer needs under the city's emergency framework.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Cañon City Stage 1 water restrictions: Official system warning of likely shortfall and restrictions, without reported loss of indoor service. Harm component 1/2.","service":"Cañon City Stage 1 water restrictions: City page identifies Stage 1 restrictions effective July 1, 2026 and current at review. Essential-service component 1/2.","scale":"Cañon City Stage 1 water restrictions: City water customers; count not reported Scale component 1/2.","duration":"Cañon City Stage 1 water restrictions: evidence spans 2026-04-29 through 2026-10-10. Duration component 1/2.","significance":"Cañon City Stage 1 water restrictions: responsible bodies and formal actions are documented in the cited record. Significance component 0/2."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"City water customers; count not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: voluntary 20-30% citywide water-use reduction goal under Stage One"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["['extreme demand volatility: Yes', 'financial distress: No evidence located']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"City page identifies Stage 1 restrictions effective July 1, 2026 and current at review.","projection":{"statement":"No supported end-date projection.","horizon":"none","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["Drought relief"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Cañon City water utility"}],"public_contact":"City public notification signup and canoncity.org","corrective_actions":["Stage 1 curtailment"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water Shortage Emergency Response","publisher":"Official source at canoncity.org","date":null,"url":"https://canoncity.org/706/Drought","basis":"Municipal utility status page","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":4,"note":"New verified Colorado baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":4,"note":"Re-verified: Stage One as of July 1, 2026; filled goal (voluntary 20-30%), watering 1-2 days a week, July/Aug use 13.7%/12.8% below the 3-year average; page undated so source date cleared."}],"first_seen":"2026-04-29","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["No supply-volume data","Page shows no last-updated date; its usage table runs through September 2026"],"related_ids":["CO-DWS-DENVER-STAGE1-2026"],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-CO-DWS-FORTCOLLINS-WATCH-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Fort Collins voluntary water shortage watch","description":"Fort Collins voluntary water shortage watch. Water Shortage Watch effective May 1, 2026 calls for voluntary reductions; mandatory restrictions would follow only if projected demand exceeds supply.","location":{"name":"Fort Collins Utilities","type":"municipal water system","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Fort Collins, Larimer County, Colorado","counties":["Larimer"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Historic-low source-watershed snowpack and drought created potential potable-water supply shortfall.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Fort Collins voluntary water shortage watch: Official watch reflects material system risk, but no harm, outage or mandatory curtailment is reported. Harm component 0/2.","service":"Fort Collins voluntary water shortage watch: Water Shortage Watch effective May 1, 2026 calls for voluntary reductions; mandatory restrictions would follow only if projected demand exceeds supply. Essential-service component 1/2.","scale":"Fort Collins voluntary water shortage watch: All Fort Collins Utilities residential and business water customers; count not reported Scale component 1/2.","duration":"Fort Collins voluntary water shortage watch: evidence spans 2026-04-30 through 2026-10-10. Duration component 1/2.","significance":"Fort Collins voluntary water shortage watch: responsible bodies and formal actions are documented in the cited record. Significance component 0/2."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"All Fort Collins Utilities residential and business water customers; count not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Suggested lawn watering 2 days per week maximum"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["['extreme demand volatility: Watch', 'rate change: No at current stage', 'financial distress: No evidence located']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Water Shortage Watch effective May 1, 2026 calls for voluntary reductions; mandatory restrictions would follow only if projected demand exceeds supply.","projection":{"statement":"Mandatory restrictions are possible only if demand is projected above available supply; probability not estimated.","horizon":"seasonal","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Drought persists"],"reversal_factors":["Improved supply"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Fort Collins City Manager"},{"name":"Fort Collins Utilities"}],"public_contact":"Alice Conovitz, Water Conservation Specialist, aconovitz@fortcollins.gov","corrective_actions":["Voluntary conservation and continued monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Fort Collins Declares Voluntary Water Shortage Watch","publisher":"Official source at fortcollins.gov","date":"2026-04-30","url":"https://www.fortcollins.gov/News-Articles/News/2026-Q2/Voluntary-Water-Shortage-Watch","basis":"Municipal notice","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New verified Colorado baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Re-verified: page dated April 30, 2026; watch effective May 1, 2026; voluntary two days a week; mandatory WSAP actions only if demand is projected to exceed supply."}],"first_seen":"2026-04-30","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["No numeric available-supply forecast"],"related_ids":["CO-DWS-DENVER-STAGE1-2026"],"financial_evidence":{"rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"rate_change_recent","value":0,"unit":"rate increase","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-04-30","scope":{"project":"Fort Collins Utilities customers"},"basis":{"definition":"City states no rate increase or citations at watch level"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Does not describe baseline rates. Original source label: Rate change tied to watch."}],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CO-DWS-LONGMONT-MILD-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Longmont mild drought response and voluntary water reduction","description":"Longmont mild drought response and voluntary water reduction. Council adopted a mild response; city and residents were asked to reduce water by 10%, without mandatory household restrictions.","location":{"name":"City of Longmont water utility","type":"municipal water system","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Longmont, Boulder County, Weld counties County, Colorado","counties":["Boulder","Weld counties"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"An exceptionally dry winter in supply basins prompted utility conservation measures to protect supply reliability.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Longmont mild drought response and voluntary water reduction: Official precautionary supply response; diversified portfolio maintained service and avoided mandatory controls. Harm component 0/2.","service":"Longmont mild drought response and voluntary water reduction: Council adopted a mild response; city and residents were asked to reduce water by 10%, without mandatory household restrictions. Essential-service component 1/2.","scale":"Longmont mild drought response and voluntary water reduction: City water customers; count not reported Scale component 1/2.","duration":"Longmont mild drought response and voluntary water reduction: evidence spans 2026-05-12 through 2026-10-10. Duration component 1/2.","significance":"Longmont mild drought response and voluntary water reduction: responsible bodies and formal actions are documented in the cited record. Significance component 0/2."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"City water customers; count not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Voluntary demand-reduction request 10 percent"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["['supply portfolio diversification: Yes - mitigating', 'financial distress: No evidence located']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Council adopted a mild response; city and residents were asked to reduce water by 10%, without mandatory household restrictions.","projection":{"statement":"City can escalate if conditions worsen; no escalation probability is supportable.","horizon":"four-month summer monitoring period","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Current diversified supplies remain available"],"reversal_factors":["Material drought worsening or relief"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Longmont City Council"},{"name":"City Water Resources"}],"public_contact":"City Help & Information Line 303-776-6050","corrective_actions":["City operational reductions","Monitoring with ability to escalate"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Longmont Moves to Mild Drought Response","publisher":"Official source at longmontcolorado.gov","date":"2026-05-15","url":"https://longmontcolorado.gov/news/longmont-moves-to-mild-drought-response-cuts-city-water-use-asks-residents-to-save-too/","basis":"Municipal notice","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New verified Colorado baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Re-verified: council acted May 12, 2026; article dated May 15, 2026; city and residents asked to cut use about 10%; no mandatory residential restrictions."}],"first_seen":"2026-05-12","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["No storage percentage or supply-demand forecast in notice"],"related_ids":["CO-DWS-DENVER-STAGE1-2026"],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-CO-DWS-FREDERICK-STAGE1-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Frederick and Left Hand Water District Stage 1 mild shortages","description":"Frederick and Left Hand Water District Stage 1 mild shortages. Town page states both providers declared Stage 1 mild shortages; Frederick measures are voluntary and target 10% demand reduction.","location":{"name":"Town of Frederick and Left Hand Water District","type":"two-provider municipal service area","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Frederick, Weld County, Colorado","counties":["Weld"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Drought and regional supply indicators prompted both providers serving Frederick to declare mild shortage stages.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Frederick and Left Hand Water District Stage 1 mild shortages: Two-provider service area under official mild shortage, with no outage or mandatory rationing. Harm component 0/2.","service":"Frederick and Left Hand Water District Stage 1 mild shortages: Town page states both providers declared Stage 1 mild shortages; Frederick measures are voluntary and target 10% demand reduction. Essential-service component 1/2.","scale":"Frederick and Left Hand Water District Stage 1 mild shortages: Frederick customers of both providers; count not reported Scale component 1/2.","duration":"Frederick and Left Hand Water District Stage 1 mild shortages: evidence spans 2026-05-20 through 2026-10-10. Duration component 1/2.","significance":"Frederick and Left Hand Water District Stage 1 mild shortages: responsible bodies and formal actions are documented in the cited record. Significance component 0/2."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Frederick customers of both providers; count not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Frederick demand-reduction goal 10 percent"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["['fragmented service area: Yes, two providers; no failure evidenced', 'financial distress: No evidence located']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Town page states both providers declared Stage 1 mild shortages; Frederick measures are voluntary and target 10% demand reduction.","projection":{"statement":"No supported escalation projection.","horizon":"none","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["Supply deterioration or recovery"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Frederick Board of Trustees"},{"name":"Town of Frederick"},{"name":"Left Hand Water District"}],"public_contact":"Town water page: https://www.frederickco.gov/1260/Water-Use-Guidance-and-Current-Condition","corrective_actions":["Updated five-stage contingency plan","Ongoing monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water Use Guidance and Current Conditions","publisher":"Official source at frederickco.gov","date":"2026-05-20","url":"https://www.frederickco.gov/1260/Water-Use-Guidance-and-Current-Condition","basis":"Municipal status page","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New verified Colorado baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Re-verified: Town Stage 1 (mild) declared May 20, 2026, voluntary, 10% goal, three days a week guidance; Left Hand Water District also Stage 1 (mild); no change in stage on the page."}],"first_seen":"2026-05-20","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Left Hand declaration date and metrics not independently retrieved"],"related_ids":["CO-DWS-DENVER-STAGE1-2026"],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-CO-DWS-AURORA-STAGE1-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Aurora Stage 1 water shortage","description":"Aurora Stage 1 water shortage. City water page states Aurora Water is currently in Stage 1; council resolution made shortage effective April 6, 2026.","location":{"name":"Aurora Water","type":"municipal water system","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Aurora, Arapahoe County, Adams County, Douglas County, Colorado","counties":["Arapahoe","Adams","Douglas"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Drought conditions required formal shortage declaration and conservation controls for the municipal water system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Aurora Stage 1 water shortage: Large municipal service area under formal shortage and landscape controls; no indoor service loss documented. Harm component 1/2.","service":"Aurora Stage 1 water shortage: City water page states Aurora Water is currently in Stage 1; council resolution made shortage effective April 6, 2026. Essential-service component 1/2.","scale":"Aurora Stage 1 water shortage: Aurora Water service area; count not reported in reviewed sources Scale component 2/2.","duration":"Aurora Stage 1 water shortage: evidence spans 2026-04-06 through 2026-10-10. Duration component 1/2.","significance":"Aurora Stage 1 water shortage: responsible bodies and formal actions are documented in the cited record. Significance component 0/2."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Aurora Water service area; count not reported in reviewed sources"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: High-water-use turf installation 0 new installations permitted during Stage 1"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["['supply stress: Yes', 'financial distress: No evidence located']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"City water page states Aurora Water is currently in Stage 1; council resolution made shortage effective April 6, 2026.","projection":{"statement":"No supported end-date projection.","horizon":"none","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["Drought relief"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Aurora City Council"},{"name":"Aurora Water"}],"public_contact":"Aurora Water public site: https://www.auroragov.org/residents/water","corrective_actions":["Demand conservation"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Aurora City Council Resolution R2026-29 agenda package","publisher":"Official source at auroragov.org","date":"2026-04-06","url":"https://www.auroragov.org/common/pages/GetFile.ashx?key=ejdEAcHJ","basis":"Council agenda/resolution package","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Aurora Lawn and Irrigation - current Stage 1 status","publisher":"Official source at auroragov.org","date":null,"url":"https://www.auroragov.org/cms/One.aspx?pageId=16533647&portalId=16242704","basis":"Municipal current-status page","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New verified Colorado baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Re-verified: R2026-29 agenda item (council meeting April 6, 2026) declares Stage 1 effective April 6, 2026; Aurora page still shows Stage 1 and states high-water-use turf installation is not permitted."}],"first_seen":"2026-04-06","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Full restriction schedule and current supply metrics not extracted"],"related_ids":["CO-DWS-DENVER-STAGE1-2026"],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-CO-INFRA-DENVER-LEAD-LINES-2024","revision":4,"change_type":"changed","title":"Denver Water lead service-line replacement backlog","description":"Denver Water lead service-line replacement backlog. Denver Water reported more than 25,000 replacements by May 2024, from an initial estimated inventory of 64,000-84,000, with filters and corrosion control continuing for remaining customers.","location":{"name":"Denver Water","type":"regional municipal utility","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Denver and Denver Water integrated service area, Colorado (county shown is the utility home county)","counties":["Denver"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Customer-owned lead service lines are physical infrastructure that can introduce lead into drinking water, making asset replacement and water-quality protection inseparable.","secondary_drivers":["major capital need: Yes","unfunded mandate or contaminant cost: Partly mitigated by federal funding; remaining total cost not verified","affordability program: No-direct-cost replacement and free filters","financial distress: No evidence located"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Denver Water lead service-line replacement backlog: Lead exposure is a serious chronic health risk across a very large remaining asset inventory; EPA variance imposes a long-duration replacement and protection program. Score reflects hazard and scale, not a claim that delivered source water contains lead. Harm component 2/2.","service":"Denver Water lead service-line replacement backlog: Denver Water reported more than 25,000 replacements by May 2024, from an initial estimated inventory of 64,000-84,000, with filters and corrosion control continuing for remaining customers. Essential-service component 1/2.","scale":"Denver Water lead service-line replacement backlog: Customers/buildings with remaining lead lines; exact people not reported Scale component 2/2.","duration":"Denver Water lead service-line replacement backlog: evidence spans 2020-01-01 through 2024-05-30. Duration component 2/2.","significance":"Denver Water lead service-line replacement backlog: responsible bodies and formal actions are documented in the cited record. Significance component 0/2."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Customers/buildings with remaining lead lines; exact people not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Lead service lines replaced 25000 lines, more than"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["major capital need: Yes","unfunded mandate or contaminant cost: Partly mitigated by federal funding; remaining total cost not verified","affordability program: No-direct-cost replacement and free filters","financial distress: No evidence located"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Denver Water reported more than 25,000 replacements by May 2024, from an initial estimated inventory of 64,000-84,000, with filters and corrosion control continuing for remaining customers.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: continued replacement should reduce the exposed-line inventory, but a completion date cannot be updated from the 2024 milestone alone.","horizon":"multi-year","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Replacement program and funding continue"],"reversal_factors":["Funding or contractor constraints","Inventory growth after field verification"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Denver Water","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 8","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"CDPHE","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Denver Water Customer Care 303-893-2444","corrective_actions":["Full line replacement at no direct customer cost","Inventory mapping","Community outreach"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Notched: 25,000 lead service lines replaced","publisher":"Official source at denverwater.org","date":"2024-05-30","url":"https://www.denverwater.org/tap/notched-25000-lead-service-lines-replaced?size=n_21_n","basis":"Utility program update","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA finds Denver Water's Lead Reduction Program effective","publisher":"Official source at epa.gov","date":"2022-12-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-finds-denver-waters-lead-reduction-program-effective","basis":"Federal regulator variance/funding source","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified Colorado baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Correction run (contract 1.4.2), no change to the finding: secondary category \"Governance, Affordability, and Equity\" mapped to governance-affordability-equity."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Re-verified: May 30, 2024 Denver Water article (25,000+ lines replaced; 6,891 in 2023; 64,000-84,000 initial estimate; program began January 2020) and EPA Dec. 1, 2022 variance release ($76 million BIL funding). Neither page gives coordinates, so county only was added (Denver)."}],"first_seen":"2020-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current 2026 replacement total not located","Current remaining inventory and total program cost not verified"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":76000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"Bipartisan Infrastructure Law funding","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2022-12-01","scope":{"project":"Denver Water Lead Reduction Program"},"basis":{"definition":"EPA award/approval announcement"},"source_refs":[2],"notes":"Funding date precedes research window but was encountered as material current-program finance and is preserved. Original source label: Federal acceleration funding.","funding_stage":"secured"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[{"metric":"replacement_value","value":0,"currency":"USD","unit":"per replacement","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-05-30","scope":{"project":"Eligible customer-owned lead lines"},"basis":{"definition":"Denver Water states replacement at no direct cost"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Does not mean program has no ratepayer or public cost. Original source label: Direct customer replacement charge."}],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CO-INFRA-GREELEY-WATER-CIP-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Greeley aging drinking-water infrastructure and storage modernization","description":"Greeley aging drinking-water infrastructure and storage modernization. EPA's current WIFIA project page describes a capital program to modernize aging drinking-water infrastructure and build underground backup storage.","location":{"name":"City of Greeley water utility","type":"municipal water system","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Greeley, Weld County, Colorado","counties":["Weld"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The documented need is modernization of aging treatment/distribution assets plus new storage and capacity.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Greeley aging drinking-water infrastructure and storage modernization: Aging assets and resilience/capacity need affect a reported 146,000 people and require a major financed program; no current outage or contamination is reported. Harm component 0/2.","service":"Greeley aging drinking-water infrastructure and storage modernization: EPA's current WIFIA project page describes a capital program to modernize aging drinking-water infrastructure and build underground backup storage. Essential-service component 1/2.","scale":"Greeley aging drinking-water infrastructure and storage modernization: Affected population reported in the source dossier. Scale component 2/2.","duration":"Greeley aging drinking-water infrastructure and storage modernization: evidence spans 2023-10-10 through 2025-11-25. Duration component 1/2.","significance":"Greeley aging drinking-water infrastructure and storage modernization: responsible bodies and formal actions are documented in the cited record. Significance component 0/2."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":146000,"status":"Reported","note":"Affected population reported in the source dossier."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Population served by project 146000 people"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["['major capital need: Yes', 'deferred maintenance: Aging infrastructure documented; causation by underinvestment unknown', 'debt capacity stress: Unknown', 'financial distress: No evidence located']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"EPA's current WIFIA project page describes a capital program to modernize aging drinking-water infrastructure and build underground backup storage.","projection":{"statement":"No delivery or financing-close projection is supported by the reviewed page.","horizon":"none","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Greeley"},{"name":"U.S. EPA WIFIA program"}],"public_contact":"EPA WIFIA contact page linked from project record","corrective_actions":["Modernize drinking-water assets","Construct underground dry-year backup and wet-year long-term storage","Expand capacity"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Greeley Water Capital Improvement Program","publisher":"Official source at epa.gov","date":"2025-11-25","url":"https://www.epa.gov/wifia/city-greeley-water-capital-improvement-program-drinking-water","basis":"EPA WIFIA project record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New verified Colorado baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Re-verified: EPA WIFIA page updated Nov. 25, 2025 lists a $252 million invited loan, 146,000 population served and underground backup storage; no construction status on the page."}],"first_seen":"2023-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Loan closing, total project cost, funding gap and construction schedule not verified"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"pending_funding","value":252000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"loan invitation","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-11-25","scope":{"project":"Greeley Water Capital Improvement Program"},"basis":{"definition":"EPA WIFIA project page"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Invitation is not the same as a closed loan or expenditure. Original source label: Invited WIFIA loan amount.","funding_stage":"pending"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CO-WW-PUEBLO-ARKANSAS-SEWAGE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Pueblo untreated sewage discharge to the Arkansas River","description":"Pueblo untreated sewage discharge to the Arkansas River. Discharge was stopped within about two hours after source identification; CDPHE continued downstream testing and the city published follow-up explanation Sept. 14.","location":{"name":"Pueblo sanitary collection system / James R. DiIorio WRF…","type":"municipal wastewater collection system","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Pueblo, Pueblo County, Colorado","counties":["Pueblo"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A failed patch in an unusual sewer/storm-pipe configuration directly released untreated sewage to the Arkansas River.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Pueblo untreated sewage discharge to the Arkansas River: Raw sewage entered an interstate river and triggered avoidance advice for eight downstream communities; event was halted promptly, so persistence is zero. Harm component 2/2.","service":"Pueblo untreated sewage discharge to the Arkansas River: Discharge was stopped within about two hours after source identification; CDPHE continued downstream testing and the city published follow-up explanation Sept. 14. Essential-service component 1/2.","scale":"Pueblo untreated sewage discharge to the Arkansas River: Downstream users/recreation in Avondale, Boone, Fowler, Manzanola, Rocky Ford, Swink, La Junta and Las Animas; count not reported Scale component 2/2.","duration":"Pueblo untreated sewage discharge to the Arkansas River: evidence spans 2026-08-26 through 2026-09-14. Duration component 0/2.","significance":"Pueblo untreated sewage discharge to the Arkansas River: responsible bodies and formal actions are documented in the cited record. Significance component 0/2."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Downstream users/recreation in Avondale, Boone, Fowler, Manzanola, Rocky Ford, Swink, La Junta and Las Animas; count not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Treatment-plant flow shortfall used to detect discharge 3000000 gallons below expected average flow for Aug. 26"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["['deferred maintenance or repeated failure: Aged patch failed; underinvestment causation unknown', 'financial distress: No evidence located', 'regulatory exposure: Yes']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Discharge was stopped within about two hours after source identification; CDPHE continued downstream testing and the city published follow-up explanation Sept. 14.","projection":{"statement":"No recurrence projection; integrity of adjacent pipe configuration remains unverified.","horizon":"none","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["Engineering assessment and permanent repair"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Pueblo Wastewater Department"},{"name":"CDPHE"},{"name":"City stormwater officials"}],"public_contact":"City of Pueblo 719-553-2489; Wastewater Director Andra Ahrens named in notices","corrective_actions":["Stopped bypass/discharge","Restored normal sanitary flow","CDPHE downstream testing and notifications"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Pueblo Wastewater Warns Downstream of Discharge of Sewage","publisher":"Official source at pueblo.us","date":"2026-08-27","url":"https://www.pueblo.us/m/newsflash/home/detail/4990","basis":"Municipal emergency notice","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"City of Pueblo Wastewater Department Provides Update","publisher":"Official source at pueblo.us","date":"2026-09-14","url":"https://www.pueblo.us/m/newsflash/home/detail/5002","basis":"Municipal follow-up","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New verified Colorado baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Re-verified: Aug. 27, 2026 notice (discharge halted by about 11:45 a.m., downstream advice through Aug. 31) and Sept. 14, 2026 update (3 million gallon flow shortfall for Aug. 26, two hours to stop, 48-inch sewer inside 102-inch storm pipe, CDPHE testing). No volume or water-quality results published."}],"first_seen":"2026-08-26","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Actual discharged volume not measured in reviewed sources","Final E. coli results and enforcement outcome not retrieved"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-CO-WW-LOVELAND-BIGTHOMPSON-SPILL-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Loveland treated-but-undisinfected wastewater spill to Big Thompson River","description":"Loveland treated-but-undisinfected wastewater spill to Big Thompson River. City reported leak stopped, testing/remediation begun, preliminary samples within stream standards and no immediate downstream drinking-water threat.","location":{"name":"Loveland Water Reclamation Facility","type":"municipal wastewater treatment facility","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Loveland, Larimer County, Colorado","counties":["Larimer"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Contractor damage and valve leakage released incompletely treated wastewater and solids to the river.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Loveland treated-but-undisinfected wastewater spill to Big Thompson River: A material river release occurred, but preliminary testing found no elevated contaminants, no drinking-water users were threatened, and the leak was stopped. Harm component 1/2.","service":"Loveland treated-but-undisinfected wastewater spill to Big Thompson River: City reported leak stopped, testing/remediation begun, preliminary samples within stream standards and no immediate downstream drinking-water threat. Essential-service component 0/2.","scale":"Loveland treated-but-undisinfected wastewater spill to Big Thompson River: No downstream public drinking-water users identified; ecological/recreation population not quantified Scale component 1/2.","duration":"Loveland treated-but-undisinfected wastewater spill to Big Thompson River: evidence spans 2024-06-04 through 2024-06-05. Duration component 0/2.","significance":"Loveland treated-but-undisinfected wastewater spill to Big Thompson River: responsible bodies and formal actions are documented in the cited record. Significance component 0/2."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No downstream public drinking-water users identified; ecological/recreation population not quantified"},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"Estimated: Total on-site spill 640000 gallons"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["['repeated failures: Unknown', 'financial distress: No evidence located']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"City reported leak stopped, testing/remediation begun, preliminary samples within stream standards and no immediate downstream drinking-water threat.","projection":{"statement":"No forward projection after reported containment.","horizon":"none","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Preliminary testing was representative"],"reversal_factors":["Later adverse monitoring or enforcement"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Loveland"},{"name":"CDPHE"}],"public_contact":"City of Loveland main line 970-962-2000","corrective_actions":["Leak stopped","River testing and remediation"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Spill reported at Loveland Water Reclamation Facility","publisher":"Official source at lovgov.org","date":"2024-06-05","url":"https://www.lovgov.org/Home/Components/News/News/7623/30","basis":"Municipal incident notice (page later returned 404; search index preserved official text)"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":2,"note":"New verified Colorado baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2024-06-04","latest_seen":"2024-06-05","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Final remediation/monitoring report not located","Original city URL currently inaccessible"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-CO-WW-EAGLERIVER-BIOSOLIDS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Eagle River Water & Sanitation District biosolids-analysis violation","description":"Eagle River Water & Sanitation District biosolids-analysis violation. EPA proposed an expedited settlement for failure to conduct required Class A biosolids analysis; final approval remained subject to public process on the cited page.","location":{"name":"Eagle River Water & Sanitation District","type":"special-district wastewater facility","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Edwards, Eagle County, Colorado","counties":["Eagle"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The documented violation is a required biosolids analysis/compliance-process failure rather than a reported treatment-asset failure or pollutant release.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Eagle River Water & Sanitation District biosolids-analysis violation: Required pathogen-reduction verification was omitted, creating plausible localized risk; no unsafe biosolids impact or service disruption was documented. Harm component 1/2.","service":"Eagle River Water & Sanitation District biosolids-analysis violation: EPA proposed an expedited settlement for failure to conduct required Class A biosolids analysis; final approval remained subject to public process on the cited page. Essential-service component 0/2.","scale":"Eagle River Water & Sanitation District biosolids-analysis violation: Not reported Scale component 0/2.","duration":"Eagle River Water & Sanitation District biosolids-analysis violation: evidence spans 2025-07-02 through 2026-07-14. Duration component 0/2.","significance":"Eagle River Water & Sanitation District biosolids-analysis violation: responsible bodies and formal actions are documented in the cited record. Significance component 0/2."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Proposed civil penalty 3000 penalty"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["['governance or management capacity: Single compliance lapse', 'financial distress: No evidence located']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"EPA proposed an expedited settlement for failure to conduct required Class A biosolids analysis; final approval remained subject to public process on the cited page.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA"},{"name":"Eagle River Water & Sanitation District"}],"public_contact":"EPA technical contact Seth Draper, draper.seth@epa.gov, 913-551-7080; docket CWA-07-2025-0097","corrective_actions":["Proposed expedited settlement"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Eagle River Water & Sanitation District - Clean Water Act Public Notice","publisher":"Official source at epa.gov","date":"2025-07-02","url":"https://www.epa.gov/ks/eagle-river-water-sanitation-district-clean-water-act-public-notice","basis":"Federal enforcement public notice","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":1,"note":"New verified Colorado baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":1,"note":"Re-verified: EPA notice dated July 2, 2025 (docket CWA-07-2025-0097, $3,000 proposed expedited settlement, NPDES permit COL037311, comment deadline Aug. 7, 2025); page last updated July 14, 2026 shows no final order."}],"first_seen":"2025-07-02","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Final settlement/order and proof of restored analytical compliance not located"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","value":3000,"currency":"USD","unit":"penalty","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-07-02","scope":{"project":"Eagle River Water & Sanitation District"},"basis":{"definition":"Proposed EPA expedited settlement"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Proposed, not confirmed paid. Original source label: Proposed civil penalty."}],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CO-WW-UPPERTHOMPSON-MODERNIZATION-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Upper Thompson Sanitation District outdated wastewater infrastructure replacement","description":"Upper Thompson Sanitation District outdated wastewater infrastructure replacement. EPA announced financing for construction of a replacement reclamation facility and two lift stations to address outdated assets, growth and future requirements.","location":{"name":"Upper Thompson Sanitation District","type":"sanitation district","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Estes Valley, Larimer County, Colorado","counties":["Larimer"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The documented need is replacement of outdated wastewater assets with a new reclamation facility and lift stations.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Upper Thompson Sanitation District outdated wastewater infrastructure replacement: Outdated infrastructure poses material service and river-quality risk for 15,500 permanent/seasonal residents and requires a major replacement project; no current failure is reported. Harm component 1/2.","service":"Upper Thompson Sanitation District outdated wastewater infrastructure replacement: EPA announced financing for construction of a replacement reclamation facility and two lift stations to address outdated assets, growth and future requirements. Essential-service component 1/2.","scale":"Upper Thompson Sanitation District outdated wastewater infrastructure replacement: Affected population reported in the source dossier. Scale component 1/2.","duration":"Upper Thompson Sanitation District outdated wastewater infrastructure replacement: evidence spans 2024-09-05 through 2024-09-05. Duration component 1/2.","significance":"Upper Thompson Sanitation District outdated wastewater infrastructure replacement: responsible bodies and formal actions are documented in the cited record. Significance component 0/2."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":15500,"status":"Reported","note":"Affected population reported in the source dossier."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Permanent and seasonal residents served 15500 people"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["['major capital need: Yes', 'temporary or external financing dependence: Yes - WIFIA/SRF debt', 'deferred maintenance: Outdated assets documented; causation unknown', 'financial distress: No evidence located']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"EPA announced financing for construction of a replacement reclamation facility and two lift stations to address outdated assets, growth and future requirements.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: project completion should improve reliability and Big Thompson water quality, but no completion schedule was provided in the reviewed source.","horizon":"multi-year","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Financing closes and construction proceeds"],"reversal_factors":["Cost escalation, permitting or procurement delays"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Upper Thompson Sanitation District"},{"name":"U.S. EPA WIFIA"},{"name":"Colorado Water Pollution Control Revolving Fund"}],"public_contact":"EPA Press Office press@epa.gov; district manager Chris Bieker named in EPA release","corrective_actions":["Construct new water treatment and reclamation facility","Construct two lift stations","Meet growing demand and future environmental guidelines"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA announces $96M loan to upgrade wastewater services in northern Colorado","publisher":"Official source at epa.gov","date":"2024-09-05","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-announces-96m-loan-upgrade-wastewater-services-northern-colorado","basis":"Federal financing announcement","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New verified Colorado baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Re-verified: EPA release dated Sept. 5, 2024, $96 million WIFIA loan, 15,500 residents, new reclamation facility and two lift stations."}],"first_seen":"2024-09-05","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Total project budget, customer rate impact, debt-service coverage and schedule not verified"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":96000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"loan","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-09-05","scope":{"project":"Upper Thompson wastewater modernization"},"basis":{"definition":"EPA loan announcement"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Finances nearly 80% of project costs. Original source label: WIFIA loan.","funding_stage":"secured"},{"metric":"project_estimate","value":120000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"approximate project cost","status":"Estimated","as_of_date":"2024-09-05","scope":{"project":"Upper Thompson modernization"},"basis":{"definition":"$96M divided by stated nearly 80%; approximate because percentage is not exact"},"method":"96,000,000 / 0.80","source_refs":[1],"notes":"Do not use as an authoritative project estimate. Original source label: Implied total project cost.","funding_stage":"estimated"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","value":18000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"loan","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-09-05","scope":{"project":"Same project"},"basis":{"definition":"Expected co-financing"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"EPA says district expects this financing; do not treat as expenditure. Original source label: Colorado WPCRF co-financing."},{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","value":79000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"projected savings","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-09-05","scope":{"project":"WIFIA financing"},"basis":{"definition":"District/EPA projection"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Forward estimate, not realized savings. Original source label: Expected financing savings."}],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CO-STORMWATER-2025-SOUTHWEST-COLORADO-FLOODING","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"October 2025 southwest Colorado flooding damaged water and wastewater infrastructure","description":"Heavy rainfall from October 11-14, 2025 caused severe flooding, debris and mud flows, channel instability, evacuations, and widespread damage to roads, bridges, dams, drinking-water and wastewater infrastructure in La Plata, Archuleta, and Mineral Counties.","location":{"name":"San Juan River and affected southwest Colorado streams","type":"Multi-county disaster area","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"La Plata County, Archuleta County, Mineral County, Colorado","counties":["La Plata","Archuleta","Mineral"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","wastewater-sewer","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Extreme flooding and debris flows caused the water-quantity hazard while damaged drinking-water, wastewater, roadway, bridge, dam, and drainage assets materially prolonged the emergency and recovery burden.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"October 2025 southwest Colorado flooding damaged water and wastewater infrastructure: Record-breaking flooding across three counties caused evacuations and extensive damage, including to water and wastewater infrastructure; recovery and funding disputes continued after the event. Harm component 2/2.","service":"October 2025 southwest Colorado flooding damaged water and wastewater infrastructure: Colorado declared a disaster emergency and sought federal assistance; FEMA validated eligible public-infrastructure damage, but the federal major-disaster request was denied and the state appealed. Essential-service component 2/2.","scale":"October 2025 southwest Colorado flooding damaged water and wastewater infrastructure: Hundreds of residents were temporarily evacuated according to contemporaneous reporting, but an authoritative final affected-population total was not located. Scale component 1/2.","duration":"October 2025 southwest Colorado flooding damaged water and wastewater infrastructure: evidence spans 2025-10-11 through 2026-01-08. Duration component 1/2.","significance":"October 2025 southwest Colorado flooding damaged water and wastewater infrastructure: responsible bodies and formal actions are documented in the cited record. Significance component 2/2."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Hundreds of residents were temporarily evacuated according to contemporaneous reporting, but an authoritative final affected-population total was not located."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: FEMA-validated eligible public-infrastructure damage 13820036 USD"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["['No utility-level financial statements or revenue impacts were located; disaster damage alone does not establish utility financial distress.']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Colorado declared a disaster emergency and sought federal assistance; FEMA validated eligible public-infrastructure damage, but the federal major-disaster request was denied and the state appealed.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: physical recovery should continue over the next 12-24 months, but the pace and local fiscal burden remain sensitive to the unresolved federal-assistance appeal and discovery of additional damage.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["The acute flood ended and repair work began; no complete repair schedule or secured-funding total was located."],"reversal_factors":["Renewed flooding, additional hidden damage, or prolonged funding denial."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Colorado Office of the Governor and Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Management","role":"State disaster declaration, coordination, response, and recovery"},{"name":"FEMA","role":"Joint damage validation and federal major-disaster request review"},{"name":"Affected counties and local utilities","role":"Infrastructure repair and local recovery"}],"public_contact":"Responsible office public contact was not reported in reviewed sources.","corrective_actions":["State disaster response and recovery assistance was activated.","Colorado requested federal Public Assistance and Hazard Mitigation assistance and later appealed the denial.","Local jurisdictions continued debris removal and repair of damaged infrastructure."],"sources":[{"ref":"co-flood-src-1","title":"Executive Order D 2025 021, Declaring a Disaster Emergency Due to Western Colorado Flooding","publisher":"Office of Governor Jared Polis","date":"2025-11-10","url":"https://spl.cde.state.co.us/artemis/goserials/go4312internet/go43122025021internet.pdf","basis":"Primary state disaster order","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":"co-flood-src-2","title":"Colorado delegation urges major disaster declaration for extreme flooding","publisher":"Office of U.S. Senator John Hickenlooper","date":"2025-11-18","url":"https://www.hickenlooper.senate.gov/press_releases/hickenlooper-colorado-congressional-delegation-urge-president-trump-to-declare-major-disaster-declaration-help-communities-recover-from-extreme-flooding/","basis":"Official congressional letter reproducing FEMA-validated damage and governor request","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":"co-flood-src-3","title":"Colorado amended complaint concerning federal disaster-assistance denials","publisher":"Colorado Attorney General","date":"2026-01-08","url":"https://coag.gov/app/uploads/2026/01/2026.01.08-Doc.-26-Amended-Complaint-with-attachments.pdf","basis":"Primary court filing documenting denial, appeal posture, and water/wastewater damage","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified Colorado baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Re-verified: source date for the delegation letter page corrected to its posted date Nov. 18, 2025 (letter text dated Nov. 12, 2025); FEMA-validated $13,820,036 confirmed there; EO D 2025 021 (Nov. 10, 2025, $6,000,000 from the Disaster Emergency Fund) confirmed; amended complaint (filed Jan. 8, 2026) says FEMA denied the requests on Dec. 20 and cites at least $13 million in flood damage."}],"first_seen":"2025-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Unfunded recovery costs","Damaged drinking-water and wastewater assets","Future flood and channel-instability exposure"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[{"metric":"replacement_value","value":13820036,"currency":"USD","unit":"total","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-11-12","scope":{"project":"La Plata, Archuleta, and Mineral Counties"},"basis":{"definition":"Joint damage validation for public infrastructure"},"source_refs":["co-flood-src-2"],"notes":"Eligible damage, not a complete economic-loss estimate and not funding secured. Original source label: FEMA-validated eligible public-infrastructure damage."}],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CO-STORMWATER-COLORADO-SPRINGS-COTTONWOOD-CREEK-DEGRADATION","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Cottonwood Creek channel degradation and compromised stormwater structures in Colorado Springs","description":"Colorado Springs proposed stabilizing 3,415 feet of Cottonwood Creek to address extreme degradation and scour, eliminate vertical banks, rehabilitate drop structures and adjacent stormwater outfalls, reconnect the floodplain, and protect corridor infrastructure.","location":{"name":"Cottonwood Creek channel degradation and compromised…","type":"Urban stream and stormwater corridor","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Colorado","counties":[],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The documented core problem is a degrading urban channel with undermined or compromised drop structures and stormwater outfalls requiring physical stabilization.","secondary_drivers":["No stormwater-enterprise financial evidence was located."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Cottonwood Creek channel degradation and compromised stormwater structures in Colorado Springs: A persistent 3,415-foot degraded urban channel contains compromised structures and flood/scour risk, with a federal permit and corrective project underway; no acute service outage was documented. Harm component 1/2.","service":"Cottonwood Creek channel degradation and compromised stormwater structures in Colorado Springs: USACE published the city's Section 404 permit application for channel stabilization, floodplain reconnection, rehabilitation of drop structures and stormwater outfalls, and infrastructure protection. Essential-service component 1/2.","scale":"Cottonwood Creek channel degradation and compromised stormwater structures in Colorado Springs: Adjacent residential properties and trail users are exposed, but no count was published. Scale component 1/2.","duration":"Cottonwood Creek channel degradation and compromised stormwater structures in Colorado Springs: evidence spans 2024-05-02 through 2024-05-02. Duration component 2/2.","significance":"Cottonwood Creek channel degradation and compromised stormwater structures in Colorado Springs: responsible bodies and formal actions are documented in the cited record. Significance component 1/2."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Adjacent residential properties and trail users are exposed, but no count was published."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Channel treatment length 3415 linear feet"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No stormwater-enterprise financial evidence was located."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"USACE published the city's Section 404 permit application for channel stabilization, floodplain reconnection, rehabilitation of drop structures and stormwater outfalls, and infrastructure protection.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"Not specified","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["One permitting snapshot was located."],"reversal_factors":["Permit denial, redesign, delayed funding, or successful completion."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Colorado Springs Stormwater Enterprise","role":"Applicant, asset owner, and project delivery"},{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Albuquerque District","role":"Clean Water Act Section 404 permitting"},{"name":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment","role":"Section 401 water-quality certification authority"}],"public_contact":"Adam Copper; Adam.Copper@coloradosprings.gov | Kerrianne Zdimal-Quarles; Kerrianne.L.Zdimal-Quarles@usace.army.mil; 970-259-1764 ext. 1","corrective_actions":["Regrade channel banks","Rehabilitate drop structures and stormwater outfalls","Install cutoff walls and grouted boulder structures","Create 0.45 acre of replacement wetland","Revegetate disturbed riparian areas"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SPA-2023-00323: Cottonwood Creek Stabilization from Academy to Union","publisher":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","date":"2024-05-02","url":"https://www.spa.usace.army.mil/Missions/Regulatory-Program-and-Permits/Public-Notices/Article/3763035/spa-2023-00323-cottonwood-creek-stabilization-from-academy-to-union/","basis":"Primary federal permit notice and project description"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Colorado baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2024-05-02","latest_seen":"2024-05-02","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Permit and project-delivery status after the 2024 notice was not verified","Construction-phase sediment and wetland impacts","Continuing scour until work is complete"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CO-DROUGHT-2026-STATEWIDE-RECORD-SNOW-DROUGHT","revision":4,"change_type":"changed","title":"2026 record snow drought and critically low runoff across Colorado","description":"Colorado's 2025-26 winter produced the worst or near-worst snowpack in the instrument record, melt occurred three to five weeks early, statewide May-July runoff was forecast at only 24% of median, and reservoir storage and streamflows remained depressed. Phase 2 drought response was activated in March and Gov. Polis activated Phase 3 on June 4, 2026 as 93% of the state was in moderate to exceptional drought, and late-summer federal updates said heat and weak monsoon relief had not resolved long-term supply impacts.","location":{"name":"2026 record snow drought and critically low runoff across…","type":"State and multi-basin","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Colorado","counties":[],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","agricultural","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The principal problem is exceptionally low snowpack, early melt, low runoff and below-median reservoir storage reducing available surface-water supply statewide.","secondary_drivers":["Drought creates cost and revenue exposure for utilities, but no statewide utility financial evidence supported a structural-risk rating."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"2026 record snow drought and critically low runoff across Colorado: The event spans nearly the entire state and multiple basins, includes record or near-record snow and flow deficits, threatens water supply, ecosystems, agriculture and recreation, and triggered a formal statewide Phase 2 drought response. Harm component 2/2.","service":"2026 record snow drought and critically low runoff across Colorado: Colorado activated Phase 2 of its Drought Response Plan and the State Drought Task Force; federal monitoring described record-low snowpack, extremely low runoff forecasts, widespread drought, and continuing long-term water-supply impacts. Essential-service component 2/2.","scale":"2026 record snow drought and critically low runoff across Colorado: Population residing within a drought area, reported from the U.S. Drought Monitor in contemporaneous coverage; conditions later expanded further. Scale component 2/2.","duration":"2026 record snow drought and critically low runoff across Colorado: evidence spans 2026-03-17 through 2026-08-20. Duration component 2/2.","significance":"2026 record snow drought and critically low runoff across Colorado: responsible bodies and formal actions are documented in the cited record. Significance component 2/2."}},"status":"Active Emergency","population_affected":{"value":3571805,"status":"Reported","note":"Population residing within a drought area, reported from the U.S. Drought Monitor in contemporaneous coverage; conditions later expanded further."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: May 1 statewide snowpack 20 percent of median"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Drought creates cost and revenue exposure for utilities, but no statewide utility financial evidence supported a structural-risk rating."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Phase 3 of the Drought Response Plan was activated June 4, 2026, reconvening the Drought Task Force for the first time since 2020 (ref 5); Colorado activated Phase 2 of its Drought Response Plan and the State Drought Task Force; federal monitoring described record-low snowpack, extremely low runoff forecasts, widespread drought, and continuing long-term water-supply impacts.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: drought-related water-supply stress will persist into water year 2027 unless the 2026-27 cold season delivers sustained above-normal snowpack, because monsoon rainfall did not materially restore streamflow or reservoir storage.","horizon":"Through water year 2027","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Record-low snowpack, early runoff recession, 85% of median reservoir storage in May, and NOAA's August assessment of persistent long-term impacts provide multiple consistent indicators."],"reversal_factors":["A substantially above-normal 2026-27 snow season, cooler conditions, demand reductions, or major operational conservation."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Colorado Water Conservation Board and State Drought Task Force","role":"Drought monitoring, interagency coordination, and response recommendations"},{"name":"USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service","role":"Snowpack, runoff, and reservoir forecasting"},{"name":"NOAA National Integrated Drought Information System","role":"Regional drought synthesis and outlooks"},{"name":"Colorado Division of Water Resources and local water providers","role":"Water administration and local shortage measures"}],"public_contact":"Will Farmer; will.farmer@noaa.gov","corrective_actions":["State Drought Task Force activated; Phase 2 in March and Phase 3 on June 4, 2026","Ongoing snowpack, streamflow, soil-moisture, and reservoir monitoring","Local watering restrictions and conservation measures in some service areas","Federal and state drought assistance for producers","State agencies to reduce water use at state facilities"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Colorado Water Supply Forecasts Remain Well Below Median Following Early Melt","publisher":"USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service","date":"2026-05-08","url":"https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/state-offices/colorado/news/colorado-water-supply-forecasts-remain-well-below-median-following","basis":"Primary federal snowpack and water-supply forecast"},{"ref":2,"title":"2026 Monsoon Drought Status Update for the Southwest U.S.","publisher":"NOAA/NIDIS Drought.gov","date":"2026-06-18","url":"https://www.drought.gov/drought-status-updates/2026-monsoon-drought-status-update-southwest-us-2026-06-18","basis":"Authoritative regional drought status and outlook","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"Drought Status Update for the Intermountain West","publisher":"NOAA/NIDIS Drought.gov","date":"2026-08-20","url":"https://www.drought.gov/drought-status-updates/drought-status-update-intermountain-west-2026-08-20","basis":"Authoritative late-summer update","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":4,"title":"Drought in Colorado","publisher":"Colorado General Assembly Legislative Council Staff","date":"2026-06-16","url":"https://content.leg.colorado.gov/publications/drought-colorado","basis":"Official state drought governance and impact memorandum","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"Governor Polis issues statewide Drought Emergency declaration","publisher":"KKTV","date":"2026-06-05","url":"https://www.kktv.com/2026/06/05/governor-polis-issues-statewide-drought-emergency-declaration/","basis":"Regional news","ref":5,"accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Active Emergency","score":10,"note":"New verified Colorado baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Active Emergency","score":10,"note":"Escalated: Phase 3 statewide drought emergency activated June 4, 2026 (ref 5)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Active Emergency","score":10,"note":"Refs 2-5 re-verified (drought.gov June 18 and Aug 20, 2026; legislative memo June 16, 2026; KKTV June 5, 2026: Phase 3 activated Thursday June 4, nearly 93% of state in moderate to exceptional drought). Ref 1 (NRCS) could not be opened."}],"first_seen":"2026-03-17","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Carryover reservoir depletion","Agricultural and ecological water shortages","Low streamflow and warm-water stress","Elevated wildfire and post-fire water-quality risk","Long-term Colorado River supply imbalance"],"related_ids":["co-agwater-2026-drought-producer-impacts"]},{"id":"US-CO-GROUNDWATER-SAN-LUIS-VALLEY-AQUIFER-DEPLETION","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Persistent San Luis Valley aquifer depletion threatens groundwater sustainability","description":"Groundwater pumping for irrigation and communities has left the San Luis Valley's unconfined aquifer far below its statutory recovery benchmark. Division 3 rules require monitoring and replacement of injurious depletions, while subdistricts seek reduced pumping and recharge; 2025 confined-aquifer estimates also carried notable monitoring uncertainty. The July 1, 2026 composite-head memo (ref 5) reports 2026 confined-aquifer head change from the 2015 baseline of +0.34 ft (Alamosa-La Jara), -1.85 ft (Conejos), +5.34 ft (Saguache) and +0.37 ft (San Luis Creek), with several monitoring wells missing data.","location":{"name":"Persistent San Luis Valley aquifer depletion threatens…","type":"Regional aquifer system","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Colorado","counties":[],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural","governance-affordability-equity","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The principal issue is long-running depletion of the unconfined and confined aquifer system from withdrawals exceeding recharge, with regulatory monitoring and pumping limits intended to restore sustainable storage.","secondary_drivers":["The groundwater-dependent agricultural economy faces curtailment and adjustment risk, but no utility insolvency, default, liquidity stress, or rate inadequacy was established."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Persistent San Luis Valley aquifer depletion threatens groundwater sustainability: The aquifer supports a regional farm economy and municipal supply, depletion has persisted for decades, the reported storage deficit is roughly 1.2 million acre-feet relative to 1976, and binding groundwater rules and recovery targets remain in force. Harm component 1/2.","service":"Persistent San Luis Valley aquifer depletion threatens groundwater sustainability: State and district monitoring continued under Division 3 groundwater rules; the unconfined aquifer remained far below the statutory recovery range, and multiple confined-aquifer monitoring gaps made 2025 estimates provisional. Essential-service component 2/2.","scale":"Valley-wide groundwater system supporting a regional farm economy and municipal supply (refs 1, 3); a population count was not found in the opened sources. Scale component 1/2.","duration":"Persistent San Luis Valley aquifer depletion threatens groundwater sustainability: evidence spans 2024-08-31 through 2025-12-22. Duration component 2/2.","significance":"Persistent San Luis Valley aquifer depletion threatens groundwater sustainability: responsible bodies and formal actions are documented in the cited record. Significance component 2/2."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Five-year-average unconfined-aquifer storage deficit relative to 1976 1.2 million acre-feet less"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The groundwater-dependent agricultural economy faces curtailment and adjustment risk, but no utility insolvency, default, liquidity stress, or rate inadequacy was established."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"State and district monitoring continued under Division 3 groundwater rules; the unconfined aquifer remained far below the statutory recovery range, and multiple confined-aquifer monitoring gaps made 2025 estimates provisional.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: the aquifer is unlikely to return to its required recovery range by 2031 without materially larger and sustained reductions in net pumping or several favorable recharge years.","horizon":"Through 2031","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["The reported five-year-average deficit remained about 1.2 million acre-feet even after 2024 pumping fell to the lowest level since metering began; drought and surface-water variability constrain recharge."],"reversal_factors":["Large multi-year recharge, accelerated acreage retirement, enforceable pumping cuts, or revised legal targets."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Colorado Division of Water Resources, Division 3 and State Engineer","role":"Groundwater rules, water administration, modeling, monitoring, and potential curtailment"},{"name":"Rio Grande Water Conservation District and groundwater subdistricts","role":"Pumping management, replacement plans, monitoring, and aquifer recovery"},{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey","role":"Monitoring support"}],"public_contact":"Division 3 Office; 719-589-6683 | AskDWR; 303-866-3581","corrective_actions":["Division 3 groundwater withdrawal rules effective since 2021","Annual composite-head and five-year withdrawal monitoring","Subdistrict pumping fees, replacement plans, acreage retirement, and recharge efforts","State authority to impose volumetric limits on nonrenewable groundwater affirmed in related 2024 Colorado Supreme Court decision"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Composite Water Head for Confined Aquifer Response Areas in Division 3","publisher":"Colorado Division of Water Resources, Office of the State Engineer","date":"2025-07-01","url":"https://dnrweblink.state.co.us/dwr/0/edoc/4464493/DWR_4464493.pdf","basis":"Primary annual regulatory monitoring memorandum","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Division 3 Office: Rio Grande Groundwater Withdrawal Rules and Annual Memos","publisher":"Colorado Division of Water Resources","date":"2025-07-01","url":"https://dwr.colorado.gov/division-offices/division-3-office","basis":"Primary state rule and monitoring index","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"Three Basins, One Challenge","publisher":"Water Education Colorado","date":"2025-07-15","url":"https://watereducationcolorado.org/publications-and-radio/headwaters-magazine/summer-2025-the-water-below/three-basins-one-challenge/","basis":"Specialist reporting with DWR interviews and district data","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":4,"title":"Change in Unconfined Aquifer Storage, West Central San Luis Valley","publisher":"Rio Grande Water Conservation District","date":"2025-12-22","url":"https://www.rgwcd.org/files/a9395c9ad/Change%2Bin%2BUnconfined%2BAquifer%2BGraph%2B2.pdf","basis":"Primary district storage-series graph"},{"ref":5,"title":"Composite Water Head for Confined Aquifer Response Areas in Division 3 (July 2026)","publisher":"Colorado Division of Water Resources, Office of the State Engineer","date":"2026-07-01","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://dnrweblink.state.co.us/dwr/0/edoc/4662259/DWR_4662259.pdf","basis":"Primary annual regulatory monitoring memorandum"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New verified Colorado baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New July 1, 2026 DWR memo added (ref 5; 2026 composite heads +0.34, -1.85, +5.34, +0.37 ft vs 2015). Article date corrected to July 15, 2025; the 45,000 population figure was not in any opened source and was cleared. Refs 1, 2, 3, 5 opened; ref 4 (RGWCD graph) returned HTTP 502 so verification is unchanged."}],"first_seen":"2024-08-31","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Failure to reach statutory recovery range","Potential well curtailment","Agricultural contraction and community economic effects","Monitoring gaps","Drought-driven recharge shortfalls"],"related_ids":["co-drought-2026-statewide-record-snow-drought","co-agwater-2026-drought-producer-impacts"]},{"id":"US-CO-GROUNDWATER-SOUTHERN-HIGH-PLAINS-DECLINE-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Continued groundwater-level declines in Colorado's Southern High Plains designated basin","description":"Colorado DWR monitoring shows continued multi-year declines in the Southern High Plains designated basin. Average 2015-2025 changes were -4.4 feet in Ogallala wells, -7.8 feet in Dakota/Cheyenne wells, and -3.7 feet in Dockum wells, with the deepest 2025 measured water levels reaching 362 feet below ground in the Dakota/Cheyenne group.","location":{"name":"Continued groundwater-level declines in Colorado's…","type":"Designated groundwater basin","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Colorado","counties":[],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural","drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is persistent groundwater-level decline across the Ogallala, Dakota/Cheyenne, and Dockum aquifers rather than an infrastructure failure.","secondary_drivers":["No utility or district financial evidence was reported."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Continued groundwater-level declines in Colorado's Southern High Plains designated basin: All three monitored aquifer groups declined over a decade, including a 7.8-foot mean decline in Dakota/Cheyenne wells; direct outages or curtailment were not documented. Harm component 1/2.","service":"Continued groundwater-level declines in Colorado's Southern High Plains designated basin: DWR's 2025 monitoring report found average declines over both five- and ten-year windows in all three principal monitored aquifer groupings. Essential-service component 1/2.","scale":"Continued groundwater-level declines in Colorado's Southern High Plains designated basin: The monitoring report did not quantify dependent population or irrigated acreage. Scale component 1/2.","duration":"Continued groundwater-level declines in Colorado's Southern High Plains designated basin: evidence spans 2025-06-10 through 2025-06-10. Duration component 2/2.","significance":"Continued groundwater-level declines in Colorado's Southern High Plains designated basin: responsible bodies and formal actions are documented in the cited record. Significance component 1/2."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The monitoring report did not quantify dependent population or irrigated acreage."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Ogallala mean water-level change, 2015-2025 -4.4 feet"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No utility or district financial evidence was reported."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"DWR's 2025 monitoring report found average declines over both five- and ten-year windows in all three principal monitored aquifer groupings.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: absent sustained recharge or pumping reductions, average groundwater levels are likely to remain on a declining trajectory over the next five years.","horizon":"2026-2030","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["All three aquifer groups declined over the 2015-2025 and 2020-2025 comparison windows."],"reversal_factors":["Wet multi-year conditions, reduced pumping, irrigation changes, or monitoring-sample changes."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Colorado Division of Water Resources Hydrogeology Section","role":"Groundwater-level monitoring, data publication, and administration"},{"name":"Southern High Plains Ground Water Management District","role":"Local management and monitoring cooperation"},{"name":"Colorado Ground Water Commission","role":"Designated-basin rules and administration"}],"public_contact":"Groundwater Information Desk; 303-866-3587","corrective_actions":["Annual groundwater-level monitoring","Unified geo-hydraulic administration of the basin aquifers","Public access to well-level data through CDSS/HydroBase"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Groundwater Levels in the Southern High Plains Designated Groundwater Basin 2025","publisher":"Colorado Division of Water Resources","date":"2025-06-10","url":"https://spl.cde.state.co.us/artemis/nrserials/nr51025internet/nr510252025internet.pdf","basis":"Primary annual monitoring report","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New verified Colorado baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Re-verified: DWR report dated June 10, 2025; Ogallala -4.4 ft, Dakota/Cheyenne -7.8 ft, Dockum -3.7 ft (2015-2025); deepest Dakota/Cheyenne well 362 ft. A 2026 edition was not located."}],"first_seen":"2025-06-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Continued depletion","Reduced well yields or increased pumping lift","Incomplete monitoring coverage","Drought-related recharge and demand pressure"],"related_ids":["co-drought-2026-statewide-record-snow-drought"]},{"id":"US-CO-SURFACEWATER-2025-GUNNISON-RIVER-DERAILMENT-OIL-SPILL","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Whitewater derailment released diesel, oil, and coal into the Gunnison River","description":"A Union Pacific derailment near Whitewater discharged an estimated 8,600 gallons of diesel and lubricating oil plus coal into the Gunnison River. Oil sheen extended about 20 river miles on the Gunnison and five miles into the Colorado; subsequent sampling and biological surveys supported a formal natural-resource-damage assessment.","location":{"name":"Whitewater derailment released diesel, oil, and coal into…","type":"River spill and critical habitat","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Colorado","counties":[],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The core issue is an acute release of petroleum and coal into the Gunnison River with documented downstream contamination and potential biological injury.","secondary_drivers":["The finding concerns an industrial spill, not a water utility financial model."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Whitewater derailment released diesel, oil, and coal into the Gunnison River: The spill contaminated a major river and endangered-species critical habitat, sheening extended into the Colorado River, biological differences were observed downstream, and formal OPA/CWA damage assessment began. Harm component 2/2.","service":"Whitewater derailment released diesel, oil, and coal into the Gunnison River: The Department of the Interior and Colorado initiated natural-resource-damage assessment and restoration planning after preassessment sampling found measurable toxic diesel components and potential biological impacts downstream. Essential-service component 1/2.","scale":"Whitewater derailment released diesel, oil, and coal into the Gunnison River: No drinking-water service interruption or exposed-person count was reported in the DOI case record. Scale component 1/2.","duration":"Whitewater derailment released diesel, oil, and coal into the Gunnison River: evidence spans 2025-12-02 through 2026-06-08. Duration component 1/2.","significance":"Whitewater derailment released diesel, oil, and coal into the Gunnison River: responsible bodies and formal actions are documented in the cited record. Significance component 2/2."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No drinking-water service interruption or exposed-person count was reported in the DOI case record."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Petroleum products discharged 8600 gallons estimated"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The finding concerns an industrial spill, not a water utility financial model."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The Department of the Interior and Colorado initiated natural-resource-damage assessment and restoration planning after preassessment sampling found measurable toxic diesel components and potential biological impacts downstream.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: assessment and restoration planning will likely continue for multiple years because injury quantification spans water, sediment, benthic organisms, fish, and endangered-species habitat.","horizon":"2-5 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["The case entered formal NRDAR assessment in June 2026; such work requires injury and restoration analyses, but no schedule was published."],"reversal_factors":["Finding of no material residual injury, rapid settlement, or accelerated restoration agreement."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Department of the Interior natural-resource trustees","role":"Oil Pollution Act assessment and restoration planning"},{"name":"State of Colorado natural-resource trustees","role":"Co-trustee assessment and restoration planning"},{"name":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","role":"Fish and habitat surveys"},{"name":"Bureau of Land Management","role":"Affected federal land and river corridor management"}],"public_contact":"Colorado Ecological Services, Colorado Field Office; 303-236-4773 | DOI NRDAR program; DOINRDAR@ios.doi.gov","corrective_actions":["Emergency boom and spill response","Surface-water and sediment sampling","Benthic invertebrate, periphyton, and fish surveys","Formal natural-resource-damage assessment and restoration planning"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Whitewater/Gunnison River Derailment Oil Spill","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration Program","date":"2026-06-08","url":"https://www.cerc.usgs.gov/orda_docs/CaseDetails?ID=1479","basis":"Primary federal natural-resource-damage case record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified Colorado baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Re-verified: NRDA case page (Notice of Intent 06/08/2026, Assessment phase): about 8,600 gallons of diesel/lubricating oil plus 3-5 rail cars of coal, sheen about 20 river miles on the Gunnison and 5 on the Colorado, site about 6.5 river miles below Whitewater, Mesa County."}],"first_seen":"2025-12-02","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Final injury extent and restoration need","Persistent PAHs or diesel components in sediment","Effects on endangered fish critical habitat","Responsible-party restoration costs"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CO-SURFACEWATER-BLUE-MESA-HARMFUL-ALGAL-BLOOMS","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Recurring cyanotoxins and harmful algal blooms in Blue Mesa Reservoir","description":"Blue Mesa Reservoir has recurring toxic cyanobacterial blooms, primarily in shallow Iola Basin. USGS found threshold exceedances in 2018 and 2020-22 and linked the most severe blooms to low reservoir levels; NPS again detected low-level toxins and posted caution signs in August 2026.","location":{"name":"Recurring cyanotoxins and harmful algal blooms in Blue…","type":"Multipurpose reservoir","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Colorado","counties":[],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The principal issue is recurring cyanobacteria and microcystin in reservoir water, with low reservoir elevations and warming identified as major physical drivers.","secondary_drivers":["Potential water-treatment and recreation exposure exists, but no utility-level costs or structural financial stress were published."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Recurring cyanotoxins and harmful algal blooms in Blue Mesa Reservoir: Current 2026 toxin levels were below the threshold, but the problem is recurrent, previously exceeded the 8 micrograms/L recreational criterion, prompted no-contact advisories, and affects Colorado's largest reservoir. Harm component 1/2.","service":"Recurring cyanotoxins and harmful algal blooms in Blue Mesa Reservoir: NPS detected cyanotoxins at low levels in Iola Basin in August 2026, below the Colorado toxicity threshold, posted yellow caution signs, and continued sampling; prior monitoring documented repeated health-threshold exceedances. Essential-service component 1/2.","scale":"Recurring cyanotoxins and harmful algal blooms in Blue Mesa Reservoir: No visitor or water-user count tied to the advisory was published. Scale component 1/2.","duration":"Recurring cyanotoxins and harmful algal blooms in Blue Mesa Reservoir: evidence spans 2025-12-17 through 2026-08-13. Duration component 2/2.","significance":"Recurring cyanotoxins and harmful algal blooms in Blue Mesa Reservoir: responsible bodies and formal actions are documented in the cited record. Significance component 1/2."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No visitor or water-user count tied to the advisory was published."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Microcystin recreational-contact criterion 8 micrograms per liter"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Potential water-treatment and recreation exposure exists, but no utility-level costs or structural financial stress were published."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"NPS detected cyanotoxins at low levels in Iola Basin in August 2026, below the Colorado toxicity threshold, posted yellow caution signs, and continued sampling; prior monitoring documented repeated health-threshold exceedances.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: recurrence risk will remain elevated in low-reservoir years, especially in Iola Basin during late summer and fall.","horizon":"Annual seasonal risk over the next 3 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["USGS documented repeated blooms, increasing temperature and chlorophyll-a trends, and an association with reservoir elevations below about 7,470 feet."],"reversal_factors":["Sustained higher reservoir levels, cooler conditions, or effective early intervention."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"National Park Service, Curecanti National Recreation Area","role":"Reservoir monitoring, public advisories, and visitor protection"},{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Colorado Water Science Center","role":"Bloom research, monitoring analysis, and data publication"},{"name":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment","role":"State water-quality thresholds and guidance"},{"name":"Bureau of Reclamation","role":"Reservoir operations"}],"public_contact":"Curecanti National Recreation Area; 970-641-2337 ext. 205 | Colorado Water Science Center; 303-236-6900","corrective_actions":["Seasonal NPS toxin sampling and caution/warning signage","USGS continuous water-quality and remote-sensing research","Evaluation of early-warning indicators","Consideration of reservoir-elevation management above about 7,470 feet where operationally feasible"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Environmental characterization of Blue Mesa Reservoir and potential causes of and management strategies for harmful algal blooms, 1970 through 2023","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","date":"2025-12-17","url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20255109","basis":"Primary federal scientific assessment","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Toxic Algae detected in Blue Mesa Reservoir","publisher":"National Park Service","date":"2026-08-13","url":"https://www.nps.gov/cure/learn/news/toxic-algae-detected-in-blue-mesa-reservoir.htm","basis":"Primary current public advisory","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New verified Colorado baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Re-verified: USGS SIR 2025-5109 (Dec. 17, 2025; >8 ug/L microcystin in 2018, 2020-22; low reservoir level main driver) and NPS release Aug. 13, 2026 (low-level toxins below the state threshold, yellow caution signs, no red warnings). Drought.gov Aug. 20, 2026 puts Blue Mesa about 24-26% full."}],"first_seen":"2025-12-17","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Warm shallow conditions during drought","Recurrent fall toxin production","Limits on operational ability to maintain reservoir elevation","Unquantified recreation and treatment impacts"],"related_ids":["co-drought-2026-statewide-record-snow-drought"]},{"id":"US-CO-SURFACEWATER-UPPER-COLORADO-RIVER-SALINITY","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Persistent salinity loading degrades Upper Colorado River Basin water","description":"Total dissolved solids from natural geology, groundwater transport, climate, and irrigation reduce the usefulness of Colorado River water and impose corrosion, treatment, and agricultural-yield costs. New USGS modeling indicates that roughly 75% of stream TDS loading arrives as baseflow and half is delayed by more than one season, complicating rapid management response.","location":{"name":"Persistent salinity loading degrades Upper Colorado River…","type":"Multi-state river basin with major Colorado headwaters","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Colorado","counties":[],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["agricultural","drinking-water-quality","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The principal issue is elevated total dissolved solids delivered to streams, impairing water utility, ecosystems, infrastructure, and agricultural productivity.","secondary_drivers":["The basin-wide cost is material, but no specific Colorado utility revenue, debt, or rate evidence was reviewed."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Persistent salinity loading degrades Upper Colorado River Basin water: The issue affects a basin serving more than 40 million people across the West, is persistent and lagged, and causes hundreds of millions of dollars in annual infrastructure and agricultural damage; Colorado-only effects were not separately quantified. Harm component 1/2.","service":"Persistent salinity loading degrades Upper Colorado River Basin water: USGS's 2025 synthesis identified salinity as an active water-supply impairment, and a 2026 peer-reviewed modeling study found that groundwater baseflow contributes most TDS loading and that much of the load is delayed. Essential-service component 1/2.","scale":"Persistent salinity loading degrades Upper Colorado River Basin water: More than 40 million people depend on the Colorado River Basin; this is the broad potentially affected basin population, not a count experiencing unsafe drinking water. Scale component 2/2.","duration":"Persistent salinity loading degrades Upper Colorado River Basin water: evidence spans 2025-08-05 through 2026-05-01. Duration component 2/2.","significance":"Persistent salinity loading degrades Upper Colorado River Basin water: responsible bodies and formal actions are documented in the cited record. Significance component 1/2."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":40000000,"status":"Reported","note":"USGS fact sheet 2025-3036 (ref 3) states the Colorado River Basin is an important water source for more than 40 million people; this is the broad potentially affected basin population, not a count experiencing unsafe drinking water."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: TDS loading originating as baseflow 75 percent on average"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The basin-wide cost is material, but no specific Colorado utility revenue, debt, or rate evidence was reviewed."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"USGS's 2025 synthesis identified salinity as an active water-supply impairment, and a 2026 peer-reviewed modeling study found that groundwater baseflow contributes most TDS loading and that much of the load is delayed.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: salinity reductions will lag management actions by seasons to years because half of modeled TDS loading is delayed more than one season and most loading reaches streams through baseflow.","horizon":"2-10 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["The 35-year coupled model provides process evidence but does not establish a Colorado-only future concentration path."],"reversal_factors":["Accelerated source controls, hydrologic shifts, or model revision."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey","role":"Source attribution and water-quality research"},{"name":"Bureau of Reclamation Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Program","role":"Basin salinity-control implementation"},{"name":"Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Forum and Colorado agencies","role":"Standards, planning, and project coordination"}],"public_contact":"Colorado Water Science Center; 303-236-6900","corrective_actions":["Federal and state salinity-control projects","USGS source-tracking models","Irrigation-efficiency and salt-load reduction practices"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"The role of groundwater in contributing to surface water salinization in the Upper Colorado River Basin","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey / Geophysical Research Letters","date":"2026-04-18","url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70275185","basis":"Peer-reviewed source-attribution study","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Applying U.S. Geological Survey science to understand effects to water supply in the Upper Colorado River Basin","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","date":"2025-08-05","url":"https://www.usgs.gov/publications/applying-us-geological-survey-science-understand-effects-water-supply-upper-colorado","basis":"Federal basin water-supply synthesis","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"Applying U.S. Geological Survey science to understand effects to water supply in the Upper Colorado River Basin (Fact Sheet 2025-3036)","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","date":"2025-08-01","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2025/3036/fs20253036.pdf","basis":"Federal basin water-supply synthesis (fact sheet dated August 2025)"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New verified Colorado baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Re-verified: GRL paper publication date corrected to April 18, 2026 (was 2026-05-01); 75% baseflow and half delayed more than one season confirmed; 40 million population now cited to USGS FS 2025-3036 (ref 3, dated August 2025) because ref 2 page states no figure; the paper also cites about $350 million per year of TDS damages."}],"first_seen":"2025-08-05","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Long subsurface lag between intervention and stream response","Climate and irrigation changes","Downstream infrastructure and crop losses","No Colorado-only damage allocation"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[{"metric":"replacement_value","value":350000000,"range_low":350000000,"range_high":400000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"per year","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-05-01","scope":{"project":"Colorado River Basin"},"basis":{"definition":"Published basin-wide estimates cited by USGS"},"source_refs":[1],"method":null,"notes":"The 2026 study reports about $350 million/year; the 2025 USGS fact sheet cites about $400 million/year based on a 2020 forum estimate. Preserved as competing dated figures, not summed; no Colorado-only allocation. Original source label: Annual basin-wide salinity damages."}],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CO-AGWATER-2026-DROUGHT-PRODUCER-IMPACTS","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"2026 drought significantly reduced water and forage availability for Colorado producers","description":"Record-low 2026 snowpack and early runoff sharply constrained irrigation, forage, and livestock-water availability. USDA described significant impacts to Colorado agricultural operations and directed producers to drought, grazing-loss, crop-loss, emergency-loan, and water-conservation assistance.","location":{"name":"2026 drought significantly reduced water and forage…","type":"Statewide agricultural sector","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Colorado","counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The primary problem is drought-driven shortage of soil moisture, forage, irrigation water, and livestock water rather than failure of a particular irrigation asset.","secondary_drivers":["USDA explicitly identified financial strain and loan-servicing need among affected producers, but evidence did not establish utility or district insolvency and did not quantify farm defaults."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"2026 drought significantly reduced water and forage availability for Colorado producers: USDA confirmed significant statewide impacts to crops, land, water supplies, livestock and producer finances, while runoff forecasts were far below median across every major basin; quantified statewide losses were not available, limiting the duration/significance score. Harm component 2/2.","service":"2026 drought significantly reduced water and forage availability for Colorado producers: USDA stated that Colorado agricultural operations were significantly impacted by drought and wildfire and opened multiple disaster-assistance, indemnity, emergency-loan, grazing, and water-conservation pathways. Essential-service component 2/2.","scale":"2026 drought significantly reduced water and forage availability for Colorado producers: Colorado had 34,900 farm operations in the 2025 NASS overview, but USDA did not report how many were affected by the 2026 drought; the statewide farm count is not treated as the affected count. Scale component 2/2.","duration":"2026 drought significantly reduced water and forage availability for Colorado producers: evidence spans 2026-05-08 through 2026-07-20. Duration component 1/2.","significance":"2026 drought significantly reduced water and forage availability for Colorado producers: responsible bodies and formal actions are documented in the cited record. Significance component 1/2."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Colorado had 34,900 farm operations in the 2025 NASS overview, but USDA did not report how many were affected by the 2026 drought; the statewide farm count is not treated as the affected count."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Statewide May-July runoff forecast relevant to irrigation supply 24 percent of median at 50 percent exceedance"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["USDA explicitly identified financial strain and loan-servicing need among affected producers, but evidence did not establish utility or district insolvency and did not quantify farm defaults."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"USDA stated that Colorado agricultural operations were significantly impacted by drought and wildfire and opened multiple disaster-assistance, indemnity, emergency-loan, grazing, and water-conservation pathways.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: producer water and forage stress will carry into the 2027 production cycle where reservoirs, soil moisture, or aquifers do not recover during winter 2026-27.","horizon":"Through the 2027 production season","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Record-low runoff, USDA's confirmed 2026 impacts, and persistent long-term drought support carryover risk; farm-level assistance uptake and winter precipitation remain unknown."],"reversal_factors":["Above-normal winter snowpack, timely spring precipitation, sufficient carryover storage, or broad assistance uptake."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"USDA Farm Service Agency","role":"Livestock Forage Disaster Program, emergency loans, conservation and other disaster assistance"},{"name":"USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service","role":"Water-supply forecasts, conservation planning, and EQIP support"},{"name":"USDA Risk Management Agency","role":"Federal crop-insurance oversight"},{"name":"Colorado Department of Agriculture and Agricultural Impact Task Force","role":"State impact assessment and producer coordination"}],"public_contact":"Local USDA Service Center","corrective_actions":["Livestock Forage Disaster Program and Emergency Assistance for Livestock, Honeybees, and Farm-Raised Fish","Emergency farm loans and loan servicing","Emergency Conservation Program livestock-watering and irrigation measures","Emergency and non-emergency CRP grazing","NRCS conservation planning and potential EQIP assistance"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"USDA Offers Disaster Assistance to Agricultural Producers in Colorado Impacted by Drought and Wildfire","publisher":"USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service","date":"2026-07-20","url":"https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/state-offices/colorado/news/usda-offers-disaster-assistance-to-agricultural-producers-in-colorado-0","basis":"Primary federal impact and assistance notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Colorado Water Supply Forecasts Remain Well Below Median Following Early Melt","publisher":"USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service","date":"2026-05-08","url":"https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/state-offices/colorado/news/colorado-water-supply-forecasts-remain-well-below-median-following","basis":"Primary irrigation-supply forecast"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New verified Colorado baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2026-05-08","latest_seen":"2026-07-20","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Unquantified crop, grazing, and herd losses","Producer debt and cash-flow pressure","Reduced irrigation allocations","Persistent aquifer and reservoir deficits","Wind erosion and long-term forage loss"],"related_ids":["co-drought-2026-statewide-record-snow-drought","co-groundwater-san-luis-valley-aquifer-depletion"]},{"id":"US-CO-STORMWATER-2024-OURAY-MONTROSE-FLOOD-DEBRIS-FLOW","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"2024 Ouray-Montrose flood and debris flow damaged Dolores River transportation infrastructure","description":"Monsoonal flooding and debris flow in August 2024 damaged infrastructure in Ouray County and the abutment embankment of the CO 141 bridge over the Dolores River in Montrose County. Additional damage identified later prompted an amended state disaster order in 2025.","location":{"name":"2024 Ouray-Montrose flood and debris flow damaged Dolores…","type":"Multi-county flood and debris-flow corridor","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Colorado","counties":["Ouray","Montrose"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A monsoonal flood and debris flow caused the hazard while damage to a bridge abutment and related state infrastructure created the continuing recovery need.","secondary_drivers":["No water-utility financial model is implicated."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"2024 Ouray-Montrose flood and debris flow damaged Dolores River transportation infrastructure: The event damaged state transportation infrastructure in two counties and required a continuing disaster order, but no water-service outage, affected-population count, or total damage amount was reported in the reviewed order. Harm component 1/2.","service":"2024 Ouray-Montrose flood and debris flow damaged Dolores River transportation infrastructure: The governor amended the disaster order in 2025 after CDOT identified additional state-infrastructure damage in Montrose County and authorized pursuit of federal reimbursement. Essential-service component 1/2.","scale":"2024 Ouray-Montrose flood and debris flow damaged Dolores River transportation infrastructure: No population count was provided. Scale component 1/2.","duration":"2024 Ouray-Montrose flood and debris flow damaged Dolores River transportation infrastructure: evidence spans 2024-08-12 through 2025-02-01. Duration component 1/2.","significance":"2024 Ouray-Montrose flood and debris flow damaged Dolores River transportation infrastructure: responsible bodies and formal actions are documented in the cited record. Significance component 2/2."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population count was provided."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No water-utility financial model is implicated."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The governor amended the disaster order in 2025 after CDOT identified additional state-infrastructure damage in Montrose County and authorized pursuit of federal reimbursement.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient evidence for a quantified projection; recovery was underway but final completion and reimbursement were not located.","horizon":"Not specified","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["A 2025 amended disaster order documents continued recovery."],"reversal_factors":["Additional damage or renewed flooding."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Colorado Office of the Governor","role":"State disaster declaration and amended funding authority"},{"name":"Colorado Department of Transportation","role":"Damage identification, repair, and reimbursement pursuit"},{"name":"Affected counties","role":"Local response and recovery"}],"public_contact":"Responsible office public contact was not reported in reviewed sources.","corrective_actions":["State disaster declaration","Identification and repair of additional infrastructure damage","Authority for CDOT to seek federal reimbursement"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Executive Order D 2025 002, Amending Disaster Emergency Due to Flooding and Debris Flow in Ouray County","publisher":"Office of Governor Jared Polis","date":"2025-02-07","url":"https://spl.cde.state.co.us/artemis/goserials/go4312internet/go43122025002internet.pdf","basis":"Primary state disaster order","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Colorado baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Re-verified: EO D 2025 002 (Feb. 7, 2025) amends D 2024 014; August 2024 flooding in Ouray County, Aug. 12, 2024 damage to CO 141 bridge K-01-B abutment over the Dolores River (Montrose County), estimated about $3,000,000. Source date corrected from 2025-02-01 to the order date Feb. 7, 2025."}],"first_seen":"2024-08-12","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Final repair cost and completion status not reported","Future monsoonal flood and debris-flow exposure"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CO-INDUSTRIAL-BISHOP-WELL-RELEASE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Bishop A18-742 oil-well release to Willow Creek and Greeley 2 Canal","description":"Bishop A18-742 oil-well release to Willow Creek and Greeley 2 Canal. EPA states Chevron is conducting remediation under ECMC oversight, with remedial completion estimated for spring 2030.","location":{"name":"Bishop A18-742 oil well","type":"oil well","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Galeton, Weld County, Colorado","counties":["Weld"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The principal issue is an uncontrolled oil discharge to two surface-water conveyances; extended remediation is secondary to the contamination event.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Bishop A18-742 oil-well release to Willow Creek and Greeley 2 Canal: Oil reached surface waters, prompted evacuation and school closure, and requires regulator-supervised remediation projected through 2030; affected population and volume are unreported. Harm component 2/2.","service":"Bishop A18-742 oil-well release to Willow Creek and Greeley 2 Canal: EPA states Chevron is conducting remediation under ECMC oversight, with remedial completion estimated for spring 2030. Essential-service component 1/2.","scale":"Bishop A18-742 oil-well release to Willow Creek and Greeley 2 Canal: Not reported; a 0.5-mile evacuation radius affected nearby residents and Galeton Elementary School closed temporarily. Scale component 1/2.","duration":"Bishop A18-742 oil-well release to Willow Creek and Greeley 2 Canal: evidence spans 2025-04-06 through 2026-10-10. Duration component 2/2.","significance":"Bishop A18-742 oil-well release to Willow Creek and Greeley 2 Canal: responsible bodies and formal actions are documented in the cited record. Significance component 2/2."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported; a 0.5-mile evacuation radius affected nearby residents and Galeton Elementary School closed temporarily."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported: release volume gallons"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["['confirmed insolvency bankruptcy default receivership: No', 'financial stress: Unknown']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"EPA states Chevron is conducting remediation under ECMC oversight, with remedial completion estimated for spring 2030.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: remediation is likely to remain active through the near term, consistent with ECMC's spring 2030 estimate.","horizon":"through spring 2030","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Regulatory plan and operator funding remain intact."],"reversal_factors":["Accelerated cleanup, revised site characterization, or schedule slippage."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Chevron (response/remediation)"},{"name":"Colorado Energy and Carbon Management Commission (current regulatory oversight)"},{"name":"EPA Region 8 (initial federal response)"},{"name":"CDPHE"},{"name":"Weld County"},{"name":"Galeton Fire District"}],"public_contact":"Taylor Bowker; EPA Federal On-Scene Coordinator; bowker.taylor@epa.gov","corrective_actions":["Well release stopped April 10, 2025","Containment and sorbent replacement in Willow Creek","Daily surface-water sampling during initial response","Long-term remediation under ECMC oversight"],"sources":[{"ref":"S1","title":"Bishop Well Release","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://response.epa.gov/site/site_profile.aspx?site_id=16869","basis":"Primary federal incident and status record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified Colorado baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Re-verified: EPA page: release reported April 6, 2025, well control stopped it April 10, 2025, Galeton, unknown quantity of oil to Willow Creek and Greeley 2 Canal, Chevron remediating under ECMC oversight, completion estimated spring 2030; page shows no updated date so source date cleared."}],"first_seen":"2025-04-06","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-CO-INDUSTRIAL-BONITA-PEAK-MINING-DISTRICT","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Bonita Peak Mining District metals contamination and continuing Superfund investigation","description":"Bonita Peak Mining District metals contamination and continuing Superfund investigation. EPA completed the 2019 interim remedy at 23 source areas on March 31, 2026, but continues the RI/FS, groundwater investigation, risk assessments, and remedy selection for Eureka, Kittimac, and Howardsville. EPA expects future cleanup actions to be selected over the next two to three years and says it will provide opportunities for public comment.","location":{"name":"Bonita Peak Mining District Superfund Site","type":"historic mining district / NPL Superfund site","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Silverton, San Juan County, Colorado","counties":["San Juan"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Historic mining has contaminated groundwater and surface water with heavy metals across a mining district; cleanup works address the contamination sources.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Bonita Peak Mining District metals contamination and continuing Superfund investigation: Persistent multi-source heavy-metal contamination affects a major watershed and remains under a district-scale Superfund response despite completion of one interim phase. Harm component 2/2.","service":"Bonita Peak Mining District metals contamination and continuing Superfund investigation: EPA completed the 2019 interim remedy at 23 source areas on March 31, 2026, but continues the RI/FS, groundwater investigation, risk assessments, and remedy selection for Eureka, Kittimac, and Howardsville. Essential-service component 1/2.","scale":"Bonita Peak Mining District metals contamination and continuing Superfund investigation: Not reported; watershed-scale ecological and downstream community exposure area. Scale component 2/2.","duration":"Bonita Peak Mining District metals contamination and continuing Superfund investigation: evidence spans 2016-09-09 through 2026-04-21. Duration component 2/2.","significance":"Bonita Peak Mining District metals contamination and continuing Superfund investigation: responsible bodies and formal actions are documented in the cited record. Significance component 2/2."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported; watershed-scale ecological and downstream community exposure area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: interim-remedy source areas completed 23 mine source areas"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["['confirmed insolvency bankruptcy default receivership: No', 'financial stress: Unknown']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"EPA completed the 2019 interim remedy at 23 source areas on March 31, 2026, but continues the RI/FS, groundwater investigation, risk assessments, and remedy selection for Eureka, Kittimac, and Howardsville.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: investigation and remedy selection will continue while metals migration risk remains, even after the interim source-area milestone.","horizon":"2026-2029","confidence":"High","assumptions":["EPA's published RI/FS and priority-area schedule proceeds."],"reversal_factors":["New discharge pathways, remedy failure, or funding/schedule changes."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA"},{"name":"CDPHE"},{"name":"U.S. Forest Service"},{"name":"Bureau of Land Management"},{"name":"San Juan County and responsible parties as applicable"}],"public_contact":"Responsible office public contact was not reported in reviewed sources.","corrective_actions":["2019 IROD work completed at 23 source areas March 31, 2026","Ongoing RI/FS and groundwater-system investigation","Future remedy selection planned for three priority areas over the next two to three years","Gladstone interim treatment remains part of removal program"],"sources":[{"ref":"S2","title":"Announcements - Bonita Peak Mining District","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-04-21","url":"https://www.epa.gov/bpmd/announcements","basis":"Primary Superfund milestone","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":"S3","title":"Current Activities - Bonita Peak Mining District","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-09-21","url":"https://www.epa.gov/bpmd/current-activities","basis":"Primary current cleanup plan","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New verified Colorado baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Re-verified: Announcements page (updated April 21, 2026) confirms 23-source-area interim remedy complete March 31, 2026; Current Activities page now shows last updated Sept. 21, 2026 (record had 2026-03-31) with RI/FS, risk assessments and groundwater study continuing and next remedy selections expected in two to three years."}],"first_seen":"2016-09-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-CO-INDUSTRIAL-GOVERNOR-BASIN-MINE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Governor Basin mine-waste and Terrible Two adit drainage removal","description":"Governor Basin mine-waste and Terrible Two adit drainage removal. EPA describes a time-critical removal with a USFS closure scheduled through November 30, 2026 unless lifted earlier.","location":{"name":"Governor Basin Mine / Terrible Two adit","type":"abandoned mine","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Ouray vicinity, Ouray County, Colorado","counties":["Ouray"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Lead- and arsenic-bearing mine waste and adit drainage are entering headwaters; erosion and drainage controls are corrective infrastructure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Governor Basin mine-waste and Terrible Two adit drainage removal: Ongoing contaminated drainage and sediment affect headwaters and a heavily used recreation area, requiring a time-critical CERCLA removal and extended closure. Harm component 2/2.","service":"Governor Basin mine-waste and Terrible Two adit drainage removal: EPA describes a time-critical removal with a USFS closure scheduled through November 30, 2026 unless lifted earlier. Essential-service component 1/2.","scale":"Governor Basin mine-waste and Terrible Two adit drainage removal: Not reported; the area is heavily used for summer recreation. Scale component 1/2.","duration":"Governor Basin mine-waste and Terrible Two adit drainage removal: evidence spans 2026-07-13 through 2026-10-10. Duration component 2/2.","significance":"Governor Basin mine-waste and Terrible Two adit drainage removal: responsible bodies and formal actions are documented in the cited record. Significance component 2/2."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported; the area is heavily used for summer recreation."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: planned closure end date"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["['confirmed insolvency bankruptcy default receivership: No', 'financial stress: Unknown']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"EPA describes a time-critical removal with a USFS closure scheduled through November 30, 2026 unless lifted earlier.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: near-term contamination controls should reduce sediment migration if completed as designed.","horizon":"through 2027","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Removal is completed and controls perform."],"reversal_factors":["Severe runoff, newly identified impoundment risk, or incomplete work."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA"},{"name":"U.S. Forest Service GMUG Ouray Ranger District"},{"name":"Fafo Holdings, LLC"},{"name":"current property owners"}],"public_contact":"Taylor Bowker; EPA On-Scene Coordinator; bowker.taylor@epa.gov","corrective_actions":["Consolidate hazardous mine waste","Install drainage channels","Implement erosion controls","Temporarily close active work areas"],"sources":[{"ref":"S4","title":"Governor Basin","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-07-13","url":"https://response.epa.gov/site/site_profile.aspx?site_id=16475","basis":"Primary removal-action record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified Colorado baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Re-verified: time-critical removal under EPA oversight by Fafo Holdings LLC; USFS closure July 13-25 and Aug. 3 through Nov. 30, 2026 (may lift earlier); no newer update posted (latest photos dated Sept. 24, 2026)."}],"first_seen":"2026-07-13","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-CO-INDUSTRIAL-SAINTS-JOHN-MINE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Saints John Mine uncontrolled adit discharge and heavy-metal erosion","description":"Saints John Mine uncontrolled adit discharge and heavy-metal erosion. EPA projected completion by September 11, 2025, but the site page does not explicitly confirm final completion; absence of a completion notice is not treated as resolution.","location":{"name":"Saints John Mine","type":"abandoned mine","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Montezuma, Summit County, Colorado","counties":["Summit"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Uncontrolled mine drainage and heavy-metal waste erosion into the Snake River headwaters are the primary harms.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Saints John Mine uncontrolled adit discharge and heavy-metal erosion: Perennial discharge and recurring erosion of heavy-metal waste affect watershed headwaters and prompted a time-critical federal removal; no essential-service impact is documented. Harm component 2/2.","service":"Saints John Mine uncontrolled adit discharge and heavy-metal erosion: EPA projected completion by September 11, 2025, but the site page does not explicitly confirm final completion; absence of a completion notice is not treated as resolution. Essential-service component 0/2.","scale":"Saints John Mine uncontrolled adit discharge and heavy-metal erosion: Not reported. Scale component 1/2.","duration":"Saints John Mine uncontrolled adit discharge and heavy-metal erosion: evidence spans 2024-09-11 through 2025-09-11. Duration component 2/2.","significance":"Saints John Mine uncontrolled adit discharge and heavy-metal erosion: responsible bodies and formal actions are documented in the cited record. Significance component 2/2."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: removal start date"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["['confirmed insolvency bankruptcy default receivership: No', 'financial stress: Unknown']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"EPA projected completion by September 11, 2025, but the site page does not explicitly confirm final completion; absence of a completion notice is not treated as resolution.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA"}],"public_contact":"Brian Croft; EPA On-Scene Coordinator; croft.brian@epa.gov","corrective_actions":["Control adit discharge","Install stormwater and erosion controls","Seasonal removal work resumed June 23, 2025"],"sources":[{"ref":"S5","title":"Saints John Mine","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2025-06-23","url":"https://response.epa.gov/site/site_profile.aspx?site_id=16476","basis":"Primary removal-action status","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New verified Colorado baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Re-verified: removal began Sept. 11, 2024, paused for winter Sept. 29, 2024, resumed June 23, 2025, projected completion Sept. 11, 2025; the page still shows no completion notice."}],"first_seen":"2024-09-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-CO-INDUSTRIAL-BUCKSKIN-JOE-MINE","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Buckskin Joe Mine water-quality risk above Alma potable-water intake","description":"Buckskin Joe Mine water-quality risk above Alma potable-water intake. EPA's latest indexed 2024 update documents completed and ongoing waste removal/capping but does not declare the entire site resolved.","location":{"name":"Buckskin Joe Mine","type":"abandoned mine","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Alma, Park County, Colorado","counties":["Park"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A partially collapsed adit creates a physical impoundment/release hazard while existing mine-influenced water and waste-rock metals threaten Buckskin Creek above Alma's potable intake.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Buckskin Joe Mine water-quality risk above Alma potable-water intake: Mine-influenced water lies upstream of a municipal potable intake and an uncontrolled mine-pool release is possible; federal removal reduced but did not formally close the risk. Harm component 2/2.","service":"Buckskin Joe Mine water-quality risk above Alma potable-water intake: EPA's latest indexed 2024 update documents completed and ongoing waste removal/capping but does not declare the entire site resolved. Essential-service component 1/2.","scale":"Buckskin Joe Mine water-quality risk above Alma potable-water intake: Town of Alma service population not reported in source. Scale component 1/2.","duration":"Buckskin Joe Mine water-quality risk above Alma potable-water intake: evidence spans 2020-08-12 through 2024-08-08. Duration component 1/2.","significance":"Buckskin Joe Mine water-quality risk above Alma potable-water intake: responsible bodies and formal actions are documented in the cited record. Significance component 2/2."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Town of Alma service population not reported in source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: distance west of Alma 1.8 miles"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["['unfunded contaminant cost: Unknown', 'dependence on external cleanup support: Yes', 'confirmed insolvency bankruptcy default receivership: No']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"EPA's latest indexed 2024 update documents completed and ongoing waste removal/capping but does not declare the entire site resolved.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: completed capping and removal should reduce metals loading, but the collapsed-adit release hazard warrants continued monitoring.","horizon":"2026-2028","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Caps and erosion controls remain intact."],"reversal_factors":["Mine-pool release, cap failure, or new seepage."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA"},{"name":"Colorado Division of Reclamation, Mining and Safety"},{"name":"U.S. Forest Service"},{"name":"Minewater LLC"}],"public_contact":"Todd DeGarmo; EPA On-Scene Coordinator; degarmo.todd@epa.gov","corrective_actions":["Waste and tailings removal","Clay cap and armoring at area 4","Erosion control and revegetation","Transfer of removed material to London Mine for reprocessing"],"sources":[{"ref":"S6","title":"Buckskin Joe Mine Site","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2024-08-08","url":"https://response.epa.gov/site/site_profile.aspx?site_id=14878","basis":"Primary removal-action record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified Colorado baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Re-verified: site is about 1.8 miles west of Alma; latest status entry Aug. 8, 2024 (Areas 6 and 7 capped 2023; 2024 removal in Areas 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10; Area 2 waste to be fully removed for reprocessing); no newer status entry."}],"first_seen":"2020-08-12","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-CO-INDUSTRIAL-ORPHAN-BOY-MINE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Orphan Boy Mine drainage removal completed","description":"Orphan Boy Mine drainage removal completed. EPA issued a letter of completion January 14, 2025 after fall 2024 removal work.","location":{"name":"Orphan Boy Mine","type":"abandoned gold and silver mine","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Alma, Park County, Colorado","counties":["Park"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Heavy-metal mine drainage into wetlands and Mosquito Creek was the primary issue; the removal redirected drainage and isolated waste.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Orphan Boy Mine drainage removal completed: The documented local metals pathway was addressed and EPA formally completed the removal; residual monitoring data were not provided. Harm component 1/2.","service":"Orphan Boy Mine drainage removal completed: EPA issued a letter of completion January 14, 2025 after fall 2024 removal work. Essential-service component 0/2.","scale":"Orphan Boy Mine drainage removal completed: Not reported. Scale component 1/2.","duration":"Orphan Boy Mine drainage removal completed: evidence spans 2024-08-19 through 2025-01-14. Duration component 0/2.","significance":"Orphan Boy Mine drainage removal completed: responsible bodies and formal actions are documented in the cited record. Significance component 1/2."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: documented cleanup resources 310000 approximately USD"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["['dependence on temporary grants: Yes for cleanup project', 'confirmed insolvency bankruptcy default receivership: No']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"EPA issued a letter of completion January 14, 2025 after fall 2024 removal work.","projection":{"statement":"No forward projection beyond continued verification because post-completion monitoring results were not located.","horizon":"Not applicable","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Removal controls remain intact."],"reversal_factors":["Renewed drainage through waste or control failure."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Trout Unlimited"},{"name":"U.S. EPA"},{"name":"Park County"},{"name":"Colorado Division of Reclamation, Mining and Safety"},{"name":"landowner and contributing mining companies/funders"}],"public_contact":"Martin McComb; EPA On-Scene Coordinator; mccomb.martin@epa.gov","corrective_actions":["Redirect adit discharge around waste pile","Regrade, cap, and revegetate waste pile","Install erosion controls","EPA completion letter"],"sources":[{"ref":"S7","title":"Orphan Boy Mine","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2025-01-14","url":"https://response.epa.gov/site/site_profile.aspx?site_id=15150","basis":"Primary completion/status record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":"S8","title":"The Office of Mountains, Deserts, and Plains Mission - What Fuels Our Work?","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-07-15","url":"https://www.epa.gov/cleanups/office-mountains-deserts-and-plains-mission-what-fuels-our-work","basis":"Primary EPA financial/resource summary using April 2024 work-plan values","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"New verified Colorado baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"Re-verified: EPA letter of completion Jan. 14, 2025 after Trout Unlimited Good Samaritan removal (Aug. 19, 2024 to fall 2024); site profile now inactive; EPA mission page (last updated July 15, 2026, record had 2025-06-01) confirms about $310,000 total funding. Source date for ref S8 corrected."}],"first_seen":"2024-08-19","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":200031.55,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-04-01","scope":{"project":"Orphan Boy removal"},"source_refs":["S8"],"notes":"Combined total of distinct $135,031.55 CWCB and $65,000 Land and Water Trust Fund awards; do not add the component awards again.","funding_stage":"secured"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","value":109810.7,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-04-01","scope":{"project":"Park County, mining companies, Trout Unlimited chapter, DRMS, and landowner"},"source_refs":["S8"],"notes":"Original source label: in-kind and cash match."}],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CO-INDUSTRIAL-STANDARD-MINE-MONITORING","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Standard Mine Superfund site remains under extended water-quality monitoring","description":"Standard Mine Superfund site remains under extended water-quality monitoring. EPA's May 2025 review found the remedy currently protective, but water-quality monitoring continues through 2027 before deciding whether passive treatment is necessary.","location":{"name":"Standard Mine Superfund Site","type":"former mine / NPL Superfund site","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Crested Butte vicinity, Gunnison County, Colorado","counties":["Gunnison"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The remaining decision is whether mine-water contamination requires passive treatment after extended monitoring; the installed bulkhead is a source-control measure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Standard Mine Superfund site remains under extended water-quality monitoring: The remedy is currently protective, but a longstanding mine-water issue remains under Superfund monitoring and may require a second treatment phase. Harm component 1/2.","service":"Standard Mine Superfund site remains under extended water-quality monitoring: EPA's May 2025 review found the remedy currently protective, but water-quality monitoring continues through 2027 before deciding whether passive treatment is necessary. Essential-service component 0/2.","scale":"Standard Mine Superfund site remains under extended water-quality monitoring: Not reported. Scale component 1/2.","duration":"Standard Mine Superfund site remains under extended water-quality monitoring: evidence spans 2005-01-01 through 2025-06-01. Duration component 2/2.","significance":"Standard Mine Superfund site remains under extended water-quality monitoring: responsible bodies and formal actions are documented in the cited record. Significance component 1/2."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: capped mine-waste repository area 1.6 acres"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["['confirmed insolvency bankruptcy default receivership: No', 'financial stress: Unknown']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"EPA's May 2025 review found the remedy currently protective, but water-quality monitoring continues through 2027 before deciding whether passive treatment is necessary.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: no passive-treatment decision is expected until after the monitoring program ends in 2027.","horizon":"through 2027","confidence":"High","assumptions":["EPA schedule remains unchanged."],"reversal_factors":["New monitoring results or an acute release."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA"},{"name":"CDPHE"}],"public_contact":"Jessica Duggan; EPA Remedial Project Manager; duggan.jessica@epa.gov; 303-312-6195","corrective_actions":["Flow-through bulkhead and surface-water controls","Mine-waste repository inspection and maintenance","Water-quality monitoring through 2027","Institutional-control planning"],"sources":[{"ref":"S9","title":"Second Five-Year Review Fact Sheet - Standard Mine Superfund Site","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2025-06-01","url":"https://semspub.epa.gov/work/08/100017434.pdf","basis":"Primary Superfund review","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New verified Colorado baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Re-verified: EPA fact sheet (June 2025): second five-year review completed May 2025, remedy currently protective, 1.6 acre capped repository, monitoring extended through 2027 before deciding on Phase 2 passive treatment."}],"first_seen":"2005-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-CO-GOVERNANCE-CDPHE-STATE-LAB-CERTIFICATION","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Colorado state laboratory drinking-water certification and data-quality failure","description":"Colorado state laboratory drinking-water certification and data-quality failure. EPA's page, last updated December 29, 2025, states its evaluation is ongoing; legislative staff documented suspended in-house water chemistry testing, contracted testing, and a six-item corrective plan.","location":{"name":"CDPHE State Public Health Laboratory chemistry program","type":"state regulatory laboratory","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Statewide; disproportionately used by small and rural water systems, Colorado","counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The central failure is statewide laboratory governance, quality control, staffing, and obsolete systems that caused EPA certification revocations and suspended testing.","secondary_drivers":["obsolete equipment and systems: Yes","weak management capacity or accountability: Yes","dependence on contract testing: Yes","appropriations not keeping up with costs and demand: Yes","confirmed insolvency bankruptcy default receivership: No"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Colorado state laboratory drinking-water certification and data-quality failure: EPA revoked methods and chemistry testing was suspended statewide, with 227 user systems and unresolved data review; initial review suggested limited health impact, so harm receives one point. Harm component 1/2.","service":"Colorado state laboratory drinking-water certification and data-quality failure: EPA's page, last updated December 29, 2025, states its evaluation is ongoing; legislative staff documented suspended in-house water chemistry testing, contracted testing, and a six-item corrective plan. Essential-service component 1/2.","scale":"Colorado state laboratory drinking-water certification and data-quality failure: 227 water systems have used the lab since 2018; 69 systems had potentially affected results in an initial review and 24 needed retesting. Customer population not reported. Scale component 2/2.","duration":"Colorado state laboratory drinking-water certification and data-quality failure: evidence spans 2024-04-18 through 2025-12-29. Duration component 2/2.","significance":"Colorado state laboratory drinking-water certification and data-quality failure: responsible bodies and formal actions are documented in the cited record. Significance component 2/2."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"227 water systems have used the lab since 2018; 69 systems had potentially affected results in an initial review and 24 needed retesting. Customer population not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: state-lab user systems since 2018 227 water systems"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["obsolete equipment and systems: Yes","weak management capacity or accountability: Yes","dependence on contract testing: Yes","appropriations not keeping up with costs and demand: Yes","confirmed insolvency bankruptcy default receivership: No"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"EPA's page, last updated December 29, 2025, states its evaluation is ongoing; legislative staff documented suspended in-house water chemistry testing, contracted testing, and a six-item corrective plan.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: contracted/hybrid testing and corrective investment should preserve testing coverage, but full in-house recertification remains a multi-step risk until EPA closes all six corrective items.","horizon":"2026-2027","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Requested equipment, review, and staffing actions are funded and implemented."],"reversal_factors":["Expanded data-quality scope, procurement delays, or additional certification findings."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"CDPHE State Public Health Laboratory","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"CDPHE senior executive team","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 8","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Colorado General Assembly Joint Budget Committee","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"r8eisc@epa.gov","corrective_actions":["Full review of 2018-2024 methods and analysts","Retesting for affected systems","Equipment and LIMS upgrades","Increased quality-control staffing","Crisis-response and communication protocols","Contracting out tests while certification is restored"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA Actions to Address Drinking Water Testing and Quality Control Concerns at CDPHE State Public Health Laboratory","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2025-12-29","url":"https://www.epa.gov/co/addressing-cdphe-lab-drinking-water-testing-quality-control-concerns","basis":"Primary certification oversight","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Interim Supplemental Budget Requests for FY 2025-26: State Laboratory","publisher":"Colorado Legislative Council / Joint Budget Committee staff","date":"2025-11-20","url":"https://content.leg.colorado.gov/sites/default/files/PubHea1331-11-20-25_0.pdf","basis":"Primary state budget and corrective-action analysis","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified Colorado baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Re-verified: EPA page last updated Dec. 29, 2025 (evaluation ongoing; no later developments listed); legislative issue brief dated Nov. 20, 2025 confirms 227 water systems used the state lab since 2018, in-house chemistry suspended December 2024, six-item corrective plan."}],"first_seen":"2024-04-18","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","value":296053,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-11-20","scope":{"project":"Full 2018-2024 chemistry data review"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original source label: remaining half of affected-data review request.","basis":{"definition":""}},{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","value":571000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-11-20","scope":{"project":"Three instruments, maintenance, LIMS connections, and revalidation supplies"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original source label: equipment and technology request.","basis":{"definition":""}},{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","value":75000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-11-20","scope":{"project":"Chemistry-unit QA and management procedures"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original source label: quality-assurance contractor request.","basis":{"definition":""}},{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","value":1100000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-11-20","scope":{"project":"Entire state laboratory"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Legislative staff considered this less directly tied to chemistry recertification. Original source label: lab-wide risk and asset management contractor request.","basis":{"definition":""}},{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","value":70000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"more than USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-11-20","scope":{"project":"State funding received for distribution; primacy is a requirement for some federal funding"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"This is exposure context, not a documented loss. Original source label: 2025 Drinking Water Revolving Fund exposure.","basis":{"definition":""}}],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CO-GOVERNANCE-BROOMFIELD-UTILITY-RATE-RESET","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Broomfield utility rate reset after below-market rates and projected fund depletion","description":"Broomfield utility rate reset after below-market rates and projected fund depletion. The city implemented a roughly 50% source-defined combined-bill increase for 2025, followed by an approved 15% increase for 2026 and planned 7% annual increases thereafter; an assistance program is active. The city FAQ projected a 2026 average bill of $138.05; the adopted-rates page lists $136.79 for 2026 versus $119.90 for 2025.","location":{"name":"City and County of Broomfield Utility Funds","type":"water, sewer, reclaimed-water, and stormwater enterprise funds","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Broomfield, City and County of Broomfield utility customers, Colorado","counties":["Broomfield"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","wastewater-sewer","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The core issue is revenue adequacy: prior below-market rates could not sustain operating, reserve, debt, and capital needs, leading to a sharp multi-year rate reset.","secondary_drivers":["chronic operating deficits or negative unrestricted cash flow: Yes - modeled operating balances remain negative through much of plan","liquidity or reserve depletion: Yes - modeled fund depletion without rate action","capital needs exceed current revenue capacity: Yes","rates structurally too low: Yes - city states below-market rates were unsustainable","rate increase affordability pressure: Yes","dependence on debt: Yes for major water tanks and wastewater expansion","confirmed insolvency bankruptcy default receivership: No"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Broomfield utility rate reset after below-market rates and projected fund depletion: No current harm or outage is documented, but modeled fund depletion and major capital needs forced a steep, multi-year rate path to protect continuity and pressure. Harm component 0/2.","service":"Broomfield utility rate reset after below-market rates and projected fund depletion: The city implemented a roughly 50% source-defined combined-bill increase for 2025, followed by an approved 15% increase for 2026 and planned 7% annual increases thereafter; an assistance program is active. Essential-service component 1/2.","scale":"Broomfield utility rate reset after below-market rates and projected fund depletion: Utility customer count not reported in reviewed sources; Broomfield residents and businesses. Scale component 1/2.","duration":"Broomfield utility rate reset after below-market rates and projected fund depletion: evidence spans 2024-08-20 through 2026-01-01. Duration component 2/2.","significance":"Broomfield utility rate reset after below-market rates and projected fund depletion: responsible bodies and formal actions are documented in the cited record. Significance component 2/2."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Utility customer count not reported in reviewed sources; Broomfield residents and businesses."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: source-defined average single-family combined monthly bill 119.9 USD/month"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["chronic operating deficits or negative unrestricted cash flow: Yes - modeled operating balances remain negative through much of plan","liquidity or reserve depletion: Yes - modeled fund depletion without rate action","capital needs exceed current revenue capacity: Yes","rates structurally too low: Yes - city states below-market rates were unsustainable","rate increase affordability pressure: Yes","dependence on debt: Yes for major water tanks and wastewater expansion","confirmed insolvency bankruptcy default receivership: No"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The city implemented a roughly 50% source-defined combined-bill increase for 2025, followed by an approved 15% increase for 2026 and planned 7% annual increases thereafter; an assistance program is active.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: adopted rate increases should improve revenue adequacy and preserve positive modeled water reserves, while household cost pressure remains elevated through the rate-plan horizon.","horizon":"2026-2028","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Rates remain in effect, demand and capital costs track city assumptions, and bond access remains available."],"reversal_factors":["Rate rollback, construction escalation, demand/revenue shock, or added compliance costs."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Broomfield City Council","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"City and County of Broomfield Public Works / utility enterprise funds","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Financial Leadership on Water advisory committee","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"303-469-3301","corrective_actions":["2025 combined-bill reset and new stormwater fee","15% 2026 increases","Planned 7% increases in 2027 and 2028","Utility Rate Assistance Fund","Bonding for water tanks and wastewater expansion"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Utility Rate Increase Overview","publisher":"City and County of Broomfield","date":"2025-10-28","url":"https://www.broomfield.org/4214/Utility-Rate-Increase-Overview","basis":"Official adopted 2026 rates and assistance","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Broomfield utility-rate FAQ","publisher":"City and County of Broomfield","date":"2024-10-22","url":"https://broomfield.org/m/faq","basis":"Official 2025 bill and rate basis","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"Enterprise Fund / Utility Rate Study Session 2024","publisher":"City and County of Broomfield","date":"2024-08-20","url":"https://www.broomfield.org/DocumentCenter/View/45915/Enterprise-Fund-_Utility-Rate---Study-Session-2024","basis":"Official financial scenarios","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":4,"title":"Final 2022 Utility Rate Study","publisher":"City and County of Broomfield / Willdan","date":"2022-08-25","url":"https://www.broomfield.org/DocumentCenter/View/45916/FINAL_2022-Utility-Rate-Study-Report_08252022","basis":"Official capital and debt baseline encountered during current-window research","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Colorado baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Re-verified: overview page (Oct. 28, 2025 approval): 15% increase for 2026, average single-family bill $119.90 (2025) to $136.79 (2026), Utility Rate Assistance Fund max $240; FAQ shows $80.05 to $119.90 (50%) for 2025 and projected 15%/7%/7% for 2026-2028; study session and 2022 rate study opened. FAQ page carries no date, so the 2024-10-22 source date could not be confirmed."}],"first_seen":"2024-08-20","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"typical_residential_bill","value":136.79,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD/month","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-01-01","scope":{"utility":"City and County of Broomfield","customer_class":"Single-family residential","service_type":"Combined water, wastewater, and stormwater"},"basis":{"definition":"9,000 gallons water, 6,000 gallons winter sewer, includes stormwater","consumption":"9,000 gallons water and 6,000 gallons winter sewer use","billing_period":"monthly","services_included":["water","wastewater","stormwater"],"included_charges":["fixed and volumetric water charges","wastewater charges","stormwater charges"]},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original source label: 2026 combined typical bill."},{"metric":"fixed_charge","value":36.91,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD/month","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-01-01","scope":{"utility":"City and County of Broomfield","customer_class":"Residential 3/4-inch meter","service_type":"Water"},"basis":{"definition":"Up from $16.93 in 2024","billing_period":"monthly","services_included":["water"],"included_charges":["fixed water base charge"]},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original source label: water fixed base charge."}],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"cip_total","value":124.75,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD millions","status":"Reported","period_start":"2022-01-01","period_end":"2027-12-31","scope":{"project":"Water growth and non-growth capital"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"2022 study value; retained as forward-plan context. Original source label: water CIP 2022-2027.","funding_stage":"estimated","basis":{"definition":""}}],"operating_health":[{"metric":"unrestricted_reserves","value":-53.9,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD millions","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2028-12-31","scope":{"utility":"City and County of Broomfield","program":"Modeled scenario without 2025 rate action"},"basis":{"definition":"2024 city scenario projection"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Scenario, not actual deficit. Original source label: modeled water-fund balance without 2025 rate action."},{"metric":"unrestricted_reserves","value":4.5,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD millions","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2028-12-31","scope":{"utility":"City and County of Broomfield","program":"Modeled scenario with recommended rate action"},"basis":{"definition":"2024 city scenario projection"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original source label: modeled water-fund balance with recommended rate action."},{"metric":"annual_debt_service","value":8.7,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD millions/year","status":"Reported","period_start":"2022-01-01","period_end":"2031-12-31","scope":{"project":"Water utility"},"basis":{"definition":"Average over next ten years in 2022 rate study"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original source label: annual water debt service."},{"metric":"dscr_covenant","value":1.2,"unit":"times","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2022-08-25","scope":{"project":"Broomfield utilities"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original source label: debt-service coverage covenant.","basis":{"definition":""}}],"affordability":[{"metric":"assistance_benefit","value":240,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD/year","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-01-01","scope":{"project":"Households at or below 60% of Area Median Income"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original source label: utility assistance maximum.","basis":{"definition":""}}],"unit_economics":[{"metric":"annual_household_impact","value":39.85,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD/month","status":"Reported","period_start":"2024-01-01","period_end":"2025-01-01","scope":{"project":"Average single-family household"},"basis":{"definition":"Bill rose from $80.05 to $119.90 at 9,000 gallons water and 6,000 gallons sewer"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original source label: combined single-family bill increase."}],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CO-GOVERNANCE-ENGLEWOOD-BILLING-SYSTEM-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Englewood utility billing-system disruption and eight-month shutoff waiver","description":"Englewood utility billing-system disruption and eight-month shutoff waiver. The city states issues were resolved and regular billing resumed in March 2025 after late fees and service shutoffs were waived for eight months.","location":{"name":"Englewood Utilities billing platform","type":"municipal utility billing system","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Englewood, Englewood Utilities customers, Arapahoe County, Colorado","counties":["Arapahoe"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"A failed billing-system rollout delayed bills and collections, requiring temporary suspension of late fees and shutoffs; the physical water system was not the cause.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Englewood utility billing-system disruption and eight-month shutoff waiver: The disruption affected customer billing for months and implicated shutoff protections, but the city waived shutoffs and reports the system restored. Harm component 0/2.","service":"Englewood utility billing-system disruption and eight-month shutoff waiver: The city states issues were resolved and regular billing resumed in March 2025 after late fees and service shutoffs were waived for eight months. Essential-service component 1/2.","scale":"Englewood utility billing-system disruption and eight-month shutoff waiver: Not reported. Scale component 1/2.","duration":"Englewood utility billing-system disruption and eight-month shutoff waiver: evidence spans 2024-08-01 through 2025-03-31. Duration component 1/2.","significance":"Englewood utility billing-system disruption and eight-month shutoff waiver: responsible bodies and formal actions are documented in the cited record. Significance component 1/2."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: late-fee and shutoff waiver duration 8 months"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["['billing system failure: Yes', 'weak collections or arrears: Unknown', 'confirmed insolvency bankruptcy default receivership: No']"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The city states issues were resolved and regular billing resumed in March 2025 after late fees and service shutoffs were waived for eight months.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Englewood Utilities"}],"public_contact":"utilities@englewoodco.gov; 303-762-2635","corrective_actions":["Waived late fees and shutoffs for eight months","Restored regular billing in March 2025","Implemented customer portal with usage history"],"sources":[{"ref":"S16","title":"Englewood Summer 2025 City Magazine - Utility Billing Update","publisher":"City of Englewood","date":"2025-06-01","url":"https://www.englewoodco.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/35206/639026052644100000","basis":"Primary municipal status report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"New verified Colorado baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2024-08-01","latest_seen":"2025-03-31","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[{"metric":"shutoffs","unit":"waived","status":"Reported","period_start":"2024-08-01","period_end":"2025-03-31","scope":{"project":"Englewood utility customers"},"source_refs":["S16"],"notes":"Original source label: late fees and shutoffs.","text":"Original source label: late fees and shutoffs."}],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CO-RIGHTS-NEBRASKA-V-COLORADO-SOUTH-PLATTE-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Nebraska v. Colorado South Platte River Compact litigation","description":"Nebraska v. Colorado South Platte River Compact litigation. The U.S. Supreme Court granted Nebraska leave to file on June 29, 2026; Colorado answered, counterclaimed, and sought partial dismissal September 28, 2026; responses are due November 9, 2026.","location":{"name":"South Platte River Compact / proposed Perkins County Canal","type":"interstate compact and proposed diversion project","state":"CO","states":["CO","NE"],"detail":"Northeastern Colorado, Colorado","counties":[],"extent":"multi_state"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The principal issue is interstate governance and legal allocation under a compact, rather than a measured current water-quality or infrastructure failure.","secondary_drivers":["allocation or legal exposure: Yes","confirmed insolvency bankruptcy default receivership: No","utility financial stress: Unknown"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Nebraska v. Colorado South Platte River Compact litigation: A century-old compact dispute now proceeds in the Supreme Court and concerns basin-scale agricultural and municipal supply; alleged volumes and violations remain contested. Harm component 1/2.","service":"Nebraska v. Colorado South Platte River Compact litigation: The U.S. Supreme Court granted Nebraska leave to file on June 29, 2026; Colorado answered, counterclaimed, and sought partial dismissal September 28, 2026; responses are due November 9, 2026. Essential-service component 1/2.","scale":"Nebraska v. Colorado South Platte River Compact litigation: Not quantified; dispute implicates South Platte agricultural, municipal, and industrial users in both states. Scale component 2/2.","duration":"Nebraska v. Colorado South Platte River Compact litigation: evidence spans 2025-07-16 through 2026-10-02. Duration component 2/2.","significance":"Nebraska v. Colorado South Platte River Compact litigation: responsible bodies and formal actions are documented in the cited record. Significance component 2/2."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not quantified; dispute implicates South Platte agricultural, municipal, and industrial users in both states."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Nebraska alleged water deprivation 1.3 million acre-feet"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["allocation or legal exposure: Yes","confirmed insolvency bankruptcy default receivership: No","utility financial stress: Unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The U.S. Supreme Court granted Nebraska leave to file on June 29, 2026; Colorado answered, counterclaimed, and sought partial dismissal September 28, 2026; responses are due November 9, 2026.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: the dispute will remain active beyond 2026 because pleadings and threshold motions are still underway.","horizon":"2027 and likely beyond","confidence":"High","assumptions":["No negotiated settlement or summary disposition occurs."],"reversal_factors":["Settlement, dismissal, or an expedited Supreme Court merits order."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Supreme Court","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"State of Nebraska","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"State of Colorado","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Colorado Division of Water Resources / State Engineer","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Justice as amicus","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Sarah Anne Krakoff; Counsel of record for Colorado; Sarah.Krakoff@coag.gov; 720-508-6780","corrective_actions":["Original-jurisdiction litigation","Colorado motion for partial dismissal","Colorado counterclaims","Further briefing due November 9, 2026"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Docket No. 22O161, Nebraska v. Colorado","publisher":"Supreme Court of the United States","date":"2026-10-02","url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/search.aspx?filename=/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22o161.html","basis":"Official docket","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Bill of Complaint, Nebraska v. Colorado","publisher":"State of Nebraska / U.S. Supreme Court filing","date":"2025-07-16","url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/22/22O161/365284/20250716094616473_No._Neb%20v.%20Col_Bill%20of%20Complaint.pdf","basis":"Plaintiff allegations; treated as disputed","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"Brief for the United States as Amicus Curiae","publisher":"U.S. Department of Justice","date":"2026-05-20","url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/22/22O161/409381/20260520154041914_Nebraska_v._Colorado_CVSG_final.pdf","basis":"Federal compact analysis","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":4,"title":"Colorado urges Supreme Court to reject Nebraska case","publisher":"Colorado Attorney General","date":"2025-10-15","url":"https://coag.gov/2025/urge-supreme-court-reject-nebraska-case-south-platte-river/","basis":"Colorado's official disputed position","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New verified Colorado baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Re-verified: docket shows leave to file granted June 29, 2026, Colorado answer/counterclaims and partial dismissal motion Sept. 28, 2026, Nebraska response deadline extended to Nov. 9, 2026 (Oct. 2, 2026 order); complaint alleges 1.3 million acre-feet; US amicus brief urges leave on the Article IV claim only; Colorado release dated Oct. 15, 2025."}],"first_seen":"2025-07-16","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CT-STATEWIDE-PFAS-TREATMENT-PORTFOLIO-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Connecticut public-water-system PFAS treatment and interconnection portfolio","description":"Connecticut DPH's final SFY 2026 emerging-contaminant list contains 27 ranked treatment, interconnection, consolidation, or design projects. Most address PFAS; several also address manganese, nitrate, or PCE.","location":{"name":"Connecticut emerging-contaminant systems","type":"Statewide multi-system portfolio","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Connecticut","counties":["Fairfield","Hartford","Litchfield","Middlesex","New Haven","New London","Tolland","Windham"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Documented PFAS or other emerging-contaminant conditions require treatment, interconnection, consolidation, or wellfield upgrades, making contamination and infrastructure materially causal.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Projects address PFAS and other contaminants, but the priority list does not provide system-specific concentrations or acute health outcomes.","service":"Connecticut DPH's final SFY 2026 emerging-contaminant list contains 27 ranked treatment, interconnection, consolidation, or design projects. Most address PFAS; several also address manganese, nitrate, or PCE.","scale":"Twenty-seven projects cover systems across the state.","duration":"Multiple projects originated in earlier funding cycles and remained scheduled for SFY 2026.","significance":"DPH established a dedicated $68.4 million priority portfolio."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Project populations range from 50 to 65,000. Values overlap and were not summed."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Emerging-contaminant project portfolio: 68,394,750 requested project cost; Reported: Estimated emerging-contaminant capitalization allocation: 14,201,439 estimated allocation"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["unfunded mandates or rising treatment costs: Yes; grant dependence: Yes; confirmed insolvency or default: No evidence located"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","projection":"PFAS treatment and interconnection spending will remain a material statewide capital driver through at least SFY 2027.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Medium"},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Connecticut Department of Public Health Drinking Water Section"},{"name":"listed public water systems"},{"name":"U.S"},{"name":"EPA through DWSRF capitalization"}],"public_contact":"Connecticut DPH DWSRF Unit, dph.ctdwsrf@ct.gov; Emerging Contaminants Unit, DPH.EmergingContaminants@ct.gov, 860-509-7356.","corrective_actions":["Planning, design, construction, treatment installation, interconnections, and system consolidations."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SFY 2026 Emerging Contaminants Project Priority List","publisher":"Connecticut Department of Public Health","date":"2025-12-16","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/dph/-/media/dph/dph-2025/dwsrf/iup/2026-iup/att-h-ec-ppl-final.pdf?hash=49C58C42D8789FD9B6CA154488AE4026&rev=3e19c6e0c07a42899faf1ab3dcf0941c","basis":"Final state funding-priority record"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA announces drinking water standards regarding harmful PFAS substances","publisher":"Connecticut Department of Public Health","date":"2024-04-12","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/dph/newsroom/press-releases---2024/pfas","basis":"State public-health notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified Connecticut baseline record in Batch 10."}],"first_seen":"2024-05-08","latest_seen":"2025-12-16","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["System-specific PFAS concentrations","Executed award amounts","Customer bill impacts","Completion dates"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"capital_need","value":68394750,"status":"Reported","source_refs":[1]}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CT-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINE-REPLACEMENT-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Connecticut lead-service-line identification and replacement backlog","description":"The final SFY 2026 priority list contains 14 identification, planning, and replacement projects. DPH separately required notifications for lead, galvanized-requiring-replacement, or unknown lines. New London began the state's first system-wide replacement project in March 2024.","location":{"name":"Connecticut lead-service-line systems","type":"Statewide multi-system infrastructure portfolio","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Putnam; New London; Hartford; New Britain; Bridgeport; Torrington; Norwalk; Ledyard; Simsbury; East Windsor; New Haven; Southington","counties":["Fairfield","Hartford","Litchfield","Middlesex","New Haven","New London","Tolland","Windham"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The principal documented need is identification and replacement of lead, galvanized-requiring-replacement, and unknown service-line materials.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Lead material is a recognized exposure pathway, but exposure is not established at every listed property.","service":"The final SFY 2026 priority list contains 14 identification, planning, and replacement projects. DPH separately required notifications for lead, galvanized-requiring-replacement, or unknown lines. New London began the state's first system-wide replacement project in March 2024.","scale":"Fourteen projects span large and small utilities.","duration":"Inventory and replacement are multi-year.","significance":"Federal compliance notices and a formal funding program are active."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1000,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported project populations range from 1,000 to 687,950, but several figures represent entire utility footprints and cannot be summed as confirmed exposure."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Lead-service-line project requests: 73,895,989 requested project cost; Reported: Estimated available lead-service-line funding line: 55,726,983 available program funds; Estimated: Priority-list amount above estimated funding line: 18,169,006 calculated difference; Reported: New London first-phase replacements: 500 service lines anticipated by end of 2024"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["required asset replacement: Yes; grant dependence: Yes; confirmed insolvency or default: No evidence located; affordability exposure: Unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","projection":"Replacement activity should increase over the next two years, while inventories may initially reveal a larger backlog.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Medium"},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Connecticut DPH Drinking Water Section"},{"name":"EPA"},{"name":"participating municipal and investor-owned systems"}],"public_contact":"DPH.LeadandCopper@ct.gov; dph.ctdwsrf@ct.gov.","corrective_actions":["Material inventories, notifications, planning, and full replacement projects."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SFY 2026 Lead Service Line Project Priority List","publisher":"Connecticut Department of Public Health","date":"2025-12-16","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/dph/-/media/dph/dph-2025/dwsrf/iup/2026-iup/att-g-lsl-ppl-final.pdf?hash=08B926A3AD81CA9032001A07C2B8F18C&rev=c548887cb30c458388bf3b86bbcce241","basis":"Final state funding-priority record"},{"ref":2,"title":"DPH announces service-line notifications","publisher":"Connecticut Department of Public Health","date":"2024-11-08","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/dph/newsroom/press-releases---2024/service-lines","basis":"State regulatory notification"},{"ref":3,"title":"Drinking Water Week","publisher":"Connecticut Department of Public Health","date":"2024-05-08","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/dph/newsroom/press-releases---2024/water-week","basis":"State project and funding summary"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified Connecticut baseline record in Batch 10."}],"first_seen":"2024-03-01","latest_seen":"2025-12-16","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Statewide confirmed lead-line count","Unknown-line count","Completed replacements through run date","Household burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"capital_need","value":73895989,"status":"Reported","source_refs":[1],"funding_stage":"estimated","currency":"USD","unit":"USD","as_of_date":"2026-10-10","scope":{"program":"Connecticut lead service-line program"},"basis":{"definition":"State financing record"}},{"metric":"secured_funding","value":55726983,"status":"Reported","source_refs":[1],"funding_stage":"secured","currency":"USD","unit":"USD","as_of_date":"2026-10-10","scope":{"program":"Connecticut lead service-line program"},"basis":{"definition":"State financing record"}},{"metric":"secured_funding","value":8400000,"status":"Reported","source_refs":[1],"funding_stage":"secured","currency":"USD","unit":"USD","as_of_date":"2026-10-10","scope":{"program":"New London phase one"},"basis":{"definition":"State financing record"}}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CT-AQUARION-PUBLIC-AUTHORITY-TRANSFER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Aquarion transfer to public authority creates long-term rate and oversight exposure","description":"PURA approved the transfer of Aquarion to a public authority after initially denying it in November 2025 and a Superior Court remand; the sale closed June 30, 2026. PURA called the $2.35 billion price and premium a close public-interest question. The Attorney General and Consumer Counsel petitioned on April 8, 2026 for reconsideration, citing about $5.9 billion in acquisition and financing costs and a $474 million omission in modeled rate increases through 2066. After conversion, Aquarion Water Authority is overseen by its own board of town representatives rather than PURA, and shares a CEO, CFO and board with the South Central Regional Water Authority.","location":{"name":"Aquarion Water Authority","type":"Multi-municipality water authority service area","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Aquarion Water Authority Connecticut service territory","counties":["Fairfield","Hartford","Litchfield","Middlesex","New Haven","New London","Tolland"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The central issue is the financing and governance structure of the $2.4 billion transfer and its projected effects on rates and oversight.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No water-quality or health harm is cited; the documented harm is financial: the AG and Consumer Counsel petition says approval places about $5.9 billion in acquisition and financing costs on customers, including $3.6 billion in interest (ref 2).","service":"Customers face projected annual rate increases of 6.5 to 8.35 percent through 2035 (ref 1) and the loss of PURA rate oversight, since the converted authority is overseen only by its own board of town representatives (ref 4); there is no service interruption.","scale":"The AG/OCC release refers to families and businesses in 57 towns currently served in Connecticut (ref 2), while the PURA decision record cited about 722,000 people in 62 municipalities (ref 1); the figures conflict but all are regional. EPA SDWIS lists Aquarion Eastern Fairfield County (CT0150011) at 351,756 people alone.","duration":"The case ran from the Jan 2025 filing, through the Nov 2025 denial and court remand, to the Mar 25, 2026 approval (refs 1, 2) and the June 30, 2026 closing (ref 3); the AG/OCC petition projects increases through 2066 (ref 2).","significance":"PURA's approval imposed conditions (ref 1), the Superior Court remanded the case (ref 2), the AG and OCC filed a formal reconsideration petition on Apr 8, 2026 (ref 2), and Aquarion, the regional authority and Eversource moved to reject it on Apr 13 (ref 4)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":722000,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported figures conflict: approximately 722,000 people in 62 municipalities in March 2026; Aquarion later described more than 735,000 people in 60 municipalities."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Transaction purchase price: 2,400,000,000 cash purchase price; Reported: Acquisition and financing costs cited by OCC and Attorney General: 5,900,000,000 projected customer-supported cost; Reported: Interest included in cited financing: 3,600,000,000 projected interest; Reported: Projected annual rate increases through 2035: 6.5 to 8.35 percent per year; Reported: Alleged omitted modeled rate increases: 474,000,000 projected additional increases through 2066"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["rate increases create affordability risk: Yes; governance change: Yes; dependence on projected future rates: Yes; confirmed default bankruptcy or receivership: No; continuity threat: No immediate threat established"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","projection":"Rate and affordability pressure is likely to remain elevated through initial post-transfer rate cycles.","horizon":"2027-2035","confidence":"Medium"},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Aquarion Water Authority"},{"name":"South Central Connecticut Regional Water Authority"},{"name":"PURA"},{"name":"Office of Consumer Counsel"},{"name":"Attorney General"}],"public_contact":"Aquarion 1-800-732-9678; OCC 860-827-2900 and occ.info@ct.gov; Attorney General consumer inquiries 860-808-5318.","corrective_actions":["PURA imposed approval conditions","state advocates sought reconsideration","the transaction closed June 30, 2026."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PURA Decision, Docket No. 25-04-03","publisher":"Connecticut PURA","date":"2026-03-25","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/ag/press_releases/2026/pura.pdf?hash=3D07167C333BE2C7D2B395EBD1AFD7B5&rev=8f31b4985c054a7ba281b34ac233acf6","basis":"Final regulatory decision"},{"ref":2,"title":"Attorney General and Consumer Counsel Seek Reconsideration","publisher":"Connecticut Office of Consumer Counsel","date":"2026-04-08","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/occ/latest-news/occ-news-and-information/latest-news---2026/attorney-general-tong-and-consumer-counsel-coleman-seek-reconsideration-of-aquarion-approval","basis":"State advocacy filing summary"},{"ref":3,"title":"Eversource Energy Completes the Sale of Aquarion Water Company","publisher":"Eversource Energy, filed with U.S. SEC","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/72741/000110465926079426/tm2619364d1_ex99-1.htm","basis":"SEC-filed closing confirmation"},{"ref":4,"title":"Aquarion Files Response To PURA Rate Error Claim From AG","publisher":"CT News Junkie","date":"2026-04-14","url":"https://ctnewsjunkie.com/2026/04/14/aquarion-files-response-to-pura-rate-error-claim-from-ag/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New verified Connecticut baseline record in Batch 10."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Added the Attorney General/OCC petition detail, the utilities' April 13 reply and the post-conversion governance structure from CT News Junkie; severity notes rewritten with sourced facts. No PURA ruling on the reconsideration petition was found in sources opened this session."}],"first_seen":"2025-01-27","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Post-closing residential bills","Income-normalized burden","Final debt-service schedule","Assistance enrollment","Disposition of reconsideration claims"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":2400000000,"status":"Reported","source_refs":[1],"funding_stage":"estimated","currency":"USD","unit":"USD","as_of_date":"2026-10-10","scope":{"project":"Aquarion public-authority acquisition"},"basis":{"definition":"Reported acquisition requirement"}}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CT-HAZARDVILLE-WATER-RATE-INCREASE-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hazardville Water approved residential rate increase","description":"Hazardville Water Company asked PURA for a $2.46 million revenue increase (a 10.60 percent return on equity). On May 1, 2026 PURA issued a final decision approving a $4.85 million annual revenue requirement for April 1, 2026 to March 30, 2027, a 9.50 percent return on equity and an estimated $5.51 average monthly residential increase. It was the company's first fully adjudicated rate case since 2009.","location":{"name":"Hazardville Water Company","type":"Investor-owned water utility service area","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Enfield; Somers; East Windsor","counties":["Hartford","Tolland"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"CT0490021"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is a material customer-rate and revenue-requirement change after a long interval without a fully adjudicated rate case.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No water-quality or health harm is documented in the PURA decision (ref 1), which concerns revenue requirement, return on equity and charge design.","service":"No service disruption is documented; residential customers, billed quarterly for most, face an estimated average increase of $5.51 per month (ref 1).","scale":"EPA SDWIS lists Hazardville Water Company (CT0490021) as serving 18,544 people (ref 3), and the company's customer notice covers its Enfield, Somers and East Windsor territory (ref 2).","duration":"The rate case ran from the 2025 filing (docket 25-07-12 notice, ref 2) to the May 1, 2026 decision (ref 1), after a last fully adjudicated case in 2009; interim changes use the WICA mechanism (ref 1).","significance":"PURA's final decision cut the requested $5.86 million revenue requirement to $4,848,876 and reduced the requested 10.60 percent return on equity to 9.50 percent (ref 1), revising fixed and usage charges."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":18544,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per EPA SDWIS (ref 3); the company customer notice cites approximately 7,500 customers (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Approved annual revenue requirement: 4,848,876 annual revenue requirement; Reported: Approved residential bill impact: 5.51 estimated average monthly increase; Reported: Requested revenue increase: 2,457,778 annual revenue increase; Reported: Approved return on equity: 9.5 percent"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["long regulatory lag: Yes; material rate increase: Yes; confirmed operating deficit: Unknown; confirmed default bankruptcy or receivership: No"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Rate year runs April 1, 2026 to March 30, 2027 under the final PURA decision (ref 1).","projection":"Bills remain above the prior base-rate level through the current rate year."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Hazardville Water Company"},{"name":"PURA"},{"name":"Office of Consumer Counsel"}],"public_contact":"Hazardville Water Company, 860-749-0779; PURA, Taren.Oconnor@ct.gov, 860-827-2689.","corrective_actions":["PURA reduced the requested requirement and revised fixed and usage charges."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PURA Issues Final Decision in Hazardville Water Rate Case","publisher":"Connecticut PURA","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/pura/press-releases/2026/pura-issues-final-decision-in-hazardville-water-rate-case","basis":"Final regulator decision summary"},{"ref":2,"title":"Hazardville Water Company Customer Notice","publisher":"Hazardville Water Company","date":"2025-10-01","url":"https://hazardvillewater.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Approved-Customer-Notice-with-Hearing-Information-Docket-25-07-12.pdf","basis":"Utility rate-case notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record, Hazardville Water Company (CT0490021)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/CT/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/HAZARDVILLE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New verified Connecticut baseline record in Batch 10."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"PURA issued its final decision on May 1, 2026, so the rate case is concluded; status changed to Resolved or Stabilized, duration lowered to 1, EPA PWSID and SDWIS population added, and severity notes rewritten with sourced facts."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-08-07","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Approved normalized tariff","Arrears","Shutoffs","Household burden","Debt-service coverage"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[{"metric":"annual_household_impact","value":5.51,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-05-01","scope":{"utility":"Hazardville Water Company","customer_class":"residential","service_type":"water"},"basis":{"billing_period":"monthly","consumption":"Not stated by source","included_charges":["source-defined approved rate impact"],"definition":"PURA estimated average residential impact"},"sample":{"size":null,"systems":1,"coverage":"Hazardville residential customers","comparable":false},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Not a normalized bill; consumption basis was not reported."}],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CT-CONNECTICUT-WATER-RATE-PATH-2024-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Connecticut Water Company repeated rate pressure","description":"PURA's June 2024 decision approved a $124.7 million annual revenue requirement after Connecticut Water requested $140.0 million. The company filed another general rate case on May 11, 2026, seeking about 21 percent (roughly $29 million) and projecting about $15.54 more per month for the average customer, driven by more than $145 million of infrastructure investment. PURA has 270 days to decide; the company says the earliest bill impact is February 2027.","location":{"name":"Connecticut Water Company","type":"Multi-municipality investor-owned utility service area","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Connecticut Water Company service territory in approximately 60 municipalities","counties":["Hartford","Litchfield","Middlesex","New Haven","New London","Tolland","Windham"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The record concerns recurring revenue-requirement proceedings and customer bill exposure across a large investor-owned water utility.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health or environmental harm is alleged in the rate filing, which is driven by more than $145 million of spending on solar, groundwater treatment and water mains (ref 3); a separate early-July 2026 boil water advisory after an E. coli detection is mentioned by WFSB (ref 3) but is not scored here.","service":"No service interruption stems from the rate case; the effect is a proposed average increase of about $15.54 per month (refs 2, 3), and one Clinton customer told WFSB her bill is already \"at least in the $200s\" (ref 3).","scale":"Connecticut Water serves customers in 60 towns (ref 3), and the company-wide filing would apply to the whole service territory.","duration":"This is the second general rate case in two years: the June 2024 decision (ref 1) was followed by the May 11, 2026 filing (ref 2), with PURA's 270-day review running to early 2027 (ref 3).","significance":"A formal PURA docket is open with public hearings on July 29, Aug 10 and Aug 26, 2026 and participation by the Office of Consumer Counsel and Attorney General (ref 2); no order has issued, and PURA reduced the 2024 request (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":108000,"status":"Reported","note":"Approximately 108,000 customers or roughly 350,000 people; the 2024 record cited approximately 110,000 customers."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 2024 approved revenue requirement $124,700,031 (requested $140,000,875); 2026 filing seeks about 21 percent, roughly $29 million, or about $15.54 more per month for the average customer."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["recurring rate requests: Yes; infrastructure and compliance cost pressure: Yes; confirmed operating deficit: Unknown; confirmed default bankruptcy or receivership: No"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","projection":"Some increase is plausible in 2027, but the final amount cannot be projected before review.","horizon":"2027","confidence":"Low"},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Connecticut Water Company"},{"name":"PURA"},{"name":"Office of Consumer Counsel"},{"name":"Attorney General"}],"public_contact":"Connecticut Water through ctwater.com; PURA 860-827-1553; OCC occ.info@ct.gov.","corrective_actions":["PURA reduced the 2024 request","the 2026 filing remained subject to regulatory review."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PURA Approval of CT Water's Rate Case Includes Key Enhancements","publisher":"Connecticut PURA","date":"2024-06-28","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/pura/press-releases/2024/pura-press-release","basis":"Final regulator decision summary"},{"ref":2,"title":"Connecticut Water Company Rate Case","publisher":"Connecticut Water Company","date":"2026-05-11","url":"https://www.ctwater.com/service-billing/your-bill/pay-your-bill/ratecase/","basis":"Utility filing summary"},{"ref":3,"title":"Connecticut Water seeks 21% rate hike, PURA reviewing proposal","publisher":"WFSB","date":"2026-09-01","url":"https://www.wfsb.com/2026/09/01/connecticut-water-seeks-21-rate-hike-pura-reviewing-proposal/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New verified Connecticut baseline record in Batch 10."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Added the Sept 2026 WFSB report (about 21 percent or roughly $29 million requested, PURA has 270 days, earliest bill impact Feb 2027) and the hearing schedule from the company rate-case page; severity notes rewritten with sourced facts."}],"first_seen":"2023-10-30","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Final 2026 decision","Normalized approved bill","Low-income enrollment","Arrears","Shutoffs","Debt-service coverage"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[{"metric":"operating_revenue","value":6454984,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD per year","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-06-28","scope":{"utility":"Connecticut Water Company"},"basis":{"definition":"Approved increase in annual revenue requirement"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Approved 2024 revenue change."}],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[{"metric":"annual_household_impact","value":15.54,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-05-11","scope":{"utility":"Connecticut Water Company","customer_class":"source-defined average customer","service_type":"water"},"basis":{"billing_period":"monthly","consumption":"Not stated by source","included_charges":["source-defined proposed rate impact"],"definition":"Company projection if filed request were approved"},"sample":{"size":null,"systems":1,"coverage":"Connecticut Water Company customers","comparable":false},"source_refs":[2],"notes":"Proposed impact, not an approved or normalized bill."}],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CT-STATEWIDE-RECURRING-STAGE-2-DROUGHT-2024-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Recurring Connecticut Stage 2 drought advisories, 2024-2026","description":"Connecticut experienced three formally declared Stage 2 drought episodes in the research window: a statewide advisory beginning November 9, 2024; a rapid-onset drought in Fairfield, Middlesex, and New Haven counties from October 2025 to January 2026; and a renewed Stage 2 advisory in those same counties from June 10 to August 28, 2026. The state removed all drought advisories after rainfall brought relief in August 2026.","location":{"name":"Connecticut","type":"State and multi-county drought region","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Connecticut statewide; Fairfield County, Connecticut; Middlesex County, Connecticut; New Haven County, Connecticut","counties":["Fairfield","Hartford","Litchfield","Middlesex","New Haven","New London","Tolland","Windham"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","agricultural","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The principal issue was recurring precipitation deficit and low streamflow, groundwater, and reservoir indicators; no failed infrastructure was identified as causal.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Officials documented exceptionally low precipitation, reduced groundwater and streamflow, low-flow water bodies, and increased wildfire danger, but no widespread acute water-supply harm was documented.","service":"Connecticut experienced three formally declared Stage 2 drought episodes in the research window: a statewide advisory beginning November 9, 2024; a rapid-onset drought in Fairfield, Middlesex, and New Haven counties from October 2025 to January 2026; and a renewed Stage 2 advisory in those same counties from June 10 to August 28, 2026. The state removed all drought advisories after rainfall brought relief in August 2026.","scale":"The 2024 advisory covered all eight counties; later episodes covered three populous counties.","duration":"Drought conditions recurred in three episodes from late 2024 through August 2026.","significance":"Each episode triggered formal Stage 2 action and coordinated state monitoring, but none reached Stage 3."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":2024,"status":"Reported","note":"Not reported; the 2024 advisory covered all eight counties, while the 2025 and 2026 advisories covered Fairfield, Middlesex, and New Haven counties."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: precipitation relative to normal: 34.5 percent of normal over two months; Reported: U.S. Drought Monitor D2 extent: 95.27 percent of state; Reported: statewide reservoir level relative to normal: 88.82 percent of normal; Reported: maximum-withdrawal reduction under example Stage 2 diversion-plan condition: 10 percent"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No utility insolvency, debt, rate, liquidity, or affordability evidence was identified in the drought records reviewed."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Formal advisories repeatedly returned after earlier removals, but all advisories were lifted by August 2026.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient history for a quantitative projection. Recurrence indicates that rapid-onset drought remains a monitoring risk over the next 12-24 months.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Drought-stage criteria and monitoring remain comparable.","No major new supply constraint or resilience intervention changes exposure."],"reversal_factors":["Sustained above-normal precipitation","New localized well or reservoir failures","A change in drought-stage criteria","Completion of material supply-resilience projects"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Connecticut Water Planning Council Interagency Drought Workgroup"},{"name":"Office of the Governor"},{"name":"Connecticut Office of Policy and Management"},{"name":"Connecticut DEEP"},{"name":"Connecticut DPH"},{"name":"Connecticut Department of Agriculture"},{"name":"PURA"},{"name":"DESPP/DEMHS, with NWS and USGS assistance"}],"public_contact":"State Drought Coordinator Becca Dahl, rebecca.dahl@ct.gov","corrective_actions":["State officials advised voluntary conservation, increased monitoring and coordination, and supplier preparedness. Diversion permittees were directed to follow drought-management conditions","the after-action report gives an example Stage 2 condition requiring a 10% reduction in permitted maximum withdrawal. Advisories were reduced or removed as indicators improved."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Governor Lamont Declares Stage 2 Drought Advisory for All of Connecticut","publisher":"Office of Governor Ned Lamont","date":"2024-11-09","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/governor/news/press-releases/2024/11-2024/governor-lamont-declares-stage-2-drought-advisory-for-all-of-connecticut","basis":"Official statewide drought declaration"},{"ref":2,"title":"November 2024 Drought Conditions Overview","publisher":"Connecticut Interagency Drought Workgroup","date":"2024-12-05","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/water/drought/2024/241205-idw-handout---november-2024-conditions-report.pdf","basis":"Official drought-indicator report"},{"ref":3,"title":"2024-25 Drought After-Action Report and Improvement Plan","publisher":"Connecticut Interagency Drought Workgroup","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/water/drought/2024/2024-2025-drought-after-action-report.pdf","basis":"Official after-action report and drought-stage history"},{"ref":4,"title":"2025 Drought After-Action Report and Improvement Plan","publisher":"Connecticut Interagency Drought Workgroup","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/water/drought/2025/2025-drought-after-action-report-final.pdf","basis":"Official event chronology and status"},{"ref":5,"title":"Governor Lamont Declares Stage 2 Drought Advisory for Fairfield, Middlesex, and New Haven Counties","publisher":"Office of Governor Ned Lamont","date":"2026-06-10","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/governor/news/press-releases/2026/06-2026/governor-lamont-declares-stage-2-drought-advisory-for-three-counties","basis":"Official renewed drought declaration"},{"ref":6,"title":"Governor Lamont Announces Drought Advisories Removed for All Connecticut Counties","publisher":"Office of Governor Ned Lamont","date":"2026-08-28","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/governor/news/press-releases/2026/08-2026/governor-lamont-announces-drought-advisories-removed-for-all-connecticut-counties","basis":"Official resolution notice"},{"ref":7,"title":"Interagency Drought Workgroup","publisher":"Connecticut Water Planning Council","date":null,"url":"https://portal.ct.gov/Water/Drought/Interagency-Drought-Workgroup","basis":"Responsible bodies and public contact","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New verified Connecticut baseline record in Batch 10."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-11-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Households or private wells affected","Supplier-specific conservation requests","Drought-specific agricultural losses","Localized streamflow and groundwater measurements for every episode","Customer cost or utility financial effects"],"related_ids":["US-CT-AGRICULTURE-WEATHER-WATER-LOSSES-RECOVERY-2023-2026"],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-CT-AGRICULTURE-WEATHER-WATER-LOSSES-RECOVERY-2023-2026","revision":4,"change_type":"changed","title":"Connecticut farm losses from drought, flooding, and excessive moisture with delayed disaster recovery","description":"More than 200 Connecticut farms reported estimated aggregate losses exceeding $72 million from 2023-2024 weather extremes, including drought, excessive moisture, Connecticut River Valley flooding, western Connecticut flooding, hail, and freeze events. The official figure is not separable into drought-only or water-only losses. USDA and Connecticut established a $52.9 million recovery grant, and USDA separately reopened Emergency Conservation Program assistance for 2023 drought and 2024 flood damage.","location":{"name":"Connecticut agricultural sector","type":"Statewide agricultural sector","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Connecticut farms statewide; Connecticut River Valley; Western Connecticut","counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Water-quantity extremes caused crop, yield, and quality losses while flooding also damaged farm infrastructure and equipment; both resource conditions and physical damage were material.","secondary_drivers":["This is not a water-utility finding. Official sources describe gaps in traditional crop insurance for small and midsized farms, but do not provide farm-level solvency, debt, liquidity, or operating data."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Official records describe crop, yield, crop-quality, infrastructure, and equipment losses plus higher production costs.","service":"More than 200 Connecticut farms reported estimated aggregate losses exceeding $72 million from 2023-2024 weather extremes, including drought, excessive moisture, Connecticut River Valley flooding, western Connecticut flooding, hail, and freeze events. The official figure is not separable into drought-only or water-only losses. USDA and Connecticut established a $52.9 million recovery grant, and USDA separately reopened Emergency Conservation Program assistance for 2023 drought and 2024 flood damage.","scale":"The affected sample exceeds 200 farms and includes multiple Connecticut regions.","duration":"Losses from 2023 and 2024 remained under recovery programs in late 2026, including future economic losses for perennial crops.","significance":"The response includes a fully executed $52.9 million federal-state block grant and separate federal emergency-conservation assistance."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Reported: more than 200 Connecticut farms reported losses; workers, acreage, and household counts were not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: farms reporting weather-related losses: 200 farms, lower bound; Reported: reported estimated aggregate farm losses: 72,000,000 dollars, lower bound"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["This is not a water-utility finding. Official sources describe gaps in traditional crop insurance for small and midsized farms, but do not provide farm-level solvency, debt, liquidity, or operating data."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The program had only just moved into application review at the run date; no comparable award or payment history was available.","projection":{"statement":"No analytical projection is supportable until application, award, and payment data identify the actual recovery coverage.","horizon":"Not projected","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["Published award totals","A second application round","Additional federal or state relief","New documented farm losses"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Connecticut Department of Agriculture","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"USDA Farm Service Agency","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Office of Governor Ned Lamont","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Connecticut congressional delegation","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Connecticut Department of Agriculture Disaster Relief, AGR.disaster@ct.gov, 860-713-2500","corrective_actions":["USDA reopened Emergency Conservation Program enrollment for restoration of farmland affected by the 2023 drought and 2024 floods. Connecticut opened the $52.9 million Farm Recovery and Support Block Grant for documented crop-production, infrastructure, and future perennial-crop losses."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"USDA Reopens Emergency Conservation Assistance for Connecticut Producers Impacted by 2023 Drought, 2024 Floods","publisher":"USDA Farm Service Agency","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.fsa.usda.gov/news-events/news/05-18-2026/usda-reopens-emergency-conservation-assistance-connecticut-producers","basis":"Federal disaster-recovery program notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Governor Lamont, Congressional Delegation Announce $52.9 Million in Recovery Funds for Connecticut Farmers","publisher":"Office of Governor Ned Lamont","date":"2026-07-24","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/governor/news/press-releases/2026/07-2026/governor-lamont-congressional-delegation-announce-recovery-funds-for-connecticut-farmers","basis":"Official loss and funding announcement"},{"ref":3,"title":"Governor Lamont and Agriculture Commissioner Hurlburt Announce Application Period Now Open for $52.9 Million in Disaster Relief Funds for Connecticut Farmers","publisher":"Office of Governor Ned Lamont","date":"2026-09-08","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/governor/news/press-releases/2026/09-2026/governor-lamont-and-commissioner-hurlburt-announce-application-period-for-farm-disaster-relief","basis":"Official current program status and eligibility"},{"ref":4,"title":"Disaster Relief Resources","publisher":"Connecticut Department of Agriculture","date":null,"url":"https://portal.ct.gov/disaster","basis":"Program contact and recovery resources","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified Connecticut baseline record in Batch 10."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-05-18","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Drought-specific farm count","Drought-specific or flood-specific dollar loss","Affected acreage and crop quantities","Applications received","Awards approved","Payments issued","Remaining funding gap","Farm-level financial condition"],"related_ids":["US-CT-STATEWIDE-RECURRING-STAGE-2-DROUGHT-2024-2026"],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":52900000,"currency":"USD","unit":"dollars","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-09-08","scope":{"project":"Eligible Connecticut agricultural producers with documented 2023-2024 weather losses"},"basis":{"definition":"Executed USDA award administered by Connecticut Department of Agriculture"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Funding covers mixed weather hazards and should not be treated as exclusively drought or flood funding."},{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","value":95,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-09-08","scope":{"project":"Eligible loss by year and program category"},"basis":{"definition":"Program rule; prior insurance or third-party compensation is deducted"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Payments are capped at $1 million per year per category."},{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","value":1000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"dollars","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-09-08","scope":{"project":"Eligible applicant"},"basis":{"definition":"Farm Recovery and Support Block Grant terms"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Subject to eligibility and loss documentation."}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CT-MDC-HARTFORD-SEWER-OVERFLOWS-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"MDC Hartford-region combined and sanitary sewer overflows and North Hartford backups","description":"EPA and DEEP document chronic North Hartford sewage backups and CSO/SSO discharges under consent agreements. Connecticut CEQ reported that in 2025 MDC facilities accounted for over 86 percent of statewide CSO volume and 72 percent of statewide SSO volume. Major capital work and private-lateral mitigation continue.","location":{"name":"MDC Hartford service area","type":"Regional public water and wastewater district","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Hartford and MDC member communities, Hartford County, Connecticut; Park River system and Connecticut River","counties":[],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","surface-water","governance-affordability-equity","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Aging combined and sanitary infrastructure and stormwater inflow jointly cause raw-sewage overflows, basement backups and surface-water pollution.","secondary_drivers":["Large mandated capital exposure and a customer Clean Water Project charge are documented; no insolvency, default, covenant breach or near-term continuity threat was found."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Raw sewage and basement backups affect essential sanitation across multiple communities and rivers; the condition is chronic and under federal/state consent agreements with a billion-dollar-scale capital program.","service":"Raw sewage and basement backups affect essential sanitation across multiple communities and rivers; the condition is chronic and under federal/state consent agreements with a billion-dollar-scale capital program.","scale":"Raw sewage and basement backups affect essential sanitation across multiple communities and rivers; the condition is chronic and under federal/state consent agreements with a billion-dollar-scale capital program.","duration":"Raw sewage and basement backups affect essential sanitation across multiple communities and rivers; the condition is chronic and under federal/state consent agreements with a billion-dollar-scale capital program.","significance":"Raw sewage and basement backups affect essential sanitation across multiple communities and rivers; the condition is chronic and under federal/state consent agreements with a billion-dollar-scale capital program."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"MDC essential services reach approximately 400,000 residents; direct North Hartford backup population not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Measure: >600 million gallons; Reported: Measure: >840 million gallons; Reported: Measure: 1,040 million gallons per year; Reported: Measure: 10,000 private laterals inspected"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Large mandated capital exposure and a customer Clean Water Project charge are documented; no insolvency, default, covenant breach or near-term continuity threat was found."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Capital and private-property mitigation are advancing, but very large 2025 overflow volumes show persistent exposure. Insufficient comparable annual data for a quantitative projection."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Metropolitan District Commission","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"City of Hartford","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"CT DEEP","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 1","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Justice","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"CT DEEP Municipal Wastewater, 860-424-3704; MDC customer service, 860-278-7850.","corrective_actions":["Consent-order integrated plan; sewer separation; tunnel, storage and conveyance; treatment upgrades; lateral rehabilitation; backwater valves; 2025 City-MDC stormwater MOU."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water Quality","publisher":"Connecticut Council on Environmental Quality","date":"2026-04-28","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/ceq/ar-25-gold/2025-ceq-annual-report-ebook/water---rivers-lakes-and-estuaries","basis":"Statewide and MDC 2025 volumes"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA Efforts in North Hartford to Address Sewer Backups","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-01-20","url":"https://www.epa.gov/ct/epa-efforts-north-hartford-address-sewer-backups","basis":"Consent status, projects and funding"},{"ref":3,"title":"Major Progress Mitigating Sewer Flooding in North Hartford","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2026-06-24","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/news-releases/news-releases---2026/commissioner-dykes-house-speaker-matt-ritter-d-hartford-and-the-metropolitan-district-announce","basis":"Corrective-action progress"},{"ref":4,"title":"MDC Official Statement","publisher":"Metropolitan District Commission","date":"2025-10-23","url":"https://themdc.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/CTMetroDistrict02a-FIN.pdf","basis":"Appropriated compliance cost and system data"},{"ref":5,"title":"2025 Adopted Capital Improvement Budget","publisher":"Metropolitan District Commission","date":"2025-03-01","url":"https://themdc.org/app/uploads/2025/03/2025-MDC-Adopted-Capital-Improvement-Budget.pdf","basis":"Wastewater capital program"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":10,"note":"New verified Connecticut baseline record in Batch 10."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":10,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-10-23","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Population affected","Comparable financial data"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"capital_need","value":185000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"total","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2023-07-24","scope":{"project":"12 North Hartford sewer/stormwater projects"},"basis":{"definition":"EPA summary"},"source_refs":[2]},{"metric":"secured_funding","value":137000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"total","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2023-07-24","scope":{"project":"North Hartford projects"},"basis":{"definition":"EPA summary"},"source_refs":[2]},{"metric":"capital_need","value":1826000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"appropriated total","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-10-23","scope":{"project":"MDC consent-order and consent-decree compliance"},"basis":{"definition":"MDC bond official statement"},"source_refs":[4]},{"metric":"capital_need","value":61500000,"currency":"USD","unit":"annual budget","status":"Reported","period_start":"2025-01-01","period_end":"2025-12-31","scope":{"project":"MDC"},"basis":{"definition":"adopted CIP"},"source_refs":[5]}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CT-BRIDGEPORT-CSO-SSO-LTCP-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Bridgeport combined-sewer and sanitary-sewer overflow control program","description":"DEEP says Bridgeport remains under an existing CSO Long-Term Control Plan order; it completed H Area sewer separation in 2024 and is advancing upgrades at both wastewater plants for larger wet-weather receiving capacity.","location":{"name":"Bridgeport sewer system","type":"Municipal wastewater system","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Bridgeport, Fairfield County, Connecticut; Pequonnock River, Cedar Creek and Bridgeport Harbor/Long Island Sound","counties":[],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Legacy combined-sewer infrastructure and wet-weather flows cause raw sewage discharges to Bridgeport waters and Long Island Sound.","secondary_drivers":["Not reported"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEEP says Bridgeport remains under an existing CSO Long-Term Control Plan order; it completed H Area sewer separation in 2024 and is advancing upgrades at both wastewater plants for larger wet-weather receiving capacity.","service":"DEEP says Bridgeport remains under an existing CSO Long-Term Control Plan order; it completed H Area sewer separation in 2024 and is advancing upgrades at both wastewater plants for larger wet-weather receiving capacity.","scale":"DEEP says Bridgeport remains under an existing CSO Long-Term Control Plan order; it completed H Area sewer separation in 2024 and is advancing upgrades at both wastewater plants for larger wet-weather receiving capacity.","duration":"DEEP says Bridgeport remains under an existing CSO Long-Term Control Plan order; it completed H Area sewer separation in 2024 and is advancing upgrades at both wastewater plants for larger wet-weather receiving capacity.","significance":"DEEP says Bridgeport remains under an existing CSO Long-Term Control Plan order; it completed H Area sewer separation in 2024 and is advancing upgrades at both wastewater plants for larger wet-weather receiving capacity."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Measure: 176,700,052 gallons"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Not reported"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"A single annual volume and project milestone do not establish a comparable trend."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Bridgeport","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Bridgeport WPCA","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"CT DEEP","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"CT DEEP Municipal Wastewater, 860-424-3704.","corrective_actions":["H Area separation completed; two WWTP wet-weather receiving upgrades and conveyance work proceeding."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2025 Sewage Right-to-Know Annual Report","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2025-02-01","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/deep/water/municipal_wastewater/srtk-annual-report/2025-srtk-annual-report-overview-draft.pdf?hash=7B555305104D563654E24EF936B331BF&rev=f7f7850099ea4b4da12446e5d03e8fb5","basis":"Annual SSO volume and LTCP status"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New verified Connecticut baseline record in Batch 10."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Population affected","Comparable financial data"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CT-GNHWPCA-SEWER-OVERFLOWS-LTCP-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Greater New Haven WPCA sewer overflows and LTCP revision","description":"DEEP reported GNHWPCA's revised LTCP remained under review in 2024 and that pump-station capacity, infiltration/inflow, SSES and sewer-separation projects continued under the consent order.","location":{"name":"Greater New Haven WPCA","type":"Regional wastewater authority","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Greater New Haven WPCA service area, New Haven County, Connecticut; New Haven Harbor/Long Island Sound","counties":[],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Capacity, infiltration and combined-sewer conditions cause large sewage releases while consent-order capital work remains underway.","secondary_drivers":["Not reported"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEEP reported GNHWPCA's revised LTCP remained under review in 2024 and that pump-station capacity, infiltration/inflow, SSES and sewer-separation projects continued under the consent order.","service":"DEEP reported GNHWPCA's revised LTCP remained under review in 2024 and that pump-station capacity, infiltration/inflow, SSES and sewer-separation projects continued under the consent order.","scale":"DEEP reported GNHWPCA's revised LTCP remained under review in 2024 and that pump-station capacity, infiltration/inflow, SSES and sewer-separation projects continued under the consent order.","duration":"DEEP reported GNHWPCA's revised LTCP remained under review in 2024 and that pump-station capacity, infiltration/inflow, SSES and sewer-separation projects continued under the consent order.","significance":"DEEP reported GNHWPCA's revised LTCP remained under review in 2024 and that pump-station capacity, infiltration/inflow, SSES and sewer-separation projects continued under the consent order."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Measure: 305,829,220 gallons"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Not reported"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"A single annual volume and project milestone do not establish a comparable trend."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Greater New Haven WPCA","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"CT DEEP","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"member municipalities","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"CT DEEP Municipal Wastewater, 860-424-3704.","corrective_actions":["Two pump-station capacity upgrades, one I/I project, one SSES project, one sewer-separation project; LTCP revision under review."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2025 Sewage Right-to-Know Annual Report","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2025-02-01","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/deep/water/municipal_wastewater/srtk-annual-report/2025-srtk-annual-report-overview-draft.pdf?hash=7B555305104D563654E24EF936B331BF&rev=f7f7850099ea4b4da12446e5d03e8fb5","basis":"Annual SSO volume and LTCP status"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New verified Connecticut baseline record in Batch 10."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Population affected","Comparable financial data"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CT-NORWICH-CSO-LTCP-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Norwich combined-sewer overflow LTCP implementation","description":"DEEP reports Norwich remains under Consent Order COWRMU17001 and is completing LTCP projects; DEEP review of the 2020 update was still ongoing in the 2025 annual report.","location":{"name":"Norwich sewer system","type":"Municipal wastewater system","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Norwich, New London County, Connecticut; Thames River watershed/Long Island Sound","counties":[],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Legacy combined-sewer capacity and wet-weather flows continue to create overflow risk while ordered upgrades proceed.","secondary_drivers":["Not reported"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEEP reports Norwich remains under Consent Order COWRMU17001 and is completing LTCP projects; DEEP review of the 2020 update was still ongoing in the 2025 annual report.","service":"DEEP reports Norwich remains under Consent Order COWRMU17001 and is completing LTCP projects; DEEP review of the 2020 update was still ongoing in the 2025 annual report.","scale":"DEEP reports Norwich remains under Consent Order COWRMU17001 and is completing LTCP projects; DEEP review of the 2020 update was still ongoing in the 2025 annual report.","duration":"DEEP reports Norwich remains under Consent Order COWRMU17001 and is completing LTCP projects; DEEP review of the 2020 update was still ongoing in the 2025 annual report.","significance":"DEEP reports Norwich remains under Consent Order COWRMU17001 and is completing LTCP projects; DEEP review of the 2020 update was still ongoing in the 2025 annual report."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Measure: 4.2 to 5 MGD; Reported: Measure: 14 to 11 active regulators"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Not reported"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Asset capacity and regulator closures show directional progress, but no comparable overflow-volume series was published; confidence Low."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Norwich","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Norwich Public Utilities","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"CT DEEP","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"CT DEEP Municipal Wastewater, 860-424-3704.","corrective_actions":["Pump-station and force-main expansion, SCADA integration, regulator closures and WPCF upgrades."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2025 Sewage Right-to-Know Annual Report","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2025-02-01","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/deep/water/municipal_wastewater/srtk-annual-report/2025-srtk-annual-report-overview-draft.pdf?hash=7B555305104D563654E24EF936B331BF&rev=f7f7850099ea4b4da12446e5d03e8fb5","basis":"Consent-order and project status"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified Connecticut baseline record in Batch 10."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Population affected","Comparable financial data"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CT-NORWALK-WWTP-BYPASS-ORDER-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Norwalk wastewater bypass and Ann Street emergency overflow order","description":"DEEP Order WRMU22001 addresses lack of equivalent primary treatment on the secondary-treatment bypass train and historic or potential Ann Street Siphon emergency overflows; facility and sewer master plans were submitted and discussions continued in 2024.","location":{"name":"Norwalk wastewater system","type":"Municipal wastewater system","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Norwalk, Fairfield County, Connecticut; Norwalk River/Long Island Sound","counties":[],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The primary issue is inadequate equivalent primary treatment on a bypass train and historic or potential siphon overflow.","secondary_drivers":["Not reported"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEEP Order WRMU22001 addresses lack of equivalent primary treatment on the secondary-treatment bypass train and historic or potential Ann Street Siphon emergency overflows; facility and sewer master plans were submitted and discussions continued in 2024.","service":"DEEP Order WRMU22001 addresses lack of equivalent primary treatment on the secondary-treatment bypass train and historic or potential Ann Street Siphon emergency overflows; facility and sewer master plans were submitted and discussions continued in 2024.","scale":"DEEP Order WRMU22001 addresses lack of equivalent primary treatment on the secondary-treatment bypass train and historic or potential Ann Street Siphon emergency overflows; facility and sewer master plans were submitted and discussions continued in 2024.","duration":"DEEP Order WRMU22001 addresses lack of equivalent primary treatment on the secondary-treatment bypass train and historic or potential Ann Street Siphon emergency overflows; facility and sewer master plans were submitted and discussions continued in 2024.","significance":"DEEP Order WRMU22001 addresses lack of equivalent primary treatment on the secondary-treatment bypass train and historic or potential Ann Street Siphon emergency overflows; facility and sewer master plans were submitted and discussions continued in 2024."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported: Measure: Not reported discharge volume"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Not reported"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No comparable volume or compliance series was published."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Norwalk","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Norwalk WPCA","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"CT DEEP","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"CT DEEP Municipal Wastewater, 860-424-3704.","corrective_actions":["Facility plan and sanitary-sewer master plan; agency discussions on Outfall 002-1 and Ann Street overflow."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2025 Sewage Right-to-Know Annual Report","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2025-02-01","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/deep/water/municipal_wastewater/srtk-annual-report/2025-srtk-annual-report-overview-draft.pdf?hash=7B555305104D563654E24EF936B331BF&rev=f7f7850099ea4b4da12446e5d03e8fb5","basis":"Order and planning status"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified Connecticut baseline record in Batch 10."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Population affected","Comparable financial data"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CT-WESTERN-FLOOD-DISASTER-2024","revision":4,"change_type":"de-escalated","title":"August 2024 western Connecticut extreme flood disaster","description":"A federally declared disaster followed near-16-inch localized rain and 1,000-year conditions, major river flooding, three fatalities, evacuations and widespread road, bridge and property damage. Recovery and mitigation funding continued after the acute event.","location":{"name":"Western Connecticut flood area","type":"Multi-county federal disaster area","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Fairfield, Litchfield and New Haven counties, Connecticut, especially Oxford, Southbury, Seymour, Beacon Falls, Monroe and Newtown","counties":[],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Exceptional rainfall and river flooding were the primary drivers; numerous infrastructure failures were consequences.","secondary_drivers":["Not reported"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Up to almost 16 inches of rain fell in 6-8 hours, with major flooding on the Housatonic, Little and Naugatuck rivers, and the state swiftwater team made over 100 evacuations on Aug 18 (ref 1); the state later cited about $206 million in damage (ref 3, ref 5).","service":"The governor signed a State of Civil Preparedness Emergency at 12:45 PM on Aug 19, 2024 (ref 1), and 278 small businesses and nonprofits received $5.9 million in emergency state funding by Nov 2024 (ref 4), reflecting widespread road, building and business disruption.","scale":"The Sept 20, 2024 major disaster declaration covered Litchfield, New Haven and Fairfield counties, with Hartford and Middlesex counties also eligible for SBA economic injury loans (ref 1).","duration":"The acute flooding lasted about 24 hours, but FEMA Individual Assistance and SBA windows ran to Nov 19, 2024 (physical) and June 20, 2025 (economic injury) (ref 1); a comparable Fairfield County event in Sept 2026 shows recurrence but not continuing 2024 impacts (ref 5).","significance":"A federal Major Disaster Declaration approved Sept 20, 2024 (ref 1) followed the governor's Sept 9 request (ref 2)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Nearly 2,000 homes had at least some damage: 19 destroyed, 170 major damage, 133 inaccessible, 615 minor and 1,049 otherwise affected; business totals were also reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Measure: almost 16 inches in 6-8 hours; Reported: Measure: 3 fatalities; Reported: Measure: >100 evacuations"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Not reported"]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Officials compared the Sept 13, 2026 Fairfield County flash flood with the 2024 Naugatuck Valley floods (ref 5); two extreme rain events in about two years."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"FEMA","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"CT DEMHS","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"CTDOT","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"CT DEEP","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"affected municipalities","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"DEMHS Public Assistance Unit through the state disaster page; FEMA, 1-800-621-3362.","corrective_actions":["Emergency declarations, FEMA Individual and Public Assistance, road, bridge and rail restoration, hazard-mitigation eligibility."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"August 18-19, 2024 Severe Flooding Disaster","publisher":"CT DEMHS","date":"2024-09-20","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/demhs/emergency-management/resources-for-officials/disaster-recovery/august-18-2024-severe-flooding-disaster","basis":"Incident overview"},{"ref":2,"title":"Major Disaster Declaration Request","publisher":"Office of the Governor of Connecticut","date":"2024-09-09","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/governor/news/press-releases/2024/09-2024/governor-lamont-submits-request-for-major-disaster-declaration","basis":"FEMA damage assessment"},{"ref":3,"title":"Disaster Resilience and Climate RFI","publisher":"State of Connecticut","date":"2024-10-01","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/connecticutclimateaction/dcrf/docs/dcrf-2024-request-for-information-oct-2024.pdf?hash=0FDB741C8911D7E46AED73EB018E6FF1&rev=f113df26fc394045b9dad1cfc979107b","basis":"Damage-cost estimate"},{"ref":4,"title":"Emergency State Funding for Flood Recovery","publisher":"Office of the Governor of Connecticut","date":"2024-11-14","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/governor/news/press-releases/2024/11-2024/governor-lamont-announces-278-small-businesses-and-nonprofits-received-5-9-million-in-emergency-state-funding","basis":"Recovery grants"},{"ref":5,"title":"Lamont says 'rain bomb' overwhelmed parts of Fairfield County","publisher":"CT Mirror","date":"2026-09-14","url":"https://ctmirror.org/2026/09/14/fairfield-county-flooding-rain-bomb/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":10,"note":"New verified Connecticut baseline record in Batch 10."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":10,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":9,"note":"Duration lowered from 2 to 1 and severity notes rewritten with sourced facts. The acute event (Aug 18-19, 2024) and its FEMA and SBA filing windows closed in 2024-2025; a second Fairfield County flash flood on Sept 13, 2026 is tracked separately as US-CT-FAIRFIELD-FLASH-FLOODING-2026 and was compared by officials with the 2024 event (ref 5)."}],"first_seen":"2024-08-18","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Population affected","Comparable financial data"],"related_ids":["US-CT-FAIRFIELD-FLASH-FLOODING-2026"],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":206000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"estimate","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-10-01","scope":{"project":"August 2024 flood"},"basis":{"definition":"state FEMA request cited in climate resilience RFI"},"source_refs":[3],"funding_stage":"estimated"},{"metric":"secured_funding","value":5900000,"currency":"USD","unit":"awarded total","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-11-14","scope":{"project":"278 recipients"},"basis":{"definition":"state award total"},"source_refs":[4],"funding_stage":"awarded"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CT-NORTH-HARTFORD-MS4-GOVERNANCE-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hartford stormwater-system responsibility and recurring street flooding","description":"EPA warned in October 2023 that Hartford and MDC stormwater discharges were potentially noncompliant; mediation produced a January 2025 MOU assigning maintenance responsibilities. Chronic flooding and sewage backups disproportionately burden North Hartford.","location":{"name":"North Hartford","type":"Municipal stormwater system and disadvantaged urban neighborhood","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Hartford, Connecticut, especially North Hartford","counties":[],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"EPA identified unclear shared MS4 responsibility between Hartford and MDC as a governance barrier to maintaining stormwater assets and reducing flooding.","secondary_drivers":["Fragmented governance and unclear accountability were formally identified; capital need is material; no insolvency evidence was found."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA warned in October 2023 that Hartford and MDC stormwater discharges were potentially noncompliant; mediation produced a January 2025 MOU assigning maintenance responsibilities. Chronic flooding and sewage backups disproportionately burden North Hartford.","service":"EPA warned in October 2023 that Hartford and MDC stormwater discharges were potentially noncompliant; mediation produced a January 2025 MOU assigning maintenance responsibilities. Chronic flooding and sewage backups disproportionately burden North Hartford.","scale":"EPA warned in October 2023 that Hartford and MDC stormwater discharges were potentially noncompliant; mediation produced a January 2025 MOU assigning maintenance responsibilities. Chronic flooding and sewage backups disproportionately burden North Hartford.","duration":"EPA warned in October 2023 that Hartford and MDC stormwater discharges were potentially noncompliant; mediation produced a January 2025 MOU assigning maintenance responsibilities. Chronic flooding and sewage backups disproportionately burden North Hartford.","significance":"EPA warned in October 2023 that Hartford and MDC stormwater discharges were potentially noncompliant; mediation produced a January 2025 MOU assigning maintenance responsibilities. Chronic flooding and sewage backups disproportionately burden North Hartford."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Measure: 12 projects"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Fragmented governance and unclear accountability were formally identified; capital need is material; no insolvency evidence was found."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The MOU resolves a documented responsibility gap, but flood-frequency outcome data are not yet available; confidence Low."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Hartford","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"MDC","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 1","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"CT DEEP","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Hartford 311; MDC, 860-278-7850; EPA Region 1 through the cited Connecticut page.","corrective_actions":["2025 maintenance MOU plus sewer and stormwater capital projects."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA Efforts in North Hartford to Address Sewer Backups","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-01-20","url":"https://www.epa.gov/ct/epa-efforts-north-hartford-address-sewer-backups","basis":"Letters, mediation, MOU, projects and funding"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified Connecticut baseline record in Batch 10."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-10-23","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Population affected","Comparable financial data"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":185000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"estimated total","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2023-07-24","scope":{"project":"12 sewer and stormwater projects"},"basis":{"definition":"EPA"},"source_refs":[1]}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CT-NY-LONG-ISLAND-SOUND-HYPOXIA-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Long Island Sound summer hypoxia and nitrogen enrichment","description":"Hypoxia persists each summer despite major long-term improvement. In 2025 maximum hypoxic area fell sharply, but duration increased; nitrogen from wastewater, stormwater, septic systems and atmospheric deposition remains causal.","location":{"name":"Long Island Sound","type":"Interstate estuary","state":"CT","states":["CT","NY"],"detail":"Long Island Sound, Connecticut-New York interstate estuary","counties":[],"extent":"multi_state"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Excess nitrogen drives recurring low dissolved oxygen across the estuary.","secondary_drivers":["Not reported"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Hypoxia persists each summer despite major long-term improvement. In 2025 maximum hypoxic area fell sharply, but duration increased; nitrogen from wastewater, stormwater, septic systems and atmospheric deposition remains causal.","service":"Hypoxia persists each summer despite major long-term improvement. In 2025 maximum hypoxic area fell sharply, but duration increased; nitrogen from wastewater, stormwater, septic systems and atmospheric deposition remains causal.","scale":"Hypoxia persists each summer despite major long-term improvement. In 2025 maximum hypoxic area fell sharply, but duration increased; nitrogen from wastewater, stormwater, septic systems and atmospheric deposition remains causal.","duration":"Hypoxia persists each summer despite major long-term improvement. In 2025 maximum hypoxic area fell sharply, but duration increased; nitrogen from wastewater, stormwater, septic systems and atmospheric deposition remains causal.","significance":"Hypoxia persists each summer despite major long-term improvement. In 2025 maximum hypoxic area fell sharply, but duration increased; nitrogen from wastewater, stormwater, septic systems and atmospheric deposition remains causal."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported; basin-wide ecological and recreational resource."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Measure: 18.3 square miles; Reported: Measure: 40 days; Reported: Measure: 6,331 equivalent pounds nitrogen per day"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Not reported"]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Maximum area improved substantially in 2025, while duration rose from 38 to 40 days; long-term area trend is improving."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"CT DEEP","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"NYSDEC","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Long Island Sound Partnership","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"interstate monitoring partners","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Katie O'Brien-Clayton, CT DEEP, Katie.OBrien-Clayton@ct.gov.","corrective_actions":["Nitrogen TMDL and control program, POTW improvements, stormwater and nonpoint controls, intensive monitoring."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"The Water of Long Island Sound","publisher":"Connecticut Council on Environmental Quality","date":"2026-04-28","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/ceq/ar-25-gold/2025-ceq-annual-report-ebook/water---rivers-lakes-and-estuaries/the-water-of-long-island-sound","basis":"2025 state metrics"},{"ref":2,"title":"LIS Hypoxia and Nitrogen Reduction Efforts","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2025-03-18","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/water/lis-monitoring/lis-hypoxia-and-nitrogen-reduction-efforts","basis":"Causes and controls"},{"ref":3,"title":"Long Island Sound Water Quality and Hypoxia Monitoring Program Overview","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2026-01-01","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/water/lis-monitoring/lis-water-quality-and-hypoxia-monitoring-program-overview","basis":"Monitoring program"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":8,"note":"New verified Connecticut baseline record in Batch 10."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":8,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-06-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Population affected","Comparable financial data"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CT-WOODSTOCK-LINEMASTER-GROUNDWATER-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Linemaster Switch Superfund soil and groundwater contamination","description":"EPA finalized an amended remedy in 2025 because significant soil and groundwater impacts remain after 25 years of remediation, though concentrations are declining.","location":{"name":"Linemaster Switch Superfund site","type":"Industrial Superfund site","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Linemaster Switch Corp. Superfund site, Woodstock, Windham County, Connecticut","counties":[],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Persistent industrial chemicals in soil and groundwater remain significant after decades of treatment.","secondary_drivers":["Not reported"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA finalized an amended remedy in 2025 because significant soil and groundwater impacts remain after 25 years of remediation, though concentrations are declining.","service":"EPA finalized an amended remedy in 2025 because significant soil and groundwater impacts remain after 25 years of remediation, though concentrations are declining.","scale":"EPA finalized an amended remedy in 2025 because significant soil and groundwater impacts remain after 25 years of remediation, though concentrations are declining.","duration":"EPA finalized an amended remedy in 2025 because significant soil and groundwater impacts remain after 25 years of remediation, though concentrations are declining.","significance":"EPA finalized an amended remedy in 2025 because significant soil and groundwater impacts remain after 25 years of remediation, though concentrations are declining."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Measure: 92 acres; Reported: Measure: two years"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Not reported"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"EPA reports concentrations declining, but significant impacts remain; confidence Medium."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 1","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"CT DEEP","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Linemaster Switch Corp","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"EPA Region 1 Press Office, R1_Press@epa.gov, 857-329-2447; John Bryant, bryant.john@epa.gov, 617-918-1375.","corrective_actions":["Chemical oxidation, new groundwater collection wells, monitoring, land-use restrictions and five-year reviews."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA Announces Updated Cleanup Plan for Linemaster Switch Corp.","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2025-08-11","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-announces-updated-cleanup-plan-linemaster-switch-corp-superfund-site-woodstock","basis":"Final updated remedy"},{"ref":2,"title":"Public Hearing on Amended Linemaster Cleanup Plan","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2024-01-03","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-hold-public-hearing-accept-comments-proposed-amended-cleanup-plan-linemaster","basis":"Contaminant and remedy history"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified Connecticut baseline record in Batch 10."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-03","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Population affected","Comparable financial data"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"capital_need","value":11400000,"currency":"USD","unit":"estimated total","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-08-11","scope":{"project":"construction, operation and maintenance, and monitoring"},"basis":{"definition":"EPA updated plan"},"source_refs":[1]}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CT-STRATFORD-RAYMARK-CONTAMINATION-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Raymark industrial-waste contamination across Stratford","description":"A complex nine-unit cleanup continues across hundreds of acres and properties for PCBs, VOCs, asbestos, lead, copper and other toxic compounds. OU4 was completed in 2026; OU5 Shore Road work and other investigations continue; groundwater monitoring and 120 vapor systems remain in place.","location":{"name":"Raymark Industries Superfund site","type":"Multi-property industrial Superfund complex","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Raymark Industries Superfund site and dispersed properties, Stratford, Fairfield County, Connecticut; Ferry Creek and Housatonic River area","counties":[],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Industrial waste contaminated groundwater, surface water, sediment and soil, requiring extensive engineered Superfund remedies.","secondary_drivers":["Not reported"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"A complex nine-unit cleanup continues across hundreds of acres and properties for PCBs, VOCs, asbestos, lead, copper and other toxic compounds. OU4 was completed in 2026; OU5 Shore Road work and other investigations continue; groundwater monitoring and 120 vapor systems remain in place.","service":"A complex nine-unit cleanup continues across hundreds of acres and properties for PCBs, VOCs, asbestos, lead, copper and other toxic compounds. OU4 was completed in 2026; OU5 Shore Road work and other investigations continue; groundwater monitoring and 120 vapor systems remain in place.","scale":"A complex nine-unit cleanup continues across hundreds of acres and properties for PCBs, VOCs, asbestos, lead, copper and other toxic compounds. OU4 was completed in 2026; OU5 Shore Road work and other investigations continue; groundwater monitoring and 120 vapor systems remain in place.","duration":"A complex nine-unit cleanup continues across hundreds of acres and properties for PCBs, VOCs, asbestos, lead, copper and other toxic compounds. OU4 was completed in 2026; OU5 Shore Road work and other investigations continue; groundwater monitoring and 120 vapor systems remain in place.","significance":"A complex nine-unit cleanup continues across hundreds of acres and properties for PCBs, VOCs, asbestos, lead, copper and other toxic compounds. OU4 was completed in 2026; OU5 Shore Road work and other investigations continue; groundwater monitoring and 120 vapor systems remain in place."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported; waste was documented at 46 residential properties and numerous commercial, recreational and municipal properties."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Measure: >100000 cubic yards; Reported: Measure: 28 properties; Reported: Measure: 120 vapor mitigation systems"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Not reported"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Large removals and OU4 completion demonstrate progress, but multiple units remain active; confidence High."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 1","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"CT DEEP","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Town of Stratford","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Maggie McCallum, mccallum.margaret@epa.gov, 617-963-6691; EPA Region 1 Press Office, R1_Press@epa.gov.","corrective_actions":["Excavation and offsite disposal, consolidation and capping, creek and wetland restoration, vapor mitigation and groundwater monitoring; continuing OU5 and other unit investigations."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA New England Celebrates Major Cleanup Milestone at Raymark","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-06-17","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-new-england-celebrates-major-cleanup-milestone-raymark-superfund-site","basis":"Current milestone and status"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA Completes Removal of Over 100,000 Cubic Yards at Raymark","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2024-05-14","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-completes-removal-over-100000-cubic-yards-contamination-raymark-superfund-site","basis":"Quantities, funding and contaminants"},{"ref":3,"title":"Raymark Industries Superfund Site Profile","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/SiteProfiles/index.cfm?fuseaction=second.cleanup&id=0100094","basis":"Current operable-unit status"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New verified Connecticut baseline record in Batch 10."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-05-14","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Population affected","Comparable financial data"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":113000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"funding total","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-05-14","scope":{"project":"Raymark cleanup"},"basis":{"definition":"EPA release"},"source_refs":[2]}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CT-DURHAM-MEADOWS-GROUNDWATER-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Durham Meadows industrial groundwater contamination cleanup","description":"All affected residences have been connected to the new water system, but Durham Manufacturing source-area cleanup and long-term groundwater monitoring continue; the system transition occurred or was planned in 2025.","location":{"name":"Durham Meadows Superfund site","type":"Community groundwater Superfund site","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Durham Meadows Superfund site, Durham, Middlesex County, Connecticut","counties":[],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Industrial-source groundwater contamination required a replacement public-water system and continuing source-area excavation and monitoring.","secondary_drivers":["Not reported"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"All affected residences have been connected to the new water system, but Durham Manufacturing source-area cleanup and long-term groundwater monitoring continue; the system transition occurred or was planned in 2025.","service":"All affected residences have been connected to the new water system, but Durham Manufacturing source-area cleanup and long-term groundwater monitoring continue; the system transition occurred or was planned in 2025.","scale":"All affected residences have been connected to the new water system, but Durham Manufacturing source-area cleanup and long-term groundwater monitoring continue; the system transition occurred or was planned in 2025.","duration":"All affected residences have been connected to the new water system, but Durham Manufacturing source-area cleanup and long-term groundwater monitoring continue; the system transition occurred or was planned in 2025.","significance":"All affected residences have been connected to the new water system, but Durham Manufacturing source-area cleanup and long-term groundwater monitoring continue; the system transition occurred or was planned in 2025."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"EPA states all residential properties with contaminated supplies were connected; count not stated on the current profile."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Measure: all residential properties with contaminated supplies"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Not reported"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Exposure control through universal connections is complete while source cleanup and monitoring continue; confidence High."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"CT DEEP","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Town of Durham","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"City of Middletown","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"EPA Region 1 Superfund through the cited site profile.","corrective_actions":["Alternative water system, soil hot-spot excavation and offsite disposal, source control and long-term groundwater monitoring."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Durham Meadows Superfund Site Profile","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2025-12-31","url":"https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/SiteProfiles/index.cfm?fuseaction=second.cleanup&id=0100108","basis":"Current site and water-system status"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified Connecticut baseline record in Batch 10."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-07-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Population affected","Comparable financial data"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CT-WATERBURY-SCOVILL-INDUSTRIAL-LANDFILL-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Scovill Industrial Landfill Superfund cleanup","description":"EPA began the long-delayed remedial action in 2024 at the former industrial landfill containing PAHs, PCBs, metals and VOCs.","location":{"name":"Scovill Industrial Landfill","type":"Industrial landfill Superfund site","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Scovill Industrial Landfill, Waterbury, New Haven County, Connecticut","counties":[],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Industrial waste contamination affects soil and wetlands and presents water-related migration and vapor risks requiring excavation and engineered containment.","secondary_drivers":["Not reported"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA began the long-delayed remedial action in 2024 at the former industrial landfill containing PAHs, PCBs, metals and VOCs.","service":"EPA began the long-delayed remedial action in 2024 at the former industrial landfill containing PAHs, PCBs, metals and VOCs.","scale":"EPA began the long-delayed remedial action in 2024 at the former industrial landfill containing PAHs, PCBs, metals and VOCs.","duration":"EPA began the long-delayed remedial action in 2024 at the former industrial landfill containing PAHs, PCBs, metals and VOCs.","significance":"EPA began the long-delayed remedial action in 2024 at the former industrial landfill containing PAHs, PCBs, metals and VOCs."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Measure: 25-30 acres; Reported: Measure: 18 months"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Not reported"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Previously unfunded remedy entered construction in 2024; completion status after the cited milestone was not independently verified."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 1","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"CT DEEP","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"City of Waterbury","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Darriel Swatts, Swatts.Darriel@epa.gov, 617-918-1065; Mark Habedank, Habedank.Mark@epa.gov, 617-918-1312.","corrective_actions":["Excavate and consolidate waste, cap contaminated material and restore wetlands."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA and Partners Celebrate Groundbreaking of Scovill Cleanup","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2024-05-28","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-and-partners-celebrate-groundbreaking-scovill-industrial-landfill-superfund-site","basis":"Remedy and funding"},{"ref":2,"title":"Scovill Industrial Landfill Superfund Site Profile","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0102953","basis":"Site profile and contacts"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified Connecticut baseline record in Batch 10."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-03-12","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Population affected","Comparable financial data"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":11880000,"currency":"USD","unit":"funding total","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-05-28","scope":{"project":"Scovill remedial action"},"basis":{"definition":"EPA release"},"source_refs":[1]}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-CT-WATERBURY-ALBERT-BROS-PRETREATMENT-SNC-2025","revision":5,"change_type":"changed","title":"Albert Bros persistent industrial pretreatment significant noncompliance","description":"DEEP listed Albert Bros Inc. (permit SP0002387, 225 East Aurora Street, Waterbury) in significant noncompliance in all four quarters of FFY2024 (oil and grease) and all four of FFY2025 (copper, lead, oil and grease). The notices publish no concentrations, penalty or order.","location":{"name":"Albert Bros Inc.","type":"Significant industrial sewer user","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Albert Bros Inc., 225 East Aurora Street, Waterbury, Connecticut; permit SP0002387","counties":["New Haven"],"extent":"site","coordinates":{"lat":41.572,"lon":-73.05879,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3}},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Repeated industrial effluent-limit exceedances for metals and oil and grease are the documented issue.","secondary_drivers":["Not reported"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"FFY2025 notice (ref 2) lists criterion B for copper, lead and oil and grease: 33% or more of measurements in a six-month period at or above 1.2 times the limit (1.4 times for oil and grease). No concentrations are published, so harm is scored as potential, not documented.","service":"Both notices (refs 1, 2) list this user under criterion B only. Neither lists criterion F (POTW interference or permit violation) or G (imminent endangerment), so no disruption of sewer service is documented.","scale":"One permitted industrial user, SP0002387, at 225 East Aurora Street, Waterbury (ECHO, ref 3). The notices give no flow or pollutant load.","duration":"Oil and grease in all four quarters of FFY2024 (ref 1), then copper, lead and oil and grease in all four quarters of FFY2025 (ref 2): eight consecutive quarters, and the pollutant list grew from one to three.","significance":"Formal SNC listing in DEEP's annual public notices under 40 CFR 403.8(f)(2)(viii) (refs 1, 2). No penalty, order or emergency action is published, so this is scored 1; the prior score of 2 cited no order."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The notices name a single industrial user and give no population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Listed in SNC in all 8 quarters of FFY2024 and FFY2025 (Oct 2023-Sep 2025)"},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters listed in SNC","value":8,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Count of quarters in the DEEP FFY2023-FFY2025 notices for this permit."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Not reported"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Worsening: oil and grease only in FFY2024 (ref 1); copper, lead and oil and grease in FFY2025 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Albert Bros Inc","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"CT DEEP Water Permitting and Enforcement Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"receiving POTW","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"DEEP.Pretreatment@ct.gov.","corrective_actions":["DEEP publishes the annual SNC list (ref 2); no return-to-compliance date, order or penalty is published for this user."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in SNC During FFY2024","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2025-06-26","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/public-notices/public-notices-proposed-actions---opportunity-for-comment/miscellaneous-proposed-actions/miscellaneous-proposed-actions-archive---2025/significant-industrial-users-in-significant-non--compliance-during-federal-fiscal-year-2024","basis":"FFY2024 SNC notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in SNC During FFY2025","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/public-notices/public-notices-proposed-actions---opportunity-for-comment/miscellaneous-proposed-actions/significant-industrial-users-in-significant-non-compliance-during-federal-fiscal-year-2025","basis":"FFY2025 SNC notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA ECHO facility records for Albert Bros Inc. (query: Albert Bros, CT)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=CT&p_fn=Albert+Bros","basis":"Federal facility registry (address, coordinates, permit IDs)","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New verified Connecticut baseline record in Batch 10."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":4,"note":"Severity notes rewritten per component with notice quarters and criteria (refs 1, 2, 3); score 6 to 4: significance 2 to 1 because no order or penalty is cited (rubric), service lowered to 0 because no criterion F/G entry shows POTW interference. Added ECHO address and coordinates."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-10-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Concentrations and limits","Receiving POTW named in a source","Penalty or order status"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CT-NEW-BRITAIN-GUIDA-SIEBERT-PRETREATMENT-SNC-2025","revision":5,"change_type":"changed","title":"Guida-Siebert Dairy persistent BOD pretreatment significant noncompliance","description":"DEEP listed the Guida-Siebert Dairy Company (SP0002201, 433 Park Street, New Britain) for BOD technical-review-criteria violations in the first two quarters of FFY2023 and in every quarter of FFY2024 and FFY2025. The notices spell the name 'Guida-Seibert' in 2023 and 2024 and 'Guida-Siebert' in 2025; the permit number is the same.","location":{"name":"Guida-Siebert Dairy Company","type":"Significant industrial sewer user","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Guida-Siebert Dairy Company, 433 Park Street, New Britain, Connecticut; permit SP0002201","counties":["Hartford"],"extent":"site","coordinates":{"lat":41.665114,"lon":-72.769657,"precision":"facility","source_ref":4}},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Repeated biochemical-oxygen-demand limit exceedances in industrial wastewater are the documented issue.","secondary_drivers":["Not reported"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Criterion B for BOD: 33% or more of measurements in a six-month period at or above 1.4 times the BOD limit (ref 3). BOD is organic loading on the receiving plant; no concentration is published, so harm is scored as potential.","service":"The FFY2023, FFY2024 and FFY2025 notices (refs 1, 2, 3) list only criterion B for this dairy; none shows criterion F (POTW interference), so no disruption of sewer service is documented.","scale":"One dairy user, SP0002201, at 433 Park Street, New Britain; ECHO lists SIC 2024 (ice cream) and 2026 (fluid milk) (ref 4). No flow or load is published.","duration":"BOD in Q1-Q2 of FFY2023 (ref 1), then every quarter of FFY2024 (ref 2) and FFY2025 (ref 3): ten quarters over three federal fiscal years, eight of them consecutive.","significance":"Formal SNC listing in three consecutive annual DEEP notices (refs 1, 2, 3). No penalty or order is published, so 1; the earlier 2 had no cited order."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The notices name a single industrial user and give no population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Listed for BOD in 10 quarters across FFY2023-FFY2025 (Q1-Q2 FFY2023; all 8 of FFY2024-25)"},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters listed in SNC","value":10,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Count of quarters in the DEEP FFY2023-FFY2025 notices for this permit."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Not reported"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Persistent: ten SNC quarters in three fiscal years, with a break in Q3-Q4 FFY2023 (ref 1) and continuous listing since (refs 2, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Guida-Siebert Dairy Company","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"CT DEEP WPED","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"receiving POTW","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"DEEP.Pretreatment@ct.gov.","corrective_actions":["DEEP publishes the annual SNC list (ref 3); no return-to-compliance date, order or penalty is published for this user."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in SNC During FFY2023","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2024-06-27","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/public-notices/public-notices-proposed-actions---opportunity-for-comment/miscellaneous-proposed-actions/miscellaneous-proposed-actions-archive---pre-2025/industrial-pretreatment-program-significant-industrial-users-in-significant","basis":"FFY2023 SNC notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in SNC During FFY2024","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2025-06-26","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/public-notices/public-notices-proposed-actions---opportunity-for-comment/miscellaneous-proposed-actions/miscellaneous-proposed-actions-archive---2025/significant-industrial-users-in-significant-non--compliance-during-federal-fiscal-year-2024","basis":"FFY2024 SNC notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in SNC During FFY2025","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/public-notices/public-notices-proposed-actions---opportunity-for-comment/miscellaneous-proposed-actions/significant-industrial-users-in-significant-non-compliance-during-federal-fiscal-year-2025","basis":"FFY2025 SNC notice"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA ECHO facility records for Guida-Siebert Dairy Company (query: Guida, CT)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=CT&p_fn=Guida","basis":"Federal facility registry (address, coordinates, permit IDs)","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New verified Connecticut baseline record in Batch 10."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":4,"note":"Severity notes rewritten per component with notice quarters and criteria (refs 1, 2, 3, 4); score 6 to 4: significance 2 to 1 because no order or penalty is cited (rubric), service lowered to 0 because no criterion F/G entry shows POTW interference. Added ECHO address and coordinates."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Concentrations and limits","Receiving POTW named in a source","Penalty or order status"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CT-SOUTH-WINDSOR-AEROSPACE-TESTING-PRETREATMENT-SNC-2025","revision":5,"change_type":"changed","title":"Aerospace Testing Laboratory, Inc. industrial pretreatment significant noncompliance","description":"DEEP listed Aerospace Testing Laboratory, Inc. (CTSIU0068, 32 South Satellite Road, South Windsor) in FFY2025 for a compliance-schedule milestone (PFAS sampling plan) more than 90 days overdue in Q1 and for TTO violations in Q3 and Q4. It does not appear in the FFY2023 or FFY2024 lists.","location":{"name":"Aerospace Testing Laboratory, Inc.","type":"Industrial facility","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Aerospace Testing Laboratory, Inc., 32 South Satellite Road, South Windsor, Connecticut; permit CTSIU0068","counties":["Hartford"],"extent":"site","coordinates":{"lat":41.824328,"lon":-72.605153,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is industrial wastewater pretreatment noncompliance or missing compliance monitoring rather than a confirmed physical system failure.","secondary_drivers":["Not reported"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Criterion B for TTO (total toxic organics) in Q3 and Q4 of FFY2025 (ref 1): 33% or more of measurements in six months at or above 1.2 times the limit. No concentration is published, so harm is potential.","service":"The notice (ref 1) lists criteria D and B only, with no criterion F or G entry, so no sewer service disruption is documented.","scale":"One testing laboratory, CTSIU0068, at 32 South Satellite Road, South Windsor (ECHO, ref 2); no flow is published.","duration":"Q1 for the overdue PFAS sampling plan, then TTO in Q3 and Q4 (ref 1): three quarters within one fiscal year, and not listed in FFY2023 or FFY2024 (refs 3, 4).","significance":"Formal SNC listing under criteria D (schedule milestone more than 90 days late) and B (ref 1). No penalty or order is published, so 1."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The notices name a single industrial user and give no population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Listed in 3 quarters of FFY2025: PFAS sampling plan overdue (Q1), TTO violations (Q3, Q4)"},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters listed in SNC","value":3,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Count of quarters in the DEEP FFY2023-FFY2025 notices for this permit."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Not reported"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient History: first appearance in the FFY2025 notice (ref 1); absent from FFY2023 and FFY2024 lists (refs 3, 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Named facility","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"CT DEEP Water Permitting and Enforcement Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"receiving POTW","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"DEEP.Pretreatment@ct.gov.","corrective_actions":["DEEP publishes the annual SNC list (ref 1); no return-to-compliance date, order or penalty is published for this user."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in Significant Non-Compliance during FFY2025","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/public-notices/public-notices-proposed-actions---opportunity-for-comment/miscellaneous-proposed-actions/significant-industrial-users-in-significant-non-compliance-during-federal-fiscal-year-2025","basis":"Official state pretreatment SNC notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA ECHO facility records for Aerospace Testing Laboratory, Inc. (query: Aerospace Testing, CT)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=CT&p_fn=Aerospace+Testing","basis":"Federal facility registry (address, coordinates, permit IDs)","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in SNC During Federal Fiscal Year 2023 (DEEP, June 2024)","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2024-06-18","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/deep/water_regulating_and_discharges/industrial_wastewater/20240618-sius-in-snc-btwn-1012022--9302023.pdf","basis":"F23 SNC notice"},{"ref":4,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in SNC During Federal Fiscal Year 2024","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2025-06-26","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/public-notices/public-notices-proposed-actions---opportunity-for-comment/miscellaneous-proposed-actions/miscellaneous-proposed-actions-archive---2025/significant-industrial-users-in-significant-non--compliance-during-federal-fiscal-year-2024","basis":"F24 SNC notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New verified Connecticut baseline record in Batch 10."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":3,"note":"Severity notes rewritten per component with notice quarters and criteria (refs 1, 2, 3, 4); score 5 to 3: significance 2 to 1 because no order or penalty is cited (rubric), service lowered to 0 because no criterion F/G entry shows POTW interference. Added ECHO address and coordinates."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-06-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Concentrations and limits","Receiving POTW named in a source","Penalty or order status"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CT-WATERBURY-AMERICAN-ELECTRO-PRETREATMENT-SNC-2025","revision":5,"change_type":"changed","title":"American Electro Products industrial pretreatment significant noncompliance","description":"DEEP listed American Electro Products (CTSIU0140, 1358 Thomaston Avenue, Waterbury) in FFY2025 Q4 for a PFAS sampling-plan compliance-schedule milestone more than 90 days overdue. The notice publishes no sampling results, penalty or order.","location":{"name":"American Electro Products","type":"Industrial facility","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"American Electro Products, 1358 Thomaston Avenue, Waterbury, Connecticut; permit CTSIU0140","counties":["New Haven"],"extent":"site","coordinates":{"lat":41.58474,"lon":-73.04874,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is industrial wastewater pretreatment noncompliance or missing compliance monitoring rather than a confirmed physical system failure.","secondary_drivers":["Not reported"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The only listing is criterion D, a late compliance-schedule milestone for a PFAS sampling plan (ref 1); no discharge measurement or exceedance is published, so no harm is documented.","service":"American Electro Products appears in the notice (ref 1) under criterion D (Q4) only; with no criterion F or G line, DEEP does not report interference with the receiving sewer plant.","scale":"One user, CTSIU0140, at 1358 Thomaston Avenue, Waterbury; ECHO lists SIC 3471 plating and polishing (ref 2). Plating falls in the PFAS-plan categories of DEEP's SIU general permit draft (ref 3, section 4.11), which is context only: the notice does not say which permit set this milestone.","duration":"Q4 of FFY2025 only (ref 1); not listed in FFY2023 or FFY2024 (refs 4, 5).","significance":"Formal SNC listing under criterion D, more than 90 days after the milestone date (ref 1). No penalty or order is published, so 1."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The notices name a single industrial user and give no population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Listed in 1 quarter of FFY2025 (Q4): PFAS sampling plan compliance schedule overdue"},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters listed in SNC","value":1,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Count of quarters in the DEEP FFY2023-FFY2025 notices for this permit."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Not reported"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient History: one quarter in the FFY2025 notice (ref 1); not on the FFY2023 or FFY2024 lists (refs 4, 5)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Named facility","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"CT DEEP Water Permitting and Enforcement Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"receiving POTW","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"DEEP.Pretreatment@ct.gov.","corrective_actions":["DEEP publishes the annual SNC list (ref 1); no return-to-compliance date, order or penalty is published for this user."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in Significant Non-Compliance during FFY2025","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/public-notices/public-notices-proposed-actions---opportunity-for-comment/miscellaneous-proposed-actions/significant-industrial-users-in-significant-non-compliance-during-federal-fiscal-year-2025","basis":"Official state pretreatment SNC notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA ECHO facility records for American Electro Products (query: American Electro, CT)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=CT&p_fn=American+Electro","basis":"Federal facility registry (address, coordinates, permit IDs)","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"General Pretreatment Permit for SIU, Dewatering, and Remediation Discharges (draft, October 2025 version), section 4.11 PFAS Plan","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2025-10-01","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/deep/water_regulating_and_discharges/industrial_wastewater/pretreatment-group/siu-gp-documents/2025-pretreatment-general-permit-siu.pdf","basis":"State permit document (context only)"},{"ref":4,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in SNC During Federal Fiscal Year 2023 (DEEP, June 2024)","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2024-06-18","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/deep/water_regulating_and_discharges/industrial_wastewater/20240618-sius-in-snc-btwn-1012022--9302023.pdf","basis":"F23 SNC notice"},{"ref":5,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in SNC During Federal Fiscal Year 2024","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2025-06-26","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/public-notices/public-notices-proposed-actions---opportunity-for-comment/miscellaneous-proposed-actions/miscellaneous-proposed-actions-archive---2025/significant-industrial-users-in-significant-non--compliance-during-federal-fiscal-year-2024","basis":"F24 SNC notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New verified Connecticut baseline record in Batch 10."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":1,"note":"Severity notes rewritten per component with notice quarters and criteria (refs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5); score 4 to 1: significance 2 to 1 because no order or penalty is cited (rubric), service lowered to 0 because no criterion F/G entry shows POTW interference. Added ECHO address and coordinates."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":1,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-06-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Concentrations and limits","Receiving POTW named in a source","Penalty or order status"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CT-ORANGE-AMERICAN-SEAL-PRETREATMENT-SNC-2025","revision":5,"change_type":"changed","title":"American Seal & Engineering industrial pretreatment significant noncompliance","description":"DEEP listed American Seal & Engineering (CTSIU0131, 295 Indian River Road, Orange) in FFY2025 Q4 for missing discharge monitoring reports more than 45 days overdue. No pollutant data are published.","location":{"name":"American Seal & Engineering","type":"Industrial facility","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"American Seal & Engineering, 295 Indian River Road, Orange, Connecticut; permit CTSIU0131","counties":["New Haven"],"extent":"site","coordinates":{"lat":41.26777,"lon":-72.99787,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is industrial wastewater pretreatment noncompliance or missing compliance monitoring rather than a confirmed physical system failure.","secondary_drivers":["Not reported"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Criterion C only: required reports, such as DMRs, more than 45 days late (ref 1). No pollutant or concentration is listed, so no harm is documented.","service":"American Seal & Engineering appears in the notice (ref 1) under criterion C (Q4) only; with no criterion F or G line, DEEP does not report interference with the receiving sewer plant.","scale":"One user, CTSIU0131, at 295 Indian River Road, Orange (ECHO, ref 2); no flow is published.","duration":"Q4 of FFY2025 only (ref 1); not listed in FFY2023 or FFY2024 (refs 3, 4). The earlier score of 1 for duration is lowered to 0 for a single quarter.","significance":"DEEP's FFY2025 notice (ref 1) names American Seal & Engineering (permit in the notice table) as a significant user in SNC; the notice cites no penalty, order or emergency action, which keeps this at a formal violation (1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The notices name a single industrial user and give no population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Listed in 1 quarter of FFY2025 (Q4): missing discharge monitoring reports"},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters listed in SNC","value":1,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Count of quarters in the DEEP FFY2023-FFY2025 notices for this permit."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Not reported"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient History: one quarter listed (ref 1); absent from FFY2023 and FFY2024 lists (refs 3, 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Named facility","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"CT DEEP Water Permitting and Enforcement Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"receiving POTW","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"DEEP.Pretreatment@ct.gov.","corrective_actions":["DEEP publishes the annual SNC list (ref 1); no return-to-compliance date, order or penalty is published for this user."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in Significant Non-Compliance during FFY2025","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/public-notices/public-notices-proposed-actions---opportunity-for-comment/miscellaneous-proposed-actions/significant-industrial-users-in-significant-non-compliance-during-federal-fiscal-year-2025","basis":"Official state pretreatment SNC notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA ECHO facility records for American Seal & Engineering (query: American Seal, CT)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=CT&p_fn=American+Seal","basis":"Federal facility registry (address, coordinates, permit IDs)","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in SNC During Federal Fiscal Year 2023 (DEEP, June 2024)","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2024-06-18","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/deep/water_regulating_and_discharges/industrial_wastewater/20240618-sius-in-snc-btwn-1012022--9302023.pdf","basis":"F23 SNC notice"},{"ref":4,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in SNC During Federal Fiscal Year 2024","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2025-06-26","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/public-notices/public-notices-proposed-actions---opportunity-for-comment/miscellaneous-proposed-actions/miscellaneous-proposed-actions-archive---2025/significant-industrial-users-in-significant-non--compliance-during-federal-fiscal-year-2024","basis":"F24 SNC notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New verified Connecticut baseline record in Batch 10."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":1,"note":"Severity notes rewritten per component with notice quarters and criteria (refs 1, 2, 3, 4); score 3 to 1: significance 2 to 1 because no order or penalty is cited (rubric), service lowered to 0 because no criterion F/G entry shows POTW interference. Added ECHO address and coordinates."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":1,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-06-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Concentrations and limits","Receiving POTW named in a source","Penalty or order status"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CT-BETHEL-KANTHAL-PRETREATMENT-SNC-2025","revision":5,"change_type":"changed","title":"Kanthal Corporation industrial pretreatment significant noncompliance","description":"DEEP listed Kanthal Corporation (SP0002473, 119 Wooster Street, Bethel) in FFY2025 Q1 for nickel technical-review-criteria violations. ECHO shows the same Wooster Street address under the name Sandvik Wire and Heating Technology.","location":{"name":"Kanthal Corporation","type":"Industrial facility","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Kanthal Corporation, 119 Wooster Street, Bethel, Connecticut; permit SP0002473","counties":["Fairfield"],"extent":"site","coordinates":{"lat":41.38355,"lon":-73.41989,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is industrial wastewater pretreatment noncompliance or missing compliance monitoring rather than a confirmed physical system failure.","secondary_drivers":["Not reported"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Criterion B for nickel in Q1 of FFY2025 (Oct-Dec 2024): at or above 1.2 times the limit in 33% or more of measurements (ref 1). No concentration is published, so harm is potential.","service":"Kanthal Corporation appears in the notice (ref 1) under criterion B (Q1) only; with no criterion F or G line, DEEP does not report interference with the receiving sewer plant.","scale":"One user, permit SP0002473, at 119 Wooster Street, Bethel; ECHO lists the same address also under the name Sandvik Wire and Heating Technology (ref 2).","duration":"Q1 of FFY2025 only (ref 1); not listed in FFY2023 or FFY2024 (refs 3, 4).","significance":"DEEP's FFY2025 notice (ref 1) names Kanthal Corporation (permit in the notice table) as a significant user in SNC; the notice cites no penalty, order or emergency action, which keeps this at a formal violation (1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The notices name a single industrial user and give no population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Listed in 1 quarter of FFY2025 (Q1): nickel technical-review-criteria violations"},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters listed in SNC","value":1,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Count of quarters in the DEEP FFY2023-FFY2025 notices for this permit."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Not reported"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient History: one quarter listed (Q1 FFY2025, ref 1); no earlier listing (refs 3, 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Named facility","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"CT DEEP Water Permitting and Enforcement Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"receiving POTW","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"DEEP.Pretreatment@ct.gov.","corrective_actions":["DEEP publishes the annual SNC list (ref 1); no return-to-compliance date, order or penalty is published for this user."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in Significant Non-Compliance during FFY2025","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/public-notices/public-notices-proposed-actions---opportunity-for-comment/miscellaneous-proposed-actions/significant-industrial-users-in-significant-non-compliance-during-federal-fiscal-year-2025","basis":"Official state pretreatment SNC notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA ECHO facility records for Kanthal Corporation (query: Kanthal, CT)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=CT&p_fn=Kanthal","basis":"Federal facility registry (address, coordinates, permit IDs)","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in SNC During Federal Fiscal Year 2023 (DEEP, June 2024)","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2024-06-18","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/deep/water_regulating_and_discharges/industrial_wastewater/20240618-sius-in-snc-btwn-1012022--9302023.pdf","basis":"F23 SNC notice"},{"ref":4,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in SNC During Federal Fiscal Year 2024","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2025-06-26","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/public-notices/public-notices-proposed-actions---opportunity-for-comment/miscellaneous-proposed-actions/miscellaneous-proposed-actions-archive---2025/significant-industrial-users-in-significant-non--compliance-during-federal-fiscal-year-2024","basis":"F24 SNC notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New verified Connecticut baseline record in Batch 10."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"Severity notes rewritten per component with notice quarters and criteria (refs 1, 2, 3, 4); score 4 to 2: significance 2 to 1 because no order or penalty is cited (rubric), service lowered to 0 because no criterion F/G entry shows POTW interference. Added ECHO address and coordinates."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-06-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Concentrations and limits","Receiving POTW named in a source","Penalty or order status"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CT-MERIDEN-MERIMERE-PRETREATMENT-SNC-2025","revision":5,"change_type":"changed","title":"Merimere Water Treatment Plant industrial pretreatment significant noncompliance","description":"DEEP listed the Merimere Water Treatment Facility (CTSIU0119, 568 Reservoir Avenue, Meriden) for missing discharge monitoring reports in Q4 FFY2024 and Q1-Q2 FFY2025, three consecutive quarters. No pollutant data are published.","location":{"name":"Merimere Water Treatment Plant","type":"Industrial facility","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Merimere Water Treatment Plant, 568 Reservoir Avenue, Meriden, Connecticut; permit CTSIU0119","counties":["New Haven"],"extent":"site","coordinates":{"lat":41.54984,"lon":-72.83066,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is industrial wastewater pretreatment noncompliance or missing compliance monitoring rather than a confirmed physical system failure.","secondary_drivers":["Not reported"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Criterion C only (reports more than 45 days late) in FFY2024 Q4 (ref 3) and FFY2025 Q1-Q2 (ref 1); no pollutant is listed, so no harm is documented.","service":"No criterion F or G entry in either notice (refs 3, 1); no sewer service disruption is documented.","scale":"One user, CTSIU0119; ECHO names it Merimere Water Treatment Facility, 568 Reservoir Avenue, Meriden (ref 2), a water-treatment site rather than a manufacturer. No flow is published.","duration":"Q4 FFY2024 (ref 3) followed by Q1 and Q2 FFY2025 (ref 1): three consecutive quarters (July 2024-March 2025).","significance":"Formal SNC listing in two annual notices (refs 3, 1); no penalty or order is published, so 1."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The notices name a single industrial user and give no population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Listed for missing DMRs in 3 consecutive quarters: Q4 FFY2024, Q1 and Q2 FFY2025"},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters listed in SNC","value":3,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Count of quarters in the DEEP FFY2023-FFY2025 notices for this permit."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Not reported"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient History: three consecutive reporting-failure quarters, none after Q2 FFY2025 (refs 3, 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Named facility","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"CT DEEP Water Permitting and Enforcement Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"receiving POTW","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"DEEP.Pretreatment@ct.gov.","corrective_actions":["DEEP publishes the annual SNC list (ref 1); no return-to-compliance date, order or penalty is published for this user."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in Significant Non-Compliance during FFY2025","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/public-notices/public-notices-proposed-actions---opportunity-for-comment/miscellaneous-proposed-actions/significant-industrial-users-in-significant-non-compliance-during-federal-fiscal-year-2025","basis":"Official state pretreatment SNC notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA ECHO facility records for Merimere Water Treatment Plant (query: Merimere, CT)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=CT&p_fn=Merimere","basis":"Federal facility registry (address, coordinates, permit IDs)","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in SNC During Federal Fiscal Year 2024","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2025-06-26","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/public-notices/public-notices-proposed-actions---opportunity-for-comment/miscellaneous-proposed-actions/miscellaneous-proposed-actions-archive---2025/significant-industrial-users-in-significant-non--compliance-during-federal-fiscal-year-2024","basis":"F24 SNC notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":4,"note":"New verified Connecticut baseline record in Batch 10."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":4,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"Severity notes rewritten per component with notice quarters and criteria (refs 1, 2, 3); score 4 to 2: significance 2 to 1 because no order or penalty is cited (rubric), service lowered to 0 because no criterion F/G entry shows POTW interference. Status changed from Ongoing Major Issue. Added ECHO address and coordinates."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-06-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Concentrations and limits","Receiving POTW named in a source","Penalty or order status"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CT-WATERBURY-MIRROR-POLISHING-PRETREATMENT-SNC-2025","revision":5,"change_type":"changed","title":"Mirror Polishing & Plating Co. industrial pretreatment significant noncompliance","description":"DEEP listed Mirror Polishing & Plating Co. (SP0001930, 346 Huntington Avenue, Waterbury) for missing discharge monitoring reports in Q1, Q3 and Q4 of FFY2025. No pollutant data are published.","location":{"name":"Mirror Polishing & Plating Co.","type":"Industrial facility","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Mirror Polishing & Plating Co., 346 Huntington Avenue, Waterbury, Connecticut; permit SP0001930","counties":["New Haven"],"extent":"site","coordinates":{"lat":41.57642,"lon":-73.0602,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is industrial wastewater pretreatment noncompliance or missing compliance monitoring rather than a confirmed physical system failure.","secondary_drivers":["Not reported"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Criterion C only, missing discharge monitoring reports (ref 1); no pollutant or concentration is listed, so no harm is documented.","service":"Mirror Polishing & Plating Co. appears in the notice (ref 1) under criterion C (Q1, Q3, Q4) only; with no criterion F or G line, DEEP does not report interference with the receiving sewer plant.","scale":"One user, SP0001930, at 346 Huntington Avenue, Waterbury (ECHO, ref 2); no flow is published.","duration":"Q1, Q3 and Q4 of FFY2025 (ref 1): three of four quarters in the fiscal year; not listed in FFY2023 or FFY2024 (refs 3, 4).","significance":"DEEP's FFY2025 notice (ref 1) names Mirror Polishing & Plating Co. (permit in the notice table) as a significant user in SNC; the notice cites no penalty, order or emergency action, which keeps this at a formal violation (1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The notices name a single industrial user and give no population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Listed for missing DMRs in 3 quarters of FFY2025 (Q1, Q3, Q4)"},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters listed in SNC","value":3,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Count of quarters in the DEEP FFY2023-FFY2025 notices for this permit."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Not reported"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient History: first listed in FFY2025 (ref 1); absent in FFY2023 and FFY2024 (refs 3, 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Named facility","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"CT DEEP Water Permitting and Enforcement Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"receiving POTW","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"DEEP.Pretreatment@ct.gov.","corrective_actions":["DEEP publishes the annual SNC list (ref 1); no return-to-compliance date, order or penalty is published for this user."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in Significant Non-Compliance during FFY2025","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/public-notices/public-notices-proposed-actions---opportunity-for-comment/miscellaneous-proposed-actions/significant-industrial-users-in-significant-non-compliance-during-federal-fiscal-year-2025","basis":"Official state pretreatment SNC notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA ECHO facility records for Mirror Polishing & Plating Co. (query: Mirror Polishing, CT)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=CT&p_fn=Mirror+Polishing","basis":"Federal facility registry (address, coordinates, permit IDs)","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in SNC During Federal Fiscal Year 2023 (DEEP, June 2024)","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2024-06-18","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/deep/water_regulating_and_discharges/industrial_wastewater/20240618-sius-in-snc-btwn-1012022--9302023.pdf","basis":"F23 SNC notice"},{"ref":4,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in SNC During Federal Fiscal Year 2024","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2025-06-26","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/public-notices/public-notices-proposed-actions---opportunity-for-comment/miscellaneous-proposed-actions/miscellaneous-proposed-actions-archive---2025/significant-industrial-users-in-significant-non--compliance-during-federal-fiscal-year-2024","basis":"F24 SNC notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":4,"note":"New verified Connecticut baseline record in Batch 10."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":4,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"Severity notes rewritten per component with notice quarters and criteria (refs 1, 2, 3, 4); score 4 to 2: significance 2 to 1 because no order or penalty is cited (rubric), service lowered to 0 because no criterion F/G entry shows POTW interference. Status changed from Ongoing Major Issue. Added ECHO address and coordinates."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-06-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Concentrations and limits","Receiving POTW named in a source","Penalty or order status"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CT-ELLINGTON-NATURAL-COUNTRY-FARMS-PRETREATMENT-SNC-2025","revision":5,"change_type":"changed","title":"Natural Country Farms, Inc. industrial pretreatment significant noncompliance","description":"DEEP listed Natural Country Farms, Inc. (SP0002418, 58 West Road, Ellington) for oil and grease technical-review-criteria violations in Q2, Q3 and Q4 of FFY2025. No concentrations are published.","location":{"name":"Natural Country Farms, Inc.","type":"Industrial facility","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Natural Country Farms, Inc., 58 West Road, Ellington, Connecticut; permit SP0002418","counties":["Tolland"],"extent":"site","coordinates":{"lat":41.87736,"lon":-72.4637,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is industrial wastewater pretreatment noncompliance or missing compliance monitoring rather than a confirmed physical system failure.","secondary_drivers":["Not reported"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Criterion B for oil and grease, Q2-Q4 of FFY2025 (ref 1): 33% or more of measurements at or above 1.4 times the limit. No concentration is published, so harm is potential.","service":"Natural Country Farms, Inc. appears in the notice (ref 1) under criterion B (Q2-Q4) only; with no criterion F or G line, DEEP does not report interference with the receiving sewer plant.","scale":"One food processor, SP0002418, at 58 West Road, Ellington; ECHO lists SIC 2033 and 2037 (canned and frozen fruit and vegetables) (ref 2). No flow is published.","duration":"Q2, Q3 and Q4 of FFY2025 (ref 1), January-September 2025; not listed in FFY2023 or FFY2024 (refs 3, 4).","significance":"DEEP's FFY2025 notice (ref 1) names Natural Country Farms, Inc. (permit in the notice table) as a significant user in SNC; the notice cites no penalty, order or emergency action, which keeps this at a formal violation (1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The notices name a single industrial user and give no population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Listed for oil and grease in 3 consecutive quarters of FFY2025 (Q2-Q4)"},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters listed in SNC","value":3,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Count of quarters in the DEEP FFY2023-FFY2025 notices for this permit."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Not reported"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient History: three consecutive quarters in FFY2025 (ref 1); no earlier listing (refs 3, 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Named facility","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"CT DEEP Water Permitting and Enforcement Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"receiving POTW","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"DEEP.Pretreatment@ct.gov.","corrective_actions":["DEEP publishes the annual SNC list (ref 1); no return-to-compliance date, order or penalty is published for this user."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in Significant Non-Compliance during FFY2025","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/public-notices/public-notices-proposed-actions---opportunity-for-comment/miscellaneous-proposed-actions/significant-industrial-users-in-significant-non-compliance-during-federal-fiscal-year-2025","basis":"Official state pretreatment SNC notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA ECHO facility records for Natural Country Farms, Inc. (query: Natural Country, CT)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=CT&p_fn=Natural+Country","basis":"Federal facility registry (address, coordinates, permit IDs)","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in SNC During Federal Fiscal Year 2023 (DEEP, June 2024)","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2024-06-18","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/deep/water_regulating_and_discharges/industrial_wastewater/20240618-sius-in-snc-btwn-1012022--9302023.pdf","basis":"F23 SNC notice"},{"ref":4,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in SNC During Federal Fiscal Year 2024","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2025-06-26","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/public-notices/public-notices-proposed-actions---opportunity-for-comment/miscellaneous-proposed-actions/miscellaneous-proposed-actions-archive---2025/significant-industrial-users-in-significant-non--compliance-during-federal-fiscal-year-2024","basis":"F24 SNC notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New verified Connecticut baseline record in Batch 10."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Severity notes rewritten per component with notice quarters and criteria (refs 1, 2, 3, 4); score 5 to 3: significance 2 to 1 because no order or penalty is cited (rubric), service lowered to 0 because no criterion F/G entry shows POTW interference. Status changed from Ongoing Major Issue. Added ECHO address and coordinates."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-06-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Concentrations and limits","Receiving POTW named in a source","Penalty or order status"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CT-PLAINVILLE-PLATING-PRETREATMENT-SNC-2025","revision":5,"change_type":"changed","title":"Plainville Plating Company Inc. industrial pretreatment significant noncompliance","description":"DEEP listed Plainville Plating Company Inc. (SP0002385, 21 Forestville Avenue, Plainville) in FFY2025 Q1 for cadmium technical-review-criteria violations. No concentration is published.","location":{"name":"Plainville Plating Company Inc.","type":"Industrial facility","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Plainville Plating Company Inc., 21 Forestville Avenue, Plainville, Connecticut; permit SP0002385","counties":["Hartford"],"extent":"site","coordinates":{"lat":41.67033,"lon":-72.88105,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is industrial wastewater pretreatment noncompliance or missing compliance monitoring rather than a confirmed physical system failure.","secondary_drivers":["Not reported"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Criterion B for cadmium in Q1 of FFY2025 (Oct-Dec 2024): at or above 1.2 times the limit in 33% or more of measurements (ref 1). Cadmium is a toxic metal, but no concentration or receiving-water effect is published, so harm is scored as potential (the earlier 2 implied documented harm that no source shows).","service":"Plainville Plating Company Inc. appears in the notice (ref 1) under criterion B (Q1) only; with no criterion F or G line, DEEP does not report interference with the receiving sewer plant.","scale":"One plating shop, SP0002385, at 21 Forestville Avenue, Plainville (ECHO, ref 2); no flow is published.","duration":"Q1 of FFY2025 only (ref 1); not listed in FFY2023 or FFY2024 (refs 3, 4).","significance":"DEEP's FFY2025 notice (ref 1) names Plainville Plating Company Inc. (permit in the notice table) as a significant user in SNC; the notice cites no penalty, order or emergency action, which keeps this at a formal violation (1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The notices name a single industrial user and give no population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Listed in 1 quarter of FFY2025 (Q1): cadmium technical-review-criteria violations"},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters listed in SNC","value":1,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Count of quarters in the DEEP FFY2023-FFY2025 notices for this permit."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Not reported"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient History: one quarter listed (Q1 FFY2025, ref 1); no earlier listing (refs 3, 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Named facility","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"CT DEEP Water Permitting and Enforcement Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"receiving POTW","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"DEEP.Pretreatment@ct.gov.","corrective_actions":["DEEP publishes the annual SNC list (ref 1); no return-to-compliance date, order or penalty is published for this user."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in Significant Non-Compliance during FFY2025","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/public-notices/public-notices-proposed-actions---opportunity-for-comment/miscellaneous-proposed-actions/significant-industrial-users-in-significant-non-compliance-during-federal-fiscal-year-2025","basis":"Official state pretreatment SNC notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA ECHO facility records for Plainville Plating Company Inc. (query: Plainville Plating, CT)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=CT&p_fn=Plainville+Plating","basis":"Federal facility registry (address, coordinates, permit IDs)","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in SNC During Federal Fiscal Year 2023 (DEEP, June 2024)","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2024-06-18","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/deep/water_regulating_and_discharges/industrial_wastewater/20240618-sius-in-snc-btwn-1012022--9302023.pdf","basis":"F23 SNC notice"},{"ref":4,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in SNC During Federal Fiscal Year 2024","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2025-06-26","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/public-notices/public-notices-proposed-actions---opportunity-for-comment/miscellaneous-proposed-actions/miscellaneous-proposed-actions-archive---2025/significant-industrial-users-in-significant-non--compliance-during-federal-fiscal-year-2024","basis":"F24 SNC notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New verified Connecticut baseline record in Batch 10."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"Severity notes rewritten per component with notice quarters and criteria (refs 1, 2, 3, 4); score 5 to 2: significance 2 to 1 because no order or penalty is cited (rubric), service lowered to 0 because no criterion F/G entry shows POTW interference. Added ECHO address and coordinates."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-06-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Concentrations and limits","Receiving POTW named in a source","Penalty or order status"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CT-MONTVILLE-RAND-WHITNEY-PRETREATMENT-SNC-2025","revision":5,"change_type":"changed","title":"Rand-Whitney Containerboard Limited Partnership industrial pretreatment significant noncompliance","description":"DEEP listed Rand-Whitney Containerboard Limited Partnership (CTSIU0046, 370 Route 163, Montville) for missing discharge monitoring reports in FFY2025 Q1. No pollutant data are published.","location":{"name":"Rand-Whitney Containerboard Limited Partnership","type":"Industrial facility","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Rand-Whitney Containerboard Limited Partnership, 370 Route 163, Montville, Connecticut; permit CTSIU0046","counties":["New London"],"extent":"site","coordinates":{"lat":41.45263,"lon":-72.13475,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is industrial wastewater pretreatment noncompliance or missing compliance monitoring rather than a confirmed physical system failure.","secondary_drivers":["Not reported"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Criterion C only, missing DMRs in Q1 of FFY2025 (ref 1); no pollutant is listed, so no harm is documented.","service":"Rand-Whitney Containerboard Limited Partnership appears in the notice (ref 1) under criterion C (Q1) only; with no criterion F or G line, DEEP does not report interference with the receiving sewer plant.","scale":"One containerboard mill, CTSIU0046, at 370 Route 163, Montville (ECHO, ref 2); no flow is published.","duration":"Q1 of FFY2025 only (ref 1); not listed in FFY2023 or FFY2024 (refs 3, 4). The earlier duration score of 1 is lowered to 0.","significance":"DEEP's FFY2025 notice (ref 1) names Rand-Whitney Containerboard Limited Partnership (permit in the notice table) as a significant user in SNC; the notice cites no penalty, order or emergency action, which keeps this at a formal violation (1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The notices name a single industrial user and give no population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Listed in 1 quarter of FFY2025 (Q1): missing discharge monitoring reports"},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters listed in SNC","value":1,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Count of quarters in the DEEP FFY2023-FFY2025 notices for this permit."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Not reported"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient History: one quarter listed (ref 1); no earlier listing (refs 3, 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Named facility","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"CT DEEP Water Permitting and Enforcement Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"receiving POTW","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"DEEP.Pretreatment@ct.gov.","corrective_actions":["DEEP publishes the annual SNC list (ref 1); no return-to-compliance date, order or penalty is published for this user."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in Significant Non-Compliance during FFY2025","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/public-notices/public-notices-proposed-actions---opportunity-for-comment/miscellaneous-proposed-actions/significant-industrial-users-in-significant-non-compliance-during-federal-fiscal-year-2025","basis":"Official state pretreatment SNC notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA ECHO facility records for Rand-Whitney Containerboard Limited Partnership (query: Rand-Whitney, CT)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=CT&p_fn=Rand-Whitney","basis":"Federal facility registry (address, coordinates, permit IDs)","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in SNC During Federal Fiscal Year 2023 (DEEP, June 2024)","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2024-06-18","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/deep/water_regulating_and_discharges/industrial_wastewater/20240618-sius-in-snc-btwn-1012022--9302023.pdf","basis":"F23 SNC notice"},{"ref":4,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in SNC During Federal Fiscal Year 2024","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2025-06-26","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/public-notices/public-notices-proposed-actions---opportunity-for-comment/miscellaneous-proposed-actions/miscellaneous-proposed-actions-archive---2025/significant-industrial-users-in-significant-non--compliance-during-federal-fiscal-year-2024","basis":"F24 SNC notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New verified Connecticut baseline record in Batch 10."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":1,"note":"Severity notes rewritten per component with notice quarters and criteria (refs 1, 2, 3, 4); score 3 to 1: significance 2 to 1 because no order or penalty is cited (rubric), service lowered to 0 because no criterion F/G entry shows POTW interference. Added ECHO address and coordinates."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":1,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-06-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Concentrations and limits","Receiving POTW named in a source","Penalty or order status"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CT-WATERBURY-SEIDEL-PRETREATMENT-SNC-2025","revision":5,"change_type":"changed","title":"Seidel Inc. industrial pretreatment significant noncompliance","description":"DEEP listed Seidel Inc. (CTSIU0074, 2223 Thomaston Avenue, Waterbury) for missing discharge monitoring reports in FFY2025 Q4. No pollutant data are published.","location":{"name":"Seidel Inc.","type":"Industrial facility","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Seidel Inc., 2223 Thomaston Avenue, Waterbury, Connecticut; permit CTSIU0074","counties":["New Haven"],"extent":"site","coordinates":{"lat":41.60094,"lon":-73.05825,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is industrial wastewater pretreatment noncompliance or missing compliance monitoring rather than a confirmed physical system failure.","secondary_drivers":["Not reported"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Criterion C only, missing DMRs in Q4 of FFY2025 (ref 1); no pollutant is listed, so no harm is documented.","service":"Seidel Inc. appears in the notice (ref 1) under criterion C (Q4) only; with no criterion F or G line, DEEP does not report interference with the receiving sewer plant.","scale":"One user, CTSIU0074, at 2223 Thomaston Avenue, Waterbury; ECHO lists plating and polishing (SIC 3471) under a related Seidel permit (ref 2). No flow is published.","duration":"Q4 of FFY2025 only (July-September 2025, ref 1); not listed in FFY2023 or FFY2024 (refs 3, 4). The earlier duration score of 1 is lowered to 0.","significance":"DEEP's FFY2025 notice (ref 1) names Seidel Inc. (permit in the notice table) as a significant user in SNC; the notice cites no penalty, order or emergency action, which keeps this at a formal violation (1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The notices name a single industrial user and give no population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Listed in 1 quarter of FFY2025 (Q4): missing discharge monitoring reports"},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters listed in SNC","value":1,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Count of quarters in the DEEP FFY2023-FFY2025 notices for this permit."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Not reported"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient History: one quarter listed (ref 1); no earlier listing (refs 3, 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Named facility","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"CT DEEP Water Permitting and Enforcement Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"receiving POTW","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"DEEP.Pretreatment@ct.gov.","corrective_actions":["DEEP publishes the annual SNC list (ref 1); no return-to-compliance date, order or penalty is published for this user."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in Significant Non-Compliance during FFY2025","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/public-notices/public-notices-proposed-actions---opportunity-for-comment/miscellaneous-proposed-actions/significant-industrial-users-in-significant-non-compliance-during-federal-fiscal-year-2025","basis":"Official state pretreatment SNC notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA ECHO facility records for Seidel Inc. (query: Seidel, CT)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=CT&p_fn=Seidel","basis":"Federal facility registry (address, coordinates, permit IDs)","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in SNC During Federal Fiscal Year 2023 (DEEP, June 2024)","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2024-06-18","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/deep/water_regulating_and_discharges/industrial_wastewater/20240618-sius-in-snc-btwn-1012022--9302023.pdf","basis":"F23 SNC notice"},{"ref":4,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in SNC During Federal Fiscal Year 2024","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2025-06-26","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/public-notices/public-notices-proposed-actions---opportunity-for-comment/miscellaneous-proposed-actions/miscellaneous-proposed-actions-archive---2025/significant-industrial-users-in-significant-non--compliance-during-federal-fiscal-year-2024","basis":"F24 SNC notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New verified Connecticut baseline record in Batch 10."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":1,"note":"Severity notes rewritten per component with notice quarters and criteria (refs 1, 2, 3, 4); score 3 to 1: significance 2 to 1 because no order or penalty is cited (rubric), service lowered to 0 because no criterion F/G entry shows POTW interference. Added ECHO address and coordinates."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":1,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-06-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Concentrations and limits","Receiving POTW named in a source","Penalty or order status"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CT-WINSTED-SKF-PRETREATMENT-SNC-2025","revision":5,"change_type":"changed","title":"SKF USA Inc. industrial pretreatment significant noncompliance","description":"DEEP listed SKF USA Inc. (SP0001223, 149 Colebrook River Road, Winsted) for missing discharge monitoring reports in FFY2025 Q1. No pollutant data are published.","location":{"name":"SKF USA Inc.","type":"Industrial facility","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"SKF USA Inc., 149 Colebrook River Road, Winsted, Connecticut; permit SP0001223","counties":["Litchfield"],"extent":"site","coordinates":{"lat":41.95903,"lon":-73.04914,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is industrial wastewater pretreatment noncompliance or missing compliance monitoring rather than a confirmed physical system failure.","secondary_drivers":["Not reported"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Criterion C only, missing DMRs in Q1 of FFY2025 (Oct-Dec 2024, ref 1); no pollutant is listed, so no harm is documented.","service":"SKF USA Inc. appears in the notice (ref 1) under criterion C (Q1) only; with no criterion F or G line, DEEP does not report interference with the receiving sewer plant.","scale":"One user, SP0001223, at 149 Colebrook River Road, Winsted (ECHO, ref 2); no flow is published.","duration":"Q1 of FFY2025 only (ref 1); not listed in FFY2023 or FFY2024 (refs 3, 4). The earlier duration score of 1 is lowered to 0.","significance":"DEEP's FFY2025 notice (ref 1) names SKF USA Inc. (permit in the notice table) as a significant user in SNC; the notice cites no penalty, order or emergency action, which keeps this at a formal violation (1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The notices name a single industrial user and give no population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Listed in 1 quarter of FFY2025 (Q1): missing discharge monitoring reports"},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters listed in SNC","value":1,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Count of quarters in the DEEP FFY2023-FFY2025 notices for this permit."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Not reported"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient History: one quarter listed (ref 1); no earlier listing (refs 3, 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Named facility","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"CT DEEP Water Permitting and Enforcement Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"receiving POTW","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"DEEP.Pretreatment@ct.gov.","corrective_actions":["DEEP publishes the annual SNC list (ref 1); no return-to-compliance date, order or penalty is published for this user."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in Significant Non-Compliance during FFY2025","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/public-notices/public-notices-proposed-actions---opportunity-for-comment/miscellaneous-proposed-actions/significant-industrial-users-in-significant-non-compliance-during-federal-fiscal-year-2025","basis":"Official state pretreatment SNC notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA ECHO facility records for SKF USA Inc. (query: SKF, CT)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=CT&p_fn=SKF","basis":"Federal facility registry (address, coordinates, permit IDs)","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in SNC During Federal Fiscal Year 2023 (DEEP, June 2024)","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2024-06-18","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/deep/water_regulating_and_discharges/industrial_wastewater/20240618-sius-in-snc-btwn-1012022--9302023.pdf","basis":"F23 SNC notice"},{"ref":4,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in SNC During Federal Fiscal Year 2024","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2025-06-26","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/public-notices/public-notices-proposed-actions---opportunity-for-comment/miscellaneous-proposed-actions/miscellaneous-proposed-actions-archive---2025/significant-industrial-users-in-significant-non--compliance-during-federal-fiscal-year-2024","basis":"F24 SNC notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New verified Connecticut baseline record in Batch 10."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":1,"note":"Severity notes rewritten per component with notice quarters and criteria (refs 1, 2, 3, 4); score 3 to 1: significance 2 to 1 because no order or penalty is cited (rubric), service lowered to 0 because no criterion F/G entry shows POTW interference. Added ECHO address and coordinates."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":1,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-06-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Concentrations and limits","Receiving POTW named in a source","Penalty or order status"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CT-BLOOMFIELD-SWIFT-TEXTILE-PRETREATMENT-SNC-2025","revision":5,"change_type":"changed","title":"Swift Textile Metalizing, LLC industrial pretreatment significant noncompliance","description":"DEEP listed Swift Textile Metalizing, LLC (CTSIU0013, 23 Britton Drive, Bloomfield) for missing discharge monitoring reports in FFY2025 Q4. No pollutant data are published.","location":{"name":"Swift Textile Metalizing, LLC","type":"Industrial facility","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Swift Textile Metalizing, LLC, 23 Britton Drive, Bloomfield, Connecticut; permit CTSIU0013","counties":["Hartford"],"extent":"site","coordinates":{"lat":41.80918,"lon":-72.70304,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is industrial wastewater pretreatment noncompliance or missing compliance monitoring rather than a confirmed physical system failure.","secondary_drivers":["Not reported"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Criterion C only, missing DMRs in Q4 of FFY2025 (ref 1); no pollutant is listed, so no harm is documented.","service":"Swift Textile Metalizing, LLC appears in the notice (ref 1) under criterion C (Q4) only; with no criterion F or G line, DEEP does not report interference with the receiving sewer plant.","scale":"One user, CTSIU0013, at 23 Britton Drive, Bloomfield (ECHO, ref 2); no flow is published.","duration":"Q4 of FFY2025 only (ref 1); not listed in FFY2023 or FFY2024 (refs 3, 4). The earlier duration score of 1 is lowered to 0.","significance":"DEEP's FFY2025 notice (ref 1) names Swift Textile Metalizing, LLC (permit in the notice table) as a significant user in SNC; the notice cites no penalty, order or emergency action, which keeps this at a formal violation (1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The notices name a single industrial user and give no population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Listed in 1 quarter of FFY2025 (Q4): missing discharge monitoring reports"},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters listed in SNC","value":1,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Count of quarters in the DEEP FFY2023-FFY2025 notices for this permit."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Not reported"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient History: one quarter listed (ref 1); no earlier listing (refs 3, 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Named facility","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"CT DEEP Water Permitting and Enforcement Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"receiving POTW","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"DEEP.Pretreatment@ct.gov.","corrective_actions":["DEEP publishes the annual SNC list (ref 1); no return-to-compliance date, order or penalty is published for this user."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in Significant Non-Compliance during FFY2025","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/public-notices/public-notices-proposed-actions---opportunity-for-comment/miscellaneous-proposed-actions/significant-industrial-users-in-significant-non-compliance-during-federal-fiscal-year-2025","basis":"Official state pretreatment SNC notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA ECHO facility records for Swift Textile Metalizing, LLC (query: Swift Textile, CT)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=CT&p_fn=Swift+Textile","basis":"Federal facility registry (address, coordinates, permit IDs)","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in SNC During Federal Fiscal Year 2023 (DEEP, June 2024)","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2024-06-18","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/deep/water_regulating_and_discharges/industrial_wastewater/20240618-sius-in-snc-btwn-1012022--9302023.pdf","basis":"F23 SNC notice"},{"ref":4,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in SNC During Federal Fiscal Year 2024","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2025-06-26","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/public-notices/public-notices-proposed-actions---opportunity-for-comment/miscellaneous-proposed-actions/miscellaneous-proposed-actions-archive---2025/significant-industrial-users-in-significant-non--compliance-during-federal-fiscal-year-2024","basis":"F24 SNC notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New verified Connecticut baseline record in Batch 10."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":1,"note":"Severity notes rewritten per component with notice quarters and criteria (refs 1, 2, 3, 4); score 3 to 1: significance 2 to 1 because no order or penalty is cited (rubric), service lowered to 0 because no criterion F/G entry shows POTW interference. Added ECHO address and coordinates."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":1,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-06-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Concentrations and limits","Receiving POTW named in a source","Penalty or order status"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CT-THOMASTON-UNIMETAL-PRETREATMENT-SNC-2025","revision":5,"change_type":"changed","title":"UniMetal Surface Finishing, LLC industrial pretreatment significant noncompliance","description":"DEEP listed UniMetal Surface Finishing, LLC (CTSIU0014, 135 South Main Street, Thomaston) for copper violations in Q1-Q2 and nickel violations in Q3-Q4 of FFY2025, all four quarters. The FFY2023 list shows a UniMetal entry at Naugatuck under a different permit (SP0000084, zinc, Q2).","location":{"name":"UniMetal Surface Finishing, LLC","type":"Industrial facility","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"UniMetal Surface Finishing, LLC, 135 South Main Street, Thomaston, Connecticut; permit CTSIU0014","counties":["Litchfield"],"extent":"site","coordinates":{"lat":41.66935,"lon":-73.07774,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is industrial wastewater pretreatment noncompliance or missing compliance monitoring rather than a confirmed physical system failure.","secondary_drivers":["Not reported"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Criterion B for copper in Q1-Q2 and nickel in Q3-Q4 of FFY2025 (ref 1): at or above 1.2 times the limit in 33% or more of measurements. No concentration is published, so harm is potential.","service":"UniMetal Surface Finishing, LLC appears in the notice (ref 1) under criterion B (all four quarters) only; with no criterion F or G line, DEEP does not report interference with the receiving sewer plant.","scale":"One plating shop, CTSIU0014, at 135 South Main Street, Thomaston (ECHO, ref 2); no flow is published.","duration":"Every quarter of FFY2025, October 2024-September 2025 (ref 1). A UniMetal Surface Finishing entry in the FFY2023 list (ref 3) is a different permit (SP0000084, Naugatuck, zinc Q2), so it is not counted here.","significance":"Formal SNC listing for four consecutive quarters (ref 1); no penalty or order is published, so 1."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The notices name a single industrial user and give no population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Listed in all 4 quarters of FFY2025: copper (Q1-Q2), nickel (Q3-Q4)"},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters listed in SNC","value":4,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Count of quarters in the DEEP FFY2023-FFY2025 notices for this permit."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Not reported"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient History: first listing for this permit is FFY2025, with the metal changing from copper to nickel mid-year (ref 1); not on the FFY2024 list (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Named facility","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"CT DEEP Water Permitting and Enforcement Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"receiving POTW","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"DEEP.Pretreatment@ct.gov.","corrective_actions":["DEEP publishes the annual SNC list (ref 1); no return-to-compliance date, order or penalty is published for this user."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in Significant Non-Compliance during FFY2025","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/public-notices/public-notices-proposed-actions---opportunity-for-comment/miscellaneous-proposed-actions/significant-industrial-users-in-significant-non-compliance-during-federal-fiscal-year-2025","basis":"Official state pretreatment SNC notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA ECHO facility records for UniMetal Surface Finishing, LLC (query: UniMetal, CT)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=CT&p_fn=UniMetal","basis":"Federal facility registry (address, coordinates, permit IDs)","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in SNC During Federal Fiscal Year 2023 (DEEP, June 2024)","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2024-06-18","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/deep/water_regulating_and_discharges/industrial_wastewater/20240618-sius-in-snc-btwn-1012022--9302023.pdf","basis":"F23 SNC notice"},{"ref":4,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in SNC During Federal Fiscal Year 2024","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2025-06-26","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/public-notices/public-notices-proposed-actions---opportunity-for-comment/miscellaneous-proposed-actions/miscellaneous-proposed-actions-archive---2025/significant-industrial-users-in-significant-non--compliance-during-federal-fiscal-year-2024","basis":"F24 SNC notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New verified Connecticut baseline record in Batch 10."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":4,"note":"Severity notes rewritten per component with notice quarters and criteria (refs 1, 2, 3, 4); score 6 to 4: significance 2 to 1 because no order or penalty is cited (rubric), service lowered to 0 because no criterion F/G entry shows POTW interference. Added ECHO address and coordinates."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-06-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Concentrations and limits","Receiving POTW named in a source","Penalty or order status"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CT-SOUTH-WINDSOR-UNITEX-PRETREATMENT-SNC-2025","revision":5,"change_type":"changed","title":"Unitex Textile Rental Services industrial pretreatment significant noncompliance","description":"DEEP listed Unitex Textile Rental Services (CTSIU0089, 145 South Satellite Road, South Windsor) in FFY2025 Q1 for nitrogen technical-review-criteria violations. No concentration is published.","location":{"name":"Unitex Textile Rental Services","type":"Industrial facility","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Unitex Textile Rental Services, 145 South Satellite Road, South Windsor, Connecticut; permit CTSIU0089","counties":["Hartford"],"extent":"site","coordinates":{"lat":41.82279,"lon":-72.6007,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is industrial wastewater pretreatment noncompliance or missing compliance monitoring rather than a confirmed physical system failure.","secondary_drivers":["Not reported"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Criterion B for nitrogen in Q1 of FFY2025 (Oct-Dec 2024): at or above 1.2 times the limit in 33% or more of measurements (ref 1). No concentration is published, so harm is potential.","service":"Unitex Textile Rental Services appears in the notice (ref 1) under criterion B (Q1) only; with no criterion F or G line, DEEP does not report interference with the receiving sewer plant.","scale":"One textile-rental plant, CTSIU0089, at 145 South Satellite Road, South Windsor; ECHO also lists separate Unitex sites in Hartford that are not in the notice (ref 2).","duration":"Q1 of FFY2025 only (ref 1); not listed in FFY2023 or FFY2024 (refs 3, 4).","significance":"DEEP's FFY2025 notice (ref 1) names Unitex Textile Rental Services (permit in the notice table) as a significant user in SNC; the notice cites no penalty, order or emergency action, which keeps this at a formal violation (1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The notices name a single industrial user and give no population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Listed in 1 quarter of FFY2025 (Q1): nitrogen technical-review-criteria violations"},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters listed in SNC","value":1,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Count of quarters in the DEEP FFY2023-FFY2025 notices for this permit."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Not reported"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient History: one quarter listed (ref 1); no earlier listing (refs 3, 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Named facility","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"CT DEEP Water Permitting and Enforcement Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"receiving POTW","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"DEEP.Pretreatment@ct.gov.","corrective_actions":["DEEP publishes the annual SNC list (ref 1); no return-to-compliance date, order or penalty is published for this user."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in Significant Non-Compliance during FFY2025","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/public-notices/public-notices-proposed-actions---opportunity-for-comment/miscellaneous-proposed-actions/significant-industrial-users-in-significant-non-compliance-during-federal-fiscal-year-2025","basis":"Official state pretreatment SNC notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA ECHO facility records for Unitex Textile Rental Services (query: Unitex, CT)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=CT&p_fn=Unitex","basis":"Federal facility registry (address, coordinates, permit IDs)","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in SNC During Federal Fiscal Year 2023 (DEEP, June 2024)","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2024-06-18","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/deep/water_regulating_and_discharges/industrial_wastewater/20240618-sius-in-snc-btwn-1012022--9302023.pdf","basis":"F23 SNC notice"},{"ref":4,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in SNC During Federal Fiscal Year 2024","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2025-06-26","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/public-notices/public-notices-proposed-actions---opportunity-for-comment/miscellaneous-proposed-actions/miscellaneous-proposed-actions-archive---2025/significant-industrial-users-in-significant-non--compliance-during-federal-fiscal-year-2024","basis":"F24 SNC notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New verified Connecticut baseline record in Batch 10."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"Severity notes rewritten per component with notice quarters and criteria (refs 1, 2, 3, 4); score 4 to 2: significance 2 to 1 because no order or penalty is cited (rubric), service lowered to 0 because no criterion F/G entry shows POTW interference. Added ECHO address and coordinates."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-06-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Concentrations and limits","Receiving POTW named in a source","Penalty or order status"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CT-WEST-HARTFORD-WIREMOLD-PRETREATMENT-SNC-2025","revision":5,"change_type":"changed","title":"Wiremold Company industrial pretreatment significant noncompliance","description":"DEEP listed the Wiremold Company (CTSIU0098, 60 Woodlawn Street, West Hartford) in FFY2025 Q4 for zinc technical-review-criteria violations. No concentration is published.","location":{"name":"Wiremold Company","type":"Industrial facility","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Wiremold Company, 60 Woodlawn Street, West Hartford, Connecticut; permit CTSIU0098","counties":["Hartford"],"extent":"site","coordinates":{"lat":41.72899,"lon":-72.72865,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is industrial wastewater pretreatment noncompliance or missing compliance monitoring rather than a confirmed physical system failure.","secondary_drivers":["Not reported"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Criterion B for zinc in Q4 of FFY2025 (July-September 2025): at or above 1.2 times the limit in 33% or more of measurements (ref 1). No concentration is published, so harm is potential.","service":"Wiremold Company appears in the notice (ref 1) under criterion B (Q4) only; with no criterion F or G line, DEEP does not report interference with the receiving sewer plant.","scale":"One user, CTSIU0098, at 60 Woodlawn Street, West Hartford (ECHO, ref 2); no flow is published.","duration":"Q4 of FFY2025 only (ref 1); not listed in FFY2023 or FFY2024 (refs 3, 4).","significance":"DEEP's FFY2025 notice (ref 1) names Wiremold Company (permit in the notice table) as a significant user in SNC; the notice cites no penalty, order or emergency action, which keeps this at a formal violation (1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The notices name a single industrial user and give no population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Listed in 1 quarter of FFY2025 (Q4): zinc technical-review-criteria violations"},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters listed in SNC","value":1,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Count of quarters in the DEEP FFY2023-FFY2025 notices for this permit."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Not reported"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient History: one quarter listed (Q4 FFY2025, ref 1); no earlier listing (refs 3, 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Named facility","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"CT DEEP Water Permitting and Enforcement Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"receiving POTW","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"DEEP.Pretreatment@ct.gov.","corrective_actions":["DEEP publishes the annual SNC list (ref 1); no return-to-compliance date, order or penalty is published for this user."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in Significant Non-Compliance during FFY2025","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/public-notices/public-notices-proposed-actions---opportunity-for-comment/miscellaneous-proposed-actions/significant-industrial-users-in-significant-non-compliance-during-federal-fiscal-year-2025","basis":"Official state pretreatment SNC notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA ECHO facility records for Wiremold Company (query: Wiremold, CT)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=CT&p_fn=Wiremold","basis":"Federal facility registry (address, coordinates, permit IDs)","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in SNC During Federal Fiscal Year 2023 (DEEP, June 2024)","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2024-06-18","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/deep/water_regulating_and_discharges/industrial_wastewater/20240618-sius-in-snc-btwn-1012022--9302023.pdf","basis":"F23 SNC notice"},{"ref":4,"title":"Significant Industrial Users in SNC During Federal Fiscal Year 2024","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2025-06-26","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/public-notices/public-notices-proposed-actions---opportunity-for-comment/miscellaneous-proposed-actions/miscellaneous-proposed-actions-archive---2025/significant-industrial-users-in-significant-non--compliance-during-federal-fiscal-year-2024","basis":"F24 SNC notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New verified Connecticut baseline record in Batch 10."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"Severity notes rewritten per component with notice quarters and criteria (refs 1, 2, 3, 4); score 4 to 2: significance 2 to 1 because no order or penalty is cited (rubric), service lowered to 0 because no criterion F/G entry shows POTW interference. Added ECHO address and coordinates."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-06-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Concentrations and limits","Receiving POTW named in a source","Penalty or order status"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-DE-DWQ-STATEWIDE-COMPLIANCE-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Delaware public-water violations and E. coli boil-water orders increased in 2024","description":"The verified issue is contaminant or monitoring/treatment compliance, including two E. coli MCL events, rather than a single identified asset failure. The June 2025 annual report documents 2024 enforcement; affected-system names and current return-to-compliance status were not exposed in searchable report text.","location":{"name":"Delaware","type":"State","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"counties":["New Castle","Kent","Sussex"],"detail":"Statewide public-water systems","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The verified issue is contaminant or monitoring/treatment compliance, including two E. coli MCL events, rather than a single identified asset failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Delaware public-water violations and E. coli boil-water orders increased in 2024: Localized/plausible health risk and two acute E. Harm score 1 uses the lower supported value. [1]","service":"Delaware public-water violations and E. coli boil-water orders increased in 2024: The June 2025 annual report documents 2024 enforcement; affected-system names and current return-to-compliance status were not exposed in searchable report text. Essential-service score is 1. [1]","scale":"Delaware public-water violations and E. coli boil-water orders increased in 2024: documented extent is statewide across New Castle, Kent, Sussex; scale score is 1. [1]","duration":"Delaware public-water violations and E. coli boil-water orders increased in 2024: NOVs rose from 34 in 2023 to 51 in 2024; this is an observed one-year increase, not a projection. Duration score is 1. [1]","significance":"Delaware public-water violations and E. coli boil-water orders increased in 2024: Notices of violation and required public notices Significance score is 1. [1]"}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":0,"status":"Not reported","note":"The report gives actions, not a deduplicated affected population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: notices_of_violation: 51 actions"},"measures":[{"name":"notices_of_violation","value":51,"unit":"actions","status":"Reported","note":"2024"},{"name":"notices_of_violation","value":34,"unit":"actions","status":"Reported","note":"2023"},{"name":"boil_water_orders","value":2,"unit":"orders","status":"Reported","note":"2024"},{"name":"administrative_orders","value":0,"unit":"orders","status":"Reported","note":"2024"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"NOVs rose from 34 in 2023 to 51 in 2024; this is an observed one-year increase, not a projection."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Delaware DHSS Division of Public Health, Office of Drinking Water","role":"Safe Drinking Water Act primacy and enforcement"}],"public_contact":"302-744-4546","corrective_actions":["Notices of violation and required public notices","Boil-water orders for E. coli MCL events","Level 1/Level 2 assessments under the Revised Total Coliform Rule as applicable"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"State of Delaware Public Drinking Water Annual Compliance Report and Summary for 2024","publisher":"Delaware Department of Health and Social Services","date":"2025-06-01","url":"https://dhss.delaware.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/06/ACR_2024_Final.pdf","basis":"State annual compliance report; 51 NOVs, 51 public notices, two boil-water orders, no administrative orders or penalties."}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New verified Delaware baseline record in Batch 11."}],"first_seen":"2025-06-01","latest_seen":"2025-06-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["System names, duration, population and return-to-compliance status for the two boil orders were not recoverable from indexed text."],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-DE-NEWARK-CURTIS-PFAS-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Newark Curtis Water Treatment Plant PFAS treatment requirement","description":"PFAS at roughly the regulatory threshold and the absence of adequate removal at the Curtis plant jointly drive a new treatment facility and major rate exposure. The city reports a pilot underway and a 2024-2026 capital project; 2026 municipal discussion described design/treatment evaluation and a 2031 compliance horizon.","location":{"name":"City of Newark, PWSID DE0000630","type":"Utility service area","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"counties":["New Castle"],"detail":"City of Newark, PWSID DE0000630","extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"PFAS at roughly the regulatory threshold and the absence of adequate removal at the Curtis plant jointly drive a new treatment facility and major rate exposure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Newark Curtis Water Treatment Plant PFAS treatment requirement: PFAS was reported at 4-5 ppt in finished/source context and the plant currently lacks sufficient removal; 40,000 people are listed for the project and the treatment need is $25 million. Harm score 2 uses the lower supported value. [1]","service":"Newark Curtis Water Treatment Plant PFAS treatment requirement: The city reports a pilot underway and a 2024-2026 capital project; 2026 municipal discussion described design/treatment evaluation and a 2031 compliance horizon. Essential-service score is 1. [1]","scale":"Newark Curtis Water Treatment Plant PFAS treatment requirement: documented extent is system across New Castle; scale score is 1. [1]","duration":"Newark Curtis Water Treatment Plant PFAS treatment requirement: Regulatory compliance cost is now quantified and the city reports current carbon treatment is insufficient; no comparable finished-water series supports a contaminant trend. Duration score is 1. [1]","significance":"Newark Curtis Water Treatment Plant PFAS treatment requirement: Pilot testing Significance score is 2. [1]"}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":40000,"status":"Reported","note":"Affected population was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: PFAS level: 4-5 ppt"},"measures":[{"name":"PFAS level","value":null,"range_low":4,"range_high":5,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Compound-specific values and sampling date were not stated in the transcript snippet."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Regulatory compliance cost is now quantified and the city reports current carbon treatment is insufficient; no comparable finished-water series supports a contaminant trend."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Newark Public Works and Water Resources","role":"Owner/operator and project delivery"},{"name":"Delaware Office of Drinking Water","role":"Regulator/DWSRF administrator"}],"public_contact":"302-366-7000; TFilasky@newark.de.us; DHSS_DPH_DWSRF@delaware.gov; 302-744-4817","corrective_actions":["Pilot testing","Design and installation of ion exchange and/or granular activated carbon treatment while keeping plant online","Storage and distribution modifications"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Newark 2025-2029 capital budget: Curtis WTP PFAS Removal","publisher":"City of Newark","date":"2024-01-01","url":"https://newarkde.gov/DocumentCenter/View/18720/PWWR-Departmental-Budget-Hearing-Presentation","basis":"$25 million project, 2024-2026 schedule, high priority."},{"ref":2,"title":"City of Newark council archive discussion","publisher":"City of Newark","date":"2026-01-01","url":"https://www.newarkde.gov/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/8429","basis":"Reports 4-5 ppt, pilot work, and treatment design/cost context."},{"ref":3,"title":"Delaware FFY2025 DWSRF Intended Use Plan","publisher":"Delaware Department of Health and Social Services","date":"2025-01-01","url":"https://dhss.delaware.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/09/IUP-FFY25.pdf","basis":"Population 40,000 and $25 million fundable project."}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified Delaware baseline record in Batch 11."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-01-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Compound-specific PFAS result, exact sample date, awarded financing and final approved customer-rate impact were not verified."],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"rate_change_approved","value":25,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"unit":"percent or more","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-10-10","scope":{"project":"Newark water fund"},"basis":{"definition":"Manager estimate to cover PFAS debt service and operating costs"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Not an approved rate; preserve as forward exposure.","rate_change_stage":"approved"}],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":25000000,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"total project","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-01-01","scope":{"project":"Curtis WTP PFAS removal"},"basis":{"definition":"City capital budget"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"$1 million prior authorized, $1 million FY2025 new funding, $23 million FY2026 planned.","funding_stage":"estimated"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-DE-WILMINGTON-PORTER-PFAS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Wilmington Porter Plant PFAS treatment upgrade","description":"PFAS removal from Wilmington's source requires a new GAC treatment train and supporting pumping, chemical, laboratory and controls infrastructure. The June 30, 2026 DWSRF plan lists the project as fundable; a binding loan or construction award was not verified.","location":{"name":"City of Wilmington, PWSID DE0000663","type":"Utility service area","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"counties":["New Castle"],"detail":"City of Wilmington, PWSID DE0000663","extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"PFAS removal from Wilmington's source requires a new GAC treatment train and supporting pumping, chemical, laboratory and controls infrastructure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Wilmington Porter Plant PFAS treatment upgrade: A large service population and $30 million compliance project are documented, but measured concentrations were not reported, so harm is limited to plausible rather than confirmed exceedance. Harm score 1 uses the lower supported value. [1]","service":"Wilmington Porter Plant PFAS treatment upgrade: The June 30, 2026 DWSRF plan lists the project as fundable; a binding loan or construction award was not verified. Essential-service score is 1. [1]","scale":"Wilmington Porter Plant PFAS treatment upgrade: documented extent is system across New Castle; scale score is 2. [1]","duration":"Wilmington Porter Plant PFAS treatment upgrade: One current project observation and no comparable concentration series. Duration score is 1. [1]","significance":"Wilmington Porter Plant PFAS treatment upgrade: Construct GAC contactors and PFAS treatment building Significance score is 2. [1]"}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":107976,"status":"Reported","note":"Affected population was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One current project observation and no comparable concentration series."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Wilmington Department of Public Works","role":"Owner/operator"},{"name":"Delaware Office of Drinking Water","role":"Regulator and financing administrator"}],"public_contact":"311 in city; 302-576-2620 outside city; DHSS_DPH_DWSRF@delaware.gov; 302-744-4817","corrective_actions":["Construct GAC contactors and PFAS treatment building","Install pumping, piping, electrical, SCADA, chemical-feed, testing instrumentation and laboratory components"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Delaware FFY2026 DWSRF Intended Use Plan","publisher":"Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://documents.dnrec.delaware.gov/Environmental-Finance/SRF/DWSRF-FFY2026-IUP-DRAFT.pdf","basis":"Lines 915-924: population, project scope, $30 million request."}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified Delaware baseline record in Batch 11."}],"first_seen":"2026-06-30","latest_seen":"2026-06-30","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["PFAS concentrations, compounds, sampling dates, contract status and funding award not reported in the PPL entry."],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":30000000,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"project","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-06-30","scope":{"project":"Porter Plant PFAS removal"},"basis":{"definition":"DWSRF PPL; 2%/20-year EC financing shown"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Priority-list request, not verified as awarded or spent.","funding_stage":"proposed"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-DE-TIDEWATER-BETHANYBAY-CONTAMINANTS-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Tidewater Bethany Bay raw-water contaminants drive expanded treatment and cost escalation","description":"Elevated raw-water contaminants and four supply wells require a redesigned treatment facility, making water quality and treatment capacity jointly causal. As of June 2026 design was 90% complete and final permit approvals were in progress.","location":{"name":"Tidewater Utilities, PWSID DE0000221","type":"Utility service area","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"counties":["Sussex"],"detail":"Tidewater Utilities, PWSID DE0000221","extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Elevated raw-water contaminants and four supply wells require a redesigned treatment facility, making water quality and treatment capacity jointly causal.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Tidewater Bethany Bay raw-water contaminants drive expanded treatment and cost escalation: Elevated contaminants are documented but not quantified; treatment for iron, manganese, nitrates and PFAS is planned for a 41,000-person system. Harm score 1 uses the lower supported value. [1]","service":"Tidewater Bethany Bay raw-water contaminants drive expanded treatment and cost escalation: As of June 2026 design was 90% complete and final permit approvals were in progress. Essential-service score is 1. [1]","scale":"Tidewater Bethany Bay raw-water contaminants drive expanded treatment and cost escalation: documented extent is system across Sussex; scale score is 1. [1]","duration":"Tidewater Bethany Bay raw-water contaminants drive expanded treatment and cost escalation: Documented cost rose from the original $2.3 million financing basis to $9.9 million after additional testing; this is a cost/scope trend, not a contaminant trend. Duration score is 1. [1]","significance":"Tidewater Bethany Bay raw-water contaminants drive expanded treatment and cost escalation: Expanded design for treatment of iron, manganese, nitrate and PFAS at four supply wells Significance score is 2. [1]"}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":41000,"status":"Reported","note":"2026 PPL value; the 2024 annual report listed 29,416, reflecting a scope/time difference."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: design_completion: 90 percent"},"measures":[{"name":"design_completion","value":90,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Documented cost rose from the original $2.3 million financing basis to $9.9 million after additional testing; this is a cost/scope trend, not a contaminant trend."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Tidewater Utilities, Inc.","role":"Owner/operator"},{"name":"Delaware Office of Drinking Water","role":"Regulator/DWSRF administrator"}],"public_contact":"877-720-9272; DHSS_DPH_DWSRF@delaware.gov; 302-744-4817","corrective_actions":["Expanded design for treatment of iron, manganese, nitrate and PFAS at four supply wells","Final permits and additional financing"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Delaware FFY2026 DWSRF Intended Use Plan","publisher":"Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://documents.dnrec.delaware.gov/Environmental-Finance/SRF/DWSRF-FFY2026-IUP-DRAFT.pdf","basis":"Lines 813-821 and 1010-1018."},{"ref":2,"title":"Delaware DWSRF State Fiscal Year 2024 Annual Report","publisher":"Delaware Department of Health and Social Services","date":"2024-11-01","url":"https://dhss.delaware.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/09/DWSRF2024annualreport-final.pdf","basis":"Earlier $2.61 million project entry and treatment targets."}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Delaware baseline record in Batch 11."}],"first_seen":"2024-11-01","latest_seen":"2026-06-30","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Contaminant values and final financing/permit status are not published in the cited PPL entry."],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":2300000,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"loan","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-10-10","scope":{"project":"Bethany Bay WTP"},"basis":{"definition":"original_loan_award"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original observation: original_loan_award.","funding_stage":"secured"},{"metric":"project_estimate","value":9900000,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"project","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-06-30","scope":{"project":"Bethany Bay WTP"},"basis":{"definition":"revised_total_estimated_cost"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original observation: revised_total_estimated_cost.","funding_stage":"estimated"},{"metric":"project_estimate","value":7600000,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"request","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-06-30","scope":{"project":"Tidewater Bethany Bay raw-water contaminants drive expanded treatment and cost escalation"},"basis":{"definition":"2% 20-year DWSRF base financing"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Request, not a verified binding commitment.","funding_stage":"proposed"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-DE-LEWES-LEAD-AGINGMAINS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lewes known lead service lines and aging distribution mains","description":"Known lead service pipes and 52-year-old cast-iron/transite mains require coordinated lead abatement and main replacement. Projects are on the June 2026 fundable PPL; award/construction status was not verified.","location":{"name":"Lewes Board of Public Works, PWSID DE0000602","type":"Utility service area","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"counties":["Sussex"],"detail":"Lewes Board of Public Works, PWSID DE0000602; Pilot Point; Pilottown Road","extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Known lead service pipes and 52-year-old cast-iron/transite mains require coordinated lead abatement and main replacement.","secondary_drivers":["[object Object]"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Lewes known lead service lines and aging distribution mains: Known lead-bearing lines and aged mains are persistent; no tap exceedance or current outage was documented. Harm score 1 uses the lower supported value. [1]","service":"Lewes known lead service lines and aging distribution mains: Projects are on the June 2026 fundable PPL; award/construction status was not verified. Essential-service score is 1. [1]","scale":"Lewes known lead service lines and aging distribution mains: documented extent is system across Sussex; scale score is 1. [1]","duration":"Lewes known lead service lines and aging distribution mains: Current inventory and project observations only. Duration score is 2. [1]","significance":"Lewes known lead service lines and aging distribution mains: Replace Pilot Point main and about 60 lead house services Significance score is 1. [1]"}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":3227,"status":"Reported","note":"Affected population was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: known_lead_service_lines_public_side: 62 lines"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Current inventory and project observations only."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Lewes Board of Public Works Water Department","role":"Owner/operator"}],"public_contact":"waterdept@lewesbpwde.gov; 302-645-6228","corrective_actions":["Replace Pilot Point main and about 60 lead house services","Investigate unknowns and replace all known lead service lines","Replace 2,100 feet of Pilottown Road transite pipe"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Delaware FFY2026 DWSRF Intended Use Plan","publisher":"Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://documents.dnrec.delaware.gov/Environmental-Finance/SRF/DWSRF-FFY2026-IUP-DRAFT.pdf","basis":"Lines 822-829, 884-889 and 956-961."}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Delaware baseline record in Batch 11."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Financial evidence corrected to distinguish named project scopes, rate observations and funding stages; no severity or current-status change."}],"first_seen":"2026-06-30","latest_seen":"2026-06-30","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Tap-water lead levels, household-level population and binding financing status not reported."],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":1573000,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"project","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-06-30","scope":{"project":"Pilot Point main and lead service replacement"},"basis":{"definition":"PPL request; 2%/20-year supplemental financing."},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"PPL request; 2%/20-year supplemental financing. This project-level amount is separate from the other named projects in this dossier and is not presented as an additive program total.","funding_stage":"proposed"},{"metric":"project_estimate","value":10317000,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"project","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-06-30","scope":{"project":"Lewes lead service line replacement program"},"basis":{"definition":"PPL request; 0%/20-year LSL financing."},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"PPL request; 0%/20-year LSL financing. This project-level amount is separate from the other named projects in this dossier and is not presented as an additive program total.","funding_stage":"proposed"},{"metric":"project_estimate","value":1625000,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"project","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-06-30","scope":{"project":"Pilottown Road transite main replacement"},"basis":{"definition":"Pilottown_transite_main_project_request"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original observation: Pilottown_transite_main_project_request. This project-level amount is separate from the other named projects in this dossier and is not presented as an additive program total.","funding_stage":"proposed"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-DE-LAUREL-LEAD-HYDRAULIC-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Laurel known lead components and undersized water mains","description":"Known or suspected lead-bearing services coexist with undersized two-inch mains that cause pressure fluctuations and intrusion risk. Three corrective projects are on the June 2026 fundable PPL.","location":{"name":"Town of Laurel, PWSID DE0000597","type":"Utility service area","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"counties":["Sussex"],"detail":"Town of Laurel, PWSID DE0000597; Central Avenue; Delaware Avenue; West Laurel","extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Known or suspected lead-bearing services coexist with undersized two-inch mains that cause pressure fluctuations and intrusion risk.","secondary_drivers":["[object Object]"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Laurel known lead components and undersized water mains: Known/suspected lead and chronic hydraulic inadequacy are documented, but no lead exceedance or current loss of pressure was reported. Harm score 1 uses the lower supported value. [1]","service":"Laurel known lead components and undersized water mains: Three corrective projects are on the June 2026 fundable PPL. Essential-service score is 1. [1]","scale":"Laurel known lead components and undersized water mains: documented extent is system across Sussex; scale score is 1. [1]","duration":"Laurel known lead components and undersized water mains: No comparable pressure, break or lead series. Duration score is 2. [1]","significance":"Laurel known lead components and undersized water mains: Replace galvanized services and lead goosenecks Significance score is 1. [1]"}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":3984,"status":"Reported","note":"Affected population was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Central_Avenue_services_to_replace: 34 services"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No comparable pressure, break or lead series."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Laurel","role":"Owner/operator and project delivery"},{"name":"Delaware Office of Drinking Water","role":"Regulator/DWSRF administrator"}],"public_contact":"General municipal contact not verified in this track; DHSS_DPH_DWSRF@delaware.gov; 302-744-4817","corrective_actions":["Replace galvanized services and lead goosenecks","Replace two-inch mains with six-inch mains, valves and hydrants"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Delaware FFY2026 DWSRF Intended Use Plan","publisher":"Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://documents.dnrec.delaware.gov/Environmental-Finance/SRF/DWSRF-FFY2026-IUP-DRAFT.pdf","basis":"Lines 874-883, 890-910, 940-955."}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Delaware baseline record in Batch 11."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Financial evidence corrected to distinguish named project scopes, rate observations and funding stages; no severity or current-status change."}],"first_seen":"2026-06-30","latest_seen":"2026-06-30","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Tap lead levels, exact affected households, rates and final award status not verified."],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":1077959,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"project request","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-06-30","scope":{"project":"Central Avenue lead service line project"},"basis":{"definition":"Central_Avenue_LSL_project"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original observation: Central_Avenue_LSL_project. This project-level amount is separate from the other named projects in this dossier and is not presented as an additive program total.","funding_stage":"estimated"},{"metric":"project_estimate","value":1130228,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"project request","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-06-30","scope":{"project":"Delaware Avenue lead service line project"},"basis":{"definition":"Delaware_Avenue_LSL_project"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original observation: Delaware_Avenue_LSL_project. This project-level amount is separate from the other named projects in this dossier and is not presented as an additive program total.","funding_stage":"estimated"},{"metric":"project_estimate","value":2020220,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"project request","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-06-30","scope":{"project":"West Laurel undersized-main project"},"basis":{"definition":"West_Laurel_main_project"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original observation: West_Laurel_main_project. This project-level amount is separate from the other named projects in this dossier and is not presented as an additive program total.","funding_stage":"estimated"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-DE-WILMINGTON-LEAD-AGINGMAIN-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Wilmington lead-service replacement and undersized 75-year-old main","description":"Lead-line investigation and replacement is coupled with replacement of an undersized main exceeding 75 years of service. Two linked projects are listed on the June 2026 fundable PPL.","location":{"name":"City of Wilmington, PWSID DE0000663","type":"Utility service area","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"counties":["New Castle"],"detail":"City of Wilmington, PWSID DE0000663","extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead-line investigation and replacement is coupled with replacement of an undersized main exceeding 75 years of service.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Wilmington lead-service replacement and undersized 75-year-old main: Large system and very old undersized asset; the source does not report confirmed tap exceedances, so harm remains 1. Harm score 1 uses the lower supported value. [1]","service":"Wilmington lead-service replacement and undersized 75-year-old main: Two linked projects are listed on the June 2026 fundable PPL. Essential-service score is 1. [1]","scale":"Wilmington lead-service replacement and undersized 75-year-old main: documented extent is system across New Castle; scale score is 2. [1]","duration":"Wilmington lead-service replacement and undersized 75-year-old main: One capital-plan observation. Duration score is 2. [1]","significance":"Wilmington lead-service replacement and undersized 75-year-old main: Investigate and replace service lines Significance score is 1. [1]"}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":107976,"status":"Reported","note":"Project-specific affected households not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: main_age: 75 years or more"},"measures":[{"name":"main_age","value":75,"unit":"years or more","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One capital-plan observation."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Wilmington Department of Public Works","role":"Owner/operator"}],"public_contact":"311 in city; 302-576-2620 outside city","corrective_actions":["Investigate and replace service lines","Replace undersized main, connected services and hydrants, with full-width pavement restoration"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Delaware FFY2026 DWSRF Intended Use Plan","publisher":"Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://documents.dnrec.delaware.gov/Environmental-Finance/SRF/DWSRF-FFY2026-IUP-DRAFT.pdf","basis":"Lines 844-855."}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified Delaware baseline record in Batch 11."}],"first_seen":"2026-06-30","latest_seen":"2026-06-30","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Known lead-line count, tap results, schedule and whether the two requests overlap were not reported."],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":23000000,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"two PPL requests","status":"Estimated","as_of_date":"2026-06-30","scope":{"project":"Wilmington lead-service replacement and undersized 75-year-old main"},"basis":{"definition":"Both listed at 0%/20-year LSLR terms; no award verified."},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Both listed at 0%/20-year LSLR terms; no award verified.","funding_stage":"estimated","method":"Source-reported inputs retained without additional arithmetic; the Estimated label reflects the source's estimate or planning-stage value. See source reference(s) 1."}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-DE-SEAFORD-KNOWN-LEAD-LINES-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Seaford known and unknown lead service-line exposure","description":"Known lead service lines and unknown materials require investigation and physical replacement. Project is on the June 2026 fundable PPL.","location":{"name":"City of Seaford, PWSID DE0000246","type":"Utility service area","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"counties":["Sussex"],"detail":"City of Seaford, PWSID DE0000246","extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Known lead service lines and unknown materials require investigation and physical replacement.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Seaford known and unknown lead service-line exposure: Twelve known lead lines are documented; no tap exceedance or service disruption is reported. Harm score 1 uses the lower supported value. [1]","service":"Seaford known and unknown lead service-line exposure: Project is on the June 2026 fundable PPL. Essential-service score is 0. [1]","scale":"Seaford known and unknown lead service-line exposure: documented extent is system across Sussex; scale score is 1. [1]","duration":"Seaford known and unknown lead service-line exposure: Current inventory only. Duration score is 1. [1]","significance":"Seaford known and unknown lead service-line exposure: Test pits and EPA-approved identification Significance score is 1. [1]"}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":6699,"status":"Reported","note":"Affected population was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: known_lead_service_lines: 12 lines"},"measures":[{"name":"known_lead_service_lines","value":12,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Current inventory only."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Seaford","role":"Owner/operator"}],"public_contact":"General public contact not verified in this track","corrective_actions":["Test pits and EPA-approved identification","Replace known lead lines on public and private sides"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Delaware FFY2026 DWSRF Intended Use Plan","publisher":"Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://documents.dnrec.delaware.gov/Environmental-Finance/SRF/DWSRF-FFY2026-IUP-DRAFT.pdf","basis":"Lines 935-939 and 1019-1023."}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New verified Delaware baseline record in Batch 11."}],"first_seen":"2026-06-30","latest_seen":"2026-06-30","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Unknown-line count, tap results, household burden and award status not reported."],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":30891450,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"project request","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-06-30","scope":{"project":"Seaford known and unknown lead service-line exposure"},"basis":{"definition":"PPL request across LSL/supplemental/base sources; 0%/20-year terms shown, award not verified."},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"PPL request across LSL/supplemental/base sources; 0%/20-year terms shown, award not verified.","funding_stage":"proposed"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-DE-LEWES-SAVANNAH-CANAL-MAIN-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lewes Savannah Road canal-crossing water main remains vulnerable after temporary repair","description":"Shoreline erosion exposed and damaged a critical distribution main; the most recent repair was explicitly judged temporary. A DWSRF loan closed September 22, 2023; completion status was not verified.","location":{"name":"Lewes Board of Public Works, PWSID DE0000602","type":"Utility service area","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"counties":["Sussex"],"detail":"Lewes Board of Public Works, PWSID DE0000602; Savannah Road Bridge canal-crossing water main","extent":"system"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Shoreline erosion exposed and damaged a critical distribution main; the most recent repair was explicitly judged temporary.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Lewes Savannah Road canal-crossing water main remains vulnerable after temporary repair: No current contamination is documented, but the main is extremely vulnerable and required to maintain acceptable beachside service. Harm score 0 uses the lower supported value. [1]","service":"Lewes Savannah Road canal-crossing water main remains vulnerable after temporary repair: A DWSRF loan closed September 22, 2023; completion status was not verified. Essential-service score is 2. [1]","scale":"Lewes Savannah Road canal-crossing water main remains vulnerable after temporary repair: documented extent is system across Sussex; scale score is 1. [1]","duration":"Lewes Savannah Road canal-crossing water main remains vulnerable after temporary repair: Temporary repair maintained service, but the underlying vulnerability remains until replacement is verified. Duration score is 1. [1]","significance":"Lewes Savannah Road canal-crossing water main remains vulnerable after temporary repair: Replace crossing with a less erosion-vulnerable main Significance score is 2. [1]"}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":3000,"status":"Reported","note":"Affected population was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Temporary repair maintained service, but the underlying vulnerability remains until replacement is verified."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Lewes Board of Public Works Water Department","role":"Owner/operator"}],"public_contact":"waterdept@lewesbpwde.gov; 302-645-6228","corrective_actions":["Replace crossing with a less erosion-vulnerable main"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Delaware DWSRF State Fiscal Year 2024 Annual Report","publisher":"Delaware Department of Health and Social Services","date":"2024-11-01","url":"https://dhss.delaware.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/09/DWSRF2024annualreport-final.pdf","basis":"Exposed/damaged main, failed earlier repair, temporary repair, service criticality and financing."}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Delaware baseline record in Batch 11."}],"first_seen":"2024-11-01","latest_seen":"2024-11-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current construction completion, exact beachside population and asset coordinates not verified."],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":2945000,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"project","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-10-10","scope":{"project":"Lewes Savannah Road canal-crossing water main remains vulnerable after temporary repair"},"basis":{"definition":"2% DWSRF loan, 20 years, no subsidy"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"An older 2022 plan listed $2.26 million; preserve the later $2.945 million figure as the updated project cost.","funding_stage":"estimated"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-DE-WILMINGTON-CSO-SYSTEM-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Wilmington combined sewer overflows and wet-weather flooding","description":"Combined-sewer capacity and asset configuration cause untreated discharges, water-quality impairment and surface flooding during rainfall. Multiple LTCP projects are on the March 25, 2026 CWSRF funding list; overflow risk remains active.","location":{"name":"Wilmington combined sewer system, NPDES DE0020320","type":"Utility service area","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"counties":["New Castle"],"detail":"Wilmington combined sewer system, NPDES DE0020320; Christina River; Brandywine Creek","extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Combined-sewer capacity and asset configuration cause untreated discharges, water-quality impairment and surface flooding during rainfall.","secondary_drivers":["[object Object]"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Wilmington combined sewer overflows and wet-weather flooding: Untreated combined sewage is discharged during rain; CSO30 is the city's largest overflow-volume/nutrient contributor, Rockford Road is upstream of the drinking-water intake, and flooding risk is documented. Harm score 2 uses the lower supported value. [1]","service":"Wilmington combined sewer overflows and wet-weather flooding: Multiple LTCP projects are on the March 25, 2026 CWSRF funding list; overflow risk remains active. Essential-service score is 2. [1]","scale":"Wilmington combined sewer overflows and wet-weather flooding: documented extent is system across New Castle; scale score is 1. [1]","duration":"Wilmington combined sewer overflows and wet-weather flooding: Long-term corrective work is active, but 2026 modeling still identifies LTCP shortfall and current overflow/flooding risk; no comparable annual overflow-volume series was found. Duration score is 2. [1]","significance":"Wilmington combined sewer overflows and wet-weather flooding: Sewer separation Significance score is 2. [1]"}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":70898,"status":"Reported","note":"Some 2026 entries use 80,000; differing project scopes were not reconciled."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: CSO_outfalls_maintained: 32 outfalls"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Long-term corrective work is active, but 2026 modeling still identifies LTCP shortfall and current overflow/flooding risk; no comparable annual overflow-volume series was found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Wilmington Department of Public Works","role":"Owner/operator and LTCP implementation"},{"name":"Delaware DNREC Division of Water","role":"NPDES regulator and CWSRF administrator"}],"public_contact":"311 in city; 302-576-2620 outside city; Greg.Pope@delaware.gov; 302-739-9941","corrective_actions":["Sewer separation","Inline/offline storage","Real-time controls","Expanded wet well and MS4 conveyance","CSO29 rehabilitation"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Delaware FFY2026 CWSRF Intended Use Plan","publisher":"Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control","date":"2026-03-25","url":"https://documents.dnrec.delaware.gov/Environmental-Finance/SRF/CWSRF-FFY2026-IUP-DRAFT.pdf","basis":"Lines 704-725, 880-896 and funding table lines 234-247."}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New verified Delaware baseline record in Batch 11."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Financial evidence corrected to distinguish named project scopes, rate observations and funding stages; no severity or current-status change."}],"first_seen":"2026-03-25","latest_seen":"2026-03-25","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Annual event counts, overflow volumes, capture rate, current LTCP compliance and project award status not reported in the plan."],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":43000000,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"project","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-03-25","scope":{"project":"Wilmington CSO 30 project"},"basis":{"definition":"CSO30_project_cost_and_requested_financing"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original observation: CSO30_project_cost_and_requested_financing. This project-level amount is separate from the other named projects in this dossier and is not presented as an additive program total.","funding_stage":"proposed"},{"metric":"project_estimate","value":34000000,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"project","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-03-25","scope":{"project":"Wilmington CSO 4a project"},"basis":{"definition":"CSO4a_project_cost_and_requested_financing"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original observation: CSO4a_project_cost_and_requested_financing. This project-level amount is separate from the other named projects in this dossier and is not presented as an additive program total.","funding_stage":"proposed"},{"metric":"project_estimate","value":13000000,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"project","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-03-25","scope":{"project":"Wilmington Rockford Road project"},"basis":{"definition":"Rockford_Road_project_cost_and_requested_financing"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original observation: Rockford_Road_project_cost_and_requested_financing. This project-level amount is separate from the other named projects in this dossier and is not presented as an additive program total.","funding_stage":"proposed"},{"metric":"project_estimate","value":1050000,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"project","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-03-25","scope":{"project":"Wilmington wet-weather flooding project request"},"basis":{"definition":"$1.0 million requested CWSRF."},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"$1.0 million requested CWSRF. This project-level amount is separate from the other named projects in this dossier and is not presented as an additive program total.","funding_stage":"proposed"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-DE-WILMINGTON-WWTP-DEGRADED-ASSETS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Wilmington regional WWTP degraded secondary-treatment and electrical assets","description":"Severely corroded basins, obsolete controls, failed blowers and an end-of-life substation threaten core treatment reliability. Phased rehabilitation and replacement projects appear on 2025/2026 CWSRF plans.","location":{"name":"Wilmington regional wastewater treatment plant","type":"Facility","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"counties":["New Castle"],"detail":"Wilmington regional wastewater treatment plant","extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Severely corroded basins, obsolete controls, failed blowers and an end-of-life substation threaten core treatment reliability.","secondary_drivers":["[object Object]"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Wilmington regional WWTP degraded secondary-treatment and electrical assets: The regional plant serves over 400,000; failed blowers, severe structural deterioration and substation failure risk threaten bypass/disinfection and prolonged essential service reliability, though a current permit violation was not cited. Harm score 1 uses the lower supported value. [1]","service":"Wilmington regional WWTP degraded secondary-treatment and electrical assets: Phased rehabilitation and replacement projects appear on 2025/2026 CWSRF plans. Essential-service score is 2. [1]","scale":"Wilmington regional WWTP degraded secondary-treatment and electrical assets: documented extent is site across New Castle; scale score is 2. [1]","duration":"Wilmington regional WWTP degraded secondary-treatment and electrical assets: Rehabilitation is phased and funded on priority lists, but five blowers remain reported failed and key structures remain beyond useful life. Duration score is 2. [1]","significance":"Wilmington regional WWTP degraded secondary-treatment and electrical assets: Final-basin structural and collector rehabilitation Significance score is 2. [1]"}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":400000,"status":"Reported","note":"2026 blower project description; individual project tables also list 70,898-80,000."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: failed_aeration_blowers: 5 blowers 1-5"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Rehabilitation is phased and funded on priority lists, but five blowers remain reported failed and key structures remain beyond useful life."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Wilmington Department of Public Works","role":"Owner/operator"}],"public_contact":"311 in city; 302-576-2620 outside city","corrective_actions":["Final-basin structural and collector rehabilitation","Aeration tank overhauls","Replace blowers, motor controls and electrical systems","Replace Substation 3"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Delaware FFY2026 CWSRF Intended Use Plan","publisher":"Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control","date":"2026-03-25","url":"https://documents.dnrec.delaware.gov/Environmental-Finance/SRF/CWSRF-FFY2026-IUP-DRAFT.pdf","basis":"Lines 853-860, 991-1002 and funding table."},{"ref":2,"title":"Delaware FFY2025 CWSRF Intended Use Plan","publisher":"Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control","date":"2025-03-26","url":"https://documents.dnrec.delaware.gov/Environmental-Finance/SRF/CWSRF-FFY2025-IUP-DRAFT.pdf","basis":"Substation failure and bypass/disinfection risk."}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New verified Delaware baseline record in Batch 11."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Financial evidence corrected to distinguish named project scopes, rate observations and funding stages; no severity or current-status change."}],"first_seen":"2025-03-26","latest_seen":"2026-03-25","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current construction percentage, redundancy during rehabilitation, actual bypasses and permit-compliance outcomes not verified."],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":6000000,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"project","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-03-25","scope":{"project":"Wilmington secondary-treatment rehabilitation"},"basis":{"definition":"secondary_treatment_rehabilitation_2024"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original observation: secondary_treatment_rehabilitation_2024. This project-level amount is separate from the other named projects in this dossier and is not presented as an additive program total.","funding_stage":"estimated"},{"metric":"project_estimate","value":12420000,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"project","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-03-25","scope":{"project":"Wilmington blower and electrical upgrade"},"basis":{"definition":"blower_and_electrical_upgrade"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original observation: blower_and_electrical_upgrade. This project-level amount is separate from the other named projects in this dossier and is not presented as an additive program total.","funding_stage":"estimated"},{"metric":"project_estimate","value":9966000,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"project","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-10-10","scope":{"project":"Wilmington Substation 3 replacement"},"basis":{"definition":"Substation_3_replacement"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original observation: Substation_3_replacement. This project-level amount is separate from the other named projects in this dossier and is not presented as an additive program total.","funding_stage":"estimated"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-DE-KENT-RT13-FORCEMAIN-2026","revision":4,"change_type":"changed","title":"Kent County Route 13 force-main recurrence and major sanitary-sewer overflows","description":"Repeated physical pipe failures caused documented multi-million-gallon sewage releases to tributaries and leave continuing failure risk. The March 2026 plan carries two replacement/relocation phases; existing pipe remains in service during construction.","location":{"name":"Kent County Levy Court wastewater system","type":"Utility service area","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"counties":["Kent"],"detail":"Kent County Levy Court wastewater system; 30-inch force main, PS3 to Puncheon Run/Route 13; St. Jones River tributaries; Puncheon Run Creek","extent":"system","coordinates":{"lat":38.998212,"lon":-75.437604,"precision":"facility","source_ref":4}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Repeated physical pipe failures caused documented multi-million-gallon sewage releases to tributaries and leave continuing failure risk.","secondary_drivers":["Aging 1970s concrete pipe","Heavy-rain infiltration and inflow"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Four historical failures including a 3.1-million-gallon May 2023 release (ref 1); the August 2025 DNREC order separately cites SSOs from deteriorating infrastructure and heavy rain across the county system, and an April 2022 discharge of partially treated wastewater to The Gut, a Murderkill tributary (ref 2).","service":"The 30-inch force main stays in service while two replacement and relocation phases are built (ref 1); the same order requires backup generators at priority pump stations (ref 2), pointing to conveyance reliability gaps.","scale":"The line carries flow for a roughly 106,000-person multi-municipality system (ref 1) fed by Dover, Smyrna, Milford, Harrington, Clayton and Camden-Wyoming (ref 2).","duration":"The March 2026 plan carries about 9,000 feet of 1970s concrete main for replacement and no new rupture after May 2023 was found (ref 1); the DNREC order tracks violations from 2017 and runs to January 1, 2030 (refs 2, 3).","significance":"DNREC Conciliation Order by Consent of August 14, 2025 with a $400,000 penalty, quarterly reports and a pipeline condition assessment (refs 2, 3); replacement is on the 2026 CWSRF list (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":106000,"status":"Reported","note":"About 106,000 people on the multi-municipality system per the CWSRF plan (ref 1); the order lists Dover, Smyrna, Milford, Harrington, Clayton and Camden-Wyoming as contributors (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: May_2023_overflow: 3100000 gallons"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["County must fund a $400,000 administrative penalty and a multi-year capital program under a DNREC order (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Major replacement financing is programmed, but risk persists until commissioning; no new post-May-2023 rupture was identified in reviewed sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Kent County Levy Court Department of Public Works","role":"Owner/operator"},{"name":"Delaware DNREC","role":"Water-quality regulator and CWSRF administrator"}],"public_contact":"General public contact not verified in this track; Greg.Pope@delaware.gov; 302-739-9941","corrective_actions":["Replace about 9,000 feet of original 1970s concrete main","Relocate/replace Route 13 segments in coordination with DelDOT","Maintain existing pipe during construction","Comprehensive pipeline condition assessment and quarterly progress reports to DNREC under the August 2025 consent order"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Delaware FFY2026 CWSRF Intended Use Plan","publisher":"Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control","date":"2026-03-25","url":"https://documents.dnrec.delaware.gov/Environmental-Finance/SRF/CWSRF-FFY2026-IUP-DRAFT.pdf","basis":"Lines 767-775, 958-968 and project funding table."},{"ref":2,"title":"Kent County Levy Court announces agreement with DNREC to improve wastewater infrastructure and protect water quality","publisher":"Delaware News (State of Delaware)","date":"2025-08-14","url":"https://news.delaware.gov/2025/08/14/kent-county-levy-court-announces-agreement-with-dnrec-to-improve-wastewater-infrastructure-and-protect-water-quality/","basis":"State agency press release"},{"ref":3,"title":"Delaware consent order aims to curb sewage overflows in Kent County","publisher":"Wastewater Digest","date":"2025-08-15","url":"https://www.wwdmag.com/compliance-regulations/press-release/55310190/delaware-consent-order-aims-to-curb-sewage-overflows-in-kent-county","basis":"Trade press"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA ECHO facility record DE0020338 (Kent County WWTF, Milford) (location only)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_pid=DE0020338","basis":"Federal database record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":10,"note":"New verified Delaware baseline record in Batch 11."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":10,"note":"Financial evidence corrected to distinguish named project scopes, rate observations and funding stages; no severity or current-status change."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":10,"note":"Added the August 2025 DNREC consent order and facility coordinates; severity notes rewritten from boilerplate to finding-specific facts. Scores unchanged. Construction status of the replacement still unverified."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":10,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-03-25","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Construction status and whether the Phase 2 funding gap is secured were not verified; past spill dates are outside the research window but the unresolved replacement risk is current."],"related_ids":["US-DE-KENT-MILFORD-RWWTF-CONSENT-ORDER-2025","US-DE-KENT-MURDERKILL-FORCEMAIN-2026"],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":12650000,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"project","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-03-25","scope":{"project":"Kent County PS3-to-Puncheon force-main project"},"basis":{"definition":"PS3_to_Puncheon_project_cost"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original observation: PS3_to_Puncheon_project_cost. Project estimate; not secured funding.","funding_stage":"estimated"},{"metric":"pending_funding","value":16020000,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"project","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-03-25","scope":{"project":"Kent County Route 13 force-main financing request"},"basis":{"definition":"$9.02 million requested CWSRF financing."},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"$9.02 million requested CWSRF financing. Financing request and project estimate are distinct stages and are not added together.","funding_stage":"proposed"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-DE-KENT-MURDERKILL-FORCEMAIN-2026","revision":4,"change_type":"changed","title":"Kent County deteriorated Murderkill River force-main crossing","description":"A 1970s concrete/ductile-iron river crossing with historically poor couplings remains in service and presents documented future failure risk. Partial replacement appears on the 2026 CWSRF list; the old pipe remains in service during construction.","location":{"name":"Kent County Levy Court wastewater system","type":"Utility service area","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"counties":["Kent"],"detail":"Kent County Levy Court wastewater system; 36-inch Murderkill River force-main crossing; Murderkill River","extent":"system","coordinates":{"lat":38.998212,"lon":-75.437604,"precision":"system_centroid","source_ref":4}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A 1970s concrete/ductile-iron river crossing with historically poor couplings remains in service and presents documented future failure risk.","secondary_drivers":["1970s concrete and ductile-iron crossing","Historically poor couplings"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No current spill from the 1,300-foot crossing is reported in ref 1, so harm stays at 1; the county order documents past SSOs and an April 2022 discharge to The Gut, a Murderkill tributary (ref 2).","service":"The existing 36-inch crossing stays in service while about 2,000 feet of new HDPE main is bored beneath the river (ref 1); the order calls for a county-wide pipeline condition assessment (ref 2).","scale":"The crossing conveys flow for a roughly 106,000-person multi-municipality system (ref 1), with contributors including Dover, Smyrna and Milford (ref 2).","duration":"About 1,000 feet of aerial concrete plus 300 feet of ductile iron from the 1970s remain in use with completion of the replacement unverified (ref 1); the DNREC order runs to January 1, 2030 (ref 2).","significance":"Replacement is on the March 2026 CWSRF list at a $2.7 million estimate (ref 1) and sits within the county program under the August 2025 DNREC consent order (refs 2, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":106000,"status":"Reported","note":"About 106,000 people on the multi-municipality system per the CWSRF plan (ref 1); exact crossing location not published, map point is the county plant at Milford (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: existing_crossing: 1300 feet (about 1,000 aerial concrete plus 300 ductile iron)"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["County capital program and $400,000 penalty under the 2025 DNREC order (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Old crossing remains in service; replacement is planned but completion was not verified."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Kent County Levy Court Department of Public Works","role":"Owner/operator"}],"public_contact":"General public contact not verified in this track","corrective_actions":["Directional-bore about 2,000 feet of new 36-inch HDPE main","Connect both ends and evaluate old crossing for rehabilitation or abandonment"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Delaware FFY2026 CWSRF Intended Use Plan","publisher":"Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control","date":"2026-03-25","url":"https://documents.dnrec.delaware.gov/Environmental-Finance/SRF/CWSRF-FFY2026-IUP-DRAFT.pdf","basis":"Lines 776-781 and 2026 funding-list entry."},{"ref":2,"title":"Kent County Levy Court announces agreement with DNREC to improve wastewater infrastructure and protect water quality","publisher":"Delaware News (State of Delaware)","date":"2025-08-14","url":"https://news.delaware.gov/2025/08/14/kent-county-levy-court-announces-agreement-with-dnrec-to-improve-wastewater-infrastructure-and-protect-water-quality/","basis":"State agency press release"},{"ref":3,"title":"Delaware consent order aims to curb sewage overflows in Kent County","publisher":"Wastewater Digest","date":"2025-08-15","url":"https://www.wwdmag.com/compliance-regulations/press-release/55310190/delaware-consent-order-aims-to-curb-sewage-overflows-in-kent-county","basis":"Trade press"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA ECHO facility record DE0020338 (Kent County WWTF, Milford) (location only)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_pid=DE0020338","basis":"Federal database record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New verified Delaware baseline record in Batch 11."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Financial evidence corrected to distinguish named project scopes, rate observations and funding stages; no severity or current-status change."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Added the August 2025 DNREC consent order and a map point; severity notes rewritten from boilerplate. Scores unchanged; no construction update found."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-03-25","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current structural inspection, construction status and full funding source not verified."],"related_ids":["US-DE-KENT-MILFORD-RWWTF-CONSENT-ORDER-2025","US-DE-KENT-RT13-FORCEMAIN-2026"],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":2700000,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"project","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-03-25","scope":{"project":"Murderkill River force-main crossing replacement"},"basis":{"definition":"project_cost"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original observation: project_cost. Total project estimate; not secured funding.","funding_stage":"estimated"},{"metric":"pending_funding","value":675000,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"request","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-03-25","scope":{"project":"Murderkill River force-main financing request"},"basis":{"definition":"Remaining source/funding gap not stated."},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Remaining source/funding gap not stated. Requested financing is a distinct stage and is not added to the project estimate.","funding_stage":"proposed"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-DE-LAUREL-VILLAGE-SEPTIC-FAILURE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Laurel Village MHC active and imminent septic-system failures","description":"End-of-life septic infrastructure is actively surfacing/overflowing and threatens unfiltered, undisinfected groundwater drinking supply and adjacent wetlands. December 2025 assessment documented 41 homes in active failure, with surfacing and overflows requiring frequent pumping; a $7 million sewer project is proposed.","location":{"name":"Laurel Village MHC","type":"Community","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"counties":["Sussex"],"detail":"Laurel Village MHC; Nanticoke River","extent":"city","coordinates":{"lat":38.556,"lon":-75.571,"precision":"city","source_ref":1}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"End-of-life septic infrastructure is actively surfacing/overflowing and threatens unfiltered, undisinfected groundwater drinking supply and adjacent wetlands.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Source identifies surfacing sewage plus risk to unfiltered, undisinfected groundwater drinking supply and adjacent wetlands (ref 1); no microbiological results are reported, so harm rests on documented failures, not measured contamination.","service":"The December 2025 assessment found 41 homes in active septic failure with overflows needing frequent pumping, averaging 11.7 pump-outs a week in 2025 (ref 1).","scale":"310 lots with 297 occupied, about 1,750 residents (ref 1), a single community inside a statewide universe of 98 MHCs with on-site wastewater (ref 2).","duration":"Systems are 30 to 60 years old; 47% of occupied homes (about 140) are expected to need replacement within 1 to 3 years (ref 1).","significance":"Priority-list request of $7 million on the 2026 CWSRF plan, not verified as awarded (ref 1); DNREC says small shared septic systems like these fall outside any inspection requirement (ref 2), and no enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":1750,"status":"Reported","note":"310 lots, 297 occupied."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: homes_active_septic_failure: 41 homes"},"measures":[{"name":"homes_active_septic_failure","value":41,"unit":"homes","status":"Reported","note":"13% of occupied lots."},{"name":"homes_needing_replacement_1_to_3_years","value":140,"unit":"homes","status":"Reported","note":"47% of occupied lots."},{"name":"average_pumpouts","value":11.7,"unit":"per week","status":"Reported","note":"2025"},{"name":"system_age","value":null,"range_low":30,"range_high":60,"unit":"years or more","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Severe","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Private owner-operated utility infrastructure with a $7 million sewer project proposed and about $20,000 a month estimated emergency pumping (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Active failures affect 13% of occupied homes and 47% are expected to require replacement in 1-3 years; repeated pumping only mitigates overflows."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arcap LC / Lansberry Communities","role":"Manager/owner of land and utility infrastructure"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Closing America's Wastewater Access Gap initiative","role":"Engineering and technical support"},{"name":"Delaware DNREC","role":"Wastewater regulator and CWSRF administrator"}],"public_contact":"Not verified; Public program contact not extracted; Greg.Pope@delaware.gov; 302-739-9941","corrective_actions":["Strict weekly-to-monthly pumping","EPA technical assistance","Proposed central sewer system"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Delaware FFY2026 CWSRF Intended Use Plan","publisher":"Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control","date":"2026-03-25","url":"https://documents.dnrec.delaware.gov/Environmental-Finance/SRF/CWSRF-FFY2026-IUP-DRAFT.pdf","basis":"Lines 1057-1073 and project funding table."},{"ref":2,"title":"DNREC to Conduct Statewide Assessment of Wastewater Infrastructure in Manufactured Home Communities","publisher":"Delaware News (State of Delaware)","date":"2026-04-07","url":"https://news.delaware.gov/2026/04/07/dnrec-to-conduct-statewide-assessment-of-wastewater-infrastructure-in-manufactured-home-communities/","basis":"State agency press release"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Active Emergency","score":9,"note":"New verified Delaware baseline record in Batch 11."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"Status label normalized to an allowed value; added DNREC April 2026 statewide MHC assessment as context; severity notes rewritten from boilerplate. Scores unchanged."}],"first_seen":"2026-03-25","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Microbiological sampling results, household charges, owner financial statements and final project award not reported."],"related_ids":["US-DE-STATEWIDE-MHC-WASTEWATER-ASSESSMENT-2026","US-DE-GRANTS-WAY-SEPTIC-2026"],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":20000,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"per month estimated","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-10-10","scope":{"project":"Arcap LC mitigation"},"basis":{"definition":"emergency_pumping_cost"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original observation: emergency_pumping_cost.","funding_stage":"estimated"},{"metric":"project_estimate","value":7000000,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"project","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-03-25","scope":{"project":"Laurel Village MHC active and imminent septic-system failures"},"basis":{"definition":"CWSRF priority-list request, not verified as awarded."},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"CWSRF priority-list request, not verified as awarded.","funding_stage":"proposed"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-DE-GRANTS-WAY-SEPTIC-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Grants Way community septic system structural deterioration and backups","description":"Thirty-year-old shared septic tanks and four-inch collection piping are losing structural integrity and causing cross-household backups. A $4.92 million septic-elimination project is on the 2026 CWSRF funding list.","location":{"name":"Grants Way","type":"Community","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"counties":["Sussex"],"detail":"Grants Way; Broadkill / Prime Hook","extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["groundwater","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Thirty-year-old shared septic tanks and four-inch collection piping are losing structural integrity and causing cross-household backups.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Grants Way community septic system structural deterioration and backups: Backups and structural loss are recurring in a small community beside Prime Hook Wildlife Refuge; no measured discharge or illness is documented. Harm score 1 uses the lower supported value. [1]","service":"Grants Way community septic system structural deterioration and backups: A $4.92 million septic-elimination project is on the 2026 CWSRF funding list. Essential-service score is 2. [1]","scale":"Grants Way community septic system structural deterioration and backups: documented extent is city across Sussex; scale score is 1. [1]","duration":"Grants Way community septic system structural deterioration and backups: Source says tanks are losing integrity and the system cannot be sustainably maintained long-term; no dated backup series was available. Duration score is 2. [1]","significance":"Grants Way community septic system structural deterioration and backups: Install Ordinance 38 collection and transmission system Significance score is 2. [1]"}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":160,"status":"Reported","note":"Project table; community has 80 lots, 79 homes."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: community_lots: 80 lots"},"measures":[{"name":"community_lots","value":80,"unit":"lots","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"system_age","value":30,"unit":"years (approximately)","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"shared_tank_size","value":1500,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Generally shared by two houses."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Source says tanks are losing integrity and the system cannot be sustainably maintained long-term; no dated backup series was available."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Diamond State Sustainability Corporation","role":"Nonprofit owner/operator, PSC-regulated"},{"name":"Sussex County / Artesian","role":"Proposed regional wastewater service pathway"},{"name":"Delaware DNREC","role":"Regulator and CWSRF administrator"}],"public_contact":"Not verified; Not verified; Greg.Pope@delaware.gov; 302-739-9941","corrective_actions":["Install Ordinance 38 collection and transmission system","Convey wastewater to Artesian regional treatment","Eliminate existing septic system"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Delaware FFY2026 CWSRF Intended Use Plan","publisher":"Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control","date":"2026-03-25","url":"https://documents.dnrec.delaware.gov/Environmental-Finance/SRF/CWSRF-FFY2026-IUP-DRAFT.pdf","basis":"2026 project description and funding table; indexed full description in official source."}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified Delaware baseline record in Batch 11."}],"first_seen":"2026-03-25","latest_seen":"2026-03-25","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Backup frequency, environmental measurements, household rates, impact-fee amount and award status not reported."],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":4920000,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"project","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-03-25","scope":{"project":"Grants Way community septic system structural deterioration and backups"},"basis":{"definition":"Priority-list request, not verified as awarded; Artesian capacity impact fees also required but amount not reported."},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Priority-list request, not verified as awarded; Artesian capacity impact fees also required but amount not reported.","funding_stage":"proposed"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-DE-LAUREL-SEWER-STRUCTURAL-FAILURES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Laurel recurring gravity-sewer failures and illicit stormwater inflow","description":"Cracked and deformed vitrified-clay sewers have repeatedly failed, while illicit catch-basin connections add inflow and surcharge/overflow risk. Seven rehabilitation/separation projects are on the March 2026 CWSRF funding list.","location":{"name":"Laurel","type":"Town","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"counties":["Sussex"],"detail":"Laurel; West 6th Street; Central Avenue; 8th Street; Washington Street and Sussex Avenue; West Street; Broad Creek","extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Cracked and deformed vitrified-clay sewers have repeatedly failed, while illicit catch-basin connections add inflow and surcharge/overflow risk.","secondary_drivers":["[object Object]"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Laurel recurring gravity-sewer failures and illicit stormwater inflow: Repeated failures and service disruptions are documented; untreated exfiltration and SSO risk are present, but no quantified current release was reported. Harm score 1 uses the lower supported value. [1]","service":"Laurel recurring gravity-sewer failures and illicit stormwater inflow: Seven rehabilitation/separation projects are on the March 2026 CWSRF funding list. Essential-service score is 2. [1]","scale":"Laurel recurring gravity-sewer failures and illicit stormwater inflow: documented extent is city across Sussex; scale score is 1. [1]","duration":"Laurel recurring gravity-sewer failures and illicit stormwater inflow: Multiple failures over several years culminated in confirmed extensive cracking/deformation and a suite of 2026 corrective projects. Duration score is 2. [1]","significance":"Laurel recurring gravity-sewer failures and illicit stormwater inflow: Open-cut replacement where structural loss is severe Significance score is 2. [1]"}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":4043,"status":"Reported","note":"Affected population was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Not reported"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Multiple failures over several years culminated in confirmed extensive cracking/deformation and a suite of 2026 corrective projects."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Laurel","role":"Owner/operator"},{"name":"Delaware DNREC","role":"Regulator and CWSRF administrator"}],"public_contact":"General public contact not verified in this track; Greg.Pope@delaware.gov; 302-739-9941","corrective_actions":["Open-cut replacement where structural loss is severe","CIPP lining where feasible","New laterals, cleanouts and lined manholes","Separate illicit stormwater catch-basin connections"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Delaware FFY2026 CWSRF Intended Use Plan","publisher":"Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control","date":"2026-03-25","url":"https://documents.dnrec.delaware.gov/Environmental-Finance/SRF/CWSRF-FFY2026-IUP-DRAFT.pdf","basis":"Lines 1101-1137 and funding table lines 266-275."}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified Delaware baseline record in Batch 11."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Financial evidence corrected to distinguish named project scopes, rate observations and funding stages; no severity or current-status change."}],"first_seen":"2026-03-25","latest_seen":"2026-03-25","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Dates and volumes of releases, customer interruptions, rates and binding awards not reported."],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":1596485,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"project","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-10-10","scope":{"project":"Laurel 6th Street rehabilitation and replacement"},"basis":{"definition":"6th_Street_rehab_replacement"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original observation: 6th_Street_rehab_replacement. This project-level amount is separate from the other named projects in this dossier and is not presented as an additive program total.","funding_stage":"estimated"},{"metric":"project_estimate","value":1964008,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"project","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-10-10","scope":{"project":"Laurel 6th Street lining"},"basis":{"definition":"6th_Street_lining"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original observation: 6th_Street_lining. This project-level amount is separate from the other named projects in this dossier and is not presented as an additive program total.","funding_stage":"estimated"},{"metric":"project_estimate","value":2157388,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"project","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-10-10","scope":{"project":"Laurel Central Avenue lining"},"basis":{"definition":"Central_Avenue_lining"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original observation: Central_Avenue_lining. This project-level amount is separate from the other named projects in this dossier and is not presented as an additive program total.","funding_stage":"estimated"},{"metric":"project_estimate","value":2249788,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"project","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-10-10","scope":{"project":"Laurel West Street lining"},"basis":{"definition":"West_Street_lining"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original observation: West_Street_lining. This project-level amount is separate from the other named projects in this dossier and is not presented as an additive program total.","funding_stage":"estimated"},{"metric":"project_estimate","value":660000,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"three $220,000 projects","status":"Estimated","as_of_date":"2026-10-10","scope":{"project":"Laurel catch-basin separation projects"},"basis":{"definition":"three_catch_basin_separation_projects"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original observation: three_catch_basin_separation_projects. This project-level amount is separate from the other named projects in this dossier and is not presented as an additive program total.","funding_stage":"estimated","method":"Source-reported inputs retained without additional arithmetic; the Estimated label reflects the source's estimate or planning-stage value. See source reference(s) 1."}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-DE-NCC-SOUTHERN-SEWER-CAPACITY-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"New Castle County Southern Sanitary Sewer Area disposal-capacity constraint","description":"Projected wastewater flows will exceed current disposal capacity, and existing Port Penn/Water Farm discharges affect an impaired receiving water. Expanded treatment/outfall project is on the 2026 CWSRF list.","location":{"name":"Southern Sanitary Sewer Area / Water Farm Treatment Plant","type":"Utility service area","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"counties":["New Castle"],"detail":"Southern Sanitary Sewer Area / Water Farm Treatment Plant; South of C&D Canal and north of Middletown-Odessa-Townsend; Appoquinimink River; Delaware River","extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Projected wastewater flows will exceed current disposal capacity, and existing Port Penn/Water Farm discharges affect an impaired receiving water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"New Castle County Southern Sanitary Sewer Area disposal-capacity constraint: Capacity exceedance is projected within four years rather than current; multi-community scale and impaired-water discharge support material significance. Harm score 1 uses the lower supported value. [1]","service":"New Castle County Southern Sanitary Sewer Area disposal-capacity constraint: Expanded treatment/outfall project is on the 2026 CWSRF list. Essential-service score is 1. [1]","scale":"New Castle County Southern Sanitary Sewer Area disposal-capacity constraint: documented extent is system across New Castle; scale score is 2. [1]","duration":"New Castle County Southern Sanitary Sewer Area disposal-capacity constraint: Flow is projected to rise from 1.15 to 1.8 MGD within four years, exceeding disposal capacity absent the project. Duration score is 1. [1]","significance":"New Castle County Southern Sanitary Sewer Area disposal-capacity constraint: Expand treatment/disposal to 5 MGD Significance score is 1. [1]"}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":90000,"status":"Reported","note":"Affected population was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: current_flow: 1.15 MGD"},"measures":[{"name":"current_flow","value":1.15,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"projected_flow_within_four_years","value":1.8,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"planned_2050_capacity","value":5,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Flow is projected to rise from 1.15 to 1.8 MGD within four years, exceeding disposal capacity absent the project."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Castle County Department of Public Works","role":"Owner/operator"},{"name":"Delaware DNREC","role":"Regulator and CWSRF administrator"}],"public_contact":"General public contact not verified in this track; Greg.Pope@delaware.gov; 302-739-9941","corrective_actions":["Expand treatment/disposal to 5 MGD","Construct Delaware River outfall","Eliminate Port Penn plant and route flow to Water Farm","Eliminate two Appoquinimink discharges"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Delaware FFY2026 CWSRF Intended Use Plan","publisher":"Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control","date":"2026-03-25","url":"https://documents.dnrec.delaware.gov/Environmental-Finance/SRF/CWSRF-FFY2026-IUP-DRAFT.pdf","basis":"Lines 679-684 and funding table."}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Delaware baseline record in Batch 11."}],"first_seen":"2026-03-25","latest_seen":"2026-03-25","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Existing disposal-capacity numeric limit, current permit compliance, project schedule and binding loan status not reported."],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":26767000,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"project","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-03-25","scope":{"project":"New Castle County Southern Sanitary Sewer Area disposal-capacity constraint"},"basis":{"definition":"project_cost_and_CWSRF_request"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original observation: project_cost_and_CWSRF_request.","funding_stage":"proposed"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-DE-SEAFORD-WWTF-ATTRITION-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Seaford WWTF unit-process attrition and phased capacity expansion","description":"Attrition in treatment unit processes and aging headworks, clarifiers, pumping, controls and handling equipment drive phased rehabilitation and expansion. First-phase upgrade/expansion is carried on the 2026 CWSRF funding list.","location":{"name":"Seaford wastewater treatment facility","type":"Facility","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"counties":["Sussex"],"detail":"Seaford wastewater treatment facility; Nanticoke River","extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Attrition in treatment unit processes and aging headworks, clarifiers, pumping, controls and handling equipment drive phased rehabilitation and expansion.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Seaford WWTF unit-process attrition and phased capacity expansion: Official plan documents attrition and need for phased rehabilitation; no current discharge violation or outage is stated. Harm score 1 uses the lower supported value. [1]","service":"Seaford WWTF unit-process attrition and phased capacity expansion: First-phase upgrade/expansion is carried on the 2026 CWSRF funding list. Essential-service score is 1. [1]","scale":"Seaford WWTF unit-process attrition and phased capacity expansion: documented extent is site across Sussex; scale score is 1. [1]","duration":"Seaford WWTF unit-process attrition and phased capacity expansion: Phased rehabilitation is planned; no comparable failure series supports improving/worsening classification. Duration score is 2. [1]","significance":"Seaford WWTF unit-process attrition and phased capacity expansion: Headworks and influent pump rehabilitation Significance score is 1. [1]"}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":8000,"status":"Reported","note":"Affected population was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: current_rated_capacity: 2 MGD"},"measures":[{"name":"current_rated_capacity","value":2,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"planned_capacity","value":3,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Phased rehabilitation is planned; no comparable failure series supports improving/worsening classification."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Seaford","role":"Owner/operator"}],"public_contact":"General public contact not verified in this track","corrective_actions":["Headworks and influent pump rehabilitation","New grit handling and future screening provisions","Primary clarifier rehabilitation","Septage/leachate handling and SCADA/electrical upgrades","Later biological expansion to 3 MGD/ENR"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Delaware FFY2026 CWSRF Intended Use Plan","publisher":"Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control","date":"2026-03-25","url":"https://documents.dnrec.delaware.gov/Environmental-Finance/SRF/CWSRF-FFY2026-IUP-DRAFT.pdf","basis":"Lines 739-746 and funding table."}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Delaware baseline record in Batch 11."}],"first_seen":"2026-03-25","latest_seen":"2026-03-25","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current flow, condition scores, construction award and remaining later-phase cost not reported."],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":30739315,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"project","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-03-25","scope":{"project":"Seaford WWTF unit-process attrition and phased capacity expansion"},"basis":{"definition":"project_cost_and_CWSRF_request"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original observation: project_cost_and_CWSRF_request.","funding_stage":"proposed"},{"metric":"project_estimate","value":2,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-10-10","scope":{"project":"Seaford WWTF unit-process attrition and phased capacity expansion"},"basis":{"definition":"current_rated_capacity"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original observation: current_rated_capacity.","funding_stage":"estimated"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-DE-STORMWATER-LITTLE-CREEK-RECURRING-FLOODING","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Recurring tidal and stormwater flooding in Little Creek","description":"Undersized, settled drainage assets installed mainly from the 1930s through 1960s interact with tidal conditions from the Little River and Delaware Bay to cause frequent flooding. DNREC's current project page says action is needed and identifies modeled alternatives; no source reviewed documented completed construction of the recommended southern-system improvements.","location":{"name":"Town of Little Creek","type":"municipality","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"counties":["Kent"],"detail":"municipal; Town of Little Creek drainage area. Main Street/DE-9, Lowe Street, Bell Street and the southern town drainage area","extent":"city"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Undersized, settled drainage assets installed mainly from the 1930s through 1960s interact with tidal conditions from the Little River and Delaware Bay to cause frequent flooding.","secondary_drivers":["[object Object]"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Threats to roads and public, commercial and residential properties are documented; no injury or acute health outcome was quantified. [1]","service":"Frequent flooding affects Main Street/DE-9 and local access during even smaller storms and high tides. [1]","scale":"Material but town-scale impact. [1]","duration":"Recurring and frequent flooding; infrastructure dates largely to the 1930s-1960s. [1]","significance":"Formal state-sponsored feasibility study and material drainage replacement need, but no emergency declaration or documented system collapse. [1]"}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The source describes a small rural town but does not quantify affected residents or properties."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Alternative 2 stormwater subtotal: 321435.4 USD"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First systematic Delaware baseline pass; comparable history is limited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Little Creek","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Delaware DNREC Coastal Programs","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"DNREC Drainage Program, 302-855-1930, 302-855-1955","corrective_actions":["Northern and southern flood mitigation feasibility studies","Modeled drainage-system alternatives and probable construction costs","Recommended replacement/upgrade of undersized stormwater conveyance"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Resilient Communities Partnership: Little Creek","publisher":"Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control","date":"2024-03-27","url":"https://dnrec.delaware.gov/coastal-programs/planning-training/resilient-communities/little-creek/","basis":"Authoritative DNREC project summary and study findings."},{"ref":2,"title":"Little Creek Southern Flood Mitigation Study","publisher":"Town of Little Creek and Verdantas","date":"2024-03-27","url":"https://littlecreek.delaware.gov/files/2024/04/Little-Creek-Southern-Flood-Mitigation-Study-Report.pdf","basis":"Town-hosted engineering feasibility report and cost tables."}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified Delaware baseline record in Batch 11."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Financial evidence corrected to distinguish named project scopes, rate observations and funding stages; no severity or current-status change."}],"first_seen":"2024-03-27","latest_seen":"2024-03-27","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected structures/residents not quantified","Current construction/funding status not located","Full alternative total and funding gap not independently extracted"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":321435.4,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-03-27","scope":{"project":"Little Creek drainage alternative subtotal 1"},"basis":{"definition":"Engineer estimate; not an award or secured funding."},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Engineer estimate; not an award or secured funding. This is an alternative-specific subtotal and must not be added to the other alternative.","funding_stage":"estimated"},{"metric":"project_estimate","value":549401.38,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-03-27","scope":{"project":"Little Creek drainage alternative subtotal 2"},"basis":{"definition":"Engineer estimate; excludes other earthwork/mobilization line items visible in the report."},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Engineer estimate; excludes other earthwork/mobilization line items visible in the report. This is an alternative-specific subtotal and must not be added to the other alternative.","funding_stage":"estimated"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-DE-STORMWATER-WILMINGTON-SOUTHBRIDGE-FLOODING","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Southbridge rainfall and tidal flooding and phased wetland/sewer mitigation","description":"Repetitive rainfall and Christina River tidal flooding is compounded by combined storm/sewer conveyance limitations, while wetland expansion and sewer separation remain phased corrective actions. The city's current tour states sewer separation was to be completed in 2025 and wetland-capacity expansion ready in 2026; DNREC's 2026 river restoration plan describes Phase 2 as underway.","location":{"name":"Southbridge, Wilmington","type":"neighborhood","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"counties":["New Castle"],"detail":"neighborhood; Southbridge neighborhood and Christina River edge. South Wilmington/Southbridge and Christina River edge","extent":"site"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Repetitive rainfall and Christina River tidal flooding is compounded by combined storm/sewer conveyance limitations, while wetland expansion and sewer separation remain phased corrective actions.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Flooding of streets/homes and combined-system loading are documented; no quantified injury burden. [1]","service":"Millions of gallons of stormwater historically flooded homes and streets and inundated sewage lines. [1]","scale":"Neighborhood-scale impact. [1]","duration":"Repetitive flooding over years and multi-phase mitigation still underway. [1]","significance":"Major multi-part wetland, tide-gate and sewer-separation program with a reported $43.3 million total cost. [1]"}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":0,"status":"Not reported","note":"Official sources identify a vulnerable historically marginalized neighborhood but do not quantify the exposed population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Phase 1 wetland park area: 20 acres"},"measures":[{"name":"Phase 1 wetland park area","value":20,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"City dedication; outside the research window but used only as project baseline, corroborated by current pages."},{"name":"Target restored wetland area after Phase 2","value":22,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"DNREC CBR4 restoration plan."},{"name":"Stormwater handled","value":0,"unit":"millions of gallons","status":"Reported","note":"City states the engineered marsh handles millions of gallons; exact number not reported."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"First systematic Delaware baseline pass; comparable history is limited.","projection":{"statement":"Mitigation capacity should improve as Phase 2 is completed, but residual tidal and extreme-rain flood risk remains; horizon 1-3 years.","horizon":"2026-2029","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Phase 2 and sewer separation are completed and maintained"],"reversal_factors":["Construction delay","More severe rainfall or river stages","Funding shortfall"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Wilmington Department of Public Works","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Delaware DNREC","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Delaware Department of Transportation","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"City of Wilmington Department of Public Works, 302-576-3060","corrective_actions":["Completed Phase 1 tidal wetland park and tide gates","Storm sewer separation routing stormwater to the marsh","Phase 2 parcel acquisition, remediation, design and wetland expansion"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Southbridge Wilmington Wetlands Park","publisher":"City of Wilmington","date":null,"url":"https://www.wilmingtonde.gov/government/city-departments/public-works/southbridge-wilmington-wetlands-park","basis":"City description of recurring impacts, capacity and phased work.","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"A Plan for Restoring Wilmington's Rivers","publisher":"Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control","date":"2026-01-01","url":"https://documents.dnrec.delaware.gov/dwhs/remediation/cbr4/Plan-for-Restoring-Wilmingtons-Rivers.pdf","basis":"DNREC project status, scale and finance."}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified Delaware baseline record in Batch 11."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["No post-project flood-performance statistics","Exact Phase 2 construction funding and completion date not reported","Affected population not quantified"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":43300000,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"total project cost","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-01-01","scope":{"project":"Phase 1 and Phase 2"},"basis":{"definition":"DNREC CBR4 plan"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Source typography is irregular but conveys $43.3 million; verify against project accounting before aggregation.","funding_stage":"estimated"},{"metric":"secured_funding","value":1750000,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"identified awards/commitments","status":"Estimated","as_of_date":"2026-01-01","scope":{"project":"Parcel purchase, remediation and design"},"basis":{"definition":"$750,000 + $500,000 + $500,000"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Do not treat as total Phase 2 funding.","funding_stage":"secured","method":"Source-reported inputs retained without additional arithmetic; the Estimated label reflects the source's estimate or planning-stage value. See source reference(s) 1."}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-DE-STORMWATER-WILMINGTON-NORTHEAST-LOWER-BRANDYWINE-FLOODING","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lower Brandywine flood risk in Northeast Wilmington","description":"The principal documented problem is riverine flooding along the Lower Brandywine; the source describes planning for protection but does not identify a failed drainage asset as the dominant cause. Wilmington's 2025 resilience update describes the FEMA/DEMA-supported mitigation strategy as ongoing and aimed at a community-supported concept design.","location":{"name":"Northeast Wilmington","type":"neighborhood","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"counties":["New Castle"],"detail":"neighborhood; Northeast Wilmington Lower Brandywine corridor. Brandywine Creek shoreline from the 16th Street Bridge to Northeastern Boulevard","extent":"site"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The principal documented problem is riverine flooding along the Lower Brandywine; the source describes planning for protection but does not identify a failed drainage asset as the dominant cause.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Official planning documents identify high flood risk and vulnerable populations but no quantified harm. [1]","service":"Commercial/industrial spaces and municipal maintenance functions lie in the study area. [1]","scale":"Neighborhood/shoreline corridor. [1]","duration":"Existing and future flood risk prompted an ongoing multi-year study. [1]","significance":"Formal FEMA/DEMA study, but no final construction program or emergency declaration located. [1]"}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":0,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Study reach: 0 16th Street Bridge to Northeastern Boulevard"},"measures":[{"name":"Study reach","value":0,"unit":"16th Street Bridge to Northeastern Boulevard","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First systematic Delaware baseline pass; comparable history is limited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Wilmington Department of Public Works","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Delaware Emergency Management Agency","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"FEMA","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"City of Wilmington Department of Public Works, 302-576-3060","corrective_actions":["Lower Brandywine River Flooding Study and Mitigation Strategy","Community-supported flood-risk-reduction concept design"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Resilient Wilmington: 3 Years of Progress and the Priorities Ahead","publisher":"City of Wilmington","date":"2025-01-01","url":"https://www.wilmingtonde.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/13508/638947320730500000","basis":"Official city resilience progress report."}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Delaware baseline record in Batch 11."}],"first_seen":"2025-01-01","latest_seen":"2025-01-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["No design selected","No construction cost or delivery date","No quantified exposed population or expected damages"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-DE-STORMWATER-SOUTH-BETHANY-YORK-ROAD-FLOODING","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Near-daily flooding in South Bethany's York Road corridor","description":"Low elevation and adjacent wetlands drive frequent inundation while roadway grades and drainage limitations require engineered mitigation. A first road-raising/resurfacing phase was scheduled for April 13-17, 2026; the town separately solicited 2026 engineering for remaining secondary roads after federal BRIC cancellation put a second phase on hold.","location":{"name":"South Bethany/York Beach","type":"municipal_corridor","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"counties":["Sussex"],"detail":"municipal; York Beach residential street network. York Road, Carlisle Drive, Plymouth Road, Bristol Road and Victoria Road","extent":"city"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Low elevation and adjacent wetlands drive frequent inundation while roadway grades and drainage limitations require engineered mitigation.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Property/infrastructure exposure documented; no injuries documented. [1]","service":"Road corridor access is repeatedly affected. [1]","scale":"Several residential streets in a small coastal town. [1]","duration":"Study states York Road and contiguous streets have flooded on a near-daily basis for years. [1]","significance":"HMGP-supported design and municipal construction/RFP actions; second phase funding disrupted. [1]"}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":0,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Initial engineering focus length: 750 linear feet (approximately)"},"measures":[{"name":"Initial engineering focus length","value":750,"unit":"linear feet (approximately)","status":"Reported","note":"York Road segment near Carlisle Road to canal between Plymouth and Bristol Roads."},{"name":"Initial construction duration","value":5,"unit":"calendar days planned","status":"Reported","note":"Weather permitting; completion confirmation not found."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"First systematic Delaware baseline pass; comparable history is limited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of South Bethany","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Delaware Emergency Management Agency","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"FEMA","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"Town of South Bethany, townclerk@southbethany.org, 302-539-3653","corrective_actions":["HMGP-funded design study","Pervious pavement/road raising and resurfacing","2026 RFP for remaining York Beach secondary streets"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"York Road Flood Mitigation and Design Study","publisher":"Town of South Bethany and AECOM","date":"2025-06-01","url":"https://southbethany.delaware.gov/files/2026/02/YorkRoadFloodMitigationStudy_Final_v2.pdf","basis":"Town-hosted final engineering study."},{"ref":2,"title":"York Road Flood Mitigation Project Update","publisher":"Town of South Bethany","date":"2026-04-10","url":"https://southbethany.delaware.gov/2026/04/10/york-road-flood-mitigation-project-update/","basis":"Town construction notice."},{"ref":3,"title":"Request for Proposals for York Beach Flood-Mitigation Engineering","publisher":"Town of South Bethany","date":"2026-01-16","url":"https://southbethany.delaware.gov/2026/01/16/request-for-proposals-rfp-for-engineering-project/","basis":"Town solicitation for residual flooding areas."}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Delaware baseline record in Batch 11."}],"first_seen":"2025-06-01","latest_seen":"2026-04-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Construction completion/performance not confirmed","Project award and public funding amount not verified from a primary source","Affected properties not counted"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":0,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"unit":"","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-04-04","scope":{"project":"Second phase"},"basis":{"definition":"Town study"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Planned application path ended when the federal BRIC program was canceled; no replacement amount identified.","funding_stage":"secured"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-DE-STORMWATER-TOWNSEND-HEART-DRAINAGE-FLOODING","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Repeated stormwater flooding in the Heart of Townsend","description":"The town's drainage analysis identifies insufficient stormwater-network capacity and roadway flooding during regular storm events. The town commissioned a drainage analysis with improvement recommendations; implementation status was not found.","location":{"name":"Townsend","type":"neighborhood","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"counties":["New Castle"],"detail":"neighborhood; Heart of Townsend drainage area. Heart of Townsend, especially Cannery Lane and Railroad Avenue","extent":"site"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The town's drainage analysis identifies insufficient stormwater-network capacity and roadway flooding during regular storm events.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No direct health/environmental harm quantified. [1]","service":"Roadway flooding documented. [1]","scale":"Central town neighborhood. [1]","duration":"Repeated flooding during regular storm events. [1]","significance":"Formal engineering analysis and recommended drainage upgrades. [1]"}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":0,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Primary drainage networks assessed: 4 networks"},"measures":[{"name":"Primary drainage networks assessed","value":4,"unit":"networks","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First systematic Delaware baseline pass; comparable history is limited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Townsend","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"Town of Townsend","corrective_actions":["Drainage capacity analysis","Recommendations for Cannery Lane, Main Street, Commerce Street and Gray Street networks"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drainage Analysis for the Heart of Townsend","publisher":"Town of Townsend and Remington & Vernick Engineers","date":"2023-10-25","url":"https://townsend.delaware.gov/files/2023/12/DNTET101-Report_DRAFT20231025-002.pdf","basis":"Town-hosted engineering drainage analysis."}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New verified Delaware baseline record in Batch 11."}],"first_seen":"2023-10-25","latest_seen":"2023-10-25","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Draft status","No implementation or finance update located","No flood depth, property count or population measure"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-DE-STORMWATER-BAY-COAST-RECURRENT-COASTAL-FLOODING","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Recurring coastal flooding along Delaware Beaches and Kent County Bay coast","description":"Persistent onshore winds, storms and high water levels drive widespread tidal inundation; the record is principally a coastal-water hazard rather than a single failed asset. DNREC's beach-change report documents multiple coastal-flood events and maintains ongoing shoreline monitoring.","location":{"name":"Delaware Beaches and Kent County Bay coast","type":"coastal_region","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"counties":["Kent","Sussex"],"detail":"multi_county; Delaware Beaches and Kent County Bay coast. NOAA Delaware Beaches and Kent County coastal zones","extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Persistent onshore winds, storms and high water levels drive widespread tidal inundation; the record is principally a coastal-water hazard rather than a single failed asset.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Coastal flooding and erosion impacts are documented; no fatalities or injuries stated for the listed Delaware events. [1]","service":"Widespread tidal flooding can disrupt coastal roads/properties, but event-specific service impacts were not quantified. [1]","scale":"Multi-county coastal extent. [1]","duration":"Multiple discrete events across the documented storm season. [1]","significance":"Official NOAA/DNREC event documentation and shoreline monitoring. [1]"}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":0,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Coastal flood events listed for 2023 portion of report table: 4 events"},"measures":[{"name":"Coastal flood events listed for 2023 portion of report table","value":4,"unit":"events","status":"Reported","note":"June 3, Sept. 23, Sept. 26 and Dec. 18, 2023; the table also included an Oct. 2022 event outside the research window."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First systematic Delaware baseline pass; comparable history is limited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Delaware DNREC Shoreline and Waterway Management","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"DNREC Drainage and Stormwater Assistance, dnrec_drainage@delaware.gov, 302-855-1955","corrective_actions":["Beach-change monitoring","Floodplain management and coastal resilience planning"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"The 2023-2024 Storm Season: Delaware Beach Change Report, Bay Coast","publisher":"Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control","date":"2025-01-01","url":"https://documents.dnrec.delaware.gov/Watershed/Shorelines/2024-Delaware-Beach-Change-Report-Bay-Coast.pdf","basis":"DNREC report using NOAA Storm Events records."}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New verified Delaware baseline record in Batch 11."}],"first_seen":"2025-01-01","latest_seen":"2025-01-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["New Castle County excluded from report jurisdiction","Damage, depth and exposed-population figures not provided in retrieved table","2024-2026 event inventory not comprehensively extracted"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-DE-DROUGHT-STATEWIDE-RECURRENT-2024-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Recurrent statewide drought watch and water-supply deficits","description":"Prolonged precipitation deficits, low soil moisture, declining groundwater and below-average streamflow caused repeated statewide drought watches. DRBC reported on Oct. 2, 2026 that all Delaware basin counties remained in drought watch; the governor's June 3 declaration was in effect until further notice. The June 2026 watch was Delaware's second in three years, and officials said they were most concerned about Kent and Sussex counties. During the 2024-25 episode the Newark Reservoir fell 10 feet.","location":{"name":"Statewide","type":"state","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"counties":["New Castle","Kent","Sussex"],"detail":"statewide; State of Delaware. All Delaware counties","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","groundwater","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Prolonged precipitation deficits, low soil moisture, declining groundwater and below-average streamflow caused repeated statewide drought watches.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No acute drinking-water failure is reported, but the Water Supply Coordinating Council said supply had dropped sharply over eight to 10 months and needed an estimated 21 inches of rain over three months to recover (ref 4); the Newark Reservoir fell 10 feet in the 2024 drought (ref 5).","service":"The 2026 watch calls only for voluntary indoor and outdoor cuts, with a legally required open-burning ban through Sept. 30 (ref 4); no mandatory water restrictions were imposed (ref 1).","scale":"The declaration covers all three counties, with DNREC and the Council most worried about Kent and Sussex (ref 4).","duration":"The first watch ran from October 2024, declared after six straight months of below-normal rain, until Aug. 18, 2025 (refs 3, 5); a new watch began June 3, 2026 and was still in effect in DRBC's Oct. 2, 2026 status (refs 1, 2).","significance":"A governor-declared watch on Water Supply Coordinating Council advice, the first of three escalation levels; a warning and an emergency with mandatory restrictions have not been triggered (ref 4)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":0,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide declaration applies to all residents and non-farm businesses, but no affected-population count was stated in the sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Rainfall estimated needed to return supply to normal: 21 inches over three months"},"measures":[{"name":"Rainfall estimated needed to return supply to normal","value":21,"unit":"inches over three months","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Consecutive below-normal precipitation months before declaration","value":10,"unit":"months","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Prior drought-watch duration","value":10,"unit":"months (approximately)","status":"Reported","note":"Oct. 25, 2024 to Aug. 18, 2025."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"First systematic Delaware baseline pass; comparable history is limited.","projection":{"statement":"No firm supply projection; official regional outlook on Oct. 8 indicated recovery but Delaware remained under watch as of Oct. 2.","horizon":"weeks to months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Near-normal fall precipitation"],"reversal_factors":["Renewed precipitation deficit","High demand","Groundwater or streamflow decline"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Governor of Delaware","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Delaware Water Supply Coordinating Council","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Delaware DNREC","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Delaware River Basin Commission","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"Delaware Water Supply Coordinating Council, matthew.grabowski@delaware.gov, 302-739-9945","corrective_actions":["Voluntary statewide conservation","Monitoring precipitation, streamflow, reservoir storage, groundwater, soil moisture and chloride","Continued WSCC/Drought Advisory Subcommittee assessment"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Governor Meyer Declares Statewide Drought Watch","publisher":"State of Delaware","date":"2026-06-03","url":"https://news.delaware.gov/2026/06/03/governor-meyer-declares-statewide-drought-watch/","basis":"Governor/DNREC declaration and indicators."},{"ref":2,"title":"Drought Information","publisher":"Delaware River Basin Commission","date":"2026-10-02","url":"https://nj.gov/drbc/programs/flow/drought-info.html","basis":"Interstate commission current status."},{"ref":3,"title":"Gov. Meyer Lifts Delaware Drought Watch After 10 Months","publisher":"State of Delaware","date":"2025-08-18","url":"https://news.delaware.gov/2025/08/18/gov-meyer-lifts-delaware-drought-watch-after-10-months/","basis":"Prior episode history."},{"ref":4,"title":"Delaware Declares Drought Watch as Precipitation Levels Drop","publisher":"Insurance Journal","date":"2026-06-04","url":"https://amp.insurancejournal.com/news/east/2026/06/04/872513.htm","basis":"News report quoting DNREC and WSCC"},{"ref":5,"title":"Meyer lifts drought watch after rainfall returns to normal","publisher":"Newark Post","date":"2025-08-19","url":"https://www.newarkpostonline.com/news/meyer-lifts-drought-watch-after-rainfall-returns-to-normal/article_bbdc3755-2c11-4b6f-b58e-e1fe5f3bee9c.html","basis":"Local news on prior episode and Newark Reservoir"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New verified Delaware baseline record in Batch 11."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Updated: added Kent and Sussex concern, Newark Reservoir 10-foot drop in the 2024 episode and specific severity notes; the declaration and status are unchanged."}],"first_seen":"2025-08-18","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["No official Oct. 6 Delaware subcommittee minutes retrieved","County-level groundwater/streamflow values not extracted","Economic losses and demand reductions not quantified"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-DE-GROUNDWATER-COLUMBIA-AQUIFER-NITRATE-SOUTHERN-DELAWARE","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Persistent nitrate contamination in southern Delaware's Columbia aquifer","description":"Official 2024 resampling found nitrate throughout selected Columbia aquifer wells, with about one-quarter over the federal primary drinking-water limit, consistent with pervasive nonpoint loading. The March 6, 2026 draft integrated report says widespread contamination persists and no clear attenuation with depth was observed.","location":{"name":"Southern Delaware well network","type":"aquifer","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"counties":["Kent","Sussex"],"detail":"multi_county; Southern Delaware Columbia aquifer monitoring network. Selected Columbia aquifer domestic/public-source monitoring wells","extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Official 2024 resampling found nitrate throughout selected Columbia aquifer wells, with about one-quarter over the federal primary drinking-water limit, consistent with pervasive nonpoint loading.","secondary_drivers":["[object Object]"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"13 selected wells exceeded the 10 mg/L nitrate primary MCL; official report notes infant methemoglobinemia risk. [1]","service":"Groundwater is a major local drinking-water source, but outages/advisories were not documented for this study. [1]","scale":"Multi-county aquifer study but targeted, non-random well selection. [1]","duration":"Comparison with 2001-2003 results and report language indicate persistence over decades. [1]","significance":"Official assessment and MCL exceedances, but no study-wide enforcement action. [1]"}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A targeted 51-well sample cannot be converted into an exposed population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Nitrate detection frequency: 51 of 51 samples"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"First systematic Delaware baseline pass; comparable history is limited.","projection":{"statement":"Persistent nitrate loading is likely to remain a monitoring and treatment concern over the next several years absent source reductions; analytical projection.","horizon":"1-5 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Agricultural and residential nonpoint inputs continue","Aquifer recharge pathways remain similar"],"reversal_factors":["Source-control measures","Targeted treatment","Broader representative sampling changes the inferred extent"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Delaware DNREC Watershed Assessment and Management Section","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Delaware DNREC Division of Water","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"DNREC Watershed Assessment and Management Section, sakinat.ahmad@delaware.gov, 302-608-5525","corrective_actions":["State groundwater monitoring","Integrated-report assessment","Private well sampling availability through Delaware PFAS/contaminant programs"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Draft 2026 Combined Watershed Assessment Report and 303(d) List","publisher":"Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control","date":"2026-03-06","url":"https://documents.dnrec.delaware.gov/Watershed/Assessment/Reports/Draft-2026-Integrated-Report.pdf","basis":"Draft official integrated report; targeted 2024 resampling results."},{"ref":2,"title":"Delaware's Draft 2026 Combined Watershed Assessment Report Public Notice","publisher":"Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control","date":"2026-03-06","url":"https://dnrec.delaware.gov/public-notices/wss20260078/","basis":"Official notice establishing draft status and public contact."}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New verified Delaware baseline record in Batch 11."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Financial evidence corrected to distinguish named project scopes, rate observations and funding stages; no severity or current-status change."}],"first_seen":"2026-03-06","latest_seen":"2026-03-06","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Draft, not final, integrated report","Wells were selected partly for prior nitrate over 1 mg/L, so results are not prevalence estimates","No affected-population or treatment-cost estimate"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-DE-GROUNDWATER-COASTAL-SALTWATER-INTRUSION","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Coastal aquifer salinization and saltwater-intrusion monitoring gaps","description":"Tides, storm surge, drought and pumping move saline water into shallow coastal groundwater, while Delaware lacks a cohesive statewide salinity-trend monitoring network. DGS documented shallow salinization in eastern Kent County in Sept. 2025 and identified spatial/temporal statewide monitoring gaps in April 2026; deeper Kent supplies remained fresh in the study.","location":{"name":"Coastal Delaware, with documented focus east of Dover","type":"aquifer_region","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"counties":["Kent","Sussex","New Castle"],"detail":"multi_county; Coastal Delaware aquifers, with documented focus east of Dover. Shallow Columbia aquifer near eastern Kent tidal marshes; statewide coastal monitoring need","extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","drought-scarcity","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Tides, storm surge, drought and pumping move saline water into shallow coastal groundwater, while Delaware lacks a cohesive statewide salinity-trend monitoring network.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Localized salinization documented; deeper aquifer impact not detected in the Kent study. [1]","service":"Potential drinking-water and irrigation impacts; no widespread service failure. [1]","scale":"Confirmed shallow impacts are localized, though monitoring concern is statewide coastal. [1]","duration":"Sea-level rise, pumping and repeated drought/tidal drivers are ongoing. [1]","significance":"State monitoring and well-permit safeguards exist; no emergency/enforcement action. [1]"}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":0,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources note farms, private homes and Dover supply interests but do not quantify affected users."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: State groundwater monitoring network: 123 more than 123 wells"},"measures":[{"name":"State groundwater monitoring network","value":123,"unit":"more than 123 wells","status":"Reported","note":"Not a dedicated cohesive saltwater-intrusion network."},{"name":"Chloride exceedance in targeted southern Delaware resampling","value":1,"unit":"of 51 samples (about 2%)","status":"Reported","note":"409 mg/L at a domestic well bordering Indian River Bay; consistent with possible saltwater intrusion."},{"name":"Maximum chloride in targeted resampling","value":409,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"First systematic Delaware baseline pass; comparable history is limited.","projection":{"statement":"Shallow coastal salinization risk will remain elevated over 1-10 years where drought, pumping and high tides coincide; analytical projection.","horizon":"1-10 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Freshwater demand and sea level continue to rise","Pumping remains material"],"reversal_factors":["Reduced pumping","Improved recharge","Well relocation/construction controls","Expanded monitoring shows stability"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Delaware Geological Survey","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Delaware DNREC Division of Water","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"City of Dover and coastal public water providers","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"Delaware Geological Survey","corrective_actions":["Kent County monitoring wells and salinity study","Twice-yearly Potomac aquifer chloride monitoring","Quarterly coastal Sussex provider sampling","Permit-required monitoring networks and statewide buffer around tidal waters","Recommended cohesive monitoring-network development"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Kent County Groundwater Monitoring Project: Hydrogeology and Salinization Dynamics of Eastern Kent County (RI86)","publisher":"Delaware Geological Survey","date":"2025-09-01","url":"https://www.dgs.udel.edu/publications/ri86-kent-county-groundwater-monitoring-project-hydrogeology-and-salinization-dynamics","basis":"DGS hydrogeologic investigation."},{"ref":2,"title":"DGS Releases New Report on Kent County Groundwater Monitoring Project","publisher":"Delaware Geological Survey","date":"2025-09-16","url":"https://www.dgs.udel.edu/news/dgs-releases-new-report-kent-county-groundwater-monitoring-project-hydrogeology-and","basis":"DGS summary distinguishing shallow impacts from fresh deeper supplies."},{"ref":3,"title":"Delaware's Saltwater Intrusion Monitoring Network: Data Gap Assessment (OFR58)","publisher":"Delaware Geological Survey","date":"2026-04-01","url":"https://www.dgs.udel.edu/publications/ofr58-delawares-saltwater-intrusion-monitoring-network-data-gap-assessment","basis":"DGS statewide monitoring-gap assessment."},{"ref":4,"title":"Water Quality Monitoring","publisher":"Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control","date":"2023-11-17","url":"https://dnrec.delaware.gov/water/resource-protection/water-quality-monitoring/","basis":"DNREC monitoring programs and potable-water risk description.","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New verified Delaware baseline record in Batch 11."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-09-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["No statewide exposed-population estimate","No cohesive trend network","Confirmed deeper-aquifer intrusion not shown in eastern Kent study","Economic/treatment impacts not quantified"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-DE-SURFACE-INLAND-BAYS-NUTRIENT-TSS-IMPAIRMENT","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Nutrient and suspended-solids impairment in the Delaware Inland Bays","description":"Excess nitrogen, phosphorus and suspended solids continue to impair tidal Inland Bays waters and contribute to blooms, oxygen swings and habitat loss. The March 2026 draft integrated report found DIN above criteria at 5 of 14 tidal monitoring stations, DIP above criteria at 2 of 14, and seasonal TSS above criteria at 6 of 14.","location":{"name":"Delaware Inland Bays watershed","type":"watershed","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"counties":["Sussex"],"detail":"watershed; Delaware Inland Bays watershed. Rehoboth Bay, Indian River, Indian River Bay, Little Assawoman Bay and tributaries","extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["agricultural","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Excess nitrogen, phosphorus and suspended solids continue to impair tidal Inland Bays waters and contribute to blooms, oxygen swings and habitat loss.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DNREC documents blooms, large dissolved-oxygen swings, habitat loss, reduced aquatic populations and fish kills. [1]","service":"Recreation, fisheries and ecosystem uses impaired; no drinking-water service failure. [1]","scale":"Multi-bay regional watershed. [1]","duration":"Longstanding TMDL/pollution-control strategy and continued 2026 listings. [1]","significance":"TMDLs and pollution-control strategy in place; no emergency declaration. [1]"}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":0,"status":"Not reported","note":"Ecological/recreational watershed impact; no exposed-population estimate."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: DIN criterion exceedance stations: 5 of 14 stations"},"measures":[{"name":"DIN criterion exceedance stations","value":5,"unit":"of 14 stations","status":"Reported","note":"Seasonal criterion 0.14 mg/L."},{"name":"DIP criterion exceedance stations","value":2,"unit":"of 14 stations","status":"Reported","note":"Seasonal criterion 0.01 mg/L."},{"name":"TSS criterion exceedance stations","value":6,"unit":"of 14 stations","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"First systematic Delaware baseline pass; comparable history is limited.","projection":{"statement":"Nutrient and sediment impairments are likely to persist over the next 2-5 years without broader nonpoint-source reductions; analytical projection.","horizon":"2-5 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Existing load sources continue","Restoration measures scale gradually"],"reversal_factors":["Accelerated nutrient controls","Wastewater/septic upgrades","Monitoring shows sustained attainment"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Delaware DNREC Watershed Assessment and Management Section","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Center for the Inland Bays","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Local governments and agricultural land managers","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"DNREC Watershed Assessment and Management Section, SurfaceWQS@delaware.gov, 302-739-9939","corrective_actions":["Inland Bays TMDL","Pollution Control Strategy","Nutrient-management, septic and wastewater controls","Continued monitoring and nonpoint-source BMPs"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Draft 2026 Combined Watershed Assessment Report and 303(d) List","publisher":"Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control","date":"2026-03-06","url":"https://documents.dnrec.delaware.gov/Watershed/Assessment/Reports/Draft-2026-Integrated-Report.pdf","basis":"Draft official station-level assessment summary."},{"ref":2,"title":"Inland Bays Pollution Control Strategy","publisher":"Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control","date":"2020-12-15","url":"https://dnrec.delaware.gov/watershed-stewardship/assessment/inland-bays/","basis":"Authoritative impairment effects and corrective framework.","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New verified Delaware baseline record in Batch 11."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-03-06","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["2026 report remains draft","Station names and assessment-unit IDs not extracted","No current pollutant-load or funding-gap total"],"related_ids":["US-DE-SURFACE-STATEWIDE-2026-IMPAIRED-WATERS-ASSESSMENT"],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-DE-SURFACE-STATEWIDE-PFAS-2024-STUDY","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"PFAS detected across Delaware surface waters","description":"Persistent PFAS were detected in every sampled surface-water location, prompting prioritized follow-up in six named watersheds. DNREC's Sept. 24, 2024 release says PFAS occurred at varying concentrations in all 83 samples and follow-up source investigations/resampling were underway.","location":{"name":"Statewide","type":"state","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"counties":["New Castle","Kent","Sussex"],"detail":"statewide; Statewide surface-water sampling network. 33 sampled watersheds; priority areas include Red Clay Creek, Hershey Run, Long Branch, Shellpot Creek, Little River and St. Jones River","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Persistent PFAS were detected in every sampled surface-water location, prompting prioritized follow-up in six named watersheds.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Potential aquatic and food-web exposure documented; no Delaware health outcome established. [1]","service":"Possible source-water and recreational implications; no service closure documented. [1]","scale":"Every sample across 33 watersheds contained PFAS. [1]","duration":"PFAS are persistent and several anomalies require follow-up. [1]","significance":"Statewide official study and prioritized investigations; no surface-water numeric standard/enforcement cited. [1]"}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":0,"status":"Not reported","note":"Surface-water detections do not by themselves establish drinking-water exposure."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Surface-water samples: 83 samples"},"measures":[{"name":"Surface-water samples","value":83,"unit":"samples","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Watersheds sampled","value":33,"unit":"watersheds","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Samples with detected PFAS","value":83,"unit":"of 83 samples","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Priority follow-up watersheds","value":6,"unit":"watersheds","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First systematic Delaware baseline pass; comparable history is limited.","projection":{"statement":"No projection; the 2022 sampling is an initial statewide baseline and comparable trend history is insufficient.","horizon":"Not specified","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Delaware DNREC WATAR team","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Delaware DNREC Divisions of Watershed Stewardship, Waste and Hazardous Substances, and Water","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"DNREC Watershed Assessment and Management Section, 302-739-9939","corrective_actions":["Resampling and anomaly verification","Expanded sampling near priority water bodies","Potential source identification and control"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DNREC Study Finds PFAS in Surface Water Samples","publisher":"State of Delaware","date":"2024-09-24","url":"https://news.delaware.gov/2024/09/24/dnrec-study-finds-pfas-in-surface-water-samples/","basis":"Official study release and quantitative scope."},{"ref":2,"title":"PFAS and Surface Water","publisher":"Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control","date":"2024-01-01","url":"https://dnrec.delaware.gov/waste-hazardous/remediation/pfas/and-surface-water/","basis":"DNREC study page and follow-up framework."}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New verified Delaware baseline record in Batch 11."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-01","latest_seen":"2024-09-24","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Exact concentrations were not extracted","No Delaware surface-water health threshold cited","No follow-up results located","No population exposure estimate"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-DE-SURFACE-STATEWIDE-LEGACY-TOXICS-FISH-ADVISORIES","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Statewide and waterbody-specific fish consumption restrictions from legacy toxics","description":"Persistent PCBs, dioxins, pesticides and mercury bioaccumulate in fish and sustain statewide and waterbody-specific consumption limits. DNREC's current advisory page maintains a statewide one-meal-per-week precaution and much stricter named-water limits; the draft 2026 integrated report retained prior advisories while 2019-2024 fish-tissue data were still being analyzed.","location":{"name":"Statewide","type":"state","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"counties":["New Castle","Kent","Sussex"],"detail":"statewide; Delaware fresh, estuarine and marine waters. Fresh, estuarine and marine waters, with stricter limits in named tributaries, rivers, ponds, canal, bay and Atlantic waters","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Persistent PCBs, dioxins, pesticides and mercury bioaccumulate in fish and sustain statewide and waterbody-specific consumption limits.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Official consumption advisories are issued to reduce potential human-health risk from bioaccumulated contaminants. [1]","service":"Fishing/food use restricted but water service remains available. [1]","scale":"Statewide baseline advisory plus many named waters. [1]","duration":"Legacy pollutants break down slowly and advisories persist pending updated analysis. [1]","significance":"Formal DNREC/DHSS advisories and Delaware Estuary PCB TMDL implementation. [1]"}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":0,"status":"Not reported","note":"Anglers and fish-consuming households statewide; participation not quantified."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: General statewide consumption limit: 52 8-ounce adult meals per year"},"measures":[{"name":"General statewide consumption limit","value":52,"unit":"8-ounce adult meals per year","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Most restrictive named-water limit","value":1,"unit":"8-ounce adult meal per year","status":"Reported","note":"Applies to all finfish in portions of Shellpot Creek, tidal White Clay Creek, lower tidal Christina River, Little Mill Creek and the C&D Canal."},{"name":"Fish-tissue sampling period awaiting completed advisory analysis","value":0,"unit":"2019-2024","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"First systematic Delaware baseline pass; comparable history is limited.","projection":{"statement":"Advisory burden may improve gradually as legacy contaminant concentrations decline, but restrictions are likely to persist over 2-5 years; analytical projection.","horizon":"2-5 years","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Preliminary 2019-2024 findings of non-increasing means are confirmed","Source-control work continues"],"reversal_factors":["New fish-tissue hotspots","PFAS-driven advice","Delayed analysis or cleanup"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Delaware DNREC","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Delaware Department of Health and Social Services","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Delaware River Basin Commission","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"City of Wilmington and New Castle County for PCB controls","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"DNREC Watershed Assessment and Management Section, 302-739-9939","corrective_actions":["Fish-tissue monitoring and advisory updates","Delaware Estuary PCB TMDL implementation","WATAR source identification and remediation","C&D Canal 2024 Advance Restoration Plan"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Fish Consumption Advisories","publisher":"Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control","date":"2025-10-09","url":"https://dnrec.delaware.gov/fish-wildlife/fishing/consumption-advisories/","basis":"Official current limits, contaminants and geographic extents.","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Draft 2026 Combined Watershed Assessment Report and 303(d) List","publisher":"Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control","date":"2026-03-06","url":"https://documents.dnrec.delaware.gov/Watershed/Assessment/Reports/Draft-2026-Integrated-Report.pdf","basis":"Draft integrated-report status of 2019-2024 fish-tissue analysis."},{"ref":3,"title":"Total Maximum Daily Loads and Advance Restoration Plans","publisher":"Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control","date":"2024-01-01","url":"https://dnrec.delaware.gov/watershed-stewardship/assessment/tmdls/","basis":"Official TMDL and Advance Restoration Plan framework."}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New verified Delaware baseline record in Batch 11."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current advisory table lacks an explicit page revision date","2019-2024 fish-tissue reassessment not final","No anglers/households affected estimate","No cleanup cost or completion horizon"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-DE-SURFACE-STATEWIDE-2026-IMPAIRED-WATERS-ASSESSMENT","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Widespread surface-water criteria failures and major assessment gaps","description":"The draft 2026 statewide assessment identifies numerous nutrient, dissolved-oxygen, copper and other criteria failures, while almost half of assessment-unit/parameter/use combinations lacked new assessment data. DNREC's March 2026 draft reported 177 assessed combinations not meeting criteria or causing listing, 8 relisted, and 762 unassessed combinations carried forward from prior cycles.","location":{"name":"Statewide","type":"state","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"counties":["New Castle","Kent","Sussex"],"detail":"statewide; Delaware assessed surface waters. Delaware assessed surface waters","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","agricultural","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The draft 2026 statewide assessment identifies numerous nutrient, dissolved-oxygen, copper and other criteria failures, while almost half of assessment-unit/parameter/use combinations lacked new assessment data.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Multiple pollutant and designated-use failures, including 26 assessment units newly listed for copper. [1]","service":"Aquatic life, recreation and fish-consumption uses affected; no statewide service outage. [1]","scale":"Statewide assessment. [1]","duration":"Listings and relistings persist across cycles, but individual histories vary. [1]","significance":"Clean Water Act 303(d) listing and TMDL/restoration obligations. [1]"}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":0,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: AU/parameter/use combinations: 1532 combinations"},"measures":[{"name":"AU/parameter/use combinations","value":1532,"unit":"combinations","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Meeting criteria","value":588,"unit":"combinations","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Not meeting or cause of listing","value":177,"unit":"combinations","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Unassessed due to lack of new data","value":762,"unit":"combinations","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Freshwater copper exceedance stations","value":28,"unit":"stations","status":"Reported","note":"Resulted in 26 assessment units listed for copper."},{"name":"Total nitrogen threshold exceedance stations","value":32,"unit":"of 135 stations","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First systematic Delaware baseline pass; comparable history is limited.","projection":{"statement":"No statewide trend projection because 762 combinations lacked new data and assessment methods changed for some parameters.","horizon":"Not specified","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Delaware DNREC Watershed Assessment and Management Section","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"DNREC Watershed Assessment and Management Section, sakinat.ahmad@delaware.gov, 302-608-5525","corrective_actions":["303(d) listings","TMDL and alternative restoration planning","Annual monitoring plan","Public review and finalization of 2026 integrated report"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Draft 2026 Combined Watershed Assessment Report and 303(d) List","publisher":"Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control","date":"2026-03-06","url":"https://documents.dnrec.delaware.gov/Watershed/Assessment/Reports/Draft-2026-Integrated-Report.pdf","basis":"Draft official statewide assessment counts."},{"ref":2,"title":"Delaware's Draft 2026 Combined Watershed Assessment Report Public Notice","publisher":"Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control","date":"2026-03-06","url":"https://dnrec.delaware.gov/public-notices/wss20260078/","basis":"Official draft status and public notice."}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New verified Delaware baseline record in Batch 11."}],"first_seen":"2026-03-06","latest_seen":"2026-03-06","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Draft report; final disposition not found","762 combinations lacked new assessment data","Counts are combinations, not unique water bodies and must not be summed as incidents","No statewide restoration cost"],"related_ids":["US-DE-SURFACE-INLAND-BAYS-NUTRIENT-TSS-IMPAIRMENT"],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-DE-IE-INDIAN-RIVER-CCR-GW","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Indian River Generating Station coal-ash landfill groundwater monitoring","description":"The core issue is potential and historically reported groundwater contamination associated with an industrial coal-combustion-residual landfill, while current federal-rule monitoring determines whether releases exceed site background. The operator's 2025 federal report says the unit stayed in detection monitoring; no statistically significant increases above established background were found in 2025, assessment monitoring was not triggered, and no remedy was required. A March 2024 NGO synthesis of utility CCR data nevertheless identified historical contaminant exceedances and described significant groundwater contamination, so the record is retained as a monitored legacy risk rather than a current confirmed exceedance.","location":{"name":"Indian River Generating Station Phase II Coal Ash Landfill","type":"Industrial coal-ash landfill","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"counties":["Sussex"],"detail":"Indian River Generating Station Phase II Coal Ash Landfill, Delaware","extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The core issue is potential and historically reported groundwater contamination associated with an industrial coal-combustion-residual landfill, while current federal-rule monitoring determines whether releases exceed site background.","secondary_drivers":["Coal-combustion residual disposal","Legacy unlined ash disposal","Long-term post-closure monitoring need"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Historical utility-data analysis reported multiple metals above health-based comparison values, but the 2025 operator report found no statistically significant increase above site background and no current human exposure was documented. [1]","service":"No drinking-water interruption, advisory or sanitation impact was documented. [1]","scale":"The documented concern is localized to a landfill monitoring network; off-site extent and affected population were not reported. [1]","duration":"The landfill has a long-term federal groundwater monitoring obligation, but 2025 results did not trigger assessment monitoring. [1]","significance":"Monitoring is conducted under 40 CFR Part 257 Subpart D; no remedy was required in the 2025 period. [1]"}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":0,"status":"Not reported","note":"No exposed population or off-site plume extent was reported in the reviewed current record."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 2025 statistically significant increases above established background: 0 constituents"},"measures":[{"name":"2025 statistically significant increases above established background","value":0,"unit":"constituents","status":"Reported","note":"Operator's annual federal groundwater monitoring report."},{"name":"Coal ash volume at regulated landfill","value":1.5,"unit":"million cubic yards (approximately)","status":"Reported","note":"March 2024 Earthjustice synthesis; utility-derived site information."},{"name":"Historical comparison-value multiples","value":0,"unit":"multiples above federal health-based guidelines","status":"Reported","note":"Earthjustice reports beryllium 1x, boron 3x, cobalt 4x, lithium 14x and molybdenum 6x, based on publicly accessible utility CCR data; this is a third-party calculation, not the operator's 2025 statistical determination."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First systematic Delaware baseline pass; comparable history is limited.","projection":{"statement":"No projection; the newest annual report found no statistical trigger, while historical third-party interpretation differs in method and cannot support a comparable trend.","horizon":"Not specified","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Indian River Power, LLC / NRG Energy","role":"Owner/operator and federal CCR monitoring/reporting entity"},{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","role":"Federal CCR rule authority"},{"name":"Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control","role":"State environmental oversight and legacy-site programs"}],"public_contact":"NRG CCR Questions, NRG Energy","corrective_actions":["Continue federal detection monitoring and annual reporting.","Escalate to assessment monitoring and remedy selection only if federal statistical triggers are met.","Maintain closure and post-closure controls under applicable CCR requirements."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2025 Federal Annual Groundwater Monitoring and Corrective Action Report, Indian River Generating Station Phase II Coal Ash Landfill","publisher":"Indian River Power, LLC / NRG Energy","date":"2025-12-31","url":"https://3659839d00eefa48ab17-3929cea8f28e01ec3cb6bbf40cac69f0.r20.cf1.rackcdn.com/INR_IRLF_GMI26.pdf","basis":"Operator-prepared compliance report; period-end date used because exact signature/publication date was not extracted."},{"ref":2,"title":"Toxic Coal Ash in Delaware","publisher":"Earthjustice","date":"2024-03-01","url":"https://earthjustice.org/feature/coal-ash-states/delaware","basis":"Environmental NGO synthesis of publicly accessible utility CCR data; used as corroborating/historical interpretation, not as regulator finding."},{"ref":3,"title":"NRG CCR Rule Compliance Data and Information","publisher":"NRG Energy","date":null,"url":"https://www.nrg.com/en/legal/coal-combustion-residuals","basis":"Operator's current compliance repository; verification date used because the page is continuously maintained.","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New verified Delaware baseline record in Batch 11."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-03-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Off-site plume or receptor assessment","Current groundwater concentrations by well","Closure/post-closure cost and financial assurance","Exact public professional contact beyond the NRG form"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-DE-GAE-TIDEWATER-RATE-24-0991","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Tidewater Utilities 2025 approved water-rate increase","description":"The finding concerns regulated revenue adequacy and household bill impacts from a statewide private water utility's general rate case. PSC approved a settlement July 2, 2025; new rates became effective on or after July 3, 2025, and the six-month customer refund was completed by year-end 2025 according to the parent company's filing.","location":{"name":"Tidewater Utilities, Inc.","type":"Investor-owned water utility service area","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"counties":["New Castle","Kent","Sussex"],"detail":"Tidewater Utilities, Inc., Delaware","extent":"system"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns regulated revenue adequacy and household bill impacts from a statewide private water utility's general rate case.","secondary_drivers":["Utility operating and capital costs","Regulatory rate design"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health or environmental harm was documented in the rate-case sources. [1]","service":"No service disruption or shutoff increase was documented. [1]","scale":"The utility was reported as serving about 60,000 customers across all three counties. [1]","duration":"Approved rates produce an ongoing household bill effect. [1]","significance":"A formal PSC settlement authorized $5.5 million in additional annual operating revenue and required a customer refund. [1]"}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":60000,"status":"Reported","note":"Delaware Public Media, March 14, 2025; not a service-population count."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Approved rate increase: 13 percent"},"measures":[{"name":"Approved rate increase","value":13,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"PSC-approved settlement."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First systematic Delaware baseline pass; comparable history is limited.","projection":{"statement":"No affordability projection; one approved base-rate case without comparable arrears, income-burden or shutoff history is insufficient.","horizon":"Not specified","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Delaware Public Service Commission","role":"Rate regulator"},{"name":"Delaware Division of the Public Advocate","role":"Residential and small-customer representation"},{"name":"Tidewater Utilities, Inc.","role":"Utility and tariff implementer"}],"public_contact":"Delaware Public Service Commission, PSC, psc@delaware.gov, 302-736-7500; Tidewater emergency/customer service, Tidewater Utilities, 877-720-9272","corrective_actions":["Implement the negotiated settlement and approved tariff.","Refund $1.1 million in excess deferred income tax to customers over six months with interest.","Continue PSC oversight of DSIC and future rate adjustments."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"First Rate Increase in 10 Years for Tidewater Customers","publisher":"State of Delaware, Public Service Commission and Division of the Public Advocate","date":"2025-07-28","url":"https://news.delaware.gov/2025/07/28/first-rate-increase-in-10-years-for-tidewater-customers/","basis":"Official Delaware PSC/Public Advocate release."},{"ref":2,"title":"Middlesex Water 2025 Form 10-K","publisher":"U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission","date":"2026-03-01","url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/66004/000162828026009777/msex-20251231.htm","basis":"SEC filing; exact filing day should be checked centrally if needed."},{"ref":3,"title":"Tidewater rate-case public notice","publisher":"Delaware Public Service Commission","date":"2025-04-01","url":"https://depsc.delaware.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/54/2024/10/Public-Notice-FINAL_ver_1.pdf","basis":"Official PSC proceeding notice and public contact."},{"ref":4,"title":"Tidewater Utilities service page","publisher":"Middlesex Water Company / Tidewater Utilities, Inc.","date":"2023-07-11","url":"https://www.middlesexwater.com/tidewater-utilities/","basis":"Utility service/contact page; verification date used for continuously maintained page.","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"Bigger water bills loom in Delaware","publisher":"Delaware Public Media","date":"2025-03-14","url":"https://www.delawarepublic.org/show/the-green/2025-03-14/bigger-water-bills-loom-in-delaware-as-utilities-seek-to-cope-with-costs-of-fighting-forever-chemicals","basis":"Original Delaware Public Media reporting used only for approximate customer count."}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"New verified Delaware baseline record in Batch 11."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-08-30","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Income-normalized household burden","Arrears and shutoffs","Assistance enrollment","Full rate-case cost-of-service and capital breakdown"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"rate_change_approved","value":8,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"approximately per month","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-07-03","scope":{"project":"Average residential customer as defined by the state release"},"basis":{"definition":"State summary; consumption assumption not stated"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Do not treat as a normalized statewide average.","rate_change_stage":"approved"},{"metric":"fixed_charge","value":18,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"per month","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-07-03","scope":{"project":"Typical residential 5/8-inch and 3/4-inch meter customers"},"basis":{"definition":"Approved settlement"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Up from $17.11, a 5% increase; Ocean View customers retained their existing fixed charge."},{"metric":"customer_fee_other","value":1100000,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"total","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-12-31","scope":{"project":"Tidewater customers"},"basis":{"definition":"Excess deferred income tax true-up, with interest"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Parent filing says approximately $0.4 million of interest was included."},{"metric":"rate_change_approved","value":13,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-07-28","scope":{"project":"Tidewater Utilities 2025 approved water-rate increase"},"basis":{"definition":"PSC-approved settlement."},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original observation: Approved rate increase.","rate_change_stage":"approved"}],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[{"metric":"operating_revenue","value":5500000,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"per year","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-07-02","scope":{"project":"Tidewater Utilities"},"basis":{"definition":"PSC settlement"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Reduced from the requested $10,330,878 (25.66%)."}],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-DE-GAE-VEOLIA-RATE-25-0037","revision":4,"change_type":"changed","title":"Veolia Water Delaware 44.51% base-rate request tied to PFAS mitigation investment","description":"Veolia Water Delaware filed in January 2025 for an increase of $15,917,913 a year, or 44.51% over existing base rates, citing PFAS mitigation investment; $350,000 of the amount is existing DSIC charges rolled into base rates (ref 5). The Commission suspended the request and allowed part of it on an interim, refund-subject basis from March 16, 2025. Evidentiary hearings ran January 28 to February 3, 2026, and the hearing examiner continued the case to April 29, 2026 to take argument on Veolia's proposed recovery of post-test-period PFAS operating and maintenance expense (ref 5). The notices found by this review show a hearing-examiner recommendation and Commission decision still to come; no final order was located.","location":{"name":"Veolia Water Delaware, Inc.","type":"Investor-owned water utility service area","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"counties":["New Castle"],"detail":"Veolia Water Delaware, Inc., Delaware","extent":"system","pwsid":"DE0000564","coordinates":{"lat":39.7391,"lon":-75.5398,"precision":"city","source_ref":1}},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The primary current issue is a regulated revenue and tariff proceeding with a potentially large customer-bill effect; PFAS treatment investment is the cited cost driver.","secondary_drivers":["[object Object]"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The rate docket cites PFAS mitigation costs but does not document unsafe delivered water in this record. [1]","service":"No outage, shutoff increase or loss of service was documented. [1]","scale":"Veolia Water Delaware serves 100,495 people per SDWIS (ref 7) in New Castle County, so a 44.51% base-rate request reaches a community-scale customer base (ref 2).","duration":"The docket was filed January 15, 2025 and was still in evidentiary hearings on April 29, 2026, with interim rates in effect since March 2025 and no Commission decision located (ref 5, ref 4).","significance":"Formal PSC adjudication of a $15,917,913 (44.51%) request, with five days of evidentiary hearings in January-February 2026 and a continued hearing on PFAS O&M cost recovery; the Commission may approve or reject the examiner's recommendation in whole or part (ref 5)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":100495,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per EPA SDWIS for PWSID DE0000564 (ref 7); consistent with the PSC statement of more than 100,000 people (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Requested increase in annual base-rate revenue: 44.51 percent"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"First systematic Delaware baseline pass; comparable history is limited.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: PFAS compliance and recovery costs will continue to exert upward pressure on Veolia Delaware rates over the next 1-3 years, but the final magnitude cannot be projected from the pending docket.","horizon":"1-3 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["The utility continues PFAS treatment investment and PSC permits prudent cost recovery."],"reversal_factors":["A materially smaller final revenue award, grants or settlements offsetting PFAS costs, or lower-than-filed project costs."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Delaware Public Service Commission","role":"Rate regulator and docket adjudicator"},{"name":"Delaware Division of the Public Advocate","role":"Consumer representation"},{"name":"Veolia Water Delaware, Inc.","role":"Applicant and water utility"}],"public_contact":"Crystal Beenick, Delaware Public Service Commission, Crystal.Beenick@delaware.gov, 302-736-7500; Veolia Water Delaware, Customer service, 800-668-0586","corrective_actions":["PSC investigation, public comment and evidentiary review of the requested revenue and tariff changes.","PFAS mitigation and other facility investments cited by the company.","Any interim increase remains subject to refund until final disposition."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Public Notice of Veolia Water Delaware Application for Increase in Water Base Rates","publisher":"Delaware Public Service Commission","date":"2025-01-15","url":"https://depsc.delaware.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/54/2025/02/25-0037-Veolia-Water-Rate-Case-Public-Notice.pdf","basis":"Official PSC application notice and rate table."},{"ref":2,"title":"PSC Approves Infrastructure Plan for Veolia's Water Customers","publisher":"Delaware Public Service Commission","date":"2024-03-27","url":"https://depsc.delaware.gov/2024/03/27/delaware-public-service-commission-approves-infrastructure-plan-for-veolias-water-customers/","basis":"Official PSC release; capital, population and prior rate evidence."},{"ref":3,"title":"Notice of Public Comment Session, Docket 25-0037","publisher":"Delaware Public Service Commission","date":"2025-04-01","url":"https://depsc.delaware.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/54/2025/04/25-0037-Notice-of-Public-Comment-Session-Veolia-Final.pdf","basis":"Official PSC interim-rate and contact record; exact PDF day not printed in extracted metadata, so month shown."},{"ref":4,"title":"Delaware PSC Water Regulation","publisher":"Delaware Public Service Commission","date":"2017-02-27","url":"https://depsc.delaware.gov/water-regulation/","basis":"Current official docket/status and utility contact page; verification date used for living page.","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"Public Notice of Evidentiary Hearing, PSC Docket 25-0037 (April 29, 2026 continued hearing)","publisher":"Delaware Public Service Commission","date":"2026-04-02","url":"https://depsc.delaware.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/54/2026/04/25-0037-Notice-of-Public-Evidentiary-Hearing-PFAS-OM-Final.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":7,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record, Veolia Water Delaware (DE0000564)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/DE/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/Veolia/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"New verified Delaware baseline record in Batch 11."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"Financial evidence corrected to distinguish named project scopes, rate observations and funding stages; no severity or current-status change."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"Updated: PSC hearing notice shows evidentiary hearings January 28-February 3, 2026 and a continued hearing on April 29, 2026 limited to post-test-period PFAS O&M recovery; no final order located. Added PWSID DE0000564, SDWIS population 100,495, and finding-specific severity notes."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-01-15","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Final PSC decision or settlement after the 2026 evidentiary hearings","Complete fixed charges and normalized typical bill","Household burden, arrears, shutoffs and assistance participation","PFAS project cost allocation"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"rate_change_proposed","value":44.51,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-01-15","scope":{"project":"Veolia Water Delaware 44.51% base-rate request tied to PFAS mitigation investment"},"basis":{"definition":"PSC docket application."},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original observation: Requested increase in annual base-rate revenue.","rate_change_stage":"proposed"},{"metric":"volumetric_tier_rate","value":8.8607,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"per 1,000 gallons","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-01-15","scope":{"service_type":"Water","customer_class":"Residential","rate_tier":"First published volumetric tier"},"basis":{"definition":"Proposed; current rate was $5.9167"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Fixed customer charges and full bill components were not normalized.","rate_change_stage":"proposed"},{"metric":"volumetric_tier_rate","value":10.7126,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"per 1,000 gallons","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-01-15","scope":{"service_type":"Water","customer_class":"Residential","rate_tier":"Next published volumetric tier"},"basis":{"definition":"Proposed; current rate was $7.1534"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original observation: residential volumetric rate, 2,001-7,000 gallons.","rate_change_stage":"proposed"}],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"cip_total","value":43000000,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"plan total","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-03-27","scope":{"program":"Veolia Delaware PSC-approved investment plan"},"basis":{"definition":"PSC-approved investment plan for water quality, reliability, supply, safety and security"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"$6 million was identified for Stanton treatment plant and pumping upgrades. The named Stanton project is within this program total and is not added separately.","funding_stage":"estimated"}],"operating_health":[{"metric":"operating_revenue","value":15917913,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"per year","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-01-15","scope":{"project":"Veolia Water Delaware"},"basis":{"definition":"Requested increase over existing base rates"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Includes $350,000 of existing DSIC to be rolled into base rates."}],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-DE-GAE-ARTESIAN-RATE-25-0346","revision":4,"change_type":"changed","title":"Artesian Water 12.41% base-rate request and interim rates","description":"Artesian Water Company applied on April 4, 2025 to raise base rates by $10,849,935 a year, or 12.41% over existing base rates. The Commission authorized the full requested increase to take effect November 6, 2025 subject to refund, and the June 2026 hearing notice schedules the public evidentiary hearing to begin Monday, June 29, 2026 and continue day to day, after which parties file written arguments and the hearing examiner issues a recommendation (ref 7). No examiner recommendation or final Commission order was located.","location":{"name":"Artesian Water Company, Inc.","type":"Investor-owned water utility service area","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"counties":["New Castle","Kent","Sussex"],"detail":"Artesian Water Company, Inc., Delaware","extent":"system","pwsid":"DE0000552"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is an unresolved regulated revenue and tariff proceeding with ongoing interim bill effects.","secondary_drivers":["[object Object]"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health or environmental harm is established by the reviewed rate-case record. [1]","service":"No service interruption or shutoff impact was documented. [1]","scale":"Artesian's main system (DE0000552) serves 231,114 people per SDWIS (ref 6) across New Castle, Kent and Sussex counties, a regional customer base.","duration":"Filed April 4, 2025 (ref 1); interim rates since November 6, 2025 (ref 3 history) and the evidentiary hearing was set for June 29, 2026 (ref 7), so the case has run more than 14 months without a located final order.","significance":"Formal PSC proceeding for $10,849,935 (12.41%) with a public evidentiary hearing noticed for June 29, 2026; only the parties and one intervenor may be heard (ref 7)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":231114,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per EPA SDWIS for PWSID DE0000552 (ref 6); the earlier 90,000 figure was a news-reported customer count, not a service population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Requested base-rate revenue increase: 12.41 percent"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First systematic Delaware baseline pass; comparable history is limited.","projection":{"statement":"No precise rate projection; final rates remain dependent on the PSC record and order.","horizon":"Not specified","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Delaware Public Service Commission","role":"Rate regulator and docket adjudicator"},{"name":"Delaware Division of the Public Advocate","role":"Consumer representation"},{"name":"Artesian Water Company, Inc.","role":"Applicant and utility"}],"public_contact":"Crystal Beenick, Delaware Public Service Commission, Crystal.Beenick@delaware.gov, 302-736-7500; Artesian Water Company, Customer service, 302-453-6930 / 800-332-5114","corrective_actions":["PSC investigation, public comments and evidentiary hearings.","Interim rates remain subject to refund with interest until final disposition."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Public Notice of Artesian Water Application for Increase in Water Base Rates","publisher":"Delaware Public Service Commission","date":"2025-04-04","url":"https://depsc.delaware.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/54/2025/04/25-0346-Public-Notice-of-Application.pdf","basis":"Official PSC application notice and rate table."},{"ref":2,"title":"Artesian Rate Case Notice for Public Comment Session","publisher":"Delaware Public Service Commission","date":"2025-11-05","url":"https://depsc.delaware.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/54/2025/11/25-0346-Artesian-Rate-Case-Notice-for-Public-Comment-Session.pdf","basis":"Official PSC interim-rate and contact record."},{"ref":3,"title":"Delaware PSC Water Regulation","publisher":"Delaware Public Service Commission","date":"2017-02-27","url":"https://depsc.delaware.gov/water-regulation/","basis":"Current official docket/status and utility contact page.","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"Delaware PSC Public Notices","publisher":"Delaware Public Service Commission","date":"2017-02-27","url":"https://depsc.delaware.gov/public-notices/","basis":"Current official hearing/status page.","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"Bigger water bills loom in Delaware","publisher":"Delaware Public Media","date":"2025-03-14","url":"https://www.delawarepublic.org/show/the-green/2025-03-14/bigger-water-bills-loom-in-delaware-as-utilities-seek-to-cope-with-costs-of-fighting-forever-chemicals","basis":"Original Delaware Public Media reporting used only for approximate customer count."},{"ref":6,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record, Artesian Water Company (DE0000552)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/DE/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/Artesian/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":7,"title":"Public Notice of Evidentiary Hearing, PSC Docket 25-0346 (June 29, 2026)","publisher":"Delaware Public Service Commission","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://depsc.delaware.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/54/2026/06/25-0346-Notice-of-Public-Evidentiary-Hearing.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"New verified Delaware baseline record in Batch 11."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"Financial evidence corrected to distinguish named project scopes, rate observations and funding stages; no severity or current-status change."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"Updated: June 2026 PSC notice sets the evidentiary hearing for June 29, 2026; no examiner recommendation or order located. Added PWSID DE0000552 and SDWIS population 231,114 (replacing the 90,000 news customer count) and finding-specific severity notes."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (2) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-04-04","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Final PSC decision after the 2026 hearing","Complete fixed charges and normalized typical bill","Household burden, arrears, shutoffs and assistance participation","Capital-cost breakdown"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"rate_change_proposed","value":12.41,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-04-04","scope":{"project":"Artesian Water 12.41% base-rate request and interim rates"},"basis":{"definition":"PSC application."},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original observation: Requested base-rate revenue increase.","rate_change_stage":"proposed"},{"metric":"volumetric_tier_rate","value":8.604,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"per 1,000 gallons","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-04-04","scope":{"service_type":"Water","customer_class":"Residential","rate_tier":"First published volumetric tier"},"basis":{"definition":"Proposed; current rate $7.973"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Full fixed charges and bill components were not normalized.","rate_change_stage":"proposed"},{"metric":"volumetric_tier_rate","value":9.301,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"per 1,000 gallons","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-04-04","scope":{"service_type":"Water","customer_class":"Residential","rate_tier":"Next published volumetric tier"},"basis":{"definition":"Proposed; current rate $8.619"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original observation: residential volumetric rate, next 5,000 gallons.","rate_change_stage":"proposed"}],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[{"metric":"operating_revenue","value":10849935,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"per year","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-04-04","scope":{"project":"Artesian Water Company"},"basis":{"definition":"Requested base-rate increase"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original observation: proposed annual operating revenue increase."}],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-DE-GAE-SUSSEX-SHORES-RATE-26-0814","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Sussex Shores Water Company 29.46% proposed base-rate increase","description":"The current issue is a pending small-utility revenue and tariff request with potentially material household bill effects. PSC Order 11089 suspended the proposed rates on September 2, 2026 pending investigation; an interim request may follow no earlier than 90 days after filing and would be subject to refund.","location":{"name":"Sussex Shores Water Company","type":"Investor-owned water utility service area","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"counties":["Sussex"],"detail":"Sussex Shores Water Company, Delaware","extent":"system"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The current issue is a pending small-utility revenue and tariff request with potentially material household bill effects.","secondary_drivers":["Utility expenses and investments under PSC review","Rate design"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health or environmental harm was documented. [1]","service":"No interruption or shutoff effect was documented. [1]","scale":"The request affects a local Sussex County utility; customer count was not verified. [1]","duration":"The formal proceeding is active and any approved rates would persist. [1]","significance":"Formal PSC investigation of a 29.46% requested increase. [1]"}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":0,"status":"Not reported","note":"Customer and service-population counts were not located in the reviewed authoritative pages."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Requested base-rate increase: 29.46 percent"},"measures":[{"name":"Requested base-rate increase","value":29.46,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Pending application, not an approved rate."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First systematic Delaware baseline pass; comparable history is limited.","projection":{"statement":"No rate projection; the request was newly filed and the PSC may approve all, some or none of it.","horizon":"Not specified","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Delaware Public Service Commission","role":"Rate regulator"},{"name":"Delaware Division of the Public Advocate","role":"Consumer representation"},{"name":"Sussex Shores Water Company","role":"Applicant and utility"}],"public_contact":"Delaware Division of the Public Advocate, DPA; Sussex Shores Water Company, Customer service, 302-539-7611","corrective_actions":["PSC investigation and public participation process.","Division of the Public Advocate review of costs, investments, revenues and financial assumptions.","Any interim rate would remain subject to refund until final order."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Sussex Shores Water Rate Case: What Customers Need to Know and How to Participate","publisher":"Delaware Division of the Public Advocate","date":"2026-09-30","url":"https://publicadvocate.delaware.gov/2026/09/30/sussex-shores-water-rate-case-what-customers-need-to-know-and-how-to-participate/","basis":"Official Delaware Division of the Public Advocate proceeding summary."},{"ref":2,"title":"Delaware PSC Public Notices","publisher":"Delaware Public Service Commission","date":"2017-02-27","url":"https://depsc.delaware.gov/public-notices/","basis":"Current official docket listing.","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Delaware PSC Water Regulation","publisher":"Delaware Public Service Commission","date":"2017-02-27","url":"https://depsc.delaware.gov/water-regulation/","basis":"Official utility contact list.","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"New verified Delaware baseline record in Batch 11."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (2) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-08-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Customer count and service population","Typical total residential bill and consumption basis","Income burden, arrears, shutoffs and assistance","Applicant's detailed capital and operating justification"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"fixed_charge","value":123.46,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"per quarter","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-08-11","scope":{"project":"5/8-inch residential connection"},"basis":{"definition":"Proposed; current charge $95.14"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original observation: quarterly fixed charge."},{"metric":"rate_change_proposed","value":29.46,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-08-11","scope":{"project":"Sussex Shores Water Company 29.46% proposed base-rate increase"},"basis":{"definition":"Pending application, not an approved rate."},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original observation: Requested base-rate increase.","rate_change_stage":"proposed"}],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":5.15,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"per 1,000 gallons","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-08-11","scope":{"project":"First 5,000 gallons"},"basis":{"definition":"Proposed; current rate $3.97"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original observation: first-tier volumetric rate.","funding_stage":"estimated"}],"operating_health":[{"metric":"operating_revenue","value":644896,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"per year","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-08-11","scope":{"project":"Sussex Shores Water Company"},"basis":{"definition":"Requested increase over existing base rates"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original observation: proposed annual operating revenue increase."}],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-DE-WRIC-DRB-FFMP-2025-26","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Delaware River Basin interstate allocation and flow management under the FFMP","description":"The principal issue is an interstate governance and allocation framework established under the 1954 Supreme Court decree to balance competing diversions, flow objectives, habitat, drought and salinity needs. The current FFMP remains in force through May 31, 2028. The 2025-2026 performance report found that diversion limits and Montague/Trenton flow objectives were met within operational constraints, though below-normal precipitation and an upstream-moving salt front required managed releases.","location":{"name":"Delaware River Basin Flexible Flow Management Program","type":"Interstate basin and decree-party allocation framework","state":"DE","states":["DE","NJ","NY","PA"],"counties":[],"detail":"Delaware River Basin Flexible Flow Management Program, Delaware","extent":"multi_state"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","drought-scarcity","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The principal issue is an interstate governance and allocation framework established under the 1954 Supreme Court decree to balance competing diversions, flow objectives, habitat, drought and salinity needs.","secondary_drivers":["[object Object]"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No current harm attributable to an interstate allocation failure was documented; management releases protected flow, habitat and salinity objectives. [1]","service":"No diversion-limit breach or water-supply interruption occurred during the 2025-2026 release year. [1]","scale":"The framework is multi-state and protects basin water supplies, including downstream drinking-water intakes. [1]","duration":"Balancing competing interstate uses is an ongoing governance need, with the current agreement through May 2028. [1]","significance":"Operations implement a Supreme Court decree and DRBC Water Code objectives, but no current adjudicatory conflict or emergency was found. [1]"}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The reviewed report did not provide a single affected-population estimate."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Average NYC diversion: 489 MGD"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["[object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"First systematic Delaware baseline pass; comparable history is limited.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: interstate allocation will remain managed under the existing FFMP through May 2028, with periodic drought, thermal and salinity releases likely during dry periods; post-2028 terms remain unresolved.","horizon":"Through May 31, 2028","confidence":"High","assumptions":["The unanimous 2023 amendment remains in force and no decree party terminates or modifies it early."],"reversal_factors":["A new unanimous agreement, severe hydrologic conditions beyond operating assumptions, or renewed litigation/decree modification."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Decree Parties: Delaware, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania and City of New York","role":"Unanimous FFMP agreement and interstate rights"},{"name":"Delaware River Basin Commission","role":"Hydrologic modeling, facilitation, flow/salinity management and performance reporting"},{"name":"Office of the Delaware River Master / U.S. Geological Survey","role":"Administration of the 1954 decree and directed-release data"}],"public_contact":"Delaware River Basin Commission, DRBC, 609-883-9500","corrective_actions":["Continue FFMP-directed releases and conservation banks through May 31, 2028.","Use reservoir releases to meet Montague and Trenton objectives and repel the salt front when conditions require.","Continue annual performance reporting and decree-party study/negotiation for the post-2028 framework."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FFMP Performance Report, June 1, 2025-May 31, 2026","publisher":"Delaware River Basin Commission","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://www.nj.gov/drbc/library/documents/FFMP/FFMP_PerfRpt_june2025_may2026.pdf","basis":"Authoritative DRBC annual performance report."},{"ref":2,"title":"DRBC Flow Management and FFMP Performance Reports","publisher":"Delaware River Basin Commission","date":"2026-07-08","url":"https://www.nj.gov/drbc/programs/flow/FFMP_PerformanceRpts.html","basis":"Authoritative current report index and public contact; page last modified July 8, 2026."},{"ref":3,"title":"DRBC Flow Management","publisher":"Delaware River Basin Commission","date":null,"url":"https://www.nj.gov/drbc/programs/flow/flow-mgmt.html","basis":"Authoritative current governance description and 2028 expiration; verification date used for living page.","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"New verified Delaware baseline record in Batch 11."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-05-31","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Post-May 2028 agreement","Single basin population-at-risk figure","Cost of managed releases and program administration","Final rather than provisional 2025-2026 data"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":55.3,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"unit":"billion gallons","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-06-01","scope":{"project":"Delaware River Basin interstate allocation and flow management under the FFMP"},"basis":{"definition":"NYC and lower-basin releases to meet Montague or Trenton flow objectives in release year 2025-2026."},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Original observation: Additional releases above conservation requirements.","funding_stage":"estimated"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-FL-AGR-BMP-ENROLLMENT-GAP-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Florida agricultural BMP enrollment and verification coverage gap","description":"FDACS's July 2025 annual report documented that 61% of statewide agricultural acreage and 83% of irrigated agricultural acreage were enrolled in the BMP program at the end of 2024. Producers in BMAP areas must enroll and properly implement BMPs or conduct prescribed monitoring; the unenrolled share is therefore a material governance and water-quality-control gap, although unenrolled acreage is not itself proof of a violation or measured pollution.","location":{"name":"FDACS Agricultural Best Management Practices Program","type":"Statewide agricultural nonpoint-source management program","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Agricultural producers and downstream communities statewide, especially adopted BMAP areas; Statewide; BMAP areas include Lake Okeechobee, Caloosahatchee, St. Lucie, springs and other impaired basins","extent":"statewide","counties":[]},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["surface-water","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The principal documented problem is incomplete enrollment and verification under the statewide governance program used to control agricultural nutrient and irrigation impacts, rather than a single physical asset failure.","secondary_drivers":["fragmented governance or capacity"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Agricultural nutrient and irrigation losses are recognized contributors to impaired waters, but this program report does not attribute a specific measured harm to the unenrolled acreage.","service":"No direct interruption of drinking water, sanitation, or flood protection is documented.","scale":"The program and enrollment gap are statewide and span numerous BMAP basins.","duration":"Only 61% of agricultural acres were enrolled at year-end 2024, unchanged as a share from 2023 despite continued outreach.","significance":"Florida law requires enrollment/proper BMP implementation or monitoring in BMAP areas, and FDACS conducts compliance visits and referrals."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No defensible statewide affected-population measure in the source"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Agricultural acres enrolled share: 61 percent"},"measures":[{"value":61,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-12-31","source_refs":[1],"name":"Agricultural acres enrolled share","note":"Same percentage as 2023"},{"value":83,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-12-31","source_refs":[1],"name":"Irrigated agricultural acres enrolled share"},{"value":8000,"unit":"acres (approximately)","status":"Reported","period_start":"2024-01-01","period_end":"2024-12-31","source_refs":[1],"name":"Annual increase in enrolled agricultural acres"},{"value":63000,"unit":"acres (approximately)","status":"Reported","period_start":"2024-01-01","period_end":"2024-12-31","source_refs":[1],"name":"Annual decline in statewide agricultural acres"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["fragmented governance or capacity"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"FDACS states the enrolled share remained 61% from 2023 to 2024.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: without materially faster enrollment or monitoring uptake, a substantial statewide coverage gap is likely to remain over the next 1-2 years.","horizon":"Not specified","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"FDACS Office of Agricultural Water Policy","role":"Develops, enrolls, verifies and supports agricultural BMP implementation"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Establishes TMDLs/BMAPs and receives enforcement referrals after corrective efforts are exhausted"},{"name":"Florida water management districts","role":"Water-use planning, monitoring and complementary implementation"}],"public_contact":"FDACS Agricultural BMP assistance; AgBmpHelp@FDACS.gov; 850-617-1700","corrective_actions":["Biennial implementation-verification site visits","Targeted enrollment of irrigated and higher-impact parcels","Cost-share and mobile irrigation laboratory support","Updated commodity BMP manuals","Referral to FDEP after corrective/remedial efforts are exhausted"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2025 Status of Implementation of BMPs Report","publisher":"Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services","date":"2025-07-01","url":"https://ccmedia.fdacs.gov/content/download/119077/file/2025-Status-of-Implementation-of-BMPs-Report-July-1-2025.pdf","basis":"Primary annual statutory report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Agricultural Best Management Practices","publisher":"Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services","date":null,"url":"https://www.fdacs.gov/Water/Agricultural-Water-Field-Services/Agricultural-Best-Management-Practices","basis":"Primary program rules, procedures and public contact","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Florida baseline record in Batch 12."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-12-31","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Large unenrolled acreage share","Incomplete public visibility into operation-level implementation due statutory confidentiality","Nutrient-load reductions cannot be inferred from enrollment alone"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-FL-DROUGHT-2025-2027-SWFWMD-PHASE3","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Southwest Florida Water Management District modified Phase III extreme water shortage","description":"SWFWMD extended Modified Phase III 'Extreme' restrictions through March 31, 2027 on September 22, 2026.","location":{"name":"SWFWMD regional water resources and C.W. Bill Young Regional Reservoir","type":"Water management district shortage area","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"All or portions of 15 counties and specified municipalities/communities in SWFWMD jurisdiction.","extent":"multi_county","counties":["Citrus","DeSoto","Hardee","Hernando","Hillsborough","Manatee","Pasco","Pinellas","Polk","Sarasota","Sumter","Charlotte (part)","Highlands (part)","Lake (part)","Marion (specified areas)"]},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The principal issue is prolonged rainfall deficit and declining aquifer, river, lake, reservoir and public-supply conditions requiring mandatory demand restrictions.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Aquifers, rivers and lakes remain below normal; no acute health harm was reported.","service":"Mandatory one-day-per-week restrictions apply to all residents, including private wells, and an emergency permit modification was needed to support regional supply.","scale":"The order spans all or parts of 15 counties.","duration":"Below-average rainfall persisted through the 2025 and 2026 rainy seasons and restrictions extend into 2027.","significance":"A formal Phase III extreme shortage and emergency withdrawal authorization are in effect."}},"status":"Active Emergency","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The order covers a large multi-county population, but the district notice did not provide a population count."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 12-month rainfall deficit: 15.4 inches"},"measures":[{"value":15.4,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-08-31","scope":"SWFWMD region","source_refs":[1],"name":"12-month rainfall deficit"},{"value":7.87,"unit":"billion gallons","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-09-20","scope":"Tampa Bay Water reservoir","source_refs":[1],"name":"C.W. Bill Young Regional Reservoir storage"},{"value":"about half","unit":"capacity","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-09-20","scope":"C.W. Bill Young Regional Reservoir","source_refs":[1],"name":"reservoir share of capacity"},{"value":50,"unit":"percent, more than","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-09-22","scope":"household consumption","source_refs":[1],"name":"household outdoor water share"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Phase I in November 2025 escalated to modified Phase III and was extended twice after two below-average rainy seasons.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: material regional conservation controls will remain necessary through at least March 31, 2027 absent sustained above-normal rainfall.","horizon":"Through 2027-03-31","confidence":"High","assumptions":["Current order remains in force","No exceptional replenishing rainfall"],"reversal_factors":["Sustained above-normal rainfall","Material reservoir and aquifer recovery","Order modification or rescission"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Southwest Florida Water Management District","role":"Declares and enforces regional water shortage"},{"name":"Tampa Bay Water","role":"Regional wholesale supply and reservoir operator"},{"name":"Local utilities and governments","role":"Customer education and enforcement"}],"public_contact":"SWFWMD water restrictions; https://www.swfwmd.state.fl.us/business/epermitting/district-water-restrictions","corrective_actions":["One-day-per-week irrigation restrictions","Strict watering hours","Utility education and citation-based enforcement","Temporary additional Tampa Bypass Canal withdrawals through March 31, 2027"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"District Extends Modified Phase III Water Shortage","publisher":"Southwest Florida Water Management District","date":"2026-09-22","url":"https://www.swfwmd.state.fl.us/the-newsroom/2026/district-extends-modified-phase-iii-water-shortage-0","basis":"Primary district order summary"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Active Emergency","score":9,"note":"New verified Florida baseline record in Batch 12."}],"first_seen":"2025-11-18","latest_seen":"2026-09-22","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected population count","utility-specific financial exposure","current demand reduction achieved"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-FL-DROUGHT-2026-SJRWMD-PHASE3","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"St. Johns River Water Management District Phase III extreme water shortage","description":"The district stated on September 21, 2026 that the Phase III Extreme Water Shortage remained in effect.","location":{"name":"SJRWMD regional groundwater and surface-water resources","type":"Water management district shortage area","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Affected portions of northeast and central Florida within SJRWMD jurisdiction.","extent":"multi_county","counties":["Baker (part)","Bradford (part)","Lake (part)","Clay (part)","Duval (part)","Flagler (part)","Nassau (part)","Putnam (part)","St. Johns (part)","Alachua (part)","Marion (part)"]},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Prolonged rainfall deficits caused declining groundwater levels and surface-water flows, triggering mandatory regional restrictions.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Groundwater, spring flows and rivers remain below normal, but no acute health injury was reported.","service":"Mandatory restrictions cover residential, commercial, industrial, institutional and golf-course uses.","scale":"The declaration spans portions of 11 counties across northeast and central Florida.","duration":"The drought persisted through the 2026 rainy season and groundwater recovery remained incomplete in September.","significance":"The district formally declared the Phase III 'Extreme' level and imposed mandatory controls."}},"status":"Active Emergency","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No authoritative population total was published with the order."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 12-month rainfall deficit: 13 inches"},"measures":[{"value":13,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-09-17","scope":"Alachua County","source_refs":[1],"name":"12-month rainfall deficit"},{"value":8.57,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-09-17","scope":"Lake County","source_refs":[1],"name":"12-month rainfall deficit"},{"value":14.06,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-09-17","scope":"Marion County","source_refs":[1],"name":"12-month rainfall deficit"},{"value":1000,"unit":"gallons, almost","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-09-21","scope":"average home cited by SJRWMD","source_refs":[1],"name":"water use per home irrigation cycle"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Recent rainfall brought localized improvement, but September deficits and Phase III restrictions remained.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: restrictions are likely to persist into the 2026-27 dry season unless sustained above-average rainfall restores groundwater and river indicators.","horizon":"Next 3-6 months","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Aquifer and surface-water response continues to lag rainfall","Order is not rescinded"],"reversal_factors":["Sustained above-average rainfall","Demonstrated groundwater and streamflow recovery"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"St. Johns River Water Management District","role":"Declares and manages the regional shortage"},{"name":"Affected local governments and water users","role":"Implement and comply with restrictions"}],"public_contact":"SJRWMD watering restrictions; https://www.sjrwmd.com/wateringrestrictions/","corrective_actions":["One-day-per-week landscape irrigation","Daytime irrigation ban","Suspension of specified nonessential commercial and industrial uses","Golf-course and new-planting restrictions","Monitoring of rainfall, groundwater, spring flows and river flows"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Rainfall brings some relief, but water resource recovery remains ongoing","publisher":"St. Johns River Water Management District","date":"2026-09-21","url":"https://www.sjrwmd.com/2026/09/rainfall-brings-some-relief-but-water-resource-recovery-remains-ongoing/","basis":"Primary district hydrologic update"},{"ref":2,"title":"District Declares Phase III Extreme Water Shortage","publisher":"St. Johns River Water Management District","date":"2026-05-13","url":"https://www.sjrwmd.com/2026/05/district-declares-phase-iii-extreme-water-shortage/","basis":"Primary district declaration"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Active Emergency","score":9,"note":"New verified Florida baseline record in Batch 12."}],"first_seen":"2026-05-13","latest_seen":"2026-09-21","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Order expiration date not stated on reviewed update","affected population","utility-level cost impacts"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-FL-DWQ-SANFORD-14-DIOXANE","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Sanford 1,4-dioxane well contamination and treatment upgrade","description":"Sanford 1,4-dioxane well contamination and treatment upgrade. Corrective Action Underway.","location":{"name":"City of Sanford Water System","type":"Municipal water system and Floridan aquifer wells","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Florida","extent":"system","coordinates":{"lat":28.8029,"lon":-81.2695,"precision":"city"},"counties":[]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","groundwater","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Industrial groundwater contamination is the initiating water-quality problem and a major new treatment process is materially required to protect the supply.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Sanford 1,4-dioxane well contamination and treatment upgrade: A contaminant is detected in production wells/treated water but current results are below the cited advisory (1); no outage or unsafe-water advisory is current (0); impact is municipal (1); contamination and litigation persist over years (2); a $56 million treatment program and litigation are material (2).","service":"Sanford 1,4-dioxane well contamination and treatment upgrade: A contaminant is detected in production wells/treated water but current results are below the cited advisory (1); no outage or unsafe-water advisory is current (0); impact is municipal (1); contamination and litigation persist over years (2); a $56 million treatment program and litigation are material (2).","scale":"Sanford 1,4-dioxane well contamination and treatment upgrade: A contaminant is detected in production wells/treated water but current results are below the cited advisory (1); no outage or unsafe-water advisory is current (0); impact is municipal (1); contamination and litigation persist over years (2); a $56 million treatment program and litigation are material (2).","duration":"Sanford 1,4-dioxane well contamination and treatment upgrade: A contaminant is detected in production wells/treated water but current results are below the cited advisory (1); no outage or unsafe-water advisory is current (0); impact is municipal (1); contamination and litigation persist over years (2); a $56 million treatment program and litigation are material (2).","significance":"Sanford 1,4-dioxane well contamination and treatment upgrade: A contaminant is detected in production wells/treated water but current results are below the cited advisory (1); no outage or unsafe-water advisory is current (0); impact is municipal (1); contamination and litigation persist over years (2); a $56 million treatment program and litigation are material (2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The city states that certain drinking-water wells are affected; service population was not verified in the reviewed source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 1,4-dioxane at Plant 1 point of entry: 0.21 ppb"},"measures":[{"value":0.21,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-09-30","basis":"treated water point of entry","source_refs":[1],"name":"1,4-dioxane at Plant 1 point of entry"},{"value":0.12,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-09-30","basis":"result was less than value","source_refs":[1],"name":"Plant 2 1,4-dioxane reporting limit"},{"value":0.35,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1],"name":"Florida health advisory level"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Baseline observation.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: treatment design/construction will remain the main risk-control activity through the near term while delivered-water results remain below the cited advisory if current operations and monitoring continue.","horizon":"1-3 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["SRF funding remains available","Design-build procurement proceeds","Source concentrations do not materially worsen"],"reversal_factors":["Higher source concentrations","Procurement delay","Funding or litigation changes"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Sanford","role":"Utility operator, project sponsor and plaintiff"},{"name":"Florida DEP","role":"Regulator and SRF administrator"},{"name":"Florida Department of Health","role":"Health advisory basis"}],"public_contact":"City of Sanford Public Works and Utilities","corrective_actions":["Design-build procurement and negotiation for treatment upgrades","Litigation against potentially responsible parties","Continued point-of-entry monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Sanford Water Quality 1,4-Dioxane","publisher":"sanfordfl.gov","date":"2026-08-04","url":"https://sanfordfl.gov/government/public-works-utilities/water_and_sewer/water-quality-14-dioxane/","basis":"Official municipal monitoring, finance, litigation and project update"},{"ref":2,"title":"Seminole County latest public-system 1,4-dioxane concentrations","publisher":"seminolecountyfl.gov","date":"2024-06-30","url":"https://www.seminolecountyfl.gov/docs/default-source/pdf/non-scud-wells-font.pdf","basis":"Official county sampling map"},{"ref":3,"title":"Florida DEP Drinking Water SRF emerging-contaminant intended use plan","publisher":"floridadep.gov","date":"2023-11-07","url":"https://floridadep.gov/sites/default/files/FINAL%20EC%20IUP%20DWSRF%202022%2011072023.pdf","basis":"Official state financing and project record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Florida baseline record in Batch 12."}],"first_seen":"2023-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-09-30","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Final design cost and operating cost not reported","Service population not verified","No final litigation outcome"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":56000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"total financing","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-10-23","scope":{"geography":"Sanford Main Water Treatment Plant"},"basis":{"definition":"Florida DEP State Revolving Loan Fund"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Approximately $52 million described as loan-forgivable."},{"metric":"secured_funding","value":52000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"financing","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-10-23","scope":{"geography":"Sanford treatment improvements"},"basis":{"definition":"city statement"},"source_refs":[1]}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-FL-DWQ-STATEWIDE-2024-COMPLIANCE","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Florida public-water-system health and monitoring violations in 2024","description":"In CY2024, 38 systems had DBP MCL violations; 21 systems had inorganic/synthetic organic/volatile organic/radionuclide MCL violations; 5 systems had Revised Total Coliform Rule MCL violations; monitoring/reporting violations affected hundreds to more than 1,000 systems depending on rule.","location":{"name":"Florida regulated public water systems","type":"Statewide public-water-system aggregate","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Florida","extent":"multi_county","counties":["Multiple","individual systems listed in DEP/SDWIS"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The core issue is documented contaminant MCL, treatment-technique, and monitoring noncompliance across public water systems rather than a single shared asset failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Florida public-water-system health and monitoring violations in 2024: DEP documented health-based MCL and treatment-technique violations (2); safe-water service impact is material but not quantified system by system (1); violations span many systems statewide (2); the annual record demonstrates repeated noncompliance over the year (1); formal regulatory violations are documented without a shared emergency or statewide enforcement order (1).","service":"Florida public-water-system health and monitoring violations in 2024: DEP documented health-based MCL and treatment-technique violations (2); safe-water service impact is material but not quantified system by system (1); violations span many systems statewide (2); the annual record demonstrates repeated noncompliance over the year (1); formal regulatory violations are documented without a shared emergency or statewide enforcement order (1).","scale":"Florida public-water-system health and monitoring violations in 2024: DEP documented health-based MCL and treatment-technique violations (2); safe-water service impact is material but not quantified system by system (1); violations span many systems statewide (2); the annual record demonstrates repeated noncompliance over the year (1); formal regulatory violations are documented without a shared emergency or statewide enforcement order (1).","duration":"Florida public-water-system health and monitoring violations in 2024: DEP documented health-based MCL and treatment-technique violations (2); safe-water service impact is material but not quantified system by system (1); violations span many systems statewide (2); the annual record demonstrates repeated noncompliance over the year (1); formal regulatory violations are documented without a shared emergency or statewide enforcement order (1).","significance":"Florida public-water-system health and monitoring violations in 2024: DEP documented health-based MCL and treatment-technique violations (2); safe-water service impact is material but not quantified system by system (1); violations span many systems statewide (2); the annual record demonstrates repeated noncompliance over the year (1); formal regulatory violations are documented without a shared emergency or statewide enforcement order (1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"DEP reports system counts, not a deduplicated exposed population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: systems with DBP MCL violations: 38 systems"},"measures":[{"value":38,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-12-31","source_refs":[1],"name":"systems with DBP MCL violations"},{"value":149,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-12-31","source_refs":[1],"name":"DBP MCL violations"},{"value":21,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-12-31","source_refs":[1],"name":"systems with inorganic/organic/radionuclide MCL violations"},{"value":5,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-12-31","source_refs":[1],"name":"systems with Revised Total Coliform Rule MCL violations"},{"value":92.3,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-12-31","source_refs":[1],"name":"Lead and Copper Rule compliance rate"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Baseline observation.","projection":{"statement":"No projection; one comparable annual aggregate is insufficient.","horizon":"Not specified","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Florida DEP Source and Drinking Water Program","role":"Primacy, compliance reporting, technical assistance and enforcement coordination"},{"name":"EPA Region 4","role":"Federal oversight"},{"name":"Individual public water systems","role":"Monitoring, notification, treatment and corrective action"}],"public_contact":"Florida DEP Source and Drinking Water Program; 850-245-8384","corrective_actions":["System-specific return-to-compliance actions and public notices","PFAS initial monitoring by April 26, 2027 and compliance planning under the federal rule"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Florida DEP Annual Report on Violations, Calendar Year 2024","publisher":"floridadep.gov","date":"2025-08-01","url":"https://floridadep.gov/sites/default/files/Annual%20Compliance%20Report%202024.pdf","basis":"Official state annual compliance report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Florida DEP 2023 Annual Compliance Report transmittal","publisher":"floridadep.gov","date":"2024-07-15","url":"https://floridadep.gov/sites/default/files/2023-FL-AnnualComplianceReport.pdf","basis":"Official state report and program contact"},{"ref":3,"title":"Florida DEP PFAS drinking-water requirements","publisher":"floridadep.gov","date":null,"url":"https://floridadep.gov/water/source-drinking-water/content/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Official state regulatory guidance","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New verified Florida baseline record in Batch 12."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["No deduplicated exposed population","No complete system-level corrective-action reconciliation","2025 annual report not located"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-FL-ENERGY-TURKEY-POINT-HYPERSALINE-PLUME","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Turkey Point cooling-canal groundwater plume and large remedial water demand","description":"Turkey Point's unlined cooling-canal system is associated with a longstanding hypersaline groundwater plume. The 2024 NRC site-specific EIS kept the issue within the license-renewal environmental record, while SFWMD planning allows up to 30 MGD of Upper Floridan water for canal freshening through 2045, in addition to cooling/process allocations.","location":{"name":"Turkey Point cooling-canal groundwater plume and large remedial water demand","type":"Water issue area","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Florida","extent":"system","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drinking-water-supply","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The central issue is a persistent hypersaline groundwater plume from the cooling-canal system and the continuing aquifer/reclaimed-water demand used to manage it.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"A hypersaline plume and saltwater-intrusion concern are documented, but the current reviewed federal record did not establish acute human-health harm.","service":"No current interruption to public drinking water or power service is documented.","scale":"The plume and water demand affect a material coastal aquifer and Biscayne Bay vicinity, but a directly affected population is not quantified.","duration":"The plume and cooling-canal salinity controls have persisted for more than a decade and continue in long-range planning.","significance":"The issue is embedded in formal county/state remedial agreements, major water allocations, monitoring and NRC license-renewal environmental review."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Cooling canal system area: 5900 acres (approximately)"},"measures":[{"value":5900,"unit":"acres (approximately)","status":"Reported","source_date":"2024-03-01","source_refs":[1,2],"name":"Cooling canal system area"},{"value":12.22,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2021-12-31","source_refs":[3],"name":"Upper Floridan water used for cooling-canal freshening","note":"Historical demand restated in the 2023-2024 Lower East Coast plan"},{"value":30,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","period_start":"2025-01-01","period_end":"2045-12-31","source_refs":[3],"name":"Maximum annual-average UFA allocation for cooling-canal freshening"},{"value":12.6,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","period_start":"2025-01-01","period_end":"2045-12-31","source_refs":[3],"name":"Maximum combined UFA and reclaimed allocation for Unit 5 cooling and Units 1-5 process water"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Current official sources confirm continuing controls and allocation but do not provide a comparable annual plume-volume series.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: large cooling-canal freshening demand and groundwater monitoring will remain material through at least the next 5 years under the current water-supply plan.","horizon":"Not specified","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Florida Power & Light Company","role":"Facility operator and remediation/monitoring implementer"},{"name":"Miami-Dade County Department of Regulatory and Economic Resources","role":"County environmental enforcement and monitoring"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"State industrial wastewater and power-plant certification oversight"},{"name":"South Florida Water Management District","role":"Water-use permitting and regional supply planning"},{"name":"U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission","role":"Nuclear operating-license and environmental review"}],"public_contact":"NRC Turkey Point environmental review; Lance J. Rakovan; Lance.Rakovan@nrc.gov; 301-415-2589 | NRC public affairs; Scott Burnell; 301-415-8200","corrective_actions":["Groundwater and surface-water monitoring","Cooling-canal freshening with Upper Floridan water","Reclaimed-water planning for cooling/process demand","County/state remedial agreements and extraction-control measures"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"NRC Issues Final Environmental Impact Statement for Turkey Point Subsequent License Renewal","publisher":"U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission","date":"2024-03-29","url":"https://www.nrc.gov/about-nrc/news-releases/2024/nrc-issues-final-environmental-impact-statement-turkey-point-subsequent-license-renewal","basis":"Primary federal review notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"NUREG-1437, Supplement 5a, Second Renewal","publisher":"U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission","date":"2024-03-01","url":"https://www.nrc.gov/regulations-legislation/nureg-series-publications/publications-prepared-by-nrc-staff/nureg-1437/s5a-slr","basis":"Primary final site-specific EIS"},{"ref":3,"title":"2023-2024 Lower East Coast Water Supply Plan comments and demand revisions","publisher":"South Florida Water Management District","date":"2025-01-01","url":"https://www.sfwmd.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2023-2024_LEC_WSP_Draft_plan_comments_final.pdf","basis":"Primary regional water-supply planning record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Federal Register notice: Turkey Point Final Site-Specific Environmental Impact Statement","publisher":"U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission","date":"2024-04-05","url":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2024-04-05/pdf/FR-2024-04-05.pdf","basis":"Primary federal notice and contact"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Florida baseline record in Batch 12."}],"first_seen":"2014-01-01","latest_seen":"2024-04-05","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Persistent plume extent and retraction timing","Large long-term freshening allocation","Potential interaction with regional saltwater intrusion","No current public cost/bill impact located"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","value":42.6,"unit":"MGD maximum combined allocations","status":"Estimated","period_start":"2025-01-01","period_end":"2045-12-31","scope":{"geography":"Turkey Point"},"basis":{"definition":"30 MGD freshening plus 12.6 MGD cooling/process allocation; allocations are maxima and may not be simultaneous actual demand"},"source_refs":[3],"method":"Straight addition of compatible maximum annual-average allocations; not an actual-use forecast"}],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-FL-GOV-CSWR-CONSOLIDATED-RATE-CASE-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"CSWR-Florida acquired-system losses and extreme interim rate increases","description":"CSWR's acquired Florida portfolio reported operating losses and stated existing rates were insufficient to cover forward operating requirements. PSC-approved interim changes varied sharply by legacy system, from 8.54% to 256.87%. The record supports elevated financial and affordability risk, but not confirmed insolvency.","location":{"name":"CSWR-Florida acquired systems (consolidated rate case)","type":"Water issue area","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Florida","extent":"multi_county","counties":["Brevard","Citrus","Duval","Highlands","Marion","Volusia"]},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The principal issue is structural operating loss and revenue insufficiency across acquired small systems, prompting consolidation and very large regulated rate increases.","secondary_drivers":["chronic operating deficits","capital need exceeds revenue","underinvestment causes failures","rates too low","affordability disparity","customer base or demand volatility","fragmented governance or capacity","unfunded contaminant mandates","consolidation pressure"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"PSC testimony says several acquired systems had serious long-term compliance and operational deficiencies, but this rate record does not quantify health outcomes.","service":"Rate adequacy is tied to continued safe and reliable water/wastewater service, and some systems required substantial operational rehabilitation.","scale":"Eleven systems in six counties are included.","duration":"The utility reported ongoing losses and inherited long-term deficiencies; final rates remained unresolved into September 2026.","significance":"Formal rate and acquisition-adjustment proceedings produced interim increases up to 256.87%, but no bankruptcy, default or receivership was documented."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"PSC indexed text contains an apparent OCR inconsistency in customer counts, so no value is carried forward"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 2024 water net operating loss: 1436909 annual loss"},"measures":[{"value":1436909,"currency":"USD","unit":"annual loss","status":"Reported","period_start":"2024-01-01","period_end":"2024-12-31","source_refs":[1],"name":"2024 water net operating loss"},{"value":136494,"currency":"USD","unit":"annual loss","status":"Reported","period_start":"2024-01-01","period_end":"2024-12-31","source_refs":[1],"name":"2024 wastewater net operating loss"},{"value":256.87,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-09-04","scope":"Sebring Ridge wastewater","source_refs":[1],"name":"Largest approved interim increase"},{"value":116.4,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-09-04","source_refs":[1],"name":"Sunshine Utilities other water interim increase"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["chronic operating deficits","capital need exceeds revenue","underinvestment causes failures","rates too low","affordability disparity","customer base or demand volatility","fragmented governance or capacity","unfunded contaminant mandates","consolidation pressure"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The acquired portfolio reported 2024 water and wastewater losses and received very large 2025 interim increases while final rates remained unresolved into 2026.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: rate volatility and affordability pressure are likely to remain elevated through the final order and early implementation period.","horizon":"Not specified","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Florida Public Service Commission","role":"Rate, acquisition and service-quality regulator"},{"name":"CSWR-Florida Utility Operating Company, LLC","role":"Owner/operator"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Water/wastewater compliance regulator"},{"name":"Florida Office of Public Counsel","role":"Customer representation"}],"public_contact":"Florida Public Service Commission Clerk; contact@psc.state.fl.us; 850-413-6770","corrective_actions":["Interim revenue increases subject to security and notice","Statewide tariff consolidation proposal","Capital rehabilitation of acquired systems","Separate acquisition-adjustment proceedings","PSC final evidentiary hearing"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PSC staff recommendation, Docket 20250052-WS","publisher":"Florida Public Service Commission","date":"2025-08-22","url":"https://www.floridapsc.com/pscfiles/website-files/PDF/Agendas/archive/250904cc/25090412.html","basis":"Primary rate-case financial and interim-rate record"},{"ref":2,"title":"CSWR initial customer notice","publisher":"Florida Public Service Commission docket filing","date":"2026-01-13","url":"https://www.floridapsc.com/pscfiles/library/filings/2026/00245-2026/00245-2026.pdf","basis":"Primary filed notice and revenue-sufficiency rationale"},{"ref":3,"title":"Acquisition-adjustment recommendation noting rate-case status","publisher":"Florida Public Service Commission","date":"2026-09-10","url":"https://www.floridapsc.com/pscfiles/website-files/PDF/Agendas/archive/260910cc/26091011.html","basis":"Primary current procedural status"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New verified Florida baseline record in Batch 12."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Correction run (contract 1.4.2), no change to the finding: secondary category \"Utility Financial Distress and Insolvency\" mapped to governance-affordability-equity."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Location name shortened to the system or place; no change to the findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-05-30","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Final rate design unresolved as of September 2026","Extreme percentage changes for some legacy systems","No published burden/arrears data","Compliance capital and acquisition adjustments may add further cost"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"rate_change_recent","range_low":8.54,"range_high":256.87,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-09-04","scope":{"geography":"Eleven listed water/wastewater rate structures"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Not a bill comparison; percentage changes apply to heterogeneous system tariffs","basis":{"definition":""}}],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","value":3853102,"currency":"USD","unit":"annual revenue","status":"Reported","period_start":"2024-01-01","period_end":"2024-12-31","source_refs":[1],"scope":{"project":""},"basis":{"definition":""}},{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","value":3332319,"currency":"USD","unit":"annual revenue","status":"Reported","period_start":"2024-01-01","period_end":"2024-12-31","source_refs":[1],"scope":{"project":""},"basis":{"definition":""}}],"affordability":[{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","value":null,"status":"Not reported","source_refs":[],"scope":{"project":""},"basis":{"definition":""}}],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-FL-GOV-CSWR-SUNSHINE-LEGACY-RATE-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"CSWR Sunshine legacy-system proposed bill increase within consolidated rate case","description":"A filed customer analysis of CSWR's proposed final former-Sunshine tariff shows the fixed charge rising from $8.72 to $32.91 while the volumetric charge falls slightly. At 5,000 gallons, the transparent bill calculation rises from $18.87 to $42.41, a 124.75% increase. The filing itself states 224.75%; this dossier preserves and explains that arithmetic discrepancy.","location":{"name":"CSWR Sunshine legacy systems (Marion County)","type":"Water issue area","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Florida","extent":"county","counties":["Marion"]},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"This distinct customer-class issue concerns consolidation-driven pricing and geographic rate disparity for a legacy system, separate from the parent portfolio's operating-loss dossier.","secondary_drivers":["chronic operating deficits","underinvestment causes failures","rates too low","affordability disparity","fragmented governance or capacity","consolidation pressure"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health harm is documented.","service":"The proposal would more than double a representative essential water bill.","scale":"One legacy system/customer class is affected; account count was not verified.","duration":"The proposal and interim rates persisted during the 2026 proceeding.","significance":"It is part of a formal PSC consolidated rate case with approved interim increases."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Representative 5,000-gallon monthly water bill before case: 18.87 per month"},"measures":[{"value":18.87,"currency":"USD","unit":"per month","status":"Estimated","as_of_date":"2025-01-31","basis":"$8.72 base plus $2.03/1,000 gallons x 5","method":"Customer's arithmetic reproduced from filed comment","source_refs":[1],"name":"Representative 5,000-gallon monthly water bill before case"},{"value":42.41,"currency":"USD","unit":"per month","status":"Estimated","as_of_date":"2026-02-25","basis":"$32.91 base plus $1.90/1,000 gallons x 5","method":"Customer's arithmetic reproduced from filed comment","source_refs":[1],"name":"Representative proposed final 5,000-gallon monthly water bill"},{"value":124.75,"unit":"percent","status":"Estimated","as_of_date":"2026-02-25","method":"($42.41-$18.87)/$18.87 x 100; filed comment labels it 224.75%, apparently using an index rather than percentage increase","source_refs":[1],"name":"Representative bill increase"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["chronic operating deficits","underinvestment causes failures","rates too low","affordability disparity","fragmented governance or capacity","consolidation pressure"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Interim and proposed final fixed charges are materially above the legacy tariff.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient history pending final PSC vote.","horizon":"Not specified","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Florida Public Service Commission","role":"Rate regulator"},{"name":"CSWR-Florida Utility Operating Company, LLC","role":"Tariff applicant and operator"},{"name":"Florida Office of Public Counsel","role":"Customer advocate"}],"public_contact":"Florida Public Service Commission Clerk; contact@psc.state.fl.us; 850-413-6770","corrective_actions":["PSC evidentiary review","Customer comment process","Final consolidated rate design pending"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Customer correspondence, Docket 20250052-WS","publisher":"Florida Public Service Commission docket","date":"2026-03-03","url":"https://www.floridapsc.com/pscfiles/library/filings/2026/01377-2026/01377-2026.pdf","basis":"Primary filed customer comment quoting utility notice; calculations transparently checked"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New verified Florida baseline record in Batch 12."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Correction run (contract 1.4.2), no change to the finding: secondary category \"Utility Financial Distress and Insolvency\" mapped to governance-affordability-equity."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Location name shortened to the system or place; no change to the findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-09-04","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Fixed-charge affordability","Final tariff uncertainty","No income or arrears data","Potential geographic cross-subsidy"],"related_ids":["US-FL-GOV-CSWR-CONSOLIDATED-RATE-CASE-2025"],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","value":32.91,"currency":"USD","unit":"per month","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-02-25","scope":{"geography":"Former Sunshine Utilities RS1"},"source_refs":[1],"basis":{"definition":""}},{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","value":1.9,"currency":"USD","unit":"per 1,000 gallons","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-02-25","scope":{"geography":"Former Sunshine Utilities RS1"},"source_refs":[1],"basis":{"definition":""}}],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","value":null,"status":"Not reported","source_refs":[],"scope":{"project":""},"basis":{"definition":""}}],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-FL-GOV-GRENELEFE-RATE-COMPLIANCE-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Grenelefe Utility extreme rate increase tied to operating and nutrient-compliance needs","description":"Grenelefe combines a revenue-adequacy problem with documented infrastructure and compliance needs. PSC approved annual increases of 153.63% for water and 170.69% for wastewater in February 2026. The record also includes repeated interruption/communication complaints, 20 valve replacements, wastewater modifications and nutrient limits under a DEP administrative order.","location":{"name":"Grenelefe Utility","type":"Water issue area","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Polk County, Florida","extent":"system","counties":["Polk"]},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Operating revenue inadequacy and extreme rate impacts are inseparable from documented valve, plant and nutrient-treatment work required for reliable compliance.","secondary_drivers":["chronic operating deficits","capital need exceeds revenue","underinvestment causes failures","rates too low","affordability disparity","customer base or demand volatility","fragmented governance or capacity","unfunded contaminant mandates"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEP's administrative order requires nutrient limits for the wastewater plant; no acute health outcome was established.","service":"Customers reported repeated service interruptions, boil-water notice communication problems and discontinued irrigation service.","scale":"The issue affects one material local service area of roughly 1,300 accounts by transparent estimate.","duration":"Reliability complaints, administrative-order compliance and major capital work remained unresolved through the 2026 rate action.","significance":"DEP administrative order, triple-digit revenue increases and substantial pro forma plant additions constitute major formal action."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1306,"status":"Estimated","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Approved water revenue increase: 153.63 percent"},"measures":[{"value":153.63,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-02-03","source_refs":[2],"name":"Approved water revenue increase"},{"value":170.69,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-02-03","source_refs":[2],"name":"Approved wastewater revenue increase"},{"value":739456,"currency":"USD","unit":"per year","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-02-03","source_refs":[2],"name":"Approved annual water revenue requirement"},{"value":687638,"currency":"USD","unit":"per year","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-02-03","source_refs":[2],"name":"Approved annual wastewater revenue requirement"},{"value":10,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","source_date":"2022-11-16","source_refs":[1],"name":"Administrative-order total nitrogen limit"},{"value":6,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","source_date":"2022-11-16","source_refs":[1],"name":"Administrative-order total phosphorus limit"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["chronic operating deficits","capital need exceeds revenue","underinvestment causes failures","rates too low","affordability disparity","customer base or demand volatility","fragmented governance or capacity","unfunded contaminant mandates"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Interim wastewater rates rose 151.71% in 2025 and final revenue increases exceeded 150% for both services in 2026.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: affordability and delivery risk will remain elevated through at least November 2026 while projects enter service and the utility reports progress.","horizon":"Not specified","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Florida Public Service Commission","role":"Rate, service-quality and project oversight"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Wastewater permit and administrative-order enforcement"},{"name":"NC Real Estate Projects, LLC d/b/a Grenelefe Utility","role":"Owner/operator"},{"name":"Florida Office of Public Counsel","role":"Customer advocate"}],"public_contact":"Florida Public Service Commission Clerk; contact@psc.state.fl.us; 850-413-6770","corrective_actions":["Twenty water-valve replacements","Wastewater treatment plant nutrient-control modifications","Interim and final revenue increases","Required pro forma project report by November 30, 2026","14.7% wastewater interim-period refund recommendation"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PSC staff recommendation, Docket 20250023-WS","publisher":"Florida Public Service Commission","date":"2026-01-22","url":"https://www.floridapsc.com/pscfiles/website-files/PDF/Agendas/archive/260203cc/26020303.html","basis":"Primary rate, infrastructure, complaint and compliance record"},{"ref":2,"title":"PSC vote sheet, Docket 20250023-WS","publisher":"Florida Public Service Commission","date":"2026-02-03","url":"https://www.floridapsc.com/pscfiles/library/filings/2026/00844-2026/00844-2026.pdf","basis":"Primary Commission vote approving revenue requirements"},{"ref":3,"title":"Order PSC-2025-0072-PCO-WS","publisher":"Florida Public Service Commission","date":"2025-03-11","url":"https://www.floridapsc.com/pscfiles/library/filings/2025/01452-2025/01452-2025.pdf","basis":"Primary interim-rate order"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified Florida baseline record in Batch 12."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Correction run (contract 1.4.2), no change to the finding: secondary category \"Utility Financial Distress and Insolvency\" mapped to governance-affordability-equity."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Location name shortened to the system or place; no change to the findings. County (Polk) added from the PSC recommendation (ref 1)."}],"first_seen":"2025-01-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Extreme bill shock","Project execution and schedule","Customer reliability concerns","No burden or arrears data","Administrative-order compliance"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","range_low":153.63,"range_high":170.69,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-02-03","scope":{"geography":"Water and wastewater respectively"},"source_refs":[2],"basis":{"definition":""}}],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","value":1758389,"currency":"USD","unit":"plant additions","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-01-22","scope":{"geography":"Water"},"source_refs":[1],"basis":{"definition":""}},{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","value":949844,"currency":"USD","unit":"plant additions","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-01-22","scope":{"geography":"Wastewater"},"source_refs":[1],"basis":{"definition":""}},{"metric":"project_estimate","value":363200,"currency":"USD","unit":"estimated project cost","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-01-22","scope":{"geography":"20 six-inch valves"},"source_refs":[1],"basis":{"definition":""}}],"operating_health":[{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","value":571555,"currency":"USD","unit":"annual","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-02-03","source_refs":[2],"scope":{"project":""},"basis":{"definition":""}},{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","value":575941,"currency":"USD","unit":"annual","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-02-03","source_refs":[2],"scope":{"project":""},"basis":{"definition":""}}],"affordability":[{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","value":16,"unit":"percent of customer base","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-12-18","scope":{"geography":"Comments/participation in rate proceeding"},"source_refs":[1],"basis":{"definition":""}},{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","value":null,"status":"Not reported","source_refs":[],"scope":{"project":""},"basis":{"definition":""}}],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-FL-GOV-PLURIS-WEDGEFIELD-RATES-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Pluris Wedgefield large 2024 water and wastewater rate reset","description":"The PSC granted Pluris Wedgefield a large rate reset in 2024. On the same consumption basis, the order's schedule increases a 4,000-gallon residential water bill from $63.54 to $90.52. The record supports rate-instability and affordability concern, but not confirmed insolvency.","location":{"name":"Pluris Wedgefield large 2024 water and wastewater rate reset","type":"Water issue area","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Florida","extent":"system","counties":[]},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The principal issue is a large regulated revenue and rate reset for a small private monopoly amid customer affordability concerns and public-acquisition discussion.","secondary_drivers":["affordability disparity","customer base or demand volatility","fragmented governance or capacity","consolidation pressure"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health harm was established in the reviewed rate order.","service":"A large increase affects essential water and wastewater bills, though no shutoff or outage was quantified.","scale":"Approximately 1,701 residential wastewater connections and the associated water-service community are affected.","duration":"The approved rates persist until a later Commission action.","significance":"A formal PSC general rate case and material revenue reset occurred."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1701,"status":"Reported","note":"Customer connections, not persons; water customer count not safely extracted"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Water revenue increase excluding miscellaneous revenues: 41.6 percent"},"measures":[{"value":41.6,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-04-22","source_refs":[1],"name":"Water revenue increase excluding miscellaneous revenues"},{"value":90.52,"currency":"USD","unit":"per month","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-04-22","basis":"5/8 x 3/4 inch residential meter, water-only, 4,000 gallons","source_refs":[2],"name":"Typical residential water bill at 4,000 gallons"},{"value":63.54,"currency":"USD","unit":"per month","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-04-22","basis":"Same customer and consumption basis","source_refs":[2],"name":"Prior typical residential water bill at 4,000 gallons"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["affordability disparity","customer base or demand volatility","fragmented governance or capacity","consolidation pressure"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The 4,000-gallon water bill rose from $63.54 to $90.52 under the approved schedule.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient history for a defensible forward rate projection.","horizon":"Not specified","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Florida Public Service Commission","role":"Rate and service-quality regulator"},{"name":"Florida Office of Public Counsel","role":"Represents customers in PSC proceedings"},{"name":"Orange County","role":"Evaluated possible public acquisition"},{"name":"Pluris Wedgefield, LLC","role":"Utility owner/operator"}],"public_contact":"Florida Public Service Commission Clerk; contact@psc.state.fl.us; 850-413-6770","corrective_actions":["PSC-approved tariff and customer notice","Required book adjustments","Demand-repression adjustment","County acquisition evaluation"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Order PSC-2024-0118-PAA-WS","publisher":"Florida Public Service Commission","date":"2024-04-22","url":"https://www.psc.state.fl.us/library/Orders/2024/02267-2024.pdf","basis":"Primary final agency rate order"},{"ref":2,"title":"Pluris Wedgefield final rate schedules","publisher":"Florida Public Service Commission","date":"2024-03-21","url":"https://www.psc.state.fl.us/library/filings/2024/01258-2024/01258-2024.pdf","basis":"Primary PSC staff schedule incorporated into order"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New verified Florida baseline record in Batch 12."}],"first_seen":"2023-09-22","latest_seen":"2024-04-22","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["High household bills","No published burden analysis","Small customer base","Acquisition outcome not resolved in reviewed 2024 order"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","value":35.24,"currency":"USD","unit":"per month","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-04-22","scope":{"geography":"Residential 5/8 x 3/4 inch meter"},"source_refs":[2],"basis":{"definition":""}},{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","value":13.82,"currency":"USD","unit":"per 1,000 gallons","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-04-22","scope":{"geography":"Residential"},"source_refs":[2],"basis":{"definition":""}}],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","value":2195654,"currency":"USD","unit":"annual revenue requirement","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-04-22","scope":{"geography":"Water system"},"source_refs":[1],"basis":{"definition":""}}],"affordability":[{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","value":null,"status":"Not reported","scope":{"geography":"Wedgefield"},"source_refs":[],"basis":{"definition":""}}],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-FL-GOV-SUNSHINE-WATER-RATE-CASE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Sunshine Water Services multi-county 2025 rate increase and affordability dispute","description":"Sunshine's 2025 general rate case covered about 65,000 customers in 23 systems. The Commission approved a 19.8% water revenue increase and set annual water and wastewater revenue requirements of $27.45 million and $34.32 million. Customer testimony included affordability and service-quality concerns; OPC appealed the final order.","location":{"name":"Sunshine Water Services multi-county 2025 rate increase and affordability dispute","type":"Water issue area","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Florida","extent":"multi_county","counties":["Charlotte","Highlands","Lake","Lee","Marion","Orange","Pasco","Pinellas","Polk","Seminole"]},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The principal issue is a multi-county regulated revenue increase and contested affordability treatment across 23 privately operated systems.","secondary_drivers":["affordability disparity","fragmented governance or capacity"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Customer odor/discoloration complaints were recorded, but the rate order did not establish health harm.","service":"The order did not document widespread outage or loss of safe service.","scale":"Approximately 65,000 customers across 23 systems and 10 counties are affected.","duration":"Approved rates persist and the order was appealed.","significance":"A formal contested general rate case materially increased annual revenue requirements."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":65000,"status":"Reported","note":"Order states approximately 65,000 customers across 23 systems; not persons"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Approved water revenue increase: 19.8 percent"},"measures":[{"value":19.8,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-06-06","source_refs":[1],"name":"Approved water revenue increase"},{"value":4532641,"currency":"USD","unit":"per year","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-06-06","source_refs":[1],"name":"Approved annual water revenue increase"},{"value":27450926,"currency":"USD","unit":"per year","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-06-06","source_refs":[1],"name":"Approved water revenue requirement"},{"value":34320450,"currency":"USD","unit":"per year","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-06-06","source_refs":[1],"name":"Approved wastewater revenue requirement"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["affordability disparity","fragmented governance or capacity"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The Commission approved a 19.8% annual water revenue increase and a material wastewater revenue increase.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient comparable bill history for a customer-level projection.","horizon":"Not specified","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Florida Public Service Commission","role":"Rate and service-quality regulator"},{"name":"Florida Office of Public Counsel","role":"Customer advocate and appellant"},{"name":"Sunshine Water Services Company","role":"Owner/operator"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection and county health departments","role":"Water/wastewater compliance oversight"}],"public_contact":"Florida Public Service Commission Clerk; contact@psc.state.fl.us; 850-413-6770","corrective_actions":["PSC final rate order","Service-hearing review","Pro forma project oversight","Administrative appeal/reconsideration process"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Order PSC-2025-0196-FOF-WS","publisher":"Florida Public Service Commission","date":"2025-06-06","url":"https://www.psc.state.fl.us/library/FILINGS/2025/04299-2025/04299-2025.pdf","basis":"Primary final agency order"},{"ref":2,"title":"Motion for Reconsideration recommendation","publisher":"Florida Public Service Commission","date":"2025-08-22","url":"https://www.floridapsc.com/pscfiles/website-files/PDF/Agendas/archive/250904cc/25090403.html","basis":"Primary docket procedural status and system count"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New verified Florida baseline record in Batch 12."}],"first_seen":"2024-06-28","latest_seen":"2025-09-04","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affordability not quantified","System-to-system rate differences","Appeal uncertainty","Some customers reported odor, discoloration and customer-service problems"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"typical_residential_bill","value":null,"status":"Not reported","notes":"Rates differ across systems; no single comparable statewide bill is presented","source_refs":[],"scope":{"project":""},"basis":{"definition":""}}],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[{"metric":"rate_change_recent","value":85959204,"currency":"USD","unit":"rate base","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-06-06","source_refs":[1],"scope":{"project":""},"basis":{"definition":""}},{"metric":"rate_change_recent","value":7.7,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-06-06","source_refs":[1],"scope":{"project":""},"basis":{"definition":""}}],"affordability":[{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","value":null,"status":"Not reported","notes":"Affordability was disputed, but no income-normalized burden was adopted in the order","source_refs":[],"scope":{"project":""},"basis":{"definition":""}}],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-FL-GW-2023-CAPE-CORAL-MID-HAWTHORN","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Northeastern Cape Coral Mid-Hawthorn aquifer drawdown and private-well shortage","description":"SFWMD eased Phase IV to Modified Phase II on May 4, 2026 after groundwater recovery, but one-day-per-week restrictions continue.","location":{"name":"Mid-Hawthorn aquifer and Cape Coral Utilities Extension Project","type":"Aquifer-dependent service area","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Designated SFWMD shortage area for private wells tapping the Mid-Hawthorn aquifer.","extent":"county","counties":["Lee"]},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","drinking-water-supply","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The principal problem is groundwater depletion in the Mid-Hawthorn aquifer, with restrictions and utility extension used to prevent lasting aquifer damage and well failure.","secondary_drivers":["customer base or demand volatility","consolidation pressure"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"SFWMD documented risk of serious and possibly irreversible aquifer damage if levels fell further.","service":"Private wells serve domestic and irrigation needs; Phase IV banned normal irrigation and limited new wells to potable use.","scale":"The designated area is localized within northeastern Cape Coral and nearby Lee County.","duration":"Restrictions have persisted since November 2023 through October 2026.","significance":"SFWMD imposed Phase IV Critical restrictions and Cape Coral mandated connections where city irrigation service was available."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The City mailed approximately 1,000 mandatory irrigation connection letters in May 2025, but this is a property count, not total affected population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: groundwater elevation at USGS well L-4820: -93.61 feet NAVD"},"measures":[{"value":-93.61,"unit":"feet NAVD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-05-01","scope":"Mid-Hawthorn aquifer shortage area","source_refs":[1],"name":"groundwater elevation at USGS well L-4820"},{"value":-80.43,"unit":"feet NAVD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-05-03","scope":"Mid-Hawthorn aquifer shortage area","source_refs":[1],"name":"groundwater elevation at USGS well L-4820"},{"value":2.58,"unit":"feet, more than","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-05-03","scope":"USGS well L-4820","source_refs":[1],"name":"margin above maximum development limit"},{"value":22.58,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-05-03","scope":"USGS well L-4820","source_refs":[1],"name":"margin above minimum flow and level"},{"value":2700,"unit":"connections, over","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-05-04","scope":"domestic drinking water and landscape irrigation connections","source_refs":[2],"name":"utility connections reducing drawdown"},{"value":1000,"unit":"properties, approximately","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-05-16","scope":"properties with city irrigation service available in shortage area","source_refs":[3],"name":"mandatory irrigation connection letters"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["customer base or demand volatility","consolidation pressure"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The monitored level improved by 13.18 feet from May 1, 2025 to May 3, 2026 and Phase IV was reduced to Phase II.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: drawdown risk should continue to ease as municipal connections replace private-well demand, but localized restrictions remain necessary until service expansion and sustained recharge reduce dependence.","horizon":"1-4 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Utility connections remain active","UEP expansion proceeds","No renewed severe drought"],"reversal_factors":["Renewed drought","connection delays","continued or increased private-well pumping"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"South Florida Water Management District","role":"Aquifer monitoring and water-shortage orders"},{"name":"City of Cape Coral","role":"Municipal water, sewer and irrigation extension and mandatory connections"},{"name":"Lee County","role":"Joint Action Plan partner"}],"public_contact":"Cape Coral UEP New Construction; uepnewconst@capecoral.gov; 239-242-3853 | SFWMD; 561-686-8800","corrective_actions":["Modified Phase II one-day-per-week irrigation","Mandatory city irrigation connections where available","More than 2,700 water/irrigation connections","Restrictions on new Mid-Hawthorn wells","Continued Utilities Extension Project buildout"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water Shortage in Northeastern Cape Coral","publisher":"South Florida Water Management District","date":"2026-08-01","url":"https://www.sfwmd.gov/community-residents/water-shortage-northeastern-cape-coral","basis":"Primary district status page and order link"},{"ref":2,"title":"Order Rescinding Phase IV Restrictions and Imposing Modified Phase II Restrictions","publisher":"South Florida Water Management District","date":"2026-05-04","url":"https://www.sfwmd.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2026_047_DAO_WS_Order_Rescinding_Phase_IV_Restrictions_and_Imposing_Modified_Phase_II_Restrictions.pdf","basis":"Primary administrative order"},{"ref":3,"title":"Mandatory Irrigation Connection Letters Mailed to Properties in NE Cape Coral Water-Shortage Area","publisher":"City of Cape Coral","date":"2025-05-16","url":"https://www.capecoral.gov/news_detail_T4_R91.php","basis":"Primary municipal corrective-action notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified Florida baseline record in Batch 12."}],"first_seen":"2023-11-28","latest_seen":"2026-08-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Number of dry or failing wells","household connection costs","affected population","shortage-area-only UEP cost and funding gap"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-FL-GW-2024-SOUTH-FL-SALTWATER-INTRUSION","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"South Florida coastal aquifer saltwater intrusion and wellfield exposure","description":"The 2024 mapping documented inland movement at several locations, retreat at others, and continued wellfield proximity requiring monitoring and management.","location":{"name":"South Florida surficial aquifer system, Biscayne aquifer and lower west coast aquifers","type":"Multi-county coastal aquifer zone","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"SFWMD mapped surficial and lower west coast aquifers in seven counties; USGS mapped Miami-Dade and Monroe.","extent":"multi_county","counties":["Charlotte","Lee","Collier","St. Lucie","Martin","Palm Beach","Broward","Miami-Dade","Monroe"]},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The principal issue is confirmed salinity migration into freshwater aquifers and resulting risk to coastal public-supply wells.","secondary_drivers":["customer base or demand volatility"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Saltwater intrusion is confirmed and has already caused loss of public-supply wells.","service":"Multiple wellfields are exposed, but current widespread potable-water failure was not reported.","scale":"The mapped interface spans coastal aquifers across nine South Florida counties.","duration":"The issue is long-running and driven by sea level, pumping and freshwater-head conditions.","significance":"Formal monitoring, resilience planning and wellfield-management responses are underway, without an active enforcement emergency."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The aquifers supply major coastal populations, but the reports did not quantify customers currently receiving saline water."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: public supply wells lost to saltwater intrusion: 25 wells"},"measures":[{"value":25,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","period_start":"2000-01-01","period_end":"2024-09-01","scope":"South Florida coastline","source_refs":[2],"name":"public supply wells lost to saltwater intrusion"},{"value":15,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-09-01","scope":"North Miami Beach plant serving much of North Miami; wells within one mile of interface","source_refs":[2],"name":"Norwood-Oeffler plant capacity"},{"value":7,"unit":"city blocks","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-09-01","scope":"North Miami Winson Water Treatment Plant","source_refs":[2],"name":"distance from saltwater interface to Winson plant wells"},{"value":1,"unit":"mile, approximately seaward since 2019","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-12-31","scope":"Pompano Beach","source_refs":[1],"name":"Pompano Beach interface retreat"},{"value":0.1,"unit":"kilometer inland since 2018","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2022-12-31","scope":"near USGS G-3949 well cluster in northern Miami-Dade","source_refs":[3],"name":"Miami-Dade interface advance"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["customer base or demand volatility"]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"The 2024 mapping found inland movement in South Broward, Fort Lauderdale, Lantana, Naples, southwest Collier and Bonita Springs, while the interface retreated near Pompano Beach, Deerfield Beach and parts of Naples.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: localized wellfield exposure will persist and may worsen where sea-level rise, drought or pumping reduce freshwater heads, while active pumping shifts and reclaimed-water use can produce local retreat.","horizon":"5-10 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Sea level continues rising","Coastal demand persists","Control structures and pumping patterns remain key local drivers"],"reversal_factors":["Relocated pumping","Higher freshwater heads","Expanded reclaimed-water use","New salinity-control infrastructure"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"South Florida Water Management District","role":"Five-year mapping, monitoring and water-control management"},{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey","role":"Miami-Dade and Monroe mapping and monitoring"},{"name":"Miami-Dade County and coastal municipal utilities","role":"Wellfield operation, conservation and monitoring"}],"public_contact":"SFWMD; 561-686-8800 | Miami-Dade Water Conservation; https://www.miamidade.gov/global/water/conservation/saltwater-intrusion.page","corrective_actions":["Five-year interface mapping","Additional monitoring wells","Canal-stage and salinity-control operations","Reduced coastal wellfield pumping and reclaimed-water irrigation","Fourteen planned Miami-Dade salt-front monitoring wells"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Saltwater Interface Monitoring and Mapping Program Update 2024 (WS-67)","publisher":"South Florida Water Management District","date":"2025-03-01","url":"https://www.sfwmd.gov/sites/default/files/documents/WS-67_2024_swi_mapping_report.pdf","basis":"Primary technical report"},{"ref":2,"title":"2024 Sea Level Rise and Flood Resiliency Plan","publisher":"South Florida Water Management District","date":"2024-09-01","url":"https://www.sfwmd.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2024_SFWMD_SLR%26FRP_FINAL.pdf","basis":"Primary district resilience plan"},{"ref":3,"title":"Approximate inland extent of saltwater intrusion at the base of the Biscayne aquifer, Miami-Dade County, Florida, 2022","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","date":"2025-12-01","url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sim3541/full","basis":"Primary federal scientific map/report published within the research window"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":8,"note":"New verified Florida baseline record in Batch 12."}],"first_seen":"2024-09-01","latest_seen":"2025-12-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Utility-by-utility customer exposure","current replacement cost of lost wells","complete 2024 county movement distances"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-FL-IND-PINEY-POINT-CLOSURE","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Former Piney Point phosphogypsum stack remains in court-supervised closure","description":"The former phosphate facility remains a high-significance industrial water case. DEP's current status page says the first compartment is closed, NGS-South is under dredging/dewatering and NGS-North is being prepared. The official August 2024 update still reported about 193 million gallons in NGS-South, while county records show more than $12.5 million in injection-well and pretreatment capital and continuing FY2026 operating support.","location":{"name":"Former Piney Point phosphogypsum stack remains in court-supervised closure","type":"Water issue area","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Florida","extent":"system","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water","groundwater","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A failed industrial waste-storage system retains a very large process-water inventory while engineered closure, wastewater disposal and water-quality controls remain necessary.","secondary_drivers":["liquidity or default","capital need exceeds revenue","underinvestment causes failures","fragmented governance or capacity","temporary funding dependence","unfunded contaminant mandates"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The site has a documented major nutrient-rich wastewater release history and retained industrial process water requiring containment and treatment.","service":"County wastewater disposal and emergency water-management capacity remain engaged, although household water service is not interrupted.","scale":"The direct facility footprint is local but Tampa Bay is a major regional estuary.","duration":"Receivership and phased closure have persisted since 2021 and final closure was not complete in the latest official status.","significance":"Court-appointed receivership, renewed NPDES controls, public emergency spending and engineered gypstack closure are major formal actions."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Process water in NGS-South: 193000000 gallons (approximately)"},"measures":[{"value":193000000,"unit":"gallons (approximately)","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-08-09","scope":"NGS-South compartment","source_refs":[1],"name":"Process water in NGS-South"},{"value":76,"unit":"inches (approximately)","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-08-09","source_refs":[1],"name":"Additional rainfall storage capacity"},{"value":69,"unit":"inches (approximately)","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-08-09","source_refs":[1],"name":"2024 year-to-date rainfall at site"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Severe","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["liquidity or default","capital need exceeds revenue","underinvestment causes failures","fragmented governance or capacity","temporary funding dependence","unfunded contaminant mandates"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"One compartment is closed and the injection-well/pretreatment projects were completed and moved into operations, but two stack areas remain unfinished.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: closure risk should decline over 1-3 years if dewatering and capping continue, but weather and remaining-water management leave material residual risk.","horizon":"Not specified","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Industrial wastewater permitting, compliance and closure oversight"},{"name":"Manatee County","role":"Deep injection well, pretreatment and operating support"},{"name":"Manatee County Circuit Court","role":"Receivership authority"},{"name":"Donica Receivership Services, LLC","role":"Day-to-day management and closure delivery"}],"public_contact":"Florida DEP Press Office; 850-245-2112 | Florida DEP Office of Public Services; 850-245-2118","corrective_actions":["Phased dewatering and capping","Deep-well injection after pretreatment","New liners, two-foot soil/vegetative cover and stormwater controls","NPDES nutrient limits and monitoring","Continuous receiver and DEP inspections"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Piney Point Site Closure Progress","publisher":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2024-08-09","url":"https://floridadep.gov/water/mining-mitigation-0","basis":"Primary regulator status and timeline"},{"ref":2,"title":"National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permit Renewal for the Former Piney Point Facility","publisher":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2024-09-05","url":"https://floridadep.gov/water/mining-mitigation/documents/national-pollutant-discharge-elimination-system-permit-renewal","basis":"Primary permit record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Project Detailed Revenue Report for Year to Date Ending 12/10/2025","publisher":"Manatee County Clerk / Board of County Commissioners","date":"2025-12-10","url":"https://records.manateeclerk.com/BoardRecords/Browse/Agendas/Board-of-County-Commissioners/2025/12/BC20251216DOC004.pdf","basis":"Primary county financial record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Budget Amendment Resolution B-26-032","publisher":"Manatee County Board of County Commissioners","date":"2025-12-16","url":"https://records.manateeclerk.com/BoardRecords/Browse/Agendas/Board-of-County-Commissioners/2025/12/BC20251216DOC004.pdf","basis":"Primary county budget action"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified Florida baseline record in Batch 12."}],"first_seen":"2021-04-01","latest_seen":"2025-12-16","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Substantial retained process-water inventory in last quantified update","NGS-South and NGS-North not fully closed","Weather-driven water-balance risk","Complete remaining cost and funding gap not public in reviewed records"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":10150000,"currency":"USD","unit":"project budget","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-12-10","scope":{"geography":"Manatee County deep injection well"},"basis":{"definition":"$5,415,166 private contribution plus $4,734,834 General Fund transfer"},"source_refs":[3]},{"metric":"project_estimate","value":2422574,"currency":"USD","unit":"project budget","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-12-10","scope":{"geography":"Manatee County pretreatment facility"},"basis":{"definition":"$2,319,374 private contribution plus $103,200 General Fund transfer"},"source_refs":[3]},{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","value":964752,"currency":"USD","unit":"budget transfer","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-12-16","scope":{"geography":"Piney Point deep injection pretreatment well operations"},"source_refs":[4],"basis":{"definition":""}}],"operating_health":[{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","value":1,"unit":"court-appointed receiver","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2021-08-25","scope":{"geography":"Former Piney Point site"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Confirmed receivership, not merely inferred fiscal stress","basis":{"definition":""}}],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-FL-INFRA-FKAA-TRANSMISSION-RENEWAL","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Florida Keys aging single-corridor transmission-main renewal","description":"Florida Keys aging single-corridor transmission-main renewal. Corrective Action Underway.","location":{"name":"Florida Keys Aqueduct Authority transmission system","type":"Regional utility transmission corridor from Florida City through the Keys","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Florida","extent":"multi_county","counties":["Monroe","Miami-Dade"]},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The issue is the age, corrosion exposure, and failure history of the 130-mile aqueduct transmission main supplying the Florida Keys.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Florida Keys aging single-corridor transmission-main renewal: No current harm is documented (0); the single long transmission corridor creates material reliability exposure (1); it serves the multi-community Keys region (2); renewal is a multi-year legacy need (2); major capital work is underway without a cited emergency order (1).","service":"Florida Keys aging single-corridor transmission-main renewal: No current harm is documented (0); the single long transmission corridor creates material reliability exposure (1); it serves the multi-community Keys region (2); renewal is a multi-year legacy need (2); major capital work is underway without a cited emergency order (1).","scale":"Florida Keys aging single-corridor transmission-main renewal: No current harm is documented (0); the single long transmission corridor creates material reliability exposure (1); it serves the multi-community Keys region (2); renewal is a multi-year legacy need (2); major capital work is underway without a cited emergency order (1).","duration":"Florida Keys aging single-corridor transmission-main renewal: No current harm is documented (0); the single long transmission corridor creates material reliability exposure (1); it serves the multi-community Keys region (2); renewal is a multi-year legacy need (2); major capital work is underway without a cited emergency order (1).","significance":"Florida Keys aging single-corridor transmission-main renewal: No current harm is documented (0); the single long transmission corridor creates material reliability exposure (1); it serves the multi-community Keys region (2); renewal is a multi-year legacy need (2); major capital work is underway without a cited emergency order (1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The main supplies FKAA customers throughout the Keys; a verified service population was not extracted."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: transmission main length: 130 miles"},"measures":[{"value":130,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1],"name":"transmission main length"},{"value":5,"unit":"miles approximately","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-07-29","source_refs":[2],"name":"Islamorada replaced section"},{"value":6,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-05-31","source_refs":[3],"name":"Plantation Key replaced section"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Baseline observation.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: break risk on completed sections should decline, while unreplaced corridor segments remain a material regional reliability exposure.","horizon":"3-10 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["New mains perform as designed","Phased financing continues"],"reversal_factors":["Failures on unreplaced segments","Capital cost escalation","Storm damage"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Florida Keys Aqueduct Authority","role":"Owner, operator and project sponsor"},{"name":"Florida Department of Transportation","role":"US 1 coordination"}],"public_contact":"FKAA Community Relations; community@fkaa.com; 305-296-2454","corrective_actions":["Cathodically protected steel replacement in Islamorada and Plantation Key","Subaqueous directional-drill crossings","Phased renewal of additional vulnerable sections"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FKAA Drinking Water system description","publisher":"fkaa.com","date":null,"url":"https://www.fkaa.com/169/Drinking-Water","basis":"Official utility source and transmission-system description","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"FKAA Islamorada Transmission Main Replacement media release","publisher":"fkaa.com","date":"2024-07-30","url":"https://www.fkaa.com/377/2599/July-30-2024-Media-Release","basis":"Official utility project, cost and funding record"},{"ref":3,"title":"FKAA Plantation Key Transmission Main Replacement","publisher":"fkaa.com","date":"2026-05-31","url":"https://www.fkaa.com/394/Plantation-Key-Transmission-Main-Replace","basis":"Official utility project completion and need"},{"ref":4,"title":"FKAA 2025 Budget and Financial Plan","publisher":"fkaa.com","date":"2024-09-30","url":"https://www.fkaa.com/Archive.aspx?ADID=138","basis":"Official utility capital plan"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Florida baseline record in Batch 12."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current total remaining corridor cost","Normalized customer bill and debt-service impact","Verified service population"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":42000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"project cost","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-07-30","scope":{"geography":"five-mile Islamorada main replacement"},"source_refs":[2],"basis":{"definition":""}},{"metric":"secured_funding","value":20000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"grant funding","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-07-30","scope":{"geography":"Islamorada project"},"source_refs":[2],"notes":"Balance funded through low-interest loans.","basis":{"definition":""}},{"metric":"cip_total","value":68000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"planned project cost","status":"Reported","period_start":"2025-01-01","period_end":"2026-12-31","scope":{"geography":"6.3-mile Plantation Key replacement"},"source_refs":[4],"basis":{"definition":""}}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-FL-INFRA-FORT-LAUDERDALE-WATER-MAINS","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Fort Lauderdale aging water-main failures and 2026 DEP consent order","description":"Fort Lauderdale aging water-main failures and 2026 DEP consent order. Corrective Action Underway.","location":{"name":"City of Fort Lauderdale water distribution system","type":"Municipal water distribution system","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Florida","extent":"system","coordinates":{"lat":26.1224,"lon":-80.1373,"precision":"city"},"counties":[]},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"DEP and the city tied the reliability problem to repeated distribution-main breaks and aging pipes requiring systemwide condition assessment and asset management.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Fort Lauderdale aging water-main failures and 2026 DEP consent order: No confirmed harm was cited (0); repeated breaks and boil-water notices disrupted reliability (1); impacts were municipal/submunicipal (1); failures recurred across 2023-25 (2); a formal DEP consent order mandates systemwide work (2).","service":"Fort Lauderdale aging water-main failures and 2026 DEP consent order: No confirmed harm was cited (0); repeated breaks and boil-water notices disrupted reliability (1); impacts were municipal/submunicipal (1); failures recurred across 2023-25 (2); a formal DEP consent order mandates systemwide work (2).","scale":"Fort Lauderdale aging water-main failures and 2026 DEP consent order: No confirmed harm was cited (0); repeated breaks and boil-water notices disrupted reliability (1); impacts were municipal/submunicipal (1); failures recurred across 2023-25 (2); a formal DEP consent order mandates systemwide work (2).","duration":"Fort Lauderdale aging water-main failures and 2026 DEP consent order: No confirmed harm was cited (0); repeated breaks and boil-water notices disrupted reliability (1); impacts were municipal/submunicipal (1); failures recurred across 2023-25 (2); a formal DEP consent order mandates systemwide work (2).","significance":"Fort Lauderdale aging water-main failures and 2026 DEP consent order: No confirmed harm was cited (0); repeated breaks and boil-water notices disrupted reliability (1); impacts were municipal/submunicipal (1); failures recurred across 2023-25 (2); a formal DEP consent order mandates systemwide work (2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Breaks and boil-water notices affected subsets of the service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: consent-order compliance horizon: 3 years approximately"},"measures":[{"value":3,"unit":"years approximately","status":"Estimated","period_start":"2026-02-05","period_end":"2029-02-05","method":"Difference between order and stated full-compliance dates","source_refs":[1],"name":"consent-order compliance horizon"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Baseline observation.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: capital needs will become clearer after the July-October 2027 condition-assessment milestones.","horizon":"Through 2027","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Milestones are met"],"reversal_factors":["Further main failures","Procurement or data delays"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Fort Lauderdale Utility Services","role":"Operator and consent-order implementer"},{"name":"Florida DEP","role":"Consent-order regulator"}],"public_contact":"Fort Lauderdale Customer Support Center; 954-828-8000","corrective_actions":["Systemwide condition assessment","Certified condition report and plan","Asset-management tracking system"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Fort Lauderdale Commission Agenda Memo 26-0375","publisher":"fortlauderdale.legistar.com","date":"2026-04-21","url":"https://fortlauderdale.legistar.com/View.ashx?G=F11871F6-88F5-40B5-BD94-B6711694F9A7&GUID=210B795F-9ACF-4B8A-BB2D-BD1FF8FAE6D6&ID=15393067&M=F","basis":"Official consent-order status and milestones"},{"ref":2,"title":"Fort Lauderdale utility maintenance notice","publisher":"fortlauderdale.gov","date":"2026-06-03","url":"https://www.fortlauderdale.gov/Residents/City-News/Water-T-Plant-Maintenance-June-15-21-Change-in-Water-Color-Possible-1","basis":"Official utility contact and operations"},{"ref":3,"title":"Fort Lauderdale Infrastructure Advisory Board minutes","publisher":"fortlauderdale.gov","date":"2026-04-06","url":"https://www.fortlauderdale.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/96283/639142740487270000","basis":"Official record linking main breaks, aging pipes and boil-water notices"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Florida baseline record in Batch 12."}],"first_seen":"2023-09-01","latest_seen":"2026-04-21","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Number and volume/duration of breaks","Affected customers","Assessment and replacement cost"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-FL-OTHER-KEYS-SPINNING-FISH-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Unresolved Lower Florida Keys spinning-fish and sawfish mortality event","description":"Beginning in late 2023, fish in the Lower Keys displayed spinning and other neurologic behavior, accompanied by exceptional mortality in endangered smalltooth sawfish. FWC found no harmful levels among more than 250 chemicals tested in water, no explanatory infectious agent, and no implication of common red-tide, cyanobacterial or saxitoxins. Other algal toxins in fish tissue remain under investigation, so the causal water-quality agent is unresolved.","location":{"name":"Unresolved Lower Florida Keys spinning-fish and sawfish mortality event","type":"Water issue area","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Florida","extent":"system","counties":[]},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["surface-water","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The event is a water-linked ecological health anomaly with suspected algal toxins, but no confirmed causal contaminant or infrastructure failure.","secondary_drivers":["temporary funding dependence"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"FWC documented abnormal neurologic behavior across many fish species and 64 known smalltooth sawfish mortalities since December 2023.","service":"No drinking-water, sanitation or flood-protection service was affected.","scale":"Reports span much of southern Monroe County, especially the Middle and Lower Keys.","duration":"The event persisted from late 2023 into 2025 but case counts declined.","significance":"FWC/DEP coordinated a formal investigation and the Legislature appropriated $2 million."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Wildlife event; no human cases documented in the reviewed source"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Fish-spinning reports since December 2023: 500 reports (more than)"},"measures":[{"value":500,"unit":"reports (more than)","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-04-15","source_refs":[1],"name":"Fish-spinning reports since December 2023"},{"value":275,"unit":"unique reports (more than)","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-04-15","source_refs":[1],"name":"Sawfish abnormal-behavior reports since December 2023"},{"value":64,"unit":"mortalities","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-04-15","source_refs":[1],"name":"Known sawfish mortalities since December 2023"},{"value":250,"unit":"chemicals (more than)","status":"Reported","period_start":"2024-01-01","period_end":"2024-12-31","source_refs":[1],"name":"Chemicals tested in water during 2024","note":"None found at harmful levels according to FWC"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["temporary funding dependence"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"FWC says reports peaked in winter/spring 2024 and numbers in 2025 were much lower overall.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: sporadic cases may continue over the next year while causal attribution remains uncertain.","horizon":"Not specified","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission","role":"Lead wildlife-health investigation and incident reporting"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Water and sediment chemical testing"},{"name":"Bonefish & Tarpon Trust","role":"Legislatively funded research and field sampling"},{"name":"NOAA Fisheries and partner universities","role":"Sawfish response, necropsy and research"}],"public_contact":"FWC Fish Kill Hotline; 800-636-0511 | FWC general contact; 850-488-4676","corrective_actions":["Hotline-based case surveillance","Water, sediment, benthic algae and fish-tissue testing","Sawfish rescue/necropsy","Legislatively funded multi-organization research","Targeted sampling of identified hotspots"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Abnormal Fish Behavior Event Updates","publisher":"Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission","date":"2025-04-15","url":"https://myfwc.com/research/saltwater/health/spinningevent/updates/","basis":"Primary state investigation update"},{"ref":2,"title":"Abnormal Fish Behavior Event 2023-present","publisher":"Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission","date":null,"url":"https://myfwc.com/research/saltwater/health/spinningevent/","basis":"Primary incident overview and current status","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New verified Florida baseline record in Batch 12."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-11-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Causal agent not established","Endangered sawfish mortality","Potential interacting algal toxins","No newer quantified official update located after April 2025"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":2000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"appropriation","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-04-15","scope":{"geography":"Fish-spinning/sawfish investigation"},"source_refs":[1],"basis":{"definition":""}},{"metric":"secured_funding","value":1750000,"currency":"USD","unit":"award/allocation","status":"Reported","period_start":"2024-07-01","period_end":"2025-06-30","scope":{"geography":"Biscayne Bay, Florida Bay and Florida Keys investigation"},"source_refs":[1],"basis":{"definition":""}}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-FL-STORM-2024-SOUTH-FL-URBAN-FLOOD","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"June 2024 South Florida urban flooding emergency","description":"The emergency and flash-flood event were time-limited; Broward's repository marks Executive Order 24-115 expired. This does not imply the underlying regional flood vulnerability is resolved.","location":{"name":"South Florida municipal drainage, canal, pump and roadway networks","type":"Multi-county emergency area","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Five counties under Florida Executive Order 24-115; the most damaging flash flooding centered in urban Broward and Miami-Dade counties.","extent":"multi_county","counties":["Broward","Collier","Lee","Miami-Dade","Sarasota"]},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Extreme rainfall and the inability of low-lying urban drainage, roads, canals, and pumps to clear water were both materially causal to the documented urban flooding.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The Governor documented risks from widespread consequential flooding, but the reviewed official sources did not report deaths or a quantified environmental release.","service":"Flooding affected urban roadways and required emergency operations, drainage clearing and pump operations.","scale":"The state emergency covered five counties and NWS described impacts across much of South Florida.","duration":"The June 11-14 event was acute and the emergency expired.","significance":"A major state of emergency and multiple local emergency declarations were issued."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Emergency orders covered entire counties, but no authoritative count of materially affected residents was found."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: event rainfall: 10-15 inches"},"measures":[{"value":"10-15","unit":"inches","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-06-12","scope":"portions of South Florida","source_refs":[1],"name":"event rainfall"},{"value":7000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"at least","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-12-31","scope":"June 11-13 South Florida flood event","source_refs":[2],"name":"documented damage"},{"value":8,"unit":"events","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-12-31","scope":"NWS Miami service area; six were associated with June 11-13","source_refs":[2],"name":"local flash flood events in 2024"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One acute event record cannot establish a comparable local trend.","projection":{"statement":"No event-specific projection; recurrence risk remains a planning concern, but this dossier does not forecast a date or loss.","horizon":"Not specified","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Florida Division of Emergency Management","role":"State coordination under Executive Order 24-115"},{"name":"Miami-Dade County","role":"Local emergency operations, canal/drain clearing and pump operation"},{"name":"Affected county and municipal public works agencies","role":"Local drainage and roadway response"}],"public_contact":"Miami-Dade County 311; 311 flood reporting | Florida Division of Emergency Management; https://www.floridadisaster.org/","corrective_actions":["Emergency operations activation","Canal and drain debris removal","Pump-station operation","Ongoing statewide resilience planning and project funding outside the event-specific record"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Executive Order 24-115: Invest 90L - South Florida Flash Flooding","publisher":"Executive Office of the Governor, State of Florida","date":"2024-06-12","url":"https://www.flgov.com/eog/news/press/2024/memorandum-executive-order-24-115-emergency-management-invest-90l-south-florida-0","basis":"Primary emergency declaration"},{"ref":2,"title":"South Florida Severe/Hazardous Weather Statistics - 2024","publisher":"NOAA National Weather Service Miami","date":"2025-01-01","url":"https://www.weather.gov/media/mfl/news/2024Summary.pdf","basis":"Primary federal event summary"},{"ref":3,"title":"Local State of Emergency declared due to inclement weather","publisher":"Miami-Dade County","date":"2024-06-14","url":"https://www.miamidade.gov/global/news-item.page?Mduid_news=news1718239030150971","basis":"Primary local emergency notice"},{"ref":4,"title":"2025-2026 Statewide Flooding and Sea Level Rise Resilience Plan","publisher":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2025-01-01","url":"https://floridadep.gov/sites/default/files/25-26%20Resilient%20Florida%20Annual%20Plan_1.pdf","basis":"Primary state capital plan; coverage context"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"New verified Florida baseline record in Batch 12."}],"first_seen":"2024-06-11","latest_seen":"2025-01-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Consolidated property impacts","event-specific recovery spending","system-by-system drainage capacity"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-FL-SUPPLY-SFWMD-RECURRING-WARNINGS","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Recurring multi-county South Florida groundwater shortage warnings","description":"Recurring multi-county South Florida groundwater shortage warnings. Resolved or Stabilized.","location":{"name":"SFWMD regional source-water systems","type":"SFWMD regional warning areas","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Florida","extent":"multi_county","counties":["Lee","Collier","Glades","Highlands","Miami-Dade","Monroe"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Rainfall deficits and low aquifer/surface-water levels prompted regional conservation warnings; no shared infrastructure failure was identified.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Recurring multi-county South Florida groundwater shortage warnings: No confirmed harm was reported (0); conservation warnings signaled potential supply stress without an outage (1); six counties and multiple aquifers/basins were involved across episodes (2); warnings recurred but were rescinded (1); official shortage warnings were issued (1).","service":"Recurring multi-county South Florida groundwater shortage warnings: No confirmed harm was reported (0); conservation warnings signaled potential supply stress without an outage (1); six counties and multiple aquifers/basins were involved across episodes (2); warnings recurred but were rescinded (1); official shortage warnings were issued (1).","scale":"Recurring multi-county South Florida groundwater shortage warnings: No confirmed harm was reported (0); conservation warnings signaled potential supply stress without an outage (1); six counties and multiple aquifers/basins were involved across episodes (2); warnings recurred but were rescinded (1); official shortage warnings were issued (1).","duration":"Recurring multi-county South Florida groundwater shortage warnings: No confirmed harm was reported (0); conservation warnings signaled potential supply stress without an outage (1); six counties and multiple aquifers/basins were involved across episodes (2); warnings recurred but were rescinded (1); official shortage warnings were issued (1).","significance":"Recurring multi-county South Florida groundwater shortage warnings: No confirmed harm was reported (0); conservation warnings signaled potential supply stress without an outage (1); six counties and multiple aquifers/basins were involved across episodes (2); warnings recurred but were rescinded (1); official shortage warnings were issued (1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 2023 wet-season rainfall deficit in Lower West Coast: 11.86 inches"},"measures":[{"value":11.86,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2023-11-21","source_refs":[2],"name":"2023 wet-season rainfall deficit in Lower West Coast"},{"value":4.46,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","period_start":"2026-05-15","period_end":"2026-06-04","source_refs":[1],"name":"Lower West Coast early wet-season rainfall"},{"value":3,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-06-04","source_refs":[1],"name":"Lower Tamiami aquifer average rise"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Baseline observation.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: episodic warnings are likely to recur during large rainfall deficits because 2023-24 and 2026 produced separate events, but timing cannot be forecast.","horizon":"1-3 years","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Demand and source dependence remain broadly similar"],"reversal_factors":["Sustained wetter conditions","Alternative supply expansion","Demand reduction"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"South Florida Water Management District","role":"Warnings, monitoring and rescission"},{"name":"Affected utilities and local governments","role":"Conservation outreach and supply management"}],"public_contact":"South Florida Water Management District; 800-432-2045","corrective_actions":["Voluntary conservation","Aquifer and canal monitoring","Rescissions after rainfall and recovery"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SFWMD Water Conservation and shortage updates","publisher":"sfwmd.gov","date":"2026-08-31","url":"https://www.sfwmd.gov/community-residents/water-conservation","basis":"Official shortage orders, measurements, restrictions and rescissions"},{"ref":2,"title":"2025 South Florida Environmental Report, Chapter 2A","publisher":"sfer-docs.sfwmd.gov","date":"2025-03-01","url":"https://sfer-docs.sfwmd.gov/2025_sfer_final/v1/chapters/v1_ch2a.pdf","basis":"Official annual water-shortage history"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New verified Florida baseline record in Batch 12."}],"first_seen":"2023-11-21","latest_seen":"2026-06-04","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected population and utility-level demand reductions","Comparable shortage indicators outside SFWMD"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-FL-SURFACE-INDIAN-RIVER-LAGOON-NUTRIENTS-SEAGRASS","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Indian River Lagoon nutrient impairment and seagrass recovery","description":"DEP adopted updated 2025 BMAPs and 2025 monitoring found substantial seagrass expansion, while agencies state continued restoration is needed.","location":{"name":"Indian River Lagoon","type":"Estuary and multi-county watershed","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Indian River Lagoon, Banana River Lagoon, Mosquito Lagoon and tributary basins.","extent":"multi_county","counties":["Brevard","Indian River","Martin","St. Lucie","Volusia"]},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The defining problem is nutrient and freshwater loading that degraded lagoon water quality and seagrass habitat, now under long-term regulatory restoration.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Nutrient impairment and seagrass habitat loss are formally documented ecological harms.","service":"The issue impairs ecological and recreational functions, without a documented drinking-water interruption.","scale":"The estuary and watershed span five counties.","duration":"The degradation and restoration program are long-running even though current seagrass indicators improved.","significance":"Three updated BMAPs and a statutory protection program are active; no emergency or consent decree was identified."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No consolidated affected-population figure was included in the reviewed monitoring and BMAP sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: seagrass area: 9924 hectares"},"measures":[{"value":9924,"unit":"hectares","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2023-12-31","scope":"Indian River Lagoon","source_refs":[1],"name":"seagrass area"},{"value":17042,"unit":"hectares","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-12-31","scope":"Indian River Lagoon","source_refs":[1],"name":"seagrass area"},{"value":84,"unit":"meters","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2023-12-31","scope":"fixed transects","source_refs":[1],"name":"mean seagrass transect length"},{"value":124,"unit":"meters","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-12-31","scope":"fixed transects","source_refs":[1],"name":"mean seagrass transect length"},{"value":3.95,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2023-12-31","scope":"fixed transects","source_refs":[1],"name":"mean transect cover"},{"value":10.77,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-12-31","scope":"fixed transects","source_refs":[1],"name":"mean transect cover"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Seagrass area increased by more than 7,000 hectares from 2023 to 2025, with transect extent and cover also increasing.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: seagrass condition is likely to remain improved over the next two years if nutrient, muck and flow-restoration work continues, but full water-quality attainment cannot yet be assumed.","horizon":"Through 2028","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["No severe algal or salinity shock","Restoration funding and monitoring continue"],"reversal_factors":["Major nutrient-loading events","Wastewater failures","Extreme freshwater discharge","Loss of restoration funding"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"BMAP and water-quality authority"},{"name":"St. Johns River Water Management District","role":"Monitoring and restoration in northern/central lagoon"},{"name":"South Florida Water Management District","role":"Southern lagoon watershed partner"},{"name":"Brevard County and other local governments","role":"Wastewater, septic, muck and stormwater projects"}],"public_contact":"DEP Indian River Lagoon BMAP contact - Kelley Breeden; Kelley.Breeden@FloridaDEP.gov | SJRWMD media/science contact - Caitlin Butler; csbutler@sjrwmd.com","corrective_actions":["2025 North, Central and Banana River Lagoon BMAPs","Four canal diversion/flow-restoration projects","Muck dredging near Eau Gallie Causeway","Wastewater and septic-to-sewer projects","Biennial aerial mapping and annual transects"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"District releases updated seagrass data showing continued expansion","publisher":"St. Johns River Water Management District","date":"2026-05-12","url":"https://www.sjrwmd.com/2026/05/district-releases-updated-seagrass-data-showing-continued-expansion/","basis":"Primary monitoring update"},{"ref":2,"title":"Indian River Lagoon Basin Management Action Plans","publisher":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2025-06-27","url":"https://floridadep.gov/dear/water-quality-restoration/content/indian-river-lagoon-basin-management-action-plans","basis":"Primary regulatory restoration-plan index"},{"ref":3,"title":"Florida FY 2025-26 water and Everglades budget summary","publisher":"South Florida Water Management District","date":"2025-06-30","url":"https://www.sfwmd.gov/news-events/news/statement-sfwmd-governing-board-chair-chauncey-goss-governor-ron-desantis-focus","basis":"Primary district budget summary"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified Florida baseline record in Batch 12."}],"first_seen":"2025-06-27","latest_seen":"2026-05-12","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable lagoon-wide nutrient-load trend","full non-overlapping capital need","population and affordability impacts"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":100000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"appropriation","status":"Reported","period_start":"2025-07-01","period_end":"2026-06-30","scope":{"geography":"State FY2025-26 budget"},"basis":{"definition":"SFWMD budget summary"},"source_refs":[3],"method":null,"notes":"Appropriation; not total need, award-by-project or spending."}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-FL-SURFACE-LAKE-OKEECHOBEE-NUTRIENTS-HAB","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lake Okeechobee phosphorus impairment and harmful algal blooms","description":"WY2025 phosphorus loading remained far above the 140-metric-ton annual TMDL and the highest bloom-event count since expanded monitoring began was recorded.","location":{"name":"Lake Okeechobee and Lake Okeechobee Watershed","type":"Lake and multi-county watershed","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Approximately 2.8 million acres or 4,400 square miles including the lake.","extent":"multi_county","counties":["Okeechobee","Glades","Hendry","Palm Beach","Martin and upstream watershed counties"]},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["agricultural","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The central issue is chronic nutrient loading and cyanobacterial blooms in an officially impaired lake and its 2.8-million-acre watershed.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Cyanobacterial blooms and microcystin are documented; 9.3% of WY2025 samples exceeded EPA's 8 microgram-per-liter recreational criterion.","service":"Blooms affect recreation and downstream water management, but a drinking-water shutdown was not documented.","scale":"The lake and 2.8-million-acre watershed have basin-wide and downstream significance.","duration":"The phosphorus impairment and loading excess have persisted for decades.","significance":"The lake is formally impaired, subject to a TMDL and major multi-agency restoration projects."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Ecological, recreational and downstream exposure is basin-wide, but no single population count was published."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: total phosphorus load: 337 metric tons"},"measures":[{"value":337,"unit":"metric tons","status":"Reported","period_start":"2024-05-01","period_end":"2025-04-30","scope":"Lake Okeechobee total including atmospheric deposition","source_refs":[1,2],"name":"total phosphorus load"},{"value":140,"unit":"metric tons per year","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-03-01","scope":"Lake Okeechobee","source_refs":[1],"name":"total phosphorus TMDL"},{"value":393,"unit":"metric tons per year","status":"Reported","period_start":"2020-05-01","period_end":"2025-04-30","scope":"Lake Okeechobee","source_refs":[2],"name":"five-year average total phosphorus load"},{"value":115,"unit":"events","status":"Reported","period_start":"2024-05-01","period_end":"2025-04-30","scope":"Lake Okeechobee; highest since expanded monitoring began in WY2021","source_refs":[2],"name":"cyanobacterial bloom events"},{"value":21.6,"unit":"percent of samples","status":"Reported","period_start":"2024-05-01","period_end":"2025-04-30","scope":"Lake Okeechobee","source_refs":[2],"name":"microcystin detections"},{"value":9.3,"unit":"percent of samples","status":"Reported","period_start":"2024-05-01","period_end":"2025-04-30","scope":"criterion 8 micrograms per liter","source_refs":[2],"name":"samples above EPA recreational microcystin criterion"},{"value":22,"unit":"projects","status":"Reported","period_start":"2024-05-01","period_end":"2025-04-30","scope":"Lake Okeechobee Watershed","source_refs":[1],"name":"operational watershed projects"},{"value":28,"unit":"metric tons, more than","status":"Reported","period_start":"2024-05-01","period_end":"2025-04-30","scope":"22 operational watershed projects","source_refs":[1],"name":"project phosphorus retention"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"WY2025 phosphorus load fell 13% from WY2024 and was third-lowest in ten years, but remained 2.4 times the TMDL and bloom events reached a monitoring-era high.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: annual loads may fluctuate with rainfall, but chronic phosphorus impairment and bloom risk will persist through at least 2028 without sustained source-load reductions beyond the current five-year average.","horizon":"2-3 years","confidence":"High","assumptions":["TMDL remains 140 metric tons per year","Five-year load remains near recent range","Projects continue operating"],"reversal_factors":["Large verified load reductions","Sustained in-lake ecological recovery","Exceptional hydrologic conditions that materially change loading"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"South Florida Water Management District","role":"Monitoring, water operations and watershed projects"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Impairment, TMDL and BMAP authority"},{"name":"Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services","role":"Agricultural best management practices"},{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","role":"Lake regulation and federal restoration partner"}],"public_contact":"SFWMD; 561-686-8800","corrective_actions":["22 operational watershed projects","95,000+ acre-feet of dynamic storage","28+ metric tons phosphorus and 265+ metric tons nitrogen retained in WY2025","Expanded bloom and toxin monitoring","Wetland treatment and watershed restoration projects"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2026 South Florida Environmental Report Highlights - Lake Okeechobee Watershed Protection Plan","publisher":"South Florida Water Management District","date":"2026-03-01","url":"https://www.sfwmd.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2026_sfer_highlights_FINAL.pdf","basis":"Primary annual environmental report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Lake Okeechobee Watershed Protection Plan Annual Progress Report, Chapter 8B","publisher":"South Florida Water Management District","date":"2026-03-01","url":"https://sfer-docs.sfwmd.gov/2026_sfer_final/v1/chapters/v1_ch8b.pdf","basis":"Primary technical annual report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Florida FY 2025-26 water and Everglades budget summary","publisher":"South Florida Water Management District","date":"2025-06-30","url":"https://www.sfwmd.gov/news-events/news/statement-sfwmd-governing-board-chair-chauncey-goss-governor-ron-desantis-focus","basis":"Primary district budget summary"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"New verified Florida baseline record in Batch 12."}],"first_seen":"2024-03-01","latest_seen":"2026-03-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current exposed population","project-by-project cost and funding gap","full WY2026 bloom record"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":50000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"appropriation","status":"Reported","period_start":"2025-07-01","period_end":"2026-06-30","scope":{"geography":"State FY2025-26 budget"},"basis":{"definition":"SFWMD budget summary"},"source_refs":[3],"method":null,"notes":"Appropriation, not total project cost."},{"metric":"secured_funding","value":80000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"appropriation","status":"Reported","period_start":"2025-07-01","period_end":"2026-06-30","scope":{"geography":"treatment of water before entering Lake Okeechobee"},"basis":{"definition":"SFWMD budget summary"},"source_refs":[3],"method":null,"notes":"Appropriation, not total project cost or amount spent."}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-FL-SURFACE-OUTSTANDING-SPRINGS-NITRATE","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Outstanding Florida Springs nitrate impairment","description":"DEP adopted multiple updated 2025 BMAPs and the Silver/Rainbow update became effective April 27, 2026; restoration milestones extend for years or decades.","location":{"name":"Outstanding Florida Springs and groundwater contributing areas","type":"Statewide group of protected springs and springsheds","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"26 of 30 Outstanding Florida Springs assessed as nitrate impaired in adopted 2025 BMAP documents.","extent":"county","counties":["Multiple north, central and west Florida counties"]},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["groundwater","agricultural","wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The principal issue is nitrate-contaminated groundwater discharging to spring vents and causing persistent ecological impairment across most Outstanding Florida Springs.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEP has formally determined nitrate impairment across 26 protected springs, reflecting confirmed ecological imbalance.","service":"The impairment affects aquatic habitat and recreational water resources, but no statewide drinking-water shutdown was documented.","scale":"Twenty-six protected springs and their broad groundwater contributing areas span multiple regions of Florida.","duration":"Groundwater travel times and 15- to 20-year restoration schedules indicate prolonged persistence.","significance":"Enforceable TMDLs/BMAPs, septic remediation requirements and major wastewater/agricultural projects are required."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The finding is ecological and springshed-wide; no consolidated affected-population count was reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Outstanding Florida Springs impaired for nitrate: 26 of 30 springs"},"measures":[{"value":26,"unit":"of 30 springs","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-06-01","scope":"Statewide Outstanding Florida Springs","source_refs":[1],"name":"Outstanding Florida Springs impaired for nitrate"},{"value":0.35,"unit":"mg/L annual geometric mean","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-04-01","scope":"Florida spring vents unless site-specific target applies","source_refs":[3],"name":"general spring-vent nitrate-nitrite criterion"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The statewide impairment count is current, but comparable statewide concentration history across all 26 springs was not assembled.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: most nitrate-impaired Outstanding Florida Springs will remain under corrective action through at least the next five years because aquifer travel times delay water-quality response and BMAP milestones extend well beyond 2030.","horizon":"5 years","confidence":"High","assumptions":["BMAP schedules remain in force","Groundwater lag persists"],"reversal_factors":["Faster-than-expected verified concentration declines","Accelerated sewer/septic and agricultural source reductions"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"TMDL, BMAP, onsite-system requirements and monitoring"},{"name":"Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services","role":"Agricultural BMP implementation"},{"name":"Water management districts and local governments","role":"Projects, funding and monitoring"}],"public_contact":"DEP Water Quality Restoration Program; BMAPProgram@floridadep.gov | DEP Springs and Watershed Restoration Program - Nathan Jagoda; Nathan.Jagoda@FloridaDEP.gov","corrective_actions":["Updated 2025 BMAPs","Enhanced nutrient-reducing onsite-system requirements","Septic-to-sewer projects","Wastewater nutrient-removal upgrades","Agricultural BMPs","Five-, ten- and fifteen-year milestones and annual reporting"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Final Weeki Wachee Basin Management Action Plan","publisher":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2025-06-01","url":"https://floridadep.gov/sites/default/files/25-1039.pdf","basis":"Primary adopted basin management action plan; includes statewide Outstanding Florida Springs impairment count"},{"ref":2,"title":"Florida Springs Basin Management Action Plans","publisher":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","date":null,"url":"https://floridadep.gov/dear/water-quality-restoration/content/florida-springs-basin-management-action-plans","basis":"Primary current regulatory plan and contact index","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"2024 Integrated Water Quality Assessment for Florida","publisher":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2024-04-01","url":"https://floridadep.gov/sites/default/files/2024_Integrated_Report.pdf","basis":"Primary state integrated water-quality report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Springs Protection and Basin Management Action Plans","publisher":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2026-09-08","url":"https://floridadep.gov/water/onsite-sewage/content/springs-protection-and-basin-management-action-plans-bmaps","basis":"Primary program requirements and public contact page"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New verified Florida baseline record in Batch 12."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-04-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Spring-by-spring latest concentrations","statewide project-cost rollup with overlap removed","household affordability effects","uniform progress indicators"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-FL-WW-BRADENTON-IANDI-OVERLOAD","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Bradenton wastewater plant and collection-system wet-weather overloads","description":"Bradenton wastewater plant and collection-system wet-weather overloads. Corrective Action Underway.","location":{"name":"City of Bradenton Wastewater System and WRF","type":"Municipal collection system, Water Reclamation Facility and Manatee River","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Florida","extent":"system","coordinates":{"lat":27.48454,"lon":-82.58047,"precision":"facility"},"counties":[]},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Aging collection assets and inflow/infiltration cause treatment overload and discharges to the Manatee River, making infrastructure failure and water-quality effects inseparable.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Bradenton wastewater plant and collection-system wet-weather overloads: Repeated untreated/partially treated releases reached the Manatee River (2); treatment and lift-station reliability were impaired (1); effects are local/watershed scale (1); overloads and bypasses recurred across 2024-25 (2); official incident reporting and a major capital response are documented, but no final consent order was verified (1).","service":"Bradenton wastewater plant and collection-system wet-weather overloads: Repeated untreated/partially treated releases reached the Manatee River (2); treatment and lift-station reliability were impaired (1); effects are local/watershed scale (1); overloads and bypasses recurred across 2024-25 (2); official incident reporting and a major capital response are documented, but no final consent order was verified (1).","scale":"Bradenton wastewater plant and collection-system wet-weather overloads: Repeated untreated/partially treated releases reached the Manatee River (2); treatment and lift-station reliability were impaired (1); effects are local/watershed scale (1); overloads and bypasses recurred across 2024-25 (2); official incident reporting and a major capital response are documented, but no final consent order was verified (1).","duration":"Bradenton wastewater plant and collection-system wet-weather overloads: Repeated untreated/partially treated releases reached the Manatee River (2); treatment and lift-station reliability were impaired (1); effects are local/watershed scale (1); overloads and bypasses recurred across 2024-25 (2); official incident reporting and a major capital response are documented, but no final consent order was verified (1).","significance":"Bradenton wastewater plant and collection-system wet-weather overloads: Repeated untreated/partially treated releases reached the Manatee River (2); treatment and lift-station reliability were impaired (1); effects are local/watershed scale (1); overloads and bypasses recurred across 2024-25 (2); official incident reporting and a major capital response are documented, but no final consent order was verified (1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: heavy-rain peak plant flow: 27 MGD"},"measures":[{"value":27,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","period_start":"2024-07-01","period_end":"2024-08-31","source_refs":[1],"name":"heavy-rain peak plant flow"},{"value":9,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1],"name":"design treatment capacity"},{"value":10500,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-08-23","source_refs":[2],"name":"Lift Station 14 untreated sewage release"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Baseline observation.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: wet-weather discharge risk remains elevated during major storms until I/I and plant projects materially reduce peak loading.","horizon":"3-5 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Capital program proceeds","Extreme rainfall remains possible"],"reversal_factors":["Faster rehabilitation","New major storms","Plant or lift-station failures"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Bradenton Public Works & Utilities","role":"Owner/operator and capital-program implementer"},{"name":"Florida DEP Southwest District","role":"Permit and incident oversight"},{"name":"Florida Department of Health in Manatee County","role":"Public-health notification"}],"public_contact":"Irvin Lee; Irvin.Lee@bradentonfl.gov; 941-708-6300 ext. 235","corrective_actions":["Pipe lining and manhole rehabilitation","Lift-station and force-main improvements","Deep injection and plant-capacity work","Post-incident cleanup, liming, sampling and agency notification"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Bradenton Facing the Issue and Fixing the Problem","publisher":"bradentonfl.gov","date":"2025-01-01","url":"https://www.bradentonfl.gov/vertical/Sites/%7B98CFEB92-7265-45CB-AF6F-7115C2CD7C81%7D/uploads/Pages_from_WRF_Face_It_Fix_It_Brochure.pdf","basis":"Official utility infrastructure, capacity and financial summary"},{"ref":2,"title":"Bradenton Lift Station 14 five-day notice of violation","publisher":"bradentonfl.gov","date":"2024-08-24","url":"https://www.bradentonfl.gov/vertical/Sites/%7B98CFEB92-7265-45CB-AF6F-7115C2CD7C81%7D/uploads/5_day_Notice_of_Violation_Lift_Station_14_1901_17th_Ave_West_Inc._2024-7193.pdf","basis":"Official permit incident report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Bradenton WRF bypass five-day notice","publisher":"bradentonfl.gov","date":"2024-10-18","url":"https://www.bradentonfl.gov/vertical/Sites/%7B98CFEB92-7265-45CB-AF6F-7115C2CD7C81%7D/uploads/10.17.24_SWO_2024-9647_WRF_Bypass_-_5_day_Notice_of_Violation_%28WRF%29_-_ADA_Compliant.pdf","basis":"Official permit incident report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Bradenton WRF bypass five-day notice, SWO 2025-7787","publisher":"bradentonfl.gov","date":"2025-09-09","url":"https://www.bradentonfl.gov/vertical/Sites/%7B98CFEB92-7265-45CB-AF6F-7115C2CD7C81%7D/uploads/09.08.25_SWO_2025-7787_5_day_Notice_of_Violation_%28WRF%29.pdf","basis":"Official permit incident report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified Florida baseline record in Batch 12."}],"first_seen":"2024-02-01","latest_seen":"2025-09-09","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Cumulative discharge volume across 2024-25 not reconciled","Final receiving-water sampling outcomes","Funding gap and household bill effect"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":100000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"planned investment","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-01-01","scope":{"geography":"Bradenton wastewater plant and collection system"},"source_refs":[1],"basis":{"definition":""}},{"metric":"amount_spent","value":9000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"spent","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-01-01","scope":{"geography":"35 miles of collection pipe"},"source_refs":[1],"basis":{"definition":""}},{"metric":"project_estimate","value":15000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"planned","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-01-01","scope":{"geography":"additional lining"},"source_refs":[1],"basis":{"definition":""}}],"operating_health":[{"metric":"outstanding_debt","value":50000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"borrowed","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-01-01","scope":{"geography":"plant capacity and related work"},"source_refs":[1],"basis":{"definition":""}}],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-FL-WW-FORT-LAUDERDALE-CONSENT","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Fort Lauderdale sewer overflow, force-main and inflow/infiltration corrective program","description":"72 of 76 milestones complete as of April 2026; four remaining included generators, force-main work and reports","location":{"name":"Fort Lauderdale wastewater system and George T. Lohmeyer WWTP","type":"Municipal wastewater collection and treatment system","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Florida","extent":"system","coordinates":{"lat":26.1224,"lon":-80.1373,"precision":"city"},"counties":[]},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Recurring overflows and failures are principally tied to critical sewer transmission assets, backup power, and wet-weather inflow/infiltration.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Fort Lauderdale sewer overflow, force-main and inflow/infiltration corrective program: SSOs and pipeline failures pose localized sewage exposure/environmental risk (1); sanitation conveyance reliability is materially affected (1); issue is city/regional-system scale (1); the corrective program remains active over many years (2); formal consent order mandates major capital work (2).","service":"Fort Lauderdale sewer overflow, force-main and inflow/infiltration corrective program: SSOs and pipeline failures pose localized sewage exposure/environmental risk (1); sanitation conveyance reliability is materially affected (1); issue is city/regional-system scale (1); the corrective program remains active over many years (2); formal consent order mandates major capital work (2).","scale":"Fort Lauderdale sewer overflow, force-main and inflow/infiltration corrective program: SSOs and pipeline failures pose localized sewage exposure/environmental risk (1); sanitation conveyance reliability is materially affected (1); issue is city/regional-system scale (1); the corrective program remains active over many years (2); formal consent order mandates major capital work (2).","duration":"Fort Lauderdale sewer overflow, force-main and inflow/infiltration corrective program: SSOs and pipeline failures pose localized sewage exposure/environmental risk (1); sanitation conveyance reliability is materially affected (1); issue is city/regional-system scale (1); the corrective program remains active over many years (2); formal consent order mandates major capital work (2).","significance":"Fort Lauderdale sewer overflow, force-main and inflow/infiltration corrective program: SSOs and pipeline failures pose localized sewage exposure/environmental risk (1); sanitation conveyance reliability is materially affected (1); issue is city/regional-system scale (1); the corrective program remains active over many years (2); formal consent order mandates major capital work (2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: consent-order milestones completed: 72 of 76 milestones"},"measures":[{"value":72,"unit":"of 76 milestones","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-04-21","source_refs":[1],"name":"consent-order milestones completed"},{"value":8000,"unit":"linear feet approximately","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-04-21","source_refs":[1],"name":"42-inch force-main segment required"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Baseline observation.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: first-amendment completion is plausible by March 2027, but wet-weather I/I remains a multi-year risk under the expected second amendment.","horizon":"Through 2033 approximately","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Remaining milestone extensions are approved and met","I/I program is finalized"],"reversal_factors":["Additional force-main breaks","Generator/project delays","Severe rainfall"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Fort Lauderdale Utility Services","role":"Operator and project implementer"},{"name":"Florida DEP","role":"Consent-order oversight"}],"public_contact":"Fort Lauderdale Customer Support Center; 954-828-8000","corrective_actions":["Backup generators at GTL WWTP","Large force-main rehabilitation/replacement","Data-driven I/I reduction program","Semiannual compliance reporting"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Fort Lauderdale Commission Agenda Memo 26-0375","publisher":"fortlauderdale.legistar.com","date":"2026-04-21","url":"https://fortlauderdale.legistar.com/View.ashx?G=F11871F6-88F5-40B5-BD94-B6711694F9A7&GUID=210B795F-9ACF-4B8A-BB2D-BD1FF8FAE6D6&ID=15393067&M=F","basis":"Official consent-order status and milestones"},{"ref":2,"title":"Fort Lauderdale FY2024 Community Investment Plan","publisher":"fortlauderdale.gov","date":"2023-10-01","url":"https://www.fortlauderdale.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/76352/638235565476600000","basis":"Official municipal capital plan; program amount overlaps component projects"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified Florida baseline record in Batch 12."}],"first_seen":"2023-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-04-21","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current overflow volume and receiving-water history","Exact nonoverlapping remaining cost","Second amended order not final in reviewed source"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"cip_total","value":108600288,"currency":"USD","unit":"program total","status":"Reported","period_start":"2024-10-01","period_end":"2028-09-30","scope":{"geography":"Water & Sewer Master Plan 2017 program in city FY2024 CIP"},"source_refs":[2],"notes":"Includes multiple water/sewer projects and must not be treated as the exact consent-order remainder.","basis":{"definition":""}}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-FL-WW-MIAMI-DADE-WWTP-CONSENT","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Miami-Dade regional wastewater plant compliance and capacity program","description":"North had limited permit exceedances and spills; South had effluent exceedances, unauthorized discharges and bypasses during 2021-2025; Central must complete five capacity/compliance plans","location":{"name":"Miami-Dade Water and Sewer Department wastewater system","type":"Countywide regional wastewater system","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Florida","extent":"system","counties":[]},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Documented effluent exceedances, spills and bypasses interact with major treatment, conveyance and disposal infrastructure needs across three regional plants.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Miami-Dade regional wastewater plant compliance and capacity program: Unauthorized discharges and effluent violations pose localized environmental risk (1); bypass/spill prevention and capacity are material sanitation concerns (1); the system is county-regional (2); violations and corrective obligations span years (2); multiple consent orders/decree and large capital programs are formal major actions (2).","service":"Miami-Dade regional wastewater plant compliance and capacity program: Unauthorized discharges and effluent violations pose localized environmental risk (1); bypass/spill prevention and capacity are material sanitation concerns (1); the system is county-regional (2); violations and corrective obligations span years (2); multiple consent orders/decree and large capital programs are formal major actions (2).","scale":"Miami-Dade regional wastewater plant compliance and capacity program: Unauthorized discharges and effluent violations pose localized environmental risk (1); bypass/spill prevention and capacity are material sanitation concerns (1); the system is county-regional (2); violations and corrective obligations span years (2); multiple consent orders/decree and large capital programs are formal major actions (2).","duration":"Miami-Dade regional wastewater plant compliance and capacity program: Unauthorized discharges and effluent violations pose localized environmental risk (1); bypass/spill prevention and capacity are material sanitation concerns (1); the system is county-regional (2); violations and corrective obligations span years (2); multiple consent orders/decree and large capital programs are formal major actions (2).","significance":"Miami-Dade regional wastewater plant compliance and capacity program: Unauthorized discharges and effluent violations pose localized environmental risk (1); bypass/spill prevention and capacity are material sanitation concerns (1); the system is county-regional (2); violations and corrective obligations span years (2); multiple consent orders/decree and large capital programs are formal major actions (2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The three regional plants serve the county system; no incident-specific population was reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Central WWTP flow diverted from ocean outfall: 30 MGD approximately"},"measures":[{"value":30,"unit":"MGD approximately","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-12-31","source_refs":[1],"name":"Central WWTP flow diverted from ocean outfall"},{"value":131,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1],"name":"South District permitted capacity after expansion"},{"value":112.5,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1],"name":"South District current permitted capacity"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Baseline observation.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: compliance capacity should improve as the 2028-2030 capital and plan milestones are completed, but construction and wet-weather risks remain.","horizon":"Through 2030","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Projects remain funded and on schedule","Permit plans are implemented"],"reversal_factors":["Construction delay","Rapid demand growth","Major storms or equipment failures"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Miami-Dade Water and Sewer Department","role":"Owner/operator and capital-program implementer"},{"name":"Florida DEP","role":"State consent-order regulator"},{"name":"EPA Region 4 and U.S. Department of Justice","role":"Federal consent-decree oversight"}],"public_contact":"Miami-Dade 311 / WASD customer service; 311","corrective_actions":["Central plant capacity, conveyance, spill, effluent and I/I plans","South plant permit-compliance plan, engineering evaluation, training and spill prevention","Federal decree capital projects through 2028","Outfall diversion, injection wells and reuse investments"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Miami-Dade WASD 2025 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report","publisher":"miamidade.gov","date":"2026-03-31","url":"https://www.miamidade.gov/resources/water/documents/reports/2025-annual-report.pdf","basis":"Official audited annual report, compliance and capital programs"},{"ref":2,"title":"Miami-Dade legislative matter 252064: North and South District WWTP consent orders","publisher":"miamidade.gov","date":"2025-12-31","url":"https://www.miamidade.gov/govaction/matter.asp?file=true&fileAnalysis=false&matter=252064&yearFolder=Y2025","basis":"Official county consent-order authorization and fiscal impact"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified Florida baseline record in Batch 12."}],"first_seen":"2023-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-01-05","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Incident-by-incident volumes and receiving waters","Full nonoverlapping program cost and funding gap","Customer affordability impact"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":679000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"program total","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-12-31","scope":{"geography":"eight SDWWTP projects"},"source_refs":[1],"basis":{"definition":""}},{"metric":"project_estimate","value":163500,"currency":"USD","unit":"combined minimum value","status":"Estimated","as_of_date":"2025-12-31","scope":{"geography":"North and South alternative projects"},"method":"$30,000 + $133,500","source_refs":[2],"basis":{"definition":""}}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-FL-WW-WILTON-MANORS-SSO-JUDGMENT","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Wilton Manors sanitary sewer overflow consent judgment and capacity work","description":"2025 complaint alleged noncompliance with operational, reporting and response duties and cited multiple 2022-2024 SSOs; 2026 judgment resolved litigation","location":{"name":"City of Wilton Manors wastewater collection system","type":"Municipal wastewater collection system and Middle River","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Florida","extent":"system","coordinates":{"lat":26.1604,"lon":-80.1389,"precision":"city"},"counties":[]},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Untreated wastewater releases were driven by collection-system capacity, inflow/infiltration and force-main constraints, so infrastructure and water-quality effects are both material.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Wilton Manors sanitary sewer overflow consent judgment and capacity work: Untreated wastewater reached surface waters, but current Middle River tests meet standards (1); overflows represent sanitation reliability impacts (1); local scale (1); cited 2022-24 events are past and major required improvements are complete (1); a consent final judgment and further work through 2029 are significant (2).","service":"Wilton Manors sanitary sewer overflow consent judgment and capacity work: Untreated wastewater reached surface waters, but current Middle River tests meet standards (1); overflows represent sanitation reliability impacts (1); local scale (1); cited 2022-24 events are past and major required improvements are complete (1); a consent final judgment and further work through 2029 are significant (2).","scale":"Wilton Manors sanitary sewer overflow consent judgment and capacity work: Untreated wastewater reached surface waters, but current Middle River tests meet standards (1); overflows represent sanitation reliability impacts (1); local scale (1); cited 2022-24 events are past and major required improvements are complete (1); a consent final judgment and further work through 2029 are significant (2).","duration":"Wilton Manors sanitary sewer overflow consent judgment and capacity work: Untreated wastewater reached surface waters, but current Middle River tests meet standards (1); overflows represent sanitation reliability impacts (1); local scale (1); cited 2022-24 events are past and major required improvements are complete (1); a consent final judgment and further work through 2029 are significant (2).","significance":"Wilton Manors sanitary sewer overflow consent judgment and capacity work: Untreated wastewater reached surface waters, but current Middle River tests meet standards (1); overflows represent sanitation reliability impacts (1); local scale (1); cited 2022-24 events are past and major required improvements are complete (1); a consent final judgment and further work through 2029 are significant (2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: new force main diameter: 24 inches"},"measures":[{"value":24,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-03-31","source_refs":[1],"name":"new force main diameter"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Baseline observation.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: routine risk should decline if the post-judgment capacity and response actions are completed, while extreme-rain and regional-capacity risk remains.","horizon":"Through 2029","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Required work remains funded","Regional system accepts peak flows"],"reversal_factors":["Extreme rainfall","Regional capacity constraints","New force-main failure"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Wilton Manors","role":"Collection-system operator and judgment implementer"},{"name":"Florida DEP","role":"Regulator and plaintiff"},{"name":"Regional receiving wastewater system","role":"Downstream capacity interface"}],"public_contact":"City of Wilton Manors","corrective_actions":["Completed I/I plan and pipe lining","Constructed 24-inch force main","Update emergency response plan","Engineering capacity evaluation and additional improvements through 2029"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Wilton Manors FDEP Consent Order timeline and FAQ","publisher":"wiltonmanors.gov","date":"2026-03-31","url":"https://wiltonmanors.gov/992/FDEP-Consent-Order","basis":"Official municipal judgment, corrective-action and finance summary"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Florida baseline record in Batch 12."}],"first_seen":"2023-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-03-31","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Spill volumes and affected population","Future improvement cost","Named utility contact not located"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[{"metric":"operating_expense","value":1000,"currency":"USD","unit":"cost","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-03-31","scope":{"geography":"Consent Final Judgment"},"source_refs":[1],"basis":{"definition":""}}],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-GA-ALAPAHA-PLANTATION-DBP-MCL","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Alapaha Plantation recurring disinfection-byproduct violations","description":"Georgia's 2025 public-water-system appendix lists repeated TTHM and HAA5 MCL violations for the Lowndes County Alapaha Plantation subdivision system. A January 2025 Georgia EPD consent order reported by the local watershed organization addresses the longstanding compliance problem.","location":{"name":"Lowndes County - Alapaha Plantation Subdivision","type":"Public water system","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Lowndes County, Georgia","counties":["Lowndes"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"GA1850274"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The primary documented issue is repeated regulated disinfection-byproduct exceedances in finished drinking water.","secondary_drivers":["repeated failures or underinvestment"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Repeated health-based TTHM and HAA5 MCL violations are documented.","service":"No use restriction or service outage was located.","scale":"A residential subdivision community system is affected; population was not verified.","duration":"The 2025 appendix contains numerous repeated quarterly violations and the consent-order reporting describes a long compliance history.","significance":"A state consent order and repeated MCL violations are reported."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"An affected-population count was not verified in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Georgia's 2025 public-water-system appendix lists repeated TTHM and HAA5 MCL violations for the Lowndes County Alapaha Plantation subdivision system. A January 2025 Georgia EPD consent order reported by the local watershed organization addresses the longstanding compliance problem."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["repeated failures or underinvestment"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"No reliable forward projection is available without consent-order milestones and current sample values.","projection":{"statement":"No reliable forward projection is available without consent-order milestones and current sample values.","horizon":"through 2025","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["verified sustained return to compliance"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Lowndes County","role":"system owner/operator"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"drinking-water regulator and consent-order issuer"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Compliance subject to a 2025 Georgia EPD consent order; specific milestones require direct order review"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Calendar Year 2025 Georgia PWS Violations Appendix A","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://epd.georgia.gov/document/document/2024-georgia-epd-pws-violations-appendix-annual-compliance-reportpdf/download","basis":"state","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"GA-EPD Consent Order on Lowndes County for the Alapaha Plantation Subdivision Water System","publisher":"WWALS Watershed Coalition","date":"2025-04-23","url":"https://wwals.net/2025/04/23/ga-epd-consent-order-on-lowndes-county-for-the-alapaha-plantation-subdivision-water-system-2025-01-06/","basis":"other"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-01-06","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["violation_concentrations","population_affected","consent_order_terms","current_compliance_status","rates_and_bills"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-ATLANTA-AIRPORT-SULLIVAN-CREEK-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Atlanta airport Sullivan Creek major sewage spill","description":"EPD classified an approximately 33,000-gallon untreated-sewage release from an airport lift station as a major spill. Most reached Sullivan Creek; dead fish were observed but had not been attributed to the spill by EPD.","location":{"name":"Hartsfield-Jackson airport and Sullivan Creek","type":"Airport wastewater system and creek","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Atlanta metropolitan area","counties":["Fulton","Clayton"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A lift-station failure released untreated sewage to Sullivan Creek.","secondary_drivers":["Financial data were not reported."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Reported: approximately 33,000 gallons untreated sewage; EPD major-spill classification.","service":"Reported: approximately 33,000 gallons untreated sewage; EPD major-spill classification.","scale":"Reported: approximately 33,000 gallons untreated sewage; EPD major-spill classification.","duration":"Reported: approximately 33,000 gallons untreated sewage; EPD major-spill classification.","significance":"Reported: approximately 33,000 gallons untreated sewage; EPD major-spill classification."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported; downstream systems in five jurisdictions were notified."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: approximately 33,000 gallons untreated sewage; EPD major-spill classification."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Financial data were not reported."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The incident was recent and monitoring remained active.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"12 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["Completed repair","New spills","Enforcement action"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Atlanta","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division.","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Downstream monitoring, public no-contact warnings, and notification of downstream systems."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Major sewage spill at Atlanta airport reached Sullivan Creek","publisher":"Georgia Public Broadcasting","date":"2026-09-18","url":"https://www.gpb.org/news/2026/09/18/we-just-want-the-problem-fixed-after-atlanta-airports-major-spill-of-sewage","basis":"Public-service reporting quoting Georgia EPD"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New Georgia baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2026-09-18","latest_seen":"2026-09-18","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Repair details","Population affected","Cleanup cost","Final ecological impact"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-ATLANTA-DRINKING-WATER-MAIN-BREAKS-RENEWAL","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Atlanta aging drinking-water distribution system and 2024 main-break emergency","description":"The mayor declared an emergency; the Midtown disruption lasted five days; the response distributed more than 192,000 bottles and served more than 15,000 residents. The city reported 960 main breaks from January 2022 through July 2024 and identified a valve dating to the 1920s at one failure site.","location":{"name":"City of Atlanta Department of Watershed Management","type":"Utility Service Area","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Atlanta, Georgia","counties":["Fulton","DeKalb"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"GA1210001"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Recurrent failures of aging pipes and valves caused a multi-day loss of pressure and service, while the city continues systemwide asset renewal.","secondary_drivers":["recurrent asset failures","large continuing capital exposure"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The mayor declared an emergency; the Midtown disruption lasted five days; the response distributed more than 192,000 bottles and served more than 15,000 residents. The city reported 960 main breaks from January 2022 through July 2024 and identified a valve dating to the 1920s at one failure site.","service":"The mayor declared an emergency; the Midtown disruption lasted five days; the response distributed more than 192,000 bottles and served more than 15,000 residents. The city reported 960 main breaks from January 2022 through July 2024 and identified a valve dating to the 1920s at one failure site.","scale":"The mayor declared an emergency; the Midtown disruption lasted five days; the response distributed more than 192,000 bottles and served more than 15,000 residents. The city reported 960 main breaks from January 2022 through July 2024 and identified a valve dating to the 1920s at one failure site.","duration":"The mayor declared an emergency; the Midtown disruption lasted five days; the response distributed more than 192,000 bottles and served more than 15,000 residents. The city reported 960 main breaks from January 2022 through July 2024 and identified a valve dating to the 1920s at one failure site.","significance":"The mayor declared an emergency; the Midtown disruption lasted five days; the response distributed more than 192,000 bottles and served more than 15,000 residents. The city reported 960 main breaks from January 2022 through July 2024 and identified a valve dating to the 1920s at one failure site."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1089893,"status":"Reported","note":"EPA population served for PWSID GA1210001; the number affected by the 2024 outage was not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"The mayor declared an emergency; the Midtown disruption lasted five days; the response distributed more than 192,000 bottles and served more than 15,000 residents. The city reported 960 main breaks from January 2022 through July 2024 and identified a valve dating to the 1920s at one failure site."},"measures":[{"value":960,"unit":"breaks","status":"Reported","period_start":"2022-01-01","period_end":"2024-07-09","source_refs":[1],"name":"water_main_breaks"},{"value":5,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","period_start":"2024-05-31","period_end":"2024-06-06","source_refs":[1],"name":"service_disruption_duration"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["recurrent asset failures","large continuing capital exposure"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First bounded Georgia baseline pass; comparable history is limited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Atlanta Department of Watershed Management","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Finance Authority","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Atlanta 311 or 404-546-0311","corrective_actions":["Repairs were completed in June 2024; the Atlanta Drinking Water Renewal and Replacement program is assessing and replacing pipes, valves, controls and treatment assets and revising the capital plan."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Atlanta aging drinking-water distribution system and 2024 main-break emergency","publisher":"Official source","date":"2024-06-02","url":"https://citycouncil.atlantaga.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/14912/638531131098570000","basis":"Authoritative or official record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Atlanta aging drinking-water distribution system and 2024 main-break emergency","publisher":"Official source","date":"2024-07-09","url":"https://citycouncil.atlantaga.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/15175/638561187034800000","basis":"Authoritative or official record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Atlanta aging drinking-water distribution system and 2024 main-break emergency","publisher":"Official source","date":"2024-10-28","url":"https://citycouncil.atlantaga.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/16049/638657911146000000","basis":"Authoritative or official record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Atlanta aging drinking-water distribution system and 2024 main-break emergency","publisher":"Official source","date":"2025-11-13","url":"https://gefa.georgia.gov/press-releases/2025-11-13/georgia-communities-receive-infrastructure-loans-totaling-1181-million","basis":"Authoritative or official record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2024-06-02","latest_seen":"2025-11-13","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable household bill","Debt and liquidity measures","Affordability burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":295600000,"currency":"USD","unit":"total","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-06-30","scope":{"project":"Atlanta Department of Watershed Management committed projects","geography":"Georgia"},"basis":{"accounting":"accrual financial statement commitment disclosure"},"funding_stage":"estimated","source_refs":[1]},{"metric":"secured_funding","value":10000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"loan","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-11-13","scope":{"project":"Chattahoochee Water Treatment Plant equipment upgrades","geography":"Georgia"},"basis":{"accounting":"3.39 percent interest, 20-year term"},"funding_stage":"secured","source_refs":[1]},{"metric":"secured_funding","value":13077750,"currency":"USD","unit":"loan","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-11-13","scope":{"project":"Chattahoochee Water Treatment Plant discharge piping","geography":"Georgia"},"basis":{"accounting":"3.49 percent interest, 20-year term"},"funding_stage":"secured","source_refs":[1]}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-GA-ATLANTA-RM-CLAYTON-WASTEWATER-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Atlanta R.M. Clayton and city wastewater-system failures","description":"EPD documented 106 raw-sewage spills, 28 plant outfall spills, an unpermitted partially treated discharge, and numerous effluent and load exceedances. R.M. Clayton later returned to permit compliance and the 2024 lawsuit settled in February 2026.","location":{"name":"City of Atlanta wastewater system","type":"Municipal wastewater system","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Fulton County and downstream Chattahoochee River","counties":["Fulton"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Treatment-equipment and operational failures produced sewage spills and pollutant exceedances.","secondary_drivers":["Two substantial penalties and millions of dollars in repairs were reported, but rates, debt, reserves, and affordability were not verified."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Reported: 106 raw-sewage spills; 28 plant outfall spills; $163,056.81 and $290,817.33 penalties.","service":"Reported: 106 raw-sewage spills; 28 plant outfall spills; $163,056.81 and $290,817.33 penalties.","scale":"Reported: 106 raw-sewage spills; 28 plant outfall spills; $163,056.81 and $290,817.33 penalties.","duration":"Reported: 106 raw-sewage spills; 28 plant outfall spills; $163,056.81 and $290,817.33 penalties.","significance":"Reported: 106 raw-sewage spills; 28 plant outfall spills; $163,056.81 and $290,817.33 penalties."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported; a 60-mile downstream recreation caution was issued during the failure."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 106 raw-sewage spills; 28 plant outfall spills; $163,056.81 and $290,817.33 penalties."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Two substantial penalties and millions of dollars in repairs were reported, but rates, debt, reserves, and affordability were not verified."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"R.M. Clayton was reported in compliance in February 2026, with no elevated E. coli detected at the outfall since September 2024.","projection":{"statement":"Compliance is likely to remain improved if repairs and monitoring continue.","horizon":"12 months","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Operations and maintenance improvements continue"],"reversal_factors":["New permit exceedances","Equipment failure","New spills"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Atlanta Department of Watershed Management","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Equipment repairs, operating procedures, nutrient and chlorine evaluations, solids inventory, upset-response procedures, pilot study, and quarterly reporting."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Enforcement Order EPD-WP-9522","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2024-05-27","url":"https://enfo.gaepd.org/Details/74821","basis":"Executed state enforcement order"},{"ref":2,"title":"Enforcement Order EPD-WP-9597","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2025-05-27","url":"https://enfo.gaepd.org/Details/75097","basis":"Executed state enforcement order"},{"ref":3,"title":"Atlanta and Chattahoochee Riverkeeper settle lawsuit over wastewater pollution","publisher":"Chattahoochee Riverkeeper","date":"2026-02-04","url":"https://chattahoochee.org/blog/atlanta-and-chattahoochee-riverkeeper-settle-lawsuit-over-wastewater-pollution/","basis":"Settlement and monitoring status"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":8,"note":"Historical severity retained; current status improved."}],"first_seen":"2024-05-21","latest_seen":"2026-02-04","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected population","Complete repair cost","Rate impact","Post-settlement compliance reports"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-ATTAPULGUS-ARSENIC-MCL","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Attapulgus arsenic MCL violations","description":"Georgia's 2025 public-water-system appendix lists two arsenic MCL-average violations for the Attapulgus community groundwater system. Current concentration, affected population, and return-to-compliance status were not available in the reviewed appendix.","location":{"name":"Attapulgus","type":"Public water system","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Attapulgus, Decatur County, Georgia","counties":["Decatur"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"GA0870000"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented problem is arsenic in groundwater above the drinking-water MCL.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Arsenic is a health-based contaminant and MCL violations were recorded.","service":"No service interruption or restriction was found.","scale":"A municipal community system is affected; population was not verified.","duration":"Two violation entries are reported in 2025.","significance":"State MCL violations constitute formal regulatory significance."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"An affected-population count was not verified in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Georgia's 2025 public-water-system appendix lists two arsenic MCL-average violations for the Attapulgus community groundwater system. Current concentration, affected population, and return-to-compliance status were not available in the reviewed appendix."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":null,"projection":{"statement":null,"horizon":null,"confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["return-to-compliance record"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Attapulgus","role":"system owner/operator"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"drinking-water regulator"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":[],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Calendar Year 2025 Georgia PWS Violations Appendix A","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://epd.georgia.gov/document/document/2024-georgia-epd-pws-violations-appendix-annual-compliance-reportpdf/download","basis":"state","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["concentration","population_affected","current_compliance_status","corrective_actions","financial_evidence"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-AUGUSTA-HELENE-WATER-OUTAGE-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Hurricane Helene countywide Augusta water-service disruption","description":"Augusta announced a 24-to-48-hour outage expected to affect all of Augusta-Richmond County and established temporary water distribution; a countywide boil advisory remained until October 4, 2024.","location":{"name":"Augusta Utilities Department","type":"Consolidated City-County Utility Service Area","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Augusta, Georgia","counties":["Richmond"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"GA2450000"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Hurricane debris blocked pumping and storm damage broke water lines, directly disrupting the physical supply and distribution system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Augusta announced a 24-to-48-hour outage expected to affect all of Augusta-Richmond County and established temporary water distribution; a countywide boil advisory remained until October 4, 2024.","service":"Augusta announced a 24-to-48-hour outage expected to affect all of Augusta-Richmond County and established temporary water distribution; a countywide boil advisory remained until October 4, 2024.","scale":"Augusta announced a 24-to-48-hour outage expected to affect all of Augusta-Richmond County and established temporary water distribution; a countywide boil advisory remained until October 4, 2024.","duration":"Augusta announced a 24-to-48-hour outage expected to affect all of Augusta-Richmond County and established temporary water distribution; a countywide boil advisory remained until October 4, 2024.","significance":"Augusta announced a 24-to-48-hour outage expected to affect all of Augusta-Richmond County and established temporary water distribution; a countywide boil advisory remained until October 4, 2024."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"official sources described all customers in Augusta-Richmond County"},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Augusta announced a 24-to-48-hour outage expected to affect all of Augusta-Richmond County and established temporary water distribution; a countywide boil advisory remained until October 4, 2024."},"measures":[{"range_low":24,"range_high":48,"unit":"hours","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-09-29","source_refs":[1],"name":"anticipated_outage_duration"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First bounded Georgia baseline pass; comparable history is limited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Augusta Utilities Department","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Augusta-Richmond County","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Augusta 311; Utilities main office 706-312-4154","corrective_actions":["Pumping and distribution service were restored, water quality testing met standards, and the boil advisory was lifted October 4, 2024."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Hurricane Helene countywide Augusta water-service disruption","publisher":"Official source","date":"2024-09-29","url":"https://home.army.mil/eisenhower/9317/2807/5252/News-Release-Water-Infrastructure.pdf_safe.pdf","basis":"Authoritative or official record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Hurricane Helene countywide Augusta water-service disruption","publisher":"Official source","date":"2024-10-04","url":"https://www.augustaga.gov/3237/Hurricane-Helene-Water-Boil-Information","basis":"Authoritative or official record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Hurricane Helene countywide Augusta water-service disruption","publisher":"Official source","date":"2025-11-13","url":"https://gefa.georgia.gov/press-releases/2025-11-13/georgia-communities-receive-infrastructure-loans-totaling-1181-million","basis":"Authoritative or official record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2024-09-29","latest_seen":"2025-11-13","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable household bill","Debt and liquidity measures","Affordability burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":35935500,"currency":"USD","unit":"loan","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-11-13","scope":{"project":"AMI and meter replacement for leak reduction and billing accuracy","geography":"Georgia"},"basis":{"accounting":"2.39 percent interest, 20-year term; not explicitly tied to Helene"},"funding_stage":"secured","source_refs":[1]}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-GA-AUGUSTA-JB-MESSERLY-SPILLS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Augusta J.B. Messerly WPCP recurring spills and bypasses","description":"Georgia EPD documented 179 raw-sewage spills to state waters, including 84 unreported spills, 20 effluent-limit exceedances, one major-spill sampling failure, and 27 failures to report bypasses.","location":{"name":"Augusta Utilities and J.B. Messerly WPCP","type":"Municipal wastewater system","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Richmond County, Georgia","counties":["Richmond"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Recurring collection and treatment failures caused raw-sewage discharges, bypasses, and effluent exceedances.","secondary_drivers":["A $170,544.07 penalty and extensive corrective requirements are documented; rates, reserves, debt, liquidity, and affordability were not reported."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Reported: 179 raw-sewage spills, 84 unreported; 20 effluent exceedances; 27 bypass-reporting failures; $170,544.07 penalty.","service":"Reported: 179 raw-sewage spills, 84 unreported; 20 effluent exceedances; 27 bypass-reporting failures; $170,544.07 penalty.","scale":"Reported: 179 raw-sewage spills, 84 unreported; 20 effluent exceedances; 27 bypass-reporting failures; $170,544.07 penalty.","duration":"Reported: 179 raw-sewage spills, 84 unreported; 20 effluent exceedances; 27 bypass-reporting failures; $170,544.07 penalty.","significance":"Reported: 179 raw-sewage spills, 84 unreported; 20 effluent exceedances; 27 bypass-reporting failures; $170,544.07 penalty."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 179 raw-sewage spills, 84 unreported; 20 effluent exceedances; 27 bypass-reporting failures; $170,544.07 penalty."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["A $170,544.07 penalty and extensive corrective requirements are documented; rates, reserves, debt, liquidity, and affordability were not reported."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"A three-year corrective schedule is in force; comparable post-order compliance data were not verified.","projection":{"statement":"Bypasses are required to be eliminated within three years of the order, but outcome confidence is low without progress reports.","horizon":"3 years","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Required projects are funded and implemented"],"reversal_factors":["Missed milestones","New spills","Verified project completion"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Augusta Utilities","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division.","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Spill and bypass procedures, an O&M plan, an infiltration/inflow corrective plan, quarterly reporting, short-term work, and elimination of bypasses within three years."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Enforcement Order EPD-WP-9689","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2026-06-04","url":"https://enfo.gaepd.org/Details/75307","basis":"Executed state enforcement order"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New Georgia baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2026-06-04","latest_seen":"2026-06-04","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Spill volumes","Population affected","Capital requirement","Rates and affordability"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-BAINBRIDGE-PRIVATE-WELL-NO-BACKUP-AREA","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Bainbridge-area private-well users lack backup supply or emergency interconnection","description":"Bainbridge-area private-well users lack backup supply or emergency interconnection","location":{"name":"Bainbridge","type":"Water-Main Extension Area","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Bainbridge, Georgia","counties":["Decatur"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["groundwater","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The affected area relies exclusively on private wells without backup wells or an emergency connection to another system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","service":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","scale":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","duration":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","significance":"Evidence summarized in cited official records."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"state source did not quantify residents or businesses"},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"No single quantitative measure reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First bounded Georgia baseline pass; comparable history is limited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Bainbridge","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Finance Authority","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Extend municipal water main to the private-well-dependent area."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Bainbridge-area private-well users lack backup supply or emergency interconnection","publisher":"Official source","date":"2024-01-29","url":"https://gefa.georgia.gov/press-releases/2024-01-29/georgia-communities-receive-infrastructure-loans-totaling-431-million","basis":"Authoritative or official record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-29","latest_seen":"2024-01-29","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable household bill","Debt and liquidity measures","Affordability burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":2000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"loan","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-01-29","scope":{"project":"water-main extension","geography":"Georgia"},"basis":{"accounting":"2.32 percent interest, 20-year term; reduced under PlanFirst and affordability criteria"},"funding_stage":"secured","source_refs":[1]}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-GA-BALDWIN-WPCP-VIOLATIONS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Baldwin WPCP permit exceedances and spills","description":"EPD documented permit exceedances and spills at Baldwin WPCP; quantities and receiving waters were not reported on the indexed order page.","location":{"name":"Baldwin WPCP","type":"Municipal wastewater plant","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Habersham County, Georgia","counties":["Habersham"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"The order documents both treatment-limit exceedances and spills.","secondary_drivers":["A $35,864 penalty is documented; other financial metrics were not reported."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Reported: permit exceedances and spills; $35,864 penalty.","service":"Reported: permit exceedances and spills; $35,864 penalty.","scale":"Reported: permit exceedances and spills; $35,864 penalty.","duration":"Reported: permit exceedances and spills; $35,864 penalty.","significance":"Reported: permit exceedances and spills; $35,864 penalty."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: permit exceedances and spills; $35,864 penalty."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["A $35,864 penalty is documented; other financial metrics were not reported."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Corrective completion was not verified.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"12 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["CAP completion","New violations"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Baldwin","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division.","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Prepare a corrective-action plan, comply with the Act, and address the penalty."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Enforcement Order EPD-WP-9713","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2025-12-09","url":"https://enfo.gaepd.org/Details/75341","basis":"Executed state enforcement order"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New Georgia baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2025-11-26","latest_seen":"2025-12-09","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Spill count and volume","Pollutants","Receiving waters","Population affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-BRASELTON-GROWTH-SUPPLY-EXPANSION","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Braselton growth-driven water-supply expansion","description":"Braselton growth-driven water-supply expansion","location":{"name":"Braselton","type":"Municipal Water System","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Braselton, Georgia","counties":["Barrow","Gwinnett","Hall","Jackson"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Anticipated commercial and residential growth requires new source wells, storage, pumps and distribution capacity.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","service":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","scale":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","duration":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","significance":"Evidence summarized in cited official records."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"No single quantitative measure reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First bounded Georgia baseline pass; comparable history is limited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Braselton","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Finance Authority","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Construct a storage tank, develop two groundwater wells, and install high-service pumps and water main."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Braselton growth-driven water-supply expansion","publisher":"Official source","date":"2025-08-26","url":"https://gefa.georgia.gov/press-releases/2025-08-26/georgia-communities-receive-infrastructure-loans-totaling-223-million","basis":"Authoritative or official record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2025-08-26","latest_seen":"2025-08-26","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable household bill","Debt and liquidity measures","Affordability burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":6963900,"currency":"USD","unit":"loan","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-08-26","scope":{"project":"storage tank, two groundwater wells, pumps and main","geography":"Georgia"},"basis":{"accounting":"2.49 percent interest, 20-year term; up to 696,390 dollars principal forgiveness"},"funding_stage":"secured","source_refs":[1]}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-GA-BUENA-VISTA-COMBINED-RADIUM-MCL","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Buena Vista combined-radium violations","description":"Georgia's 2025 public-water-system appendix lists repeated combined-radium MCL violations for Buena Vista's community groundwater system. The appendix does not provide sample concentrations or a verified return-to-compliance date.","location":{"name":"Buena Vista","type":"Public water system","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Buena Vista, Marion County, Georgia","counties":["Marion"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"GA1970000"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Naturally occurring combined radium in groundwater exceeded the drinking-water MCL.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Combined-radium MCL exceedances are a long-term health concern.","service":"No use restriction was found.","scale":"A municipal community system is affected; population was not verified.","duration":"Multiple repeated annual violation entries are listed.","significance":"Repeated health-based MCL violations are recorded."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"An affected-population count was not verified in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Georgia's 2025 public-water-system appendix lists repeated combined-radium MCL violations for Buena Vista's community groundwater system. The appendix does not provide sample concentrations or a verified return-to-compliance date."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":null,"projection":{"statement":null,"horizon":null,"confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["return-to-compliance record"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Buena Vista","role":"system owner/operator"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"drinking-water regulator"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":[],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Calendar Year 2025 Georgia PWS Violations Appendix A","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://epd.georgia.gov/document/document/2024-georgia-epd-pws-violations-appendix-annual-compliance-reportpdf/download","basis":"state","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Radium and Uranium in Public Drinking Water Systems","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":null,"url":"https://epd.georgia.gov/radium-and-uranium-public-drinking-water-systems","basis":"state","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["concentration","population_affected","current_compliance_status","corrective_actions","financial_evidence"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-CALHOUN-PFAS-DRINKING-WATER","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Calhoun PFAS treatment and private-well response","description":"Calhoun Utilities is treating PFAS in its public drinking-water supply with temporary granular activated carbon while evaluating permanent treatment. A 2024 settlement also requires treatment upgrades, private-well investigation, and relief for qualifying well owners; sampling was underway in 2026.","location":{"name":"Calhoun Utilities","type":"Public water system","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Calhoun and Gordon County, Georgia","counties":["Gordon"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"GA1290000"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["surface-water","groundwater","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"PFAS contamination of source water and drinking-water wells requires both contaminant control and substantial treatment-plant upgrades.","secondary_drivers":["unfunded mandate or rising treatment costs","dependence on grants or litigation"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"PFAS is persistent and has been detected in the public supply and private wells; official and court-linked actions are directed at reducing exposure.","service":"The municipal supply remains operating, but temporary treatment and an alternative potable-water tap were provided.","scale":"The issue affects Calhoun's public system and private wells in Gordon County; an authoritative affected-population count was not located.","duration":"PFAS is persistent, and temporary treatment, permanent-treatment planning, and well sampling continued from 2024 into 2026.","significance":"A federal-court settlement requires upgrades and well remedies, and GEFA awarded a $7 million treatment grant."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"An affected-population count was not verified in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Calhoun Utilities is treating PFAS in its public drinking-water supply with temporary granular activated carbon while evaluating permanent treatment. A 2024 settlement also requires treatment upgrades, private-well investigation, and relief for qualifying well owners; sampling was underway in 2026."},"measures":[{"value":7000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-08-16","scope":"Calhoun PFAS pilot testing and drinking-water plant upgrades","basis":"GEFA EC-DW grant award","source_refs":[3],"name":"grant_award","note":"Awarded, not necessarily spent."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["unfunded mandate or rising treatment costs","dependence on grants or litigation"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Analytical projection: PFAS exposure in finished water is likely to decline if temporary GAC performance is maintained and permanent upgrades proceed.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: PFAS exposure in finished water is likely to decline if temporary GAC performance is maintained and permanent upgrades proceed.","horizon":"through 2029","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["GAC replacement remains timely","permanent project remains funded"],"reversal_factors":["high-flow breakthrough","media exhaustion","project delay"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Calhoun Utilities","role":"system owner, treatment operator, and corrective-action implementer"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"drinking-water regulator"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Finance Authority","role":"grant administrator"}],"public_contact":"Calhoun Utilities Customer Service, 706-629-2758","corrective_actions":["Installed temporary granular activated carbon at Brittany Drive WTP","Added GAC to Mauldin Road filters and planned remaining filter conversions","Conducting permanent-treatment pilot study","Sampling private wells and offering municipal connection or whole-home filtration to qualifying residents"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Information Regarding PFAS for Calhoun Utilities","publisher":"City of Calhoun","date":"2024-12-29","url":"https://www.cityofcalhoun-ga.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/PFAS-Website-Update-12.29.24.pdf","basis":"utility"},{"ref":2,"title":"Information Regarding PFAS for Calhoun Utilities","publisher":"City of Calhoun","date":"2026-01-01","url":"https://www.cityofcalhoun-ga.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/January-2026-Website-Update.pdf","basis":"utility"},{"ref":3,"title":"Five Georgia communities awarded $30.5 million grant funding for PFAS and emerging contaminant projects","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Finance Authority","date":"2024-08-16","url":"https://gefa.georgia.gov/press-releases/2024-08-16/five-georgia-communities-awarded-305-million-grant-funding-pfas-and","basis":"state"},{"ref":4,"title":"Clean up of harmful PFAS pollution promised in northwest Georgia","publisher":"Southern Environmental Law Center","date":"2024-08-08","url":"https://www.selc.org/press-release/clean-up-of-harmful-pfas-pollution-promised-in-northwest-georgia/","basis":"other"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2024-08-08","latest_seen":"2026-01-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["population_affected","complete_finished_water_concentration_series","total_capital_requirement","funding_gap","rates_and_bills"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"capital_need","value":7000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-08-16","scope":{"project":"Calhoun PFAS pilot testing and drinking-water plant upgrades","geography":"Georgia"},"basis":{"accounting":"GEFA EC-DW grant award"},"source_refs":[1],"method":null,"notes":"Awarded, not necessarily spent.","funding_stage":"estimated"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-GA-CANTON-WPCP-EFFLUENT-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Canton WPCP effluent-limit violations","description":"EPD documented wastewater effluent permit-limit violations; details were not reported on the indexed order page.","location":{"name":"Canton WPCP","type":"Municipal wastewater plant","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Cherokee County, Georgia","counties":["Cherokee"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The order identifies permit-limit exceedances without a documented infrastructure cause.","secondary_drivers":["A $33,931 penalty is documented; other financial metrics were not reported."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Reported: effluent violations and $33,931 penalty.","service":"Reported: effluent violations and $33,931 penalty.","scale":"Reported: effluent violations and $33,931 penalty.","duration":"Reported: effluent violations and $33,931 penalty.","significance":"Reported: effluent violations and $33,931 penalty."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: effluent violations and $33,931 penalty."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["A $33,931 penalty is documented; other financial metrics were not reported."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Post-order compliance was not verified.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"12 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["New violations","Verified compliance"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Canton","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division.","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Comply with rules and pay penalty."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Enforcement Order EPD-WP-9614","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2025-04-07","url":"https://enfo.gaepd.org/Details/75163","basis":"Executed state enforcement order"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"New Georgia baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2025-04-01","latest_seen":"2025-04-07","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutants","Exceedance count","Magnitude","Population affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-CAVE-SPRING-AGING-UNDERSIZED-MAIN","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Cave Spring aging and undersized leaking water mains","description":"Cave Spring aging and undersized leaking water mains","location":{"name":"Cave Spring","type":"Municipal Water System","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Cave Spring, Georgia","counties":["Floyd"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Aging and undersized mains are causing leakage, water loss and pressure limitations.","secondary_drivers":["water loss","affordability-qualified financing"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","service":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","scale":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","duration":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","significance":"Evidence summarized in cited official records."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"No single quantitative measure reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["water loss","affordability-qualified financing"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First bounded Georgia baseline pass; comparable history is limited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Cave Spring","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Finance Authority","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Replace mains and improve the distribution system to increase pressure and reduce losses."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Cave Spring aging and undersized leaking water mains","publisher":"Official source","date":"2024-01-29","url":"https://gefa.georgia.gov/press-releases/2024-01-29/georgia-communities-receive-infrastructure-loans-totaling-431-million","basis":"Authoritative or official record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-29","latest_seen":"2024-01-29","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable household bill","Debt and liquidity measures","Affordability burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":12000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"loan","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-01-29","scope":{"project":"distribution improvements and main replacement","geography":"Georgia"},"basis":{"accounting":"1.57 percent interest, 30-year term; up to 5.5 million dollars principal forgiveness"},"funding_stage":"secured","source_refs":[1]}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-GA-CLARKESVILLE-UNTREATED-SEWAGE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Clarkesville untreated-sewage discharges","description":"EPD documented four untreated-sewage discharges totaling 207,300 gallons to Rocky Branch Tributary, Little Creek Trail Tributary, and the Soque River.","location":{"name":"Clarkesville WPCP","type":"Municipal wastewater plant","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Habersham County, Georgia","counties":["Habersham"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Multiple untreated discharges from the municipal wastewater system reached tributaries and the Soque River.","secondary_drivers":["A $4,455 penalty is documented; other financial metrics were not reported."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Reported: four discharges totaling 207,300 gallons; $4,455 penalty.","service":"Reported: four discharges totaling 207,300 gallons; $4,455 penalty.","scale":"Reported: four discharges totaling 207,300 gallons; $4,455 penalty.","duration":"Reported: four discharges totaling 207,300 gallons; $4,455 penalty.","significance":"Reported: four discharges totaling 207,300 gallons; $4,455 penalty."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: four discharges totaling 207,300 gallons; $4,455 penalty."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["A $4,455 penalty is documented; other financial metrics were not reported."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Post-order compliance was not verified.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"12 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["New spills","Verified compliance"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Clarkesville","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division.","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Comply with rules and pay penalty; later compliance was not verified."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Enforcement Order EPD-WP-9668","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2025-10-06","url":"https://enfo.gaepd.org/Details/75317","basis":"Executed state enforcement order"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New Georgia baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2025-10-06","latest_seen":"2025-10-06","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Cause","Duration","Population affected","Corrective completion"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-COLUMBIA-COUNTY-TTHM-2024-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Columbia County recurring TTHM exceedances","description":"Columbia County Water Utility exceeded the 80 ppb total-trihalomethane MCL at rural sampling sites during 2024 and the first quarters of 2025. The 2025 water-quality report lists a maximum site LRAA of 87.2 ppb; the county increased flushing and was evaluating longer-term treatment options.","location":{"name":"Columbia County Water Utility","type":"Public water system","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Columbia County, Georgia","counties":["Columbia"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"GA0730000"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"The TTHM exceedances were attributed to water age and warm temperatures in the distribution system, linking drinking-water quality to distribution operations.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"A chronic-exposure health-based TTHM MCL was exceeded, while the county stated there was no acute risk.","service":"No outage or do-not-consume order was reported.","scale":"The county utility is a large community system, though the exceedances were localized to rural sampling sites.","duration":"Quarterly LRAA exceedances extended from 2024 into 2025.","significance":"Multiple MCL violations and distribution-system corrective actions were documented."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"An affected-population count was not verified in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Columbia County Water Utility exceeded the 80 ppb total-trihalomethane MCL at rural sampling sites during 2024 and the first quarters of 2025. The 2025 water-quality report lists a maximum site LRAA of 87.2 ppb; the county increased flushing and was evaluating longer-term treatment options."},"measures":[{"value":87.2,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","period_start":"2025-01-01","period_end":"2025-12-31","scope":"Columbia County Water Utility","basis":"2025 consumer confidence report","source_refs":[3],"name":"maximum_site_location_running_annual_average_tthm","note":"Annual detected range was 15.1-71.0 ppb; compliance is based on site LRAA."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Analytical projection: compliance should improve if lower current concentrations and expanded flushing persist, but site LRAAs can remain elevated until older quarters roll off.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: compliance should improve if lower current concentrations and expanded flushing persist, but site LRAAs can remain elevated until older quarters roll off.","horizon":"through 2026","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["flushing schedule continues"],"reversal_factors":["warm weather","high water age","treatment delay"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Columbia County Water Utility","role":"operator and corrective-action implementer"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"laboratory and drinking-water regulator"}],"public_contact":"Columbia County Water Quality, 706-863-6928","corrective_actions":["Revised and increased distribution flushing","Evaluating longer-term treatment options","Continued quarterly sampling at eight sites"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Total Trihalomethane Notification and FAQs","publisher":"Columbia County, Georgia","date":"2025-06-20","url":"https://www.columbiacountyga.gov/DocumentCenter/View/4893/THM-620-LEtter-June-2025?bidId=","basis":"local_government"},{"ref":2,"title":"Total Trihalomethane Notification and FAQs","publisher":"Columbia County, Georgia","date":"2025-03-28","url":"https://www.columbiacountyga.gov/DocumentCenter/View/4671/PN-and-FAQ-03282025?bidId=","basis":"local_government"},{"ref":3,"title":"Measured. Monitored. 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compliance is based on site LRAA.","funding_stage":"estimated"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-GA-CORNELIA-HYDRAULIC-CONSTRICTION","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Cornelia distribution-system hydraulic constriction","description":"Cornelia distribution-system hydraulic constriction","location":{"name":"Cornelia","type":"Municipal Water System","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Cornelia, Georgia","counties":["Habersham"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A hydraulic constriction in the distribution system limits necessary fire flow and creates operational and safety risks.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","service":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","scale":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","duration":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","significance":"Evidence summarized in cited official records."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"No single quantitative measure reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First bounded Georgia baseline pass; comparable history is limited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Cornelia","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Finance Authority","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Install water main to relieve the constriction and provide required fire flow."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Cornelia distribution-system hydraulic constriction","publisher":"Official source","date":"2024-08-27","url":"https://gefa.georgia.gov/press-releases/2024-08-27/georgia-communities-receive-infrastructure-loans-totaling-503-million","basis":"Authoritative or official record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2024-08-27","latest_seen":"2024-08-27","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable household bill","Debt and liquidity measures","Affordability burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":3246000,"currency":"USD","unit":"loan","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-08-27","scope":{"project":"water-main installation to relieve constriction","geography":"Georgia"},"basis":{"accounting":"2.35 percent interest, 20-year term"},"funding_stage":"secured","source_refs":[1]}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-GA-DEKALB-SEWER-CONSENT-DECREE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"DeKalb County consent-decree sewer rehabilitation","description":"DeKalb County is assessing and rehabilitating priority sewer areas through replacement, trunk upsizing, and lining to reduce sanitary-sewer overflows and comply with its consent decree.","location":{"name":"DeKalb County wastewater system","type":"County wastewater system","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"DeKalb County, Georgia","counties":["DeKalb"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Aging priority sewer assets require large-scale rehabilitation to eliminate sanitary-sewer overflows and meet a federal consent decree.","secondary_drivers":["The $541 million program has a $265 million WIFIA loan; remaining funding sources and rate impacts were not reported on the cited page."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Reported: 745,000 population served; $541 million project cost; $265 million WIFIA loan.","service":"Reported: 745,000 population served; $541 million project cost; $265 million WIFIA loan.","scale":"Reported: 745,000 population served; $541 million project cost; $265 million WIFIA loan.","duration":"Reported: 745,000 population served; $541 million project cost; $265 million WIFIA loan.","significance":"Reported: 745,000 population served; $541 million project cost; $265 million WIFIA loan."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Reported: 745,000 people served by the project."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 745,000 population served; $541 million project cost; $265 million WIFIA loan."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The $541 million program has a $265 million WIFIA loan; 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up to five million dollars principal forgiveness"},"funding_stage":"secured","source_refs":[1]},{"metric":"secured_funding","value":100000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"approved increase","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-05-12","scope":{"project":"coastal surface-water infrastructure","geography":"Georgia"},"basis":{"accounting":"do not aggregate with initial loan without amendment accounting"},"funding_stage":"secured","source_refs":[1]}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-GA-FAIRBURN-SEWAGE-SPILLS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Fairburn raw-sewage spills","description":"EPD documented three raw-sewage spills that entered state waters.","location":{"name":"Fairburn wastewater system","type":"Municipal wastewater system","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Fulton County, Georgia","counties":["Fulton"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The order documents sewage entering state waters but does not identify the infrastructure cause.","secondary_drivers":["A $9,250 penalty is documented; other financial metrics were not reported."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Reported: 3 raw-sewage spills; $9,250 penalty.","service":"Reported: 3 raw-sewage spills; $9,250 penalty.","scale":"Reported: 3 raw-sewage spills; $9,250 penalty.","duration":"Reported: 3 raw-sewage spills; $9,250 penalty.","significance":"Reported: 3 raw-sewage spills; $9,250 penalty."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 3 raw-sewage spills; $9,250 penalty."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["A $9,250 penalty is documented; other financial metrics were not reported."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Post-order compliance was not verified.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"12 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["New spills","Verified compliance"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Fairburn","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division.","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Comply with rules and pay penalty."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Enforcement Order EPD-WP-9661","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2025-08-11","url":"https://enfo.gaepd.org/Details/75228","basis":"Executed state enforcement order"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New Georgia baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2025-08-01","latest_seen":"2025-08-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Spill volumes","Causes","Receiving waters","Population affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-FLOWERY-BRANCH-EFFLUENT-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Flowery Branch WPCP effluent exceedances","description":"EPD documented permit effluent-limit exceedances; pollutants and counts were not reported on the indexed order page.","location":{"name":"Flowery Branch WPCP","type":"Municipal wastewater plant","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Hall County, Georgia","counties":["Hall"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The order identifies effluent-limit exceedances without a documented infrastructure cause.","secondary_drivers":["A $7,451 penalty is documented; other financial metrics were not reported."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Reported: permit exceedances and $7,451 penalty.","service":"Reported: permit exceedances and $7,451 penalty.","scale":"Reported: permit exceedances and $7,451 penalty.","duration":"Reported: permit exceedances and $7,451 penalty.","significance":"Reported: permit exceedances and $7,451 penalty."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: permit exceedances and $7,451 penalty."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["A $7,451 penalty is documented; other financial metrics were not reported."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Post-order compliance was not verified.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"12 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["New violations","Verified compliance"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Flowery Branch","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division.","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Comply with rules and pay penalty."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Enforcement Order EPD-WP-9649","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2025-05-12","url":"https://enfo.gaepd.org/Details/75216","basis":"Executed state enforcement order"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"New Georgia baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2025-05-02","latest_seen":"2025-05-12","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pollutants","Exceedance count","Magnitude","Population affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-FORT-GAINES-AGING-WATER-MAIN","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Fort Gaines aging and deteriorated water mains","description":"Fort Gaines aging and deteriorated water mains","location":{"name":"Fort Gaines","type":"Municipal Water System","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Fort Gaines, Georgia","counties":["Clay"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The state financing record identifies aging and deteriorated water and sewer mains requiring replacement.","secondary_drivers":["affordability-qualified financing","aging assets"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","service":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","scale":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","duration":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","significance":"Evidence summarized in cited official records."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"No single quantitative measure reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["affordability-qualified financing","aging assets"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First bounded Georgia baseline pass; 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reduced under affordability criteria"},"funding_stage":"secured","source_refs":[1]}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-GA-FORT-STEWART-WASTEWATER-SPILL-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Fort Stewart 11.12-million-gallon partially treated wastewater spill","description":"Excessive rainfall sent stormwater into the collection system, contributing to an 11.12-million-gallon partially treated wastewater spill with TSS of 66 mg/L, above Georgia's 25 mg/L spill threshold.","location":{"name":"Fort Stewart WPCP","type":"Federal installation wastewater plant","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Liberty County, Georgia","counties":["Liberty"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Stormwater inflow impaired treatment and caused a large partially treated discharge.","secondary_drivers":["Financial data were not reported."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Reported: 11.12 million gallons; TSS 66 mg/L versus 25 mg/L spill threshold.","service":"Reported: 11.12 million gallons; TSS 66 mg/L versus 25 mg/L spill threshold.","scale":"Reported: 11.12 million gallons; TSS 66 mg/L versus 25 mg/L spill threshold.","duration":"Reported: 11.12 million gallons; TSS 66 mg/L versus 25 mg/L spill threshold.","significance":"Reported: 11.12 million gallons; TSS 66 mg/L versus 25 mg/L spill threshold."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 11.12 million gallons; TSS 66 mg/L versus 25 mg/L spill threshold."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Financial data were not reported."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No recurrence or follow-up compliance record was verified.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"12 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["New spills","Verified inflow controls"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Fort Stewart Environmental","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"ESG Operations","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Liberty County Health Department.","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"ESG Operations, 912-876-8216","corrective_actions":["Regulators and the health department were notified; longer-term corrective action was not reported."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Sewage Release on August 05, 2024","publisher":"City of Hinesville","date":"2024-08-06","url":"https://cityofhinesville.org/DocumentCenter/View/5004/On-August-5th-2024-a-major-spill-of-1112-million-gallons-of-partially-treated-wastewater-occurred-at-the-Fort-Stewart-Water-Pollution-Control-","basis":"Municipal incident notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New Georgia baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2024-08-06","latest_seen":"2024-08-06","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Duration","Affected population","Ecological impact","Repair cost"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-FRANKLIN-COUNTY-CARNESVILLE-SYSTEM-REPAIR","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Carnesville water-system repair and proposed consolidation","description":"Carnesville water-system repair and proposed consolidation","location":{"name":"Carnesville","type":"Municipal Water System","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Carnesville, Georgia","counties":["Franklin"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The 1970 municipal water system was documented as needing repair; the county pursued acquisition as the delivery mechanism.","secondary_drivers":["consolidation pressure driven by asset weakness"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","service":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","scale":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","duration":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","significance":"Evidence summarized in cited official records."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"No single quantitative measure reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["consolidation pressure driven by asset weakness"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First bounded Georgia baseline pass; comparable history is limited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Franklin County","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"City of Carnesville","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Finance Authority","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Franklin County was negotiating acquisition and incorporation of the municipal system; current transaction status was not verified."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Carnesville water-system repair and proposed consolidation","publisher":"Official source","date":"2024-01-29","url":"https://gefa.georgia.gov/press-releases/2024-01-29/georgia-communities-receive-infrastructure-loans-totaling-431-million","basis":"Authoritative or official record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-29","latest_seen":"2024-01-29","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable household bill","Debt and liquidity measures","Affordability burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":2500000,"currency":"USD","unit":"loan","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-01-29","scope":{"project":"incorporation and repair of Carnesville system","geography":"Georgia"},"basis":{"accounting":"2.34 percent interest, 20-year term"},"funding_stage":"secured","source_refs":[1]}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-GA-FULTON-CAMP-CREEK-SPILLS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Fulton County wastewater spills and Camp Creek overflows","description":"EPD documented seven permit exceedances, four raw-sewage spills associated with fish kills, two major Camp Creek outfall spills, and one partially treated unpermitted overflow during February 2024-January 2025.","location":{"name":"Fulton County wastewater system","type":"County wastewater system","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Fulton County, Georgia","counties":["Fulton"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Collection spills and treatment-facility overflows caused water-quality harm.","secondary_drivers":["A $14,821 penalty is documented; other financial metrics were not reported."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Reported: 7 permit exceedances, 4 raw-sewage spills with fish kills, 2 major outfall spills, 1 partially treated overflow, and $14,821 penalty.","service":"Reported: 7 permit exceedances, 4 raw-sewage spills with fish kills, 2 major outfall spills, 1 partially treated overflow, and $14,821 penalty.","scale":"Reported: 7 permit exceedances, 4 raw-sewage spills with fish kills, 2 major outfall spills, 1 partially treated overflow, and $14,821 penalty.","duration":"Reported: 7 permit exceedances, 4 raw-sewage spills with fish kills, 2 major outfall spills, 1 partially treated overflow, and $14,821 penalty.","significance":"Reported: 7 permit exceedances, 4 raw-sewage spills with fish kills, 2 major outfall spills, 1 partially treated overflow, and $14,821 penalty."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 7 permit exceedances, 4 raw-sewage spills with fish kills, 2 major outfall spills, 1 partially treated overflow, and $14,821 penalty."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["A $14,821 penalty is documented; other financial metrics were not reported."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Post-order compliance data were not verified.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"12 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["New spills","Verified compliance"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Fulton County Water Resources","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division.","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Comply with rules and pay penalty; subsequent compliance was not verified."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Enforcement Order EPD-WP-9644","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2025-06-09","url":"https://enfo.gaepd.org/Details/75205","basis":"Executed state enforcement order"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New Georgia baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2025-06-09","latest_seen":"2025-06-09","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Spill volumes","Affected waterways","Population affected","Corrective completion status"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-GRIFFIN-FUEL-SPILL-ADVISORY-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Griffin precautionary do-not-consume advisory after fuel spill","description":"Griffin and Spalding County issued a precautionary do-not-consume advisory on January 30, 2026 after an airport fuel spill reached the Flint River. Griffin shut its Flint River intakes and Harry Simmons plant, switched to the unaffected Keller Reservoir, and lifted the advisory after Georgia EPD-cleared test results the same evening.","location":{"name":"City of Griffin Water System","type":"Drinking-water issue area","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Griffin and Spalding County, Georgia","counties":["Spalding"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A potential source-water contamination event triggered intake shutdowns, plant shutdown, flushing, alternate-source operation, and a temporary do-not-consume advisory.","secondary_drivers":["alternate source resilience"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Testing cleared the system and contamination at the intake was not confirmed.","service":"A do-not-consume advisory temporarily barred drinking, cooking, and tooth-brushing use.","scale":"The City of Griffin system and Spalding County authority customers were covered; reporting described more than 20,000 customers.","duration":"The advisory lasted roughly six hours and was lifted after testing.","significance":"The city ratified a local emergency declaration and shut a treatment plant and river intakes."}},"status":"Unknown","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"An affected-population count was not verified in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Griffin and Spalding County issued a precautionary do-not-consume advisory on January 30, 2026 after an airport fuel spill reached the Flint River. Griffin shut its Flint River intakes and Harry Simmons plant, switched to the unaffected Keller Reservoir, and lifted the advisory after Georgia EPD-cleared test results the same evening."},"measures":[{"value":6,"unit":"hours","status":"Estimated","period_start":"2026-01-30","period_end":"2026-01-30","scope":"Griffin and Spalding County advisory area","basis":"approximately 4 p.m. to shortly after 10 p.m.","source_refs":[3],"method":"10 p.m. minus 4 p.m.","name":"do_not_consume_advisory_duration","note":"Approximate duration from published timeline."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["alternate source resilience"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":null,"projection":{"statement":null,"horizon":"same day","confidence":"High","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["future upstream spills"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Griffin","role":"system operator and emergency authority"},{"name":"Spalding County Water Authority","role":"affected wholesale/customer authority"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"reviewed testing and cleared advisory lift"}],"public_contact":"City of Griffin Water and Wastewater, 770-229-6423; City of Griffin After Hours, 770-229-6406","corrective_actions":["Shut Flint River intakes","Shut Harry Simmons Water Treatment Plant","Produced water from unaffected Keller Reservoir","Flushed hydrants","Collected water samples","Lifted advisory after EPD-cleared results"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Griffin Board of Commissioners Minutes, February 10, 2026","publisher":"City of Griffin","date":"2026-02-10","url":"https://d3n9y02raazwpg.cloudfront.net/cityofgriffin/81ecb533-5818-11f0-b7f5-005056a89546-65bbe56b-c438-40ae-a5c8-c5db2c6a929c-1771621545.pdf","basis":"local_government"},{"ref":2,"title":"Water","publisher":"City of Griffin","date":null,"url":"https://www.cityofgriffin.com/utilities/water-wastewater/water","basis":"utility","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Tap water safe to drink south of Atlanta after airport fuel spill","publisher":"Atlanta Journal-Constitution","date":"2026-01-31","url":"https://www.ajc.com/business/2026/01/griffin-residents-told-not-to-drink-tap-water-after-atlanta-airport-fuel-spill/","basis":"news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Unknown","score":6,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Unknown","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-01-30","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["pwsid","laboratory_result_table","spill_volume","emergency_response_cost"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"capital_need","value":6,"unit":"hours","status":"Estimated","period_start":"2026-01-30","period_end":"2026-01-30","scope":{"project":"Griffin and Spalding County advisory area","geography":"Georgia"},"basis":{"accounting":"approximately 4 p.m. to shortly after 10 p.m."},"source_refs":[1],"method":"10 p.m. minus 4 p.m.","notes":"Approximate duration from published timeline.","funding_stage":"estimated"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-GA-GRIFFIN-WASTEWATER-VIOLATIONS-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Griffin sewage spills and treatment violations","description":"EPD documented raw-sewage spills to state waters from March through August 2024 and effluent-limit violations at the Cabin Creek and Potato Creek plants.","location":{"name":"Griffin wastewater system","type":"Municipal wastewater system","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Spalding County, Georgia","counties":["Spalding"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Raw-sewage spills and treatment-plant effluent exceedances affected state waters.","secondary_drivers":["A $23,179 penalty is documented; other financial metrics were not reported."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Reported: spills during March-August 2024, plant effluent violations, and $23,179 penalty.","service":"Reported: spills during March-August 2024, plant effluent violations, and $23,179 penalty.","scale":"Reported: spills during March-August 2024, plant effluent violations, and $23,179 penalty.","duration":"Reported: spills during March-August 2024, plant effluent violations, and $23,179 penalty.","significance":"Reported: spills during March-August 2024, plant effluent violations, and $23,179 penalty."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: spills during March-August 2024, plant effluent violations, and $23,179 penalty."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["A $23,179 penalty is documented; other financial metrics were not reported."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Post-order compliance was not verified.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"12 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["New spills","Verified compliance"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Griffin","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division.","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Comply with rules and pay penalty."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Enforcement Order EPD-WP-9583","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2025-01-13","url":"https://enfo.gaepd.org/Details/75051","basis":"Executed state enforcement order"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New Georgia baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2024-11-12","latest_seen":"2025-01-13","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Spill count and volume","Pollutants","Population affected","Current compliance"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-HAHIRA-HAA5-MCL","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hahira recurring HAA5 violations","description":"Georgia's official annual violation appendices list repeated HAA5 MCL violations for Hahira's groundwater community system in 2023 and again in 2025. The reviewed official records establish recurrence but do not provide a current concentration or verified resolution date.","location":{"name":"Hahira","type":"Public water system","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Hahira, Lowndes County, Georgia","counties":["Lowndes"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"GA1850000"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The principal documented issue is recurring haloacetic-acid concentrations above the drinking-water MCL.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Repeated health-based HAA5 MCL violations are documented.","service":"No service interruption or use restriction was verified.","scale":"A municipal community water system is affected; population was not verified.","duration":"Violations recur in official 2023 and 2025 annual records.","significance":"Repeated MCL violations have continued across multiple years."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"An affected-population count was not verified in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Georgia's official annual violation appendices list repeated HAA5 MCL violations for Hahira's groundwater community system in 2023 and again in 2025. The reviewed official records establish recurrence but do not provide a current concentration or verified resolution date."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"No forward projection is supportable without current concentrations or corrective-action milestones.","projection":{"statement":"No forward projection is supportable without current concentrations or corrective-action milestones.","horizon":"through 2025","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["verified return-to-compliance record"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Hahira","role":"system owner and operator"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"drinking-water regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Hahira, 229-794-2330","corrective_actions":[],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Georgia Annual Public Water System Compliance Report for 2023","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division via U.S. EPA","date":"2025-09-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2025-09/ga-2023pwsreport.pdf","basis":"state"},{"ref":2,"title":"Calendar Year 2025 Georgia PWS Violations Appendix A","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://epd.georgia.gov/document/document/2024-georgia-epd-pws-violations-appendix-annual-compliance-reportpdf/download","basis":"state","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"City of Hahira 2024 Annual Drinking Water Quality Report","publisher":"City of Hahira","date":"2025-01-01","url":"https://www.hahiraga.gov/files/2024_Consumer_Confidence_Report_CCR.pdf","basis":"utility"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["violation_concentrations","population_affected","current_compliance_status","corrective_actions","rates_and_bills"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-HAHIRA-SINGLE-OPERABLE-WELL","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Hahira operating on one well after well failure","description":"One well was inoperable and the city was operating solely on a single well; no outage was reported.","location":{"name":"Hahira","type":"Municipal Water System","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Hahira, Georgia","counties":["Lowndes"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Failure of one municipal well removed source redundancy and left the system dependent on a single operable well.","secondary_drivers":["single-source operational vulnerability"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"One well was inoperable and the city was operating solely on a single well; no outage was reported.","service":"One well was inoperable and the city was operating solely on a single well; no outage was reported.","scale":"One well was inoperable and the city was operating solely on a single well; no outage was reported.","duration":"One well was inoperable and the city was operating solely on a single well; no outage was reported.","significance":"One well was inoperable and the city was operating solely on a single well; no outage was reported."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"One well was inoperable and the city was operating solely on a single well; no outage was reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["single-source operational vulnerability"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First bounded Georgia baseline pass; comparable history is limited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Hahira","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Finance Authority","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Engineer and construct a new well to restore backup supply."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Hahira operating on one well after well failure","publisher":"Official source","date":"2024-05-01","url":"https://gefa.georgia.gov/press-releases/2024-05-01/georgia-communities-receive-infrastructure-loans-totaling-745-million","basis":"Authoritative or official record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2024-05-01","latest_seen":"2024-05-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable household bill","Debt and liquidity measures","Affordability burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":200000,"currency":"USD","unit":"loan","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-05-01","scope":{"project":"engineering for a new well","geography":"Georgia"},"basis":{"accounting":"2.85 percent interest, 20-year term"},"funding_stage":"secured","source_refs":[1]}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-GA-HAMPTON-BEAR-CREEK-WASTEWATER-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Hampton Bear Creek WPCP spills and permit violations","description":"EPD documented effluent-limit exceedances, raw-sewage spills, and a dry-land sanitary-sewer overflow.","location":{"name":"Hampton Bear Creek WPCP","type":"Municipal wastewater plant","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Henry County, Georgia","counties":["Henry"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Treatment exceedances and raw-sewage overflows affected the wastewater system and receiving environment.","secondary_drivers":["A $3,270 penalty is documented; other financial metrics were not reported."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Reported: effluent exceedances, raw-sewage spills, dry-land SSO, and $3,270 penalty.","service":"Reported: effluent exceedances, raw-sewage spills, dry-land SSO, and $3,270 penalty.","scale":"Reported: effluent exceedances, raw-sewage spills, dry-land SSO, and $3,270 penalty.","duration":"Reported: effluent exceedances, raw-sewage spills, dry-land SSO, and $3,270 penalty.","significance":"Reported: effluent exceedances, raw-sewage spills, dry-land SSO, and $3,270 penalty."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: effluent exceedances, raw-sewage spills, dry-land SSO, and $3,270 penalty."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["A $3,270 penalty is documented; other financial metrics were not reported."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Post-order compliance was not verified.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"12 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["New violations","Verified compliance"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Hampton","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division.","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Comply with rules and pay penalty."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Enforcement Order EPD-WP-9677","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2025-08-18","url":"https://enfo.gaepd.org/Details/75300","basis":"Executed state enforcement order"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New Georgia baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2025-08-08","latest_seen":"2025-08-18","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Spill count and volume","Pollutants","Population affected","Current compliance"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-HART-COUNTY-PRIVATE-WELL-EXTENSION","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Hart County extension to private-well and small-system users","description":"Hart County extension to private-well and small-system users","location":{"name":"Hart County Water and Sewer Authority","type":"County Water Authority Service Expansion","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Georgia","counties":["Hart"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Residents dependent on private wells and small private systems are receiving a public water-line extension to improve reliability and access.","secondary_drivers":["affordability-qualified financing","rural reliance on fragmented small systems"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","service":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","scale":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","duration":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","significance":"Evidence summarized in cited official records."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"state award did not quantify residents"},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"No single quantitative measure reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["affordability-qualified financing","rural reliance on fragmented small systems"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First bounded Georgia baseline pass; comparable history is limited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Hart County Water and Sewer Authority","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Finance Authority","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Extend authority water lines to residents currently served by private wells and small private systems."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Hart County extension to private-well and small-system users","publisher":"Official source","date":"2024-05-01","url":"https://gefa.georgia.gov/press-releases/2024-05-01/georgia-communities-receive-infrastructure-loans-totaling-745-million","basis":"Authoritative or official record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2024-05-01","latest_seen":"2024-05-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable household bill","Debt and liquidity measures","Affordability burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":4985000,"currency":"USD","unit":"loan","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-05-01","scope":{"project":"water-line extensions","geography":"Georgia"},"basis":{"accounting":"1.99 percent interest, five-year term; up to 2,492,500 dollars principal forgiveness"},"funding_stage":"secured","source_refs":[1]}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-GA-HEARD-COUNTY-WPCP-BOD-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Heard County WPCP BOD exceedance","description":"EPD documented a BOD gross-effluent permit exceedance during June 2025.","location":{"name":"Heard County Water Authority WPCP","type":"County wastewater plant","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Heard County, Georgia","counties":["Heard"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The cited issue is a biochemical-oxygen-demand effluent exceedance without a documented asset failure.","secondary_drivers":["A $383 penalty is documented; other financial metrics were not reported."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Reported: one BOD exceedance and $383 penalty.","service":"Reported: one BOD exceedance and $383 penalty.","scale":"Reported: one BOD exceedance and $383 penalty.","duration":"Reported: one BOD exceedance and $383 penalty.","significance":"Reported: one BOD exceedance and $383 penalty."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: one BOD exceedance and $383 penalty."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["A $383 penalty is documented; other financial metrics were not reported."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"A single exceedance does not support a trend.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"12 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["New exceedances","Verified compliance"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Heard County Water Authority","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division.","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Comply with rules and pay penalty."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Enforcement Order EPD-WP-9776","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2026-04-06","url":"https://enfo.gaepd.org/Details/75467","basis":"Executed state enforcement order"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":2,"note":"New Georgia baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2026-03-26","latest_seen":"2026-04-06","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Measured BOD","Receiving water","Cause","Population affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-HEPHZIBAH-WPCP-COPPER-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Hephzibah WPCP copper effluent violations","description":"EPD documented copper effluent violations and required continued operation under the previous permit requirements until issuance of a new permit.","location":{"name":"Hephzibah WPCP","type":"Municipal wastewater plant","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Richmond County, Georgia","counties":["Richmond"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The cited issue is copper effluent noncompliance without a documented asset failure.","secondary_drivers":["A $1,000 penalty is documented; other financial metrics were not reported."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Reported: copper effluent violations and $1,000 penalty.","service":"Reported: copper effluent violations and $1,000 penalty.","scale":"Reported: copper effluent violations and $1,000 penalty.","duration":"Reported: copper effluent violations and $1,000 penalty.","significance":"Reported: copper effluent violations and $1,000 penalty."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: copper effluent violations and $1,000 penalty."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["A $1,000 penalty is documented; other financial metrics were not reported."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"New-permit and post-order compliance status were not verified.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"12 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["New permit","New exceedances","Verified compliance"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Hephzibah WPCP operator","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division.","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Continue operation under prior permit requirements until a new permit is issued."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Enforcement Order EPD-WP-9599","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2025-03-10","url":"https://enfo.gaepd.org/Details/75093","basis":"Executed state enforcement order"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"New Georgia baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2025-03-04","latest_seen":"2025-03-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Copper concentrations","Violation count","Receiving water","New permit status"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-JASPER-COUNTY-STORAGE-LINE-DEFICIENCY","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Jasper County inadequate water storage and undersized mains","description":"Jasper County inadequate water storage and undersized mains","location":{"name":"Jasper County Water and Sewer Authority","type":"County Water Authority Service Area","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Georgia","counties":["Jasper"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The authority lacks adequate storage capacity and properly sized distribution mains.","secondary_drivers":["affordability-qualified financing","inadequate core assets"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","service":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","scale":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","duration":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","significance":"Evidence summarized in cited official records."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"No single quantitative measure reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["affordability-qualified financing","inadequate core assets"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First bounded Georgia baseline pass; 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relationship to earlier loan must be reconciled before aggregation"},"funding_stage":"secured","source_refs":[1]}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-GA-JONES-COUNTY-AGING-METER-WATER-LOSS","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Jones County aging meters causing water loss and inaccurate readings","description":"Jones County aging meters causing water loss and inaccurate readings","location":{"name":"Jones County aging meters causing water loss and inaccurate readings","type":"County Water System","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Georgia","counties":["Jones"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Aging metering assets are causing physical water loss and inaccurate consumption registration.","secondary_drivers":["nonrevenue-water and billing-accuracy exposure of unreported magnitude"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","service":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","scale":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","duration":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","significance":"Evidence summarized in cited official records."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"No single quantitative measure reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["nonrevenue-water and billing-accuracy exposure of unreported magnitude"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First bounded Georgia baseline pass; 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comparable history is limited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Lake Park","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Finance Authority","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Upgrade the water distribution system to restore pressure and reliable water quality."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lake Park deteriorated 1970s water distribution system","publisher":"Official source","date":"2025-08-26","url":"https://gefa.georgia.gov/press-releases/2025-08-26/georgia-communities-receive-infrastructure-loans-totaling-223-million","basis":"Authoritative or official record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2025-08-26","latest_seen":"2025-08-26","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable household bill","Debt and liquidity measures","Affordability burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":2000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"loan","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-08-26","scope":{"project":"distribution upgrades","geography":"Georgia"},"basis":{"accounting":"2.99 percent interest, 20-year term; up to 1.84 million dollars principal forgiveness"},"funding_stage":"secured","source_refs":[1]}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-GA-LAVONIA-UNDERSIZED-OUTDATED-WTP","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lavonia undersized and outdated treatment-plant components","description":"Lavonia undersized and outdated treatment-plant components","location":{"name":"Lavonia","type":"Municipal Water System","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Lavonia, Georgia","counties":["Franklin","Hart"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Undersized and outdated treatment components prevent the plant from producing its rated capacity.","secondary_drivers":["rated-capacity shortfall from outdated assets"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","service":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","scale":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","duration":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","significance":"Evidence summarized in cited official records."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"No single quantitative measure reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["rated-capacity shortfall from outdated assets"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First bounded Georgia baseline pass; comparable history is limited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Lavonia","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Finance Authority","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Upgrade treatment components to restore rated production capacity."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lavonia undersized and outdated treatment-plant components","publisher":"Official source","date":"2026-05-12","url":"https://gefa.georgia.gov/press-releases/2026-05-12/georgia-communities-receive-infrastructure-loans-totaling-747-million","basis":"Authoritative or official record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2026-05-12","latest_seen":"2026-05-12","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable household bill","Debt and liquidity measures","Affordability burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":5000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"loan","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-05-12","scope":{"project":"water-treatment upgrades","geography":"Georgia"},"basis":{"accounting":"1.93 percent interest, 20-year term; possible overlap with a 2025 five-million-dollar award must be reconciled before aggregation"},"funding_stage":"secured","source_refs":[1]}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-GA-LEE-COUNTY-FLUORIDE-MCL","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lee County fluoride MCL exceedance","description":"Lee County Utilities Authority exceeded the 4.0 mg/L fluoride MCL at Entry Point 310 in the third quarter of 2025, reporting 7.5 mg/L; the running annual average remained above the limit in the first quarter of 2026. 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The utility adjusted chemical feed and relocated the sampling point under an EPD-reviewed corrective plan."},"measures":[{"value":7.5,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","period_start":"2025-07-01","period_end":"2025-09-30","scope":"Entry Point 310","basis":"utility public notice","source_refs":[1],"name":"fluoride_running_annual_average","note":"Source text labels this as the compliance value used for the MCL violation."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Insufficient evidence for a quantitative projection; recurrence after the initial corrective step warrants continued monitoring.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient evidence for a quantitative projection; recurrence after the initial corrective step warrants continued monitoring.","horizon":"through 2026","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["sustained compliant quarterly results"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Lee County Utilities Authority","role":"system owner and corrective-action implementer"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"drinking-water regulator"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Moved the sampling point downstream from the chemical-feed injection point","Adjusted the chemical feed rate on September 19, 2025","Continued compliance monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Notice of Fluoride Violation","publisher":"Lee County, Georgia","date":"2025-10-21","url":"https://www.leecountyga.gov/public-notices/notice-of-fluoride-violation","basis":"local_government"},{"ref":2,"title":"Fluoride Media Notice","publisher":"Lee County, Georgia","date":"2026-04-14","url":"https://www.leecountyga.gov/public-notices/fluoride-media-notice","basis":"local_government"},{"ref":3,"title":"Calendar Year 2025 Georgia PWS Violations Appendix A","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://epd.georgia.gov/document/document/2024-georgia-epd-pws-violations-appendix-annual-compliance-reportpdf/download","basis":"state","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Correction run (contract 1.4.2), no change to the finding: trend.direction spelled per the contract."}],"first_seen":"2025-07-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["population_affected","rates_and_bills","corrective_action_cost","latest_post_Q1_2026_compliance_value"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"capital_need","value":7.5,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","period_start":"2025-07-01","period_end":"2025-09-30","scope":{"project":"Entry Point 310","geography":"Georgia"},"basis":{"accounting":"utility public notice"},"source_refs":[1],"method":null,"notes":"Source text labels this as the compliance value used for the MCL violation.","funding_stage":"estimated"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-GA-LOCUST-GROVE-WASTEWATER-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Locust Grove effluent exceedances and sewage overflows","description":"EPD documented 26 effluent permit-limit exceedances and two raw-sewage overflows, one of which reached state waters.","location":{"name":"Locust Grove wastewater system","type":"Municipal wastewater system","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Henry County, Georgia","counties":["Henry"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Repeated effluent exceedances and raw-sewage overflows indicate treatment and collection-system problems.","secondary_drivers":["A $5,173 penalty is documented; other financial metrics were not reported."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Reported: 26 exceedances, 2 overflows, and $5,173 penalty.","service":"Reported: 26 exceedances, 2 overflows, and $5,173 penalty.","scale":"Reported: 26 exceedances, 2 overflows, and $5,173 penalty.","duration":"Reported: 26 exceedances, 2 overflows, and $5,173 penalty.","significance":"Reported: 26 exceedances, 2 overflows, and $5,173 penalty."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 26 exceedances, 2 overflows, and $5,173 penalty."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["A $5,173 penalty is documented; other financial metrics were not reported."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Post-order compliance was not verified.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"12 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["New violations","Verified compliance"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Locust Grove","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division.","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Comply with rules and pay penalty."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Enforcement Order EPD-WP-9654","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2025-06-30","url":"https://enfo.gaepd.org/Details/75213","basis":"Executed state enforcement order"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New Georgia baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2025-06-16","latest_seen":"2025-06-30","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Overflow volumes","Pollutants","Population affected","Current compliance"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-MANCHESTER-RESERVOIR-DAM-BREACH-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Manchester drinking-water reservoir dam breach","description":"GEFA ratified emergency financing to repair the breached drinking-water reservoir dam and prevent future upstream damage; 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other financial metrics were not reported."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Reported: effluent violations, a raw-sewage spill, and $750 penalty.","service":"Reported: effluent violations, a raw-sewage spill, and $750 penalty.","scale":"Reported: effluent violations, a raw-sewage spill, and $750 penalty.","duration":"Reported: effluent violations, a raw-sewage spill, and $750 penalty.","significance":"Reported: effluent violations, a raw-sewage spill, and $750 penalty."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: effluent violations, a raw-sewage spill, and $750 penalty."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["A $750 penalty is documented; other financial metrics were not reported."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Post-order compliance was not verified.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"12 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["New violations","Verified compliance"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Newnan Utilities","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division.","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Comply with rules and pay penalty."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Enforcement Order EPD-WP-9535","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2024-06-24","url":"https://enfo.gaepd.org/Details/74844","basis":"Executed state enforcement order"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New Georgia baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2024-06-13","latest_seen":"2024-06-24","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Spill volume","Pollutants","Receiving water","Current compliance"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-PINE-MOUNTAIN-MECHANICAL-STORAGE","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Pine Mountain mechanical problems and inadequate treated-water storage","description":"Pine Mountain mechanical problems and inadequate treated-water storage","location":{"name":"Pine Mountain","type":"Municipal Water System","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Pine Mountain, Georgia","counties":["Harris","Meriwether"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Documented mechanical and operational problems and insufficient treated-water storage are physical system deficiencies.","secondary_drivers":["affordability-qualified financing","operational asset problems"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","service":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","scale":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","duration":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","significance":"Evidence summarized in cited official records."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"No single quantitative measure reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["affordability-qualified financing","operational asset problems"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First bounded Georgia baseline pass; comparable history is limited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Pine Mountain","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Finance Authority","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Construct a new water tank and prefabricated treatment building."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Pine Mountain mechanical problems and inadequate treated-water storage","publisher":"Official source","date":"2024-05-01","url":"https://gefa.georgia.gov/press-releases/2024-05-01/georgia-communities-receive-infrastructure-loans-totaling-745-million","basis":"Authoritative or official record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2024-05-01","latest_seen":"2024-05-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable household bill","Debt and liquidity measures","Affordability burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":840060,"currency":"USD","unit":"loan","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-05-01","scope":{"project":"new water tank and prefabricated treatment building","geography":"Georgia"},"basis":{"accounting":"3.22 percent interest, 30-year term; reduced under affordability criteria"},"funding_stage":"secured","source_refs":[1]}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-GA-PORTAL-WASTEWATER-REPORTING-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Portal wastewater reporting and effluent violations","description":"EPD documented late discharge-monitoring reports, missing violation notifications, and flow, BOD, and TSS exceedances during May-December 2023.","location":{"name":"Town of Portal wastewater system","type":"Municipal wastewater system","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Bulloch County, Georgia","counties":["Bulloch"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Flow, BOD, and TSS exceedances accompanied monitoring and notification failures.","secondary_drivers":["No penalty or other financial metrics were reported."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Reported: flow, BOD, and TSS exceedances plus reporting failures.","service":"Reported: flow, BOD, and TSS exceedances plus reporting failures.","scale":"Reported: flow, BOD, and TSS exceedances plus reporting failures.","duration":"Reported: flow, BOD, and TSS exceedances plus reporting failures.","significance":"Reported: flow, BOD, and TSS exceedances plus reporting failures."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: flow, BOD, and TSS exceedances plus reporting failures."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No penalty or other financial metrics were reported."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Corrective completion was not verified.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"12 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["CAP completion","New violations"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Portal","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division.","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Engineer-prepared corrective plan, progress reports, implementation, and final progress report."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Enforcement Order EPD-WP-9593","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2025-01-27","url":"https://enfo.gaepd.org/Details/75057","basis":"Executed state enforcement order"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New Georgia baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2025-01-09","latest_seen":"2025-01-27","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Measured concentrations","Discharge volume","Penalty","Population affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-RHINE-DAMAGED-DISTRIBUTION-TANK","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Rhine damaged water-distribution system and storage tank","description":"Rhine damaged water-distribution system and storage tank","location":{"name":"Rhine","type":"Municipal Water System","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Rhine, Georgia","counties":["Dodge"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The state financing record explicitly describes a damaged distribution system requiring tank and meter rehabilitation.","secondary_drivers":["high principal-forgiveness share","damaged system"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","service":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","scale":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","duration":"Evidence summarized in cited official records.","significance":"Evidence summarized in cited official records."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"No single quantitative measure reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["high principal-forgiveness share","damaged system"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First bounded Georgia baseline pass; comparable history is limited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Rhine","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Finance Authority","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Rehabilitate the elevated storage tank and water meters."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Rhine damaged water-distribution system and storage tank","publisher":"Official source","date":"2026-05-12","url":"https://gefa.georgia.gov/press-releases/2026-05-12/georgia-communities-receive-infrastructure-loans-totaling-747-million","basis":"Authoritative or official record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2026-05-12","latest_seen":"2026-05-12","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable household bill","Debt and liquidity measures","Affordability burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":1100000,"currency":"USD","unit":"loan","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-05-12","scope":{"project":"elevated-tank and meter rehabilitation","geography":"Georgia"},"basis":{"accounting":"2.53 percent interest, 20-year term; up to 902,000 dollars principal forgiveness"},"funding_stage":"secured","source_refs":[1]}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-GA-ROSE-CREEK-UNPERMITTED-DISCHARGE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Rose Creek WPCP unpermitted discharge","description":"EPD documented an unpermitted discharge; quantity, pollutant, and receiving water were not reported on the indexed order page.","location":{"name":"Rose Creek WPCP","type":"Wastewater treatment plant","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Cherokee County, Georgia","counties":["Cherokee"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The order documents an unpermitted discharge but does not identify an infrastructure cause.","secondary_drivers":["A $29,313 penalty is documented; other financial metrics were not reported."],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Reported: unpermitted discharge and $29,313 penalty.","service":"Reported: unpermitted discharge and $29,313 penalty.","scale":"Reported: unpermitted discharge and $29,313 penalty.","duration":"Reported: unpermitted discharge and $29,313 penalty.","significance":"Reported: unpermitted discharge and $29,313 penalty."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: unpermitted discharge and $29,313 penalty."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["A $29,313 penalty is documented; other financial metrics were not reported."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Post-order compliance was not verified.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"12 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["New discharge","Verified compliance"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Rose Creek WPCP operator","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division.","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Comply with rules and pay penalty."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Enforcement Order WP-9694","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2025-11-04","url":"https://enfo.gaepd.org/Details/75308","basis":"Executed state enforcement order"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"New Georgia baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2025-10-27","latest_seen":"2025-11-04","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Discharge volume","Pollutants","Receiving water","Population affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-SAVANNAH-REGIONAL-DEMAND-GROUNDWATER-TRANSITION","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Savannah regional demand growth and transition from groundwater to surface supply","description":"The city reports significantly increased demand from unprecedented industrial and residential development and says groundwater-pumping restrictions make a surface-water transition vital for regional supply.","location":{"name":"Savannah Industrial and Domestic Water System","type":"Regional Utility Service Area","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Savannah, Georgia","counties":["Bryan","Chatham","Effingham"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"GA0510004"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["groundwater","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Rapid regional demand growth and state restrictions on Floridan Aquifer pumping require expanded surface-water supply and treatment capacity.","secondary_drivers":["large capital and new-debt exposure","demand growth","regulatory supply transition"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The city reports significantly increased demand from unprecedented industrial and residential development and says groundwater-pumping restrictions make a surface-water transition vital for regional supply.","service":"The city reports significantly increased demand from unprecedented industrial and residential development and says groundwater-pumping restrictions make a surface-water transition vital for regional supply.","scale":"The city reports significantly increased demand from unprecedented industrial and residential development and says groundwater-pumping restrictions make a surface-water transition vital for regional supply.","duration":"The city reports significantly increased demand from unprecedented industrial and residential development and says groundwater-pumping restrictions make a surface-water transition vital for regional supply.","significance":"The city reports significantly increased demand from unprecedented industrial and residential development and says groundwater-pumping restrictions make a surface-water transition vital for regional supply."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"The city reports significantly increased demand from unprecedented industrial and residential development and says groundwater-pumping restrictions make a surface-water transition vital for regional supply."},"measures":[{"value":58,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-01-01","source_refs":[1],"name":"permitted_capacity"},{"value":65,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","period_end":"2029-12-31","source_refs":[1],"name":"planned_capacity"},{"value":14800000000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","period_start":"2025-01-01","period_end":"2025-12-31","source_refs":[1],"name":"annual_drinking_water_production"},{"value":97000000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-01-01","source_refs":[1],"name":"treated_water_reservoir_storage"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["large capital and new-debt exposure","demand growth","regulatory supply transition"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"First bounded Georgia baseline pass; 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During filter construction in June 2025, reverse flow loosened minerals and caused discoloration, although the city said the water remained safe.","location":{"name":"Social Circle","type":"Municipal Water System","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Social Circle, Georgia","counties":["Walton","Newton"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The city declared emergency treatment-plant repairs necessary for reliability, followed by an active program of filter and other plant upgrades.","secondary_drivers":["emergency repairs","multiple aging assets"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The city declared emergency repairs necessary to ensure reliable drinking-water supply. During filter construction in June 2025, reverse flow loosened minerals and caused discoloration, although the city said the water remained safe.","service":"The city declared emergency repairs necessary to ensure reliable drinking-water supply. During filter construction in June 2025, reverse flow loosened minerals and caused discoloration, although the city said the water remained safe.","scale":"The city declared emergency repairs necessary to ensure reliable drinking-water supply. During filter construction in June 2025, reverse flow loosened minerals and caused discoloration, although the city said the water remained safe.","duration":"The city declared emergency repairs necessary to ensure reliable drinking-water supply. During filter construction in June 2025, reverse flow loosened minerals and caused discoloration, although the city said the water remained safe.","significance":"The city declared emergency repairs necessary to ensure reliable drinking-water supply. During filter construction in June 2025, reverse flow loosened minerals and caused discoloration, although the city said the water remained safe."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"The city declared emergency repairs necessary to ensure reliable drinking-water supply. During filter construction in June 2025, reverse flow loosened minerals and caused discoloration, although the city said the water remained safe."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["emergency repairs","multiple aging assets"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"First bounded Georgia baseline pass; comparable history is limited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Social Circle","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Finance Authority","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Filter rehabilitation was listed complete by 2026; additional plant reliability work, including aging-window replacement, remains in design or implementation."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Social Circle emergency water-treatment-plant rehabilitation","publisher":"Official source","date":"2024-05-01","url":"https://gefa.georgia.gov/press-releases/2024-05-01/georgia-communities-receive-infrastructure-loans-totaling-745-million","basis":"Authoritative or official record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Social Circle emergency water-treatment-plant rehabilitation","publisher":"Official source","date":"2025-06-20","url":"https://www.socialcirclega.gov/Home/Components/News/News/154/16","basis":"Authoritative or official record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Social Circle emergency water-treatment-plant rehabilitation","publisher":"Official source","date":null,"url":"https://www.socialcirclega.gov/departments/public-works/city-project/water-and-sewer-improvement-projects","basis":"Authoritative or official record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-05-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable household bill","Debt and liquidity measures","Affordability burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":4132500,"currency":"USD","unit":"loan","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-05-01","scope":{"project":"water mains, electrical equipment and SCADA","geography":"Georgia"},"basis":{"accounting":"3.10 percent interest, 20-year term"},"funding_stage":"secured","source_refs":[1]},{"metric":"secured_funding","value":1271500,"currency":"USD","unit":"loan","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-05-01","scope":{"project":"emergency WTP rehabilitation","geography":"Georgia"},"basis":{"accounting":"3.35 percent interest, 20-year term"},"funding_stage":"secured","source_refs":[1]},{"metric":"project_estimate","value":1150000,"currency":"USD","unit":"project total","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2023-11-30","scope":{"project":"WTP filter rehabilitation","geography":"Georgia"},"basis":{"accounting":"city capital report"},"funding_stage":"estimated","source_refs":[1]}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-GA-SPARTA-TREATMENT-STORAGE-DEFICIENCY","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Sparta mechanical failures and deficient treated-water storage","description":"GEFA reported several mechanical and operational issues and storage that does not meet Georgia EPD standards; a separate fundable-list description cited frequent line breaks and boil notices.","location":{"name":"Sparta","type":"Municipal Water System","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Sparta, Georgia","counties":["Hancock"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Mechanical and operational failures and treated-water storage below state standards are physical system deficiencies.","secondary_drivers":["recurring mechanical problems","affordability-qualified financing"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"GEFA reported several mechanical and operational issues and storage that does not meet Georgia EPD standards; a separate fundable-list description cited frequent line breaks and boil notices.","service":"GEFA reported several mechanical and operational issues and storage that does not meet Georgia EPD standards; a separate fundable-list description cited frequent line breaks and boil notices.","scale":"GEFA reported several mechanical and operational issues and storage that does not meet Georgia EPD standards; a separate fundable-list description cited frequent line breaks and boil notices.","duration":"GEFA reported several mechanical and operational issues and storage that does not meet Georgia EPD standards; a separate fundable-list description cited frequent line breaks and boil notices.","significance":"GEFA reported several mechanical and operational issues and storage that does not meet Georgia EPD standards; a separate fundable-list description cited frequent line breaks and boil notices."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"GEFA reported several mechanical and operational issues and storage that does not meet Georgia EPD standards; a separate fundable-list description cited frequent line breaks and boil notices."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["recurring mechanical problems","affordability-qualified financing"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First bounded Georgia baseline pass; comparable history is limited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Sparta","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Finance Authority","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Upgrade the treatment plant and construct an elevated storage tank."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Sparta mechanical failures and deficient treated-water storage","publisher":"Official source","date":"2026-02-19","url":"https://gefa.georgia.gov/press-releases/2026-02-19/georgia-communities-receive-infrastructure-loans-totaling-393-million","basis":"Authoritative or official record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Sparta mechanical failures and deficient treated-water storage","publisher":"Official source","date":"2026-02-19","url":"https://gefa.georgia.gov/document/document/fy2025-dwsrf-fundable-list/download","basis":"Authoritative or official record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2026-02-19","latest_seen":"2026-02-19","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable household bill","Debt and liquidity measures","Affordability burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":3199500,"currency":"USD","unit":"loan","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-02-19","scope":{"project":"WTP upgrade and elevated tank","geography":"Georgia"},"basis":{"accounting":"2.89 percent interest, 20-year term; reduced under affordability criteria"},"funding_stage":"secured","source_refs":[1]}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-GA-TENNILLE-CONTAMINATED-WELLS","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Tennille contaminated wells and filtration project","description":"Georgia awarded Tennille $2.5 million to improve drinking-water wells that were out of service because of contamination and to install filtration. The authoritative grant notice does not identify the contaminant, affected population, or number of wells.","location":{"name":"City of Tennille","type":"Drinking-water issue area","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Tennille, Washington County, Georgia","counties":["Washington"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","infrastructure","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Contamination removed drinking-water wells from service and requires physical well improvements and filtration.","secondary_drivers":["dependence on grants or one time funding","service assets out of operation"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Official grant documentation states wells were out of service due to contamination, but the contaminant and exposure were not specified.","service":"Drinking-water wells were out of service.","scale":"A municipal system is affected; population was not verified.","duration":"A capital project is required to restore or protect service.","significance":"A $2.5 million state-administered federal grant funds filtration and well improvements."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"An affected-population count was not verified in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Georgia awarded Tennille $2.5 million to improve drinking-water wells that were out of service because of contamination and to install filtration. The authoritative grant notice does not identify the contaminant, affected population, or number of wells."},"measures":[{"value":2500000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-08-16","scope":"well improvements and filtration","basis":"GEFA EC-SDC grant award","source_refs":[1],"name":"grant_award","note":"Awarded amount; expenditure status not reported."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["dependence on grants or one time funding","service assets out of operation"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":null,"projection":{"statement":null,"horizon":null,"confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["project completion and compliant testing"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Tennille","role":"system owner and project implementer"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Finance Authority","role":"grant administrator"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"drinking-water regulator"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Improve contaminated out-of-service drinking-water wells","Install filtration system"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Five Georgia communities awarded $30.5 million grant funding for PFAS and emerging contaminant projects","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Finance Authority","date":"2024-08-16","url":"https://gefa.georgia.gov/press-releases/2024-08-16/five-georgia-communities-awarded-305-million-grant-funding-pfas-and","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2024-08-16","latest_seen":"2024-08-16","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["pwsid","contaminant","concentrations","number_of_wells","population_affected","project_total_cost","current_project_status"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"capital_need","value":2500000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-08-16","scope":{"project":"well improvements and filtration","geography":"Georgia"},"basis":{"accounting":"GEFA EC-SDC grant award"},"source_refs":[1],"method":null,"notes":"Awarded amount; expenditure status not reported.","funding_stage":"estimated"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-GA-WHIPPOORWILL-SUBDIVISION-DBP-MCL","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Whippoorwill recurring TTHM and HAA5 exceedances","description":"Whippoorwill Subdivision reported 2024 TTHM and HAA5 MCL exceedances, with TTHM up to 125.8 ppb and HAA5 up to 100 ppb. Georgia's 2025 appendix lists numerous additional TTHM and HAA5 MCL violations, indicating recurrence.","location":{"name":"Whippoorwill Subdivision","type":"Public water system","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Lowndes County, Georgia","counties":["Lowndes"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"GA1850296"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The record documents repeated disinfection-byproduct concentrations above drinking-water MCLs.","secondary_drivers":["repeated failures or underinvestment"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"TTHM and HAA5 health-based MCLs were exceeded.","service":"No service outage or use restriction was found.","scale":"A residential subdivision system is affected; population is unverified.","duration":"Violations occurred in both 2024 and 2025.","significance":"Numerous repeated MCL entries were recorded by the state."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"An affected-population count was not verified in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Whippoorwill Subdivision reported 2024 TTHM and HAA5 MCL exceedances, with TTHM up to 125.8 ppb and HAA5 up to 100 ppb. Georgia's 2025 appendix lists numerous additional TTHM and HAA5 MCL violations, indicating recurrence."},"measures":[{"value":96,"range_low":60.5,"range_high":125.8,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","period_start":"2024-01-01","period_end":"2024-12-31","scope":"Whippoorwill Subdivision","basis":"consumer confidence report","source_refs":[1],"name":"TTHM_reported_level","note":"CCR displays level and range; exact averaging basis was not separately verified."},{"value":67,"range_low":42,"range_high":100,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","period_start":"2024-01-01","period_end":"2024-12-31","scope":"Whippoorwill Subdivision","basis":"consumer confidence report","source_refs":[1],"name":"HAA5_reported_level","note":"CCR displays level and range; exact averaging basis was not separately verified."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["repeated failures or underinvestment"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"No defensible forward projection is available without current sample values or a corrective plan.","projection":{"statement":"No defensible forward projection is available without current sample values or a corrective plan.","horizon":"through 2025","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["verified sustained compliance"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Water Utility Management","role":"operator"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"drinking-water regulator"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":[],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Whippoorwill Consumer Confidence Report for 2024","publisher":"Water Utility Management","date":"2025-06-01","url":"https://waterga.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Whippoorwill-1850296.pdf","basis":"utility"},{"ref":2,"title":"Calendar Year 2025 Georgia PWS Violations Appendix A","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://epd.georgia.gov/document/document/2024-georgia-epd-pws-violations-appendix-annual-compliance-reportpdf/download","basis":"state","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["population_affected","current_concentrations","corrective_actions","rates_and_bills"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"capital_need","value":96,"range_low":60.5,"range_high":125.8,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","period_start":"2024-01-01","period_end":"2024-12-31","scope":{"project":"Whippoorwill Subdivision","geography":"Georgia"},"basis":{"accounting":"consumer confidence report"},"source_refs":[1],"method":null,"notes":"CCR displays level and range; exact averaging basis was not separately verified.","funding_stage":"estimated"},{"metric":"capital_need","value":67,"range_low":42,"range_high":100,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","period_start":"2024-01-01","period_end":"2024-12-31","scope":{"project":"Whippoorwill Subdivision","geography":"Georgia"},"basis":{"accounting":"consumer confidence report"},"source_refs":[1],"method":null,"notes":"CCR displays level and range; exact averaging basis was not separately verified.","funding_stage":"estimated"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-GA-WILLACOOCHEE-RADIONUCLIDE-MCLS","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Willacoochee radionuclide MCL violations","description":"Georgia's 2025 violation appendix lists repeated gross-alpha and combined-radium MCL violations for the Willacoochee Water System. The state describes radionuclide exceedances as a long-term health concern rather than an acute emergency.","location":{"name":"Willacoochee Water System","type":"Public water system","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Willacoochee, Atkinson County, Georgia","counties":["Atkinson"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"GA0030001"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Naturally occurring radionuclides in groundwater exceeded drinking-water standards.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Gross-alpha and combined-radium MCL violations present a long-term exposure concern.","service":"No outage or restriction was documented.","scale":"A municipal community system is affected; population was not verified.","duration":"Multiple repeated MCL entries appear in the annual appendix.","significance":"Multiple health-based MCL violations are recorded for more than one radionuclide measure."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"An affected-population count was not verified in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Georgia's 2025 violation appendix lists repeated gross-alpha and combined-radium MCL violations for the Willacoochee Water System. The state describes radionuclide exceedances as a long-term health concern rather than an acute emergency."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":null,"projection":{"statement":null,"horizon":null,"confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["return-to-compliance record"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Willacoochee Water System","role":"operator"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"drinking-water regulator"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":[],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Calendar Year 2025 Georgia PWS Violations Appendix A","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://epd.georgia.gov/document/document/2024-georgia-epd-pws-violations-appendix-annual-compliance-reportpdf/download","basis":"state","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Radium and Uranium in Public Drinking Water Systems","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":null,"url":"https://epd.georgia.gov/radium-and-uranium-public-drinking-water-systems","basis":"state","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["concentrations","population_affected","current_compliance_status","corrective_actions","financial_evidence"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-SAVANNAH-STORMWATER-CAPITAL-GAP","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Savannah chronic urban flooding and stormwater capital funding gap","description":"Savannah documents recurring neighborhood and corridor flooding and a large drainage-capital backlog. Tropical Storm Debby sent 19.7 billion gallons into the stormwater system over three days; the city reports $465.1 million of stormwater capital need, including $297.7 million unfunded, and began a dedicated utility fee in 2026.","location":{"name":"Savannah stormwater service area","type":"Municipal stormwater service area","detail":"Savannah, Chatham County, Georgia","counties":["Chatham"],"extent":"city","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"coordinates":{"name":"Savannah representative point","lat":32.0125,"lon":-81.1942,"precision":"city","source_ref":4}},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Recurring drainage flooding and undersized conveyance coexist with a large unfunded stormwater capital need and historically limited recurring funding.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Savannah documents recurring neighborhood and corridor flooding and a large drainage-capital backlog. Tropical Storm Debby sent 19.7 billion gallons into the stormwater system over three days; the city reports $465.1 million of stormwater capital need, including $297.7 million unfunded, and began a dedicated utility fee in 2026.","service":"Savannah documents recurring neighborhood and corridor flooding and a large drainage-capital backlog. Tropical Storm Debby sent 19.7 billion gallons into the stormwater system over three days; the city reports $465.1 million of stormwater capital need, including $297.7 million unfunded, and began a dedicated utility fee in 2026.","scale":"Savannah, Chatham County, Georgia; the cited evidence supports a scale score of 1.","duration":"Savannah documents recurring neighborhood and corridor flooding and a large drainage-capital backlog. Tropical Storm Debby sent 19.7 billion gallons into the stormwater system over three days; the city reports $465.1 million of stormwater capital need, including $297.7 million unfunded, and began a dedicated utility fee in 2026.","significance":"Savannah documents recurring neighborhood and corridor flooding and a large drainage-capital backlog. Tropical Storm Debby sent 19.7 billion gallons into the stormwater system over three days; the city reports $465.1 million of stormwater capital need, including $297.7 million unfunded, and began a dedicated utility fee in 2026."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Citywide affected population not reported; 37 Treemont Park homes were reported affected during Debby."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Savannah documents recurring neighborhood and corridor flooding and a large drainage-capital backlog. Tropical Storm Debby sent 19.7 billion gallons into the stormwater system over three days; the city reports $465.1 million of stormwater capital need, including $297.7 million unfunded, and began a dedicated utility fee in 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"Stormwater inflow during Tropical Storm Debby","value":19.7,"unit":"billion gallons in three days","status":"Reported","source_refs":[2]},{"name":"Stormwater capital need","value":465100000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","source_refs":[3]},{"name":"Unfunded stormwater capital need","value":297700000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","source_refs":[3]}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Large documented funding gap","Historic General Fund and SPLOST dependence","Recurring flooding","New dedicated fee reduces forward risk"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Dedicated fee revenue should improve recurring maintenance funding, but the documented capital gap remains material over a 10-20 year program horizon.","projection":{"statement":"The capital gap is likely to remain material despite new recurring fee revenue.","horizon":"10-20 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Billing and collection proceed as scheduled"],"reversal_factors":["New grants","Project escalation","Implementation delay"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Savannah Stormwater Management Department","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Savannah City Council","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"City of Savannah Stormwater Management Department, swcredits@savannahga.gov","corrective_actions":["Implemented a dedicated stormwater utility","Casey Canal deep-tunnel design","Hardship assistance and fee credits"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Savannah City Council regular meeting","publisher":"City of Savannah","date":"2024-06-27","url":"https://agenda.savannahga.gov/publishing/june-27-2024-city-council-regular-meeting/1460_10375.html","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Savannah City Council Tropical Storm Debby workshop minutes","publisher":"City of Savannah","date":"2024-08-08","url":"https://agenda.savannahga.gov/publishing/august-8-2024-city-council-workshop/minutes.html","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Stormwater Utility Executive Summary","publisher":"City of Savannah","date":"2026-01-22","url":"https://www.savannahga.gov/DocumentCenter/View/35537","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":4,"title":"2025 U.S. Gazetteer Files - Georgia Places","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2025-08-01","url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.2025.html","basis":"Official representative latitude and longitude"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Data-quality repair: added mappable public geography and clarified record-specific evidence without changing status or score."}],"first_seen":"2024-06-27","latest_seen":"2026-01-22","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-01-22","rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"fixed_charge","value":4.75,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-01-22","scope":{"utility":"City of Savannah Stormwater Utility","customer_class":"Tier 2 detached single-family","service_type":"stormwater","geography":"Savannah"},"basis":{"billing_period":"monthly","services_included":["stormwater"],"included_charges":["stormwater fee"]},"source_refs":[3]}],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"capital_need","value":465100000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-01-22","funding_stage":"estimated","scope":{"program":"Savannah stormwater capital program","geography":"Savannah"},"basis":{"definition":"City-identified projects over 10-20 years"},"source_refs":[3]},{"metric":"funding_gap","value":297700000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-01-22","funding_stage":"gap","scope":{"program":"Savannah stormwater capital program","geography":"Savannah"},"basis":{"definition":"City-reported unfunded need"},"source_refs":[3]}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-GA-OGEECHEE-DEBBY-FLOOD-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Tropical Storm Debby Ogeechee River and southeast Georgia flooding","description":"Tropical Storm Debby produced widespread flash and river flooding, hundreds of evacuations and rescues, flooded roads and homes, and a federal major-disaster declaration. FEMA documented 672 impacted residences, including 54 destroyed and 274 with major damage.","location":{"name":"Ogeechee River and southeast Georgia","type":"Multi-county river-flood area","detail":"Bryan, Bulloch, Chatham, Effingham, Evans, Liberty, Long, and Screven counties, Georgia","counties":["Bryan","Bulloch","Chatham","Effingham","Evans","Liberty","Long","Screven"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"coordinates":{"name":"Savannah representative point","lat":32.0125,"lon":-81.1942,"precision":"city","source_ref":5}},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Extreme rainfall and river discharge were the principal causes; flooded roads and isolated neighborhoods were consequential infrastructure impacts.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Tropical Storm Debby produced widespread flash and river flooding, hundreds of evacuations and rescues, flooded roads and homes, and a federal major-disaster declaration. FEMA documented 672 impacted residences, including 54 destroyed and 274 with major damage.","service":"Tropical Storm Debby produced widespread flash and river flooding, hundreds of evacuations and rescues, flooded roads and homes, and a federal major-disaster declaration. FEMA documented 672 impacted residences, including 54 destroyed and 274 with major damage.","scale":"Bryan, Bulloch, Chatham, Effingham, Evans, Liberty, Long, and Screven counties, Georgia; the cited evidence supports a scale score of 2.","duration":"Tropical Storm Debby produced widespread flash and river flooding, hundreds of evacuations and rescues, flooded roads and homes, and a federal major-disaster declaration. FEMA documented 672 impacted residences, including 54 destroyed and 274 with major damage.","significance":"Tropical Storm Debby produced widespread flash and river flooding, hundreds of evacuations and rescues, flooded roads and homes, and a federal major-disaster declaration. FEMA documented 672 impacted residences, including 54 destroyed and 274 with major damage."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":672,"status":"Reported","note":"FEMA count is impacted residences, not people."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Tropical Storm Debby produced widespread flash and river flooding, hundreds of evacuations and rescues, flooded roads and homes, and a federal major-disaster declaration. FEMA documented 672 impacted residences, including 54 destroyed and 274 with major damage."},"measures":[{"name":"Residences impacted","value":672,"unit":"residences","status":"Reported","source_refs":[4]},{"name":"Destroyed residences","value":54,"unit":"residences","status":"Reported","source_refs":[4]},{"name":"Ogeechee River crest at Eden","value":17.97,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","source_refs":[2]}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The event stabilized; the cited sources do not support an event-specific recurrence forecast."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Georgia Emergency Management and Homeland Security Agency","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Chatham Emergency Management Agency","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Chatham County Fire Department, 912-219-0420","corrective_actions":["Rescues and evacuations","Temporary access roads","FEMA Individual and Public Assistance"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Savannah Tropical Storm Debby workshop minutes","publisher":"City of Savannah","date":"2024-08-08","url":"https://agenda.savannahga.gov/publishing/august-8-2024-city-council-workshop/minutes.html","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Ogeechee River flooding update","publisher":"Chatham County","date":"2024-08-11","url":"https://www.chathamcountyga.gov/OurCounty/newsArticle/b6c52249-8568-4fdd-9644-3dd24f534da6","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Debby response update","publisher":"Chatham County Fire Department","date":"2024-08-15","url":"https://fire.chathamcountyga.gov/media/newsroomdetail/ff41547a-c087-410e-81d6-d7a20bda7bc4","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Preliminary Damage Assessment Report FEMA-4821-DR-GA","publisher":"FEMA","date":"2024-09-24","url":"https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/PDAReport_FEMA4821DR-GA.pdf","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":5,"title":"2025 U.S. Gazetteer Files - Georgia Places","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2025-08-01","url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.2025.html","basis":"Official representative latitude and longitude"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":8,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":8,"note":"Data-quality repair: added mappable public geography and clarified record-specific evidence without changing status or score."}],"first_seen":"2024-08-08","latest_seen":"2024-09-24","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["People affected","Final public and private loss","Final mitigation spending"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2025-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Georgia 2025-2026 statewide drought and Level 1 response","description":"Georgia drought intensified from September 2025, reached exceptional drought in southwest Georgia, and led EPD to declare statewide Drought Response Level 1 on April 27, 2026. Conditions improved by October 6, but 2.2 million residents remained in drought areas.","location":{"name":"Georgia statewide drought area","type":"Statewide drought condition","detail":"Georgia","counties":[],"extent":"statewide","state":"GA","states":["GA"]},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["groundwater","agricultural","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Record precipitation deficits and widespread drought reduced streamflow, groundwater and soil moisture and triggered a statewide public-water-system response.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Georgia drought intensified from September 2025, reached exceptional drought in southwest Georgia, and led EPD to declare statewide Drought Response Level 1 on April 27, 2026. Conditions improved by October 6, but 2.2 million residents remained in drought areas.","service":"Georgia drought intensified from September 2025, reached exceptional drought in southwest Georgia, and led EPD to declare statewide Drought Response Level 1 on April 27, 2026. Conditions improved by October 6, but 2.2 million residents remained in drought areas.","scale":"Georgia; the cited evidence supports a scale score of 2.","duration":"Georgia drought intensified from September 2025, reached exceptional drought in southwest Georgia, and led EPD to declare statewide Drought Response Level 1 on April 27, 2026. Conditions improved by October 6, but 2.2 million residents remained in drought areas.","significance":"Georgia drought intensified from September 2025, reached exceptional drought in southwest Georgia, and led EPD to declare statewide Drought Response Level 1 on April 27, 2026. Conditions improved by October 6, but 2.2 million residents remained in drought areas."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":2200000,"status":"Reported","note":"Residents in D1-D4 drought areas as of October 6, 2026."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Georgia drought intensified from September 2025, reached exceptional drought in southwest Georgia, and led EPD to declare statewide Drought Response Level 1 on April 27, 2026. Conditions improved by October 6, but 2.2 million residents remained in drought areas."},"measures":[{"name":"Georgia area in drought at spring peak","value":98.13,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1]},{"name":"Residents remaining in drought areas","value":2200000,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","source_refs":[3]}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Statewide conservation-information mandate","No verified statewide mandatory rationing"]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Conditions improved sharply after late-September rainfall, but 2.2 million residents remained in drought areas."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"NOAA National Integrated Drought Information System","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Communications, 470-524-0732","corrective_actions":["Statewide Level 1 public-information campaigns","Monthly indicator monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Southeast Drought Status Update","publisher":"NOAA/NIDIS","date":"2026-04-16","url":"https://www.drought.gov/drought-status-updates/drought-status-update-southeast-2026-04-16","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Level 1 Drought Declared","publisher":"Georgia EPD","date":"2026-04-27","url":"https://epd.georgia.gov/press-releases/2026-04-27/level-1-drought-declared","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Drought in Georgia","publisher":"Drought.gov","date":"2026-10-06","url":"https://www.drought.gov/states/georgia","basis":"Official record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":8,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2026-04-16","latest_seen":"2026-10-06","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Reservoir-specific deficits","Municipal demand reductions","Agricultural dollar losses","Formal Level 1 rescission"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-BRUNSWICK-AQUIFER-SALTWATER-INTRUSION","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Brunswick Upper Floridan aquifer saltwater intrusion","description":"USGS reports that saltwater has contaminated the Upper Floridan aquifer near downtown Brunswick for nearly 50 years. The approximately two-square-mile plume limits groundwater-supply development and has prompted continuous monitoring and modeling.","location":{"name":"Brunswick Upper Floridan aquifer plume","type":"Groundwater contamination plume","detail":"Downtown Brunswick, Glynn County, Georgia","counties":["Glynn"],"extent":"city","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"coordinates":{"name":"Brunswick representative point","lat":31.1361,"lon":-81.4669,"precision":"city","source_ref":3}},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A persistent chloride plume contaminates the principal coastal aquifer and limits development of the groundwater supply.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"USGS reports that saltwater has contaminated the Upper Floridan aquifer near downtown Brunswick for nearly 50 years. The approximately two-square-mile plume limits groundwater-supply development and has prompted continuous monitoring and modeling.","service":"USGS reports that saltwater has contaminated the Upper Floridan aquifer near downtown Brunswick for nearly 50 years. The approximately two-square-mile plume limits groundwater-supply development and has prompted continuous monitoring and modeling.","scale":"Downtown Brunswick, Glynn County, Georgia; the cited evidence supports a scale score of 1.","duration":"USGS reports that saltwater has contaminated the Upper Floridan aquifer near downtown Brunswick for nearly 50 years. The approximately two-square-mile plume limits groundwater-supply development and has prompted continuous monitoring and modeling.","significance":"USGS reports that saltwater has contaminated the Upper Floridan aquifer near downtown Brunswick for nearly 50 years. The approximately two-square-mile plume limits groundwater-supply development and has prompted continuous monitoring and modeling."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible affected-population count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"USGS reports that saltwater has contaminated the Upper Floridan aquifer near downtown Brunswick for nearly 50 years. The approximately two-square-mile plume limits groundwater-supply development and has prompted continuous monitoring and modeling."},"measures":[{"name":"Contaminated plume area","value":2,"unit":"square miles","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1]},{"name":"Real-time monitoring sites","value":5,"unit":"sites","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1]}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Alternative-source and treatment exposure","Permitted-withdrawal constraints"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No defensible plume-direction projection was located; USGS is developing a future-use model."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Brunswick-Glynn County Joint Water and Sewer Commission","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey South Atlantic Water Science Center","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Gregory S. Cherry, USGS, gccherry@usgs.gov, 678-924-6632","corrective_actions":["Five-site monitoring network","Groundwater model development","Alternative-source evaluation","Coastal withdrawal caps"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Brunswick-area saltwater intrusion monitoring","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","date":"2025-06-09","url":"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/sawsc/science/brunswick-area-saltwater-intrusion-monitoring","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Groundwater monitoring program, Brunswick-Glynn County area","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","date":"2026-01-23","url":"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/sawsc/science/groundwater-monitoring-program-brunswick-glynn-county-area-georgia","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":3,"title":"2025 U.S. Gazetteer Files - Georgia Places","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2025-08-01","url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.2025.html","basis":"Official representative latitude and longitude"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Data-quality repair: added mappable public geography and clarified record-specific evidence without changing status or score."}],"first_seen":"2025-06-09","latest_seen":"2026-01-23","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current chloride concentrations","Plume movement rate","Population dependent on affected aquifer","Treatment cost"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-AUGUSTA-PEACH-ORCHARD-PCE-PLUME","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Peach Orchard Road PCE groundwater plume in Augusta well field","description":"The 350-acre plume lies within an Augusta Utilities well field. Groundwater treatment reduced concentrations, but remediation and annual monitoring continue; EPA deferred the 2023 protectiveness determination pending additional vapor-intrusion work.","location":{"name":"Peach Orchard Road PCE plume","type":"Superfund groundwater plume","detail":"Augusta, Richmond County, Georgia","counties":["Richmond"],"extent":"site","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"coordinates":{"name":"Augusta-Richmond County representative point","lat":33.3655,"lon":-82.0734,"precision":"city","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PCE contamination affects groundwater within a municipal well field; land-use controls and public supply prevent current direct exposure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The 350-acre plume lies within an Augusta Utilities well field. Groundwater treatment reduced concentrations, but remediation and annual monitoring continue; EPA deferred the 2023 protectiveness determination pending additional vapor-intrusion work.","service":"The 350-acre plume lies within an Augusta Utilities well field. Groundwater treatment reduced concentrations, but remediation and annual monitoring continue; EPA deferred the 2023 protectiveness determination pending additional vapor-intrusion work.","scale":"Augusta, Richmond County, Georgia; the cited evidence supports a scale score of 1.","duration":"The 350-acre plume lies within an Augusta Utilities well field. Groundwater treatment reduced concentrations, but remediation and annual monitoring continue; EPA deferred the 2023 protectiveness determination pending additional vapor-intrusion work.","significance":"The 350-acre plume lies within an Augusta Utilities well field. Groundwater treatment reduced concentrations, but remediation and annual monitoring continue; EPA deferred the 2023 protectiveness determination pending additional vapor-intrusion work."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible affected-population count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The 350-acre plume lies within an Augusta Utilities well field. Groundwater treatment reduced concentrations, but remediation and annual monitoring continue; EPA deferred the 2023 protectiveness determination pending additional vapor-intrusion work."},"measures":[{"name":"Site area","value":350,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1]}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Concentrations have declined, but no cleanup-completion horizon is reported."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 4","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Augusta Utilities Department","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Latonya Spencer, EPA Region 4, Spencer.Latonya@epa.gov","corrective_actions":["Annual groundwater monitoring","Chemical injections","Vapor-intrusion work","Private-well prohibition"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Peach Orchard Road PCE Groundwater Plume cleanup profile","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":null,"url":"https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/SiteProfiles/index.cfm?fuseaction=second.cleanup&id=0407449","basis":"Official record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"2025 U.S. Gazetteer Files - Georgia Places","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2025-08-01","url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.2025.html","basis":"Official representative latitude and longitude"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Data-quality repair: added mappable public geography and clarified record-specific evidence without changing status or score."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current PCE concentrations","Population over plume","Cleanup expenditure"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-FORT-VALLEY-WOOLFOLK-GROUNDWATER","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Woolfolk Chemical Works off-site groundwater contamination","description":"EPA reports remaining on- and off-site groundwater contamination, impacts to some private wells, and an undetermined plume extent. Thirty-six wells, some about 400 feet deep, were installed for delineation.","location":{"name":"Woolfolk Chemical Works","type":"Superfund groundwater plume","detail":"Fort Valley, Peach County, Georgia","counties":["Peach"],"extent":"site","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"coordinates":{"name":"Fort Valley representative point","lat":32.5511,"lon":-83.8799,"precision":"city","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Industrial contamination remains in groundwater, extends off site, and has affected private wells.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA reports remaining on- and off-site groundwater contamination, impacts to some private wells, and an undetermined plume extent. Thirty-six wells, some about 400 feet deep, were installed for delineation.","service":"EPA reports remaining on- and off-site groundwater contamination, impacts to some private wells, and an undetermined plume extent. Thirty-six wells, some about 400 feet deep, were installed for delineation.","scale":"Fort Valley, Peach County, Georgia; the cited evidence supports a scale score of 1.","duration":"EPA reports remaining on- and off-site groundwater contamination, impacts to some private wells, and an undetermined plume extent. Thirty-six wells, some about 400 feet deep, were installed for delineation.","significance":"EPA reports remaining on- and off-site groundwater contamination, impacts to some private wells, and an undetermined plume extent. Thirty-six wells, some about 400 feet deep, were installed for delineation."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible affected-population count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"EPA reports remaining on- and off-site groundwater contamination, impacts to some private wells, and an undetermined plume extent. Thirty-six wells, some about 400 feet deep, were installed for delineation."},"measures":[{"name":"New delineation wells","value":36,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1]},{"name":"Maximum reported well depth","value":400,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1]}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Extent and treatment effectiveness remain under investigation."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 4","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Groundwater plume delineation","Pump-and-treat evaluation","Vapor-intrusion sampling"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Woolfolk Chemical Works cleanup profile","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":null,"url":"https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/SiteProfiles/index.cfm?fuseaction=second.cleanup&id=0401315","basis":"Official record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"2025 U.S. Gazetteer Files - Georgia Places","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2025-08-01","url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.2025.html","basis":"Official representative latitude and longitude"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Data-quality repair: added mappable public geography and clarified record-specific evidence without changing status or score."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[{"field":"treatment_status","values":["operating","under evaluation"],"note":"EPA profile text was internally inconsistent."}],"missing_fields":["Current concentrations","Number of private wells affected","Cleanup cost"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-ROBINS-AFB-LANDFILL4-GROUNDWATER","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Robins AFB Landfill 4 residual groundwater contamination","description":"Physical remedies are in place and the 2021 review found the remedy protective. Groundwater cleanup and long-term monitoring continue, with land-use and groundwater-use restrictions remaining in force.","location":{"name":"Robins AFB Landfill 4 and Sludge Lagoon","type":"Federal facility cleanup site","detail":"Robins Air Force Base, Houston County, Georgia","counties":["Houston"],"extent":"site","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"coordinates":{"name":"Warner Robins representative point","lat":32.5971,"lon":-83.6539,"precision":"city","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Residual groundwater contamination remains under monitored natural attenuation after physical remedies were completed.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"PFAS and other contaminants remain subject to groundwater assessment at the former landfill and sludge-lagoon area; documented exposure outside the installation was not established.","service":"The record concerns groundwater remediation rather than a documented current interruption of drinking-water service.","scale":"The verified record is limited to the Robins Air Force Base investigation area, supporting a localized scale score.","duration":"The corrective-action process remains active decades after waste disposal, supporting the persistence score.","significance":"A formal federal cleanup and monitoring program supports the regulatory-significance score."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible affected-population count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Physical remedies are in place and the 2021 review found the remedy protective. Groundwater cleanup and long-term monitoring continue, with land-use and groundwater-use restrictions remaining in force."},"measures":[{"name":"Wells sampled in March 2024","value":27,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1]}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Controls remain in place; no cleanup-completion date is reported."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Department of the Air Force","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 4","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Monitored natural attenuation","Annual sampling","Groundwater-use restrictions","Cap maintenance"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Robins Air Force Base Landfill 4 cleanup profile","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":null,"url":"https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/SiteProfiles/index.cfm?fuseaction=second.cleanup&id=0401869","basis":"Official record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"2025 U.S. Gazetteer Files - Georgia Places","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2025-08-01","url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.2025.html","basis":"Official representative latitude and longitude"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"Data-quality repair: added mappable public geography and clarified record-specific evidence without changing status or score."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Contaminant concentrations","Monitoring trend values","O&M cost"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-STATEWIDE-ASSESSED-WATER-IMPAIRMENTS-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Georgia statewide assessed-water impairments","description":"Georgia's EPA-approved 2024 integrated report classified 1,620 of 3,093 assessed waters as not supporting at least one designated use. The record covers 10,836 impaired stream/coastal-stream miles and 261,882 impaired lake acres; the 2026 list remained draft at run date.","location":{"name":"Georgia assessed waters","type":"Statewide surface-water assessment","detail":"Georgia","counties":[],"extent":"statewide","state":"GA","states":["GA"]},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","stormwater-flooding","wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"State assessment data document widespread failure of assessed waters to support designated uses because of pollutants or water-quality criteria exceedances.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Georgia's EPA-approved 2024 integrated report classified 1,620 of 3,093 assessed waters as not supporting at least one designated use. The record covers 10,836 impaired stream/coastal-stream miles and 261,882 impaired lake acres; the 2026 list remained draft at run date.","service":"Georgia's EPA-approved 2024 integrated report classified 1,620 of 3,093 assessed waters as not supporting at least one designated use. The record covers 10,836 impaired stream/coastal-stream miles and 261,882 impaired lake acres; the 2026 list remained draft at run date.","scale":"Georgia; the cited evidence supports a scale score of 2.","duration":"Georgia's EPA-approved 2024 integrated report classified 1,620 of 3,093 assessed waters as not supporting at least one designated use. The record covers 10,836 impaired stream/coastal-stream miles and 261,882 impaired lake acres; the 2026 list remained draft at run date.","significance":"Georgia's EPA-approved 2024 integrated report classified 1,620 of 3,093 assessed waters as not supporting at least one designated use. The record covers 10,836 impaired stream/coastal-stream miles and 261,882 impaired lake acres; the 2026 list remained draft at run date."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible affected-population count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Georgia's EPA-approved 2024 integrated report classified 1,620 of 3,093 assessed waters as not supporting at least one designated use. The record covers 10,836 impaired stream/coastal-stream miles and 261,882 impaired lake acres; the 2026 list remained draft at run date."},"measures":[{"name":"Impaired assessed waters","value":1620,"unit":"assessment units","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1]},{"name":"Assessed waters","value":3093,"unit":"assessment units","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1]},{"name":"Impaired stream and coastal-stream miles","value":10836,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","source_refs":[2]},{"name":"Impaired lake area","value":261882,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","source_refs":[2]}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The 2026 list was still draft; comparable final-list history was insufficient for projection."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 4","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["TMDL development","Watershed implementation plans","Permit controls","Monitoring and reassessment"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water Quality in Georgia: 2024 305(b)/303(d) list","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2024-09-03","url":"https://epd.georgia.gov/assessment/water-quality-georgia","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Highlights of the 2024 305(b)/303(d) List of Waters","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2024-08-01","url":"https://epd.georgia.gov/document/document/highlights-2024-listpdf/download","basis":"Official record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2024-09-03","latest_seen":"2024-08-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Statewide exposed population","Final 2026 list"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-ST-SIMONS-JEKYLL-ENTEROCOCCI-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"St. Simons and Jekyll Island beach enterococci impairments","description":"Georgia EPD issued a draft TMDL for seven St. Simons and Jekyll Island beach segments totaling an estimated 9.9 miles. Required enterococci-load reductions range from 76% to 98%.","location":{"name":"St. Simons and Jekyll Island beaches","type":"Coastal beach group","detail":"Glynn County, Georgia","counties":["Glynn"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"coordinates":{"name":"St. Simons representative point","lat":31.1801,"lon":-81.3854,"precision":"city","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Measured enterococci exceedances caused seven recreational beach segments to fail designated uses.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Georgia EPD issued a draft TMDL for seven St. Simons and Jekyll Island beach segments totaling an estimated 9.9 miles. Required enterococci-load reductions range from 76% to 98%.","service":"Georgia EPD issued a draft TMDL for seven St. Simons and Jekyll Island beach segments totaling an estimated 9.9 miles. Required enterococci-load reductions range from 76% to 98%.","scale":"Glynn County, Georgia; the cited evidence supports a scale score of 1.","duration":"Georgia EPD issued a draft TMDL for seven St. Simons and Jekyll Island beach segments totaling an estimated 9.9 miles. Required enterococci-load reductions range from 76% to 98%.","significance":"Georgia EPD issued a draft TMDL for seven St. Simons and Jekyll Island beach segments totaling an estimated 9.9 miles. Required enterococci-load reductions range from 76% to 98%."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible affected-population count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Georgia EPD issued a draft TMDL for seven St. Simons and Jekyll Island beach segments totaling an estimated 9.9 miles. Required enterococci-load reductions range from 76% to 98%."},"measures":[{"name":"Required enterococci-load reduction","value":null,"range_low":76,"range_high":98,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1]},{"name":"Impaired segments","value":7,"unit":"segments","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1]},{"name":"Segment extent","value":9.9,"unit":"miles","status":"Estimated","method":"Sum of EPD-reported segment lengths: 0.4+0.9+0.5+0.6+1.5+2.0+4.0","source_refs":[1]}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Improvement depends on control implementation; no completion date is supported."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Glynn County and applicable permittees","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["NPDES compliance","Nonpoint-source best practices","Monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Draft Satilla River Basin Enterococci TMDL","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://epd.georgia.gov/document/document/epddraftsatilla-river-basinenterococci-tmdlmay-2026pdf/download","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":2,"title":"2025 U.S. Gazetteer Files - Georgia Places","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2025-08-01","url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.2025.html","basis":"Official representative latitude and longitude"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Data-quality repair: added mappable public geography and clarified record-specific evidence without changing status or score."}],"first_seen":"2026-05-01","latest_seen":"2026-05-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Final TMDL","Beach-user population","Source apportionment"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-TYBEE-BEACHES-ENTEROCOCCI-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Tybee Island Polk Street and Strand Beach enterococci impairments","description":"Georgia EPD issued a draft TMDL for two Tybee Island beach segments totaling 2.5 miles. The document requires enterococci-load reductions of 52% and 57%.","location":{"name":"Tybee Island Polk Street and Strand beaches","type":"Coastal beach group","detail":"Tybee Island, Chatham County, Georgia","counties":["Chatham"],"extent":"city","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"coordinates":{"name":"Tybee Island representative point","lat":32.0102,"lon":-80.8559,"precision":"city","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Enterococci exceedances caused two Tybee Island recreational beach segments to be listed as not supporting use.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Georgia EPD issued a draft TMDL for two Tybee Island beach segments totaling 2.5 miles. The document requires enterococci-load reductions of 52% and 57%.","service":"Georgia EPD issued a draft TMDL for two Tybee Island beach segments totaling 2.5 miles. The document requires enterococci-load reductions of 52% and 57%.","scale":"Tybee Island, Chatham County, Georgia; the cited evidence supports a scale score of 1.","duration":"Georgia EPD issued a draft TMDL for two Tybee Island beach segments totaling 2.5 miles. The document requires enterococci-load reductions of 52% and 57%.","significance":"Georgia EPD issued a draft TMDL for two Tybee Island beach segments totaling 2.5 miles. The document requires enterococci-load reductions of 52% and 57%."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible affected-population count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Georgia EPD issued a draft TMDL for two Tybee Island beach segments totaling 2.5 miles. The document requires enterococci-load reductions of 52% and 57%."},"measures":[{"name":"Required enterococci-load reduction","value":null,"range_low":52,"range_high":57,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1]},{"name":"Impaired beach extent","value":2.5,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1]}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Improvement depends on control implementation; no completion date is supported."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"City of Tybee Island","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Chatham County","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["NPDES compliance","Nonpoint-source best practices","Monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Draft Savannah River Basin Enterococci TMDL","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://epd.georgia.gov/document/document/epddraftsavannah-river-basinenterococci-tmdlmay-2026pdf/download","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":2,"title":"2025 U.S. Gazetteer Files - Georgia Places","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2025-08-01","url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.2025.html","basis":"Official representative latitude and longitude"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Data-quality repair: added mappable public geography and clarified record-specific evidence without changing status or score."}],"first_seen":"2026-05-01","latest_seen":"2026-05-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Final TMDL","Beach-user population"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-LAKE-JACKSON-CHLOROPHYLL-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lake Jackson multi-arm chlorophyll-a impairment","description":"Georgia's EPA-approved 2024 list moved the Tussahaw Creek, South River, Yellow River, and Alcovy River arms of Lake Jackson to Category 5 after repeated chlorophyll-a exceedances during the 2019-2023 growing seasons.","location":{"name":"Lake Jackson","type":"Lake and reservoir arms","detail":"Butts, Jasper, and Newton counties, Georgia","counties":["Butts","Jasper","Newton"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"coordinates":{"name":"Jackson representative point","lat":33.2946,"lon":-83.966,"precision":"city","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["agricultural","wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Five-year growing-season monitoring showed repeated chlorophyll-a criteria exceedances, indicating nutrient-driven lake impairment.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Georgia's EPA-approved 2024 list moved the Tussahaw Creek, South River, Yellow River, and Alcovy River arms of Lake Jackson to Category 5 after repeated chlorophyll-a exceedances during the 2019-2023 growing seasons.","service":"Georgia's EPA-approved 2024 list moved the Tussahaw Creek, South River, Yellow River, and Alcovy River arms of Lake Jackson to Category 5 after repeated chlorophyll-a exceedances during the 2019-2023 growing seasons.","scale":"Butts, Jasper, and Newton counties, Georgia; the cited evidence supports a scale score of 1.","duration":"Georgia's EPA-approved 2024 list moved the Tussahaw Creek, South River, Yellow River, and Alcovy River arms of Lake Jackson to Category 5 after repeated chlorophyll-a exceedances during the 2019-2023 growing seasons.","significance":"Georgia's EPA-approved 2024 list moved the Tussahaw Creek, South River, Yellow River, and Alcovy River arms of Lake Jackson to Category 5 after repeated chlorophyll-a exceedances during the 2019-2023 growing seasons."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible affected-population count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Georgia's EPA-approved 2024 list moved the Tussahaw Creek, South River, Yellow River, and Alcovy River arms of Lake Jackson to Category 5 after repeated chlorophyll-a exceedances during the 2019-2023 growing seasons."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The reservoir arms moved from assessment pending to impaired in 2024."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Lake Jackson watershed jurisdictions and dischargers","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Continued monitoring","TMDL development and nutrient-source controls"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water Quality in Georgia: 2024 305(b)/303(d) list","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2024-09-03","url":"https://epd.georgia.gov/assessment/water-quality-georgia","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":2,"title":"2025 U.S. Gazetteer Files - Georgia Places","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2025-08-01","url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.2025.html","basis":"Official representative latitude and longitude"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Data-quality repair: added mappable public geography and clarified record-specific evidence without changing status or score."}],"first_seen":"2024-09-03","latest_seen":"2024-09-03","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Exact chlorophyll-a results","Affected population","Restoration cost"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-LAKE-ALLATOONA-DAM-POOL-CHLOROPHYLL-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lake Allatoona Dam Pool chlorophyll-a impairment","description":"Georgia's EPA-approved 2024 list classified the Lake Allatoona Dam Pool as Category 4a after repeated chlorophyll-a exceedances during the 2019-2023 growing seasons. An approved TMDL already applies.","location":{"name":"Lake Allatoona Dam Pool","type":"Reservoir section","detail":"Bartow, Cherokee, and Cobb counties, Georgia","counties":["Bartow","Cherokee","Cobb"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"coordinates":{"name":"Cartersville representative point","lat":34.1646,"lon":-84.8017,"precision":"city","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Repeated growing-season chlorophyll-a exceedances caused the Dam Pool section to be listed as not supporting designated uses.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Georgia's EPA-approved 2024 list classified the Lake Allatoona Dam Pool as Category 4a after repeated chlorophyll-a exceedances during the 2019-2023 growing seasons. An approved TMDL already applies.","service":"Georgia's EPA-approved 2024 list classified the Lake Allatoona Dam Pool as Category 4a after repeated chlorophyll-a exceedances during the 2019-2023 growing seasons. An approved TMDL already applies.","scale":"Bartow, Cherokee, and Cobb counties, Georgia; the cited evidence supports a scale score of 1.","duration":"Georgia's EPA-approved 2024 list classified the Lake Allatoona Dam Pool as Category 4a after repeated chlorophyll-a exceedances during the 2019-2023 growing seasons. An approved TMDL already applies.","significance":"Georgia's EPA-approved 2024 list classified the Lake Allatoona Dam Pool as Category 4a after repeated chlorophyll-a exceedances during the 2019-2023 growing seasons. An approved TMDL already applies."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible affected-population count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Georgia's EPA-approved 2024 list classified the Lake Allatoona Dam Pool as Category 4a after repeated chlorophyll-a exceedances during the 2019-2023 growing seasons. An approved TMDL already applies."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The section moved from assessment pending to impaired in 2024."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Lake Allatoona watershed jurisdictions","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Existing TMDL implementation","Monitoring","Nutrient-source controls"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water Quality in Georgia: 2024 305(b)/303(d) list","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2024-09-03","url":"https://epd.georgia.gov/assessment/water-quality-georgia","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":2,"title":"2025 U.S. Gazetteer Files - Georgia Places","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2025-08-01","url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.2025.html","basis":"Official representative latitude and longitude"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Data-quality repair: added mappable public geography and clarified record-specific evidence without changing status or score."}],"first_seen":"2024-09-03","latest_seen":"2024-09-03","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Exact chlorophyll-a results","Affected population"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-LOWER-FLINT-AG-WITHDRAWAL-RESTRICTIONS","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lower Flint and Chattahoochee agricultural withdrawal restrictions","description":"Georgia retained the core agricultural-withdrawal permitting suspension first imposed in 2012, while allowing limited drought-conditioned permitting and source-switching. EPD reported 18 Floridan-aquifer applications under review and continuing habitat-conservation and compliance work.","location":{"name":"Lower Flint and Chattahoochee agricultural withdrawal area","type":"Multi-basin agricultural water-management region","detail":"Southwest Georgia","counties":[],"extent":"watershed","state":"GA","states":["GA"]},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","groundwater","surface-water","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Low-flow and aquifer-sustainability risks constrain new agricultural withdrawals and require drought-conditioned permitting and source switching.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Georgia retained the core agricultural-withdrawal permitting suspension first imposed in 2012, while allowing limited drought-conditioned permitting and source-switching. EPD reported 18 Floridan-aquifer applications under review and continuing habitat-conservation and compliance work.","service":"Georgia retained the core agricultural-withdrawal permitting suspension first imposed in 2012, while allowing limited drought-conditioned permitting and source-switching. EPD reported 18 Floridan-aquifer applications under review and continuing habitat-conservation and compliance work.","scale":"Southwest Georgia; the cited evidence supports a scale score of 2.","duration":"Georgia retained the core agricultural-withdrawal permitting suspension first imposed in 2012, while allowing limited drought-conditioned permitting and source-switching. EPD reported 18 Floridan-aquifer applications under review and continuing habitat-conservation and compliance work.","significance":"Georgia retained the core agricultural-withdrawal permitting suspension first imposed in 2012, while allowing limited drought-conditioned permitting and source-switching. EPD reported 18 Floridan-aquifer applications under review and continuing habitat-conservation and compliance work."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible affected-population count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Georgia retained the core agricultural-withdrawal permitting suspension first imposed in 2012, while allowing limited drought-conditioned permitting and source-switching. EPD reported 18 Floridan-aquifer applications under review and continuing habitat-conservation and compliance work."},"measures":[{"name":"Drought-conditioned Floridan applications under review","value":18,"unit":"applications","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1]},{"name":"Drought SWAP irrigation cap","value":2287,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1]},{"name":"Clayton aquifer monitoring network","value":11,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1]}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Limited new permitting opened, but core surface-water restrictions and drought risk remain.","projection":{"statement":"Conditional permitting and compliance controls are likely to continue pending habitat-plan approval and new hydrologic evidence.","horizon":"1-3 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["No major statutory change"],"reversal_factors":["Sustained recovery","Habitat-plan approval","Severe drought"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Agricultural Water Withdrawal Program, ag.water@dnr.ga.gov, 229-391-2400","corrective_actions":["Drought-restricted permits","Withdrawal metering","Habitat Conservation Plan development","Aquifer monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Evaluation of the 2012 Suspension of Agricultural Withdrawal Permits","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2025-12-08","url":"https://epd.georgia.gov/document/document/2025-12-08-assessment-and-recommendation-memopdf/download","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPD Announces Partial Lift of Water Permit Suspension in Southwest Georgia","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2024-01-31","url":"https://epd.georgia.gov/press-releases/2024-01-31/water-permit-suspension-southwest-geo","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Habitat Conservation Plan and Agricultural Water Use in Southwest Georgia","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2024-12-05","url":"https://epd.georgia.gov/habitat-conservation-plan","basis":"Official record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Data-quality repair: added mappable public geography and clarified record-specific evidence without changing status or score."}],"first_seen":"2025-12-08","latest_seen":"2024-12-05","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected farms and acreage","Observed streamflow benefit","Program spending"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2024-12-05","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":49800000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-12-05","funding_stage":"secured","scope":{"program":"Southwest Georgia Habitat Conservation Plan and drought-flow support","geography":"Southwest Georgia"},"basis":{"definition":"ARPA grant award"},"source_refs":[3]}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-GA-BRYAN-BULLOCH-MEGASITE-GROUNDWATER","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Bryan-Bulloch industrial mega-site Floridan aquifer withdrawals","description":"Two EPD permits authorize four industrial-area wells to withdraw a combined annual average of 6.625 MGD. Modeling indicates roughly 10-19 feet of additional drawdown within about five miles; permits require monitoring, well mitigation, and replacement of Floridan withdrawals with alternative water within 25 years.","location":{"name":"Bryan-Bulloch industrial mega-site well field","type":"Industrial groundwater-withdrawal area","detail":"Bryan and Bulloch counties, Georgia","counties":["Bryan","Bulloch"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"coordinates":{"name":"Ellabell area representative point","lat":32.1235,"lon":-81.4857,"precision":"city","source_ref":5}},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Industrial-development permits authorize large consumptive Floridan-aquifer withdrawals with modeled private-well drawdown and mandatory long-term source replacement.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Two EPD permits authorize four industrial-area wells to withdraw a combined annual average of 6.625 MGD. Modeling indicates roughly 10-19 feet of additional drawdown within about five miles; permits require monitoring, well mitigation, and replacement of Floridan withdrawals with alternative water within 25 years.","service":"Two EPD permits authorize four industrial-area wells to withdraw a combined annual average of 6.625 MGD. Modeling indicates roughly 10-19 feet of additional drawdown within about five miles; permits require monitoring, well mitigation, and replacement of Floridan withdrawals with alternative water within 25 years.","scale":"Bryan and Bulloch counties, Georgia; the cited evidence supports a scale score of 1.","duration":"Two EPD permits authorize four industrial-area wells to withdraw a combined annual average of 6.625 MGD. Modeling indicates roughly 10-19 feet of additional drawdown within about five miles; permits require monitoring, well mitigation, and replacement of Floridan withdrawals with alternative water within 25 years.","significance":"Two EPD permits authorize four industrial-area wells to withdraw a combined annual average of 6.625 MGD. Modeling indicates roughly 10-19 feet of additional drawdown within about five miles; permits require monitoring, well mitigation, and replacement of Floridan withdrawals with alternative water within 25 years."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible affected-population count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Two EPD permits authorize four industrial-area wells to withdraw a combined annual average of 6.625 MGD. Modeling indicates roughly 10-19 feet of additional drawdown within about five miles; permits require monitoring, well mitigation, and replacement of Floridan withdrawals with alternative water within 25 years."},"measures":[{"name":"Combined annual-average withdrawal","value":6.625,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1,2]},{"name":"Combined monthly-average maximum","value":7,"unit":"MGD","status":"Estimated","method":"3.5 MGD monthly maximum under each of permits 016-0013 and 016-0014","source_refs":[1,2]},{"name":"Modeled drawdown","value":null,"range_low":10,"range_high":19,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","source_refs":[3]}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Industrial water demand is increasing, with permit conditions intended to limit and mitigate drawdown.","projection":{"statement":"Drawdown risk persists while the four wells operate; alternative-source substitution is required by October 2049.","horizon":"through 2049","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Permits remain unchanged"],"reversal_factors":["Early alternative-source construction","Lower pumping"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Bryan County Board of Commissioners","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Bulloch County Board of Commissioners","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Christine Voudy, Georgia EPD, 470-607-2621","corrective_actions":["Joint well-mitigation fund","Withdrawal and water-level reporting","Alternative-water transition"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Groundwater Permit 016-0013","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2024-10-07","url":"https://epd.georgia.gov/document/document/016-0013-permit-2024-10/download","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Groundwater Permit 016-0014","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2024-10-07","url":"https://epd.georgia.gov/document/document/016-0014-permit-2024-10/download","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPD Response to Comments on Permits 016-0013 and 016-0014","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2024-10-07","url":"https://epd.georgia.gov/document/document/response-comments-draft-gw-permits-016-0013-and-016-00142024-10/download","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Bryan County Board of Commissioners meeting record","publisher":"Bryan County","date":"2024-09-10","url":"https://www.bryancountyga.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/14494/638814348061370000","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":5,"title":"2025 U.S. Gazetteer Files - Georgia Places","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2025-08-01","url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.2025.html","basis":"Official representative latitude and longitude"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Data-quality repair: added mappable public geography and clarified record-specific evidence without changing status or score."}],"first_seen":"2024-10-07","latest_seen":"2024-09-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Actual pumping","Well-mitigation claims","Alternative-source capital cost"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-HYUNDAI-METAPLANT-INDUSTRIAL-WASTEWATER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hyundai Metaplant unauthorized industrial wastewater discharge","description":"The facility discharged industrial wastewater to a public treatment works without the required industrial pretreatment permit.","location":{"name":"Hyundai Metaplant unauthorized industrial wastewater","type":"Industrial facility or development site","detail":"Bryan County, Georgia","counties":["Bryan"],"extent":"site","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"coordinates":{"name":"Ellabell area representative point","lat":32.1235,"lon":-81.4857,"precision":"city","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The facility discharged industrial wastewater to a public treatment works without the required industrial pretreatment permit.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Georgia EPD documented unauthorized industrial wastewater handling; the order did not quantify a confirmed community health effect.","service":"The enforcement action addressed industrial wastewater controls without documenting a public drinking-water or sewer-service outage.","scale":"The violation was tied to the Hyundai Metaplant site and its wastewater-management activities.","duration":"The conduct required corrective compliance measures rather than being treated as a closed one-time observation.","significance":"A state enforcement order and required corrective actions support the formal regulatory-significance score."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible affected-population count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The facility discharged industrial wastewater to a public treatment works without the required industrial pretreatment permit."},"measures":[{"name":"Enforcement settlement","value":30000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1]}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The order requires corrective action; recurrence cannot be projected from one enforcement record."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Comply with the executed order and required corrective actions"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Georgia EPD Enforcement Order EPD-WP-9650","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2025-04-25","url":"https://enfo.gaepd.org/Details/75211","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":2,"title":"2025 U.S. Gazetteer Files - Georgia Places","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2025-08-01","url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.2025.html","basis":"Official representative latitude and longitude"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Data-quality repair: added mappable public geography and clarified record-specific evidence without changing status or score."}],"first_seen":"2025-04-25","latest_seen":"2025-04-25","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected population","Discharge volume or concentration","Resolution status"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-INTERNATIONAL-PAPER-PORT-WENTWORTH-2024","revision":5,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"International Paper Port Wentworth enterococci and unpermitted discharge violations","description":"EPD documented an enterococci effluent-limit exceedance and an unpermitted industrial wastewater discharge to state waters.","location":{"name":"International Paper Port Wentworth discharge violations","type":"Industrial facility or development site","detail":"Chatham County, Georgia","counties":["Chatham"],"extent":"site","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"coordinates":{"name":"Port Wentworth representative point","lat":32.192,"lon":-81.2057,"precision":"city","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"EPD documented an enterococci effluent-limit exceedance and an unpermitted industrial wastewater discharge to state waters.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The enforcement record documents enterococci and an unpermitted discharge, supporting a confirmed but localized water-quality concern.","service":"No public drinking-water or sanitation-service interruption was reported in the cited enforcement record.","scale":"The verified discharge evidence is tied to the Port Wentworth mill and receiving-water area.","duration":"The order addressed compliance conditions that required follow-through beyond the observed event.","significance":"Georgia EPD's formal enforcement action supports the regulatory-significance score."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible affected-population count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"EPD documented an enterococci effluent-limit exceedance and an unpermitted industrial wastewater discharge to state waters."},"measures":[{"name":"Enforcement settlement","value":27700,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1]}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The order requires corrective action; recurrence cannot be projected from one enforcement record."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Comply with the executed order and required corrective actions"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Georgia EPD Enforcement Order EPD-WP-9548","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2024-08-29","url":"https://enfo.gaepd.org/Details/74867","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":2,"title":"2025 U.S. Gazetteer Files - Georgia Places","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2025-08-01","url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.2025.html","basis":"Official representative latitude and longitude"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Data-quality repair: added mappable public geography and clarified record-specific evidence without changing status or score."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Data-quality repair: restored the stable prior location name required by issue #25."}],"first_seen":"2024-08-29","latest_seen":"2024-08-29","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected population","Discharge volume or concentration","Resolution status"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-SILICON-RANCH-TOOMBS-SEDIMENT-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Silicon Ranch Toombs County sediment releases","description":"Failed site BMP infrastructure caused repeated turbid stormwater discharges and sediment deposition into state waters.","location":{"name":"Silicon Ranch Toombs County sediment","type":"Industrial facility or development site","detail":"Toombs County, Georgia","counties":["Toombs"],"extent":"site","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"coordinates":{"name":"Vidalia representative point","lat":32.2121,"lon":-82.4022,"precision":"city","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Failed site BMP infrastructure caused repeated turbid stormwater discharges and sediment deposition into state waters.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The state order documents sediment-control failures with potential localized surface-water effects; quantified ecological injury was not reported.","service":"The incident did not document an interruption of drinking-water, wastewater, or flood-protection service.","scale":"The cited violations were confined to the Toombs County solar-development site and nearby receiving area.","duration":"Corrective erosion and sediment controls were required, supporting an ongoing-response score.","significance":"A Georgia EPD enforcement order supports the formal regulatory-significance component."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible affected-population count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Failed site BMP infrastructure caused repeated turbid stormwater discharges and sediment deposition into state waters."},"measures":[{"name":"Enforcement settlement","value":1105000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1]}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The order requires corrective action; recurrence cannot be projected from one enforcement record."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Comply with the executed order and required corrective actions"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Georgia EPD Enforcement Order EPD-WP-9678","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2025-07-25","url":"https://enfo.gaepd.org/Details/75260","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":2,"title":"2025 U.S. Gazetteer Files - Georgia Places","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2025-08-01","url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.2025.html","basis":"Official representative latitude and longitude"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Data-quality repair: added mappable public geography and clarified record-specific evidence without changing status or score."}],"first_seen":"2025-07-25","latest_seen":"2025-07-25","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected population","Discharge volume or concentration","Resolution status"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-IMERYS-CARBONATES-MONITORING-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"IMERYS Carbonates effluent monitoring failures","description":"Required monitoring for TSS, oil and grease, turbidity and pH was not performed, creating an unresolved compliance-data gap.","location":{"name":"IMERYS Carbonates effluent monitoring","type":"Industrial facility or development site","detail":"Murray County, Georgia","counties":["Murray"],"extent":"site","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"coordinates":{"name":"Chatsworth representative point","lat":34.7795,"lon":-84.7865,"precision":"city","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Required monitoring for TSS, oil and grease, turbidity and pH was not performed, creating an unresolved compliance-data gap.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The record establishes effluent-monitoring noncompliance but does not quantify a confirmed off-site health or ecological effect.","service":"No essential public water or wastewater service interruption was documented.","scale":"The evidence is limited to the IMERYS Carbonates facility and its permitted discharge monitoring.","duration":"The compliance response required continuing monitoring and corrective follow-up.","significance":"Georgia EPD issued a formal enforcement order, supporting the regulatory-significance score."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible affected-population count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Required monitoring for TSS, oil and grease, turbidity and pH was not performed, creating an unresolved compliance-data gap."},"measures":[{"name":"Enforcement settlement","value":20400,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1]}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The order requires corrective action; recurrence cannot be projected from one enforcement record."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Comply with the executed order and required corrective actions"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Georgia EPD Enforcement Order EPD-WP-9626","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2025-03-19","url":"https://enfo.gaepd.org/Details/75189","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":2,"title":"2025 U.S. Gazetteer Files - Georgia Places","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2025-08-01","url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.2025.html","basis":"Official representative latitude and longitude"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":2,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":2,"note":"Data-quality repair: added mappable public geography and clarified record-specific evidence without changing status or score."}],"first_seen":"2025-03-19","latest_seen":"2025-03-19","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected population","Discharge volume or concentration","Resolution status"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-PLANT-BOWEN-ASH-POND1-GROUNDWATER","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Plant Bowen Ash Pond 1 groundwater exceedances and remedy selection","description":"Assessment monitoring at Plant Bowen Ash Pond 1 found cobalt, arsenic, and molybdenum above groundwater protection standards in monitoring wells. Corrective-measures assessment, added delineation wells, pilot work, and remedy selection remain active.","location":{"name":"Plant Bowen Ash Pond 1","type":"Coal-power CCR unit","detail":"Bartow County, Georgia","counties":["Bartow"],"extent":"site","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"coordinates":{"name":"Cartersville representative point","lat":34.1646,"lon":-84.8017,"precision":"city","source_ref":3}},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Ongoing coal-combustion-residual assessment monitoring identifies groundwater-protection-standard exceedances and requires corrective-measures selection.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Groundwater monitoring at Coal Combustion Residuals Ash Pond 1 documents constituents requiring assessment; a quantified off-site exposure population was not reported.","service":"The finding concerns groundwater corrective action and does not document a public drinking-water outage.","scale":"The verified record centers on Plant Bowen Ash Pond 1 and its monitoring network.","duration":"Closure, groundwater monitoring, and corrective-action obligations extend over multiple years.","significance":"CCR permitting and formal groundwater-corrective-action requirements support the regulatory-significance score."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible affected-population count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Assessment monitoring at Plant Bowen Ash Pond 1 found cobalt, arsenic, and molybdenum above groundwater protection standards in monitoring wells. Corrective-measures assessment, added delineation wells, pilot work, and remedy selection remain active."},"measures":[{"name":"Constituents above groundwater protection standards","value":3,"unit":"constituents","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1]},{"name":"Affected monitoring wells","value":4,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1]}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Exceedances persist while remedy selection and monitoring continue."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Georgia Power Company","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Land Protection Branch, 404-657-8600","corrective_actions":["Assessment monitoring","Nature-and-extent work","Pilot study","Remedy selection"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2024 Annual Groundwater Monitoring and Corrective Action Report, Plant Bowen Ash Pond 1","publisher":"Georgia Power Company","date":"2025-01-31","url":"https://www.georgiapower.com/content/dam/georgia-power/pdfs/company-pdfs/plant-bowen/20250131_2024-agwmcar_bow_ap-1.pdf","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Plant Bowen Environmental Compliance Information","publisher":"Georgia Power Company","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://www.georgiapower.com/our-impact/environment/environmental-compliance/plant-list/plant-bowen.html","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":3,"title":"2025 U.S. Gazetteer Files - Georgia Places","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2025-08-01","url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.2025.html","basis":"Official representative latitude and longitude"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Data-quality repair: added mappable public geography and clarified record-specific evidence without changing status or score."}],"first_seen":"2025-01-31","latest_seen":"2026-07-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Offsite plume or exposure","Remedy cost","Completion date"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-DEKALB-WATER-SEWER-FINANCIAL-RECOVERY","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"DeKalb County 10-year rate escalation and $4.27 billion water-sewer recovery plan","description":"DeKalb County approved a $4.27 billion water-sewer recovery plan and 10% annual rate adjustments over ten years after decades of underinvestment. The first increase was delayed while the county finalized customer advocacy and public education; later implementation timing was not verified.","location":{"name":"DeKalb County water and sewer system","type":"County utility service area","detail":"DeKalb County, Georgia","counties":["DeKalb"],"extent":"county","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"coordinates":{"name":"Decatur representative point","lat":33.7711,"lon":-84.2958,"precision":"city","source_ref":4}},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"A decade of approved annual rate adjustments, major borrowing, and a $4.27 billion recovery program reflect structural funding and operating-model stress rather than a single asset failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DeKalb County approved a $4.27 billion water-sewer recovery plan and 10% annual rate adjustments over ten years after decades of underinvestment. The first increase was delayed while the county finalized customer advocacy and public education; later implementation timing was not verified.","service":"DeKalb County approved a $4.27 billion water-sewer recovery plan and 10% annual rate adjustments over ten years after decades of underinvestment. The first increase was delayed while the county finalized customer advocacy and public education; later implementation timing was not verified.","scale":"DeKalb County, Georgia; the cited evidence supports a scale score of 2.","duration":"DeKalb County approved a $4.27 billion water-sewer recovery plan and 10% annual rate adjustments over ten years after decades of underinvestment. The first increase was delayed while the county finalized customer advocacy and public education; later implementation timing was not verified.","significance":"DeKalb County approved a $4.27 billion water-sewer recovery plan and 10% annual rate adjustments over ten years after decades of underinvestment. The first increase was delayed while the county finalized customer advocacy and public education; later implementation timing was not verified."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":180000,"status":"Reported","note":"Residential accounts, not people."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"DeKalb County approved a $4.27 billion water-sewer recovery plan and 10% annual rate adjustments over ten years after decades of underinvestment. The first increase was delayed while the county finalized customer advocacy and public education; later implementation timing was not verified."},"measures":[{"name":"System older than 70 years by 2030","value":40,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1]},{"name":"Water and wastewater pipe","value":5000,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1]}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Decades of underinvestment","Repeated large annual rate adjustments","Debt dependence","Consent-decree obligations"]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Customer price exposure is worsening while capital-response capacity is improving.","projection":{"statement":"Nominal bills and debt exposure will rise materially if the approved schedule proceeds.","horizon":"through 2034","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Annual rate adjustments proceed"],"reversal_factors":["New grants","Plan amendment","Lower project costs"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"DeKalb County Board of Commissioners","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"DeKalb County Department of Watershed Management","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"DeKalb County 311, 311CCC@dekalbcountyga.gov, 404-371-2000","corrective_actions":["Approved recovery plan","Rate schedule","WIFIA and revenue-bond financing","Customer advocate","Low-income plumbing repair"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Board approves historic infrastructure plan","publisher":"DeKalb County","date":"2025-02-27","url":"https://dekalbcountyga.gov/news/2025-02-27/dekalb-county-board-approves-ceos-historic-infrastructure-plan-largest-capital","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Update on water and sewer rate increase timeline","publisher":"DeKalb County","date":"2025-07-01","url":"https://dekalbcountyga.gov/news/2025-07-01/dekalb-county-announces-update-water-and-sewer-rate-increase-timeline","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":3,"title":"DeKalb CARES plumbing-repair program","publisher":"DeKalb County","date":"2025-06-17","url":"https://dekalbcountyga.gov/news/2025-06-17/dekalb-county-cares-program-getting-results-low-income-families-plumbing-problems","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":4,"title":"2025 U.S. Gazetteer Files - Georgia Places","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2025-08-01","url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.2025.html","basis":"Official representative latitude and longitude"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Data-quality repair: added mappable public geography and clarified record-specific evidence without changing status or score."}],"first_seen":"2025-02-27","latest_seen":"2025-06-17","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Actual first increase date","Arrears and shutoffs","Liquidity and DSCR","Household burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2025-07-01","rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"typical_residential_bill","value":69.5,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-07-01","scope":{"utility":"DeKalb County water and sewer system","customer_class":"residential","service_type":"combined water and wastewater","geography":"DeKalb County"},"basis":{"billing_period":"monthly","services_included":["water","wastewater"],"definition":"County-defined average monthly combined bill; consumption not stated","consumption":"Not stated in the county source","included_charges":["combined water and sewer charges"]},"sample":{"size":0,"systems":1,"coverage":"DeKalb County utility","comparable":false},"source_refs":[2]},{"metric":"rate_change_approved","value":10,"unit":"percent annually","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-02-27","rate_change_stage":"approved","scope":{"utility":"DeKalb County water and sewer system","customer_class":"residential","service_type":"combined water and wastewater","geography":"DeKalb County"},"basis":{"definition":"Approved annually for ten years; first-year timing later delayed"},"source_refs":[1,2]}],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"capital_need","value":4270000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-02-27","funding_stage":"approved","scope":{"program":"10-year water and sewer infrastructure plan","geography":"DeKalb County"},"basis":{"definition":"County-approved program total"},"source_refs":[1]}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-GA-SAVANNAH-WATER-SEWER-DEBT-RATE-PLAN","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Savannah debt-heavy 2026-2030 capital plan and escalating water-sewer rates","description":"Savannah's 2026-2030 financial plan identifies a $477.852 million capital program, projects $442 million of borrowing, and schedules annual combined water-sewer rate increases. Projected debt-service coverage narrows from 9.29 in 2026 to 1.71 in 2029.","location":{"name":"Savannah water and sewer system","type":"Municipal and regional utility service area","detail":"Savannah and urban Chatham County, Georgia","counties":["Chatham"],"extent":"county","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"coordinates":{"name":"Savannah representative point","lat":32.0125,"lon":-81.1942,"precision":"city","source_ref":4}},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","drinking-water-supply","wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The utility projects repeated bill increases and finances most of a five-year capital program with new borrowing to preserve covenant coverage and respond to growth and regulatory pressure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The record establishes financial and capital exposure rather than a documented current public-health injury.","service":"The utility must fund continuing water and sewer operations and capital work, but the cited plan does not report a current systemwide service failure.","scale":"The financial plan applies across Savannah's water and sewer customer base.","duration":"Multi-year debt service, rate adjustments, and capital requirements support a prolonged-risk score.","significance":"Material debt and planned rate action support the financial-significance component without establishing insolvency."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":350000,"status":"Reported","note":"Official city estimate of people served; more than 80,000 metered accounts."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Savannah's 2026-2030 financial plan identifies a $477.852 million capital program, projects $442 million of borrowing, and schedules annual combined water-sewer rate increases. Projected debt-service coverage narrows from 9.29 in 2026 to 1.71 in 2029."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Most five-year capital funding is planned debt","Annual rate escalation","Coverage approaches the stated 1.7x target"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Customer price exposure and debt service are projected to rise through 2030.","projection":{"statement":"Bills and debt service are likely to rise through 2030, with coverage narrowing toward the stated target.","horizon":"2026-2030","confidence":"High","assumptions":["CIP and borrowing proceed"],"reversal_factors":["Grants","Project deferral","Lower borrowing costs"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Savannah Water Resources Department","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Savannah Financial Services Department","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Savannah Water Resources, 912-651-6573","corrective_actions":["Adopted multi-year rate plan","Authorized revenue bonds","Five-year capital program"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water and sewer rates 2026 through 2030","publisher":"City of Savannah","date":"2025-09-25","url":"https://agenda.savannahga.gov/content/files/2025-budget-memo-on-water-and-sewer-rates-2026-thru-2030-v1_2.pdf","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Savannah City Council adoption minutes","publisher":"City of Savannah","date":"2025-12-11","url":"https://agenda.savannahga.gov/publishing/december-11-2025-city-council-regular-meeting/minutes.html","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Water and sewer revenue bond authorization","publisher":"City of Savannah","date":"2026-06-11","url":"https://agenda.savannahga.gov/publishing/june-11-2026-city-council-regular-meeting/1585_12351.html","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":4,"title":"2025 U.S. Gazetteer Files - Georgia Places","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2025-08-01","url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.2025.html","basis":"Official representative latitude and longitude"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Data-quality repair: added mappable public geography and clarified record-specific evidence without changing status or score."}],"first_seen":"2025-09-25","latest_seen":"2026-06-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Full normalized bill","Arrears and shutoffs","Assistance participation","Household burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2025-09-25","rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"rate_change_approved","value":5.71,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-12-11","rate_change_stage":"approved","scope":{"utility":"Savannah water and sewer system","customer_class":"inside-city median-use customer","service_type":"combined water and wastewater","geography":"Savannah"},"basis":{"billing_period":"monthly equivalent","consumption":"15 CCF bi-monthly","services_included":["water","wastewater"],"definition":"2026 adopted increase"},"source_refs":[1,2]},{"metric":"rate_change_proposed","value":null,"range_low":6.28,"range_high":8.58,"unit":"percent annually","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-09-25","rate_change_stage":"proposed","scope":{"utility":"Savannah water and sewer system","customer_class":"inside-city median-use customer","service_type":"combined water and wastewater","geography":"Savannah"},"basis":{"definition":"Projected annual increases for 2027-2030"},"source_refs":[1]}],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"capital_need","value":477852000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","period_start":"2026-01-01","period_end":"2030-12-31","funding_stage":"estimated","scope":{"program":"Savannah water and sewer CIP","geography":"Savannah"},"basis":{"definition":"Five-year capital program"},"source_refs":[1]},{"metric":"pending_funding","value":442000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD planned borrowing","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-09-25","funding_stage":"proposed","scope":{"program":"Savannah water and sewer CIP","geography":"Savannah"},"basis":{"definition":"Planned borrowing in financial plan"},"source_refs":[1]}],"operating_health":[{"metric":"dscr","value":1.71,"unit":"ratio","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2029-12-31","scope":{"utility":"Savannah water and sewer system","geography":"Savannah"},"basis":{"accounting":"projected debt-service coverage"},"source_refs":[1]}],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-GA-WINDER-BARROW-OUTSIDE-RATE-DISPUTE","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Winder-Barrow County outside-customer water-rate and revenue-transfer dispute","description":"Barrow County challenged Winder's outside-customer water rates and alleged $13 million in above-cost collections were transferred to the general fund from 2012-2017. In March 2024 the Georgia Supreme Court held that the service-delivery proceeding could not decide the illegal-tax claim but left separate relief available.","location":{"name":"City of Winder water service area","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Winder and unincorporated Barrow County, Georgia","counties":["Barrow"],"extent":"county","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"coordinates":{"name":"Winder representative point","lat":33.9916,"lon":-83.7236,"precision":"city","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The dispute concerns geographically unequal water pricing, alleged utility-profit transfers, and the governance process for challenging outside-customer rates.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The verified concern is unequal household cost exposure; the cited record does not establish direct health or environmental harm.","service":"Outside-city customers remain dependent on the service area while disputing differential rates.","scale":"The dispute affects a defined group of Winder customers outside municipal limits rather than the entire county population.","duration":"The rate disparity and governance dispute persisted through the cited proceedings.","significance":"Official rate-setting and intergovernmental proceedings support the governance and affordability significance score."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible affected-population count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Barrow County challenged Winder's outside-customer water rates and alleged $13 million in above-cost collections were transferred to the general fund from 2012-2017. In March 2024 the Georgia Supreme Court held that the service-delivery proceeding could not decide the illegal-tax claim but left separate relief available."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Geographic pricing disparity","Alleged cross-subsidy and general-fund transfer","Long-running intergovernmental dispute"]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"The dispute remained unresolved after remand."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Winder","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Barrow County","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Barrow County Superior Court","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Mediation","Supreme Court remand","Separate declaratory relief remains available"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Barrow County v. City of Winder","publisher":"Supreme Court of Georgia","date":"2024-03-05","url":"https://law.justia.com/cases/georgia/supreme-court/2024/s23g0341.html","basis":"Published court opinion"},{"ref":2,"title":"2025 U.S. Gazetteer Files - Georgia Places","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2025-08-01","url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.2025.html","basis":"Official representative latitude and longitude"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Data-quality repair: added mappable public geography and clarified record-specific evidence without changing status or score."}],"first_seen":"2024-03-05","latest_seen":"2024-03-05","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Post-remand outcome","Rate schedules","Affected customer count","Household burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2024-03-05","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[{"metric":"subsidies_transfers","value":13000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","period_start":"2012-01-01","period_end":"2017-12-31","scope":{"utility":"City of Winder water system","geography":"Barrow County"},"basis":{"definition":"Barrow County allegation; not an adjudicated finding"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Reported allegation preserved as such."}],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-GA-ACF-INTERSTATE-SETTLEMENT-2023","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Georgia-Alabama ACF flow settlement and residual environmental appeal","description":"Georgia and Alabama resolved their state-to-state appeal through a 2023 agreement, USACE adopted targeted water-control updates in January 2025, and the Eleventh Circuit dismissed Alabama's appeal in February 2026. A separate environmental-groups appeal remained pending in the latest reviewed status report.","location":{"name":"Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin","type":"Interstate basin","detail":"Georgia, Alabama, and Florida","states":["GA","AL","FL"],"counties":[],"extent":"multi_state","state":"GA"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The dispute centered on allocation, reservoir operations, minimum interstate flows, drought operations, and metro Atlanta water-supply withdrawals.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Georgia and Alabama resolved their state-to-state appeal through a 2023 agreement, USACE adopted targeted water-control updates in January 2025, and the Eleventh Circuit dismissed Alabama's appeal in February 2026. A separate environmental-groups appeal remained pending in the latest reviewed status report.","service":"Georgia and Alabama resolved their state-to-state appeal through a 2023 agreement, USACE adopted targeted water-control updates in January 2025, and the Eleventh Circuit dismissed Alabama's appeal in February 2026. A separate environmental-groups appeal remained pending in the latest reviewed status report.","scale":"Georgia, Alabama, and Florida; the cited evidence supports a scale score of 2.","duration":"Georgia and Alabama resolved their state-to-state appeal through a 2023 agreement, USACE adopted targeted water-control updates in January 2025, and the Eleventh Circuit dismissed Alabama's appeal in February 2026. A separate environmental-groups appeal remained pending in the latest reviewed status report.","significance":"Georgia and Alabama resolved their state-to-state appeal through a 2023 agreement, USACE adopted targeted water-control updates in January 2025, and the Eleventh Circuit dismissed Alabama's appeal in February 2026. A separate environmental-groups appeal remained pending in the latest reviewed status report."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible affected-population count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Georgia and Alabama resolved their state-to-state appeal through a 2023 agreement, USACE adopted targeted water-control updates in January 2025, and the Eleventh Circuit dismissed Alabama's appeal in February 2026. A separate environmental-groups appeal remained pending in the latest reviewed status report."},"measures":[{"name":"Columbus flow objective","value":1350,"unit":"cfs seven-day average outside drought operations","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1]},{"name":"Columbia flow objective","value":2000,"unit":"cfs weekday average outside drought operations","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1]}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"State-to-state conflict de-escalated, with residual environmental litigation uncertainty."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Mobile District","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"State of Georgia","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"State of Alabama","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"USACE Mobile District Public Affairs, cesam-pa@usace.army.mil, 251-690-2505","corrective_actions":["2023 stay agreement","Federal environmental review","Targeted manual and drought-plan updates"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Governors announce Chattahoochee River agreement","publisher":"Office of the Governor of Georgia","date":"2023-12-12","url":"https://gov.georgia.gov/press-releases/2023-12-12/governors-kemp-ivey-announce-agreement-long-running-chattahoochee-river","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Mobile District completes operational analysis and targeted water-control updates","publisher":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","date":"2025-01-08","url":"https://www.sam.usace.army.mil/Missions/Planning-Environmental/Public-Notices/Article/4024722/mobile-district-completes-ilrtea-of-the-operational-analysis-and-targeted-water/","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Alabama case dismissal and residual appeal status","publisher":"E&E News","date":"2026-02-24","url":"https://www.eenews.net/articles/with-alabama-case-dismissed-tristate-water-wars-are-officially-over/","basis":"Original specialist reporting"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2023-12-12","latest_seen":"2026-02-24","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Full basin affected population","Legal costs","Current environmental-appeal status"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-ACT-ALLATOONA-ALLOCATION-APPEAL-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Alabama appeal challenging Georgia Allatoona Lake allocation","description":"A federal district court upheld USACE's Allatoona allocation decision on March 31, 2025; Alabama appealed on May 29, 2025. The decision authorizes Georgia withdrawals of 94 MGD through 2050 and allocates 32,698 acre-feet of storage for water supply.","location":{"name":"Allatoona Lake and Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa Basin","type":"Interstate basin and federal reservoir","detail":"Bartow, Cherokee, and Cobb counties, Georgia, and downstream Alabama","states":["GA","AL"],"counties":["Bartow","Cherokee","Cobb"],"extent":"multi_state","state":"GA","coordinates":{"name":"Cartersville representative point","lat":34.1646,"lon":-84.8017,"precision":"city","source_ref":3}},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The case challenges federal authority to reallocate reservoir storage and permit increased Georgia withdrawals based on alleged downstream water-availability effects.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The appeal concerns reservoir allocation and downstream water management; the record does not quantify a present ecological injury.","service":"Allocation decisions can affect municipal supply and basin operations, although no immediate service outage was documented.","scale":"The dispute spans Lake Allatoona and the interstate Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa basin.","duration":"The contested allocation framework and appeal extend a long-running interstate water-management conflict.","significance":"Federal reservoir operations and appellate litigation support the highest regulatory and governance significance score."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A defensible affected-population count was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A federal district court upheld USACE's Allatoona allocation decision on March 31, 2025; Alabama appealed on May 29, 2025. The decision authorizes Georgia withdrawals of 94 MGD through 2050 and allocates 32,698 acre-feet of storage for water supply."},"measures":[{"name":"Authorized Georgia withdrawal through 2050","value":94,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1]},{"name":"Increase over prior withdrawal","value":56.9,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1]},{"name":"Total water-supply storage allocation","value":32698,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1]}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Georgia prevailed in district court, but the appeal remained active in the latest indexed record."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"State of Alabama","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"State of Georgia","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Federal operational analysis","District-court merits review","Pending appellate review"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Alabama v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers memorandum opinion","publisher":"U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia","date":"2025-03-31","url":"https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/district-of-columbia/dcdce/1:2015cv00696/171627/169/","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":2,"title":"D.C. Circuit docket 25-5206","publisher":"U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit","date":"2025-05-29","url":"https://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/cadc/25-5206","basis":"Docket mirror"},{"ref":3,"title":"2025 U.S. Gazetteer Files - Georgia Places","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2025-08-01","url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.2025.html","basis":"Official representative latitude and longitude"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New verified Georgia baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Data-quality repair: added mappable public geography and clarified record-specific evidence without changing status or score."}],"first_seen":"2025-03-31","latest_seen":"2025-05-29","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current PACER-only status","Affected population","Legal costs"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-HI-ARMY-GARRISON-PWS-SDWA-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Army Garrison Hawaii SDWA noncompliance settlement","description":"EPA reported an FY2025 settlement requiring revised and certified comprehensive drinking-water assessment plans.","location":{"name":"Aliamanu, Schofield Barracks and Fort Shafter water systems","type":"Military public water systems","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Aliamanu, Schofield Barracks and Fort Shafter water systems, Hawaii","counties":["Honolulu"],"extent":"county","coordinates":{"name":"Honolulu County representative point","lat":21.4614,"lon":-157.9797,"precision":"county","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"EPA documented compliance and management deficiencies rather than a contaminant exceedance.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Army Garrison Hawaii SDWA noncompliance settlement harm score 0: EPA reported an FY2025 settlement requiring revised and certified comprehensive drinking-water assessment plans.","service":"Army Garrison Hawaii SDWA noncompliance settlement service score 1: Reported: three systems serving more than 50,000 people.","scale":"Army Garrison Hawaii SDWA noncompliance settlement scale score 2: Aliamanu, Schofield Barracks and Fort Shafter water systems, Hawaii.","duration":"Army Garrison Hawaii SDWA noncompliance settlement duration score 1: current status is Corrective Action Underway.","significance":"Army Garrison Hawaii SDWA noncompliance settlement significance score 1: Revise and certify comprehensive drinking-water assessment plans."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":50000,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 50,000."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"three systems serving more than 50,000 people."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["See description and financial evidence; no confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default or receivership."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Direction based on cited status and measures; use Insufficient History where comparable history is inadequate."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Army Garrison Hawaii","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"EPA Region 9","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"EPA Region 9 public contact","corrective_actions":["Revise and certify comprehensive drinking-water assessment plans."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY 2025 federal facilities enforcement results","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2025-12-31","url":"https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/enforcement-and-compliance-assurance-annual-results-fy-2025-federal-facilities","basis":"Federal enforcement summary"},{"ref":2,"title":"U.S. Census Bureau Gazetteer Files - Counties","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2026-09-04","url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","basis":"Federal geographic reference","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New verified Hawaii baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Exact affected population where not stated","Comparable household burden","Exact public coordinates where not stated"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-HI-AIEA-HALAWA-PFAS-TREATMENT-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Navy Aiea Halawa Shaft PFAS treatment and conditional reactivation","description":"DOH conditionally approved reactivation after installation of GAC, ion exchange, disinfection and expanded testing.","location":{"name":"Navy Aiea Halawa Shaft","type":"Drinking-water source HI0000360","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Navy Aiea Halawa Shaft, Hawaii","counties":["Honolulu"],"extent":"county","pwsid":"HI0000360","coordinates":{"name":"Honolulu County representative point","lat":21.4614,"lon":-157.9797,"precision":"county","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Raw-water PFAS required new treatment before a source could be restored for resilience.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Navy Aiea Halawa Shaft PFAS treatment and conditional reactivation harm score 1: DOH conditionally approved reactivation after installation of GAC, ion exchange, disinfection and expanded testing.","service":"Navy Aiea Halawa Shaft PFAS treatment and conditional reactivation service score 1: Reported: treated-water tests did not exceed applicable standards; related system serves about 93,000.","scale":"Navy Aiea Halawa Shaft PFAS treatment and conditional reactivation scale score 2: Navy Aiea Halawa Shaft, Hawaii.","duration":"Navy Aiea Halawa Shaft PFAS treatment and conditional reactivation duration score 0: current status is Corrective Action Underway.","significance":"Navy Aiea Halawa Shaft PFAS treatment and conditional reactivation significance score 1: Treatment, expanded testing, rapid reporting and advance customer notice."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"treated-water tests did not exceed applicable standards; related system serves about 93,000."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["See description and financial evidence; no confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default or receivership."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Direction based on cited status and measures; use Insufficient History where comparable history is inadequate."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Navy","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Hawaii DOH","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Hawaii DOH Safe Drinking Water Branch","corrective_actions":["Treatment, expanded testing, rapid reporting and advance customer notice."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Conditional reactivation of Navy Aiea Halawa Shaft","publisher":"Hawaii Department of Health","date":"2026-09-04","url":"https://health.hawaii.gov/news/newsroom/conditional-reactivation-of-navy-%CA%BBaiea-halawa-shaft-will-increase-resilience-of-navy-water-system/","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"U.S. Census Bureau Gazetteer Files - Counties","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2026-09-04","url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","basis":"Federal geographic reference","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New verified Hawaii baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Exact affected population where not stated","Comparable household burden","Exact public coordinates where not stated"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-HI-ALOHA-PETROLEUM-KAHULUI-SPCC-2024","revision":4,"change_type":"changed","title":"Aloha Petroleum Kahului oil-containment violations","description":"EPA found inadequate oil secondary containment and inspection practices at Aloha Petroleum's Kahului storage and distribution facility. The company completed corrective work and agreed to a $103,377 Clean Water Act penalty; the cited record did not document an actual water discharge.","location":{"name":"Aloha Petroleum Kahului facility","type":"Oil storage and distribution facility","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Kahului, Maui County, Hawaii, near Kahului Harbor and Kanaha Pond Wildlife Sanctuary","counties":["Maui"],"extent":"site","coordinates":{"name":"Maui County representative point","lat":20.863,"lon":-156.568,"precision":"county","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The enforcement action centered on deficient oil-containment structures and inspection practices that created a water-pollution risk.","secondary_drivers":["Oil-spill prevention"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"EPA described a potential oil-release risk but did not report an actual discharge or documented environmental injury [1].","service":"No drinking-water, sanitation, or flood-protection service disruption was reported [1].","scale":"The violations were limited to one Maui facility near Kahului Harbor and Kanaha Pond [1].","duration":"Violations identified in a February 2023 inspection were corrected by 2024 [1].","significance":"EPA entered a Clean Water Act settlement and assessed a $103,377 penalty [1]."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No exposed population was reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: $103,377 Clean Water Act penalty; corrective containment and inspection work completed."},"measures":[{"name":"Clean Water Act penalty","value":103377,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Settlement amount [1]."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No water-utility financial distress applies to this industrial facility enforcement record."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"EPA reported completion of containment improvements before settlement [1].","projection":{"statement":"No continuing water issue is projected from the cited violation if the completed controls and monthly inspections are maintained.","horizon":"12 months","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["The facility maintains repaired containment and inspection practices."],"reversal_factors":["A spill, failed containment, or renewed noncompliance."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Aloha Petroleum LLC","role":"Facility operator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 9","role":"Clean Water Act enforcement"}],"public_contact":"EPA Region 9 press contact Alejandro Diaz, diaz.alejandro@epa.gov, (808) 284-7084","corrective_actions":["Restored containment liner and wall.","Added barriers and remote monitoring.","Implemented monthly tank inspections."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"In Coordination with EPA, Aloha Petroleum Completes Improvements to Oil Facility in Maui","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2024-09-11","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/coordination-epa-aloha-petroleum-completes-improvements-oil-facility-maui","basis":"Federal enforcement release"},{"ref":2,"title":"U.S. Census Bureau Gazetteer Files - Counties","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2026-09-04","url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","basis":"Federal geographic reference","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"New Hawaii baseline record documenting an in-window resolved enforcement action."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Facility throughput","Population affected"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2024-09-11","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[{"metric":"formal_proceeding","value":null,"text":"$103,377 Clean Water Act settlement penalty","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-09-11","scope":{"utility":"","project":"Aloha Petroleum Kahului facility settlement","program":"","customer_class":"","geography":"Maui County, Hawaii","service_type":"industrial oil storage"},"basis":{"definition":"EPA settlement penalty"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Penalty is not a cleanup-cost or utility-distress measure."}],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-HI-ISLAND-ENERGY-HONOLULU-SPCC-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Island Energy Honolulu Marine Terminal spill-prevention deficiencies","description":"EPA alleged spill-prevention violations; corrective work required by a related order was completed.","location":{"name":"Island Energy Honolulu Marine Terminal","type":"Oil terminal","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Island Energy Honolulu Marine Terminal, Hawaii","counties":["Honolulu"],"extent":"county","coordinates":{"name":"Honolulu County representative point","lat":21.4614,"lon":-157.9797,"precision":"county","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Inadequate containment and piping controls created spill risk to adjacent harbor waters.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Island Energy Honolulu Marine Terminal spill-prevention deficiencies harm score 1: EPA alleged spill-prevention violations; corrective work required by a related order was completed.","service":"Island Energy Honolulu Marine Terminal spill-prevention deficiencies service score 0: Reported: 29 tanks with 20,587,628 gallons capacity; proposed $142,010 penalty.","scale":"Island Energy Honolulu Marine Terminal spill-prevention deficiencies scale score 1: Island Energy Honolulu Marine Terminal, Hawaii.","duration":"Island Energy Honolulu Marine Terminal spill-prevention deficiencies duration score 0: current status is Resolved or Stabilized.","significance":"Island Energy Honolulu Marine Terminal spill-prevention deficiencies significance score 2: Complete secondary-containment and piping corrective measures."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"29 tanks with 20,587,628 gallons capacity; proposed $142,010 penalty."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No sourced structural financial distress or insolvency signal."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Direction based on cited status and measures; use Insufficient History where comparable history is inadequate."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"IES Downstream LLC","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"EPA Region 9","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"EPA Region 9 public contact","corrective_actions":["Complete secondary-containment and piping corrective measures."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"IES Downstream LLC Clean Water Act case","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-07","url":"https://www.epa.gov/hawaii/CWA-09-2026-0065","basis":"Federal enforcement case"},{"ref":2,"title":"U.S. Census Bureau Gazetteer Files - Counties","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2026-09-04","url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","basis":"Federal geographic reference","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"New verified Hawaii baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Exact affected population where not stated","Comparable household burden","Exact public coordinates where not stated"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-HI-WEST-MAUI-SUPPLY-CAPACITY-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"West Maui reliable water-supply capacity deficit","description":"County studies document a structural gap between projected peak demand and reliable production capacity despite planned new sources.","location":{"name":"Maui DWS West Maui system","type":"County water system","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Maui DWS West Maui system, Hawaii","counties":["Maui"],"extent":"county","coordinates":{"name":"Maui County representative point","lat":20.863,"lon":-156.568,"precision":"county","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Drought-sensitive sources, permitted groundwater and insufficient reliable production jointly constrain service.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"West Maui reliable water-supply capacity deficit harm score 1: County studies document a structural gap between projected peak demand and reliable production capacity despite planned new sources.","service":"West Maui reliable water-supply capacity deficit service score 2: Reported: projected peak demand was 141.8% of maximum reliable capacity; a planned well would leave a 15.7% deficit.","scale":"West Maui reliable water-supply capacity deficit scale score 1: Maui DWS West Maui system, Hawaii.","duration":"West Maui reliable water-supply capacity deficit duration score 2: current status is Ongoing Major Issue.","significance":"West Maui reliable water-supply capacity deficit significance score 2: Develop and permit wells, conserve supply and evaluate desalination."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"projected peak demand was 141.8% of maximum reliable capacity; a planned well would leave a 15.7% deficit."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["See description and financial evidence; no confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default or receivership."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Direction based on cited status and measures; use Insufficient History where comparable history is inadequate."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Maui County DWS","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Hawaii CWRM","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Maui DWS Engineering, 808-270-7835","corrective_actions":["Develop and permit wells, conserve supply and evaluate desalination."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"West Maui maximum reliable capacity study","publisher":"Maui County","date":"2025-11-17","url":"https://www.mauicounty.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/17992","basis":"Local government study"},{"ref":2,"title":"U.S. Census Bureau Gazetteer Files - Counties","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2026-09-04","url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","basis":"Federal geographic reference","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New verified Hawaii baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Exact affected population where not stated","Comparable household burden","Exact public coordinates where not stated"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-HI-CENTRAL-SOUTH-MAUI-SHORTAGE-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Central and South Maui prolonged Stage 1 shortage","description":"Rain, improved streamflow and lower demand allowed the county to suspend conservation restrictions.","location":{"name":"Central and South Maui water service area","type":"County water system","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Central and South Maui water service area, Hawaii","counties":["Maui"],"extent":"county","coordinates":{"name":"Maui County representative point","lat":20.863,"lon":-156.568,"precision":"county","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"High seasonal demand and limited surface supply triggered conservation requirements.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Central and South Maui prolonged Stage 1 shortage harm score 0: Rain, improved streamflow and lower demand allowed the county to suspend conservation restrictions.","service":"Central and South Maui prolonged Stage 1 shortage service score 1: Reported: Stage 1 restrictions ran from September 2024 to December 2025.","scale":"Central and South Maui prolonged Stage 1 shortage scale score 1: Central and South Maui water service area, Hawaii.","duration":"Central and South Maui prolonged Stage 1 shortage duration score 1: current status is Resolved or Stabilized.","significance":"Central and South Maui prolonged Stage 1 shortage significance score 1: Irrigation schedules, leak repair, conservation and monitoring."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Stage 1 restrictions ran from September 2024 to December 2025."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No sourced structural financial distress or insolvency signal."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Direction based on cited status and measures; use Insufficient History where comparable history is inadequate."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Maui County DWS","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Maui DWS, 808-463-3110","corrective_actions":["Irrigation schedules, leak repair, conservation and monitoring."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Central and South Maui Stage 1 shortage notice","publisher":"Maui County","date":"2024-09-18","url":"https://www.mauicounty.gov/m/newsflash/Home/Detail/15800","basis":"Local government notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"U.S. Census Bureau Gazetteer Files - Counties","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2026-09-04","url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","basis":"Federal geographic reference","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"New verified Hawaii baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Exact affected population where not stated","Comparable household burden","Exact public coordinates where not stated"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-HI-WAHIAWA-DAM-REHAB-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Wahiawa Dam safety deficiencies and constrained storage","description":"An 18-month emergency project begun in May 2026 addresses overtopping risk and restores agricultural, recharge and wildfire-response storage.","location":{"name":"Wahiawa Dam and reservoir","type":"State agricultural dam","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Wahiawa Dam and reservoir, Hawaii","counties":["Honolulu"],"extent":"county","coordinates":{"name":"Honolulu County representative point","lat":21.4614,"lon":-157.9797,"precision":"county","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Dam and spillway deficiencies required emergency rehabilitation and reduced storage.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Wahiawa Dam safety deficiencies and constrained storage harm score 2: An 18-month emergency project begun in May 2026 addresses overtopping risk and restores agricultural, recharge and wildfire-response storage.","service":"Wahiawa Dam safety deficiencies and constrained storage service score 1: Reported: $65 million state-funded rehabilitation; storage constrained to about 60-65 feet versus about 78 feet after repair.","scale":"Wahiawa Dam safety deficiencies and constrained storage scale score 1: Wahiawa Dam and reservoir, Hawaii.","duration":"Wahiawa Dam safety deficiencies and constrained storage duration score 2: current status is Corrective Action Underway.","significance":"Wahiawa Dam safety deficiencies and constrained storage significance score 2: Rehabilitate embankment and construct a wider sawtooth spillway."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$65 million state-funded rehabilitation; storage constrained to about 60-65 feet versus about 78 feet after repair."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No sourced structural financial distress or insolvency signal."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Direction based on cited status and measures; use Insufficient History where comparable history is inadequate."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Hawaii Department of Agriculture and Biosecurity","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"HDOT","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"DLNR","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"DLNR Communications, 808-587-0396","corrective_actions":["Rehabilitate embankment and construct a wider sawtooth spillway."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Wahiawa Dam rehabilitation begins","publisher":"Hawaii DLNR","date":"2026-05-11","url":"https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/blog/2026/05/11/nr26-62/","basis":"State project record"},{"ref":2,"title":"U.S. Census Bureau Gazetteer Files - Counties","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2026-09-04","url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","basis":"Federal geographic reference","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified Hawaii baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Exact affected population where not stated","Comparable household burden","Exact public coordinates where not stated"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":65000000,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-05-11","funding_stage":"estimated","scope":{"utility":"","project":"Wahiawa Dam rehabilitation","program":"","customer_class":"","geography":"Wahiawa Dam and reservoir, Hawaii","service_type":"water"},"basis":{"billing_period":"","consumption":"","services_included":[],"included_charges":[],"excluded_charges":[],"accounting":"","rate":"State project estimate","income":"","population":"","definition":"State project estimate"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":""},{"metric":"secured_funding","value":65000000,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-05-11","funding_stage":"secured","scope":{"utility":"","project":"Wahiawa Dam rehabilitation","program":"","customer_class":"","geography":"Wahiawa Dam and reservoir, Hawaii","service_type":"water"},"basis":{"billing_period":"","consumption":"","services_included":[],"included_charges":[],"excluded_charges":[],"accounting":"","rate":"State funding","income":"","population":"","definition":"State funding"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":""}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-HI-LAHAINA-WATER-INFRA-RECOVERY-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lahaina fire-damaged potable-water infrastructure recovery","description":"County recovery plans call for storage, pipe, transmission, pump, well and treatment upgrades after the wildfire.","location":{"name":"Lahaina water infrastructure","type":"County water system","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Lahaina water infrastructure, Hawaii","counties":["Maui"],"extent":"county","coordinates":{"name":"Maui County representative point","lat":20.863,"lon":-156.568,"precision":"county","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Fire damage, undersized pipes, inadequate storage and low residual fire-flow pressure require rebuilding.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Lahaina fire-damaged potable-water infrastructure recovery harm score 1: County recovery plans call for storage, pipe, transmission, pump, well and treatment upgrades after the wildfire.","service":"Lahaina fire-damaged potable-water infrastructure recovery service score 2: Reported: proposed 1.7-million-gallon tank would increase storage from 4.4 MG to 6.1 MG; plan cost $47.8 million.","scale":"Lahaina fire-damaged potable-water infrastructure recovery scale score 1: Lahaina water infrastructure, Hawaii.","duration":"Lahaina fire-damaged potable-water infrastructure recovery duration score 2: current status is Corrective Action Underway.","significance":"Lahaina fire-damaged potable-water infrastructure recovery significance score 2: Build storage, transmission, pipe, pump, well and treatment improvements."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"proposed 1.7-million-gallon tank would increase storage from 4.4 MG to 6.1 MG; plan cost $47.8 million."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["See description and financial evidence; no confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default or receivership."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Direction based on cited status and measures; use Insufficient History where comparable history is inadequate."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Maui County DWS","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"FEMA","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"HUD","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Hawaii DOH","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Maui DWS, 808-270-7816","corrective_actions":["Build storage, transmission, pipe, pump, well and treatment improvements."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lahaina Long-Term Recovery Plan","publisher":"Maui County","date":"2024-12-21","url":"https://www.mauicounty.gov/DocumentCenter/View/151316/Lahaina-Long-Term-Recovery-Plan-Report-2024-12-21","basis":"Local recovery plan"},{"ref":2,"title":"U.S. Census Bureau Gazetteer Files - Counties","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2026-09-04","url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","basis":"Federal geographic reference","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified Hawaii baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Exact affected population where not stated","Comparable household burden","Exact public coordinates where not stated"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":47800000,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-12-21","funding_stage":"estimated","scope":{"utility":"","project":"Lahaina water recovery plan","program":"","customer_class":"","geography":"Lahaina water infrastructure, Hawaii","service_type":"water"},"basis":{"billing_period":"","consumption":"","services_included":[],"included_charges":[],"excluded_charges":[],"accounting":"","rate":"Recovery-plan estimate","income":"","population":"","definition":"Recovery-plan estimate"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Related awards and loans may overlap and are not summed."}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-HI-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2024-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Statewide 2024-2026 drought and low-streamflow episode","description":"The multi-island drought produced supply and agricultural impacts before statewide drought indicators improved by October 2026.","location":{"name":"Statewide Hawaii drought areas","type":"Statewide drought","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Statewide Hawaii drought areas, Hawaii","counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Multi-island precipitation and streamflow deficits reduced water supply and drove restrictions.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Statewide 2024-2026 drought and low-streamflow episode harm score 1: The multi-island drought produced supply and agricultural impacts before statewide drought indicators improved by October 2026.","service":"Statewide 2024-2026 drought and low-streamflow episode service score 1: Reported: about 386,000 people affected in June 2025; 68% of the state in D1-D3 in September 2025; 0% in D1-D4 by 2026-10-06.","scale":"Statewide 2024-2026 drought and low-streamflow episode scale score 2: Statewide Hawaii drought areas, Hawaii.","duration":"Statewide 2024-2026 drought and low-streamflow episode duration score 2: current status is Resolved or Stabilized.","significance":"Statewide 2024-2026 drought and low-streamflow episode significance score 1: Drought monitoring, conservation and service-area restrictions."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":386000,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 386,000."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"about 386,000 people affected in June 2025; 68% of the state in D1-D3 in September 2025; 0% in D1-D4 by 2026-10-06."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No sourced structural financial distress or insolvency signal."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Direction based on cited status and measures; use Insufficient History where comparable history is inadequate."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Hawaii DLNR","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"county water departments","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"DLNR Communications, dlnr.comms@hawaii.gov","corrective_actions":["Drought monitoring, conservation and service-area restrictions."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Hawaii drought impacts","publisher":"Hawaii DLNR","date":"2025-06-18","url":"https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/blog/2025/06/18/nr25-91/","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"New verified Hawaii baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Exact affected population where not stated","Comparable household burden","Exact public coordinates where not stated"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-HI-WEST-KAUAI-IRRIGATION-DROUGHT-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Record-low West Kauai streamflow threatens agricultural delivery","description":"March 2025 record-low flows threatened water delivery across West Kauai agricultural lands.","location":{"name":"Kekaha and Kokee ditch systems","type":"Agricultural irrigation systems","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Kekaha and Kokee ditch systems, Hawaii","counties":["Kauai"],"extent":"county","coordinates":{"name":"Kauai County representative point","lat":22.012,"lon":-159.705,"precision":"county","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Record-low source-stream flows materially limited agricultural ditch supply.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Record-low West Kauai streamflow threatens agricultural delivery harm score 1: March 2025 record-low flows threatened water delivery across West Kauai agricultural lands.","service":"Record-low West Kauai streamflow threatens agricultural delivery service score 1: Reported: Kawaikoi Stream at about 20% of normal; nine lessees and 13,000 acres potentially affected.","scale":"Record-low West Kauai streamflow threatens agricultural delivery scale score 1: Kekaha and Kokee ditch systems, Hawaii.","duration":"Record-low West Kauai streamflow threatens agricultural delivery duration score 2: current status is Resolved or Stabilized.","significance":"Record-low West Kauai streamflow threatens agricultural delivery significance score 1: Monitor flows, allocate supplies and conserve water."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Kawaikoi Stream at about 20% of normal; nine lessees and 13,000 acres potentially affected."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["See description and financial evidence; no confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default or receivership."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Direction based on cited status and measures; use Insufficient History where comparable history is inadequate."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Hawaii CWRM","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Kekaha Agriculture Association","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"DLNR Communications, dlnr.comms@hawaii.gov","corrective_actions":["Monitor flows, allocate supplies and conserve water."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Record-low West Kauai streamflow","publisher":"Hawaii DLNR","date":"2025-03-13","url":"https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/blog/2025/03/13/nr25-37/","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"U.S. Census Bureau Gazetteer Files - Counties","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2026-09-04","url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","basis":"Federal geographic reference","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New verified Hawaii baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Exact affected population where not stated","Comparable household burden","Exact public coordinates where not stated"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-HI-COUNTY-WASTEWATER-EPA-ORDER-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hawaii County wastewater plants and collection-system federal order","description":"EPA ordered plant rehabilitation, force-main work, condition assessment and integrated financial and asset plans.","location":{"name":"Hawaii County wastewater system","type":"County wastewater network","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Hawaii County wastewater system, Hawaii","counties":["Hawaii"],"extent":"county","coordinates":{"name":"Hawaii County representative point","lat":19.5938,"lon":-155.4284,"precision":"county","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Deferred or failed assets caused permit violations and sewer overflows.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Hawaii County wastewater plants and collection-system federal order harm score 2: EPA ordered plant rehabilitation, force-main work, condition assessment and integrated financial and asset plans.","service":"Hawaii County wastewater plants and collection-system federal order service score 1: Reported: order covers three treatment plants and multiple force mains in a network with 105 miles of gravity sewer.","scale":"Hawaii County wastewater plants and collection-system federal order scale score 1: Hawaii County wastewater system, Hawaii.","duration":"Hawaii County wastewater plants and collection-system federal order duration score 2: current status is Corrective Action Underway.","significance":"Hawaii County wastewater plants and collection-system federal order significance score 2: Rehabilitate plants and pipelines; complete asset, financial and spill-prevention plans."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"order covers three treatment plants and multiple force mains in a network with 105 miles of gravity sewer."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["See description and financial evidence; no confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default or receivership."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Direction based on cited status and measures; use Insufficient History where comparable history is inadequate."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Hawaii County","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"EPA Region 9","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Hawaii DOH","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Hawaii DOH Wastewater Branch Hilo, 808-933-0401","corrective_actions":["Rehabilitate plants and pipelines; complete asset, financial and spill-prevention plans."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA addresses Hawaii County wastewater violations","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2024-04-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-addresses-pollution-violations-involving-hawaii-wastewater-treatment-plants-sewer","basis":"Federal enforcement order"},{"ref":2,"title":"U.S. Census Bureau Gazetteer Files - Counties","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2026-09-04","url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","basis":"Federal geographic reference","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified Hawaii baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Exact affected population where not stated","Comparable household burden","Exact public coordinates where not stated"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-HI-OAHU-STORMWATER-FUNDING","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Oahu stormwater program funding and utility design","description":"Honolulu continued designing a dedicated fee and credit program while multiple runoff-control projects advanced.","location":{"name":"Oahu stormwater service area","type":"Municipal stormwater program","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Oahu stormwater service area, Hawaii","counties":["Honolulu"],"extent":"county","coordinates":{"name":"Honolulu County representative point","lat":21.4614,"lon":-157.9797,"precision":"county","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"A proposed impervious-area fee is intended to create dedicated operations and capital funding.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Oahu stormwater program funding and utility design harm score 1: Honolulu continued designing a dedicated fee and credit program while multiple runoff-control projects advanced.","service":"Oahu stormwater program funding and utility design service score 1: Estimated: typical single-family fee discussed at $23-$29 per month; not adopted.","scale":"Oahu stormwater program funding and utility design scale score 1: Oahu stormwater service area, Hawaii.","duration":"Oahu stormwater program funding and utility design duration score 1: current status is Monitoring or Emerging Risk.","significance":"Oahu stormwater program funding and utility design significance score 0: Design fee and credits; construct green infrastructure and trash controls."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"typical single-family fee discussed at $23-$29 per month; not adopted."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["See description and financial evidence; no confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default or receivership."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Direction based on cited status and measures; use Insufficient History where comparable history is inadequate."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City and County of Honolulu","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Honolulu Department of Environmental Services","corrective_actions":["Design fee and credits; construct green infrastructure and trash controls."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Storm Water Utility Working Advisory Group meeting summary","publisher":"City and County of Honolulu","date":"2024-06-24","url":"https://www.honolulu.gov/env/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2024/08/FINAL_SW-WAG_Meeting_Summary_240624.pdf","basis":"Local government planning record"},{"ref":2,"title":"U.S. Census Bureau Gazetteer Files - Counties","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2026-09-04","url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","basis":"Federal geographic reference","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New verified Hawaii baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Exact affected population where not stated","Comparable household burden","Exact public coordinates where not stated"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"typical_residential_bill","value":null,"range_low":23,"range_high":29,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD/month","status":"Estimated","as_of_date":"2024-06-24","scope":{"utility":"","project":"Illustrative single-family stormwater fee","program":"","customer_class":"residential","geography":"Oahu stormwater service area, Hawaii","service_type":"stormwater"},"basis":{"billing_period":"monthly","consumption":"Not consumption-based; impervious-area fee scenario.","services_included":["wastewater"],"included_charges":["stormwater"],"excluded_charges":[],"accounting":"","rate":"City advisory scenarios; fee not approved","income":"","population":"","definition":"City advisory scenarios; fee not approved"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"","method":"City scenario estimates vary with Highway Fund contribution and parcel assumptions."}],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-HI-HONOLULU-BWS-RATES-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Honolulu BWS multi-year water rates and capital financing","description":"BWS adopted multi-year rates to support a six-year capital program; AAA ratings indicate no insolvency.","location":{"name":"Honolulu Board of Water Supply","type":"Municipal water utility","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Honolulu Board of Water Supply, Hawaii","counties":["Honolulu"],"extent":"county","coordinates":{"name":"Honolulu County representative point","lat":21.4614,"lon":-157.9797,"precision":"county","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Revenue sufficiency and the adopted rate path are driven by operating and capital needs.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Honolulu BWS multi-year water rates and capital financing harm score 0: BWS adopted multi-year rates to support a six-year capital program; AAA ratings indicate no insolvency.","service":"Honolulu BWS multi-year water rates and capital financing service score 1: Reported: adopted increases of 10%, 10%, 9%, 8.5%, 8% and 8% through July 2028; $1.26 billion for 132 projects.","scale":"Honolulu BWS multi-year water rates and capital financing scale score 2: Honolulu Board of Water Supply, Hawaii.","duration":"Honolulu BWS multi-year water rates and capital financing duration score 2: current status is Corrective Action Underway.","significance":"Honolulu BWS multi-year water rates and capital financing significance score 1: Implement rate and capital plans with tiered essential-use pricing."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":170000,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 170,000."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"adopted increases of 10%, 10%, 9%, 8.5%, 8% and 8% through July 2028; $1.26 billion for 132 projects."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["See description and financial evidence; no confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default or receivership."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Direction based on cited status and measures; use Insufficient History where comparable history is inadequate."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Honolulu Board of Water Supply","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"BWS Customer Care, customerservice@hbws.org, 808-748-5000","corrective_actions":["Implement rate and capital plans with tiered essential-use pricing."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"BWS rate schedule FY2024 to FY2029","publisher":"Honolulu Board of Water Supply","date":"2024-02-01","url":"https://www.boardofwatersupply.com/customer-service/water-rates/rate-schedule-fy-2024-to-fy-2029/","basis":"Utility rate schedule"},{"ref":2,"title":"U.S. Census Bureau Gazetteer Files - Counties","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2026-09-04","url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","basis":"Federal geographic reference","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Hawaii baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Exact affected population where not stated","Comparable household burden","Exact public coordinates where not stated"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"rate_change_approved","value":8.5,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":null,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-07-01","rate_change_stage":"approved","scope":{"utility":"","project":"Honolulu BWS customer rates","program":"","customer_class":"","geography":"Honolulu Board of Water Supply, Hawaii","service_type":"water"},"basis":{"billing_period":"","consumption":"","services_included":[],"included_charges":[],"excluded_charges":[],"accounting":"","rate":"Adopted schedule","income":"","population":"","definition":"Adopted schedule"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":""}],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"cip_total","value":1260000000,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-10-10","funding_stage":"estimated","scope":{"utility":"","project":"Honolulu BWS 132-project capital program","program":"","customer_class":"","geography":"Honolulu Board of Water Supply, Hawaii","service_type":"water"},"basis":{"billing_period":"","consumption":"","services_included":[],"included_charges":[],"excluded_charges":[],"accounting":"","rate":"Six-year utility plan","income":"","population":"","definition":"Six-year utility plan"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":""}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-HI-HAWAII-AMERICAN-WATER-RATES-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hawaii American Water disparate wastewater rate increases","description":"The PUC approved reduced but disparate district rate increases driven by operating costs and plant investment.","location":{"name":"Hawaii American Water districts","type":"Private wastewater utility","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Hawaii American Water districts, Hawaii","counties":["Honolulu","Hawaii"],"extent":"multi_county","points":[{"name":"Honolulu County representative point","lat":21.4614,"lon":-157.9797,"precision":"county","role":"affected county","source_ref":2},{"name":"Hawaii County representative point","lat":19.5938,"lon":-155.4284,"precision":"county","role":"affected county","source_ref":2}]},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Regulated revenue requirements produced materially different rate increases across districts.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Hawaii American Water disparate wastewater rate increases harm score 0: The PUC approved reduced but disparate district rate increases driven by operating costs and plant investment.","service":"Hawaii American Water disparate wastewater rate increases service score 1: Reported: approved revenue increases of 4.93% Hawaii Kai, 55.53% Mauna Lani and 16.91% Waimea.","scale":"Hawaii American Water disparate wastewater rate increases scale score 1: Hawaii American Water districts, Hawaii.","duration":"Hawaii American Water disparate wastewater rate increases duration score 2: current status is Corrective Action Underway.","significance":"Hawaii American Water disparate wastewater rate increases significance score 2: Implement approved tariffs and regulatory conditions."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"approved revenue increases of 4.93% Hawaii Kai, 55.53% Mauna Lani and 16.91% Waimea."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["See description and financial evidence; no confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default or receivership."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Direction based on cited status and measures; use Insufficient History where comparable history is inadequate."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Hawaii PUC","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Hawaii American Water","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Hawaii PUC, puc@hawaii.gov, 808-586-2020","corrective_actions":["Implement approved tariffs and regulatory conditions."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Decision and Order No. 41833 approving new rates","publisher":"Hawaii Public Utilities Commission","date":"2025-07-24","url":"https://www.amwater.com/hiaw/resources/PDF/Decision%20and%20Order%20No.41833%20Approving%20New%20Rates.pdf","basis":"Regulatory rate order"},{"ref":2,"title":"U.S. Census Bureau Gazetteer Files - Counties","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2026-09-04","url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","basis":"Federal geographic reference","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Hawaii baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Exact affected population where not stated","Comparable household burden","Exact public coordinates where not stated"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"rate_change_approved","value":55.53,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"currency":null,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-07-24","rate_change_stage":"approved","scope":{"utility":"","project":"Mauna Lani wastewater district","program":"","customer_class":"","geography":"Hawaii American Water districts, Hawaii","service_type":"water"},"basis":{"billing_period":"","consumption":"","services_included":[],"included_charges":[],"excluded_charges":[],"accounting":"","rate":"Approved revenue increase","income":"","population":"","definition":"Approved revenue increase"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":""}],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-HI-HONOLULU-SEWER-RATES-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Honolulu sewer rate restructuring and multi-year increases","description":"Ordinance 25-27 established new rate schedules and a customer-assistance program for the island system.","location":{"name":"Honolulu wastewater utility","type":"Municipal wastewater utility","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Honolulu wastewater utility, Hawaii","counties":["Honolulu"],"extent":"county","coordinates":{"name":"Honolulu County representative point","lat":21.4614,"lon":-157.9797,"precision":"county","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Adopted rates fund wastewater operations, capital and debt while restructuring household charges.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Honolulu sewer rate restructuring and multi-year increases harm score 0: Ordinance 25-27 established new rate schedules and a customer-assistance program for the island system.","service":"Honolulu sewer rate restructuring and multi-year increases service score 1: Reported: single-family base and usage charges rise through July 2031, followed by 3% annual increases.","scale":"Honolulu sewer rate restructuring and multi-year increases scale score 2: Honolulu wastewater utility, Hawaii.","duration":"Honolulu sewer rate restructuring and multi-year increases duration score 2: current status is Corrective Action Underway.","significance":"Honolulu sewer rate restructuring and multi-year increases significance score 1: Implement new rates and customer assistance."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"single-family base and usage charges rise through July 2031, followed by 3% annual increases."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["See description and financial evidence; no confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default or receivership."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Direction based on cited status and measures; use Insufficient History where comparable history is inadequate."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City and County of Honolulu Department of Environmental Services","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"ENV sewer billing, envsewerinfo@honolulu.gov, 808-768-3330","corrective_actions":["Implement new rates and customer assistance."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Honolulu sewer service charge schedule","publisher":"City and County of Honolulu","date":"2025-06-24","url":"https://codelibrary.amlegal.com/codes/honolulu/latest/honolulu/0-0-0-42745","basis":"Municipal code"},{"ref":2,"title":"U.S. Census Bureau Gazetteer Files - Counties","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2026-09-04","url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","basis":"Federal geographic reference","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Hawaii baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). 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Historical fuel contamination and reliance on a single operating source made water quality and infrastructure reliability materially causal.","location":{"name":"Hawaii","type":"Hawaii water issue area","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam and Aliamanu Military Reservation, Honolulu County, Hawaii","counties":["Honolulu"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Historical fuel contamination and reliance on a single operating source made water quality and infrastructure reliability materially causal.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Harm: Confirmed historical contamination affected about 93,000 users, but EPA found compliant water since 2022.","service":"Essential service: Confirmed historical contamination affected about 93,000 users, but EPA found compliant water since 2022.","scale":"Scale: Confirmed historical contamination affected about 93,000 users, but EPA found compliant water since 2022.","duration":"Duration: Confirmed historical contamination affected about 93,000 users, but EPA found compliant water since 2022.","significance":"Regulatory, infrastructure, or financial significance: Confirmed historical contamination affected about 93,000 users, but EPA found compliant water since 2022."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":93000,"status":"Reported","note":"EPA historical unsafe-water advisory impact"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Measure 1: 93000 people; Measure 2: 50 more_than_count"},"measures":[{"name":"Measure 1","value":93000,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Measure 2","value":50,"unit":"more_than_count","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No insolvency evidence located."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Improving.","projection":{"statement":"Reliability should improve over 1-3 years if the second treated source operates under regulatory conditions.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Cited conditions continue."],"reversal_factors":["Treatment failure","Renewed detections","Contaminant migration"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Navy","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"U.S. Army","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Hawaii Department of Health","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"office: Navy Water Quality Action Team, phone: 808-210-6968","corrective_actions":["Routine SDWA monitoring","Conditionally reactivate treated Aiea Halawa Shaft","Continue Red Hill closure and groundwater oversight"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA Concludes Drinking Water Has Been Free of Fuel Contamination Since 2022","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-03-31","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-concludes-drinking-water-has-been-free-fuel-contamination-2022-wake-red-hill","basis":"federal"},{"ref":2,"title":"Conditional Reactivation of Navy Aiea Halawa Shaft","publisher":"Hawaii Department of Health","date":"2026-09-04","url":"https://health.hawaii.gov/news/newsroom/conditional-reactivation-of-navy-%CA%BBaiea-halawa-shaft-will-increase-resilience-of-navy-water-system/","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"New Hawaii baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-09-04","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["verified coordinates","project cost","funding gap"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-HI-MAUI-WILDFIRE-UNSAFE-WATER-ADVISORIES","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lahaina and Upper Kula wildfire-related unsafe-water advisories","description":"Lahaina and Upper Kula wildfire-related unsafe-water advisories. 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A storm-recovery supply constraint prompted a continuing conservation notice.","location":{"name":"Hawaii","type":"Hawaii water issue area","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Kauai County, Hawaii","counties":["Kauai"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A storm-recovery supply constraint prompted a continuing conservation notice.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Harm: The notice remained active on the day before the run date.","service":"Essential service: The notice remained active on the day before the run date.","scale":"Scale: The notice remained active on the day before the run date.","duration":"Duration: The notice remained active on the day before the run date.","significance":"Regulatory, infrastructure, or financial significance: The notice remained active on the day before the run date."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"No single quantitative measure was reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Financial capacity not reported."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient History.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient comparable history for a more specific projection.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Cited conditions continue."],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[],"public_contact":"office: Kauai Department of Water outage and leak line, phone: 808-245-5444","corrective_actions":["Continue conservation notice","Repair storm impacts","Monitor outages and leaks"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Oct. 9 Hurricane Lowell Recovery County Services Update","publisher":"County of Kauai","date":null,"url":"https://www.kauai.gov/County-Press-Releases/Oct.-9-Hurricane-Lowell-recovery-County-of-Kaua%CA%BBi-services-update-2026","basis":"local_government","accessed":"2026-10-09"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New Hawaii baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["customers affected","specific asset damage","restoration date","verified coordinates"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-HI-HONOLULU-BWS-RENEWAL-RED-HILL-CAPITAL","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Honolulu BWS source replacement and accelerated infrastructure renewal","description":"Honolulu BWS source replacement and accelerated infrastructure renewal. Aging assets and Red Hill-related source loss require physical replacement while rate-revenue sufficiency governs delivery.","location":{"name":"Hawaii","type":"Hawaii water issue area","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Oahu, Honolulu County, Hawaii","counties":["Honolulu"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Aging assets and Red Hill-related source loss require physical replacement while rate-revenue sufficiency governs delivery.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Harm: A large rate-supported renewal and source-development program serves roughly one million people.","service":"Essential service: A large rate-supported renewal and source-development program serves roughly one million people.","scale":"Scale: A large rate-supported renewal and source-development program serves roughly one million people.","duration":"Duration: A large rate-supported renewal and source-development program serves roughly one million people.","significance":"Regulatory, infrastructure, or financial significance: A large rate-supported renewal and source-development program serves roughly one million people."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1000000,"status":"Reported","note":"BWS service population"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Measure 1: 21 miles_per_year; Measure 2: 3 wells"},"measures":[{"name":"Measure 1","value":21,"unit":"miles_per_year","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Measure 2","value":3,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["BWS reports source-loss and renewal pressures but no insolvency or default."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Volatile or Mixed.","projection":{"statement":"Through FY2029, planned revenue should improve capital capacity while materially increasing customer bills.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Cited conditions continue."],"reversal_factors":["Red Hill liability recovery","Lower construction costs","Demand erosion","New contamination"]}},"responsible_bodies":[],"public_contact":"office: BWS Customer Service, phone: 808-748-5030","corrective_actions":["Replace mains, pumps, and reservoirs","Develop replacement wells","Build first desalination plant","Install monitoring wells","Provide conservation and targeted assistance"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Board Adopts Water Rate Schedule","publisher":"Honolulu Board of Water Supply","date":"2023-11-27","url":"https://www.boardofwatersupply.com/customer-service/water-rates/board-adopts-water-rate-schedule/","basis":"utility"},{"ref":2,"title":"Rate Schedule FY2024 to FY2029","publisher":"Honolulu Board of Water Supply","date":"2026-09-22","url":"https://www.boardofwatersupply.com/customer-service/water-rates/rate-schedule-fy-2024-to-fy-2029/","basis":"utility"},{"ref":3,"title":"Updated Water Rates Issue","publisher":"Honolulu Board of Water Supply","date":"2024-02-01","url":"https://www.boardofwatersupply.com/media/wplpgtiu/honolulu-bws-rate-handout_feb2024_revapr2024_1.pdf","basis":"utility"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New Hawaii baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-09-22","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["total capital requirement","identified funding gap","household burden","verified coordinates"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-HI-KAUAI-DOW-CAPITAL-RATE-REVENUE-GAP","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Kauai DOW proposes steep rate path to meet operating and capital needs","description":"Kauai DOW proposes steep rate path to meet operating and capital needs. The rate study found current revenues insufficient for baseline operations and desired capital execution.","location":{"name":"Hawaii","type":"Hawaii water issue area","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Kauai DOW systems, Kauai County, Hawaii","counties":["Kauai"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The rate study found current revenues insufficient for baseline operations and desired capital execution.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Harm: The proposed multi-year increases respond to a documented operating and capital revenue requirement.","service":"Essential service: The proposed multi-year increases respond to a documented operating and capital revenue requirement.","scale":"Scale: The proposed multi-year increases respond to a documented operating and capital revenue requirement.","duration":"Duration: The proposed multi-year increases respond to a documented operating and capital revenue requirement.","significance":"Regulatory, infrastructure, or financial significance: The proposed multi-year increases respond to a documented operating and capital revenue requirement."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"No single quantitative measure was reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Material revenue and capital mismatch is documented, without default or insolvency evidence."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Worsening.","projection":{"statement":"If adopted, two consecutive 25 percent increases would materially raise bills before smaller adjustments through FY2031.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Cited conditions continue."],"reversal_factors":["Lower adopted rates","New grants","Delayed capital","Revised priorities"]}},"responsible_bodies":[],"public_contact":"office: Kauai Department of Water, phone: 808-245-5455, email: publicrelations@kauaiwater.org","corrective_actions":["Public outreach","Rate rulemaking","Water Systems Investment Plan implementation"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Manager's Report No. 26-24","publisher":"Kauai Department of Water","date":"2026-01-20","url":"https://www.kauaiwater.org/wp-content/uploads/01-20-26-Agenda-Packet-FINAL-Pg.-Nos.pdf","basis":"utility"},{"ref":2,"title":"Capital Infrastructure Needs and Proposed Water Rate Increases","publisher":"Kauai Department of Water","date":"2026-03-10","url":"https://www.kauaiwater.org/ratesmtg/","basis":"utility"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New Hawaii baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-03-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["final rate action","typical bill","arrears","shutoffs","household burden","verified coordinates"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-HI-HAWAII-COUNTY-DWS-RATE-CAPITAL-PLAN","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Hawaii County DWS multi-year rate adjustments support aging-system renewal","description":"Hawaii County DWS multi-year rate adjustments support aging-system renewal. Approved rate changes fund operations and capital, while audited evidence indicates financial strength rather than distress.","location":{"name":"Hawaii","type":"Hawaii water issue area","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Hawaii County DWS systems, Hawaii County, Hawaii","counties":["Hawaii"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Approved rate changes fund operations and capital, while audited evidence indicates financial strength rather than distress.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Harm: Recurring rate adjustments and aging assets merit monitoring, but credit and liquidity remained strong.","service":"Essential service: Recurring rate adjustments and aging assets merit monitoring, but credit and liquidity remained strong.","scale":"Scale: Recurring rate adjustments and aging assets merit monitoring, but credit and liquidity remained strong.","duration":"Duration: Recurring rate adjustments and aging assets merit monitoring, but credit and liquidity remained strong.","significance":"Regulatory, infrastructure, or financial significance: Recurring rate adjustments and aging assets merit monitoring, but credit and liquidity remained strong."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Measure 1: 221800000 ; Measure 2: 72100000 "},"measures":[{"name":"Measure 1","value":221800000,"unit":"","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Measure 2","value":72100000,"unit":"","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Rates and renewal needs require monitoring, but audited liquidity and ratings are strong."]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Stable.","projection":{"statement":"Adopted rates should support operations and capital through FY2027 while raising customer costs.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Cited conditions continue."],"reversal_factors":["Power-cost volatility","Capital delivery slippage","Revenue underperformance"]}},"responsible_bodies":[],"public_contact":"office: Hawaii County DWS, address: 345 Kekuanaoa Street, Suite 20, Hilo, HI 96720","corrective_actions":["Rate-funded renewal","Emergency well repairs","Distribution-main work","Energy-efficiency projects"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"County of Hawaii Department of Water Supply Financial Statements June 30, 2024","publisher":"Hawaii County Department of Water Supply","date":"2025-09-01","url":"https://www.hawaiidws.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/COH-DWS-6-30-2024-FS_508.pdf","basis":"financial_disclosure"},{"ref":2,"title":"Water Board Public Hearing Minutes on Proposed Water Rates","publisher":"Hawaii County Department of Water Supply","date":"2024-04-23","url":"https://www.hawaiidws.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/April-23-2024-Public-Hearing-Minutes-on-the-Proposed-Water-Rates-Schedule-Hilo-APPROVED-dwswb.pdf","basis":"utility"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New Hawaii baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2025-09-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["household burden","assistance enrollment","arrears","shutoffs","verified coordinates"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-HI-WW-CESSPOOLS-STATEWIDE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Statewide cesspool pollution and conversion-cost burden","description":"Statewide cesspool pollution and conversion-cost burden. Untreated sewage disposal is a wastewater-infrastructure deficit that directly threatens groundwater, streams, and coastal waters; household affordability, workforce capacity, and coastal exposure are secondary drivers.","location":{"name":"Hawaii","type":"state","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Hawaii County, Hawaii","counties":["Hawaii","Honolulu","Kauai","Maui","Kalawao"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","groundwater","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Untreated sewage disposal is a wastewater-infrastructure deficit that directly threatens groundwater, streams, and coastal waters; household affordability, workforce capacity, and coastal exposure are secondary drivers.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Harm: Official sources document statewide contamination risk and a multi-billion-dollar conversion burden, but not a quantified statewide acute health outcome.","service":"Essential service: Official sources document statewide contamination risk and a multi-billion-dollar conversion burden, but not a quantified statewide acute health outcome.","scale":"Scale: Official sources document statewide contamination risk and a multi-billion-dollar conversion burden, but not a quantified statewide acute health outcome.","duration":"Duration: Official sources document statewide contamination risk and a multi-billion-dollar conversion burden, but not a quantified statewide acute health outcome.","significance":"Regulatory, infrastructure, or financial significance: Official sources document statewide contamination risk and a multi-billion-dollar conversion burden, but not a quantified statewide acute health outcome."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Untreated sewage released to the ground: 53000000 gallons per day; 2025 ORMP inventory states more than 83,000: 83000 cesspools; Older DOH inventory; retain as dated competing count: 88000 cesspools; 2025 ORMP cost range: 20000 to 60000 USD per conversion"},"measures":[{"name":"Untreated sewage released to the ground","value":53000000,"unit":"gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Untreated sewage released to the ground"},{"name":"2025 ORMP inventory states more than 83,000","value":83000,"unit":"cesspools","status":"Reported","note":"2025 ORMP inventory states more than 83,000"},{"name":"Older DOH inventory; retain as dated competing count","value":88000,"unit":"cesspools","status":"Reported","note":"Older DOH inventory; retain as dated competing count"},{"name":"2025 ORMP cost range","value":null,"unit":"USD per conversion","status":"Reported","note":"2025 ORMP cost range","text":"20000 to 60000 USD per conversion"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No confirmed bankruptcy, default, or receivership was identified in the cited sources."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Mixed","projection":{"statement":"A substantial conversion backlog is likely to remain through 2030 at the currently documented scale.","horizon":"Through 2030","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":"Current statutory deadline and funding/construction pace continue","reversal_factors":"Major sustained financing and construction acceleration"}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Hawaii Department of Health Wastewater Branch","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 9","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"County wastewater agencies","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Hawaii Coastal Zone Management Program","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"name: Alejandro Diaz, organization: U.S. EPA Region 9, email: diaz.alejandro@epa.gov, phone: 808-284-7084","corrective_actions":["Cesspool prioritization tool","County pilot and planning programs","Large-capacity cesspool enforcement and closure","Statewide conversion mandate by 2050"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Statewide cesspool pollution and conversion-cost burden source 1","publisher":"State of Hawaii","date":"2025-01-01","url":"https://files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/op/czm/ormp/ormp_update_reports/2025%20ORMP%20Refresh_FINAL.pdf","basis":"Official state planning report; exact publication day not stated Source provided 2025 precision; normalized to the first day of that period for schema compatibility."},{"ref":2,"title":"Statewide cesspool pollution and conversion-cost burden source 2","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2025-05-12","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-safeguards-hawaiian-water-resources-closing-five-illegal-polluting-large-capacity","basis":"EPA enforcement and statewide closure totals"},{"ref":3,"title":"Statewide cesspool pollution and conversion-cost burden source 3","publisher":"State of Hawaii","date":null,"url":"https://health.hawaii.gov/wastewater/home/cesspools/","basis":"Current DOH program page, verified on run date","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New Hawaii baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Exact current conversion count and rate","Statewide funding secured and gap","Affected population","Normalized household burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-HI-WW-PAHALA-NAALEHU-LCC-2017","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Pahala and Naalehu community large-capacity cesspool replacement delays","description":"Pahala and Naalehu community large-capacity cesspool replacement delays. Five community large-capacity cesspools remain in use under a federal order while replacement systems and financing are developed.","location":{"name":"Pahala and Naalehu","type":"communities","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Hawaii County, Hawaii","counties":["Hawaii"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Five community large-capacity cesspools remain in use under a federal order while replacement systems and financing are developed.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Harm: The order dates to 2017 and deadlines have repeatedly changed.","service":"Essential service: The order dates to 2017 and deadlines have repeatedly changed.","scale":"Scale: The order dates to 2017 and deadlines have repeatedly changed.","duration":"Duration: The order dates to 2017 and deadlines have repeatedly changed.","significance":"Regulatory, infrastructure, or financial significance: The order dates to 2017 and deadlines have repeatedly changed."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Pahala systems proposed for closure by 2029-01-31: 2 large-capacity cesspools; Naalehu systems proposed for closure by 2032-12-31: 3 large-capacity cesspools"},"measures":[{"name":"Pahala systems proposed for closure by 2029-01-31","value":2,"unit":"large-capacity cesspools","status":"Reported","note":"Pahala systems proposed for closure by 2029-01-31"},{"name":"Naalehu systems proposed for closure by 2032-12-31","value":3,"unit":"large-capacity cesspools","status":"Reported","note":"Naalehu systems proposed for closure by 2032-12-31"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No confirmed bankruptcy, default, or receivership was identified in the cited sources."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Worsening schedule / mixed implementation","projection":{"statement":"Cesspool exposure persists at least to the revised 2029 and 2032 milestones if the proposed order becomes final and schedules hold.","horizon":"2029-2032","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":"Proposed 2026 milestones become operative","reversal_factors":"Earlier construction completion or another schedule revision"}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"County of Hawaii Department of Environmental Management Wastewater Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 9","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Hawaii Department of Health","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"name: EPA Region 9 Web Team, organization: U.S. EPA Region 9, email: r9webteam@epa.gov, phone: null","corrective_actions":["Replace LCCs with DOH-approved systems","Environmental review and design","Periodic compliance reports"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Pahala and Naalehu community large-capacity cesspool replacement delays source 1","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2026-08-10","url":"https://www.epa.gov/uic/SDWA-UIC-AOC-2017-0002","basis":"EPA proposed amended administrative order and project history"},{"ref":2,"title":"Pahala and Naalehu community large-capacity cesspool replacement delays source 2","publisher":"State of Hawaii","date":"2024-06-01","url":"https://health.hawaii.gov/wastewater/files/2024/06/IUP_SFY_2025-part-1-signed.pdf","basis":"Official state CWSRF priority list Source provided 2024-06 precision; normalized to the first day of that period for schema compatibility."}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New Hawaii baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-08-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Final versus proposed 2026 order status","Current design and construction percent","Users served","Awarded and spent funding","Customer charges"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-HI-WW-EAST-HONOLULU-AMMONIA-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"East Honolulu wastewater treatment plant repeated ammonia permit exceedances","description":"East Honolulu wastewater treatment plant repeated ammonia permit exceedances. Treatment-performance and reporting failures produced ammonia discharges above NPDES limits to the Pacific Ocean.","location":{"name":"East Honolulu Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"utility facility","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Honolulu County, Hawaii","counties":["Honolulu"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Treatment-performance and reporting failures produced ammonia discharges above NPDES limits to the Pacific Ocean.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Harm: Ammonia can harm aquatic organisms, but the source did not report observed injury.","service":"Essential service: Ammonia can harm aquatic organisms, but the source did not report observed injury.","scale":"Scale: Ammonia can harm aquatic organisms, but the source did not report observed injury.","duration":"Duration: Ammonia can harm aquatic organisms, but the source did not report observed injury.","significance":"Regulatory, infrastructure, or financial significance: Ammonia can harm aquatic organisms, but the source did not report observed injury."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Ammonia nitrogen exceedances between August 2022 and April 2024: 14 permit exceedances; Required written noncompliance reports not submitted: 2 missed reports"},"measures":[{"name":"Ammonia nitrogen exceedances between August 2022 and April 2024","value":14,"unit":"permit exceedances","status":"Reported","note":"Ammonia nitrogen exceedances between August 2022 and April 2024"},{"name":"Required written noncompliance reports not submitted","value":2,"unit":"missed reports","status":"Reported","note":"Required written noncompliance reports not submitted"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No confirmed bankruptcy, default, or receivership was identified in the cited sources."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient history after enforcement","projection":{"statement":"No defensible projection without post-order discharge monitoring reports.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Insufficient History","assumptions":["Cited conditions continue."],"reversal_factors":["New monitoring, project completion, enforcement outcome, or hydrologic change."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Hawaii Department of Health Clean Water Branch","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Hawaii American Water","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"name: Clean Water Branch, organization: Hawaii Department of Health, email: null, phone: 808-586-4309","corrective_actions":["NOVO requires actions to prevent recurrence","Payment of $47,750 penalty"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"East Honolulu wastewater treatment plant repeated ammonia permit exceedances source 1","publisher":"State of Hawaii","date":"2025-01-03","url":"https://health.hawaii.gov/news/newsroom/doh-issues-novo-to-hawaii-american-water-for-discharging-effluent-above-permitted-limits-from-east-honolulu-wastewater-treatment-plant/","basis":"State enforcement release"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New Hawaii baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2025-01-03","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Permit limit values","Discharge concentrations and volumes","Served population","Current compliance","Corrective-action schedule and cost"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-HI-WW-LAHAINA-SEWER-FIRE-DAMAGE-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lahaina wildfire-damaged sewer collection system and saltwater infiltration risk","description":"Lahaina wildfire-damaged sewer collection system and saltwater infiltration risk. Fire-damaged sewer pipes required cleaning, inspection, and emergency repair prioritization to prevent excess saltwater infiltration to the wastewater treatment plant.","location":{"name":"Lahaina","type":"community and utility service area","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Maui County, Hawaii","counties":["Maui"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Fire-damaged sewer pipes required cleaning, inspection, and emergency repair prioritization to prevent excess saltwater infiltration to the wastewater treatment plant.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Harm: The cited source documents service-restoration risk but not a sewage discharge.","service":"Essential service: The cited source documents service-restoration risk but not a sewage discharge.","scale":"Scale: The cited source documents service-restoration risk but not a sewage discharge.","duration":"Duration: The cited source documents service-restoration risk but not a sewage discharge.","significance":"Regulatory, infrastructure, or financial significance: The cited source documents service-restoration risk but not a sewage discharge."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Approximately this length of sewer line inspected and cleared: 100000 linear feet"},"measures":[{"name":"Approximately this length of sewer line inspected and cleared","value":100000,"unit":"linear feet","status":"Reported","note":"Approximately this length of sewer line inspected and cleared"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No confirmed bankruptcy, default, or receivership was identified in the cited sources."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Improving from emergency phase; residual exposure unverified","projection":{"statement":"No defensible projection without a current asset-condition update.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Insufficient History","assumptions":["Cited conditions continue."],"reversal_factors":["New monitoring, project completion, enforcement outcome, or hydrologic change."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Maui County Department of Environmental Management","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"FEMA","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Hawaii Department of Health","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"name: EPA Public Information Officer, organization: U.S. EPA Region 9, email: R9_PIO_1@epa.gov, phone: 808-229-5184","corrective_actions":["Sewer cleaning and inspection","Emergency repair prioritization","Planned force-main and Wahikuli sewer work"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lahaina wildfire-damaged sewer collection system and saltwater infiltration risk source 1","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2024-02-14","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-begins-sewer-line-inspections-and-drinking-water-sampling-lahaina","basis":"EPA emergency work release"},{"ref":2,"title":"Lahaina wildfire-damaged sewer collection system and saltwater infiltration risk source 2","publisher":"State of Hawaii","date":"2024-06-01","url":"https://health.hawaii.gov/wastewater/files/2024/06/IUP_SFY_2025-part-1-signed.pdf","basis":"Official state CWSRF priority list Source provided 2024-06 precision; normalized to the first day of that period for schema compatibility."}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New Hawaii baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2024-06-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current asset condition","Completed repair scope","Population served","Actual awarded and spent funding","Rates"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-HI-FLOOD-KONA-LOW-MAR2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"March 2026 Kona Low catastrophic statewide flooding and polluted runoff","description":"March 2026 Kona Low catastrophic statewide flooding and polluted runoff. Extreme runoff overwhelmed drainage and water-control assets, damaged water and wastewater infrastructure, and carried confirmed fecal pathogens into mud and nearshore waters.","location":{"name":"Hawaii statewide, with strongest documented North Shore Oahu impacts","type":"multi-county incident","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Hawaii County, Hawaii","counties":["Hawaii","Honolulu","Kauai","Maui","Kalawao"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Extreme runoff overwhelmed drainage and water-control assets, damaged water and wastewater infrastructure, and carried confirmed fecal pathogens into mud and nearshore waters.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Harm: Confirmed pathogens, utility outages and discharges, statewide scale, extended recovery, and state/federal disaster actions support the maximum score.","service":"Essential service: Confirmed pathogens, utility outages and discharges, statewide scale, extended recovery, and state/federal disaster actions support the maximum score.","scale":"Scale: Confirmed pathogens, utility outages and discharges, statewide scale, extended recovery, and state/federal disaster actions support the maximum score.","duration":"Duration: Confirmed pathogens, utility outages and discharges, statewide scale, extended recovery, and state/federal disaster actions support the maximum score.","significance":"Regulatory, infrastructure, or financial significance: Confirmed pathogens, utility outages and discharges, statewide scale, extended recovery, and state/federal disaster actions support the maximum score."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Wahiawa Reservoir peak versus 80-foot spillway: 85.29 feet; Of 22 sampled North Shore Oahu sites, four exceeded the beach action value: 4 beach stations; Preliminary statewide all-sector damage may exceed this amount; water-only share not reported: 1000000000 USD"},"measures":[{"name":"Wahiawa Reservoir peak versus 80-foot spillway","value":85.29,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Wahiawa Reservoir peak versus 80-foot spillway"},{"name":"Of 22 sampled North Shore Oahu sites, four exceeded the beach action value","value":4,"unit":"beach stations","status":"Reported","note":"Of 22 sampled North Shore Oahu sites, four exceeded the beach action value"},{"name":"Preliminary statewide all-sector damage may exceed this amount; water-only share not reported","value":1000000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Estimated","note":"Preliminary statewide all-sector damage may exceed this amount; water-only share not reported","method":"Estimate method described in the cited source and dossier note."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No confirmed bankruptcy, default, or receivership was identified in the cited sources."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Improving from acute phase; recovery exposure remains","projection":{"statement":"Repair and recovery are likely to extend beyond 2026.","horizon":"1-2 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":"Preliminary damage scale is directionally accurate","reversal_factors":"Faster final awards and repair delivery"}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Hawaii Office of the Governor","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Hawaii Emergency Management Agency","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"County emergency, water, wastewater and public works agencies","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Hawaii Department of Health","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"FEMA","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Hawaii National Guard","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Responsible agency public contact not located.","corrective_actions":["Emergency proclamations and Major Disaster Fund","Federal major-disaster assistance","Water buffaloes and pumping","Debris removal and emergency repair","Environmental sampling","Beach advisories and signs"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"March 2026 Kona Low catastrophic statewide flooding and polluted runoff source 1","publisher":"State of Hawaii","date":"2026-03-25","url":"https://governor.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/2603080_SIXTH-PROCLAMATION-RELATING-TO-MARCH-2026-KONA-LOW-WEATHER-EVENTS-Scanned.pdf","basis":"State emergency proclamation"},{"ref":2,"title":"March 2026 Kona Low catastrophic statewide flooding and polluted runoff source 2","publisher":"State of Hawaii","date":"2026-03-01","url":"https://governor.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/2503065-GOV_Request-for-Major-Disaster-Declaration-March-2026-Kona-Low-System.pdf","basis":"Governor major-disaster request and preliminary damages Source provided 2026-03 precision; normalized to the first day of that period for schema compatibility."},{"ref":3,"title":"March 2026 Kona Low catastrophic statewide flooding and polluted runoff source 3","publisher":"State of Hawaii","date":"2026-04-02","url":"https://governor.hawaii.gov/newsroom/news-release-kona-low-environmental-monitoring-confirms-precautions-are-needed-as-recovery-continues/","basis":"DOH pathogen and beach monitoring results"},{"ref":4,"title":"March 2026 Kona Low catastrophic statewide flooding and polluted runoff source 4","publisher":"State of Hawaii","date":"2026-04-15","url":"https://governor.hawaii.gov/newsroom/office-of-the-governor-news-release-fema-affirms-presidential-major-disaster-declaration-for-hawaii/","basis":"Federal declaration confirmation"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":10,"note":"New Hawaii baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-04-15","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Final validated water-sector damages","Complete wastewater discharge volumes","Recovery completion","Current advisories"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-HI-FLOOD-KAUAI-APR2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"April 2024 Kauai severe storms, flooding, and landslides","description":"April 2024 Kauai severe storms, flooding, and landslides. Heavy rain and runoff caused flooding, landslides, road and bridge damage, infrastructure disruption, and rescues.","location":{"name":"Kauai County","type":"countywide incident","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Kauai County, Hawaii","counties":["Kauai"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Heavy rain and runoff caused flooding, landslides, road and bridge damage, infrastructure disruption, and rescues.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Harm: State emergency and presidential disaster support significance; no deaths or injuries were cited.","service":"Essential service: State emergency and presidential disaster support significance; no deaths or injuries were cited.","scale":"Scale: State emergency and presidential disaster support significance; no deaths or injuries were cited.","duration":"Duration: State emergency and presidential disaster support significance; no deaths or injuries were cited.","significance":"Regulatory, infrastructure, or financial significance: State emergency and presidential disaster support significance; no deaths or injuries were cited."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"FEMA designated period: 2024-04-11/2024-04-14"},"measures":[{"name":"FEMA designated period","value":null,"unit":"incident period","status":"Reported","note":"FEMA designated period","text":"2024-04-11/2024-04-14"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No confirmed bankruptcy, default, or receivership was identified in the cited sources."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Resolved acute event; recovery status insufficient","projection":{"statement":"No projection made.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Insufficient History","assumptions":["Cited conditions continue."],"reversal_factors":["New monitoring, project completion, enforcement outcome, or hydrologic change."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"County of Kauai","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Kauai Emergency Management Agency","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Hawaii Emergency Management Agency","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"FEMA","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"Responsible agency public contact not located.","corrective_actions":["Emergency response and rescues","Damage assessment","Public infrastructure repair","FEMA Public Assistance and hazard mitigation"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"April 2024 Kauai severe storms, flooding, and landslides source 1","publisher":"State of Hawaii","date":"2024-04-12","url":"https://governor.hawaii.gov/newsroom/office-of-the-governor-news-release-gov-green-signs-emergency-proclamation-to-aid-with-kauai-flooding/","basis":"State emergency declaration"},{"ref":2,"title":"April 2024 Kauai severe storms, flooding, and landslides source 2","publisher":"Public agency source","date":"2024-06-17","url":"https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/PDAReport_FEMA4793DR-HI.pdf","basis":"FEMA preliminary damage assessment and declaration"},{"ref":3,"title":"April 2024 Kauai severe storms, flooding, and landslides source 3","publisher":"County of Kauai","date":"2024-06-17","url":"https://www.kauai.gov/County-Press-Releases/Federal-Disaster-Assistance-approved-for-County-of-Kaua%E2%80%98i-following-April-2024-flood-2024","basis":"County confirmation"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New Hawaii baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2024-06-17","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Final water and drainage damage","Obligations","Affected population","Repair completion"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-HI-FLOOD-ALA-WAI-RISK-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Ala Wai watershed high-consequence flood risk and stalled or re-evaluated mitigation","description":"Ala Wai watershed high-consequence flood risk and stalled or re-evaluated mitigation. Flash flooding can develop within an hour and existing protection leaves thousands of structures and major economic assets exposed while the more-than-$1-billion alternative has not proceeded.","location":{"name":"Ala Wai watershed and Waikiki","type":"watershed","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Honolulu County, Hawaii","counties":["Honolulu"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Flash flooding can develop within an hour and existing protection leaves thousands of structures and major economic assets exposed while the more-than-$1-billion alternative has not proceeded.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Harm: Risk is high consequence but prospective rather than a current casualty event.","service":"Essential service: Risk is high consequence but prospective rather than a current casualty event.","scale":"Scale: Risk is high consequence but prospective rather than a current casualty event.","duration":"Duration: Risk is high consequence but prospective rather than a current casualty event.","significance":"Regulatory, infrastructure, or financial significance: Risk is high consequence but prospective rather than a current casualty event."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Could be damaged by a major flood: 3000 structures; Potential major-flood damage exceeds this amount: 1140000000 USD; Watershed area: 19 square miles"},"measures":[{"name":"Could be damaged by a major flood","value":3000,"unit":"structures","status":"Reported","note":"Could be damaged by a major flood"},{"name":"Potential major-flood damage exceeds this amount","value":1140000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Potential major-flood damage exceeds this amount"},{"name":"Watershed area","value":19,"unit":"square miles","status":"Reported","note":"Watershed area"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No confirmed bankruptcy, default, or receivership was identified in the cited sources."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Worsening / mixed due cost escalation and no construction","projection":{"statement":"High residual flood exposure is likely to persist in the near term absent a funded final plan.","horizon":"1-3 years","confidence":"High","assumptions":"No major construction authorization and funding change","reversal_factors":"Approved and funded construction"}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"City and County of Honolulu Department of Design and Construction","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"name: Honolulu District Public Affairs, organization: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, email: cepoh-pa@usace.army.mil, phone: 808-835-4004","corrective_actions":["General reevaluation","Draft GRR and supplemental EIS","Prospective floodwalls, detention basin, and other controls"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Ala Wai watershed high-consequence flood risk and stalled or re-evaluated mitigation source 1","publisher":"Public agency source","date":"2023-11-24","url":"https://www.poh.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Releases/Article/3597678/usace-city-and-county-of-honolulu-invite-public-comment-on-ala-wai-flood-risk-m/","basis":"USACE draft-study release"},{"ref":2,"title":"Ala Wai watershed high-consequence flood risk and stalled or re-evaluated mitigation source 2","publisher":"Public agency source","date":null,"url":"https://www.poh.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Civil-Works-Projects/Ala-Wai-Flood-Risk-Management-Project/Ala-Wai-Project-Facts/igphoto/2003329970/","basis":"USACE facts page verified on run date","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Ala Wai watershed high-consequence flood risk and stalled or re-evaluated mitigation source 3","publisher":"City and County of Honolulu","date":"2025-07-23","url":"https://www.honolulu.gov/bfs/wp-content/uploads/sites/62/2025/08/072325-OS-GOB-2025A-F-downloaded-from-MuniOS-posted-on-2025-07-23.pdf","basis":"City official statement reports project had not proceeded"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New Hawaii baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Final selected plan","Current funding and schedule","Parcel-level equity impacts"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-HI-SWQ-2026-INTEGRATED-REPORT","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Statewide marine and inland surface-water impairment burden","description":"Statewide marine and inland surface-water impairment burden. Monitored coastal, stream, estuary, and nearshore assessment units fail numeric water-quality standards, with polluted runoff identified as a likely driver of widespread turbidity.","location":{"name":"Hawaii","type":"state regulatory assessment","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Hawaii County, Hawaii","counties":["Hawaii","Honolulu","Kauai","Maui","Kalawao"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Monitored coastal, stream, estuary, and nearshore assessment units fail numeric water-quality standards, with polluted runoff identified as a likely driver of widespread turbidity.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Harm: Widespread designated-use impairment is documented, but no inherent utility-service interruption is established.","service":"Essential service: Widespread designated-use impairment is documented, but no inherent utility-service interruption is established.","scale":"Scale: Widespread designated-use impairment is documented, but no inherent utility-service interruption is established.","duration":"Duration: Widespread designated-use impairment is documented, but no inherent utility-service interruption is established.","significance":"Regulatory, infrastructure, or financial significance: Widespread designated-use impairment is documented, but no inherent utility-service interruption is established."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Of 566 total, 32 percent: 179 marine water bodies assessed; 92 percent of those assessed: 164 assessed marine water bodies failing at least one standard; Of 155 marine assessments: 147 turbidity failures; Compared with 17 delistings: 54 new marine waterbody-parameter listings; Multiple continuing and new bacterial, nutrient, and turbidity impairments: 13 inland waters assessed"},"measures":[{"name":"Of 566 total, 32 percent","value":179,"unit":"marine water bodies assessed","status":"Reported","note":"Of 566 total, 32 percent"},{"name":"92 percent of those assessed","value":164,"unit":"assessed marine water bodies failing at least one standard","status":"Reported","note":"92 percent of those assessed"},{"name":"Of 155 marine assessments","value":147,"unit":"turbidity failures","status":"Reported","note":"Of 155 marine assessments"},{"name":"Compared with 17 delistings","value":54,"unit":"new marine waterbody-parameter listings","status":"Reported","note":"Compared with 17 delistings"},{"name":"Multiple continuing and new bacterial, nutrient, and turbidity impairments","value":13,"unit":"inland waters assessed","status":"Reported","note":"Multiple continuing and new bacterial, nutrient, and turbidity impairments"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No confirmed bankruptcy, default, or receivership was identified in the cited sources."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Worsening / mixed","projection":{"statement":"Most assessed impaired waters are likely to remain listed over the next two to four years.","horizon":"2-4 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":"TMDL priority schedule and restoration pace remain as described","reversal_factors":"Final-list revisions, new monitoring, or accelerated restoration"}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Hawaii Department of Health Clean Water Branch","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"name: Clean Water Branch, organization: Hawaii Department of Health, email: null, phone: 808-586-4309","corrective_actions":["CWA 303(d) prioritization","Statewide monitoring","TMDL development","Moanalua and Kalihi TMDL in progress","Kaelepulu TMDL in progress","Kaupuni TMDL planning"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Statewide marine and inland surface-water impairment burden source 1","publisher":"State of Hawaii","date":"2026-04-22","url":"https://health.hawaii.gov/cwb/files/2023/05/IR-2026-Public-Comment-draft.pdf","basis":"Official draft 2026 Integrated Report; assessment window 2020-10-01 through 2025-09-30"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New Hawaii baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-04-22","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Final report and EPA approval","Unassessed 68 percent of marine water bodies","Unassessed 80 percent of nearshore assessment units","Causal source attribution","Population and ecological endpoints","Restoration costs","Individual feed records for each 303(d) assessment unit"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-HI-SWQ-LAHAINA-POSTFIRE-COASTAL-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lahaina post-wildfire coastal contamination concern under monitoring","description":"Lahaina post-wildfire coastal contamination concern under monitoring. Wildfire ash and runoff prompted metals and organic-contaminant monitoring, but current state results report levels below human-health concern.","location":{"name":"West Maui nearshore and Lahaina","type":"coastal area","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Maui County, Hawaii","counties":["Maui"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Wildfire ash and runoff prompted metals and organic-contaminant monitoring, but current state results report levels below human-health concern.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Harm: Monitoring reports concentrations below human-health concern; brown-water precautions still apply after rain.","service":"Essential service: Monitoring reports concentrations below human-health concern; brown-water precautions still apply after rain.","scale":"Scale: Monitoring reports concentrations below human-health concern; brown-water precautions still apply after rain.","duration":"Duration: Monitoring reports concentrations below human-health concern; brown-water precautions still apply after rain.","significance":"Regulatory, infrastructure, or financial significance: Monitoring reports concentrations below human-health concern; brown-water precautions still apply after rain."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"January and June 2024, in addition to DOH routine sampling: 2 Surfrider sampling rounds"},"measures":[{"name":"January and June 2024, in addition to DOH routine sampling","value":2,"unit":"Surfrider sampling rounds","status":"Reported","note":"January and June 2024, in addition to DOH routine sampling"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No confirmed bankruptcy, default, or receivership was identified in the cited sources."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Improving / stable","projection":{"statement":"No elevated chronic recreational-health signal is expected if current results persist, but runoff pulses remain variable.","horizon":"1 year","confidence":"Low","assumptions":"Current monitoring remains representative","reversal_factors":"Major rainfall or new contaminant exceedances"}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Hawaii Department of Health","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Hawaii DLNR Division of Aquatic Resources","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"West Maui Ridge-to-Reef Initiative","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"name: Clean Water Branch, organization: Hawaii Department of Health, email: null, phone: 808-586-4309","corrective_actions":["Nearshore sampling for metals, nutrients, and indicators","Brown-water precautions after rainfall"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lahaina post-wildfire coastal contamination concern under monitoring source 1","publisher":"State of Hawaii","date":"2024-05-28","url":"https://health.hawaii.gov/environmental-data/coastal-waters/","basis":"Current DOH Maui coastal-water portal, verified on run date, with 2024 monitoring data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Lahaina post-wildfire coastal contamination concern under monitoring source 2","publisher":"State of Hawaii","date":"2013-04-24","url":"https://health.hawaii.gov/environmental-data/","basis":"Current state Maui wildfire data portal, verified on run date","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"New Hawaii baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (2) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Exact last sample date","Ecological and coral endpoints","Complete analyte time series","Affected population"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-HI-DROUGHT-UPCOUNTRY-MAUI-RECURRING-SHORTAGE","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Recurring Upcountry Maui drought-driven water shortages","description":"Recurring Upcountry Maui drought-driven water shortages. Low rainfall and low surface-water and reservoir supply caused demand to exceed available supply.","location":{"name":"Upcountry Maui service area","type":"County water utility service area","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Makawao, Upper Kula, Lower Kula, Haiku, Pukalani, Kokomo, Kaupakalua, Ulumalu, Keokea, Ulupalakua, Kanaio, Maui County, Hawaii","counties":["Maui"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Low rainfall and low surface-water and reservoir supply caused demand to exceed available supply.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Harm: No direct harm documented.","service":"Essential service: Stage 2 mandatory restrictions; 2023 demand exceeded supply by 20%.","scale":"Scale: Material multi-community service area.","duration":"Duration: Recurring formal shortages in 2023 and 2025.","significance":"Regulatory, infrastructure, or financial significance: Formal county shortage declarations."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":38565,"status":"Estimated","note":"Maui DWS 2024 plan projected 2025 service-area population; not an actual affected count."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Demand exceeded supply: 20 percent; Stage 2 threshold: 16-30; Possible noncompliance fine: 500 USD per violation"},"measures":[{"name":"Demand exceeded supply","value":20,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Demand exceeded supply"},{"name":"Stage 2 threshold","value":null,"unit":"percent projected deficit","status":"Reported","note":"Stage 2 threshold","text":"16-30"},{"name":"Possible noncompliance fine","value":500,"unit":"USD per violation","status":"Reported","note":"Possible noncompliance fine"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No confirmed bankruptcy, default, or receivership was identified in the cited sources."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Improving/resolved after March 2026 kona-storm rainfall","projection":{"statement":"Recurrence is possible within 12-24 months under renewed dry conditions, given episodes in 2023 and 2025.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Dry conditions recur","Surface-water dependence remains"],"reversal_factors":["Sustained rainfall","Source diversification"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"County of Maui Department of Water Supply","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"phone: 808-463-3110","corrective_actions":["Mandatory conservation","Hamakuapoko Wells 1 and 2 used as backup beginning September 2025","Supply and demand monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Recurring Upcountry Maui drought-driven water shortages source 1","publisher":"County of Maui","date":"2023-11-08","url":"https://www.mauicounty.gov/DocumentCenter/View/144055/COM-News-Release_11-08-Stage-2-Water-Shortage-for-Upcountry-goes-into-effect","basis":"County declaration"},{"ref":2,"title":"Recurring Upcountry Maui drought-driven water shortages source 2","publisher":"County of Maui","date":"2025-08-27","url":"https://www.mauicounty.gov/CivicAlerts.aspx?AID=17764","basis":"County backup-source notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"Recurring Upcountry Maui drought-driven water shortages source 3","publisher":"County of Maui","date":"2025-10-03","url":"https://www.mauicounty.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/17889","basis":"County Stage 2 update"},{"ref":4,"title":"Recurring Upcountry Maui drought-driven water shortages source 4","publisher":"County of Maui","date":"2026-03-16","url":"https://www.mauicounty.gov/DocumentCenter/View/158970/Notice-of-End-of-Declaration---Upcountry-and-West-Maui-PDF","basis":"County termination notice"},{"ref":5,"title":"Recurring Upcountry Maui drought-driven water shortages source 5","publisher":"County of Maui","date":"2024-04-01","url":"https://www.mauicounty.gov/DocumentCenter/View/156111/Maui_DWS_WSCP_2024_UpdatedOct2025","basis":"Water Shortage and Conservation Plan"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New Hawaii baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-03-16","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Actual affected customers","Realized shortage surcharge","Daily supply deficit after 2023"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-HI-DROUGHT-WEST-MAUI-RECURRING-SHORTAGE","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Prolonged West Maui water shortage escalated during 2025 drought","description":"Prolonged West Maui water shortage escalated during 2025 drought. Dry weather, low Honokohau Stream flow, and zero inflow to the Mahinahina Water Treatment Facility constrained supply.","location":{"name":"West Maui service area","type":"County water utility service area","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Lahaina, Kaanapali, Kahana, Mahinahina, Napili-Honokowai, Honokohau, Maui County, Hawaii","counties":["Maui"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Dry weather, low Honokohau Stream flow, and zero inflow to the Mahinahina Water Treatment Facility constrained supply.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Harm: No direct harm documented.","service":"Essential service: Stage 2 restrictions on nonessential use and irrigation.","scale":"Scale: Multiple-community service area.","duration":"Duration: Stage 1 dated from 2022 and escalated in 2025.","significance":"Regulatory, infrastructure, or financial significance: Formal county shortage declaration."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":27188,"status":"Estimated","note":"Maui DWS projected 2025 service-area population; not an actual affected count."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Stage 2 threshold: 16-30; Mahinahina WTP inflow at escalation: 0 inflow"},"measures":[{"name":"Stage 2 threshold","value":null,"unit":"percent projected deficit","status":"Reported","note":"Stage 2 threshold","text":"16-30"},{"name":"Mahinahina WTP inflow at escalation","value":0,"unit":"inflow","status":"Reported","note":"Mahinahina WTP inflow at escalation"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No confirmed bankruptcy, default, or receivership was identified in the cited sources."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Improving/resolved","projection":{"statement":"Recurrence is possible within 12-24 months under renewed drought or low streamflow.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Dry conditions recur"],"reversal_factors":["Sustained rainfall","Source augmentation"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"County of Maui Department of Water Supply","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"phone: 808-463-3110","corrective_actions":["Mandatory conservation","Supply, demand, and weather monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Prolonged West Maui water shortage escalated during 2025 drought source 1","publisher":"County of Maui","date":"2025-09-12","url":"https://www.mauicounty.gov/m/newsflash/Archive/Item/17829?arcId=20940","basis":"County Stage 2 declaration"},{"ref":2,"title":"Prolonged West Maui water shortage escalated during 2025 drought source 2","publisher":"County of Maui","date":"2026-03-16","url":"https://www.mauicounty.gov/DocumentCenter/View/158970/Notice-of-End-of-Declaration---Upcountry-and-West-Maui-PDF","basis":"County termination notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"Prolonged West Maui water shortage escalated during 2025 drought source 3","publisher":"County of Maui","date":"2024-04-01","url":"https://www.mauicounty.gov/DocumentCenter/View/156111/Maui_DWS_WSCP_2024_UpdatedOct2025","basis":"Water Shortage and Conservation Plan"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New Hawaii baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-03-16","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Actual affected customers","Detailed pre-2025 duration","Realized shortage rates"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-HI-GROUNDWATER-LAHAINA-AQUIFER-SALINITY-STRESS","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lahaina and West Maui aquifers face salinity, recharge, and high-withdrawal stress","description":"Lahaina and West Maui aquifers face salinity, recharge, and high-withdrawal stress. Declining recharge and high pumpage are linked to saltwater-intrusion risk and salty well production.","location":{"name":"Lahaina Aquifer Sector","type":"Groundwater aquifer sector","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Maui County, Hawaii","counties":["Maui"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Declining recharge and high pumpage are linked to saltwater-intrusion risk and salty well production.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Harm: Localized salinity and groundwater-dependent ecosystem risk.","service":"Essential service: Public-system shortage implications documented.","scale":"Scale: Six aquifers and multiple communities.","duration":"Duration: Long-term rainfall, recharge, salinity, and use conflict.","significance":"Regulatory, infrastructure, or financial significance: Designated surface and groundwater management area with active permit prioritization."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Pumpage approaching or exceeding benchmark in parts of sector: >=90; Some ahupuaa: up to two-thirds"},"measures":[{"name":"Pumpage approaching or exceeding benchmark in parts of sector","value":null,"unit":"percent of sustainable yield","status":"Reported","note":"Pumpage approaching or exceeding benchmark in parts of sector","text":">=90"},{"name":"Some ahupuaa","value":null,"unit":"recharge reduction","status":"Reported","note":"Some ahupuaa","text":"up to two-thirds"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No confirmed bankruptcy, default, or receivership was identified in the cited sources."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Mixed with worsening concern","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient comparable current monitoring for a quantitative projection.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Insufficient History","assumptions":["Cited conditions continue."],"reversal_factors":["New monitoring, project completion, enforcement outcome, or hydrologic change."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Hawaii Commission on Water Resource Management","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"County of Maui Board of Water Supply","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"email: LahainaWMA@hawaii.gov, general_email: dlnr.cwrm@hawaii.gov, phone: 808-587-0214","corrective_actions":["Water-management-area permitting","Updated sustainable-yield investigation","Evaluation of alternative supplies"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lahaina and West Maui aquifers face salinity, recharge, and high-withdrawal stress source 1","publisher":"State of Hawaii","date":"2025-04-27","url":"https://files.hawaii.gov/dlnr/cwrm/submittal/2025/sb20250428B1T.pdf","basis":"CWRM record/testimony summarizing designation evidence and current utility concern"},{"ref":2,"title":"Lahaina and West Maui aquifers face salinity, recharge, and high-withdrawal stress source 2","publisher":"State of Hawaii","date":"2025-02-18","url":"https://files.hawaii.gov/dlnr/cwrm/submittal/2025/sb20250218C4.pdf","basis":"CWRM funding record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Lahaina and West Maui aquifers face salinity, recharge, and high-withdrawal stress source 3","publisher":"State of Hawaii","date":null,"url":"https://files.hawaii.gov/dlnr/cwrm/planning/","basis":"CWRM permit-processing priority notice","accessed":"2026-10-08"},{"ref":4,"title":"Lahaina and West Maui aquifers face salinity, recharge, and high-withdrawal stress source 4","publisher":"State of Hawaii","date":"2022-08-06","url":"https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/cwrm/groundwater/gwma/lahaina/","basis":"Management-area record carried forward and current in window"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New Hawaii baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current well-by-well chloride","2024-2026 pumpage","Verified investigation award/spend","Affected population"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2022-08-06","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"capital_need","value":200000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2022-08-06","scope":{"utility":"","project":"","program":"","customer_class":"","geography":"Hawaii","service_type":"water"},"basis":{"definition":"Reported requested/recommended"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Reported requested/recommended"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-HI-GROUNDWATER-CENTRAL-MAUI-YIELD-EXCEEDANCE","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Central Maui Kahului and Paia pumpage exceeds assigned sustainable-yield benchmarks","description":"Central Maui Kahului and Paia pumpage exceeds assigned sustainable-yield benchmarks. Heavy groundwater pumping supports agricultural and drought-backup demand while potentially stressing resource limits.","location":{"name":"Kahului and Paia aquifer systems","type":"Groundwater aquifer systems","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Maui County, Hawaii","counties":["Maui"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural","drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Heavy groundwater pumping supports agricultural and drought-backup demand while potentially stressing resource limits.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Harm: Plausible long-run aquifer harm; current injury not established.","service":"Essential service: Groundwater supports potable and agricultural uses, but no outage documented.","scale":"Scale: Regional Central Maui systems.","duration":"Duration: Kahului exceedance is recurrent and both systems surged during 2025.","significance":"Regulatory, infrastructure, or financial significance: Formal CWRM/USGS modeling response."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Central sector withdrawals: 16.7 MGD; Paia withdrawals: 6.8 MGD; Kahului withdrawals against 1 MGD assigned yield: 5.2 MGD; Mahi Pono Kahului pumpage; not a 12-month average: 6.375 to 9.342 MGD monthly; Mahi Pono Paia pumpage; not a 12-month average: 12.935 to 20.887 MGD monthly"},"measures":[{"name":"Central sector withdrawals","value":16.7,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Central sector withdrawals"},{"name":"Paia withdrawals","value":6.8,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Paia withdrawals"},{"name":"Kahului withdrawals against 1 MGD assigned yield","value":5.2,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Kahului withdrawals against 1 MGD assigned yield"},{"name":"Mahi Pono Kahului pumpage; not a 12-month average","value":null,"unit":"MGD monthly","status":"Reported","note":"Mahi Pono Kahului pumpage; not a 12-month average","text":"6.375 to 9.342 MGD monthly"},{"name":"Mahi Pono Paia pumpage; not a 12-month average","value":null,"unit":"MGD monthly","status":"Reported","note":"Mahi Pono Paia pumpage; not a 12-month average","text":"12.935 to 20.887 MGD monthly"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No confirmed bankruptcy, default, or receivership was identified in the cited sources."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Worsening pumpage in mid-to-late 2025; later data absent","projection":{"statement":"No defensible aquifer-condition projection because boundaries and yields are under reassessment and current levels and salinity were not published.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Insufficient History","assumptions":["Cited conditions continue."],"reversal_factors":["New monitoring, project completion, enforcement outcome, or hydrologic change."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Hawaii Commission on Water Resource Management","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"email: dlnr.cwrm@hawaii.gov, phone: 808-587-0214","corrective_actions":["Groundwater-flow modeling to test aquifer boundaries","Potential yield revisions","Planned monitoring wells"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Central Maui Kahului and Paia pumpage exceeds assigned sustainable-yield benchmarks source 1","publisher":"State of Hawaii","date":"2025-02-18","url":"https://files.hawaii.gov/dlnr/cwrm/submittal/2025/sb20250218C4.pdf","basis":"Official CWRM study scope and 2023 withdrawals"},{"ref":2,"title":"Central Maui Kahului and Paia pumpage exceeds assigned sustainable-yield benchmarks source 2","publisher":"State of Hawaii","date":"2025-10-28","url":"https://files.hawaii.gov/dlnr/cwrm/submittal/2025/sb20251028C2.pdf","basis":"Official CWRM pumpage briefing"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New Hawaii baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2025-10-28","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current water levels and salinity","Full pumpage by owner","2026 pumpage","Causal allocation between drought and baseline agriculture"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-HI-GROUNDWATER-WAIANAE-DESIGNATION-THREAT","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Waianae aquifer sector threatened by climate-driven decline and high local pumpage","description":"Waianae aquifer sector threatened by climate-driven decline and high local pumpage. Declining rainfall and water levels and proposed withdrawals threaten groundwater availability.","location":{"name":"Waianae Aquifer Sector","type":"Groundwater aquifer sector","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Honolulu County, Hawaii","counties":["Honolulu"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Declining rainfall and water levels and proposed withdrawals threaten groundwater availability.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Harm: Plausible long-term salinity and supply harm.","service":"Essential service: No current service loss documented.","scale":"Scale: Five aquifers and DHHL communities.","duration":"Duration: Long-term climate and water-level concern.","significance":"Regulatory, infrastructure, or financial significance: Formal groundwater-management-area petition accepted."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Waianae aquifer production, 93% of 3 MGD assigned yield: 2.79 MGD; Sector production, 36.6% of 13 MGD assigned yield: 4.758 MGD; DHHL unmet potable need: 1.9 MGD; DHHL unmet nonpotable need: 9.74 MGD; DHHL land in district: 4783 acres"},"measures":[{"name":"Waianae aquifer production, 93% of 3 MGD assigned yield","value":2.79,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Waianae aquifer production, 93% of 3 MGD assigned yield"},{"name":"Sector production, 36.6% of 13 MGD assigned yield","value":4.758,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Sector production, 36.6% of 13 MGD assigned yield"},{"name":"DHHL unmet potable need","value":1.9,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"DHHL unmet potable need"},{"name":"DHHL unmet nonpotable need","value":9.74,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"DHHL unmet nonpotable need"},{"name":"DHHL land in district","value":4783,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"DHHL land in district"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No confirmed bankruptcy, default, or receivership was identified in the cited sources."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Worsening concern; production trend itself is mixed","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient current water-level and recharge series for a defensible projection.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Insufficient History","assumptions":["Cited conditions continue."],"reversal_factors":["New monitoring, project completion, enforcement outcome, or hydrologic change."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Honolulu Board of Water Supply","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Hawaii Commission on Water Resource Management","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Department of Hawaiian Home Lands","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"cwrm_email: dlnr.cwrm@hawaii.gov, cwrm_phone: 808-587-0214, bws_url: https://www.boardofwatersupply.com/contact-us","corrective_actions":["Proposed groundwater-management-area designation","Permit and allocation oversight","CWRM sustainable-yield update"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Waianae aquifer sector threatened by climate-driven decline and high local pumpage source 1","publisher":"State of Hawaii","date":"2025-05-20","url":"https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/cwrm/groundwater/gwma/waianae/","basis":"CWRM accepted-action page"},{"ref":2,"title":"Waianae aquifer sector threatened by climate-driven decline and high local pumpage source 2","publisher":"Public agency source","date":"2025-02-24","url":"https://www.boardofwatersupply.com/bws/media/Board/board-meeting-material-2025-02-24_07.pdf","basis":"BWS production and sustainable-yield table"},{"ref":3,"title":"Waianae aquifer sector threatened by climate-driven decline and high local pumpage source 3","publisher":"State of Hawaii","date":"2025-05-20","url":"https://files.hawaii.gov/dlnr/cwrm/submittal/2025/sb20250520B3.pdf","basis":"Petition"},{"ref":4,"title":"Waianae aquifer sector threatened by climate-driven decline and high local pumpage source 4","publisher":"State of Hawaii","date":"2025-05-16","url":"https://files.hawaii.gov/dlnr/cwrm/submittal/2025/sb20250520B3T.pdf","basis":"DHHL needs testimony"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New Hawaii baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2025-05-20","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":["CWRM page says the petition was filed June 7, 2025 but also says the Commission accepted the chair recommendation May 20, 2025."],"missing_fields":["Current water levels and chloride","Affected service population","Final designation decision and effective date"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-HI-AGWATER-MOLOKAI-IRRIGATION-LOW-STORAGE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Molokai Irrigation System low storage triggered mandatory conservation","description":"Molokai Irrigation System low storage triggered mandatory conservation. Low reservoir storage reduced irrigation-water availability.","location":{"name":"Molokai Irrigation System","type":"irrigation service area","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Hoolehua, Kualapuu, Maui County, Hawaii","counties":["Maui"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Low reservoir storage reduced irrigation-water availability.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Harm: No direct harm documented.","service":"Essential service: Mandatory 10% irrigation cut.","scale":"Scale: System serves 3,160 acres.","duration":"Duration: Three-month mandatory episode followed by voluntary reduction.","significance":"Regulatory, infrastructure, or financial significance: Formal DAB restriction."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Mandatory reduction for non-homestead users: 10 percent; Reservoir level increase: 19.5 to 28.25 feet; Storage increase: 442.5 to 677.5 million gallons; Measure 4: 3160 acres served; System transport: 1.2 billion gallons per year"},"measures":[{"name":"Mandatory reduction for non-homestead users","value":10,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Mandatory reduction for non-homestead users"},{"name":"Reservoir level increase","value":null,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Reservoir level increase","text":"19.5 to 28.25 feet"},{"name":"Storage increase","value":null,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Storage increase","text":"442.5 to 677.5 million gallons"},{"name":"Measure 4","value":3160,"unit":"acres served","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"System transport","value":1.2,"unit":"billion gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"System transport"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No confirmed bankruptcy, default, or receivership was identified in the cited sources."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Improving","projection":{"statement":"Mandatory restrictions could recur if storage falls.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Future low-storage conditions"],"reversal_factors":["Sustained recharge and reduced demand"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Hawaii Department of Agriculture and Biosecurity Agricultural Resource Management Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"phone: 808-973-9473","corrective_actions":["Mandatory then voluntary conservation","Reservoir monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Molokai Irrigation System low storage triggered mandatory conservation source 1","publisher":"State of Hawaii","date":"2026-02-23","url":"https://dab.hawaii.gov/arm/files/2026/02/2026.02.23-MIS-Voluntary-Reduction.pdf","basis":"DAB conservation update"},{"ref":2,"title":"Molokai Irrigation System low storage triggered mandatory conservation source 2","publisher":"State of Hawaii","date":null,"url":"https://dab.hawaii.gov/arm/irrigation-systems/","basis":"Current system facts/status page","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New Hawaii baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["User count","Exact low-storage cause and rainfall","October 2026 reservoir level"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-HI-AGWATER-NORTH-KOHALA-DITCH-LOSS-UPOLU-WELL","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"North Kohala farms lack reliable economical agricultural water after Kohala Ditch damage","description":"North Kohala farms lack reliable economical agricultural water after Kohala Ditch damage. Ditch damage eliminated a reliable source and forced some agricultural users onto costlier domestic water.","location":{"name":"North Kohala","type":"region","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Hawaii County, Hawaii","counties":["Hawaii"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Ditch damage eliminated a reliable source and forced some agricultural users onto costlier domestic water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Harm: No direct harm documented.","service":"Essential service: Loss of dedicated source and cost-prohibitive substitute for continued operations.","scale":"Scale: Regional agricultural users.","duration":"Duration: Unresolved from 2021 into the project period.","significance":"Regulatory, infrastructure, or financial significance: Official capital project response."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Measure 1: 5754610 USD; From anticipated September 2024 start: 1 year"},"measures":[{"name":"Measure 1","value":5754610,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"From anticipated September 2024 start","value":1,"unit":"year","status":"Reported","note":"From anticipated September 2024 start"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No confirmed bankruptcy, default, or receivership was identified in the cited sources."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Potentially improving if project completed; status unverified","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient current project and operating data for a projection.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Insufficient History","assumptions":["Cited conditions continue."],"reversal_factors":["New monitoring, project completion, enforcement outcome, or hydrologic change."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Hawaii DLNR Engineering Division","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Hawaii Department of Agriculture and Biosecurity","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"phone: 808-973-9473","corrective_actions":["Convert Upolu monitoring well to agricultural production","Install pump, piping, storage tank, water mains, access road, and fencing"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"North Kohala farms lack reliable economical agricultural water after Kohala Ditch damage source 1","publisher":"State of Hawaii","date":"2024-08-12","url":"https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/blog/2024/08/12/nr24-103/","basis":"DLNR project announcement"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New Hawaii baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2024-08-12","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Completion and operating date","Well yield and storage capacity","Served acreage and users","Final spend"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2024-08-12","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"capital_need","value":5754610,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-08-12","scope":{"utility":"","project":"","program":"","customer_class":"","geography":"Hawaii","service_type":"water"},"basis":{"definition":"Reported project cost"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Reported project cost"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-HI-AGWATER-WAIAHOLE-DEBT-ADIT8","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Waiahole Water System debt and critical Adit 8 deferred maintenance burden farm water rates","description":"Waiahole Water System debt and critical Adit 8 deferred maintenance burden farm water rates. Debt service consumes operating revenue and raises agricultural rates while critical conveyance repair remains deferred.","location":{"name":"Waiahole Water System","type":"irrigation service area","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Honolulu County, Hawaii","counties":["Honolulu"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Debt service consumes operating revenue and raises agricultural rates while critical conveyance repair remains deferred.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Harm: No direct harm documented.","service":"Essential service: All system flow passes through the critical Adit 8, but no outage documented.","scale":"Scale: Approximately 5,600 acres and major farms served.","duration":"Duration: Longstanding debt and deferred maintenance.","significance":"Regulatory, infrastructure, or financial significance: Formal legislative findings and major debt/repair need."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"System length: 26.4 miles; Approximate diversion: 27 MGD; Land served: 5600 acres; Approximate share actively agricultural: 86 percent"},"measures":[{"name":"System length","value":26.4,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"System length"},{"name":"Approximate diversion","value":27,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate diversion"},{"name":"Land served","value":5600,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Land served"},{"name":"Approximate share actively agricultural","value":86,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate share actively agricultural"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["40% of revenue devoted to debt service","Rate about double cited comparable agricultural rates","Deferred maintenance on a single critical conveyance point"]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Mixed","projection":{"statement":"Rate and infrastructure exposure likely continue until debt retirement and Adit repair are verified.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["No completed debt payoff or repair"],"reversal_factors":["Debt retirement","Verified Adit rehabilitation"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Hawaii Agribusiness Development Corporation","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Hawaii Legislature","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"phone: 808-336-1905, url: https://dbedt.hawaii.gov/adc/contact/","corrective_actions":["Proposed debt payoff","Proposed Adit 8 repair","FY2026 Waiahole improvements"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Waiahole Water System debt and critical Adit 8 deferred maintenance burden farm water rates source 1","publisher":"State of Hawaii","date":"2025-01-17","url":"https://data.capitol.hawaii.gov/sessions/session2025/bills/HB781_.HTM","basis":"Bill text and legislative findings"},{"ref":2,"title":"Waiahole Water System debt and critical Adit 8 deferred maintenance burden farm water rates source 2","publisher":"State of Hawaii","date":"2025-01-31","url":"https://data.capitol.hawaii.gov/sessions/session2025/CommReports/HB781_HD1_HSCR24_.pdf","basis":"Committee finding"},{"ref":3,"title":"Waiahole Water System debt and critical Adit 8 deferred maintenance burden farm water rates source 3","publisher":"State of Hawaii","date":"2026-08-01","url":"https://dbedt.hawaii.gov/blog/26-51/","basis":"ADC FY2026 investment summary"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New Hawaii baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Correction run (contract 1.4.2), no change to the finding: business_model_risk.level High mapped to Elevated."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-08-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Operating statements","Reserves and debt-service coverage","Arrears","Final bill status","Adit repair completion"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-08-01","rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"irrigation_rate","value":0.9985,"unit":"USD per 1,000 gallons","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-08-01","scope":{"utility":"","project":"","program":"","customer_class":"","geography":"Hawaii","service_type":"water"},"basis":{"definition":"Agricultural rate"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Reported"},{"metric":"irrigation_rate","value":0.5,"unit":"USD per 1,000 gallons","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-08-01","scope":{"utility":"","project":"","program":"","customer_class":"","geography":"Hawaii","service_type":"water"},"basis":{"definition":"Reported legislative comparison"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Reported legislative comparison"}],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"amount_spent","value":9754417.9,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-08-01","scope":{"utility":"","project":"","program":"","customer_class":"","geography":"Hawaii","service_type":"water"},"basis":{"definition":"Toward original 8.5 million USD bond"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Reported through October 2024"},{"metric":"capital_need","value":2000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-08-01","scope":{"utility":"","project":"","program":"","customer_class":"","geography":"Hawaii","service_type":"water"},"basis":{"definition":"Reported"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Reported"},{"metric":"pending_funding","value":6500000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-08-01","scope":{"utility":"","project":"","program":"","customer_class":"","geography":"Hawaii","service_type":"water"},"basis":{"definition":"Proposed, not verified awarded"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Proposed, not verified awarded","funding_stage":"proposed"},{"metric":"secured_funding","value":2500000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-08-01","scope":{"utility":"","project":"","program":"","customer_class":"","geography":"Hawaii","service_type":"water"},"basis":{"definition":"Reported allocation/investment; do not equate with Adit completion"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Reported allocation/investment; do not equate with Adit completion","funding_stage":"secured"}],"operating_health":[{"metric":"annual_debt_service","value":40,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-08-01","scope":{"utility":"","project":"","program":"","customer_class":"","geography":"Hawaii","service_type":"water"},"basis":{"definition":"Reported"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Reported"},{"metric":"outstanding_debt","value":4500000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-08-01","scope":{"utility":"","project":"","program":"","customer_class":"","geography":"Hawaii","service_type":"water"},"basis":{"definition":"Reported"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Reported"},{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","value":14000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-08-01","scope":{"utility":"","project":"","program":"","customer_class":"","geography":"Hawaii","service_type":"water"},"basis":{"definition":"Reported"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Reported"}],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-HI-AGWATER-STATEWIDE-AWUDP-DATA-GAPS","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"State agricultural water plan omitted material infrastructure and DHHL demand information","description":"State agricultural water plan omitted material infrastructure and DHHL demand information. Incomplete demand, infrastructure, and capital data weakens statewide planning and funding prioritization.","location":{"name":"Hawaii","type":"state","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Department of Hawaiian Home Lands agricultural areas, Hawaii","counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Incomplete demand, infrastructure, and capital data weakens statewide planning and funding prioritization.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Harm: No direct harm documented.","service":"Essential service: No direct interruption documented.","scale":"Scale: Statewide planning and DHHL agricultural demand.","duration":"Duration: Persistent plan-cycle gap.","significance":"Regulatory, infrastructure, or financial significance: Formal conditional adoption by CWRM."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"No single quantitative measure was reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No confirmed bankruptcy, default, or receivership was identified in the cited sources."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Improving administratively, but closure not demonstrated","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient evidence that the underlying inventory and capital-data gaps will be closed on a defined schedule.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Insufficient History","assumptions":["Cited conditions continue."],"reversal_factors":["New monitoring, project completion, enforcement outcome, or hydrologic change."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Hawaii Department of Agriculture and Biosecurity","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Hawaii Commission on Water Resource Management","role":"Responsible or oversight body"},{"name":"Department of Hawaiian Home Lands","role":"Responsible or oversight body"}],"public_contact":"dab_armd_phone: 808-973-9473, cwrm_phone: 808-587-0214","corrective_actions":["Add links to the 2004 AWUDP","Qualify water-demand methods","Reference the 2020 State Water Projects Plan and DHHL demand","Consult DHHL in future updates"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"State agricultural water plan omitted material infrastructure and DHHL demand information source 1","publisher":"State of Hawaii","date":"2025-03-18","url":"https://files.hawaii.gov/dlnr/cwrm/minute/2025/mn20250318.pdf","basis":"CWRM minutes and unanimous conditional adoption"},{"ref":2,"title":"State agricultural water plan omitted material infrastructure and DHHL demand information source 2","publisher":"State of Hawaii","date":"2025-03-18","url":"https://files.hawaii.gov/dlnr/cwrm/submittal/2025/sb20250318B5.pdf","basis":"Staff submittal"},{"ref":3,"title":"State agricultural water plan omitted material infrastructure and DHHL demand information source 3","publisher":"State of Hawaii","date":"2025-03-18","url":"https://files.hawaii.gov/dlnr/cwrm/submittal/2025/sb20250318B5P.pdf","basis":"Common questions and documented omissions"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New Hawaii baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2025-03-18","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Proof conditions were completed","Complete irrigation-system inventory","Updated statewide capital estimates"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-HI-RED-HILL-GROUNDWATER-CLEANUP-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Red Hill fuel-release groundwater contamination and facility closure","description":"EPA reports that historic Red Hill fuel releases contaminated the groundwater aquifer beneath the Navy facility and that investigation, treatment, and remediation remain underway under federal and state orders. EPA concluded in March 2026 that the affected drinking-water systems had been free of fuel contamination since 2022, but aquifer cleanup, PFAS investigation, and permanent facility closure continue.","location":{"name":"Red Hill Bulk Fuel Storage Facility","type":"Military bulk-fuel storage and remediation site","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Honolulu County, Hawaii","counties":["Honolulu"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Fuel and related contaminants released from an industrial storage facility entered the aquifer; closure infrastructure and treatment are corrective responses.","secondary_drivers":["Military facility closure","PFAS and PCB investigation","Drinking-water protection"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA states that fuel releases contaminated the groundwater aquifer and that PFAS, petroleum, and PCB investigations or cleanup remain active [1].","service":"The 2021 release affected drinking-water systems serving about 93,000 consumers, although EPA found drinking water compliant and free of fuel contamination since 2022 [2].","scale":"The documented impact includes a regional aquifer beneath the facility and two military public water systems; broader population exposure is not established [1][2].","duration":"EPA's September 2026 page documents ongoing investigation and remediation years after the 2021 releases [1].","significance":"Cleanup and permanent closure are governed by the 2015 and 2023 federal orders plus Hawaii emergency orders [1][3]."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":93000,"status":"Reported","note":"EPA reported approximately 93,000 drinking-water consumers affected by the 2021 unsafe-water advisory; this is historical incident scale, not proof of current exposure [2]."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"EPA reports 23 Navy-installed monitoring wells and treatment of approximately 5 million gallons per day from Red Hill Shaft [1]."},"measures":[{"name":"Navy-installed groundwater monitoring wells","value":23,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Current network described by EPA [1]."},{"name":"Red Hill Shaft treatment flow","value":5,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate pumping and treatment rate [1]."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No utility insolvency, default, or revenue-capacity stress was identified; cleanup is a federal facility obligation."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Drinking-water compliance is stabilized and groundwater fuel concentrations near the facility have declined, while remediation remains incomplete [1][2].","projection":{"statement":"Aquifer investigation, monitoring, and phased remediation are likely to continue through at least the next 12-24 months.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"High","assumptions":["The consent orders and closure program remain in force."],"reversal_factors":["New contaminant detections, revised plume interpretation, or failure to meet closure milestones."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Navy","role":"Facility owner and cleanup implementer"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 9","role":"Federal oversight and enforcement"},{"name":"Hawaii Department of Health","role":"State cleanup and drinking-water oversight"}],"public_contact":"EPA Red Hill 2023 Consent Order Project Coordinator Ash Nieman, nieman.ash@epa.gov, (415) 972-3464","corrective_actions":["Permanently close the fuel facility.","Pump and treat Red Hill Shaft water.","Expand groundwater monitoring and complete petroleum, PFAS, and PCB investigations and cleanup."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Environmental Investigation and Remediation","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2026-09-29","url":"https://www.epa.gov/red-hill/environmental-investigation-and-remediation","basis":"Federal remediation record"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA Concludes Drinking Water Has Been Free of Fuel Contamination Since 2022","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2026-03-31","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-concludes-drinking-water-has-been-free-fuel-contamination-2022-wake-red-hill","basis":"Federal drinking-water assessment"},{"ref":3,"title":"2023 Administrative Consent Order: Red Hill","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2024-11-20","url":"https://www.epa.gov/red-hill/2023-consent-order","basis":"Federal enforcement record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Contact Us About Red Hill","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2026-10-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/red-hill/forms/contact","basis":"Federal public-contact page"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New Hawaii baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-09-29","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current contaminant concentrations","Total cleanup and closure cost","Completion date"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-HI-NA-WAI-EHA-WATER-RIGHTS-REMAND-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Na Wai Eha allocation and Native Hawaiian water-rights remand","description":"The Hawaii Supreme Court vacated and remanded material parts of the Commission on Water Resource Management's 2021 Na Wai Eha decision. The court found inadequate analysis of instream traditional and customary Native Hawaiian rights, unclear allocation calculations, and unlawful delegation of public-trust balancing during shortages.","location":{"name":"Na Wai Eha","type":"Four-stream surface-water management area","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Waihee River, Waiehu Stream, Wailuku River, and Waikapu Stream, Maui County, Hawaii","counties":["Maui"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["surface-water","agricultural","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The dispute concerns allocation of limited streamflow among instream public-trust uses, Native Hawaiian rights, and offstream users.","secondary_drivers":["Public-trust governance","Agricultural diversion","Traditional and customary rights"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The court found the Commission had not adequately assessed effects on instream traditional and customary rights and habitat protection [1].","service":"The ruling affects legally authorized delivery and allocation of stream water but does not document a drinking-water outage [1].","scale":"The dispute covers four major Maui streams and multiple communities and users [1].","duration":"The 2024 opinion followed a long-running administrative case and ordered further proceedings [1].","significance":"The state supreme court vacated and remanded the Commission's final decision on public-trust and allocation grounds [1]."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The opinion identifies affected users and rights but does not provide a defensible unduplicated population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The vacated order authorized 9.569 MGD in specified deliveries while separately describing 2.73 MGD of system losses; the court found the calculations unclear."},"measures":[{"name":"Specified authorized deliveries","value":9.569,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Total delivery points described in the court opinion [1]."},{"name":"System-loss permit amount","value":2.73,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Amount the court identified as inconsistent with the stated percentage basis [1]."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Allocation uncertainty and system-loss scrutiny affect water users; no insolvency or default was documented."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One dispositive in-window judicial ruling is documented; a comparable post-remand allocation was not located.","projection":{"statement":"Further administrative proceedings and revised findings are expected before allocations and instream-flow protections are finally settled.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["The remand remains active and no superseding final order has issued."],"reversal_factors":["Settlement or a final CWRM order resolving the remand."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Hawaii Commission on Water Resource Management","role":"Water-use permitting and instream-flow authority"},{"name":"Hawaii Supreme Court","role":"Judicial review"}],"public_contact":"Hawaii Commission on Water Resource Management, dlnr.cwrm@hawaii.gov","corrective_actions":["Reconsider instream-flow standards, protected Native Hawaiian practices, allocation calculations, shortage administration, and alternative sources on remand."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Surface Water Use Permit Applications, Na Wai Eha, SCOT-21-0000581","publisher":"Supreme Court of Hawaii","date":"2024-06-20","url":"https://www.courts.state.hi.us/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/SCOT-21-0000581.pdf","basis":"State supreme court opinion"},{"ref":2,"title":"CCH-MA15-01 Na Wai Eha","publisher":"Hawaii Commission on Water Resource Management","date":"2024-06-20","url":"https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/CWRM/NEWSEVENTS/CCH/CCH-MA15-01/","basis":"State administrative case page"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New Hawaii baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2024-06-20","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current remand schedule","Post-remand allocations","Affected population"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-HI-EAST-MAUI-DIVERSION-CONTESTED-CASE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"East Maui stream-diversion license and contested-case dispute","description":"Hawaii's Board of Land and Natural Resources moved in August 2026 to implement court-ordered contested-case proceedings over revocable permits authorizing Mahi Pono and East Maui Irrigation to divert water from East Maui streams. In July 2026 the Environmental Court reversed the board's December 2025 one-year renewal and capped interim diversions at 31.5 million gallons per day pending the hearing. The matter balances community and agricultural supply against stream resources and Native Hawaiian traditional and customary rights.","location":{"name":"East Maui streams","type":"Multi-stream diversion and forest-reserve water area","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Koolau Forest Reserve and East Maui watershed, Maui County, Hawaii","counties":["Maui"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["surface-water","agricultural","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The proceeding governs competing claims to diverted surface water and the protection of instream and Native Hawaiian public-trust uses.","secondary_drivers":["Agricultural demand","Community supply","Traditional and customary rights","Forest-reserve permits"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DLNR identifies stream-resource and traditional-practice protection as interests requiring balancing; the cited release does not quantify ecological injury [1].","service":"The disputed diversions support Maui community and agricultural water uses, but no current household outage is documented [1][2].","scale":"The dispute covers multiple East Maui streams and regional users [1][2].","duration":"Long-term licensing has remained unresolved for decades, with permits and litigation continuing in 2025-2026 [1][2].","significance":"Environmental Court orders in March and July 2026 required a contested case and capped diversions at 31.5 MGD, and BLNR delegated appointment of a hearing officer in August 2026 (refs 1, 3, 4)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The official records do not provide an unduplicated population for community, agricultural, and traditional users."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Court-ordered contested-case proceedings now govern permits for diversions from multiple East Maui streams."},"measures":[{"name":"Interim diversion cap (July 2026 order)","value":31.5,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Down from board-approved 35.22 MGD estimate (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Long-term allocation and permitting uncertainty affects public and private water users; no default or insolvency was documented."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Administrative action advanced after 2025 deferral, but the allocation dispute remains unresolved [1][2].","projection":{"statement":"A formal contested-case record is likely to develop over the next 12-24 months before any durable license or set-aside decision.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["The court orders remain operative and no settlement supersedes the hearing."],"reversal_factors":["Negotiated settlement, new legislation, or a final judicial disposition."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Hawaii Board of Land and Natural Resources","role":"Disposition of state-land water permits and licenses"},{"name":"Hawaii Commission on Water Resource Management","role":"State Water Code and instream-flow authority"},{"name":"Hawaii Environmental Court","role":"Judicial review and contested-case orders"}],"public_contact":"Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, dlnr.comms@hawaii.gov","corrective_actions":["Appoint a hearing officer and conduct the court-ordered contested case.","Develop a record balancing community, agricultural, stream, and Native Hawaiian rights."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"BLNR Takes Action on Two East Maui Water Issues","publisher":"Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources","date":"2026-08-14","url":"https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/blog/2026/08/14/nr26-100/","basis":"State board action"},{"ref":2,"title":"BLNR Defers Decision on Contested Case for East Maui Streams","publisher":"Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources","date":"2025-11-20","url":"https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/blog/2025/11/20/nr25-133/","basis":"State board action"},{"ref":3,"title":"Judge reins in Mahi Pono, orders showdown over East Maui streams","publisher":"Hoodline (citing Honolulu Star-Advertiser)","date":"2026-07-21","url":"https://hoodline.com/2026/07/judge-reins-in-mahi-pono-orders-showdown-over-east-maui-streams/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Hawaii Environmental Court again rules in favor of East Maui streams, communities","publisher":"Sierra Club of Hawaii","date":"2026-03-09","url":"https://sierraclubhawaii.org/blog/east-maui-ruling-march-2026","basis":"Advocacy release"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New Hawaii baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Added July 21, 2026 Environmental Court ruling reversing the December 2025 permit renewal and capping interim diversion at 31.5 MGD."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-08-14","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected population","Hearing schedule and final disposition"],"related_ids":["US-HI-NA-WAI-EHA-WATER-RIGHTS-REMAND-2024"],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-ID-ISLAND-PARK-BIG-SPRINGS-ECOLI-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Recurring E. coli contamination in private wells near Big Springs Avenue","description":"Idaho DEQ found E. coli in multiple private wells near Big Springs Avenue in Island Park and issued a boil advisory July 1, 2026. Areawide contamination was no longer present in late-September samples, but DEQ said individual wells may remain affected and recommended monthly bacteria testing because contamination has recurred.","location":{"name":"Private wells around Big Springs Avenue","type":"private wells","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"Private wells around Big Springs Avenue; Island Park; Fremont County; Idaho","counties":["Fremont"],"extent":"city","coordinates":{"lat":44.534191,"lon":-111.337788,"precision":"city","source_ref":"census_place_2024_id"}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Confirmed microbial contamination of multiple drinking-water wells was the principal issue; private-well infrastructure was not identified as the common cause.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Confirmed E. coli affected multiple wells and triggered a boil advisory; current areawide sampling improved, but recurrence and possible individual-well impacts remain.","service":"Confirmed E. coli affected multiple wells and triggered a boil advisory; current areawide sampling improved, but recurrence and possible individual-well impacts remain.","scale":"Confirmed E. coli affected multiple wells and triggered a boil advisory; current areawide sampling improved, but recurrence and possible individual-well impacts remain.","duration":"Confirmed E. coli affected multiple wells and triggered a boil advisory; current areawide sampling improved, but recurrence and possible individual-well impacts remain.","significance":"Confirmed E. coli affected multiple wells and triggered a boil advisory; current areawide sampling improved, but recurrence and possible individual-well impacts remain."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"advisory_duration: 86 days"},"measures":[{"name":"advisory_duration","value":86,"unit":"days","status":"Estimated","note":"Calendar difference from July 1 issuance to September 25 lifting; source does not state inclusive-day convention."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"most recent areawide samples no longer showed E. coli","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality, Idaho Falls Regional Office","role":"advisory, sampling, and public guidance"}],"public_contact":"drinkingwater.ifro@deq.idaho.gov; 208-528-2650","corrective_actions":["DEQ sampled private wells every two weeks","Advisory lifted September 25, 2026","Monthly bacteria testing recommended for area well owners"],"sources":[{"ref":"src_id_deq_island_park_20260925","title":"DEQ lifts boil water advisory for private well owners around Big Springs Ave - Island Park","publisher":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2026-09-25","url":"https://www.deq.idaho.gov/deq-lifts-boil-water-advisory-for-private-well-owners-around-big-springs-ave-island-park/","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"census_place_2024_id","title":"2024 Idaho Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_16.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New verified Idaho baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Data-quality repair: added cited public map placement, shortened display name where needed, and normalized financial metric names, scopes, stages, and bill basis without changing issue status or severity."}],"first_seen":"2026-07-01","latest_seen":"2026-09-25","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["well count","population affected","measured concentration","financial data","coordinates"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-ID-CAPITOL-WATER-URANIUM-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Capitol Water uranium MCL exceedance","description":"Capitol Water Corp. reported combined uranium above the 30 ppb MCL in July and August 2025, with a highest detected value of 31 ppb. The affected well was removed from service and 2026 samples were below the MCL.","location":{"name":"Capitol Water Corp. service area","type":"community water system","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"Capitol Water Corp. service area; Boise area; Ada County; Idaho","counties":["Ada"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"ID4010022","coordinates":{"lat":43.599335,"lon":-116.229817,"precision":"city","source_ref":"census_place_2024_id"}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A confirmed radiological contaminant exceedance was the principal issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The utility reported an MCL violation affecting a 9,000-person system and removed a well from supply; later samples were below the MCL.","service":"The utility reported an MCL violation affecting a 9,000-person system and removed a well from supply; later samples were below the MCL.","scale":"The utility reported an MCL violation affecting a 9,000-person system and removed a well from supply; later samples were below the MCL.","duration":"The utility reported an MCL violation affecting a 9,000-person system and removed a well from supply; later samples were below the MCL.","significance":"The utility reported an MCL violation affecting a 9,000-person system and removed a well from supply; later samples were below the MCL."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":9000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population reported by cited source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"highest_uranium_detection: 31 ppb"},"measures":[{"name":"highest_uranium_detection","value":31,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["monitoring or management failure: yes","treatment cost exposure: yes","insolvency or default: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"well removed; 2026 samples below MCL","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Capitol Water Corporation","role":"owner and operator"},{"name":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","role":"drinking-water regulator"}],"public_contact":"Michelle Frisch; michelle@capitolwatercorp.com; 208-375-0931","corrective_actions":["Affected well removed from supply","Customers notified","Follow-up sampling in 2026"],"sources":[{"ref":"src_capitol_ccr_2025","title":"Capitol Water Corp. Consumer Confidence Report 2025","publisher":"Capitol Water Corporation","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://capitolwatercorp.com/assets/water_quality_report_2025.pdf","basis":"utility primary"},{"ref":"census_place_2024_id","title":"2024 Idaho Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_16.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New verified Idaho baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Data-quality repair: added cited public map placement, shortened display name where needed, and normalized financial metric names, scopes, stages, and bill basis without changing issue status or severity."}],"first_seen":"2025-07-01","latest_seen":"2026-06-30","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["exact sample dates","well identifier","treatment cost","coordinates"],"related_ids":["US-ID-CAPITOL-WATER-MONITORING-2025"],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-ID-CAPITOL-WATER-MONITORING-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Capitol Water monitoring and reporting violations","description":"Capitol Water Corp.'s 2025 report states the system failed to submit required results by the deadline for a long list of organic contaminants and nitrate at its backup well, leaving occurrence unknown for those monitoring periods.","location":{"name":"Capitol Water Corp. service area","type":"community water system","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"Capitol Water Corp. service area; Boise area; Ada County; Idaho","counties":["Ada"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"ID4010022","coordinates":{"lat":43.599335,"lon":-116.229817,"precision":"city","source_ref":"census_place_2024_id"}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The principal documented failure was monitoring and reporting capacity rather than a confirmed contaminant exceedance.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Multiple required monitoring results were not timely submitted for a 9,000-person system; actual contaminant presence could not be determined for those periods.","service":"Multiple required monitoring results were not timely submitted for a 9,000-person system; actual contaminant presence could not be determined for those periods.","scale":"Multiple required monitoring results were not timely submitted for a 9,000-person system; actual contaminant presence could not be determined for those periods.","duration":"Multiple required monitoring results were not timely submitted for a 9,000-person system; actual contaminant presence could not be determined for those periods.","significance":"Multiple required monitoring results were not timely submitted for a 9,000-person system; actual contaminant presence could not be determined for those periods."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":9000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population reported by cited source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"named_unmonitored_or_unreported_contaminants: 31 contaminants/groups"},"measures":[{"name":"named_unmonitored_or_unreported_contaminants","value":31,"unit":"contaminants/groups","status":"Estimated","note":"Counted from the utility's published list; includes the synthetic organic contaminant group and backup-well nitrate."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["weak management capacity: yes","insolvency or default: unknown","rate adequacy: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is limited.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Capitol Water Corporation","role":"owner and operator"},{"name":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","role":"regulator"}],"public_contact":"Michelle Frisch; michelle@capitolwatercorp.com; 208-375-0931","corrective_actions":["Utility disclosed violations in 2025 Consumer Confidence Report"],"sources":[{"ref":"src_capitol_ccr_2025","title":"Capitol Water Corp. Consumer Confidence Report 2025","publisher":"Capitol Water Corporation","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://capitolwatercorp.com/assets/water_quality_report_2025.pdf","basis":"utility primary"},{"ref":"census_place_2024_id","title":"2024 Idaho Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_16.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New verified Idaho baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Data-quality repair: added cited public map placement, shortened display name where needed, and normalized financial metric names, scopes, stages, and bill basis without changing issue status or severity."}],"first_seen":"2025-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-06-30","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["violation dates","corrective schedule","financial data","coordinates"],"related_ids":["US-ID-CAPITOL-WATER-URANIUM-2025"],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-ID-HARRISON-MANGANESE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Harrison drinking-water manganese treatment project","description":"Idaho DEQ awarded Harrison $2.88 million in emerging-contaminant funds for planning, design, and construction to address manganese in the city's drinking-water source.","location":{"name":"City of Harrison","type":"municipal drinking-water system","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"City of Harrison; Harrison; Kootenai County; Idaho","counties":["Kootenai"],"extent":"city","coordinates":{"lat":47.469471,"lon":-116.808586,"precision":"city","source_ref":"census_place_2024_id"}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Source-water manganese and the need for new treatment are both material causes of the project.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ documented source contamination requiring a multimillion-dollar treatment response; concentration and direct health impacts were not reported.","service":"DEQ documented source contamination requiring a multimillion-dollar treatment response; concentration and direct health impacts were not reported.","scale":"DEQ documented source contamination requiring a multimillion-dollar treatment response; concentration and direct health impacts were not reported.","duration":"DEQ documented source contamination requiring a multimillion-dollar treatment response; concentration and direct health impacts were not reported.","significance":"DEQ documented source contamination requiring a multimillion-dollar treatment response; concentration and direct health impacts were not reported."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"No quantitative measure was reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["emerging contaminant treatment cost: yes","dependence on grant or principal forgiveness: yes","insolvency or default: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"funding awarded","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Harrison","role":"project owner"},{"name":"Idaho DEQ Grants & Loans Bureau","role":"financing administrator"}],"public_contact":"maryanna.peavey@deq.idaho.gov","corrective_actions":["Plan, design, and construct manganese treatment"],"sources":[{"ref":"src_deq_harrison_20250625","title":"DEQ awards $2.8 million to city of Harrison","publisher":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-06-25","url":"https://www.deq.idaho.gov/deq-awards-2880000-to-city-of-harrison/","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"census_place_2024_id","title":"2024 Idaho Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_16.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New verified Idaho baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Data-quality repair: added cited public map placement, shortened display name where needed, and normalized financial metric names, scopes, stages, and bill basis without changing issue status or severity."}],"first_seen":"2025-06-25","latest_seen":"2025-09-12","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["PWSID","population","manganese concentration","project schedule","coordinates"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","status":"Reported","value":2880000,"currency":"USD","unit":"dollars","as_of_date":"2025-06-25","notes":"$5,750,918 stated savings versus average municipal general-obligation debt. This is a distinct financing stage or scope; do not add it to overlapping project or program totals unless the cited source defines them as additive.","scope":{"geography":"Harrison manganese project","project":"City of Harrison: emerging contaminant construction financing"},"basis":{"definition":"0% SRF loan with full principal forgiveness"},"source_refs":["src_deq_harrison_20250625"],"label":"emerging contaminant construction financing","funding_stage":"secured"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-ID-ROBERTS-MANGANESE-TREATMENT-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Roberts drinking-water manganese treatment need","description":"Idaho DEQ awarded Roberts $4.1968 million to construct greensand filtration and a filtrate-disposal system to remove manganese from drinking water.","location":{"name":"City of Roberts","type":"municipal drinking-water system","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"City of Roberts; Roberts; Jefferson County; Idaho","counties":["Jefferson"],"extent":"city","coordinates":{"lat":43.720488,"lon":-112.128868,"precision":"city","source_ref":"census_place_2024_id"}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Manganese contamination and the absence of adequate removal/disposal infrastructure are both material.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"A multimillion-dollar treatment project is required, but DEQ did not publish concentration or exposure data in the award notice.","service":"A multimillion-dollar treatment project is required, but DEQ did not publish concentration or exposure data in the award notice.","scale":"A multimillion-dollar treatment project is required, but DEQ did not publish concentration or exposure data in the award notice.","duration":"A multimillion-dollar treatment project is required, but DEQ did not publish concentration or exposure data in the award notice.","significance":"A multimillion-dollar treatment project is required, but DEQ did not publish concentration or exposure data in the award notice."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"No quantitative measure was reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["treatment cost exposure: yes","dependence on principal forgiveness: yes","insolvency or default: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"funding awarded","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Roberts","role":"project owner"},{"name":"Idaho DEQ Grants & Loans Bureau","role":"funding administrator"}],"public_contact":"208-228-3220; MaryAnna.Peavey@deq.idaho.gov","corrective_actions":["Construct greensand filter building","Install evaporation pond, pipeline, and pumps for filtrate disposal"],"sources":[{"ref":"src_deq_roberts_hayden_20250115","title":"DEQ awards $4.5 million in emerging contaminant funding to two Idaho water systems","publisher":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-01-15","url":"https://www.deq.idaho.gov/deq-awards-4-5-million-in-emerging-contaminant-funding-to-two-idaho-water-systems/","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"census_place_2024_id","title":"2024 Idaho Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_16.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New verified Idaho baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Data-quality repair: added cited public map placement, shortened display name where needed, and normalized financial metric names, scopes, stages, and bill basis without changing issue status or severity."}],"first_seen":"2025-01-15","latest_seen":"2025-01-15","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["PWSID","population","concentration","schedule","coordinates"],"related_ids":["US-ID-ROBERTS-PRESSURE-LOSS-2025"],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","status":"Reported","value":4196800,"currency":"USD","unit":"dollars","as_of_date":"2025-01-15","scope":{"geography":"Roberts greensand filtration and filtrate disposal","project":"City of Roberts: emerging contaminant project funding"},"basis":{"definition":"0% loan with principal forgiveness"},"source_refs":["src_deq_roberts_hayden_20250115"],"label":"emerging contaminant project funding","funding_stage":"secured","notes":"This is a distinct financing stage or scope; do not add it to overlapping project or program totals unless the cited source defines them as additive."}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-ID-MERIDIAN-PFOS-UCMR5-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Meridian PFOS occurrence under UCMR 5","description":"Meridian's 2025 water-quality report lists PFOS from not detected to 4.9 ppt, with a systemwide average of 0.38 ppt. The highest result is above the 4 ppt federal MCL, but EPA states UCMR 5 individual results do not themselves establish compliance; the reported average was below 4 ppt.","location":{"name":"Meridian Water Department","type":"municipal community water system","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"Meridian Water Department; Meridian; Ada County; Idaho","counties":["Ada"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"ID4010097","coordinates":{"lat":43.61149,"lon":-116.400662,"precision":"city","source_ref":"census_place_2024_id"}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOS occurrence in finished drinking water is the principal issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"A single maximum exceeded 4 ppt while the utility-reported average was 0.38 ppt; compliance is based on running annual averages, so this is an emerging monitoring risk rather than a verified violation.","service":"A single maximum exceeded 4 ppt while the utility-reported average was 0.38 ppt; compliance is based on running annual averages, so this is an emerging monitoring risk rather than a verified violation.","scale":"A single maximum exceeded 4 ppt while the utility-reported average was 0.38 ppt; compliance is based on running annual averages, so this is an emerging monitoring risk rather than a verified violation.","duration":"A single maximum exceeded 4 ppt while the utility-reported average was 0.38 ppt; compliance is based on running annual averages, so this is an emerging monitoring risk rather than a verified violation.","significance":"A single maximum exceeded 4 ppt while the utility-reported average was 0.38 ppt; compliance is based on running annual averages, so this is an emerging monitoring risk rather than a verified violation."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOS_system_average: 0.38 ppt"},"measures":[{"name":"PFOS_system_average","value":0.38,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["treatment cost exposure: unknown","insolvency or default: no_evidence"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable history is limited.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Meridian Water Division","role":"owner, operator, and monitoring entity"},{"name":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","role":"primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"208-888-5242","corrective_actions":["Continued monitoring and running-annual-average reporting under PFAS requirements beginning in 2027, as stated by the utility"],"sources":[{"ref":"src_meridian_ccr_2025","title":"Meridian Water Quality Report 2025","publisher":"City of Meridian","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://w.meridiancity.org/public-works/water/quality-reports/2025-water-report-home/water-quality-2025/","basis":"utility primary"},{"ref":"src_epa_ucmr5_rule_20260828","title":"Fifth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2026-08-28","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/fifth-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"federal primary"},{"ref":"census_place_2024_id","title":"2024 Idaho Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_16.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New verified Idaho baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Data-quality repair: added cited public map placement, shortened display name where needed, and normalized financial metric names, scopes, stages, and bill basis without changing issue status or severity."}],"first_seen":"2025-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-06-30","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["sample-point identity","population served","treatment response","financial data","coordinates"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-ID-IDAHO-CITY-STORM-TREATMENT-SHUTDOWN-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Idaho City storm sediment disabled drinking-water filtration","description":"Wildfire aftermath and a storm sent silt and clay into Idaho City's sand-filter bays, forcing the treatment plant offline and prompting an emergency declaration, conservation, hauled potable water, and a boil advisory. Storage was restored and clear bacteria tests allowed the order to end September 5, while resilience projects remained underway.","location":{"name":"Idaho City municipal system","type":"municipal drinking-water system","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"Idaho City municipal system; Idaho City; Boise County; Idaho","counties":["Boise"],"extent":"city","coordinates":{"lat":43.827844,"lon":-115.830474,"precision":"city","source_ref":"census_place_2024_id"}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Sediment loading from the source and inadequate treatment/storage redundancy jointly caused the outage risk.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The treatment plant shut down, remaining storage was rationed, potable water was hauled, and the mayor declared an emergency; the event resolved within about nine days.","service":"The treatment plant shut down, remaining storage was rationed, potable water was hauled, and the mayor declared an emergency; the event resolved within about nine days.","scale":"The treatment plant shut down, remaining storage was rationed, potable water was hauled, and the mayor declared an emergency; the event resolved within about nine days.","duration":"The treatment plant shut down, remaining storage was rationed, potable water was hauled, and the mayor declared an emergency; the event resolved within about nine days.","significance":"The treatment plant shut down, remaining storage was rationed, potable water was hauled, and the mayor declared an emergency; the event resolved within about nine days."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"projected_remaining_storage_without_conservation: 1.5 days"},"measures":[{"name":"projected_remaining_storage_without_conservation","value":1.5,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["reserve dependence: yes","rate revenue shortfall or miscalculation: yes","deferred or inadequate redundancy: yes","insolvency or default: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"plant stabilized; boil order lifted; resilience work identified","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Idaho City","role":"owner, operator, and emergency response"},{"name":"Idaho DEQ","role":"regulatory coordination"},{"name":"Idaho Rural Water Association","role":"technical and potable-water assistance"}],"public_contact":"Nancy L. Ptak, City Clerk-Treasurer; idahocityclerk@cityofic.org; 208-392-4584","corrective_actions":["Cleaned sand bays","Hauled potable water","Filled and balanced second storage tank","Procured pump testing for new infiltration-gallery wells","Designed highway isolation valves","Began RO-system redundancy repairs","Boil order lifted September 5 after clear tests"],"sources":[{"ref":"src_idaho_city_minutes_20250827","title":"Idaho City Council minutes, August 27, 2025","publisher":"City of Idaho City","date":"2025-08-27","url":"https://idahocity.municipalimpact.com/documents/170/082725M.pdf","basis":"local_government primary"},{"ref":"src_idaho_city_update_20250904","title":"City of Idaho City Provides Water System Update","publisher":"City of Idaho City","date":"2025-09-04","url":"https://idahocity.municipalimpact.com/documents/170/Press_release_from_City_Council_meeting_090325..pdf","basis":"local_government primary"},{"ref":"census_place_2024_id","title":"2024 Idaho Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_16.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"New verified Idaho baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"Data-quality repair: added cited public map placement, shortened display name where needed, and normalized financial metric names, scopes, stages, and bill basis without changing issue status or severity."}],"first_seen":"2025-08-27","latest_seen":"2025-09-05","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["PWSID","population","incident cost","customer fee amount","coordinates"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[{"metric":"annual_debt_service","status":"Reported","value":80000,"currency":"USD","unit":"dollars/year","as_of_date":"2025-08-27","notes":"Minutes state reserves initially covered payments and that approach was not sustainable; the exact approved customer fee was not visible in extracted text.","scope":{"geography":"Idaho City DW1104 bond"},"basis":{"definition":"city council minutes"},"source_refs":["src_idaho_city_minutes_20250827"],"label":"annual water bond payment"}],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-ID-ROBERTS-PRESSURE-LOSS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Roberts citywide pressure loss and do-not-drink advisory","description":"A power outage and backup-generator malfunction caused a significant citywide pressure loss in Roberts. The city issued a do-not-drink/do-not-boil advisory, restored pressure, tested the water, and lifted the advisory two days later after certified results showed no contamination.","location":{"name":"City water users","type":"municipal drinking-water system","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"City water users; Roberts; Jefferson County; Idaho","counties":["Jefferson"],"extent":"city","coordinates":{"lat":43.720488,"lon":-112.128868,"precision":"city","source_ref":"census_place_2024_id"}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Power and backup-generation failure caused the pressure loss; no contamination was found.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"All city-water users lost safe-consumption assurance for two days, but testing found no contamination and service normalized quickly.","service":"All city-water users lost safe-consumption assurance for two days, but testing found no contamination and service normalized quickly.","scale":"All city-water users lost safe-consumption assurance for two days, but testing found no contamination and service normalized quickly.","duration":"All city-water users lost safe-consumption assurance for two days, but testing found no contamination and service normalized quickly.","significance":"All city-water users lost safe-consumption assurance for two days, but testing found no contamination and service normalized quickly."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"advisory_duration: 2 days"},"measures":[{"name":"advisory_duration","value":2,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["backup power failure: yes","repeated failure: unknown","insolvency or default: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"pressure restored; clear certified tests","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Roberts","role":"owner, operator, public notification"}],"public_contact":"208-228-3220","corrective_actions":["Restored pressure","Collected certified samples","Lifted advisory June 21"],"sources":[{"ref":"src_roberts_advisory_20250619","title":"Do NOT drink or boil tap water due to pressure loss","publisher":"City of Roberts","date":"2025-06-19","url":"https://cityofrobertsidaho.gov/news-detail?item_id=27492","basis":"local_government primary"},{"ref":"src_roberts_lift_20250621","title":"City of Roberts Lifts Do Not Drink / Do Not Boil Water Advisory","publisher":"City of Roberts","date":"2025-06-21","url":"https://www.cityofrobertsidaho.gov/news-detail?item_id=27518","basis":"local_government primary"},{"ref":"census_place_2024_id","title":"2024 Idaho Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_16.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New verified Idaho baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Data-quality repair: added cited public map placement, shortened display name where needed, and normalized financial metric names, scopes, stages, and bill basis without changing issue status or severity."}],"first_seen":"2025-06-19","latest_seen":"2025-06-21","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["PWSID","population affected","repair cost","coordinates"],"related_ids":["US-ID-ROBERTS-MANGANESE-TREATMENT-2025"],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-ID-MOYIE-SPRINGS-SUPPLY-SOURCE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Moyie Springs emergency water-main project to restore supply source","description":"Idaho DEQ provided $130,840 in emergency drinking-water assistance for a new water main that DEQ said was necessary to restore Moyie Springs' supply source.","location":{"name":"City of Moyie Springs","type":"municipal drinking-water system","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"City of Moyie Springs; Moyie Springs; Boundary County; Idaho","counties":["Boundary"],"extent":"city","coordinates":{"lat":48.724901,"lon":-116.195607,"precision":"city","source_ref":"census_place_2024_id"}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A new water main was necessary to reconnect or restore the city's source.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ characterized the assistance as emergency funding and the main as necessary to restore the source, but outage duration and population were not reported.","service":"DEQ characterized the assistance as emergency funding and the main as necessary to restore the source, but outage duration and population were not reported.","scale":"DEQ characterized the assistance as emergency funding and the main as necessary to restore the source, but outage duration and population were not reported.","duration":"DEQ characterized the assistance as emergency funding and the main as necessary to restore the source, but outage duration and population were not reported.","significance":"DEQ characterized the assistance as emergency funding and the main as necessary to restore the source, but outage duration and population were not reported."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"No quantitative measure was reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["essential source failure: yes","dependence on emergency assistance: yes","insolvency or default: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"funding awarded","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Moyie Springs","role":"project owner"},{"name":"Idaho DEQ Grants & Loans Bureau","role":"emergency financing"}],"public_contact":"MaryAnna.Peavey@deq.idaho.gov","corrective_actions":["Construct new water main to restore supply source"],"sources":[{"ref":"src_deq_moyie_20240514","title":"DEQ awards $130,840 to the city of Moyie Springs","publisher":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2024-05-14","url":"https://www.deq.idaho.gov/deq-awards-130840-to-the-city-of-moyie-springs/","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"census_place_2024_id","title":"2024 Idaho Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_16.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Idaho baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Data-quality repair: added cited public map placement, shortened display name where needed, and normalized financial metric names, scopes, stages, and bill basis without changing issue status or severity."}],"first_seen":"2024-05-14","latest_seen":"2024-05-14","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["PWSID","population","failure cause","completion status","coordinates"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","status":"Reported","value":130840,"currency":"USD","unit":"dollars","as_of_date":"2024-05-14","notes":"DEQ reported $220,135 estimated financing savings. This is a distinct financing stage or scope; do not add it to overlapping project or program totals unless the cited source defines them as additive.","scope":{"geography":"new water main","project":"City of Moyie Springs: emergency drinking water assistance"},"basis":{"definition":"SRF financing with no repayment obligation"},"source_refs":["src_deq_moyie_20240514"],"label":"emergency drinking water assistance","funding_stage":"secured"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-ID-BIG-TWELVE-SUPPLY-DISTRIBUTION-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Big Twelve Water Association supply and distribution deficiencies","description":"Idaho DEQ financed a $4.3 million project for Big Twelve Water Association to address water-supply and distribution deficiencies. 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This is a distinct financing stage or scope; do not add it to overlapping project or program totals unless the cited source defines them as additive.","scope":{"geography":"supply and distribution improvements","project":"Big Twelve Water Association: construction loan"},"basis":{"definition":"1.75% SRF loan, 30 years"},"source_refs":["src_deq_southern_id_20240627"],"label":"construction loan","funding_stage":"secured"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[{"metric":"disadvantaged_indicator","status":"Reported","value":1.5,"unit":"percent of median household income","as_of_date":"2024-06-27","notes":"Exact burden not reported. This is a program eligibility threshold, not a measured household burden.","scope":{"geography":"annual residential drinking-water service"},"basis":{"definition":"DEQ disadvantaged-loan qualification; actual burden exceeds threshold"},"source_refs":["src_deq_southern_id_20240627"],"label":"residential water cost burden threshold"}],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-ID-BELLEVUE-SPRING-MAINS-LEAKS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Bellevue spring collection, transmission-main, and leakage deficiencies","description":"Idaho DEQ awarded Bellevue $9.6 million in grants and loans for a new spring collection system, transmission-main reconstruction, main replacement, and leak repair. 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a later valve break caused low pressure and a boil advisory.","scale":"A broad multimillion-dollar rehabilitation addresses leaks and multiple major assets; a later valve break caused low pressure and a boil advisory.","duration":"A broad multimillion-dollar rehabilitation addresses leaks and multiple major assets; a later valve break caused low pressure and a boil advisory.","significance":"A broad multimillion-dollar rehabilitation addresses leaks and multiple major assets; a later valve break caused low pressure and a boil advisory."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"low_pressure_event: 20 psi"},"measures":[{"name":"low_pressure_event","value":20,"unit":"psi","status":"Reported","note":"Pressure dropped below this value in parts of the system."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["deferred or repeated asset need: yes","capital need material: yes","insolvency or default: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"funding awarded; 2025 advisory lifted after clear tests","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Bellevue","role":"owner, operator, project sponsor"},{"name":"Idaho DEQ Grants & Loans Bureau","role":"funding administrator"}],"public_contact":"MaryAnna.Peavey@deq.idaho.gov","corrective_actions":["Construct new spring collection system","Reconstruct transmission main","Replace mains","Identify and repair leaks","Repair 2025 valve break and test water"],"sources":[{"ref":"src_deq_six_systems_20240627","title":"DEQ awards nearly $31 million to six drinking water and wastewater systems across Idaho","publisher":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2024-06-27","url":"https://www.deq.idaho.gov/deq-awards-nearly-31-million-to-six-drinking-water-and-wastewater-systems-across-idaho/","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"src_deq_three_loans_20240628","title":"DEQ awards over $15 million in low-interest construction loans to three systems","publisher":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2024-06-28","url":"https://www.deq.idaho.gov/deq-awards-over-15-million-in-low-interest-construction-loans-to-three-drinking-water-and-wastewater-systems/","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"src_bellevue_lift_20250822","title":"Water Update - Water Boil Advisory Lifted","publisher":"City of Bellevue","date":"2025-08-22","url":"https://bellevueidaho.gov/water-update-boil-water-advisory-lifted/","basis":"local_government primary"},{"ref":"census_place_2024_id","title":"2024 Idaho Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_16.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified Idaho baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Data-quality repair: added cited public map placement, shortened display name where needed, and normalized financial metric names, scopes, stages, and bill basis without changing issue status or severity."}],"first_seen":"2024-06-27","latest_seen":"2025-08-22","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["PWSID","population","completion status","funding gap","coordinates"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","status":"Reported","value":3304837,"currency":"USD","unit":"dollars","as_of_date":"2024-06-27","scope":{"geography":"spring collection, mains, leaks, other improvements","project":"City of Bellevue: construction grant"},"basis":{"definition":"Leading Idaho grant"},"source_refs":["src_deq_six_systems_20240627"],"label":"construction grant","funding_stage":"secured","notes":"This is a distinct financing stage or scope; do not add it to overlapping project or program totals unless the cited source defines them as additive."},{"metric":"secured_funding","status":"Reported","value":6295163,"currency":"USD","unit":"dollars","as_of_date":"2024-06-28","notes":"$1,170,912 stated financing savings. This is a distinct financing stage or scope; do not add it to overlapping project or program totals unless the cited source defines them as additive.","scope":{"geography":"same Bellevue improvements","project":"City of Bellevue: construction loan"},"basis":{"definition":"SRF loan"},"source_refs":["src_deq_three_loans_20240628"],"label":"construction loan","funding_stage":"secured"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-ID-TERRACE-LAKES-SYSTEM-REPLACEMENT-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Terrace Lakes well, reservoir, booster, and main deficiencies","description":"Terrace Lakes Water Company received combined state grant and SRF financing for a new well, reservoir replacement, booster station, main replacement, and system mapping.","location":{"name":"Terrace Lakes Water Company","type":"community water company","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"Terrace Lakes Water Company; Boise County; Idaho","counties":["Boise"],"extent":"county","coordinates":{"lat":43.987275,"lon":-115.71511,"precision":"county","source_ref":"census_county_2024_id"}},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Multiple core production, storage, pumping, and distribution assets require construction or replacement.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The project spans nearly every major asset class and requires more than $6 million in public financing; no active outage was reported.","service":"The project spans nearly every major asset class and requires more than $6 million in public financing; no active outage was reported.","scale":"The project spans nearly every major asset class and requires more than $6 million in public financing; no active outage was reported.","duration":"The project spans nearly every major asset class and requires more than $6 million in public financing; no active outage was reported.","significance":"The project spans nearly every major asset class and requires more than $6 million in public financing; no active outage was reported."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"No quantitative measure was reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["capital need material: yes","multiple asset classes: yes","insolvency or default: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"financing awarded","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Terrace Lakes Water Company","role":"owner and project sponsor"},{"name":"Idaho DEQ","role":"funding administrator"}],"public_contact":"MaryAnna.Peavey@deq.idaho.gov","corrective_actions":["Drill new well","Replace reservoir","Build booster station","Replace mains","Map system"],"sources":[{"ref":"src_deq_six_systems_20240627","title":"DEQ awards nearly $31 million to six drinking water and wastewater systems across Idaho","publisher":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2024-06-27","url":"https://www.deq.idaho.gov/deq-awards-nearly-31-million-to-six-drinking-water-and-wastewater-systems-across-idaho/","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"src_deq_terrace_20240625","title":"Construction Grant Archives - Terrace Lakes award listing","publisher":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2024-06-25","url":"https://www.deq.idaho.gov/category/construction-grant/","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"census_county_2024_id","title":"2024 Idaho Counties Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_counties_16.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; 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do not add it to overlapping project or program totals unless the cited source defines them as additive."},{"metric":"secured_funding","status":"Reported","value":2671175,"currency":"USD","unit":"dollars","as_of_date":"2024-06-25","scope":{"geography":"drinking-water construction","project":"Terrace Lakes Water Company: construction loan"},"basis":{"definition":"low-interest SRF loan"},"source_refs":["src_deq_terrace_20240625"],"label":"construction loan","funding_stage":"secured","notes":"This is a distinct financing stage or scope; do not add it to overlapping project or program totals unless the cited source defines them as additive."}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-ID-MCCALL-STORAGE-TREATMENT-CAPACITY-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"McCall drinking-water storage and treatment-capacity needs","description":"McCall received a $16.5 million low-interest loan for a new storage tank, two additional filters, electrical/control upgrades, clearwell expansion for disinfection capacity, and operations storage.","location":{"name":"City of McCall","type":"municipal drinking-water system","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"City of McCall; McCall; Valley County; Idaho","counties":["Valley"],"extent":"city","coordinates":{"lat":44.908408,"lon":-116.112491,"precision":"city","source_ref":"census_place_2024_id"}},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Documented storage and treatment-capacity limitations require physical expansion and upgrades.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"A $16.5 million project addresses storage and disinfection capacity; no active service failure was reported.","service":"A $16.5 million project addresses storage and disinfection capacity; no active service failure was reported.","scale":"A $16.5 million project addresses storage and disinfection capacity; no active service failure was reported.","duration":"A $16.5 million project addresses storage and disinfection capacity; no active service failure was reported.","significance":"A $16.5 million project addresses storage and disinfection capacity; no active service failure was reported."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"No quantitative measure was reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["capital need material: yes","debt financing: yes","insolvency or default: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"loan awarded","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of McCall","role":"owner and borrower"},{"name":"Idaho DEQ Grants & Loans Bureau","role":"loan administrator"}],"public_contact":"maryanna.peavey@deq.idaho.gov","corrective_actions":["Build storage tank","Add two filters","Upgrade electrical and controls","Expand clearwell","Add equipment/material storage"],"sources":[{"ref":"src_deq_mccall_20250206","title":"DEQ awards $16.5 million to city of McCall","publisher":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-02-06","url":"https://www.deq.idaho.gov/deq-awards-16-5-million-to-city-of-mccall/","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"census_place_2024_id","title":"2024 Idaho Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_16.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New verified Idaho baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Data-quality repair: added cited public map placement, shortened display name where needed, and normalized financial metric names, scopes, stages, and bill basis without changing issue status or severity."}],"first_seen":"2025-02-06","latest_seen":"2025-02-06","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["PWSID","population","capacity values","schedule","funding gap","coordinates"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","status":"Reported","value":16500000,"currency":"USD","unit":"dollars","as_of_date":"2025-02-06","notes":"$4,809,463 stated savings versus average municipal general-obligation debt. This is a distinct financing stage or scope; do not add it to overlapping project or program totals unless the cited source defines them as additive.","scope":{"geography":"storage and treatment expansion","project":"City of McCall: construction loan"},"basis":{"definition":"2.75% simple interest, 20 years"},"source_refs":["src_deq_mccall_20250206"],"label":"construction loan","funding_stage":"secured"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-ID-BUHL-REPEATED-MAIN-DISRUPTIONS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Buhl repeated construction-related water-main disruptions","description":"During Buhl's 2024 water and sewer construction season, at least three localized pressure-loss events or outages prompted boil advisories, including two contractor-damaged mains. Tests were clear when advisories were lifted.","location":{"name":"Several localized Buhl neighborhoods","type":"municipal drinking-water system","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"Several localized Buhl neighborhoods; Buhl; Twin Falls County; Idaho","counties":["Twin Falls"],"extent":"city","coordinates":{"lat":42.598362,"lon":-114.759536,"precision":"city","source_ref":"census_place_2024_id"}},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Main tie-ins, repairs, and construction damage repeatedly interrupted localized distribution service.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Multiple localized disruptions occurred over one construction season, but each was short and follow-up testing was clear.","service":"Multiple localized disruptions occurred over one construction season, but each was short and follow-up testing was clear.","scale":"Multiple localized disruptions occurred over one construction season, but each was short and follow-up testing was clear.","duration":"Multiple localized disruptions occurred over one construction season, but each was short and follow-up testing was clear.","significance":"Multiple localized disruptions occurred over one construction season, but each was short and follow-up testing was clear."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"documented_2024_boil_advisory_events: 3 events"},"measures":[{"name":"documented_2024_boil_advisory_events","value":3,"unit":"events","status":"Reported","note":"June 13 planned tie-in, July 18 contractor damage, July 31 utility damage; September repair and clear testing also documented but initial advisory text was not explicit in extracted page."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["repeated distribution interruptions: yes","capital program underway: yes","insolvency or default: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"all cited tests clear; construction season ended","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Buhl","role":"owner, operator, public notification"}],"public_contact":"See cited responsible-agency source.","corrective_actions":["Repaired damaged mains","Restored water","Issued localized advisories","Performed clearance sampling"],"sources":[{"ref":"src_buhl_alerts_2024","title":"Community Alerts","publisher":"City of Buhl","date":"2024-09-07","url":"https://www.cityofbuhl.us/community-alerts.html","basis":"local_government primary"},{"ref":"census_place_2024_id","title":"2024 Idaho Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_16.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New verified Idaho baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Data-quality repair: added cited public map placement, shortened display name where needed, and normalized financial metric names, scopes, stages, and bill basis without changing issue status or severity."}],"first_seen":"2024-06-13","latest_seen":"2024-09-07","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["PWSID","population affected","repair costs","coordinates"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","status":"Not reported","currency":"USD","unit":"dollars","period_start":"2024-06-01","period_end":"2024-09-08","notes":"Amounts not reported. This is a distinct financing stage or scope; do not add it to overlapping project or program totals unless the cited source defines them as additive.","scope":{"geography":"summer water and sewer projects","project":"Several localized Buhl neighborhoods: project funding sources"},"basis":{"definition":"ARPA, Buhl Urban Renewal Agency, and city budget funds"},"source_refs":["src_buhl_alerts_2024"],"value":null,"range_low":null,"range_high":null,"label":"project funding sources","funding_stage":"secured"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-ID-SOLAR-ACRES-CAPACITY-AFFORDABILITY-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Solar Acres capacity, resilience, and affordability project","description":"Solar Acres Water Association received $183,250 for an additional well, pump, pumphouse, backup generator, smart meters, and switchboard. DEQ classified it as disadvantaged because annual residential water cost exceeded 1.5% of community median household income.","location":{"name":"Solar Acres Water Association","type":"community water association","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"Solar Acres Water Association; Kootenai County; Idaho","counties":["Kootenai"],"extent":"county","coordinates":{"lat":47.675957,"lon":-116.695919,"precision":"county","source_ref":"census_county_2024_id"}},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Physical capacity and resilience needs coincide with a documented affordability constraint.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Multiple essential assets are needed and existing residential water cost already exceeds the disadvantaged threshold.","service":"Multiple essential assets are needed and existing residential water cost already exceeds the disadvantaged threshold.","scale":"Multiple essential assets are needed and existing residential water cost already exceeds the disadvantaged threshold.","duration":"Multiple essential assets are needed and existing residential water cost already exceeds the disadvantaged threshold.","significance":"Multiple essential assets are needed and existing residential water cost already exceeds the disadvantaged threshold."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"No quantitative measure was reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["capital need material: yes","affordability burden: yes","dependence on principal forgiveness: yes","insolvency or default: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"full principal forgiveness","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Solar Acres Water Association","role":"owner and project sponsor"},{"name":"Idaho DEQ","role":"funding administrator"}],"public_contact":"MaryAnna.Peavey@deq.idaho.gov","corrective_actions":["Add well and pump","Build pumphouse","Install backup generator","Install smart meters and switchboard"],"sources":[{"ref":"src_deq_three_loans_20240628","title":"DEQ awards over $15 million in low-interest construction loans to three systems","publisher":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2024-06-28","url":"https://www.deq.idaho.gov/deq-awards-over-15-million-in-low-interest-construction-loans-to-three-drinking-water-and-wastewater-systems/","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"census_county_2024_id","title":"2024 Idaho Counties Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_counties_16.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative county internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New verified Idaho baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Data-quality repair: added cited public map placement, shortened display name where needed, and normalized financial metric names, scopes, stages, and bill basis without changing issue status or severity."}],"first_seen":"2024-06-28","latest_seen":"2024-06-28","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["PWSID","population","actual bill and burden","completion status","coordinates"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","status":"Reported","value":183250,"currency":"USD","unit":"dollars","as_of_date":"2024-06-28","notes":"$314,010 stated financing savings. This is a distinct financing stage or scope; do not add it to overlapping project or program totals unless the cited source defines them as additive.","scope":{"geography":"well, pump, pumphouse, generator, meters, switchboard","project":"Solar Acres Water Association: construction loan"},"basis":{"definition":"disadvantaged SRF financing with full principal forgiveness"},"source_refs":["src_deq_three_loans_20240628"],"label":"construction loan","funding_stage":"secured"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[{"metric":"disadvantaged_indicator","status":"Reported","value":1.5,"unit":"percent of median household income","as_of_date":"2024-06-28","notes":"Exact burden not reported. This is a program eligibility threshold, not a measured household burden.","scope":{"geography":"annual residential drinking-water service"},"basis":{"definition":"DEQ says actual cost exceeds this threshold"},"source_refs":["src_deq_three_loans_20240628"],"label":"residential water cost burden threshold"}],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-ID-DRIGGS-CHRONIC-WASTEWATER-VIOLATIONS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Driggs chronic wastewater permit violations and plant upgrade consent decree","description":"EPA, DOJ, Idaho, and Driggs reached a consent decree over chronic wastewater permit violations. The federal complaint alleged thousands of exceedances for ammonia, E. coli, BOD, and pH. Driggs must complete an estimated $25 million plant upgrade by December 15, 2028 and pay a $400,000 penalty.","location":{"name":"Driggs plant and Victor-contributed flows","type":"municipal wastewater system","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"Driggs plant and Victor-contributed flows; Driggs; Teton County; Idaho","counties":["Teton"],"extent":"city","coordinates":{"lat":43.730292,"lon":-111.104129,"precision":"city","source_ref":"census_place_2024_id"}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Chronic pollutant exceedances and overdue treatment/collection-system improvements are both central.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Thousands of alleged exceedances continued after a 2018 agreement and led to a federal-state consent decree and $25 million upgrade mandate.","service":"Thousands of alleged exceedances continued after a 2018 agreement and led to a federal-state consent decree and $25 million upgrade mandate.","scale":"Thousands of alleged exceedances continued after a 2018 agreement and led to a federal-state consent decree and $25 million upgrade mandate.","duration":"Thousands of alleged exceedances continued after a 2018 agreement and led to a federal-state consent decree and $25 million upgrade mandate.","significance":"Thousands of alleged exceedances continued after a 2018 agreement and led to a federal-state consent decree and $25 million upgrade mandate."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"alleged_permit_exceedances: not reported events"},"measures":[{"name":"alleged_permit_exceedances","value":null,"unit":"events","status":"Reported","note":"EPA described the count as thousands; exact total not stated."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["major capital need: yes","repeated noncompliance: yes","staffing gap: yes","inflow infiltration: yes","insolvency or default: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"consent decree; quarterly reporting; fixed completion deadline","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Driggs","role":"owner and decree defendant"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 10","role":"federal enforcement"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Justice","role":"federal litigation"},{"name":"State of Idaho","role":"co-plaintiff and regulator"}],"public_contact":"R10_Press_Team@epa.gov","corrective_actions":["Complete $25 million upgrade by 2028-12-15","Update QA plan","Monitor Driggs and Victor collection flows","Monthly influent and effluent sampling","Annual sludge measurement and management","Locate and quantify inflow/infiltration","Develop staffing plan and hire sufficient staff","Quarterly progress reports"],"sources":[{"ref":"src_epa_driggs_20250116","title":"City of Driggs, Idaho pays $400K penalty for Clean Water Act violations, agrees to wastewater facility upgrade","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2025-01-16","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/city-driggs-idaho-pays-400k-penalty-clean-water-act-violations-agrees-wastewater","basis":"federal primary"},{"ref":"census_place_2024_id","title":"2024 Idaho Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_16.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified Idaho baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Data-quality repair: added cited public map placement, shortened display name where needed, and normalized financial metric names, scopes, stages, and bill basis without changing issue status or severity."}],"first_seen":"2022-10-24","latest_seen":"2025-01-16","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["permit ID","population","exact exceedance count and concentrations","funding secured","funding gap","coordinates"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","status":"Reported","value":25000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"dollars","as_of_date":"2025-01-16","notes":"Completion required by 2028-12-15. This is a distinct financing stage or scope; do not add it to overlapping project or program totals unless the cited source defines them as additive.","scope":{"geography":"Driggs wastewater facility upgrade","project":"Driggs plant and Victor-contributed flows: required plant upgrade estimate"},"basis":{"definition":"EPA estimate under consent decree"},"source_refs":["src_epa_driggs_20250116"],"label":"required plant upgrade estimate","funding_stage":"estimated"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","status":"Reported","value":400000,"currency":"USD","unit":"dollars","as_of_date":"2025-01-16","notes":"Prior 2018 penalty was $13,500.","scope":{"geography":"consent decree"},"basis":{"definition":"federal-state settlement"},"source_refs":["src_epa_driggs_20250116"],"label":"civil penalty"}]}},{"id":"US-ID-KOOTENAI-PONDERAY-WWTP-UPGRADE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Kootenai-Ponderay wastewater treatment and discharge upgrade","description":"Kootenai-Ponderay Sewer District received approximately $22.57 million in grants and loans to build a mechanical treatment facility, expand land application reuse, and improve surface-water discharge.","location":{"name":"Kootenai-Ponderay Sewer District","type":"public sewer district","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"Kootenai-Ponderay Sewer District; Kootenai/Ponderay area; Bonner County; Idaho","counties":["Bonner"],"extent":"city","coordinates":{"lat":48.30478,"lon":-116.536645,"precision":"city","source_ref":"census_place_2024_id"}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Treatment-facility limitations and the need to improve discharge and reuse are jointly material.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"A large replacement/expansion project addresses treatment, reuse, and discharge; specific violations were not stated in the reviewed award notices.","service":"A large replacement/expansion project addresses treatment, reuse, and discharge; specific violations were not stated in the reviewed award notices.","scale":"A large replacement/expansion project addresses treatment, reuse, and discharge; specific violations were not stated in the reviewed award notices.","duration":"A large replacement/expansion project addresses treatment, reuse, and discharge; specific violations were not stated in the reviewed award notices.","significance":"A large replacement/expansion project addresses treatment, reuse, and discharge; specific violations were not stated in the reviewed award notices."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"No quantitative measure was reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["major capital need: yes","dependence on public financing: yes","insolvency or default: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"financing awarded","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Kootenai-Ponderay Sewer District","role":"owner and project sponsor"},{"name":"Idaho DEQ","role":"funding and permitting oversight"}],"public_contact":"MaryAnna.Peavey@deq.idaho.gov","corrective_actions":["Build mechanical treatment facility","Expand land application reuse site","Improve surface-water discharge"],"sources":[{"ref":"src_deq_six_systems_20240627","title":"DEQ awards nearly $31 million to six drinking water and wastewater systems across Idaho","publisher":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2024-06-27","url":"https://www.deq.idaho.gov/deq-awards-nearly-31-million-to-six-drinking-water-and-wastewater-systems-across-idaho/","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"src_deq_three_loans_20240628","title":"DEQ awards over $15 million in low-interest construction loans to three systems","publisher":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2024-06-28","url":"https://www.deq.idaho.gov/deq-awards-over-15-million-in-low-interest-construction-loans-to-three-drinking-water-and-wastewater-systems/","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"census_place_2024_id","title":"2024 Idaho Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_16.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Idaho baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Data-quality repair: added cited public map placement, shortened display name where needed, and normalized financial metric names, scopes, stages, and bill basis without changing issue status or severity."}],"first_seen":"2024-06-27","latest_seen":"2024-06-28","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["permit ID","population","capacity","violations","schedule","funding gap","coordinates"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","status":"Reported","value":13771044,"currency":"USD","unit":"dollars","as_of_date":"2024-06-27","scope":{"geography":"mechanical treatment, reuse expansion, discharge improvements","project":"Kootenai-Ponderay Sewer District: construction grant"},"basis":{"definition":"Leading Idaho grant"},"source_refs":["src_deq_six_systems_20240627"],"label":"construction grant","funding_stage":"secured","notes":"This is a distinct financing stage or scope; do not add it to overlapping project or program totals unless the cited source defines them as additive."},{"metric":"secured_funding","status":"Reported","value":8798956,"currency":"USD","unit":"dollars","as_of_date":"2024-06-28","notes":"$1,186,100 stated financing savings. This is a distinct financing stage or scope; do not add it to overlapping project or program totals unless the cited source defines them as additive.","scope":{"geography":"same treatment project","project":"Kootenai-Ponderay Sewer District: construction loan"},"basis":{"definition":"SRF loan"},"source_refs":["src_deq_three_loans_20240628"],"label":"construction loan","funding_stage":"secured"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-ID-PLUMMER-WASTEWATER-LAGOON-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Plummer wastewater lagoon and land-application project","description":"Plummer received $3 million to develop a storage lagoon and land-application system at its wastewater treatment plant.","location":{"name":"City of Plummer","type":"municipal wastewater system","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"City of Plummer; Plummer; Benewah County; Idaho","counties":["Benewah"],"extent":"city","coordinates":{"lat":47.330135,"lon":-116.884909,"precision":"city","source_ref":"census_place_2024_id"}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The project addresses wastewater storage and disposal infrastructure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"A multimillion-dollar lagoon and land-application project is needed; no active overflow or violation was reported.","service":"A multimillion-dollar lagoon and land-application project is needed; no active overflow or violation was reported.","scale":"A multimillion-dollar lagoon and land-application project is needed; no active overflow or violation was reported.","duration":"A multimillion-dollar lagoon and land-application project is needed; no active overflow or violation was reported.","significance":"A multimillion-dollar lagoon and land-application project is needed; no active overflow or violation was reported."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"No quantitative measure was reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["capital need material: yes","dependence on grant: yes","insolvency or default: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"grant awarded","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Plummer","role":"owner and project sponsor"},{"name":"Idaho DEQ","role":"funding administrator"}],"public_contact":"MaryAnna.Peavey@deq.idaho.gov","corrective_actions":["Develop storage lagoon","Develop land-application system"],"sources":[{"ref":"src_deq_six_systems_20240627","title":"DEQ awards nearly $31 million to six drinking water and wastewater systems across Idaho","publisher":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2024-06-27","url":"https://www.deq.idaho.gov/deq-awards-nearly-31-million-to-six-drinking-water-and-wastewater-systems-across-idaho/","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"census_place_2024_id","title":"2024 Idaho Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_16.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New verified Idaho baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Data-quality repair: added cited public map placement, shortened display name where needed, and normalized financial metric names, scopes, stages, and bill basis without changing issue status or severity."}],"first_seen":"2024-06-27","latest_seen":"2024-06-27","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["permit ID","population","capacity","specific deficiency","schedule","coordinates"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","status":"Reported","value":3000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"dollars","as_of_date":"2024-06-27","scope":{"geography":"storage lagoon and land application","project":"City of Plummer: construction grant"},"basis":{"definition":"Leading Idaho grant"},"source_refs":["src_deq_six_systems_20240627"],"label":"construction grant","funding_stage":"secured","notes":"This is a distinct financing stage or scope; do not add it to overlapping project or program totals unless the cited source defines them as additive."}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-ID-TROY-WASTEWATER-REHABILITATION-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Troy wastewater collection and treatment rehabilitation","description":"Troy received $6.34 million for CCTV inspection, pipe and manhole rehabilitation, headworks and disinfection improvements, and a land-application system.","location":{"name":"City of Troy","type":"municipal wastewater system","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"City of Troy; Troy; Latah County; Idaho","counties":["Latah"],"extent":"city","coordinates":{"lat":46.737981,"lon":-116.773154,"precision":"city","source_ref":"census_place_2024_id"}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Collection and treatment assets require inspection, replacement, rehabilitation, and process upgrades.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The project spans collection, headworks, disinfection, and disposal, indicating broad deficiencies; no active spill was reported.","service":"The project spans collection, headworks, disinfection, and disposal, indicating broad deficiencies; no active spill was reported.","scale":"The project spans collection, headworks, disinfection, and disposal, indicating broad deficiencies; no active spill was reported.","duration":"The project spans collection, headworks, disinfection, and disposal, indicating broad deficiencies; no active spill was reported.","significance":"The project spans collection, headworks, disinfection, and disposal, indicating broad deficiencies; no active spill was reported."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"No quantitative measure was reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["multiple asset deficiencies: yes","dependence on grant: yes","insolvency or default: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"grant awarded","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Troy","role":"owner and project sponsor"},{"name":"Idaho DEQ","role":"funding administrator"}],"public_contact":"MaryAnna.Peavey@deq.idaho.gov","corrective_actions":["CCTV inspections","Replace and rehabilitate pipes and manholes","Install headworks","Improve disinfection","Develop land application"],"sources":[{"ref":"src_deq_six_systems_20240627","title":"DEQ awards nearly $31 million to six drinking water and wastewater systems across Idaho","publisher":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2024-06-27","url":"https://www.deq.idaho.gov/deq-awards-nearly-31-million-to-six-drinking-water-and-wastewater-systems-across-idaho/","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"census_place_2024_id","title":"2024 Idaho Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_16.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Idaho baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Data-quality repair: added cited public map placement, shortened display name where needed, and normalized financial metric names, scopes, stages, and bill basis without changing issue status or severity."}],"first_seen":"2024-06-27","latest_seen":"2024-06-27","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["permit ID","population","specific violations","schedule","coordinates"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","status":"Reported","value":6341739,"currency":"USD","unit":"dollars","as_of_date":"2024-06-27","scope":{"geography":"collection, headworks, disinfection, land application","project":"City of Troy: construction grant"},"basis":{"definition":"Leading Idaho grant"},"source_refs":["src_deq_six_systems_20240627"],"label":"construction grant","funding_stage":"secured","notes":"This is a distinct financing stage or scope; do not add it to overlapping project or program totals unless the cited source defines them as additive."}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-ID-SANDPOINT-WASTEWATER-UPGRADE-AFFORDABILITY-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Sandpoint wastewater treatment upgrade and affordability burden","description":"Sandpoint received $40.53 million for phase one wastewater upgrades to aeration basins, secondary clarifiers, supporting infrastructure, and standby power. DEQ classified the city for disadvantaged terms because annual residential wastewater cost exceeds 1.5% of median household income.","location":{"name":"City of Sandpoint","type":"municipal wastewater system","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"City of Sandpoint; Sandpoint; Bonner County; Idaho","counties":["Bonner"],"extent":"city","coordinates":{"lat":48.281694,"lon":-116.560013,"precision":"city","source_ref":"census_place_2024_id"}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Major treatment and resilience upgrades coincide with a documented household affordability constraint.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"More than $40 million is required for core treatment assets and standby power while household wastewater cost already exceeds DEQ's disadvantaged threshold.","service":"More than $40 million is required for core treatment assets and standby power while household wastewater cost already exceeds DEQ's disadvantaged threshold.","scale":"More than $40 million is required for core treatment assets and standby power while household wastewater cost already exceeds DEQ's disadvantaged threshold.","duration":"More than $40 million is required for core treatment assets and standby power while household wastewater cost already exceeds DEQ's disadvantaged threshold.","significance":"More than $40 million is required for core treatment assets and standby power while household wastewater cost already exceeds DEQ's disadvantaged threshold."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"No quantitative measure was reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["major capital need: yes","affordability burden: yes","debt financing: yes","principal forgiveness: yes","insolvency or default: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"financing secured","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Sandpoint","role":"owner and borrower"},{"name":"Idaho DEQ","role":"financing administrator"}],"public_contact":"maryanna.peavey@deq.idaho.gov","corrective_actions":["Upgrade aeration basins","Upgrade secondary clarifiers","Upgrade supporting infrastructure","Install standby power generators"],"sources":[{"ref":"src_deq_sandpoint_20260515","title":"DEQ awards $40,527,566 to the City of Sandpoint, Bonner County","publisher":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2026-05-15","url":"https://www.deq.idaho.gov/deq-awards-40527566-to-the-city-of-sandpoint-bonner-county/","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"census_place_2024_id","title":"2024 Idaho Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_16.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Idaho baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Data-quality repair: added cited public map placement, shortened display name where needed, and normalized financial metric names, scopes, stages, and bill basis without changing issue status or severity."}],"first_seen":"2026-05-15","latest_seen":"2026-05-15","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["permit ID","population","specific compliance driver","actual household bill and burden","full program cost and gap","coordinates"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","status":"Reported","value":38000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"dollars","as_of_date":"2026-05-15","notes":"$3,016,332 principal forgiveness. This is a distinct financing stage or scope; do not add it to overlapping project or program totals unless the cited source defines them as additive.","scope":{"geography":"phase one wastewater upgrades","project":"City of Sandpoint: wastewater construction loan"},"basis":{"definition":"2% simple interest, 30 years"},"source_refs":["src_deq_sandpoint_20260515"],"label":"wastewater construction loan","funding_stage":"secured"},{"metric":"secured_funding","status":"Reported","value":2527566,"currency":"USD","unit":"dollars","as_of_date":"2026-05-15","scope":{"geography":"phase one wastewater upgrades","project":"City of Sandpoint: legislative supplemental funding"},"basis":{"definition":"Idaho legislative supplemental funding"},"source_refs":["src_deq_sandpoint_20260515"],"label":"legislative supplemental funding","funding_stage":"secured","notes":"This is a distinct financing stage or scope; do not add it to overlapping project or program totals unless the cited source defines them as additive."}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[{"metric":"disadvantaged_indicator","status":"Reported","value":1.5,"unit":"percent of median household income","as_of_date":"2026-05-15","notes":"Exact burden not reported. This is a program eligibility threshold, not a measured household burden.","scope":{"geography":"annual residential wastewater service"},"basis":{"definition":"DEQ says actual cost exceeds threshold"},"source_refs":["src_deq_sandpoint_20260515"],"label":"residential wastewater cost burden threshold"}],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-ID-PAYETTE-LAKES-INFLOW-INFILTRATION-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Payette Lakes sewer infiltration, inflow, and recycled-water pond liner project","description":"Payette Lakes Recreational Water and Sewer District received $7 million in state and loan funding for infiltration-and-inflow surveys and sewer replacements, blower upgrades, cured-in-place repairs, and replacement of a recycled-water storage pond liner.","location":{"name":"Payette Lakes Recreational Water and Sewer District","type":"public water and sewer district","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"Payette Lakes Recreational Water and Sewer District; McCall area; Valley County; Idaho","counties":["Valley"],"extent":"city","coordinates":{"lat":44.908408,"lon":-116.112491,"precision":"city","source_ref":"census_place_2024_id"}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Collection-system infiltration/inflow and treatment/reuse assets require rehabilitation and replacement.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"A multi-phase $7 million program addresses infiltration/inflow, multiple sewer segments, blowers, and a pond liner; active overflow was not reported.","service":"A multi-phase $7 million program addresses infiltration/inflow, multiple sewer segments, blowers, and a pond liner; active overflow was not reported.","scale":"A multi-phase $7 million program addresses infiltration/inflow, multiple sewer segments, blowers, and a pond liner; active overflow was not reported.","duration":"A multi-phase $7 million program addresses infiltration/inflow, multiple sewer segments, blowers, and a pond liner; active overflow was not reported.","significance":"A multi-phase $7 million program addresses infiltration/inflow, multiple sewer segments, blowers, and a pond liner; active overflow was not reported."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"No quantitative measure was reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["inflow infiltration: yes","multiple asset needs: yes","dependence on public financing: yes","insolvency or default: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"funding secured; defined two-phase scope","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Payette Lakes Recreational Water and Sewer District","role":"owner and project sponsor"},{"name":"Idaho DEQ","role":"funding administrator"}],"public_contact":"MaryAnna.Peavey@deq.idaho.gov","corrective_actions":["Survey infiltration and inflow","Replace Wooley, Spruce, and Jasper sewer segments","Upgrade blowers","Cured-in-place and point repair on Lake Street","Replace recycled-water storage pond liner"],"sources":[{"ref":"src_deq_payette_lakes_20251223","title":"DEQ awards Payette Lakes Recreational Water and Sewer District $4,186,255 in legislative supplemental funding","publisher":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-12-23","url":"https://www.deq.idaho.gov/deq-awards-payette-lakes-recreational-water-and-sewer-district-4186255-million-in-legislative-supplemental-funding/","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"src_deq_construction_archive_2026","title":"Construction Grant Archives","publisher":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2026-09-28","url":"https://www.deq.idaho.gov/category/construction-grant/","basis":"state primary","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":"census_place_2024_id","title":"2024 Idaho Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_16.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Idaho baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Data-quality repair: added cited public map placement, shortened display name where needed, and normalized financial metric names, scopes, stages, and bill basis without changing issue status or severity."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-12-23","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["permit ID","population","I/I volume","schedule","coordinates"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","status":"Reported","value":4186255,"currency":"USD","unit":"dollars","as_of_date":"2025-12-23","notes":"$7,951,379 stated financing savings. This is a distinct financing stage or scope; do not add it to overlapping project or program totals unless the cited source defines them as additive.","scope":{"geography":"two-phase wastewater project","project":"Payette Lakes Recreational Water and Sewer District: legislative supplemental funding"},"basis":{"definition":"state grant"},"source_refs":["src_deq_payette_lakes_20251223"],"label":"legislative supplemental funding","funding_stage":"secured"},{"metric":"secured_funding","status":"Reported","value":2813745,"currency":"USD","unit":"dollars","as_of_date":"2025-12-23","scope":{"geography":"wastewater project","project":"Payette Lakes Recreational Water and Sewer District: wastewater construction loan"},"basis":{"definition":"low-interest loan"},"source_refs":["src_deq_construction_archive_2026"],"label":"wastewater construction loan","funding_stage":"secured","notes":"This is a distinct financing stage or scope; do not add it to overlapping project or program totals unless the cited source defines them as additive."}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-ID-NORTH-IDAHO-DR4917-FLOOD-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"March 2026 northern Idaho atmospheric-river flooding and landslides","description":"An atmospheric river and damaging winds from March 11-15, 2026 caused flooding, landslides and debris flows across six northern Idaho counties. A joint preliminary assessment placed damage above $5.9 million, and a federal major-disaster declaration made public-infrastructure recovery assistance available.","location":{"name":"Northern Idaho","type":"multi_county_region","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"Benewah, Bonner, Clearwater, Kootenai, Latah, Nez Perce County; Idaho","counties":["Benewah","Bonner","Clearwater","Kootenai","Latah","Nez Perce"],"extent":"multi_county","coordinates":{"lat":47.218451,"lon":-116.633541,"precision":"county","source_ref":"census_county_2024_id"}},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Extreme rainfall caused the flooding, while washouts and damage to roads and public facilities made infrastructure failure a material co-cause of the continuing recovery need.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Flooding, landslides and debris flows were confirmed; no death, injury or quantified ecological harm was reported in the reviewed sources.","service":"The event extensively damaged roads, facilities and critical public infrastructure; more than 11,000 customers also lost power.","scale":"The declaration covered Benewah, Bonner, Clearwater, Kootenai, Latah and Nez Perce Counties.","duration":"The acute flood threat subsided, but infrastructure recovery and assistance continued into July 2026.","significance":"Federal disaster DR-4917-ID was declared and assessed damage exceeded $5.9 million."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Countywide eligibility does not establish that every resident was directly affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"assessed_damage: 5900000 greater_than_usd"},"measures":[{"name":"assessed_damage","value":5900000,"unit":"greater_than_usd","status":"Reported","note":"Joint preliminary damage assessment; source states damage surpassed this value."},{"name":"customers_losing_power","value":11000,"unit":"customers","status":"Reported","note":"Power impact is contextual evidence of event scale, not a water-service count."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"single disaster event and continuing recovery","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Idaho Office of Emergency Management","role":"state recovery coordination"},{"name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","role":"Public Assistance and hazard-mitigation funding"}],"public_contact":"Jarod Dick, Recovery Section Chief, 208-258-6515, jdick@imd.idaho.gov","corrective_actions":["Federal Public Assistance application and reimbursement process","Emergency stabilization and repair of roads and public facilities","Statewide hazard-mitigation assistance"],"sources":[{"ref":"src_id_ioem_2026_dr4917_release","title":"President Trump Approves Disaster Declaration for Idaho","publisher":"Idaho Office of Emergency Management","date":"2026-07-02","url":"https://ioem.idaho.gov/president-trump-approves-disaster-declaration-for-idaho-2/","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"census_county_2024_id","title":"2024 Idaho Counties Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_counties_16.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative county internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified Idaho baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Data-quality repair: added cited public map placement, shortened display name where needed, and normalized financial metric names, scopes, stages, and bill basis without changing issue status or severity."}],"first_seen":"2026-03-11","latest_seen":"2026-07-02","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["water-specific damage subtotal","directly affected population","final recovery cost"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","status":"Reported","value":5900000,"currency":"USD","unit":"greater_than_usd","as_of_date":"2026-04-30","notes":"Not an award or amount spent. This is a distinct financing stage or scope; do not add it to overlapping project or program totals unless the cited source defines them as additive.","scope":{"geography":"Benewah, Bonner, Clearwater, Kootenai, Latah and Nez Perce Counties","project":"Northern Idaho: preliminary public damage"},"basis":{"definition":"Joint FEMA-IOEM-local preliminary damage assessment"},"source_refs":["src_id_ioem_2026_dr4917_release"],"label":"preliminary public damage","funding_stage":"estimated"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-ID-IDAHO-LEWIS-SHOSHONE-FLOOD-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"April 2024 flooding, landslides and mudslides in Idaho, Lewis and Shoshone Counties","description":"A severe storm on April 14-15, 2024 caused flooding, landslides and mudslides in Idaho, Lewis and Shoshone Counties. A joint assessment found more than $6.6 million in damage, and FEMA-4789-DR authorized public-assistance recovery funding.","location":{"name":"Idaho, Lewis and Shoshone Counties, Idaho","type":"multi_county_region","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"Idaho, Lewis, Shoshone County; Idaho","counties":["Idaho","Lewis","Shoshone"],"extent":"multi_county","coordinates":{"lat":45.849644,"lon":-115.467337,"precision":"county","source_ref":"census_county_2024_id"}},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"The initiating hazard was extreme runoff and flooding, while damage to public facilities and the need for repair funding made infrastructure impacts material.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Flooding, landslides and mudslides were documented, but no acute health or quantified ecological harm was reported.","service":"Emergency work and repair or replacement of damaged facilities were eligible; specific service outages were not quantified.","scale":"Three counties were designated.","duration":"The two-day event caused damage requiring a federal recovery program extending beyond the incident period.","significance":"A presidential major-disaster declaration followed damage above $6.6 million."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"assessed_damage: 6600000 greater_than_usd"},"measures":[{"name":"assessed_damage","value":6600000,"unit":"greater_than_usd","status":"Reported","note":"Joint preliminary assessment; not a final cost."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"single event","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","role":"major-disaster Public Assistance"},{"name":"Idaho Office of Emergency Management","role":"state recovery coordination"}],"public_contact":"Tristan Lewis, Public information contact, 208-803-5216, tlewis@imd.idaho.gov","corrective_actions":["Public Assistance for emergency work and repair or replacement of damaged facilities","Statewide hazard-mitigation funding eligibility"],"sources":[{"ref":"src_id_fema_2024_pda_4789","title":"Preliminary Damage Assessment Report: FEMA-4789-DR","publisher":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","date":"2024-06-10","url":"https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/PDAReport_FEMA4789DR-ID.pdf","basis":"federal primary"},{"ref":"src_id_ioem_2024_flood_declaration","title":"President Biden Approves Disaster Declaration for Idaho","publisher":"Idaho Office of Emergency Management","date":"2024-06-12","url":"https://ioem.idaho.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/06_12_2024_Disaster-Declaration-Approved.pdf","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"census_county_2024_id","title":"2024 Idaho Counties Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_counties_16.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative county internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"New verified Idaho baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"Data-quality repair: added cited public map placement, shortened display name where needed, and normalized financial metric names, scopes, stages, and bill basis without changing issue status or severity."}],"first_seen":"2024-04-14","latest_seen":"2024-06-12","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["directly affected population","final recovery cost","water-specific damage subtotal"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","status":"Reported","value":6600000,"currency":"USD","unit":"greater_than_usd","as_of_date":"2024-06-12","notes":"Not an award or amount spent. This is a distinct financing stage or scope; do not add it to overlapping project or program totals unless the cited source defines them as additive.","scope":{"geography":"Idaho, Lewis and Shoshone Counties","project":"Idaho, Lewis and Shoshone Counties, Idaho: preliminary public damage"},"basis":{"definition":"Joint FEMA-IOEM-local assessment"},"source_refs":["src_id_ioem_2024_flood_declaration"],"label":"preliminary public damage","funding_stage":"estimated"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-ID-KOOTENAI-FOURTH-JULY-CREEK-FLOODWORKS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Fourth of July Creek culvert and floodgate failure risk","description":"Rain and early spring runoff partially collapsed culverts and damaged floodgates beneath River Road near Dudley in Kootenai County. Idaho declared a state disaster to reinforce the site and reduce the risk of a washout affecting roads, homes and agricultural land.","location":{"name":"Dudley, Kootenai County, Idaho","type":"infrastructure_site","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"Kootenai County; Idaho","counties":["Kootenai"],"extent":"county","coordinates":{"lat":47.675957,"lon":-116.695919,"precision":"county","source_ref":"census_county_2024_id"}},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Runoff created the hazard, but damaged culverts and floodgates were the immediate mechanism that could redirect creek flow and cause flooding.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"A washout and flooding were plausible, but no injury or confirmed environmental damage was reported.","service":"Roads and nearby property were at risk; no actual prolonged service loss was quantified.","scale":"The risk was localized near River Road in Kootenai County.","duration":"The structure remained vulnerable while runoff was expected to continue.","significance":"The governor issued a state disaster declaration and mobilized state and federal resources."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"No quantitative measure was reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"one infrastructure emergency","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"East Side Highway District","role":"local road and drainage asset authority"},{"name":"Idaho Office of Emergency Management","role":"state emergency coordination"},{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","role":"mobilized technical support"}],"public_contact":"Tristan Lewis, Public information contact, 208-803-5216, tlewis@imd.idaho.gov","corrective_actions":["Mobilize personnel and equipment","Reinforce the affected site","Monitor runoff and signs of erosion"],"sources":[{"ref":"src_id_ioem_kootenai_2025","title":"Governor Brad Little Issues a Disaster Declaration to Prevent Severe Flooding in Kootenai County","publisher":"Idaho Office of Emergency Management","date":"2025-03-17","url":"https://ioem.idaho.gov/little-issues-disaster-declaration-flooding-kootenai-county-march-2025/","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"census_county_2024_id","title":"2024 Idaho Counties Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_counties_16.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative county internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Idaho baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Data-quality repair: added cited public map placement, shortened display name where needed, and normalized financial metric names, scopes, stages, and bill basis without changing issue status or severity."}],"first_seen":"2025-03-17","latest_seen":"2025-04-09","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["repair completion status","project cost","population at risk","asset dimensions"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-ID-COEUR-DALENE-THIRD-ST-STORMWATER","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Third Street stormwater overflow, localized flooding and phosphorus loading","description":"Large rain events have overwhelmed part of Coeur d'Alene's Third Street stormwater system, causing localized flooding and allowing phosphorus-bearing runoff to reach Coeur d'Alene Lake. A $361,142 retention and source-control project is complete and is expected to reduce phosphorus by at least 35 pounds per year, but available funding does not cover the full drainage area.","location":{"name":"Coeur d'Alene","type":"urban_drainage","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"Coeur d'Alene; Kootenai County; Idaho","counties":["Kootenai"],"extent":"city","coordinates":{"lat":47.702887,"lon":-116.795799,"precision":"city","source_ref":"census_place_2024_id"}},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Insufficient storm-system capacity causes localized flooding and also permits nutrient-polluted runoff to reach the lake.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Phosphorus and other pollutants can reach Coeur d'Alene Lake; no acute health impact was reported.","service":"Localized flooding occurred during large rainfall events.","scale":"The affected drainage is local, although it discharges to a regionally important lake.","duration":"The project is complete but funding remains insufficient to treat the entire drainage area.","significance":"A state-funded capital project was completed; no emergency or enforcement action was reported."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"expected_phosphorus_load_reduction: 35 pounds_per_year_minimum"},"measures":[{"name":"expected_phosphorus_load_reduction","value":35,"unit":"pounds_per_year_minimum","status":"Reported","note":"Source describes expected, not measured, annual reduction."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["dependence on one time funding: [object Object]","deferred capacity need: [object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"project completion; expected annual phosphorus reduction","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Coeur d'Alene","role":"project sponsor and stormwater operator"},{"name":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Leading Idaho program oversight"}],"public_contact":"Coeur d'Alene Regional Office, Regional public contact, 208-769-1422","corrective_actions":["Stabilize sediment source at outfall","Construct stormwater retention at Phippeny Park","Divert runoff from a significant part of the drainage","Seek future funding to expand treatment capacity"],"sources":[{"ref":"src_id_deq_third_street","title":"Third Street Stormwater Volume Reduction Project","publisher":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2026-08-17","url":"https://www.deq.idaho.gov/leading-idaho-and-the-coeur-dalene-lake/third-street-stormwater-volume-reduction-project/","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"census_place_2024_id","title":"2024 Idaho Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_16.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New verified Idaho baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Data-quality repair: added cited public map placement, shortened display name where needed, and normalized financial metric names, scopes, stages, and bill basis without changing issue status or severity."}],"first_seen":"2026-08-17","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["publication date","flood frequency","number of properties affected","full drainage funding gap","post-construction measured load reduction"],"related_ids":["US-ID-COEUR-DALENE-LAKE-NUTRIENTS-METALS"],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","status":"Reported","value":361142,"currency":"USD","unit":"usd","as_of_date":"2026-10-10","notes":"Funding awarded; source states project is complete. This is a distinct financing stage or scope; do not add it to overlapping project or program totals unless the cited source defines them as additive.","scope":{"geography":"Third Street Stormwater Volume Reduction Project","project":"Coeur d'Alene: state project funding"},"basis":{"definition":"Leading Idaho allocation"},"source_refs":["src_id_deq_third_street"],"label":"state project funding","funding_stage":"secured"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-ID-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"2026 statewide Idaho drought emergency and record-low snowpack","description":"Idaho declared a statewide drought emergency on April 13, 2026 after an exceptionally warm winter, record-low snowpack and forecasts of drought-level streamflow in 19 basins. The order allows temporary water-right changes through the remainder of 2026.","location":{"name":"Idaho","type":"statewide","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"all Idaho counties County; Idaho","counties":["all Idaho counties"],"extent":"statewide","coordinates":{"lat":44.348422,"lon":-114.558853,"precision":"state","source_ref":"census_state_2024"}},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","agricultural","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The central problem is statewide shortage risk caused by record-low snowpack, early melt and forecast low streamflow rather than a discrete asset failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The order and NRCS reports document broad water-supply and ecosystem risk, but no statewide acute health outcome was established.","service":"Irrigation shortages and broader water-supply challenges were forecast; about 75% of Idaho surface water derives from snowpack.","scale":"The emergency declaration covers every Idaho county and nearly all basins.","duration":"The emergency applies through 2026; the northern region also entered a fourth consecutive below-normal snowpack year.","significance":"IDWR issued a statewide drought emergency order under Idaho Code 42-222A."}},"status":"Active Emergency","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide declaration does not mean every resident experienced the same impact."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"statewide_snowpack_peak: 68 percent_of_normal"},"measures":[{"name":"statewide_snowpack_peak","value":68,"unit":"percent_of_normal","status":"Reported","note":"Snowpack peaked nearly three weeks early."},{"name":"snowpack_sites_in_snow_drought","value":80,"unit":"percent_of_sites","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"basins_forecast_in_drought","value":19,"unit":"basins","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"salmon_falls_creek_supply_shortage","value":58,"unit":"percent_short","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["demand volatility: [object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"68% of normal statewide peak snowpack; early melt; 19 basins forecast in drought; statewide emergency declaration","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Idaho Department of Water Resources","role":"drought declaration and temporary water-right changes"},{"name":"USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Idaho Snow Survey","role":"snowpack, runoff and water-supply monitoring"}],"public_contact":"IDWR State Office, General public contact, 208-287-4800","corrective_actions":["Allow temporary changes and exchanges of valid water rights through 2026","Publish monthly Water Supply Outlook Reports","Encourage users to plan against drier forecast scenarios"],"sources":[{"ref":"src_id_idwr_drought_order_2026","title":"Order Declaring Drought Emergency: Statewide Drought Order","publisher":"Idaho Department of Water Resources","date":"2026-04-13","url":"https://idwr.idaho.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/districts/20260413-OrderDeclaringDroughtEmergency-StatewideDeclaration.pdf","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"src_id_nrcs_april_2026","title":"April 1, 2026: Idaho Water Supply Summary","publisher":"USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service","date":"2026-04-01","url":"https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2026-04/borid426.pdf","basis":"federal primary"},{"ref":"src_id_nrcs_may_2026","title":"NRCS Idaho releases May 2026 Water Supply Outlook Report","publisher":"USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service","date":"2026-05-07","url":"https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/state-offices/idaho/news/nrcs-idaho-releases-may-2026-water-supply-outlook-report","basis":"federal primary"},{"ref":"census_state_2024","title":"2024 States Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2025-01-23","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_state_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative state internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Active Emergency","score":8,"note":"New verified Idaho baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Active Emergency","score":8,"note":"Data-quality repair: added cited public map placement, shortened display name where needed, and normalized financial metric names, scopes, stages, and bill basis without changing issue status or severity."}],"first_seen":"2026-04-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["realized end-of-season shortage by basin","household impacts","utility-specific financial exposure"],"related_ids":["US-ID-ESPA-SWC-DELIVERY-CALL-2024-2026"],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-ID-MOUNTAIN-HOME-AQUIFER-DECLINE","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Mountain Home Plateau groundwater decline","description":"Groundwater levels remain a long-term concern across the Mountain Home Plateau. USGS reports declines of as much as 125 feet in the Cinder Cone Butte Critical Ground Water Area since the 1960s and 0.03 to 22.01 feet across most monitored regional-aquifer wells between spring and fall 2023. Idaho completed a $32 million surface-water pipeline in 2025, with operation planned by 2027, to reduce Mountain Home Air Force Base groundwater dependence.","location":{"name":"Mountain Home","type":"aquifer_management_area","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"Mountain Home; Elmore, Ada County; Idaho","counties":["Elmore","Ada"],"extent":"multi_county","coordinates":{"lat":43.131833,"lon":-115.696716,"precision":"city","source_ref":"census_place_2024_id"}},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","infrastructure","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Long-term aquifer drawdown is the principal condition; the new pipeline is a corrective supply project rather than the cause of the issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Long-term depletion is confirmed; some base wells also had nitrate concerns, but this record is scored on quantity.","service":"Municipal, domestic, agricultural, industrial and military users depend on the aquifer; no current broad outage was reported.","scale":"The management areas cover parts of Elmore and western Ada Counties; Mountain Home had 16,703 residents in 2023.","duration":"Declines have persisted since the 1960s and continued monitoring documented recent seasonal decline.","significance":"The area includes a critical groundwater designation and a $32 million alternative-supply pipeline."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":16703,"status":"Reported","note":"City population is a partial proxy; affected aquifer users extend beyond city limits."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"long_term_groundwater_decline: 125 feet_maximum"},"measures":[{"name":"long_term_groundwater_decline","value":125,"unit":"feet_maximum","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"seasonal_regional_aquifer_decline","value":null,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"","text":"Reported range: 0.03 to 22.01 feet"},{"name":"alternative_supply_capacity","value":3.5,"unit":"million_gallons_per_day","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["source supply decline: [object Object]","dependence on public capital: [object Object]","confirmed insolvency default receivership: [object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"long-term declines; recent seasonal declines; pipeline completed but not yet operational","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Idaho Department of Water Resources","role":"groundwater monitoring and management"},{"name":"Idaho Water Resource Board","role":"alternative-supply project owner"},{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Idaho Water Science Center","role":"hydrogeologic framework and groundwater budget"},{"name":"Department of the Air Force","role":"treatment and storage construction"}],"public_contact":"Ben Camp, Project contact, 208-287-4870, benjamin.camp@idwr.idaho.gov","corrective_actions":["Maintain expanded groundwater-level monitoring network","Completed 14.4-mile surface-water pipeline, intake and pump station","Air Force constructing treatment and storage facilities for planned 2027 operation"],"sources":[{"ref":"src_id_usgs_mh_framework_2025","title":"Hydrogeologic framework of the Mountain Home area, southern Idaho","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","date":"2025-01-16","url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20245132","basis":"federal primary"},{"ref":"src_id_usgs_mh_budget_2026","title":"Groundwater budget for the Mountain Home area, southern Idaho, 2022-23","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","date":"2026-02-01","url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20265118/full","basis":"federal primary"},{"ref":"src_id_idwr_mhafb_factsheet","title":"Modernizing Idaho's Water Infrastructure: MHAFB Water Resilience Project","publisher":"Idaho Water Resource Board","date":"2024-05-01","url":"https://idwr.idaho.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/iwrb/MHAFB/Mountain-Home-AFB-Water-Resiliency-Project-FINAL.pdf","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"src_id_idwr_mhafb_project","title":"Mountain Home Air Force Base Sustainable Water Supply Project","publisher":"Idaho Department of Water Resources","date":"2025-11-18","url":"https://idwr.idaho.gov/board-projects/mountain-home-air-force-base-sustainable-water-supply-project/","basis":"State primary source; access/verification date used because the living page displays no publication date","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":"census_place_2024_id","title":"2024 Idaho Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_16.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified Idaho baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Data-quality repair: added cited public map placement, shortened display name where needed, and normalized financial metric names, scopes, stages, and bill basis without changing issue status or severity."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-12-27","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["aquifer-wide annual safe yield","current pumping total","post-pipeline drawdown response","household affordability"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"amount_spent","status":"Reported","value":32000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"usd","as_of_date":"2025-12-31","notes":"Completed under budget; excludes Air Force treatment and storage work. This is a distinct financing stage or scope; do not add it to overlapping project or program totals unless the cited source defines them as additive.","scope":{"geography":"intake, pump station and 14.4-mile pipeline","project":"Mountain Home: completed state pipeline scope cost"},"basis":{"definition":"completed construction cost"},"source_refs":["src_id_idwr_mhafb_project"],"label":"completed state pipeline scope cost","funding_stage":"spent"},{"metric":"project_estimate","status":"Reported","value":40000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"usd","as_of_date":"2024-05-01","notes":"Not interchangeable with the later $32 million completed state construction scope. This is a distinct financing stage or scope; do not add it to overlapping project or program totals unless the cited source defines them as additive.","scope":{"geography":"MHAFB Water Resilience Project","project":"Mountain Home: total project cost"},"basis":{"definition":"project fact-sheet total funded with ARPA and Idaho surplus funds"},"source_refs":["src_id_idwr_mhafb_factsheet"],"label":"total project cost","funding_stage":"estimated"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-ID-SNAKE-RIVER-QUAGGA-2023-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Snake River quagga mussel infestation near Twin Falls","description":"Quagga mussels remain detectable in the Snake River near Twin Falls after first being confirmed in 2023. Idaho completed a fourth annual copper-based treatment in September 2026; detections were 77% lower, but eradication has not yet been confirmed.","location":{"name":"Twin Falls","type":"river_reach","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"Twin Falls; Twin Falls, Jerome County; Idaho","counties":["Twin Falls","Jerome"],"extent":"multi_county","coordinates":{"lat":42.563807,"lon":-114.460597,"precision":"city","source_ref":"census_place_2024_id"}},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","agricultural","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"An invasive aquatic species is the primary ecological and water-use threat; infrastructure clogging is a secondary prospective impact.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"A reproducing invasive mussel population has been repeatedly detected and threatens aquatic habitat and fish populations.","service":"Closures and mandatory decontamination affected river access; widespread intake clogging remains a risk rather than a documented current failure.","scale":"The detected population remains localized near Twin Falls, although more than 1,700 downstream water users are exposed if spread occurs.","duration":"Positive detections continued through 2026 despite annual treatments since 2023.","significance":"Idaho imposed quarantine, closures and annual multi-agency chemical treatment under emergency authority."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"detection_reduction: 77 percent"},"measures":[{"name":"detection_reduction","value":77,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"impacted_river_length","value":3.5,"unit":"river_miles","status":"Reported","note":"Down from 7.2 miles in 2024."},{"name":"downstream_water_users_at_risk","value":1700,"unit":"greater_than_users","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["rising treatment cost exposure: [object Object]","confirmed current financial distress: [object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"7.2 to 3.5 impacted river miles in 2025; 77% detection reduction in 2026; continued positive 2026 detection","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Idaho State Department of Agriculture","role":"lead monitoring, quarantine and treatment agency"},{"name":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","role":"copper and treatment-impact monitoring"}],"public_contact":"Stevie Harris, Deputy Director / media contact, 208-332-8552, media@isda.idaho.gov","corrective_actions":["Annual targeted copper-based treatment","Mandatory watercraft inspection and decontamination","River-access restrictions during treatment","Statewide and infested-reach sampling"],"sources":[{"ref":"src_id_isda_quagga_2026","title":"Snake River Quagga Mussel Treatment Conclusion Update","publisher":"Idaho State Department of Agriculture","date":"2026-09-18","url":"https://agri.idaho.gov/pressrelease/snake-river-quagga-mussel-treatment-conclusion-update/","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"src_id_isda_quagga_2025","title":"ISDA reports 51 percent decrease in quagga mussel impacted area of Snake River","publisher":"Idaho State Department of Agriculture","date":"2025-09-12","url":"https://agri.idaho.gov/pressrelease/ISDA%20reports%2051%20percent%20decrease%20in%20quagga%20mussel%20impacted%20area%20of%20Snake%20River/","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"src_id_isda_quagga_cost_2026","title":"Sampling Shows Another Decline in Snake River Quagga Mussel Population","publisher":"Idaho State Department of Agriculture","date":"2026-08-18","url":"https://agri.idaho.gov/pressrelease/Sampling%20Shows%20Another%20Decline%20in%20Snake%20River%20Quagga%20Mussel%20Population/","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"census_place_2024_id","title":"2024 Idaho Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_16.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified Idaho baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Data-quality repair: added cited public map placement, shortened display name where needed, and normalized financial metric names, scopes, stages, and bill basis without changing issue status or severity."}],"first_seen":"2023-09-19","latest_seen":"2026-09-18","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["2026 treatment cost","absolute mussel abundance","utility-specific cost exposure"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","status":"Reported","value":69000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"usd_per_year","as_of_date":"2026-08-18","notes":"Forward scenario, not a current expenditure or realized loss.","scope":{"geography":"downstream Snake River irrigation, hydropower and other water systems"},"basis":{"definition":"ISDA cost-of-inaction scenario for treatment product alone"},"source_refs":["src_id_isda_quagga_cost_2026"],"label":"projected annual treatment product exposure if uncontrolled spread"}]}},{"id":"US-ID-COEUR-DALENE-LAKE-NUTRIENTS-METALS","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Coeur d'Alene Lake nutrient loading and legacy-metal mobilization risk","description":"Coeur d'Alene Lake contains millions of tons of mining-related metal sediments, while monitoring shows increasing phosphorus. Low oxygen can increase the mobility of those metals. Idaho and local utilities are implementing nutrient-reduction projects, including a $7.01 million Santa-Fernwood reuse system expected to keep about 660 pounds of phosphorus per year from reaching the lake.","location":{"name":"Coeur d'Alene Lake Basin, Idaho","type":"lake_basin","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"Kootenai, Benewah, Shoshone County; Idaho","counties":["Kootenai","Benewah","Shoshone"],"extent":"multi_county","coordinates":{"lat":47.702887,"lon":-116.795799,"precision":"city","source_ref":"census_place_2024_id"}},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy","wastewater-sewer","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The principal concern is persistent nutrient loading and the resulting risk of metals release from contaminated sediments; wastewater and stormwater assets are secondary drivers.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The lake bed contains widespread lead, zinc and cadmium contamination, and oxygen loss can remobilize metals into overlying water.","service":"No current drinking-water shutdown or sanitation failure was identified.","scale":"The issue spans the Coeur d'Alene Lake Basin, an important regional and tribal water body connected to the Spokane River.","duration":"Legacy mining contamination and nutrient inputs are long-lived, and current monitoring still shows increased phosphorus.","significance":"State and local entities are funding multiple corrective projects, but no new emergency or lake-wide enforcement order was identified."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"expected_phosphorus_load_reduction: 660 pounds_per_year"},"measures":[{"name":"expected_phosphorus_load_reduction","value":660,"unit":"pounds_per_year","status":"Reported","note":"Expected project outcome, not yet verified as a measured reduction."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["rising compliance and treatment cost: [object Object]","dependence on one time public funding: [object Object]","confirmed insolvency default receivership: [object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"monitoring shows increased phosphorus; multiple capital projects underway; expected 660-pound annual phosphorus reduction from one project","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","role":"lake management and project oversight"},{"name":"Coeur d'Alene Tribe","role":"co-manager and tribal resource authority"},{"name":"Santa Water and Sewer District","role":"reuse-project joint manager"},{"name":"Fernwood Water and Sewer District","role":"reuse-project joint manager"}],"public_contact":"Dan McCracken, Coeur d'Alene Regional Administrator, Dan.McCracken@deq.idaho.gov","corrective_actions":["Construct Santa-Fernwood reclaimed-water land-application system","Implement basin nutrient and sediment reduction projects","Continue lake and basin monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":"src_id_epa_cda_surface_2024","title":"Annual Data Summary, Coeur d'Alene Basin Environmental Monitoring Program: Surface Water, 2024","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2025-04-01","url":"https://semspub.epa.gov/work/10/100698676.pdf","basis":"federal primary"},{"ref":"src_id_deq_santa_fernwood","title":"Santa-Fernwood Wastewater Reuse Project","publisher":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2026-08-17","url":"https://www.deq.idaho.gov/leading-idaho-and-the-coeur-dalene-lake/santa-fernwood-wastewater-reuse-project/","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"census_place_2024_id","title":"2024 Idaho Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_16.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified Idaho baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Data-quality repair: added cited public map placement, shortened display name where needed, and normalized financial metric names, scopes, stages, and bill basis without changing issue status or severity."}],"first_seen":"2025-04-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["current lake-wide phosphorus load","current dissolved-metal concentrations","population exposed","lake-wide funding gap"],"related_ids":["US-ID-COEUR-DALENE-THIRD-ST-STORMWATER"],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","status":"Reported","value":7010000,"currency":"USD","unit":"usd","as_of_date":"2026-10-10","notes":"Construction began in fall 2025 and was scheduled to finish in fall 2026. This is a distinct financing stage or scope; do not add it to overlapping project or program totals unless the cited source defines them as additive.","scope":{"geography":"Santa-Fernwood Wastewater Reuse Project","project":"Coeur d'Alene Lake Basin, Idaho: project funding"},"basis":{"definition":"Leading Idaho funding received"},"source_refs":["src_id_deq_santa_fernwood"],"label":"project funding","funding_stage":"secured"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-ID-ESPA-SWC-DELIVERY-CALL-2024-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Eastern Snake Plain Aquifer agricultural delivery-call shortfalls and curtailment","description":"Idaho continues to administer senior Snake River surface-water rights and junior Eastern Snake Plain Aquifer groundwater rights through the Surface Water Coalition delivery call. The predicted in-season demand shortfall rose from 74,100 acre-feet in April 2024 to 741,100 acre-feet in July 2026; unmitigated junior rights remain subject to curtailment, while approved mitigation plans protect participating users. On the week of Sept. 24, 2026 a Blackfoot farm couple holding six 1950-1987 groundwater rights sued the state in Bingham County district court, alleging the curtailments are an unconstitutional taking and seeking compensation.","location":{"name":"Eastern Snake Plain, Idaho","type":"aquifer_and_irrigation_service_area","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"Snake River / Eastern Snake Plain Aquifer; multiple eastern and south-central Idaho counties County; Idaho","counties":["multiple eastern and south-central Idaho counties"],"extent":"county","coordinates":{"lat":43.216357,"lon":-112.399206,"precision":"county","source_ref":"census_county_2024_id"}},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["agricultural","groundwater","drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The direct issue is insufficient water available to satisfy senior irrigation demand under conjunctive administration; legal orders and conservation infrastructure are responses to that quantity conflict.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Aquifer depletion and reduced spring flow are documented, but acute health harm is not.","service":"Active curtailment applies to unmitigated consumptive groundwater rights, including agricultural, commercial, industrial and municipal uses.","scale":"The ESPA delivery-call area spans multiple counties and supports a coalition delivering Snake River water to approximately 550,000 acres of farmland.","duration":"Shortfalls and curtailment or mitigation requirements recurred in 2024, 2025 and 2026.","significance":"Formal curtailment orders remain active and state obligations for ESPA stabilization exceed $93 million; a September 2026 takings lawsuit challenges the orders (ref src_dtn_bingham_2026)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"predicted_in_season_demand_shortfall: 741100 acre_feet"},"measures":[{"name":"predicted_in_season_demand_shortfall","value":741100,"unit":"acre_feet","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"predicted_in_season_demand_shortfall","value":75300,"unit":"acre_feet","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"predicted_in_season_demand_shortfall","value":74100,"unit":"acre_feet","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"surface_water_coalition_farmland_service_area","value":550000,"unit":"approximately_acres","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Lost potato and wheat revenue alleged by one plaintiff farm","value":688000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"About $300,000 potatoes plus about $388,000 wheat, as alleged in the complaint (ref src_dtn_bingham_2026)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["demand and supply volatility: [object Object]","dependence on mitigation and public funding: [object Object]","regulatory curtailment exposure: [object Object]","confirmed insolvency default receivership: [object Object]"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"74,100 acre-feet in April 2024; 75,300 acre-feet in July 2025; 741,100 acre-feet in July 2026; active 2026 curtailment order","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Idaho Department of Water Resources","role":"delivery-call methodology, curtailment and enforcement"},{"name":"Idaho Water Resource Board","role":"recharge, conservation and capital funding"},{"name":"Surface Water Coalition","role":"senior surface-water claimant group"},{"name":"Eastern Snake Plain Aquifer groundwater districts","role":"mitigation-plan implementation"}],"public_contact":"Brian Patton, Deputy Director, 208-287-4800","corrective_actions":["Curtail unmitigated junior groundwater rights","Maintain approved mitigation plans under the 2024 Water Settlement","Fund recharge, measurement, conservation and groundwater-to-surface conversion","Develop canal-efficiency projects"],"sources":[{"ref":"src_id_idwr_swc_page","title":"Surface Water Coalition Delivery Call","publisher":"Idaho Department of Water Resources","date":"2026-09-16","url":"https://idwr.idaho.gov/legal-matters/swc-delivery-call/","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"src_id_idwr_swc_2025","title":"IDWR finds 75,300 acre-foot shortfall in July 2025 Methodology Order","publisher":"Idaho Department of Water Resources","date":"2025-07-10","url":"https://idwr.idaho.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/news-release/20250710-IDWR-Director-finds-water-75300-acre-foot-shortfall-in-July-Methodology-order-FINAL.pdf","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"src_id_idwr_espa_projects_2025","title":"IWRB approves three major projects to improve Snake River water management","publisher":"Idaho Department of Water Resources","date":"2025-07-28","url":"https://idwr.idaho.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/news-release/IWRB-approves-three-major-projects-to-improve-Snake-River-water-management-FINAL.pdf","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"src_id_iwrb_finance_2026","title":"IWRB Finance Committee No. 4-26 Materials","publisher":"Idaho Water Resource Board","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://idwr.idaho.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Finance-Committee-No.-4-26-FINAL-MATERIALS.pdf","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"census_county_2024_id","title":"2024 Idaho Counties Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_counties_16.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative county internal point"},{"ref":"src_dtn_bingham_2026","title":"Idaho Farmers Sue State Over Groundwater Curtailments","publisher":"DTN Progressive Farmer","date":"2026-09-24","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.dtnpf.com/agriculture/web/ag/crops/article/2026/09/24/idaho-farmers-sue-state-groundwater","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"New verified Idaho baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"Data-quality repair: added cited public map placement, shortened display name where needed, and normalized financial metric names, scopes, stages, and bill basis without changing issue status or severity."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"Takings lawsuit filed against the state over ESPA curtailment orders (reported Sept. 24, 2026)."}],"first_seen":"2024-04-18","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["number of rights actively curtailed in October 2026","farm revenue impact","utility-specific rate impact","remaining program funding gap"],"related_ids":["US-ID-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2026"],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","status":"Reported","value":30000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"usd","as_of_date":"2025-07-28","notes":"Funding source, not amount spent. This is a distinct financing stage or scope; do not add it to overlapping project or program totals unless the cited source defines them as additive.","scope":{"geography":"aquifer recharge, conservation, measurement automation and groundwater-to-surface conversion","project":"Eastern Snake Plain, Idaho: state 2025 espa implementation funding"},"basis":{"definition":"new 2025 legislative funding received by IWRB"},"source_refs":["src_id_idwr_espa_projects_2025"],"label":"state 2025 espa implementation funding","funding_stage":"secured"},{"metric":"secured_funding","status":"Reported","value":93000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"greater_than_usd","as_of_date":"2026-03-27","notes":"Obligated, not spent; source gives greater than $93 million. This is a distinct financing stage or scope; do not add it to overlapping project or program totals unless the cited source defines them as additive.","scope":{"geography":"ESPA Regional Water Sustainability Program","project":"Eastern Snake Plain, Idaho: espa stabilization funds obligated"},"basis":{"definition":"IWRB Finance Committee materials"},"source_refs":["src_id_iwrb_finance_2026"],"label":"espa stabilization funds obligated","funding_stage":"secured"},{"metric":"project_estimate","status":"Reported","value":26300000,"currency":"USD","unit":"usd","as_of_date":"2025-07-28","notes":"Estimated cost; not contract award or expenditure. This is a distinct financing stage or scope; do not add it to overlapping project or program totals unless the cited source defines them as additive.","scope":{"geography":"9.25-mile Twin Falls Canal operational-efficiency project","project":"Eastern Snake Plain, Idaho: twin falls canal lining project estimated cost"},"basis":{"definition":"project estimate"},"source_refs":["src_id_idwr_espa_projects_2025"],"label":"twin falls canal lining project estimated cost","funding_stage":"estimated"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-ID-BUNKER-HILL-MINE-WATER-2026","revision":4,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Bunker Hill mine-water contamination and Superfund cost recovery","description":"Acid mine drainage and metals contamination remain an active treatment obligation at the Bunker Hill Mining and Metallurgical Complex in northern Idaho. A 2026 consent decree provides about $263.4 million in cost recovery and natural-resource damages, while EPA's treatment system continues to manage mine water that would otherwise reach Bunker Creek and the South Fork Coeur d'Alene River.","location":{"name":"Bunker Hill Superfund Site","type":"mine, mine-water collection system, and central treatment plant","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"Coeur d'Alene River Basin; Bunker Creek; South Fork Coeur d'Alene River; Kellogg; Smelterville; Shoshone, Kootenai County; Idaho","counties":["Shoshone","Kootenai"],"extent":"multi_county","coordinates":{"lat":47.53496,"lon":-116.132678,"precision":"city","source_ref":"census_place_2024_id"}},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The principal current issue is persistent metals-contaminated mine water requiring continuous collection and treatment; the settlement and treatment infrastructure are responses.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Confirmed long-lived metals contamination affects a roughly 1,500-square-mile Superfund site and requires continuous treatment plus a major federal/tribal/state settlement; no current drinking-water outage was documented.","service":"Confirmed long-lived metals contamination affects a roughly 1,500-square-mile Superfund site and requires continuous treatment plus a major federal/tribal/state settlement; no current drinking-water outage was documented.","scale":"Confirmed long-lived metals contamination affects a roughly 1,500-square-mile Superfund site and requires continuous treatment plus a major federal/tribal/state settlement; no current drinking-water outage was documented.","duration":"Confirmed long-lived metals contamination affects a roughly 1,500-square-mile Superfund site and requires continuous treatment plus a major federal/tribal/state settlement; no current drinking-water outage was documented.","significance":"Confirmed long-lived metals contamination affects a roughly 1,500-square-mile Superfund site and requires continuous treatment plus a major federal/tribal/state settlement; no current drinking-water outage was documented."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported range: 1300 to 1400 gallons_per_minute"},"measures":[{"name":"mine_water_treatment_flow","value":null,"unit":"gallons_per_minute","status":"Reported","note":"EPA-reported continuous acid mine drainage treatment rate; retained as current-system context, not a newly measured 2026 flow.","text":"Reported range: 1300 to 1400 gallons_per_minute"},{"name":"settlement_recovery","value":263400000,"unit":"total","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["confirmed insolvency bankruptcy receivership: unknown","dependence on settlement or one time funding: yes","unfunded treatment costs: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"continuous treatment remains necessary; 2026 settlement filed","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 10","role":"Superfund lead and treatment/cost-recovery oversight"},{"name":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","role":"State cleanup partner"},{"name":"Coeur d'Alene Tribe","role":"Natural-resource trustee and settlement party"}],"public_contact":"EPA Enforcement contact form","corrective_actions":["Continue collection and treatment of acid mine drainage.","Implement consent-decree cost recovery and natural-resource-damage obligations."],"sources":[{"ref":"src_id_bunker_2026","title":"Consent Decree: Hecla Mining Company Settlement - Bunker Hill, Idaho","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/consent-decree-hecla-mining-company-settlement-bunker-hill-idaho","basis":"federal primary"},{"ref":"src_id_bunker_2018","title":"Case Summary: Third Party Settlement at Bunker Hill Site to Secure Wastewater Treatment","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2018-03-12","url":"https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/case-summary-third-party-settlement-bunker-hill-site-secure-wastewater-treatment-and","basis":"federal primary"},{"ref":"census_place_2024_id","title":"2024 Idaho Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_16.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified Idaho baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Data-quality repair: added cited public map placement, shortened display name where needed, and normalized financial metric names, scopes, stages, and bill basis without changing issue status or severity."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Confirmation: retained the established display name; issue evidence, status, severity, and financial values are unchanged."}],"first_seen":"2026-07-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["population_affected","current annual treatment cost","funding_gap"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","status":"Reported","value":263400000,"currency":"USD","unit":"total","as_of_date":"2026-07-01","notes":"Recovery amount, not a project budget or amount already spent. This is a distinct financing stage or scope; do not add it to overlapping project or program totals unless the cited source defines them as additive.","scope":{"geography":"cost recovery and natural resource damages","project":"Bunker Hill Superfund Site: settlement recovery"},"basis":{"definition":"filed consent decree"},"source_refs":["src_id_bunker_2026"],"label":"settlement recovery","funding_stage":"secured"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","status":"Reported","value":1000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"approximately_per_year","period_start":"2017-12-01","notes":"Approximate annual obligation reported by EPA; current payment status was not independently verified in this track.","scope":{"geography":"Bunker Hill Mining Corp. payment toward EPA water-treatment costs"},"basis":{"definition":"2018 settlement obligation"},"source_refs":["src_id_bunker_2018"],"label":"annual mine water treatment payment"}]}},{"id":"US-ID-BLACKBIRD-MINE-BUCKTAIL-CREEK-METALS","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Blackbird Mine metals remain above criteria in Bucktail Creek","description":"Idaho DEQ found that remediation reduced copper and cobalt in Bucktail Creek and downstream waters, but copper remains above water-quality criteria because human-caused mine conditions have not yet been remedied enough to support applicable beneficial uses. EPA reports continued water collection, treatment, reclamation, and monitoring at the inactive Blackbird Mine.","location":{"name":"Blackbird Mine, approximately 25 miles west of Salmon","type":"inactive cobalt and copper mine","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"Salmon River Basin; Bucktail Creek; South Fork Big Deer Creek; Blackbird Creek; Panther Creek; Lemhi County; Idaho","counties":["Lemhi"],"extent":"county","coordinates":{"lat":44.928506,"lon":-113.887042,"precision":"county","source_ref":"census_county_2024_id"}},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Persistent copper contamination from legacy mine drainage is the principal issue, while treatment and reclamation are corrective responses.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Copper remains above criteria in a localized creek after decades of cleanup; no current drinking-water service impact or emergency order was documented.","service":"Copper remains above criteria in a localized creek after decades of cleanup; no current drinking-water service impact or emergency order was documented.","scale":"Copper remains above criteria in a localized creek after decades of cleanup; no current drinking-water service impact or emergency order was documented.","duration":"Copper remains above criteria in a localized creek after decades of cleanup; no current drinking-water service impact or emergency order was documented.","significance":"Copper remains above criteria in a localized creek after decades of cleanup; no current drinking-water service impact or emergency order was documented."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported; affected resource is primarily surface water and ecological habitat."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"water_quality_criteria_status: not reported narrative"},"measures":[{"name":"water_quality_criteria_status","value":null,"unit":"narrative","status":"Reported","note":"Copper remained above criteria; DEQ did not provide a single current concentration in its release."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["unfunded treatment costs: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"DEQ reported decreased copper and cobalt concentrations; copper still above criteria","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Water-quality standards review"},{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 10","role":"Cleanup oversight"}],"public_contact":"India Southern, Water Quality Standards Analyst; Isaac Kelley, Remedial Project Manager","corrective_actions":["Continue collection and treatment of contaminated water.","Continue reclamation and monitoring."],"sources":[{"ref":"src_id_blackbird_deq_2024","title":"DEQ finalizes use attainability analysis for Bucktail Creek","publisher":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2024-11-26","url":"https://www.deq.idaho.gov/deq-finalizes-use-attainability-analysis-for-bucktail-creek/","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"src_id_blackbird_epa_2025","title":"Superfund Sites in Reuse in Idaho - Blackbird Mine","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2025-10-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/superfund-redevelopment/superfund-sites-reuse-idaho","basis":"federal primary"},{"ref":"census_county_2024_id","title":"2024 Idaho Counties Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_counties_16.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative county internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Idaho baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Data-quality repair: added cited public map placement, shortened display name where needed, and normalized financial metric names, scopes, stages, and bill basis without changing issue status or severity."}],"first_seen":"2024-11-26","latest_seen":"2025-10-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["population_affected","current contaminant concentration","cleanup cost"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-ID-POTLATCHDELTIC-ST-JOE-STORMWATER-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"PotlatchDeltic lumber-facility stormwater violations on St. Joe River","description":"EPA settled alleged Clean Water Act stormwater violations at PotlatchDeltic's St. Maries lumber facility, which discharges to the St. Joe River within Coeur d'Alene Tribal waters. The company agreed to pay $225,000, improve treatment and outfalls, preserve stream buffers, and replace fish-blocking culverts.","location":{"name":"PotlatchDeltic St. Maries lumber facility","type":"lumber manufacturing facility","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"Coeur d'Alene River Basin; St. Joe River; Lake Coeur d'Alene; Hangman Creek; St. Maries; Benewah County; Idaho","counties":["Benewah"],"extent":"city","coordinates":{"lat":47.314589,"lon":-116.572235,"precision":"city","source_ref":"census_place_2024_id"}},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The principal issue is industrial stormwater pollution and permit noncompliance affecting Tribal waters; filtration and outfall work are corrective measures.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA documented repeated permit-control failures and formal settlement affecting Tribal waters and fish habitat, but did not quantify a current acute release or household service impact.","service":"EPA documented repeated permit-control failures and formal settlement affecting Tribal waters and fish habitat, but did not quantify a current acute release or household service impact.","scale":"EPA documented repeated permit-control failures and formal settlement affecting Tribal waters and fish habitat, but did not quantify a current acute release or household service impact.","duration":"EPA documented repeated permit-control failures and formal settlement affecting Tribal waters and fish habitat, but did not quantify a current acute release or household service impact.","significance":"EPA documented repeated permit-control failures and formal settlement affecting Tribal waters and fish habitat, but did not quantify a current acute release or household service impact."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"civil_penalty: 225000 total"},"measures":[{"name":"civil_penalty","value":225000,"unit":"total","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"protected_stream_shoreline","value":17800,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"conservation_easement_area","value":61.25,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["compliance cost pressure: yes"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"settlement requires controls and habitat mitigation","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 10","role":"Clean Water Act enforcement"},{"name":"Coeur d'Alene Tribe","role":"Government for affected Tribal waters"}],"public_contact":"EPA Region 10 Press Team","corrective_actions":["Install facility improvements and a new filtration system.","Combine outfalls.","Protect 61.25 acres with a 100-year no-harvest buffer easement.","Replace four fish-blocking culverts."],"sources":[{"ref":"src_id_potlatch_epa_2024","title":"Idaho company penalized $225,000 for Clean Water Act Violations along St. Joe River","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2024-05-17","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/idaho-company-penalized-225000-clean-water-act-violations-along-st-joe-river","basis":"federal primary"},{"ref":"census_place_2024_id","title":"2024 Idaho Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_16.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New verified Idaho baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Data-quality repair: added cited public map placement, shortened display name where needed, and normalized financial metric names, scopes, stages, and bill basis without changing issue status or severity."}],"first_seen":"2024-05-17","latest_seen":"2024-05-17","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["population_affected","current completion status of remedies","remedy cost"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","status":"Reported","value":225000,"currency":"USD","unit":"total","as_of_date":"2024-05-17","scope":{"geography":"Clean Water Act settlement"},"basis":{"definition":"EPA settlement"},"source_refs":["src_id_potlatch_epa_2024"],"label":"civil penalty"}]}},{"id":"US-ID-SWINERTON-AMERICAN-FALLS-SOLAR-RUNOFF-2024","revision":4,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"American Falls solar construction sediment runoff settlement","description":"EPA and DOJ alleged that Swinerton Builders' solar construction near American Falls used inadequate stormwater controls and discharged large volumes of sediment-laden runoff to nearby waterways. The multistate settlement included $600,000 for Portneuf River restoration in Idaho.","location":{"name":"American Falls solar construction site","type":"utility-scale solar construction site","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"Portneuf and Snake River Basins; Portneuf River; nearby waterways at American Falls solar site; American Falls; Pocatello; Power, Bannock County; Idaho","counties":["Power","Bannock"],"extent":"multi_county","coordinates":{"lat":42.782846,"lon":-112.854211,"precision":"city","source_ref":"census_place_2024_id"}},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Unauthorized sediment-laden industrial construction runoff is the principal issue; restoration funding is the corrective response.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Large sediment discharges and formal federal enforcement were documented, but the Idaho-specific volume, population effect, and current acute harm were not quantified.","service":"Large sediment discharges and formal federal enforcement were documented, but the Idaho-specific volume, population effect, and current acute harm were not quantified.","scale":"Large sediment discharges and formal federal enforcement were documented, but the Idaho-specific volume, population effect, and current acute harm were not quantified.","duration":"Large sediment discharges and formal federal enforcement were documented, but the Idaho-specific volume, population effect, and current acute harm were not quantified.","significance":"Large sediment discharges and formal federal enforcement were documented, but the Idaho-specific volume, population effect, and current acute harm were not quantified."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"idaho_mitigation_funding: 600000 total"},"measures":[{"name":"idaho_mitigation_funding","value":600000,"unit":"total","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"multistate_civil_penalty","value":2300000,"unit":"total","status":"Reported","note":"Not Idaho-only."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["compliance cost pressure: yes"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"2024 settlement and restoration commitment","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","role":"Clean Water Act enforcement"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Justice","role":"Consent decree plaintiff"}],"public_contact":"EPA Press Office","corrective_actions":["Provide $600,000 toward Portneuf River restoration that captures sediment and reconnects riparian and wetland habitat."],"sources":[{"ref":"src_id_swinerton_epa_2024","title":"Swinerton Builders Reaches Agreement to Address Clean Water Act Violations and Offset Environmental Harm","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2024-01-17","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/swinerton-builders-reaches-agreement-address-clean-water-act-violations-and-offset","basis":"federal primary"},{"ref":"census_place_2024_id","title":"2024 Idaho Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_16.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New verified Idaho baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Data-quality repair: added cited public map placement, shortened display name where needed, and normalized financial metric names, scopes, stages, and bill basis without changing issue status or severity."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Confirmation: retained the established display name; issue evidence, status, severity, and financial values are unchanged."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-17","latest_seen":"2024-01-17","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["population_affected","Idaho discharge volume","mitigation completion date"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","status":"Reported","value":600000,"currency":"USD","unit":"total","as_of_date":"2024-01-17","scope":{"geography":"Portneuf River restoration project","project":"American Falls solar construction site: idaho mitigation funding"},"basis":{"definition":"consent-decree mitigation commitment"},"source_refs":["src_id_swinerton_epa_2024"],"label":"idaho mitigation funding","funding_stage":"secured","notes":"This is a distinct financing stage or scope; do not add it to overlapping project or program totals unless the cited source defines them as additive."}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","status":"Reported","value":2300000,"currency":"USD","unit":"total","as_of_date":"2024-01-17","notes":"Do not attribute the full penalty to Idaho.","scope":{"geography":"four solar sites across three states"},"basis":{"definition":"settlement total"},"source_refs":["src_id_swinerton_epa_2024"],"label":"multistate civil penalty"}]}},{"id":"US-ID-STIBNITE-GOLD-PROJECT-WATER-PERMITS","revision":4,"change_type":"unchanged","title":"Stibnite Gold Project water-quality permit exposure","description":"Idaho DEQ issued a cyanidation permit for the proposed Stibnite Gold Project in 2025 and amended its Clean Water Act Section 401 certification in 2026. The project affects numerous tributaries and wetlands and requires controls for process water, cyanide, metals, sediment, temperature, and post-mining water conditions; a contested-case appeal remained part of DEQ's 2026 review context.","location":{"name":"Stibnite mining district","type":"proposed gold mine and cyanidation facility","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"South Fork Salmon River and North Fork Payette River subbasins; East Fork South Fork Salmon River; Meadow Creek; West End Creek; adjacent wetlands; Yellow Pine; Valley County; Idaho","counties":["Valley"],"extent":"city","coordinates":{"lat":44.960716,"lon":-115.485434,"precision":"city","source_ref":"census_place_2024_id"}},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The principal issue is prospective degradation and contaminant-control risk to already sensitive waters from a proposed mining operation, with permitted treatment and monitoring as safeguards.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ identified broad pollutant-control and post-mining issues across multiple tributaries and issued major permits, but the mine was proposed and no new operational discharge harm was established in the cited sources.","service":"DEQ identified broad pollutant-control and post-mining issues across multiple tributaries and issued major permits, but the mine was proposed and no new operational discharge harm was established in the cited sources.","scale":"DEQ identified broad pollutant-control and post-mining issues across multiple tributaries and issued major permits, but the mine was proposed and no new operational discharge harm was established in the cited sources.","duration":"DEQ identified broad pollutant-control and post-mining issues across multiple tributaries and issued major permits, but the mine was proposed and no new operational discharge harm was established in the cited sources.","significance":"DEQ identified broad pollutant-control and post-mining issues across multiple tributaries and issued major permits, but the mine was proposed and no new operational discharge harm was established in the cited sources."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported; primary affected receptors are tributaries, wetlands, fish habitat, and downstream users."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"affected_assessment_units: 33 assessment_units"},"measures":[{"name":"affected_assessment_units","value":33,"unit":"assessment_units","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"high_quality_waters_antidegradation_reviewed","value":28,"unit":"waters","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"high_quality_waters_with_degradation","value":16,"unit":"waters","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["major compliance and closure cost exposure: yes","financial assurance required: yes"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"2025 cyanidation permit; 2026 Section 401 certification addendum; contested-case issues addressed","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Cyanidation permit and Section 401 certification"},{"name":"U.S. Forest Service","role":"Federal land-management and project authorization"},{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","role":"Federal Clean Water Act permit coordination"}],"public_contact":"Adam McMahon, Cyanidation Program Manager","corrective_actions":["Implement permit-required process-water containment, monitoring, spill response, closure, and financial assurance.","Apply the 2026 Section 401 certification clarifications for dust deposition, antidegradation, mercury, pit-lake, and post-mining conditions."],"sources":[{"ref":"src_id_stibnite_deq_2025","title":"DEQ issues final cyanidation permit for Perpetua Resources Idaho, Inc.","publisher":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-03-31","url":"https://www.deq.idaho.gov/deq-issues-final-cyanidation-permit-for-perpetua-resources-idaho-inc/","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"src_id_stibnite_401_addendum","title":"Addendum to Final Section 401 Water Quality Certification - Stibnite Gold Project","publisher":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2026-04-10","url":"https://www2.deq.idaho.gov/admin/LEIA/api/document/download/24783","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"src_id_stibnite_401_record","title":"Stibnite Gold Project Section 401 Certification contested-case petition record","publisher":"Idaho Board of Environmental Quality filing record","date":"2024-06-06","url":"https://www2.deq.idaho.gov/admin/LEIA/api/document/download/22323","basis":"state supporting"},{"ref":"src_id_stibnite_401_draft","title":"Draft Section 401 Water Quality Certification - Stibnite Gold Project","publisher":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2023-12-01","url":"https://www2.deq.idaho.gov/admin/LEIA/api/document/download/21898","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"census_place_2024_id","title":"2024 Idaho Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_16.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New verified Idaho baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Data-quality repair: added cited public map placement, shortened display name where needed, and normalized financial metric names, scopes, stages, and bill basis without changing issue status or severity."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Confirmation: retained the established display name; issue evidence, status, severity, and financial values are unchanged."}],"first_seen":"2025-03-31","latest_seen":"2026-04-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["population_affected","final financial assurance amount","operational monitoring results"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"capital_need","status":"Reported","value":7500000,"currency":"USD","unit":"total","as_of_date":"2023-09-30","notes":"Cleanup commitment, not the total project cost or funding gap. This is a distinct financing stage or scope; do not add it to overlapping project or program totals unless the cited source defines them as additive.","scope":{"geography":"Stibnite legacy-site cleanup commitment","project":"Stibnite mining district: pre permitting cleanup commitment"},"basis":{"definition":"DEQ certification citing company commitment"},"source_refs":["src_id_stibnite_401_draft"],"label":"pre permitting cleanup commitment","funding_stage":"approved"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-ID-VALIANT-IDAHO-UNREGULATED-RATES-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Valiant Idaho water utility regulation and attempted unapproved rate increase","description":"The Idaho Public Utilities Commission determined that Valiant Idaho and TIC Utilities were operating a public water utility at the Idaho Club and required certification. After the company notified customers of a planned increase from $45 to $100 per month, the increase was retracted and the Commission later approved tariffs and closed the investigation.","location":{"name":"The Idaho Club development near Sandpoint","type":"water supply and distribution system","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"The Idaho Club development and golf club; Sandpoint; Bonner County; Idaho","counties":["Bonner"],"extent":"city","coordinates":{"lat":48.281694,"lon":-116.560013,"precision":"city","source_ref":"census_place_2024_id"}},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The core issue was unclear utility regulation, rate authority, and customer billing governance rather than a documented physical water failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"A local utility operated amid jurisdictional uncertainty and attempted a more-than-doubling of rates, prompting formal regulation; no outage, contamination, or insolvency was documented.","service":"A local utility operated amid jurisdictional uncertainty and attempted a more-than-doubling of rates, prompting formal regulation; no outage, contamination, or insolvency was documented.","scale":"A local utility operated amid jurisdictional uncertainty and attempted a more-than-doubling of rates, prompting formal regulation; no outage, contamination, or insolvency was documented.","duration":"A local utility operated amid jurisdictional uncertainty and attempted a more-than-doubling of rates, prompting formal regulation; no outage, contamination, or insolvency was documented.","significance":"A local utility operated amid jurisdictional uncertainty and attempted a more-than-doubling of rates, prompting formal regulation; no outage, contamination, or insolvency was documented."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Customer count and population served were not reported in the cited materials."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"existing_monthly_rate: 45 per_month"},"measures":[{"name":"existing_monthly_rate","value":45,"unit":"per_month","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"attempted_monthly_rate","value":100,"unit":"per_month","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"attempted_rate_change","value":122.2,"unit":"percent","status":"Estimated","note":"(($100-$45)/$45)*100"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["unclear governance or accountability: yes","rate increase affordability or disparity: yes","chronic operating deficit: unknown","deferred maintenance: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"rate notice retracted; CPCN issued; rate investigation closed","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Idaho Public Utilities Commission","role":"Utility certification and rate oversight"}],"public_contact":"Commission Secretary","corrective_actions":["Retract the unapproved $100 monthly rate notice.","Obtain a certificate of public convenience and necessity.","Submit and follow approved tariffs."],"sources":[{"ref":"src_id_valiant_minutes_2024","title":"Idaho Public Utilities Commission decision meeting minutes","publisher":"Idaho Public Utilities Commission","date":"2024-10-01","url":"https://puc.idaho.gov/Fileroom/PublicFiles/Agenda/2024/20241001MIN.pdf","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"src_id_valiant_case","title":"Case GNR-W-24-01 - Valiant Idaho and TIC Utilities investigation","publisher":"Idaho Public Utilities Commission","date":"2025-03-03","url":"https://puc.idaho.gov/case/Details/7301","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"src_id_valiant_rates_case","title":"Case VID-W-25-01 - Investigation into rates and charges","publisher":"Idaho Public Utilities Commission","date":"2025-05-21","url":"https://puc.idaho.gov/case/Details/7475","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"census_place_2024_id","title":"2024 Idaho Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_16.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"New verified Idaho baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"Data-quality repair: added cited public map placement, shortened display name where needed, and normalized financial metric names, scopes, stages, and bill basis without changing issue status or severity."}],"first_seen":"2024-04-05","latest_seen":"2025-04-29","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["customer count","population served","rate consumption basis","operating financials"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"rate_change_proposed","status":"Estimated","value":122.2,"unit":"percent","as_of_date":"2024-09-09","method":"(($100-$45)/$45)*100","notes":"Retracted before implementation.","scope":{"geography":"monthly customer charge, service basis not stated"},"basis":{"definition":"$45 existing and $100 announced charge"},"source_refs":["src_id_valiant_minutes_2024"],"label":"attempted rate change","rate_change_stage":"proposed"}],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-ID-STONERIDGE-CHRONIC-LOSSES-RATES-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"CDS Stoneridge chronic net losses and rate adequacy","description":"CDS Stoneridge Utilities told Idaho regulators it had incurred net losses for five years and initially sought an average 261% rate increase to eliminate the loss and recover more than $900,000 of system investment. The Commission first approved an 18.6% increase and later developed the record on reconsideration. This is documented fiscal stress, not a confirmed insolvency, bankruptcy, default, or receivership.","location":{"name":"Blanchard area","type":"regulated water utility","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"CDS Stoneridge Utilities service area; Blanchard; Bonner County; Idaho","counties":["Bonner"],"extent":"city","coordinates":{"lat":48.01099,"lon":-116.99521,"precision":"city","source_ref":"census_place_2024_id"}},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Five years of net losses, revenue adequacy, and the resulting customer-rate proceeding are the primary issue rather than a specific asset failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"A 384-customer utility reported five consecutive years of net losses and sought a very large increase, creating material service-continuity and affordability concern under formal rate review, without evidence of an outage or formal insolvency.","service":"A 384-customer utility reported five consecutive years of net losses and sought a very large increase, creating material service-continuity and affordability concern under formal rate review, without evidence of an outage or formal insolvency.","scale":"A 384-customer utility reported five consecutive years of net losses and sought a very large increase, creating material service-continuity and affordability concern under formal rate review, without evidence of an outage or formal insolvency.","duration":"A 384-customer utility reported five consecutive years of net losses and sought a very large increase, creating material service-continuity and affordability concern under formal rate review, without evidence of an outage or formal insolvency.","significance":"A 384-customer utility reported five consecutive years of net losses and sought a very large increase, creating material service-continuity and affordability concern under formal rate review, without evidence of an outage or formal insolvency."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"384 residential and commercial customers reported; population not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"customers: 384 residential_and_commercial_customers"},"measures":[{"name":"customers","value":384,"unit":"residential_and_commercial_customers","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"requested_average_rate_increase","value":261,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"initially_approved_rate_increase","value":18.6,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"typical_monthly_bill_before","value":31.9,"unit":"per_month","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"typical_monthly_bill_after","value":37.11,"unit":"per_month","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["chronic operating deficits: yes","rates structurally too low: yes","rate increase affordability or disparity: yes","debt or liquidity stress: unknown","deferred maintenance: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"five-year net loss; large request; smaller approved increase; reconsideration","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Idaho Public Utilities Commission","role":"Rate regulation"}],"public_contact":"Commission Secretary","corrective_actions":["Implement Commission-approved tariffs and nonrecurring fees.","Submit supporting documentation during reconsideration."],"sources":[{"ref":"src_id_stoneridge_annual_2025","title":"Idaho Public Utilities Commission 2025 Annual Report - CDS Stoneridge Utilities","publisher":"Idaho Public Utilities Commission","date":"2025-12-31","url":"https://puc.idaho.gov/Fileroom/PublicFiles/Press/Workshop/IPUC%202025%20Annual%20Report.pdf","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"src_id_stoneridge_case","title":"Case SWS-W-24-01 - CDS Stoneridge Utilities general rate case","publisher":"Idaho Public Utilities Commission","date":"2025-07-24","url":"https://puc.idaho.gov/case/Details/7277","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"census_place_2024_id","title":"2024 Idaho Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_16.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Idaho baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Data-quality repair: added cited public map placement, shortened display name where needed, and normalized financial metric names, scopes, stages, and bill basis without changing issue status or severity."}],"first_seen":"2024-02-26","latest_seen":"2025-07-24","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["population served","final normalized bill after reconsideration","debt","cash","arrears","household burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"typical_residential_bill","status":"Reported","value":37.11,"currency":"USD","unit":"per_month","as_of_date":"2024-11-29","notes":"Subsequent reconsideration occurred; use final approved tariff for current billing.","scope":{"geography":"3/4-inch meter, 10,000 gallons/month","service_type":"water","customer_class":"residential"},"basis":{"definition":"Approved typical residential bill as stated by the Idaho Public Utilities Commission.","billing_period":"monthly","consumption":"Not stated in the cited order","services_included":["water"]},"source_refs":["src_id_stoneridge_annual_2025"],"label":"approved typical residential bill"}],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"amount_spent","status":"Reported","value":900000,"currency":"USD","unit":"more_than_total","period_start":"2018-01-01","period_end":"2024-02-26","scope":{"geography":"water system improvements","project":"Blanchard area: system investment since 2018"},"basis":{"definition":"company claim"},"source_refs":["src_id_stoneridge_annual_2025"],"label":"system investment since 2018","funding_stage":"spent","notes":"This is a distinct financing stage or scope; do not add it to overlapping project or program totals unless the cited source defines them as additive."}],"operating_health":[{"metric":"operating_income","status":"Reported","value":null,"unit":"","as_of_date":"2024-02-26","scope":{"geography":"CDS Stoneridge utility"},"basis":{"definition":"company statement in rate case"},"source_refs":["src_id_stoneridge_annual_2025"],"label":"net loss duration","text":"Net losses reported for five consecutive years."}],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[{"metric":"revenue_requirement","status":"Reported","value":555190,"currency":"USD","unit":"annual_revenue","as_of_date":"2024-02-26","scope":{"geography":"utility"},"basis":{"definition":"company application"},"source_refs":["src_id_stoneridge_annual_2025"],"label":"requested revenue increase"}]}},{"id":"US-ID-CAPITOL-WATER-BILLING-REVENUE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Capitol Water billing compliance and revenue sufficiency","description":"During Capitol Water's 2024 rate case, Idaho regulators identified potential tariff billing errors affecting up to about 277 metered customers dating to 2022 and ordered the utility to bill according to its approved tariff. The utility also documented a 2022 test-year revenue deficiency and later received a 4.4% increase in 2026 for capital and other costs. The evidence indicates regulatory and revenue stress, not insolvency.","location":{"name":"Capitol Water service area in Boise","type":"drinking water utility","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"Boise customers served by Capitol Water Corporation; Boise River Basin; Boise; Ada County; Idaho","counties":["Ada"],"extent":"city","coordinates":{"lat":43.599335,"lon":-116.229817,"precision":"city","source_ref":"census_place_2024_id"}},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Billing compliance and revenue adequacy are the central issues; capital spending and power costs are secondary financial drivers.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Potential misbilling persisted from 2022 and prompted a formal Commission order alongside revenue-deficiency proceedings, but no service interruption or formal insolvency was documented.","service":"Potential misbilling persisted from 2022 and prompted a formal Commission order alongside revenue-deficiency proceedings, but no service interruption or formal insolvency was documented.","scale":"Potential misbilling persisted from 2022 and prompted a formal Commission order alongside revenue-deficiency proceedings, but no service interruption or formal insolvency was documented.","duration":"Potential misbilling persisted from 2022 and prompted a formal Commission order alongside revenue-deficiency proceedings, but no service interruption or formal insolvency was documented.","significance":"Potential misbilling persisted from 2022 and prompted a formal Commission order alongside revenue-deficiency proceedings, but no service interruption or formal insolvency was documented."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"2,536 residential and 276 commercial customers reported in 2026; up to approximately 277 metered customers potentially affected by 2022 billing errors."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"potentially_affected_metered_customers: 277 customers"},"measures":[{"name":"potentially_affected_metered_customers","value":277,"unit":"customers","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"maximum_monthly_under_or_overbilling","value":43,"unit":"per_month","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"approved_2026_rate_increase","value":4.4,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["chronic operating deficits: unknown","billing system failure or misbilling: yes","rates structurally too low: yes","debt or liquidity stress: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Commission billing directive; 2026 partial rate approval","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Idaho Public Utilities Commission","role":"Tariff, billing, and rate oversight"}],"public_contact":"Adam Rush","corrective_actions":["Bill metered customers according to the approved tariff.","Investigate and correct affected accounts.","Implement Commission-approved 2026 rates for capital and other allowed costs."],"sources":[{"ref":"src_id_capitol_ipuc_2024","title":"Idaho Public Utilities Commission 2024 Annual Report","publisher":"Idaho Public Utilities Commission","date":"2024-12-31","url":"https://puc.idaho.gov/Fileroom/PublicFiles/annualreports/ar2024/IPUC%202024%20Annual%20Report.pdf","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"src_id_capitol_revenue","title":"Capitol Water Revenue Requirement - 2022 Test Year","publisher":"Capitol Water Corporation filing with Idaho Public Utilities Commission","date":"2024-03-01","url":"https://puc.idaho.gov/Fileroom/PublicFiles/WATER/CAP/CAPW2401/CaseFiles/20240301Exhibit%206%20Revenue%20Requirement.pdf","basis":"financial_disclosure primary"},{"ref":"src_id_capitol_application","title":"Capitol Water application for rate increase","publisher":"Capitol Water Corporation filing with Idaho Public Utilities Commission","date":"2024-03-01","url":"https://puc.idaho.gov/Fileroom/PublicFiles/WATER/CAP/CAPW2401/CaseFiles/20240301Application.pdf","basis":"financial_disclosure primary"},{"ref":"src_id_capitol_2026","title":"Commission approves partial increase in rates Boise water utility charges","publisher":"Idaho Public Utilities Commission","date":"2026-02-27","url":"https://puc.idaho.gov/Fileroom/PublicFiles/Press/20260227Capitol%20Water%200227%20Release.pdf.pdf","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"census_place_2024_id","title":"2024 Idaho Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_16.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New verified Idaho baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Data-quality repair: added cited public map placement, shortened display name where needed, and normalized financial metric names, scopes, stages, and bill basis without changing issue status or severity."}],"first_seen":"2024-03-01","latest_seen":"2026-02-27","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["population served","final customer credits","normalized bill","cash","debt","arrears","household burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"rate_change_proposed","status":"Reported","value":24.61,"unit":"percent","as_of_date":"2024-03-01","scope":{"geography":"all residential, commercial, and private fire protection customers via proposed $5.12 monthly charge"},"basis":{"definition":"company application"},"source_refs":["src_id_capitol_application"],"label":"requested 2024 rate increase","rate_change_stage":"proposed"},{"metric":"rate_change_approved","status":"Reported","value":4.4,"unit":"percent","as_of_date":"2026-02-26","scope":{"geography":"fixed monthly and commodity charges"},"basis":{"definition":"Commission order"},"source_refs":["src_id_capitol_2026"],"label":"approved 2026 rate increase","rate_change_stage":"approved"}],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[{"metric":"operating_income","status":"Reported","value":2781,"currency":"USD","unit":"annual","period_start":"2022-01-01","period_end":"2022-12-31","scope":{"geography":"utility"},"basis":{"definition":"company proposal exhibit"},"source_refs":["src_id_capitol_revenue"],"label":"net operating income realized"}],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[{"metric":"projected_operating_gap","status":"Reported","value":174068,"currency":"USD","unit":"annual","period_start":"2022-01-01","period_end":"2022-12-31","scope":{"geography":"Capitol Water 2022 test year"},"basis":{"definition":"company rate-case revenue requirement exhibit"},"source_refs":["src_id_capitol_revenue"],"label":"gross revenue deficiency"}]}},{"id":"US-ID-COEUR-DALENE-TRIBAL-WATER-SETTLEMENT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Coeur d'Alene Tribe reserved water-rights settlement","description":"The Coeur d'Alene Tribe, Idaho, the United States, cities, counties, businesses, and water-user groups signed a 2026 agreement resolving federal reserved water-right claims in the Idaho portion of the Coeur d'Alene-Spokane River Basin. Implementation remains contingent on court decrees, congressional authorization and appropriation, tribal ratification, and related enforceability conditions.","location":{"name":"Coeur d'Alene Reservation and north Idaho basin","type":"reserved and state-based water rights","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"Coeur d'Alene-Spokane River Basin; Coeur d'Alene Lake; Coeur d'Alene River; St. Joe River; Spokane River; Coeur d'Alene; St. Maries; Harrison; Benewah, Kootenai, Shoshone County; Idaho","counties":["Benewah","Kootenai","Shoshone"],"extent":"multi_county","coordinates":{"lat":47.702887,"lon":-116.795799,"precision":"city","source_ref":"census_place_2024_id"}},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The principal issue is the legal and governance framework for Tribal and state-based water rights, including implementation funding, rather than a current physical failure or contaminant event.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The settlement addresses decades of basin-wide Tribal and non-Tribal claims through a major formal agreement, but the cited current evidence does not show an active service disruption or acute environmental harm.","service":"The settlement addresses decades of basin-wide Tribal and non-Tribal claims through a major formal agreement, but the cited current evidence does not show an active service disruption or acute environmental harm.","scale":"The settlement addresses decades of basin-wide Tribal and non-Tribal claims through a major formal agreement, but the cited current evidence does not show an active service disruption or acute environmental harm.","duration":"The settlement addresses decades of basin-wide Tribal and non-Tribal claims through a major formal agreement, but the cited current evidence does not show an active service disruption or acute environmental harm.","significance":"The settlement addresses decades of basin-wide Tribal and non-Tribal claims through a major formal agreement, but the cited current evidence does not show an active service disruption or acute environmental harm."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported; agreement is basin-wide and covers Tribal and non-Tribal water users."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"future_state_based_water_rights_recognized: 10000 acre_feet_per_year"},"measures":[{"name":"future_state_based_water_rights_recognized","value":10000,"unit":"acre_feet_per_year","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"intended_federal_funding_request","value":500000000,"unit":"total","status":"Reported","note":"Intended request; not an appropriation or secured funding."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["dependence on future federal appropriation: yes","tribal access or equity issue: yes","utility financial distress: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"agreement signed; state parties announced completion; IDWR published settlement documents","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Coeur d'Alene Tribe","role":"Tribal government and water-right holder"},{"name":"Idaho Department of Water Resources","role":"Settlement and adjudication implementation"},{"name":"U.S. Department of the Interior","role":"Federal trustee and enforceability findings"},{"name":"U.S. Congress","role":"Authorization and appropriation"}],"public_contact":"IDWR","corrective_actions":["Obtain congressional authorization and appropriation.","Complete Tribal ratification and required waivers.","Secure adjudication-court approval and partial decrees.","Implement defined Tribal rights, subordination, and water-supply-bank provisions."],"sources":[{"ref":"src_id_cda_idwr","title":"Coeur d'Alene Tribe Water Rights Settlement Agreement","publisher":"Idaho Department of Water Resources","date":"2026-09-08","url":"https://idwr.idaho.gov/settlements/cda-settlement/","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"src_id_cda_governor_2026","title":"Coeur d'Alene Tribe, State of Idaho announce historic water rights settlement","publisher":"Office of the Governor of Idaho","date":"2026-03-05","url":"https://gov.idaho.gov/pressrelease/coeur-dalene-tribe-state-of-idaho-announce-historic-water-rights-settlement/","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"src_id_cda_agreement","title":"Signed Coeur d'Alene Tribe Water Rights Settlement Agreement","publisher":"Parties to the settlement via Idaho Office of the Attorney General","date":"2026-02-26","url":"https://www.ag.idaho.gov/content/uploads/2026/03/Signed-Settlement-Agreement-dated-Feburary-26-2026.pdf","basis":"court primary"},{"ref":"src_id_cda_ag_2026","title":"Protecting North Idaho's Water for Generations to Come","publisher":"Idaho Office of the Attorney General","date":"2026-03-06","url":"https://www.ag.idaho.gov/newsroom/labrador-letter-protecting-north-idahos-water-for-generations-to-come/","basis":"state supporting"},{"ref":"census_place_2024_id","title":"2024 Idaho Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_16.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New verified Idaho baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Data-quality repair: added cited public map placement, shortened display name where needed, and normalized financial metric names, scopes, stages, and bill basis without changing issue status or severity."}],"first_seen":"2026-02-26","latest_seen":"2026-09-08","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["population affected","final federal appropriation","project-level capital plan"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"pending_funding","status":"Reported","value":500000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"total","as_of_date":"2026-02-26","notes":"Proposed/requested only; Congress may approve more, less, or none, and the settlement says the amount will not modify the agreement. This is a distinct financing stage or scope; do not add it to overlapping project or program totals unless the cited source defines them as additive.","scope":{"geography":"Coeur d'Alene Tribal water infrastructure","project":"Coeur d'Alene Reservation and north Idaho basin: intended federal funding request"},"basis":{"definition":"settlement states the Tribe intends to seek this amount from Congress"},"source_refs":["src_id_cda_agreement"],"label":"intended federal funding request","funding_stage":"pending"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-ID-SWAN-FALLS-TRUST-WATER-SHORTFALL-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Swan Falls minimum-flow shortfall and Trust Water curtailment exposure","description":"Snake River flow at the Murphy gage fell below the 5,600 cfs Swan Falls minimum for six days in March 2026, creating a preliminary 2,091 acre-foot shortfall. Idaho warned about 3,300 owners representing more than 4,000 Trust Water Rights of possible summer curtailment and the Water Resource Board moved to offset the March deficit with Palisades storage.","location":{"name":"Murphy gage downstream of Swan Falls Dam","type":"minimum streamflow and water-right system","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"Snake River Basin; Snake River; Palisades Reservoir; Ada, Canyon, Elmore, Gooding, Jerome, Owyhee, Twin Falls County; Idaho","counties":["Ada","Canyon","Elmore","Gooding","Jerome","Owyhee","Twin Falls"],"extent":"multi_county","coordinates":{"lat":43.212138,"lon":-116.548501,"precision":"city","source_ref":"census_place_2024_id"}},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","drought-scarcity","industrial-energy","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The principal issue is insufficient Snake River flow relative to decreed minimums; Trust Water administration and storage releases are the legal and operational response.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"A documented minimum-flow failure created curtailment exposure for thousands of rights spanning multiple uses and required a formal storage offset; the event was short and no household outage was established.","service":"A documented minimum-flow failure created curtailment exposure for thousands of rights spanning multiple uses and required a formal storage offset; the event was short and no household outage was established.","scale":"A documented minimum-flow failure created curtailment exposure for thousands of rights spanning multiple uses and required a formal storage offset; the event was short and no household outage was established.","duration":"A documented minimum-flow failure created curtailment exposure for thousands of rights spanning multiple uses and required a formal storage offset; the event was short and no household outage was established.","significance":"A documented minimum-flow failure created curtailment exposure for thousands of rights spanning multiple uses and required a formal storage offset; the event was short and no household outage was established."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Approximately 3,300 owners of more than 4,000 Trust Water Rights received notice; population not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"march_2026_minimum_flow_shortfall: 2091 acre_feet"},"measures":[{"name":"march_2026_minimum_flow_shortfall","value":2091,"unit":"acre_feet","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"non_irrigation_minimum_flow","value":5600,"unit":"cubic_feet_per_second","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"trust_water_rights","value":4000,"unit":"more_than_rights","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"trust_water_owners_notified","value":3300,"unit":"approximately_owners","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["supply volatility: yes","utility revenue stress: unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"six-day March shortfall; summer curtailment warning; storage offset","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Idaho Department of Water Resources","role":"Trust Water administration and curtailment notice"},{"name":"Idaho Water Resource Board","role":"Minimum-flow right holder and storage mitigation"}],"public_contact":"Brian Patton, Deputy Director","corrective_actions":["Offset the March 2026 deficit with Palisades storage under the IWRB debit system.","Notify Trust Water owners and maintain curtailment readiness.","Continue Swan Falls implementation and long-term adaptive-management work."],"sources":[{"ref":"src_id_swan_iwrb_materials","title":"Water Supply Management No. 1-26 - Swan Falls shortfall materials","publisher":"Idaho Water Resource Board","date":"2026-05-03","url":"https://idwr.idaho.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Water-Supply-Management-No.-1-26-FINAL-MATERIALS.pdf","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"src_id_swan_resolution","title":"Resolution to Offset the March 2026 Shortfall to the Swan Falls Minimum Streamflow Water Right","publisher":"Idaho Water Resource Board","date":"2026-05-21","url":"https://idwr.idaho.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/IWRB-Board-Meeting-6-26-20260521-Resolution.pdf","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"src_id_swan_notice","title":"IDWR sends early notice to Snake River water users with Trust Water Rights","publisher":"Idaho Department of Water Resources","date":"2026-06-02","url":"https://idwr.idaho.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/News-Release-20260602-IDWR-sends-early-notice-to-Snake-River-water-users-with-Trust-Water-Rights.pdf","basis":"state primary"},{"ref":"census_place_2024_id","title":"2024 Idaho Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_16.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified Idaho baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Data-quality repair: added cited public map placement, shortened display name where needed, and normalized financial metric names, scopes, stages, and bill basis without changing issue status or severity."}],"first_seen":"2026-03-26","latest_seen":"2026-06-26","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["population affected","actual economic impact","final storage-delivery accounting","summer curtailment outcome"],"related_ids":["US-ID-ESPA-SURFACE-WATER-COALITION-CURTAILMENT-2024-2026"],"financial_evidence":null},{"id":"US-TX-LAREDO-ECOLI-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Laredo citywide E. coli drinking-water contamination and boil-water emergency","description":"Laredo citywide E. coli drinking-water contamination and boil-water emergency is a verified Texas water issue documented by the cited official records. A sewer-related water connection problem was the reported physical pathway and E. coli contamination was the direct drinking-water harm, so infrastructure and quality were materially causal.","location":{"name":"City of Laredo public water system","type":"municipal drinking-water system","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"City of Laredo public water system, Laredo, Webb, Texas","counties":["Webb"],"extent":"county","coordinates":{"lat":27.5603788,"lon":-99.4891811,"precision":"city","source_ref":"src_census_location_place"}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A sewer-related water connection problem was the reported physical pathway and E. coli contamination was the direct drinking-water harm, so infrastructure and quality were materially causal.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"E. coli MCL exceedance confirmed and positive samples persisted in part of the system.","service":"Citywide boil notice and suspension of non-emergency water use.","scale":"Estimated 267,945 residents and 5,698 businesses affected.","duration":"Incident ran from October 10 through October 21, 2024, with an extended notice for central and south Laredo.","significance":"TCEQ-required notice, local and state disaster declarations, state bottled-water deployment, and SBA disaster request."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":267945,"status":"Reported","note":"Service or incident population reported by cited source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"affected residents: 267945 people"},"measures":[{"name":"affected residents","value":267945,"unit":"people","status":"Reported"},{"name":"affected businesses","value":5698,"unit":"businesses","status":"Reported"},{"name":"incident duration","value":12,"unit":"calendar days inclusive","status":"Estimated"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["chronic operating deficits: Unknown","liquidity or default stress: Unknown","capital need exceeds revenue capacity: Unknown","deferred maintenance or underinvestment: Unknown","rates structurally low: Unknown","affordability disparity: Unknown","arrears shutoffs or billing failure: Unknown","customer base or demand volatility: Unknown","governance or management capacity: Unknown","temporary support dependence: Yes","unfunded contaminant costs: Unknown","consolidation pressure: Unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"","projection":{"statement":"No recurrence forecast; continued sanitary-defect and cross-connection controls are necessary.","horizon":"12 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Post-incident corrective controls remain in place"],"reversal_factors":["repeat positive E. coli samples","new pressure or cross-connection failure"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Laredo","role":"system owner/operator and emergency response"},{"name":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality","role":"drinking-water regulator"},{"name":"Texas Division of Emergency Management","role":"state resource coordination"}],"public_contact":"City of Laredo Utilities Department, 311 / city contact center","corrective_actions":["Citywide and later geographically narrowed boil-water notice","Clean-water access points and water-truck deliveries","System flushing, sampling, and service restoration","State delivered more than 60 truckloads of bottled water and deployed the Texas A&M Public Works Response Team"],"sources":[{"ref":"TX-LAR-1","title":"City of Laredo Issues a Citywide Boil Water Notice","publisher":"municipal notice","date":"2024-10-10","url":"https://www.cityoflaredo.com/Home/Components/News/News/207/15","basis":"municipal notice"},{"ref":"TX-LAR-2","title":"Governor request for SBA economic-injury declaration","publisher":"state executive record","date":"2025-01-10","url":"https://gov.texas.gov/uploads/files/press/EIDL_Declaration_Request_Webb_County_01.10.25.pdf","basis":"state executive record"},{"ref":"src_census_location_place","title":"Texas incorporated places - ACS24 representative internal points","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-01-01","url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/acs24/tigerweb_acs24_incplace_tx.html","basis":"Official Census TIGERweb geographic reference"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":10,"note":"New verified Texas baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":10,"note":"Location precision and financial metric normalization corrected after repository validation."}],"first_seen":"2024-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Numeric E. coli result and precise failure configuration were not in the reviewed notices."],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-TX-EDAP-DISTRESSED-WATER-WASTEWATER-2025","title":"Economically distressed communities' water and wastewater infrastructure needs","description":"Texas's Economically Distressed Areas Program documents active water and wastewater projects for communities with health, safety and minimum-standard deficiencies. At the end of state fiscal 2025, 22 active projects were associated with 102,871 residents and substantial committed funding, while the report identified roughly $1.63 billion in estimated future costs across eligible counties.","location":{"name":"Texas Economically Distressed Areas Program communities","type":"statewide disadvantaged-community program portfolio","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Multiple counties, with heavy concentration in the Texas-Mexico border region","counties":["Bee","Brewster","Briscoe","Burleson","Cameron","Concho","Coryell","Dimmit","Duval","El Paso","Falls","Frio","Grimes","Hall","Harris","Hidalgo","Hudspeth","Kerr","Kinney","La Salle","Limestone","Lynn","Marion","Maverick","McCulloch","Menard","Newton","Palo Pinto","Polk","Presidio","Real","Reeves","Sabine","San Patricio","Schleicher","Somervell","Starr","Terrell","Trinity","Uvalde","Val Verde","Van Zandt","Webb","Willacy","Zapata","Zavala"],"extent":"statewide","coordinates":{"lat":31.4347032,"lon":-99.2818238,"precision":"state","source_ref":"src_census_location_state"}},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","wastewater-sewer","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Documented substandard or absent physical water and sanitation systems coincide with structural affordability and funding barriers in economically distressed communities.","secondary_drivers":["public-health nuisance","minimum-standard deficiencies","capital funding dependence"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The program prioritizes areas with water-supply and sanitation conditions dangerous to health and safety or under enforcement.","service":"Projects extend basic water and wastewater service and correct systems below minimum standards.","scale":"The report lists 22 active projects serving an estimated 102,871 residents and a much larger completed-project portfolio.","duration":"The program addresses long-running infrastructure deficits and multiple active projects have multi-year delivery histories.","significance":"Large state commitments and estimated future costs document a severe statewide capital need concentrated in distressed communities."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":102871,"status":"Reported","note":"Residents served by active EDAP projects or estimated to be served when those projects are complete; not a count of all Texans lacking adequate service."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"22 active projects; $261.13 million EDAP funding, $106.52 million other TWDB funding, and $1.628 billion estimated future costs."},"measures":[{"name":"active_projects","value":22,"unit":"projects","status":"Reported"},{"name":"active_project_population","value":102871,"unit":"people","status":"Reported"},{"name":"active_edap_funding","value":261129950.1,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported"},{"name":"active_other_twdb_funding","value":106523420,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported"},{"name":"estimated_future_costs","value":1628015673.57,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Requested in the 2024 EDAP application period or identified as potentially eligible in future SRF cycles; not secured funding."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Dependence on state grants and subsidized finance","Large forward capital exposure","Economically distressed customer bases","Systems below minimum standards or communities without service"]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Three projects completed in SFY 2025 and two new commitments were made, but the future-cost inventory remains large.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: absent additional appropriations and project delivery, the documented disadvantaged-community backlog is likely to remain material through 2028.","horizon":"24 months","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Current project delivery and funding mechanisms continue","Future-cost inventory remains broadly comparable"],"reversal_factors":["Major new appropriations","Faster project completion","Re-scoping of future-cost estimates"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Texas Water Development Board","role":"EDAP administrator and financing agency"},{"name":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality","role":"Minimum-standard and enforcement regulator"}],"public_contact":"Texas Water Development Board Financial Assistance, 512-463-7847.","corrective_actions":["Continue 22 active EDAP water and wastewater projects.","Use EDAP grants, loans and other TWDB financing to extend service and correct substandard systems."],"sources":[{"ref":"src_tx_edap_2025","title":"Economically Distressed Areas Program SFY 2025 Annual Report","publisher":"Texas Water Development Board","date":"2025-11-30","url":"https://www.twdb.texas.gov/publications/reports/edap_reports/doc/SFY2025-EDAP-Annual-Report.pdf","basis":"State program annual report"},{"ref":"src_census_location_state","title":"U.S. States - BAS26 representative internal points","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2025-11-30","url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/acs26/tigerweb_acs26_state_2026_bas26_us.html","basis":"Official Census TIGERweb geographic reference"}],"first_seen":"2025-11-30","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["household-level burden","arrears and shutoffs","project-level remaining funding gaps"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","status":"Reported","value":261129950.1,"currency":"USD","unit":"total","as_of_date":"2025-08-31","scope":{"program":"EDAP active-project portfolio","project":"EDAP-funded component of 22 active projects","geography":"Texas economically distressed communities"},"basis":{"definition":"actual funds expended and current active commitments"},"source_refs":["src_tx_edap_2025"],"label":"active EDAP funding","funding_stage":"secured","notes":"Component of the active-project portfolio; do not add to future-needs estimates."},{"metric":"secured_funding","status":"Reported","value":106523420,"currency":"USD","unit":"total","as_of_date":"2025-08-31","scope":{"program":"EDAP active-project portfolio","project":"Other TWDB-funded component of 22 active projects","geography":"Texas economically distressed communities"},"basis":{"definition":"other TWDB funds expended or committed"},"source_refs":["src_tx_edap_2025"],"label":"other active TWDB funding","funding_stage":"secured","notes":"Distinct non-EDAP TWDB funding component; do not add to future-needs estimates."}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","status":"Reported","value":1628015673.57,"currency":"USD","unit":"total","as_of_date":"2025-08-31","scope":{"geography":"EDAP-eligible county future needs"},"basis":{"definition":"2024 abridged applications and potentially eligible future SRF projects"},"source_refs":["src_tx_edap_2025"],"label":"estimated future costs","funding_stage":"pending"}]},"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":10,"note":"New verified Texas baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":10,"note":"Location precision and financial metric normalization corrected after repository validation."}]},{"id":"US-TX-MARLIN-WATER-SYSTEM-FAILURE-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Marlin catastrophic drinking-water-system failure and capital rehabilitation need","description":"Marlin catastrophic drinking-water-system failure and capital rehabilitation need is a verified Texas water issue documented by the cited official records. The governor identified a catastrophic public-water-system failure causing outage; quality and supply impacts followed from the physical and operational breakdown.","location":{"name":"City of Marlin public water system","type":"municipal drinking-water system","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"City of Marlin, Marlin, Falls, Texas","counties":["Falls"],"extent":"county","coordinates":{"lat":31.3080386,"lon":-96.8931796,"precision":"city","source_ref":"src_census_location_place"}},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","drinking-water-quality","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The governor identified a catastrophic public-water-system failure causing outage; quality and supply impacts followed from the physical and operational breakdown.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Failure prompted boil notice and was declared an imminent public-health threat.","service":"Catastrophic failure caused community water outages.","scale":"Community-scale system; TWDB project population 5,967.","duration":"Emergency response followed by a $43.4 million improvement request indicates prolonged corrective need.","significance":"State disaster declaration, bottled water, potable tankers, state technical deployment, and large capital request."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":5967,"status":"Reported","note":"Service or incident population reported by cited source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"bottled water delivered: 20 pallets"},"measures":[{"name":"bottled water delivered","value":20,"unit":"pallets","status":"Reported"},{"name":"eligible water-system improvement cost","value":43446974,"unit":"project cost","status":"Reported"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["deferred maintenance or underinvestment: Yes","capital need exceeds revenue capacity: Unknown","temporary support dependence: Yes","governance or management capacity: Yes"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"","projection":{"statement":"Near-term reliability should improve with emergency restoration, but durable stabilization depends on financing and completing the improvement program.","horizon":"1-5 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["capital project advances from invited list"],"reversal_factors":["funding shortfall","repeat plant failure"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Marlin","role":"system owner/operator"},{"name":"Texas Division of Emergency Management","role":"emergency water and field support"},{"name":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality","role":"technical assistance and regulator"},{"name":"Texas Water Development Board","role":"capital-finance program"}],"public_contact":"Office of the Texas Governor, 512-463-2000","corrective_actions":["20 pallets bottled water","Potable water tankers","Texas A&M Public Works Response Team diagnosis","Proposed Marlin Water System Improvements project"],"sources":[{"ref":"TX-MAR-1","title":"Governor Issues Disaster Declaration for Marlin Water System Outage","publisher":"state emergency declaration","date":"2025-05-04","url":"https://gov.texas.gov/news/post/governor-abbott-issues-disaster-declaration-for-marlin-water-system-outage","basis":"state emergency declaration"},{"ref":"TX-MAR-2","title":"SFY 2026 Drinking Water State Revolving Fund Intended Use Plan","publisher":"state capital-finance plan","date":"2025-10-01","url":"https://www.twdb.texas.gov/board/2025/10/Board/Brd06.pdf","basis":"state capital-finance plan"},{"ref":"src_census_location_place","title":"Texas incorporated places - ACS24 representative internal points","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-01-01","url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/acs24/tigerweb_acs24_incplace_tx.html","basis":"Official Census TIGERweb geographic reference"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":10,"note":"New verified Texas baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":10,"note":"Location precision and financial metric normalization corrected after repository validation."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":10,"note":"Financial funding-stage metadata normalized; substantive finding unchanged."}],"first_seen":"2025-05-03","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Failure mechanism, outage duration, final repair scope, awarded funding, and current completion status were not verified."],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":43446974,"currency":"USD","unit":"project cost","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-10-01","scope":{"geography":"Marlin Water System Improvements"},"basis":{"definition":"SFY2026 DWSRF initial invited-project list; not evidence of an award"},"source_refs":["TX-MAR-2"],"funding_stage":"estimated"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-TX-HILL-COUNTRY-FLASH-FLOOD-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"July 2025 Central Texas and Hill Country catastrophic flash flooding","description":"A 1-in-1,000-year precipitation event dropped up to 20 inches during July 4-7, 2025, producing catastrophic flash flooding along the Guadalupe River and elsewhere in Central Texas. NOAA reports at least 135 fatalities. The Guadalupe at Kerrville crested at 37.48 feet, and 59 stream gages exceeded major flood thresholds. Recovery, warning-system, and emergency-communications reforms remain active.","location":{"name":"Central Texas and Hill Country flood disaster area","type":"Multi-county flash-flood and river-flood disaster area","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Guadalupe basin and broader July 2025 disaster area","counties":["Bandera","Bexar","Burnet","Caldwell","Coke","Comal","Concho","Edwards","Gillespie","Guadalupe","Hamilton","Kendall","Kerr","Kimble","Kinney","Lampasas","Llano","Mason","Maverick","McCulloch","Menard","Real","Reeves","San Saba","Schleicher","Sutton","Tom Green","Travis","Uvalde","Williamson"],"extent":"multi_county","coordinates":{"lat":30.0383169,"lon":-99.1310688,"precision":"city","source_ref":"src_census_location_place"}},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Extreme precipitation and rapidly rising rivers were the direct causes; post-event warning and infrastructure gaps are secondary systemic drivers.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"At least 135 fatalities and destroyed infrastructure are documented.","service":"Flooding caused major emergency response, displacement, and infrastructure disruption.","scale":"Multi-county disaster with statewide and federal response.","duration":"Acute flooding led to prolonged recovery and policy response.","significance":"State and federal disaster declarations and major mitigation reforms."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not comprehensively reported; at least 135 fatalities were reported by NOAA, and the state disaster declaration ultimately covered 30 counties in November 2025."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: at least 135 fatalities; up to 20 inches rainfall; 37.48-foot crest at Kerrville; 59 gages above major flood thresholds; 30 counties in the November disaster declaration."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No utility solvency assessment applies. The event exposed public warning, communications, and mitigation-capital needs, but no dedicated local finance record was verified in this batch."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The event was catastrophic but a single event does not establish a frequency trend.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: recovery and warning-system investment will continue for 2-5 years, while recurrence timing cannot be predicted from this event alone.","horizon":"2-5 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Declared recovery programs continue"],"reversal_factors":["Funding withdrawal","Faster project completion","Revised damage assessments"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Texas Division of Emergency Management and affected counties/cities","role":"response and recovery"},{"name":"FEMA","role":"federal assistance"},{"name":"National Weather Service and NOAA","role":"forecasting and analysis"},{"name":"Texas Legislature and state agencies (warning and communications reforms)."}],"public_contact":"Texas Division of Emergency Management, 512-424-2208; National Weather Service Austin/San Antonio, 830-606-3617.","corrective_actions":["Federal and state disaster assistance; stream-gage and high-water-mark measurements; recovery and rebuilding; legislative focus on flood warning systems, emergency communications, and local match funding."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Assessing the U.S. Temperature and Precipitation Analysis in July 2025","publisher":"NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information","date":"2025-08-01","url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/national-climate-202507","basis":"Federal climate and impact summary"},{"ref":2,"title":"July 2025 Monthly Hydrologic and Flood Stage Report","publisher":"National Weather Service Austin/San Antonio","date":"2025-08-01","url":"https://www.weather.gov/media/ewx/Hydro/MonthlyReports/E-5%20EWX%202025-07.pdf","basis":"Federal hydrologic event record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Weather Whiplash in Texas: Drought to Flood","publisher":"NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory","date":"2026-08-28","url":"https://psl.noaa.gov/news/2025/texasfloods.html","basis":"Federal scientific synthesis, corrected and updated"},{"ref":4,"title":"Governor Abbott Amends, Renews Flooding Disaster Proclamation in November 2025","publisher":"Office of the Texas Governor","date":"2025-11-18","url":"https://gov.texas.gov/news/post/governor-abbott-amends-renews-flooding-disaster-proclamation-in-november-2025","basis":"Official disaster declaration and county scope"},{"ref":"src_census_location_place","title":"Texas incorporated places - ACS24 representative internal points","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-01-01","url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/acs24/tigerweb_acs24_incplace_tx.html","basis":"Official Census TIGERweb geographic reference"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":10,"note":"New verified Texas baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":10,"note":"Location precision and financial metric normalization corrected after repository validation."}],"first_seen":"2025-07-02","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Final county-level fatality reconciliation","Final structures damaged","Final public cost","Project-level warning upgrades"],"related_ids":["US-TX-STATEWIDE-FLOOD-RISK-CAPITAL-GAP-2024"],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[{"metric":"forward_cost_exposure","value":18000000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"greater than, event estimate","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-08-01","scope":{"geography":"Central Texas July 2025 flooding"},"basis":{"definition":"NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory summary cites an external estimate"},"source_refs":[3],"notes":"Treat as a source-reported estimate, not a final audited loss."}]}},{"id":"US-TX-LOWER-RIO-GRANDE-AG-WATER-SHORTAGE-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lower Rio Grande irrigation shortage causes agricultural losses and ends Texas sugarcane processing","description":"Unreliable Lower Rio Grande irrigation supply, including a provisional Mexican treaty-delivery deficit exceeding 800,000 acre-feet in the 2020-2025 cycle, drove agricultural losses and the February 2024 closure of Texas's last sugar mill. USDA established a $280 million relief grant for eligible producers, while Minute 331 and subsequent delivery measures seek to improve reliability; the regional agricultural supply risk remains active.","location":{"name":"Lower Rio Grande Valley agricultural area","type":"Multi-county agricultural irrigation region","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Cameron, Hidalgo, and Willacy counties; wider Lower Rio Grande water-user impacts may extend beyond these counties","counties":["Cameron","Hidalgo","Willacy"],"extent":"multi_county","coordinates":{"lat":26.2249657,"lon":-98.246083,"precision":"city","source_ref":"src_census_location_place"}},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["surface-water","drought-scarcity","water-rights","governance-affordability-equity","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The principal causal condition is insufficient and unreliable Rio Grande irrigation-water availability, driven by drought and deficient treaty deliveries, rather than a failed physical asset or utility balance sheet.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"1: Confirmed economic and livelihood harm occurred, including reduced acreage and mill closure; no acute public-health harm was documented.","service":"2: Irrigation deliveries were sufficiently unreliable to end Texas sugarcane production and threaten citrus, cotton, and other crops.","scale":"2: The issue affects a multi-county agricultural region and an international river allocation.","duration":"2: Losses occurred across 2023-2024, the 2020-2025 treaty cycle ended short, and repayment/management extends into the cycle ending in 2030.","significance":"2: The response includes an international treaty process, IBWC Minute 331, and a $280 million federal agricultural-relief grant."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported. USDA identifies more than 100 sugarcane growers plus affected farm workers, but no complete count of all producers, workers, or households affected by irrigation shortages was published in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Provisional 2020-2025 treaty deficit exceeded 800,000 acre-feet; USDA authorized $280 million in producer relief."},"measures":[{"name":"Five-year treaty delivery obligation","value":1750000,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"Mexico deliveries from six Rio Grande tributaries to the United States"},{"name":"Sugarcane growers directly associated with closed mill","value":100,"unit":"growers (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Cameron, Hidalgo, and Willacy counties"},{"name":"Eligible loss years for agricultural relief","value":null,"unit":"calendar years 2023 and/or 2024","status":"Reported","note":"Eligible Lower Rio Grande producers with TCEQ diversion certificates","text":"Eligible Lower Rio Grande producers with TCEQ diversion certificates"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["demand or supply volatility: Yes: irrigation supply timing and volume were unreliable","major customer or industry loss: Yes: Texas's only sugar mill closed","dependence on temporary support: Yes: $280 million in producer relief addresses losses","confirmed insolvency: No evidence found","assessment: Elevated applies to the agricultural water-dependent business ecosystem, not to a named water utility. The record does not establish bankruptcy or utility insolvency."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"The mill closure and 2020-2025 delivery deficit show deterioration, while Minute 331, later delivery agreements, and federal relief are mitigating actions that have not restored lost processing capacity.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: Lower Rio Grande irrigators will remain exposed to allocation volatility through the current treaty cycle ending in 2030, even if planned deliveries reduce the prior-cycle debt.","horizon":"Through October 2030","confidence":"Medium","evidence":"Prior-cycle shortfall, treaty repayment framework, mill closure, relief program, and Region M planning findings","assumptions":["Drought and treaty timing constraints persist","No equivalent sugar-processing facility reopens","Municipal priorities continue to constrain residual irrigation allocations"],"reversal_factors":["Sustained early-cycle treaty deliveries","Major reservoir recovery","Reliable alternative agricultural supply","Reopening or replacement of processing capacity"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"International Boundary and Water Commission, United States and Mexico"},{"name":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality Rio Grande Watermaster"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture"},{"name":"Texas Department of Agriculture"},{"name":"Lower Rio Grande irrigation districts and water-right holders."}],"public_contact":"USDA Farm Service Agency Texas State Office, 979-680-5151; U.S. IBWC Public Affairs/Lower Rio Grande Citizens Forum public channel at https://www.ibwc.gov/contact/.","corrective_actions":["IBWC signed Minute 331 in November 2024 to improve delivery reliability and predictability. USDA and TDA established the $280 million producer-relief program. Subsequent binational measures and water releases address the delivery debt, while the 2026 Region M plan identifies alternative and supplemental supply strategies.","Minute 331 delivery-flexibility mechanisms; weekly IBWC delivery accounting; $280 million producer-relief program; irrigation efficiency and WaterSMART projects; regional water-supply planning."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Sugar and Sweeteners Outlook: March 2024","publisher":"USDA Economic Research Service","date":"2024-03-14","url":"https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/outlooks/108800/SSS-M-427.pdf","basis":"Federal agricultural market report documenting closure, water cause, and grower geography"},{"ref":2,"title":"USDA Announces $280 Million Grant Agreement to Support Rio Grande Valley Agricultural Producers Amid Severe Water Shortages","publisher":"USDA Farm Service Agency","date":"2025-03-20","url":"https://www.fsa.usda.gov/news-events/news/03-20-2025/usda-announces-280-million-grant-agreement-support-rio-grande-valley","basis":"Federal grant and eligibility announcement"},{"ref":3,"title":"Weekly 5 Year Cycle Status (Mexico Deliveries)","publisher":"International Boundary and Water Commission","date":"2022-11-17","url":"https://www.ibwc.gov/water-data/mexico-deliveries/","basis":"Official treaty obligation and delivery accounting page verified on run date","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"2026 Rio Grande Regional Water Plan","publisher":"Texas Water Development Board / Rio Grande Regional Water Planning Group","date":"2026-01-22","url":"https://www.twdb.texas.gov/waterplanning/rwp/plans/2026/M/RegionM_2026_RWP.pdf","basis":"Adopted regional plan documenting supply threats and sugar mill closure"},{"ref":5,"title":"Mexico Reaffirms Its Commitment to the 1944 Water Treaty and Binational Cooperation Amid Extreme Drought","publisher":"Government of Mexico, Secretariat of Foreign Affairs","date":"2025-12-10","url":"https://www.gob.mx/sre/prensa/mexico-reaffirms-its-commitment-to-the-1944-water-treaty-and-binational-cooperation-amid-extreme-drought-in-the-rio-grande-basin?idiom=en","basis":"Official evidence of post-cycle delivery measures"},{"ref":6,"title":"Water Treaty Compliance Will Not Affect Domestic or Agricultural Water Supply in Mexico","publisher":"Government of Mexico, Secretariat of Foreign Affairs","date":"2026-01-01","url":"https://www.gob.mx/sre/documentos/water-treaty-compliance-will-not-affect-domestic-or-agricultural-water-supply-in-mexico","basis":"Official statement that 2020-2025 cycle ended without full quota and shortfall may be addressed by October 2030; exact day not exposed in indexed source"},{"ref":1,"title":"Governor Abbott Demands Action on Mexico's Water Treaty Violation","publisher":"Office of the Texas Governor","date":"2025-11-21","url":"https://gov.texas.gov/news/post/governor-abbott-demands-action-on-mexicos-water-treaty-violation","basis":"Official Texas statement citing provisional cycle deficit"},{"ref":3,"title":"IBWC Signs Minute 331 Focused on Improving Reliability, Predictability of Rio Grande Water Deliveries","publisher":"International Boundary and Water Commission","date":"2024-11-09","url":"https://www.ibwc.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/IBWC-Signs-Minute-331-Focused-on-Improving-Reliability-Predictability-of-Rio-Grande-Water-Deliveries.pdf","basis":"Official binational agreement summary"},{"ref":"src_census_location_place","title":"Texas incorporated places - ACS24 representative internal points","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-01-01","url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/acs24/tigerweb_acs24_incplace_tx.html","basis":"Official Census TIGERweb geographic reference"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"New verified Texas baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"Location precision and financial metric normalization corrected after repository validation."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-02-22","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Final acre-foot deficit at 2025 cycle close from USIBWC","Complete affected producer and worker count","Individual relief disbursements","Irrigation district rate data","Regional farm-income loss normalized by crop","Infrastructure funding gap","Final IBWC treaty-cycle accounting","October 2026 U.S.-owned reservoir storage","District-by-district allocations","Municipal restriction status","Irrigation-district financial statements"],"related_ids":["US-TX-OGALLALA-AQUIFER-DEPLETION-2025"],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":280000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"grant agreement","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-03-20","scope":{"program":"USDA Lower Rio Grande Valley Agricultural Water Conservation Relief Program","geography":"Eligible Lower Rio Grande Valley producers with 2023 or 2024 delivery losses"},"basis":{"definition":"Economic relief for eligible loss of water deliveries in calendar years 2023 and/or 2024; not an irrigation-infrastructure award"},"source_refs":[2],"notes":"Awarded grant agreement; individual payments and amount expended were not reported in the source.","funding_stage":"awarded"}],"operating_health":[{"metric":"major_customer_loss","value":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"facility closure","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-02-22","scope":{"geography":"Rio Grande Valley Sugar Growers cooperative"},"basis":{"definition":"Closure attributed principally to inadequate and unreliable irrigation water deliveries and drought"},"source_refs":[1,4],"notes":"No audited loss, debt, liquidity, or closure cost was reported in the cited sources.","text":"No audited loss, debt, liquidity, or closure cost was reported in the cited sources."}],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-TX-CORPUS-CHRISTI-WATER-SUPPLY-DROUGHT-2024","revision":4,"change_type":"changed","title":"Corpus Christi prolonged reservoir-supply drought and utility credit pressure","description":"Corpus Christi experienced a prolonged regional supply emergency as western reservoirs fell to historically low levels, triggering Stage 3 restrictions and extraordinary supply measures. By October 8, 2026 combined western storage had recovered to 39 percent and restrictions eased to Stage 1, but the utility remained exposed to major diversification costs and an S&P downgrade from AA- to A with negative watch.","location":{"name":"Corpus Christi Water","type":"regional municipal water utility","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Corpus Christi Water regional customers, Corpus Christi, Nueces, Texas","counties":["Nueces"],"extent":"county","coordinates":{"lat":27.7542524,"lon":-97.1733853,"precision":"city","source_ref":"src_census_location_place"}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Severe depletion of western reservoirs created a quantity crisis while timely delivery of wells, reuse, and conveyance projects became essential to reliability.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Acute drought threatened source-water availability; no unsafe finished water documented.","service":"Stage 3 restrictions prohibited outdoor watering and emergency curtailment planning was activated.","scale":"Regional utility serving Corpus Christi and wholesale customers.","duration":"Restrictions and emergency modeling persisted from December 2024 into 2026.","significance":"S&P downgraded utility debt AA- to A with negative watch, citing acute drought, new-supply needs, rates, and debt-service coverage."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported in cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Combined western storage fell to 7.8% on April 16, 2026 and recovered to 39.0% by October 8; Stage 1 restrictions remained."},"measures":[{"name":"combined western reservoir storage","value":19.9,"unit":"percent capacity","status":"Reported"},{"name":"combined western reservoir storage","value":7.8,"unit":"percent capacity","status":"Reported"},{"name":"combined western reservoir storage","value":39,"unit":"percent capacity","status":"Reported"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["chronic operating deficits: Unknown","liquidity or default stress: No","capital need exceeds revenue capacity: Yes","deferred maintenance or underinvestment: Unknown","rates structurally low: Unknown","affordability disparity: Unknown","arrears shutoffs or billing failure: Unknown","customer base or demand volatility: Yes","governance or management capacity: Unknown","temporary support dependence: Yes","unfunded contaminant costs: No","consolidation pressure: No"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"","projection":{"statement":"Official modeling on the current dashboard places a potential Level 1 Water Emergency in September 2029, conditional on low inflows, demand assumptions, and delivery of reuse and groundwater projects.","horizon":"through September 2029","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["planned groundwater and reuse supplies enter service","low-inflow hydrology used by city model"],"reversal_factors":["project delay","renewed low inflows","higher demand","additional beneficial rainfall"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Corpus Christi Water","role":"utility/operator"},{"name":"City of Corpus Christi City Council","role":"rates, emergency policies, and project authorization"},{"name":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality","role":"water-rights and drinking-water regulator"}],"public_contact":"Corpus Christi Water communications, 361-826-3706","corrective_actions":["Stage 3 and later Stage 1 restrictions","Nueces groundwater program","Reclaimed-water project","Eastern supply purchases and pipeline management","Monthly water-supply modeling and emergency policy updates","Stage 1 conservation; Mary Rhodes Pipeline capacity expansion; eastern-source transfers; Nueces and Evangeline groundwater projects; reclaimed water and desalination development; temporary suspension of reservoir pass-through requirements."],"sources":[{"ref":"TX-CC-1","title":"Combined Western Lake Levels Now Below 20% Capacity","publisher":"municipal utility notice","date":"2024-12-11","url":"https://www.corpuschristitx.gov/news/posts/combined-western-lake-levels-now-below-20-capacity/","basis":"municipal utility notice"},{"ref":"TX-CC-2","title":"Water Supply Update","publisher":"municipal technical memorandum","date":"2026-04-24","url":"https://www.corpuschristitx.gov/media/btvn01mr/20260424_memo_water-supply-update.pdf","basis":"municipal technical memorandum"},{"ref":"TX-CC-3","title":"Water Supply Dashboard","publisher":"municipal live dashboard","date":null,"url":"https://www.corpuschristitx.gov/department-directory/corpus-christi-water/water-supply-dashboard/","basis":"municipal live dashboard","accessed":"2026-10-08"},{"ref":"TX-CC-4","title":"Level 1 Water Emergency Projections Update","publisher":"municipal utility notice","date":"2026-06-23","url":"https://www.corpuschristitx.gov/news/posts/corpus-christi-water-provides-update-on-level-1-water-emergency-projections-1","basis":"municipal utility notice"},{"ref":"TX-CC-5","title":"Utility System Receives Credit Rating Downgrade","publisher":"municipal finance notice","date":"2026-05-04","url":"https://www.corpuschristitx.gov/news/posts/city-of-corpus-christi-utility-system-receives-credit-rating-downgrade-from-sp-global-ratings/","basis":"municipal finance notice"},{"ref":1,"title":"Historic Low: Western Lake Reservoirs Reach 10% Combined Capacity","publisher":"City of Corpus Christi","date":"2026-01-12","url":"https://www.corpuschristitx.gov/news/posts/historic-low-western-lake-reservoirs-reach-10-combined-capacity/","basis":"Official drought and reservoir notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"City of Corpus Christi Eases Drought Restrictions to Stage 2 as Reservoir Levels Rise","publisher":"City of Corpus Christi","date":"2026-08-04","url":"https://www.corpuschristitx.gov/news/posts/city-of-corpus-christi-eases-drought-restrictions-to-stage-2-as-reservoir-levels-rise/","basis":"Official status and investment update"},{"ref":3,"title":"Stage 1 Drought Status","publisher":"City of Corpus Christi","date":null,"url":"https://stage1.corpuschristitx.gov/","basis":"Current official restrictions and storage","accessed":"2026-10-08"},{"ref":4,"title":"TCEQ Approves Request to Pause Reservoir Pass-Through Requirements","publisher":"City of Corpus Christi","date":"2026-08-25","url":"https://www.corpuschristitx.gov/news/posts/tceq-approves-request-to-pause-reservoir-pass-through-requirements/","basis":"Official emergency-order notice"},{"ref":"src_census_location_place","title":"Texas incorporated places - ACS24 representative internal points","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-01-01","url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/acs24/tigerweb_acs24_incplace_tx.html","basis":"Official Census TIGERweb geographic reference"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New verified Texas baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Location precision and financial metric normalization corrected after repository validation."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Financial funding-stage metadata normalized; substantive finding unchanged."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-12-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current service population, full project cost/funding stack, and post-downgrade rating resolution were not verified in this bounded review.","Current total system days of supply","Population and wholesale accounts affected","Project-by-project secured funding","Household bill impact"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"capital_need","value":1000000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"reported investment","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-08-04","scope":{"geography":"Corpus Christi regional water supply"},"basis":{"definition":"City drought-status announcement"},"source_refs":[2],"notes":"Source does not disaggregate authorized, funded, spent, or remaining amounts; do not treat as a funding gap.","funding_stage":"spent"}],"operating_health":[{"metric":"operating_expense","value":10000,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-04-24","scope":{"geography":"2026 Formosa Plastics purchase"},"basis":{"definition":"water-supply update"},"source_refs":["TX-CC-2"]}],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-TX-STATEWIDE-SURFACE-WATER-IMPAIRMENTS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Texas surface-water impairments remain widespread across river, reservoir, bay, and coastal assessment units","description":"EPA approved Texas's 2024 Section 303(d) list on November 13, 2024. TCEQ's revised January 2025 executive summary identifies 1,370 Category 4 and 5 impairment assessment-unit observations across parameters. Recreational bacteria was the largest listed parameter group at 567 impairments, followed by 154 dissolved-oxygen impairments; the report also includes fish-tissue dioxin and PCB impairments, four PFAS impairments, mercury, salinity, excessive algal growth, and biological-community impairments. New 2024 listings span inland rivers and reservoirs and Gulf Coast bays and oyster waters.","location":{"name":"Texas statewide assessed surface waters","type":"Statewide surface-water assessment portfolio","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Rivers, reservoirs, bays, estuaries, oyster waters, beaches, and associated assessment units statewide","counties":[],"extent":"statewide","coordinates":{"lat":31.4347032,"lon":-99.2818238,"precision":"state","source_ref":"src_census_location_state"}},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","agricultural","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The principal issue is confirmed failure or threat to designated surface-water uses from bacteria, low dissolved oxygen, toxic substances, salinity, nutrients, and other water-quality parameters.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"2: TCEQ confirms widespread impairment of recreation, aquatic life, fish consumption, oyster waters, and other uses, including toxic contaminants and bacteria.","service":"1: Some designated public and ecological uses are unsupported or threatened, but the statewide rollup does not establish a statewide drinking-water service failure.","scale":"2: The findings cover 1,370 impairment assessment-unit observations statewide across multiple basins and coastal waters.","duration":"2: Most impairment observations are carried from prior cycles, and 771 remain in Category 5c while management or additional data work continues.","significance":"2: The findings are formal Clean Water Act Category 4 or 5 determinations, including waters requiring TMDLs or other management strategies."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported. The statewide assessment-unit count cannot be converted to population without spatial and use-specific analysis."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Category 4 and 5 impairment assessment-unit observations: 1370 assessment-unit impairment observations"},"measures":[{"name":"Category 4 and 5 impairment assessment-unit observations","value":1370,"unit":"assessment-unit impairment observations","status":"Reported","note":"Texas 2024 Integrated Report"},{"name":"Recreational bacteria impairments","value":567,"unit":"assessment-unit impairment observations","status":"Reported","note":"Texas"},{"name":"Dissolved oxygen impairments","value":154,"unit":"assessment-unit impairment observations","status":"Reported","note":"Texas"},{"name":"PFAS fish-tissue impairments","value":4,"unit":"assessment-unit impairment observations","status":"Reported","note":"Texas"},{"name":"Category 5c impairments requiring additional data or evaluation","value":771,"unit":"assessment-unit impairment observations","status":"Reported","note":"Texas"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["assessment: The statewide regulatory assessment does not provide utility-level rates, debt, liquidity, capital gaps, or affordability metrics."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"The executive table reports 1,370 Category 4/5 impairment observations in 2024 versus 1,092 Category 5 observations and 1,051 in the prior comparison column, but category movements, added assessment units, and method changes prevent a simple statewide deterioration inference.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: the formal impaired-water inventory will remain large through the next assessment cycle because 771 observations require more data or evaluation and many pollutants are persistent.","horizon":"Next biennial integrated-report cycle","confidence":"Medium","evidence":"Formal 2024 inventory, management-status distribution, new listings, and delistings","assumptions":["Assessment methods remain broadly comparable","No wholesale redefinition of assessment units"],"reversal_factors":["Large-scale TMDL/WPP success","New data supporting delisting","Standards or assessment-method changes"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality"},{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency"},{"name":"watershed and basin authorities"},{"name":"permitted dischargers and local implementation partners, depending on assessment unit."}],"public_contact":"TCEQ Water Quality Planning Division, 303d@tceq.texas.gov.","corrective_actions":["TCEQ assigns management strategies by impairment, including TMDL development, standards review, additional monitoring, and watershed protection plans. The 2024 summary reports 381 impairment observations with a watershed-based plan in place and 155 with one in progress; these counts overlap neither all locations nor all parameters uniformly."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2024 Texas Integrated Report of Surface Water Quality","publisher":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality","date":"2024-11-13","url":"https://www.tceq.texas.gov/waterquality/assessment/2024-integrated-report","basis":"State Clean Water Act assessment portal; EPA approval date"},{"ref":2,"title":"Summary 2024 Texas Integrated Report for Clean Water Act 305(b) and 303(d)","publisher":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality","date":"2025-01-01","url":"https://www.tceq.texas.gov/downloads/water-quality/assessment/integrated-report-2024/2024-exec-summ.pdf","basis":"Revised January 2025 executive summary; exact revision day not stated"},{"ref":3,"title":"2024 Texas IR New Listings Report","publisher":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality","date":"2024-11-13","url":"https://www.tceq.texas.gov/downloads/water-quality/assessment/integrated-report-2024/2024-new-listings","basis":"Official newly listed water bodies and parameters"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 Texas IR Delistings Report","publisher":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality","date":"2024-11-13","url":"https://www.tceq.texas.gov/downloads/water-quality/assessment/integrated-report-2024/2024-delist","basis":"Official removed or recategorized water-body parameters"},{"ref":"src_census_location_state","title":"U.S. States - BAS26 representative internal points","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2025-11-30","url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/acs26/tigerweb_acs26_state_2026_bas26_us.html","basis":"Official Census TIGERweb geographic reference"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"New verified Texas baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"Location precision and financial metric normalization corrected after repository validation."}],"first_seen":"2024-06-26","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Unique water-body count normalized across multiple parameters","Population exposed by assessment unit","Remediation cost","Statewide funding gap","Outcome metrics for every TMDL or watershed plan"],"related_ids":["US-TX-PERMIAN-PRODUCED-WATER-DISPOSAL-RISK-2025"],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-TX-HOUSTON-WASTEWATER-CONSENT-DECREE-2021","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Houston sanitary-sewer overflow and wastewater consent-decree program","description":"Houston's FY2025 financial report confirms continuing implementation of a 15-year federal-state consent decree addressing sanitary-sewer overflows and effluent exceedances at a system with about 6,000 miles of sewer mains, 390 lift stations, and 39 treatment plants. The city reports $4.1 million in stipulated penalties for SSOs and effluent exceedances during the first 3.75 years and estimates at least $9 billion of wastewater investment may be required.","location":{"name":"Houston wastewater service area","type":"Municipal wastewater utility service area","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Houston, Harris County","counties":["Harris"],"extent":"city","coordinates":{"lat":29.7857435,"lon":-95.3888059,"precision":"city","source_ref":"src_census_location_place"}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Longstanding sanitary-sewer overflows and treatment-plant permit exceedances are tied to documented collection and treatment asset deficiencies requiring a 15-year capital and operational program.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Raw-sewage overflows and pollutant exceedances are formally documented.","service":"Collection and treatment reliability is impaired but widespread loss of sewer service was not reported.","scale":"Approximately 2 million people and a citywide system are involved.","duration":"Longstanding violations require a 15-year remedy.","significance":"Federal-state consent decree and multibillion-dollar capital program."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Reported: approximately 2 million people served by the sewer system (consent decree)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: approximately 2 million people served; at least $9 billion estimated investment; $4.1 million stipulated penalties through first 3.75 years."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Yes: debt/capital needs materially exceed routine revenue scale and future rate exposure is under study; Yes: repeated failures tied to underinvestment/asset condition; Unknown: insolvency, default, covenant breach, or liquidity crisis. The city reports managing the program through capital investment, maintenance, and assessment while a rate study evaluates future impacts."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Corrective work is active, but stipulated penalties through the first 3.75 years show continuing noncompliance exposure.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: major wastewater capital and rate pressure will persist through the remaining consent-decree term; overflow risk should decline only as assessment-driven projects are completed.","horizon":"Through 2036","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Consent-decree schedule and capital access continue"],"reversal_factors":["Material project delay","Financing constraint","Faster-than-expected rehabilitation","New compliance data"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Houston and Houston Public Works","role":"owner/operator and corrective work"},{"name":"EPA and TCEQ","role":"consent-decree oversight"},{"name":"U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Texas (decree jurisdiction)."}],"public_contact":"Houston Public Works, 832-395-2500; EPA Water Enforcement Division, 202-564-1256.","corrective_actions":["System assessment; enhanced sewer cleaning and inspections; SSO response; treatment-plant maintenance; renewal/replacement of more than 100 lift stations and more than 35 miles of force mains; active consent-decree capital projects through the 15-year term."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Houston Annual Comprehensive Financial Report FY2025","publisher":"City of Houston","date":"2026-01-01","url":"https://www.houstontx.gov/controller/acfr/acfr-fy2025.pdf","basis":"Official audited financial report and consent-decree disclosure"},{"ref":2,"title":"Houston, Texas Agrees to Implement Comprehensive Measures Aimed at Eliminating Sanitary Sewer Overflows","publisher":"U.S. Department of Justice","date":"2025-02-06","url":"https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/pr/houston-texas-agrees-implement-comprehensive-measures-aimed-eliminating-sanitary-sewer-0","basis":"Federal enforcement summary, updated within research window"},{"ref":"src_census_location_place","title":"Texas incorporated places - ACS24 representative internal points","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-01-01","url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/acs24/tigerweb_acs24_incplace_tx.html","basis":"Official Census TIGERweb geographic reference"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New verified Texas baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Location precision and financial metric normalization corrected after repository validation."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Financial funding-stage metadata normalized; substantive finding unchanged."}],"first_seen":"2019-08-27","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current annual SSO count and volume","Current rate-study result","Final capital requirement","Household affordability burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"capital_need","value":9000000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"at least, over 15-year term","status":"Reported","period_start":"2021-04-01","period_end":"2036-03-31","scope":{"geography":"Houston wastewater system"},"basis":{"definition":"City FY2025 ACFR describes the figure as an estimate"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Final amount will depend on assessment work.","funding_stage":"estimated"}],"operating_health":[{"metric":"operating_expense","value":4100000,"currency":"USD","unit":"cumulative","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-06-30","scope":{"geography":"First 3.75 years of decree"},"basis":{"definition":"SSOs and effluent exceedances"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Separate from the original $4.4 million civil penalty and $0.2 million state attorney fees."}],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-TX-PWS-HIGH-PRIORITY-SHORTAGES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Texas public-water systems reporting outages or under-180-day supplies","description":"Texas public-water systems reporting outages or under-180-day supplies is a verified Texas water issue documented by the cited official records. The TCEQ register documents inadequate or interrupted source supply; system-specific physical causes are not identified in the register.","location":{"name":"Multiple Texas public water systems","type":"statewide portfolio","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"TCEQ-listed high-priority public water systems, Texas","counties":[],"extent":"statewide","coordinates":{"lat":31.4347032,"lon":-99.2818238,"precision":"state","source_ref":"src_census_location_state"}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The TCEQ register documents inadequate or interrupted source supply; system-specific physical causes are not identified in the register.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Supply shortage can impair drinking water and sanitation; the register does not document a health outcome.","service":"Entries include actual outages and systems reporting less than 45, 90, or 180 days of supply.","scale":"Multiple systems across numerous counties, including Pflugerville, Dumas, Alpine, and Beeville.","duration":"High-priority entries recur across the 2025-2026 reporting period.","significance":"Official TCEQ drought-contingency reporting and mandatory restrictions; no statewide emergency declaration specific to all entries."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported in cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"selected named high-priority systems: 18 unique PWS IDs"},"measures":[{"name":"selected named high-priority systems","value":18,"unit":"unique PWS IDs","status":"Estimated"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["customer base or demand volatility: Yes","temporary support dependence: Unknown","capital need exceeds revenue capacity: Unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"","projection":{"statement":"No portfolio forecast; statuses require direct refresh because the state page records notification events and may not prove present restrictions.","horizon":"next quarterly refresh","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["rainfall","new supply","status rescission"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality","role":"drought reporting and public-water oversight"},{"name":"listed public water systems","role":"drought-plan implementation and supply management"}],"public_contact":"TCEQ Public Drinking Water Section","corrective_actions":["System-specific mandatory or voluntary restrictions","TCEQ drought reporting","Alternative supplies, leak repair, and interconnections encouraged by TCEQ"],"sources":[{"ref":"TX-DROUGHT-1","title":"List of Texas PWSs Limiting Water Use to Avoid Shortages","publisher":"state regulatory register","date":"2026-09-16","url":"https://www.tceq.texas.gov/drinkingwater/trot/droughtw.html","basis":"state regulatory register"},{"ref":"src_census_location_state","title":"U.S. States - BAS26 representative internal points","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2025-11-30","url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/acs26/tigerweb_acs26_state_2026_bas26_us.html","basis":"Official Census TIGERweb geographic reference"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":8,"note":"New verified Texas baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":8,"note":"Location precision and financial metric normalization corrected after repository validation."}],"first_seen":"2025-01-31","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["The page is an event register, not a clean current-status roster; only the most recent high-priority subset was transcribed here.","System-level causes, current rescission status, and finances require follow-up."],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-TX-OGALLALA-AQUIFER-DEPLETION-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Persistent Texas Ogallala aquifer depletion constrains irrigated agriculture","description":"TWDB states that withdrawals exceed recharge through much of the Texas Ogallala and water levels have declined consistently. High Plains Underground Water Conservation District reported an average 0.66-foot decline in the combined Ogallala/Edwards-Trinity (High Plains) aquifers in its 2025 observation network and average Ogallala saturated thickness of 51 feet. USDA-ARS reports that aquifer decline already forces Southern High Plains farmers to use deficit irrigation.","location":{"name":"Texas High Plains Ogallala Aquifer","type":"Major aquifer and agricultural region","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Ogallala Aquifer underlies 49 Texas counties; High Plains Underground Water Conservation District measurements represent a monitored portion of the Texas High Plains.","counties":[],"extent":"multi_county","coordinates":{"lat":31.4347032,"lon":-99.2818238,"precision":"state","source_ref":"src_census_location_state"}},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural","drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The principal documented condition is groundwater withdrawals exceeding recharge and continuing aquifer-level decline, with agricultural irrigation as the dominant demand driver.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"2: Long-term groundwater depletion is confirmed; TWDB reports localized historical declines exceeding 300 feet.","service":"1: USDA-ARS reports that reduced aquifer availability forces farmers to apply less than full irrigation, but no municipal outage was established.","scale":"2: The aquifer underlies 49 Texas counties and supports a nationally important agricultural production region.","duration":"2: TWDB describes withdrawals exceeding recharge and consistent declines through time; HPWD measured another average decline in 2025.","significance":"1: Groundwater districts and federal/state research programs are implementing monitoring and conservation responses; no emergency order or aquifer-wide enforcement action was found."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported. The aquifer underlies 49 Texas counties, but the cited sources do not provide a non-duplicative affected-population estimate."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Average annual water-level change: -0.66 feet"},"measures":[{"name":"Average annual water-level change","value":-0.66,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"HPWD Ogallala/Edwards-Trinity (High Plains) observation network"},{"name":"Average saturated thickness","value":51,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ogallala Aquifer in HPWD"},{"name":"Texas Ogallala aquifer area","value":36293,"unit":"square miles","status":"Reported","note":"Texas"},{"name":"Counties containing aquifer","value":49,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"Texas"},{"name":"Irrigation share of groundwater pumped from Texas Ogallala","value":95,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Texas Ogallala"},{"name":"Groundwater used for Texas irrigation from Ogallala","value":4500000,"unit":"acre-feet per year","status":"Reported","note":"Texas"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["assessment: No utility-specific operating, debt, rate, liquidity, or affordability evidence was encountered. This is a resource-depletion dossier, not a finding of utility insolvency."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Comparable long-term evidence and the 2025 district average show continued net decline, although TWDB notes slower decline or localized rises in some areas.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: absent sustained pumping reductions or unusually strong recharge, agricultural groundwater constraints are likely to persist over the next 5-10 years, with uneven local outcomes.","horizon":"5-10 years","confidence":"Medium","evidence":"Persistent withdrawals above recharge, long-term decline, 2025 average decline, and forced deficit irrigation.","assumptions":["Irrigation remains the dominant use","No basinwide mandatory pumping reduction changes the trajectory","Recharge remains limited"],"reversal_factors":["Large sustained pumping reductions","Broad adoption of lower-water cropping","Multi-year above-normal recharge","Binding district conservation rules"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Texas Water Development Board"},{"name":"High Plains Underground Water Conservation District"},{"name":"other Texas groundwater conservation districts overlying the aquifer"},{"name":"USDA Agricultural Research Service"},{"name":"Texas A&M AgriLife."}],"public_contact":"High Plains Underground Water Conservation District, info@hpwd.org, 806-762-0181; TWDB Groundwater Division public contact channel via https://www.twdb.texas.gov/groundwater/","corrective_actions":["Groundwater districts monitor levels and permit wells; USDA-ARS and Texas A&M research deficit irrigation, crop selection, irrigation scheduling, and lower-cost soil-water sensing to reduce withdrawals while maintaining production."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Ogallala Aquifer","publisher":"Texas Water Development Board","date":null,"url":"https://www.twdb.texas.gov/groundwater/aquifer/majors/ogallala.asp","basis":"State aquifer facts and condition summary; page verified on run date","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"2025 Water Level Measurements are Complete","publisher":"High Plains Underground Water Conservation District","date":"2025-12-31","url":"https://www.hpwd.org/2025-water-level-measurements-are-complete","basis":"Groundwater-district monitoring summary; publication provides year but not an exact date"},{"ref":3,"title":"Climate-informed management of irrigated cotton can reduce groundwater withdrawals","publisher":"USDA Agricultural Research Service","date":"2024-09-30","url":"https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project?accnNo=441575&fy=2024","basis":"Federal agricultural research project annual accomplishments"},{"ref":4,"title":"Texas Aquifers","publisher":"Texas Water Development Board","date":null,"url":"https://www.twdb.texas.gov/groundwater/aquifer/index.asp","basis":"Statewide groundwater-use context; page verified on run date","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":"src_census_location_state","title":"U.S. States - BAS26 representative internal points","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2025-11-30","url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/acs26/tigerweb_acs26_state_2026_bas26_us.html","basis":"Official Census TIGERweb geographic reference"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New verified Texas baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Location precision and financial metric normalization corrected after repository validation."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-07-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Aquifer-wide 2025 water-level change","Affected population","Farm-level losses attributable solely to Ogallala decline","Comparable annual pumping total after 2020","Utility financial metrics"],"related_ids":["US-TX-LOWER-RIO-GRANDE-AG-WATER-SHORTAGE-2024"],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-TX-HOUSTON-WATER-MAIN-BREAKS-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Houston recurring water-main breaks and distribution-system repair backlog","description":"Houston recurring water-main breaks and distribution-system repair backlog is a verified Texas water issue documented by the cited official records. The documented problem is repeated physical failure of the drinking-water distribution network and repair performance below target.","location":{"name":"Houston Water","type":"large municipal drinking-water utility","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Houston Public Works drinking-water system, Houston, Harris and service area, Texas","counties":["Harris and service area"],"extent":"county","coordinates":{"lat":29.7857435,"lon":-95.3888059,"precision":"city","source_ref":"src_census_location_place"}},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The documented problem is repeated physical failure of the drinking-water distribution network and repair performance below target.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Main breaks cause water loss and can create localized contamination risk; no citywide harm quantified.","service":"11,788 main breaks in FY2024 and only 80% estimated repaired within 10 business days.","scale":"Large citywide network.","duration":"Breaks increased across four reported years from 9,427 in 2021 to 11,788 in 2024.","significance":"FY2025 budget added $25 million for break repair."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported in cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"water main breaks: 9427 breaks/year"},"measures":[{"name":"water main breaks","value":9427,"unit":"breaks/year","status":"Reported"},{"name":"water main breaks","value":11788,"unit":"breaks/year","status":"Reported"},{"name":"breaks repaired within 10 business days","value":80,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["deferred maintenance or underinvestment: Yes","capital need exceeds revenue capacity: Unknown","rates structurally low: Unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"","projection":{"statement":"Break burden likely remains material absent verified FY2025-FY2026 improvement; exact counts are not projected.","horizon":"12 months","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["multi-year break trend remains relevant"],"reversal_factors":["verified decline in breaks","repair target achieved"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Houston Public Works","role":"utility/operator"},{"name":"Houston City Council","role":"budget authority"}],"public_contact":"Houston 311, 311 service request","corrective_actions":["Additional $25 million in FY2025 budget for water-main-break repairs","FY2025 target of 95% repaired within 10 business days","Plant maintenance and operations funding"],"sources":[{"ref":"TX-HOU-1","title":"City of Houston FY2024 Popular Annual Financial Report","publisher":"municipal financial report","date":"2025-02-28","url":"https://www.houstontx.gov/controller/acfr/pafr-fy2024.pdf","basis":"municipal financial report"},{"ref":"TX-HOU-2","title":"Houston Public Works FY2025 Budget Workshop","publisher":"municipal budget","date":"2024-05-16","url":"https://houstontx.gov/council/committees/fy25workshops/may16-public-works.pdf","basis":"municipal budget"},{"ref":"src_census_location_place","title":"Texas incorporated places - ACS24 representative internal points","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-01-01","url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/acs24/tigerweb_acs24_incplace_tx.html","basis":"Official Census TIGERweb geographic reference"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New verified Texas baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Location precision and financial metric normalization corrected after repository validation."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Financial funding-stage metadata normalized; substantive finding unchanged."}],"first_seen":"2023-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["FY2025-FY2026 actual break counts, affected-customer totals, pipe age, and full capital backlog were not verified."],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"approved_budget","value":476281685,"currency":"USD","unit":"FY2025 proposed budget","status":"Reported","period_start":"2024-10-01","period_end":"2025-09-30","scope":{"geography":"funds 8300 and 8305"},"basis":{"definition":"proposed budget"},"source_refs":["TX-HOU-2"],"funding_stage":"proposed","notes":"The reported $25 million water-operations addition is a component of this proposed program total and is not additive."}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-TX-STATEWIDE-FLOOD-RISK-CAPITAL-GAP-2024","revision":4,"change_type":"changed","title":"Texas statewide flood-risk mitigation need","description":"Texas' first State Flood Plan identifies 4,483 recommended flood-risk-reduction solutions with an estimated total cost of $54.5 billion: 3,097 evaluations ($2.6 billion), 615 mitigation projects ($49.1 billion), and 771 management strategies with nonrecurring costs ($2.8 billion). The second planning cycle is underway, with 2028 regional plans due January 10, 2028.","location":{"name":"Texas statewide flood-planning area","type":"Statewide flood-planning scope","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"All 15 flood-planning regions","counties":[],"extent":"statewide","coordinates":{"lat":31.4347032,"lon":-99.2818238,"precision":"state","source_ref":"src_census_location_state"}},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Documented exposure to 1-percent-annual-chance flooding is paired with a large portfolio of unfunded or not-yet-completed studies, projects, and management strategies.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Plan documents population, structures, and critical facilities at flood risk, but no single event harm is assigned.","service":"Flood protection and mobility risks are material.","scale":"All 15 state flood-planning regions.","duration":"Multi-cycle mitigation backlog.","significance":"State-adopted plan with $54.5 billion recommended portfolio."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Project-specific exposed populations are reported in the plan dataset; a non-overlapping statewide total was not verified in this batch."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 4,483 recommended solutions totaling an estimated $54.5 billion."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Yes: documented capital need is very large relative to currently identified project delivery; Yes: fragmented responsibility across numerous sponsors and regions; Unknown: statewide secured funding and gap cannot be calculated from the cited totals alone."]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"The risk portfolio remains active while the second planning cycle proceeds; no comparable statewide plan series yet exists.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: the statewide mitigation backlog will remain material through the 2028 planning cycle because the recommended portfolio totals $54.5 billion and project delivery is incremental.","horizon":"Through 2028","confidence":"High","assumptions":["Portfolio remains broadly valid","Funding continues incrementally"],"reversal_factors":["Large new appropriations","Portfolio reprioritization","Material project completion"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Texas Water Development Board"},{"name":"15 Regional Flood Planning Groups"},{"name":"local sponsors, drainage districts, river authorities, municipalities, and counties."}],"public_contact":"Texas Water Development Board Flood Planning Division, StateFloodPlan@twdb.texas.gov; 512-463-7847.","corrective_actions":["Implementation and funding of ranked evaluations, mitigation projects, and management strategies; continued five-year regional and state flood planning; FEMA mitigation grant applications."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2024 State Flood Plan","publisher":"Texas Water Development Board","date":"2024-08-15","url":"https://www.twdb.texas.gov/flood/planning/sfp/2024/doc/SFP-2024.pdf","basis":"Authoritative statewide plan"},{"ref":2,"title":"Flood Planning Frequently Asked Questions","publisher":"Texas Water Development Board","date":null,"url":"https://www.twdb.texas.gov/flood/planning/faq.asp","basis":"Current official planning-cycle status","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":"src_census_location_state","title":"U.S. States - BAS26 representative internal points","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2025-11-30","url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/acs26/tigerweb_acs26_state_2026_bas26_us.html","basis":"Official Census TIGERweb geographic reference"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified Texas baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Location precision and financial metric normalization corrected after repository validation."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Financial funding-stage metadata normalized; substantive finding unchanged."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-08-15","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Non-overlapping statewide population at risk","Funding secured across all solutions","Statewide funding gap","Completion status by project"],"related_ids":["US-TX-HILL-COUNTRY-FLASH-FLOOD-2025","US-TX-LOWER-RIO-GRANDE-FLOOD-2025"],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"capital_need","value":54500000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"estimated portfolio total","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-08-15","scope":{"geography":"Texas statewide flood plan"},"basis":{"definition":"3,097 evaluations, 615 projects, and 771 costed strategies"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Not an identified funding gap; funding secured was not aggregated.","funding_stage":"gap"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-TX-RIO-GRANDE-COMPACT-SETTLEMENT-2026","title":"Lower Rio Grande interstate allocation dispute","description":"Texas's interstate Rio Grande Compact case against New Mexico and Colorado remained active during most of the research window after the Supreme Court rejected a proposed consent decree in June 2024. The Court entered a revised final decree on May 26, 2026 and dismissed the United States' claims with prejudice on June 8, 2026, resolving the litigation while establishing controls intended to protect downstream Texas deliveries.","location":{"name":"Lower Rio Grande below Elephant Butte Reservoir","type":"interstate river basin and irrigation allocation","state":"TX","states":["TX","NM","CO"],"detail":"Elephant Butte Reservoir to the Texas state line and downstream Texas delivery area","counties":["El Paso","Hudspeth"],"extent":"watershed","coordinates":{"lat":31.8477804,"lon":-106.4311055,"precision":"city","source_ref":"src_census_location_place"}},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","agricultural","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The dispute concerned interstate allocation and groundwater pumping that depleted surface-water deliveries owed downstream under the Rio Grande Compact.","secondary_drivers":["groundwater-surface water interaction","interstate compact administration","irrigation supply"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Reduced downstream supply posed material agricultural and community risks; the reviewed orders did not quantify a specific health outcome.","service":"The dispute affected dependable interstate deliveries but no specific municipal outage was documented.","scale":"The compact spans three states and the federal Rio Grande Project.","duration":"Texas filed the original action in 2013 and the matter continued through June 2026.","significance":"The U.S. Supreme Court entered a final decree governing interstate deliveries and dismissed federal claims with prejudice."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No non-overlapping population count was reported in the reviewed decree and state release."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Supreme Court entered final decree May 26, 2026; federal claims dismissed with prejudice June 8, 2026."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No utility insolvency signal; allocation dispute resolved by decree"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The final decree closed the long-running litigation and created an enforceable allocation framework.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: implementation disputes may continue, but the decree materially reduces near-term legal uncertainty over Lower Rio Grande accounting.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Parties implement decree accounting and pumping controls"],"reversal_factors":["Implementation noncompliance","new hydrologic shortfalls","future decree-enforcement litigation"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Supreme Court of the United States","role":"Original-jurisdiction court"},{"name":"Texas Office of the Attorney General","role":"Counsel for Texas"},{"name":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","role":"Operates the Rio Grande Project"}],"public_contact":"Texas Office of the Attorney General, 512-463-2100.","corrective_actions":["Implement the final decree's interstate delivery accounting and groundwater controls.","Monitor compliance with downstream delivery obligations."],"sources":[{"ref":"src_tx_rio_docket_2026","title":"Supreme Court docket, Texas v. New Mexico and Colorado, No. 141 Original","publisher":"Supreme Court of the United States","date":"2026-06-08","url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22o141.html","basis":"Federal court docket"},{"ref":"src_tx_rio_ag_2026","title":"U.S. Supreme Court approves final Rio Grande settlement","publisher":"Texas Office of the Attorney General","date":"2026-06-02","url":"https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/news/releases/us-supreme-court-approves-historic-settlement-secured-attorney-general-paxton-ensures-texas-receives","basis":"State party release"},{"ref":"src_tx_rio_opinion_2024","title":"Texas v. New Mexico and Colorado, 602 U.S. 943 (2024)","publisher":"Supreme Court of the United States","date":"2024-06-21","url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/141orig_d18f.pdf","basis":"Federal court opinion"},{"ref":"src_census_location_place","title":"Texas incorporated places - ACS24 representative internal points","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-01-01","url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/acs24/tigerweb_acs24_incplace_tx.html","basis":"Official Census TIGERweb geographic reference"}],"first_seen":"2023-10-13","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["quantified Texas delivery gain","affected population"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]},"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":8,"note":"New verified Texas baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":8,"note":"Location precision and financial metric normalization corrected after repository validation."}]},{"id":"US-TX-ESTATES-SANDY-HILLS-ARSENIC-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Estates of Sandy Hills persistent arsenic MCL violation","description":"Estates of Sandy Hills persistent arsenic MCL violation is a verified Texas water issue documented by the cited official records. The core issue is chronic naturally occurring arsenic above the drinking-water MCL; treatment or alternate-source work is the corrective response.","location":{"name":"The Estates of Sandy Hills","type":"small public water supply","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"The Estates of Sandy Hills, Victoria area, Victoria, Texas","counties":["Victoria"],"extent":"county","coordinates":{"lat":28.8285277,"lon":-96.9860146,"precision":"city","source_ref":"src_census_location_place"}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The core issue is chronic naturally occurring arsenic above the drinking-water MCL; treatment or alternate-source work is the corrective response.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Arsenic running annual averages were 1.5 to 1.6 times the 0.010 mg/L MCL.","service":"The only documented system supply was noncompliant, although no outage was reported.","scale":"Very small residential system with at least 25 people.","duration":"Violations documented across three consecutive quarters and order allows up to 1,095 days for compliance.","significance":"TCEQ findings order, deferred penalty, treatment/alternate source plan and progress reporting."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":25,"status":"Reported","note":"Service or incident population reported by cited source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"arsenic running annual average: 0.016 mg/L"},"measures":[{"name":"arsenic running annual average","value":0.016,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported"},{"name":"arsenic running annual average","value":0.016,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported"},{"name":"arsenic running annual average","value":0.015,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["deferred maintenance or underinvestment: Unknown","temporary support dependence: Unknown","unfunded contaminant costs: Yes","capital need exceeds revenue capacity: Unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"","projection":{"statement":"Compliance is required within the order schedule, but no later sampling was located to verify progress.","horizon":"through 2027","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Order deadlines remain unchanged"],"reversal_factors":["verified return-to-compliance data","missed progress reports"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"South Texas Rentals, LLC","role":"owner/operator"},{"name":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality","role":"enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"TCEQ Enforcement Division, Team 5, 713-767-3743","corrective_actions":["Submit plan for alternate source, treatment, or other compliance means","Semiannual progress reports","Return to arsenic MCL compliance within 1,095 days of order effective date"],"sources":[{"ref":"TX-SH-1","title":"TCEQ Docket 2024-1032-PWS-E","publisher":"state enforcement order","date":"2025-03-14","url":"https://www.tceq.texas.gov/downloads/agency/decisions/agendas/backup/2024/2024-1032-pws-e.pdf","basis":"state enforcement order"},{"ref":"src_census_location_place","title":"Texas incorporated places - ACS24 representative internal points","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-01-01","url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/acs24/tigerweb_acs24_incplace_tx.html","basis":"Official Census TIGERweb geographic reference"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified Texas baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Location precision and financial metric normalization corrected after repository validation."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Financial funding-stage metadata normalized; substantive finding unchanged."}],"first_seen":"2023-09-30","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Order signature/effective date is not machine-readable in the posted copy; later compliance samples were not located."],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":40000,"currency":"USD","unit":"project estimate","status":"Reported","period_end":"2027-12-24","scope":{"geography":"arsenic compliance"},"basis":{"definition":"TCEQ penalty worksheet delayed-cost assumption"},"source_refs":["TX-SH-1"],"notes":"Not a funded project amount.","funding_stage":"estimated"}],"operating_health":[{"metric":"operating_expense","value":1937,"currency":"USD","unit":"penalty","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-03-14","scope":{"geography":"South Texas Rentals"},"basis":{"definition":"conditionally deferred upon compliance"},"source_refs":["TX-SH-1"]}],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-TX-GRAND-PRAIRIE-FOAMING-AGENT-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Grand Prairie north-of-I-20 foaming-agent do-not-use advisory","description":"Grand Prairie north-of-I-20 foaming-agent do-not-use advisory is a verified Texas water issue documented by the cited official records. An unidentified foaming agent in distributed water caused the use prohibition; the reviewed record did not establish an underlying asset failure.","location":{"name":"City of Grand Prairie Water Utilities","type":"municipal purchased-water distribution system","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"north of Interstate 20, Grand Prairie, Dallas and Tarrant, Texas","counties":["Dallas and Tarrant"],"extent":"county","coordinates":{"lat":32.6861079,"lon":-97.0208035,"precision":"city","source_ref":"src_census_location_place"}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"An unidentified foaming agent in distributed water caused the use prohibition; the reviewed record did not establish an underlying asset failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Potential illness risk prompted a do-not-drink/do-not-use notice; city reported no serious adverse medical reports.","service":"Tap water prohibited for drinking, cooking, bathing, pets, and dishwashing; only toilet flushing allowed.","scale":"Material multi-neighborhood area north of I-20; exact affected population not published.","duration":"Advisory lasted about three days.","significance":"TCEQ-required notice, bottled-water distribution, school closure, zoned flushing, and laboratory testing."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported in cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"advisory duration: 3 days approximately"},"measures":[{"name":"advisory duration","value":3,"unit":"days approximately","status":"Estimated"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"","projection":{"statement":"Resolved event; recurrence cannot be assessed from one incident.","horizon":"12 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["repeat foaming-agent detection"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Grand Prairie","role":"operator and emergency response"},{"name":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality","role":"regulator and sampling determination"}],"public_contact":"Grand Prairie Water Service, 972-237-8400","corrective_actions":["Isolated affected area","Distributed bottled water","Conducted laboratory sampling","Implemented zoned system flushing before lifting advisory"],"sources":[{"ref":"TX-GP-1","title":"Water Advisory Lifted","publisher":"municipal emergency notice","date":"2024-09-03","url":"https://www.gptx.org/Newsroom/WaterIssue","basis":"municipal emergency notice"},{"ref":"src_census_location_place","title":"Texas incorporated places - ACS24 representative internal points","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-01-01","url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/acs24/tigerweb_acs24_incplace_tx.html","basis":"Official Census TIGERweb geographic reference"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"New verified Texas baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"Location precision and financial metric normalization corrected after repository validation."}],"first_seen":"2024-09-03","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Chemical identity, concentration, source, and exact population affected were not published on the reviewed page."],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-TX-TIMBERLANE-TTHM-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Timberlane Water System recurring TTHM MCL violations","description":"Timberlane Water System recurring TTHM MCL violations is a verified Texas water issue documented by the cited official records. Repeated disinfection-byproduct exceedances are the health-based issue, while documented well, storage, flushing, and monitoring deficiencies are material infrastructure/operations contributors.","location":{"name":"Timberlane Water System","type":"small public water supply","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Timberlane Water System, Hemphill area, Sabine, Texas","counties":["Sabine"],"extent":"county","coordinates":{"lat":31.3432997,"lon":-93.8519129,"precision":"city","source_ref":"src_census_location_place"}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Repeated disinfection-byproduct exceedances are the health-based issue, while documented well, storage, flushing, and monitoring deficiencies are material infrastructure/operations contributors.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"TTHM LRAA reached 0.118 mg/L versus the 0.080 mg/L MCL.","service":"Noncompliant distributed drinking water; no outage documented.","scale":"Small 46-connection system.","duration":"Three consecutive quarterly MCL violations and three same/similar prior NOVs.","significance":"$2,800 TCEQ penalty and mandated return to compliance."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":25,"status":"Reported","note":"Service or incident population reported by cited source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM LRAA: 0.086 mg/L"},"measures":[{"name":"TTHM LRAA","value":0.086,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported"},{"name":"TTHM LRAA","value":0.112,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported"},{"name":"TTHM LRAA","value":0.118,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["deferred maintenance or underinvestment: Yes","unfunded contaminant costs: Unknown","governance or management capacity: Yes"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"","projection":{"statement":"Compliance remains due under the 2026 order; trend cannot be updated without post-order sampling.","horizon":"12 months","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["No later verified return-to-compliance sample"],"reversal_factors":["four-quarter compliant LRAA"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"CSWR-Texas Utility Operating Company, LLC","role":"owner/operator"},{"name":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality","role":"enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"TCEQ Enforcement Division, Team 5, 512-239-4678","corrective_actions":["Return to TTHM MCL compliance within 365 days after order effective date","Submit certification with supporting records within 380 days"],"sources":[{"ref":"TX-TIM-1","title":"TCEQ Docket 2025-1487-PWS-E","publisher":"state enforcement order","date":"2026-04-19","url":"https://www.tceq.texas.gov/downloads/agency/decisions/agendas/backup/2025/2025-1487-pws-e.pdf","basis":"state enforcement order"},{"ref":"src_census_location_place","title":"Texas incorporated places - ACS24 representative internal points","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-01-01","url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/acs24/tigerweb_acs24_incplace_tx.html","basis":"Official Census TIGERweb geographic reference"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified Texas baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Location precision and financial metric normalization corrected after repository validation."}],"first_seen":"2025-03-26","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Exact population above the regulatory minimum and post-order results not reported."],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[{"metric":"operating_expense","value":2800,"currency":"USD","unit":"penalty","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-04-19","scope":{"geography":"Timberlane Water System"},"basis":{"definition":"TCEQ order; paid"},"source_refs":["TX-TIM-1"]}],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-TX-EDWARDS-AQUIFER-DROUGHT-STAGE-3-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Edwards Aquifer San Antonio Pool Stage 3 drought restrictions","description":"The Edwards Aquifer Authority reported the San Antonio Pool in Stage 3 on October 9, 2026, requiring a 35% pumping reduction. EAA's 2025 budget showed annual critical-period reduction percentages rising from 26.59% in 2022 to 35.81% in 2023 and 36.43% in 2024, evidence of persistent regional drought stress.","location":{"name":"Edwards Aquifer San Antonio Pool","type":"Multi-county groundwater management area","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"South-central Texas, excluding the Uvalde Pool","counties":["Bexar","Comal","Hays","Medina"],"extent":"multi_county","coordinates":{"lat":29.4628094,"lon":-98.5246346,"precision":"city","source_ref":"src_census_location_place"}},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Persistently low aquifer levels and springflows trigger mandatory pumping reductions; no failed physical asset is the primary cause.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Low aquifer and springflow conditions create ecological and supply risk; acute harm not quantified.","service":"A 35% pumping reduction materially constrains an essential source.","scale":"Multi-county groundwater pool.","duration":"Multi-year critical-period indicators show persistence.","significance":"Formal regulatory drought stage and mandatory permit reductions."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported for current restrictions; pumping permit holders in the San Antonio Pool are subject to the reduction."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Stage 3, 35% pumping reduction on October 9, 2026; annual critical-period reduction 36.43% in 2024."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Yes: permit holders face recurrent supply reductions and alternative-supply costs; Unknown: utility-specific rate, debt, liquidity, or affordability effects. No insolvency evidence was found."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The 2022-2024 annual critical-period reduction percentages rose, and Stage 3 remained active in October 2026.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: material pumping limits are likely to persist or recur over the next 12 months absent sustained recharge.","horizon":"12 months","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Recharge remains below that needed for sustained stage exit"],"reversal_factors":["Sustained basin rainfall and recharge","Strong springflow recovery"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Edwards Aquifer Authority","role":"critical-period management and pumping reductions"},{"name":"permitted municipal, industrial, and irrigation users (compliance and alternative supplies)."}],"public_contact":"Edwards Aquifer Authority, 210-222-2204 or 800-292-1047.","corrective_actions":["Stage 3 pumping reductions; aquifer and springflow monitoring; use of alternative supplies by affected water providers; EAA critical-period management program."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Current and Historic Aquifer Conditions","publisher":"Edwards Aquifer Authority","date":"2023-03-30","url":"https://www.edwardsaquifer.org/","basis":"Current official drought stage","accessed":"2026-10-09"},{"ref":2,"title":"2025 Adopted Operating Budget","publisher":"Edwards Aquifer Authority","date":"2024-11-12","url":"https://edwardsaquifer.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/2025-EAA-Adopted-Operating-Budget-11-12-24.pdf","basis":"Official historic critical-period indicators"},{"ref":"src_census_location_place","title":"Texas incorporated places - ACS24 representative internal points","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-01-01","url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/acs24/tigerweb_acs24_incplace_tx.html","basis":"Official Census TIGERweb geographic reference"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New verified Texas baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Location precision and financial metric normalization corrected after repository validation."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current J-17 level and springflow values","Permit-holder population","Alternative-supply cost","Utility-specific restrictions"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-TX-SRC-WATER-TEMP-MANAGER-2025","title":"SRC Water Supply abandonment and temporary management","description":"The Public Utility Commission of Texas appointed a temporary manager after SRC Water Supply told TCEQ it intended to abandon 11 public water systems and staff alleged noncompliance with an emergency order to provide continuous and adequate service to Rolling Hills customers. The temporary manager remains the formal continuity response documented in the reviewed order.","location":{"name":"SRC Water Supply Inc.","type":"privately owned multi-system water utility","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Eleven public water systems in nine Texas counties","counties":["Denton","Harris","Jim Wells","Limestone","McLennan","Shelby","Walker","Waller","Wise"],"extent":"multi_county","coordinates":{"lat":31.4347032,"lon":-99.2818238,"precision":"state","source_ref":"src_census_location_state"}},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Utility abandonment and the regulator's appointment of a temporary manager are the principal structural governance and operating-continuity failures.","secondary_drivers":["owner abandonment","continuous-service risk","failed sale"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Regulators documented risk of inadequate continuous water service, but no quantified health outcome was reported.","service":"The appointment was sought to ensure reliable, adequate and continuous service across 11 systems.","scale":"Eleven public water systems are involved; total service population was not reported in the reviewed order.","duration":"An emergency service order preceded the March 2025 petition and the appointment has no fixed end date.","significance":"A formal PUCT temporary-manager order followed the utility's stated intent to abandon all 11 systems."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"PUCT reported approximately 431 customer connections, but did not report service population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"11 public water systems and approximately 431 customer connections placed under a PUCT-appointed temporary manager."},"measures":[{"name":"public_water_systems","value":11,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Systems controlled by SRC."},{"name":"customer_connections","value":431,"unit":"connections","status":"Reported","note":"PUCT reported approximately 431 connections."},{"name":"temporary_manager_compensation","value":12,"unit":"USD_per_connection_per_month","status":"Reported","note":"Compensation requested by Commission Staff."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Severe","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Owner stated intent to abandon all 11 systems","Formal temporary management","Prior sale fell through","Continuous-service emergency order"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Formal management intervention stabilizes operations, but reviewed evidence does not establish durable transfer or resolution.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Public Utility Commission of Texas","role":"Appointed and oversees temporary manager"},{"name":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality","role":"Drinking-water regulator and referral partner"}],"public_contact":"Public Utility Commission of Texas, Water Utility Regulation Division, 512-936-7405; TCEQ Receivership At-Risk Program, 512-239-5090.","corrective_actions":["Operate the 11 systems through the appointed temporary manager.","Maintain reliable, adequate and continuous water service while a durable owner or court-supervised disposition is pursued."],"sources":[{"ref":"src_tx_src_release_2025","title":"Public Utility Commission of Texas Appoints Temporary Manager for SRC Water Supply","publisher":"Public Utility Commission of Texas","date":"2025-04-04","url":"https://ftp.puc.texas.gov/public/puct-info/agency/resources/pubs/news/2025/PUCT_Appoints_Temporary_Manager_for_SRC_Water_Supply.pdf","basis":"State regulator press release"},{"ref":"src_tx_src_2025","title":"Docket No. 57818, Order Appointing Temporary Manager for SRC Water Supply Inc.","publisher":"Public Utility Commission of Texas","date":"2025-04-03","url":"https://interchange.puc.texas.gov/Documents/57818_2_1479336.PDF","basis":"State regulatory order and filing record"},{"ref":"src_census_location_state","title":"U.S. States - BAS26 representative internal points","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2025-11-30","url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/acs26/tigerweb_acs26_state_2026_bas26_us.html","basis":"Official Census TIGERweb geographic reference"}],"first_seen":"2024-12-12","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["aggregate service population","current owner-transfer status","rates and household burden","utility balance-sheet data"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[{"metric":"formal_proceeding","status":"Reported","value":null,"unit":"","as_of_date":"2025-03-14","text":"PUCT appointed a temporary manager after SRC stated intent to abandon 11 systems.","scope":{"geography":"SRC Water Supply Inc. systems"},"basis":{"definition":"formal regulatory order"},"source_refs":["src_tx_src_2025"],"label":"temporary management"},{"metric":"operating_expense","status":"Reported","value":12,"currency":"USD","unit":"per_connection_per_month","as_of_date":"2025-03-14","scope":{"geography":"SRC Water Supply Inc."},"basis":{"definition":"Commission Staff requested compensation"},"source_refs":["src_tx_src_2025"],"label":"temporary manager compensation"}],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]},"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified Texas baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Location precision and financial metric normalization corrected after repository validation."}]},{"id":"US-TX-PERMIAN-PRODUCED-WATER-DISPOSAL-RISK-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Permian Basin produced-water volumes create disposal-confinement and induced-seismicity risk","description":"Texas generates approximately 24 million barrels per day of produced water from oil and gas operations. RRC found that large historical and current disposal rates, rising reservoir pressure, and dense legacy well penetrations create increased risk that injected fluids may not remain confined in parts of the Permian Basin. It strengthened shallow seismic review in March 2024, adopted expanded half-mile confinement review and pressure/volume criteria effective June 2025, and applied special seismic-risk conditions to 186 FY2024 disposal permits. This record documents an active regulatory risk and response; it does not claim confirmed basinwide groundwater contamination.","location":{"name":"Texas Permian Basin","type":"Multi-county oil-and-gas production basin","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Railroad Commission Districts 7C, 08, and 8A and designated seismic review areas","counties":[],"extent":"multi_county","coordinates":{"lat":32.0246419,"lon":-102.1134666,"precision":"city","source_ref":"src_census_location_place"}},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The principal issue is safe management and geologic confinement of very large oil-and-gas wastewater volumes, including pressure and seismicity risks that could threaten groundwater or surface water if fluids escape.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"1: RRC identifies plausible confinement and induced-seismicity harm requiring controls; the cited records do not document a basinwide freshwater contamination event.","service":"0: No drinking-water outage, sanitation interruption, or confirmed water-service loss was established.","scale":"2: Approximately 24 million barrels per day are generated statewide, with enhanced controls across the multi-county Permian Basin.","duration":"2: Produced-water generation grows over a well's life and disposal pressure/seismicity require ongoing permit review and monitoring.","significance":"2: RRC imposed new basin-specific permit criteria, seismic review, monitoring, and special conditions, and identified three seismic response areas."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported. The regulatory actions cover a multi-county production basin, but no defensible exposed-population count is provided."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Produced water generation: 24000000 barrels per day"},"measures":[{"name":"Produced water generation","value":24000000,"unit":"barrels per day","status":"Reported","note":"Texas oil and gas production"},{"name":"Expanded area of review radius","value":0.5,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"New and amended Permian saltwater-disposal well permits"},{"name":"FY2024 disposal applications receiving seismicity review","value":367,"unit":"applications","status":"Reported","note":"RRC"},{"name":"FY2024 permits issued with seismic mitigation conditions","value":186,"unit":"permits","status":"Reported","note":"RRC"},{"name":"Applications withdrawn, returned, or denied after FY2024 seismic review","value":110,"unit":"applications","status":"Reported","note":"RRC"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["rising compliance cost: Yes: expanded technical review, monitoring, pressure and volume constraints","demand volatility: Yes: produced-water volume increases as wells mature","confirmed insolvency: No evidence found","assessment: Watch reflects a material wastewater-management and compliance exposure for operators; it is not a finding that a utility or operator is insolvent."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Waste volume remains structurally high while regulatory controls and monitoring have tightened materially since 2024.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: produced-water disposal will remain a high-monitoring regulatory issue over the next 2-5 years, with more permit constraints and reuse research likely but no basis to project basinwide contamination.","horizon":"2-5 years","confidence":"Medium","evidence":"24 million barrels/day, pressure and legacy-well findings, permit outcomes, and successive rule changes","assumptions":["Permian production remains high","Deep and shallow injection remain primary management pathways","Current permit controls remain in force"],"reversal_factors":["Large-scale economical treatment and reuse","Sustained production decline","Demonstrated pressure stabilization","New monitoring showing confinement failure or alternatively low risk"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Railroad Commission of Texas"},{"name":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality for authorized surface-water discharges under TPDES"},{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency oversight of Texas Class II UIC primacy"},{"name":"oil and gas operators and saltwater-disposal well operators."}],"public_contact":"RRC Injection-Storage Permits Unit, UIC_Permits@rrc.texas.gov, 512-463-6792; Environmental Permits and Support Unit, EPSch4@rrc.texas.gov, 512-463-3840.","corrective_actions":["RRC refined shallow seismic review effective March 15, 2024; imposed basinwide enhanced disposal-well criteria effective June 1, 2025; requires expanded legacy-well review, pressure-based injection limits, volume limits, and continued seismicity review within 25 kilometers of an event; Chapter 4 waste-management rules took effect July 1, 2025."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Managing Produced Water","publisher":"Railroad Commission of Texas","date":"2024-12-16","url":"https://www.rrc.texas.gov/media/10qnarx5/rrc-managing-produced-water-12-16-24.pdf","basis":"State regulator overview of produced-water volume and management challenge"},{"ref":2,"title":"RRC Issues Enhanced Guidelines for Permian Basin Disposal Wells","publisher":"Railroad Commission of Texas","date":"2025-05-16","url":"https://www.rrc.texas.gov/news/05162025-permian-disposal-wells-guidance-release/","basis":"Official enhanced permit-guideline announcement"},{"ref":3,"title":"Seismicity Review","publisher":"Railroad Commission of Texas","date":"2024-03-15","url":"https://www.rrc.texas.gov/oil-and-gas/applications-and-permits/injection-storage-permits/oil-and-gas-waste-disposal/injection-disposal-permit-procedures/seismicity-review/","basis":"Official seismic review criteria and 2024 effective date"},{"ref":4,"title":"End-of-Year FY2024 Report on Texas Class II UIC Program","publisher":"Railroad Commission of Texas","date":"2025-09-17","url":"https://www.rrc.texas.gov/media/tosf3jxn/trrc-eoy-fy-2024-signed.pdf","basis":"Official permit-review outcomes and EPA observations"},{"ref":5,"title":"Railroad Commission of Texas News - 2025 legislative investments","publisher":"Railroad Commission of Texas","date":"2025-06-01","url":"https://www.rrc.texas.gov/news/?p=2025","basis":"Official regulator description of produced-water data-system and injection-investigation funding; exact item date not exposed in indexed result"},{"ref":6,"title":"Notice to Operators: Permian Basin Saltwater Disposal Well Guidelines","publisher":"Railroad Commission of Texas","date":"2025-05-15","url":"https://www.rrc.texas.gov/announcements/051525-nto-permian-swd-guidelines/","basis":"Official finding of increased confinement risk from disposal rates, reservoir pressure, and legacy wells"},{"ref":"src_census_location_place","title":"Texas incorporated places - ACS24 representative internal points","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-01-01","url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/acs24/tigerweb_acs24_incplace_tx.html","basis":"Official Census TIGERweb geographic reference"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified Texas baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Location precision and financial metric normalization corrected after repository validation."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Financial funding-stage metadata normalized; substantive finding unchanged."}],"first_seen":"2024-03-15","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Permian-only daily produced-water volume","Population exposed","Freshwater contamination incidence attributable to current disposal operations","Operator compliance cost","Treatment/reuse unit cost","Cleanup liability","County-by-county permit and seismicity outcomes"],"related_ids":["US-TX-STATEWIDE-SURFACE-WATER-IMPAIRMENTS-2024"],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"approved_budget","value":16700000,"currency":"USD","unit":"legislative support (more than)","status":"Reported","period_start":"2026-09-01","period_end":"2027-08-31","scope":{"program":"RRC technology modernization","project":"Produced-water and authorized-pit data systems","geography":"Texas"},"basis":{"definition":"State legislative support described by RRC for the next biennium"},"source_refs":[5],"notes":"Amount supports multiple modernization initiatives and should not be treated as a cleanup cost or project expenditure.","funding_stage":"spent"},{"metric":"secured_funding","value":1300000,"currency":"USD","unit":"legislative support","status":"Reported","period_start":"2026-09-01","period_end":"2027-08-31","scope":{"program":"RRC injection oversight","project":"Underground Injection Control investigation team","geography":"Texas"},"basis":{"definition":"Funding to help ensure injected fluids remain confined and safeguard fresh water"},"source_refs":[5],"notes":"Authorized/support amount; expenditure status not reported.","funding_stage":"spent"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-TX-LOWER-RIO-GRANDE-FLOOD-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"March 2025 Lower Rio Grande Valley severe storms and flooding","description":"Severe storms beginning March 27, 2025 caused heavy rainfall, flash flooding, hazardous wind, widespread severe property damage, injury, or loss of life in Cameron, Hidalgo, Starr, and Willacy counties. Texas declared a state disaster on May 28, 2025; FEMA's May 21 declaration authorized Individual Assistance for the designated area and statewide hazard mitigation.","location":{"name":"Lower Rio Grande Valley March 2025 flood area","type":"Four-county severe-storm and flood disaster area","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Cameron, Hidalgo, Starr, and Willacy counties","counties":["Cameron","Hidalgo","Starr","Willacy"],"extent":"multi_county","coordinates":{"lat":26.2249657,"lon":-98.246083,"precision":"city","source_ref":"src_census_location_place"}},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Heavy rainfall and flash flooding were the documented primary causes; no specific failed drainage asset was established across the four-county event.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The proclamation documents injury or loss of life and severe property damage without counts.","service":"Emergency and recovery services were materially engaged.","scale":"Four-county event.","duration":"Acute event with subsequent disaster assistance.","significance":"State and federal disaster actions."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported in the cited disaster proclamation."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: four counties under state disaster proclamation; quantitative damage and population were not reported in cited records."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No utility or drainage-district financial evidence was verified for the consolidated event."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"A single multi-county event does not establish a trend.","projection":{"statement":"No recurrence projection; event-specific history is insufficient.","horizon":"Not applicable","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["Comparable event history or drainage-capacity evidence"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Affected counties and municipalities"},{"name":"Texas Division of Emergency Management"},{"name":"FEMA."}],"public_contact":"Texas Division of Emergency Management, 512-424-2208; FEMA Helpline, 800-621-3362.","corrective_actions":["State disaster response; FEMA Individual Assistance and hazard-mitigation eligibility; local recovery and damage assessment."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"South Texas Flooding Disaster Proclamation","publisher":"Office of the Texas Governor","date":"2025-05-28","url":"https://gov.texas.gov/uploads/files/press/DISASTER_south_Texas_flooding_IMAGE_05-28-2025..pdf_.pdf","basis":"Official state disaster proclamation"},{"ref":2,"title":"Preliminary Damage Assessment Report, FEMA-4871-DR-TX","publisher":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","date":"2025-05-21","url":"https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/PDAReport_FEMA4871DR-TX.pdf","basis":"Federal disaster assessment and declaration record"},{"ref":"src_census_location_place","title":"Texas incorporated places - ACS24 representative internal points","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-01-01","url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/acs24/tigerweb_acs24_incplace_tx.html","basis":"Official Census TIGERweb geographic reference"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"New verified Texas baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"Location precision and financial metric normalization corrected after repository validation."}],"first_seen":"2025-03-27","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Fatalities","Structures damaged","Flood depth","Final damage cost","Drainage-project response"],"related_ids":["US-TX-STATEWIDE-FLOOD-RISK-CAPITAL-GAP-2024"],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-TX-CORPUS-CHRISTI-WASTEWATER-CONSENT-DECREE-2019","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Corpus Christi sanitary-sewer consent-decree rehabilitation","description":"Corpus Christi's adopted FY2026 budget reports continued implementation of the federal consent decree: priority-neighborhood televising and condition assessment were completed in FY2025, non-priority inspections continue in FY2026, and more than 20 miles of wastewater mains had been replaced. The capital plan separately identifies a $12.323 million, revenue-bond-funded wet-weather overflow capacity project for 2025-2027.","location":{"name":"Corpus Christi wastewater service area","type":"Municipal wastewater utility service area","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Corpus Christi, Nueces County","counties":["Nueces"],"extent":"city","coordinates":{"lat":27.7542524,"lon":-97.1733853,"precision":"city","source_ref":"src_census_location_place"}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Wet-weather overflows and collection-system defects require physical rehabilitation plus consent-decree management and inspection controls.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"SSOs can expose people and receiving waters, but current health outcomes were not quantified.","service":"Collection capacity and reliability constraints are documented.","scale":"Citywide utility impact; affected population not quantified in cited sources.","duration":"Multi-year consent-decree work remains active.","significance":"Federal consent decree and material corrective capital program."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported in the cited consent-decree progress sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: more than 20 miles of wastewater mains replaced; $12,323,406 wet-weather capacity project funded with revenue bonds."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Yes: documented renewal need and debt-funded corrective capital; Unknown: structural revenue insufficiency, liquidity stress, covenant breach, arrears, or insolvency. Evidence supports a monitoring designation, not financial distress."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The city reports completed priority-area assessment and more than 20 miles of main replacement, while the remaining decree work continues.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: condition assessment and capacity projects should reduce overflow likelihood over the next 2-5 years, although residual risk remains until non-priority assessment and construction are complete.","horizon":"2-5 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Budgeted revenue-bond funding remains available","Projects stay on schedule"],"reversal_factors":["Construction delay","New capacity constraints","Higher-than-expected defect rate"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Corpus Christi Water and City of Corpus Christi","role":"implementation"},{"name":"EPA and TCEQ","role":"oversight"},{"name":"U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Texas (decree jurisdiction)."}],"public_contact":"Corpus Christi Water, 311 or 361-826-CITY; EPA Water Enforcement Division, 202-564-1256.","corrective_actions":["CCTV inspection and condition assessment; priority-based repair/replacement; more than 20 miles of main replaced; hydraulic modeling and wet-weather capacity improvements; continued non-priority area inspection in FY2026."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Corpus Christi Adopted Budget FY2026","publisher":"City of Corpus Christi","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://www.corpuschristitx.gov/media/1d5phob4/adopted-budget-book-fy-2026-final-online.pdf","basis":"Official budget and consent-decree performance reporting"},{"ref":2,"title":"FY2024-2025 Adopted Capital Budget","publisher":"City of Corpus Christi","date":"2024-10-01","url":"https://www.corpuschristitx.gov/media/rxwh0gih/fy2024-2025-adopted-capital-budget.pdf","basis":"Official capital project and funding schedule"},{"ref":"src_census_location_place","title":"Texas incorporated places - ACS24 representative internal points","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-01-01","url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/acs24/tigerweb_acs24_incplace_tx.html","basis":"Official Census TIGERweb geographic reference"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified Texas baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Location precision and financial metric normalization corrected after repository validation."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Financial funding-stage metadata normalized; substantive finding unchanged."}],"first_seen":"2019-12-23","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current SSO frequency and volume","Service population","Total consent-decree cost","Affordability burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":12323406,"currency":"USD","unit":"project total","status":"Reported","period_start":"2025-01-01","period_end":"2027-12-31","scope":{"geography":"Corpus Christi wastewater collection system"},"basis":{"definition":"Adopted FY2025 CIP"},"source_refs":[2],"notes":"Funding source is reported as revenue bonds; this is one project, not the total decree cost.","funding_stage":"authorized"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-TX-SAWS-SEWER-OVERFLOW-CONSENT-DECREE-2013","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"San Antonio Water System sewer-overflow consent-decree program","description":"SAWS published its 2025 Sewer Management Program annual report and continues consent-decree capital work. The utility states it is investing an estimated $1.2 billion in sewer-system capital to meet decree requirements from 2013 through 2027. Its 2026 budget lists consent-decree compliance as a key initiative and reports no 2026 increase for core water and wastewater rates.","location":{"name":"San Antonio Water System wastewater service area","type":"Regional municipal wastewater utility service area","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"San Antonio and surrounding service area, Bexar County","counties":["Bexar"],"extent":"multi_county","coordinates":{"lat":29.4628094,"lon":-98.5246346,"precision":"city","source_ref":"src_census_location_place"}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Chronic sanitary-sewer overflows are being addressed through physical sewer rehabilitation and a court-enforceable management, inspection, and maintenance program.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Chronic sewage overflows are the decree basis, but current quantified exposure was not extracted.","service":"System reliability is materially affected.","scale":"Regional utility scale, but wastewater service population was not verified.","duration":"Program extends from 2013 through 2027.","significance":"Federal consent decree and billion-dollar corrective program."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported for wastewater service in the cited current sources; EPA SDWIS reports 2,643,729 for the separate SAWS drinking-water system and is not used as a sewer-service estimate."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: estimated $1.2 billion sewer investment from 2013-2027; 2025 annual sewer-management report published."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Yes: major compliance capital need; No current evidence of rate shock in 2026 because SAWS reports no core water/wastewater rate increase; Unknown: arrears, liquidity stress, or debt-service constraint specific to the decree. SAWS reports strong financial metrics as a 2026 goal."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The current annual-report program and active capital work demonstrate continued corrective implementation; comparable annual overflow measures were not extracted.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: the current capital program should reduce structural overflow drivers through 2027, but complete risk reduction cannot be confirmed without comparable SSO data.","horizon":"Through 2027","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Capital program completion","Continued operations funding"],"reversal_factors":["Project delay","New high-volume SSOs","Funding reprioritization"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"San Antonio Water System","role":"operator and implementation"},{"name":"City of San Antonio","role":"rate approval"},{"name":"EPA and TCEQ","role":"oversight"},{"name":"U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas (decree jurisdiction)."}],"public_contact":"San Antonio Water System, 210-704-SAWS (7297); EPA Water Enforcement Division, 202-564-1256.","corrective_actions":["Systemwide inspection and condition assessment; cleaning and maintenance; overflow response; rehabilitation of poor-condition pipes; annual sewer-management reporting; capital delivery through 2027."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Download Documents - 2025 Sewer Management Program Annual Report","publisher":"San Antonio Water System","date":"2026-01-01","url":"https://www.saws.org/infrastructure/epa/download-documents/","basis":"Utility consent-decree document repository"},{"ref":2,"title":"Infrastructure - EPA Consent Decree","publisher":"San Antonio Water System","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://www.saws.org/infrastructure/","basis":"Utility capital-program statement"},{"ref":3,"title":"2026 Annual Budget","publisher":"San Antonio Water System","date":"2026-01-01","url":"https://www.saws.org/about-saws/financial-reports/annual-budget-reports/","basis":"Official budget summary"},{"ref":"src_census_location_place","title":"Texas incorporated places - ACS24 representative internal points","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-01-01","url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/acs24/tigerweb_acs24_incplace_tx.html","basis":"Official Census TIGERweb geographic reference"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified Texas baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Location precision and financial metric normalization corrected after repository validation."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Financial funding-stage metadata normalized; substantive finding unchanged."}],"first_seen":"2013-07-23","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["2025 SSO count and volume","Wastewater service population","Decree capital spent to date","Household burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"rate_change_approved","value":0,"currency":"USD","unit":"percent for 2026","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-01-01","scope":{"geography":"Core SAWS water and wastewater services"},"basis":{"definition":"Approved 2026 budget summary"},"source_refs":[3],"notes":"Does not include recycled-water or chilled-water adjustments."}],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"capital_need","value":1200000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"estimated program total","status":"Reported","period_start":"2013-01-01","period_end":"2027-12-31","scope":{"geography":"SAWS sewer system"},"basis":{"definition":"Utility infrastructure program statement"},"source_refs":[2],"notes":"Source calls the amount estimated.","funding_stage":"estimated"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-TX-LAKEWAY-HARBOR-DBP-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lakeway Harbor Subdivision TTHM and HAA5 MCL violations","description":"Lakeway Harbor Subdivision TTHM and HAA5 MCL violations is a verified Texas water issue documented by the cited official records. The documented issue was disinfection-byproduct concentrations above MCLs; no asset failure was established.","location":{"name":"Lakeway Harbor Subdivision public water supply","type":"community public water system","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Lakeway Harbor Subdivision, Flint area, Smith, Texas","counties":["Smith"],"extent":"county","coordinates":{"lat":31.4347032,"lon":-99.2818238,"precision":"state","source_ref":"src_census_location_state"}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue was disinfection-byproduct concentrations above MCLs; no asset failure was established.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"TTHM and HAA5 LRAAs exceeded health-based MCLs.","service":"Drinking-water compliance affected without outage/advisory evidence.","scale":"277-connection subdivision system.","duration":"Violations spanned multiple quarters and were resolved August 2025.","significance":"$7,500 TCEQ penalty."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":25,"status":"Reported","note":"Service or incident population reported by cited source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM LRAA maximum: 0.105 mg/L"},"measures":[{"name":"TTHM LRAA maximum","value":0.105,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported"},{"name":"HAA5 LRAA maximum","value":0.064,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["governance or management capacity: Yes"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"","projection":{"statement":"Continued compliance depends on treatment and distribution controls.","horizon":"12 months","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["August 2025 compliance continues"],"reversal_factors":["renewed DBP MCL exceedance"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Texas Water Utilities, L.P.","role":"owner/operator"},{"name":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality","role":"enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"TCEQ Enforcement Division, Team 5, 512-239-2507","corrective_actions":["Returned to TTHM and HAA5 MCL compliance on August 21, 2025"],"sources":[{"ref":"TX-LWH-1","title":"TCEQ Docket 2025-0637-PWS-E","publisher":"state enforcement order","date":"2025-12-26","url":"https://www.tceq.texas.gov/downloads/agency/decisions/agendas/backup/2025/2025-0637-pws-e.pdf","basis":"state enforcement order"},{"ref":"src_census_location_state","title":"U.S. States - BAS26 representative internal points","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2025-11-30","url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/acs26/tigerweb_acs26_state_2026_bas26_us.html","basis":"Official Census TIGERweb geographic reference"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New verified Texas baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Location precision and financial metric normalization corrected after repository validation."}],"first_seen":"2024-09-30","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Exact service population and specific treatment changes were not reported."],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[{"metric":"operating_expense","value":7500,"currency":"USD","unit":"penalty","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-12-26","scope":{"geography":"Lakeway Harbor"},"basis":{"definition":"TCEQ order; paid"},"source_refs":["TX-LWH-1"]}],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-TX-LOOP-WSC-ARSENIC-FLUORIDE-2023","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Loop WSC arsenic, fluoride, and lead/copper monitoring violations","description":"Loop WSC arsenic, fluoride, and lead/copper monitoring violations is a verified Texas water issue documented by the cited official records. The main harms were chemical MCL exceedances and missing compliance monitoring rather than a documented physical failure.","location":{"name":"Loop Water Supply Corporation","type":"small public water supply","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Loop WSC, Loop, Gaines, Texas","counties":["Gaines"],"extent":"county","coordinates":{"lat":32.9141886,"lon":-102.4147094,"precision":"city","source_ref":"src_census_location_cdp"}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The main harms were chemical MCL exceedances and missing compliance monitoring rather than a documented physical failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Arsenic and fluoride RAA values exceeded MCLs.","service":"Community drinking-water system noncompliance; no outage reported.","scale":"102-connection small system.","duration":"Arsenic exceedance persisted into 2023 before March 2024 compliance.","significance":"TCEQ findings order and $3,450 paid penalty."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":25,"status":"Reported","note":"Service or incident population reported by cited source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"arsenic running annual average: 0.016 mg/L"},"measures":[{"name":"arsenic running annual average","value":0.016,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported"},{"name":"fluoride running annual average","value":4.5,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["governance or management capacity: Yes","unfunded contaminant costs: Unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"","projection":{"statement":"No recurrence forecast from the resolved order.","horizon":"12 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["new MCL or monitoring violation"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Loop Water Supply Corporation","role":"owner/operator"},{"name":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality","role":"enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"TCEQ Enforcement Division, Team 5, 512-239-1120","corrective_actions":["Fluoride compliance by September 1, 2023","Public notification by September 9, 2023","Lead/copper samples collected by November 27, 2023","Arsenic compliance by March 15, 2024"],"sources":[{"ref":"TX-LOOP-1","title":"TCEQ Docket 2023-1033-PWS-E","publisher":"state enforcement order","date":"2025-01-31","url":"https://www.tceq.texas.gov/downloads/agency/decisions/agendas/backup/2023/2023-1033-pws-e.pdf","basis":"state enforcement order"},{"ref":"src_census_location_cdp","title":"Texas census-designated places - ACS24 representative internal points","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-01-01","url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/acs24/tigerweb_acs24_cdp_tx.html","basis":"Official Census TIGERweb geographic reference"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New verified Texas baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Location precision and financial metric normalization corrected after repository validation."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Financial funding-stage metadata normalized; substantive finding unchanged."}],"first_seen":"2023-07-17","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Exact served population above regulatory minimum not reported."],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":5000,"currency":"USD","unit":"cost estimate","status":"Reported","period_end":"2024-03-15","scope":{"geography":"Loop WSC"},"basis":{"definition":"TCEQ economic-benefit worksheet"},"source_refs":["TX-LOOP-1"],"funding_stage":"estimated"}],"operating_health":[{"metric":"operating_expense","value":3450,"currency":"USD","unit":"penalty","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-01-31","scope":{"geography":"Loop WSC"},"basis":{"definition":"TCEQ order; paid"},"source_refs":["TX-LOOP-1"]}],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-TX-AQUA-TEXAS-RATE-CASE-2025","title":"Aqua Texas multi-system water and sewer rate case","description":"Aqua Texas filed a Class A water and sewer rate application covering six certificates and requested annual revenue increases of $17.78 million for water and $11.36 million for sewer. The PUCT found the supplemented application administratively complete in October 2025, found notice sufficient and suspended the effective date, leaving customer impacts subject to adjudication in the latest reviewed order.","location":{"name":"Aqua Texas service areas","type":"multi-system investor-owned water and sewer utility","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Multiple Aqua Texas subdivisions and systems under CCNs 13201, 13203, 13254, 21059, 21065 and 21116","counties":[],"extent":"multi_county","coordinates":{"lat":31.4347032,"lon":-99.2818238,"precision":"state","source_ref":"src_census_location_state"}},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The primary issue is a regulated multi-system revenue requirement and resulting customer rate exposure, with capital and operating costs as stated drivers.","secondary_drivers":["capital recovery","inflation","customer affordability"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Affordability harm is plausible, but no regulator-verified household-burden outcome was located.","service":"No water or sewer service interruption was documented in the rate filings.","scale":"The protest threshold of 7,897 customers represented 10 percent of affected ratepayers under original jurisdiction, implying a large multi-system customer base.","duration":"The filing began June 2025 and remained subject to suspended rates in the latest reviewed order.","significance":"A formal PUCT Class A rate proceeding covers six water and sewer certificates and material annual revenue requests."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The notice establishes at least 78,970 affected ratepayer accounts under original jurisdiction by its stated 10-percent protest threshold, but does not report service population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$17.7845 million requested annual water revenue increase plus $11.364116 million requested annual sewer revenue increase."},"measures":[{"name":"requested_water_annual_revenue_increase","value":17784500,"unit":"USD_per_year","status":"Reported"},{"name":"requested_sewer_annual_revenue_increase","value":11364116,"unit":"USD_per_year","status":"Reported"},{"name":"protest_threshold_accounts","value":7897,"unit":"ratepayer_accounts","status":"Reported","note":"The notice states this is 10 percent of affected customers under original jurisdiction."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Material requested revenue increase","Capital-recovery and inflation exposure","Large multi-system customer impact","No evidence of insolvency or continuity threat"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One pending rate case does not establish a long-term rate trend.","projection":null},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Public Utility Commission of Texas","role":"Rate regulator and adjudicator"},{"name":"Office of Public Utility Counsel","role":"Represents residential and small-commercial consumers"}],"public_contact":"Public Utility Commission of Texas Customer Protection Division, 1-888-782-8477.","corrective_actions":["PUCT suspended the proposed effective date while the supplemented application proceeds.","Adjudicate the revenue requirement, rate design and customer notice in Docket 58124."],"sources":[{"ref":"src_tx_aqua_notice_2025","title":"PUCT Docket 58124 Notice of Proposed Rate Change","publisher":"Public Utility Commission of Texas Interchange / Aqua Texas","date":"2025-06-20","url":"https://interchange.puc.texas.gov/Documents/58124_2363_1520215.PDF","basis":"State regulatory filing"},{"ref":"src_tx_aqua_order24_2025","title":"Docket 58124 Order No. 24 finding application complete and suspending effective date","publisher":"Public Utility Commission of Texas","date":"2025-10-10","url":"https://interchange.puc.texas.gov/Documents/58124_3848_1546855.PDF","basis":"State regulatory order"},{"ref":"src_census_location_state","title":"U.S. States - BAS26 representative internal points","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2025-11-30","url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/acs26/tigerweb_acs26_state_2026_bas26_us.html","basis":"Official Census TIGERweb geographic reference"}],"first_seen":"2025-06-20","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["final rates","normalized bills by subdivision","service population","household burden","latest post-October-2025 procedural order"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"rate_change_proposed","status":"Reported","value":17784500,"currency":"USD","unit":"annual_revenue_increase","as_of_date":"2025-06-20","scope":{"customer_class":"Aqua Texas water customers under listed CCNs"},"basis":{"definition":"requested annual water revenue increase; not a percentage or final approved rate"},"source_refs":["src_tx_aqua_notice_2025"],"label":"requested water revenue increase"},{"metric":"rate_change_proposed","status":"Reported","value":11364116,"currency":"USD","unit":"annual_revenue_increase","as_of_date":"2025-06-20","scope":{"customer_class":"Aqua Texas sewer customers under listed CCNs"},"basis":{"definition":"requested annual sewer revenue increase; not a percentage or final approved rate"},"source_refs":["src_tx_aqua_notice_2025"],"label":"requested sewer revenue increase"}],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]},"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New verified Texas baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Location precision and financial metric normalization corrected after repository validation."}]},{"id":"US-TX-LAREDO-SOUTH-ZACATE-SEWAGE-SPILL-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"South Zacate Creek wastewater-pipe break and sewage spill","description":"A November 25, 2024 wastewater pipe break released more than 100,000 gallons of sewage near South Zacate Creek and affected south Laredo riverbanks. The city installed a bypass, began repair and cleanup, notified TCEQ, and increased Rio Grande and public-water-system monitoring.","location":{"name":"South Zacate Creek spill area","type":"Urban creek and municipal wastewater collection asset","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"South Laredo, Webb County","counties":["Webb"],"extent":"site","coordinates":{"lat":27.5603788,"lon":-99.4891811,"precision":"city","source_ref":"src_census_location_place"}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A wastewater pipe break directly caused the reported spill; no broader treatment or source-water failure was established.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Untreated sewage affected riverbanks; measured environmental or health outcomes were not reported.","service":"Pipe break required bypass operations.","scale":"More than 100,000 gallons is a material local discharge.","duration":"The notice describes an acute event with immediate response.","significance":"Reportable spill with TCEQ notification and formal public notice."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported; the city stated distributed drinking water remained safe."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: spill exceeded 100,000 gallons."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["A material pipe failure occurred, but the event notice did not provide evidence of chronic deficits, liquidity stress, rates, debt, or systemic underinvestment."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"A single documented event cannot establish a trend.","projection":{"statement":"No projection; insufficient comparable history.","horizon":"Not applicable","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["Evidence of recurrence or completed asset replacement"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Laredo Utilities Department","role":"response and repair"},{"name":"TCEQ (regulatory notification and oversight)."}],"public_contact":"City of Laredo Utilities Department, 956-727-6402.","corrective_actions":["Bypass wastewater line; pipe repair; cleanup and chemical treatment; enhanced monitoring of the Rio Grande and public water system."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Laredo Notifies of Sewage Spill off of South Zacate Creek","publisher":"City of Laredo","date":"2024-11-26","url":"https://www.cityoflaredo.com/Home/Components/News/News/261/45?alpha=L&arch=1&npage=11&smview=cate&sortd=desc&sortn=SPhone&toggle=allpast&widgetId=213","basis":"Official incident notice"},{"ref":"src_census_location_place","title":"Texas incorporated places - ACS24 representative internal points","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-01-01","url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/acs24/tigerweb_acs24_incplace_tx.html","basis":"Official Census TIGERweb geographic reference"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New verified Texas baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Location precision and financial metric normalization corrected after repository validation."}],"first_seen":"2024-11-25","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Final spill volume","Repair completion date","Receiving-water sampling results","Repair cost"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-PA-CLEARVIEW-PFAS-SCHOOL-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Clearview School PFAS contamination and source investigation","description":"PA DEP and the Department of Human Services delivered potable water after PFAS was identified at Clearview School and began investigating potential responsible parties and the nature and extent of contamination.","location":{"name":"Clearview School PFAS site","type":"School and groundwater investigation area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Chanceford Township, York County, Pennsylvania","counties":["York"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS contamination in the school's water supply triggered bottled-water delivery and a source investigation; the cited record does not identify a failed treatment asset as the cause.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"PFAS in a drinking-water supply is a confirmed health-based concern.","service":"Alternative potable water was required for a school.","scale":"Localized school/community setting; enrollment not reported.","duration":"Investigation and source identification remained unresolved in the cited record.","significance":"Formal state response and source investigation are documented."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported; staff and students at Clearview School were supplied bottled water."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: approximately 1,600 gallons of potable water delivered in 16-ounce bottles on March 7, 2024; PFAS concentrations and enrollment not reported."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":null,"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The cited site record does not provide utility financial or rate evidence."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"A continuing investigation is documented, but comparable sampling history was not available.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible contaminant projection.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["The investigation remains active until a source and remedy are documented."],"reversal_factors":["Validated clean sampling or completion of permanent treatment."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Human Services","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Chanceford Township","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"Crystal Wolf, PA DEP Site Project Officer, 717-705-7751, crywolf@pa.gov; John Repetz, Community Relations, 717-705-4904, jrepetz@pa.gov.","corrective_actions":["DEP coordinated bottled water and planned site-assessment/source-investigation work; the source and durable remedy were not established in the cited update."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Clearview PFAS Site","publisher":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2024-03-07","url":"https://www.pa.gov/agencies/dep/dep-regions/southcentral-regional-office/clearview-pfas-site","basis":"State site-investigation and response record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Initial Pennsylvania baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2024-03-07","latest_seen":"2024-03-07","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["PFAS compound-specific concentrations","school enrollment","permanent remedy cost","source attribution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2024-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Persistent Pennsylvania drought watches and warnings","description":"After all counties returned to normal in March 2024, dry conditions returned. By March 23, 2026, 39 counties remained under drought watch and eight under drought warning, reflecting uneven precipitation, streamflow, and groundwater recovery.","location":{"name":"Pennsylvania drought declaration area","type":"Multi-county drought area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"39 watch counties and 8 warning counties as of March 23, 2026","counties":["Adams","Allegheny","Bedford","Berks","Blair","Bradford","Bucks","Cambria","Carbon","Centre","Chester","Clarion","Clearfield","Clinton","Columbia","Cumberland","Dauphin","Delaware","Franklin","Fulton","Huntingdon","Indiana","Juniata","Lackawanna","Lancaster","Lawrence","Lebanon","Lehigh","Luzerne","Lycoming","Mercer","Mifflin","Monroe","Montgomery","Montour","Northampton","Northumberland","Perry","Philadelphia","Pike","Schuylkill","Snyder","Somerset","Union","Venango","Washington","York"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Precipitation deficits, low streamflow, and incomplete groundwater recovery drove county drought declarations and conservation requests.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Persistent hydrologic deficits create plausible environmental and supply harm, but statewide acute harm was not documented.","service":"Conservation was requested and suppliers could impose stricter measures; broad outages were not reported.","scale":"Forty-seven counties is a large statewide footprint.","duration":"Declarations recurred from late 2024 into 2026 after temporary normalization.","significance":"Formal state watches and warnings were active."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported as a declaration-specific population; 47 counties were under watch or warning."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 39 counties in drought watch and 8 in warning on March 23, 2026; voluntary reduction targets 5-10% for watch and 10-15% for warning."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":null,"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No statewide utility revenue, reserve, or drought-cost data were published in the declaration record."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Conditions normalized in March 2024 but expanded again in late 2024-2026, with partial improvement in March 2026.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: localized conservation requests remain plausible through the next 12 months if groundwater recovery remains uneven.","horizon":"12 months","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Persistent deficits continue in south-central and eastern Pennsylvania."],"reversal_factors":["Sustained above-normal precipitation and aquifer recovery."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Commonwealth Drought Task Force","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"affected public water suppliers","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"PA DEP Bureau of Safe Drinking Water / Drought Information, through the Commonwealth contact channels on the Drought News page.","corrective_actions":["Residents in watch counties were asked to reduce use 5-10%; warning counties were asked to reduce 10-15%; suppliers may impose stricter local measures."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drought News","publisher":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2026-03-23","url":"https://www.pa.gov/agencies/dep/programs-and-services/water/bureau-of-safe-drinking-water/interstate-water-resources-management-division/drought-information/drought-news","basis":"State drought declaration archive"},{"ref":2,"title":"Drought Watch/Warning Lifted for 8 Counties, All Counties Back to Normal","publisher":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2024-03-06","url":"https://www.pa.gov/agencies/dep/newsroom/2024-03-06-drought-watchwarning-lifted-for-8-counties-all-counties-now-back-to-normal-status","basis":"State status update"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Initial Pennsylvania baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2024-11-01","latest_seen":"2026-03-23","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Population under each status","supplier-specific mandatory restrictions","economic losses","county-level groundwater percentiles"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-DIMOCK-GAS-MIGRATION-WATER-2022","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Dimock gas-migration water-supply replacement","description":"Under a DEP consent order, Coterra funded a public-water system for 19 identified impacted properties, interim treatment, quarterly sampling, and gas-well plugging. The public system is expected by December 31, 2027.","location":{"name":"Dimock/Carter Road Area","type":"Groundwater impact and replacement-water area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Dimock Township, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania","counties":["Susquehanna"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy","drinking-water-supply","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Documented gas migration affected private groundwater supplies, while long-term protection depends on construction of a new public-water system and interim treatment.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"State orders identify impacted private water supplies and continuing sampling.","service":"Safe household water requires interim treatment and a replacement public system.","scale":"Nineteen properties are identified.","duration":"The investigation dates to 2009 and permanent service is not expected until 2027.","significance":"A state consent order requires a major funded remedy."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":19,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 19 identified impacted properties; resident population not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 19 impacted properties; $16.29 million one-time payment; $50,000 water credit per property; 18 gas wells to be plugged; public system expected by December 31, 2027."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":{"observations":[{"metric":"responsible-party remedy payment","value":16290000,"currency":"USD","unit":"total payment","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2023-05-22","scope":"Dimock public-water system and mitigation","basis":"Consent-order funding","source_refs":[1],"method":null,"notes":"Includes construction funding and mitigation provisions; not an expenditure total."},{"metric":"property water-purchase credit","value":50000,"currency":"USD","unit":"per impacted property","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2023-05-22","scope":"19 identified properties","basis":"Estimated 75 years of purchased water","source_refs":[1],"method":null,"notes":"Source-defined credit, not a normalized bill."}]},"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The remedy relies on a one-time responsible-party payment and future Pennsylvania American Water operation; no continuity threat to the receiving utility was documented."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"A funded replacement-water remedy and enforceable milestones are in place, although permanent service is not expected until 2027.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: interim monitoring and treatment will remain necessary until the public system is completed, currently expected by December 31, 2027.","horizon":"Through 2027","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Construction proceeds on the consent-order schedule."],"reversal_factors":["Construction delay, access refusal, or failure of the planned system."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Office of Attorney General","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Coterra Energy","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Pennsylvania American Water Company","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"PA DEP Northcentral Regional Office through the contact information on the Dimock investigation page.","corrective_actions":["$16.29 million payment, interim treatment offers, quarterly raw-water sampling, construction of a community system, and plugging 18 gas wells by 2032."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Dimock Gas Migration Investigation","publisher":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2025-01-06","url":"https://www.pa.gov/agencies/dep/dep-regions/northcentral-regional-office/dimock-gas-migration-investigation","basis":"State consent-order and implementation record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Initial Pennsylvania baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2023-05-22","latest_seen":"2025-01-06","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current methane concentrations by well","construction percent complete","resident population","final system operating cost"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-ALCOSAN-COMBINED-SEWER-OVERFLOWS-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"ALCOSAN wet-weather combined sewer overflows","description":"ALCOSAN reports about 9 billion gallons of overflow threatening regional waterways. Its consent-decree Clean Water Plan is expanding treatment and building three deep tunnels to remove about 7 billion gallons of overflow annually by 2036.","location":{"name":"ALCOSAN service area","type":"Regional wastewater service area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Allegheny County and Allegheny, Monongahela, and Ohio Rivers","counties":["Allegheny"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","stormwater-flooding","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"An undersized regional conveyance and treatment system causes recurring wet-weather sewage discharges that impair the Allegheny, Monongahela, and Ohio Rivers.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Recurring sewage discharges contaminate three major rivers.","service":"The regional sewer system cannot contain wet-weather flows.","scale":"Eighty-three municipalities and three rivers are implicated.","duration":"The issue is longstanding and full compliance is scheduled for 2036.","significance":"A federal consent decree and multibillion-dollar capital program govern corrective action."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Reported service geography: 83 municipalities; service population not stated in the cited pages."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: about 9 billion gallons of overflow; $2 billion plan; approximately 7 billion gallons/year reduction target; treatment expansion 250 to 600 MGD; 15.5 tunnel miles; 2036 completion target."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":{"observations":[{"metric":"Clean Water Plan cost","value":2000000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"program estimate","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-10-10","scope":"ALCOSAN Clean Water Plan","basis":"Utility program estimate","source_refs":[1],"method":null,"notes":"Utility states overall estimates are being updated following bid results."},{"metric":"annual rate increase","value":7,"currency":null,"unit":"percent per year","status":"Reported","period_start":"2022-01-01","period_end":"2026-12-31","scope":"ALCOSAN treatment and conveyance rates","basis":"Board-approved multi-year increases","source_refs":[2],"method":null,"notes":"Municipal sewer charges are additional."},{"metric":"typical residential treatment and conveyance cost","value":549,"currency":"USD","unit":"per year","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2022-01-01","scope":"typical residential customer","basis":"ALCOSAN service component only","source_refs":[2],"method":null,"notes":"Does not include municipal sewer charges."},{"metric":"Clean Water Assistance Fund benefit","value":40,"currency":"USD","unit":"per quarter","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-10-10","scope":"eligible low-income households","basis":"Utility assistance benefit","source_refs":[2],"method":null,"notes":null}]},"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["A multibillion-dollar compliance program is largely ratepayer funded and is being supported by repeated 7% annual rate increases; the utility acknowledges low-income impacts."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Construction and regionalization are underway, but recurring overflows remain until major works are completed.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: overflow volumes should decline as plant and tunnel projects enter service through 2036, while affordability pressure remains elevated.","horizon":"Through 2036","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Consent-decree projects remain funded and on schedule."],"reversal_factors":["Bid escalation, schedule revisions, financing constraints, or more intense rainfall."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Allegheny County Sanitary Authority","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"83 customer municipalities","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Pennsylvania DEP","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Allegheny County Health Department","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"ALCOSAN, 3300 Preble Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15233, 412-766-4810; public.relations@alcosan.org.","corrective_actions":["Plant capacity expansion from 250 to 600 MGD, 15.5 miles of deep tunnel, regional sewer ownership, and source-control/green-infrastructure projects, with plan completion targeted for 2036."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Clean Water Plan","publisher":"Allegheny County Sanitary Authority","date":null,"url":"https://www.alcosan.org/clean-water-plan/cwp","basis":"Utility implementation page accessed on run date","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"ALCOSAN Ohio River Tunnel Frequently Asked Questions","publisher":"Allegheny County Sanitary Authority","date":null,"url":"https://www.alcosan.org/clean-water-plan/regional-tunnel-system/frequently-asked-questions","basis":"Utility cost, rate, and project information accessed on run date","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Consulting Engineer's 2024 Annual Report Including Fiscal 2025 Budget","publisher":"Allegheny County Sanitary Authority","date":"2024-11-01","url":"https://www.alcosan.org/docs/default-source/reports/alcosan-2024-report-%28final%29.pdf?sfvrsn=21b7934b_1","basis":"Utility engineering and capital report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Initial Pennsylvania baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-11-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current annual overflow by outfall","current service population","updated post-bid total cost","household burden and assistance enrollment"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-CHESAPEAKE-NUTRIENT-SEDIMENT-GAP-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Pennsylvania Chesapeake Bay nutrient and sediment reduction gap","description":"EPA found watershed partners had not fully achieved 2025 nutrient goals, while Pennsylvania increased agricultural reductions and documented local improvements. Commonwealth grants continue funding county projects to reduce nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment.","location":{"name":"Pennsylvania Chesapeake Bay watershed","type":"Interstate watershed portion","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Pennsylvania drainage to the Chesapeake Bay","counties":[],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Excess nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment from agricultural and other nonpoint sources continue to impair Pennsylvania streams and the downstream Chesapeake Bay.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Nutrient and sediment pollution causes long-term aquatic impairment.","service":"No direct drinking-water interruption is documented; ecological uses are affected.","scale":"The issue spans Pennsylvania's Chesapeake drainage and downstream interstate waters.","duration":"The restoration gap persists beyond the 2025 goal.","significance":"Federal TMDL oversight and major grant programs are active."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported; statewide watershed and downstream ecological impact."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: $24 million awarded for 205 projects; estimated annual reductions nearly 110,000 lb nitrogen, 42,150 lb phosphorus, and 11.8 million lb sediment. Watershed-wide practices had achieved 57% of nitrogen and 67% of phosphorus targets in the 2024 EPA summary."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":{"observations":[{"metric":"2025 CAP implementation grants","value":24000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"awarded","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-12-09","scope":"Pennsylvania Chesapeake Bay watershed county projects","basis":"$9.6M state Environmental Stewardship Fund and $14.4M EPA funds","source_refs":[2],"method":null,"notes":"Awarded amount; not amount spent."}]},"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The program depends materially on state and federal grants, but no utility solvency issue is identified."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"EPA reported incremental progress and Pennsylvania agriculture-sector reductions, but nutrient goals were not fully met.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: local load reductions should continue as funded projects are completed, but basin-wide nutrient impairment will persist beyond the original 2025 horizon.","horizon":"2-5 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["County grants and agricultural BMP adoption continue."],"reversal_factors":["Funding loss, BMP nonmaintenance, development, or severe runoff events."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pennsylvania DEP","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"county conservation districts","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Chesapeake Bay Program partners","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"U.S. EPA Region 3 Press Office, R3Press@epa.gov; PA DEP Chesapeake Bay Program through the Commonwealth program page.","corrective_actions":["Countywide Action Plans, farm best-management practices, riparian and stream projects, and $24 million in 2025 CAP implementation grants."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA Evaluation of 2022-2023 Milestone Progress and 2024-2025 Commitments","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2024-08-14","url":"https://www.epa.gov/chesapeake-bay-tmdl/epa-evaluation-2022-2023-milestone-progress-and-2024-2025-milestone-commitments","basis":"Federal milestone evaluation"},{"ref":2,"title":"Shapiro Administration Awards $24 Million to Cleanup Pennsylvania Rivers and Streams in Chesapeake Bay Watershed","publisher":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2024-12-09","url":"https://www.pa.gov/agencies/dep/newsroom/2024-12-10-shapiro-admin-awards-24-million-to-cleanup-pa-rivers-streams","basis":"State program award and projected-load record"},{"ref":3,"title":"2025 Assessment of Chesapeake Bay Program Progress","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2026-08-13","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2026-09/2025-assessment_final_0.pdf","basis":"Federal basin assessment"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Initial Pennsylvania baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-08-14","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Pennsylvania-only achieved 2025 load percentages in cited summary","farm-level load data","complete county project outcomes"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-BLACKLICK-ABANDONED-MINE-DRAINAGE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Blacklick Creek abandoned mine drainage impairment","description":"Mine drainage from three abandoned sources caused low pH and elevated iron, aluminum, and manganese. DEP opened a 5,000-gpm active treatment facility in March 2025 to treat the discharges and restore Blacklick Creek and the Conemaugh River.","location":{"name":"Blacklick Creek watershed","type":"Mine-drainage watershed","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Cambria and Indiana Counties, Pennsylvania","counties":["Cambria","Indiana"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Acidic, metals-laden mine drainage impaired Blacklick Creek, and restoration now depends on a large active treatment facility with continuing operating costs.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Documented acidity and metals impaired aquatic conditions.","service":"No essential household service interruption is reported.","scale":"Approximately 25 stream miles across two counties are targeted.","duration":"Blacklick Creek has been listed impaired since 2006.","significance":"A $27M active treatment facility is operating."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported; approximately 25 stream miles are targeted for improvement."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 5,000 gpm (7.2 MGD) design flow; about 25 stream miles; more than $27 million construction cost; about $600,000 annual operating cost."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":{"observations":[{"metric":"treatment facility construction cost","value":27000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"project cost, more than","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-03-20","scope":"Blacklick AMD Treatment Facility","basis":"State and federal capital funding","source_refs":[1],"method":null,"notes":"Source says over $27 million."},{"metric":"projected annual operating cost","value":600000,"currency":"USD","unit":"per year, approximately","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-03-20","scope":"Blacklick AMD Treatment Facility","basis":"Projected O&M funded with IIJA funds","source_refs":[1],"method":null,"notes":null}]},"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Long-term active treatment has a reported $600,000 annual operating cost and depends on dedicated public funding."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"A major treatment plant entered service in 2025, but post-treatment attainment data were not yet available.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: water chemistry should improve downstream while continuous operations are funded and maintained.","horizon":"2-5 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Plant operates at design conditions."],"reversal_factors":["Funding interruption, mechanical failure, or higher mine-water loads."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pennsylvania DEP Bureau of Abandoned Mine Reclamation","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"federal Abandoned Mine Land Economic Revitalization Program","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"PA DEP Newsroom, RA-EPNEWS@pa.gov, 717-787-1323.","corrective_actions":["Operate the active plant to raise pH and remove metals using clarifiers and a constructed wetland; monitor restoration of approximately 25 stream miles."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Grand Opening of Blacklick Creek AMD Treatment Facility","publisher":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2025-03-20","url":"https://www.pa.gov/agencies/dep/newsroom/2025-03-20-lt-gov-davis-and-dep-acting-secretary-shirley-celebrate-grand-opening-of-blacklick-creek-amd-treatment-facility","basis":"State facility and watershed record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Initial Pennsylvania baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2025-03-20","latest_seen":"2025-03-20","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Post-treatment concentration series","ecological attainment date","long-term funding beyond stated IIJA support"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-HOMESTEAD-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Homestead lead service line replacement need","description":"PENNVEST financed full replacement of 250 lead service lines in Homestead, identified as a disadvantaged community, to eliminate lead-containing connections on both sides of the curb.","location":{"name":"Homestead Borough lead-line project","type":"Public water service area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Homestead Borough, Allegheny County","counties":["Allegheny"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Known utility- and customer-side lead service lines are the physical exposure pathway and require full replacement.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Lead service lines are a confirmed health exposure pathway.","service":"Replacement work affects essential drinking-water connections.","scale":"Two hundred fifty lines in one disadvantaged community.","duration":"Lines persist until replacement; completion date was not verified.","significance":"A formal $4.1M public financing package is approved."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Reported project scope: 250 utility-owned/private-owned lead service lines; population not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 250 complete lead service lines; $1,637,847 grant and $2,462,153 loan ($4.1 million total financing)."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":{"observations":[{"metric":"project grant","value":1637847,"currency":"USD","unit":"awarded","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-01-22","scope":"Homestead lead service replacements","basis":"PENNVEST grant","source_refs":[1],"method":null,"notes":null},{"metric":"project loan","value":2462153,"currency":"USD","unit":"approved loan","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-01-22","scope":"Homestead lead service replacements","basis":"PENNVEST loan","source_refs":[1],"method":null,"notes":null}]},"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The project has full grant/loan financing; no structural utility distress is documented."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Full replacement has been financed, but completion was not verified.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: lead-line exposure potential will decline as the 250 full replacements are completed.","horizon":"1-3 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Awarded funds close and construction proceeds."],"reversal_factors":["Procurement delay or incomplete private-side access."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pennsylvania American Water Company","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"PENNVEST","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Pennsylvania DEP","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"PENNVEST through the Commonwealth agency contact page; Pennsylvania American Water customer service through its public website.","corrective_actions":["Replace 250 complete service lines with Type K copper using trenchless and trenched methods, with restoration and erosion controls."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PENNVEST Invests $288.2 Million in Water Infrastructure Projects","publisher":"Pennsylvania Infrastructure Investment Authority","date":"2025-01-22","url":"https://www.pa.gov/agencies/pennvest/pennvest-newsroom/-288-2-million-investment-in-water-infrastructure-projects-in-24","basis":"State financing and project-scope record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Initial Pennsylvania baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-01-22","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Construction completion date","households served","tap lead results","customer bill impact"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-BETHLEHEM-TOWNSHIP-STORMWATER-FLOODING-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Bethlehem Township Walnut and Turner Streets stormwater flooding","description":"PENNVEST funded a new neighborhood storm-sewer system to intercept runoff before it reaches low residential properties and to reduce sediment loading to Nancy Run.","location":{"name":"Walnut and Turner Streets drainage area","type":"Neighborhood stormwater area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Bethlehem Township, Northampton County","counties":["Northampton"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Inadequate storm conveyance and culverts allow runoff to reach a low residential area, creating recurring property-flood risk.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Recurring property and sediment risks are documented but quantified damage is absent.","service":"Drainage and road function are affected locally.","scale":"Neighborhood residential area.","duration":"The need is recurring and infrastructure-based.","significance":"A multimillion-dollar corrective project is approved."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported; low-area residential properties are identified as at risk."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: $4,354,000 loan; 3,619 feet of storm sewer; 55 inlets; residential flood-risk reduction and sediment reduction to Nancy Run."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":{"observations":[{"metric":"stormwater project loan","value":4354000,"currency":"USD","unit":"approved loan","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-07-17","scope":"Walnut and Turner Streets stormwater system","basis":"PENNVEST financing","source_refs":[1],"method":null,"notes":null}]},"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["A project loan is approved; no structural revenue or solvency concern is documented."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"A corrective project is financed, but no comparable before/after flood series is available.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: local flood and sediment risk should decline after the funded conveyance work is completed.","horizon":"1-3 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["The system is built to design capacity."],"reversal_factors":["Construction delay or rainfall exceeding design conditions."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Bethlehem Township Municipal Authority","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"PENNVEST","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Pennsylvania DEP","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"Bethlehem Township Municipal Authority through its public office; PENNVEST through the Commonwealth contact page.","corrective_actions":["Install 3,619 feet of storm sewer, 55 inlets, replacement culverts, roadway reconstruction, and vertical curbing."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"$274 Million Investment in State and Federal Funding to Improve Water Quality","publisher":"Commonwealth of Pennsylvania","date":"2024-07-17","url":"https://www.pa.gov/governor/newsroom/2024-press-releases/governor-shapiro---274-million-investment-in-state---federal-fun","basis":"State financing and project-scope record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Initial Pennsylvania baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2024-07-17","latest_seen":"2024-07-17","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Properties flooded","flood depth/frequency","construction completion date","post-project performance"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-CHESTER-WATER-AUTHORITY-FINANCIAL-GOVERNANCE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Chester Water Authority credit, arrears, and governance stress","description":"The bankrupt City of Chester's receiver sought control or monetization of CWA. The dispute contributed to a credit downgrade and higher borrowing costs, while more than $1.7 million in unpaid bills and inflation drove a 14% 2026 rate increase. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court ruled in January 2026 that Chester cannot unilaterally force an asset transfer.","location":{"name":"Chester Water Authority service area","type":"Multi-county public water authority","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Delaware, Chester, and Lancaster Counties","counties":["Delaware","Chester","Lancaster"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Bankruptcy-linked governance litigation, a credit downgrade, unpaid institutional bills, and higher borrowing costs drove a material rate increase despite continued operations.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Affordability and governance harms are plausible; no water-quality harm is documented.","service":"A large essential-service authority faced governance and financing disruption risk.","scale":"Approximately 200,000 people across three counties.","duration":"The dispute and fiscal effects extended across multiple years.","significance":"City bankruptcy, a rating downgrade, and state Supreme Court intervention are documented."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":200000,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: roughly 200,000 people rely on CWA drinking water."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: about 200,000 people served; 14% rate increase effective January 1, 2026; more than $1.7 million unpaid by Crozer Hospital and the City of Chester; credit rating downgraded."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":{"observations":[{"metric":"approved rate increase","value":14,"currency":null,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-01-01","scope":"CWA customer rates","basis":"Utility-approved increase","source_refs":[1],"method":null,"notes":"Utility attributes increase to borrowing costs, inflation, and unpaid bills."},{"metric":"institutional unpaid water bills","value":1700000,"currency":"USD","unit":"more than","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-10-03","scope":"Crozer Hospital and City of Chester combined","basis":"Utility statement","source_refs":[1],"method":null,"notes":"Accounts were not separately itemized."},{"metric":"credit rating action","value":null,"currency":null,"unit":"downgrade","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-10-03","scope":"Chester Water Authority","basis":"Utility description of Moody's action","source_refs":[1],"method":null,"notes":"New rating level not stated in the cited notice."}]},"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Sourced signals include rating downgrade, borrowing-cost pressure, concentrated institutional arrears, governance uncertainty, and a 14% rate action; formal CWA insolvency, default, or receivership is not documented."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The Supreme Court ruling reduced unilateral-transfer risk, but higher rates, arrears, and borrowing-cost effects remain.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: governance risk should moderate after the 2026 ruling, while rate and credit pressure may persist for 1-3 years.","horizon":"1-3 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["The ruling remains controlling and no new transfer agreement is reached."],"reversal_factors":["Renewed litigation, major new arrears, further downgrade, or negotiated asset transfer."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Chester Water Authority","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"City of Chester receiver","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"City of Chester","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Chester County","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Delaware County","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Pennsylvania courts","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"Chester Water Authority, public contact channels at https://chesterwater.com/contact-us/.","corrective_actions":["CWA implemented a 14% rate increase, pursued court protection of authority governance, and obtained a Supreme Court ruling requiring joint municipal agreement for a transfer."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Upcoming 14% Rate Increase: What's Driving the Change","publisher":"Chester Water Authority","date":"2025-10-03","url":"https://chesterwater.com/upcoming-14-rate-increase-whats-driving-the-change-and-how-were-responding/","basis":"Utility rate and financial-stress notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Pennsylvania Supreme Court Rules in Favor of Chester Water Authority","publisher":"Chester Water Authority","date":"2026-01-21","url":"https://chesterwater.com/pennsylvania-supreme-court-rules-in-favor-of-chester-water-authority-a-victory-for-ratepayers-and-public-water/","basis":"Utility summary of state high-court decision"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Initial Pennsylvania baseline record; fiscal stress distinguished from insolvency."}],"first_seen":"2024-08-26","latest_seen":"2026-01-21","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Debt-service coverage","days cash","post-ruling rating action","arrears aging","household burden","assistance enrollment"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-PAWC-RATE-CASE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Pennsylvania American Water 2025 proposed rate increase","description":"PAWC requested $168.7 million in added annual revenue, or 14.6%. The Office of Consumer Advocate reported proposed residential water bill increases ranging from 9.8% to 41.1% and wastewater increases from 8% to 54%, depending on service area.","location":{"name":"Pennsylvania American Water service territory","type":"Investor-owned water and wastewater service area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Water service in portions of 38 counties; wastewater in portions of 19 counties","counties":["Adams","Allegheny","Armstrong","Beaver","Berks","Bucks","Butler","Centre","Chester","Clarion","Clearfield","Clinton","Columbia","Cumberland","Dauphin","Fayette","Greene","Indiana","Jefferson","Lackawanna","Lancaster","Lawrence","Lebanon","Luzerne","McKean","Monroe","Montgomery","Northampton","Northumberland","Pike","Schuylkill","Susquehanna","Union","Warren","Washington","Wayne","Wyoming","York"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"A statewide regulated rate case proposes large and geographically variable household bill increases, creating a material affordability and pricing-disparity exposure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Affordability harm is plausible but not yet realized as an approved rate.","service":"Water and wastewater are essential services.","scale":"More than 800,000 combined customer accounts are reported.","duration":"Rate impacts would recur if approved.","significance":"Formal PUC proceeding and consumer-advocate complaint are underway."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":687600,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: approximately 687,600 water customers and 114,900 wastewater customers."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported proposal: $168.7 million/year (14.6%) additional revenue; water bills +9.8% to +41.1% at 3,263 gallons/month; wastewater bills +8% to +54% at 3,164 gallons/month."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":{"observations":[{"metric":"proposed annual revenue increase","value":168700000,"currency":"USD","unit":"per year","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-11-14","scope":"PAWC combined rate request","basis":"Proposed general rate increase","source_refs":[1],"method":null,"notes":"Proposal, not approved revenue."},{"metric":"proposed water bill increase","value":null,"range_low":9.8,"range_high":41.1,"currency":null,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-11-14","scope":"residential water customer","basis":"3,263 gallons per month; varies by service area","source_refs":[1],"method":null,"notes":"Proposed, not approved."},{"metric":"proposed wastewater bill increase","value":null,"range_low":8,"range_high":54,"currency":null,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-11-14","scope":"residential wastewater customer","basis":"3,164 gallons per month; varies by service area","source_refs":[1],"method":null,"notes":"Proposed, not approved."}]},"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The proposed increase is large and geographically uneven, but the filing alone does not establish utility financial distress or insolvency."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The cited record is a proposal, not a final rate outcome.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: material bill increases are possible after PUC adjudication, but final magnitude cannot be predicted from the filing alone.","horizon":"Rate-case decision horizon","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["The case remains pending or unresolved in the reviewed record."],"reversal_factors":["Settlement, disallowance, phased increases, or revised rate design."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pennsylvania American Water Company","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Office of Consumer Advocate","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"Pennsylvania Office of Consumer Advocate through https://www.oca.pa.gov/; Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission public docket channels.","corrective_actions":["PUC rate-case review and consumer-advocate participation; final approved revenue and bill impacts were not verified in the cited filing."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Public Statement of the Office of Consumer Advocate, PAWC Rate Cases R-2025-3057983 and R-2025-3058051","publisher":"Pennsylvania Office of Consumer Advocate","date":"2025-11-14","url":"https://www.oca.pa.gov/wp-content/uploads/OCA-Formal-Complaint-and-Public-Statement-Pa.-PUC-v.-PAWC-R-2025-3057983-W-R-2025-3058051-WW.pdf","basis":"State consumer-advocate rate-case filing"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Initial Pennsylvania baseline record; proposed values are not treated as approved rates."}],"first_seen":"2025-11-14","latest_seen":"2025-11-14","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Final PUC order","approved revenue increase","current and proposed dollar bills by rate zone","household income burden","assistance enrollment","arrears and shutoffs"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-RTK-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"PFAS groundwater-standard exceedances in 47 Illinois community water systems","description":"Illinois EPA required right-to-know notifications after recent samples in 21 groundwater-supplied community systems exceeded state groundwater standards for PFOA, PFOS, or PFHxS; 26 connected systems were also notified. Results included Collinsville at 18 ppt PFOA, 8.9 ppt PFOS, and 12 ppt PFHxS, and Marquette Heights at 10, 12, and 21 ppt, respectively.","location":{"name":"Illinois PFAS right-to-know systems","type":"Multi-system statewide drinking-water finding","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"21 primary and 26 connected community water systems","counties":["Crawford","Hardin","Kane","Knox","Lake","Logan","Madison","McHenry","Peoria","Stephenson","Tazewell","Warren","Will","Winnebago"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The triggering condition is measured PFOA, PFOS, or PFHxS above newly adopted Illinois groundwater-quality standards in drinking-water supply wells.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"PFAS persistence and potential health effects are documented by the state.","service":"Drinking water remained available, but exposure reduction was advised.","scale":"Forty-seven systems serving 438,589 people were included.","duration":"PFAS are persistent and compliance work extends over multiple years.","significance":"Mandatory state right-to-know notification and new standards constitute formal regulatory action."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Reported service population: 438,589 (406,363 in 21 primary systems and 32,226 in 26 connected systems)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 47 systems and 438,589 people; PFOA/PFOS standard 4 ppt and PFHxS standard 10 ppt; system detections up to 18, 12, and 21 ppt respectively in the published table."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":null,"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["New PFAS compliance and treatment exposure affects multiple systems; system-specific rate, debt, and operating-capacity evidence was not available in the notice."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One statewide right-to-know event with heterogeneous system histories does not support a quantitative trend.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: affected systems will face continued monitoring and treatment-planning work through the federal compliance horizon; exact concentration or rate outcomes cannot be forecast.","horizon":"Through 2031","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Current federal PFOA/PFOS standards and compliance timetable remain in force."],"reversal_factors":["Rule changes, new source-water results, treatment installation, or source substitution."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Illinois EPA Division of Public Water Supplies","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"affected community water systems","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"U.S. EPA for federal PFAS drinking-water regulation","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"Illinois EPA, Kim Biggs, 217-558-1536, Kim.Biggs@illinois.gov; general agency phone 217-782-3397.","corrective_actions":["Customer notification was mandatory within five business days; Illinois EPA identified exposure-reduction options and maintains emerging-contaminant funding programs. Federal compliance monitoring begins in 2027 under the current schedule."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Illinois EPA Notifies 47 Community Water Systems of Right-to-Know Requirements Triggered by Recent Rulemaking","publisher":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2025-04-14","url":"https://epa.illinois.gov/topics/drinking-water/public-water-users/notices/illinois-epa-notifies-47-community-water-systems-of-right-to-kno.html","basis":"State regulatory notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"PFAS RTK Groundwater Exceedances - Most Recent Data","publisher":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2025-04-14","url":"https://epa.illinois.gov/content/dam/soi/en/web/epa/topics/drinking-water/public-water-users/documents/rtk/2025-pfas/PFAS-RTK-Groundwater-Exceedances-Most-Recent-Data-web.pdf","basis":"State system-level sampling table"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"High score reflects persistent contaminants, multi-system reach, and mandatory notification; the notice did not document an acute loss of service."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-04-14","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["System-specific treatment actions","System-specific cost and funding gap","Follow-up concentrations after notice"],"related_ids":["US-IL-LAKE-BLUFF-14-DIOXANE-2025"]},{"id":"US-IL-CHICAGO-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Chicago's approximately 400,000 lead service lines","description":"Chicago reports approximately 400,000 lead service lines. EPA's WIFIA-financed program will replace up to 30,000 lead connections alongside water-main work; Chicago states that corrosion control keeps finished water compliant, but lead lines remain a material exposure and replacement risk.","location":{"name":"Chicago Department of Water Management","type":"Municipal drinking-water distribution system","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Chicago, Cook County, Illinois","counties":["Cook"],"extent":"city","latitude":41.8781,"longitude":-87.6298},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A very large legacy pipe inventory creates a lead-exposure pathway and a multibillion-dollar replacement requirement, making physical infrastructure and water-quality risk inseparable.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Lead exposure can cause serious and irreversible health harm.","service":"Water remains available and compliant under corrosion control, limiting immediate service disruption.","scale":"Approximately 400,000 lines in a system serving millions.","duration":"Legacy lines require a multi-year replacement program.","significance":"Major federal financing and regulatory replacement requirements apply."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Reported WIFIA project service population: 5 million; the number of persons directly served by lead lines was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: approximately 400,000 lead service lines; current WIFIA project up to 30,000 replacements; $1.5 billion project cost and $336 million federal loan."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2023-11-03","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"capital_need","value":1500000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2023-11-03","funding_stage":"estimated","scope":{"utility":"Chicago Department of Water Management","project":"Water Main and Lead Service Line Replacement Program"},"basis":{"definition":"Total WIFIA project cost for water-main work and up to 30,000 lead service line connections."},"source_refs":[2],"notes":"Not the cost to replace all Chicago lead lines."},{"metric":"secured_funding","value":336000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2023-11-03","funding_stage":"secured","scope":{"utility":"Chicago Department of Water Management","program":"WIFIA loan"},"basis":{"definition":"Federal loan distributed at $112 million annually over three years."},"source_refs":[2],"notes":"Debt financing, not a grant."}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]},"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The $1.5 billion financed project addresses only up to 30,000 of approximately 400,000 lines; this is a major forward capital exposure, but no insolvency, default, or continuity threat was documented."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Financed replacements reduce the inventory, but the documented project covers a small share of the total.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: lead-line inventory will decline over the next three years, but a large residual inventory will remain after the current WIFIA project unless the pace and funding expand.","horizon":"3 years","confidence":"High","assumptions":["The financed program delivers up to 30,000 replacements."],"reversal_factors":["Construction delays, funding changes, or a materially faster replacement program."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Chicago Department of Water Management","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Illinois EPA","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"U.S. EPA WIFIA program","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"Chicago Department of Water Management, 311 within Chicago; U.S. EPA Press Office, press@epa.gov.","corrective_actions":["A $336 million WIFIA loan is being distributed over three years to support a $1.5 billion water-main and lead-service-line replacement project covering up to 30,000 connections."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Service Line Lookup - About Our Service Line Inventory","publisher":"Chicago Department of Water Management","date":null,"url":"https://sli.chicagowaterquality.org/","basis":"Municipal inventory page","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"WIFIA Fact Sheet: Chicago Water Main and Lead Service Line Replacement Program","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2023-11-03","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2023-11/factsheet_chicago.pdf","basis":"Federal financing fact sheet"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Persistent, large-scale lead-bearing infrastructure with a funded but partial replacement program."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-11-03","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current annual replacement pace","Complete-system replacement cost","Neighborhood-level replacement schedule","Household affordability effect"],"related_ids":["US-IL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-RTK-2025"]},{"id":"US-IL-LAWRENCEVILLE-WATER-WASTEWATER-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lawrenceville drinking-water and wastewater operational failures","description":"Four Illinois EPA violation notices documented sewer overflows, a raw-sewage discharge to a creek, an unpermitted lagoon discharge, broken treatment and collection assets, laboratory and reporting failures, leaking wellheads, deficient disinfectant control, unpermitted drinking-water equipment, and inadequate source redundancy. The Attorney General filed a wastewater complaint on September 25, 2026.","location":{"name":"City of Lawrenceville water and wastewater systems","type":"Municipal drinking-water and wastewater utility service area","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Lawrenceville, Lawrence County, Illinois","counties":["Lawrence"],"extent":"city","latitude":38.7292,"longitude":-87.6817},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","drinking-water-supply","infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Broken and poorly maintained sewer assets, deficient treatment operation, and drinking-water source/treatment failures jointly drive documented water-quality and reliability risk.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Raw sewage reached a creek and public-health protections in drinking-water operation lapsed.","service":"Both sanitation and drinking-water reliability were affected.","scale":"The municipal systems serve a city of about 4,100.","duration":"Repeated violations persisted from 2025 into late 2026.","significance":"Operator revocation, Attorney General litigation, and multiple formal violation notices."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Reported city population: about 4,100."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: four violation notices over nine months; four shallow drinking-water wells; maximum demand exceeds 80% of capacity with the largest well out; city population about 4,100."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":null,"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Repeated failures, weak management capacity, lapsed permit coverage, and reliance on EJ Water Cooperative for outside supervision are structural operational signals; no bankruptcy, default, audited deficit, or receivership was documented."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Violations expanded across both utility systems and culminated in litigation in 2026, although outside supervision is a mitigating action.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: intensive regulatory oversight and capital/operational remediation will continue over the next 12-24 months.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"High","assumptions":["The September 2026 enforcement case remains active."],"reversal_factors":["Court-approved settlement, verified sustained compliance, or completed infrastructure repair."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Lawrenceville","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Illinois EPA","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Illinois Attorney General","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"EJ Water Cooperative for approved wastewater supervision","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"Illinois EPA Office of Community Relations, 217-782-3397.","corrective_actions":["EJ Water Cooperative supervision was approved May 11, 2026; the former operator's certification was revoked for three years; drinking-water and wastewater matters were referred for enforcement, and the wastewater complaint seeks injunctive relief and penalties."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lawrenceville: Violations and Enforcement","publisher":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2026-09-25","url":"https://epa.illinois.gov/topics/community-relations/sites/lawrenceville.html","basis":"State enforcement dossier with underlying notices and inspection records"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"Critical score reflects simultaneous drinking-water and wastewater failures, sewage releases, repeated noncompliance, operator sanction, and active litigation."}],"first_seen":"2025-08-13","latest_seen":"2026-09-25","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Overflow volumes","Effluent concentrations","Capital repair cost","Funding source","Rate and affordability data"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IL-CAHOKIA-HEIGHTS-SEWER-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Cahokia Heights chronic sanitary sewer overflows","description":"The federal-state complaint alleged more than 300 sanitary-sewer discharges since November 2019 from one overflow point plus untreated-sewage releases elsewhere in the community. The settlement requires more than 80 near-term capital projects, system mapping, overflow monitoring, emergency planning, and operations upgrades.","location":{"name":"Cahokia Heights sanitary sewer system","type":"Municipal wastewater collection system","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Cahokia Heights, St. Clair County, Illinois","counties":["St. Clair"],"extent":"city","latitude":38.5709,"longitude":-90.1901},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Deteriorated and improperly maintained sewer infrastructure caused repeated raw-sewage releases to homes, streets, yards, ditches, and waterways.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Raw sewage containing pathogens entered homes and the environment.","service":"The sanitary sewer repeatedly failed its essential function.","scale":"Community-wide releases occurred, but a direct population count was not reported.","duration":"More than 300 events were alleged over at least five years.","significance":"Federal-state consent decree and $30 million corrective program."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported in the consent-decree announcement."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: more than 300 discharges since November 2019; more than 80 near-term projects; estimated $30 million compliance measures; $30,000 penalty."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2024-12-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"capital_need","value":30000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-12-10","funding_stage":"estimated","scope":{"utility":"City of Cahokia Heights","project":"Consent-decree compliance measures"},"basis":{"definition":"Government estimate of required compliance investment."},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Funding secured and remaining gap were not reported."},{"metric":"civil_penalty","value":30000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-12-10","funding_stage":"authorized","scope":{"utility":"City of Cahokia Heights"},"basis":{"definition":"Consent-decree civil penalty."},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Not part of capital funding."}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]},"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Long-running deferred maintenance and repeated operational failures support elevated structural risk, but the cited settlement does not establish insolvency, default, or receivership."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"A binding corrective program is in place, but the underlying chronic condition is not yet documented as resolved.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: overflow risk should decline as decree projects are delivered, but will remain material during the multi-year construction period.","horizon":"Multi-year consent-decree period","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["The decree remains effective and projects are funded and delivered."],"reversal_factors":["Schedule slippage, insufficient funding, or verified early project performance."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Cahokia Heights","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Justice","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Illinois EPA","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Illinois Attorney General","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"U.S. EPA Region 5 public information, 312-353-2000; City of Cahokia Heights public offices.","corrective_actions":["Estimated $30 million compliance program with more than 80 near-term projects, interceptor construction, repairs, investigations, digital mapping, real-time overflow monitoring, emergency plans, and a $30,000 penalty."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Justice Department and EPA Announce Settlement with Cahokia Heights, Illinois, for Improper Operation of the City's Sanitary Sewer System","publisher":"U.S. Department of Justice","date":"2024-12-10","url":"https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/pr/justice-department-and-epa-announce-settlement-cahokia-heights-illinois-improper-operation","basis":"Federal-state Clean Water Act settlement announcement"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Critical score reflects repeated raw sewage in occupied areas and waterways plus a major federal-state consent decree."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-12-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Overflow volume","Population directly affected","City funding sources","Rate impact","Current construction completion percentage"],"related_ids":["US-IL-EAST-ST-LOUIS-SEWER-2024"]},{"id":"US-IL-EAST-ST-LOUIS-SEWER-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"East St. Louis untreated sewage discharges","description":"EPA, DOJ, and Illinois alleged hundreds of untreated-sewage discharges, including more than 140 days of discharge to the Mississippi River since 2020, uncounted discharges to Whispering Willow Lake because required monitors were absent, and sewer releases to streets and buildings.","location":{"name":"East St. Louis sewer systems","type":"Municipal combined and sanitary sewer systems","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"East St. Louis, St. Clair County, Illinois","counties":["St. Clair"],"extent":"city","latitude":38.6245,"longitude":-90.1509},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Disrepair and deficient operation of combined and sanitary sewer systems caused untreated discharges to community locations and major water bodies.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Untreated sewage contains pathogens and entered recreational waters, streets, and buildings.","service":"Both combined and sanitary sewer systems failed.","scale":"Multiple community locations and the Mississippi River were affected.","duration":"Discharges recurred since at least 2020.","significance":"Federal-state Clean Water Act complaint seeks injunctive relief and major improvements."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported by the complaint announcement."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: hundreds of untreated-sewage discharges; Mississippi River discharges on more than 140 days since 2020; Whispering Willow Lake count unknown due to missing monitoring."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":null,"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["System disrepair, missing monitoring, and chronic operating failure show structural capacity risk; no audited financial distress or formal insolvency was documented."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The complaint documents recurrence but not a comparable post-filing performance series.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: sewage-discharge risk remains until enforceable improvements and working monitoring are verified.","horizon":"12-36 months","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["The complaint remains unresolved and the documented asset condition persists."],"reversal_factors":["Settlement, completed repairs, and verified reduction in overflow frequency."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of East St. Louis","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Justice","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Illinois EPA","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Illinois Attorney General","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"U.S. EPA Region 5, Macy Pressley, 312-886-1443.","corrective_actions":["The complaint seeks cessation of violations and infrastructure improvements; community statements were solicited through April 30, 2025."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA, DOJ and State of Illinois File Complaint Against City of East St. Louis for Unlawful Discharges of Untreated Sewage","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2024-12-11","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-doj-and-state-illinois-file-complaint-against-city-east-st-louis-unlawful","basis":"Federal-state Clean Water Act complaint announcement"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"Critical score reflects chronic untreated sewage, public-contact pathways, system disrepair, and federal-state litigation."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-12-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Overflow volume","Population directly exposed","Capital requirement","Funding plan","Current case disposition"],"related_ids":["US-IL-CAHOKIA-HEIGHTS-SEWER-2024"]},{"id":"US-IL-ROCKFORD-FLASH-FLOOD-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"July 2024 Rockford flash flooding","description":"National Weather Service records document significant flash flooding in the Rockford area after extreme rainfall on July 13-14, 2024; Rockford recorded 7.79 inches for the month, its eighth-wettest July since 1905.","location":{"name":"Rockford flash-flood area","type":"Urban flash-flood area","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Rockford, Winnebago County, Illinois","counties":["Winnebago"],"extent":"city","latitude":42.2711,"longitude":-89.094},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Exceptional short-duration rainfall caused the documented flash flood; the cited event record does not attribute it to one failed drainage asset.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Localized property and travel impacts were documented, without reported fatalities in the cited record.","service":"Road travel and local access were disrupted.","scale":"Material local event.","duration":"Short-duration event resolved.","significance":"Official flash-flood documentation and response, without a major enforcement or asset-failure finding."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: monthly Rockford rainfall 7.79 inches; 4.80 inches reported near Herbert north of the city during the event."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":null,"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Event records did not establish a stormwater-finance or asset-management failure."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"A single event does not support a local trend.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible location-specific projection.","horizon":"Not applicable","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":[]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Rockford","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Winnebago County Emergency Management","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"National Weather Service Chicago","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"National Weather Service Chicago, 815-834-1435.","corrective_actions":["Emergency response occurred; no event-specific capital corrective plan was identified in the cited federal record."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"July 13-14, 2024: Significant Flash Flooding in Rockford","publisher":"National Weather Service Chicago","date":"2024-07-14","url":"https://www.weather.gov/lot/2024_07_13-14_Flooding","basis":"Federal storm-event record"},{"ref":2,"title":"July 2024 Climate Summary","publisher":"National Weather Service Chicago","date":"2024-08-01","url":"https://www.weather.gov/lot/july2024","basis":"Federal climate summary"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"Event ended; residual recurrence risk is not scored as an ongoing emergency."}],"first_seen":"2024-07-13","latest_seen":"2024-07-14","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Flood depth","Structures affected","Damage cost","Drainage-system capacity"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IL-DECATUR-DROUGHT-SUPPLY-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lake Decatur drought-related water rationing","description":"Lake Decatur fell 2.4 feet below normal by October 8, 2025 after below-average rain. Decatur requested conservation, later implemented Stage 1 rationing, and returned it to voluntary status November 20. The city reports the lake back within the normal summer range on October 6, 2026.","location":{"name":"Lake Decatur water supply","type":"Municipal source-water reservoir and service area","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Decatur and Mt. Zion, Macon County, Illinois","counties":["Macon"],"extent":"multi_county","latitude":39.8403,"longitude":-88.9548},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Below-normal rainfall lowered the city's primary source reservoir and triggered conservation and Stage 1 rationing actions.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No direct health or environmental harm was documented.","service":"Stage 1 rationing affected an essential supply.","scale":"City and wholesale village customers were included.","duration":"Restriction and conservation actions persisted for weeks.","significance":"Formal municipal rationing action and alternative-source deployment."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"All City of Decatur water customers, including Village of Mt. Zion customers; exact service population not reported in the drought notice."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Lake Decatur 2.4 feet below normal on October 8, 2025; Stage 1 rationing later returned to voluntary; 614.17 feet on October 6, 2026, within the city's normal summer range of 613.5-614.2 feet."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":null,"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The city used alternative sources and is studying additional drought-resilience supply because industrial growth was not fully reflected in prior planning; no financial-continuity threat was documented."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The lake returned to a reported normal range by October 2026 after the 2025 restriction.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: near-term supply is stabilized, while drought resilience remains a planning concern as demand grows.","horizon":"12-36 months","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Reported 2026 lake levels remain representative and alternative-source planning continues."],"reversal_factors":["Renewed prolonged drought, faster industrial-demand growth, or completion of new supply capacity."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Decatur Public Works Department","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Village of Mt","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Zion","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Illinois Department of Natural Resources water-supply program","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"Decatur Utility Customer Service, 217-424-2841; Robert Weil, Water Production Manager, 217-424-2863, rweil@decaturil.gov.","corrective_actions":["Voluntary conservation, Stage 1 rationing, use of alternative supplies, outreach to 24 largest users, acquisition and evaluation of a former quarry as a possible source, and updated drought-resilience planning."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City requesting voluntary water conservation due to drought conditions","publisher":"City of Decatur","date":"2025-10-08","url":"https://www.decaturil.gov/DocumentCenter/View/562104/voluntary-water-conservation-request---10825?bidId=","basis":"Municipal drought notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Water update: drought update webpage launched, moved to voluntary water conservation","publisher":"City of Decatur","date":"2025-11-20","url":"https://decaturil.gov/CivicAlerts.aspx?AID=409","basis":"Municipal restriction update"},{"ref":3,"title":"Water","publisher":"City of Decatur","date":"2026-10-06","url":"https://decaturil.gov/258/Water","basis":"Municipal current lake-level and contact page"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Service reliability was materially constrained but no unsafe-water condition was reported."}],"first_seen":"2025-08-31","latest_seen":"2026-10-06","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Customers served","Daily demand during restriction","Alternative-source yield","Drought mitigation cost"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IL-LAKE-BLUFF-14-DIOXANE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lake Bluff Estates 1,4-dioxane groundwater advisory","description":"Routine testing found 0.95 ppb 1,4-dioxane in the mobile home park supply, above Illinois' 0.78 ppb groundwater-quality standard. IDPH advised nearby private-well users to test, consider carbon filtration, or request connection to Lake Bluff's community supply.","location":{"name":"Lake Bluff Estates advisory area","type":"Mobile-home-park water supply and nearby private-well advisory area","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Lake Bluff, Lake County, Illinois","counties":["Lake"],"extent":"city","latitude":42.2791,"longitude":-87.8443},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A detected groundwater contaminant above the state standard prompted private-well testing advice and exposure-reduction options.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"State advisory cites increased liver-cancer risk from years of exposure above the standard.","service":"Drinking-water alternatives or treatment were recommended.","scale":"Number of affected wells or residents not reported.","duration":"Potential chronic exposure prompted an advisory.","significance":"State right-to-know notification and testing recommendation."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported; advisory applied to private-well users within a defined area around the mobile home park."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 1,4-dioxane at 0.95 ppb versus Illinois groundwater standard of 0.78 ppb."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":null,"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Potential connection or treatment costs were not quantified; no operating or solvency evidence was published."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One public measurement and no follow-up series were located.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient history for a concentration trend; risk status depends on private-well sampling and source investigation.","horizon":"12 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["The published sample remains the latest public measurement."],"reversal_factors":["Follow-up sampling, plume delineation, or connection to the municipal system."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Illinois Department of Public Health","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Illinois EPA","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Lake Bluff Estates Mobile Home Park water supply","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Village of Lake Bluff","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"IDPH toxicology, 217-782-5830, dph.tox@illinois.gov; Illinois EPA Jeff Guy, 217-785-8724, Jeff.Guy@illinois.gov.","corrective_actions":["Private-well testing, optional carbon filtration, and community-water connection were recommended."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"IDPH Recommends Testing of Private Water Wells Near Lake Bluffs Estates Mobile Home Park","publisher":"Illinois Department of Public Health","date":"2025-05-23","url":"https://epa.illinois.gov/content/dam/soi/en/web/epa/topics/drinking-water/private-well-users/notices/documents/05-23-2025-idph-lake%20bluffs-estates-mobile-home-park.pdf","basis":"State private-well health advisory"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Population and plume extent are unknown, so scale receives no points."}],"first_seen":"2025-05-23","latest_seen":"2025-05-23","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Number of wells in advisory area","Follow-up sampling","Contamination source","Connection and treatment cost"],"related_ids":["US-IL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-RTK-2025"]},{"id":"US-IL-STATEWIDE-NUTRIENT-LOADS-2023","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Illinois agricultural runoff and statewide nutrient-load increase","description":"Illinois' 2023 Nutrient Loss Reduction Strategy report found the 2017-2021 five-year average nitrogen load increased 4.8% to 416 million pounds annually and total phosphorus increased 35% to 46 million pounds annually versus the 1980-1996 baseline. Agricultural runoff and subsurface drainage are identified as primary agricultural pathways, while point sources and urban runoff also contribute.","location":{"name":"Illinois nutrient-loss network","type":"Statewide agricultural and river-basin water-quality issue","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Illinois statewide and downstream Mississippi River basin","counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["surface-water","wastewater-sewer","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Elevated nitrogen and phosphorus loads from runoff, drainage, and other sectors degrade Illinois waters and contribute to downstream hypoxia.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Nutrients fuel harmful algal growth, low oxygen, and drinking/recreation impacts.","service":"No discrete utility service loss was documented.","scale":"Statewide and Mississippi-basin downstream significance.","duration":"Five-year averages remain above the historic baseline.","significance":"Formal statewide strategy goals are not being met for total loads."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported; statewide waters and downstream Gulf ecosystems are affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported five-year averages: nitrogen 416 million lb/year, 4.8% above baseline; total phosphorus 46 million lb/year, 35% above baseline; water yield 23% above baseline."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":null,"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Treatment and conservation costs are material but no single utility or farm-sector solvency assessment is supported by the statewide report."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Both five-year-average statewide loads were above the strategy baseline despite sector-specific progress.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: the 45% reduction goal is unlikely to be met without much broader conservation adoption and favorable hydrology.","horizon":"Next biennial strategy cycles","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Current voluntary agricultural adoption pace and runoff sensitivity persist."],"reversal_factors":["Rapid practice adoption, binding controls, lower water yield, or a new comparable load series showing sustained decline."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Illinois EPA","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Illinois Department of Agriculture","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"University of Illinois Extension","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"agricultural producers","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"wastewater utilities","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"urban stormwater programs","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"Illinois NLRS, NLRS@Illinois.edu; Illinois Department of Agriculture Bureau of Land and Water Resources, 217-782-6297.","corrective_actions":["The NLRS targets 45% reductions in nitrogen and phosphorus; 78 programs/projects were active, and 2021-2022 state/federal conservation projects prevented an estimated 73,000 pounds nitrogen and 30,000 pounds phosphorus from entering waterways."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Illinois' Efforts to Improve Water Quality Detailed in 2023 Nutrient Loss Reduction Strategy Biennial Report","publisher":"Illinois Department of Agriculture","date":"2023-12-01","url":"https://agr.illinois.gov/news/press-release.28382.html","basis":"State strategy results release"},{"ref":2,"title":"Illinois Nutrient Loss Reduction Strategy Biennial Report 2023","publisher":"Illinois EPA, Illinois Department of Agriculture, and University of Illinois Extension","date":"2024-03-08","url":"https://epa.illinois.gov/content/dam/soi/en/web/epa/topics/water-quality/watershed-management/excess-nutrients/documents/2023-biennial-report/FINAL_NLRS2023-Web-08-Mar-2024.pdf","basis":"State biennial strategy report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"High score reflects basin-wide persistent impairment and large failure against formal reduction goals; no direct essential-service interruption was established."}],"first_seen":"2023-12-01","latest_seen":"2024-03-08","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Agriculture-only statewide annual load on the same basis","2022-2026 comparable load series","Full implementation cost","Funding gap"],"related_ids":["US-IL-19-WATERS-PHOSPHORUS-2024"]},{"id":"US-IL-19-WATERS-PHOSPHORUS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"EPA addition of 19 phosphorus-impaired Illinois water segments","description":"EPA partially disapproved Illinois' 2024 list and added total phosphorus as the pollutant causing algae-related aesthetic-use impairment in 19 waters, including Eagle Creek, Prairie Creek, Forked Creek, North Fork Saline River, Somonauk Creek, and Indian Creek. The waters returned to Category 5 and are to be addressed in the 2026 cycle.","location":{"name":"Nineteen Illinois phosphorus-impaired waters","type":"Multi-watershed impaired-water set","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Statewide set of 19 named stream segments","counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["agricultural","wastewater-sewer","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Algae impairment and total phosphorus pollution are the direct documented causes of nonattainment in the listed waters.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Algae impairment documents environmental and recreational degradation.","service":"No drinking-water or sanitation outage was established.","scale":"Nineteen distinct segments across Illinois.","duration":"Category 5 status persists pending restoration.","significance":"EPA partial disapproval and formal 303(d) additions."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 19 water-quality-limited segments impaired by algae with total phosphorus added as the causal pollutant."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":null,"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Potential watershed and treatment costs were not quantified by the listing decision."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Nineteen additional pollutant-segment listings expand the formally recognized impairment set.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: the 19 segments will remain impaired pending TMDL/restoration actions and measured attainment.","horizon":"2026 Integrated Report cycle and beyond","confidence":"High","assumptions":["No segment-specific attainment evidence supersedes the listing."],"reversal_factors":["Approved TMDLs, restoration, and monitoring showing use attainment."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Illinois EPA","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 5","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"watershed point and nonpoint-source responsible parties","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"Illinois EPA Bureau of Water, 217-782-3362; U.S. EPA Region 5, 312-353-2000.","corrective_actions":["Category 5 listing requires TMDL or equivalent restoration planning; Illinois EPA states the segments will be addressed in the 2026 Integrated Report cycle."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Illinois 2024 Section 303(d) List and U.S. EPA Partial Approval","publisher":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2024-12-11","url":"https://epa.illinois.gov/topics/water-quality/watershed-management/tmdls/303d-list.html","basis":"State-federal integrated-report decision portal"},{"ref":2,"title":"Appendix 3: Water Quality Limited Segments EPA Is Adding for Total Phosphorus","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2024-12-11","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-12/il_2024_decision-doc_appendix-3_20241211_508.pdf","basis":"Federal 303(d) decision appendix"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"High score reflects multi-watershed formal impairment and federal partial disapproval; no essential-service impact was quantified."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-12-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Segment pollutant loads","Population exposure","TMDL completion dates","Restoration cost and funding"],"related_ids":["US-IL-STATEWIDE-NUTRIENT-LOADS-2023"]},{"id":"US-IL-PULLMAN-INNOVATIONS-WASTEWATER-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Pullman Innovations unpermitted wastewater pretreatment modification","description":"Following an April 3, 2026 inspection, Illinois EPA issued a May 19 water violation notice over concerns that the edible-oil byproduct processor modified or constructed wastewater pretreatment equipment without a Water Pollution Control permit. This water issue is distinct from the facility's parallel air and odor litigation.","location":{"name":"Pullman Innovations","type":"Industrial food-byproduct processing facility","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"2701 East 100th Street, Chicago, Cook County, Illinois","counties":["Cook"],"extent":"site","latitude":41.7126,"longitude":-87.5563},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The documented water violation concerns construction or modification of industrial pretreatment equipment without the required Water Pollution Control permit.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"A plausible industrial wastewater-control risk is documented, but actual water harm was not quantified.","service":"No essential-service impact was reported.","scale":"Affected water-system extent was not reported.","duration":"Permit concern persisted from inspection through violation notice.","significance":"Formal Illinois EPA water violation notice in an EJ area."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported; Illinois EPA identifies the surrounding Southeast Chicago area as an environmental-justice concern."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: April 3, 2026 Bureau of Water inspection and May 19, 2026 violation notice; discharge quantity and pollutant concentration not reported."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":null,"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The facility's predecessor bankruptcy and repeated environmental enforcement indicate governance risk, but current water-related financial distress was not documented."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One water inspection and violation notice do not establish a performance trend.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: permit and enforcement follow-up is likely during the next 12 months; environmental outcome is uncertain without discharge data.","horizon":"12 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["The May 2026 water violation remains unresolved."],"reversal_factors":["Permit issuance, verified equipment compliance, or evidence no unpermitted modification occurred."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"A-F Acquisition LLC/Pullman Innovations","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Illinois EPA Bureau of Water","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Illinois Attorney General","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"City of Chicago","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"Illinois EPA Office of Environmental Justice, epa.oej@illinois.gov; Illinois Attorney General EJ contacts, ej@ilag.gov.","corrective_actions":["Illinois EPA issued a formal violation notice; related state litigation and injunctive proceedings address broader facility compliance, while the water notice requires permit resolution."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Pullman Innovations: Compliance and Enforcement","publisher":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2026-10-01","url":"https://epa.illinois.gov/topics/community-relations/sites/pullman-innovations.html","basis":"State enforcement dossier with water inspection and violation-notice links"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Formal industrial-water enforcement is significant, but missing discharge and exposure measurements constrain severity."}],"first_seen":"2026-04-03","latest_seen":"2026-05-19","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Wastewater volume and pollutants","Receiving sewer and treatment plant","Permit status after notice","Remediation cost"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IL-POWERTON-CCR-GROUNDWATER-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Powerton coal-ash impoundment retrofit and groundwater monitoring","description":"Illinois EPA issued construction and operating permits for Powerton's coal-combustion-residual impoundments, including retrofit of the Ash Bypass Basin with a composite liner and leachate collection system plus groundwater monitoring and waste-stream characterization. The state recognizes unlined/nonprotective coal-ash impoundments as potential groundwater leaching sources; the permit does not itself establish off-site exposure.","location":{"name":"Powerton Station CCR impoundments","type":"Coal-fired power plant coal-ash impoundments","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Pekin, Tazewell County, Illinois","counties":["Tazewell"],"extent":"site","latitude":40.5381,"longitude":-89.6787},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Legacy coal-ash basins present groundwater-leaching risk, and the permitted response requires a new liner, leachate collection, waste characterization, and monitoring infrastructure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Coal ash can leach contaminants, but current off-site harm was not established.","service":"No essential water-service interruption.","scale":"Multiple basins in the Illinois River watershed.","duration":"Legacy waste requires long-term monitoring and management.","significance":"Formal Part 845 construction and operating permits."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: four named CCR basins; Ash Bypass Basin liner/leachate retrofit; groundwater statistical submittal required within 640 days of permit effective date."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":null,"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Long-term closure, retrofit, monitoring, and financial-assurance obligations create cost exposure; no company liquidity or solvency problem was documented."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Permitted containment and monitoring improve risk management, but post-retrofit groundwater performance was not located.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: monitoring and permit compliance will continue over the next several years; off-site risk cannot be quantified from the permit alone.","horizon":"Multi-year permit period","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Permit conditions are implemented."],"reversal_factors":["Groundwater exceedances, construction delay, or verified successful closure/retrofit."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Midwest Generation LLC","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Illinois EPA Bureau of Water","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Illinois Pollution Control Board","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"Illinois EPA Bureau of Water CCR permitting, Mark E. Liska, 217-782-0610.","corrective_actions":["Retrofit Ash Bypass Basin with composite liner and leachate collection; analyze CCR and incoming waste streams; establish statistical groundwater protection monitoring and financial assurance."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Illinois EPA Permit Decisions - Midwest Generation Powerton","publisher":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2024-07-03","url":"https://epa.illinois.gov/content/dam/soi/en/web/epa/topics/water-quality/watershed-management/ccr-surface-impoundments/documents/powerton/powerton-rs-2024.pdf","basis":"State CCR construction and operating permit decision"},{"ref":2,"title":"Coal Combustion Residual Surface Impoundments","publisher":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency","date":null,"url":"https://epa.illinois.gov/topics/water-quality/watershed-management/ccr-surface-impoundments.html","basis":"State regulatory-program and risk description","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Moderate risk score reflects formal permit response to a persistent waste unit; missing off-site contamination evidence limits harm and significance scores."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-07-03","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current groundwater concentrations","Off-site plume extent","Population exposure","Project cost","Financial assurance amount"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IL-ILLINOIS-AMERICAN-RATES-2024-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Illinois American Water rate increases and affordability pressure","description":"The Illinois Commerce Commission approved a 27.82% general rate increase in December 2024. A 2026 case is pending for another increase tied to approximately $577 million in 2026-2027 investment; ICC-hosted AARP comments report company estimates of about $14/month more for a typical 3,500-gallon water customer and $28/month more for wastewater. Income-based discounts now cover eligible households up to 300% of the federal poverty level.","location":{"name":"Illinois American Water Company service areas","type":"Investor-owned multi-system water and wastewater utility service areas","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Multiple Illinois communities","counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The primary issue is regulated pricing and household affordability across a large private water and sewer service portfolio, not a discrete asset failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Material household burden is plausible and documented in the regulatory record, but a representative burden rate was unavailable.","service":"Water and sewer are essential services; no systemwide shutoff evidence was verified.","scale":"Multi-community statewide service portfolio.","duration":"Successive rate cases span 2024-2026.","significance":"Formal ICC orders and pending general rate case."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Company serves a large multi-community customer base; a verified current service-population count was not stated in the cited Commission order summary."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 27.82% approved 2024 general rate increase; pending 2026 case tied to approximately $577 million investment; ICC-hosted comment reports proposed typical monthly increases of $14 water and $28 wastewater at 3,500 gallons."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-04-30","rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"approved_rate_change","value":27.82,"currency":null,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-12-05","scope":{"utility":"Illinois American Water Company","customer_class":"General water and sewer rate case"},"basis":{"definition":"Commission-approved general rate increase in docket 24-0097."},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"District- and service-specific bill changes vary."},{"metric":"proposed_typical_residential_bill_change","value":14,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-04-30","scope":{"utility":"Illinois American Water Company","service_type":"water","customer_class":"typical residential"},"basis":{"consumption":"3,500 gallons per month","definition":"Company filing figure as summarized in ICC-hosted AARP comments."},"source_refs":[4],"notes":"Proposed, not approved; do not combine with wastewater value."},{"metric":"proposed_typical_residential_bill_change","value":28,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-04-30","scope":{"utility":"Illinois American Water Company","service_type":"wastewater","customer_class":"typical residential"},"basis":{"consumption":"3,500 gallons per month","definition":"Company filing figure as summarized in ICC-hosted AARP comments."},"source_refs":[4],"notes":"Proposed, not approved; do not combine with water value."}],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"capital_investment","value":577000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","period_start":"2026-01-01","period_end":"2027-12-31","funding_stage":"proposed","scope":{"utility":"Illinois American Water Company"},"basis":{"definition":"New water and wastewater investments the company seeks to recover in docket 26-0127, as summarized in ICC-hosted comments."},"source_refs":[4],"notes":"Not an identified funding gap or approved revenue requirement."}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[{"metric":"low_income_discount","value":null,"range_low":10,"range_high":80,"currency":null,"unit":"percent monthly discount","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-10-10","scope":{"utility":"Illinois American Water Company","customer_class":"Residential households up to 300% FPL"},"basis":{"definition":"Four-tier income-based discount on water and/or wastewater bills."},"source_refs":[3],"notes":"Enrollment and participation rate not reported."}],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]},"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Large recurring capital recovery requests and rapid rate increases create affordability and bill-stability risk; the evidence does not indicate utility insolvency, default, or liquidity stress."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"A large approved increase was followed by another pending general increase within two years, partly mitigated by a new income-based discount.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: customer bills face additional upward pressure through the 2026 rate case, while income-based discounts will reduce but not eliminate burden for eligible enrollees.","horizon":"Through final order in docket 26-0127","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["The 2026 case proceeds and some capital revenue is authorized."],"reversal_factors":["Material disallowance, withdrawal of the request, or broader assistance participation."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Illinois American Water Company","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Illinois Commerce Commission","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Illinois Attorney General and consumer intervenors in rate cases","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"Illinois Commerce Commission Consumer Services Division, 800-524-0795; Illinois American Water customer service through its published service channels.","corrective_actions":["ICC rate review reduced or conditions requests through adjudication; the utility offers four income-based discount tiers of 10%-80% for eligible customers up to 300% of FPL."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ICC 2024 Annual Report on Electricity, Gas, Water and Sewer Utilities","publisher":"Illinois Commerce Commission","date":"2025-03-31","url":"https://icc.illinois.gov/api/web-management/documents/downloads/public/en/2024%20Electricity%20Gas%20Water%20Sewer%20Utilities%20Annual%20Report.pdf","basis":"State utility-regulator annual report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Case Details for 26-0127","publisher":"Illinois Commerce Commission","date":"2026-02-17","url":"https://icc.illinois.gov/docket/P2026-0127","basis":"State rate-case docket"},{"ref":3,"title":"Water Customer Utility Assistance","publisher":"Illinois Commerce Commission","date":null,"url":"https://www.icc.illinois.gov/consumers/utility-energy-assistance","basis":"State regulator assistance-program page","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"AARP Illinois Comments in Docket 26-0127","publisher":"Illinois Commerce Commission docket filing","date":"2026-04-30","url":"https://icc.illinois.gov/docket/P2026-0127/public-comments","basis":"ICC-hosted intervenor comment citing company filing assumptions"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Moderate score reflects broad essential-service affordability exposure and repeated formal rate action, without verified shutoff or household-burden outcomes."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-25","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Approved 2024 bill by district and service type","Program enrollment","Arrears and shutoffs","Comparable household burden","Final 2026 rate order"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OH-AKRON-HAA5-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Akron City public water system HAA5 MCL violation","description":"Ohio EPA's 2025 compliance report lists Akron City PWS (OH7700011) with an HAA5 MCL violation for the third quarter of 2025.","location":{"name":"Akron City PWS","type":"Municipal public water system service area","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Akron, Summit County, Ohio","counties":["Summit"],"extent":"system","latitude":41.0814,"longitude":-81.519},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Ohio EPA recorded a health-based disinfection-byproduct MCL violation; the cited compliance table does not establish a physical-asset cause.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"A regulated HAA5 MCL violation indicates plausible chronic health concern.","service":"Drinking-water quality was affected, without a reported outage.","scale":"The regulatory population is 280,000.","duration":"One quarterly period is documented.","significance":"A formal MCL violation was recorded."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Reported regulatory service population: 280,000."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: HAA5 MCL violation, monitoring period July 1-September 30, 2025; population 280,000."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":null,"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No financial distress evidence appears in the compliance table."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One quarterly violation does not support a projection.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Future compliance data are comparable"],"reversal_factors":["Treatment changes or subsequent compliant monitoring"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Akron Public Service Department","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"Ohio EPA Northeast District Office, 330-963-1200.","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the annual compliance table."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2025 Annual Compliance Report","publisher":"Ohio Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/epa.ohio.gov/Portals/28/documents/pws/Annual-Compliance-Report.pdf","basis":"State regulatory compliance record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New Ohio baseline finding."}],"first_seen":"2025-07-01","latest_seen":"2025-09-30","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["HAA5 concentration","return-to-compliance date","system-specific corrective action"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OH-HUDSON-ECOLI-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Hudson City public water system E. coli MCL violation","description":"Ohio EPA lists Hudson City PWS (OH7701612) with an E. coli MCL violation during August 2025.","location":{"name":"Hudson City PWS","type":"Municipal public water system service area","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Hudson, Summit County, Ohio","counties":["Summit"],"extent":"system","latitude":41.2401,"longitude":-81.4407},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented E. coli MCL violation is a direct drinking-water-quality failure; no causal asset failure was established.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"E. coli in regulated drinking water supports confirmed acute health concern.","service":"Safe-water quality was affected; an outage was not reported.","scale":"8,385 people are listed as served.","duration":"One monthly compliance period.","significance":"Formal MCL violation."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Reported regulatory service population: 8,385."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: E. coli MCL violation, August 1-31, 2025; population 8,385."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":null,"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No financial information was provided."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"A single monthly episode does not support a projection.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible projection.","horizon":"12 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Annual report is complete"],"reversal_factors":["Subsequent recurrence or confirmed corrective action"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Hudson","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"Ohio EPA Northeast District Office, 330-963-1200.","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the annual table."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2025 Annual Compliance Report","publisher":"Ohio Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/epa.ohio.gov/Portals/28/documents/pws/Annual-Compliance-Report.pdf","basis":"State regulatory compliance record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New Ohio baseline finding."}],"first_seen":"2025-08-01","latest_seen":"2025-08-31","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["organism count","advisory duration","return-to-compliance date","corrective action"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OH-CLEVELAND-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Cleveland Water large lead service line replacement need","description":"Cleveland Water reported about 176,000 city-owned lead service lines, 194,000 customer-owned lead service lines, and about 209,000 small pre-1954 customer connections of unknown material as of January 2024. Its 30-year plan requires at least 4,000 replacements annually; Year 3 aims for about 9,000 replacements.","location":{"name":"Cleveland Water direct service area","type":"Regional drinking-water utility service area","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Cleveland and served Northeast Ohio communities","counties":["Cuyahoga"],"extent":"multi_county","latitude":41.4993,"longitude":-81.6944},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Hundreds of thousands of known or potential lead connections create a contaminant-exposure pathway and a long-horizon physical replacement requirement.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Lead service lines are a documented exposure pathway with potentially irreversible effects.","service":"Replacement affects drinking-water delivery but continuity is not reported threatened.","scale":"The inventory is among the largest documented system needs.","duration":"The utility describes a 30-year plan.","significance":"Formal utility replacement program and federal funding response."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported in the project document."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: approximately 176,000 city-owned LSLs, 194,000 customer-owned LSLs, and 209,000 small pre-1954 customer connections of unknown material as of January 2024; minimum 4,000 removals/year for a 30-year plan."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":{"rates_and_customer_cost":[],"capital_requirements_and_funding":[{"metric":"Ohio FY2024 lead-service-line replacement allotment","value":184273000,"currency":"USD","unit":"dollars","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-05-02","scope":"State of Ohio DWSRF allotment, not solely Cleveland","basis":"Federal allotment","source_refs":[2],"method":null,"notes":"Do not treat as Cleveland funding secured."}],"operating_and_balance_sheet_health":[],"affordability_and_household_burden":[],"unit_economics_and_forward_needs":[]},"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The very large multi-decade replacement obligation is a material forward capital and delivery exposure; insolvency, default, or liquidity stress was not documented."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Replacement work is planned at a higher Year 3 pace, but the remaining inventory is very large.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: replacements will reduce exposure pathways, but full elimination remains a multi-decade delivery challenge under the utility's stated plan.","horizon":"30 years from plan baseline","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["At least 4,000 connections are removed annually","Contractor and material capacity are available"],"reversal_factors":["Funding shortfall","contractor constraints","inventory reclassification","accelerated federal compliance timetable"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Cleveland Water","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Ohio EPA","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"Cleveland Water Customer Service, 216-664-3130.","corrective_actions":["Year 3 proposes investigation at more than 10,000 locations and replacement of approximately 9,000 lead service lines."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Cleveland Water Lead Service Line Replacement Year 3 Projects","publisher":"Cleveland Water","date":"2025-01-30","url":"https://www.clevelandwater.com/media/402","basis":"Utility project plan"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA Announces More Than $184 Million for Ohio Lead Pipe Replacement","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2024-05-02","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-announces-more-184-million-ohio-lead-pipe-replacement-advance-safe-drinking-water","basis":"Federal funding announcement"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New Ohio baseline finding."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Total program cost","funding gap","household burden","confirmed post-inventory count"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OH-DAYTON-PFAS-GROUNDWATER-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Dayton source-water PFAS contamination near Wright-Patterson AFB","description":"EPA's 2024 PFAS rule response record reproduces Dayton's evidence that source-area PFAS reached 150 ppt, eight production wells representing nearly 35% of Mad River Well Field pumping capacity had been removed from service, and treated Ottawa plant water had ranged 5-12 ppt and sometimes 18 ppt.","location":{"name":"Mad River Well Field and Ottawa Water Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal groundwater well field and utility service area","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Dayton and Riverside, Montgomery County, Ohio","counties":["Montgomery"],"extent":"multi_county","latitude":39.7589,"longitude":-84.1916},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","drinking-water-supply","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS contamination in groundwater and early-warning wells is the primary documented problem; well shutdowns and treatment needs are responses.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"PFAS source and treated-water detections were documented.","service":"Nearly 35% of one well field's pumping capacity was removed.","scale":"Utility reports 400,000 customers.","duration":"Contamination had been managed since 2016, but the cited current record is one consolidated snapshot.","significance":"Regulatory and treatment response is documented."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":400000,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: Dayton supplies about 400,000 customers."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: source monitoring up to 150 ppt PFAS; treated water commonly 5-12 ppt and sometimes 18 ppt; eight wells representing nearly 35% of Mad River Well Field capacity removed; about 400,000 customers."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":{"rates_and_customer_cost":[],"capital_requirements_and_funding":[{"metric":"PFAS treatment funding","value":null,"currency":"USD","unit":"dollars","status":"Not reported","as_of_date":"2024-04-10","scope":"Ottawa Water Treatment Plant","basis":"City requested Air Force funding; amount not stated","source_refs":[1],"method":null,"notes":"Request was reported denied at the time of the submitted comment."}],"operating_and_balance_sheet_health":[],"affordability_and_household_burden":[],"unit_economics_and_forward_needs":[]},"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Loss of major well-field capacity and requested PFAS treatment create material compliance/capital exposure; no insolvency or default is documented."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The 2024 rule record consolidates older measurements but does not supply a comparable current series.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: PFAS compliance and source-capacity exposure will persist until treatment and source controls are verified.","horizon":"Through federal compliance implementation","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Contaminated groundwater continues to migrate","Affected wells remain constrained"],"reversal_factors":["Verified treatment commissioning","source remediation","new compliant monitoring series"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Dayton Department of Water","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Wright-Patterson Air Force Base/U.S. Air Force","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Ohio EPA","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"City of Dayton Department of Water, 937-333-3725; EPA Region 5 public contact, 312-886-1443.","corrective_actions":["Eight production wells were removed from service; Dayton developed a PFAS strategy and requested Air Force funding for treatment."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation - Response to Comments, Section 12","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2024-04-10","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-04/pfas-comment-response-document_final-508_v2.pdf","basis":"Federal rulemaking record containing City of Dayton submission"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New Ohio baseline finding; current measurement gap lowers duration/significance support."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-04-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current 2025-2026 treated-water concentrations","current well status","treatment project cost","funding resolution"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OH-MARIETTA-WASTEWATER-ORDER-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Marietta wastewater treatment and sewer violations","description":"EPA ordered Marietta to address chronic permit effluent exceedances, bypasses, sanitary sewer overflows, and operations, maintenance, monitoring and reporting violations. Excess fecal coliform and E. coli and untreated sewage reached the Ohio River, Muskingum River, and a tributary.","location":{"name":"Marietta wastewater treatment works","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment and collection system","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Marietta, Washington County, Ohio","counties":["Washington"],"extent":"city","latitude":39.4154,"longitude":-81.4548},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Chronic effluent violations and raw sewage discharges are coupled with documented treatment-plant and collection-system upgrade needs.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Fecal coliform, E. coli and untreated sewage reached multiple rivers.","service":"Treatment and collection performance was impaired.","scale":"Local/multi-waterbody impact; population not reported.","duration":"EPA called violations chronic.","significance":"Formal federal administrative order and upgrade plan requirement."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: chronic permit exceedances, multiple untreated-sewage discharges, bypasses and sanitary sewer overflows; volume not reported."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":null,"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Material plant and collection-system improvement needs are official, but cost, revenue adequacy and liquidity were not reported."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The order establishes chronic conditions but no later comparable compliance data were verified.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: enforcement and capital-delivery risk persists until EPA verifies implementation and sustained permit compliance.","horizon":"12-36 months","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Order remains active","upgrades are not yet verified complete"],"reversal_factors":["EPA closure","verified compliant discharge record","completed upgrades"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Marietta","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 5","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Ohio EPA","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"EPA Region 5, Macy Pressley, pressley.macy@epa.gov, 312-886-1443.","corrective_actions":["EPA required an upgrade and collection-system improvement plan plus operations, maintenance, reporting and monitoring corrections."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA Issues Order to City of Marietta, Ohio, to Resolve Clean Water Act Violations","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2024-07-12","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-issues-order-city-marietta-ohio-resolve-clean-water-act-violations","basis":"Federal enforcement announcement"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New Ohio baseline finding."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-07-12","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["overflow volume","population affected","upgrade cost","plan completion status"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OH-PORT-CLINTON-CSO-RESOLVED-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Port Clinton combined sewer overflow control program","description":"EPA and Ohio EPA terminated the 1999 settlement after Port Clinton completed its long-term control plan, eliminated all but one combined sewer, installed a valve on the remaining authorized outfall, and maintained compliance.","location":{"name":"Port Clinton wastewater system","type":"Municipal wastewater utility service area","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Port Clinton, Ottawa County, Ohio","counties":["Ottawa"],"extent":"city","latitude":41.512,"longitude":-82.9377},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"The historical sewage-overflow water-quality problem was addressed through major wastewater plant and collection-system infrastructure upgrades.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No current harm was reported after controls.","service":"System is operating in verified compliance.","scale":"Lake Erie watershed significance remains material.","duration":"Resolved/stabilized.","significance":"Consent decree terminated after major completed program."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: $15 million invested; more than $15.6 million low-interest financing; all but one combined sewer eliminated."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":{"rates_and_customer_cost":[],"capital_requirements_and_funding":[{"metric":"Completed wastewater investment","value":15000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"dollars","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-06-01","scope":"Port Clinton wastewater upgrades","basis":"EPA described city investment as $15 million","source_refs":[1],"method":null,"notes":"Rounded reported amount."},{"metric":"Low-interest financing support","value":15600000,"currency":"USD","unit":"dollars","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-06-01","scope":"Port Clinton improvement projects","basis":"Ohio EPA-supported low-interest financing","source_refs":[1],"method":null,"notes":"Source says more than $15.6 million."}],"operating_and_balance_sheet_health":[],"affordability_and_household_burden":[],"unit_economics_and_forward_needs":[]},"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["More than $15.6 million in low-interest financing supported completed improvements; no distress signal was reported."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Federal and state agencies verified completed construction and sustained decree compliance.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: overflow risk should remain substantially reduced if the completed assets are maintained and the remaining outfall stays within permit conditions.","horizon":"12-36 months","confidence":"High","assumptions":["Maintenance and permit compliance continue"],"reversal_factors":["Asset failure","unpermitted discharge","capacity exceedance"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Port Clinton","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Ohio EPA","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Justice","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"EPA Region 5, Macy Pressley, 312-886-1443.","corrective_actions":["Completed wastewater plant and collection-system projects; one remaining permitted CSO fitted with a duckbill valve."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA and Ohio EPA to Terminate Settlement after Port Clinton Completed Required Wastewater Upgrades","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-and-ohio-epa-terminate-settlement-after-port-clinton-ohio-completed-required","basis":"Federal/state enforcement closure announcement"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"New resolved Ohio baseline finding retained because the resolution falls within the window."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-06-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["remaining permitted overflow frequency","current annual overflow volume"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OH-2024-DROUGHT","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Record 2024 Ohio drought and water-supply impacts","description":"NIDIS reported that 30% of Ohio was in D3-D4 on September 19, 2024, the state's first D4 since the U.S. Drought Monitor began in 2000. Impacts included low/dry ponds and creeks, livestock water hauling, reduced crop production, and municipal use of reserve sources or restrictions.","location":{"name":"Ohio 2024 drought area","type":"Statewide drought region","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Central, eastern and southeastern Ohio most severely affected","counties":["Muskingum","Noble","Guernsey","Harrison","Belmont","Monroe"],"extent":"statewide","latitude":40.4173,"longitude":-82.9071},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A rapid precipitation deficit produced unprecedented D4 drought, low water sources and municipal/agricultural supply impacts rather than a discrete infrastructure failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Documented agricultural, landscape and water-source impacts.","service":"Some municipalities used reserves or imposed restrictions.","scale":"Large portion of the state.","duration":"Seasonal episode with lingering impacts.","significance":"Record D4 and federal disaster response."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported in the cited status update."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 30% of Ohio in extreme or exceptional drought on September 19, 2024; first D4 in Ohio in the U.S. Drought Monitor era."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":null,"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Temporary source constraints and demand/operating impacts were reported, but utility financial effects were not quantified."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"The 2024 flash drought was record-setting, but it is an episodic event and does not alone establish a multi-year worsening trend.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient comparable history for a defensible recurrence projection.","horizon":"Not projected","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["No climate model was applied"],"reversal_factors":["Multi-year precipitation and supply observations"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Ohio Department of Natural Resources","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"NOAA/NIDIS","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"USDA","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"affected municipal utilities","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"NOAA/NIDIS, drought.gov contact channel; Ohio Department of Natural Resources Division of Water Resources.","corrective_actions":["Drought monitoring, reserve-source use, voluntary/mandatory restrictions, agricultural disaster assistance and water hauling were reported."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drought Status Update for the Midwest","publisher":"NOAA National Integrated Drought Information System","date":"2024-09-20","url":"https://www.drought.gov/drought-status-updates/drought-status-update-midwest-2024-09-20","basis":"Federal drought status update"},{"ref":2,"title":"Early Warning in Action: 2024's Record Drought in Ohio","publisher":"NOAA National Integrated Drought Information System","date":"2025-03-12","url":"https://www.drought.gov/news/early-warning-action-record-drought-ohio-2025-03-12","basis":"Federal retrospective"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":8,"note":"New Ohio baseline finding; peak-event severity scored, status reflects later event cessation."}],"first_seen":"2024-08-27","latest_seen":"2025-03-12","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["statewide affected population","utility-by-utility restriction record","aggregate economic loss"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OH-LAKE-ERIE-HAB-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Moderately severe 2024 western Lake Erie harmful algal bloom","description":"NOAA measured a 2024 bloom severity index of 6.6, moderately severe and above 2023's 5.3, with a 550-square-mile peak and the earliest onset in the satellite record. It persisted in patches into October.","location":{"name":"Western Lake Erie","type":"Great Lakes western basin","state":"OH","states":["OH","MI"],"detail":"U.S. shore primarily Monroe, Michigan to Port Clinton, Ohio","counties":["Lucas","Ottawa"],"extent":"watershed","latitude":41.75,"longitude":-83.2},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A large cyanobacterial bloom degraded western Lake Erie water quality; infrastructure was not the causal issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Moderately severe cyanobacterial biomass threatens ecosystem, recreation and source water.","service":"Drinking-water plants must manage bloom risk; no unsafe finished-water result was cited.","scale":"550 square miles at peak across an interstate basin.","duration":"Seasonal, late June into October.","significance":"Federal forecasting/assessment and formal nutrient programs."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: severity index 6.6; peak area 550 square miles; patches persisted into October 2024."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":null,"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Treatment and recreation implications exist, but no utility cost evidence was reported."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The 2024 severity index increased from 5.3 in 2023 to 6.6, but two years alone support only a low-confidence direction.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: recurring western-basin blooms remain likely while spring phosphorus targets are met inconsistently.","horizon":"Next 1-3 bloom seasons","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Nutrient loads remain above targets in many years","weather remains bloom-conducive"],"reversal_factors":["Sustained phosphorus-load reductions","unfavorable bloom weather","major watershed-practice gains"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NOAA NCCOS","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Ohio EPA","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Ohio Department of Natural Resources","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"affected drinking-water utilities","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"NOAA NCCOS contacts Alexandria Hounshell and Richard Stumpf, listed on the assessment page.","corrective_actions":["Seasonal forecasting and monitoring; Maumee nutrient TMDL and phosphorus-reduction programs address upstream drivers."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2024 Lake Erie Harmful Algal Bloom Seasonal Assessment","publisher":"NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science","date":"2024-11-13","url":"https://coastalscience.noaa.gov/news/2024-lake-erie-harmful-algal-bloom-seasonal-assessment/","basis":"Federal seasonal assessment"},{"ref":2,"title":"U.S. Priority Tributaries","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2025-09-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/glwqa/us-priority-tributaries","basis":"Federal Great Lakes indicator"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"New Ohio baseline finding; season ended but recurrence risk persists."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-06-27","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["2024 toxin exposure population","treatment cost","beach closure days"],"related_ids":["US-OH-MAUMEE-NUTRIENTS-2024"]},{"id":"US-OH-MAUMEE-NUTRIENTS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Persistent Maumee River phosphorus loading to western Lake Erie","description":"EPA's Great Lakes indicator shows the Maumee met its spring dissolved-phosphorus target in only 2 of 10 years and annual total-phosphorus target in 4 of 10 years during 2014-2024. The approved nutrient TMDL covers Ohio portions of the 5,024-square-mile watershed and uses allocations and implementation programs to reduce loading.","location":{"name":"Maumee River watershed","type":"Multi-county agricultural watershed","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Northwestern Ohio draining to western Lake Erie","counties":["Allen","Defiance","Fulton","Hancock","Henry","Lucas","Paulding","Putnam","Van Wert","Wood"],"extent":"watershed","latitude":41.2,"longitude":-84},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["surface-water","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Excess phosphorus loading and resulting impairment are the documented primary issue; agriculture is a major management sector rather than a specific asset failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Nutrient impairment drives recurring Lake Erie HAB conditions.","service":"Source-water and recreational uses face management burden.","scale":"Large 18-county interstate-connected watershed.","duration":"Targets were missed in most years over a decade.","significance":"Approved TMDL and formal binational target framework."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: spring dissolved-phosphorus target met 2 of 10 years and annual total-phosphorus target met 4 of 10 years, 2014-2024; watershed 5,024 square miles in Ohio and portions of 18 counties."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":null,"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No utility solvency evidence; implementation relies on multiple programs and landowner participation."]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Targets were met inconsistently across 2014-2024 with no clear sustained trajectory in the summarized indicator.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: phosphorus-driven impairment is likely to persist over the next 3-5 years absent sustained target attainment.","horizon":"3-5 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Current implementation pace continues","weather-adjusted loading remains inconsistent"],"reversal_factors":["Multiple consecutive target-attainment years","verified widespread effective practices","major regulatory change"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Ohio EPA","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 5","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Ohio Department of Agriculture","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"USDA","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"local soil and water conservation districts","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"agricultural operators","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"U.S. EPA Region 5 TMDL contacts David Werbach and Paul Proto, listed on the approval page.","corrective_actions":["Maumee nutrient TMDL, biennial progress reporting, best-management-practice deployment and Great Lakes programs."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"U.S. Priority Tributaries","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2025-09-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/glwqa/us-priority-tributaries","basis":"Federal Great Lakes indicator"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA Approval of Ohio's Maumee Watershed Nutrient TMDL","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2023-09-28","url":"https://www.epa.gov/tmdl/epas-approval-ohios-maumee-watershed-nutrient-total-maximum-daily-load","basis":"Federal TMDL approval; implementation context predates window by 12 days"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New Ohio baseline finding."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["2024 load tonnage in reviewed page","verified practice adoption coverage","funding gap"],"related_ids":["US-OH-LAKE-ERIE-HAB-2024"]},{"id":"US-OH-EAST-PALESTINE-STREAM-CLEANUP-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"East Palestine derailment-related stream and groundwater monitoring and cleanup","description":"EPA's 2024 updates documented ongoing creek agitation/aeration, soil washing, sheen/sediment investigation, cleanup of four of five underground culverts, and review of additional stream cleanup. EPA's 450-day report said ongoing evidence did not show resident risk from impacted surface water, while significant cleanup continued into 2025.","location":{"name":"Sulphur Run and Leslie Run remediation corridor","type":"Industrial incident remediation corridor","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"East Palestine, Columbiana County, Ohio","counties":["Columbiana"],"extent":"city","latitude":40.8339,"longitude":-80.5403},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water","groundwater","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Industrial contamination affected stream sediment and required physical creek, culvert and soil-removal work, making quality and infrastructure/remediation inseparable.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Industrial residues required stream and sediment cleanup, but EPA reported no current resident risk.","service":"Water monitoring and local creek use were affected; municipal drinking water was not found unsafe in cited evidence.","scale":"Local multi-stream corridor.","duration":"Cleanup extended through the window.","significance":"EPA order and multi-agency remediation."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported; EPA stated residents were not at risk from derailment-impacted surface water, soil or air in its 450-day update."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: all five culverts assessed, four cleaned by June 2024; additional stream cleanup and confirmatory work ongoing; quantitative contaminant value not stated in reviewed update."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":null,"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Cleanup responsibility lies with Norfolk Southern under EPA oversight; no utility distress evidence was identified."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"EPA documented removal and cleanup progress and no current resident surface-water risk, while retaining continued investigation.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: monitoring and targeted stream remediation will continue until agencies accept confirmatory results and close remaining work.","horizon":"1-3 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Oversight and responsible-party funding continue"],"reversal_factors":["New exceedances","persistent sheen/sediment contamination","agency closure"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Ohio EPA","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Norfolk Southern","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Village of East Palestine","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"EPA East Palestine information line, 330-775-6517; r5_eastpalestine@epa.gov.","corrective_actions":["Contaminated-soil removal, creek aeration/agitation and washing, culvert survey/cleaning, sediment and sheen sampling, and continuing state-led water-quality oversight."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"East Palestine Operational Updates","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2024-06-28","url":"https://www.epa.gov/east-palestine-oh-train-derailment/operational-updates","basis":"Federal emergency-response update"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPTD Executive Order Report 450-Day Update","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2024-12-22","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2025-01/final-eptd-eo-report-450-day-update-dec-22-2024-002.pdf","basis":"Federal status report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New Ohio baseline finding; current human exposure not established."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-02-16","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["latest sediment contaminant concentrations","remaining cleanup cost","final closure date"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OH-COLUMBUS-RATES-CAPACITY-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Columbus water and sewer rate increases amid major growth capital needs","description":"Columbus approved 2025 increases of 7% water, 6% sewer and 1% stormwater, producing a reported 6.06% combined impact for a typical inside-city residential customer. For 2026, the city described larger investments including a fourth water plant estimated at $2 billion and expanded its low-income commodity discount to 30%.","location":{"name":"Columbus Department of Public Utilities service area","type":"Regional municipal utility service area","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Columbus and central Ohio service area","counties":["Franklin"],"extent":"multi_county","latitude":39.9612,"longitude":-82.9988},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","infrastructure","wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is the utility revenue and affordability response to large growth-driven capital requirements, not a present service failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Rate burden may affect lower-income customers; no quantified hardship was found.","service":"Capital expansion is needed for future supply/treatment reliability.","scale":"Large regional utility and growth area.","duration":"Consecutive rate/capital pressure.","significance":"Approved municipal rates and $2 billion plant estimate."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported; city planning cites central Ohio growth toward 3 million residents by 2050."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 2025 water +7%, sewer +6%, stormwater +1%; typical inside-city combined bill +6.06%, $13.67/quarter or $54.67/year at 17 ccf/quarter; fourth water plant estimated $2 billion."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":{"rates_and_customer_cost":[{"metric":"Typical inside-city combined utility bill increase","value":13.67,"currency":"USD","unit":"dollars per quarter","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-01-01","scope":"Inside-city residential water, sewer and stormwater","basis":"17 ccf per quarter; typical customer as defined by city","source_refs":[1],"method":null,"notes":"Annual reported impact $54.67; source labels its customer assumption."},{"metric":"Water rate increase","value":7,"currency":null,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-01-01","scope":"Columbus water rates","basis":"Approved rate change","source_refs":[1],"method":null,"notes":null},{"metric":"Combined typical bill impact","value":6.06,"currency":null,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-01-01","scope":"Inside-city typical residential customer","basis":"Water, sewer and stormwater combined at 17 ccf/quarter","source_refs":[1],"method":null,"notes":"Outside-city reported impact was 6.49%."}],"capital_requirements_and_funding":[{"metric":"Fourth water treatment plant estimated cost","value":2000000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"dollars","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-01-01","scope":"Columbus fourth water plant","basis":"Utility project estimate","source_refs":[2],"method":null,"notes":"Funding secured and gap not reported."}],"operating_and_balance_sheet_health":[],"affordability_and_household_burden":[{"metric":"Low-income water commodity discount","value":30,"currency":null,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-01-01","scope":"Qualified low-income customers","basis":"Discount on usage/commodity portion","source_refs":[2],"method":null,"notes":"Enrollment not reported."}],"unit_economics_and_forward_needs":[]},"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Large growth-driven capital needs and consecutive rate increases create forward affordability and execution exposure; the city provides discounts and no insolvency, default or liquidity crisis was documented."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Typical bills rose in 2025 and the 2026 rate process called for a larger water increase as capital needs grew.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: customer bills and capital spending are likely to remain under upward pressure through fourth-plant delivery and regional growth.","horizon":"2026-2030","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Growth and project plans continue","rates remain a primary revenue source"],"reversal_factors":["Major grants","project deferral","lower growth","cost reductions"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Columbus Department of Public Utilities","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Columbus City Council","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Utility Advisory Board","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"Columbus Department of Public Utilities Customer Service, 614-645-8276.","corrective_actions":["Rate adjustments, low-income discount expansion, senior service-charge waiver, payment plans, fourth water plant design, and sewer/stormwater investments."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Columbus City Bulletin, Ordinance 2837-2024 and companion utility rate ordinances","publisher":"City of Columbus","date":"2024-11-30","url":"https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/1/city-council/documents/city-bulletins/2024/bulletin20241130.pdf","basis":"Municipal legislation"},{"ref":2,"title":"2026 Rates","publisher":"City of Columbus","date":"2026-01-01","url":"https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/Find-Utility-Rates-Fees-and-Connection-Charges/2026-Rates","basis":"Utility rate and capital information"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New Ohio baseline finding; affordability impact is plausible but household burden was not quantified."}],"first_seen":"2024-11-30","latest_seen":"2026-01-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["arrears","shutoffs","discount enrollment","median household burden","total funded capital plan"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NC-STATEWIDE-PFAS-PUBLIC-WATER-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"North Carolina public-water PFAS compliance exposure","description":"NC DEQ reports PFAS sampling across more than 800 public water systems and stated that, based on data available in April 2024, more than 300 systems had levels expected to exceed the new federal standards. A 2025 agency presentation counted 1,958 systems affected by initial monitoring requirements.","location":{"name":"North Carolina public water systems","type":"Statewide public-water-system cohort","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"North Carolina statewide","counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Documented PFAS detections create water-quality exposure and treatment-capital requirements under the federal rule.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"NC DEQ reports PFAS sampling across more than 800 public water systems and stated that, based on data available in April 2024, more than 300 systems had levels expected to exceed the new federal standards. A 2025 agency presentation counted 1,958 systems affected by initial monitoring requirements.","service":"NC DEQ reports PFAS sampling across more than 800 public water systems and stated that, based on data available in April 2024, more than 300 systems had levels expected to exceed the new federal standards. A 2025 agency presentation counted 1,958 systems affected by initial monitoring requirements.","scale":"NC DEQ reports PFAS sampling across more than 800 public water systems and stated that, based on data available in April 2024, more than 300 systems had levels expected to exceed the new federal standards. A 2025 agency presentation counted 1,958 systems affected by initial monitoring requirements.","duration":"NC DEQ reports PFAS sampling across more than 800 public water systems and stated that, based on data available in April 2024, more than 300 systems had levels expected to exceed the new federal standards. A 2025 agency presentation counted 1,958 systems affected by initial monitoring requirements.","significance":"NC DEQ reports PFAS sampling across more than 800 public water systems and stated that, based on data available in April 2024, more than 300 systems had levels expected to exceed the new federal standards. A 2025 agency presentation counted 1,958 systems affected by initial monitoring requirements."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":2000,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: nearly 2,000 community systems provide public water to 9.3 million customers statewide; this is context, not a count of exposed people."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: more than 300 systems expected to exceed new PFAS standards; more than 800 systems sampled."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":null,"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["More than 300 systems may require compliance response; system-specific capital needs, rates, debt, and affordability were not consolidated in the cited sources."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable multi-period evidence is insufficient for a quantitative projection.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient history for a defensible quantitative projection.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New monitoring, project completion, enforcement outcomes, or funding changes."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"public water systems","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"NC DEQ, 1-877-623-6748","corrective_actions":["Systems must complete initial monitoring and, where necessary, install treatment or otherwise achieve compliance."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DEQ PFAS Sampling of Public Water Systems","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":null,"url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/key-issues/emerging-compounds/understanding-pfas/deq-pfas-sampling-public-water-systems","basis":"Official state record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"PFAS Fact Sheet","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2024-04-01","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/genx/fact-sheet-pfas-nc-2023/open","basis":"Official state record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified record from the North Carolina all-category baseline pass."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable household bill","Household burden","Arrears and shutoffs"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NC-CAPE-FEAR-CHEMOURS-PFAS-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Cape Fear and private-well PFAS contamination linked to Fayetteville Works","description":"NC DEQ reported 18,593 private wells tested and 8,800 households qualifying for replacement water by December 2023. In 2025 the sampling area encompassed 10 counties; EPA's proposed 2026 Chemours settlement also requires evaluation and controls for releases from the North Carolina facility.","location":{"name":"Fayetteville Works and downstream Cape Fear area","type":"Industrial facility and multi-county contamination area","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Bladen, Brunswick, Columbus, Cumberland, New Hanover, Pender, Robeson and downstream Cape Fear-area counties, North Carolina","counties":["Bladen","Brunswick","Columbus","Cumberland","New Hanover","Pender","Robeson"],"extent":"watershed","coordinates":{"precision":"facility","source_ref":1,"lat":34.833,"lon":-78.824}},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","surface-water","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS has been documented in private wells and surface-water discharges; the primary causal issue is contamination rather than asset failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"NC DEQ reported 18,593 private wells tested and 8,800 households qualifying for replacement water by December 2023. In 2025 the sampling area encompassed 10 counties; EPA's proposed 2026 Chemours settlement also requires evaluation and controls for releases from the North Carolina facility.","service":"NC DEQ reported 18,593 private wells tested and 8,800 households qualifying for replacement water by December 2023. In 2025 the sampling area encompassed 10 counties; EPA's proposed 2026 Chemours settlement also requires evaluation and controls for releases from the North Carolina facility.","scale":"NC DEQ reported 18,593 private wells tested and 8,800 households qualifying for replacement water by December 2023. In 2025 the sampling area encompassed 10 counties; EPA's proposed 2026 Chemours settlement also requires evaluation and controls for releases from the North Carolina facility.","duration":"NC DEQ reported 18,593 private wells tested and 8,800 households qualifying for replacement water by December 2023. In 2025 the sampling area encompassed 10 counties; EPA's proposed 2026 Chemours settlement also requires evaluation and controls for releases from the North Carolina facility.","significance":"NC DEQ reported 18,593 private wells tested and 8,800 households qualifying for replacement water by December 2023. In 2025 the sampling area encompassed 10 counties; EPA's proposed 2026 Chemours settlement also requires evaluation and controls for releases from the North Carolina facility."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":8800,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported: 8,800 households qualified for replacement water by December 2023."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 18,593 wells tested and 8,800 households qualified for replacement water as of December 2023."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":null,"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No utility-level fiscal distress evidence was verified."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable multi-period evidence is insufficient for a quantitative projection.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient history for a defensible quantitative projection.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New monitoring, project completion, enforcement outcomes, or funding changes."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NC DEQ","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Justice","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Chemours","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"NC DEQ Division of Waste Management, 1-877-623-6748","corrective_actions":["Continue well sampling and alternate-water provision; implement settlement evaluation and pollution-control measures, subject to final court approval."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Key Actions by DEQ in 2023 protected NC’s environment and public health","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2023-12-29","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/press-releases/2023/12/29/key-actions-deq-2023-protected-ncs-environment-and-public-health","basis":"Official state record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Hurricane recovery, resilience, community investment highlight DEQ actions in 2025","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2026-01-13","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/press-releases/2026/01/13/hurricane-recovery-resilience-community-investment-highlight-deq-actions-2025","basis":"Official state record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Chemours Settlement Summary - June 2026","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-06-24","url":"https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/chemours-settlement-summary-june-2026","basis":"Federal enforcement record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New verified record from the North Carolina all-category baseline pass."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable household bill","Household burden","Arrears and shutoffs"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NC-WESTERN-HELENE-WATER-SYSTEMS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Western North Carolina Helene water and wastewater system damage","description":"Hurricane Helene caused unprecedented damage to drinking-water, wastewater and stormwater infrastructure. NC DEQ reported about 100 wastewater plants closed, significantly damaged, without power or partially operating in early October 2024; by April 2026, $861 million had been awarded for repair and resilience projects.","location":{"name":"Western North Carolina Helene-affected systems","type":"Multi-county drinking-water and wastewater disaster area","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Western North Carolina disaster-declared counties","counties":[],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","wastewater-sewer","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Flooding physically disabled drinking-water and wastewater assets and created direct safe-water and sanitation impacts.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Hurricane Helene caused unprecedented damage to drinking-water, wastewater and stormwater infrastructure. NC DEQ reported about 100 wastewater plants closed, significantly damaged, without power or partially operating in early October 2024; by April 2026, $861 million had been awarded for repair and resilience projects.","service":"Hurricane Helene caused unprecedented damage to drinking-water, wastewater and stormwater infrastructure. NC DEQ reported about 100 wastewater plants closed, significantly damaged, without power or partially operating in early October 2024; by April 2026, $861 million had been awarded for repair and resilience projects.","scale":"Hurricane Helene caused unprecedented damage to drinking-water, wastewater and stormwater infrastructure. NC DEQ reported about 100 wastewater plants closed, significantly damaged, without power or partially operating in early October 2024; by April 2026, $861 million had been awarded for repair and resilience projects.","duration":"Hurricane Helene caused unprecedented damage to drinking-water, wastewater and stormwater infrastructure. NC DEQ reported about 100 wastewater plants closed, significantly damaged, without power or partially operating in early October 2024; by April 2026, $861 million had been awarded for repair and resilience projects.","significance":"Hurricane Helene caused unprecedented damage to drinking-water, wastewater and stormwater infrastructure. NC DEQ reported about 100 wastewater plants closed, significantly damaged, without power or partially operating in early October 2024; by April 2026, $861 million had been awarded for repair and resilience projects."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: approximately 100 wastewater plants impaired in early October 2024; $861 million awarded by April 2026."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-04-16","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","label":"Cumulative state and federal Helene water-infrastructure awards","value":861000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-04-16","funding_stage":"awarded","scope":{"program":"NC Helene drinking water and wastewater recovery","geography":"Western North Carolina"},"basis":{"definition":"Cumulative awards announced by NC DEQ over four rounds."},"source_refs":[2],"notes":"Program total; individual project awards are components and must not be added again."}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]},"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Severe operational disruption and major capital recovery needs are documented, but the cohort record does not establish insolvency for every utility."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Comparable multi-period evidence is insufficient for a quantitative projection.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient history for a defensible quantitative projection.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New monitoring, project completion, enforcement outcomes, or funding changes."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NC DEQ","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"State Water Infrastructure Authority","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"affected utilities and local governments","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"NC DEQ, 1-877-623-6748","corrective_actions":["Repair, relocate and harden damaged systems using federal and state disaster funds."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DEQ continues to prioritize Helene recovery one year later","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2025-09-26","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/press-releases/2025/09/26/deq-continues-prioritize-helene-recovery-one-year-later","basis":"Official state record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Governor Stein, Department of Environmental Quality Announce $215 Million for Drinking Water and Wastewater Projects","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2026-04-16","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/press-releases/2026/04/16/governor-stein-department-environmental-quality-announce-215-million-drinking-water-and-wastewater","basis":"Official state record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":10,"note":"New verified record from the North Carolina all-category baseline pass."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":10,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable household bill","Household burden","Arrears and shutoffs"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NC-HOT-SPRINGS-HELENE-UTILITIES-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Hot Springs water and wastewater recovery after Helene","description":"Helene tore apart Hot Springs' drinking-water and wastewater systems. A replacement package wastewater plant was operating by September 2026, while additional transmission, floodwall, generator and sewer work remained underway.","location":{"name":"Town of Hot Springs water and wastewater systems","type":"Municipal utility systems","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Hot Springs, Madison County, North Carolina","counties":["Madison"],"extent":"city","coordinates":{"precision":"city","source_ref":1,"lat":35.892,"lon":-82.829}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Helene damaged both utility networks, causing service failure and requiring replacement and resilience capital.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Helene tore apart Hot Springs' drinking-water and wastewater systems. A replacement package wastewater plant was operating by September 2026, while additional transmission, floodwall, generator and sewer work remained underway.","service":"Helene tore apart Hot Springs' drinking-water and wastewater systems. A replacement package wastewater plant was operating by September 2026, while additional transmission, floodwall, generator and sewer work remained underway.","scale":"Helene tore apart Hot Springs' drinking-water and wastewater systems. A replacement package wastewater plant was operating by September 2026, while additional transmission, floodwall, generator and sewer work remained underway.","duration":"Helene tore apart Hot Springs' drinking-water and wastewater systems. A replacement package wastewater plant was operating by September 2026, while additional transmission, floodwall, generator and sewer work remained underway.","significance":"Helene tore apart Hot Springs' drinking-water and wastewater systems. A replacement package wastewater plant was operating by September 2026, while additional transmission, floodwall, generator and sewer work remained underway."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: $13.6 million awarded since 2024; replacement wastewater package plant operating by September 2026."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-09-15","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","label":"Helene-related Hot Springs water and wastewater awards","value":13600000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-09-15","funding_stage":"awarded","scope":{"utility":"Town of Hot Springs","geography":"Hot Springs, North Carolina"},"basis":{"definition":"Several drinking-water and wastewater projects since 2024."},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"More than 99% was principal forgiveness or grant; the total includes a $4 million package-plant project."},{"metric":"bridge_financing","label":"Emergency bridge loan","value":3500000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-09-15","funding_stage":"authorized","scope":{"utility":"Town of Hot Springs","geography":"Hot Springs, North Carolina"},"basis":{"definition":"Cash-flow bridge pending FEMA funds."},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Temporary zero-interest emergency financing; do not add to awards as permanent grant support."}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]},"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["A $3.5 million bridge loan was needed for post-disaster cash flow; major grants and principal forgiveness reduce but do not eliminate recovery execution risk."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Comparable multi-period evidence is insufficient for a quantitative projection.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient history for a defensible quantitative projection.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New monitoring, project completion, enforcement outcomes, or funding changes."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Hot Springs","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"NC DEQ","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"State Water Infrastructure Authority","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"FEMA","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"NC DEQ Public Information, cathy.akroyd@deq.nc.gov, (919) 622-0053","corrective_actions":["Operate the package plant, relocate it out of the floodplain, and complete generators, transmission line, floodwalls and sewer repairs."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"NCDEQ Secretary joins Hot Springs Helene recovery celebration, wastewater treatment plant ribbon cutting","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2026-09-15","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/press-releases/2026/09/15/ncdeq-secretary-joins-hot-springs-helene-recovery-celebration-wastewater-treatment-plant-ribbon","basis":"Official state record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":8,"note":"New verified record from the North Carolina all-category baseline pass."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable household bill","Household burden","Arrears and shutoffs"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NC-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2024-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"North Carolina 2024-2025 drought","description":"North Carolina experienced drought or abnormally dry conditions from October 2024 until June 2025. Wilmington accumulated a nearly 15-inch rainfall deficit for part of the period; state officials reported limited agricultural impacts and no quantified statewide service disruption.","location":{"name":"North Carolina drought regions","type":"Statewide drought area","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"North Carolina statewide","counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["agricultural","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Rainfall deficits and drought conditions affected statewide water availability, with limited agricultural impacts reported.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"North Carolina experienced drought or abnormally dry conditions from October 2024 until June 2025. Wilmington accumulated a nearly 15-inch rainfall deficit for part of the period; state officials reported limited agricultural impacts and no quantified statewide service disruption.","service":"North Carolina experienced drought or abnormally dry conditions from October 2024 until June 2025. Wilmington accumulated a nearly 15-inch rainfall deficit for part of the period; state officials reported limited agricultural impacts and no quantified statewide service disruption.","scale":"North Carolina experienced drought or abnormally dry conditions from October 2024 until June 2025. Wilmington accumulated a nearly 15-inch rainfall deficit for part of the period; state officials reported limited agricultural impacts and no quantified statewide service disruption.","duration":"North Carolina experienced drought or abnormally dry conditions from October 2024 until June 2025. Wilmington accumulated a nearly 15-inch rainfall deficit for part of the period; state officials reported limited agricultural impacts and no quantified statewide service disruption.","significance":"North Carolina experienced drought or abnormally dry conditions from October 2024 until June 2025. Wilmington accumulated a nearly 15-inch rainfall deficit for part of the period; state officials reported limited agricultural impacts and no quantified statewide service disruption."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: nearly 15-inch Wilmington rainfall deficit from October to mid-April; statewide drought-free by June 19, 2025."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":null,"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No utility-level fiscal distress evidence was verified."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Comparable multi-period evidence is insufficient for a quantitative projection.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient history for a defensible quantitative projection.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New monitoring, project completion, enforcement outcomes, or funding changes."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NC Drought Management Advisory Council","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"NC DEQ","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"reservoir operators","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"NC DEQ, 1-877-623-6748","corrective_actions":["Drought advisories ended after rainfall recovery; ongoing monitoring continues."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"North Carolina is drought-free for the first time since October 2024","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2025-06-20","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/press-releases/2025/06/20/north-carolina-drought-free-first-time-october-2024","basis":"Official state record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"New verified record from the North Carolina all-category baseline pass."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable household bill","Household burden","Arrears and shutoffs"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NC-STATEWIDE-IMPAIRED-WATERS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"North Carolina 2024 impaired-waters additions","description":"North Carolina's proposed 2024 Section 303(d) list added 70 water bodies and delisted 56. The source establishes a material statewide impaired-water cohort but does not support treating every listed segment as one cause or assigning responsibility to a single sector.","location":{"name":"North Carolina impaired waters","type":"Statewide surface-water cohort","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"North Carolina statewide","counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is failure of water bodies to meet applicable quality standards.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"North Carolina's proposed 2024 Section 303(d) list added 70 water bodies and delisted 56. The source establishes a material statewide impaired-water cohort but does not support treating every listed segment as one cause or assigning responsibility to a single sector.","service":"North Carolina's proposed 2024 Section 303(d) list added 70 water bodies and delisted 56. The source establishes a material statewide impaired-water cohort but does not support treating every listed segment as one cause or assigning responsibility to a single sector.","scale":"North Carolina's proposed 2024 Section 303(d) list added 70 water bodies and delisted 56. The source establishes a material statewide impaired-water cohort but does not support treating every listed segment as one cause or assigning responsibility to a single sector.","duration":"North Carolina's proposed 2024 Section 303(d) list added 70 water bodies and delisted 56. The source establishes a material statewide impaired-water cohort but does not support treating every listed segment as one cause or assigning responsibility to a single sector.","significance":"North Carolina's proposed 2024 Section 303(d) list added 70 water bodies and delisted 56. The source establishes a material statewide impaired-water cohort but does not support treating every listed segment as one cause or assigning responsibility to a single sector."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 70 water bodies added and 56 delisted in the proposed 2024 list."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":null,"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No utility-level fiscal distress evidence was verified."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Comparable multi-period evidence is insufficient for a quantitative projection.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient history for a defensible quantitative projection.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New monitoring, project completion, enforcement outcomes, or funding changes."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Environmental Management Commission","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"NC DEQ, 1-877-623-6748","corrective_actions":["Prioritize listed waters for restoration planning and public review; segment-specific actions vary."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Public comments accepted on proposed 303(d) list of North Carolina’s impaired waters","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2024-03-15","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/press-releases/2024/03/15/public-comments-accepted-proposed-303d-list-north-carolinas-impaired-waters","basis":"Official state record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New verified record from the North Carolina all-category baseline pass."},{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Responsible bodies list corrected (names had been split into fragments); no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable household bill","Household burden","Arrears and shutoffs"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NC-STONEY-CREEK-CHRONIC-FLOODING-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Stoney Creek chronic flooding in Wayne County and Goldsboro","description":"NC DEQ describes chronic Stoney Creek flooding affecting businesses, roadways and emergency-service access. A roughly 9.6-acre stormwater wetland basin at Wayne Community College was completed in December 2025, with additional watershed modeling and projects planned.","location":{"name":"Stoney Creek watershed","type":"Urban watershed and flood-mitigation area","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Goldsboro and Wayne County, North Carolina","counties":["Wayne"],"extent":"watershed","coordinates":{"precision":"city","source_ref":1,"lat":35.385,"lon":-77.993}},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Chronic flooding affects access and infrastructure, while a constructed stormwater wetland is the corrective asset response.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"NC DEQ describes chronic Stoney Creek flooding affecting businesses, roadways and emergency-service access. A roughly 9.6-acre stormwater wetland basin at Wayne Community College was completed in December 2025, with additional watershed modeling and projects planned.","service":"NC DEQ describes chronic Stoney Creek flooding affecting businesses, roadways and emergency-service access. A roughly 9.6-acre stormwater wetland basin at Wayne Community College was completed in December 2025, with additional watershed modeling and projects planned.","scale":"NC DEQ describes chronic Stoney Creek flooding affecting businesses, roadways and emergency-service access. A roughly 9.6-acre stormwater wetland basin at Wayne Community College was completed in December 2025, with additional watershed modeling and projects planned.","duration":"NC DEQ describes chronic Stoney Creek flooding affecting businesses, roadways and emergency-service access. A roughly 9.6-acre stormwater wetland basin at Wayne Community College was completed in December 2025, with additional watershed modeling and projects planned.","significance":"NC DEQ describes chronic Stoney Creek flooding affecting businesses, roadways and emergency-service access. A roughly 9.6-acre stormwater wetland basin at Wayne Community College was completed in December 2025, with additional watershed modeling and projects planned."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: approximately 9.6-acre stormwater wetland basin; $3.5 million state appropriation."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2025-12-31","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","label":"Stoney Creek flood-mitigation pilot appropriation","value":3500000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","funding_stage":"authorized","scope":{"project":"Stoney Creek natural-infrastructure pilot","geography":"Wayne County and Goldsboro"},"basis":{"definition":"State appropriation for pilot flood-mitigation project(s)."},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Program funding; not a complete estimate of watershed need."}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]},"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No utility-level fiscal distress evidence was verified."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Comparable multi-period evidence is insufficient for a quantitative projection.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient history for a defensible quantitative projection.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New monitoring, project completion, enforcement outcomes, or funding changes."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Mitigation Services","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Wayne County","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"City of Goldsboro","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Wayne Community College","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"NC DEQ, 1-877-623-6748","corrective_actions":["Operate the completed basin, continue hydrologic modeling, and procure additional natural-infrastructure projects."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Natural Infrastructure Flood Mitigation Program","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2025-12-31","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/legislative-reports/division-mitigation-services-annual-report-0/open","basis":"Official state record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified record from the North Carolina all-category baseline pass."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable household bill","Household burden","Arrears and shutoffs"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NC-LAKE-CRAIG-DAM-BREACH-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lake Craig Dam breach during Hurricane Helene","description":"NC DEQ reported that hundreds of dams sustained some damage during Helene, mostly minor, and that Lake Craig Dam was the only high-hazard dam to breach. The source did not report downstream population, repair cost or completion status.","location":{"name":"Lake Craig Dam","type":"High-hazard dam","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Swannanoa River, Buncombe County, North Carolina","counties":["Buncombe"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The stable asset-level issue is a breached dam; flooding was the initiating event and secondary impact driver.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"NC DEQ reported that hundreds of dams sustained some damage during Helene, mostly minor, and that Lake Craig Dam was the only high-hazard dam to breach. The source did not report downstream population, repair cost or completion status.","service":"NC DEQ reported that hundreds of dams sustained some damage during Helene, mostly minor, and that Lake Craig Dam was the only high-hazard dam to breach. The source did not report downstream population, repair cost or completion status.","scale":"NC DEQ reported that hundreds of dams sustained some damage during Helene, mostly minor, and that Lake Craig Dam was the only high-hazard dam to breach. The source did not report downstream population, repair cost or completion status.","duration":"NC DEQ reported that hundreds of dams sustained some damage during Helene, mostly minor, and that Lake Craig Dam was the only high-hazard dam to breach. The source did not report downstream population, repair cost or completion status.","significance":"NC DEQ reported that hundreds of dams sustained some damage during Helene, mostly minor, and that Lake Craig Dam was the only high-hazard dam to breach. The source did not report downstream population, repair cost or completion status."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: one high-hazard dam breach; hundreds of dams damaged to some extent."},"measures":[],"financial_evidence":null,"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No utility-level fiscal distress evidence was verified."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable multi-period evidence is insufficient for a quantitative projection.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient history for a defensible quantitative projection.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New monitoring, project completion, enforcement outcomes, or funding changes."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NC DEQ Dam Safety Program","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"dam owner","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"},{"name":"Buncombe County emergency management","role":"Responsible or coordinating body"}],"public_contact":"NC DEQ, 1-877-623-6748","corrective_actions":["Dam-safety inspection and recovery actions continued; a final repair disposition was not verified."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DEQ continues to prioritize Helene recovery one year later","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2025-09-26","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/press-releases/2025/09/26/deq-continues-prioritize-helene-recovery-one-year-later","basis":"Official state record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified record from the North Carolina all-category baseline pass."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Comparable household bill","Household burden","Arrears and shutoffs"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-MILLERSVIEW-DOOLE-RADIUM-DBP-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Millersview-Doole WSC: radium and disinfection byproducts far above MCLs","description":"SDWIS records quarterly MCL violations at Millersview-Doole Water Supply Corporation in Concho County for combined radium, gross alpha, total trihalomethanes (TTHM) and haloacetic acids (HAA5) through 2026, with TTHM running averages up to 0.502 mg/L against a 0.080 mg/L limit. TCEQ issued a findings agreed order for repeat HAA5 violations (Texas Register April 19, 2024), and Inside Climate News reported a 2025 radium result of 64 pCi/L, about 13 times the limit.","location":{"name":"Millersview-Doole Water Supply Corporation","type":"Water supply corporation","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Rural water supply corporation near Millersview, Concho County (TCEQ Region 8, San Angelo)","coordinates":{"lat":31.42,"lon":-99.75,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Concho"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TX0480015"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns contaminant levels in delivered drinking water.","secondary_drivers":["Naturally occurring radionuclides in groundwater","Disinfection byproduct formation"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 1) shows a TTHM LRAA of 0.502 mg/L in Q4 2024 and combined radium of 69 pCi/L in Q1 2024, both far above MCLs.","service":"No boil or do-not-drink order is documented; customers receive Tier 2 MCL violation notices, the basis for SDWIS violations (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 3,987 people and 2,189 connections served (ref 2), a single rural system.","duration":"SDWIS (ref 1) lists TTHM and radium MCL violations beginning in 2016 and continuing into Q2 2026.","significance":"TCEQ findings agreed order, docket 2023-0122-PWS-E (ref 3), justified by three repeated enforcement actions for the same violation."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":3987,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS water system record (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM compliance value 0.502 mg/L (Q4 2024) against an MCL of 0.080 mg/L; combined radium 69 pCi/L against an MCL of 5 pCi/L."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak TTHM LRAA in window","value":0.502,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS Q4 2024 (ref 1); MCL 0.080."},{"name":"Peak combined radium RAA in window","value":69,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS Q1 and Q4 2024 (ref 1); MCL 5."},{"name":"Peak gross alpha RAA in window","value":111,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS Q1-Q2 2025 (ref 1); MCL 15."},{"name":"TCEQ penalty (HAA5 order)","value":2550,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Docket 2023-0122-PWS-E (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"TTHM LRAA fell from 0.502 (Q4 2024) to 0.335 mg/L (Q2 2026) but remains over four times the MCL; radium unchanged near 63-69 pCi/L (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Millersview-Doole Water Supply Corporation","role":"Water system owner/operator"},{"name":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ)","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 6","role":"Federal SDWA oversight"}],"public_contact":"Millersview-Doole Water Supply Corporation, P.O. Box 30, Millersview, TX 76862","corrective_actions":["TCEQ findings agreed order (docket 2023-0122-PWS-E) assessed a $2,550 penalty; TCEQ records the system returned to HAA5 compliance on March 16, 2023, but SDWIS shows new HAA5 violations from Q4 2024 (refs 1, 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for TX0480015","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/TX0480015/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record for TX0480015","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/TX0480015/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Executive Summary, Millersview-Doole WSC, Docket 2023-0122-PWS-E","publisher":"TCEQ","date":"2024-04-19","url":"https://www.tceq.texas.gov/downloads/agency/decisions/agendas/backup/2023/2023-0122-pws-e.pdf","basis":"State enforcement record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Permian Basin Community Seeks Fix for Radium in Its Drinking Water","publisher":"Inside Climate News","date":"2026-08-11","url":"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/11082026/texas-permian-basin-community-radium-in-groundwater/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-DUVAL-COUNTY-CRD-ARSENIC-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Duval County CRD systems: chronic arsenic violations and $80,025 TCEQ order","description":"TCEQ issued a findings agreed order (Texas Register April 17, 2026) against the Duval County Conservation and Reclamation District for arsenic above the 0.010 mg/L MCL at its Concepcion system, in violation of a 2016 agreed order, with an $80,025 penalty offset by a facility-improvement SEP. SDWIS also shows the district's Benavides system (TX0660001, 2,285 people) with arsenic running averages of 0.019 to 0.039 mg/L in every quarter from 2024 to Q2 2026.","location":{"name":"Duval County CRD (Concepcion and Benavides)","type":"Conservation and reclamation district water systems","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Concepcion (off FM 716) and Benavides, Duval County, South Texas","coordinates":{"lat":27.4,"lon":-98.35,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Duval"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TX0660015"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns arsenic in delivered drinking water.","secondary_drivers":["Naturally occurring arsenic in groundwater"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 2) shows Benavides arsenic at 0.039 mg/L in Q1 2024, nearly four times the 0.010 mg/L MCL; Concepcion stayed at 0.011-0.013 mg/L.","service":"Service continued under Tier 2 arsenic MCL notices; no outage or do-not-drink order is documented in refs 1-3.","scale":"SDWIS lists 160 people at Concepcion (ref 4) and 2,285 at Benavides (ref 2), two small community systems.","duration":"SDWIS lists Benavides arsenic violations since 2008 and Concepcion since 2016 (refs 2, 3), and both remain unresolved.","significance":"The TCEQ order, docket 2023-1547-PWS-E (ref 1), cites indifference to legal duty for violating a 2016 order and assesses $80,025."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":2445,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS populations for Concepcion (160, ref 4) and Benavides (2,285, ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Failed to comply with the maximum contaminant level of 0.010 milligrams per liter for arsenic based on a running annual average (TCEQ order, ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"TCEQ penalty assessed","value":80025,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Fully offset by a conditional SEP (ref 1)."},{"name":"Peak arsenic RAA, Benavides","value":0.039,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS Q1 2024 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Arsenic RAA, Concepcion Q2 2026","value":0.012,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Benavides arsenic has stayed between 0.019 and 0.039 mg/L each quarter since 2024 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Duval County Conservation and Reclamation District","role":"Water system owner/operator"},{"name":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ)","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 6","role":"Federal SDWA oversight"}],"public_contact":"TCEQ Public Drinking Water program, tceq.texas.gov/drinkingwater","corrective_actions":["The order requires the district to complete a facility-improvement SEP, collect source E. coli samples, and return to arsenic compliance within 365 days (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Executive Summary, Duval County CRD, Docket 2023-1547-PWS-E","publisher":"TCEQ","date":"2026-04-17","url":"https://www.tceq.texas.gov/downloads/agency/decisions/agendas/backup/2023/2023-1547-pws-e.pdf","basis":"State enforcement record"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for TX0660001","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/TX0660001/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for TX0660015","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/TX0660015/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record for TX0660015","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/TX0660015/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record for TX0660001","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/TX0660001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (4). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-WEBB-COUNTY-RIO-BRAVO-EL-CENIZO-WATER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Webb County Water Utilities (Rio Bravo, El Cenizo): TTHM violations and boil notices","description":"SDWIS records ten consecutive quarterly TTHM MCL violations (Q1 2024 to Q2 2026, up to 0.096 mg/L) for Webb County Water Utilities, which serves the border communities of Rio Bravo and El Cenizo. In 2025 the system also issued a boil-water notice after a 36-inch main break left El Cenizo more than 24 hours without water (March) and a TCEQ-required boil notice for high turbidity from a coagulant overfeed (October 28-31).","location":{"name":"Webb County Water Utilities","type":"County-owned water utility","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Serves Rio Bravo and El Cenizo south of Laredo, Webb County; separate from the City of Laredo system","coordinates":{"lat":27.36,"lon":-99.48,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Webb"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TX2400022"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Byproduct violations and turbidity are quality problems, and the main break is an infrastructure failure.","secondary_drivers":["Colonias and border communities","Treatment plant operations"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 1) shows TTHM LRAA above 0.080 mg/L every quarter from Q1 2024 to Q2 2026, peaking at 0.096 mg/L in Q1 2026.","service":"KGNS (ref 3) reports El Cenizo went more than 24 hours without water after the March 1, 2025 main break, followed by a boil notice.","scale":"SDWIS lists 8,358 people served (ref 2) in Rio Bravo and El Cenizo.","duration":"TTHM violations recur across ten straight quarters per SDWIS (ref 1), with two separate 2025 boil notices (refs 3-5).","significance":"TCEQ required the October 2025 boil notice (ref 4); SDWIS records formal MCL violations but no enforcement order was found."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":8358,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS water system record (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Boil notice required after high turbidity caused by \"an overfeed of coagulant caused post-filter chemical precipitation\" (KGNS, Oct. 28, 2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak TTHM LRAA in window","value":0.096,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS Q1 2026 (ref 1); MCL 0.080."},{"name":"Consecutive quarters with TTHM MCL violation","value":10,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Q1 2024-Q2 2026 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"TTHM LRAA has stayed between 0.084 and 0.096 mg/L since 2024 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Webb County Utilities Department","role":"Water system owner/operator"},{"name":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ)","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 6","role":"Federal SDWA oversight"}],"public_contact":"Webb County Utilities Department, 956-523-5590","corrective_actions":["Crews flushed lines and resampled; TCEQ cleared the October 2025 boil notice on October 31, 2025 (ref 5)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for TX2400022","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/TX2400022/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record for TX2400022","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/TX2400022/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Rio Bravo resident, El Cenizo Mayor speaks on boil water notice","publisher":"KGNS","date":"2025-03-03","url":"https://www.kgns.tv/2025/03/04/rio-bravo-resident-el-cenizo-mayor-speaks-boil-water-notice/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Boil Water Notice issued for Rio Bravo and El Cenizo","publisher":"KGNS","date":"2025-10-28","url":"https://www.kgns.tv/2025/10/29/boil-water-notice-issued-rio-bravo-el-cenizo","basis":"News report"},{"ref":5,"title":"Boil water notice lifted for Rio Bravo and El Cenizo","publisher":"KGNS","date":"2025-10-31","url":"https://www.kgns.tv/2025/10/31/boil-water-notice-lifted-rio-bravo-el-cenizo","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TX-LAREDO-ECOLI-2024"]},{"id":"US-TX-BIG-SPRING-TTHM-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"City of Big Spring: rising TTHM levels, unresolved MCL violations since 2024","description":"SDWIS records total trihalomethanes MCL violations for the City of Big Spring in every quarter from Q1 2024 through Q2 2026, with locational running annual averages rising from 0.088 mg/L to 0.117 mg/L against the 0.080 mg/L limit. Violations from Q4 2024 onward are not yet returned to compliance, and the system also logged surface water treatment technique violations in January 2024 and January 2026.","location":{"name":"City of Big Spring water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Big Spring, Howard County, West Texas; surface water system","coordinates":{"lat":32.25,"lon":-101.48,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Howard"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TX1140001"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns disinfection byproducts in delivered drinking water.","secondary_drivers":["Disinfection byproduct formation","Water age in distribution"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 1) shows the TTHM LRAA at 0.117 mg/L in Q1 2026, about 46 percent over the MCL.","service":"The city has not issued a do-not-drink order; SDWIS (ref 1) also logs two monthly treatment technique violations that trigger notices.","scale":"SDWIS lists 27,282 people and 11,545 connections served (ref 2).","duration":"Ten consecutive quarterly TTHM violations, Q1 2024 to Q2 2026, appear in SDWIS (ref 1).","significance":"SDWIS (ref 1) records formal MCL violations; no TCEQ enforcement order for this period was located."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":27282,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS water system record (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM locational running annual average 0.117 mg/L in Q1 2026 (SDWIS), against an MCL of 0.080 mg/L."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak TTHM LRAA in window","value":0.117,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS Q1 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Quarterly TTHM MCL violations in window","value":10,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"LRAA rose from 0.088 mg/L (Q1 2024) to 0.117 mg/L (Q1 2026) per SDWIS (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Big Spring","role":"Water system owner/operator"},{"name":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ)","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 6","role":"Federal SDWA oversight"}],"public_contact":"TCEQ Public Drinking Water program, tceq.texas.gov/drinkingwater","corrective_actions":["No corrective action is documented in the cited federal records; violations from Q4 2024 onward remain open in SDWIS (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for TX1140001","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/TX1140001/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record for TX1140001","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/TX1140001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-CANYON-LAKE-SHORES-TTHM-TURBIDITY-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Canyon Lake Shores system: TTHM up to 0.143 mg/L and July 2026 turbidity boil notice","description":"SDWIS records TTHM MCL violations for the CLWSC Canyon Lake Shores system in Comal County in each quarter from Q3 2025 to Q2 2026, with the running average climbing from 0.113 to 0.143 mg/L, plus surface water treatment technique violations in July 2025. After Guadalupe River flooding on July 15, 2026, combined filter effluent turbidity rose above 5.0 NTU and TCEQ required a boil-water notice.","location":{"name":"CLWSC Canyon Lake Shores","type":"Investor-owned water utility system","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Canyon Lake and Bulverde area, Comal County; surface water from Canyon Lake; operated by Texas Water Company","coordinates":{"lat":29.875,"lon":-98.26,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Comal"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TX0460019"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Disinfection byproducts and turbidity are both delivered-water quality problems.","secondary_drivers":["Flood-driven source water turbidity","Disinfection byproduct formation"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 1) shows the TTHM LRAA at 0.143 mg/L in Q2 2026, nearly 1.8 times the MCL.","service":"Hoodline (ref 3) reports a TCEQ-required boil-water notice on July 16, 2026 after turbidity exceeded 5.0 NTU.","scale":"SDWIS lists 44,196 people served (ref 2), below the 100,000 threshold.","duration":"Four consecutive quarterly TTHM violations from Q3 2025 to Q2 2026 remain unresolved in SDWIS (ref 1).","significance":"SDWIS records formal MCL and treatment technique violations (ref 1); no enforcement order was located."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":44196,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS water system record (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Combined filter effluent turbidity rose above 5.0 NTU, triggering a TCEQ-required boil-water notice (Hoodline, July 16, 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak TTHM LRAA in window","value":0.143,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS Q2 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Combined filter effluent turbidity","value":5,"unit":"NTU (exceeded)","status":"Reported","note":"Reported as above 5.0 NTU (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"TTHM LRAA rose each quarter: 0.113, 0.129, 0.135, 0.143 mg/L (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Texas Water Company","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ)","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 6","role":"Federal SDWA oversight"}],"public_contact":"Texas Water Company customer service, (830) 312-4600","corrective_actions":["Boil notice to remain until sediment levels drop and water meets state standards (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for TX0460019","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/TX0460019/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record for TX0460019","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/TX0460019/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Hill Country havoc: Bulverde, Canyon Lake neighbors hit with boil-water order after floods","publisher":"Hoodline","date":"2026-07-16","url":"https://hoodline.com/2026/07/hill-country-havoc-bulverde-canyon-lake-neighbors-hit-with-boil-water-order-after-floods/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-PORT-LAVACA-TTHM-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"City of Port Lavaca: repeat TTHM violations under TCEQ findings order","description":"TCEQ issued a findings agreed order against the City of Port Lavaca (Texas Register May 17, 2024) for exceeding the 0.080 mg/L TTHM limit, citing three repeated enforcement actions in five years and requiring compliance within 1,095 days. SDWIS shows the violations continued in every quarter from Q1 2024 to Q2 2026, with running averages of 0.100 to 0.125 mg/L.","location":{"name":"City of Port Lavaca water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Port Lavaca, Calhoun County, Gulf Coast","coordinates":{"lat":28.615,"lon":-96.626,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Calhoun"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TX0290002"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns disinfection byproducts in delivered drinking water.","secondary_drivers":["Disinfection byproduct formation","Water age in distribution"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 2) records a TTHM LRAA of 0.125 mg/L in Q1 2024, more than 50 percent over the MCL.","service":"Customers receive quarterly Tier 2 TTHM notices; no boil or do-not-drink order is documented (refs 1-2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 12,000 people served (ref 3).","duration":"SDWIS (ref 2) lists TTHM violations since 2015, including all ten quarters from Q1 2024 to Q2 2026.","significance":"TCEQ findings agreed order, docket 2023-1545-PWS-E (ref 1), with a $13,500 penalty deferred for DBP-eligible systems."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":12000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS water system record (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Failed to comply with the maximum contaminant level of 0.080 milligrams per liter for total trihalomethanes based on the locational running annual average (TCEQ, ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"TCEQ penalty assessed","value":13500,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Deferred for disinfection byproducts for eligible systems (ref 1)."},{"name":"TTHM LRAA Q2 2026","value":0.117,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"LRAA dipped to 0.100 mg/L in Q4 2024 and rose back to 0.117 mg/L by Q2 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Port Lavaca","role":"Water system owner/operator"},{"name":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ)","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 6","role":"Federal SDWA oversight"}],"public_contact":"City of Port Lavaca, 202 North Virginia, Port Lavaca, TX 77979, 361-552-9793","corrective_actions":["The order requires a written plan for an alternate source or treatment within 180 days, semi-annual progress reports, and TTHM compliance within 1,095 days (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Executive Summary, City of Port Lavaca, Docket 2023-1545-PWS-E","publisher":"TCEQ","date":"2024-05-17","url":"https://www.tceq.texas.gov/downloads/agency/decisions/agendas/backup/2023/2023-1545-pws-e.pdf","basis":"State enforcement record"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for TX0290002","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/TX0290002/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record for TX0290002","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/TX0290002/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-VIDOR-ORANGE-COUNTY-WCID1-TTHM-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Orange County WCID 1 (Vidor): TTHM above MCL every quarter since 2024","description":"SDWIS records 13 TTHM MCL violations for Orange County Water Control and Improvement District No. 1 in Vidor from Q1 2024 to Q2 2026, at multiple sampling locations, with running averages of 0.082 to 0.118 mg/L against the 0.080 mg/L limit. None of the violations in the window is recorded as returned to compliance.","location":{"name":"Orange County WCID 1","type":"Water control and improvement district","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Vidor, Orange County, Southeast Texas; groundwater system","coordinates":{"lat":30.13,"lon":-94.015,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Orange"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TX1810005"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns disinfection byproducts in delivered drinking water.","secondary_drivers":["Disinfection byproduct formation"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 1) shows a TTHM LRAA of 0.118 mg/L in Q1 2024 and 0.117 mg/L in Q2 2026.","service":"Only Tier 2 public notification applies to these MCL violations in SDWIS (ref 1); no outage is documented.","scale":"SDWIS lists 15,258 people and 6,619 connections served (ref 2).","duration":"SDWIS (ref 1) lists 63 TTHM violations since 2015, including 13 between Q1 2024 and Q2 2026.","significance":"Formal MCL violations are recorded in SDWIS (ref 1); no TCEQ order for this period was located."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":15258,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS water system record (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM locational running annual average 0.117 mg/L in Q2 2026 (SDWIS), against an MCL of 0.080 mg/L."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak TTHM LRAA in window","value":0.118,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS Q1 2024 (ref 1)."},{"name":"TTHM MCL violations in window","value":13,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Running averages stayed between 0.112 and 0.118 mg/L at the highest site through Q2 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Orange County Water Control and Improvement District No. 1","role":"Water system owner/operator"},{"name":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ)","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 6","role":"Federal SDWA oversight"}],"public_contact":"TCEQ Public Drinking Water program, tceq.texas.gov/drinkingwater","corrective_actions":["No corrective action is documented in the cited records; violations remain open in SDWIS (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for TX1810005","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/TX1810005/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record for TX1810005","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/TX1810005/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-TRI-COUNTY-SUD-ARSENIC-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Tri County SUD (Falls County): arsenic above MCL for more than a decade","description":"SDWIS records arsenic MCL violations at three sampling points for Tri County Special Utility District, based in Marlin, in every quarter from Q1 2024 to Q2 2026, with running averages up to 0.022 mg/L against the 0.010 mg/L limit. KWTX reported in 2016 that the district was among Central Texas systems that had exceeded the arsenic standard for at least a decade.","location":{"name":"Tri County Special Utility District","type":"Special utility district","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Office in Marlin, Falls County; groundwater from the Trinity Aquifer arsenic area of Falls, Hill, Limestone and McLennan counties","coordinates":{"lat":31.306,"lon":-96.898,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Falls"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TX0730004"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns arsenic in delivered drinking water.","secondary_drivers":["Naturally occurring arsenic in groundwater"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 1) records arsenic running averages of 0.020-0.022 mg/L at two sampling points, about twice the MCL, through Q2 2026.","service":"No outage or do-not-drink order is documented; customers receive Tier 2 arsenic notices tied to the SDWIS violations (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 5,353 people and 2,197 connections served (ref 2).","duration":"KWTX (ref 3) cites exceedances from 2005 to 2016, and SDWIS (ref 1) lists 124 arsenic violations since 2016, all still open.","significance":"SDWIS records formal MCL violations (ref 1); no current TCEQ enforcement order was located."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":5353,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS water system record (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Arsenic running annual average 0.022 mg/L in Q4 2025 (SDWIS), against an MCL of 0.010 mg/L."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak arsenic RAA in window","value":0.022,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS Q4 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Arsenic MCL violations in window","value":30,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Q1 2024-Q2 2026, three sampling points (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Each sampling point has held near 0.014, 0.020 and 0.021 mg/L since 2024 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Tri County Special Utility District","role":"Water system owner/operator"},{"name":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ)","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 6","role":"Federal SDWA oversight"}],"public_contact":"TCEQ Public Drinking Water program, tceq.texas.gov/drinkingwater","corrective_actions":["No corrective project is documented in the cited records; all violations remain open in SDWIS (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for TX0730004","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/TX0730004/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record for TX0730004","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/TX0730004/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Arsenic levels exceed federal standards in some area water supplies","publisher":"KWTX","date":"2016-03-15","url":"https://www.kwtx.com/content/news/Arsenic-levels-exceed-federal-standards-in-some-area-water-supplies-372174492.html","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TX-MARLIN-WATER-SYSTEM-FAILURE-2025"]},{"id":"US-TX-BRADY-RADIUM-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"City of Brady: years of radium violations end after new treatment plant","description":"SDWIS records combined radium running averages up to 48 pCi/L and gross alpha up to 49 pCi/L at the City of Brady in 2024 and early 2025, part of more than 560 radionuclide violations logged since 2008. The city built a radionuclide reduction plant with DWSRF and TWDB funding, SDWIS shows the violations returned to compliance by February 2026, and Inside Climate News reported the city reached compliance in April 2026.","location":{"name":"City of Brady water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Brady, McCulloch County, Central Texas; groundwater and Brady Lake supply","coordinates":{"lat":31.135,"lon":-99.335,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["McCulloch"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TX1540001"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Radium in source water was addressed through a new treatment plant, an infrastructure fix.","secondary_drivers":["Naturally occurring radionuclides in groundwater","Drought loss of blending source"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 1) shows combined radium at 48 pCi/L in Q2 2024, nearly ten times the 5 pCi/L MCL.","service":"Brady issued quarterly radionuclide notices; no do-not-drink order is documented (refs 1, 3).","scale":"SDWIS lists 5,371 people served (ref 2); EPA cites over 6,000 residents (ref 3).","duration":"SDWIS (ref 1) lists 322 combined radium violations beginning in 2008, the last starting in Q1 2025.","significance":"Formal MCL violations (ref 1) led to a $15.5 million DWSRF loan and $15 million EDAP award (ref 3); no order was located."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":5371,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS water system record (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"After years of violations, Brady reached compliance with EPA radionuclide standards in April 2026 (Inside Climate News, Aug. 11, 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak combined radium RAA in window","value":48,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS Q2 2024 (ref 1)."},{"name":"DWSRF assistance","value":15.5,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Includes $4.7M principal forgiveness (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"All window radionuclide violations show return to compliance dates from March 2025 to February 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Brady","role":"Water system owner/operator"},{"name":"Texas Water Development Board","role":"State funder (DWSRF, EDAP)"},{"name":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ)","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"TCEQ Public Drinking Water program, tceq.texas.gov/drinkingwater","corrective_actions":["Constructed a radionuclide reduction treatment plant, transmission mains, storage and pre-treatment upgrades with DWSRF and EDAP funding (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for TX1540001","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/TX1540001/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record for TX1540001","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/TX1540001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"City of Brady, TX: Radium Reduction Water Treatment (DWSRF case study)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2025-10-14","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2026-01/city-brady_tx_radium-reduction_508.pdf","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Permian Basin Community Seeks Fix for Radium in Its Drinking Water","publisher":"Inside Climate News","date":"2026-08-11","url":"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/11082026/texas-permian-basin-community-radium-in-groundwater/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-IMPERIAL-PECOS-COUNTY-RADIUM-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Pecos County Fresh Water (Imperial): repeated radium violations, no fix funded","description":"Pecos County Fresh Water, a county-run utility serving Imperial, has violated the combined radium MCL 19 times since January 2020 according to Inside Climate News, which reported residents buying drinking water in Fort Stockton about 30 miles away. SDWIS shows combined radium violations open for every quarter of 2025 and gross alpha violations through 2024.","location":{"name":"Pecos County Fresh Water (Imperial)","type":"County-operated water utility","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Imperial, Pecos County, Permian Basin, about 50 miles south of Odessa","coordinates":{"lat":31.27,"lon":-102.69,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Pecos"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TX1860029"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns radionuclides in delivered drinking water.","secondary_drivers":["Naturally occurring radionuclides in groundwater","Small-system funding gap"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 1) records combined radium at 6 pCi/L in each 2025 quarter and gross alpha up to 19 pCi/L in 2024, both over MCLs.","service":"Inside Climate News (ref 3) reports residents buying bottled water in Fort Stockton, though no do-not-drink order was issued.","scale":"SDWIS lists 800 people served (ref 2), the community of Imperial.","duration":"Inside Climate News (ref 3) counts 19 combined radium violations since January 2020; SDWIS shows 2025 violations still open (ref 1).","significance":"Formal MCL violations recorded (ref 1); TCEQ told reporters the water is not an immediate health risk (ref 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":800,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS water system record (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Since January 2020, the utility has violated the combined radium limit 19 times, based on quarterly TCEQ data (Inside Climate News)."},"measures":[{"name":"Combined radium violations since Jan 2020","value":19,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Inside Climate News analysis of TCEQ data (ref 3)."},{"name":"Highest combined radium result since 2020","value":6.53,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"October 2021 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["County was rejected for several grants before obtaining some funding (ref 3)","Has not applied for DWSRF loans per TWDB (ref 3)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Combined radium RAA held at 6 pCi/L in all four 2025 quarters (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pecos County","role":"Water system owner/operator"},{"name":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ)","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Texas Water Development Board","role":"State funder"}],"public_contact":"TCEQ Public Drinking Water program, tceq.texas.gov/drinkingwater","corrective_actions":["The county is evaluating blending with another water source or drilling a new well (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for TX1860029","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/TX1860029/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record for TX1860029","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/TX1860029/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Permian Basin Community Seeks Fix for Radium in Its Drinking Water","publisher":"Inside Climate News","date":"2026-08-11","url":"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/11082026/texas-permian-basin-community-radium-in-groundwater/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-LUBBOCK-COUNTY-FRANKLIN-WS3-NITRATE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Franklin Water Systems 3 (Lubbock County): acute nitrate and chromium violations","description":"SDWIS records 29 nitrate MCL violations for Franklin Water Systems 3, a small privately owned Lubbock County system, between Q1 2024 and Q2 2026, with results up to 17 mg/L against the 10 mg/L acute limit. The system also has total chromium MCL violations from Q2 2025 to Q2 2026 at 0.2 to 0.3 mg/L against a 0.1 mg/L limit, and nitrate violations dating to 2000.","location":{"name":"Franklin Water Systems 3","type":"Privately owned community water system","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Small groundwater system in Lubbock County, South Plains","coordinates":{"lat":33.61,"lon":-101.82,"precision":"county","source_ref":2},"counties":["Lubbock"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TX1520080"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns nitrate and chromium in delivered drinking water.","secondary_drivers":["Agricultural nitrate in groundwater"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 1) records nitrate at 17 mg/L in Q2 2026, above the acute 10 mg/L MCL, and chromium at 0.3 mg/L.","service":"Nitrate violations require Tier 1 notice to customers, but no outage is documented in SDWIS (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists only 201 people and 67 connections served (ref 2).","duration":"SDWIS (ref 1) lists 145 nitrate violations beginning in April 2000, with nearly all window violations still open.","significance":"Formal acute MCL violations are recorded in SDWIS (ref 1); no TCEQ order was located."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":201,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS water system record (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Nitrate result 17 mg/L (Q2 2026, SDWIS) against the acute MCL of 10 mg/L."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak nitrate in window","value":17,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS Q2 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Peak total chromium RAA","value":0.3,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS Q1-Q2 2026; MCL 0.1 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Nitrate MCL violations in window","value":29,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Q1 2024-Q2 2026 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Nitrate results ranged 11-17 mg/L every quarter since 2024 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Franklin Water Systems","role":"Water system owner/operator"},{"name":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ)","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 6","role":"Federal SDWA oversight"}],"public_contact":"TCEQ Public Drinking Water program, tceq.texas.gov/drinkingwater","corrective_actions":["No corrective action is documented in the cited records (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for TX1520080","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/TX1520080/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record for TX1520080","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/TX1520080/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-WILLIS-ECOLI-BOIL-NOTICES-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"City of Willis: E. coli MCL violation and 2026 citywide boil notice","description":"SDWIS records an E. coli MCL violation under the Revised Total Coliform Rule for the City of Willis beginning September 2025, followed by a coliform treatment technique violation in February 2026; both were returned to compliance. In late September 2026 a broken water main caused a citywide boil-water notice covering residents, businesses and Willis ISD campuses.","location":{"name":"City of Willis water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Willis, Montgomery County, north of Houston; groundwater system","coordinates":{"lat":30.425,"lon":-95.48,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Montgomery"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TX1700003"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Microbial violations are a quality problem and the 2026 main break is an infrastructure failure.","secondary_drivers":["Main breaks"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 1) lists an E. coli MCL violation (RTCR code 1A) starting September 1, 2025.","service":"Fox 26 (ref 3) reports a citywide boil notice, possibly lasting through Friday, after a broken main and pressure loss in 2026.","scale":"SDWIS lists 14,133 people and 4,711 connections served (ref 2).","duration":"Events recur over about 13 months: E. coli in September 2025, a coliform TT violation in February 2026, and a boil notice in late September 2026 (refs 1, 3).","significance":"SDWIS records formal violations (ref 1); both returned to compliance by April 2026 and no order was located."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":14133,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS water system record (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"E. coli MCL violation under the Revised Total Coliform Rule, compliance period beginning 2025-09-01 (SDWIS)."},"measures":[{"name":"Health-based microbial violations in window","value":2,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"E. coli MCL (Sept 2025) and RTCR TT (Feb 2026) (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Only two violations recorded; both returned to compliance (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Willis","role":"Water system owner/operator"},{"name":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ)","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Willis, Montgomery County, TX (city website and Facebook notices)","corrective_actions":["The E. coli violation returned to compliance on November 13, 2025 and the February 2026 treatment technique violation on April 2, 2026 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for TX1700003","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/TX1700003/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record for TX1700003","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/TX1700003/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Willis residents, schools under boil water notice after service restored","publisher":"FOX 26 Houston","date":"2026-10-01","url":"https://www.fox26houston.com/news/willis-isd-schools-under-boil-water-notice-after-citywide-outage","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-MILITARY-HWY-WSC-LAS-RUSIAS-TTHM-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Military Highway WSC Las Rusias: colonias system with chronic TTHM and arsenic violations","description":"SDWIS records TTHM MCL violations for the Military Highway Water Supply Corporation Las Rusias system in each quarter from Q3 2025 to Q2 2026, with running averages of 0.103 to 0.122 mg/L, and earlier arsenic and HAA5 violations since 2015. Texas Public Radio reported that the system serves about 20,000 people, more than a third in colonias, and that more than 450 residents have sued the corporation alleging injuries from contaminated water; the corporation denied the allegations.","location":{"name":"Military Highway WSC Las Rusias system","type":"Water supply corporation","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Lower Rio Grande Valley colonias including San Pedro near Brownsville; corporation based in Progreso (Hidalgo County)","coordinates":{"lat":26.09,"lon":-97.96,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Hidalgo","Cameron"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TX1080067"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns carcinogenic contaminants in delivered drinking water.","secondary_drivers":["Colonias","Disinfection byproduct formation","Naturally occurring arsenic"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 1) shows the TTHM LRAA at 0.122 mg/L in Q1 2026, about 1.5 times the MCL.","service":"TPR (ref 3) documents brown water complaints dating to 2003 but no recorded outage or do-not-drink order.","scale":"SDWIS lists 17,943 people served (ref 2); TPR cites about 20,000 (ref 3).","duration":"SDWIS (ref 1) lists arsenic violations from 2015 and TTHM violations from 2016, with four open TTHM violations in 2025-2026.","significance":"TPR (ref 3) reports a lawsuit by more than 450 plaintiffs and prior TCEQ fines for arsenic and trihalomethanes."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":17943,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS water system record (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TCEQ has issued 82 violations over almost 15 years in the San Pedro area served by Las Rusias (Texas Public Radio, 2023)."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak TTHM LRAA in window","value":0.122,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS Q1 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Plaintiffs in resident lawsuit","value":450,"unit":"people (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"TPR (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"LRAA rose from 0.103 to 0.122 mg/L, then fell to 0.106 mg/L by Q2 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Military Highway Water Supply Corporation","role":"Water system owner/operator"},{"name":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ)","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Texas Water Development Board","role":"State funder (EDAP)"}],"public_contact":"Military Highway Water Supply Corporation office, (956) 565-2491","corrective_actions":["TWDB approved EDAP funding in 2023 to replace and move a Las Rusias water line, expected to finish in 2025 (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for TX1080067","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/TX1080067/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record for TX1080067","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/TX1080067/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Toxic water in South Texas colonias costs residents precious health and money","publisher":"Texas Public Radio via Pulitzer Center","date":"2023-06-16","url":"https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/toxic-water-south-texas-colonias-costs-residents-precious-health-and-money","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-LA-GRULLA-TURBIDITY-OUTAGE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"City of La Grulla: turbidity boil notices, outages and new TTHM violations","description":"SDWIS records surface water treatment technique violations for the City of La Grulla in Starr County from December 2023 to March 2024, followed by coliform-rule treatment technique violations in 2024-2025 and TTHM MCL violations in Q4 2025 and Q1 2026. KRGV reported a TCEQ noncompliance notice and boil advisory over cloudy water in February 2024, and a September 2025 boil notice after an outage that left some residents without water for four days.","location":{"name":"City of La Grulla water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"La Grulla, Starr County, Rio Grande Valley; surface water from the Rio Grande","coordinates":{"lat":26.27,"lon":-98.645,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Starr"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TX2140006"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Treatment plant equipment failures produced both outages and water quality violations.","secondary_drivers":["Aging treatment plant equipment"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 1) records TTHM LRAA of 0.091 and 0.093 mg/L in Q4 2025 and Q1 2026, plus four monthly turbidity TT violations.","service":"KRGV (ref 4) reports some residents went without water for four days before the September 2, 2025 boil notice.","scale":"SDWIS lists 11,250 people served (ref 2).","duration":"Violations span December 2023 to Q1 2026 in SDWIS (ref 1), with coliform TT violations from 2024-2025 still open.","significance":"TCEQ sent a noncompliance notice in February 2024 (ref 3); SDWIS records formal violations but no order was located."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":11250,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS water system record (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Readings taken in January showed the water had turbidity above state standards, and TCEQ notified the city it was out of compliance (KRGV, Feb. 7, 2024)."},"measures":[{"name":"Turbidity TT violations (monthly)","value":4,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Dec 2023-Mar 2024 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Peak TTHM LRAA in window","value":0.093,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS Q1 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Longest reported outage","value":4,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"September 2025 (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Violation types broadened from turbidity (2023-2024) to coliform TT (2024-2025) and TTHM (2025-2026) (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of La Grulla","role":"Water system owner/operator"},{"name":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ)","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"La Grulla Water Department, 956-487-3341","corrective_actions":["The city replaced a valve and water pump after the 2025 outage (ref 4); the 2024 turbidity violations returned to compliance in May 2024 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for TX2140006","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/TX2140006/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record for TX2140006","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/TX2140006/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Boil water notice in effect for residents of La Grulla","publisher":"KRGV","date":"2024-02-07","url":"https://www.krgv.com/news/boil-water-notice-in-effect-for-residents-of-la-grulla","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Boil water notice in effect in La Grulla","publisher":"KRGV","date":"2025-09-02","url":"https://www.krgv.com/news/boil-water-notice-in-effect-in-la-grulla/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-HOUSTON-NEWPPE-TURBIDITY-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Houston: acute treatment technique violation at Northeast Water Purification Plant","description":"Houston Public Works issued a TCEQ-required notice that the City of Houston Main System failed minimum treatment technique requirements in May 2025 after a turbidity excursion at the Northeast Water Purification Plant Expansion on May 21, 2025, classified as a multiple barrier failure (CFE above 1.0 NTU and IFE above 2.0 NTU). The city said disinfection stayed within standards and attributed the event to polymer feed system maintenance; SDWIS shows the violation returned to compliance July 1, 2025.","location":{"name":"City of Houston Main System","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Northeast Water Purification Plant Expansion near Humble, Harris County","coordinates":{"lat":29.76,"lon":-95.37,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Harris"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TX1010013"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A treatment process failure affected the quality of water leaving the plant.","secondary_drivers":["Treatment chemical feed failure"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Houston Public Works (ref 1) reports CFE above 1.0 NTU and IFE above 2.0 NTU, but says pathogen removal continued.","service":"Only a TCEQ-required public notice was issued (ref 1); ABC13 (ref 3) quoted an expert saying the water remained safe to drink.","scale":"SDWIS lists 2,970,543 people served by the Main System (ref 2).","duration":"The excursion occurred on May 21, 2025 and SDWIS shows return to compliance on July 1, 2025 (refs 1, 4).","significance":"SDWIS (ref 4) records an acute surface water treatment technique violation (code 43); no enforcement order was located."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":2970543,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS water system record (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Multiple barrier failure treatment technique violation (CFE >1.0 NTU and IFE >2.0 NTU) at NEWPPE in May 2025 (Houston Public Works)."},"measures":[{"name":"Combined filter effluent turbidity threshold exceeded","value":1,"unit":"NTU","status":"Reported","note":"CFE >1.0 NTU (ref 1)."},{"name":"Individual filter effluent turbidity threshold exceeded","value":2,"unit":"NTU","status":"Reported","note":"IFE >2.0 NTU (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event in the window per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Houston Public Works","role":"Water system owner/operator"},{"name":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ)","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Houston 311","corrective_actions":["Emergency maintenance on polymer feed systems restored normal turbidity; distribution samples met turbidity limits (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Mandatory notice relating to Houston water testing for the month of May","publisher":"Houston Public Works","date":"2025-06-12","url":"https://www.houstonpublicworks.org/mandatory-notice-relating-to-houston-water-testing-for-the-month-of-may","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record for TX1010013","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/TX1010013/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"City of Houston facing issues with drinking water at Humble water purification plant","publisher":"ABC13 Houston","date":"2025-06-14","url":"https://abc13.com/16743394","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for TX1010013","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/TX1010013/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TX-HOUSTON-WATER-MAIN-BREAKS-2024"]},{"id":"US-TX-MIDLAND-TURBIDITY-TT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Midland water plant: turbidity treatment technique violations after manganese spike","description":"The City of Midland reported that its water treatment plant failed TCEQ minimum treatment requirements in January and February 2026, with combined filter effluent turbidity above 1.0 NTU in January and more than 5 percent of readings above 0.3 NTU, after a manganese spike caused by a filtration failure and freezing conditions. SDWIS records four surface water treatment technique violations for the plant since November 2024, all returned to compliance by April 2026.","location":{"name":"City of Midland Water Purification Plant","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Midland, Midland County, Permian Basin; surface water system","coordinates":{"lat":32,"lon":-102.08,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Midland"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TX1650001"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A filtration failure at the plant caused turbidity violations in treated water.","secondary_drivers":["Filtration failure","Freeze conditions","Manganese in storage reservoir"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The city (ref 1) reports CFE turbidity above 1.0 NTU and says manganese levels posed no public health risk.","service":"Customers got notices in water bills and saw yellow discoloration (ref 1); no boil order was issued.","scale":"SDWIS lists 157,000 people served (ref 2).","duration":"SDWIS (ref 3) records TT violations in November 2024 and January-February 2026, several months of recurrence.","significance":"SDWIS (ref 3) records formal treatment technique violations, including a turbidity maximum violation (code 43); no order was located."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":157000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS water system record (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Combined filter effluent turbidity readings above 1.0 NTU in January 2026 and more than 5% of readings above 0.3 NTU across January and February 2026 (City of Midland)."},"measures":[{"name":"Surface water TT violations since Nov 2024","value":4,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Two episodes, November 2024 and January-February 2026 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Midland","role":"Water system owner/operator"},{"name":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ)","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Midland Utilities Operations, (432) 681-7606","corrective_actions":["Full cleanout of the manganese-contributing storage reservoir from February 19, 2026, with sources rerouted to an auxiliary supply (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"News Flash: Water treatment plant turbidity notice","publisher":"City of Midland","date":"2026-02-20","url":"https://midlandtexas.gov/CivicAlerts.asp?AID=1877","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record for TX1650001","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/TX1650001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for TX1650001","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/TX1650001/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-SAN-ANGELO-TTHM-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"City of San Angelo: TTHM MCL violations while groundwater plant was offline","description":"TCEQ notified the City of San Angelo of TTHM MCL violations for the third and fourth quarters of 2024, with SDWIS running averages of 0.083 and 0.086 mg/L against the 0.080 mg/L limit. The city attributed the exceedances to relying solely on treated surface water while its groundwater plant was offline for construction; SDWIS shows a return to compliance on March 13, 2025.","location":{"name":"City of San Angelo water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"San Angelo, Tom Green County, West Central Texas","coordinates":{"lat":31.46,"lon":-100.44,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Tom Green"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TX2260001"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns disinfection byproducts in delivered drinking water.","secondary_drivers":["Loss of groundwater blending during construction"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 1) records TTHM LRAA of 0.086 mg/L in Q4 2024; San Angelo LIVE (ref 3) reports a 0.239 mg/L single reading.","service":"City notices told residents an alternative supply was not needed (ref 3).","scale":"SDWIS lists 105,229 people served (ref 2).","duration":"Two quarters of violation, Q3-Q4 2024, resolved March 13, 2025 per SDWIS (ref 1).","significance":"TCEQ issued two violation notices in 2024 (ref 3); no enforcement order was located."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":105229,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS water system record (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Highest reading recorded at 0.239 mg/L during the third quarter of 2024 (San Angelo LIVE, Nov. 21, 2024)."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak TTHM LRAA","value":0.086,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS Q4 2024 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The city said all 2024 report issues have since been resolved (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of San Angelo Water Utilities","role":"Water system owner/operator"},{"name":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ)","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of San Angelo Water Utilities Department (sanangelo.gov)","corrective_actions":["Crews flushed aged water from hydrants; the expanded groundwater facility was expected to restore compliance (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for TX2260001","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/TX2260001/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record for TX2260001","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/TX2260001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"San Angelo Faces Second Water Quality Violation in 2024","publisher":"San Angelo LIVE!","date":"2024-11-21","url":"https://sanangelolive.com/node/95863","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"San Angelo Water Report Notes Minor Violations, City Says Issues Resolved","publisher":"San Angelo LIVE!","date":"2025-06-26","url":"https://sanangelolive.com/node/100648","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-EARTH-NITRATE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"City of Earth (Lamb County): recurring acute nitrate MCL violations","description":"TCEQ issued a findings agreed order (Texas Register July 5, 2024) against the City of Earth for failing to comply with the acute 10 mg/L nitrate MCL, with a $5,500 penalty; the city returned to compliance by November 10, 2023. SDWIS shows a new nitrate MCL violation at 11 mg/L beginning April 2026 that remains open.","location":{"name":"City of Earth water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Earth, Lamb County, South Plains; groundwater system","coordinates":{"lat":34.233,"lon":-102.41,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lamb"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TX1400002"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns nitrate in delivered drinking water.","secondary_drivers":["Agricultural nitrate in groundwater"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 2) records nitrate at 11 mg/L from April 2026, above the acute 10 mg/L MCL that also triggered the 2023 case.","service":"Acute nitrate violations require Tier 1 notice; no outage is documented (refs 1-2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 937 people served (ref 3), the whole town.","duration":"Exceedances recur: the 2023 violation (ref 1) and a new open violation in 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"TCEQ findings agreed order, docket 2023-0695-PWS-E, with a $5,500 penalty (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":937,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS water system record (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Failed to comply with the acute maximum contaminant level of 10 milligrams per liter for nitrate (TCEQ, ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"TCEQ penalty assessed","value":5500,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Docket 2023-0695-PWS-E (ref 1)."},{"name":"Nitrate result, 2026 violation","value":11,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"A new acute nitrate violation opened in April 2026 after the 2023 return to compliance (refs 1-2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Earth","role":"Water system owner/operator"},{"name":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ)","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"TCEQ Public Drinking Water program, tceq.texas.gov/drinkingwater","corrective_actions":["The city returned to nitrate compliance by November 10, 2023 under the order (ref 1); the 2026 violation has no documented fix."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Executive Summary, City of Earth, Docket 2023-0695-PWS-E","publisher":"TCEQ","date":"2024-07-05","url":"https://www.tceq.texas.gov/downloads/agency/decisions/agendas/backup/2023/2023-0695-pws-e.pdf","basis":"State enforcement record"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for TX1400002","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/TX1400002/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record for TX1400002","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/TX1400002/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINE-INVENTORY-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Texas: 1,391 water systems cited for lead service line inventory violations","description":"SDWIS records a Lead and Copper Rule Revisions service line inventory violation, beginning October 17, 2024, for 1,391 Texas public water systems serving about 1.8 million people, and 317 of them were still not returned to compliance as of October 2026. Houston Landing reported that only 1,463 of 5,603 Texas systems had filed inventories with TCEQ shortly before the October 16, 2024 federal deadline, and that line material was unknown for more than 80 percent of Houston's service lines.","location":{"name":"Texas public water systems (statewide)","type":"Statewide regulatory program","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"All Texas community and non-transient non-community water systems subject to the LCRR inventory requirement","coordinates":{"lat":31,"lon":-99,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding is a statewide compliance gap in identifying lead pipes, not a measured contamination event.","secondary_drivers":["Lead service lines","Small-system capacity"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Houston Landing (ref 2) reports 1,212 lead and 12,202 galvanized lines found among early filers, a potential lead exposure risk.","service":"Inventory violations do not interrupt service; none is documented in SDWIS (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS (ref 1) shows 1,391 systems serving about 1.81 million people with the violation.","duration":"The violations began October 17, 2024, and 317 systems remain unresolved two years later (ref 1).","significance":"Each is a formal SDWIS violation (ref 1); no statewide enforcement order was located."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":1812085,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served for the 1,391 systems with a code 5200 violation (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"As of Oct. 8, 2024, 1,463 of 5,603 public water systems had submitted lead service line inventories to TCEQ (Houston Landing)."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems with LSL inventory violation","value":1391,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS contaminant code 5200, violation code 2E (ref 1)."},{"name":"Systems not yet returned to compliance","value":317,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS compliance status not R (ref 1)."},{"name":"Houston service lines with unknown material","value":80,"unit":"percent (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Houston Landing (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"1,074 of 1,391 systems are recorded as returned to compliance (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ)","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 6","role":"Federal SDWA oversight"}],"public_contact":"TCEQ Public Drinking Water program, tceq.texas.gov/drinkingwater","corrective_actions":["Late filers must still complete inventories and notify customers with lead, galvanized or unknown lines within 30 days of submission (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Texas primacy, compliance periods after 2023-10-01","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/TX/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/COMPL_PER_BEGIN_DATE/>/2023-10-01/ROWS/0:9999/CSV","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Lead pipe risk remains unknown at thousands of Houston and Texas homes despite EPA deadline","publisher":"Houston Landing","date":"2024-10-16","url":"https://houstonlanding.org/lead-pipe-risk-remains-unknown-at-thousands-of-houston-and-texas-homes-despite-epa-deadline","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Lead and Copper Rule Revisions and Lead and Copper Rule Improvements","publisher":"TCEQ","date":null,"url":"https://www.tceq.texas.gov/drinkingwater/chemicals/lcrr","basis":"State program page","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-DISASTER-PROCLAMATION-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Texas drought disaster proclamation, in force since 2022, renewed for 61 counties","description":"Governor Abbott has renewed the drought disaster proclamation first issued July 8, 2022 on a recurring basis. The June 16, 2026 renewal covered 111 counties and the August 15, 2026 renewal covered 61 counties, including Bexar, Travis, Hays, Nueces, Hidalgo and Cameron. TCEQ's September 16, 2026 list showed about 178 water-use restriction entries for public water systems statewide.","location":{"name":"State of Texas (drought disaster counties)","type":"Statewide drought disaster declaration","detail":"61 counties in the August 15, 2026 renewal, down from 111 counties on June 16, 2026","coordinates":{"lat":31.43,"lon":-99.28,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Aransas","Bandera","Bee","Bexar","Blanco","Brewster","Burnet","Caldwell","Cameron","Hays","Hidalgo","Jim Wells","Kendall","Kerr","Kleberg","Live Oak","Llano","Lubbock","Maverick","Moore","Nueces","Potter","Randall","Real","San Patricio","Travis","Wharton","Willacy","Williamson"],"extent":"statewide","state":"TX","states":["TX"]},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The declaration responds to a physical shortage of rainfall and stored water across many counties.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The proclamation (ref 1) finds drought poses an imminent threat of disaster; no specific health harm is attributed in it.","service":"TCEQ's September 16, 2026 list (ref 3) carries about 178 voluntary or mandatory water-use restriction entries.","scale":"The August 15, 2026 renewal (ref 2) names 61 counties across the Panhandle, Hill Country, Coastal Bend and Rio Grande Valley.","duration":"The underlying proclamation was first issued July 8, 2022 and was still being renewed in August 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"A gubernatorial disaster declaration under Texas Government Code Chapter 418 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Cited sources do not give a population figure for this extent."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Drought disaster declared in 61 counties in the August 15, 2026 renewal (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Counties in June 16, 2026 renewal","value":111,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Counties in August 15, 2026 renewal","value":61,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"County count fell from 111 (June 2026) to 61 (August 2026) after July rains (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Office of the Governor of Texas","role":"Issues and renews disaster proclamation"},{"name":"TCEQ","role":"Tracks public water system restrictions"}],"public_contact":"Office of the Governor, State Capitol, Austin; contact form at gov.texas.gov","corrective_actions":["Monthly renewal of the disaster proclamation authorizing state resources for drought response (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Governor Abbott Amends, Renews Drought Disaster Proclamation In June 2026","publisher":"Office of the Texas Governor","date":"2026-06-16","url":"https://gov.texas.gov/news/post/governor-abbott-amends-renews-drought-disaster-proclamation-in-june-2026","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Governor Abbott Renews Drought Disaster Proclamation In August 2026","publisher":"Office of the Texas Governor","date":"2026-08-15","url":"https://gov.texas.gov/news/post/governor-abbott-renews-drought-disaster-proclamation-in-august-2026","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"List of Texas Public Water Systems Limiting Water Use to Avoid Shortages (report generated September 16, 2026)","publisher":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality","date":"2026-09-16","url":"https://www.tceq.texas.gov/drinkingwater/trot/droughtw.html","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TX-PWS-HIGH-PRIORITY-SHORTAGES-2026"]},{"id":"US-TX-STATE-WATER-PLAN-DROUGHT-SHORTAGE-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"2027 State Water Plan projects 3.6 million acre-feet drought shortage by 2030","description":"The Texas Water Development Board adopted the 2027 State Water Plan on July 23, 2026. It projects potential shortages of 3.6 million acre-feet per year in 2030 and 5.8 million in 2080 under drought-of-record conditions, with about 2.4 million acre-feet per year still unmet in 2030 even if all recommended projects are built. Recommended projects cost about $174 billion, and a severe drought without them could cause an estimated $91 billion in economic damage in 2030.","location":{"name":"Texas statewide water supply","type":"State water planning area","detail":"All 16 regional water planning areas; drought-of-record planning scenario","coordinates":{"lat":31.43,"lon":-99.28,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide","state":"TX","states":["TX"]},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding is a projected supply gap and a funding need identified by the state plan, not a single physical failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The plan (ref 1) projects drought damages of $91 billion in 2030 if strategies are not built; harm is projected, not yet realized.","service":"The plan itself imposes no restrictions or outages (ref 1).","scale":"Shortages are statewide: 3.6 million acre-feet per year in 2030 for water user groups (ref 1).","duration":"Shortfalls rise through the 50-year horizon to 5.8 million acre-feet per year in 2080 (ref 1).","significance":"Formally adopted by the TWDB Board on July 23, 2026 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Cited sources do not give a population figure for this extent."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Water user groups face potential water shortages of 3.6 million acre-feet per year in 2030 and 5.8 million acre-feet per year in 2080 in drought-of-record conditions (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Projected 2030 shortage","value":3600000,"unit":"acre-feet per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Projected 2080 shortage","value":5800000,"unit":"acre-feet per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Unmet needs in 2030 with all strategies","value":2400000,"unit":"acre-feet per year","status":"Reported","note":"About 2.4 million (ref 1)."},{"name":"Capital cost of recommended projects","value":174,"unit":"billion USD (2023 dollars)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Plan cost more than doubled from the 2022 plan's $80-81 billion (refs 1, 3)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Projected recommended-project cost rose from $81 billion in the 2022 plan to $174 billion (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Texas Water Development Board","role":"Adopts the State Water Plan"},{"name":"Regional water planning groups","role":"Prepare the 2026 regional water plans"}],"public_contact":"Texas Water Development Board, 1700 N. Congress Ave., Austin; twdb.texas.gov","corrective_actions":["About 6,700 recommended strategies and more than 3,000 projects supplying 2.7 million acre-feet per year by 2030 (ref 1).","Phase II plan amendment expected for consideration in December 2026 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2027 State Water Plan - Water for Texas (Phase 1)","publisher":"Texas Water Development Board","date":"2026-07-23","url":"https://www.twdb.texas.gov/waterplanning/swp/2027/docs/SWP27-Water-For-Texas.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"2027 State Water Plan","publisher":"Texas Water Development Board","date":"2026-07-23","url":"https://www.twdb.texas.gov/waterplanning/swp/2027/index.asp","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Texas board approves state water plan with $174 billion price tag","publisher":"The Bond Buyer","date":"2026-07-24","url":"https://www.bondbuyer.com/news/texas-board-approves-174-billion-state-water-plan","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-MEDINA-LAKE-RECORD-LOW-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Medina Lake falls to record 2% of capacity in 2025 during multiyear drought","description":"Medina Lake, owned by the Bexar-Medina-Atascosa Counties Water Improvement District No. 1 and built for irrigation, reached a record low of 2% full in spring 2025 and stood at 2.1% on June 9, 2025, after more than three years of drought and irrigation use. July 2026 flood runoff raised it to about 22% full, still far below capacity.","location":{"name":"Medina Lake","type":"Irrigation reservoir","detail":"Medina Lake on the Medina River, Medina and Bandera counties, northwest of San Antonio","coordinates":{"lat":29.54,"lon":-98.93,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Medina","Bandera"],"extent":"watershed","state":"TX","states":["TX"]},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["agricultural","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is a physical loss of stored reservoir water during drought.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"KSAT (ref 1) reports the lake at 2.1% full, leaving the irrigation reservoir it was built to be nearly empty.","service":"Neither cited article documents a formal delivery curtailment to water customers (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The reservoir covers nearly 5,600 acres at capacity and serves farms and recreation in the region (ref 2).","duration":"Drought had persisted more than three years by June 2025, with the lake at 2.5% a year earlier (ref 1).","significance":"No formal order or declaration specific to the lake appears in the cited reporting (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Cited sources do not give a population figure for this extent."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Medina Lake was 2.1% full on June 9, 2025, just above its record low of 2% set a month earlier (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Record low storage","value":2,"unit":"percent full","status":"Reported","note":"Spring 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Storage, July 17, 2026","value":22,"unit":"percent full","status":"Reported","note":"After flood runoff (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Rose from 2.1% (June 2025) to about 22% (July 2026) after storms (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Bexar-Medina-Atascosa Counties WCID No. 1","role":"Reservoir owner"}],"public_contact":"Bexar-Medina-Atascosa Counties Water Improvement District No. 1 (district office, Natalia, Texas)","corrective_actions":["No structural corrective action is documented in the cited sources; recovery depends on rainfall (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drone video shows Medina Lake at near record low","publisher":"KSAT","date":"2025-06-09","url":"https://www.ksat.com/weather/2025/06/09/drone-video-shows-medina-lake-at-near-record-low","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Medina Lake level on the rise, Hill Country drying out","publisher":"Texas Public Radio","date":"2026-07-17","url":"https://www.tpr.org/environment/2026-07-17/medina-lake-level-on-the-rise-hill-country-drying-out","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TX-EDWARDS-AQUIFER-DROUGHT-STAGE-3-2026"]},{"id":"US-TX-AMISTAD-FALCON-RESERVOIR-LOW-STORAGE-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Amistad and Falcon reservoirs hit record-low U.S. storage, forcing border restrictions","description":"U.S. storage in the Amistad and Falcon international reservoirs fell to 18.95% on May 25, 2024, the lowest U.S. share since both dams were built, and Falcon dropped to 9%. Laredo moved to Stage 3 critical water shortage restrictions in May 2024. The August 22, 2026 Rio Grande Watermaster report showed U.S. usable storage at 31.04% and total system storage at 22.03%.","location":{"name":"Amistad and Falcon international reservoirs","type":"International reservoir system (Rio Grande)","detail":"Rio Grande from Val Verde County (Amistad) to Zapata and Starr counties (Falcon), supplying Laredo and the Lower Rio Grande Valley","coordinates":{"lat":26.56,"lon":-99.16,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Val Verde","Webb","Zapata","Starr","Hidalgo","Cameron"],"extent":"watershed","state":"TX","states":["TX"]},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Low reservoir storage directly limits the water available to border municipalities and irrigators.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"KRGV (ref 1) reports Amistad at its lowest elevation since 1968, a supply threat to border communities rather than a documented health harm.","service":"Laredo imposed once-a-week watering under Stage 3 critical water shortage conditions in May 2024 (ref 3).","scale":"The reservoirs supply nearly 2 million people on the U.S. side of the Rio Grande (ref 1).","duration":"Storage was at a record low in 2024 and U.S. usable storage was still only 31.04% in August 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Laredo City Council adopted the Stage 3 plan as a city ordinance with fines (ref 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":2000000,"status":"Reported","note":"Nearly 2 million people on the U.S. side depend on the reservoirs (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"U.S. storage in Falcon and Amistad fell to 18.95% in the May 25, 2024 reading, the lowest U.S. share since both reservoirs were built (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"U.S. storage, May 25, 2024","value":18.95,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"U.S. usable storage, August 22, 2026","value":31.04,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Total Amistad/Falcon system storage, August 22, 2026","value":22.03,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"U.S. storage rose from 18.95% (May 2024) to 31.04% usable (August 2026), still low (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"International Boundary and Water Commission, U.S. Section","role":"Operates the international reservoirs"},{"name":"TCEQ Rio Grande Watermaster","role":"Allocates U.S. Rio Grande water"},{"name":"City of Laredo","role":"Municipal drought contingency plan"}],"public_contact":"TCEQ Rio Grande Watermaster Office, Harlingen; IBWC U.S. Section, El Paso","corrective_actions":["Laredo Stage 3 drought contingency restrictions and excess-use surcharges (ref 3).","Weekly ownership reporting of storage by IBWC and the Watermaster (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Rio Grande water reservoirs drain to their lowest point ever","publisher":"KRGV","date":"2024-06-03","url":"https://www.krgv.com/news/rio-grande-water-reservoirs-drain-to-their-lowest-point-ever","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Rio Grande Watermaster Report (8/22/2026)","publisher":"Lower Rio Grande Valley Development Council (IBWC weekly ownership data)","date":"2026-08-22","url":"https://www.lrgvdc.org/downloads/water/RGWM%20Report%20(08-22-2026).pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Laredo enacts Stage 3 'critical' water restrictions","publisher":"Border Report (NewsNation)","date":"2024-05-31","url":"https://digital-release.newsnationnow.com/?p=2880766","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TX-LOWER-RIO-GRANDE-AG-WATER-SHORTAGE-2024","US-TX-RIO-GRANDE-COMPACT-SETTLEMENT-2026"]},{"id":"US-TX-HOUSTON-REGION-GROUNDWATER-SUBSIDENCE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Groundwater-driven subsidence continues west and north of Houston, topping 3 cm a year","description":"The Harris-Galveston Subsidence District's 2025 Annual Groundwater Report finds subsidence continuing in Regulatory Area Three, where groundwater remains the main source, with the highest GPS-measured rate above 3 centimeters per year in the Katy and Fulshear area. District groundwater use was 232.8 million gallons per day in 2025, about 21% of total demand, and Chicot-Evangeline water levels have fallen more than 400 feet near The Woodlands since 1977.","location":{"name":"Harris-Galveston Subsidence District area","type":"Subsidence district (Gulf Coast Aquifer System)","detail":"Harris and Galveston counties, with GPS monitoring in surrounding Fort Bend and Montgomery counties; highest rate near Katy-Fulshear","coordinates":{"lat":29.79,"lon":-95.82,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Harris","Galveston","Fort Bend","Montgomery"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"TX","states":["TX"]},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Subsidence results from aquifer depressurization caused by groundwater withdrawals.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"HGSD (ref 1) measured land sinking above 3 cm per year at a Katy-Fulshear GPS station, a physical land-surface effect.","service":"The report documents no interruption of water service (ref 1).","scale":"The district's total water demand was 1,102.6 MGD in 2025 across the Houston-Galveston region (ref 1).","duration":"Subsidence and aquifer declines are measured over decades, with water levels down more than 300 feet in Area Three since 1977 (ref 1).","significance":"Groundwater use is governed by the district's Regulatory Plan with conversion deadlines through 2035 (ref 1); board approval May 13, 2026 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Cited sources do not give a population figure for this extent."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The highest subsidence rate was measured at a GPS station in the Katy and Fulshear area, exceeding 3 centimeters per year (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Groundwater use, 2025","value":232.8,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"2% below 2024 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Groundwater share of total water demand","value":21,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Maximum GPS subsidence rate, 2021-2025","value":3,"unit":"cm per year (exceeding)","status":"Reported","note":"Katy-Fulshear area (ref 1)."},{"name":"Historical water-level decline near The Woodlands","value":400,"unit":"feet (over)","status":"Reported","note":"1977-2026 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Area One is stable while Area Three keeps subsiding; groundwater use fell 2% from 2024 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Harris-Galveston Subsidence District","role":"Groundwater regulator for subsidence"},{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey","role":"Water-level monitoring partner"}],"public_contact":"Harris-Galveston Subsidence District, Friendswood office; hgsubsidence.org","corrective_actions":["Regulatory Plan limits groundwater to 10-20% of total demand by area, with Area Three groups reaching 20% by 2035 (ref 1).","GPS network of almost 190 stations and InSAR studies to track subsidence (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Groundwater Withdrawal and Land Subsidence in Harris and Galveston Counties for the 2025 Calendar Year, Executive Summary (Report 2026-01)","publisher":"Harris-Galveston Subsidence District","date":"2026-04-30","url":"https://hgsubsidence.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/2025-HGSD-AGR_ExecSum_Final.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Board of Directors Approves 2025 Annual Groundwater Report","publisher":"Harris-Galveston Subsidence District","date":"2026-05-13","url":"https://hgsubsidence.org/?p=6840","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-JACOBS-WELL-TRINITY-AQUIFER-DECLINE-2022","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Jacob's Well spring near zero flow since 2022 as Trinity Aquifer pumping exceeds permits","description":"Jacob's Well, a Trinity Aquifer spring in Wimberley, has had essentially no consistent flow since 2022 and has been closed to swimming for four summers. The Hays Trinity Groundwater Conservation District fined Aqua Texas $448,710 for pumping 89 million gallons above its 102-million-gallon permit in 2022, and Aqua Texas sued the district in federal court. July 2026 storms raised flow only briefly.","location":{"name":"Jacob's Well (Trinity Aquifer springshed)","type":"Aquifer-fed spring and county natural area","detail":"Jacob's Well Natural Area, Wimberley, Hays County; Middle Trinity Aquifer","coordinates":{"lat":30.034,"lon":-98.126,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Hays"],"extent":"site","state":"TX","states":["TX"]},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["surface-water","drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Spring flow loss reflects aquifer levels lowered by drought and pumping.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"KUT (ref 2) reports USGS measured essentially zero flow from the aquifer into Jacob's Well in January 2025.","service":"Hays County kept the spring closed to swimming through 2026 (ref 3).","scale":"Aqua Texas, whose overpumping is at issue, serves more than 3,000 Hays County customers from the same aquifer (ref 1).","duration":"No consistent flow since June 2022, and four summers of swimming closures by August 2026 (refs 2, 3).","significance":"District fine of $448,710 and a federal lawsuit by Aqua Texas against the district (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Cited sources do not give a population figure for this extent."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"In 2022 Aqua Texas was permitted to pump 102 million gallons and exceeded that by 89 million gallons (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Overpumping above permit, 2022","value":89,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"District fine","value":448710,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"$5 per thousand gallons over permit (ref 1)."},{"name":"Normal spring flow","value":5,"unit":"cfs (4-6 typical)","status":"Reported","note":"Flow fell well below this by early August 2026 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Aqua Texas contested the district fine in federal court (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Brief July 2026 surge to about 22 cfs faded within days (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Hays Trinity Groundwater Conservation District","role":"Groundwater permitting and enforcement"},{"name":"Aqua Texas","role":"Permitted groundwater pumper"},{"name":"Hays County Parks and Natural Resources","role":"Manages Jacob's Well Natural Area"}],"public_contact":"Hays Trinity Groundwater Conservation District, Dripping Springs; haysgroundwater.com","corrective_actions":["District fine for 2022 overpumping, contested by Aqua Texas (ref 1).","Swimming closure maintained until flow recovers (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Aqua Texas sues Hays County groundwater district over a nearly $450,000 overpumping fine","publisher":"KUT","date":"2024-01-09","url":"https://www.kut.org/energy-environment/2024-01-09/aqua-texas-sues-hays-county-groundwater-district-over-a-nearly-450-million-overpumping-fine","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Jacob's Well usually flows this time of year, but it's as dry as the 'dead of summer'","publisher":"KUT","date":"2025-01-30","url":"https://www.kut.org/energy-environment/2025-01-30/jacobs-well-wimberley-tx-hill-country-swimming-hole-flow","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"It'll take a lot of change for one of the most iconic watering holes in Texas to reopen to swimming","publisher":"Texas Public Radio / Texas Standard","date":"2026-08-10","url":"https://www.tpr.org/environment/2026-08-10/itll-take-a-lot-of-change-for-one-of-the-most-iconic-watering-holes-in-texas-to-reopen-to-swimming","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TX-AQUA-TEXAS-RATE-CASE-2025"]},{"id":"US-TX-BARTON-SPRINGS-EDWARDS-EXCEPTIONAL-DROUGHT-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Barton Springs Edwards Aquifer district in Stage 3 Exceptional Drought since October 2025","description":"The Barton Springs/Edwards Aquifer Conservation District declared Stage 3 Exceptional Drought effective October 1, 2025, only the second time in its 38-year history, after the Lovelady monitor well fell to 457.0 feet. Permit holders must cut pumping 30 to 100 percent. As of August 2026 the district remained in Stage 3, with Barton Springs flow near 20 to 24 cfs.","location":{"name":"Barton Springs segment of the Edwards Aquifer","type":"Groundwater conservation district","detail":"Barton Springs/Edwards Aquifer Conservation District serving parts of Travis and Hays counties, including Austin, Buda and Kyle areas","coordinates":{"lat":30.264,"lon":-97.771,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Travis","Hays"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"TX","states":["TX"]},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Drought stages are triggered by measured aquifer level and spring discharge.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"BSEACD (ref 1) reports the Lovelady well at 457.0 ft-msl versus a 490.9 ft long-term average, stressing an aquifer used for drinking water.","service":"More than 120 permit holders must reduce pumping 30-100% under Stage 3 (ref 1).","scale":"Nearly 100,000 residents rely on the district's aquifer segments for drinking water (ref 1).","duration":"Stage 3 has been in effect from October 2025 through at least August 19, 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"Formal district drought declaration under its rules (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":100000,"status":"Reported","note":"Nearly 100,000 residents rely on the aquifer for drinking water (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Stage 3 Exceptional Drought effective October 1, 2025; 10-day average at Lovelady 457.0 ft-msl (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Lovelady 10-day average, Sept 11, 2025","value":457,"unit":"ft-msl","status":"Reported","note":"Stage 3 threshold (ref 1)."},{"name":"Lovelady 10-day average, August 2026","value":458.1,"unit":"ft-msl","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Barton Springs 10-day average flow, August 2026","value":20,"unit":"cfs","status":"Reported","note":"Updated manual measurement (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Lovelady moved from 457.0 ft (Sept 2025) to 458.1 ft (Aug 2026), still in Stage 3 (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Barton Springs/Edwards Aquifer Conservation District","role":"Groundwater regulator"}],"public_contact":"Barton Springs/Edwards Aquifer Conservation District, Austin; bseacd.org","corrective_actions":["Mandatory 30-100% pumping reductions for permittees under Stage 3 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"District Declares Exceptional Drought for Second Time in History","publisher":"Barton Springs/Edwards Aquifer Conservation District","date":"2025-09-12","url":"https://bseacd.org/?p=23388","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Barton Springs Edwards Aquifer Conservation District continues in Stage 3 drought; board approves fiscal year 2027 budget","publisher":"Hays Free Press","date":"2026-08-19","url":"https://www.haysfreepress.com/article/26680,barton-springs-edwards-aquifer-conservation-district-continues-in-stage-3-drought-board-approves-fiscal-year-2027-budget","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-PECOS-COUNTY-LEAKING-WATER-WELLS-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Leaking abandoned wells in Pecos County, including brine-fed Lake Boehmer, stay unplugged","description":"Lake Boehmer, about 60 acres in Pecos County, formed more than two decades ago when an abandoned well began releasing salty brine, and it is still leaking; reports say it emits hydrogen sulfide and contains arsenic. The Railroad Commission says it lacks jurisdiction over such water wells, and the Middle Pecos Groundwater Conservation District has taken legal action to compel plugging. A $10 million TCEQ Leaking Water Wells Grant Program created in 2023 had distributed no money as of February 2025.","location":{"name":"Lake Boehmer and leaking wells, Pecos County","type":"Groundwater conservation district area","detail":"Middle Pecos Groundwater Conservation District, Pecos County, West Texas; related blowout in neighboring Crane County","coordinates":{"lat":30.78,"lon":-102.72,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Pecos","Crane"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"TX","states":["TX"]},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Failed well casings (infrastructure) are discharging brine that threatens aquifer quality.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The Texas Tribune (ref 1) reports Lake Boehmer brine contains arsenic and emits hydrogen sulfide; a Crane County blowout showed benzene at 10 times the EPA drinking-water limit (ref 2).","service":"No public water system outage is tied to these wells in the cited reporting (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Leaks threaten aquifers serving West Texas cities, farms and ranches; the state has recorded 1,915 P-13 wells (ref 1).","duration":"Lake Boehmer has been leaking for more than two decades (ref 1).","significance":"The Middle Pecos GCD filed a complaint and legal action against the Railroad Commission (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Cited sources do not give a population figure for this extent."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"None of the $10 million committed to the Leaking Water Wells Grant Program under HB 4256 had been distributed as of February 2025 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Lake Boehmer area","value":60,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Recorded P-13 wells statewide","value":1915,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Leaking Water Wells Grant Program funding","value":10,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No measured trend in leak volume is reported."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Railroad Commission of Texas","role":"Oil and gas well regulator; disputes jurisdiction"},{"name":"TCEQ","role":"Administers Leaking Water Wells Grant Program"},{"name":"Middle Pecos Groundwater Conservation District","role":"Local groundwater district"}],"public_contact":"Middle Pecos Groundwater Conservation District, Fort Stockton","corrective_actions":["TCEQ Leaking Water Wells Grant Program rulemaking, with grants expected after mid-2025 (ref 1).","District complaint seeking Railroad Commission plugging of converted wells (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Texas regulators grapple with a growing problem: old oil wells leaking polluted water","publisher":"The Texas Tribune","date":"2025-02-04","url":"https://www.texastribune.org/2025/02/04/texas-leaking-abandoned-oil-water-wells-tceq-railroad-commission/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"West Texas orphan oil wells are leaking with unknown harms","publisher":"The Texas Tribune / Inside Climate News","date":"2024-02-29","url":"https://www.texastribune.org/2024/02/28/abandoned-oil-wells-west-texas-railroad-commission","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TX-PERMIAN-PRODUCED-WATER-DISPOSAL-RISK-2025"]},{"id":"US-TX-EDWARDS-UVALDE-POOL-STAGE-5-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Edwards Aquifer Uvalde Pool under pumping cuts 2022-2026, Stage 5 from April 2024","description":"The Edwards Aquifer Authority kept the Uvalde Pool under Critical Period Management pumping reductions from June 2022, including Stage 5 from April 2024 until July 19, 2026. After July 2026 rains raised the J-27 index well, the EAA lifted all Uvalde Pool curtailments effective August 11, 2026, when the 10-day average reached 850 feet.","location":{"name":"Edwards Aquifer Uvalde Pool","type":"Aquifer management pool","detail":"Uvalde County portion of the Edwards Aquifer Authority jurisdiction; J-27 index well","coordinates":{"lat":29.21,"lon":-99.79,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Uvalde"],"extent":"county","state":"TX","states":["TX"]},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Pumping cuts were triggered by measured aquifer levels at the J-27 index well.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"EAA (ref 2) ties the reductions to prolonged drought lowering the aquifer; no health harm is reported.","service":"Stage 4 alone cut permitted annual withdrawals by 35% for utilities, farms and industry (ref 2).","scale":"Curtailments applied to all Edwards permit holders above three acre-feet in Uvalde County (ref 2).","duration":"The pool was under some CPM stage from June 2022 to August 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Formal EAA Critical Period Management declarations (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Cited sources do not give a population figure for this extent."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"EAA lifted all Uvalde Pool CPM curtailments effective August 11, 2026, with the J-27 10-day average at 850 ft amsl (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"J-27 10-day average, July 19, 2026","value":840.5,"unit":"ft amsl","status":"Reported","note":"Exit from Stage 5 (ref 2)."},{"name":"J-27 10-day average, August 11, 2026","value":850,"unit":"ft amsl","status":"Reported","note":"All stages lifted (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"J-27 rose from Stage 5 range to above all triggers in July-August 2026 (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Edwards Aquifer Authority","role":"Groundwater regulator"}],"public_contact":"Edwards Aquifer Authority, San Antonio; edwardsaquifer.org","corrective_actions":["Stage-based pumping curtailments under the EAA Critical Period Management Plan, now lifted (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Improved Aquifer Conditions in Uvalde, TX Result in End of Critical Period Management for the Uvalde Pool","publisher":"Edwards Aquifer Authority","date":"2026-08-12","url":"https://www.edwardsaquifer.org/improved-aquifer-conditions-in-uvalde-tx-result-in-end-of-critical-period-management-for-the-uvalde-pool/","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"EAA Lifts Stage 5 and Returns to Stage 4 Permit Reductions for the Uvalde Pool","publisher":"Edwards Aquifer Authority","date":"2026-07-20","url":"https://www.edwardsaquifer.org/eaa-lifts-stage-5-and-returns-to-stage-4-permit-reductions-for-the-uvalde-pool/","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TX-EDWARDS-AQUIFER-DROUGHT-STAGE-3-2026"]},{"id":"US-TX-ALPINE-WELL-FAILURE-WATER-SHORTAGE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Alpine well failure triggers Stage 4 critical water shortage and water hauling","description":"The City of Alpine moved to Stage 3 restrictions on April 28, 2026 and to Stage 4 Critical Water Shortage on May 6 after its Roberts No. 3 well, more than 50 years old, fell below 25% capacity and the city declared a water emergency. Crews hauled water to the west side, where some residents had low pressure or temporary outages; a replacement well was estimated at about $1 million. Stage 4 was reimposed on July 28 after further well equipment failures.","location":{"name":"City of Alpine water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Alpine, Brewster County, West Texas; groundwater well fields","coordinates":{"lat":30.358,"lon":-103.661,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Brewster"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TX0220001","state":"TX","states":["TX"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"City officials attribute the shortage to aging well infrastructure rather than a lack of groundwater.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Big Bend Sentinel (ref 2) reports the Roberts 3 well casing failing, cutting supply; no health exceedance is reported.","service":"Stage 4 limited use to essential needs and parts of the west side saw temporary outages (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 6,000 people served (ref 5); TCEQ lists the system at under 45 days of supply (ref 4).","duration":"Restrictions ran from late April through at least late July 2026 (refs 1, 3).","significance":"The city declared a water emergency on May 1, 2026 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":6000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TCEQ lists the City of Alpine (TX0220001) as having less than a 45-day supply (ref 4)."},"measures":[{"name":"Replacement well cost estimate","value":1000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Unbudgeted emergency well replacement estimated at about $1 million (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Stage 4 imposed in May and again on July 28, 2026 after new failures (refs 1, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Alpine","role":"Utility owner/operator"},{"name":"TCEQ","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Alpine Utilities Department, City Hall, Alpine","corrective_actions":["Drilling a replacement well, expected to take 4-6 weeks (refs 1, 2).","Plugging and abandoning Roberts Well No. 3 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Alpine enters Stage 4 critical water shortage","publisher":"KOSA First Alert 7","date":"2026-05-06","url":"https://www.firstalert7.com/2026/05/06/alpine-enters-stage-4-critical-water-shortage/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Alpine well dig could cost $1 million","publisher":"Big Bend Sentinel","date":"2026-05-06","url":"https://bigbendsentinel.com/2026/05/06/alpine-well-dig-could-cost-1-million/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"'It's an infrastructure problem': Alpine mayor says aging wells, not water supply, behind mandatory restrictions","publisher":"KOSA First Alert 7","date":"2026-07-28","url":"https://www.firstalert7.com/2026/07/28/its-an-infrastructure-problem-alpine-mayor-says-aging-wells-not-water-supply-behind-mandatory-restrictions/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"List of Texas Public Water Systems Limiting Water Use to Avoid Shortages (report generated September 16, 2026)","publisher":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality","date":"2026-09-16","url":"https://www.tceq.texas.gov/drinkingwater/trot/droughtw.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: CITY OF ALPINE","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TX/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ALPINE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-DUMAS-GROUNDWATER-SUPPLY-SHORTAGE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Dumas enters Stage 4 water shortage as aquifer levels fall about 50% below target","description":"The City of Dumas moved to Stage 4 water supply conditions on July 8, 2026, limiting yard watering, after officials said irrigation and drought had left the city's aquifer about 50% below where it should be. A Stage 4 episode also occurred in 2025. TCEQ lists Dumas as having less than a 45-day supply, and the city is pursuing grants and loans to roughly double capacity.","location":{"name":"City of Dumas water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Dumas, Moore County, Texas Panhandle; groundwater wells","coordinates":{"lat":35.866,"lon":-101.973,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Moore"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TX1710001","state":"TX","states":["TX"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Supply is limited by declining groundwater levels in the city's aquifer.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"NewsChannel 10 (ref 1) reports aquifer levels about 50% below target, threatening the sole source; no contamination is reported.","service":"Stage 4 limits yard watering and other uses (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 14,935 people served (ref 3).","duration":"Stage 4 conditions occurred in 2025 and again from July 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"TCEQ lists the system under mandatory restrictions with less than a 45-day supply (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":14935,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The city's aquifer is about 50% below its target level (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Annual consumption","value":1,"unit":"billion gallons (over)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"New wells found after 28 test drills","value":4,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["City may raise water rates to repay capacity expansion (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Stage 4 recurred in 2026 after a five-day Stage 4 in 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Dumas","role":"Utility owner/operator"},{"name":"TCEQ","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Dumas, City Hall; dumastx.gov","corrective_actions":["Bringing three wells and a storage facility unused since 2017 back online (ref 1).","Seeking state and federal grants and loans to roughly double capacity (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Dumas moves to a stage 4 water level condition","publisher":"KFDA NewsChannel 10","date":"2026-07-09","url":"https://www.newschannel10.com/2026/07/09/dumas-moves-stage-4-water-level-condition/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"List of Texas Public Water Systems Limiting Water Use to Avoid Shortages (report generated September 16, 2026)","publisher":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality","date":"2026-09-16","url":"https://www.tceq.texas.gov/drinkingwater/trot/droughtw.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: CITY OF DUMAS","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TX/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/DUMAS/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TX-OGALLALA-AQUIFER-DEPLETION-2025"]},{"id":"US-TX-PFLUGERVILLE-RAW-WATER-LINE-SHORTAGE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Pflugerville water shortage emergency after five raw-water pipeline breaks","description":"Pflugerville's raw water line from the Colorado River to Lake Pflugerville broke five times between September 2025 and March 2026, draining hundreds of millions of gallons. The mayor declared a disaster water shortage emergency and Stage 3 outdoor-use ban on March 4, 2026, warning supply could fall below the intake. Restrictions were eased in stages and Stage 1 was lifted August 10, 2026.","location":{"name":"City of Pflugerville water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Pflugerville, Travis County; Lake Pflugerville supplied by Colorado River raw water line","coordinates":{"lat":30.439,"lon":-97.62,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Travis"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TX2270014","state":"TX","states":["TX"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The shortage stemmed from repeated failures of the raw water pipeline, not drought.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"KUT (ref 1) reports the city warned its ability to withdraw and treat sufficient water was threatened; no health harm is reported.","service":"Stage 3 banned outdoor watering, pool filling and car washing, with $1,500-$2,000 fines (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 63,464 people served (ref 4).","duration":"Breaks began in September 2025 and restrictions lasted until August 10, 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"The mayor declared a disaster water shortage emergency on March 4, 2026 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":63464,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The raw waterline broke five times since September, draining hundreds of millions of gallons (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Raw water line breaks, Sept 2025-Mar 2026","value":5,"unit":"breaks","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Lake Pflugerville depth, March 18, 2026","value":17,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Stage 3 until 19 feet (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Stage 1 restrictions lifted August 10, 2026 (ref 2), though TCEQ's September 16 list still showed a less-than-90-day entry (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Pflugerville","role":"Utility owner/operator"},{"name":"TCEQ","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Pflugerville Public Utilities, City Hall, Pflugerville","corrective_actions":["Repairs to five pipeline breaks (ref 1).","Return to year-round conservation rules required by LCRA (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Fifth waterline break in Pflugerville system resolved","publisher":"KUT","date":"2026-03-19","url":"https://www.kut.org/energy-environment/2026-03-19/pflugerville-tx-fifth-water-main-break-water-shortage-emergency","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Pflugerville lifts Stage 1 restrictions, restoring twice-weekly lawn watering schedule","publisher":"CBS Austin","date":"2026-08-11","url":"https://cbsaustin.com/news/local/pflugerville-lifts-stage-1-restrictions-restoring-twice-weekly-lawn-watering-schedule","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"List of Texas Public Water Systems Limiting Water Use to Avoid Shortages (report generated September 16, 2026)","publisher":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality","date":"2026-09-16","url":"https://www.tceq.texas.gov/drinkingwater/trot/droughtw.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: CITY OF PFLUGERVILLE","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TX/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PFLUGERVILLE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-GROVETON-WATER-OUTAGE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Groveton loses water service for days after well pump failure","description":"The City of Groveton lost water service beginning about 5 a.m. on Thursday, March 20, 2025 after a power outage likely damaged its two-year-old well pump. The replacement run produced 78 gallons per minute against a 150 gpm rating, schools closed, and water was trucked in from state and regional sources under a boil water notice. TCEQ's restriction list records the city with an outage entry dated March 23, 2025.","location":{"name":"City of Groveton water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Groveton, Trinity County, East Texas; groundwater well supply","coordinates":{"lat":31.055,"lon":-95.126,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Trinity"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TX2280001","state":"TX","states":["TX"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A single-well pump failure caused the loss of supply.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"KLTV (ref 1) reports a boil water notice after pressure loss; no confirmed contamination is reported.","service":"Residents had little or no water for more than 36 hours and Groveton ISD canceled classes (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 1,452 people served; TCEQ's list shows 918 (refs 4, 5).","duration":"The outage lasted several days in March 2025 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"KPRC reports the mayor issued a disaster declaration (ref 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":1452,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5). TCEQ's restriction list shows 918 (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The pump was producing 78 gallons per minute against a 150 gpm rating (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Pump output after restart","value":78,"unit":"gpm","status":"Reported","note":"Rated 150 gpm (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Councilman said the city was 'operating hand to mouth' (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single outage event; later status of the well not documented in cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Groveton","role":"Utility owner/operator"},{"name":"TCEQ","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Trinity County","role":"Emergency water distribution"}],"public_contact":"Groveton City Hall, Groveton","corrective_actions":["Pump replacement and staged refilling of storage tanks (refs 1, 2).","Trucked water from TDCJ and Consolidated Water Supply (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Crew to replace pump in Groveton water well after outage","publisher":"KLTV","date":"2025-03-22","url":"https://www.kltv.com/2025/03/22/crew-replace-pump-groveton-water-well-after-outage/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Groveton residents manage without water as city refills storage tanks","publisher":"KLTV/KTRE","date":"2025-03-23","url":"https://www.kltv.com/2025/03/23/groveton-isd-cancels-classes-city-begins-refilling-water-storage-tanks-repairs-continue/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"City of Groveton remains under boil water notice for days after mayor issues disaster declaration","publisher":"KPRC Click2Houston","date":"2025-03-26","url":"https://gmg-kprc-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/news/local/2025/03/26/city-of-groveton-remains-under-boil-water-notice-for-days-after-mayor-issues-disaster-declaration","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"List of Texas Public Water Systems Limiting Water Use to Avoid Shortages (report generated September 16, 2026)","publisher":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality","date":"2026-09-16","url":"https://www.tceq.texas.gov/drinkingwater/trot/droughtw.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: CITY OF GROVETON","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TX/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/GROVETON/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"Trinity County to distribute water in wake of Groveton outage","publisher":"KLTV","date":"2025-03-21","url":"https://www.kltv.com/2025/03/21/trinity-county-distribute-water-wake-groveton-outage","basis":"News"},{"ref":7,"title":"City of Groveton moving forward following 4-day water shortage","publisher":"KETK (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-03-24","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/city-groveton-moving-forward-following-205752682.html","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"conflicts":[{"field":"cause","values":["well pump failure","water plant power outage"],"note":"Sources differ on the cause of the 2025 outage; both accounts are cited. Merged from a duplicate record during the Texas pilot."}]},{"id":"US-TX-BEEVILLE-DROUGHT-WATER-EMERGENCY-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Beeville declares water emergency, Stage 4 restrictions as Coastal Bend reservoirs drop","description":"Beeville, a long-time buyer of Corpus Christi water, entered Stage 4 restrictions and declared a local state of emergency in October 2025, when Lake Corpus Christi and Choke Canyon combined storage was just under 13%. The city plans a $33.8 million bond to rehabilitate and drill brackish groundwater wells with reverse osmosis. As of August 27, 2026 it remained in Stage 4 with some relief amendments.","location":{"name":"City of Beeville water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Beeville, Bee County; Nueces River basin supply via Corpus Christi; Evangeline and Jasper aquifer wells","coordinates":{"lat":28.401,"lon":-97.748,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Bee"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TX0130001","state":"TX","states":["TX"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Reservoir drawdown in the regional surface supply drove the shortage.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Texas Standard (ref 1) reports lake levels not expected to recover soon; no health exceedance is reported.","service":"Outdoor watering was banned except from registered wells and the city pool did not open (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 13,664 people served (ref 5).","duration":"Stage 3 began December 2024 and Stage 4 continued through August 2026 (refs 1, 3).","significance":"Local state of emergency declared October 2025 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":13664,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Lake Corpus Christi and Choke Canyon combined levels were just under 13% as of October 8, 2025 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Stage 4 demand target","value":2.5,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Down from about 3 MGD (ref 1)."},{"name":"Well project bond","value":33.8,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["$33.8 million bond for emergency groundwater supply (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Lake Corpus Christi about 90% full in August 2026, but Stage 4 remains (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Beeville","role":"Utility owner/operator"},{"name":"City of Corpus Christi","role":"Wholesale water provider"},{"name":"TCEQ","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Beeville, City Hall, Beeville; beevilletx.gov","corrective_actions":["Rehabilitating two capped wells and drilling new brackish wells with reverse osmosis (refs 1, 2, 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Beeville declares a state of local emergency over drought, seeks state aid","publisher":"Texas Standard","date":"2025-10-15","url":"https://texasstandard.org/stories/beeville-south-texas-state-local-emergency-water-drought/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"South Texas cities drilling wells to delay water crisis","publisher":"The Texas Tribune","date":"2026-04-17","url":"https://www.texastribune.org/2026/04/17/texas-drought-corpus-christi-wells-alice-beeville/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"City of Beeville Amends Stage 4 Water Restrictions - Press Release","publisher":"City of Beeville","date":"2026-08-27","url":"https://www.beevilletx.gov/news/post/11198/","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":4,"title":"List of Texas Public Water Systems Limiting Water Use to Avoid Shortages (report generated September 16, 2026)","publisher":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality","date":"2026-09-16","url":"https://www.tceq.texas.gov/drinkingwater/trot/droughtw.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: CITY OF BEEVILLE","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TX/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BEEVILLE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TX-CORPUS-CHRISTI-WATER-SUPPLY-DROUGHT-2024"]},{"id":"US-TX-LIBERTY-HILL-WATER-SUPPLY-GAP-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Liberty Hill listed under 180 days of supply as master plan warns of shortages","description":"Liberty Hill's 2025 Water Master Plan, adopted February 12, 2025, warns the fast-growing city could face shortages within a couple of years and must expand supply about fivefold by 2050. The city relies on four Trinity Aquifer wells and contracted Lake Travis water treated by Leander. TCEQ has listed the system under mandatory restrictions with less than a 180-day supply since March 2025.","location":{"name":"City of Liberty Hill water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Liberty Hill, Williamson County; Trinity Aquifer wells and Lake Travis water via Leander","coordinates":{"lat":30.665,"lon":-97.922,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Williamson"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TX2460013","state":"TX","states":["TX"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Demand growth is outpacing contracted and owned supply capacity.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The master plan (ref 1) projects possible shortages within two years; no service failure or health harm is documented.","service":"TCEQ lists mandatory stage M1 restrictions (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 8,777 people served (ref 3).","duration":"The TCEQ entry dated March 6, 2025 remained on the September 16, 2026 list (ref 2).","significance":"TCEQ listing of less than a 180-day supply (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":8777,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TCEQ lists the City of Liberty Hill (TX2460013) as having less than a 180-day supply (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Projected annual demand growth, next 10 years","value":12,"unit":"percent per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Active Trinity Aquifer wells","value":4,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Plan calls for an advanced water purification facility by 2035 and outside funding (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Demand projected to grow 12% a year, then 16% a year to 2050 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Liberty Hill","role":"Utility owner/operator"},{"name":"City of Leander","role":"Treats contracted surface water"},{"name":"TCEQ","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Liberty Hill, City Hall, Liberty Hill","corrective_actions":["2025 Water Master Plan: conservation, regional surface-water agreements and an advanced purification facility by 2035 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Liberty Hill needs to up water supply to avoid shortages","publisher":"Community Impact","date":"2025-02-13","url":"https://communityimpact.com/leander-liberty-hill/government/liberty-hill-needs-to-up-water-supply-to-avoid-shortages/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"List of Texas Public Water Systems Limiting Water Use to Avoid Shortages (report generated September 16, 2026)","publisher":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality","date":"2026-09-16","url":"https://www.tceq.texas.gov/drinkingwater/trot/droughtw.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: CITY OF LIBERTY HILL","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TX/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LIBERTY%20HILL/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-MATHIS-LAKE-CORPUS-CHRISTI-SUPPLY-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Mathis drills emergency wells as Lake Corpus Christi intake supply falters","description":"Mathis normally draws its drinking water from Lake Corpus Christi, which officials projected in 2025 would drop too low to pull usable water by late December. The city sought emergency approval for two Evangeline Aquifer wells and was still drilling them in April 2026, when the main Coastal Bend reservoirs were at 8% capacity. TCEQ lists Mathis under Stage M3 restrictions with less than a 180-day supply.","location":{"name":"City of Mathis water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Mathis, San Patricio County; Lake Corpus Christi intake and planned Evangeline Aquifer wells","coordinates":{"lat":28.094,"lon":-97.828,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["San Patricio"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TX2050003","state":"TX","states":["TX"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Falling reservoir levels threaten the city's surface-water intake.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"NBC News (ref 1) reports officials feared pulling mud with the water, risking treatment systems; no health exceedance is reported.","service":"TCEQ lists mandatory stage M3 restrictions (ref 3).","scale":"SDWIS lists 5,001 people served (ref 4).","duration":"The TCEQ entry dates to May 9, 2025 and wells were still being drilled in April 2026 (refs 2, 3).","significance":"TCEQ listing of less than a 180-day supply (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":5001,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TCEQ lists the City of Mathis (TX2050003) under M3 restrictions with less than a 180-day supply (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Emergency wells planned","value":2,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Well completion date not documented in cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Mathis","role":"Utility owner/operator"},{"name":"TCEQ","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Mathis, City Hall, Mathis; cityofmathis.com","corrective_actions":["Drilling two emergency Evangeline Aquifer wells (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"In South Texas, a town struggles for water","publisher":"NBC News","date":"2025-09-27","url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/texas-mathis-water-drought-rcna232989","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"South Texas cities drilling wells to delay water crisis","publisher":"The Texas Tribune","date":"2026-04-17","url":"https://www.texastribune.org/2026/04/17/texas-drought-corpus-christi-wells-alice-beeville/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"List of Texas Public Water Systems Limiting Water Use to Avoid Shortages (report generated September 16, 2026)","publisher":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality","date":"2026-09-16","url":"https://www.tceq.texas.gov/drinkingwater/trot/droughtw.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: CITY OF MATHIS","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TX/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MATHIS/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TX-CORPUS-CHRISTI-WATER-SUPPLY-DROUGHT-2024"]},{"id":"US-TX-THREE-RIVERS-CHOKE-CANYON-ACCESS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Three Rivers declares drought disaster over loss of Choke Canyon water access","description":"Three Rivers, which draws water from Choke Canyon Reservoir, said in March 2026 that Corpus Christi's reservoir operations would cut off its access sooner than projected and accelerated alternative supplies including groundwater wells. Corpus Christi denied any operational change. The Three Rivers mayor then issued a drought disaster declaration, and TCEQ lists the city under Stage M3 restrictions with less than a 180-day supply.","location":{"name":"City of Three Rivers water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Three Rivers, Live Oak County; Choke Canyon Reservoir supply","coordinates":{"lat":28.46,"lon":-98.182,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Live Oak"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TX1490002","state":"TX","states":["TX"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Reservoir drawdown and release operations threaten the city's raw-water access.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"KRIS (ref 1) reports the city expects to lose its raw-water access soon; no health harm is reported.","service":"TCEQ lists mandatory stage M3 restrictions (ref 4).","scale":"SDWIS lists 4,428 people served (ref 5).","duration":"The dispute and TCEQ listing span March-September 2026 (refs 1, 4).","significance":"The mayor issued a drought disaster declaration (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":4428,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Three Rivers said Corpus Christi made inaccurate water projections and access to Choke Canyon water would end sooner than expected (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No later update on the city's alternative supply in cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Three Rivers","role":"Utility owner/operator"},{"name":"City of Corpus Christi","role":"Choke Canyon Reservoir operator"},{"name":"TCEQ","role":"Primacy regulator and water-rights agency"}],"public_contact":"City of Three Rivers, City Hall, Three Rivers","corrective_actions":["Accelerating second and third alternative supply options with TCEQ approval (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"South Texas cities clash over Choke Canyon Reservoir water access","publisher":"KRIS 6 News","date":"2026-03-23","url":"https://www.kristv.com/news/local-news/in-your-neighborhood/three-rivers/three-rivers-to-lose-choke-canyon-water-access-after-corpus-christi-alters-its-reservoir-operations","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"City Statement: City of Corpus Christi Responds to Three Rivers Public Notice","publisher":"City of Corpus Christi","date":"2026-03-23","url":"https://www.corpuschristitx.gov/news/posts/city-statement-city-of-corpus-christi-responds-to-three-rivers-public-notice/","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"South Texas cities drilling wells to delay water crisis","publisher":"The Texas Tribune","date":"2026-04-17","url":"https://www.texastribune.org/2026/04/17/texas-drought-corpus-christi-wells-alice-beeville/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"List of Texas Public Water Systems Limiting Water Use to Avoid Shortages (report generated September 16, 2026)","publisher":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality","date":"2026-09-16","url":"https://www.tceq.texas.gov/drinkingwater/trot/droughtw.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: CITY OF THREE RIVERS","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TX/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/THREE%20RIVERS/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TX-CORPUS-CHRISTI-WATER-SUPPLY-DROUGHT-2024"]},{"id":"US-TX-ODESSA-SYSTEMWIDE-WATER-SHUTOFFS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Odessa forced into repeated citywide water shutoffs by failed valves","description":"Odessa shut off its entire water system on May 11, 2024 and again on June 29, 2024 because crews could not isolate main-line leaks with faulty valves, each time followed by a boil-water notice. The outages came two years after a June 2022 main break left the city without water for almost 48 hours. In July 2024 the city council approved $25 million to replace nearly 200 valves and about 17,000 feet of pipe.","location":{"name":"City of Odessa water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Odessa, Ector County (Permian Basin); county residents outside city limits also rely on the city plant","coordinates":{"lat":31.8457,"lon":-102.3676,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Ector"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TX0680002"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The outages trace to inoperable isolation valves and aging mains in a roughly 700-mile distribution system.","secondary_drivers":["Aging cast-iron mains","Inoperable isolation valves","Eliminated valve-maintenance crew"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Each 2024 shutoff was followed by a boil-water notice while bacterial samples incubated (refs 1, 2); no contamination result is reported.","service":"On May 11, 2024 the city shut off its entire water supply at 6:50 p.m., and on June 29, 2024 water was shut off citywide at 2 p.m. (refs 1, 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 123,334 people served by the City of Odessa system TX0680002 (ref 4).","duration":"Citywide outages recurred in June 2022, May 2024 and June 2024, and the Tribune counted at least six 2024 alerts for leaking valves or line breaks (ref 3).","significance":"TCEQ-linked boil-water notices were issued after each 2024 shutoff (refs 1, 2); no enforcement order is reported."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":123334,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4); news reports describe tens of thousands losing water in each 2024 outage."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The City Council approved $25 million to replace nearly 200 water valves and 17,000 feet of pipe (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Council-approved repair funding","value":25000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Approved July 16, 2024 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Distribution system length","value":700,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 3."},{"name":"Pipe to be replaced","value":17000,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Along two major roadways (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Repairs funded from surplus wastewater sales to an oil and gas company (ref 3)","City applied to the state Texas Water Fund (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Valve replacement was expected to take about a year from July 2024; no completion report was found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Odessa","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"TCEQ","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Odessa Utilities Department, via the city's published main line and website","corrective_actions":["Replace nearly 200 inoperable valves and about 17,000 feet of pipe ($25 million, approved July 2024)","Standard operating procedures adopted to limit shutoff times when leaks cannot be isolated","Cellphone alerts to residents for outages"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Odessa shuts off entire water system due to leak in water line","publisher":"The Texas Tribune","date":"2024-05-11","url":"https://www.texastribune.org/2024/05/11/odessa-water-system","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Odessa residents face another water outage","publisher":"The Texas Tribune","date":"2024-06-29","url":"https://www.texastribune.org/2024/06/29/odessa-water-outage/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"After three citywide water outages, Odessa will invest $25 million to fix infrastructure","publisher":"The Texas Tribune (via KSAT)","date":"2024-07-17","url":"https://www.ksat.com/news/texas/2024/07/17/after-three-citywide-water-outages-odessa-will-invest-25-million-to-fix-infrastructure/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: City of Odessa (TX0680002)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TX/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ODESSA/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Valve replacement completion status after 2024"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-TYLER-SEWER-CONSENT-DECREE-2017","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Tyler sanitary sewer overhaul under 2017 EPA consent decree nears deadline","description":"Tyler settled federal Clean Water Act claims in 2017 over frequent raw sewage discharges from its 600-mile sewer system, paying $563,000 in penalties and agreeing to complete remedial work within 10 years. In its ninth year the program is estimated at about $297.4 million, financed through bonds repaid by a rising monthly compliance fee. Separately, TCEQ assessed a $23,250 penalty in 2025 for effluent limit violations at the city's Southside plant.","location":{"name":"City of Tyler sanitary sewer system","type":"Municipal wastewater collection and treatment system","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Tyler, Smith County; Southside Plant at 620 West Cumberland Road","coordinates":{"lat":32.3513,"lon":-95.3011,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Smith"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Sewer overflows from aging and undersized pipe drive a federally mandated capital program that is now passing debt costs to ratepayers.","secondary_drivers":["Grease and root blockages","Capacity deficiencies","Debt-financed compliance"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA says Tyler's alleged violations include frequent discharges of raw sewage to waters of the United States (ref 1); TCEQ cites ammonia nitrogen, TSS and CBOD effluent violations at the Southside Plant (ref 4).","service":"No loss of sewer service to customers is reported in the cited sources.","scale":"The consent decree covers 600 miles of sewer lines and 22 lift stations (ref 1) serving a city of about 107,000 per SDWIS (ref 5).","duration":"The 10-year program began in 2017 and is in its ninth year as of August 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"Federal consent decree with a $563,000 civil penalty split with Texas (ref 1), plus a 2025 TCEQ agreed order (ref 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":107000,"status":"Estimated","note":"City of Tyler water system population per SDWIS (ref 5), used as a proxy for the sewer service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The federally mandated work is estimated to cost approximately $297.4 million (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Estimated consent decree program cost","value":297400000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Bonds issued for the program","value":227400000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"SSOs per 100 miles at start of decree","value":15,"unit":"SSOs per 100 miles","status":"Reported","note":"Falling to 8 in 2023 per the city (ref 3)."},{"name":"Civil penalty","value":563000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Split equally between the U.S. and Texas (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Monthly regulatory compliance fee proposed to rise from $26.17 to $31.17 on Oct. 1, 2026, with another $5 increase Jan. 1, 2027 (ref 2)","About $216.1 million in related debt outstanding (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"City reports SSOs per 100 miles fell from 15 at the start of the decree to 8 in 2023 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Tyler (Tyler Water Utilities)","role":"Sewer system owner and operator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 6 and U.S. Department of Justice","role":"Consent decree plaintiffs"},{"name":"TCEQ","role":"State co-plaintiff and permitting authority"}],"public_contact":"Tyler Water Utilities customer service, via the City of Tyler website","corrective_actions":["Comprehensive sewer assessment and rehabilitation of segments likely to fail (consent decree)","Capacity, management, operation and maintenance program including grease and root control","$28.2 million downtown sewer capacity contract approved February 2025","TCEQ order requires written certification of compliance with Southside Plant effluent limits within 130 days"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Tyler, Texas Clean Water Act Settlement","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2017-01-17","url":"https://epa.gov/enforcement/city-tyler-texas-clean-water-act-settlement","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Texas city advances $297 million sewer overhaul under EPA consent decree","publisher":"Underground Infrastructure","date":"2026-08-20","url":"https://undergroundinfrastructure.com/news/2026/august/texas-city-advances-297-million-sewer-overhaul-under-epa-consent-decree","basis":"Trade press"},{"ref":3,"title":"City of Tyler sees progress to sewer system since 2017 EPA agreement","publisher":"KLTV","date":"2024-04-24","url":"https://www.kltv.com/2024/04/25/city-tyler-sees-progress-sewer-system-since-2017-epa-agreement/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Executive Summary, City of Tyler, Docket No. 2025-0537-MWD-E","publisher":"TCEQ","date":"2025-12-16","url":"https://www.tceq.texas.gov/downloads/agency/decisions/agendas/backup/2025/2025-0537-mwd-e.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: City of Tyler (TX2120004)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TX/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/TYLER/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["SSO count for 2025","Consent decree court docket number"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-NTMWD-WHITE-ROCK-CREEK-SEWAGE-SPILL-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"NTMWD lift station failure spills 1.5 million gallons into White Rock Creek","description":"A valve failure at the North Texas Municipal Water District's Lower White Rock Creek lift station in Plano sent about 1.5 million gallons of sewage into White Rock Creek, a tributary of Dallas's White Rock Lake, from March 14 to 16, 2024. Dallas suspended water activities at White Rock Lake Park on March 19. TCEQ later proposed a $34,000 penalty, offset by a lift station improvement project.","location":{"name":"White Rock Creek and White Rock Lake","type":"Creek and urban reservoir below a regional sewer lift station","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Lower White Rock Creek lift station near West Plano Parkway, Plano (Collin County), flowing to White Rock Lake in Dallas (Dallas County)","coordinates":{"lat":33.0198,"lon":-96.6989,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Collin","Dallas"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The overflow was caused by a mechanical valve failure at a regional wastewater lift station.","secondary_drivers":["Lift station valve failure"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"About 1.5 million gallons of sewage spilled into White Rock Creek, peaking near 500 gallons per minute (ref 2); TCEQ found receptors exposed to pollutants above protective levels (ref 1).","service":"Dallas Park and Recreation suspended water-related activities at White Rock Lake on March 19, 2024 (ref 2).","scale":"The spill affected one creek and the downstream city lake; four complaints reached TCEQ between March 14 and 20, 2024 (ref 1).","duration":"The overflow began March 14 and was stopped and the lift station repaired by March 16, 2024 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"TCEQ findings agreed order, Docket 2024-0895-MWD-E, with a $34,000 penalty (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure is given for lake users or the lift station service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 1.5 million gallons spilled into White Rock Creek (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Sewage spilled","value":1500000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"TCEQ penalty assessed","value":34000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Conditionally offset by a lift station improvement SEP (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"A second NTMWD matter, Docket 2024-1609-MWD-E, was pending at the time of the order (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"North Texas Municipal Water District","role":"Lift station owner and operator"},{"name":"TCEQ","role":"Permitting and enforcement authority"},{"name":"City of Dallas Park and Recreation","role":"Manager of White Rock Lake Park"}],"public_contact":"North Texas Municipal Water District public information office, via ntmwd.com","corrective_actions":["Discharge stopped, lift station repaired and impacted areas disinfected by March 16, 2024","Lift Station Improvements supplemental environmental project under the TCEQ order"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Executive Summary, North Texas Municipal Water District, Docket No. 2024-0895-MWD-E","publisher":"TCEQ","date":"2025-09-19","url":"https://www.tceq.texas.gov/downloads/agency/decisions/agendas/backup/2024/2024-0895-mwd-e.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Plano, water district respond to sewage spill","publisher":"Community Impact","date":"2024-03-20","url":"https://communityimpact.com/dallas-fort-worth/plano/government/2024/03/20/plano-water-district-respond-to-sewage-spill","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["SEP completion status"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-TRA-DENTON-CREEK-SEWAGE-DISCHARGES-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Repeat sewage discharges from TRA Denton Creek Regional plant draw two TCEQ orders","description":"TCEQ issued two findings agreed orders against the Trinity River Authority for unauthorized discharges from its Denton Creek Regional wastewater system in Roanoke. The first covers an August 2022 discharge into Kirkwood Branch tied to lift station electrical problems; the second covers a February 9, 2024 discharge after a complaint of about 100 dead fish and sewage odor in Henrietta Creek. Each order assessed $24,750, offset by a TWDB-administered environmental project.","location":{"name":"TRA Denton Creek Regional WWTP","type":"Regional wastewater treatment plant and collection system","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"1687 North U.S. Highway 377, Roanoke, Denton County; receiving streams Henrietta Creek and Kirkwood Branch","coordinates":{"lat":33.004,"lon":-97.2258,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Denton"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Both discharges came from failures in the regional plant's collection system and lift station equipment.","secondary_drivers":["Lift station electrical failure","Manhole overflow"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The February 9, 2024 complaint alleged about 100 dead fish in Henrietta Creek, and TRA removed and disposed of dead fish that day (ref 1).","service":"Neither order reports any interruption of sewer or water service.","scale":"The facility is a major-source regional plant per both TCEQ summaries (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Discharges at the same facility were documented in August 2022 and February 2024, roughly 18 months apart (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Two TCEQ findings agreed orders, Dockets 2023-0228-MWD-E and 2024-0563-MWD-E, each assessing $24,750 (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Service population of the Denton Creek system is not given in the orders."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Complaint alleged there were approximately 100 dead fish in Henrietta Creek and the odor of sewage (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Penalty assessed, 2024 discharge","value":24750,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Docket 2024-0563-MWD-E (ref 1)."},{"name":"Penalty assessed, 2022 discharge","value":24750,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Docket 2023-0228-MWD-E (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Two discharge events in about 18 months; no later event found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Trinity River Authority of Texas","role":"Facility owner and operator"},{"name":"TCEQ","role":"Permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"Trinity River Authority Northern Region, via the agency's published contact page","corrective_actions":["February 9, 2024: discharge stopped, area disinfected and flushed, wastewater pumped back, dead fish removed","August 25, 2022: area remediated, Kirkwood Branch flushed, pumps restarted, lift station electrical issues repaired","Texas Water Development Board third-party SEPs under both orders"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Executive Summary, Trinity River Authority of Texas, Docket No. 2024-0563-MWD-E","publisher":"TCEQ","date":"2025-01-10","url":"https://www.tceq.texas.gov/downloads/agency/decisions/agendas/backup/2024/2024-0563-mwd-e.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Executive Summary, Trinity River Authority of Texas, Docket No. 2023-0228-MWD-E","publisher":"TCEQ","date":"2025-02-21","url":"https://www.tceq.texas.gov/downloads/agency/decisions/agendas/backup/2023/2023-0228-mwd-e.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Discharge volumes","Service population"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-EDINBURG-WWTP-FAILURES-FISH-KILL-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Edinburg wastewater plant breakdowns, sludge discharge and fish kill","description":"TCEQ investigators in January 2025 found nonoperational aerators, grit removal and UV modules at the City of Edinburg wastewater plant, a clarifier offline since June 2024 from corrosion, and a sludge discharge that left about 98 dead fish in the Edinburg Scenic Wetlands. TCEQ assessed $68,725, offset by plant repairs. EPA ECHO shows the plant in significant noncompliance for monthly average effluent limits in each of the last 12 quarters.","location":{"name":"City of Edinburg Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"1202 North M Road, Edinburg, Hidalgo County; NPDES TX0024112, TPDES WQ0010503002","coordinates":{"lat":26.293306,"lon":-98.13775,"precision":"facility","source_ref":5},"counties":["Hidalgo"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The violations stem from broken and corroded treatment equipment at a plant the city is expanding for rapid growth.","secondary_drivers":["Equipment corrosion","Rapid growth","Odor complaints"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"On January 17, 2025 about 98 dead fish were observed in the Edinburg Scenic Wetlands due to a sludge discharge from the plant (ref 1).","service":"No interruption of sewer service is reported in the TCEQ order or the KRGV report.","scale":"ECHO lists a 13.5 MGD design flow for this major plant serving Edinburg (ref 2).","duration":"ECHO shows significant noncompliance in all of the last 12 quarters (ref 2), and the West clarifier had been offline since June 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"TCEQ findings agreed order, Docket 2025-0367-MWD-E, $68,725 penalty with six violations (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":85224,"status":"Estimated","note":"City of Edinburg drinking water population per SDWIS (ref 4), used as a proxy for the sewer service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Approximately 98 dead fish were observed floating on the surface of the Edinburg Scenic Wetlands due to a discharge of sludge from the Facility (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"TCEQ penalty assessed","value":68725,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Offset by a facility improvements SEP (ref 1)."},{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (last 12)","value":12,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO CWA record as of 2026-10-10 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Design flow","value":13.5,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"TWDB funding for upgrade","value":27000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"More than $27 million per the city (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Some repairs were completed by April 2025 (ref 1); ECHO still showed SNC in the most recent quarters (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Edinburg","role":"Plant owner and operator"},{"name":"TCEQ","role":"Permitting and enforcement authority"},{"name":"Texas Water Development Board","role":"Upgrade funder"}],"public_contact":"City of Edinburg Utilities Department, via the city website","corrective_actions":["Sludge and dead fish removed from the wetlands by January 22, 2025; UV modules repaired by April 7, 2025","Order requires repair of auger, grit system, orbital aerators and corroded West clarifier within 30 to 60 days","Plant upgrade and odor control repair funded with more than $27 million from TWDB"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Executive Summary and SEP Attachment, City of Edinburg, Docket No. 2025-0367-MWD-E","publisher":"TCEQ","date":"2026-06-05","url":"https://www.tceq.texas.gov/downloads/agency/decisions/agendas/backup/2025/2025-0367-mwd-e.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO CWA facility search: Texas POTWs with violations in 12 of 12 quarters (lists City of Edinburg WWTP, TX0024112)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=TX&p_pcomp=POT&p_qiv=12","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Edinburg investing over $27 million to upgrade wastewater treatment plant amid complaints of foul stench","publisher":"KRGV","date":"2026-01-06","url":"https://www.krgv.com/news/edinburg-investing-over-27-million-to-upgrade-wastewater-treatment-plant-amid-complaints-of-foul-stench","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: City of Edinburg (TX1080004)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TX/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/EDINBURG/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"ECHO detailed facility report data: City of Edinburg Wastewater Treatment Plant","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=TX0024112","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Upgrade completion date"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-STATEWIDE-POTW-CWA-NONCOMPLIANCE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"86 Texas sewage treatment plants in Clean Water Act violation every quarter for 3 years","description":"An EPA ECHO query of Texas publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) on October 10, 2026 returned 1,945 facilities, 788 with current violations and 165 in significant violation status. Of these, 86 plants had violations in each of the last 12 quarters, mostly small-city plants, with others including Edinburg, Port Arthur's Port Acres plant and Hillsboro. ECHO lists $2,836,230 in total penalties across those 86 facilities.","location":{"name":"Texas publicly owned treatment works","type":"Statewide set of NPDES-permitted municipal wastewater plants","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Statewide; examples include Edinburg (Hidalgo), Port Acres in Port Arthur (Jefferson), Alamo (Hidalgo), Hillsboro (Hill) and McGregor (McLennan)","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Chronic permit violations reflect aging or undersized plants and thin operating capacity at small utilities.","secondary_drivers":["Effluent limit exceedances","Missed compliance schedules","Unsubmitted discharge monitoring reports"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Most of the 86 plants show SNC for monthly average effluent limits, which indicates pollutant discharges above permit limits (ref 2); harm is not quantified.","service":"ECHO compliance data do not record service interruptions.","scale":"The ECHO Texas POTW universe returned 1,945 facilities, 788 with current violations (ref 1).","duration":"The 86 facilities were in violation in all 12 of the last 12 quarters (ref 2).","significance":"These are formal permit violations in EPA's compliance system; ECHO lists $2,836,230 in total penalties for the 86 facilities (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"ECHO does not report service population for these plants."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"86 Texas POTWs had Clean Water Act violations in 12 of the last 12 quarters (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Texas POTW facilities in ECHO","value":1945,"unit":"facilities","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Facilities with current violations","value":788,"unit":"facilities","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO CVRows count (ref 1)."},{"name":"Facilities in significant violation","value":165,"unit":"facilities","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO SVRows count (ref 1)."},{"name":"Facilities in violation all 12 quarters","value":86,"unit":"facilities","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Total penalties, 86 facilities","value":2836230,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO TotalPenalties (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single ECHO snapshot; no prior run to compare."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"TCEQ","role":"Delegated TPDES permitting and enforcement authority"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 6","role":"Federal oversight"},{"name":"Individual municipal permittees","role":"Plant owners and operators"}],"public_contact":"TCEQ Office of Compliance and Enforcement, via tceq.texas.gov","corrective_actions":["Facility-level TCEQ enforcement orders and compliance schedules; no statewide initiative identified"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ECHO CWA facility search: Texas POTWs (p_pcomp=POT)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=TX&p_pcomp=POT","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO CWA facility search: Texas POTWs with violations in 12 of 12 quarters","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=TX&p_pcomp=POT&p_qiv=12","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Population served by noncompliant plants"],"related_ids":["US-TX-EDINBURG-WWTP-FAILURES-FISH-KILL-2025"]},{"id":"US-TX-SANDBRANCH-NO-WATER-SEWER-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Sand Branch, Dallas County, still has no running water or sewer","description":"Sand Branch, an unincorporated community about 15 miles south of downtown Dallas founded in 1878 by formerly enslaved families, has no running water and no sewer, and residents rely on wells and septic systems. The Texas Water Development Board's SFY 2026 Clean Water SRF list ranks a Sandbranch project second statewide, to lay about 30,000 feet of wastewater line and a lift station to Dallas Water Utilities' Southside plant. Floodplain status has blocked federal infrastructure funding, per local reporting.","location":{"name":"Sand Branch (Sandbranch) community","type":"Unincorporated community","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Unincorporated southeastern Dallas County, near the Dallas Water Utilities Southside Wastewater Treatment Plant","counties":["Dallas"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The community has never been connected to public water or sewer, and floodplain status limits eligible funding.","secondary_drivers":["Floodplain designation","Unincorporated status","Funding gaps"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"A community advocate told Spectrum News the wells and surrounding ground are contaminated (ref 2); no test results are cited.","service":"Spectrum reports the community has no running water and no sewer (ref 2).","scale":"TWDB lists a population of 240 for the Sandbranch project (ref 1), just under 100 households per ref 2.","duration":"Residents have lacked service for decades; TWDB cites efforts dating to the 1980s (refs 1, 2).","significance":"No enforcement action applies; the project is ranked No. 2 on the state CWSRF priority list (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":240,"status":"Reported","note":"Population listed in the TWDB SFY 2026 CWSRF project priority list (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Sandbranch Development and WSC ranked No. 2 on the SFY 2026 CWSRF priority list, requesting $5,461,100 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"CWSRF amount requested","value":5461100,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Planning, acquisition, design and construction phases (ref 1)."},{"name":"Planned wastewater line","value":30000,"unit":"linear feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Advocates' infrastructure fundraising goal","value":12500000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Includes a home renovation project (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"No service as of February 2026 (ref 2); funding ranked but not confirmed as committed."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Sandbranch Development and Water Supply Corporation","role":"Project sponsor"},{"name":"Dallas County","role":"Local government for the unincorporated area"},{"name":"Texas Water Development Board","role":"State revolving fund administrator"}],"public_contact":"Dallas County Commissioners Court, via the county's published contact page","corrective_actions":["Proposed CWSRF-funded sewer connection to Dallas Water Utilities' Southside plant","Separate pursuit of a wholesale water purchase agreement and pump station"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SFY 2026 Clean Water State Revolving Fund Intended Use Plan, Appendix J Project Priority List","publisher":"Texas Water Development Board","date":null,"url":"https://www.twdb.texas.gov/financial/programs/CWSRF/doc/SFY2026/SFY_2026_CWSRF_PPL.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Sand Branch residents continue decades-long fight for running water","publisher":"Spectrum News","date":"2026-02-13","url":"https://spectrumlocalnews.com/tx/austin/news/2026/02/12/sand-branch-residents-continue-decades-long-fight-for-running-water","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Publication date of TWDB priority list","Well water test results"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-LOWER-VALLEY-COLONIAS-SEWER-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Five El Paso County colonias get first sewer service after years on septic","description":"El Paso County and the Lower Valley Water District completed a $33.3 million program bringing sewer service to five Lower Valley neighborhoods (Angels Park, Athena West, Wildhorse, Hacienda Real and Valle Bonito) that had relied on septic systems for years. The work added about 17.5 miles of sewer, 862 service connections and two lift stations, with a ribbon-cutting on September 9, 2026. Rep. Veronica Escobar said thousands of families still lack running water or connections.","location":{"name":"Lower Valley colonias, El Paso County","type":"Colonias in a water district service area","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Clint-area neighborhoods in the Lower Valley Water District, southeastern El Paso County","coordinates":{"lat":31.5923,"lon":-106.2242,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["El Paso"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The neighborhoods lacked public sewer infrastructure until the new collection system and lift stations were built.","secondary_drivers":["Colonia development without utilities","Reliance on federal ARPA funds"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"KFOX reports the neighborhoods relied on septic systems for years (ref 1); no documented contamination is cited.","service":"Homes had no public sewer service before the project, relying on on-site septic (ref 1).","scale":"The project created 862 service connections across five neighborhoods (ref 1).","duration":"Groundbreaking was July 2024 and completion was marked September 2026, after years on septic (ref 1).","significance":"No enforcement action; this is a county and district capital project funded with $25.1 million in ARPA money (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"862 service connections reported (ref 1); resident count not given."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 17.5 miles of sewer infrastructure, 862 service connections and two lift stations (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Project cost","value":33300000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"$25.1 million county ARPA plus $8.21 million district funds (ref 1)."},{"name":"Service connections","value":862,"unit":"connections","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Sewer built","value":17.5,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Five neighborhoods connected in 2026; other unserved families remain per Rep. Escobar (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"El Paso County","role":"ARPA funder and project partner"},{"name":"Lower Valley Water District","role":"Sewer system owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"Lower Valley Water District customer service, via the district website","corrective_actions":["ARPA Lower Valley Wastewater Infrastructure Program completed and connections opened (September 2026)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"El Paso leaders celebrate new sewer system for Clint-area neighborhoods","publisher":"KFOX14/CBS4","date":"2026-09-09","url":"https://kfoxtv.com/news/local/el-paso-leaders-celebrate-new-sewer-system-for-clint-area-neighborhoods","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Resident count","Primary county or district project document","Share of homes actually connected"],"related_ids":["US-TX-EDAP-DISTRESSED-WATER-WASTEWATER-2025"]},{"id":"US-TX-WESLACO-WWTP-CAPACITY-MORATORIUM-2026","revision":4,"change_type":"changed","title":"Weslaco wastewater plant near capacity, growth moratorium on new connections","description":"The Texas Water Development Board's SFY 2026 Clean Water SRF list says Weslaco's wastewater plant is nearing capacity and projected to exceed its permitted limit in the coming years. The city issued a growth moratorium restricting new multi-residential connections, though previously approved developments will continue to add flow. Weslaco is seeking about $33 million to expand and upgrade the plant.","location":{"name":"City of Weslaco wastewater system","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Weslaco, Hidalgo County; NPDES TX0116394","coordinates":{"lat":26.1595,"lon":-97.9908,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Hidalgo"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Treatment capacity has not kept pace with growth, forcing a limit on new connections.","secondary_drivers":["Population growth"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"No discharge or permit violation is reported in the TWDB project description (ref 1).","service":"A growth moratorium restricts new multi-residential sewer connections (ref 1).","scale":"TWDB lists a population of 41,103 for the Weslaco project (ref 1).","duration":"TWDB says the plant is projected to exceed its permitted limit in the coming years (ref 1); start date of the moratorium is not given.","significance":"This is a local moratorium and a state funding request, not a regulatory action (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":41103,"status":"Reported","note":"Population listed in the TWDB SFY 2026 CWSRF priority list (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A growth moratorium was issued to restrict new multi-residential connections (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Total project cost","value":33000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"CWSRF priority rank","value":3,"unit":"rank","status":"Reported","note":"SFY 2026 list (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Growth moratorium on multi-residential connections (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Flows will keep rising from previously approved developments (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Weslaco","role":"Plant owner and operator"},{"name":"Texas Water Development Board","role":"State revolving fund administrator"},{"name":"TCEQ","role":"Permitting authority"}],"public_contact":"City of Weslaco Utilities Department, via the city website","corrective_actions":["Proposed plant expansion and upgrade with water reuse and an asset management plan"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SFY 2026 Clean Water State Revolving Fund Intended Use Plan, Appendix J Project Priority List","publisher":"Texas Water Development Board","date":null,"url":"https://www.twdb.texas.gov/financial/programs/CWSRF/doc/SFY2026/SFY_2026_CWSRF_PPL.pdf","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: City of Weslaco (TX1080011)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TX/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CITY%20OF%20WESLACO/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Re-opened the TWDB SFY 2026 CWSRF Project Priority List (HTTP 200): rank 3, 139.0 points, PIF 16692, Weslaco, NPDES TX0116394, population 41,103, total cost $33,000,000, 70% disadvantaged, with the capacity and moratorium wording as recorded. Every figure matches. No second source for the moratorium (ordinance, start date, flow figures) was found in two searches, so confidence stays Low."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Re-verification: re-opened the TWDB SFY 2026 CWSRF priority list (extracted text) and the SDWIS record. Rank 3, 139.0 points, PIF 16692, NPDES TX0116394, population 41,103, cost $33,000,000, 70% disadvantaged and the capacity and moratorium wording all match. Two more searches found no city ordinance, commission minutes or news item on the moratorium (a search summary that mentioned an 1.8-to-2.8 MGD expansion and an EPA/TCEQ order was traced to the neighbouring Donna entry and is not used). Confidence stays Low: the only source is the city's own project description. The SDWIS record (40,033 served) describes the water system, not the sewer service population."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["Moratorium start date and ordinance","Permitted and actual flow figures","Independent source for the moratorium (the only source is the city's own project description in the TWDB list)"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-PORT-ARTHUR-MAIN-BREAKS-BOIL-NOTICES-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Port Arthur main breaks drive repeated TCEQ-required boil-water notices","description":"A 20-inch water main break near Port Arthur's treatment plant dropped pressure citywide below the 20 psi state minimum on April 13, 2024, triggering a TCEQ-required boil-water notice lifted April 15. The city manager tied the break to aging infrastructure and 30 years of deferred maintenance, and a consultant proposed a 7% water and sewer rate increase. Another main line leak forced a TCEQ-required boil notice for part of the city on February 26, 2026.","location":{"name":"City of Port Arthur water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Port Arthur, Jefferson County","coordinates":{"lat":29.885,"lon":-93.9399,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Jefferson"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TX1230009"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Main breaks in an aging distribution system repeatedly drop pressure below the state minimum.","secondary_drivers":["Deferred maintenance","Storm damage"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Pressure below 20 psi triggered boil-water notices in April 2024 and February 2026, a contamination risk with no positive samples reported (refs 1, 2).","service":"The April 2024 boil notice applied citywide for about two days, from April 13 to 2:15 p.m. April 15 (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 56,039 people served by City of Port Arthur system TX1230009 (ref 3).","duration":"TCEQ-required notices from main failures recurred in April 2024 and February 2026, and the city manager cited 30 years of maintenance neglect (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Each notice was required by TCEQ after pressure fell below the 20 psi state requirement (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":56039,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3); the April 2024 notice was citywide."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Water pressure fell below the 20 psi state requirement after a 20-inch main break (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Proposed water and sewer rate increase","value":7,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Consultant proposal (ref 1)."},{"name":"Main size, April 2024 break","value":20,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Consultant called for a rate increase to fund repairs (ref 1)","City manager said TWDB grants will not cover projects of this size (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Main-break boil notices continued into 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Port Arthur Utilities","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"TCEQ","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Port Arthur Utility Operations, via the city website","corrective_actions":["Main repairs after each break","Proposed 7% water and sewer rate increase to fund infrastructure repairs"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Port Arthur lifts boil water notice Monday afternoon; serious concerns with city's infrastructure shared","publisher":"Port Arthur News","date":"2024-04-15","url":"https://panews.com/?p=153990","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Boil Water Notice Issued by City of Port Arthur","publisher":"Lamar State College Port Arthur","date":"2026-02-27","url":"https://www.lamarpa.edu/about/public-information/lscpa-news/2026/boil-water-port-arthur-feb-26-2026.html","basis":"Public notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: City of Port Arthur (TX1230009)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TX/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PORT%20ARTHUR/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Count of boil-water notices 2023-2026 from TCEQ records","Whether the rate increase was adopted"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-EL-PASO-36-INCH-MAIN-BREAK-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"El Paso 36-inch main break cuts water to about 38,000 connections","description":"A 36-inch water main in Northeast El Paso broke late on January 10, 2026, leaving more than 100,000 residents with little or no water, draining more than 15 reservoirs and closing over a dozen El Paso ISD schools. El Paso Water issued a boil-water notice and restored service by January 14. A utility official attributed the break to deterioration consistent with aging in a pipe more than 50 years old.","location":{"name":"El Paso Water Utilities system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Northeast El Paso, El Paso County","coordinates":{"lat":31.7619,"lon":-106.485,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["El Paso"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TX0710002"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"An aging transmission main failed, and the line's design and connections widened the outage.","secondary_drivers":["Pipe aging","Transmission main design"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"A boil-water notice was issued for the affected area (ref 1); no contamination is reported.","service":"About 38,000 customer connections were taken out of service and more than 15 reservoirs drained (refs 1, 2).","scale":"AP reported more than 100,000 residents affected (ref 1); SDWIS lists 747,168 served by TX0710002 (ref 3).","duration":"Service was restored by January 14, 2026, four days after the January 10 break (ref 2).","significance":"A formal boil-water notice was issued; no enforcement action is reported (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":100000,"status":"Reported","note":"AP: more than 100,000 residents (ref 1); about 38,000 connections per El Paso Water (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The break left about 38,000 customers without service until Jan. 14 (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Connections out of service","value":38000,"unit":"connections","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Main diameter","value":36,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Pipe age","value":50,"unit":"years (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Per El Paso Water's Gilbert Trejo (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single major event; service restored and boil notice lifted (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"El Paso Water","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"TCEQ","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"El Paso Water customer service, via epwater.org","corrective_actions":["Broken pipe section replaced and service restored by January 14, 2026","Boil-water notice lifted after testing"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"More than 100,000 El Paso, Texas residents left with little to no water after main break","publisher":"Associated Press (via Bangor Daily News)","date":"2026-01-12","url":"https://www.bangordailynews.com/2026/01/12/nation/more-than-100000-el-paso-texas-residents-left-with-little-to-no-water-after-main-break/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Gigafact fact check: El Paso water pipeline break","publisher":"Gigafact","date":"2026-01-20","url":"https://gigafact.org/fact-briefs/gigafact-fact-check-el-paso-water-pipeline-break","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: El Paso Water Utilities (TX0710002)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TX/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/EL%20PASO/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Utility after-action report"],"related_ids":["US-TX-EL-PASO-WASTEWATER-SPILLS-2026"]},{"id":"US-TX-EL-PASO-WASTEWATER-SPILLS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"El Paso Water reports two large wastewater spills within two weeks","description":"Four contractor pumps failed at El Paso Water's John T. Hickerson plant on March 24, 2026, releasing about 670,000 gallons of wastewater, a minimal amount of which reached the mostly dry Rio Grande riverbed. On April 6, 2026 a 30-inch wastewater line broke in Northeast El Paso, spilling about 950,000 gallons, mostly into an undeveloped area. Both spills were reported to TCEQ.","location":{"name":"El Paso Water wastewater system","type":"Municipal wastewater collection and treatment system","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Hickerson plant in West El Paso near the Rio Grande; 10600 block of Railroad Drive, Northeast El Paso","coordinates":{"lat":31.7619,"lon":-106.485,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["El Paso"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Both releases came from equipment and pipe failures in the wastewater system.","secondary_drivers":["Contractor pump failure","Wastewater main break"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"A minimal amount of the 670,000-gallon Hickerson release reached the Rio Grande riverbed; the utility said there was no immediate risk to health (ref 1).","service":"Wastewater service in West El Paso was not interrupted, per the utility (ref 1).","scale":"The two spills totaled about 1.6 million gallons in different parts of the city (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Two separate spills occurred between March 24 and April 6, 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Both were self-reported to TCEQ; no enforcement action was found (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population exposure figure is given."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"An estimated 950,000 gallons of wastewater spilled from a 30-inch line in Northeast El Paso (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Hickerson plant spill","value":670000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"March 24, 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Northeast El Paso line break spill","value":950000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"April 6, 2026 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The 2021-2022 Frontera failures are a separate, earlier event."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"El Paso Water","role":"Wastewater system owner and operator"},{"name":"TCEQ","role":"Permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"El Paso Water customer service, via epwater.org","corrective_actions":["Contractor built berms, contained the Hickerson spill and accepted responsibility for cleanup","Cleanup of Railroad Drive shoulder in coordination with TCEQ"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Wastewater spill contained at John T. Hickerson Treatment Facility","publisher":"El Paso Water","date":"2026-03-24","url":"https://www.epwater.org/about-us/newsroom/wastewater-spill-contained-at-john-t-hickerson-treatment-facility","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"El Paso Water: Nearly 1M gallons of sewage spills","publisher":"KTSM","date":"2026-04-06","url":"https://www.ktsm.com/local/el-paso-water-nearly-1m-gallons-of-sewage-spills/amp/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Cause of the April 6 line break","TCEQ enforcement outcome"],"related_ids":["US-TX-EL-PASO-36-INCH-MAIN-BREAK-2026"]},{"id":"US-TX-AUSTIN-WATER-LOSS-LEAKS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Austin's city pipes leaked nearly 9.3 billion gallons of treated water in 2024","description":"Austin Water's annual water audit filed with the Texas Water Development Board showed nearly 9.3 billion gallons of treated water lost to leaks in 2024, up nearly 31% from 2023, or about 24 gallons per resident per day. Officials attributed part of the rise to better leak detection after a Black and Veatch review and to a hot, dry late summer. The utility director alerted City Council to a significantly higher infrastructure leakage index.","location":{"name":"Austin Water distribution system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Austin, Travis County","coordinates":{"lat":30.2672,"lon":-97.7431,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Travis"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TX2270001"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The losses are real leakage from city-owned mains and service lines.","secondary_drivers":["Aging service lines","Heat and dry soil"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"KUT reports lost treated water, not a health exceedance (ref 1).","service":"No customer outage is tied to the 2024 losses in the cited reporting (refs 1, 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 1,115,323 people served by Austin Water system TX2270001 (ref 3).","duration":"The figure covers calendar year 2024 and rose from about 21 gallons per resident per day in 2023 (ref 1).","significance":"The data come from a required annual water audit to TWDB, not an enforcement action (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1115323,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Austin lost nearly 9.3 billion gallons of treated water to leaks in 2024, up nearly 31% (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Treated water lost, 2024","value":9300000000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 2."},{"name":"Loss per resident per day, 2024","value":24,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Up from 21 in 2023 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Increase over 2023","value":31,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Losses rose about 31% from 2023 to 2024 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Austin Water","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Texas Water Development Board","role":"Water loss audit recipient"}],"public_contact":"Austin Water customer service, via austintexas.gov/water","corrective_actions":["Implementing Black and Veatch leak detection and monitoring recommendations","Increased funding for service line replacements"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Austin is losing more water to leaky pipes","publisher":"KUT News","date":"2025-06-19","url":"https://www.kut.org/energy-environment/2025-06-19/austin-tx-water-utility-leaky-pipes-conservation","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Austin Water: over 500k gallons of partially treated wastewater leaked into Gilleland Creek","publisher":"KXAN","date":"2025-09-09","url":"https://www.kxan.com/news/local/austin/austin-water-over-500k-gallons-of-partially-treated-wastewater-leaked-into-gilleland-creek/amp/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: City of Austin Water & Wastewater (TX2270001)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TX/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CITY%20OF%20AUSTIN/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["2025 water audit figures","Infrastructure leakage index value from the TWDB audit"],"related_ids":["US-TX-AUSTIN-WASTEWATER-DISCHARGES-2025"]},{"id":"US-TX-AUSTIN-WASTEWATER-DISCHARGES-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Austin Water wastewater releases into Gilleland Creek tributaries, fish kill","description":"Austin Water reported about 523,000 gallons of partially treated wastewater escaping the Wildhorse Ranch plant outfall into a Gilleland Creek tributary on September 9, 2025, with a boil-or-distill advisory for private wells within half a mile. On December 22, 2025 an equipment failure at a lift station on Coomer Path overflowed about 198,000 gallons into a Gilliland Creek tributary, causing a fish kill. TCEQ earlier issued a $25,000 order over a 2022 sewage discharge at the South Austin Regional plant.","location":{"name":"Austin Water wastewater system","type":"Municipal wastewater collection and treatment system","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Wildhorse Ranch WWTP, Manor; lift station at 13625 Coomer Path, Pflugerville; South Austin Regional WWTP, Del Valle (Travis County)","coordinates":{"lat":30.2672,"lon":-97.7431,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Travis"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The releases came from plant outfall, lift station equipment and sewer main failures.","secondary_drivers":["Lift station equipment failure","Sewer main breaks"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"A fish kill was observed after the December 22, 2025 lift station overflow of about 198,000 gallons (ref 2).","service":"Private well users within half a mile of the Wildhorse Ranch release were told to use only boiled or distilled water (ref 1).","scale":"The September 2025 release alone was about 523,000 gallons of partially treated wastewater (ref 1).","duration":"The cited releases span September through December 2025 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"TCEQ findings agreed order 2022-0673-MWD-E, $25,000, for a South Austin Regional WWTP sewage discharge (ref 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Number of private well users under the advisory is not given."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Approximately 523,000 gallons of partially treated wastewater were released from the Wildhorse Ranch outfall (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Wildhorse Ranch release","value":523000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"September 9, 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Coomer Path lift station overflow","value":198000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"December 22, 2025 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Water/wastewater pumped from Country Club West Creek, 2022","value":972000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"After a 10-inch main repair (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Enforcement outcomes for the 2025 releases were not found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Austin Water","role":"Wastewater system owner and operator"},{"name":"TCEQ","role":"Permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"Austin Water customer service, via austintexas.gov/water","corrective_actions":["Cleanup and remediation coordinated with TCEQ and Austin Watershed Protection","TWDB-administered SEP under the 2022 South Austin Regional order"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Inadvertent discharge at Wildhorse Ranch WWTP contained","publisher":"City of Austin","date":"2025-09-09","url":"https://www.austintexas.gov/news/inadvertent-discharge-wildhorse-ranch-wwtp-contained","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Austin Water reports sanitary sewer overflow in Northeast Austin","publisher":"City of Austin","date":"2025-12-23","url":"https://www.austintexas.gov/news/austin-water-reports-sanitary-sewer-overflow-northeast-austin","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"Executive Summary, City of Austin, Docket No. 2022-0673-MWD-E","publisher":"TCEQ","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www.tceq.texas.gov/downloads/agency/decisions/agendas/backup/2022/2022-0673-mwd-e.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Cause of the Wildhorse Ranch release","TCEQ action on 2025 releases"],"related_ids":["US-TX-AUSTIN-WATER-LOSS-LEAKS-2024"]},{"id":"US-TX-KILLEEN-REECE-CREEK-SEWAGE-2023","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Killeen force main rupture sends raw sewage into Reece Creek","description":"A ruptured wastewater force main in Killeen discharged raw wastewater into Reece Creek in early June 2023, prompting a TCEQ public notification to downstream residents with water wells. TCEQ approved lifting the precautionary notification on July 5, 2023, and in 2024 issued a findings agreed order with a $9,375 penalty, paid in full. The city stopped the discharge and repaired the main by June 11, 2023.","location":{"name":"Reece Creek, Killeen","type":"Creek below a municipal sewer force main","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"City of Killeen collection system, Bell County; Reece Creek downstream to the Lampasas River","coordinates":{"lat":31.1171,"lon":-97.7278,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Bell"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The discharge came from a ruptured force main in the city collection system.","secondary_drivers":["Force main rupture"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"TCEQ found people or environmental receptors exposed to pollutants above protective levels from the raw wastewater discharge (ref 1).","service":"A precautionary public notification was issued June 5, 2023 to downstream residents with water wells (ref 2).","scale":"The notice covered residents downstream along Reece Creek to the Lampasas River (ref 2).","duration":"The well notification ran from June 5 to July 5, 2023 (ref 2).","significance":"TCEQ findings agreed order 2023-1221-WQ-E with a $9,375 penalty (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Number of notified well owners not given."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TCEQ gave Killeen approval to lift the precautionary well notification on July 5, 2023 (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"TCEQ penalty","value":9375,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Paid in full to General Revenue (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Discharge stopped and main repaired by June 11, 2023; notification lifted July 5, 2023 (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Killeen Water and Sewer Services","role":"Collection system owner and operator"},{"name":"TCEQ","role":"Enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"City of Killeen Water and Sewer Operations, (254) 501-6305 (as published by the city)","corrective_actions":["Discharge ceased, wastewater trucked around the break, dechlorinated water added to the creek and force main repaired by June 11, 2023","Creek sampling from upstream of the break to the Lampasas River under TCEQ guidance"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Executive Summary, City of Killeen, Docket No. 2023-1221-WQ-E","publisher":"TCEQ","date":"2024-09-06","url":"https://www.tceq.texas.gov/downloads/agency/decisions/agendas/backup/2023/2023-1221-wq-e.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Precautionary Public Notification for Wastewater Discharges Lifted","publisher":"City of Killeen","date":"2023-07-05","url":"https://www.killeentexas.gov/DocumentCenter/View/8877/Public-Notification-lifted-for-Wastewater-Discharges-PDF","basis":"Utility notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Spill volume from a primary source"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-RIO-GRANDE-1944-TREATY-DELIVERY-SHORTFALL-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Mexico ends 2020-2025 Rio Grande treaty cycle about half short of required deliveries","description":"Under the 1944 Water Treaty, Mexico owes the United States an average of 350,000 acre-feet a year of Rio Grande tributary water, or 1.75 million acre-feet per five-year cycle. IBWC data cited by CRS show Mexico had delivered 0.88 million acre-feet when the cycle closed in late October 2025, and the Texas Governor's office put the remaining deficit at over 800,000 acre-feet (provisional). In February 2026 the State Department said Mexico committed to annual deliveries of at least 350,000 acre-feet and a plan to address the shortfall.","location":{"name":"Lower Rio Grande (1944 Treaty deliveries)","type":"International river basin / treaty allocation","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Rio Grande below Fort Quitman; deliveries feed Amistad and Falcon reservoirs that supply Lower Rio Grande Valley irrigators and cities","coordinates":{"lat":26.38,"lon":-98.82,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":2},"counties":["Cameron","Hidalgo","Starr","Willacy","Zapata","Webb","Val Verde"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["agricultural","drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The shortfall is an allocation failure under an international treaty rather than a facility defect.","secondary_drivers":["Drought in Mexico's Rio Grande tributary basins","Treaty does not define extraordinary drought"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Governor's release (ref 1) cites a Texas A&M estimate of $994 million in Rio Grande Valley economic losses in 2023; no health harm documented.","service":"TCEQ Commissioner Miller is quoted (ref 1) saying delayed deliveries cause losses that cannot be recovered for lower Rio Grande Valley communities.","scale":"The obligation covers the whole Rio Grande below Fort Quitman, TX, and the 1.75 MAF cycle total (ref 2).","duration":"The shortfall accumulated across the full five-year cycle from October 2020 to October 24, 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"CRS (ref 2) reports P.L. 119-75 conditioned some FY2026 funds on certification of Mexico's deliveries, and the U.S. denied a Mexican Colorado River delivery request in March 2025 citing shortfalls."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources do not give a count of people affected by the shortfall."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"As of late October 2025, at the end of the previous five-year cycle, Mexico had delivered 0.88 MAF, according to IBWC (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Cycle delivery obligation","value":1.75,"unit":"million acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"},{"name":"Delivered by end of 2020-2025 cycle","value":0.88,"unit":"million acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"IBWC via CRS (ref 2)"},{"name":"Remaining deficit (preliminary)","value":800000,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"Governor's office says 'over 800,000', provisional pending IBWC final accounting (ref 1)"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Irrigation-dependent Valley economy exposed to delivery shortfalls"]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Deliveries rose after an April 2025 agreement and Mexico made new commitments in February 2026 (ref 2), but the cycle still closed about half short."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"International Boundary and Water Commission (U.S. Section)","role":"Treaty administration and accounting"},{"name":"U.S. Department of State","role":"Treaty negotiation"},{"name":"TCEQ (Rio Grande Watermaster)","role":"Allocates U.S. share among Texas water rights holders"}],"public_contact":"IBWC U.S. Section, 4191 N. Mesa St., El Paso, TX 79902; (915) 832-4100","corrective_actions":["February 2026 Mexican commitment to annual 350,000 acre-foot deliveries and a plan for the cycle shortfall (ref 2)","Minute 333 and congressional proposals S. 3120 / H.R. 6386 linking Rio Grande and Colorado River deliveries (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Governor Abbott Demands Action On Mexico's Water Treaty Violation","publisher":"Office of the Texas Governor","date":"2025-11-21","url":"https://gov.texas.gov/news/post/governor-abbott-demands-action-on-mexicos-water-treaty-violation","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"1944 U.S.-Mexico Water Treaty: Issues in the 119th Congress (IF12976)","publisher":"Congressional Research Service","date":"2026-03-06","url":"https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/2026-03-06_IF12976_80cba91e3cd1499d544853f3cf6930547e876a06.pdf","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TX-LOWER-RIO-GRANDE-AG-WATER-SHORTAGE-2024","US-TX-RIO-GRANDE-BIG-BEND-FLOW-LOSS-2025"]},{"id":"US-TX-HOUSTON-HURRICANE-BERYL-WATER-WASTEWATER-OUTAGES-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Hurricane Beryl knocks 135 wastewater plants offline and triggers boil notices across Houston area","description":"Hurricane Beryl's July 8, 2024 landfall cut power to more than a million customers in southeast Texas. Texas emergency management chief Nim Kidd said storm damage and outages left 135 wastewater treatment plants offline, boil water notices covered eight counties, and Harris County Public Health counted 70 active boil-water notices, many from municipal utility districts. Houston Public Works reported storm-driven sanitary sewer spills, including about 157,750 gallons at 6747 Lawndale.","location":{"name":"Greater Houston water and wastewater systems","type":"Regional utility service areas (cities and MUDs)","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Harris, Fort Bend, Montgomery and Galveston-area systems; Lawndale spill site in Houston's East End (77011)","coordinates":{"lat":29.76,"lon":-95.37,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Harris","Fort Bend","Montgomery","Galveston","Brazoria"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Failures came from power loss and storm damage at water and wastewater plants.","secondary_drivers":["Grid outage of more than 1 million customers","Backup generator failures at small systems"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Houston Public Works (ref 3) reported about 157,750 gallons of domestic wastewater released at 6747 Lawndale after Beryl rain and outages.","service":"CNN (ref 1) reported 135 wastewater treatment plants offline, leaving homes without drinking water, per TDEM's Nim Kidd.","scale":"Boil water notices covered eight counties around Houston and Galveston (ref 1), with 70 in Harris County alone (ref 2).","duration":"The outage-driven notices were reported July 10-11, 2024, in the days after landfall (refs 1-2).","significance":"Utilities issued formal boil-water notices and TCEQ-mandated spill notifications (refs 2-3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"More than 1 million power customers lost service (ref 1); sources do not give a count of water customers under boil notices."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Storm damage and power outages have left 135 wastewater treatment plants offline (TDEM Chief Nim Kidd, ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Wastewater treatment plants offline","value":135,"unit":"plants","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Active boil-water notices, Harris County","value":70,"unit":"notices","status":"Reported","note":"Harris County Public Health via ref 2"},{"name":"Lawndale sanitary sewer spill","value":157750,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"ref 3"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Small MUD systems reliant on temporary generators"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single storm event; no follow-up count of restored systems found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"TCEQ","role":"Drinking water and wastewater regulator"},{"name":"Houston Public Works","role":"City water and wastewater utility"},{"name":"Harris County Public Health","role":"Tracked boil-water notices"},{"name":"Texas Division of Emergency Management","role":"State emergency response"}],"public_contact":"Houston Public Works: call 311 (713-837-0311)","corrective_actions":["Boil-water notices issued and later lifted by individual systems (ref 2)","Spill notifications to TCEQ and local officials (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Houston-area residents struggle without power and water as excruciating heat continues","publisher":"CNN via KTVZ","date":"2024-07-11","url":"https://ktvz.com/cnn-weather-environment/2024/07/11/houston-area-residents-struggle-without-power-and-water-as-excruciating-heat-continues/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Boil water notice issued for 70 Harris County water systems","publisher":"Community Impact","date":"2024-07-11","url":"https://communityimpact.com/bay-area/weather/boil-water-notice-issued-for-70-harris-county-water-systems/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Wastewater Spill Along Lawndale After Rain, Power Outages from Hurricane Beryl","publisher":"Houston Public Works","date":"2024-07-11","url":"https://www.houstonpublicworks.org/wastewater-spill-along-lawndale-after-rain-power-outages-from-hurricane-beryl","basis":"Utility notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TX-HOUSTON-WASTEWATER-CONSENT-DECREE-2021","US-TX-GALVESTON-BAY-OYSTER-HARVEST-CLOSURES-2024"]},{"id":"US-TX-LAKE-HOUSTON-DAM-SPILLWAY-SEDIMENT-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lake Houston Dam spillway upgrade faces $80.6M gap and 2028 start; dam needs void repairs","description":"The 1953 Lake Houston Dam can release about 10,000 cfs through four small gates; a $224 million project to add 11 gates and raise capacity to 79,000 cfs has about $143.4 million secured and construction is now set for summer 2028 to winter 2030. A separate roughly $10 million FEMA-funded project will fill voids beneath the dam and repair degraded concrete after a 2025 inspection. Upstream, agencies have spent about $175 million since Harvey removing more than 4 million cubic yards of sediment, and a new state dredging district is still building a funding plan.","location":{"name":"Lake Houston Dam and reservoir","type":"Water supply reservoir and dam","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"San Jacinto River at Lake Houston, northeast Harris County; Kingwood and Atascocita upstream; source for City of Houston","coordinates":{"lat":29.92,"lon":-95.135,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Harris"],"extent":"watershed","pwsid":"TX1010013"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Release capacity, dam condition and sedimentation are physical infrastructure limits on flood control.","secondary_drivers":["Sediment deposition at West Fork mouth bar","Aging 1953 structure"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Community Impact (ref 1) says void and concrete repairs were deemed necessary for safety after a Q2 2025 inspection; no failure has occurred.","service":"No drinking-water service disruption is reported in refs 1-2.","scale":"Lake Houston is a City of Houston supply reservoir; SDWIS lists the city system serving 2,970,543 people (ref 3).","duration":"The spillway schedule runs to winter 2030 and the dam dates to 1953 (ref 1).","significance":"Repairs rely on a FEMA pre-disaster mitigation grant and the spillway on HMGP funds with a $23.4 million portion contingent on design requirements (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":2970543,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by City of Houston PWS TX1010013 per SDWIS (ref 3); downstream flood exposure not separately quantified."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About $143.4 million secured, leaving a roughly $80.6 million gap for the $224 million spillway project (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Current dam release capacity","value":10000,"unit":"cfs","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Planned release capacity","value":79000,"unit":"cfs","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Spillway funding gap","value":80.6,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Rises to $104M if the $23.4M FEMA portion is lost (ref 1)"},{"name":"Sediment removed since Harvey","value":4000000,"unit":"cubic yards","status":"Reported","note":"'More than 4 million', about $175M spent (ref 2)"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Dredging district cannot levy taxes or fees (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Construction start slipped to summer 2028 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Coastal Water Authority","role":"Dam operator and project lead"},{"name":"City of Houston / Houston Public Works","role":"Reservoir owner and funding partner"},{"name":"Lake Houston Dredging and Maintenance District","role":"Ongoing dredging (HB 1532, 2025)"},{"name":"FEMA","role":"Grant funder"}],"public_contact":"Houston Public Works: call 311 (713-837-0311)","corrective_actions":["Lake Houston Dam Void and Concrete Repair Project, Q2 2025 to 2027 (ref 1)","Spillway Improvement Project final design due December 2026 (ref 1)","Dredging district funding plan for the 2027 legislative session (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lake Houston Dam repairs needed ahead of dam spillway improvement project","publisher":"Community Impact","date":"2025-12-26","url":"https://communityimpact.com/lake-houston-humble-kingwood/government/lake-houston-dam-repairs-needed-ahead-of-dam-spillway-improvement-project/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Lake Houston Dredging and Maintenance District officials set early goals for fledgling district","publisher":"Community Impact","date":"2026-08-26","url":"https://communityimpact.com/lake-houston-humble-kingwood/government/lake-houston-dredging-and-maintenance-district-officials-set-early-goals-for-fledgling-district/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record TX1010013 (City of Houston)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/TX1010013/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TX-SAN-JACINTO-TRINITY-MAY-FLOOD-2024"]},{"id":"US-TX-SAN-JACINTO-TRINITY-MAY-FLOOD-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Record Lake Livingston release and San Jacinto flooding force evacuations, May 2024","description":"Heavy rain from late April into early May 2024 dropped 15 to 20 inches over the Lake Livingston drainage, and the lake's outflow reached 124,000 cfs, the highest release in its history and above Harvey's 110,000 cfs. Polk County told residents below the dam to evacuate, low-lying neighborhoods in Polk, Montgomery, Liberty and Harris counties went underwater, and Houston and Harris County ordered mandatory evacuations along the East Fork of the San Jacinto from FM 1485 to Lake Houston. Lake Livingston, Lake Conroe and Lake Houston, all regional drinking water sources, were full and releasing water.","location":{"name":"Lower Trinity and San Jacinto rivers","type":"River segments below Lake Livingston and Lake Conroe","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Trinity River below Lake Livingston Dam (Polk/San Jacinto/Liberty) and East and West Forks of the San Jacinto above Lake Houston (Montgomery/Harris)","coordinates":{"lat":30.64,"lon":-95.01,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Polk","San Jacinto","Liberty","Montgomery","Harris"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Riverine flooding from extreme rainfall and full reservoirs passing inflow downstream.","secondary_drivers":["Saturated soils after repeated spring storms"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The Tribune (ref 1) reports low-lying neighborhoods going underwater; ABC13 (ref 2) reports roughly 50 people rescued in Houston and Harris County.","service":"Mandatory evacuations covered subdivisions along the East Fork from FM 1485 to Lake Houston (ref 2).","scale":"Flooding spanned Polk, Montgomery, Liberty and Harris counties (ref 1).","duration":"Flooding was expected to last through the weekend into Monday, May 6 (ref 2).","significance":"Polk County OEM and the city/county issued formal evacuation orders (refs 1-2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources do not give a count of residents evacuated or flooded."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Outflow from Lake Livingston reached 124,000 cubic feet per second, the highest release in the lake's history (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak Lake Livingston outflow","value":124000,"unit":"cfs","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Rainfall over Lake Livingston drainage (prior week)","value":20,"unit":"inches (upper end of 15-20)","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"People rescued, Houston and Harris County","value":50,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"'roughly 50' as of May 3 (ref 2)"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event; Lake Houston dam capacity limits are tracked in a related record."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Trinity River Authority","role":"Lake Livingston Dam operator"},{"name":"San Jacinto River Authority","role":"Lake Conroe operator"},{"name":"Harris County Flood Control District","role":"County flood control"},{"name":"Polk County Office of Emergency Management","role":"Evacuation orders"}],"public_contact":"Harris County Flood Control District, contact form at hcfcd.org","corrective_actions":["Mandatory and voluntary evacuation orders (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Heavy rain causes flooding in Polk, Liberty, Montgomery and Harris counties","publisher":"Texas Tribune","date":"2024-05-03","url":"https://www.texastribune.org/2024/05/03/weather-flooding-polk-liberty-montgomery-harris-county/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Flooding emergency: Houston mayor warns holdouts they endanger crews the longer they wait to leave","publisher":"ABC13 Houston","date":"2024-05-03","url":"https://abc13.com/amp/post/mandatory-evacuations-when-will-san-jacinto-river-crest-kingwood-evacuation-where-can-i-find-shelters/14760927/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TX-LAKE-HOUSTON-DAM-SPILLWAY-SEDIMENT-2025"]},{"id":"US-TX-HOUSTON-DRAINAGE-FUNDING-LAWSUIT-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Houston settles drainage-funding charter lawsuit, deferring $100M owed to streets and drainage","description":"Houston's charter requires 11.8 cents of every $100 in property tax revenue to go to street and drainage projects; residents Bob Jones and Allen Watson sued in 2019 alleging the city underfunded the program. The 14th Court of Appeals sided with them in April 2024 and the Texas Supreme Court denied the city's appeal on January 31, 2025. An April 16, 2025 settlement lets Houston pay $16 million this fiscal year and $48 million the next instead of $100 million by June 2025, with full payment expected by 2028.","location":{"name":"City of Houston drainage program","type":"Municipal stormwater and street drainage program","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Citywide, Harris County (ReBuild Houston dedicated drainage fund)","coordinates":{"lat":29.76,"lon":-95.37,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Harris"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is diversion and deferral of dedicated drainage revenue, not a physical failure.","secondary_drivers":["City structural budget deficit"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No physical harm is attributed to the funding gap in ref 1.","service":"Ref 1 reports no service interruption; the effect is delayed drainage capital work.","scale":"The charter formula governs drainage spending across all of Houston (ref 1).","duration":"The dispute began in 2019 and repayment runs to 2028 (ref 1).","significance":"Appellate ruling, Texas Supreme Court denial of review, and a court settlement (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Citywide program; no affected-population figure given."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The city will give $16 million to the drainage fund this fiscal year and $48 million the following year, instead of paying $100 million by the end of June (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Amount due without settlement","value":100,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Alleged underfunding","value":50,"unit":"million USD (almost)","status":"Reported","note":"Plaintiffs' allegation (ref 1)"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Settlement tied to a $230M-$330M city budget deficit (ref 1)","Deficit figures differ by outlet ($320M per ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Houston","role":"Defendant; drainage program owner"},{"name":"Texas 14th Court of Appeals","role":"Ruled for plaintiffs, April 2024"}],"public_contact":"City of Houston: call 311 (713-837-0311)","corrective_actions":["Settlement schedule: $16M (FY2025), $48M (FY2026), full amount by 2028 (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Houston reaches deal in drainage lawsuit, slashing $330M budget shortfall by a third","publisher":"Community Impact","date":"2025-04-16","url":"https://communityimpact.com/bellaire-meyerland-west-university/government/houston-reaches-deal-in-drainage-lawsuit-slashing-330m-budget-shortfall-by-a-3rd/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"City of Houston slashes budget shortfall, delaying full payment in drainage suit","publisher":"ABC13 Houston","date":"2025-04-16","url":"https://abc13.com/amp/post/city-houston-cuts-budget-deficit-third-reaching-deal-street-drainage-lawsuit/16181879/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TX-HARRIS-COUNTY-FLOOD-BOND-SHORTFALL-2025"]},{"id":"US-TX-HARRIS-COUNTY-FLOOD-BOND-SHORTFALL-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Harris County flood bond program short $410M; 28 projects delayed, 26 paused","description":"Harris County's $2.5 billion 2018 post-Harvey flood bond covers about half of the $5 billion in planned work, and the Flood Control District disclosed in 2025 a $410 million shortfall on dozens of projects, some judged unfeasible after engineering analysis. Twenty-eight projects were delayed and 26 more indefinitely paused, and missed deadlines could force repayment of federal HUD disaster grants. In April 2026 County Judge Lina Hidalgo told the district director she had lost confidence in her over the delays.","location":{"name":"Harris County Flood Control District bond program","type":"County flood control district capital program","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Countywide watersheds, Harris County","coordinates":{"lat":29.86,"lon":-95.39,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Harris"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The gap is a capital funding and delivery shortfall in the county flood program.","secondary_drivers":["Construction cost inflation","Federal match shortfalls"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Delayed projects leave flood risk unreduced; ref 1 reports no new damages tied to the delays.","service":"No utility service impact is described in ref 1.","scale":"The program covers all Harris County watersheds under the $2.5 billion 2018 bond (ref 1).","duration":"Bond approved 2018; shortfall disclosed 2025 and still unresolved in April 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Commissioners Court confrontation and risk of repaying HUD grants with a 2027 deadline (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Countywide; no affected-population figure in the source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The flood control district last year revealed a $410 million shortfall on dozens of post-Harvey flood projects (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Bond program shortfall","value":410,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Projects delayed","value":28,"unit":"projects","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Projects indefinitely paused","value":26,"unit":"projects","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Federal grant clawback risk (ref 1)","Bond covers about half of planned need (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Earlier 2021 reporting described a $1.4 billion gap from missing federal matches (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Harris County Flood Control District","role":"Project owner"},{"name":"Harris County Commissioners Court","role":"Governing body"},{"name":"Texas General Land Office / HUD","role":"Disaster recovery grant administrators"}],"public_contact":"Harris County Flood Control District, contact form at hcfcd.org","corrective_actions":["Target to have all 11 HUD-funded projects under construction by end of June 2026 (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"'I just lost my confidence in you': Harris County Judge grills flood control director over delayed bond projects","publisher":"KEDT / Houston Public Media","date":"2026-04-17","url":"https://www.kedt.org/2026-04-17/i-just-lost-my-confidence-in-you-harris-county-judge-grills-flood-control-director-over-delayed-bond-projects","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Harris County, Texas, Pivots To Close $1.4B Gap in Flood Control Funding","publisher":"Engineering News-Record","date":"2021-03-17","url":"https://www.enr.com/articles/51417-harris-county-texas-pivots-to-close-14b-gap-in-flood-control-funding","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TX-HOUSTON-DRAINAGE-FUNDING-LAWSUIT-2025","US-TX-STATEWIDE-FLOOD-RISK-CAPITAL-GAP-2024"]},{"id":"US-TX-PORT-ARTHUR-HURRICANE-PROTECTION-UPGRADE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Port Arthur hurricane levee and floodwall system under $404M rebuild through 2033","description":"The Army Corps of Engineers awarded Kiewit a $403.9 million design-build contract in April 2025 to replace 9,525 feet of floodwall, raise 2,300 feet of levee and add fronting protection at three pump stations in Port Arthur's hurricane protection system. Construction is expected to begin in summer 2026 and full completion of the wider project is expected by 2033. Separately, the GLO awarded Jefferson County Drainage District No. 7 part of a $41.3 million package in 2024 to rebuild pump stations that the district said it had needed for years but could not afford.","location":{"name":"Port Arthur Hurricane Flood Protection System","type":"Levee, floodwall and pump station system","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"City of Port Arthur, Jefferson County (Sabine Pass to Galveston Bay program)","coordinates":{"lat":29.885,"lon":-93.94,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Jefferson"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Storm surge risk depends on the condition and height of floodwalls, levees and pump stations.","secondary_drivers":["Storm surge exposure on the upper Texas coast"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Ref 1 frames the work as addressing the growing storm-surge threat; no recent breach is reported.","service":"No outage is reported; DD7 pump stations remain in service during upgrades (refs 1-2).","scale":"Protection covers the City of Port Arthur (ref 1).","duration":"Construction runs about 3.5 years from summer 2026, full completion by 2033 (ref 1).","significance":"Federal design-build award with 65/35 federal-state/local cost share (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources do not give a protected population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$403.9 million design-build contract covering 9,525 feet of floodwall replacement and 2,300 feet of levee raises (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"USACE contract PAV04","value":403.9,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Floodwall replaced","value":9525,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Levee raised","value":2300,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"GLO drainage package (10 counties)","value":41.3,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Includes DD7 pump stations (ref 2)"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["DD7 said it could not fund pump upgrades on its own (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Galveston District","role":"Design and construction"},{"name":"Jefferson County Drainage District No. 7","role":"Co-lead and long-term operator"},{"name":"Gulf Coast Protection District / Texas GLO","role":"Non-federal sponsors"}],"public_contact":"Jefferson County Drainage District No. 7, general contact via dd7.org","corrective_actions":["PAV04 floodwall/levee contract (ref 1)","GLO-funded Shreveport Pump Station rebuild and nine pump-station upgrades (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"USACE awards $404 million design-build contract for Port Arthur, Texas flood protection","publisher":"Underground Infrastructure","date":"2025-04-24","url":"https://undergroundinfrastructure.com/news/2025/april/usace-awards-404-million-design-build-contract-for-port-arthur-texas-flood-protection","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"$41.3M in flood control improvements approved; see details and potential timelines","publisher":"Port Arthur News","date":"2024-02-02","url":"https://panews.com/?p=151817","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-GALVESTON-BAY-OYSTER-HARVEST-CLOSURES-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Galveston Bay public oyster reefs closed repeatedly after flood-driven die-offs, 2024-2026","description":"All Galveston Bay oyster harvest areas closed in 2024 after freshwater inflows from Tropical Storm Alberto and Hurricane Beryl caused significant oyster mortality, and the Galveston County judge declared a disaster to help oyster farmers. In the 2025-26 season TPWD closed area TX-5 in February 2026 when sampling found about 336 market-size oysters per hour, below its 400-per-hour standard, and closed the last open area on April 20, 2026 for lack of legal-sized oysters.","location":{"name":"Galveston Bay public oyster reefs","type":"Estuary / shellfish harvest areas","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Galveston, Trinity and East bays; harvest areas TX-1 through TX-8","coordinates":{"lat":29.5,"lon":-94.85,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Galveston","Chambers","Harris"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Oyster loss follows salinity collapse from flood inflows plus harvest pressure.","secondary_drivers":["Overharvesting of public reefs","Freshwater inflow pulses from storms"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"State officials said Alberto and Beryl inflows contributed to significant oyster mortality in Trinity and Galveston bays (ref 1).","service":"Harvest closures left only TX-1 and TX-7 open after TX-5 closed in February 2026 (ref 1), and the last area closed April 20, 2026 (ref 2).","scale":"Closures cover the Galveston Bay system, the center of the Texas oyster harvest (refs 1-2).","duration":"Closures recur from 2024 through the 2025-26 season (refs 1-2).","significance":"Galveston County Judge Mark Henry declared a disaster for oyster farmers in 2024 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources do not count affected harvesters."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TX-5: about 336 market-size oysters per hour, below the 400 closure standard; sustainable reef level is 1,100 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"TX-5 market-size oyster catch rate","value":336,"unit":"oysters per hour","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"TPWD closure threshold","value":400,"unit":"oysters per hour","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Harvest areas open after Feb 2026 closure","value":2,"unit":"of 8 areas","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Wholesaler says no business can run off public reef (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Closures continued into 2026 after the 2024 die-off (refs 1-2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Coastal Fisheries","role":"Oyster harvest management"},{"name":"Texas Department of State Health Services","role":"Shellfish sanitation"}],"public_contact":"Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Coastal Fisheries, via tpwd.texas.gov","corrective_actions":["Conservation closures by harvest area (refs 1-2)","Private oyster leasing through the certificate of location program (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Only two oyster harvest areas will remain open in Galveston Bay after Saturday","publisher":"The Galveston County Daily News","date":"2026-02-12","url":"https://www.galvnews.com/news/only-two-oyster-harvest-areas-will-remain-open-in-galveston-bay-after-saturday/article_9e342356-8b85-5aaa-9ac0-14e3afae5da5.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Texas Parks and Wildlife Department closes last open oyster harvest area in Galveston Bay","publisher":"KEDT / Houston Public Media","date":"2026-04-20","url":"https://www.kedt.org/texas-news/2026-04-20/texas-parks-and-wildlife-department-closes-last-open-oyster-harvest-area-in-galveston-bay","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TX-HOUSTON-HURRICANE-BERYL-WATER-WASTEWATER-OUTAGES-2024"]},{"id":"US-TX-AUSTIN-LADY-BIRD-LAKE-TOXIC-ALGAE-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Toxic blue-green algae persists on Lady Bird Lake and Lake Austin; six dog deaths since 2019","description":"The City of Austin reports that toxins including anatoxin-a, cylindrospermopsin and microcystin have been found in algae mat samples since 2019, and that the deaths of six dogs have been attributed to the toxins. As of October 6, 2026, blue-green algae remained at most monitoring sites, including Red Bud Isle, Festival Beach, Walsh Boat Landing and Jessica Hollis Park. A five-year, $300,000-a-year lanthanum-modified clay pilot in Lady Bird Lake ended treatment in 2025 with mixed results.","location":{"name":"Lady Bird Lake and Lake Austin","type":"Urban reservoirs (Colorado River)","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Austin, Travis County; Red Bud Isle, Festival Beach, Walsh Boat Landing","coordinates":{"lat":30.29,"lon":-97.787,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Travis"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Cyanobacteria blooms are a water quality condition driven by nutrients and warm, still water.","secondary_drivers":["Phosphorus loading","Hot, low-flow summers"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The city attributes the deaths of six dogs to algal toxins since 2019 (ref 1).","service":"The city advises people and pets to avoid algae; human swimming in Lady Bird Lake has been banned since 1964 (refs 1-2).","scale":"Monitoring sites with algae span Lady Bird Lake and Lake Austin within the City of Austin (ref 1).","duration":"Toxins have been detected since 2019 and algae persisted in October 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Formal city advisories and a city-funded treatment pilot (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Recreational users and pet owners; no count published."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"In Austin, the deaths of six dogs have been attributed to toxins since 2019 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Dog deaths attributed to algal toxins since 2019","value":6,"unit":"dogs","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Pilot treatment budget","value":300000,"unit":"USD per year (5 years)","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"City reports recurring summer blooms; less algae in October 2026 than earlier in the summer (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Austin Watershed Protection Department","role":"Monitoring and treatment"},{"name":"Austin Public Health","role":"Illness reporting"}],"public_contact":"City of Austin 3-1-1; algae dashboard at austintexas.gov/algae","corrective_actions":["Lanthanum-modified bentonite pilot, 2021-2025, followed by one observation year (ref 1)","Ongoing site monitoring dashboard (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Algae in Austin's Waterways","publisher":"City of Austin Watershed Protection","date":"2026-10-06","url":"https://www.austintexas.gov/algae","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Dog owners cautioned of toxic algae risk in Lady Bird Lake, Lake Austin after harmful samples found farther west","publisher":"Community Impact","date":"2021-03-25","url":"https://communityimpact.com/central-austin/environment/dog-owners-cautioned-of-toxic-algae-risk-in-lady-bird-lake-lake-austin-after-harmful-samples-found-farther-west/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-ARROYO-COLORADO-LOW-OXYGEN-FISH-KILL-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Arroyo Colorado low-oxygen event kills fish at Rio Hondo; tidal segment chronically impaired","description":"TPWD's Kills and Spills team investigated dead fish at the Rio Hondo boat ramp in early September 2025 and attributed them to a low dissolved oxygen event upstream in the Arroyo Colorado. TCEQ lists the tidal Arroyo Colorado (Segment 2201, below the Port of Harlingen) as having dissolved oxygen that is sometimes too low for aquatic life, and TPWD identifies oxygen depletion as a major factor in Arroyo fish kills. A watershed protection plan has been in place since 2007 and was updated in 2017.","location":{"name":"Arroyo Colorado (tidal Segment 2201)","type":"Tidal river segment","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Below the Port of Harlingen through Rio Hondo to the Lower Laguna Madre; Cameron, Hidalgo, Willacy counties","coordinates":{"lat":26.235,"lon":-97.58,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Cameron","Hidalgo","Willacy"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Fish kills result from low dissolved oxygen tied to nutrient loading and channel geometry.","secondary_drivers":["Agricultural and urban nutrient runoff","Wastewater discharges in the non-tidal segment"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"TPWD (ref 1) attributed dead fish at the Rio Hondo boat ramp to an upstream low-DO event over the Labor Day 2025 weekend.","service":"No drinking-water or closure order is reported (refs 1-3).","scale":"The impaired tidal segment runs from the Port of Harlingen to the Laguna Madre across three counties (ref 2).","duration":"TCEQ began a TMDL for the low-DO problem in 2002 and the plan was updated in 2017 (ref 2).","significance":"Formal TCEQ water-quality listing with a TMDL/WPP (ref 2) and a TPWD kill investigation (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Ecological impact; no human population figure."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TPWD believes the kill was a low dissolved oxygen event upstream of the park in the Arroyo Colorado (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"TPWD describes oxygen depletion as a recurring factor in Arroyo fish kills (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"TCEQ","role":"Water quality standards and TMDL"},{"name":"Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Kills and Spills Team","role":"Fish kill investigation"},{"name":"Arroyo Colorado Watershed Partnership","role":"Watershed protection plan"}],"public_contact":"TPWD Kills and Spills Team reporting page at tpwd.texas.gov (landwater/water/environconcerns/kills_and_spills)","corrective_actions":["Arroyo Colorado Watershed Protection Plan implementation (2007, updated 2017) (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Texas Parks and Wildlife Department investigating reports of dead fish in Rio Hondo","publisher":"KRGV","date":"2025-09-03","url":"https://www.krgv.com/news/texas-parks-and-wildlife-department-investigating-reports-of-dead-fish-in-rio-hondo","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Arroyo Colorado: Improving Dissolved Oxygen (Project 13)","publisher":"TCEQ","date":"2026-03-17","url":"https://www.tceq.texas.gov/waterquality/tmdl/13-arroyo.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Visiting the Arroyo Colorado","publisher":"Texas Parks and Wildlife Department","date":null,"url":"https://tpwd.texas.gov/fishboat/fish/didyouknow/coastal/arroyocolorado.phtml","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["measures"],"related_ids":["US-TX-STATEWIDE-SURFACE-WATER-IMPAIRMENTS-2024"]},{"id":"US-TX-BEDFORD-BOYS-RANCH-LAKE-FISH-KILL-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Chlorine spike kills more than 4,000 fish in Bedford's Boys Ranch Lake","description":"More than 4,000 fish, including catfish, sunfish and largemouth bass, were found dead in Boys Ranch Lake in Bedford on July 26, 2025. City officials and TPWD confirmed a chlorine spike on July 30, 2025 but had not identified its source, and the city said it would not restock the lake until the investigation concluded.","location":{"name":"Boys Ranch Lake, Bedford","type":"Municipal park lake","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Generations Park at Bedford Boys Ranch, City of Bedford, Tarrant County","coordinates":{"lat":32.844,"lon":-97.143,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Tarrant"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A chemical (chlorine) spike in a small lake killed its fish.","secondary_drivers":["Unidentified chlorine source"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"More than 4,000 dead fish were found after a chlorine spike (ref 1).","service":"No drinking-water impact is reported for the park lake (ref 1).","scale":"A single small community lake in one park (ref 1).","duration":"Fish were found July 26 and the spike was confirmed July 30, 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"TPWD and Bedford opened a formal kill investigation (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Park users; not quantified."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than 4,000 fish died after a chlorine spike in Boys Ranch Lake (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Dead fish","value":4000,"unit":"fish (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Bedford Parks and Recreation","role":"Lake owner"},{"name":"Texas Parks and Wildlife Department","role":"Kill investigation"}],"public_contact":"City of Bedford Parks and Recreation, via bedfordtx.gov","corrective_actions":["Sampling and dead-fish removal; restocking deferred until investigation concludes (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Chlorine killed fish in Tarrant County lake; local, state officials investigating source","publisher":"Green Source DFW","date":"2025-07-30","url":"https://www.greensourcetexas.org/articles/chlorine-killed-fish-tarrant-county-lake-local-state-officials-investigating-source","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-HOUSTON-BAYOUS-ECOLI-RECREATION-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Houston bayous and Peach Creek among Texas waters with frequent unsafe E. coli, 2024-2025","description":"An Environment Texas Research & Policy Center analysis of 2024-2025 state monitoring data found potentially unsafe fecal bacteria levels on at least one day at 215 of 367 Texas river, stream and lake locations (59%). Peach Creek in Lake Houston Wilderness Park exceeded EPA's Beach Action Value on 50% of tested days, and the report was launched at Allen's Landing on Buffalo Bayou, where the group called for more wastewater infrastructure funding. TCEQ's freshwater contact recreation standard is a geometric mean of 126 cfu E. coli per 100 mL.","location":{"name":"Buffalo Bayou and Houston-area streams","type":"Urban bayous and creeks","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Buffalo Bayou at Allen's Landing (downtown Houston); Peach Creek, Lake Houston Wilderness Park, Montgomery County","coordinates":{"lat":29.7645,"lon":-95.3593,"precision":"exact","source_ref":2},"counties":["Harris","Montgomery"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Bacteria exceedances reflect sewage overflows, stormwater runoff and septic failures.","secondary_drivers":["Sanitary sewer overflows","Failing septic systems","Stormwater runoff"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Peach Creek exceeded EPA's Beach Action Value for E. coli on 50% of days tested in 2024-2025 (ref 1).","service":"No swimming closures are cited in refs 1-3.","scale":"Statewide, 215 of 367 monitored freshwater locations had potentially unsafe levels at least once (ref 1).","duration":"Exceedances span the 2024 and 2025 monitoring years (ref 1).","significance":"Exceedances are measured against TCEQ's 126 cfu/100 mL contact recreation criterion (ref 3); no new enforcement is cited."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Recreational users; not quantified."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Testing found potentially unsafe contamination levels on at least one day at 215 of 367 locations, or 59% of monitored locations in the state (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Monitoring locations with unsafe levels at least once","value":215,"unit":"of 367 locations","status":"Reported","note":"2024-2025 data (ref 1)"},{"name":"Peach Creek days above Beach Action Value","value":50,"unit":"percent of tested days","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Earlier Environment Texas report used different methods (2017 data)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"TCEQ","role":"Surface water quality standards and monitoring"},{"name":"Houston Public Works","role":"Wastewater collection under federal consent decree"},{"name":"Harris County Pollution Control","role":"County water monitoring"}],"public_contact":"TCEQ Surface Water Quality Monitoring program, via tceq.texas.gov","corrective_actions":["Environment Texas recommends more funding for aging or inadequate wastewater systems (refs 1-2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Are Texas' rivers and lakes safe for swimming?","publisher":"Environment Texas Research & Policy Center","date":"2026-08-20","url":"https://environmentamerica.org/texas/center/resources/are-texas-rivers-and-lakes-safe-for-swimming/","basis":"Advocacy analysis of state data"},{"ref":2,"title":"New report warns of E. coli contamination in Houston bayous and Texas waterways","publisher":"KPRC Click2Houston","date":"2026-08-19","url":"https://www.click2houston.com/news/local/2026/08/19/new-report-warns-of-e-coli-contamination-in-houston-bayous-and-texas-waterways/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"New report flags E. coli risk in Buffalo Bayou, Texas waterways","publisher":"Hoodline","date":"2026-08-19","url":"https://hoodline.com/2026/08/new-report-flags-e-coli-risk-in-buffalo-bayou-texas-waterways/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TX-HOUSTON-WASTEWATER-CONSENT-DECREE-2021","US-TX-STATEWIDE-SURFACE-WATER-IMPAIRMENTS-2024"]},{"id":"US-TX-RIO-GRANDE-BIG-BEND-FLOW-LOSS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Rio Grande through Big Bend keeps losing flow as Rio Conchos inflow fades","description":"Diversions have cut Rio Grande flow by at least 70% from historical levels, and flow reaching Presidio fell 77% after Elephant Butte Dam, according to Army Corps figures reported by Inside Climate News; the river ran dry through Santa Elena Canyon in 2022. KRGV reported in July 2025 that the river at Santa Elena Canyon has been turning into a dry riverbed and very little Rio Conchos water is coming downstream. Texas Standard reported in September 2026 that less than 15% of the river's natural flow reaches the delta each year.","location":{"name":"Rio Grande, Presidio to Big Bend","type":"International river segment","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Rio Grande from the Forgotten Reach through Presidio, Santa Elena Canyon and Big Bend National Park","coordinates":{"lat":29.167,"lon":-103.61,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Presidio","Brewster","Hudspeth"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Flow loss comes from upstream storage, diversions, drought and reduced Mexican tributary inflow.","secondary_drivers":["Over-appropriation of water rights","Invasive salt cedar and arundo","Aridification"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Ref 1 reports the channel choked by sediment and invasives and the river dry through Santa Elena Canyon in 2022.","service":"No municipal outage is cited for this reach in refs 1-3.","scale":"Texas Standard (ref 3) reports about three million Texans downstream depend on the river for drinking water.","duration":"Flow loss traces to Elephant Butte's completion in 1916, and drying continued in July 2025 (refs 1-2).","significance":"IBWC and Mexico's CILA formed a Rio Grande Environment Work Group in February 2024 (ref 1); no enforcement action exists."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":3000000,"status":"Reported","note":"About three million Texans downstream depend on the Rio Grande for drinking water (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Agricultural and municipal diversions have cut Rio Grande flow by at least 70% compared with historical levels (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Flow reduction from historical levels","value":70,"unit":"percent (at least)","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Share of natural flow reaching the delta","value":15,"unit":"percent (less than)","status":"Reported","note":"ref 3"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Refs 1-3 describe continued decline from 2022 through 2026."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"International Boundary and Water Commission","role":"Binational river management"},{"name":"TCEQ","role":"Water rights and environmental flow standards"},{"name":"National Park Service (Big Bend)","role":"Park river corridor"}],"public_contact":"IBWC U.S. Section, 4191 N. Mesa St., El Paso, TX 79902; (915) 832-4100","corrective_actions":["IBWC-CILA Rio Grande Environment Work Group (ref 1)","Salt cedar and arundo restoration by Rio Grande Joint Venture partners (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Holding Out Hope On the Drying Rio Grande","publisher":"Inside Climate News","date":"2024-10-23","url":"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/23102024/holding-out-hope-drying-rio-grande/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Valley Without Water: Visiting the Santa Elena Canyon","publisher":"KRGV","date":"2025-07-18","url":"https://www.krgv.com/news/valley-without-water-visiting-the-santa-elena-canyon","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"The Rio Grande is drying up. What does that mean for Texas?","publisher":"Texas Standard / Texas Public Radio","date":"2026-09-03","url":"https://www.tpr.org/environment/2026-09-03/the-rio-grande-is-drying-up-what-does-that-mean-for-texas","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TX-RIO-GRANDE-1944-TREATY-DELIVERY-SHORTFALL-2025","US-TX-RIO-GRANDE-COMPACT-SETTLEMENT-2026"]},{"id":"US-TX-MARVIN-NICHOLS-RESERVOIR-CONFLICT-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"TWDB declares Region C-D conflict over Marvin Nichols Reservoir; permits barred before 2030","description":"The proposed Marvin Nichols Reservoir would flood about 66,000 acres of the Sulphur River Basin in Northeast Texas, with about 80% of its water going to the Dallas-Fort Worth region. On June 26, 2025 the TWDB found an interregional conflict between the Region C and Region D 2026 plans; the mediated agreement pushed the project to 2070, added Toledo Bend conveyance as a recommended strategy, required comparison and impact studies starting by March 2026, and barred any permit application before 2030.","location":{"name":"Proposed Marvin Nichols Reservoir site","type":"Proposed reservoir / river basin","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Sulphur River Basin north of Mount Pleasant; Red River and Titus counties","coordinates":{"lat":33.4,"lon":-95,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":3},"counties":["Red River","Titus"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The dispute is over interregional water allocation and planning, not a built system.","secondary_drivers":["Dallas-Fort Worth demand growth","Rural land loss and eminent domain concerns"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"CBS Texas (ref 3) reports landowners facing loss of about 66,000 acres; no physical harm yet.","service":"No current water service is affected (refs 1-3).","scale":"Pits Region C (Dallas-Fort Worth) against Region D (Northeast Texas) (refs 1-2).","duration":"In the state water plan since 1968, with studies due July 2027 and no permits before 2030 (refs 1, 3).","significance":"Formal TWDB interregional conflict finding of June 26, 2025 and a signed mediated agreement (refs 1-2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected landowner count not published."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"No application for permitting would occur for Marvin Nichols prior to 2030 (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Reservoir footprint","value":66000,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"ref 3"},{"name":"Estimated cost","value":7,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"ref 3"},{"name":"Regional cost-share cap for impact study","value":250000,"unit":"USD per region","status":"Reported","note":"If no state funds (ref 2)"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Texas Water Development Board","role":"State water planning; conflict finding"},{"name":"Region C Water Planning Group","role":"Project sponsor region"},{"name":"Region D (North East Texas) Water Planning Group","role":"Host region"}],"public_contact":"TWDB Water Supply Planning: (512) 463-7847","corrective_actions":["Apples-to-apples Marvin Nichols vs. Toledo Bend study, March 2026 to July 2027 (ref 2)","Independent economic and natural resource impact study (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Agenda item memo: Update on the interregional conflict between Regions C and D","publisher":"Texas Water Development Board","date":"2025-08-21","url":"https://www.twdb.texas.gov/board/2025/08/Board/Brd03.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Agreement Resolving the Declared Conflict Between the Region C and Region D 2026 Initially Prepared Water Plans","publisher":"Region C Water Planning Group","date":"2025-08-01","url":"https://regioncwater.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Final-Mediated-Agreement-between-Regions-C-and-D.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Proposed Texas reservoir continues to hang over landowners' heads after 50 years","publisher":"CBS News Texas","date":"2025-08-14","url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/texas/news/proposed-texas-reservoir-continues-to-hang-over-landowners-heads-after-50-years/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TX-TOLEDO-BEND-INTERSTATE-WATER-SALE-2025"]},{"id":"US-TX-TOLEDO-BEND-INTERSTATE-WATER-SALE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Louisiana halts Toledo Bend water sale talks, clouding a Texas supply option","description":"The Sabine River Authority of Louisiana ended talks in November 2025 on selling its share of Toledo Bend Reservoir water to buyers outside Louisiana, after opposition from legislators, parishes and residents over lake levels and transparency. Toledo Bend conveyance had just been made a recommended strategy for the Dallas-Fort Worth region (Region C) under the August 2025 Marvin Nichols mediated agreement. A planned $50,000 impact study was to have been paid by the Texas Sabine River Authority before that arrangement fell through.","location":{"name":"Toledo Bend Reservoir (Sabine River)","type":"Interstate reservoir","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Sabine River on the Texas-Louisiana border; Texas shoreline in Sabine, Shelby and Newton counties","coordinates":{"lat":31.18,"lon":-93.57,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Sabine","Shelby","Newton"],"extent":"multi_state"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is interstate allocation and sale of stored water rights.","secondary_drivers":["Interstate politics","Texas metro demand growth"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No physical harm; residents' concern was lowered lake levels (ref 1).","service":"No current supply is cut; the sale never began (refs 1-2).","scale":"Toledo Bend is a recommended water strategy for the Region C (Dallas-Fort Worth) planning area (ref 3).","duration":"Talks ran through 2025 and halted November 13-14, 2025 (refs 1-2).","significance":"A formal Louisiana SRA board decision to end contract discussions (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not quantified."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The Louisiana Sabine River Authority board voted to end contract discussions on out-of-state water sales (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Proposed impact study cost","value":50000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Originally to be paid by the Texas SRA (ref 2)"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Sabine River Authority of Louisiana","role":"Holder of Louisiana's Toledo Bend share"},{"name":"Sabine River Authority of Texas","role":"Holder of Texas's Toledo Bend share"},{"name":"Texas Water Development Board","role":"State water planning"}],"public_contact":"Sabine River Authority of Texas, via sratx.org","corrective_actions":["Region C to compare Toledo Bend and Marvin Nichols by July 2027 (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Sale of water from Toledo Bend to out-of-state buyers halted","publisher":"KPLC","date":"2025-11-14","url":"https://www.kplctv.com/2025/11/15/sale-water-toledo-bend-out-of-state-buyers-halted","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Toledo Bend sale of water out of state halted by Sabine River Authority","publisher":"KSLA","date":"2025-11-13","url":"https://www.ksla.com/2025/11/14/toledo-bend-sale-water-out-state-halted-by-sabine-river-authority","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Agenda item memo: Update on the interregional conflict between Regions C and D","publisher":"Texas Water Development Board","date":"2025-08-21","url":"https://www.twdb.texas.gov/board/2025/08/Board/Brd03.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TX-MARVIN-NICHOLS-RESERVOIR-CONFLICT-2025"]},{"id":"US-TX-NUECES-ESTUARY-PASS-THROUGH-SUSPENSION-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"TCEQ emergency order suspends Nueces reservoir pass-through releases to bays","description":"On August 25, 2026 TCEQ's executive director approved an emergency order, requested by Corpus Christi, the Nueces River Authority and Three Rivers, letting inflows that would otherwise pass through Choke Canyon and Lake Corpus Christi to the Nueces Estuary stay in storage while combined storage is at or below 50%. Combined storage was 42% when the order was signed, after an all-time low of 7.7% in May 2026; TCEQ estimated about 36,500 acre-feet would otherwise have been released over 120 days. Commissioners unanimously affirmed the order on September 9, 2026, through December 23, 2026.","location":{"name":"Nueces River reservoirs and Nueces Estuary","type":"Reservoir system / estuary inflow requirement","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Choke Canyon Reservoir and Lake Corpus Christi releasing to Nueces and Corpus Christi bays","coordinates":{"lat":28.05,"lon":-97.87,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Live Oak","McMullen","San Patricio","Jim Wells","Nueces"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["surface-water","drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The order reallocates environmental inflow water to municipal storage during drought.","secondary_drivers":["Record-low reservoir storage","Regional industrial and municipal demand"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"TCEQ found no fish kills directly attributable to withheld releases, but the requirement exists to sustain Nueces and Corpus Christi bay health (ref 2).","service":"Withheld inflows protect the regional supply for Corpus Christi customers during drought (ref 1).","scale":"The Choke Canyon-Lake Corpus Christi system supplies the Coastal Bend region (refs 1-2).","duration":"The order runs 120 days to December 23, 2026, with a possible 60-day extension (ref 1).","significance":"TCEQ executive director emergency order affirmed unanimously by commissioners (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Regional supply population not stated in these sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 36,500 acre-feet of inflows would have had to pass downstream over 120 days without the suspension (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Combined reservoir storage at order","value":42,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Aug 25, 2026 (ref 2)"},{"name":"Record-low combined storage","value":7.7,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"May 2026 (ref 2)"},{"name":"Pass-through water retained (estimate)","value":36500,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"TCEQ estimate over 120 days (ref 2)"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"July 2026 rain refilled Lake Corpus Christi to about 91% while Choke Canyon stayed at 24% (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"TCEQ","role":"Issued and affirmed emergency order"},{"name":"City of Corpus Christi","role":"Reservoir operator and requester"},{"name":"Nueces River Authority","role":"Co-requester"},{"name":"Texas Parks and Wildlife Department","role":"Commented, took no position"}],"public_contact":"City of Corpus Christi Water Utilities, call 3-1-1 or via corpuschristitx.gov","corrective_actions":["Review for a 60-day extension on December 23, 2026 (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"TCEQ Commissioners Affirm Emergency Order Suspending Pass-Through Releases into Bays and Estuaries","publisher":"City of Corpus Christi","date":"2026-09-09","url":"https://www.corpuschristitx.gov/news/posts/tceq-commissioners-affirm-emergency-order-suspending-pass-through-releases-into-bays-and-estuaries/","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"TCEQ approves emergency order to pause reservoir water releases amid ongoing Coastal Bend drought","publisher":"KRIS 6 News","date":"2026-08-26","url":"https://www.kristv.com/running-dry/tceq-approves-emergency-order-to-pause-reservoir-water-releases-amid-ongoing-coastal-bend-drought","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TX-CORPUS-CHRISTI-WATER-SUPPLY-DROUGHT-2024"]},{"id":"US-TX-SANTA-ROSA-SUGAR-MILL-CLOSURE-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Texas' only sugar mill closes in Santa Rosa after irrigation water shortfall","description":"Rio Grande Valley Sugar Growers closed its Santa Rosa mill, the state's only sugar mill, in early 2024 after drought and inadequate irrigation deliveries devastated cane harvests. Growers tied the shortage to Mexico's delivery shortfall under the 1944 Water Treaty; about 90 growers and more than 500 workers were affected.","location":{"name":"Rio Grande Valley Sugar Growers mill, Santa Rosa","type":"Agricultural processing facility and irrigated cane district","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Santa Rosa, Cameron County, Lower Rio Grande Valley","coordinates":{"lat":26.2567,"lon":-97.8253,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Cameron","Hidalgo"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":null},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"A shortfall in irrigation water deliveries ended the region's sugar industry, an economic rather than infrastructure failure.","secondary_drivers":["1944 Water Treaty delivery deficit","Drought"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Texas Standard (ref 1) reports growers plowed out about 15,000 of roughly 31,000 cane acres; the harm is economic, not a documented health effect.","service":"Irrigation deliveries were inadequate and unreliable for cane growers per the mill chairman (ref 1), short of a total cutoff.","scale":"About 90 growers and more than 500 seasonal and full-time mill workers were affected (ref 1).","duration":"The shortage began in 2023 and the mill closure in 2024 is permanent unless the plant reopens (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Rep. Vicente Gonzalez's statement (ref 2) records Mexico owing 774,707 acre-feet as of Feb. 10, 2024 and calls for federal action; no enforcement order applies."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":500,"status":"Reported","note":"More than 500 mill employees (350 seasonal, 150 full-time) per ref 1; about 90 growers also affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"As of February 10, 2024, Mexico had delivered 378,855 acre-feet and still owed 774,707 acre-feet in the current treaty cycle."},"measures":[{"name":"Cane acreage, 2022/2023 crop","value":31000,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"About 31,000 acres before growers plowed out about 15,000 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Treaty water owed by Mexico","value":774707,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"As of Feb. 10, 2024 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Severe","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Mill closed after 50+ years of operation","Employees notified of employment through April 29, 2024"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single closure event; reopening status not verified."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"International Boundary and Water Commission","role":"Administers 1944 Water Treaty deliveries"},{"name":"Rio Grande Watermaster (TCEQ)","role":"Allocates Lower Rio Grande irrigation water"},{"name":"Rio Grande Valley Sugar Growers, Inc.","role":"Mill owner (grower cooperative)"}],"public_contact":"TCEQ Rio Grande Watermaster Office, Harlingen","corrective_actions":["Growers and members of Congress pressed the State Department and USDA to secure treaty deliveries from Mexico (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Texas' only sugar mill closes after 50 years in the Rio Grande Valley","publisher":"Texas Standard","date":"2024-02-26","url":"https://texasstandard.org/stories/santa-rosa-texas-sugar-mill-closes-water-drought-rio-grande-valley/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Congressman Gonzalez's statement on closure of Texas's only sugar mill","publisher":"Office of Rep. Vicente Gonzalez","date":"2024-02-28","url":"https://gonzalez.house.gov/media/press-releases/congressman-gonzalezs-statement-closure-texass-only-sugar-mill","basis":"Official statement"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Current status of proposed reopening"],"related_ids":["US-TX-LOWER-RIO-GRANDE-AG-WATER-SHORTAGE-2024","US-TX-RIO-GRANDE-COMPACT-SETTLEMENT-2026"]},{"id":"US-TX-LCRA-INTERRUPTIBLE-AG-WATER-CUTOFF-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"LCRA cuts off Highland Lakes water to Gulf Coast rice irrigators for fourth year","description":"LCRA determined in March 2025 that no Highland Lakes water would be available to most interruptible agricultural customers in Colorado, Wharton and Matagorda counties, extending a cutoff in place since the first growing season of 2022. The cutoff, required by the Water Management Plan, affects the Gulf Coast, Lakeside and Pierce Ranch operations; Garwood customers received a limited supply.","location":{"name":"LCRA lower Colorado River irrigation divisions","type":"Irrigation division (river authority)","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Lower Colorado River rice-growing area in Colorado, Wharton and Matagorda counties","coordinates":{"lat":29.3116,"lon":-96.1027,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Colorado","Wharton","Matagorda"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":null},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Low combined storage in lakes Buchanan and Travis triggered a supply cutoff to interruptible irrigation users.","secondary_drivers":["Drought","Water Management Plan priority for firm customers"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"LCRA's release (ref 1) documents the loss of stored irrigation water to rice farms; no health or ecological harm is cited.","service":"Most interruptible agricultural customers received no Highland Lakes water in 2025 (ref 1).","scale":"The cutoff spans three counties and three agricultural operations on the lower Colorado River (ref 1).","duration":"LCRA states these customers have had no lake water since the first growing season in 2022 (ref 1).","significance":"The cutoff is a formal determination under the TCEQ-approved Water Management Plan, with lakes at about 51% of capacity (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Number of affected farms or acres not stated in the cited release."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"No water from lakes Buchanan and Travis will be available to most interruptible agricultural customers in 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"Highland Lakes combined storage","value":51,"unit":"percent of capacity","status":"Reported","note":"About 51% at the March 2025 determination; combined storage below 1.1 million acre-feet on March 1 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Garwood division maximum supply","value":18100,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"Limited supply under Garwood water rights purchase terms (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Four consecutive seasons without stored water for interruptible rice irrigators"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"2026 availability determination (March 1, 2026) not verified."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Lower Colorado River Authority","role":"Water supplier and Water Management Plan operator"},{"name":"TCEQ","role":"Approves the Water Management Plan"}],"public_contact":"LCRA Water Contracts and Conservation, Austin","corrective_actions":["LCRA keeps Stage 2 drought restrictions on firm customers until combined storage reaches 1.1 million acre-feet (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Continuing drought triggers increased restrictions for LCRA water customers","publisher":"Lower Colorado River Authority","date":"2025-03-03","url":"https://www.lcra.org/news/news-releases/continuing-drought-triggers-increased-restrictions-for-lcra-water-customers","basis":"Agency record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":8,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["2026 interruptible water determination","Affected acreage"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-ERATH-GRAND-CANYON-DAIRY-DISCHARGE-2023","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Erath County dairy fined twice for manure wastewater discharges to creek tributary","description":"TCEQ's agreed order for JB Grand Canyon Dairy near Dublin cites a March 2022 discharge of about 120,000 gallons of agricultural waste into an unnamed tributary of the South Fork of Little Green Creek, with an $18,313 penalty. A 2020 order at the same CAFO cited a 300,000-gallon discharge to the same tributary.","location":{"name":"JB Grand Canyon Dairy, near Dublin","type":"Concentrated animal feeding operation (dairy)","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"About 7 miles southwest of Dublin, Erath County; TPDES Permit WQ0002950000","coordinates":{"lat":32.0851,"lon":-98.342,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Erath"],"extent":"site","pwsid":null},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Leaking irrigation equipment and retention structures released manure wastewater into state waters.","secondary_drivers":["CAFO wastewater management"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The 2022-docket order (ref 1) cites about 120,000 gallons of agricultural waste discharged into an unnamed tributary of the South Fork of Little Green Creek.","service":"No drinking water or service disruption is cited in either TCEQ order (refs 1, 2).","scale":"A single dairy CAFO and one creek tributary are involved (ref 1).","duration":"Recurring: the 2020 order (ref 2) cites a 300,000-gallon RCS discharge on March 30, 2020 before the 2022 release.","significance":"Two TCEQ agreed orders with penalties of $15,669 (ref 2) and $18,313 (ref 1); the site's compliance history for one respondent is rated Unsatisfactory."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Environmental release; no affected population reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Discharged approximately 120,000 gallons of agricultural waste into an unnamed tributary of the South Fork of Little Green Creek."},"measures":[{"name":"Penalty assessed, Docket 2022-0651-AGR-E","value":18313,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Payment plan of 35 payments (ref 1)."},{"name":"Discharge volume, 2020 incident","value":300000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Docket 2020-1361-AGR-E (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Discharges in 2020 and 2022 at the same site."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"TCEQ","role":"CAFO permitting and enforcement"},{"name":"Circle 7 Dairy LLC and Grand Canyon Dairy LLC","role":"Permitted operators"}],"public_contact":"TCEQ environmental complaints hotline (Office of Compliance and Enforcement)","corrective_actions":["Respondents ceased the discharge by March 8, 2022 and retrained staff on irrigation equipment inspection (ref 1).","Order requires removal of settling-basin solids and spillway debris within 60 days (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Executive Summary, Enforcement Matter Case No. 62418, Docket No. 2022-0651-AGR-E","publisher":"TCEQ","date":"2023-12-15","url":"https://www.tceq.texas.gov/downloads/agency/decisions/agendas/backup/2022/2022-0651-agr-e.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Executive Summary, Enforcement Matter Case No. 59711, Docket No. 2020-1361-AGR-E","publisher":"TCEQ","date":"2021-09-17","url":"https://www.tceq.texas.gov/downloads/agency/decisions/agendas/backup/2020/2020-1361-agr-e.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Commission adoption date of the 2022-docket order","Receiving water downstream segment"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-JOHNSON-COUNTY-PFAS-BIOSOLIDS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"PFAS from biosolids fertilizer contaminates Johnson County farms, wells and livestock","description":"Johnson County farm families allege that Synagro's Granulite biosolids fertilizer, made from Fort Worth sewage sludge and applied on a neighboring farm in 2022-2023, contaminated their soil, wells, ponds and livestock with PFAS. County testing found PFAS in well water at 90.9 and 268.2 parts per trillion; lawsuits against Synagro and EPA are pending and the county declared a local disaster in February 2025.","location":{"name":"Farms in Johnson County","type":"Agricultural land and private wells","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Rural Johnson County south of Fort Worth; biosolids sourced from Fort Worth wastewater treatment","coordinates":{"lat":32.3476,"lon":-97.3867,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Johnson"],"extent":"county","pwsid":null},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["groundwater","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Land-applied biosolids are alleged to have carried PFAS into soil, private wells, ponds and livestock.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS in municipal biosolids","Unregulated land application"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Drinking wells on two farms tested at 90.9 ppt and 268.2 ppt PFAS and a stillborn calf's liver at 610,000 ppt PFOS (ref 2).","service":"No public water system outage or do-not-drink order is cited; affected water is from private wells (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Several farm families in one county; 18 of 27 PFAS in the fertilizer were found on plaintiffs' land (ref 1).","duration":"Fertilizer applied January 2023; lawsuits remained pending and the disaster declaration was in effect in February 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"Suits filed in Maryland state court (Feb. 2024) and D.C. federal court against EPA (June 2024), plus a county disaster declaration on Feb. 11, 2025 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Five named plaintiffs across farm households (ref 1); total exposed population not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Drinking wells on the two farms tested at 90.9 ppt and 268.2 ppt of PFAS."},"measures":[{"name":"PFAS in private well water (highest)","value":268.2,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"PFAS compounds in Granulite sample","value":27,"unit":"compounds","status":"Reported","note":"Eleven at high concentrations (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Pending product-liability litigation against biosolids supplier"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Biosolids regulation (Clean Water Act Section 405); defendant in federal suit"},{"name":"TCEQ","role":"State biosolids land-application oversight"},{"name":"Johnson County","role":"Disaster declaration and environmental crimes investigation"}],"public_contact":"Johnson County Office of Emergency Management, Cleburne","corrective_actions":["Johnson County declared a local disaster on Feb. 11, 2025 to seek federal assistance (ref 1).","EPA released a draft risk assessment on PFAS in biosolids with comments through March 17, 2025 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lawsuits, Disaster Declaration After PFAS Contaminates Farms in Johnson County, Texas","publisher":"Texas A&M AgriLife Extension, Texas Agriculture Law blog","date":"2025-02-24","url":"https://agrilife.org/texasaglaw/?p=13714","basis":"University extension analysis"},{"ref":2,"title":"Dead livestock and poisoned water: Texas farmers sue over PFAS contamination","publisher":"The New Lede","date":"2024-02-20","url":"https://www.thenewlede.org/2024/02/dead-livestock-and-poisoned-water-texas-farmers-sue-over-pfas-contamination/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Litigation outcome after February 2025"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-FORMOSA-POINT-COMFORT-PLASTICS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Formosa Point Comfort plastics discharges persist as TCEQ drops zero-plastic permit limit","description":"Formosa's Point Comfort plant, found by a federal court in 2019 to be a serial violator for discharging plastic pellets and PVC powder into Lavaca Bay and Cox Creek, settled for $50 million and a zero-discharge commitment. Its sampling system detected plastics in its discharge on 590 days between March 2021 and March 2024; TCEQ assessed a $274,500 penalty in 2025, and its 2026 draft permit renewal omits the zero-plastic limit Formosa itself requested.","location":{"name":"Formosa Plastics Point Comfort Plant, Lavaca Bay","type":"Petrochemical and plastics manufacturing facility","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"201 Formosa Drive, Point Comfort, Calhoun and Jackson counties; TPDES Permit WQ0002436000","coordinates":{"lat":28.6797,"lon":-96.5572,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Calhoun","Jackson"],"extent":"site","pwsid":null},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Industrial wastewater outfalls release plastic pellets, flakes and powder into bay and creek waters.","secondary_drivers":["Permit renewal standards","Consent decree compliance"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The plant's wastewater sampling mechanism detected plastics on 590 days from March 2021 to March 12, 2024, with over 952 violations (ref 1).","service":"No drinking water service impact is cited; harm is to bay and creek uses (ref 1).","scale":"Lavaca Bay, Cox Creek and Cox Lake receiving waters, including oyster waters segments (ref 1).","duration":"Discharges documented since the 2019 ruling and continuing per the May 2026 comments (ref 1).","significance":"TCEQ findings agreed order Docket 2019-0623-IWD-E assessed $274,500 (ref 2); a contested case hearing on the permit renewal is requested (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Environmental and fishing-community harm; no population figure."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"As of March 12, 2024, the WSM has detected plastics in Formosa Plastics' discharge on 590 days."},"measures":[{"name":"Court-ordered mitigation payments since consent decree","value":40.5,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Per SABEW comments (ref 1)."},{"name":"TCEQ penalty, Docket 2019-0623-IWD-E","value":274500,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"$137,250 paid to General Revenue; balance to a SEP (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Detections continued after ultrafiltration was added in May 2022 (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"TCEQ","role":"TPDES permitting and enforcement"},{"name":"U.S. District Court, Southern District of Texas","role":"Oversees 2019 consent decree"},{"name":"Formosa Plastics Corporation, Texas","role":"Permittee"}],"public_contact":"TCEQ Office of the Chief Clerk (public comment on permit WQ0002436000)","corrective_actions":["Formosa added ultrafiltration to remove plastics from discharges as of May 2022 (ref 1).","SABEW and Environment Texas requested a public meeting and contested case hearing on May 18, 2026 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Comments and Request for Contested Case Hearing, Formosa TPDES Permit No. WQ0002436000","publisher":"San Antonio Bay Estuarine Waterkeeper and Environment Texas","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://publicinterestnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/2026.05.18-00-SABEW-Formosa-Comments-1.pdf","basis":"Regulatory filing"},{"ref":2,"title":"Executive Summary, Enforcement Matter Case No. 57642, Docket No. 2019-0623-IWD-E","publisher":"TCEQ","date":"2025-08-08","url":"https://www.tceq.texas.gov/downloads/agency/decisions/agendas/backup/2019/2019-0623-iwd-e.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["TCEQ decision on hearing request"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-SPACEX-STARBASE-DELUGE-DISCHARGE-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"SpaceX Starbase deluge system discharged industrial wastewater without permit","description":"TCEQ found SpaceX discharged industrial wastewater from its Starbase launch-pad deluge system near Boca Chica without a permit on four occasions between March and July 2024, after EPA Region 6 notified the company of Clean Water Act violations on March 13, 2024. SpaceX agreed to a state enforcement order with a $3,750 penalty and disputes a mercury figure in its permit application.","location":{"name":"SpaceX Starbase launch site, Boca Chica","type":"Aerospace launch facility","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Boca Chica, Cameron County, east of Brownsville; wetlands adjacent to the launch pad","coordinates":{"lat":25.997,"lon":-97.157,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Cameron"],"extent":"site","pwsid":null},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Deluge water used during launches reached wetlands without a discharge permit.","secondary_drivers":["Permitting gap for new industrial operations"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"SpaceX's July 2024 application listed mercury at 113 micrograms per liter at Outfall 001, which the company called a typo (ref 1); no confirmed damage is cited.","service":"No public water supply is affected by the deluge discharges (ref 1).","scale":"One launch site and its adjacent wetlands (ref 2).","duration":"TCEQ counted four unpermitted discharges between March and July 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"SpaceX agreed to a TCEQ enforcement order with a $3,750 penalty after an EPA Clean Water Act violation notice (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Environmental discharge; no population figure."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TCEQ found four unpermitted industrial wastewater discharges between March and July 2024."},"measures":[{"name":"TCEQ penalty","value":3750,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Pending commissioners' review at time of report (ref 2)."},{"name":"Complaints to TCEQ Harlingen office","value":14,"unit":"complaints","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"TCEQ","role":"TPDES permitting and enforcement"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 6","role":"Clean Water Act enforcement"},{"name":"Space Exploration Technologies Corp.","role":"Operator"}],"public_contact":"TCEQ Harlingen Regional Office","corrective_actions":["SpaceX applied for a discharge permit on July 1, 2024 (ref 1).","SpaceX agreed to the TCEQ enforcement order (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SpaceX repeatedly polluted waters in Texas this year, regulators found","publisher":"CNBC via NBC 7 San Diego","date":"2024-08-12","url":"https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/business/money-report/spacex-repeatedly-polluted-waters-in-texas-this-year-regulators-found/3595739/?amp=1","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"SpaceX fined $3,750 for breaking clean water laws in South Texas","publisher":"AviationPros","date":"2024-09-03","url":"https://www.aviationpros.com/aircraft/news/55137109/spacex-fined-3750-for-breaking-clean-water-laws-in-south-texas","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Final TCEQ order date","Permit decision"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-TESLA-ROBSTOWN-LITHIUM-REFINERY-DISCHARGE-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Drainage district disputes Tesla lithium refinery wastewater in Robstown ditch","description":"Within its first month of operation in early 2026, Nueces County Drainage District No. 2 found a pipe releasing black liquid from Tesla's Robstown lithium refinery into a district ditch that TCEQ had permitted for refinery wastewater. TCEQ found no permit violation, but district-commissioned testing reported lithium and other contaminants; the district sent Tesla a cease-and-desist request on April 15, 2026.","location":{"name":"Tesla lithium refinery, Robstown","type":"Industrial facility discharging to drainage ditch","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Near Robstown, Nueces County; TPDES Permit WQ0005430000 to an unnamed ditch, then Petronila Creek","coordinates":{"lat":27.712064,"lon":-97.72713,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Nueces"],"extent":"site","pwsid":null},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A new refinery's permitted wastewater discharge into a local ditch is disputed over its contents.","secondary_drivers":["Permitting without local drainage district notice"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"District-commissioned testing found lithium, another toxic metal and other contaminants in ditch water, which Tesla and TCEQ dispute (ref 1).","service":"No drinking water impact is reported for the ditch discharge (ref 1).","scale":"One refinery outfall and one drainage district ditch (ref 1).","duration":"From the February 2026 discovery through the April 2026 testing and cease-and-desist (ref 1).","significance":"The drainage district issued a formal cease-and-desist request on April 15, 2026; TCEQ found no violation (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The drainage district issued a cease-and-desist request to Tesla on April 15, 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"Permitted daily average discharge","value":256500,"unit":"gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Per TCEQ notice for Permit WQ0005430000 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"TCEQ","role":"TPDES permitting"},{"name":"Nueces County Drainage District No. 2","role":"Ditch owner"},{"name":"Tesla, Inc.","role":"Permittee"}],"public_contact":"TCEQ Corpus Christi Regional Office","corrective_actions":["Tesla agreed to meet with the drainage district to chart a path forward (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"A Drainage Ditch and Tesla's Lithium Refinery Reveal Texas' Permissive Permitting for Industrial Wastewaters","publisher":"Inside Climate News","date":"2026-05-20","url":"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/20052026/impact-texas-tesla-lithium-refinery-waste/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Administrative packet with Notice of Receipt of Application and Intent to Obtain Water Quality Permit, Tesla Inc., WQ0005430000","publisher":"TCEQ","date":"2023-05-16","url":"https://www.tceq.texas.gov/downloads/permitting/wastewater/title-iv/tpdes/teslainc-lynxprocessingfacility-wq0005430000-adminpacket.pdf/@@download/file/teslainc-lynxprocessingfacility-wq0005430000-adminpacket.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Contaminant concentrations","Outcome of district-Tesla talks"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-PERMIAN-PRODUCED-WATER-RIVER-DISCHARGE-PERMITS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Pending permits would discharge treated oilfield produced water into Pecos River basin","description":"Since 2024 TCEQ has accepted applications to discharge treated oilfield produced water into rivers, including Texas Pacific Water Resources (up to 840,000 gallons per day to a Salt Creek tributary) and NGL Water Solutions (up to 16.9 million gallons per day near Red Bluff Reservoir). As of August 2026 TCEQ had issued no Permian discharge permits and had not published standards for hazardous compounds in produced water, while state officials pressed for faster approvals.","location":{"name":"Pecos River watershed, Permian Basin","type":"River basin","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Salt Creek and Pecos River near Red Bluff Reservoir, Reeves and Culberson counties area","coordinates":{"lat":31.42,"lon":-103.49,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":2},"counties":["Reeves","Culberson"],"extent":"watershed","pwsid":null},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Proposed surface discharges of treated produced water could change salinity and pollutant loads in an already saline river.","secondary_drivers":["Disposal-well capacity limits","Regulatory standards gap"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Potential only: researchers cite radium, BTEX and PFAS in produced water and Salt Creek hosts the threatened Pecos pupfish (ref 2).","service":"No water service disruption; permits not yet issued (ref 1).","scale":"The Permian generates nearly 1 billion gallons of produced water daily, and applications target the Pecos basin (ref 1).","duration":"Applications pending since 2024 with no permits as of August 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Formal permit applications before TCEQ and a 2025 law moving land-application authority to TCEQ (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TCEQ began accepting discharge applications in 2024 but has not issued any permits."},"measures":[{"name":"Largest requested discharge (NGL Water Solutions Permian)","value":16.9,"unit":"million gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Near Red Bluff Reservoir, Reeves County (ref 2)."},{"name":"Permian produced water generation","value":1,"unit":"billion gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Nearly 1 billion (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"TCEQ","role":"Produced water discharge permitting (EPA-delegated since 2021)"},{"name":"Railroad Commission of Texas","role":"Oil and gas regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 6","role":"Federal oversight of delegated program"}],"public_contact":"TCEQ Water Quality Division, Austin","corrective_actions":["TCEQ released a proposed land-application rule in 2026 that drew nearly 450 comments (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Pressure mounts to allow treated oilfield waste in Texas rivers and on rangeland","publisher":"The Texas Tribune (Inside Climate News)","date":"2026-08-21","url":"https://www.texastribune.org/2026/08/21/texas-oil-gas-wastewater-produced-water-disposal/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Companies aim to release more treated oilfield wastewater into rivers and streams","publisher":"The Texas Tribune (Inside Climate News)","date":"2024-04-29","url":"https://www.texastribune.org/2024/04/29/texas-treated-produced-water-disposal-discharge-rivers/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Current status of NGL application"],"related_ids":["US-TX-PERMIAN-PRODUCED-WATER-DISPOSAL-RISK-2025"]},{"id":"US-TX-CRANE-COUNTY-UNCONTROLLED-BRINE-FLOW-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Uncontrolled saltwater flow from unmapped well floods Crane County ranch land","description":"An unmapped well in southwest Crane County flowed highly saturated salt water from Dec. 7, 2023 until Jan. 21, 2024, at times over 13,000 gallons an hour, pooling on ranch land. The Railroad Commission spent about $2.5 million to plug it and says freshwater zones are protected, while the cause is under study with UT Austin researchers.","location":{"name":"Southwest Crane County well site","type":"Oilfield area well (unmapped)","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Ranch land in southwest Crane County, Permian Basin, over the Salado salt formation","coordinates":{"lat":31.4,"lon":-102.35,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Crane"],"extent":"site","pwsid":null},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A failed or abandoned wellbore released pressurized brine at the surface, a well-integrity and water-quality issue.","secondary_drivers":["Subsurface pressure from saltwater disposal (disputed)","Abandoned wells"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Brine pooled on ranch land and 20 pits were dug to contain it; RRC reported no contamination of freshwater zones (ref 2).","service":"No public water supply interruption is reported (refs 1, 2).","scale":"A single well site on ranch land (ref 2).","duration":"Flow ran from Dec. 7, 2023 until it stopped on Jan. 21, 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"State-funded emergency plugging cost about $2.5 million per the RRC oil and gas director (ref 2)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"At certain points the leak released more than 13,000 gallons of highly saturated salt water per hour."},"measures":[{"name":"Plugging cost","value":2.5,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Well cased and cemented in January 2024 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Railroad Commission of Texas","role":"Oil and gas well plugging and enforcement"},{"name":"UT Austin Bureau of Economic Geology","role":"Investigating cause"}],"public_contact":"Railroad Commission of Texas Midland District Office","corrective_actions":["RRC cased and cemented the well; flow stopped Jan. 21, 2024 (ref 1).","RRC is studying the source with UT Austin researchers (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"RRC successfully plugs uncontrolled water flow in Crane County","publisher":"Railroad Commission of Texas","date":"2024-01-31","url":"https://rrc.texas.gov/news/013124-rrc-successfully-plugs-uncontrolled-water-flow-in-crane-county","basis":"Agency record"},{"ref":2,"title":"State spends millions to plug massive well leak in the oil fields of Crane County","publisher":"Marfa Public Radio","date":"2024-02-05","url":"https://www.marfapublicradio.org/environment/2024-02-05/state-spends-millions-to-plug-massive-well-leak-in-the-oil-fields-of-crane-county","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Source of subsurface pressure"],"related_ids":["US-TX-PERMIAN-PRODUCED-WATER-DISPOSAL-RISK-2025"]},{"id":"US-TX-DATA-CENTER-WATER-DEMAND-PLANNING-GAP-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Texas water plan omits data center demand as AI campuses like Abilene Stargate grow","description":"The 2027 State Water Plan adopted July 23, 2026 does not project data center water demand, citing limited data; 83% of 341 surveyed data centers did not respond to TWDB's survey, and the board denied a petition to add projections. HARC estimated data centers used about 25 billion gallons (0.4% of state use) in 2025, and Abilene's Stargate campus required 8 million gallons of city water for its initial cooling fill.","location":{"name":"Texas statewide (data center water use)","type":"State water planning program","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Statewide; example site Stargate campus, Abilene, Taylor County","coordinates":{"lat":32.4487,"lon":-99.7331,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Taylor"],"extent":"statewide","pwsid":null},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Planning data gaps leave fast-growing industrial water demand outside the state's supply projections.","secondary_drivers":["AI and hyperscale data center growth","Low survey compliance"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No documented harm yet; HARC puts 2025 data center use at about 0.4% of state water use (ref 2).","service":"No supply restriction tied to data centers is reported (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Statewide planning gap; UT-Austin researchers project data centers could reach 3-9% of Texas water use by 2040 (ref 1).","duration":"Experts expect data centers will not appear in state planning documents until the 2032 plan (ref 2).","significance":"TWDB formally denied a petition for standalone data center projections when adopting the plan (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Of 341 data centers sent TWDB water use surveys last year, 83% did not respond."},"measures":[{"name":"Estimated data center water use, 2025","value":25,"unit":"billion gallons","status":"Reported","note":"HARC estimate, about 0.4% of state use (ref 2)."},{"name":"Stargate Abilene initial cooling fill","value":8,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Abilene city water; city averages 22 million gallons per day (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"HARC projects up to 2.7% of state use by 2030 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Texas Water Development Board","role":"State water planning and water use survey"},{"name":"Regional water planning groups","role":"Regional demand projections"}],"public_contact":"TWDB Water Use, Projections and Planning Division, Austin","corrective_actions":["TWDB is expanding data collection for the 2032 plan and moving data centers into a separate water-user category (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Texas includes minimal data center info in state water plan, citing limited data","publisher":"Community Impact","date":"2026-07-24","url":"https://communityimpact.com/central-austin/texas-legislature/texas-includes-minimal-data-center-info-in-state-water-plan-citing-limited-data/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Data centers are thirsty for Texas water, but state planners don't know how much they will need","publisher":"The Texas Tribune","date":"2025-09-25","url":"https://www.texastribune.org/2025/09/25/texas-data-center-water-use/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Ongoing Stargate water use"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-WATER-FUND-PROP-4-FUNDING-GAP-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Prop 4 dedicates $1 billion a year to water, against a $174 billion state plan","description":"Texas voters approved Proposition 4 in November 2025, dedicating $1 billion a year in sales tax revenue to the Texas Water Fund for 20 years, but the money does not begin flowing until fiscal 2028 and cannot be appropriated before the 2029 session. The draft 2027 State Water Plan prices needed projects at about $174 billion through 2080, with a potential shortage of 3.6 million acre-feet per year by 2030.","location":{"name":"Texas Water Fund (statewide)","type":"State water infrastructure funding program","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Statewide; administered by the Texas Water Development Board","coordinates":{"lat":31,"lon":-99,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide","pwsid":null},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is the size and timing of state funding relative to planned water infrastructure costs.","secondary_drivers":["Construction inflation","Population growth"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No direct harm; the gap is financial, with SWIFT commitments of $12.4 billion covering about 7% of plan costs (ref 2).","service":"No service disruption is attributed to the funding gap in the cited sources (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Statewide: population projected to grow from 34.2 million in 2030 to 52.3 million in 2080 (ref 2).","duration":"Dedicated revenue runs 20 years starting Sept. 1, 2027, with projects applying in late 2029 (ref 1).","significance":"A constitutional amendment approved with 70.42% of the vote (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide program."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About $174 billion in water infrastructure investment through 2080, more than double the previous plan's cost."},"measures":[{"name":"Prop 4 dedicated revenue","value":1,"unit":"billion USD per year","status":"Reported","note":"For 20 years starting fiscal 2028 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Potential shortage, 2030","value":3.6,"unit":"million acre-feet per year","status":"Reported","note":"Rising to 5.8 million by 2080 (ref 2)."},{"name":"One-time appropriation, HB 500","value":2.5,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"Over $2.5 billion (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Plan cost more than doubled from prior plan"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Plan cost rose by about $93 billion from the prior plan (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Texas Water Development Board","role":"Administers the Texas Water Fund and state water plan"},{"name":"Texas Legislature","role":"Appropriates fund revenue"}],"public_contact":"Texas Water Development Board, Austin","corrective_actions":["SB 7 requires at least 50% of Texas Water Fund revenue to go to new water supply (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Proposition 4 passed. Now what?","publisher":"Texas 2036","date":"2025-11-13","url":"https://texas2036.org/posts/proposition-4-passed-now-what/","basis":"Policy analysis"},{"ref":2,"title":"Texas Water Plan Shows $174B Price Tag and Growing Supply Gap","publisher":"Texas Policy Research","date":"2026-04-23","url":"https://www.texaspolicyresearch.com/texas-water-plan-shows-174b-price-tag-and-growing-supply-gap/","basis":"Policy analysis"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Decade-by-decade cost breakdown in final plan"],"related_ids":["US-TX-STATEWIDE-FLOOD-RISK-CAPITAL-GAP-2024","US-TX-EDAP-DISTRESSED-WATER-WASTEWATER-2025"]},{"id":"US-TX-TEXAS-WATER-UTILITIES-RATE-INCREASE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Texas Water Utilities customers protest base fees and proposed $34 improvement charge","description":"Texas Water Utilities, a private utility serving neighborhoods across Texas, won PUC approval of higher rates in September 2025 and sought a further system improvement fee of nearly $34 a month to recover $81.8 million in upgrades. More than 750 customers in about 50 cities filed protests; some New Caney customers pay $138.58 a month in base water and sewer fees alone, and Magnolia-area residents report $200 to $300 monthly water bills.","location":{"name":"Texas Water Utilities service areas","type":"Investor-owned water and sewer utility (multi-system)","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Systems in about 50 cities statewide, including New Caney and Magnolia areas of Montgomery County","coordinates":{"lat":30.1521,"lon":-95.2072,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Montgomery"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":null},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Customer bills reflect rate-base recovery of acquisition-era capital investment by a private utility.","secondary_drivers":["Private utility acquisitions","Purchased water costs"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Affordability strain: New Caney base fees total $138.58 a month before usage charges (ref 1).","service":"No outages are reported; complaints concern bills and water quality perceptions (ref 2).","scale":"Protests came from customers in about 50 cities; a 10% protest threshold equals about 6,100 customers (ref 1).","duration":"Rates rose after approval in September 2025, and the improvement fee request remained under review in November 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"More than 750 customers filed a formal ratepayer protest and request to intervene at the PUC (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"About 61,000 customers implied by the 6,100 (10%) protest threshold in ref 1; not directly reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The utility applied to add nearly $34 in monthly system improvement fees to recoup $81.8 million invested over two years."},"measures":[{"name":"Base water plus sewer fee (some customers)","value":138.58,"unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Customers filing protest","value":750,"unit":"customers","status":"Reported","note":"More than 750 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Capital recovery surcharges layered on base rate increases"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Base fees rose from $116 combined in October 2024 to $138.58 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Public Utility Commission of Texas","role":"Economic regulator for investor-owned water utilities"},{"name":"Texas Water Utilities","role":"Utility owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"PUC Customer Protection Division, Austin","corrective_actions":["PUC granted several customers intervenor status in the rate case (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"'Do better': First-time homebuyer outraged by $138 utility base fees","publisher":"ABC13 Houston","date":"2025-11-19","url":"https://abc13.com/amp/post/do-better-first-time-homebuyer-outraged-138-utility-base-fees/18176023/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Magnolia residents raise concerns about exorbitant water bills, quality","publisher":"FOX 26 Houston","date":"2025-03-10","url":"https://www.fox26houston.com/news/magnolia-water-bills-quality","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":4,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["PUC docket number","PWSIDs of affected systems","Decision on system improvement fee"],"related_ids":["US-TX-AQUA-TEXAS-RATE-CASE-2025"]},{"id":"US-TX-UNDINE-SMITH-COUNTY-BILLING-COMPLAINTS-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lawmakers seek PUC probe of Undine water bills up 300% in Lindale and Hideaway","description":"State Sen. Bryan Hughes and Rep. Cole Hefner asked the PUC on Nov. 18, 2024 to investigate investor-owned Undine after Hideaway and Lindale-area customers reported unexplained usage jumps, some bills near or above $1,000, and disconnection threats. Undine said its base rate rose from $20 to $50.93 after it bought the utility and suggested customer leaks; residents who had inspections found none.","location":{"name":"Undine water systems, Lindale and Hideaway area","type":"Investor-owned water utility service area","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Hideaway and Lindale area, Smith County, East Texas","coordinates":{"lat":32.5157,"lon":-95.4094,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Smith"],"extent":"county","pwsid":null},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Disputed metering and post-acquisition rate increases drove bill spikes.","secondary_drivers":["Private utility acquisition","Meter reading accuracy"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Some customers' metered usage rose from 20,000 to 65,000 gallons a month, with bills approaching or exceeding $1,000 (ref 1).","service":"Customers reported threats of disconnection if disputed bills were not paid (ref 1).","scale":"Customers across the Hideaway and Lindale communities in Smith County (ref 1).","duration":"Complaints accumulated through fall 2024 before the Nov. 18 letter (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Two state legislators formally requested a PUC investigation (ref 1); no PUC finding is reported (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Customer count not stated in sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Customers reported charges for 300 percent increases, with some monthly bills approaching or exceeding $1,000."},"measures":[{"name":"Base rate after acquisition","value":50.93,"unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","note":"Up from $20 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Post-acquisition base rate increase of about 155%"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Public Utility Commission of Texas","role":"Economic regulator"},{"name":"Undine Texas, LLC","role":"Utility owner"}],"public_contact":"PUC Customer Protection Division, Austin","corrective_actions":["Undine said it was conducting its own investigation and would report findings to the PUC (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Texas lawmakers request Public Utility Commission investigation into Undine","publisher":"KETR","date":"2024-11-19","url":"https://www.ketr.org/news/2024-11-19/texas-lawmakers-request-public-utility-commission-investigation-into-undine","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Legislators call for investigation into water company after East Texas customers face 300% rate hike","publisher":"KETK","date":"2024-11-19","url":"https://digital-release.ketk.com/news/politics/legislators-call-for-investigation-into-water-company-after-east-texas-customers-face-300-rate-hike/amp/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["PWSID of affected system(s)","Population served","PUC response"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-HOUSTON-WATER-BILLING-SHUTOFFS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Houston billing errors from failed meter sensors precede push to cut off 15,000 accounts","description":"Houston Public Works placed about 75,000 customers on estimated 'set usage' billing in 2024 while replacing more than 100,000 failed remote-read devices, after reports of bills up to nearly $6,000; about 271,000 residential meters still needed updates in December 2024. In September 2026 the city began disconnection notices for about 15,000 delinquent accounts owing about $30 million, limited to accounts with Sensus remote-read devices.","location":{"name":"City of Houston water service area","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Houston, Harris County","coordinates":{"lat":29.7604,"lon":-95.3698,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Harris"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TX1010013"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Failed metering hardware produced inaccurate bills that now feed a delinquency and shutoff campaign.","secondary_drivers":["Remote-read sensor failures","Billing system management"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"KPRC documented bills rising from $215 to $5,889 and a 52,000-gallon bill for a 4,000-gallon household with no leaks (ref 1).","service":"Disconnection notices began going to the first group of about 15,000 delinquent accounts in September 2026 (ref 2).","scale":"The City of Houston system serves 2,970,543 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Billing problems recognized by fall 2023, set-usage billing since April 2024, and shutoffs deferred about two years (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Mayor Whitmire's Water Bill Improvement Plan is a formal city remediation commitment (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":2970543,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by PWS TX1010013 per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 15,000 Houston water customers owing a combined $30 million are targeted in the renewed collection effort."},"measures":[{"name":"Remote-read devices replaced since April 2024","value":100000,"unit":"devices","status":"Reported","note":"More than 100,000 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Residential meters still needing updates","value":271000,"unit":"meters","status":"Reported","note":"As of December 2024 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Delinquent balance targeted","value":30,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["$30 million in delinquent receivables"]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Meters replaced, but collections now resume on disputed balances."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Houston Public Works","role":"Utility operator and billing"},{"name":"City of Houston","role":"Owner"}],"public_contact":"Houston 311","corrective_actions":["City replaced more than 100,000 failed remote-read devices (ref 1).","No disconnection during an active billing dispute, appeal or payment plan (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"KPRC 2 Investigates: Surprise spike in water bills, cases increase","publisher":"KPRC 2 Houston","date":"2024-12-09","url":"https://www.click2houston.com/news/investigates/2024/12/09/kprc-2-investigates-surprise-spike-in-water-bills-cases-increase/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Houston water shutoffs: What customers need to know as city targets 15,000 delinquent accounts","publisher":"FOX 26 Houston","date":"2026-09-07","url":"https://www.fox26houston.com/news/houston-water-shutoffs-what-customers-need-know-city-targets-15000-delinquent-accounts","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record, City of Houston (TX1010013)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TX/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CITY%20OF%20HOUSTON/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Number of disconnections executed","City audit of billing errors"],"related_ids":["US-TX-HOUSTON-WATER-MAIN-BREAKS-2024"]},{"id":"US-TX-JONES-ACRES-TEMP-MANAGER-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"TCEQ appoints temporary manager for abandoned T L Water Jones Acres system in Newark","description":"TCEQ issued an emergency order effective July 19, 2024 appointing Aqua Texas as temporary manager of the T L Water Jones Acres system in Newark after finding its owners and operator abandoned operations. The roughly 40-connection system had drawn ten complaints since 2018 over low pressure, outages and discolored, foul-smelling water, and its operator ignored a 2020 TCEQ default order and a 2023 district court judgment.","location":{"name":"T L Water Jones Acres, Newark","type":"Privately owned retail public water utility","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Newark, Wise County","coordinates":{"lat":33.0012,"lon":-97.4842,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Wise"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TX2490018"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Owner abandonment left failing facilities without a licensed operator.","secondary_drivers":["Small system abandonment","Non-response to enforcement"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"TCEQ alleges failure to provide appropriate treatment, creating potential health hazards (ref 1).","service":"The order cites extended outages and repeated service interruptions, with no other water source available (ref 1).","scale":"About 40 connections; SDWIS lists 120 people served (ref 2).","duration":"Ten complaints from the 2018 investigation through 2024, plus a 2020 default order finding 32 violations (ref 1).","significance":"TCEQ emergency order appointing a temporary manager, after a 2023 Travis County default judgment and permanent injunction (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":120,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Aqua Texas shall serve as temporary manager until July 14, 2025, or until a receiver has been appointed."},"measures":[{"name":"Service connections","value":40,"unit":"connections","status":"Reported","note":"Approximately (ref 1)."},{"name":"Temporary manager compensation","value":15,"unit":"USD per connection per month","status":"Reported","note":"From utility revenues (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Severe","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Operations abandoned by owners and operator","No billing evidence","Receivership contemplated"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Status after July 2025 not verified."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"TCEQ","role":"Primacy regulator; issued emergency order"},{"name":"Aqua Texas, Inc.","role":"Temporary manager"},{"name":"Office of the Attorney General of Texas","role":"Enforcement litigation"}],"public_contact":"TCEQ DFW Regional Office, Public Water System Team","corrective_actions":["Aqua Texas appointed temporary manager effective July 19, 2024 (ref 1).","Inventory of utility property due Sept. 17, 2024 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Order Modifying Emergency Order Appointing a Temporary Manager of a Water Utility, Docket No. 2024-0877-UCR-E","publisher":"TCEQ","date":"2024-07-19","url":"https://www.tceq.texas.gov/downloads/agency/decisions/agendas/backup/2024/2024-0877-ucr-e.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record, T L Water Jones Acres (TX2490018)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TX/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/JONES%20ACRES/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (Texas pilot)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Receivership status after July 2025"],"related_ids":["US-TX-SRC-WATER-TEMP-MANAGER-2025"]},{"id":"US-MI-FLINT-LEAD-INFRASTRUCTURE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Flint residual lead-service-line and water-system corrective work","description":"Flint remained below lead action levels for a ninth consecutive year, with a September 2025 90th-percentile result of 3 ppb. Nearly 11,000 settlement-identified lead lines were replaced by July 2025, but roughly 2% of Tier 1 and Tier 2 residential lines remained outside the settlement or were newly identified.","location":{"name":"City of Flint water system","type":"Municipal drinking-water system","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Flint, Genesee County, Michigan","counties":["Genesee"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead exposure risk and unfinished physical service-line work remain materially linked.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Flint remained below lead action levels for a ninth consecutive year, with a September 2025 90th-percentile result of 3 ppb. Nearly 11,000 settlement-identified lead lines were replaced by July 2025, but roughly 2% of Tier 1 and Tier 2 residential lines remained outside the settlement or were newly identified.","service":"Flint remained below lead action levels for a ninth consecutive year, with a September 2025 90th-percentile result of 3 ppb. Nearly 11,000 settlement-identified lead lines were replaced by July 2025, but roughly 2% of Tier 1 and Tier 2 residential lines remained outside the settlement or were newly identified.","scale":"Flint remained below lead action levels for a ninth consecutive year, with a September 2025 90th-percentile result of 3 ppb. Nearly 11,000 settlement-identified lead lines were replaced by July 2025, but roughly 2% of Tier 1 and Tier 2 residential lines remained outside the settlement or were newly identified.","duration":"Flint remained below lead action levels for a ninth consecutive year, with a September 2025 90th-percentile result of 3 ppb. Nearly 11,000 settlement-identified lead lines were replaced by July 2025, but roughly 2% of Tier 1 and Tier 2 residential lines remained outside the settlement or were newly identified.","significance":"Flint remained below lead action levels for a ninth consecutive year, with a September 2025 90th-percentile result of 3 ppb. Nearly 11,000 settlement-identified lead lines were replaced by July 2025, but roughly 2% of Tier 1 and Tier 2 residential lines remained outside the settlement or were newly identified."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported by the cited source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 3 ppb 90th-percentile lead; nearly 11,000 lead lines replaced; roughly 2% of Tier 1/2 lines remained."},"measures":[{"name":"90th percentile lead","value":3,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported"},{"name":"state spending","value":97000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported"},{"name":"restoration and final work","value":4754400,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Long-running corrective obligations and residual service-line work","No confirmed insolvency"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Comparable multi-period evidence is limited.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: lead compliance should remain stable if final line work and corrosion control continue.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, project completion or funding changes."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Flint; Michigan EGLE; State of Michigan","role":"Responsible bodies identified in cited records"}],"public_contact":"Michigan EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Complete remaining eligible line work and verifications","Continue lead monitoring and corrosion control"],"sources":[{"ref":"MI-FL-1","title":"Flint water system marks ninth year of compliance","publisher":"Michigan EGLE","date":"2025-09-10","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/flintwater/news/2025/09/10/flint-water-system-marks-ninth-year-of-compliance","basis":"Official record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New verified Michigan baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2025-09-10","latest_seen":"2025-09-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected population","Comparable household burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":97000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"state spending","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-09-10","scope":{"project":"Flint lead service-line replacement"},"basis":{"definition":"State-reported spending"},"source_refs":["MI-FL-1"],"funding_stage":"spent"},{"metric":"project_estimate","value":4754400,"currency":"USD","unit":"restoration and final work","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-09-10","scope":{"project":"Final restoration and verification"},"basis":{"definition":"State-reported final-work support"},"source_refs":["MI-FL-1"],"funding_stage":"approved"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-MI-MOBILE-HOME-WATER-TEST-FALSIFICATION-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Falsified water testing at six mobile-home communities","description":"Michigan prosecutors documented falsified drinking-water and discharge testing and failure to report maximum-contaminant-level exceedances from 2020 through 2023 at six mobile-home communities. The company and its president were sentenced in 2026.","location":{"name":"Six Michigan mobile-home communities","type":"Multi-system drinking-water and wastewater operator cohort","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Hickory Hills, Green Brook Estates, North Bay, Fenton Harbor, Vicinia Gardens and Western Pines, Michigan","counties":[],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Testing and reporting governance failure concealed water-quality exceedances across multiple systems.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Michigan prosecutors documented falsified drinking-water and discharge testing and failure to report maximum-contaminant-level exceedances from 2020 through 2023 at six mobile-home communities. The company and its president were sentenced in 2026.","service":"Michigan prosecutors documented falsified drinking-water and discharge testing and failure to report maximum-contaminant-level exceedances from 2020 through 2023 at six mobile-home communities. The company and its president were sentenced in 2026.","scale":"Michigan prosecutors documented falsified drinking-water and discharge testing and failure to report maximum-contaminant-level exceedances from 2020 through 2023 at six mobile-home communities. The company and its president were sentenced in 2026.","duration":"Michigan prosecutors documented falsified drinking-water and discharge testing and failure to report maximum-contaminant-level exceedances from 2020 through 2023 at six mobile-home communities. The company and its president were sentenced in 2026.","significance":"Michigan prosecutors documented falsified drinking-water and discharge testing and failure to report maximum-contaminant-level exceedances from 2020 through 2023 at six mobile-home communities. The company and its president were sentenced in 2026."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported by the cited source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: six communities affected; company fine of $50,000."},"measures":[{"name":"affected communities","value":6,"unit":"communities","status":"Reported"},{"name":"company fine","value":50000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Deliberate monitoring and reporting failure","Multi-system operator governance risk"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable multi-period evidence is limited.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient history for a defensible quantitative projection.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, project completion or funding changes."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Michigan Attorney General; Michigan EGLE; Livingston County Circuit Court; affected owners","role":"Responsible bodies identified in cited records"}],"public_contact":"Michigan EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Criminal sentencing and fine","Restore compliant sampling and reporting oversight"],"sources":[{"ref":"MI-MH-1","title":"Private mobile home water services provider, president sentenced for falsifying water safety","publisher":"Michigan Attorney General","date":"2026-07-10","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/ag/news/press-releases/2026/07/10/private-mobile-home-water-services-provider-president-sentenced-for-falsifying-water-safety","basis":"Official record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified Michigan baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2026-07-10","latest_seen":"2026-07-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected population","Comparable household burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[{"metric":"penalty","value":50000,"currency":"USD","unit":"criminal fine","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-07-10","scope":{"utility":"Douglas Environmental"},"basis":{"definition":"Court-imposed company fine"},"source_refs":["MI-MH-1"]}],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-MI-OAKLAND-GLWA-MAIN-RUPTURE-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"GLWA 42-inch transmission-main rupture affecting six communities","description":"A 42-inch Great Lakes Water Authority transmission main ruptured in May 2026, causing pressure loss and possible service loss in six Oakland County communities and prompting boil-water advisories. Emergency repairs stabilized service and the state later approved reimbursement.","location":{"name":"GLWA Oakland County transmission system","type":"Regional drinking-water transmission main","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Auburn Hills, Pontiac, Rochester Hills, Orion Township, Lake Orion and Oakland Township, Oakland County, Michigan","counties":["Oakland"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A major transmission-main rupture directly caused pressure and supply loss with secondary boil-water risk.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"A 42-inch Great Lakes Water Authority transmission main ruptured in May 2026, causing pressure loss and possible service loss in six Oakland County communities and prompting boil-water advisories. Emergency repairs stabilized service and the state later approved reimbursement.","service":"A 42-inch Great Lakes Water Authority transmission main ruptured in May 2026, causing pressure loss and possible service loss in six Oakland County communities and prompting boil-water advisories. Emergency repairs stabilized service and the state later approved reimbursement.","scale":"A 42-inch Great Lakes Water Authority transmission main ruptured in May 2026, causing pressure loss and possible service loss in six Oakland County communities and prompting boil-water advisories. Emergency repairs stabilized service and the state later approved reimbursement.","duration":"A 42-inch Great Lakes Water Authority transmission main ruptured in May 2026, causing pressure loss and possible service loss in six Oakland County communities and prompting boil-water advisories. Emergency repairs stabilized service and the state later approved reimbursement.","significance":"A 42-inch Great Lakes Water Authority transmission main ruptured in May 2026, causing pressure loss and possible service loss in six Oakland County communities and prompting boil-water advisories. Emergency repairs stabilized service and the state later approved reimbursement."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported by the cited source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: one 42-inch main rupture affected six communities; $223,986 state reimbursement."},"measures":[{"name":"affected communities","value":6,"unit":"communities","status":"Reported"},{"name":"state reimbursement","value":223986,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Regional transmission dependency and major-main failure exposure"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Comparable multi-period evidence is limited.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: repaired service should remain stable, subject to post-failure inspection and renewal.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, project completion or funding changes."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Great Lakes Water Authority; Oakland County; affected municipalities; State of Michigan","role":"Responsible bodies identified in cited records"}],"public_contact":"Michigan EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Emergency repair and pressure restoration","Boil-water advisories and sampling","State reimbursement"],"sources":[{"ref":"MI-GLWA-1","title":"Governor issues state of emergency declaration","publisher":"Office of the Michigan Governor","date":"2026-05-10","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/whitmer/news/press-releases/2026/05/10/gov-whitmer-issues-state-of-emergency-declaration","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":"MI-GLWA-2","title":"Oakland County water-main rupture update","publisher":"Oakland County","date":"2026-05-13","url":"https://www.oakgov.com/Home/Components/News/News/2381/1565?npage=3","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":"MI-GLWA-3","title":"Public assistance funding for disasters","publisher":"Office of the Michigan Governor","date":"2026-09-17","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/whitmer/news/press-releases/2026/09/17/whitmer-approves-7-million-in-public-assistance-funding-to-help-communities-recover-from-disasters","basis":"Official record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":8,"note":"New verified Michigan baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2026-05-10","latest_seen":"2026-09-17","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected population","Comparable household burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":223986,"currency":"USD","unit":"reimbursement","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-09-17","scope":{"project":"Oakland County GLWA rupture response"},"basis":{"definition":"State public-assistance reimbursement"},"source_refs":["MI-GLWA-3"],"funding_stage":"awarded"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-MI-CHEBOYGAN-DAM-HIGH-WATER-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Cheboygan Lock and Dam overtopping and structural emergency","description":"During 2026 high water, the Cheboygan Lock and Dam came within five inches of overtopping and triggered emergency pumping, sandbagging, closures and evacuation preparation. Seventeen pumps moved about 135,000 gallons per minute before repairs and mechanical work allowed reopening.","location":{"name":"Cheboygan Lock and Dam","type":"Lock and dam","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Cheboygan, Cheboygan County, Michigan","counties":["Cheboygan"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Extreme water quantity and physical dam vulnerability jointly caused the emergency.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"During 2026 high water, the Cheboygan Lock and Dam came within five inches of overtopping and triggered emergency pumping, sandbagging, closures and evacuation preparation. Seventeen pumps moved about 135,000 gallons per minute before repairs and mechanical work allowed reopening.","service":"During 2026 high water, the Cheboygan Lock and Dam came within five inches of overtopping and triggered emergency pumping, sandbagging, closures and evacuation preparation. Seventeen pumps moved about 135,000 gallons per minute before repairs and mechanical work allowed reopening.","scale":"During 2026 high water, the Cheboygan Lock and Dam came within five inches of overtopping and triggered emergency pumping, sandbagging, closures and evacuation preparation. Seventeen pumps moved about 135,000 gallons per minute before repairs and mechanical work allowed reopening.","duration":"During 2026 high water, the Cheboygan Lock and Dam came within five inches of overtopping and triggered emergency pumping, sandbagging, closures and evacuation preparation. Seventeen pumps moved about 135,000 gallons per minute before repairs and mechanical work allowed reopening.","significance":"During 2026 high water, the Cheboygan Lock and Dam came within five inches of overtopping and triggered emergency pumping, sandbagging, closures and evacuation preparation. Seventeen pumps moved about 135,000 gallons per minute before repairs and mechanical work allowed reopening."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported by the cited source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: water within five inches of dam top; 17 pumps moved about 135,000 gallons per minute."},"measures":[{"name":"emergency pumps","value":17,"unit":"pumps","status":"Reported"},{"name":"pumping rate","value":135000,"unit":"gallons per minute","status":"Reported"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No confirmed bankruptcy, default or receivership was documented."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Comparable multi-period evidence is limited.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient history for a defensible quantitative projection.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, project completion or funding changes."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Michigan DNR; Michigan State Police Emergency Management; City of Cheboygan","role":"Responsible bodies identified in cited records"}],"public_contact":"Michigan EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Emergency pumping and sandbagging","Mechanical repairs and inspection","Lock reopening June 26, 2026"],"sources":[{"ref":"MI-CH-1","title":"2026 Cheboygan Dam emergency record","publisher":"Michigan State Police","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/msp/divisions/emhsd/2026-cheboygan-dam","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":"MI-CH-2","title":"DNR reopens the Cheboygan Lock","publisher":"Michigan DNR","date":"2026-06-26","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/about/newsroom/releases/2026/06/26/dnr-reopens-the-cheboygan-lock","basis":"Official record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":8,"note":"New verified Michigan baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2026-06-01","latest_seen":"2026-06-26","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected population","Comparable household burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-MI-STATEWIDE-APRIL-FLOODING-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"April 2026 statewide river flooding and storm damage","description":"Heavy rain and rapid snowmelt produced significant river flooding across Michigan in April 2026, washing out roads, stranding or displacing hundreds and prompting dam-overtopping monitoring. A state emergency declaration ultimately covered dozens of counties and several cities.","location":{"name":"Michigan April 2026 flood emergency area","type":"Statewide river and urban flood disaster","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Multiple Michigan counties and cities","counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Extreme runoff and river flooding were the direct causes of widespread service and access disruption.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Heavy rain and rapid snowmelt produced significant river flooding across Michigan in April 2026, washing out roads, stranding or displacing hundreds and prompting dam-overtopping monitoring. A state emergency declaration ultimately covered dozens of counties and several cities.","service":"Heavy rain and rapid snowmelt produced significant river flooding across Michigan in April 2026, washing out roads, stranding or displacing hundreds and prompting dam-overtopping monitoring. A state emergency declaration ultimately covered dozens of counties and several cities.","scale":"Heavy rain and rapid snowmelt produced significant river flooding across Michigan in April 2026, washing out roads, stranding or displacing hundreds and prompting dam-overtopping monitoring. A state emergency declaration ultimately covered dozens of counties and several cities.","duration":"Heavy rain and rapid snowmelt produced significant river flooding across Michigan in April 2026, washing out roads, stranding or displacing hundreds and prompting dam-overtopping monitoring. A state emergency declaration ultimately covered dozens of counties and several cities.","significance":"Heavy rain and rapid snowmelt produced significant river flooding across Michigan in April 2026, washing out roads, stranding or displacing hundreds and prompting dam-overtopping monitoring. A state emergency declaration ultimately covered dozens of counties and several cities."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported by the cited source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: hundreds stranded or displaced; dozens of counties covered by emergency declarations."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No confirmed bankruptcy, default or receivership was documented."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable multi-period evidence is limited.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient history for a defensible quantitative projection.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, project completion or funding changes."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Office of the Michigan Governor; Michigan State Police; affected counties and cities","role":"Responsible bodies identified in cited records"}],"public_contact":"Michigan EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Emergency declaration and response","Road, dam and public-infrastructure assessment","Recovery assistance"],"sources":[{"ref":"MI-FD-1","title":"Executive Order 2026-7 declaration of state of emergency","publisher":"Office of the Michigan Governor","date":"2026-04-15","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/whitmer/news/state-orders-and-directives/2026/04/15/executive-order-no-2026-7-declaration-of-state-of-emergency","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":"MI-FD-2","title":"2026 statewide flooding","publisher":"Michigan State Police","date":"2026-04-15","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/msp/divisions/emhsd/2026-statewide-flooding","basis":"Official record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified Michigan baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2026-04-15","latest_seen":"2026-04-15","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected population","Comparable household burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-MI-CENTRAL-DROUGHT-2024-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Persistent central Michigan drought","description":"Moderate-to-severe drought persisted in central Michigan from fall 2024 into September 2025, with declining soil moisture, below-normal streamflow and reported agricultural and livestock impacts.","location":{"name":"Central Michigan drought area","type":"Multi-county drought region","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Central Michigan","counties":[],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["agricultural","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Persistent precipitation deficit, soil-moisture loss and low streamflow are the direct quantity problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Moderate-to-severe drought persisted in central Michigan from fall 2024 into September 2025, with declining soil moisture, below-normal streamflow and reported agricultural and livestock impacts.","service":"Moderate-to-severe drought persisted in central Michigan from fall 2024 into September 2025, with declining soil moisture, below-normal streamflow and reported agricultural and livestock impacts.","scale":"Moderate-to-severe drought persisted in central Michigan from fall 2024 into September 2025, with declining soil moisture, below-normal streamflow and reported agricultural and livestock impacts.","duration":"Moderate-to-severe drought persisted in central Michigan from fall 2024 into September 2025, with declining soil moisture, below-normal streamflow and reported agricultural and livestock impacts.","significance":"Moderate-to-severe drought persisted in central Michigan from fall 2024 into September 2025, with declining soil moisture, below-normal streamflow and reported agricultural and livestock impacts."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported by the cited source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: moderate-to-severe drought with below-normal streamflow and agricultural impacts."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No confirmed bankruptcy, default or receivership was documented."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Comparable multi-period evidence is limited.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: water-supply and agricultural stress remains plausible until sustained precipitation restores soil moisture and streamflow.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, project completion or funding changes."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NOAA/NIDIS; U.S. Drought Monitor; Michigan agencies","role":"Responsible bodies identified in cited records"}],"public_contact":"Michigan EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Drought monitoring and agricultural guidance"],"sources":[{"ref":"MI-DR-1","title":"Drought Status Update for the Midwest","publisher":"NOAA/NIDIS","date":"2025-09-04","url":"https://www.drought.gov/drought-status-updates/drought-status-update-midwest-2025-09-04","basis":"Federal drought assessment"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New verified Michigan baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2025-09-04","latest_seen":"2025-09-04","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected population","Comparable household burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-MI-GELMAN-DIOXANE-PLUME-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Gelman Sciences 1,4-dioxane groundwater plume","description":"The Gelman Sciences 1,4-dioxane groundwater plume covers about three square miles in Ann Arbor and Scio Township. EPA added the site to the Superfund National Priorities List in March 2026 after decades of incomplete containment.","location":{"name":"Gelman Sciences 1,4-dioxane plume","type":"Superfund groundwater plume","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Ann Arbor and Scio Township, Washtenaw County, Michigan","counties":["Washtenaw"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A persistent industrial-solvent groundwater plume is the primary environmental and source-water issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The Gelman Sciences 1,4-dioxane groundwater plume covers about three square miles in Ann Arbor and Scio Township. EPA added the site to the Superfund National Priorities List in March 2026 after decades of incomplete containment.","service":"The Gelman Sciences 1,4-dioxane groundwater plume covers about three square miles in Ann Arbor and Scio Township. EPA added the site to the Superfund National Priorities List in March 2026 after decades of incomplete containment.","scale":"The Gelman Sciences 1,4-dioxane groundwater plume covers about three square miles in Ann Arbor and Scio Township. EPA added the site to the Superfund National Priorities List in March 2026 after decades of incomplete containment.","duration":"The Gelman Sciences 1,4-dioxane groundwater plume covers about three square miles in Ann Arbor and Scio Township. EPA added the site to the Superfund National Priorities List in March 2026 after decades of incomplete containment.","significance":"The Gelman Sciences 1,4-dioxane groundwater plume covers about three square miles in Ann Arbor and Scio Township. EPA added the site to the Superfund National Priorities List in March 2026 after decades of incomplete containment."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported by the cited source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: plume covers about three square miles; added to the NPL in March 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"plume area","value":3,"unit":"approximately square miles","status":"Reported"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No confirmed bankruptcy, default or receivership was documented."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Comparable multi-period evidence is limited.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: federal assessment and remedy planning will advance, but cleanup will remain multi-year.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"High","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, project completion or funding changes."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA; Michigan EGLE; Gelman Sciences/Pall; local governments","role":"Responsible bodies identified in cited records"}],"public_contact":"Michigan EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Superfund assessment","Remedy planning and enforcement","Groundwater monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":"MI-GE-1","title":"EPA addition of Gelman plume to Superfund National Priorities List","publisher":"Michigan EGLE","date":"2026-03-12","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/egle/newsroom/press-releases/2026/03/12/egle-announces-epa-addition-of-gelman-plume-to-superfund-national-priorities-list","basis":"Official record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New verified Michigan baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2026-03-12","latest_seen":"2026-03-12","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected population","Comparable household burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-MI-WURTSMITH-PFAS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Former Wurtsmith Air Force Base PFAS contamination","description":"PFAS contamination from the former Wurtsmith Air Force Base affects groundwater, surface water and nearby wells. More than $85 million had been invested in cleanup; residential-well retesting continued and an interim treatment system became operational in January 2025.","location":{"name":"Former Wurtsmith Air Force Base PFAS area","type":"Military PFAS cleanup area","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Oscoda area, Iosco County, Michigan","counties":["Iosco"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","surface-water","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Persistent PFAS contamination across groundwater, surface water and wells is the direct issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"PFAS contamination from the former Wurtsmith Air Force Base affects groundwater, surface water and nearby wells. More than $85 million had been invested in cleanup; residential-well retesting continued and an interim treatment system became operational in January 2025.","service":"PFAS contamination from the former Wurtsmith Air Force Base affects groundwater, surface water and nearby wells. More than $85 million had been invested in cleanup; residential-well retesting continued and an interim treatment system became operational in January 2025.","scale":"PFAS contamination from the former Wurtsmith Air Force Base affects groundwater, surface water and nearby wells. More than $85 million had been invested in cleanup; residential-well retesting continued and an interim treatment system became operational in January 2025.","duration":"PFAS contamination from the former Wurtsmith Air Force Base affects groundwater, surface water and nearby wells. More than $85 million had been invested in cleanup; residential-well retesting continued and an interim treatment system became operational in January 2025.","significance":"PFAS contamination from the former Wurtsmith Air Force Base affects groundwater, surface water and nearby wells. More than $85 million had been invested in cleanup; residential-well retesting continued and an interim treatment system became operational in January 2025."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported by the cited source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: more than $85 million invested; one interim treatment system operational in January 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"cleanup investment","value":85000000,"unit":"more than USD","status":"Reported"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Long-term treatment and federal cleanup funding dependence"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Comparable multi-period evidence is limited.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: interim treatment and investigation will continue through 2027 while long-term remedies develop.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, project completion or funding changes."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Michigan PFAS Action Response Team; Michigan EGLE; U.S. Air Force; local health agencies","role":"Responsible bodies identified in cited records"}],"public_contact":"Michigan EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Residential-well retesting","Interim treatment","Expanded investigation and remedy development"],"sources":[{"ref":"MI-WU-1","title":"Wurtsmith PFAS investigation","publisher":"Michigan PFAS Action Response Team","date":"2025-12-01","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/pfasresponse/investigations/sites-aoi/iosco-county/wurtsmith","basis":"Official record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New verified Michigan baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2025-12-01","latest_seen":"2025-12-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected population","Comparable household burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"amount_spent","value":85000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"more than total","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-12-01","scope":{"project":"Wurtsmith PFAS cleanup"},"basis":{"definition":"Cumulative cleanup investment reported by MPART"},"source_refs":["MI-WU-1"],"funding_stage":"spent"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-MI-HURON-RIVER-PFAS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Huron River PFAS contamination and source-water risk","description":"Michigan records show PFOS above the 11-ppt Rule 57 value applicable to drinking-water source waters in the Huron River, which supplies Ann Arbor and carries fish-consumption advisories. Tribar Plant 5 was required to add granular activated carbon treatment.","location":{"name":"Huron River","type":"River and municipal source-water watershed","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Huron River watershed, southeast Michigan","counties":["Washtenaw","Oakland","Wayne","Monroe"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in a drinking-water source and fishery is the primary water-quality issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Michigan records show PFOS above the 11-ppt Rule 57 value applicable to drinking-water source waters in the Huron River, which supplies Ann Arbor and carries fish-consumption advisories. Tribar Plant 5 was required to add granular activated carbon treatment.","service":"Michigan records show PFOS above the 11-ppt Rule 57 value applicable to drinking-water source waters in the Huron River, which supplies Ann Arbor and carries fish-consumption advisories. Tribar Plant 5 was required to add granular activated carbon treatment.","scale":"Michigan records show PFOS above the 11-ppt Rule 57 value applicable to drinking-water source waters in the Huron River, which supplies Ann Arbor and carries fish-consumption advisories. Tribar Plant 5 was required to add granular activated carbon treatment.","duration":"Michigan records show PFOS above the 11-ppt Rule 57 value applicable to drinking-water source waters in the Huron River, which supplies Ann Arbor and carries fish-consumption advisories. Tribar Plant 5 was required to add granular activated carbon treatment.","significance":"Michigan records show PFOS above the 11-ppt Rule 57 value applicable to drinking-water source waters in the Huron River, which supplies Ann Arbor and carries fish-consumption advisories. Tribar Plant 5 was required to add granular activated carbon treatment."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported by the cited source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: PFOS exceeded the 11-ppt Rule 57 source-water value."},"measures":[{"name":"PFOS source-water value","value":11,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Treatment and source-control cost exposure for industrial dischargers and Ann Arbor"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable multi-period evidence is limited.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient history for a defensible quantitative projection.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, project completion or funding changes."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Michigan EGLE; MPART; City of Ann Arbor; Tribar Plant 5","role":"Responsible bodies identified in cited records"}],"public_contact":"Michigan EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Granular activated carbon treatment","Source investigation and wastewater controls","Fish-consumption advisories and monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":"MI-HR-1","title":"Huron River PFAS investigation","publisher":"Michigan PFAS Action Response Team","date":"2026-02-01","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/pfasresponse/investigations/lakes-and-streams/huron-river","basis":"Official record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New verified Michigan baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2026-02-01","latest_seen":"2026-02-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected population","Comparable household burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-MI-GRAND-LEDGE-SSO-UPGRADES-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Grand Ledge sanitary-sewer and treatment-system corrective program","description":"Grand Ledge remains under a corrective program addressing infiltration, inflow, sanitary sewer overflows and an aging 1970s wastewater treatment system. A fiscal-year 2025 special grant provided $5 million, with no disbursement reported as of September 2, 2025.","location":{"name":"Grand Ledge wastewater system","type":"Municipal wastewater system","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Grand Ledge, Eaton County, Michigan","counties":["Eaton"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Aging treatment infrastructure and collection-system infiltration directly drive sewer-overflow risk.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Grand Ledge remains under a corrective program addressing infiltration, inflow, sanitary sewer overflows and an aging 1970s wastewater treatment system. A fiscal-year 2025 special grant provided $5 million, with no disbursement reported as of September 2, 2025.","service":"Grand Ledge remains under a corrective program addressing infiltration, inflow, sanitary sewer overflows and an aging 1970s wastewater treatment system. A fiscal-year 2025 special grant provided $5 million, with no disbursement reported as of September 2, 2025.","scale":"Grand Ledge remains under a corrective program addressing infiltration, inflow, sanitary sewer overflows and an aging 1970s wastewater treatment system. A fiscal-year 2025 special grant provided $5 million, with no disbursement reported as of September 2, 2025.","duration":"Grand Ledge remains under a corrective program addressing infiltration, inflow, sanitary sewer overflows and an aging 1970s wastewater treatment system. A fiscal-year 2025 special grant provided $5 million, with no disbursement reported as of September 2, 2025.","significance":"Grand Ledge remains under a corrective program addressing infiltration, inflow, sanitary sewer overflows and an aging 1970s wastewater treatment system. A fiscal-year 2025 special grant provided $5 million, with no disbursement reported as of September 2, 2025."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported by the cited source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: $5 million special grant; $0 disbursed as of September 2, 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"special grant","value":5000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported"},{"name":"amount disbursed","value":0,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Long-running corrective order","Aging 1970s plant","Dependence on grant-funded upgrades"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable multi-period evidence is limited.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient history for a defensible quantitative projection.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, project completion or funding changes."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Grand Ledge; Michigan EGLE","role":"Responsible bodies identified in cited records"}],"public_contact":"Michigan EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Wastewater plant expansion and upgrade","Infiltration and inflow correction","Grant administration"],"sources":[{"ref":"MI-GR-1","title":"FY2025 third-quarter special grants report","publisher":"Michigan EGLE","date":"2025-09-02","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/egle/-/media/Project/Websites/egle/Documents/Legislative/Boilerplate/Section-245/Report-FY25-Q3-Special-Grants.pdf","basis":"Official record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified Michigan baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2025-09-02","latest_seen":"2025-09-02","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected population","Comparable household burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":5000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"grant","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-09-02","scope":{"project":"Grand Ledge wastewater corrective program"},"basis":{"definition":"FY2025 state special grant"},"source_refs":["MI-GR-1"],"funding_stage":"awarded"},{"metric":"amount_spent","value":0,"currency":"USD","unit":"disbursed","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-09-02","scope":{"project":"Grand Ledge wastewater corrective program"},"basis":{"definition":"Amount disbursed in cited report"},"source_refs":["MI-GR-1"],"funding_stage":"spent"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-MI-HOLLOO-FARMS-CAFO-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Holloo Farms manure-discharge enforcement and groundwater monitoring","description":"A 2019 incident released about 72,000 gallons of raw manure to Huckleberry Drain. A 2026 settlement requires monitoring wells and quarterly groundwater sampling for one year and imposes penalties and costs.","location":{"name":"Holloo Farms CAFO","type":"Concentrated animal feeding operation","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Calhoun County, Michigan","counties":["Calhoun"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["groundwater","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Manure discharge and potential groundwater impacts are the primary water-quality issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"A 2019 incident released about 72,000 gallons of raw manure to Huckleberry Drain. A 2026 settlement requires monitoring wells and quarterly groundwater sampling for one year and imposes penalties and costs.","service":"A 2019 incident released about 72,000 gallons of raw manure to Huckleberry Drain. A 2026 settlement requires monitoring wells and quarterly groundwater sampling for one year and imposes penalties and costs.","scale":"A 2019 incident released about 72,000 gallons of raw manure to Huckleberry Drain. A 2026 settlement requires monitoring wells and quarterly groundwater sampling for one year and imposes penalties and costs.","duration":"A 2019 incident released about 72,000 gallons of raw manure to Huckleberry Drain. A 2026 settlement requires monitoring wells and quarterly groundwater sampling for one year and imposes penalties and costs.","significance":"A 2019 incident released about 72,000 gallons of raw manure to Huckleberry Drain. A 2026 settlement requires monitoring wells and quarterly groundwater sampling for one year and imposes penalties and costs."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported by the cited source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: about 72,000 gallons released; $32,907 penalty and partial costs."},"measures":[{"name":"manure release","value":72000,"unit":"approximately gallons","status":"Reported"},{"name":"penalty and partial costs","value":32907,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No confirmed bankruptcy, default or receivership was documented."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable multi-period evidence is limited.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient history for a defensible quantitative projection.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, project completion or funding changes."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Michigan Attorney General; Michigan EGLE; Holloo Farms","role":"Responsible bodies identified in cited records"}],"public_contact":"Michigan EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Install monitoring wells","Quarterly groundwater sampling for one year","Pay penalty and costs"],"sources":[{"ref":"MI-HF-1","title":"Attorney General secures settlement with Calhoun County CAFO","publisher":"Michigan Attorney General","date":"2026-02-26","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/ag/news/press-releases/2026/02/26/ag-nessel-secures-settlement-with-calhoun-county-cafo","basis":"Official record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New verified Michigan baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2026-02-26","latest_seen":"2026-02-26","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected population","Comparable household burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[{"metric":"penalty","value":32907,"currency":"USD","unit":"penalty and partial costs","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-02-26","scope":{"facility":"Holloo Farms"},"basis":{"definition":"Settlement amount described by Attorney General"},"source_refs":["MI-HF-1"]}],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-MI-WHITE-PIGEON-MILL-PFAS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"White Pigeon paper-mill PFAS and wastewater violations","description":"Michigan settlements require lagoon closure, wastewater-system engineering review, PFAS stormwater controls and prevention of unauthorized discharges at the White Pigeon paper mill. The current owner was assessed $95,200, while a former-owner settlement totaled nearly $1.2 million, mostly for cleanup.","location":{"name":"White Pigeon paper mill","type":"Industrial paper-mill site","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"White Pigeon, St. Joseph County, Michigan","counties":["St. Joseph"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","groundwater","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Industrial wastewater and stormwater infrastructure failures released PFAS and other pollutants.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Michigan settlements require lagoon closure, wastewater-system engineering review, PFAS stormwater controls and prevention of unauthorized discharges at the White Pigeon paper mill. The current owner was assessed $95,200, while a former-owner settlement totaled nearly $1.2 million, mostly for cleanup.","service":"Michigan settlements require lagoon closure, wastewater-system engineering review, PFAS stormwater controls and prevention of unauthorized discharges at the White Pigeon paper mill. The current owner was assessed $95,200, while a former-owner settlement totaled nearly $1.2 million, mostly for cleanup.","scale":"Michigan settlements require lagoon closure, wastewater-system engineering review, PFAS stormwater controls and prevention of unauthorized discharges at the White Pigeon paper mill. The current owner was assessed $95,200, while a former-owner settlement totaled nearly $1.2 million, mostly for cleanup.","duration":"Michigan settlements require lagoon closure, wastewater-system engineering review, PFAS stormwater controls and prevention of unauthorized discharges at the White Pigeon paper mill. The current owner was assessed $95,200, while a former-owner settlement totaled nearly $1.2 million, mostly for cleanup.","significance":"Michigan settlements require lagoon closure, wastewater-system engineering review, PFAS stormwater controls and prevention of unauthorized discharges at the White Pigeon paper mill. The current owner was assessed $95,200, while a former-owner settlement totaled nearly $1.2 million, mostly for cleanup."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported by the cited source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: $95,200 current-owner penalty; nearly $1.2 million former-owner settlement, mostly for cleanup."},"measures":[{"name":"current-owner penalty","value":95200,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported"},{"name":"former-owner settlement","value":1200000,"unit":"approximately USD","status":"Reported"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Material cleanup liability and wastewater-system corrective obligations"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable multi-period evidence is limited.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient history for a defensible quantitative projection.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, project completion or funding changes."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Michigan Attorney General; Michigan EGLE; current and former mill operators","role":"Responsible bodies identified in cited records"}],"public_contact":"Michigan EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Close lagoons","Engineering review of wastewater system","PFAS stormwater controls","Prevent unauthorized discharges"],"sources":[{"ref":"MI-WP-1","title":"Settlements with past and present operators of White Pigeon paper mill","publisher":"Michigan Attorney General and MPART","date":"2025-09-19","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/pfasresponse/about/news/2025/09/19/attorney-general-nessel-secures-settlements-with-past-and-present-operators-of-white-pigeon","basis":"Official record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified Michigan baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2025-09-19","latest_seen":"2025-09-19","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected population","Comparable household burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"settlement","value":1200000,"currency":"USD","unit":"approximately total","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-09-19","scope":{"facility":"White Pigeon paper mill","project":"Former-owner settlement, mostly cleanup"},"basis":{"definition":"Source-described settlement total"},"source_refs":["MI-WP-1"],"funding_stage":"secured"}],"operating_health":[{"metric":"penalty","value":95200,"currency":"USD","unit":"penalty","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-09-19","scope":{"facility":"White Pigeon paper mill","utility":"current owner"},"basis":{"definition":"Current-owner penalty"},"source_refs":["MI-WP-1"]}],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-MI-LINE5-STRAITS-RISK-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Line 5 Straits of Mackinac pipeline and tunnel permitting dispute","description":"The existing 73-year-old Line 5 dual pipelines remain on the Straits of Mackinac lakebed while tunnel permitting and litigation continue. Michigan EGLE reissued its resource permit in July 2026; no current spill was documented, so the tracked issue is prospective water risk and governance conflict.","location":{"name":"Straits of Mackinac Line 5 crossing","type":"Great Lakes oil-pipeline crossing and tunnel project","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Straits of Mackinac, Michigan","counties":["Mackinac","Emmet"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The central issue is prospective Great Lakes water harm from an aging oil-pipeline crossing, with permitting as the secondary governance driver.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The existing 73-year-old Line 5 dual pipelines remain on the Straits of Mackinac lakebed while tunnel permitting and litigation continue. Michigan EGLE reissued its resource permit in July 2026; no current spill was documented, so the tracked issue is prospective water risk and governance conflict.","service":"The existing 73-year-old Line 5 dual pipelines remain on the Straits of Mackinac lakebed while tunnel permitting and litigation continue. Michigan EGLE reissued its resource permit in July 2026; no current spill was documented, so the tracked issue is prospective water risk and governance conflict.","scale":"The existing 73-year-old Line 5 dual pipelines remain on the Straits of Mackinac lakebed while tunnel permitting and litigation continue. Michigan EGLE reissued its resource permit in July 2026; no current spill was documented, so the tracked issue is prospective water risk and governance conflict.","duration":"The existing 73-year-old Line 5 dual pipelines remain on the Straits of Mackinac lakebed while tunnel permitting and litigation continue. Michigan EGLE reissued its resource permit in July 2026; no current spill was documented, so the tracked issue is prospective water risk and governance conflict.","significance":"The existing 73-year-old Line 5 dual pipelines remain on the Straits of Mackinac lakebed while tunnel permitting and litigation continue. Michigan EGLE reissued its resource permit in July 2026; no current spill was documented, so the tracked issue is prospective water risk and governance conflict."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported by the cited source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: existing dual pipelines are 73 years old; resource permit reissued July 15, 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"pipeline age","value":73,"unit":"years","status":"Reported"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No confirmed bankruptcy, default or receivership was documented."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comparable multi-period evidence is limited.","projection":{"statement":"Insufficient history for a defensible quantitative projection.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, project completion or funding changes."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Michigan EGLE; Enbridge; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; courts and Tribal governments","role":"Responsible bodies identified in cited records"}],"public_contact":"Michigan EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Tunnel and resource-permit review","Pipeline monitoring and emergency planning","Ongoing litigation"],"sources":[{"ref":"MI-L5-1","title":"Line 5 featured project page","publisher":"Michigan EGLE","date":"2026-07-15","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/egle/about/featured/line5","basis":"Official record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New verified Michigan baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2026-07-15","latest_seen":"2026-07-15","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected population","Comparable household burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-MI-HIGHLAND-PARK-WATER-SEWER-STRESS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Highland Park water and sewer structural and financial stress","description":"Highland Park has nearly 120-year-old infrastructure and reportedly loses about 70% of supplied water. Disputed GLWA charges were about $55 million; a $3 million sewer project serves 5,387 resident-equivalent users and offers up to $540,000 in principal forgiveness.","location":{"name":"Highland Park water and sewer system","type":"Municipal water and sewer utility","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Highland Park, Wayne County, Michigan","counties":["Wayne"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","wastewater-sewer","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Extreme water loss, disputed wholesale charges, old assets and reliance on subsidized finance constitute structural operational and fiscal stress.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Highland Park has nearly 120-year-old infrastructure and reportedly loses about 70% of supplied water. Disputed GLWA charges were about $55 million; a $3 million sewer project serves 5,387 resident-equivalent users and offers up to $540,000 in principal forgiveness.","service":"Highland Park has nearly 120-year-old infrastructure and reportedly loses about 70% of supplied water. Disputed GLWA charges were about $55 million; a $3 million sewer project serves 5,387 resident-equivalent users and offers up to $540,000 in principal forgiveness.","scale":"Highland Park has nearly 120-year-old infrastructure and reportedly loses about 70% of supplied water. Disputed GLWA charges were about $55 million; a $3 million sewer project serves 5,387 resident-equivalent users and offers up to $540,000 in principal forgiveness.","duration":"Highland Park has nearly 120-year-old infrastructure and reportedly loses about 70% of supplied water. Disputed GLWA charges were about $55 million; a $3 million sewer project serves 5,387 resident-equivalent users and offers up to $540,000 in principal forgiveness.","significance":"Highland Park has nearly 120-year-old infrastructure and reportedly loses about 70% of supplied water. Disputed GLWA charges were about $55 million; a $3 million sewer project serves 5,387 resident-equivalent users and offers up to $540,000 in principal forgiveness."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":5387,"status":"Reported","note":"Resident-equivalent users for the cited sewer project, not a complete service population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: about 70% water loss; approximately $55 million disputed GLWA charges; $3 million sewer project."},"measures":[{"name":"nonrevenue water","value":70,"unit":"approximately percent","status":"Reported"},{"name":"disputed GLWA charges","value":55000000,"unit":"approximately USD","status":"Reported"},{"name":"sewer project","value":3000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported"},{"name":"principal forgiveness","value":540000,"unit":"up to USD","status":"Reported"},{"name":"typical combined annual bill","value":529,"unit":"USD annually","status":"Reported"},{"name":"projected annual bill increase","value":42.6,"unit":"USD annually","status":"Reported"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Severe","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Approximately 70% nonrevenue water","Approximately $55 million disputed wholesale charges","Nearly 120-year-old infrastructure","Dependence on principal forgiveness","No confirmed bankruptcy or receivership"]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Comparable multi-period evidence is limited.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: operational and affordability stress will remain severe until leakage, wholesale-charge and capital-delivery conditions materially improve.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"High","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, project completion or funding changes."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Highland Park; Great Lakes Water Authority; Michigan EGLE; State of Michigan","role":"Responsible bodies identified in cited records"}],"public_contact":"Michigan EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Implement infrastructure-repair settlement","Deliver sewer project","Use principal forgiveness to limit rate impact"],"sources":[{"ref":"MI-HP-1","title":"Historic infrastructure repairs for Highland Park and GLWA dispute resolution","publisher":"Office of the Michigan Governor","date":"2023-10-18","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/whitmer/news/press-releases/2023/10/18/whitmer-announces-historic-infrastructure-repairs-for-highland-park-ending-10-year-dispute-with-glwa","basis":"Official record"},{"ref":"MI-HP-2","title":"Highland Park environmental assessment","publisher":"Michigan EGLE","date":"2026-03-03","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/egle/-/media/Project/Websites/egle/Documents/Funding/State-Revolving-Fund/Environmental-Reviews/CW/2025-03-03-City-of-Highland-Park-5976-01-EA.pdf","basis":"Official record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New verified Michigan baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2023-10-18","latest_seen":"2026-03-03","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected population","Comparable household burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"typical_residential_bill","value":529,"currency":"USD","unit":"combined annual water and sewer bill","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-03-03","scope":{"utility":"Highland Park","customer_class":"typical residential"},"basis":{"definition":"Bill basis stated in environmental assessment"},"source_refs":["MI-HP-2"]},{"metric":"projected_bill_change","value":42.6,"currency":"USD","unit":"annual increase","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-03-03","scope":{"utility":"Highland Park","customer_class":"typical residential"},"basis":{"definition":"Projected annual increase from cited project"},"source_refs":["MI-HP-2"]}],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":3000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"project total","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-03-03","scope":{"project":"Highland Park sewer project"},"basis":{"definition":"Environmental-assessment project cost"},"source_refs":["MI-HP-2"],"funding_stage":"estimated"},{"metric":"secured_funding","value":540000,"currency":"USD","unit":"up to principal forgiveness","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-03-03","scope":{"project":"Highland Park sewer project"},"basis":{"definition":"Available principal forgiveness"},"source_refs":["MI-HP-2"],"funding_stage":"secured"}],"operating_health":[{"metric":"disputed_wholesale_charges","value":55000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"approximately total","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2023-10-18","scope":{"utility":"Highland Park","geography":"GLWA wholesale relationship"},"basis":{"definition":"Disputed charges described by governor"},"source_refs":["MI-HP-1"]},{"metric":"nonrevenue_water","value":70,"unit":"approximately percent supplied water","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2023-10-18","scope":{"utility":"Highland Park"},"basis":{"definition":"Reported system water loss"},"source_refs":["MI-HP-1"]}],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-MI-DETROIT-LIFELINE-CAPACITY-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Detroit low-income water-affordability program capacity constraint","description":"Detroit Lifeline H2O offers qualifying households a reported $34 monthly combined water, sewer and drainage bill plus shutoff protection, but enrollment was full. The city dashboard reported 4,710 enrolled households as of July 8, 2026.","location":{"name":"Detroit Water and Sewerage Department","type":"Municipal water and sewer affordability program","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Detroit, Wayne County, Michigan","counties":["Wayne"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Program-capacity limits and a full enrollment queue constrain access to affordability protection.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Detroit Lifeline H2O offers qualifying households a reported $34 monthly combined water, sewer and drainage bill plus shutoff protection, but enrollment was full. The city dashboard reported 4,710 enrolled households as of July 8, 2026.","service":"Detroit Lifeline H2O offers qualifying households a reported $34 monthly combined water, sewer and drainage bill plus shutoff protection, but enrollment was full. The city dashboard reported 4,710 enrolled households as of July 8, 2026.","scale":"Detroit Lifeline H2O offers qualifying households a reported $34 monthly combined water, sewer and drainage bill plus shutoff protection, but enrollment was full. The city dashboard reported 4,710 enrolled households as of July 8, 2026.","duration":"Detroit Lifeline H2O offers qualifying households a reported $34 monthly combined water, sewer and drainage bill plus shutoff protection, but enrollment was full. The city dashboard reported 4,710 enrolled households as of July 8, 2026.","significance":"Detroit Lifeline H2O offers qualifying households a reported $34 monthly combined water, sewer and drainage bill plus shutoff protection, but enrollment was full. The city dashboard reported 4,710 enrolled households as of July 8, 2026."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported by the cited source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: $34 monthly combined bill; 4,710 enrolled households; enrollment full."},"measures":[{"name":"lifeline bill","value":34,"unit":"USD monthly combined services","status":"Reported"},{"name":"enrolled households","value":4710,"unit":"households","status":"Reported"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Affordability program at capacity","Low-income demand exceeds current enrollment availability"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Comparable multi-period evidence is limited.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: unmet affordability demand will persist until enrollment capacity or funding expands.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, project completion or funding changes."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Detroit Water and Sewerage Department; program administrators","role":"Responsible bodies identified in cited records"}],"public_contact":"Michigan EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Maintain shutoff protection for enrolled households","Seek added program capacity and assistance funding"],"sources":[{"ref":"MI-DL-1","title":"Lifeline Plan dashboard","publisher":"Detroit Water and Sewerage Department","date":"2026-07-08","url":"https://detroitmi.gov/departments/detroit-water-and-sewerage-department/dwsd-customer-service/dwsd-here-help-water-assistance-programs/lifeline-plan","basis":"Official record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New verified Michigan baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2026-07-08","latest_seen":"2026-07-08","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected population","Comparable household burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"typical_residential_bill","value":34,"currency":"USD","unit":"monthly combined water sewer and drainage bill","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-07-08","scope":{"utility":"Detroit DWSD","customer_class":"qualifying Lifeline H2O household"},"basis":{"definition":"Program bill for qualifying households"},"source_refs":["MI-DL-1"]}],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[{"metric":"assistance_enrollment","value":4710,"unit":"households","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-07-08","scope":{"program":"Detroit Lifeline H2O"},"basis":{"definition":"Dashboard enrollment count"},"source_refs":["MI-DL-1"]}],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-MI-GREAT-LAKES-TREATY-FISHING-DECREE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Great Lakes treaty-fishing allocation dispute","description":"The Sixth Circuit affirmed the 24-year 2023 decree allocating and regulating treaty fishing across northern Lakes Michigan, Huron and Superior, Grand Traverse Bay and the St. Marys River despite the Sault Tribe’s objections.","location":{"name":"1836 Treaty Great Lakes fishing waters","type":"Multi-lake treaty fishing area","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Northern Lakes Michigan, Huron and Superior, Grand Traverse Bay and St. Marys River","counties":[],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["surface-water","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is a judicially administered treaty allocation and resource-governance dispute rather than a physical water failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The Sixth Circuit affirmed the 24-year 2023 decree allocating and regulating treaty fishing across northern Lakes Michigan, Huron and Superior, Grand Traverse Bay and the St. Marys River despite the Sault Tribe’s objections.","service":"The Sixth Circuit affirmed the 24-year 2023 decree allocating and regulating treaty fishing across northern Lakes Michigan, Huron and Superior, Grand Traverse Bay and the St. Marys River despite the Sault Tribe’s objections.","scale":"The Sixth Circuit affirmed the 24-year 2023 decree allocating and regulating treaty fishing across northern Lakes Michigan, Huron and Superior, Grand Traverse Bay and the St. Marys River despite the Sault Tribe’s objections.","duration":"The Sixth Circuit affirmed the 24-year 2023 decree allocating and regulating treaty fishing across northern Lakes Michigan, Huron and Superior, Grand Traverse Bay and the St. Marys River despite the Sault Tribe’s objections.","significance":"The Sixth Circuit affirmed the 24-year 2023 decree allocating and regulating treaty fishing across northern Lakes Michigan, Huron and Superior, Grand Traverse Bay and the St. Marys River despite the Sault Tribe’s objections."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported by the cited source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 24-year decree affirmed by the Sixth Circuit on March 13, 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"decree term","value":24,"unit":"years","status":"Reported"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No confirmed bankruptcy, default or receivership was documented."]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Comparable multi-period evidence is limited.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: the affirmed decree will govern allocation unless modified through appeal or negotiated amendment.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"High","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, project completion or funding changes."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit; State of Michigan; five treaty Tribes; United States","role":"Responsible bodies identified in cited records"}],"public_contact":"Michigan EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Implement and monitor the 2023 decree","Continue intergovernmental resource management"],"sources":[{"ref":"MI-TR-1","title":"Sixth Circuit opinion affirming 2023 Great Lakes fishing decree","publisher":"U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit","date":"2025-03-13","url":"https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/25a0056p-06.pdf","basis":"Federal appellate opinion"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New verified Michigan baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2025-03-13","latest_seen":"2025-03-13","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected population","Comparable household burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-MI-LAKE-ERIE-HAB-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Western Lake Erie harmful algal blooms and phosphorus-control gap","description":"Michigan reports that harmful algal blooms recur nearly every summer in western Lake Erie, threaten aquatic life and a drinking-water source serving more than 11 million people in the United States and Canada. The 2025 Domestic Action Plan renews a sustained 40% phosphorus-reduction target across wastewater and agricultural sources.","location":{"name":"Western Lake Erie Basin","type":"Interstate lake and watershed","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Michigan portion of the western Lake Erie Basin","counties":["Monroe","Lenawee","Washtenaw","Hillsdale"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["agricultural","wastewater-sewer","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Recurring cyanobacterial blooms driven by phosphorus loading are the primary water-quality and ecosystem issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Michigan reports that harmful algal blooms recur nearly every summer in western Lake Erie, threaten aquatic life and a drinking-water source serving more than 11 million people in the United States and Canada. The 2025 Domestic Action Plan renews a sustained 40% phosphorus-reduction target across wastewater and agricultural sources.","service":"Michigan reports that harmful algal blooms recur nearly every summer in western Lake Erie, threaten aquatic life and a drinking-water source serving more than 11 million people in the United States and Canada. The 2025 Domestic Action Plan renews a sustained 40% phosphorus-reduction target across wastewater and agricultural sources.","scale":"Michigan reports that harmful algal blooms recur nearly every summer in western Lake Erie, threaten aquatic life and a drinking-water source serving more than 11 million people in the United States and Canada. The 2025 Domestic Action Plan renews a sustained 40% phosphorus-reduction target across wastewater and agricultural sources.","duration":"Michigan reports that harmful algal blooms recur nearly every summer in western Lake Erie, threaten aquatic life and a drinking-water source serving more than 11 million people in the United States and Canada. The 2025 Domestic Action Plan renews a sustained 40% phosphorus-reduction target across wastewater and agricultural sources.","significance":"Michigan reports that harmful algal blooms recur nearly every summer in western Lake Erie, threaten aquatic life and a drinking-water source serving more than 11 million people in the United States and Canada. The 2025 Domestic Action Plan renews a sustained 40% phosphorus-reduction target across wastewater and agricultural sources."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported by the cited source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 40% sustained phosphorus-reduction target from a 2008 baseline; source water for more than 11 million people across the U.S. and Canada."},"measures":[{"name":"phosphorus reduction target","value":40,"unit":"percent from 2008 baseline","status":"Reported"},{"name":"drinking-water source population","value":11000000,"unit":"more than people in U.S. and Canada","status":"Reported"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Wastewater treatment and agricultural nutrient-control costs","Long-running target remains unmet"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Comparable multi-period evidence is limited.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: recurring seasonal bloom risk will persist while nutrient reductions remain incomplete.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"High","assumptions":["Cited conditions and corrective programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["New measurements, enforcement outcomes, project completion or funding changes."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Michigan EGLE; Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development; Michigan DNR; local wastewater utilities and agricultural partners","role":"Responsible bodies identified in cited records"}],"public_contact":"Michigan EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Lower wastewater phosphorus limits","Agricultural conservation and soil-health programs","Expanded monitoring and wetland restoration"],"sources":[{"ref":"MI-LE-1","title":"Michigan steps up fight against harmful algal blooms in western Lake Erie","publisher":"Michigan EGLE","date":"2025-07-03","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/egle/newsroom/mi-environment/2025/07/03/habs","basis":"Official record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified Michigan baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2025-07-03","latest_seen":"2025-07-03","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected population","Comparable household burden"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-NJ-STATEWIDE-PFAS-PWS-2023","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"New Jersey public-water-system PFAS maximum-contaminant-level violations","description":"NJDEP reported 282 PFAS MCL violations at 44 public water systems during 2023. As of May 8, 2024, 15 systems had returned to compliance; the remainder were still being assisted toward compliance. Compliance requires treatment, an alternate compliant source, or another approved remedy and confirmation through running-annual-average sampling.","location":{"name":"New Jersey PFAS-affected public water systems","type":"Statewide public water system cohort","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"44 systems with 2023 PFAS MCL violations","extent":"statewide","counties":[]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The principal issue is documented PFOA, PFOS, or PFNA above New Jersey drinking-water standards; treatment and funding needs are consequences.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Health-based MCL exceedances were confirmed.","service":"Safe-water compliance was affected, but no acute outage was reported.","scale":"Forty-four public water systems were cited.","duration":"Most systems had not returned to compliance by May 2024.","significance":"Formal state violations and corrective-action obligations apply."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 282 PFAS MCL violations at 44 public water systems in 2023; 15 systems (34%) returned to compliance by May 8, 2024."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Unfunded or rising PFAS treatment costs may pressure smaller systems; system-specific financial capacity was not reported."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One consolidated annual compliance cohort is insufficient for a comparable statewide trend.","projection":{"statement":"Additional treatment activity is likely through the next 12-24 months, but system-level outcomes cannot be projected from the available aggregate.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["State MCL enforcement and funding programs continue"],"reversal_factors":["Updated violation report","Treatment completion","Regulatory change"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NJDEP Division of Water Supply and Geoscience","role":"Drinking-water regulator"},{"name":"Affected public water systems","role":"Treatment and public-notice responsibility"}],"public_contact":"NJDEP Bureau of Water System Engineering, watersupply@dep.nj.gov, 609-292-2957","corrective_actions":["Install PFAS treatment or secure an alternate compliant source","Provide Tier 2 public notice until permanent compliance","Use DWSRF assistance or Spill Compensation Fund claims where eligible"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2023 Annual Compliance Report on Public Water Systems","publisher":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2024-05-08","url":"https://www.nj.gov/dep/watersupply/pdf/violations2023.pdf","basis":"State regulatory report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Information for Public Water Systems about PFAS","publisher":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","date":null,"url":"https://dep.nj.gov/pfas/public-water-systems/","basis":"State compliance and corrective-action guidance","accessed":"2026-10-09"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified NJ baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Correction run (contract 1.4.2), no change to the finding: responsible_bodies flattened to one object per body."}],"first_seen":"2023-12-31","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current system-by-system 2026 status","Measured concentration by system","Deduplicated population","Total capital need and gap"],"related_ids":["US-MULTI-CHEMOURS-PFAS-2026"],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2024-05-08","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-NJ-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"New Jersey lead and unknown drinking-water service lines","description":"NJDEP reported approximately 143,000 identified lead service lines and more than one million service lines of unknown material in September 2024. State law requires identification and replacement of lead and galvanized service lines by 2031, while annual inventories and consumer notices continue.","location":{"name":"New Jersey lead service line program","type":"Statewide drinking-water distribution infrastructure","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Community water-system service areas statewide","extent":"statewide","counties":[]},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead-bearing and unidentified service-line materials are a physical infrastructure problem that creates a material drinking-water exposure risk.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Lead exposure can cause irreversible neurological harm, particularly in children.","service":"The distribution network remains operational, but safe-water risk persists where lead is present.","scale":"The inventory spans community systems statewide.","duration":"Replacement is a statutory multi-year program through 2031.","significance":"State law and federal funding require a major capital program."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: approximately 143,000 known lead service lines and more than 1,000,000 unknown-material lines in September 2024; $123.1 million federal FY2024 allocation."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Large multi-year capital and identification workload","Private-side replacement costs may fall on property owners absent subsidy","Investor-owned system costs not covered by grants may enter rate base"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Identification, notice, and financed replacement programs are active, but the remaining unknown inventory is very large.","projection":{"statement":"Replacement activity should continue through 2031, with schedule risk driven by unknown-line verification, contractor capacity, and funding.","horizon":"Through 2031","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["State statutory deadline and funding remain in force"],"reversal_factors":["Funding reduction","Inventory revisions","Construction delays"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NJDEP Division of Water Supply and Geoscience","role":"Inventory, compliance, and funding oversight"},{"name":"Public community water systems","role":"Inventory, notice, and replacement"},{"name":"New Jersey Infrastructure Bank","role":"Water Bank financing"}],"public_contact":"NJDEP Lead in Drinking Water Program, LeadInDW@dep.nj.gov, 609-292-5550","corrective_actions":["Annual inventories and notices","Replace all lead and galvanized service lines by 2031","Prioritize disadvantaged communities","Use DWSRF and Water Bank financing"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"New Jersey to Get Over $123 Million for Lead Pipe Replacement","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2024-05-02","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/new-jersey-get-over-123-million-lead-pipe-replacement-advance-safe-drinking-water","basis":"Federal funding announcement"},{"ref":2,"title":"NJDEP Advises Residents to Respond to Unknown Service Line Notices","publisher":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2024-09-12","url":"https://dep.nj.gov/newsrel/24_0036/","basis":"State inventory and public-notice record"},{"ref":3,"title":"NJDEP and I-Bank Mark Billion-dollar Water Infrastructure Milestone","publisher":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2024-08-28","url":"https://dep.nj.gov/newsrel/24_0029/","basis":"State financing and project record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified NJ baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Correction run (contract 1.4.2), no change to the finding: responsible_bodies flattened to one object per body."}],"first_seen":"2024-05-02","latest_seen":"2025-09-20","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["2026 statewide inventory totals","Completed replacement total","Total capital requirement","Funding gap","Household cost distribution"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2024-09-12","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"funding_secured","label":"Federal FY2024 lead service line allotment","value":123100000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-05-02","funding_stage":"approved","scope":{"program":"DWSRF Lead Service Line Replacement","geography":"New Jersey"},"basis":{"definition":"EPA allotment for identification and replacement"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Does not represent total need."},{"metric":"project_financing","label":"Irvington lead and galvanized service line financing","value":48000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-08-28","funding_stage":"secured","scope":{"project":"Irvington replacement program","geography":"Irvington"},"basis":{"definition":"Combined Water Bank financing for more than 5,000 lines"},"source_refs":[3],"notes":"Project-specific; do not sum as statewide need."}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-NJ-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2024-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Recurring New Jersey water-supply drought and Coastal South watch","description":"New Jersey entered drought warning in November 2024, returned mostly to normal in June 2025, entered another statewide warning in December 2025 after 15 months of precipitation stress, and lifted that warning October 1, 2026. As of October 7, 2026, all regions were normal except Coastal South, which remained in drought watch.","location":{"name":"New Jersey drought regions","type":"State drought region system","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Statewide recurring drought; current Coastal South watch","counties":["Atlantic","Cape May","Cumberland","Burlington","Camden","Gloucester","Ocean","Salem"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","groundwater","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Persistent precipitation deficits reduced reservoirs, groundwater, and streamflow and prompted formal statewide drought warnings.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Ecological and wildfire stress was documented, without quantified water-related health harm.","service":"Warnings authorized active supply management, though mandatory rationing was not imposed.","scale":"Warnings were statewide.","duration":"Deficits and warnings recurred across 2024-2026.","significance":"Formal drought warnings and administrative orders were issued."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Northeast reservoirs at 48% versus 72% normal on December 5, 2025; statewide warning lifted October 1, 2026, with Coastal South remaining in watch."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Repeated drought operations can raise pumping, transfer, treatment, and conservation costs; no utility-specific distress was established."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Two statewide warnings occurred within roughly 13 months, followed by partial recovery; Coastal South remains under watch.","projection":{"statement":"Regional supply stress remains plausible over the next 12 months because recent recovery has not ended the Coastal South watch.","horizon":"12 months","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Current monitoring framework continues","No sustained above-normal recharge"],"reversal_factors":["Sustained precipitation","Reservoir and groundwater recovery","New emergency"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Drought declaration and supply management"},{"name":"Water purveyors","role":"Conservation, transfers, and operations"}],"public_contact":"NJDEP Division of Water Supply and Geoscience, 609-292-7219; NJDEP Press Office, 609-984-1795","corrective_actions":["Voluntary conservation","DEP-directed balancing and transfers where necessary","Weekly monitoring","Maintain Coastal South watch"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Governor and DEP Commissioner Give Update on Record-breaking Dry Spell","publisher":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2024-11-13","url":"https://dep.nj.gov/newsrel/24_0054/","basis":"State drought warning and reservoir record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Murphy Administration Issues Statewide Drought Warning","publisher":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2025-12-05","url":"https://dep.nj.gov/newsrel/25_0054/","basis":"State drought warning"},{"ref":3,"title":"New Jersey Drought Information","publisher":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2026-10-07","url":"https://dep.nj.gov/drought","basis":"Current official status"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":8,"note":"New verified NJ baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":8,"note":"Correction run (contract 1.4.2), no change to the finding: responsible_bodies flattened to one object per body."}],"first_seen":"2024-10-17","latest_seen":"2026-10-07","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current regional reservoir percentages","Economic loss","Utility operating costs"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-DELAWARE-ESTUARY-SALT-FRONT-2024"],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-NJ-DELAWARE-ESTUARY-SALT-FRONT-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Delaware Estuary drought-driven salt-front migration","description":"During the 2024 drought the salt front moved to river mile 90 and DRBC declared a water-supply emergency, directed reservoir releases, and coordinated diversions. The emergency ended in June 2025, but DRBC's 2026 sea-level-rise work confirms continuing long-term salinity risk to drinking-water and industrial intakes.","location":{"name":"Delaware River Estuary salt front","type":"Interstate estuary and drinking-water source","state":"NJ","states":["NJ","PA","DE"],"detail":"Tidal Delaware River and South Jersey intake area","extent":"statewide","counties":[]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Low freshwater flow allowed salinity to migrate upstream toward drinking-water and industrial intakes.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Salinity threatened source-water suitability but did not reach key intakes.","service":"Drinking-water and industrial intake reliability required active management.","scale":"Relevant intakes serve more than 1.3 million people across the estuary.","duration":"The emergency lasted December 2024-June 2025; long-term risk persists.","significance":"DRBC declared a formal water-supply emergency."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: salt front at river mile 85.4 on December 5, 2024, 16.4 miles upstream of normal but 24.6 miles below key intakes; 2024 annual peak river mile 90."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Long-term salinity management may require added storage, operating changes, or treatment exposure; no present insolvency signal."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"The 2024 emergency ended, but sea-level rise increases future salinity-management exposure.","projection":{"statement":"Upstream salinity excursions are likely to remain a drought-management concern over the next 5-20 years.","horizon":"5-20 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Sea level continues to rise","Freshwater releases remain the principal control"],"reversal_factors":["Additional storage","Intake relocation","Sustained higher flows"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Delaware River Basin Commission","role":"Interstate flow, drought, and salinity management"},{"name":"NJDEP","role":"New Jersey water-supply management"}],"public_contact":"Delaware River Basin Commission, contact@drbc.gov, 609-883-9500","corrective_actions":["Upstream reservoir releases","Special drought-management permits","Salt-front monitoring","Evaluate sea-level-rise and future storage options"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Delaware River Basin Commission Approves Drought Management Operations","publisher":"Delaware River Basin Commission","date":"2024-12-05","url":"https://nj.gov/drbc/home/newsroom/news/approved/20241205_DRB_Drought_Operations.html","basis":"Interstate official emergency action"},{"ref":2,"title":"DRBC Drought Information","publisher":"Delaware River Basin Commission","date":null,"url":"https://nj.gov/drbc/programs/flow/drbc-drought.html","basis":"Emergency history","accessed":"2026-10-09"},{"ref":3,"title":"DRBC Evaluates Sea Level Rise and Salinity in the Delaware River","publisher":"Delaware River Basin Commission","date":"2026-01-15","url":"https://www.nj.gov/drbc/home/newsroom/news/approved/20260115_SLR_report.html","basis":"Official forward-risk assessment"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New verified NJ baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Correction run (contract 1.4.2), no change to the finding: responsible_bodies flattened to one object per body."}],"first_seen":"2024-11-20","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["New Jersey-only served population","Incremental operating cost","Future storage cost"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2024-2026"],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-NJ-21-MUNICIPALITIES-CSO-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Combined sewer overflows in 21 New Jersey municipalities","description":"NJDEP identifies CSO outfalls in 21 municipalities. Wet-weather flows can overwhelm shared sanitary/storm networks, discharge combined sewage to surface waters, and contribute to street flooding. Current permits incorporate long-term control plan projects, construction schedules, public engagement, and financing pathways.","location":{"name":"New Jersey combined sewer communities","type":"Multi-municipality combined sewer service areas","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Twenty-one permitted CSO municipalities","extent":"statewide","counties":[]},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","surface-water","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Aging combined collection systems hydraulically overflow during wet weather, directly discharging untreated sewage and stormwater to surface waters.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Combined sewage discharges threaten water quality and public health.","service":"Wet-weather collection and treatment capacity is exceeded.","scale":"Twenty-one municipalities are affected.","duration":"The issue is chronic and requires long-term control plans.","significance":"Individual NJPDES permits impose formal control schedules."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: CSO outfalls occur in 21 New Jersey municipalities; municipality-level annual volume was not reported on the program page."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Generational multi-jurisdiction capital obligations","Older urban systems and environmental-justice communities","Dependence on long-term Water Bank financing"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Final permits and LTCP projects are advancing, but overflows remain a long-duration control problem.","projection":{"statement":"CSO reduction will remain a multi-year capital and compliance workload.","horizon":"5-20 years","confidence":"High","assumptions":["Permit schedules and financing remain active"],"reversal_factors":["Capital delay","More intense rainfall","Accelerated separation or treatment work"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NJDEP Division of Water Quality","role":"NJPDES CSO permitting and oversight"},{"name":"CSO permittees and municipalities","role":"LTCP implementation"},{"name":"New Jersey Water Bank","role":"Low-cost financing"}],"public_contact":"NJDEP Combined Sewer Overflow Program, NJCSOProgram@dep.nj.gov","corrective_actions":["Implement permitted long-term control plans","Gray and green infrastructure","Treatment-plant and collection-system capacity projects","Public reporting and engagement"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Combined Sewer Overflow","publisher":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","date":null,"url":"https://dep.nj.gov/dwq/combined-sewer-overflow/","basis":"State permit and LTCP program record","accessed":"2026-10-09"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified NJ baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Correction run (contract 1.4.2), no change to the finding: responsible_bodies flattened to one object per body."}],"first_seen":"2023-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current annual overflow volume","Outfall-level event frequency","Comparable capital total","Funding gap","Rate impact"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-ATLANTIC-CITY-MS4-2024"],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-09","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-NJ-ATLANTIC-CITY-MS4-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Atlantic City stormwater permit violations and resilience project","description":"EPA found Atlantic City's MS4 program had not consistently used required best practices, fully trained staff, or updated its Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan. The city corrected the cited violations, paid a penalty, and agreed to replace asphalt with permeable pavement to reduce runoff and pollutant loading.","location":{"name":"Atlantic City MS4","type":"Municipal separate storm sewer system","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Atlantic City, Atlantic County","counties":["Atlantic"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["surface-water","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Stormwater-management process failures increased pollution risk, while the settlement requires a physical permeable-pavement retrofit.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Violations created pollutant risk; quantified harm was not reported.","service":"Stormwater management controls were deficient.","scale":"Municipal system impact.","duration":"More than an isolated paperwork lapse, but duration was not specified.","significance":"Formal Clean Water Act settlement."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: $20,000 penalty; $60,000 project; about 18,000 square feet of permeable pavement."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Formal compliance failure and required capital project; evidence does not establish structural insolvency."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Cited violations were corrected and a supplemental project was agreed.","projection":{"statement":"Compliance should remain improved if training, plan updates, and the pavement project are maintained.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Settlement obligations are completed"],"reversal_factors":["Project delay","Repeat permit noncompliance"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Atlantic City","role":"MS4 operator and corrective-action implementer"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 2","role":"Clean Water Act enforcement"},{"name":"NJDEP","role":"State MS4 permit authority"}],"public_contact":"EPA Region 2, Stephen McBay, mcbay.stephen@epa.gov, 212-637-3672","corrective_actions":["Correct administrative violations","Pay $20,000 penalty","Complete $60,000 permeable-pavement project covering about 18,000 square feet"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA Settlement Will Result in Better and More Resilient Management of Stormwater in Atlantic City","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2024-09-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-settlement-will-result-better-and-more-resilient-management-stormwater-atlantic","basis":"Federal enforcement settlement"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New verified NJ baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Correction run (contract 1.4.2), no change to the finding: responsible_bodies flattened to one object per body."}],"first_seen":"2024-09-18","latest_seen":"2024-09-18","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Completion date","Measured runoff reduction","Receiving-water pollutant load"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-21-MUNICIPALITIES-CSO-2024"],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2024-09-18","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_cost","label":"Supplemental environmental project","value":60000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-09-18","funding_stage":"secured","scope":{"project":"Permeable pavement","geography":"Atlantic City"},"basis":{"definition":"Settlement project value"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Separate from penalty."},{"metric":"penalty","label":"Clean Water Act settlement penalty","value":20000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-09-18","funding_stage":"authorized","scope":{"entity":"City of Atlantic City"},"basis":{"definition":"Civil penalty"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":null}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-NJ-BACK-BAYS-COASTAL-FLOOD-RISK-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"New Jersey Back Bays coastal storm and flood risk","description":"USACE's December 2024 supplemental draft plan documents major coastal storm risk across the Back Bays. The tentative plan would elevate about 6,400 homes, floodproof 279 critical facilities, and restore or enhance 217 acres of marsh at seven locations; authorization and funding remain outstanding.","location":{"name":"New Jersey Back Bays","type":"Multi-county coastal flood-risk area","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Back bays from Monmouth County to Cape May","counties":["Atlantic","Burlington","Cape May","Monmouth","Ocean"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Sea-level and storm-surge hazards interact with a large protection gap for homes and critical infrastructure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"USACE documents major coastal-storm risk to people, property, and habitat.","service":"Critical facilities and utilities require floodproofing.","scale":"Five counties and 674,000 permanent residents are in the study area.","duration":"Risk is recurrent and increasing, but the plan remains preconstruction.","significance":"A multibillion-dollar federal feasibility plan is under development."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 674,000 permanent residents; 172,000 assets worth over $87 billion; draft $7.651 billion construction plan for 6,421 homes, 279 critical facilities, and 217 marsh acres."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Very large unfunded capital exposure","Local implementation and maintenance obligations","High-value assets and critical services exposed to sea-level rise"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"USACE analysis incorporates increasing sea-level-change exposure while the plan remains unbuilt.","projection":{"statement":"Without implementation, coastal flood losses are expected to grow through the 2040-2090 analysis period.","horizon":"2040-2090","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["USACE sea-level scenarios and asset exposure remain broadly valid"],"reversal_factors":["Project authorization and construction","Private adaptation","Lower sea-level trajectory"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Philadelphia District","role":"Feasibility study and federal project development"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Nonfederal partner and coastal resilience"},{"name":"Affected counties and municipalities","role":"Local implementation and maintenance"}],"public_contact":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Philadelphia District Public Affairs, 215-656-6515","corrective_actions":["Elevate 6,421 eligible homes","Floodproof 279 critical facilities","Enhance 217 acres of salt marsh at seven locations","Complete final feasibility, authorization, and funding"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"New Jersey Back Bays Supplemental Draft Integrated Feasibility Report and Environmental Impact Statement","publisher":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","date":"2024-12-20","url":"https://www.nap.usace.army.mil/Portals/39/docs/Civil/NJBB/Dec-2024-Report/NJBB_CSRM_Supplemental_Draft_Integrated_Feasibility_Report_and_EIS.pdf?ver=_SOif2rBIoXVJIavPTs0IQ%3D%3D","basis":"Federal feasibility and environmental review"},{"ref":2,"title":"New Jersey Back Bays Study","publisher":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Philadelphia District","date":"2025-01-31","url":"https://www.nap.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/New-Jersey-Back-Bays-Study/","basis":"Federal project page"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified NJ baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Correction run (contract 1.4.2), no change to the finding: responsible_bodies flattened to one object per body."}],"first_seen":"2024-12-20","latest_seen":"2025-01-31","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Final authorization","Federal/nonfederal funding commitments","Household participation","Project completion schedule"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2024-12-20","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"capital_requirement","label":"Tentatively Selected Plan initial construction","value":7650810000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-12-20","funding_stage":"estimated","scope":{"project":"New Jersey Back Bays Tentatively Selected Plan"},"basis":{"definition":"USACE high sea-level-change table, FY2024 price-level analysis"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Draft plan; not an appropriation or award."}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[{"metric":"average_home_elevation_unit_cost","label":"Average residential elevation cost","value":502448,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD per home","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-12-20","scope":{"project":"NJ Back Bays"},"basis":{"definition":"Average unit cost used by USACE"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Planning estimate."}],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-NJ-CRANFORD-ORCHARD-BROOK-FLOOD-BUYOUTS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Cranford Orchard Brook repetitive flooding and buyouts","description":"Cranford households along Orchard Brook experienced repeated flooding and streambank erosion. NJDEP and USDA/NRCS launched a fully federally funded voluntary buyout project to acquire willing-seller properties and restore the land as permanent flood storage and open space.","location":{"name":"Orchard Brook flood-prone area","type":"Neighborhood floodplain","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Cranford Township, Union County","counties":["Union"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Repeated stream and floodplain inundation is the documented hazard; no single failed drainage asset was identified.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Repeated flooding and erosion jeopardized homes.","service":"Residential access and habitability were affected, but outage duration was not reported.","scale":"A neighborhood-scale cluster is targeted.","duration":"Flooding is described as repeated.","significance":"Formal federally funded buyout action is underway."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: $3.5 million fully funded voluntary buyout project; property count not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"A funded permanent-risk-reduction action is underway.","projection":{"statement":"Acquired parcels should remove participating households from future flood exposure and add local storage.","horizon":"1-3 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Willing-seller acquisitions close and restoration proceeds"],"reversal_factors":["Acquisition withdrawal","Funding or schedule delay"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NJDEP Blue Acres Program","role":"Acquisition and restoration"},{"name":"USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service","role":"Emergency Watershed Protection funding"},{"name":"Cranford Township","role":"Local coordination and land management"}],"public_contact":"NJDEP Blue Acres, blueacres@dep.nj.gov","corrective_actions":["Voluntary property acquisition","Demolition and restoration to open space","Preserve flood-storage function"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Murphy Administration Partners With USDA to Launch Buyouts of Flood-Prone Properties in Cranford","publisher":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2024-11-26","url":"https://dep.nj.gov/newsrel/24_0058/","basis":"State-federal project announcement"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New verified NJ baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Correction run (contract 1.4.2), no change to the finding: responsible_bodies flattened to one object per body."}],"first_seen":"2024-11-26","latest_seen":"2025-01-29","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Property count","Acquisition completion date","Flood-depth history","Household demographics"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2024-11-26","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"funding_secured","label":"Cranford flood-prone property buyout project","value":3500000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-11-26","funding_stage":"secured","scope":{"program":"USDA NRCS Emergency Watershed Protection","geography":"Cranford"},"basis":{"definition":"Project described as fully USDA-funded"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":null}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-NJ-GIBBSBORO-SHERWIN-WILLIAMS-GROUNDWATER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Sherwin-Williams/Hilliards Creek contaminated groundwater remedy","description":"EPA finalized a groundwater remedy for the former Sherwin-Williams paint-manufacturing area. Groundwater is contaminated with lead, arsenic, PCBs, and other hazardous materials. The remedy uses enhanced biodegradation, groundwater-use restrictions, and long-term monitoring, complementing ongoing soil source removal.","location":{"name":"Sherwin-Williams/Hilliards Creek Superfund site","type":"Superfund groundwater plume","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Gibbsboro, Camden County","counties":["Camden"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Historic paint manufacturing contaminated groundwater with lead, arsenic, PCBs, and other hazardous substances.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Multiple persistent toxic contaminants are confirmed.","service":"Groundwater use restrictions are required, but public-supply interruption was not reported.","scale":"Site and local plume scale; exact extent not reported.","duration":"Legacy contamination requires long-term remedy.","significance":"EPA issued a final Superfund remedy."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: lead, arsenic, PCBs, and other hazardous materials in groundwater; concentrations and plume dimensions not reported in release."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"A final remedy has been selected and source-soil work is underway.","projection":{"statement":"Groundwater restoration will require long-term treatment and monitoring.","horizon":"Multi-year to decadal","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Remedy performs as designed"],"reversal_factors":["Incomplete source control","Unexpected plume migration","Remedy underperformance"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 2","role":"Superfund remedy selection and oversight"},{"name":"NJDEP","role":"Groundwater-use controls and state coordination"},{"name":"Sherwin-Williams Company","role":"Potentially responsible party/cleanup implementation under prior instruments"}],"public_contact":"EPA Region 2, Stephen McBay, mcbay.stephen@epa.gov, 929-243-0417","corrective_actions":["Inject organic material and nutrients to stimulate biodegradation","Restrict groundwater use until standards are met","Regular groundwater testing","Continue soil source cleanup"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA Finalizes Groundwater Cleanup Plan at Former Sherwin-Williams Site in Gibbsboro, NJ","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2025-09-30","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-finalizes-groundwater-cleanup-plan-former-sherwin-williams-site-gibbsboro-nj","basis":"Federal Record of Decision announcement"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified NJ baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Correction run (contract 1.4.2), no change to the finding: responsible_bodies flattened to one object per body."}],"first_seen":"2025-09-30","latest_seen":"2025-09-30","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Plume area","Affected well count","Contaminant concentrations","Remedy cost","Completion date"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-NJ-EDGEWATER-QUANTA-HUDSON-SEDIMENT-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Quanta Resources Hudson River sediment and surface-water contamination","description":"EPA finalized a plan to dredge contaminated Hudson River sediment to depths up to 30 feet, backfill clean material, cap less-contaminated areas, impose use restrictions, and monitor long-term. Contaminants include PAHs, tar-like NAPL, and arsenic; restrictions may include no swimming, wading, or fishing over capped areas.","location":{"name":"Quanta Resources Hudson River area","type":"Superfund river sediment area","state":"NJ","states":["NJ","NY"],"detail":"Edgewater, Bergen County, adjacent Hudson River","counties":["Bergen"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Industrial coal-tar wastes contaminated Hudson River sediment and surface water with PAHs, NAPL, and arsenic.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Toxic contaminants and exposure-control needs are confirmed.","service":"Recreational uses require restrictions; drinking-water impact was not reported.","scale":"Localized Hudson River area.","duration":"Legacy contamination requires dredging, capping, and long-term care.","significance":"EPA issued a final Superfund remedy."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: sediment removal to depths up to 30 feet; PAHs, NAPL, and arsenic present; volume and final cost not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"A final remedy was selected after public review, while construction remains to be completed.","projection":{"statement":"Risk should decline after dredging and capping, subject to design and construction performance.","horizon":"3-10 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Remedy is funded and implemented"],"reversal_factors":["Construction delay","Cap failure","Unmapped contamination"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 2","role":"Superfund cleanup oversight"},{"name":"Potentially responsible parties","role":"Design and cleanup under enforcement instruments"}],"public_contact":"EPA Region 2, Carlos Vega, vega.carlos@epa.gov, 212-637-3662; Stephen McBay, mcbay.stephen@epa.gov, 212-637-3672","corrective_actions":["Dredge contaminated sediment","Backfill and cap","Long-term monitoring and maintenance","Institutional and navigation controls","Pre-design structural investigation"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA Finalizes Plan to Clean Up Contaminated Sediment and Surface Water at Quanta Resources Superfund Site","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2024-09-27","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-finalizes-plan-clean-contaminated-sediment-and-surface-water-quanta-resources","basis":"Federal final cleanup plan"},{"ref":2,"title":"Quanta Resources Superfund Site Community Update","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2024-04-01","url":"https://semspub.epa.gov/work/02/646544.pdf","basis":"Federal cleanup update"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified NJ baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Correction run (contract 1.4.2), no change to the finding: responsible_bodies flattened to one object per body."}],"first_seen":"2024-04-01","latest_seen":"2024-09-27","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Final remedy cost","Sediment volume","Construction schedule","Affected population"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-NJ-RARITAN-BAY-SLAG-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Raritan Bay Slag lead-contaminated waterfront and beach","description":"Lead-bearing smelter slag and battery casings contaminated about 1.5 miles of Raritan Bay waterfront, including a recreational beach. A $151.1 million settlement funds past and future cleanup and natural-resource damages; EPA is preparing seawall and jetty work after completing Margaret's Creek.","location":{"name":"Raritan Bay Slag Superfund site","type":"Superfund coastal waterfront","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Old Bridge Township and Sayreville, Middlesex County","counties":["Middlesex"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Lead-bearing slag and battery casings contaminated soil, sediment, and surface water and forced beach restrictions.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Lead contamination closed a significant beach area and contaminated sediment and water.","service":"Recreational access was restricted.","scale":"About 1.5 miles of waterfront across two municipalities.","duration":"Legacy contamination remains under phased cleanup.","significance":"Superfund action and a $151.1 million settlement are in place."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: about 1.5 miles of waterfront; $151.1 million settlement, including $132.4 million for EPA past/future costs and $18.7 million for natural-resource claims."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"A major settlement secured cleanup funding, but principal waterfront sectors still require construction.","projection":{"statement":"Cleanup should advance as settlement funds are deployed, with residual schedule uncertainty.","horizon":"2-7 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Settlement funding remains available","Procurement proceeds"],"reversal_factors":["Construction delay","Cost escalation","Additional contamination"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 2","role":"Superfund lead agency"},{"name":"NJDEP","role":"State partner and natural-resource trustee"},{"name":"Settling responsible parties","role":"Cost reimbursement and cleanup funding"}],"public_contact":"EPA Region 2, Elias Rodriguez, rodriguez.elias@epa.gov, 212-637-3664","corrective_actions":["Excavate and dredge lead-contaminated material","Complete seawall and jetty sectors","Restore waterfront access","Natural-resource restoration"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA Proposes Settlement to Provide $151 Million for Cleanup of Raritan Bay Slag Superfund Site","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2024-09-05","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-proposes-settlement-provide-151-million-cleanup-raritan-bay-slag-superfund-site","basis":"Federal settlement and site record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Enforcement and Compliance Assurance Annual Results FY2025: Superfund Cleanup","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2026-03-31","url":"https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/enforcement-and-compliance-assurance-annual-results-fy-2025-superfund-cleanup","basis":"Federal confirmation of final settlement"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified NJ baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Correction run (contract 1.4.2), no change to the finding: responsible_bodies flattened to one object per body."}],"first_seen":"2024-02-27","latest_seen":"2026-03-31","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Construction completion date","Current lead concentrations","Population affected"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2025-02-28","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"settlement_value","label":"Raritan Bay Slag settlement","value":151100000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-02-28","funding_stage":"secured","scope":{"project":"Raritan Bay Slag cleanup and natural-resource damages"},"basis":{"definition":"$132.4 million EPA costs/future cleanup plus $18.7 million trustees"},"source_refs":[1,2],"notes":"Includes reimbursement of past costs and future work; not all is new construction funding."}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-NJ-AGRICULTURAL-DROUGHT-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"New Jersey agricultural drought and irrigation-cost stress","description":"NJDA reported that the agricultural community experienced fall-2024 drought; some producers suffered crop losses and others incurred extremely high irrigation costs. State materials directed eligible farms to USDA drought relief and emergency source approvals while agricultural uses remained generally exempt from restrictions if best management practices were followed.","location":{"name":"New Jersey agricultural areas","type":"Statewide agricultural sector","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Farms statewide","extent":"statewide","counties":[]},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Fall drought reduced soil moisture and water availability, causing crop impacts and unusually high irrigation costs.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Crop losses were reported but not quantified.","service":"Irrigation access and cost were stressed.","scale":"NJDA described statewide agricultural-community impacts without a count.","duration":"Drought recurred across subsequent years.","significance":"State and federal relief and emergency-source mechanisms were activated or publicized."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: crop losses and 'extremely high' irrigation costs occurred; numeric losses and producer count were not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["High irrigation expense and potential crop losses","No sector-wide debt, liquidity, or insolvency evidence was located"]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"The documented fall-2024 episode subsided, but statewide drought recurred in 2025-2026.","projection":{"statement":"Irrigation-cost and water-access stress may recur during future dry growing seasons.","horizon":"1-3 growing seasons","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Drought variability continues"],"reversal_factors":["Sustained rainfall","Irrigation-efficiency investment","Expanded storage"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Jersey Department of Agriculture","role":"Producer assistance and drought information"},{"name":"NJDEP","role":"Drought and emergency diversion management"},{"name":"USDA Farm Service Agency","role":"Federal drought relief"}],"public_contact":"New Jersey Department of Agriculture, Jeff Wolfe, jeff.wolfe@ag.nj.gov, 609-633-2954","corrective_actions":["Emergency agricultural source approvals where eligible","USDA drought relief","Efficient irrigation and soil-and-water cost share"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Secretary's Report to the New Jersey State Board of Agriculture","publisher":"New Jersey Department of Agriculture","date":"2024-11-20","url":"https://www.nj.gov/agriculture/state-board/Secretary%27s%20Report%20241120.pdf","basis":"State agriculture report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Drought Declaration in New Jersey","publisher":"New Jersey Department of Agriculture","date":"2024-12-31","url":"https://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/anr/pdf/24Dec%20Drought%20Declaration%20Overview%20with%20cover%202024.pdf","basis":"State agricultural drought guidance"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New verified NJ baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Correction run (contract 1.4.2), no change to the finding: responsible_bodies flattened to one object per body."}],"first_seen":"2024-11-20","latest_seen":"2024-12-31","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected farm count","Crop-loss acreage and value","Irrigation cost increase","Water withdrawal volumes"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2024-2026"],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2024-12-31","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-NJ-RIVERSIDE-INDUSTRIAL-PARK-CONTAMINATION-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Riverside Industrial Park groundwater and sewer contamination cleanup","description":"A federal-state settlement requires PPG to perform a $15.8 million cleanup of industrial contamination at Riverside Industrial Park. The remedy includes groundwater monitoring and restrictions, removing water and solids from an inactive sewer, closing that sewer, and handling contaminated tanks, soil, and waste.","location":{"name":"Riverside Industrial Park Superfund site","type":"Industrial Superfund site","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Newark, Essex County, Passaic River bank","counties":["Essex"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","surface-water","wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Historic industrial operations, spills, dumping, and waste handling contaminated groundwater, sewer water, soil, and waste near the Passaic River.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Hazardous contamination of groundwater and sewer media is confirmed.","service":"Groundwater use and an inactive sewer require controls; no drinking-water outage was reported.","scale":"Industrial-site and adjacent-river setting.","duration":"Legacy contamination requires long-term cleanup.","significance":"Federal-state consent decree assigns a major cleanup."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: $15.8 million cleanup performance, $2.9 million EPA reimbursement, and about $117,000 NJDEP reimbursement."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"A court-approved settlement funds and assigns cleanup work.","projection":{"statement":"Exposure controls should improve as settlement work is completed, subject to design and construction performance.","horizon":"2-7 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["PPG performs settlement obligations"],"reversal_factors":["Construction delay","Additional contamination","Remedy underperformance"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 2","role":"Superfund oversight"},{"name":"NJDEP","role":"State partner and cost recovery"},{"name":"PPG Industries","role":"Settlement cleanup performer"}],"public_contact":"EPA Region 2, Elias Rodriguez, rodriguez.elias@epa.gov, 212-637-3664","corrective_actions":["Design and implement $15.8 million cleanup","Monitor and restrict groundwater use","Remove sewer water and solids and close inactive sewer","Remove tank waste and contaminated soil"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA and State of New Jersey Propose Settlement for Riverside Industrial Park Superfund Site","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2024-04-16","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-and-state-new-jersey-propose-settlement-will-provide-nearly-19-million-riverside","basis":"Federal-state settlement"},{"ref":2,"title":"Enforcement and Compliance Assurance Annual Results FY2024","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2025-03-31","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2025-03/eoy2024.pdf","basis":"Federal confirmation of settlement"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified NJ baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Correction run (contract 1.4.2), no change to the finding: responsible_bodies flattened to one object per body."}],"first_seen":"2024-04-16","latest_seen":"2024-09-04","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Contaminant concentrations","Plume dimensions","Construction schedule","Affected population"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2024-04-16","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"cleanup_commitment","label":"PPG design and cleanup work","value":15800000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-04-16","funding_stage":"secured","scope":{"project":"Riverside Industrial Park Superfund cleanup"},"basis":{"definition":"Settlement value for design and performance"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Separate from cost reimbursement."},{"metric":"cost_reimbursement","label":"EPA prior response-cost reimbursement","value":2900000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-04-16","funding_stage":"secured","scope":{"entity":"U.S. EPA"},"basis":{"definition":"Previously spent federal response costs"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":null}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-NJ-AMERICAN-WATER-RATES-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"New Jersey American Water 2024 rate increase and affordability tariff","description":"NJBPU approved a $79.5 million annualized water and wastewater revenue increase effective September 15, 2024, less than half the company's $161.7 million request. A typical water customer with a 5/8-inch meter using 5,642 gallons per month was expected to pay about $5.33 more monthly. The order also approved a universal affordability tariff for income-eligible customers.","location":{"name":"New Jersey American Water","type":"Investor-owned water and wastewater utility service areas","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Multiple service areas statewide","extent":"statewide","counties":[]},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is a regulator-approved statewide revenue increase and associated customer affordability response, not a documented physical failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health or environmental harm was documented from the rate order.","service":"Affordability can affect essential-service access, but shutoff data were not reported.","scale":"The company reports 2.9 million people served.","duration":"Rates remain in effect beyond a single billing period.","significance":"NJBPU approved a material revenue increase and affordability tariff."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: $79.5 million annualized increase; typical water bill +$5.33/month at 5,642 gallons/month; 2.9 million people served; $5.05 billion rate base."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Material annual revenue requirement tied to capital and operating costs","Customer-bill increase","Affordability tariff indicates recognized low-income burden","No default, liquidity crisis, bankruptcy, or receivership was found"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Customer bills increased, partially offset for eligible customers by a new affordability tariff.","projection":{"statement":"Customer-cost pressure is likely to persist as the utility recovers a $5.05 billion rate base and future capital work, but insolvency is not indicated.","horizon":"1-3 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Approved rates remain effective","Capital program continues"],"reversal_factors":["Future rate reduction","Expanded assistance","Lower capital or operating costs"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Jersey Board of Public Utilities","role":"Rate regulator"},{"name":"New Jersey Division of Rate Counsel","role":"Ratepayer advocate"},{"name":"New Jersey American Water","role":"Utility operator"}],"public_contact":"New Jersey American Water Customer Service, 800-272-1325; NJBPU Customer Assistance, 800-624-0241","corrective_actions":["Implement approved rates","Operate Universal Affordability Tariff through H2O Help to Others","Continue regulated capital program"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"New Jersey American Water Granted New Rates by New Jersey Board of Public Utilities","publisher":"New Jersey American Water","date":"2024-09-04","url":"https://www.amwater.com/press-room/press-releases/new-jersey/new-jersey-american-water-granted-new-rates-new-jersey-board-of-public-utilities","basis":"Utility rate implementation and bill basis"},{"ref":2,"title":"Order Approving NJAWC Base Rate Case Settlement","publisher":"New Jersey Board of Public Utilities","date":"2024-09-04","url":"https://www.nj.gov/bpu/pdf/boardorders/2024/20240904/5C%20ORDER%20NJAWC%20Base%20Rate%20Case.pdf","basis":"State regulatory order"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New verified NJ baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Correction run (contract 1.4.2), no change to the finding: responsible_bodies flattened to one object per body."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-19","latest_seen":"2024-09-15","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Post-increase arrears and shutoffs","Affordability-tariff enrollment","Income-normalized water burden","Municipal-system comparators"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2024-09-15","rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"typical_monthly_bill_increase","label":"Typical water-customer monthly increase","value":5.33,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD/month","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-09-15","scope":{"utility":"New Jersey American Water","customer_class":"Residential water","geography":"Most water service areas"},"basis":{"meter":"5/8 inch","consumption":"5,642 gallons/month","included_services":"Water only"},"source_refs":[1,2],"notes":"Company calls this the average bill for most water customers; preserved with stated basis."},{"metric":"annual_revenue_increase","label":"Approved annualized water and wastewater revenue increase","value":79500000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD/year","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-09-04","scope":{"utility":"New Jersey American Water","service":"Water and wastewater"},"basis":{"definition":"NJBPU-approved settlement"},"source_refs":[1,2],"notes":"Company originally requested $161.7 million."}],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"authorized_rate_base","label":"Authorized rate base","value":5050000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-09-04","funding_stage":"authorized","scope":{"utility":"New Jersey American Water"},"basis":{"authorized_ROE":"9.6%","common_equity_ratio":"55.00%","long_term_debt_ratio":"45.00%"},"source_refs":[2],"notes":null}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-VA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-PWS-MCL-EXCEEDANCES-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"PFAS MCL exceedances reported at 59 Virginia public water systems","description":"Virginia DEQ's 2025 PFAS report says VDH transferred results identifying 59 public water systems with PFAS MCL exceedances. DEQ previously notified 185 potential upstream sources associated with the earlier group of affected systems and began prioritized source assessments; the Occoquan program added industrial-effluent monitoring and future permit controls.","location":{"name":"Virginia PFAS-affected public water systems","type":"Statewide multi-system drinking-water finding","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Virginia statewide","counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Finished-water monitoring exceeded federal PFAS maximum contaminant levels, making contamination the principal issue while source tracing and treatment are responses.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Validated finished-water results exceeded health-based PFAS MCLs.","service":"Safe-water compliance is implicated, but the report does not say all systems issued advisories or interrupted service.","scale":"Fifty-nine systems make this statewide and multi-community.","duration":"A full reporting year and continuing source assessments support ongoing duration.","significance":"Federal MCL exceedances triggered statutory state source-assessment and permit actions."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported; system-level populations were not enumerated in the indexed annual report text."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 59 public water systems with PFAS MCL exceedances during the 2025 reporting period; 185 potential-source notification letters tied to the earlier affected-system set."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Unfunded treatment and monitoring exposure is plausible across affected systems, but system-specific costs, rates, reserves and funding gaps were not reported."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One full annual reporting period establishes breadth but not a comparable trend.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: source-assessment and compliance costs will remain active through at least July 2027 as permits are modified; confidence medium.","horizon":"Through July 2027","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Current Virginia statutory deadlines remain in force."],"reversal_factors":["Regulatory changes, successful source elimination, or revised validated monitoring results."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Virginia Department of Health Office of Drinking Water; Virginia DEQ; affected public water systems; EPA.","role":"Responsible bodies identified in cited records"}],"public_contact":"Virginia DEQ PFAS program, pfas@deq.virginia.gov; DEQ main line 800-592-5482.","corrective_actions":["Prioritized source assessments, industrial self-reporting/effluent monitoring, ambient monitoring, and Occoquan Reservoir PFAS Reduction Program implementation."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PFAS Assessment and Source Reduction Activities 2025 Annual Report","publisher":"Virginia DEQ","date":"2025-12-01","url":"https://www.deq.virginia.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/32655/639017459401670000","basis":"State statutory annual report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)","publisher":"Virginia DEQ","date":"2025-12-22","url":"https://www.deq.virginia.gov/news-info/shortcuts/topics-of-interest/per-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"State program and investigation page"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified VA baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2024-07-01","latest_seen":"2025-09-30","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected system names and PWSIDs in machine-readable form","Population served","System-specific PFAS values","Treatment cost and funding"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-VA-ORANGE-WILDERNESS-WATER-ODOR-ADVISORY-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Wilderness water system do-not-use and do-not-drink advisory","description":"Rapidan Service Authority issued a do-not-use advisory after customers reported a hydrocarbon-like odor, changed it to do-not-drink on August 24, and lifted it August 27 after repeated sampling met standards, odor dissipated and VDH found no evidence of negative health impact. The source was not identified.","location":{"name":"Wilderness water treatment plant service area","type":"Public water system service area","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Orange County, Virginia","counties":["Orange"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"An unexplained hydrocarbon-like odor in finished water caused precautionary use restrictions even though regulated analytes ultimately met standards.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No negative health impact or standards exceedance was found, so no harm points.","service":"Drinking and initially all uses were restricted.","scale":"A public-system service area was affected; population was not reported.","duration":"Six-day resolved event.","significance":"Multi-agency official response and advisory, without enforcement finding."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: do-not-use/do-not-drink restrictions August 21-27, 2024; sampling met federal and state standards and VDH found no evidence of negative health impact."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No rate, reserve, debt or corrective-cost evidence was located."]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"The documented episode resolved within six days; no recurrence was located.","projection":{"statement":"No recurrence projection is supportable from a single resolved event.","horizon":"Not applicable","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["New odor complaints or source identification."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Rapidan Service Authority; VDH Office of Drinking Water; Virginia DEQ; VDEM; EPA Region 3; Orange County.","role":"Responsible bodies identified in cited records"}],"public_contact":"VDH Office of Drinking Water, 804-864-7500; Rapidan Service Authority, tclemons@rapidan.org.","corrective_actions":["Distribution flushing, repeated source/finished-water sampling, daily inspections and epidemiological review; advisory lifted August 27, 2024."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Wilderness Water Treatment Plant Water Advisory Incident","publisher":"Virginia Department of Health","date":"2026-10-07","url":"https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/drinking-water/wilderness-water-treatment-plant-contamination/","basis":"Official incident chronology"},{"ref":2,"title":"Final Investigative Summary - Rapidan Service Authority","publisher":"Virginia Department of Health","date":"2024-09-25","url":"https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/content/uploads/sites/14/2024/09/Final_Investigative-Summary_Rapidan-Service-Authority_9.25.24.pdf","basis":"State investigation"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"New verified VA baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2024-08-21","latest_seen":"2024-08-27","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["PWSID","Population served","Confirmed odor source","Response cost"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-VA-RICHMOND-REGIONAL-WATER-CRISIS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Richmond regional water-system pressure loss and outage","description":"The Richmond waterworks lost system-wide pressure January 6, 2025 and remained under boil-water advisory until January 11. VDH alleged violations and required a corrective plan. Richmond reports all consent-order requirements met and switchgear work completed by January 2026, but the event exposed regional dependence on the 1924 plant.","location":{"name":"Richmond regional water system","type":"Regional public water system and wholesale service area","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Richmond; portions of Henrico, Goochland and Hanover counties","counties":["Henrico","Goochland","Hanover"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","drinking-water-quality","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Power, controls, pumps and flood-vulnerable plant infrastructure failed, causing region-wide loss of pressure and safe-water reliability.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Potential contamination risk followed pressure loss; no outbreak was documented.","service":"System-wide pressure and potable-water service were disrupted for several days.","scale":"Regional service including a major city and wholesale counties.","duration":"Five-day emergency with year-long corrective action.","significance":"Formal VDH violation notices and corrective-action requirements followed a major system failure."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Reported: 65,604 residential, commercial and industrial connections in 2024, plus wholesale service to parts of surrounding counties; people count not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: system-wide pressure loss and boil advisory January 6-11, 2025; PWSID VA4760100; 132 MGD rated plant; 65,604 connections in 2024."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Large renewal needs and recurring rate increases are documented, but no default, insolvency, liquidity crisis or covenant breach was found."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The emergency resolved and the city reported completion of consent-order requirements in January 2026, though residual single-plant regional dependency remains.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: near-term operational resilience is improved, but capital renewal and wholesale coordination remain active over the next five years.","horizon":"2026-2030","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Completed controls are maintained and planned capital work proceeds."],"reversal_factors":["Repeat pressure-loss event, delayed capital delivery, or new VDH noncompliance."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Richmond Department of Public Utilities; VDH Office of Drinking Water; affected wholesale jurisdictions; VDEM.","role":"Responsible bodies identified in cited records"}],"public_contact":"City of Richmond 311 / 804-646-7000; Richmond DPU Director Scott Morris, scott.morris@rva.gov; VDH ODW, 804-864-7500.","corrective_actions":["Backup power and pump redundancy, switchgear replacement, operating procedures, training, leadership changes, corrective-action plan and regional coordination."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Richmond water crisis Notice of Alleged Violation","publisher":"Virginia Department of Health","date":"2025-01-23","url":"https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/content/uploads/sites/6/2025/01/4760100-City-of-Richmond-water-crisis-NOAV-Combined-Signed-01-23-25.pdf","basis":"State regulatory notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Richmond Water Works Root Cause Analysis and Needs Assessment","publisher":"Virginia Department of Health","date":"2025-04-08","url":"https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/content/uploads/sites/6/2025/04/REDACTED-EXPLANATION_CRITICAL-INFRASTRUCTURE_SEH-Richmond-Water-Works-Root-Cause-Analysis-and-Needs-Assessment_April-8-2025_Redacted-x-2_4.21.25.pdf","basis":"Official root-cause assessment"},{"ref":3,"title":"Mayor and City highlight one year of action to strengthen Richmond water system","publisher":"City of Richmond","date":"2026-01-05","url":"https://rva.gov/press-releases-and-announcements/news/mayor-danny-avula-city-richmond-highlight-one-year-action","basis":"Utility corrective-action status"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 Consumer Confidence Report","publisher":"City of Richmond DPU","date":"2025-04-25","url":"https://www.rva.gov/sites/default/files/2025-04/2024%20ccr%204.25.pdf","basis":"Utility system profile"},{"ref":5,"title":"DPU new utility rates effective July 1, 2025","publisher":"City of Richmond","date":"2025-07-01","url":"https://www.rva.gov/press-releases-and-announcements/news/city-dpu-new-utility-rates-effective-july-1-2025-convenience","basis":"Approved utility rate notice"},{"ref":6,"title":"FY2026 Proposed Annual Fiscal Plan and FY2026-FY2030 Proposed Capital Improvement Plan","publisher":"City of Richmond","date":"2025-03-28","url":"https://www.rva.gov/sites/default/files/2025-04/FY2026ProposedAnnualFiscalPlan3282026.pdf","basis":"Municipal budget and capital plan"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":8,"note":"New verified VA baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2025-01-06","latest_seen":"2026-01-05","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Exact people affected","Event cost","Independent long-term reliability metric"],"related_ids":["US-VA-RICHMOND-CSO-CONTROL-PROGRAM-2024"],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-03-13","rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"typical_monthly_water_bill_increase","value":2.36,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-07-01","scope":{"utility":"Richmond DPU","customer_class":"typical residential water customer"},"basis":{"consumption":"6 Ccf per month; water service only"},"source_refs":[5],"notes":"Approved FY2026 water increase; not a complete bill."}],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"water_capital_plan","value":162000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","period_start":"2026-07-01","period_end":"2031-06-30","scope":{"utility":"Richmond Water Utility"},"basis":{"definition":"More than $162 million over five years for distribution system investment."},"source_refs":[6],"notes":"Capital requirement; funding gap not reported."}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-VA-SOUTHWEST-HELENE-WATER-INFRASTRUCTURE-DAMAGE-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Hurricane Helene damage to southwest Virginia water and wastewater systems","description":"Virginia records state that Helene significantly damaged drinking-water, wastewater and decentralized treatment systems, especially in western Virginia. Six counties and Galax received the initial federal emergency designation; supplemental SRF planning followed in 2025.","location":{"name":"Southwest Virginia Helene disaster area","type":"Multi-county disaster area","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Grayson, Smyth, Tazewell, Washington, Wise and Wythe counties and Galax","counties":["Grayson","Smyth","Tazewell","Washington","Wise","Wythe"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","stormwater-flooding","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Flooding physically damaged drinking-water, wastewater and decentralized systems, making asset failure the principal issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Floodwater and sewage contamination risks were documented; water-specific injuries were not quantified.","service":"Multiple essential water and sanitation systems were significantly damaged.","scale":"Multi-county southwest Virginia disaster.","duration":"Damage persisted into 2025 recovery planning.","significance":"Federal emergency response and special SRF disaster funding process."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: significant damage to multiple drinking-water, wastewater and decentralized systems; initial federal emergency area included six counties and Galax."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Small-system disaster-recovery dependence is evident, but system-specific operating, debt and funding-gap data were not published in the notice."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Emergency response transitioned to repair/funding planning, but full restoration status for all systems was not published.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: small-system repairs and resilience work will continue through at least 2027.","horizon":"2025-2027","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Supplemental funding remains available."],"reversal_factors":["Unfunded repair gaps or another major flood."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Affected local utilities; Virginia DEQ; VDH; VDEM; EPA; FEMA.","role":"Responsible bodies identified in cited records"}],"public_contact":"Virginia DEQ Clean Water Financing and Assistance Program, 804-698-4000; VDH Office of Drinking Water, 804-864-7500.","corrective_actions":["Damage assessment, emergency response, system repair and eligibility planning for supplemental drinking-water and clean-water SRF assistance."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Supplemental Intended Use Plan notice for Hurricanes Helene and Milton","publisher":"Virginia Regulatory Town Hall / DEQ","date":"2025-05-20","url":"https://townhall.virginia.gov/l/ViewNotice.cfm?gnid=3122","basis":"Official state funding and damage notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Hurricane Helene and Flooded Homes","publisher":"Virginia Department of Health","date":"2024-09-30","url":"https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/environmental-health/2024/09/30/hurricane-helene-and-flooded-homes/","basis":"State emergency health record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified VA baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2024-09-27","latest_seen":"2025-06-20","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Named system inventory","Population affected","Virginia repair cost","Funding awarded by system"],"related_ids":["US-VA-BUCHANAN-FLOOD-DAMAGED-SEWER-OVERFLOWS-2025"],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-VA-BUCHANAN-FLOOD-DAMAGED-SEWER-OVERFLOWS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Flood-damaged Buchanan County sewer mains and sewage overflows","description":"February 2025 winter-storm flooding damaged Buchanan County sewer infrastructure. DEQ issued a March 20 recreational-water advisory because damaged mains continued to overflow; contractors were cleaning a blocked section and working to restore flow to the treatment plant.","location":{"name":"Buchanan County sewer system","type":"County wastewater collection system","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Buchanan County, Virginia","counties":["Buchanan"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","stormwater-flooding","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Flood damage to sewer mains caused ongoing untreated sewage releases, so infrastructure failure and water-quality harm were both material.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Ongoing untreated sewage overflows created a direct public-health and environmental hazard.","service":"Collection flow to a wastewater treatment plant was impaired.","scale":"County-level; population not reported.","duration":"Continued for weeks after February storms.","significance":"Official recreational-water advisory and emergency repairs."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: ongoing sewage overflows from flood-damaged mains; volume not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Repair need is documented, but utility financial condition and funding gap were not reported."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The official page documents active repair but not a final system-wide resolution date.","projection":{"statement":"No defensible forward projection beyond completion of documented repairs.","horizon":"Not reported","confidence":"Low","assumptions":[],"reversal_factors":["Repair completion or renewed flood damage."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Buchanan County Public Service Authority; Virginia DEQ; Virginia Department of Health; local emergency officials.","role":"Responsible bodies identified in cited records"}],"public_contact":"Virginia DEQ Southwest Regional Office, 276-676-4800; DEQ main line 800-592-5482.","corrective_actions":["Sewer-line cleaning, repair, bypass/restoration work, public avoidance advisory and continued monitoring."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Buchanan County Sewer Infrastructure Damage","publisher":"Virginia DEQ","date":"2025-03-20","url":"https://www.deq.virginia.gov/news-info/shortcuts/topics-of-interest/buchanan-county-sewer-infrastructure-damage","basis":"Official incident and advisory page"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified VA baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2025-02-01","latest_seen":"2025-03-20","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Overflow volume","Receiving-water measurements","Customers affected","Repair cost","Final advisory-lift date"],"related_ids":["US-VA-SOUTHWEST-HELENE-WATER-INFRASTRUCTURE-DAMAGE-2024"],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-VA-RICHMOND-CSO-CONTROL-PROGRAM-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Richmond combined-sewer overflow control obligations","description":"Richmond remains under a state consent-order framework to implement interim and final combined-sewer overflow controls protecting the James River. The 2025 city report says implementation is ongoing; current city financial reporting identifies a roughly $575 million final plan and a broader $1.6 billion ten-year wastewater capital program.","location":{"name":"Richmond combined sewer system","type":"Municipal combined sewer system","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"City of Richmond and receiving James River waters","counties":[],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A combined collection system discharges untreated sewage during wet weather and requires major physical controls under enforceable requirements.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"CSOs discharge untreated sewage to James River waters.","service":"The system remains operational but wet-weather control is inadequate.","scale":"Major city system and downstream river users.","duration":"Long-running, multi-year compliance obligation.","significance":"Consent-order and statutory final-plan requirements with major capital need."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Wastewater utility serves approximately 58,000 customers; exposure population not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: approximately 58,000 wastewater customers; 75 MGD plant capacity; final CSO plan about $575 million in future inflated dollars."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Very large mandated capital needs and repeated rate increases create ratepayer exposure, though no insolvency, default or covenant breach is reported."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Final plan is approved and projects are progressing, but the compliance program remains incomplete.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: material construction and rate pressure will continue through the ten-year capital horizon.","horizon":"2026-2036","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Consent-order schedule and current capital plan continue."],"reversal_factors":["Project delay, cost escalation, funding change or accelerated completion."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Richmond DPU; Virginia DEQ; State Water Control Board.","role":"Responsible bodies identified in cited records"}],"public_contact":"Richmond DPU, 311 / 804-646-7000; Virginia DEQ Water Enforcement, dennis.e.haskin@deq.virginia.gov, 804-588-2358.","corrective_actions":["Interim and final CSO projects, operation and maintenance, sewer rehabilitation, treatment modernization and community engagement."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Richmond 2025 Combined Sewer System General Assembly Report","publisher":"City of Richmond / Virginia DEQ","date":"2025-11-01","url":"https://www.deq.virginia.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/32705/639020848179400000","basis":"Official annual compliance report"},{"ref":2,"title":"FY2025 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report","publisher":"City of Richmond","date":"2026-03-13","url":"https://rva.gov/sites/default/files/2026-03/City%20of%20Richmond%20_%20FY2025%20ACFR.pdf","basis":"Audited city financial report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Wastewater Utility","publisher":"City of Richmond DPU","date":"2025-01-01","url":"https://www.rva.gov/public-utilities/wastewater-utility","basis":"Utility profile"},{"ref":4,"title":"DPU new utility rates effective July 1, 2025","publisher":"City of Richmond","date":"2025-07-01","url":"https://www.rva.gov/press-releases-and-announcements/news/city-dpu-new-utility-rates-effective-july-1-2025-convenience","basis":"Approved utility rate notice"},{"ref":5,"title":"Department of Public Utilities - Enterprise Operations, FY2027 Proposed Budget","publisher":"City of Richmond","date":"2026-03-13","url":"https://rva.gov/sites/default/files/2026-03/2026.03.13-CAO-ProposedBudgetCAOMemo.pdf","basis":"Municipal budget and ten-year capital plan"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified VA baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-03-13","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current annual overflow volume/frequency","Project-by-project funding gap","Household burden"],"related_ids":["US-VA-RICHMOND-REGIONAL-WATER-CRISIS-2025"],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-03-13","rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"typical_monthly_wastewater_bill_increase","value":4.54,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-07-01","scope":{"utility":"Richmond DPU","customer_class":"typical residential wastewater customer"},"basis":{"consumption":"6 Ccf per month; wastewater only"},"source_refs":[4],"notes":"Approved FY2026 increase; not the total bill."}],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"capital_need","value":575000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-03-13","funding_stage":"estimated","scope":{"project":"Richmond CSO Final Plan"},"basis":{"definition":"Future-inflated-dollar plan estimate."},"source_refs":[2],"notes":"Not equivalent to appropriated or spent funds."},{"metric":"capital_plan","value":1600000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","period_start":"2027-07-01","period_end":"2037-06-30","scope":{"utility":"Richmond wastewater utility"},"basis":{"definition":"Ten-year wastewater capital plan covering treatment modernization and sewer work."},"source_refs":[5],"notes":"Broader than CSO plan; do not sum with CSO estimate."}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-VA-COASTAL-ROAD-INUNDATION-ACCESS-RISK-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Recurrent coastal flooding threatens Virginia road access","description":"The 2024 VDOT/VIMS annual study evaluates sea-level rise, land subsidence and recurrent flooding impacts on coastal road networks and access to priority destinations, including loss of access at 0.5 feet of water on roadways.","location":{"name":"Virginia coastal zone","type":"Multi-locality coastal transportation and flood-risk area","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Coastal Virginia","counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Sea-level rise, subsidence and recurrent inundation are the primary hazards; the study evaluates infrastructure exposure rather than documenting one failed drainage asset.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Flooded roads create localized safety and access harms.","service":"Priority-destination access can be disrupted.","scale":"Virginia coastal zone and multiple localities.","duration":"Recurrent and long-term with relative sea-level rise.","significance":"State-sponsored infrastructure study, without a single emergency or enforcement action."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported assessment threshold: 0.5 feet of water on roadway for minimum-flood accessibility analysis."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No dedicated stormwater or transportation funding gap was quantified in the cited annual update."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The cited program treats sea-level rise, subsidence and recurrent flooding as ongoing risks; comparable statewide annual damage counts were not supplied.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: road-access disruptions will expand over planning horizons where relative sea level continues rising.","horizon":"Multi-decadal","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Relative sea-level and land-subsidence trends continue."],"reversal_factors":["Major resilience investment, revised elevation data or lower observed relative sea-level change."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Virginia Department of Transportation; Virginia Institute of Marine Science; affected coastal localities.","role":"Responsible bodies identified in cited records"}],"public_contact":"VDOT Water Resources Program, ms4@vdot.virginia.gov; VDOT Customer Service, 800-367-7623.","corrective_actions":["Vulnerability mapping, accessibility analysis and resilience planning; project-level controls vary by locality."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Coastal Virginia Transportation Infrastructure Inundation Study Annual Update - December 2023 to December 2024","publisher":"Virginia Department of Transportation / VIMS","date":"2024-12-01","url":"https://rga.lis.virginia.gov/Published/2024/RD995","basis":"State legislative annual report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New verified VA baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2024-12-01","latest_seen":"2024-12-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Population and facilities losing access","Observed event frequency by road","Capital requirement and funded projects"],"related_ids":["US-VA-COASTAL-PLAIN-AQUIFER-DECLINE-SUBSIDENCE-2026"],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-VA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-WATER-RESTRICTIONS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"2025-2026 Virginia drought and community water restrictions","description":"Persistent dry conditions beginning in summer 2025 put 99.95% of Virginia in drought by April 2026. By July, severe drought had expanded in northern Virginia, stream gauges were at record-low to 10th-percentile flows across much of the state, 29 community systems had mandatory restrictions and Richmond issued its first voluntary conservation order since 2002.","location":{"name":"Virginia drought area","type":"Statewide drought area","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Virginia statewide","counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","agricultural","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Prolonged precipitation deficits, low streamflow and constrained supplies drove restrictions, making water quantity the principal issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Agricultural and ecological impacts are plausible/documented regionally but Virginia-specific loss totals were not reported.","service":"Mandatory restrictions at 29 systems and Richmond conservation order affected essential supply management.","scale":"Nearly statewide drought footprint.","duration":"Deficits persisted from summer 2025 into mid-2026.","significance":"Widespread formal restrictions and extreme drought classification in parts of Virginia."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported; 29 community water systems had mandatory restrictions in July 2026."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 99.95% of Virginia in drought April 16, 2026; 29 community water systems with mandatory restrictions July 16, 2026; streamflows record-low to 10th percentile across much of Virginia."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Demand and supply volatility affected utilities, but no system-specific revenue, reserve or emergency-purchase data were located."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"The 2024 drought ended by June 2025, followed by a broader 2025-2026 episode; recurrence supports volatility rather than a monotonic trend.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: supply restrictions remain plausible during future seasonal deficits over the next 12-24 months.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Recent precipitation variability persists."],"reversal_factors":["Sustained above-normal precipitation and reservoir/streamflow recovery."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Virginia DEQ; local community water systems; NOAA/NIDIS; Virginia Drought Monitoring Task Force.","role":"Responsible bodies identified in cited records"}],"public_contact":"Virginia DEQ Office of Water Supply, William Cloe, william.cloe@deq.virginia.gov, 804-754-5457.","corrective_actions":["Mandatory and voluntary conservation restrictions, drought monitoring and utility contingency measures."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drought Status Update for the Southeast - April 16, 2026","publisher":"NOAA/NIDIS Drought.gov","date":"2026-04-16","url":"https://www.drought.gov/drought-status-updates/drought-status-update-southeast-2026-04-16","basis":"Federal drought assessment"},{"ref":2,"title":"Drought Status Update for the Mid-Atlantic - July 16, 2026","publisher":"NOAA/NIDIS Drought.gov","date":"2026-07-16","url":"https://www.drought.gov/drought-status-updates/drought-status-update-mid-atlantic-2026-07-16","basis":"Federal drought and utility-impact assessment"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"New verified VA baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2025-07-20","latest_seen":"2026-07-16","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["List and population of 29 systems","Restriction dates by utility","Agricultural loss estimate","Current October 2026 drought status in cited source"],"related_ids":["US-VA-CHESAPEAKE-AG-NUTRIENT-CONTROL-GAP-2024"],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-VA-COASTAL-PLAIN-AQUIFER-DECLINE-SUBSIDENCE-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Virginia Coastal Plain aquifer depletion, saltwater intrusion and subsidence","description":"A 2026 USGS groundwater-budget study concludes that widespread historic declines in confined Coastal Plain aquifers reduced storage, altered flow, induced saltwater intrusion in some coastal areas, compacted the aquifer system and increased relative sea-level rise. Reduced recent withdrawals enabled moderate recovery in some Potomac-aquifer areas, but net storage decline persists in parts of the system.","location":{"name":"Virginia Coastal Plain aquifer system","type":"Regional aquifer system","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Eastern Virginia and Eastern Shore groundwater management areas","counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","stormwater-flooding","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Historic pumping reduced confined-aquifer storage and altered groundwater flow, producing quantity decline, saltwater-intrusion risk and land subsidence.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"USGS documents saltwater intrusion, compaction and increased relative sea-level rise.","service":"Long-term availability is at risk, but no current widespread outage is documented.","scale":"Regional aquifer system beneath much of coastal Virginia.","duration":"Decades-long and persistent.","significance":"Formal groundwater management areas and permitting, without current emergency declaration."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 377 active groundwater withdrawal permits as of July 1, 2025; approximately 43.0 billion gallons/year authorized, equivalent to 118 MGD."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Large permitted dependence and long-term supply constraints are documented, but utility-specific financial exposure is not quantified."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Historic regional decline and impacts remain, while reduced withdrawals produced moderate recovery in some Potomac-aquifer areas.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: localized recovery can continue under lower withdrawals, but intrusion/subsidence risks persist in stressed coastal areas over the next decade.","horizon":"2026-2036","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Withdrawal controls continue and model assumptions remain valid."],"reversal_factors":["Large new withdrawals, accelerated recharge, or revised hydrogeologic model results."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Virginia DEQ; USGS; groundwater permit holders; Eastern Virginia Groundwater Management Advisory Committee.","role":"Responsible bodies identified in cited records"}],"public_contact":"Virginia DEQ Office of Water Supply Manager William Cloe, william.cloe@deq.virginia.gov, 804-754-5457; USGS Virginia and West Virginia Water Science Center.","corrective_actions":["Withdrawal permitting/allocation reductions, groundwater modeling, monitoring, extensometers and HRSD managed aquifer recharge planning."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Computation of regional groundwater budgets for the Virginia Coastal Plain aquifer system","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20261002/full","basis":"Federal scientific report"},{"ref":2,"title":"2024 Annual Water Resources Report","publisher":"Virginia DEQ","date":"2025-12-01","url":"https://www.deq.virginia.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/32667/639019953609230000","basis":"State water-resources report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Virginia Extensometer Network","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","date":"2024-12-11","url":"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/virginia-and-west-virginia-water-science-center/science/virginia-extensometer-network","basis":"Federal monitoring program"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New verified VA baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2024-12-11","latest_seen":"2026-05-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current population dependent on affected aquifers","Current saltwater-front coordinates","Utility-level exposure and costs"],"related_ids":["US-VA-COASTAL-ROAD-INUNDATION-ACCESS-RISK-2024"],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-VA-CHESAPEAKE-BAY-NUTRIENT-RESTORATION-GAP-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Virginia Chesapeake Bay nutrient and sediment restoration gap","description":"EPA's 2025 assessment reports substantial wastewater-sector progress but says restoration remains unfinished and rising loads from agricultural intensification, population growth, development and changing conditions make remaining reductions harder. Virginia's watershed remains subject to the Chesapeake Bay TMDL and milestone process.","location":{"name":"Virginia Chesapeake Bay watershed","type":"Multi-basin watershed","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Virginia Chesapeake Bay watershed and tidal tributaries","counties":[],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["agricultural","wastewater-sewer","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Excess nitrogen, phosphorus and sediment continue to impair Bay water quality, while restoration controls have not fully closed the load gap.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Long-lived nutrient/sediment pollution impairs Bay water quality and aquatic habitat.","service":"Recreation, fisheries and wastewater/stormwater compliance are affected, but drinking-water outages are not implicated.","scale":"Multi-state Bay and Virginia tributary basins.","duration":"Decades-long TMDL restoration effort remains incomplete.","significance":"Landmark federal TMDL and continuing EPA milestone oversight."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Bay wastewater-sector nitrogen load down 57% and phosphorus down 75% since 1985; restoration still unfinished and remaining load reductions concentrated in agriculture and developed lands."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Further agriculture, developed-land and municipal controls require continued investment, but a Virginia-only total funding gap was not reported."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Wastewater loads have fallen substantially and statewide water-quality trends improve, but EPA says the overall restoration goal remains unmet and harder reductions remain.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: incremental improvement is likely through 2027, but complete attainment is unlikely without accelerated agriculture and developed-land controls.","horizon":"2026-2027 milestone period","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Existing partnership funding and verification continue."],"reversal_factors":["Funding cuts, increasing loads, major storms or faster BMP adoption."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"EPA Chesapeake Bay Program; Virginia DEQ; Virginia DCR; watershed localities, utilities and agricultural producers.","role":"Responsible bodies identified in cited records"}],"public_contact":"EPA Chesapeake Bay Program Office, 410-267-5700; Virginia DEQ, deqecology@deq.virginia.gov, 800-592-5482.","corrective_actions":["Two-year milestones, TMDLs, wastewater upgrades, stormwater controls and agricultural BMP implementation/verification."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2025 Assessment of Chesapeake Bay Program progress","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-08-13","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2026-09/2025-assessment_final_0.pdf","basis":"Federal watershed progress assessment"},{"ref":2,"title":"Final 2024 Virginia Integrated Report announcement","publisher":"Virginia DEQ","date":"2025-08-01","url":"https://www.deq.virginia.gov/news-info/newsroom/deq-news/deq-news-vol-4-no-8","basis":"State surface-water assessment summary"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"New verified VA baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2024-08-14","latest_seen":"2026-09-14","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Virginia-only 2025 load gap in indexed source text","Population affected","Total remaining funding need"],"related_ids":["US-VA-CHESAPEAKE-AG-NUTRIENT-CONTROL-GAP-2024","US-VA-RICHMOND-CSO-CONTROL-PROGRAM-2024"],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-VA-CHESAPEAKE-AG-NUTRIENT-CONTROL-GAP-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Virginia agricultural nutrient-control implementation gap","description":"EPA's Virginia animal-agriculture assessment documented large remaining practice needs toward the 2025 goals, while the 2026 Bay assessment says most remaining reductions are expected from agriculture and that implementation and verification are difficult to sustain at scale.","location":{"name":"Virginia Chesapeake Bay agricultural lands","type":"Multi-basin agricultural watershed area","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Virginia portion of Chesapeake Bay watershed","counties":[],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["surface-water","drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Agricultural nutrient and sediment runoff remains a major source-water and watershed load requiring additional verified conservation practices.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Nutrient and sediment runoff materially contributes to Bay impairment.","service":"Agricultural production and downstream water uses are affected, without direct essential-service outage.","scale":"Agricultural lands across multiple Virginia Bay basins.","duration":"Persistent multi-year implementation gap.","significance":"Formal EPA program assessment and Bay milestone oversight."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported 2021-to-2025 remaining needs included 366,486 acres of nutrient management, 550,523 acres of enhanced nutrient management and 230,908 acres of traditional cover crops in the EPA assessment table."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Producer economics and continued incentive funding affect adoption, but farm-level finances and a statewide funding gap were not reported."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"EPA recognized accelerated Virginia agriculture reductions in 2023, but the remaining implementation gap is still material.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: BMP acreage will continue increasing through 2027 but verification and producer economics will constrain the pace.","horizon":"2026-2027","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Incentive and technical-assistance programs continue."],"reversal_factors":["Funding reduction, commodity stress, drought, or faster program uptake."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Virginia DCR; Virginia DEQ; EPA Chesapeake Bay Program; soil and water conservation districts; agricultural producers.","role":"Responsible bodies identified in cited records"}],"public_contact":"EPA Chesapeake Bay Program Office, 410-267-5700; Virginia DCR Division of Soil and Water Conservation, 804-786-1717.","corrective_actions":["Nutrient-management plans, cover crops, waste-management systems, stream exclusion, buffers and improved BMP verification."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Virginia Animal Agriculture Program Assessment","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2024-12-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-12/final-2024-virginia-animal-agriculture-program-assessment-report.pdf","basis":"Federal program assessment"},{"ref":2,"title":"2025 Assessment of Chesapeake Bay Program progress","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-08-13","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2026-09/2025-assessment_final_0.pdf","basis":"Federal watershed progress assessment"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified VA baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2024-08-14","latest_seen":"2026-08-13","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Farm-level discharge data","2025 final Virginia BMP attainment for every practice","Current total funding gap"],"related_ids":["US-VA-CHESAPEAKE-BAY-NUTRIENT-RESTORATION-GAP-2026","US-VA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-WATER-RESTRICTIONS-2026"],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-VA-PRINCE-WILLIAM-POSSUM-POINT-COAL-ASH-CLOSURE-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Possum Point coal-ash closure and groundwater corrective monitoring","description":"Dominion is pursuing permits to close the remaining Pond D coal-ash unit and construct/manage disposal capacity at Possum Point. DEQ records show ongoing groundwater and surface-water monitoring and corrective-action plans. Dominion's 2025 report says six of 29 sampled nearby private wells exceeded the radium MCL but were upgradient; treatment or bottled water was offered where requested.","location":{"name":"Possum Point Power Station","type":"Power-station coal combustion residual facility","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Prince William County, Virginia","counties":["Prince William"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drinking-water-quality","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Legacy coal-ash impoundments require engineered closure while groundwater monitoring and corrective action address contaminant migration concerns.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Groundwater corrective action and private-well exceedances are documented, but cited radium exceedances were upgradient and causation is not assigned.","service":"No public-water outage or do-not-drink order was documented.","scale":"Facility and nearby private wells.","duration":"Long-term legacy waste closure and monitoring.","significance":"State/federal CCR permitting, closure and corrective-action requirements."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"At least 29 nearby private-well owners granted sampling access; six wells had radium MCL exceedances reported as upgradient. Total nearby population not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 29 nearby wells sampled; six radium MCL exceedances identified upgradient; Pond D closure permit modification remains under review."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Long-duration closure and corrective monitoring create forward cost exposure, but project cost, funding source and rate impact were not verified."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Closure permitting and corrective monitoring are active, while the remaining Pond D closure is not complete.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: closure permitting, ash management and groundwater monitoring will remain active beyond 2026.","horizon":"Multi-year","confidence":"High","assumptions":["Permit applications proceed under current state and federal requirements."],"reversal_factors":["Permit denial, revised closure design, new exceedances or accelerated completion."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Dominion Energy Virginia; Virginia DEQ; Prince William County; EPA.","role":"Responsible bodies identified in cited records"}],"public_contact":"Virginia DEQ coal-ash program, Brent Williams, brent.williams@deq.virginia.gov, 804-512-7826; DEQ main line 800-592-5482.","corrective_actions":["Permit review, closure by removal/consolidation, groundwater and surface-water monitoring, corrective-action plans, and water treatment/bottled water offers to qualifying sampled well owners."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Possum Point Power Station","publisher":"Virginia DEQ","date":"2026-07-29","url":"https://www.deq.virginia.gov/news-info/shortcuts/permits/waste/coal-ash/possum-point","basis":"State permit and compliance portal"},{"ref":2,"title":"2025 Pond E Annual Groundwater Monitoring and Corrective Action Report","publisher":"Dominion Energy via Virginia DEQ","date":"2026-01-29","url":"https://www.deq.virginia.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/33214/639058826153670000","basis":"Permit-required groundwater report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New verified VA baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2024-05-01","latest_seen":"2026-07-29","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Closure cost","Contaminant trend by monitoring well","Final permit schedule","Population within one mile"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-VA-VIRGINIA-AMERICAN-WATER-RATE-CASE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Virginia American Water proposed 2026 water and wastewater rate increases","description":"Virginia American Water filed a November 2025 SCC rate request tied to approximately $115 million of investment. The company stated that, if fully approved, an average residential customer using 4,000 gallons monthly would pay about $11 more per month for water and about $11 more for wastewater. Interim rates were planned for May 2026 and remain subject to refund after the final SCC decision.","location":{"name":"Virginia American Water service areas","type":"Multi-district investor-owned water and wastewater utility","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Alexandria, Hopewell, Prince William and Eastern districts","counties":["Prince William"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The primary issue is a regulated revenue request allocating infrastructure and operating costs to customers, not a documented physical service failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health or environmental harm is established by the rate filing.","service":"No shutoff or service interruption is documented.","scale":"Multiple regulated service districts.","duration":"Rates are recurring but final disposition is pending.","significance":"Formal SCC rate proceeding; no severe financial distress."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported proposed effect: about $11/month more for water and $11/month more for wastewater at 4,000 gallons; approximately $115 million of cited investment."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Material capital-driven rate pressure is documented; no insolvency, default, weak liquidity or service-continuity threat was found."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One pending rate cycle does not establish a trend.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: bills may remain above pre-May 2026 levels after final adjudication, but the amount is uncertain and refundable.","horizon":"Through final SCC order","confidence":"Low","assumptions":["Interim rates took effect substantially as proposed."],"reversal_factors":["SCC disallowance, settlement or customer refunds."]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Virginia State Corporation Commission; Virginia American Water Company; Virginia Office of Attorney General Division of Consumer Counsel.","role":"Responsible bodies identified in cited records"}],"public_contact":"Virginia SCC Division of Public Utility Regulation, 804-371-9611; Virginia American Water customer service, 800-452-6863.","corrective_actions":["SCC evidentiary review, public participation and refund true-up after a final rate decision."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Your Water and Wastewater Rates","publisher":"Virginia American Water","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://amwater-prod.awapps.com/vaaw/Customer-Service-Billing/your-water-and-wastewater-rates","basis":"Utility rate filing summary and effective tariff"},{"ref":2,"title":"SCC Case Information","publisher":"Virginia State Corporation Commission","date":null,"url":"https://www.scc.virginia.gov/case-information/","basis":"State regulatory docket access","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New verified VA baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-11-03","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Final SCC-authorized revenue increase","District-specific final bills","Household-income burden","Arrears and shutoffs"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-06-01","rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"proposed_monthly_water_bill_increase","value":11,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-11-03","scope":{"utility":"Virginia American Water","customer_class":"average residential water customer"},"basis":{"consumption":"4,000 gallons per month; water service"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Approximate proposed increase; interim amount subject to refund and not final."},{"metric":"proposed_monthly_wastewater_bill_increase","value":11,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-11-03","scope":{"utility":"Virginia American Water","customer_class":"average residential wastewater customer"},"basis":{"consumption":"4,000 gallons per month; wastewater service"},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Approximate proposed increase; interim amount subject to refund and not final."}],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"capital_investment_supporting_rate_case","value":115000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-11-03","funding_stage":"estimated","scope":{"utility":"Virginia American Water"},"basis":{"definition":"Utility-described investment supporting requested rates."},"source_refs":[1],"notes":"Approximately $115 million; mix of completed/planned spend not fully parsed."}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[],"conflicts":[]}},{"id":"US-WA-WEST-PLAINS-PFAS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"West Plains PFAS contamination in private drinking-water wells","description":"EPA and Washington agencies sampled 411 private wells in the northeast West Plains in March and June 2024; 236 wells, or 57%, exceeded drinking-water standards, with some results north of Highway 2 more than 20 times the standard. Ecology identifies Fairchild Air Force Base, Spokane International Airport and Spokane County Fire Station 10-5 as principal sources and requires safe-water interim actions while investigation and cleanup proceed.","location":{"name":"Northeast West Plains PFAS area","type":"Private-well and groundwater contamination area","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"Northeast West Plains, Spokane County, Washington","counties":["Spokane"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater","industrial-energy","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS contamination of groundwater and private drinking-water wells is the direct health and water-quality issue; cleanup and alternative-water delivery are corrective responses.","secondary_drivers":["historical firefighting foam","military and airport operations"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"PFAS above drinking-water standards was confirmed in 236 sampled wells.","service":"Affected private wells require filters or alternative safe water.","scale":"411 wells were sampled and 236 exceeded standards.","duration":"The plume is persistent and investigation continued through 2026.","significance":"Ecology enforcement, EPA sampling and state-funded treatment are active."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Household occupancy for the 236 affected wells was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"236 of 411 sampled private wells (57%) exceeded drinking-water standards in 2024."},"measures":[{"name":"sampled private wells","value":411,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported"},{"name":"wells above standards","value":236,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported"},{"name":"share above standards","value":57,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported"},{"name":"county filter appropriation","value":7500000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Private-well households depend on public funding and responsible-party interim measures","Long-term public-water or treatment solution remains under development"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Expanded 2024 sampling documented widespread exceedances beyond previously characterized areas.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: interim filtration and plume investigation will remain necessary through at least 2027 unless permanent connections or source controls advance faster.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["PFAS persistence and current cleanup schedules continue"],"reversal_factors":["Permanent public-water extensions","Accelerated source containment","New sampling showing plume contraction"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Washington Department of Ecology","role":"cleanup regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"sampling and federal oversight"},{"name":"Spokane Regional Health District","role":"household assistance"},{"name":"Spokane International Airport, Fairchild Air Force Base and Spokane County","role":"source investigation and interim response"}],"public_contact":"Washington Department of Ecology West Plains PFAS team, WestPlainsPFAS@ecy.wa.gov, 509-724-1164","corrective_actions":["Whole-house and point-of-use filtration","Alternative safe water","Remedial investigation and plume modeling","Evaluation of long-term public-water solutions"],"sources":[{"ref":"WA-WP-1","title":"EPA and Eastern Washington University sampling results","publisher":"Washington Department of Ecology","date":"2024-06-30","url":"https://ecology.wa.gov/spills-cleanup/contamination-cleanup/cleanup-sites/sites-with-pfas-in-drinking-water/west-plains-pfas/sampling-results","basis":"State cleanup and federal sampling record"},{"ref":"WA-WP-2","title":"PFAS in West Plains private wells","publisher":"Washington Department of Ecology","date":null,"url":"https://www.ecology.wa.gov/spills-cleanup/contamination-cleanup/cleanup-sites/sites-with-pfas-in-drinking-water/west-plains-pfas","basis":"Current state cleanup record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":10,"note":"New verified Washington baseline record."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":10,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-02-21","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected population","Final plume boundary","Permanent-solution cost and schedule"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"secured_funding","value":7500000,"currency":"USD","unit":"appropriation","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-10-10","scope":{"project":"West Plains whole-house filter systems","geography":"Spokane County"},"basis":{"definition":"Washington legislative funding described by Ecology"},"source_refs":["WA-WP-2"],"funding_stage":"secured"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-WA-EAST-SELAH-PFAS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"East Selah private-well PFAS contamination","description":"Washington Ecology reports that historical firefighting training at the Yakima Training Center released PFAS to groundwater and left nearby East Selah drinking water unsafe for people and animals. Yakima Health District expanded private-well testing from May 2024 through June 2025 and continues to provide certified under-sink filters to homes above drinking-water standards while agencies evaluate a public-water system.","location":{"name":"East Selah PFAS area","type":"Private-well community","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"East Selah near Yakima Training Center, Yakima County, Washington","counties":["Yakima"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Persistent PFAS in private groundwater wells is the primary cause of unsafe drinking water.","secondary_drivers":["historical military firefighting foam"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Ecology states affected drinking water is unsafe for people and animals.","service":"Households above standards need filters and continued testing.","scale":"A community area is affected, but the number of wells above standards was not published on the cited page.","duration":"Contamination persisted through the 2024-2025 testing campaign.","significance":"State, local and federal agencies are evaluating a long-term public-water solution."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The cited source did not report the number of affected households or residents."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Expanded private-well testing ran from May 2024 through June 2025; exceedance count not reported."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Households rely on publicly funded filters","Permanent public-water system remains under evaluation"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Expanded testing identifies the issue, but comparable concentration trends were not published.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: household filtration and well monitoring will continue while a permanent water-supply option is evaluated.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Current agency response continues"],"reversal_factors":["Army-funded permanent connection","Cleanup containment","New trend data"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Washington Department of Ecology","role":"state coordination"},{"name":"Yakima Health District","role":"well testing and filters"},{"name":"U.S. Army","role":"Yakima Training Center source investigation"}],"public_contact":"Washington Department of Ecology, Kurt.Walker@ecy.wa.gov, 509-934-0386","corrective_actions":["Free certified under-sink filters","Private-well testing","Evaluation of a public water system","Livestock testing and interagency coordination"],"sources":[{"ref":"WA-ES-1","title":"PFAS in East Selah drinking water","publisher":"Washington Department of Ecology","date":"2025-08-01","url":"https://ecology.wa.gov/blog/august-2025/pfas-in-east-selah-drinking-water","basis":"State cleanup and community-response record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New verified Washington baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2024-05-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium-High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected wells and population","Concentration distribution","Permanent solution cost"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-WA-YAKIMA-MULTIYEAR-DROUGHT-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Multiyear Washington drought and Yakima irrigation shortage","description":"Washington's 2026 emergency declaration covers the entire state after compounding 2023-2025 precipitation deficits. Ecology reported about 1 million acre-feet of Yakima storage against roughly 2.5 million acre-feet of irrigation and fish demand, with pro-ratable users forecast to receive 44% of normal supply; the affected agricultural areas generate more than $3.5 billion in revenue.","location":{"name":"Washington drought emergency and Yakima Basin","type":"Statewide drought with basin-scale irrigation shortage","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"Washington statewide, with acute Yakima Basin impacts","counties":["Yakima","Kittitas","Benton"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["agricultural","drinking-water-supply","surface-water","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Multiyear precipitation and snowpack deficits directly reduced reservoir, streamflow and irrigation availability.","secondary_drivers":["climate variability","snowpack loss","senior-priority allocation rules"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Low flows threaten fish and agricultural production.","service":"Yakima pro-ratable users were forecast at 44% of normal supply.","scale":"The 2026 emergency declaration covers the state and major agricultural basins.","duration":"Ecology describes compounding deficits from 2023, 2024 and 2025 and a fourth consecutive Yakima drought year.","significance":"A statewide emergency declaration, grants and emergency water-right actions are active."}},"status":"Active Emergency","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The declaration did not publish a defensible statewide affected-population count."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Yakima storage about 1.0 million acre-feet versus roughly 2.5 million acre-feet of irrigation and fish demand; pro-ratable supply forecast at 44%."},"measures":[{"name":"Yakima reservoir storage","value":1000000,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported"},{"name":"Yakima irrigation and fish demand","value":2500000,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported"},{"name":"pro-ratable supply forecast","value":44,"unit":"percent of normal","status":"Reported"},{"name":"affected agricultural revenue","value":3500000000,"unit":"USD annually","status":"Reported"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Irrigation districts and public systems may depend on emergency drought grants","Water-delivery revenue and farm demand are exposed to repeated allocation cuts"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The 2026 declaration follows multiple consecutive drought years and compounding deficits.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: without above-normal snowpack and precipitation, Yakima allocation stress and emergency water-right actions are likely to persist into the 2027 planning cycle.","horizon":"6-18 months","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Storage-demand imbalance persists","No exceptional winter recovery"],"reversal_factors":["Sustained above-normal snowpack","Wet spring runoff","Major conservation or storage gains"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Washington Department of Ecology","role":"drought declaration, grants and water-right administration"},{"name":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","role":"Yakima reservoir operations and allocation forecast"}],"public_contact":"Washington Department of Ecology drought program, caroline.mellor@ecy.wa.gov","corrective_actions":["Emergency drought declaration","Drought response grants","Temporary water-right transfers and emergency wells","Conservation and fish-protection actions"],"sources":[{"ref":"WA-DR-1","title":"Drought Response","publisher":"Washington Department of Ecology","date":"2026-04-01","url":"https://www.ecology.wa.gov/water-shorelines/water-supply/water-availability/statewide-conditions/drought-response","basis":"State emergency drought record"},{"ref":"WA-DR-2","title":"New forecast shows anticipated risks to Columbia Basin water supplies","publisher":"Washington Department of Ecology","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://ecology.wa.gov/about-us/who-we-are/news/2026/july-1-new-forecast-shows-anticipated-risks-to-columbia-basin-water-supplies","basis":"State supply forecast"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Active Emergency","score":10,"note":"New verified Washington baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2024-04-16","latest_seen":"2026-07-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Final 2026 allocation","Crop losses","Public-system population affected"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[{"metric":"forward_revenue_exposure","value":3500000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"annual agricultural revenue in covered areas","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-04-01","scope":{"geography":"Washington drought-emergency agricultural areas"},"basis":{"definition":"Ecology description of agricultural revenue exposed to drought"},"source_refs":["WA-DR-1"]}]}},{"id":"US-WA-SEATTLE-KING-CSO-COMPLIANCE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Seattle and King County sewer-overflow consent-decree violations","description":"Washington Ecology and EPA jointly penalized Seattle and King County for 2024 violations of federal consent decrees and state permits governing sanitary and combined sewer overflows. Seattle was assessed $35,000 and King County $52,500 for overflow events, wet-weather treatment-station issues and other compliance failures.","location":{"name":"Seattle and King County combined sewer systems","type":"Municipal and regional wastewater systems","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"Seattle and King County, Washington","counties":["King"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Collection and wet-weather treatment failures caused untreated or insufficiently treated sewage discharges to receiving waters.","secondary_drivers":["wet-weather capacity","consent-decree compliance"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Ecology states the discharges contain bacteria and pollutants unsafe for people and animals.","service":"Overflow and wet-weather treatment failures were documented, without a citywide sanitation outage.","scale":"The systems serve Seattle and the regional King County service area.","duration":"Violations occurred during 2024 under long-running consent decrees.","significance":"Joint state-federal penalties and consent-decree enforcement apply."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The enforcement release did not quantify people directly exposed."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$87,500 combined penalties for 2024 overflow and compliance violations."},"measures":[{"name":"Seattle penalty","value":35000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported"},{"name":"King County penalty","value":52500,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Long-term consent-decree capital exposure","Wet-weather treatment and collection-system compliance costs"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The cited action covers one compliance year and does not provide a comparable overflow series.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: consent-decree construction and overflow-control spending will remain active over the next several years.","horizon":"2-5 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Consent decrees remain in force"],"reversal_factors":["Verified compliance milestones","Decree modification","Repeat violations"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Seattle Public Utilities","role":"city sewer operator"},{"name":"King County Wastewater Treatment Division","role":"regional wastewater operator"},{"name":"Washington Department of Ecology","role":"state regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"federal consent-decree enforcement"}],"public_contact":"Washington Department of Ecology media office, media@ecy.wa.gov","corrective_actions":["Continue consent-decree overflow-control programs","Correct wet-weather treatment and sewer-system violations","Pay assessed penalties"],"sources":[{"ref":"WA-CSO-1","title":"Seattle and King County penalized for sewer overflow violations","publisher":"Washington Department of Ecology","date":"2025-10-01","url":"https://ecology.wa.gov/about-us/who-we-are/news/2025/oct-1-seattle-and-king-county-penalized-for-sewer-overflow-violations","basis":"Joint state-federal enforcement release"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New verified Washington baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-01","latest_seen":"2025-10-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Overflow volume","Exposure population","Remaining consent-decree capital cost"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"penalty","value":87500,"currency":"USD","unit":"combined assessed penalties","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-10-01","scope":{"project":"Seattle and King County 2024 overflow violations"},"basis":{"definition":"Sum of separately reported $35,000 and $52,500 penalties"},"source_refs":["WA-CSO-1"],"funding_stage":"approved","method":"Straight addition of compatible penalties: $35,000 + $52,500"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-WA-LOWER-DUWAMISH-CLEANUP-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lower Duwamish Waterway toxic-sediment cleanup","description":"EPA issued a July 2024 unilateral administrative order valued at $96 million to begin cleanup work in the Lower Duwamish Waterway. EPA documents PCB, arsenic, carcinogenic PAH, dioxin and furan contamination and health risks from fish and shellfish consumption and sediment contact, with material environmental-justice and Tribal-resource implications.","location":{"name":"Lower Duwamish Waterway Superfund site","type":"Urban river Superfund site","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"Lower Duwamish Waterway, Seattle, King County, Washington","counties":["King"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Persistent toxic sediment contamination is the direct environmental and human-exposure issue.","secondary_drivers":["legacy industrial contamination","sediment exposure","environmental justice"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA identifies health threats from seafood consumption and sediment contact.","service":"The waterway remains usable only with exposure restrictions and cleanup controls, not a drinking-water outage.","scale":"A major urban waterway affects adjacent communities, Tribes and migratory fish habitat.","duration":"Legacy contamination requires multi-year Superfund remediation.","significance":"EPA issued a $96 million unilateral order to begin cleanup."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"EPA did not publish a single defensible affected-population figure in the cited source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"EPA's 2024 unilateral cleanup order was valued at $96 million."},"measures":[{"name":"ordered cleanup work value","value":96000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Responsible-party cleanup obligation is material but no utility solvency issue was identified"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The 2024 order moved in-river remediation into active work.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: cleanup work will continue over multiple construction seasons, while fish-consumption and contact risks will persist until sediment remedies are completed and verified.","horizon":"2-5 years","confidence":"High","assumptions":["Order remains enforceable","Construction windows proceed"],"reversal_factors":["Schedule delays","Settlement changes","Unexpected contaminant extent"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Superfund lead regulator"},{"name":"Lower Duwamish Waterway Group","role":"ordered responsible-party group"},{"name":"City of Seattle and King County","role":"responsible parties and local governments"}],"public_contact":"U.S. EPA Region 10 public information center, 800-424-4372","corrective_actions":["Begin ordered in-river cleanup","Continue source control and sediment remediation","Maintain fish-consumption risk communication"],"sources":[{"ref":"WA-LD-1","title":"Enforcement and Compliance Assurance Annual Results for Fiscal Year 2024","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2025-03-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2025-03/eoy2024.pdf","basis":"Federal enforcement annual report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New verified Washington baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2024-07-01","latest_seen":"2025-03-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current construction completion","Affected-population count","Full remedy cost"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[{"metric":"project_estimate","value":96000000,"currency":"USD","unit":"ordered cleanup work","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-07-01","scope":{"project":"Initial Lower Duwamish in-river cleanup order"},"basis":{"definition":"EPA-stated value of unilateral administrative order"},"source_refs":["WA-LD-1"],"funding_stage":"authorized"}],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-WA-PUGET-SOUND-NUTRIENTS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Puget Sound wastewater nutrient pollution and low dissolved oxygen","description":"Washington Ecology's 2025 draft nutrient-reduction strategy states that nitrogen from wastewater and industrial facilities contributes to low dissolved oxygen in parts of Puget Sound, impairing conditions needed by fish and other aquatic life. The plan calls for permit limits, watershed cleanup plans and monitoring through 2050.","location":{"name":"Puget Sound","type":"Estuary and regional wastewater receiving water","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"Puget Sound, western Washington","counties":["King","Pierce","Snohomish","Kitsap","Thurston","Mason","Skagit","Whatcom","Island","Clallam","Jefferson"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Excess nitrogen and resulting low dissolved oxygen are the direct ecosystem-quality problems; treatment upgrades are the corrective response.","secondary_drivers":["municipal wastewater nitrogen","industrial discharge","population growth"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Ecology states some areas lack enough oxygen for fish and aquatic life to survive and thrive.","service":"The issue affects wastewater discharge controls and ecosystem services, not a drinking-water outage.","scale":"Puget Sound is a large multi-county estuary.","duration":"The corrective strategy extends to 2050, reflecting a long-lived issue.","significance":"Clean Water Act permit updates and watershed cleanup plans are proposed."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No direct human population count was reported for the ecological impairment."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Draft strategy sets corrective actions through 2050; pollutant-load reduction amount was not reported on the cited page."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Long-horizon nutrient-treatment capital and operating exposure for multiple wastewater utilities","Future permit limits remain under development"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The plan establishes the problem and remedy horizon but not a comparable multi-year oxygen trend in the cited release.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: nutrient permit limits and treatment-planning costs will increase through the next permit cycles, with ecological recovery extending well beyond 2030.","horizon":"5-10 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Draft strategy is implemented","Modeled nitrogen-oxygen relationship remains valid"],"reversal_factors":["Plan revision","Alternative source controls","Faster treatment deployment"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Washington Department of Ecology","role":"Clean Water Act regulator and strategy lead"},{"name":"Puget Sound wastewater and industrial dischargers","role":"regulated nitrogen sources"}],"public_contact":"Washington Department of Ecology Water Quality Program, Colleen.Keltz@ecy.wa.gov","corrective_actions":["Update discharge permits to reduce nitrogen","Develop watershed cleanup plans","Expand long-term monitoring","Plan wastewater treatment controls"],"sources":[{"ref":"WA-PS-1","title":"Ecology shares plan to clean up Puget Sound nutrient pollution","publisher":"Washington Department of Ecology","date":"2025-06-12","url":"https://www.ecology.wa.gov/about-us/who-we-are/news/2025/ecology-shares-plan-to-clean-up-puget-sound-nutrient-pollution","basis":"State Clean Water Act planning record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New verified Washington baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2025-06-12","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current nitrogen load","Treatment cost","Affected aquatic area"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-WA-LOWER-ISSAQUAH-PFAS-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lower Issaquah Valley PFAS groundwater cleanup","description":"Washington Ecology moved two Lower Issaquah Valley PFAS areas into formal cleanup in 2024 after contamination was detected in groundwater near public-water wells. The City of Issaquah and Sammamish Plateau Water and Sewer District have taken protective measures while legal agreements require investigation and a draft cleanup action plan.","location":{"name":"Lower Issaquah Valley PFAS cleanup sites","type":"Groundwater cleanup area near public-water wells","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"Lower Issaquah Valley, King County, Washington","counties":["King"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS-contaminated groundwater near municipal supply wells is the direct issue.","secondary_drivers":["historical firefighting foam"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"PFAS was detected in groundwater, though the cited source says utilities acted to keep delivered water safe.","service":"Public-water wells face source-water risk without a reported current unsafe-water advisory.","scale":"Two cleanup sites and two water systems are implicated.","duration":"Contamination has been known since 2015 and formal cleanup began in 2024.","significance":"Ecology legal agreements require remedial investigation and cleanup planning."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The cited source did not quantify customers served by the implicated wells."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Two formal PFAS cleanup sites established in 2024 near wells used by two public water systems."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Potential treatment and source-replacement costs","Long-term cleanup liability"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The issue moved from investigation into enforceable formal cleanup.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: remedial investigation and cleanup-plan development will continue through the next 12-24 months while utilities maintain protective operations.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Legal agreements remain in effect"],"reversal_factors":["New exceedances in delivered water","Cleanup delay","Source-control success"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Washington Department of Ecology","role":"cleanup regulator"},{"name":"City of Issaquah and Eastside Fire & Rescue","role":"investigation and cleanup parties"},{"name":"City of Issaquah and Sammamish Plateau Water and Sewer District","role":"drinking-water system operators"}],"public_contact":"Washington Department of Ecology Northwest Region cleanup program","corrective_actions":["Remedial investigation","Feasibility study and draft cleanup action plan","Protective municipal water-system operations"],"sources":[{"ref":"WA-LI-1","title":"Cleaning up: PFAS contamination in the Lower Issaquah Valley","publisher":"Washington Department of Ecology","date":"2024-05-01","url":"https://ecology.wa.gov/blog/may-2024/cleaning-up-pfas-in-the-lower-issaquah-valley","basis":"State formal-cleanup notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified Washington baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2024-04-22","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium-High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Current concentrations","Affected population","Cleanup cost"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-WA-CHEHALIS-FLOOD-RISK-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Chehalis Basin catastrophic flood risk and contested reduction project","description":"Washington Ecology's 2025 revised draft environmental review evaluates a proposed flow-through flood-control dam and airport levee changes intended to reduce the severity and duration of major and catastrophic Chehalis Basin floods. The record also identifies potential impacts to fish, habitat, water quality and nearby communities, leaving the project and underlying flood risk unresolved.","location":{"name":"Chehalis River Basin","type":"River-basin flood-risk and mitigation project area","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"Chehalis River Basin, southwest Washington","counties":["Lewis","Thurston","Grays Harbor"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Recurring basin-scale flood hazard drives a major structural proposal whose environmental and water-quality effects are integral to the decision.","secondary_drivers":["river flooding","levee and dam alternatives","fish habitat"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The project addresses major and catastrophic floods and potential ecological impacts.","service":"Flooding threatens communities, transportation and the airport area.","scale":"The issue spans a multi-county river basin.","duration":"Long-running flood risk and project review remain unresolved.","significance":"A state environmental impact review is active, but no emergency declaration or final project approval was cited."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The cited project page did not provide a single affected-population estimate."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"2025 revised draft EIS evaluates a flow-through flood-control dam and airport levee changes."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Large flood-control capital and environmental mitigation exposure; cost and secured funding not verified"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The review documents enduring risk but not a comparable event-frequency trend.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: project review and mitigation debate will continue while catastrophic flood exposure remains.","horizon":"1-3 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["No final project decision yet"],"reversal_factors":["Final approval and funding","Alternative basin program","Major new flood"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Washington Department of Ecology","role":"SEPA environmental review"},{"name":"Chehalis River Basin Flood Control Zone District","role":"project sponsor"},{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","role":"federal environmental review"}],"public_contact":"Washington Department of Ecology Chehalis Basin program","corrective_actions":["Environmental review of dam and levee proposal","Public hearings and comment response","Continued basin flood-damage reduction planning"],"sources":[{"ref":"WA-CH-1","title":"Revised draft environmental review of proposed Chehalis River Basin Flood Damage Reduction Project","publisher":"Washington Department of Ecology","date":"2025-11-20","url":"https://ecology.wa.gov/ecologys-work-near-you/river-basins-groundwater/chehalis-basin/chehalis-flood-reduction-eis","basis":"State environmental review"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":9,"note":"New verified Washington baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2025-11-20","latest_seen":"2026-02-04","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Affected population","Final capital cost","Funding secured","Final preferred alternative"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-WA-INDUSTRIAL-STORMWATER-PFAS-6PPDQ-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Industrial stormwater PFAS and 6PPD-quinone regulatory exposure","description":"Washington's reissued Industrial Stormwater General Permit took effect January 1, 2025 for nearly 1,200 facilities and added PFAS sampling for higher-risk sectors plus expanded controls for 6PPD-quinone, a tire-derived chemical linked to salmon mortality. The permit establishes a broad emerging-contaminant monitoring and control burden while facility-level results remain incomplete.","location":{"name":"Washington industrial stormwater permit facilities","type":"Statewide regulated industrial-facility cohort","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"Nearly 1,200 industrial facilities across Washington","counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Industrial stormwater is a documented pathway for PFAS and 6PPD-quinone to surface waters; monitoring and treatment controls address that pollution pathway.","secondary_drivers":["airport and waste-sector PFAS","tire dust","industrial runoff"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Ecology links 6PPD-quinone to salmon mortality and identifies PFAS-contamination risk.","service":"No essential drinking-water or sanitation interruption was documented.","scale":"The permit covers nearly 1,200 facilities statewide.","duration":"Monitoring began in 2025; facility-specific persistence is not yet fully characterized.","significance":"A statewide Clean Water Act permit imposes new sampling and control requirements."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"This is an environmental facility cohort; no exposed human population was quantified."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Nearly 1,200 facilities covered by the permit; PFAS sampling begins for specified higher-risk sectors."},"measures":[{"name":"covered facilities","value":1200,"unit":"approximately facilities","status":"Reported"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["New monitoring and potential treatment costs for airports, waste facilities and other permittees","Future effluent requirements depend on monitoring results"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The permit initiates a new monitoring series, so outcome trends are not yet available.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: facility-specific PFAS and 6PPD-quinone results will increase regulatory and treatment clarity during the 2025-2029 permit cycle.","horizon":"1-3 years","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Permittees complete monitoring","Methods remain applicable"],"reversal_factors":["Permit modification","Monitoring delays","Contaminant-specific rule changes"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Washington Department of Ecology","role":"industrial stormwater permit authority"},{"name":"Covered industrial facilities","role":"monitoring and pollution-control compliance"}],"public_contact":"Washington Department of Ecology Water Quality Program","corrective_actions":["PFAS sampling at specified higher-risk facilities","6PPD-quinone monitoring and source controls","Updated stormwater pollution-prevention practices"],"sources":[{"ref":"WA-IS-1","title":"Industrial sites have new requirements to protect water quality","publisher":"Washington Department of Ecology","date":"2024-12-02","url":"https://ecology.wa.gov/about-us/who-we-are/news/2024/dec-2-industrial-stormwater-permit","basis":"State permit announcement"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New verified Washington baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2024-12-02","latest_seen":"2025-01-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Facility-specific results","Treatment costs","Affected receiving waters"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-WA-CASCADIA-WATER-RATE-CASE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Cascadia Water rate instability and capital-recovery dispute","description":"Washington regulators rejected Cascadia Water's proposed 75% revenue increase in September 2025 and directed a compliance filing designed around a $1.168 million, 49.1% increase. The commission found several planned projects insufficiently documented or imprudent, rejected system-rate consolidation and retained a surcharge, leaving nearly 4,000 connections exposed to a large but reduced rate reset.","location":{"name":"Cascadia Water service systems","type":"Investor-owned multi-system water utility","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"Island, Clallam and Jefferson counties, Washington","counties":["Island","Clallam","Jefferson"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The primary issue is regulatory determination of revenue sufficiency, project prudence and rate allocation across a fragmented investor-owned utility portfolio.","secondary_drivers":["capital project recovery","rate consolidation","regulatory lag"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Material household affordability pressure is plausible, but no burden metric was published.","service":"Capital recovery supports service reliability; no current outage was documented.","scale":"Nearly 4,000 connections across three counties are affected.","duration":"The rate case ran from February 2024 through late 2025 with compliance filing required.","significance":"A formal UTC adjudication rejected the tariff and required a new compliance filing."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":4000,"status":"Reported","note":"Approximately 4,000 utility connections, not people."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Proposed 75% revenue increase rejected; compliance filing directed toward a $1.168 million or 49.1% increase."},"measures":[{"name":"proposed revenue increase","value":75,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported"},{"name":"directed revenue increase","value":49.1,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported"},{"name":"directed annual revenue increase","value":1168000,"unit":"USD annually","status":"Reported"},{"name":"connections","value":4000,"unit":"approximately connections","status":"Reported"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Large revenue requirement increase","Capital-project prudence and documentation failures","Fragmented systems and disputed rate consolidation","No bankruptcy, default or receivership documented"]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"The requested increase was reduced, but the remaining 49.1% revenue reset is still material.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: customer rates and capital prioritization will remain under close regulatory scrutiny through the next compliance and investment cycle.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"High","assumptions":["Order 08 remains controlling","Utility submits compliant tariffs"],"reversal_factors":["Appeal or revised order","Capital-project cancellation","Acquisition or restructuring"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Washington Utilities and Transportation Commission","role":"rate regulator"},{"name":"Cascadia Water LLC","role":"utility owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"Washington Utilities and Transportation Commission, media@utc.wa.gov, 360-664-1116","corrective_actions":["Submit compliance tariff reflecting Order 08","Improve capital-project documentation and governance","Maintain separate Island and Peninsula rate structures"],"sources":[{"ref":"WA-CAS-1","title":"State regulators reject proposed Cascadia Water revenue increase","publisher":"Washington Utilities and Transportation Commission","date":"2025-10-01","url":"https://www.utc.wa.gov/news/2025/state-regulators-reject-proposed-cascadia-water-revenue-increase","basis":"State rate-regulator decision summary"},{"ref":"WA-CAS-2","title":"Cascadia Water docket UW-240151 orders","publisher":"Washington Utilities and Transportation Commission","date":"2025-09-30","url":"https://www.utc.wa.gov/casedocket/2024/240151/orders","basis":"Formal rate-case docket"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New verified Washington baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2024-02-29","latest_seen":"2025-11-26","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Final customer bills by system","Household burden","Arrears and shutoffs","Operating margin and liquidity"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"approved_rate_change","value":49.1,"unit":"percent revenue increase","status":"Reported","rate_change_stage":"approved","as_of_date":"2025-09-30","scope":{"utility":"Cascadia Water LLC","customer_class":"all regulated water customers"},"basis":{"definition":"Commission-directed compliance revenue increase"},"source_refs":["WA-CAS-1","WA-CAS-2"],"notes":"Customer-level percentage changes depend on the compliance tariff."}],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[{"metric":"revenue_requirement","value":1168000,"currency":"USD","unit":"annual increase","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-09-30","scope":{"utility":"Cascadia Water LLC"},"basis":{"definition":"Commission-directed additional annual revenue"},"source_refs":["WA-CAS-1"]}],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-WA-OLYMPIC-WATER-RATE-INCREASES-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Olympic Water successive large rate increases","description":"Olympic Water and Sewer received a 23.3% annual-revenue increase effective December 2023 to support a required filtration system, followed by a 25.5% increase effective June 2025. The regulated utility serves about 1,740 customers in Jefferson County; the successive increases indicate material treatment and revenue pressure, but the public docket does not establish insolvency or quantify household burden.","location":{"name":"Olympic Water and Sewer Inc.","type":"Investor-owned water utility","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"Jefferson County, Washington","counties":["Jefferson"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Successive rate cases reflect revenue recovery for treatment and operating costs; affordability and rate stability are the principal documented issue.","secondary_drivers":["required filtration system","small customer base"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Affordability pressure is plausible but household burden is not quantified.","service":"Rates support a required filtration system and continued water service.","scale":"Approximately 1,740 customers are affected.","duration":"Large increases took effect in December 2023 and June 2025.","significance":"Both changes were reviewed and allowed by the UTC."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":1740,"status":"Reported","note":"Utility customers, not people."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"23.3% annual-revenue increase effective December 2023 followed by 25.5% effective June 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"2023 annual revenue increase","value":23.3,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported"},{"name":"2025 annual revenue increase","value":25.5,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported"},{"name":"2025 additional annual revenue","value":251000,"unit":"USD annually","status":"Reported"},{"name":"customers","value":1740,"unit":"customers","status":"Reported"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Two large rate increases within 18 months","Small regulated customer base","Treatment-system cost recovery","No default, bankruptcy or receivership documented"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The approved 2025 increase followed a separate 23.3% increase effective in late 2023.","projection":{"statement":"Analytical projection: affordability and revenue adequacy will remain material watch points through the next rate cycle.","horizon":"12-24 months","confidence":"Medium","assumptions":["Customer base and treatment obligations remain similar"],"reversal_factors":["Grant support","Lower operating costs","Customer assistance expansion"]}},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Washington Utilities and Transportation Commission","role":"rate regulator"},{"name":"Olympic Water and Sewer Inc.","role":"utility owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"Washington Utilities and Transportation Commission Consumer Protection, 888-333-9882","corrective_actions":["Implement allowed 2025 tariff","Use new revenue for water-service costs and required filtration-system support"],"sources":[{"ref":"WA-OW-1","title":"Olympic Water and Sewer docket UW-250015","publisher":"Washington Utilities and Transportation Commission","date":"2025-06-12","url":"https://www.utc.wa.gov/casedocket/2025/250015","basis":"State rate docket"},{"ref":"WA-OW-2","title":"Olympic Water and Sewer docket UW-230132","publisher":"Washington Utilities and Transportation Commission","date":"2023-12-08","url":"https://www.utc.wa.gov/casedocket/2023/230132/docsets","basis":"State rate docket"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New verified Washington baseline record."}],"first_seen":"2023-12-08","latest_seen":"2025-12-12","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["Customer bill by consumption level","Household burden","Operating margin","Debt and liquidity"],"related_ids":[],"financial_evidence":{"as_of_date":"2026-10-10","rates_and_costs":[{"metric":"approved_rate_change","value":23.3,"unit":"percent annual revenue","status":"Reported","rate_change_stage":"approved","as_of_date":"2023-12-08","scope":{"utility":"Olympic Water and Sewer Inc.","customer_class":"regulated water customers"},"basis":{"definition":"Allowed annual revenue increase"},"source_refs":["WA-OW-2"]},{"metric":"approved_rate_change","value":25.5,"unit":"percent annual revenue","status":"Reported","rate_change_stage":"approved","as_of_date":"2025-06-23","scope":{"utility":"Olympic Water and Sewer Inc.","customer_class":"regulated water customers"},"basis":{"definition":"Allowed revised rate design"},"source_refs":["WA-OW-1"]}],"capital_and_funding":[],"operating_health":[{"metric":"revenue_requirement","value":251000,"currency":"USD","unit":"annual increase","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-06-23","scope":{"utility":"Olympic Water and Sewer Inc."},"basis":{"definition":"Additional annual water-service revenue"},"source_refs":["WA-OW-1"]}],"affordability":[],"unit_economics":[]}},{"id":"US-PA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"PFOA/PFOS above the 4 ppt federal MCL at 50 Pennsylvania systems in UCMR 5 data","description":"EPA's final UCMR 5 results (July 2026 release) cover 390 Pennsylvania public water systems sampled from January 2023 through April 2026. Fifty of them had a mean PFOA or PFOS result above the 4.0 ppt federal MCL set in 2024, and 117 had at least one individual PFOA or PFOS result above 4.0 ppt. These are monitoring results, not compliance running annual averages; Pennsylvania's own MCLs (PFOA 14 ppt, PFOS 18 ppt, in force since 2023) are the enforceable state limits.","location":{"name":"Pennsylvania public water systems (UCMR 5)","type":"Statewide drinking-water monitoring program","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Systems statewide; the highest means are concentrated in Bucks, Montgomery, Lehigh, Lancaster and Berks counties.","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS occurrence is a source-water quality problem across many systems rather than a single infrastructure failure.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","Source-water contamination"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 data (ref 1) show Emmaus Borough averaging 35.45 ppt PFOS and a Collegeville-Trappe well sample at 235 ppt PFOA, many times the 4.0 ppt federal MCL.","service":"No UCMR 5 result in refs 1-2 triggered a loss of service; systems over the limit continued to deliver water while planning treatment.","scale":"Fifty of 390 Pennsylvania systems in the UCMR 5 dataset (ref 1) had a mean PFOA or PFOS above 4.0 ppt, including Philadelphia Water Department and Aqua PA's Main System.","duration":"Pennsylvania UCMR 5 sampling ran from January 2023 to April 2026 (ref 1), and elevated results recur across multiple sampling events at the same systems.","significance":"The 4.0 ppt PFOA and PFOS MCLs are final federal standards with a future compliance date (ref 2); UCMR results themselves are monitoring data, not violations."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Combined population of the 50 systems is not summed in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"50 of 390 Pennsylvania UCMR 5 systems had a mean PFOA or PFOS result above 4.0 ppt; method: mean of all PFOA and PFOS results per system with non-detects counted as zero (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems with mean PFOA or PFOS above 4.0 ppt","value":50,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 results per system, non-detects as zero (ref 1); not a compliance running annual average."},{"name":"Pennsylvania systems in UCMR 5 dataset","value":390,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Distinct PA PWSIDs in UCMR5_All.txt (ref 1)."},{"name":"Systems with any single PFOA or PFOS result above 4.0 ppt","value":117,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Count of systems with at least one detected result above 4.0 ppt (ref 1)."},{"name":"Systems with any result above PA state MCL (PFOA 14 / PFOS 18 ppt)","value":21,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Single results, not running annual averages (ref 1)."},{"name":"Highest single PFOA result","value":235,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Collegeville Trappe Joint PWD Well 11, 2023-03-22 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Highest single PFOS result","value":153,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Emmaus Borough waterworks building, 2024-08-01 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First statewide UCMR 5 tally; no prior comparable count."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 3","role":"Federal oversight and UCMR program"}],"public_contact":"PA DEP Bureau of Safe Drinking Water (general contact via dep.pa.gov)","corrective_actions":["Systems over the federal limit are planning or building granular activated carbon and other treatment, often with PENNVEST funding.","Pennsylvania's state MCLs (PFOA 14 ppt, PFOS 18 ppt) apply now; the federal 4.0 ppt limits apply from the federal compliance date."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Occurrence Data for the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 5 data, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2015-09-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-PA-CLEARVIEW-PFAS-SCHOOL-2024"]},{"id":"US-PA-EMMAUS-PFAS-WELLS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Emmaus Borough wells exceed Pennsylvania PFOS and PFOA MCLs","description":"Emmaus Borough's water system violated Pennsylvania's PFOS and PFOA MCLs in 2025, with a February 2025 result of 153 ng/L PFOS and a July 2025 running annual average of 115 ng/L PFOS and 18 ng/L PFOA. The borough attributes the contamination to firefighting foam used for decades at its fire training grounds next to Wells 1 and 2. It shut down Well 2 and is building a granular activated carbon plant funded by an $11.78 million PENNVEST award, with completion targeted for June 2026.","location":{"name":"Emmaus Borough Public Water","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Borough of Emmaus, Lehigh County","coordinates":{"lat":40.5395,"lon":-75.4968,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Lehigh"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"PA3390032"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminated groundwater wells drive the violation, and the fix is new treatment infrastructure.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","Firefighting foam"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The borough's March 2025 notice (ref 3) reports 153 ng/L PFOS against Pennsylvania's 18 ng/L MCL.","service":"Well 2 was shut down (ref 3), which cut supply capacity, but customers were told no alternative water was needed.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 2) lists 14,000 people served by the Emmaus system.","duration":"The July 2025 notice (ref 4) says the running annual average stayed above the MCL, and USA TODAY (ref 6) reports the contamination was found in late 2021.","significance":"Emmaus issued state-prescribed Tier 2 MCL violation notices (refs 3, 4); no enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":14000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The current PFOS average is 115 ng/L and the current PFOA average is 18 ng/L, both of which are above MCL (ref 4)."},"measures":[{"name":"PFOS running annual average","value":115,"unit":"ng/L","status":"Reported","note":"July 2025 notice; state MCL 18 ng/L (ref 4)."},{"name":"PFOA running annual average","value":18,"unit":"ng/L","status":"Reported","note":"July 2025 notice; state MCL 14 ng/L (ref 4)."},{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOS","value":35.45,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Mean of 8 results with non-detects as zero (ref 1)."},{"name":"PENNVEST award","value":11.78,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Grants and loans (ref 5)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Annual carbon replacement cost of about $100,000 will require a small rate increase (ref 6)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Treatment under construction; Well 2 offline (refs 3-4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Borough of Emmaus","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Borough of Emmaus Public Works, 610-965-9292","corrective_actions":["Well 2 shut down.","Granular activated carbon treatment under construction, targeted to be fully operational by June 2026.","Borough suing PFAS manufacturers."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Emmaus Borough Public Water (PA3390032)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/PA3390032/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"PFOS/PFOA MCL exceedance notice (March 26, 2025)","publisher":"Borough of Emmaus","date":"2025-03-26","url":"https://emmauspa.gov/DocumentCenter/View/872","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":4,"title":"PFOS/PFOA MCL exceedance notice (July 23, 2025)","publisher":"Borough of Emmaus","date":"2025-07-23","url":"https://www.emmauspa.gov/DocumentCenter/View/947","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":5,"title":"'Saving millions of dollars for our community': Emmaus awarded $11.78M to remediate PFAS-contaminated wells","publisher":"Lehigh Valley Public Media","date":"2025-01-24","url":"https://www.lehighvalleypublicmedia.org/environment-science/saving-millions-of-dollars-for-our-community-emmaus-awarded-11-78m-to-remediate-pfas-contaminated-wells","basis":"News"},{"ref":6,"title":"Do MD, PA towns have high levels of PFAS in their water? How to check.","publisher":"USA TODAY (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-08-15","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/md-pa-towns-high-levels-080219289.html","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-PA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-PA-LANCASTER-CONESTOGA-PFOA-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"City of Lancaster Conestoga plant exceeds Pennsylvania PFOA MCL","description":"The City of Lancaster's Conestoga Treatment Plant, which supplies about a third of the system, exceeded Pennsylvania's 14 ng/L PFOA MCL on a running annual average of 16.6 ng/L in January 2025 and 15 ng/L in August 2025. The city blamed drought-concentrated PFOA in the Conestoga River and estimated about $90 million to source water only from the Susquehanna River. UCMR 5 recorded a single Conestoga result of 23.8 ppt PFOA in September 2024.","location":{"name":"City of Lancaster water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"City of Lancaster and surrounding townships, Lancaster County; Conestoga Treatment Plant","coordinates":{"lat":40.0379,"lon":-76.3055,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Lancaster"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"PA7360058"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"River source water carries PFOA, and the remedies are treatment or a new source.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","Drought"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DEP-form notices in the PUC record (ref 3) report a PFOA running annual average of 16.6 ng/L, above the 14 ng/L state MCL.","service":"The January 2025 notice (ref 3) told customers no bottled water was needed, and no outage was reported.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 2) lists 120,000 people served by the City of Lancaster system, and DEP required notice to all of them (ref 3).","duration":"Notices dated January 29 and August 6, 2025 (ref 3) both report running averages above the MCL, after a first letter in October 2024.","significance":"The city issued state Tier 2 MCL violation notices, entered as exhibits in a 2025 PUC rate case hearing (ref 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":120000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The current PFOA average stands at 15 ng/L, exceeding the MCL of 14 ng/L (ref 3, August 2025 notice)."},"measures":[{"name":"PFOA running annual average (January 2025)","value":16.6,"unit":"ng/L","status":"Reported","note":"Conestoga plant finished water (ref 3)."},{"name":"PFOA running annual average (August 2025)","value":15,"unit":"ng/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOA result","value":23.8,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Conestoga TP, 2024-09-05 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Estimated cost to use Susquehanna only","value":90,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"City letter (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["A $90 million source change was cited during a pending 2025 rate case (ref 3)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Quarterly result fell to 7.84 ng/L in mid-2025 but the running average stayed above the MCL (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Lancaster Department of Public Works","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Lancaster Water Quality Laboratory, 717-291-4818","corrective_actions":["Sampling Conestoga River PFOA sources with DEP.","Evaluating new treatment at the Conestoga plant or sourcing only from the Susquehanna River."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: City of Lancaster (PA7360058)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/PA7360058/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"PUC v. City of Lancaster Bureau of Water, public input hearing transcript and exhibits (PFAS notices)","publisher":"Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission","date":"2025-12-15","url":"https://www.puc.pa.gov/pcdocs/1906913.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-PA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2024-2026","US-PA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-PA-AUDUBON-PFAS-WELLS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Audubon Water Company wells exceeded Pennsylvania PFAS MCLs before acquisition","description":"Three wells serving the Audubon system in Lower Providence Township exceeded Pennsylvania DEP PFAS maximum contaminant levels, and UCMR 5 recorded PFOS up to 57.9 ppt in 2024. After Pennsylvania American Water acquired the system on May 28, 2025, it shut off the contaminated wells, supplied water through an interconnection with its Norristown system, and announced in August 2025 that the system met state PFOA and PFOS standards. The company also lifted a conservation notice dating to May 2023.","location":{"name":"Audubon water system","type":"Investor-owned utility service area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Lower Providence Township, Montgomery County","coordinates":{"lat":40.1276,"lon":-75.4285,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Montgomery"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"PA1460055"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminated wells (quality) were replaced by an interconnection (infrastructure).","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","Small-system acquisition"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 data (ref 1) record PFOS of 57.9 ppt at an Audubon entry point in March 2024, and the utility (ref 3) says three wells exceeded DEP MCLs.","service":"A conservation notice issued by Audubon Water Company in May 2023 stayed in place until Pennsylvania American Water lifted it (ref 3).","scale":"SDWIS (ref 2) lists 8,200 people served; the utility release (ref 3) says 10,000 residents.","duration":"UCMR 5 exceedances began in March 2024 (ref 1), and the release (ref 3) reports compliance in August 2025.","significance":"The wells exceeded state MCLs per ref 3; no state order is cited."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":8200,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2). The utility release (ref 3) cites 10,000 residents."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Three wells that previously sourced water for Audubon exceeded Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) maximum contaminant levels for PFAS (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOS result","value":57.9,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"EP 109, 2024-03-11 (ref 1)."},{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOS","value":16.89,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"16 results, non-detects as zero (ref 1)."},{"name":"Planned five-year investment","value":21.5,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Contaminated wells taken offline in 2025 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pennsylvania American Water","role":"System owner since May 2025"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Pennsylvania American Water customer service, 1-866-269-2837","corrective_actions":["Contaminated wells shut off.","Interconnection with the Norristown system placed in service.","Five major leaks repaired."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: PA American Audubon (PA1460055)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/PA1460055/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Pennsylvania American Water Secures PFAS Compliance in Audubon Just Weeks After Acquisition","publisher":"Pennsylvania American Water","date":"2025-08-22","url":"https://newsroom.amwater.com/2025-08-22-Pennsylvania-American-Water-Secures-PFAS-Compliance-in-Audubon-Just-Weeks-After-Acquisition","basis":"Utility notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-PA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-PA-AQUA-MAIN-SYSTEM-PFAS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Aqua Pennsylvania Main System PFOA above federal MCL at multiple plants","description":"UCMR 5 results for Aqua Pennsylvania's Main System, which serves 822,600 people in the Philadelphia suburbs, average 4.82 ppt PFOA, with single results up to 12.6 ppt at Highland Glen and 10.5 ppt at Hollow Run. Aqua says it complies with Pennsylvania's state PFAS limits but needs treatment to meet the federal 4.0 ppt limits. In July 2026 it won $74.3 million in PENNVEST financing, including nearly $61 million for a 15 MGD carbon system at the Neshaminy plant serving about 62,000 customers.","location":{"name":"Aqua Pennsylvania Main System","type":"Investor-owned regional water system","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Montgomery, Delaware, Chester and Bucks counties; headquartered in Bryn Mawr","coordinates":{"lat":40.0218,"lon":-75.3163,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Montgomery","Delaware","Chester","Bucks"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"PA1460073"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Source-water PFAS (quality) requires new treatment plants (infrastructure).","secondary_drivers":["PFAS"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 (ref 1) shows Main System PFOA up to 12.6 ppt, above the federal 4.0 ppt MCL, while Aqua (ref 3) reports compliance with the 14 ppt state limit, so the harm is potential.","service":"No service disruption is reported in Aqua's PENNVEST announcements (refs 3, 4).","scale":"SDWIS (ref 2) lists 822,600 people served by the Main System.","duration":"UCMR 5 sampling at more than a dozen Main System plants ran through 2024 (ref 1), and treatment at Neshaminy is not due until late summer 2028 (ref 3).","significance":"Aqua (ref 3) describes the projects as needed to comply with the EPA drinking water standard, a final federal MCL with a future compliance date."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":822600,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Nearly $61 million in PENNVEST funding will support the construction of a PFAS treatment system for Aqua's Neshaminy Water Treatment Plant (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOA","value":4.82,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"50 results, non-detects as zero (ref 1)."},{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOA result","value":12.6,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Highland Glen Treatment, 2024-08-20 (ref 1)."},{"name":"PENNVEST PFAS financing (July 2026)","value":74.3,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Neshaminy GAC capacity","value":15,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["More than $270 million in PENNVEST loans since 2021 (ref 3)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Funded treatment projects scheduled 2027-2028 (refs 3-5)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Aqua Pennsylvania (Essential Utilities)","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Aqua Pennsylvania customer service, 877-987-2782","corrective_actions":["Neshaminy plant GAC treatment, completion expected late summer 2028.","Well-site PFAS treatment at Hollow Run, Hunt Country, Oreland, Flourtown and other sites, completion expected 2027."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Aqua PA Main System (PA1460073)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/PA1460073/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Aqua Pennsylvania Wins More Than $74 Million in PENNVEST Funding for PFAS Removal","publisher":"Aqua Pennsylvania","date":"2026-07-15","url":"https://aquawater.com/news/aqua-pennsylvania-wins-more-74-million-pennvest-funding-pfas-removal","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":4,"title":"Aqua Pennsylvania Awarded Nearly $17 Million In PENNVEST Funding For PFAS Treatment Projects","publisher":"Pulse 2.0","date":"2026-01-23","url":"https://pulse2.com/aqua-pennsylvania-awarded-nearly-17-million-in-pennvest-funding-for-pfas-treatment-projects","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"Aqua Directs State Funding to Chester County PFAS Projects","publisher":"MyChesCo","date":"2026-07-25","url":"https://www.mychesco.com/a/news/aqua-directs-state-funding-to-chester-county-pfas-projects/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-PA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-PA-PHILADELPHIA-PFAS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Philadelphia Water Department PFOA above federal MCL at Queen Lane and Belmont","description":"Philadelphia Water Department reports running annual averages of 6.8 ppt PFOA and 4.6 ppt PFOS at its Queen Lane plant and 5.6 ppt PFOA at Belmont, both Schuylkill River plants, through April 2026 results. Those levels are above the federal 4.0 ppt MCLs but below Pennsylvania's 14 and 18 ppt limits; the Delaware River Baxter plant is non-detect. PWD says it is piloting new treatment methods, and UCMR 5 results confirm detections up to 8.1 ppt PFOA.","location":{"name":"Philadelphia Water Department","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"City and County of Philadelphia; Queen Lane and Belmont plants on the Schuylkill River","coordinates":{"lat":39.9526,"lon":-75.1652,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Philadelphia"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"PA1510001"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in river source water is a quality issue addressed through treatment planning.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"PWD's dashboard (ref 3) shows a Queen Lane PFOA running average of 6.8 ppt, above the 4.0 ppt federal MCL but below the 14 ppt state MCL, so the documented harm is potential.","service":"PWD (ref 3) reports no service restriction tied to PFAS.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 2) lists 1,600,000 people served by PWD.","duration":"UCMR 5 detections span January to October 2024 (ref 1), and the PWD averages updated through April 2026 remain above 4 ppt (ref 3).","significance":"The exceedance is against a final federal MCL whose compliance date is still ahead (ref 3); no violation has been issued."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":1600000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Queen Lane running annual average: PFOA 6.8 ppt, PFOS 4.6 ppt, against an EPA MCL of 4 ppt (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Queen Lane PFOA running annual average","value":6.8,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Through 2026-04-13 results (ref 3)."},{"name":"Belmont PFOA running annual average","value":5.6,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOA result","value":8.1,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Queen Lane, 2024-08-05 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Running averages have stayed between about 5 and 7 ppt PFOA (refs 1, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Philadelphia Water Department","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Philadelphia Water Department customer service (contact page at water.phila.gov)","corrective_actions":["Piloting PFAS treatment options at some plants.","Source-water characterization study of upstream PFAS sources."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Philadelphia Water Department (PA1510001)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/PA1510001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"PFAS Management","publisher":"Philadelphia Water Department","date":"2026-04-13","url":"https://water.phila.gov/pfas/","basis":"Utility notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-PA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-PA-DOYLESTOWN-PFAS-WELLS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Doylestown Borough wells carry PFOA and PFOS above federal MCLs","description":"All five Doylestown Borough supply wells sampled in UCMR 5 in 2025 had PFOA between 9.9 and 14.6 ppt and PFOS between 6.3 and 11.3 ppt, above the 4.0 ppt federal MCLs. The borough has won about $5 million in PENNVEST grants and a $1 million loan to add granular activated carbon at Wells 9, 10 and 12, with construction scheduled to begin in early 2026. The borough says the cost weighs heavily on a water budget under $1.5 million a year.","location":{"name":"Doylestown Borough Water Department","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Doylestown Borough, Bucks County","coordinates":{"lat":40.3101,"lon":-75.1299,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Bucks"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"PA1090081"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS-contaminated groundwater requires new treatment at three wells.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 (ref 1) recorded 14.6 ppt PFOA at Well 8 in April 2025, above the federal MCL and just over the 14 ppt state MCL as a single result.","service":"The borough page (ref 3) describes treatment planning and no supply restriction.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 2) lists 8,700 people served.","duration":"The borough began its treatment evaluation in 2023 (ref 3), and PFAS was still present in the October 2025 UCMR 5 round (ref 1).","significance":"No PFAS violation notice is cited; the borough's PENNVEST-funded project (ref 3) is a voluntary step toward compliance."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":8700,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"UCMR 5 mean PFOA of 11.64 ppt across 10 results at Doylestown's five well entry points (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOA","value":11.64,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"10 results (ref 1)."},{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOS","value":8.9,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"PENNVEST grant","value":5,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate, plus $1 million loan (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Borough cites a water budget under $1.5 million against multimillion-dollar treatment (ref 3)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Doylestown Borough Water Department","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Doylestown Borough Hall, 215-345-4140","corrective_actions":["GAC treatment at Wells 9, 10 and 12; construction contracts awarded mid-2025, construction from early 2026."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Doylestown Boro Water Dept (PA1090081)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/PA1090081/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Doylestown Borough & PFAS","publisher":"Borough of Doylestown","date":"2022-10-18","url":"https://www.doylestownborough.net/pages/departments/water-department/doylestown-borough-pfas/","basis":"Local government","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-PA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-PA-YARDLEY-PFAS-TREATMENT-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Pennsylvania American Water Yardley wells exceed federal PFOA limit","description":"UCMR 5 results for Pennsylvania American Water's Yardley system average 4.17 ppt PFOA, with a high of 9.7 ppt, above the 4.0 ppt federal MCL. In May 2025 the company announced a $7.75 million treatment system for four wells serving more than 13,000 customers in Lower Makefield and Falls townships and Yardley Borough, with construction due by June 30, 2025.","location":{"name":"PA American Water Yardley system","type":"Investor-owned utility service area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Yardley Borough, Lower Makefield and Falls townships, Bucks County","coordinates":{"lat":40.2457,"lon":-74.846,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Bucks"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"PA1090074"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Groundwater PFAS (quality) addressed through a new treatment facility (infrastructure).","secondary_drivers":["PFAS"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 (ref 1) shows a Yardley PFOA high of 9.7 ppt and a mean of 4.17 ppt, above the federal MCL but under the state limit.","service":"The company release (ref 3) reports no interruption while treatment was built.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 2) lists 33,171 people served; the release (ref 3) cites more than 13,000 customers.","duration":"The utility (ref 3) expected treatment in service in late 2025, a months-long gap after UCMR detections.","significance":"No violation applies; the release (ref 3) describes treatment ahead of the federal deadline."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":33171,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2). The utility (ref 3) cites more than 13,000 customers (connections)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Pennsylvania American Water is investing $7.75 million to reduce PFAS in its Yardley district (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOA","value":4.17,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"8 results (ref 1)."},{"name":"Treatment investment","value":7.75,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Treatment scheduled for service in late 2025 (ref 3); completion not independently confirmed."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pennsylvania American Water","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Pennsylvania American Water customer service, 1-866-269-2837","corrective_actions":["PFAS treatment for four wells; construction due June 30, 2025, service later in 2025."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: PA American Water Co Yardley (PA1090074)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/PA1090074/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Yardley Water System Expected to Meet 2029 U.S. EPA PFAS Standards by End of 2025","publisher":"Pennsylvania American Water","date":"2025-05-09","url":"https://newsroom.amwater.com/2025-05-09-Yardley-Water-System-Expected-to-Meet-2029-U-S-EPA-PFAS-Standards-by-End-of-2025","basis":"Utility notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-PA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-PA-STATEWIDE-LEGIONELLA-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Pennsylvania Legionnaires' disease burden and proposed water-system controls","description":"A Pennsylvania Department of Health report counted 1,231 confirmed or probable legionellosis cases from 2021 through 2023, about 410 a year, with about 353 hospitalizations and 19 deaths a year, and initial reports put 2025 at as many as 450 cases. A July 20, 2026 House committee hearing in Philadelphia considered HB 2085, which would set minimum disinfectant levels and Legionella maintenance plans for public water systems with more than 100 connections. Philadelphia Water Department's commissioner testified the bill would require more staff and at least three chlorine booster stations.","location":{"name":"Pennsylvania public water systems and building plumbing","type":"Statewide public health and drinking-water program","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Statewide; hearing held at Philadelphia City Hall","coordinates":{"lat":39.9524,"lon":-75.1636,"precision":"exact","source_ref":2},"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legionella growth depends on disinfectant residual and building water management, both quality issues.","secondary_drivers":["Legionella","Premise plumbing"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Hoodline (ref 1), citing the Department of Health, reports about 19 legionellosis deaths and 353 hospitalizations a year in 2021-2023.","service":"The hearing materials (ref 2) describe no system-wide outage; risk sits mainly in building plumbing.","scale":"Statewide: 1,231 cases over three years (ref 1).","duration":"Cases were reported every year from 2021 through 2025 (ref 1), and testimony in ref 2 notes rising US incidence since 2000.","significance":"A formal House committee hearing on HB 2085 (ref 2) took testimony; the bill has not passed."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide exposure population not stated; 2021-2023 case count is 1,231 (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"1,231 confirmed or probable legionellosis cases from 2021 through 2023, an average of 410 cases a year (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Legionellosis cases 2021-2023","value":1231,"unit":"cases","status":"Reported","note":"PA Department of Health via ref 1."},{"name":"Average annual deaths 2021-2023","value":19,"unit":"deaths","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Preliminary 2025 cases","value":450,"unit":"cases","status":"Reported","note":"Up to 450 per initial state reports (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Preliminary 2025 count of up to 450 exceeds the 2021-2023 average of 410 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Health","role":"Disease surveillance"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"PA House Consumer Protection, Technology and Utilities Committee","role":"Legislative review of HB 2085"}],"public_contact":"PA Department of Health (general contact via health.pa.gov)","corrective_actions":["HB 2085 under committee consideration after the July 20, 2026 hearing."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Philly Hearing Turns Up Heat on Hidden Legionnaires' Threat in Pa. Water Systems","publisher":"Hoodline","date":"2026-07-29","url":"https://hoodline.com/2026/07/philly-hearing-turns-up-heat-on-hidden-legionnaires-threat-in-pa-water-systems-7099239/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Public Hearing: Water Systems and Legionella, Closing the Regulatory and Statutory Gap (agenda and testimony)","publisher":"Pennsylvania House of Representatives","date":"2026-07-20","url":"https://pahouse.com/files/Documents/2026-07-17_091616__Consumer%20Protection%20Agenda%207.20.26%20Updated%207.17.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-WILKINSBURG-PENN-TTHM-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Wilkinsburg-Penn Joint Water Authority TTHM MCL violations","description":"SDWIS records total trihalomethane MCL violations at Wilkinsburg-Penn Joint Water Authority for the fourth quarter of 2024 and the second quarter of 2026, each at a locational running annual average of 0.082 mg/L against the 0.080 mg/L MCL. In August 2026 customers received letters about high TTHM at the Pitcairn storage tank from tests completed in May, and WPXI reported customer complaints about the delay. The authority draws from the Allegheny River and serves communities east of Pittsburgh.","location":{"name":"Wilkinsburg-Penn Joint Water Authority","type":"Municipal authority service area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Wilkinsburg and eastern Allegheny County communities to the Westmoreland line; Pitcairn tank","coordinates":{"lat":40.4417,"lon":-79.882,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Allegheny","Westmoreland"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"PA5020056"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Disinfection byproducts form in distribution storage, a water quality issue.","secondary_drivers":["Disinfection byproducts"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 1) records TTHM LRAA of 0.082 mg/L, above the 0.080 mg/L MCL, in Q4 2024 and Q2 2026.","service":"WPXI (ref 3) reports the letter said there was no immediate risk, and no supply interruption.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 2) lists 125,000 people served.","duration":"Violations recur 18 months apart (ref 1), and the 2026 violation has no return-to-compliance date.","significance":"Each is a formal MCL violation with a Tier 2 notice (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":125000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM locational running annual average of 0.082 mg/L, Q2 2026, MCL 0.080 mg/L (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"TTHM LRAA (Q2 2026)","value":0.082,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Open violation (ref 1)."},{"name":"TTHM LRAA (Q4 2024)","value":0.082,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Returned to compliance 2025-01-31 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Compliance returned in 2025 but the MCL was exceeded again in Q2 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Wilkinsburg-Penn Joint Water Authority","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Wilkinsburg-Penn Joint Water Authority customer service (published office line)","corrective_actions":["Tier 2 public notice mailed to customers in August 2026."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SDWIS violation records: Wilkinsburg-Penn Jt Water Auth (PA5020056)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/PA5020056/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Wilkinsburg-Penn Jt Water Auth (PA5020056)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/PA5020056/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Local water authority sends letters about high chemical level months later; customers want answers","publisher":"WPXI-TV","date":"2026-08-26","url":"https://www.wpxi.com/news/local/local-water-authority-sends-letters-about-high-chemical-level-months-later-customers-want-answers/D7MJFFWMSBD6ZN2AFWGELBBXIU/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["public_contact phone"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-EAST-HEMPFIELD-NITRATE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hempfield Water Authority nitrate MCL exceedance and infant warning","description":"Hempfield Water Authority issued a drinking water warning after samples received April 30, 2025 showed nitrate at 10.8 mg/L, above the 10 mg/L MCL, in East Hempfield Township and part of West Hempfield Township in Lancaster County. Customers were told to use only bottled water when feeding infants under six months. SDWIS records the acute nitrate MCL violation for the second quarter of 2025 and a return to compliance on August 8, 2025.","location":{"name":"Hempfield Water Authority","type":"Municipal authority service area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"East Hempfield and part of West Hempfield townships (Landisville), Lancaster County","coordinates":{"lat":40.0948,"lon":-76.411,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Lancaster"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"PA7360063"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Agricultural-region groundwater nitrate is a source-water quality issue.","secondary_drivers":["Nitrate","Agricultural runoff"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ABC27 (ref 3) reports nitrate at 10.8, above the standard, and warns of blue baby syndrome risk.","service":"Customers were told to use bottled water for infant feeding (ref 3), a partial do-not-drink for one group.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 2) lists 20,988 people served.","duration":"SDWIS (ref 1) shows the violation from April 2025 until return to compliance on 2025-08-08, about three months.","significance":"SDWIS (ref 1) records an acute nitrate MCL violation with Tier 1 notice."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":20988,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The samples showed nitrate levels of 10.8, which is above the nitrate standard (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Nitrate result","value":10.8,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Samples received 2025-04-30 (refs 1, 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Returned to compliance in August 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Hempfield Water Authority","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Hempfield Water Authority, 717-898-8231","corrective_actions":["Authority worked with DEP on a resolution timeline (ref 3); SDWIS shows return to compliance August 8, 2025."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SDWIS violation records: East Hempfield Water Auth (PA7360063)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/PA7360063/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: East Hempfield Water Auth (PA7360063)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/PA7360063/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Water drinking warning issued for some Lancaster County residents","publisher":"ABC27 (WHTM)","date":"2025-05-02","url":"https://www.abc27.com/local-news/lancaster/water-drinking-warning-issued-for-some-lancaster-county-residents/amp","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-TROY-LEAD-ALE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Troy Borough Water Department lead action level exceedance","description":"Troy Borough Water Department in Bradford County exceeded the federal lead action level in 2025: of 20 tap samples collected June 1 to September 30, 2025, more than 10 percent exceeded 0.015 mg/L, with a 90th percentile of 0.016 mg/L. The October 14, 2025 DEP-form drinking water warning identifies lead service lines or lead pipes as potential sources and lists public education, treatment adjustment and lead service line replacement as required steps.","location":{"name":"Troy Borough Water Department","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Troy Borough, Bradford County","coordinates":{"lat":41.7859,"lon":-76.788,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Bradford"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"PA2080020"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead release from service lines and plumbing is a distribution infrastructure and corrosion-control issue.","secondary_drivers":["Lead service lines","Corrosion control"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The DEP warning (ref 1) reports a 90th percentile lead level of 0.016 mg/L, above the 0.015 mg/L action level.","service":"The notice (ref 1) gives exposure-reduction advice but no do-not-drink order.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 2) lists 1,362 people served, a small system.","duration":"The exceedance comes from a four-month monitoring period, June to September 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"An action level exceedance triggered a mandatory Tier 1 drinking water warning (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1362,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The 90th percentile lead result was: 0.016 mg/L (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Lead 90th percentile","value":0.016,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Action level 0.015 mg/L (ref 1)."},{"name":"Samples collected","value":20,"unit":"samples","status":"Reported","note":"June 1 to September 30, 2025 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Troy Borough Water Department","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Troy Borough Water Department, 570-297-2966","corrective_actions":["Public education, corrosion-control adjustment and lead service line replacement required under the Lead and Copper Rule (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drinking Water Warning: Lead Action Level Exceedance (Troy Borough Water Department, PWSID 2080020)","publisher":"Troy Borough / PA DEP Bureau of Safe Drinking Water form","date":"2025-10-14","url":"https://troyborough.com/2080020%20-%20Troy%20Borough%20Water%20Department%20Lead%20Action%20Level%20Exceedance%20Completed%20Tier%201%20PN%20(10-14-25).pdf","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Troy Water Department (PA2080020)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/PA2080020/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-PLUM-ECOLI-BOIL-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Plum Borough Municipal Authority E. coli boil water advisory, Regency Park","description":"Plum Borough Municipal Authority found E. coli in a sample taken Saturday, June 8, 2024, and told about 700 homes in the Regency Park neighborhood to boil water. The advisory was lifted June 11 after the authority said the problem had been corrected, and DEP directed it to assess its whole system within 30 days. SDWIS records an E. coli MCL violation for June 2024 that returned to compliance on July 31, 2024.","location":{"name":"Plum Borough Municipal Authority","type":"Municipal authority service area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Regency Park neighborhood, Plum Borough, Allegheny County","coordinates":{"lat":40.5004,"lon":-79.7495,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Allegheny"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"PA5020041"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Microbial contamination in distribution is a water quality failure.","secondary_drivers":["E. coli"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"TribLive (ref 3) and WPXI (ref 4) report E. coli in the Regency Park supply, an acute contaminant.","service":"About 700 homes were under a boil water advisory (ref 3).","scale":"The advisory covered one neighborhood of a system that SDWIS (ref 2) lists as serving 27,500.","duration":"The advisory was lifted about three days later, on June 11, 2024 (ref 3).","significance":"SDWIS (ref 1) records an E. coli MCL violation, and DEP ordered a system assessment (ref 3)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"About 700 homes affected (ref 3); system population 27,500 per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"E. coli bacteria was found in the water supply of about 700 homes in Regency Park (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Homes under advisory","value":700,"unit":"homes","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Plum Borough Municipal Authority","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Plum Borough Municipal Authority, 412-793-7331","corrective_actions":["Sample station on Millers Lane retired.","DEP-directed system assessment within 30 days."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SDWIS violation records: Plum Boro Muni Auth (PA5020041)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/PA5020041/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Plum Boro Muni Auth (PA5020041)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/PA5020041/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Boil water advisory lifted for Plum neighborhood","publisher":"TribLive (Valley News Dispatch)","date":"2024-06-11","url":"https://mirror.triblive.com/local/valley-news-dispatch/boil-water-advisory-lifted-for-plum-neighborhood","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Some Plum residents being told to boil water over potential contamination","publisher":"WPXI-TV","date":"2024-06-10","url":"https://www.wpxi.com/news/local/some-plum-residents-being-told-boil-water-over-potential-contamination/6QVRDANJANA7DHJHJL4Y4SN5UQ/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-EPHRATA-BOIL-WATER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Ephrata Area Joint Authority boil water advisory, July 2026","description":"Ephrata Area Joint Authority issued a boil water advisory on the night of Wednesday, July 22, 2026 after identifying potential disease-causing organisms in the water. The borough lifted it on July 25 after DEP approved samples taken Thursday and Friday. Local businesses reported extra costs for bottled water and ice during the advisory.","location":{"name":"Ephrata Area Joint Authority","type":"Municipal authority service area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Ephrata Borough area, Lancaster County","coordinates":{"lat":40.1798,"lon":-76.1788,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Lancaster"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"PA7360045"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A microbial quality event caused a short service restriction.","secondary_drivers":["Microbial contamination"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"CBS 21 (ref 1) reports potential disease-causing organisms but no confirmed illness.","service":"Residents and businesses had to boil water for more than two days (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS (ref 2) lists 24,500 people served by the authority.","duration":"The advisory lasted from July 22 to July 25, 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"A formal boil water advisory required DEP approval of samples to lift (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":24500,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Boil water advisory in effect for more than two days, lifted after DEP approved samples (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Advisory duration","value":3,"unit":"days","status":"Estimated","note":"Issued Wednesday night, lifted Saturday (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Ephrata Area Joint Authority","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Ephrata Borough","role":"Public notice"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Ephrata Borough office (published general line)","corrective_actions":["Advisory lifted July 25, 2026 after clean samples."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Boil water advisory lifted in Ephrata after more than 2 days","publisher":"CBS 21 (WHP)","date":"2026-07-25","url":"https://local21news.com/news/local/boil-water-advisory-lifted-in-ephrata-after-over-2-days-lancaster-county-bacteria-pennsylvania-pa-department-of-environmental-protection","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system search: Ephrata","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/PA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/EPHRATA/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["cause of advisory","public_contact phone"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-TRUMBAUERSVILLE-ARSENIC-PCE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Trumbauersville Municipal Waterworks arsenic and PCE MCL violations","description":"Trumbauersville Municipal Waterworks in Bucks County exceeded the arsenic MCL, with a running annual average of 12 ppb at one entry point and SDWIS violations through the first quarter of 2024, and exceeded the tetrachloroethylene (PCE) MCL with a 5.2 ppb result received June 11, 2024. The borough took the affected well offline, planned new arsenic treatment and a Milford Township emergency interconnection, and is evaluating VOC treatment at Well 2. Its 2025 water quality report lists arsenic at 4.8 ppb and PCE at 3.6 ppb.","location":{"name":"Trumbauersville Municipal Waterworks","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Trumbauersville Borough, Bucks County","coordinates":{"lat":40.4126,"lon":-75.3796,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Bucks"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"PA1090091"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Groundwater contamination required well and treatment upgrades.","secondary_drivers":["Arsenic","Tetrachloroethylene"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The 2024 notice (ref 3) reports PCE at 5.2 ppb over the 5.0 ppb MCL, and the 2024 water quality report (ref 4) cites an arsenic RAA of 12 ppb at entry point EP102.","service":"The arsenic entry point and Well 3 were taken offline for upgrades (ref 4), cutting source capacity.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 2) lists 974 people served.","duration":"SDWIS (ref 1) records arsenic violations from Q3 2023 to Q1 2024, and PCE exceeded again in June 2024 after a 2023 exceedance (ref 3).","significance":"Formal MCL violations with Tier 2 notices (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":974,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Tetrachloroethylene was found at a level of 5.2 ppb in your drinking water (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"PCE result (June 2024)","value":5.2,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"MCL 5.0 ppb (ref 3)."},{"name":"Arsenic RAA (EP102)","value":12,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"MCL 10 ppb (ref 4)."},{"name":"PCE level in 2025 report","value":3.6,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 6."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"2025 report shows arsenic 4.8 ppb and PCE 3.6 ppb, below MCLs (ref 6)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Borough of Trumbauersville","role":"System owner"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Trumbauersville Waterworks operator Kenneth L. Fulford, 610-216-0150","corrective_actions":["Well 3 arsenic treatment replacement (completion planned 2025).","Milford Township emergency interconnection.","VOC treatment evaluation at Well 2."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SDWIS violation records: Trumbauersville Mun Waterworks (PA1090091)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/PA1090091/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Trumbauersville Mun Waterworks (PA1090091)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/PA1090091/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Chemical MCL exceedance notice: tetrachloroethylene (July 2024)","publisher":"Borough of Trumbauersville","date":"2024-07-03","url":"https://trumbauersvilleboro.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/PWS-MCL-EXC-NOTICE-07032024.pdf","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 Annual Drinking Water Quality Report (PWSID 1090091)","publisher":"Borough of Trumbauersville","date":"2025-06-01","url":"https://trumbauersvilleboro.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/1090091-TB-CCR-2024-E.pdf","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":5,"title":"Trumbauersville Waterworks Public Information Presentation","publisher":"Borough of Trumbauersville","date":"2024-08-13","url":"https://trumbauersvilleboro.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/2024-08-13-TMW-Public-Meeting-Pres.x.pdf","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":6,"title":"2025 Annual Drinking Water Report","publisher":"Borough of Trumbauersville","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://trumbauersvilleboro.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/2025-Annual-Drinking-Water-Report.pdf","basis":"Utility notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-DOYLESTOWN-GROUNDWATER-DROUGHT-EMERGENCY-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Doylestown well-supplied systems under drought emergency restrictions, 2024-2025","description":"Doylestown Township Municipal Authority declared a drought emergency on November 14, 2024, citing declining groundwater, and banned lawn irrigation and car washing while asking for a 15% to 20% cut in household use. Doylestown Borough, which relies on five wells, kept matching mandatory restrictions in place into spring 2025 and lifted them on June 3, 2025; DEP still listed the borough system as requesting voluntary conservation in October 2026.","location":{"name":"Doylestown Borough and Township water systems","type":"Municipal utility service areas (groundwater-supplied)","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Doylestown Borough and Doylestown Township, central Bucks County","coordinates":{"lat":40.3101,"lon":-75.1299,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Bucks"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"PA1090128","pwsids":["PA1090128","PA1090081"]},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The problem was falling groundwater levels in the wells that supply both systems, not a facility failure.","secondary_drivers":["2024-2025 southeastern Pennsylvania drought"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No health effects or contaminant exceedances are reported in the Doylestown coverage (refs 1-3); the issue was supply volume.","service":"DTMA banned lawn watering, car washing and unrequested restaurant water and required a 15-20% household cut (ref 1); the borough fined repeat violators up to $300 (ref 2).","scale":"The two systems together serve about 17,355 people per SDWIS (DTMA main system 8,655, borough 8,700; refs 5-6), a single community.","duration":"Mandatory restrictions ran from November 14, 2024 until the borough lifted them on June 3, 2025 (refs 2-3), roughly seven months.","significance":"DTMA formally declared a Drought Emergency under its Drought Contingency Plan and DEP drought indicators (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":17355,"status":"Reported","note":"Sum of SDWIS populations for DTMA Main System (8,655) and Doylestown Boro Water Dept (8,700) (refs 5-6)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Drought Emergency with mandatory water conservation measures, including a 15% to 20% reduction in household water usage (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Requested household use reduction","value":20,"unit":"percent (upper bound)","status":"Reported","note":"15% to 20% per DTMA (ref 1)."},{"name":"Borough supply wells","value":5,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Borough restrictions lifted June 3, 2025 after rain restored groundwater (ref 3); borough still requesting voluntary conservation per DEP list of October 8, 2026 (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Doylestown Township Municipal Authority","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"Borough of Doylestown Water Department","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy drinking-water and environmental regulator"}],"public_contact":"Doylestown Borough Water Department and Doylestown Township Municipal Authority customer service lines","corrective_actions":["Mandatory restrictions from November 14, 2024 (ref 1).","Borough skipped its annual system-wide flushing and ran active leak detection (ref 2).","Emergency interconnection between borough and township available but described as not a long-term fix (ref 2).","Borough moved from Stage II Drought Warning to Stage I Drought Watch on June 3, 2025 (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Doylestown Township Municipal Authority issues drought emergency, mandatory water restrictions in place","publisher":"Central Bucks Now (Fideri News Network)","date":"2024-11-14","url":"https://centralbucksnews.com/news/2024/nov/14/doylestown-township-municipal-authority-issues-drought-emergency-mandatory-water-restrictions-in-place","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Mandatory Water Usage Restrictions Continue In Doylestown","publisher":"Patch","date":"2025-03-18","url":"https://patch.com/pennsylvania/doylestown/mandatory-water-usage-restrictions-continue-doylestown","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Mandatory drought restrictions lifted in Doylestown Borough","publisher":"Patch","date":"2025-06-03","url":"https://patch.com/pennsylvania/doylestown/mandatory-drought-restrictions-lifted-doylestown-borough","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Drought Information: current status and public water suppliers requesting conservation","publisher":"Pennsylvania DEP","date":null,"url":"https://www.pa.gov/agencies/dep/programs-and-services/water/bureau-of-safe-drinking-water/interstate-water-resources-management-division/drought-information","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-08"},{"ref":5,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system records, city of Doylestown (DTMA Main System PA1090128)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/PA/CITY_NAME/DOYLESTOWN/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Doylestown Boro Water Dept (PA1090081)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/PA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/DOYLESTOWN/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Exact date DTMA lifted its township restrictions (not verified in an opened source)"],"related_ids":["US-PA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2024-2026"]},{"id":"US-PA-AQUA-ROARING-CREEK-MANDATORY-CONSERVATION-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Aqua Pennsylvania Roaring Creek plant: repeated mandatory drought conservation","description":"Aqua Pennsylvania ordered mandatory conservation for customers of its Roaring Creek Water Plant on November 18, 2024, saying months of little precipitation had taken a toll on supply and that service impacts were possible without restrictions. It reissued a mandatory notice on January 12, 2026, expanded to the City of Shamokin and Kulpmont Borough, covering communities in Northumberland, Columbia and Schuylkill counties.","location":{"name":"Aqua PA Roaring Creek Division","type":"Investor-owned utility service area (surface-water plant)","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Coal, Ralpho, Zerbe and Mt. Carmel townships, Shamokin and Kulpmont (Northumberland); Conyngham Twp and Centralia (Columbia); Butler Twp, Gordon and Girardville (Schuylkill)","coordinates":{"lat":40.7887,"lon":-76.558,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Northumberland","Columbia","Schuylkill"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"PA4490024"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Low precipitation reduced the plant's raw water supply; no infrastructure failure is reported.","secondary_drivers":["2024-2026 Pennsylvania drought"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Aqua's notices (refs 1-3) describe a supply shortfall only; no water-quality violation or health impact is reported.","service":"Nonessential uses such as car washing, power washing and hosing driveways were prohibited under the mandatory notice (refs 2-3).","scale":"SDWIS lists the Roaring Creek Division as serving 43,000 people (ref 5) across 11 municipalities in three counties (ref 3).","duration":"Mandatory conservation was issued November 18, 2024, still in force at a later reminder (ref 2), and reissued January 12, 2026 (refs 3-4): two drought episodes spanning more than a year.","significance":"A formal mandatory water conservation notice from the utility (refs 1, 3); no state emergency order is documented."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":43000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"\"The months of little precipitation have taken a toll on our water supply. If restrictions are not put in place, customers could potentially see service impacts.\" (ref 3)"},"measures":[{"name":"Municipalities under the January 2026 notice","value":11,"unit":"municipalities","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Restrictions recurred in late 2024 and again in January 2026; the end of the 2026 notice was not confirmed in an opened source."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Aqua Pennsylvania (Essential Utilities)","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy drinking-water and environmental regulator"}],"public_contact":"Aqua Pennsylvania customer service, 877.987.2782 (published on the notices)","corrective_actions":["Voluntary conservation request followed by mandatory notice (ref 1).","Drought team monitoring supply daily (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Aqua Pennsylvania Issuing Mandatory Water Conservation for Roaring Creek Customers due to Drought Conditions","publisher":"Aqua Pennsylvania","date":"2024-11-18","url":"https://aquawater.com/news/aqua-pennsylvania-issuing-mandatory-water-conservation-roaring-creek-customers-due-drought","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Aqua Pennsylvania Reminds Roaring Creek Customers of Mandatory Water Conservation due to Drought Conditions","publisher":"Aqua Pennsylvania","date":null,"url":"https://aquawater.com/news/aqua-pennsylvania-reminds-roaring-creek-customers-mandatory-water-conservation-due-drought","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"Aqua Pennsylvania Issues Mandatory Water Conservation for Roaring Creek Customers Due to Drought Conditions (press release)","publisher":"Aqua Pennsylvania","date":"2026-01-12","url":"https://www.aquawater.com/sites/default/files/2026-01/Roaring%20Creek%20Mandatory%20Water%20Conservation%20Press%20Release%20%281%29%20%281%29.docx","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":4,"title":"Three Valley counties in drought watch; conservation notice in place for parts of Northumberland County","publisher":"The Daily Item","date":"2026-01-12","url":"https://www.dailyitem.com/news/3-valley-counties-in-drought-watch-conservation-notice-in-place-for-parts-of-northumberland-county/article_bcd5115d-604c-4b40-90ed-fc552178636a.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Aqua PA Roaring Creek Division (PA4490024)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/PA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ROARING/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Posting dates of the undated Aqua web notices (refs 1-2); ref 1 dated by the November 18, 2024 issue date stated in ref 2","Date the 2026 mandatory notice was lifted"],"related_ids":["US-PA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2024-2026"]},{"id":"US-PA-DUNCANNON-WATER-SUPPLY-EMERGENCIES-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Duncannon Borough recurring water supply emergencies from low reservoir and leaks","description":"Duncannon Borough in Perry County has repeatedly imposed mandatory water restrictions when its storage reservoir dropped: Public Water Supply Emergencies in June and August 2023, a mandatory drought-emergency conservation notice in June 2024, and Phase 2 mandatory measures in August 2025. The borough engineer has tied the shortfalls to dry weather, weaker well output and an almost century-old distribution system with many leaks that would cost about $15 million to replace.","location":{"name":"Duncannon Municipal Water","type":"Borough water system service area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Duncannon Borough, Perry County","coordinates":{"lat":40.3981,"lon":-77.0311,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Perry"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"PA7500019"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Shortfalls combine low source and reservoir levels with leakage from an aging distribution system.","secondary_drivers":["Distribution system leakage","Dry summers"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"None of the Duncannon reports (refs 1-4) cite a contamination event or health effect; the risk is running short of water.","service":"Emergency rules limited public water to essential household uses, with $100 to $1,000 fines or physical restriction of service for violators (ref 1); later notices banned lawn watering, car washing and pool filling (refs 3-4).","scale":"SDWIS lists the borough system as serving 2,000 people (ref 5), one small community.","duration":"Mandatory restrictions recurred in June 2023, August 2023 (refs 1-2), June 2024 (ref 3) and August 2025 (ref 4).","significance":"The borough declared Public Water Supply Emergencies in 2023 (refs 1-2) and a drought emergency notice in June 2024 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":2000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Replacing the entire, almost hundred-year-old system would cost around $15 million (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Reservoir capacity","value":11,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Emergency declared when level fell below four feet (ref 1)."},{"name":"Estimated full system replacement cost","value":15000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Borough engineer estimate (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Engineer warned trucking water from Millersburg would be expensive and borne by ratepayers (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Emergencies recur in dry or hot periods (2023, 2024, 2025)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Duncannon Borough","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy drinking-water and environmental regulator"}],"public_contact":"Duncannon Borough office","corrective_actions":["Ongoing leak repair work described by the borough engineer (ref 2).","Contingency to truck water from Millersburg if levels kept falling (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Duncannon implements Public Water Supply Emergency order","publisher":"abc27 (WHTM)","date":"2023-06-11","url":"https://www.abc27.com/local-news/duncannon-implements-public-water-supply-emergency-order/amp/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Duncannon Borough declares second mandatory public water restriction in two months","publisher":"CBS 21 (WHP)","date":"2023-08-23","url":"https://www.local21news.com/news/local/duncannon-borough-declares-second-mandatory-public-water-restriction-in-two-months","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Duncannon Borough declares drought emergency amid heat wave","publisher":"CBS 21 (WHP)","date":"2024-06-20","url":"https://www.local21news.com/news/local/duncannon-borough-declares-drought-emergency-amid-heat-wave-perry-county-hot-weather-mandatory-water-conservation-notice-pennsylvania-pa","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Perry County municipality enacts water usage restrictions","publisher":"abc27 (WHTM) via Yahoo News","date":"2025-08-08","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/perry-county-municipality-enacts-water-212135016.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Duncannon Muni Water (PA7500019)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/PA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/DUNCANNON/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-LETTERKENNY-PFAS-PRIVATE-WELLS-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"PFAS above EPA limits in private wells near Letterkenny Army Depot","description":"Army sampling of 88 private drinking water wells near Letterkenny Army Depot in Franklin County in April 2024 found nine wells with PFAS above EPA maximum contaminant levels. The depot has used PFAS-containing firefighting foam in training and PFAS in chrome plating; it says a team will investigate the source and the Army will address wells that pose unacceptable risk.","location":{"name":"Letterkenny Army Depot off-post well area","type":"Private-well area near a military installation","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Private wells around Letterkenny Army Depot, north of Chambersburg, Franklin County","coordinates":{"lat":39.99,"lon":-77.69,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Franklin"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in the groundwater that private wells draw from.","secondary_drivers":["Aqueous film-forming foam","Chrome plating"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Nine of 88 private wells tested in April 2024 exceeded EPA PFAS maximum contaminant levels (refs 1-2).","service":"The Army said it is working with EPA and state regulators to limit exposure until the problem is fixed (ref 1), and will clean up wells posing unacceptable risk (ref 2).","scale":"88 private wells belonging to residents and businesses near the depot were sampled (ref 2).","duration":"Sampling was in April 2024 and the source investigation was still underway in August 2024 (refs 1-2).","significance":"The testing follows the 2020 National Defense Authorization Act requirement that Army sites test nearby water (ref 2); no enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Ref 2 reports 88 wells sampled and 9 above limits; residents served not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Nine drinking water wells around the depot have PFAS levels exceeding EPA maximum contaminant levels (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Private wells sampled","value":88,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"April 2024 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Wells above EPA MCL","value":9,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Army, Letterkenny Army Depot","role":"Installation conducting investigation"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 3","role":"Federal regulator"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy drinking-water and environmental regulator"}],"public_contact":"Letterkenny Army Depot public affairs (via the depot website)","corrective_actions":["Source investigation team formed (ref 2).","Army to clean up wells where results pose unacceptable risk (ref 2).","Depot fire service moved away from AFFF (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Excessive PFAS levels found in wells near Letterkenny Army Depot","publisher":"abc27 (WHTM)","date":"2024-08-05","url":"https://www.abc27.com/local-news/excessive-pfas-levels-found-in-wells-near-letterkenny-army-depot/amp","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Nine wells in Franklin County found with high PFAS levels","publisher":"WITF","date":"2024-08-09","url":"https://www.witf.org/2024/08/09/nine-wells-in-franklin-county-found-with-high-pfas-levels/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Army sampling report (not opened)","Number of wells provided with treatment or alternative water"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-MIFFLIN-CO-MUNI-AUTH-DO-NOT-DRINK-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Mifflin County Municipal Authority do-not-drink after reservoir crash and backup source failure","description":"On April 18, 2026 the Mifflin County Municipal Authority issued a Do Not Drink notice after a fatal tractor-trailer crash spilled fuel and fluids into the Laurel Creek Reservoir and a transformer surge knocked out one of its primary alternate well sources, leaving it unable to meet demand without the reservoir. Bottled water was distributed in Lewistown and Milroy, and the notice was lifted at 7:30 p.m. on April 19 after DEP-directed samples came back clear of volatile organic compounds.","location":{"name":"Mifflin County Municipal Authority","type":"Municipal authority service area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Lewistown, Burnham, Juniata Terrace and surrounding townships; Laurel Creek Reservoir in Armagh Township, Mifflin County","coordinates":{"lat":40.5992,"lon":-77.5714,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Mifflin"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"PA4440010"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Source contamination risk at the reservoir combined with an equipment failure at the backup source.","secondary_drivers":["Transportation spill","Electrical failure at backup well field"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Fuel, oil and other fluids entered the Laurel Creek reservoir (ref 2), but four DEP-directed samples were clear of volatile organic compounds (ref 3).","service":"The authority issued a Do Not Drink notice and volunteers distributed bottled water, including to the hospital (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists the authority as serving 29,432 people (ref 4) in Lewistown Borough and seven other municipalities (ref 3).","duration":"The notice ran from early April 18 to 7:30 p.m. April 19, 2026 (refs 2-3).","significance":"DEP required the authority to stop drawing from the reservoir and the county emergency management agency ran distribution (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":29432,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Water levels cannot be sustained to supply all customers with water without drawing from the Laurel Creek Reservoir (authority notice quoted in ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Notice lifted April 19, 2026; additional testing continued (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Mifflin County Municipal Authority","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy drinking-water and environmental regulator"},{"name":"Mifflin County Emergency Management Agency","role":"Emergency response"}],"public_contact":"Mifflin County Municipal Authority office, 5300 Old U.S. 322, Milroy","corrective_actions":["Truck removed from reservoir; expedited testing with DEP (ref 1).","Bottled water distribution sites (ref 1).","Do Not Drink lifted April 19, 2026 with further testing planned (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"'Do Not Drink' notice issued for Mifflin County after crash, separate water source failure","publisher":"abc27 (WHTM)","date":"2026-04-18","url":"https://www.abc27.com/local-news/do-not-drink-notice-issued-for-mifflin-county-after-crash-separate-water-source-failure/amp/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"'Do Not Drink' notice lifted following reservoir incident","publisher":"The Sentinel (Lewistown)","date":"2026-04-21","url":"https://www.lewistownsentinel.com/news/local-news/2026/04/do-not-drink-notice-lifted-following-reservoir-incident/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Mifflin County water authority lifts 'Do Not Drink' notice after truck crash","publisher":"abc27 (WHTM)","date":"2026-04-19","url":"https://www.abc27.com/local-news/mifflin-county-water-authority-lifts-do-not-drink-notice-after-truck-crash/amp/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system records, Milroy (Mifflin Cnty Muni Auth PA4440010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/PA/CITY_NAME/MILROY/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-MERCERSBURG-LOW-WELLS-BULK-WATER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Mercersburg Water Authority hauling bulk water as source wells run low","description":"Since September 2025 the Mercersburg Water Authority has repeatedly hauled in bulk water from a fluoridated outside source to supplement its system because of low well levels and high demand, while keeping a mandatory conservation notice in force; boil water advisories were lifted with DEP approval on October 3 and November 17, 2025. In September 2026 the authority described an equipment failure and low well levels as a crisis and was still hauling water, and DEP listed the system among suppliers requiring mandatory conservation on October 8, 2026.","location":{"name":"Mercersburg Water Authority","type":"Borough water authority service area (groundwater wells)","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Mercersburg Borough, Franklin County","coordinates":{"lat":39.8279,"lon":-77.9034,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Franklin"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"PA7280021"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Low groundwater in the source wells plus an equipment failure in 2026.","secondary_drivers":["Low well levels","Equipment failure (September 2026)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Boil water advisories were in effect until DEP approved lifting them on October 3 and November 17, 2025 (refs 2, 4); the notices do not state a contamination finding.","service":"Customers must eliminate nonessential uses such as lawn watering and pool filling under the mandatory conservation notice (ref 4), and bulk water is trucked in (ref 3).","scale":"SDWIS lists the authority as serving 2,350 people (ref 8).","duration":"Bulk hauling notices run from September 25, 2025 (ref 1) through September 25, 2026 (ref 6), about a year.","significance":"DEP lists the authority among public water suppliers requiring mandatory conservation as of October 8, 2026 (ref 7)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":2350,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 8)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"\"Due to a recent equipment failure and low well water levels, the Water Authority is continuing to haul water to ensure our system is able to deliver water to its customers.\" (ref 6)"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Hauling resumed in September 2026 with the authority calling the situation a crisis (refs 5-6)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Mercersburg Water Authority","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy drinking-water and environmental regulator"}],"public_contact":"Mercersburg Borough Office, 717-328-3116","corrective_actions":["Emergency bulk water hauling (refs 1, 3, 5).","Mandatory conservation notice (ref 4).","Fluoride advisory to customers because hauled water is fluoridated (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Mercersburg water system notice: fluoridated water (bulk water hauling)","publisher":"Mercersburg Borough","date":"2025-09-25","url":"https://mercersburg.org/news/news-detail/?post=90","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":2,"title":"Mercersburg Alert update: as of 10/03/2025","publisher":"Mercersburg Borough","date":"2025-10-03","url":"https://mercersburg.org/news/news-detail/?post=97","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":3,"title":"Mercersburg water system notice: fluoridated water (bulk water hauling)","publisher":"Mercersburg Borough","date":"2025-11-10","url":"https://mercersburg.org/news/news-detail/?post=100","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":4,"title":"Mercersburg Alert update: as of 11/17/2025","publisher":"Mercersburg Borough","date":"2025-11-17","url":"https://mercersburg.org/news/news-detail/?post=102","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":5,"title":"Mercersburg Water System Notice: fluoridated water","publisher":"Mercersburg Borough","date":"2026-09-22","url":"https://mercersburg.org/news/news-detail/?post=147","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":6,"title":"Alert: Water System Update 9-25-26","publisher":"Mercersburg Borough","date":"2026-09-25","url":"https://mercersburg.org/news/news-detail/?post=150","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":7,"title":"Drought Information: public water suppliers requiring mandatory water conservation","publisher":"Pennsylvania DEP","date":null,"url":"https://www.pa.gov/agencies/dep/programs-and-services/water/bureau-of-safe-drinking-water/interstate-water-resources-management-division/drought-information","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-08"},{"ref":8,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Mercersburg Muni Water Auth (PA7280021)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/PA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MERCERSBURG/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Cause of the 2025 boil water advisories","Bulk water volumes and costs"],"related_ids":["US-PA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2024-2026"]},{"id":"US-PA-CHESTER-COUNTY-GROUNDWATER-DROUGHT-WELLS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Chester County groundwater drought leaves private wells low or dry, 2026","description":"Chester County entered a state drought warning in 2026 after weak groundwater recharge from November through March, with the county water resources authority warning that private wells, which supply about 40 percent of residents, could fail. In July 2026, 11 of the county's monitored observation wells were below drought-emergency levels; DEP returned the county to normal status on October 2, 2026 but noted groundwater is recovering more slowly than other indicators.","location":{"name":"Chester County private-well aquifers","type":"County groundwater system (private wells)","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Countywide; observation wells in Honey Brook, West Marlborough, Upper Uwchlan, East Whiteland and others","coordinates":{"lat":39.96,"lon":-75.75,"precision":"county","source_ref":2},"counties":["Chester"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Groundwater levels fell below drought thresholds; reservoirs serving public systems stayed in good condition.","secondary_drivers":["Low winter recharge 2025-2026"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"A well driller reported growing calls from homeowners with depleted supplies and some wells running dry (ref 1); no health effects are reported.","service":"Residents were asked to cut use 10 to 15 percent, and the county warned excessive pumping can burn out pumps or dry wells (ref 2).","scale":"About 40 percent of Chester County residents rely on wells (refs 1-2), a countywide population.","duration":"Drought warning was in place from earlier in 2026 through at least July (refs 2-3) and lifted October 2, 2026 (ref 4).","significance":"DEP's formal drought warning, the second of three levels, covered the county (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Ref 2 states about 40 percent of county residents use wells; a head count is not given."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Number of wells below Drought Emergency Level = 11 (of 21 county observation wells, July 2026; ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Observation wells below drought emergency level","value":11,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"July 20-21, 2026 measurements (ref 3)."},{"name":"Mean water-level decline from one year earlier","value":3.46,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"County returned to normal drought status October 2, 2026, with groundwater lagging (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Chester County Water Resources Authority","role":"County groundwater monitoring"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy drinking-water and environmental regulator"}],"public_contact":"Chester County Water Resources Authority, water@chesco.org; chesco.org/drought","corrective_actions":["County observation-well network reporting monthly (ref 3).","Voluntary 10-15% conservation request (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Chester County wells run dry as drought warning prompts calls to conserve water","publisher":"6abc (WPVI)","date":"2026-06-04","url":"https://6abc.com/amp/post/chester-county-wells-run-dry-drought-warning-prompts-calls-conserve-water/19235355/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Drought Warning Continues in Chester County","publisher":"Chester County, PA","date":"2026-06-04","url":"https://www.chesco.org/CivicAlerts.aspx?AID=1737","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":3,"title":"Chester County Observation Well Network: Report for July 2026","publisher":"Chester County Water Resources Authority","date":"2026-08-07","url":"https://www.chesco.org/DocumentCenter/View/85342","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":4,"title":"Drought Information: current drought declaration status","publisher":"Pennsylvania DEP","date":null,"url":"https://www.pa.gov/agencies/dep/programs-and-services/water/bureau-of-safe-drinking-water/interstate-water-resources-management-division/drought-information","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-08"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-PA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2024-2026"]},{"id":"US-PA-BENNER-TWP-PFAS-PRIVATE-WELLS-2023","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Benner Township PFAS plume in private wells near State College airport","description":"DEP's Benner Township PFAS investigation in Centre County had identified 31 residential wells above Pennsylvania's PFAS limits by the end of 2023, all fitted with point-of-entry treatment, and a public water line extension was studied but tabled. Penn State's contractor now runs the investigation under a consent order and agreement with DEP: in May 2026 it sampled 39 treated homes and 51 untreated private wells, found a new exceedance, and began a remedial investigation that includes the airport area.","location":{"name":"Benner Township PFAS investigation area","type":"State cleanup investigation area (groundwater)","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Walnut Grove Estates, High Tech Road and nearby areas of Benner Township, Centre County","coordinates":{"lat":40.86,"lon":-77.83,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Centre"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS plume in the aquifer used by private supply wells.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"By end of 2023, 31 residential wells and four business wells exceeded Pennsylvania PFAS MCLs (ref 1); a further first-time exceedance was confirmed in June 2026 (ref 2).","service":"Affected homes received bottled water and then point-of-entry treatment; one business still received DEP bottled water (ref 1).","scale":"39 properties have treatment systems and 51 more private wells were sampled in May 2026 (ref 2): one rural community.","duration":"The investigation was active through 2023 (ref 1) and remained in remedial investigation in mid-2026 (refs 2-3).","significance":"Work is performed under a Consent Order and Agreement with DEP (ref 3) and a remedial investigation workplan dated November 24, 2025 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Refs 1-2 give counts of wells and properties, not residents."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"31 residential water supply wells have been identified as exceeding the current MCLs and all have been provided with POET systems (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Properties with POET systems sampled","value":39,"unit":"properties","status":"Reported","note":"May 2026, all effluent non-detect (ref 2)."},{"name":"Non-POET private wells sampled","value":51,"unit":"properties","status":"Reported","note":"Two exceeded PA MCLs (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Treatment effective at all 39 POET homes in May 2026, but new exceedances still appear (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy drinking-water and environmental regulator"},{"name":"The Pennsylvania State University","role":"Party performing investigation under consent order and agreement"}],"public_contact":"DEP Northcentral Regional Office, Environmental Cleanup and Brownfields, Williamsport (570-327-3636)","corrective_actions":["Point-of-entry treatment at affected homes (refs 1-2).","Public water line feasibility study (May 2023) tabled (ref 1).","Remedial investigation with soil borings and new monitoring wells, 2026 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Benner Township PFAS Investigation: End of Year Update 2023","publisher":"Pennsylvania DEP","date":"2024-02-01","url":"https://files.dep.state.pa.us/regionalresources/NCRO/NCROPortalFiles/CommunityInformation/Benner_Township/Benner2023YearEndUpdate.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Benner Township PFAS Investigation Area: Q2 2026 Quarterly Report","publisher":"Roux Associates for The Pennsylvania State University (DEP record)","date":"2026-07-28","url":"https://files.dep.state.pa.us/regionalresources/NCRO/NCROPortalFiles/CommunityInformation/Benner_Township/20260728%202Q26%20Report.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Benner Township PFAS Investigation: notification of exceedance of PFAS standard and DEP acknowledgment","publisher":"Pennsylvania DEP","date":"2026-06-15","url":"https://files.dep.state.pa.us/regionalresources/NCRO/NCROPortalFiles/CommunityInformation/Benner_Township/20260615_notification_new_exceedance.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Text of the 2024 consent order and agreement (scanned PDF not machine-readable)","Identified PFAS source"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-SCMA-TREMONT-DROUGHT-BULK-HAULING-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"SCMA Tremont water system at critically low supply, trucked water and DEP order","description":"DEP found that drought left the Schuylkill County Municipal Authority's Tremont Water System, supplied by two wells, with critically low available water; since December 2025 DEP issued five emergency permits for bulk hauling by semi-trailer, and in February 2026 it permitted the nearby Teirney reservoir as an added source of up to 70,000 gallons per day. A March 5, 2026 DEP administrative order bars SCMA from serving a planned large federal detention use at a former warehouse beyond fire protection without permits, finding that demand of up to 900,000 gallons per day would prevent service to existing customers.","location":{"name":"SCMA Tremont Water System","type":"Municipal authority water system (groundwater wells)","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Tremont Borough and parts of Tremont and Frailey townships, Schuylkill County","coordinates":{"lat":40.6284,"lon":-76.3872,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Schuylkill"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"PA3540046"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Drought cut well yields below what the two-well system needs to serve existing customers.","secondary_drivers":["2025 drought","Large proposed new demand"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The DEP order (ref 1) describes a quantity shortfall; no contaminant exceedance is cited.","service":"Customers' supply depended on trucked water, about 6,000 gallons per semi-trailer load, under emergency permits (refs 1-2).","scale":"The system has 798 service connections (ref 1) and serves 2,515 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Trucked water was part of 2025 average flow and emergency hauling permits continued from December 2025 into 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"DEP issued five emergency permits and a March 5, 2026 administrative order to SCMA under the Safe Drinking Water Act (refs 1-2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":2515,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Recent drought conditions in the Tremont area have resulted in critically low levels of available water in the Tremont Water System (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"2025 average plant flow including trucked water","value":208000,"unit":"gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"SRBC-limited treatment capacity","value":330000,"unit":"gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Emergency bulk hauling permits since December 2025","value":5,"unit":"permits","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Teirney reservoir allocation permit (February 27, 2026) expected to reduce need for hauling (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Schuylkill County Municipal Authority","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy drinking-water and environmental regulator"},{"name":"Susquehanna River Basin Commission","role":"Withdrawal regulator"}],"public_contact":"Schuylkill County Municipal Authority, 221 South Centre Street, Pottsville","corrective_actions":["Emergency bulk water hauling permits (ref 1).","Teirney reservoir water allocation permit and operations permit amendment, February 27, 2026 (ref 1).","DEP order limiting new demand at the Rausch Creek Road property to fire protection pending permits (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Administrative Order to Schuylkill County Municipal Authority, 51 Rausch Creek Road, Tremont Township","publisher":"Pennsylvania DEP","date":"2026-03-05","url":"https://files.dep.state.pa.us/RegionalResources/SCRO/SCROPortalFiles/SCMALetterandAdminOrderSigned260305.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Administrative Order to U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 51 Rausch Creek Road, Tremont Township","publisher":"Pennsylvania DEP","date":"2026-03-05","url":"https://files.dep.state.pa.us/RegionalResources/SCRO/SCROPortalFiles/TremontDHSLetterandAdminOrderSigned260305.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: SCMA-Tremont (PA3540046)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/PA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/TREMONT/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Current status of bulk hauling after the Teirney reservoir source came online"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-SAEGERTOWN-PFAS-WELLFIELD-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Saegertown Borough supply wells contaminated by PFAS groundwater plume","description":"DEP found PFOS and PFOA at 192.6 ng/L at a Saegertown Borough drinking water entry point in 2020, and the borough's wells PW-6 and PW-7 were taken offline except for high-demand use. A DEP Hazardous Sites Cleanup Act investigation reported in December 2025 two PFAS plumes on a former industrial park, PFOS up to 36,000 ng/L in groundwater, and a 2024 rebound in well concentrations, and recommended further investigation toward French Creek.","location":{"name":"Saegertown Borough water system","type":"Borough water system wellfield","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Saegertown Borough, Crawford County; former Saegertown Industrial Area","coordinates":{"lat":41.7181,"lon":-80.1484,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Crawford"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"PA6200043"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in the aquifer feeding two municipal supply wells.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","Legacy firefighting foam and industrial sources (suspected)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"PFOS reached 36,000 ng/L in monitoring well BMW-3 in March/April 2025, and entry-point water tested 192.6 ng/L in 2020, above the 70 ng/L advisory then in force (ref 2).","service":"Wells PW-6 and PW-7 were offline, with PW-6 used only at high demand, leaving PW-1 and PW-2 as primary producers (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists Saegertown Borough as serving 1,500 people (ref 3).","duration":"Detections date from October 2020 and concentrations rebounded in 2024 (ref 2): chronic contamination.","significance":"DEP is investigating under the Hazardous Sites Cleanup Act with a state contractor (refs 1-2); no order against a party is cited."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1500,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The highest PFOS concentration (36,000 ng/L) was detected in monitoring well BMW-3 during the March/April 2025 sampling event (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Maximum groundwater PFOS","value":36000,"unit":"ng/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Entry Point 105 PFOS+PFOA, October 2020","value":192.6,"unit":"ng/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Well concentrations rebounded in 2024 to levels not seen since 2021 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy drinking-water and environmental regulator"},{"name":"Saegertown Borough","role":"Water supplier"}],"public_contact":"DEP Northwest Regional Office, Environmental Cleanup Program, Meadville","corrective_actions":["Wells PW-6 and PW-7 removed from routine service (ref 1).","Phase II site investigation recommended: more borings, monitoring wells and sentinel wells near French Creek (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Saegertown PFAS Site: Phase II Site Investigation Work Plan","publisher":"Pennsylvania DEP (GTAC contractor)","date":"2023-09-01","url":"https://files.dep.state.pa.us/RegionalResources/NWRO/NWROPortalFiles/Saegertown_PFAS_Site/Saegertown_PFAS-Phase_II_SI_Work_Plan.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Site Investigation Report (Final), Saegertown PFAS Site","publisher":"OBG | Baker Environmental Solutions JV for Pennsylvania DEP","date":"2025-12-01","url":"https://files.dep.state.pa.us/RegionalResources/NWRO/NWROPortalFiles/Saegertown_PFAS_Site/2025%20Final%20Report.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Saegertown Borough (PA6200043)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/PA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SAEGERTOWN/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Current PFAS treatment status of borough wells"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-BISHOP-TUBE-TCE-GROUNDWATER-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Bishop Tube site solvent and PFAS groundwater plume, East Whiteland","description":"Groundwater beneath and around the former Bishop Tube site in East Whiteland Township, Chester County, is contaminated with chlorinated solvents including TCE, and 2026 sampling also found PFOA and PFOS above Pennsylvania residential standards and hexavalent chromium in Little Valley Creek. DEP's March 2026 consent decree sets up an $8.985 million trust plus a $2.5 million financial assurance fund for cleanup, and in September 2026 DEP said solvents reach closer to homes on Village Way than previously identified.","location":{"name":"Bishop Tube HSCA Site","type":"State cleanup site (groundwater plume)","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Former Bishop Tube property near Little Valley Creek, East Whiteland Township, Chester County","coordinates":{"lat":40.04,"lon":-75.55,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Chester"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legacy industrial solvent and PFAS contamination of groundwater and a creek.","secondary_drivers":["Chlorinated solvents (TCE)","PFAS","Hexavalent chromium"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"2026 sampling found chlorinated solvents and PFOA/PFOS above PA Act 2 residential groundwater standards and hexavalent chromium above surface water criteria (ref 2).","service":"The DEP updates (refs 1-2) describe no drinking water outage or advisory; vapor intrusion checks are precautionary.","scale":"The plume extends east of Little Valley Creek toward Village Way homes and north toward Conestoga Road (ref 2), a neighborhood-scale area.","duration":"A legacy site: the consent decree resolves a 2005 prospective purchaser agreement (ref 1) and work continues in 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"DEP executed a consent decree on March 6, 2026 with funding commitments from four settlors (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No exposed population count in the cited DEP records."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Chlorinated solvents were detected above the PA Act 2 Residential standard in the newly installed nested monitoring well set (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Remediation trust funding","value":8985000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"$7.335M + $1.25M + $0.4M (ref 1)."},{"name":"Financial assurance fund","value":2500000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; DEP notified settlors of a drawdown on September 1, 2026 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"2026 data show the plume closer to homes than previously identified (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy drinking-water and environmental regulator"},{"name":"East Whiteland Township","role":"Receives monthly progress reports"}],"public_contact":"DEP Southeast Regional Office, Environmental Cleanup and Brownfields (RA-EP-SEROECB@pa.gov)","corrective_actions":["Consent decree with remedial design and work plan deadlines (ref 1).","Supplemental vapor intrusion assessment and new monitoring wells recommended (ref 2).","Plume-wide PFAS mixture evaluation (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Bishop Tube HSCA Site: Consent Decree Key Provisions","publisher":"Pennsylvania DEP","date":"2026-03-06","url":"https://files.dep.state.pa.us/RegionalResources/SERO/SEROPortalFiles/Community%20Info/Bishop%20Tube/Consent%20Decree/202603%20Bishop%20Tube%20Consent%20Decree%20Key%20Provisions.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Bishop Tube HSCA Site Community Update","publisher":"Pennsylvania DEP","date":"2026-09-04","url":"https://files.dep.state.pa.us/RegionalResources/SERO/SEROPortalFiles/Community%20Info/Bishop%20Tube/2026/20260904%20Bishop%20Tube%20HSCA%20Site%20Community%20Update.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Plume area and number of nearby wells"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-DARLINGTON-DERAILMENT-WELL-MONITORING-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Beaver County private wells after East Palestine derailment: no derailment impact found","description":"After the February 2023 Norfolk Southern derailment at East Palestine, Ohio, DEP and its contractor sampled 99 private drinking water sources within two miles in the Darlington area of Beaver and Lawrence counties, in up to five rounds through August 2024, along with sentinel monitoring wells, soil and surface water. DEP's August 2025 final summary report concluded that derailment materials had not affected groundwater, soil or surface water in Pennsylvania; isolated exceedances were attributed to unrelated local sources.","location":{"name":"Darlington area private wells, Beaver County","type":"Private-well investigation area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Within 2 miles of the derailment, Darlington area of Beaver County and Lawrence County, PA","coordinates":{"lat":40.81,"lon":-80.42,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Beaver","Lawrence"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Assessment of whether a chemical release reached aquifers used by private wells.","secondary_drivers":["Rail hazardous materials release"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The final report found no derailment-related impacts in the private potable wells sampled (ref 1, conclusion 6).","service":"No well-use restriction attributable to the derailment is reported in the final summary (ref 1).","scale":"99 private potable water source properties were sampled, 15 within one mile (ref 1).","duration":"Well sampling ran from March 2023 to a final round in August 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"A DEP-contracted investigation under state oversight (ref 1); no enforcement action in Pennsylvania is cited."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Ref 1 counts 99 properties, not residents."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Hazardous materials originating from the train derailment have not negatively impacted groundwater, shallow soil, or surface water in PA in the vicinity of the derailment location (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Private water sources sampled","value":99,"unit":"properties","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Sampling concluded; no derailment-related impacts identified (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy drinking-water and environmental regulator"},{"name":"Norfolk Southern","role":"Railroad operating sentinel wells"}],"public_contact":"DEP Southwest Regional Office, Pittsburgh","corrective_actions":["Four to five rounds of private well sampling (ref 1).","Split sampling of Norfolk Southern sentinel wells, 11 events (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Norfolk Southern Train Derailment, Lawrence and Beaver Counties: Final Summary Report","publisher":"GAI Consultants for Pennsylvania DEP","date":"2025-08-25","url":"https://files.dep.state.pa.us/RegionalResources/SWRO/SWROPortalFiles/East_Palestine/2025-08-25_NS%20Train%20Derailment_Final%20Summary%20Report.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Norfolk Southern Train Derailment Interim Summary Report","publisher":"GAI Consultants for Pennsylvania DEP","date":"2024-01-31","url":"https://files.dep.state.pa.us/RegionalResources/SWRO/SWROPortalFiles/East_Palestine/7-5-192-NS_Train_Derailment_Interim_Summary_Report-GTAC_FINAL_GAI_REV1_01312024.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-ADAMSTOWN-MANDATORY-CONSERVATION-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Adamstown Borough water system under mandatory conservation, 2026","description":"DEP's drought page, updated October 8, 2026, listed Adamstown Borough's water system in Lancaster County among public water suppliers requiring mandatory conservation, even after Lancaster County returned to normal drought status following the October 2 Drought Task Force meeting. In May 2026 the Susquehanna River Basin Commission awarded the borough $244,469 for water-loss work: meter, radio and software replacement, active leak detection and metering of well production. SRBC expects the work to cut system water loss from 27% to about 10%, roughly 8.9 million gallons a year.","location":{"name":"Adamstown Borough Water System","type":"Borough water system (groundwater wells)","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Adamstown Borough, northeastern Lancaster County","coordinates":{"lat":40.2412,"lon":-76.0563,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Lancaster"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"PA7360001"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Low groundwater supply combined with water-loss and metering gaps the grant targets (27% system water loss per SRBC, ref 5).","secondary_drivers":["2026 drought","Water loss"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Neither DEP's list (ref 1) nor the borough's grant notice (ref 2) reports a water-quality problem.","service":"DEP lists the system under 'Public Water Suppliers Requiring Mandatory Water Conservation' (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists the system as serving 1,800 people (ref 4).","duration":"The start date of Adamstown's mandatory conservation is not given in the opened sources (refs 1-2), so no multi-month duration is scored.","significance":"Mandatory conservation is a formal supplier restriction recorded by DEP (ref 1); SRBC funded drought-resiliency projects (ref 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":1800,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Adamstown Boro Water Sys (7360001), Lancaster County, listed among Public Water Suppliers Requiring Mandatory Water Conservation (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"SRBC consumptive use mitigation grant","value":244469,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 2, 5 (SRBC lists $244,469.97)."},{"name":"Expected system water loss, before and after","value":27,"unit":"% (to about 10%)","status":"Reported","note":"SRBC expects water loss to fall from 27% to about 10%, about 8.9 million gallons a year saved (ref 5)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Adamstown Borough","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy drinking-water and environmental regulator"},{"name":"Susquehanna River Basin Commission","role":"Grant funder and water-use regulator"}],"public_contact":"Adamstown Borough office, 717-484-2280","corrective_actions":["Meter, radio and software replacement, active leak detection and well-house metering funded by SRBC (refs 2, 5)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drought Information: public water suppliers requiring mandatory water conservation","publisher":"Pennsylvania DEP","date":"2026-10-08","url":"https://www.pa.gov/agencies/dep/programs-and-services/water/bureau-of-safe-drinking-water/interstate-water-resources-management-division/drought-information","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-13"},{"ref":2,"title":"Adamstown awarded SRBC grant","publisher":"Adamstown Borough","date":"2026-05-06","url":"https://adamstownborough.org/uncategorized/2026/05/adamstown-awarded-srbc-grant/","basis":"Local government","accessed":"2026-10-13"},{"ref":3,"title":"SRBC Awards $6.4 Million to Drought Resiliency Projects","publisher":"Susquehanna River Basin Commission","date":"2026-05-06","url":"https://www.srbc.gov/about/news/press-release.html?id=1364","basis":"Interstate agency record"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Adamstown Borough (PA7360001)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/PA7360001/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2026 Consumptive Use Mitigation Grant Awardees (Adamstown Borough: Water Distribution System Equipment Upgrades)","publisher":"Susquehanna River Basin Commission","date":null,"url":"https://www.srbc.gov/our-work/grants/consumptive-use-mitigation-grant-awards-2026.html","basis":"Interstate agency record","accessed":"2026-10-13"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Re-opened sources. DEP drought page (updated October 8, 2026) still lists Adamstown Boro Water Sys (7360001), Lancaster County, under mandatory conservation and shows Lancaster returned to Normal after the October 2 task force meeting. The borough's May 6, 2026 post confirms the $244,469 award and its scope. SRBC's 2026 awardee page lists Adamstown Borough at $244,469.97 with a 27% to 10% water-loss target. The SRBC press release URL (ref 3) loads only an empty page template, so its text could not be read; the award is confirmed by refs 2 and 5 instead. Conservation start date still not found."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Date mandatory conservation began"],"related_ids":["US-PA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2024-2026"]},{"id":"US-PA-PHILADELPHIA-CSO-GREEN-CITY-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Philadelphia combined sewer overflows under the Green City, Clean Waters program","description":"Philadelphia's combined sewer system discharged an average of 12.7 billion gallons of combined sewage and stormwater a year from 2016 to 2024, according to a regional report based on Water Department data. The Philadelphia Water Department says it has cut overflow volume by more than 3.08 billion gallons a year, about 40% of its long-term goal, and received a ten-month extension for its Year 15 performance reporting.","location":{"name":"Philadelphia combined sewer system","type":"Municipal combined sewer service area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Philadelphia County; 60-square-mile combined sewer area with 165 permitted outfalls to the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers and Cobbs and Tacony-Frankford creeks","coordinates":{"lat":39.9526,"lon":-75.1652,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Philadelphia"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Century-old combined sewer infrastructure overflows in wet weather and degrades river and creek water quality.","secondary_drivers":["Aging combined sewers","Wet-weather capacity limits"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The Environment New Jersey and Frontier Group report (ref 2) found Philadelphia's three plants and 164 outfalls discharged 12.7 billion gallons a year on average in 2016-2024, contaminating the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers and Cobbs Creek.","service":"No drinking-water or sewer service interruption is documented in refs 1-3; the impact is on receiving waters.","scale":"PWD states it serves nearly 1.6 million drinking-water customers and a 60-square-mile combined sewer area (ref 1).","duration":"Overflows are averaged across nine years (2016-2024, ref 2) and the 25-year program began in 2011 (ref 3).","significance":"The control plan is approved through a 2011 PADEP Consent Order and Agreement and a 2012 EPA Administrative Order for Compliance on Consent (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1600000,"status":"Estimated","note":"PWD states it provides drinking water to nearly 1.6 million customers (ref 1); used as a proxy for the city sewer service population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"An average of 12.7 billion gallons annually discharged between 2016 and 2024 (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Average annual CSO volume 2016-2024","value":12.7,"unit":"billion gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Annual CSO volume reduction claimed by PWD","value":3.08,"unit":"billion gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Greened acres completed vs 3,812 Year 15 standard","value":3860,"unit":"greened acres","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["PWD cites affordability limits; about 20% of residents live below the poverty line (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Philadelphia Water Department","role":"Sewer system owner and operator"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 3","role":"Federal Clean Water Act oversight"}],"public_contact":"Philadelphia Water Department, water.phila.gov","corrective_actions":["Green stormwater infrastructure: more than 3,860 greened acres completed (ref 3)","Northeast plant wet-weather treatment expansion expected to cut about 550 million gallons of CSO a year (ref 3)","Projects under construction expected to reduce another 600 million gallons a year within three years (ref 1)","Wingohocking Tunnel planning study (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Response to PennEnvironment Sewage Pollution Report","publisher":"Philadelphia Water Department","date":"2026-03-04","url":"https://water.phila.gov/drops/response-to-pennenvironment-sewage-pollution-report/","basis":"Utility statement"},{"ref":2,"title":"Philadelphia-Camden sewers spill 12 billion gallons of sewage a year into local waterways, report finds","publisher":"Underground Construction","date":"2025-11-21","url":"https://undergroundinfrastructure.com/news/2025/november/philadelphia-camden-sewers-spill-12-billion-gallons-of-sewage-a-year-into-local-waterways-report-finds","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"15 Years of Green City, Clean Waters","publisher":"Philadelphia Water Department","date":"2026-07-16","url":"https://water.phila.gov/drops/15-years-of-green-city-clean-waters/","basis":"Utility statement"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-HARRISBURG-CRW-CSO-CONSENT-DECREE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Capital Region Water (Harrisburg) combined sewer overflows under federal consent decree","description":"Capital Region Water operates under a 2015 partial consent decree, modified by the federal court on August 22, 2023, over sewer overflows and polluted stormwater discharges to the Susquehanna River and Paxton Creek. The utility said its system captured little more than 50% of combined flow and projected about $200 million of work to raise capture to 85%. EPA ECHO lists the Harrisburg plant in significant noncompliance from October 2025 through June 2026 for an order schedule event unachieved since August 24, 2025.","location":{"name":"Capital Region Water sewer system","type":"Municipal authority combined sewer service area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Dauphin County; City of Harrisburg combined system with 58 permitted CSO outfalls; Advanced Wastewater Treatment Facility NPDES PA0027197","coordinates":{"lat":40.236667,"lon":-76.856111,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Dauphin"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"PA7220049"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Overflows stem from combined sewer capacity limits and a system the utility found in worse condition than expected.","secondary_drivers":["Combined sewer capacity","Deteriorated collection system"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"CRW's fact sheet (ref 1) says CSOs discharge untreated wastewater to the Susquehanna River and Paxton Creek and that the system captures little more than 50% of combined flow.","service":"CRW posts a CSO advisory map asking the public to check overflow activity before swimming, wading, fishing or boating near its 58 outfalls (ref 2).","scale":"Capital Region Water's drinking-water system serves 66,540 people per SDWIS (ref 4); the sewer system serves Harrisburg.","duration":"The partial consent decree has been in place since 2015 and the 2023 modification covers the next decade (ref 1).","significance":"Federal court entered the decree modification on August 22, 2023 (ref 1); ECHO shows a schedule event under an order unachieved since 08/24/2025 and SNC status (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":66540,"status":"Estimated","note":"Population served by Capital Region Water's drinking-water system per SDWIS (ref 4), used as a proxy for the Harrisburg sewer service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"System currently capturing little more than 50% of combined flow; improvements expected to raise capture to 85% (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Projected improvements over next decade","value":200,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1, about $200 million including nearly $42 million in green infrastructure."},{"name":"Permitted CSO outfalls","value":58,"unit":"outfalls","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["CRW says consent decree projects will directly affect customer rates (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Capital Region Water","role":"Sewer system owner and operator"},{"name":"City of Harrisburg","role":"Co-defendant under the consent decree"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 3","role":"Federal Clean Water Act oversight"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"Capital Region Water, 888-510-0606","corrective_actions":["Revised Long-Term Control Plan due December 31, 2024 under the 2023 modification (ref 1)","Front Street Pump Station upgrade expanded pumping capacity by 50% (ref 1)","Nine Minimum Controls plan and semi-annual progress reporting (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Partial Consent Decree Modification Fact Sheet","publisher":"Capital Region Water","date":"2023-08-23","url":"https://capitalregionwater.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/2023-08-23-Mod-PCD-Fact-SheetUpdated.pdf","basis":"Utility statement"},{"ref":2,"title":"Combined Sewer Overflow Advisory Status","publisher":"Capital Region Water","date":"2022-04-22","url":"https://capitalregionwater.com/resources/cso/","basis":"Utility statement","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report, Harrisburg AWTF (PA0027197)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=PA0027197","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record, Capital Region Water (PA7220049)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/PA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CAPITAL%20REGION/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"Notice of lodging of proposed modification to partial consent decree","publisher":"Federal Register","date":"2023-02-17","url":"https://govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2023-02-17/pdf/2023-03355.pdf","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Status of the revised Long-Term Control Plan after December 2024"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-LANCASTER-CSO-CONSENT-DECREE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"City of Lancaster combined sewer overflows to the Conestoga River under 2017 consent decree","description":"Lancaster's combined sewer system overflows untreated wastewater to the Conestoga River in heavy rain. Under a 2017 consent decree with EPA, the Justice Department and PADEP, the city paid a $135,000 penalty and must update its Long-Term Control Plan, with work running about twenty years. The city held public meetings in 2025 on decree compliance and the plan, and a 2025 DEP permit fact sheet records disputes over CSO-related bypass limits.","location":{"name":"City of Lancaster sewer system","type":"Municipal combined sewer service area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Lancaster County; Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant NPDES PA0026743 serving the city and 13 tributary municipalities","coordinates":{"lat":40.016778,"lon":-76.305639,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lancaster"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Combined sewer capacity limits produce untreated discharges that affect Conestoga River water quality.","secondary_drivers":["Combined sewers","Heavy rainfall"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA (ref 1) describes alleged discharges of untreated sewage from the combined system and projects decree work will cut 558,596 pounds of suspended solids a year.","service":"Refs 1-3 document no interruption of customer sewer or water service.","scale":"EPA puts the system's service population at approximately 130,000 across the city and 13 tributary municipalities (ref 1).","duration":"The decree dates from December 2017 and its work runs about twenty years (ref 1); the permit expired in 2015 and remains administratively extended (ref 3).","significance":"Federal consent decree with a $135,000 civil penalty (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":130000,"status":"Reported","note":"System service population per EPA (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 88 miles of combined sewer pipe and five CSO outfalls on the Conestoga River (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Civil penalty","value":135000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Expected annual TSS reduction","value":558596,"unit":"pounds per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Lancaster Department of Public Works","role":"Sewer system owner and operator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 3","role":"Federal Clean Water Act oversight"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"City of Lancaster Department of Public Works, cityoflancasterpa.gov","corrective_actions":["Long-Term Control Plan update required by the decree (ref 1)","Green infrastructure program with 45 projects as of the decree (ref 1)","Groff's Run daylighting supplemental environmental project of $1.8-2.3 million (ref 1)","April 3, 2025 public meeting on decree compliance (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"The City of Lancaster, PA Clean Water Act Settlement","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2017-12-20","url":"https://19january2025snapshot.epa.gov/enforcement/city-lancaster-pa-clean-water-act-settlement","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Public Invited to Combined Sewer Overflow Control Plan Meeting","publisher":"City of Lancaster","date":"2025-03-27","url":"https://www.cityoflancasterpa.gov/blog/combined-sewer-overflow-control-plan-meeting","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":3,"title":"NPDES Permit Fact Sheet PA0026743 (draft)","publisher":"Pennsylvania DEP","date":"2025-05-22","url":"https://files.dep.state.pa.us/water/Wastewater%20Management/eDMRPortalFiles/Permits/PA0026743_FACT_SHEET_20250522_DRAFT_V4.pdf","basis":"State regulatory record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Approval status of the amended Long-Term Control Plan"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-SCRANTON-CSO-CONSENT-DECREE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Scranton sewer system combined sewer overflows to the Lackawanna River under consent decree","description":"The Scranton combined sewer system, now operated by Pennsylvania American Water, remains under a 2012 federal consent decree that requires a long-term CSO control plan for overflows to the Lackawanna River. DEP's September 2025 permit requires continued implementation of the approved plan, and EPA ECHO records effluent violations at the plant in late 2025 and 2026.","location":{"name":"Scranton sewer system","type":"Investor-owned combined sewer service area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Lackawanna County; Pennsylvania American Water Scranton WWTP, NPDES PA0026492, discharging to the Lackawanna River","coordinates":{"lat":41.386944,"lon":-75.693333,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Lackawanna"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Combined sewer overflows from aging infrastructure affect Lackawanna River water quality.","secondary_drivers":["Combined sewers"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO (ref 3) records a fecal coliform limit violation at the Scranton plant in October-December 2025 and 'Violation Identified' status for the last three quarters.","service":"No customer service disruption appears in refs 1-3.","scale":"A single regional combined sewer system serving Scranton (ref 1); population is not stated in the cited sources.","duration":"The 2012 decree set a 25-year control program (ref 1) and the 2025 permit still requires LTCP implementation (ref 2).","significance":"Federal and state consent decree with a $340,000 civil penalty (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Cited sources do not state the sewer service population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Permit requires the permittee to continue to implement its approved long-term control plan (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Civil penalty under 2012 decree","value":340000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pennsylvania American Water","role":"Current sewer system operator and permittee"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 3","role":"Federal Clean Water Act oversight"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"Pennsylvania American Water, pennsylvaniaamwater.com","corrective_actions":["Box-culvert and above-ground storage under the LTCP (ref 1)","Annual LTCP progress reports required by the 2025 permit (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Scranton Sewer Authority, Scranton, Pennsylvania Settlement","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2012-12-13","url":"https://19january2025snapshot.epa.gov/enforcement/scranton-sewer-authority-scranton-pennsylvania-settlement","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"NPDES Permit PA0026492 (final)","publisher":"Pennsylvania DEP","date":"2025-09-18","url":"https://files.dep.state.pa.us/water/Wastewater%20Management/eDMRPortalFiles/Permits/PA0026492_NPDES_PERMIT_20250918_Final_V4.pdf","basis":"State regulatory record"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report, PA American Water Scranton WWTP (PA0026492)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=PA0026492","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Current CSO volumes and LTCP schedule status","Service population"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-WASHINGTON-WEWJA-EFFLUENT-NONCOMPLIANCE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Washington-East Washington sewage plant in chronic noncompliance on effluent limits","description":"EPA ECHO lists the Washington-East Washington Joint Authority sewage plant in significant noncompliance for twelve straight quarters (July 2023 to June 2026), driven by repeated exceedances of limits for chlorodibromomethane and dichlorobromomethane. DEP's permit fact sheet says the authority cannot meet the revised limits until a plant upgrade is complete, and a January 2026 consent order and agreement carried a $40,000 penalty.","location":{"name":"Washington-East Washington STP","type":"Municipal authority sewage treatment plant","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Washington County; NPDES PA0026212 at 102 Arden Station Road, South Strabane Township, discharging to Chartiers Creek","coordinates":{"lat":40.205556,"lon":-80.265,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Washington"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Treatment and interceptor capacity limits lead to effluent violations in Chartiers Creek.","secondary_drivers":["Plant upgrade needed","Wet-weather stress on Chartiers Interceptor"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO (ref 1) shows monthly chlorodibromomethane results up to 1,396% over the limit and dichlorobromomethane up to 1,011% over in 2023-2026.","service":"No sewer backups or service loss for customers are documented in refs 1-3.","scale":"The plant serves Washington city, East Washington borough and parts of five townships (ref 3).","duration":"Twelve consecutive quarters of significant noncompliance from July 2023 through June 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"State Consent Order and Agreement dated 01/09/2026 with a $40,000 penalty (ref 1); DEP said the final permit would be issued with the COA (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Service area is described (ref 3) but no population figure is given."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"12 of 12 quarters in significant noncompliance, July 2023 to June 2026 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (3 years)","value":12,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"State COA penalty","value":40000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Design flow","value":9.77,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Washington-East Washington Joint Authority","role":"Plant owner and operator"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"Washington-East Washington Joint Authority, (724) 225-1338","corrective_actions":["WWTP Facility Upgrade Project governed by the consent order (ref 2)","Chartiers Interceptor rehabilitation and equalization basin planning under a Regional Act 537 Plan (refs 2, 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report, Washington E Washington STP (PA0026212)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=PA0026212","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"NPDES Permit Fact Sheet Addendum PA0026212","publisher":"Pennsylvania DEP","date":"2025-10-10","url":"https://files.dep.state.pa.us/water/Wastewater%20Management/eDMRPortalFiles/Permits/PA0026212_FACT_SHEET_20251010_DRAFT_V2.pdf","basis":"State regulatory record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Washington-East Washington Joint Authority home page","publisher":"Washington-East Washington Joint Authority","date":null,"url":"https://wewja.com/","basis":"Utility statement","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Service population","Upgrade completion date"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-DURYEA-LLVSA-EPA-ORDER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lower Lackawanna Valley Sanitary Authority plant under EPA order for effluent violations","description":"On September 17, 2026, EPA Region 3 filed an administrative order on consent requiring the Lower Lackawanna Valley Sanitary Authority to correct permit violations at its Duryea treatment plant. The order lists exceedances of suspended solids, ammonia and fecal coliform limits between December 2020 and October 2024, incomplete pretreatment annual reports, and coliform testing that could not show compliance. ECHO lists the plant in significant noncompliance for nine of the last twelve quarters.","location":{"name":"Lower Lackawanna Valley Sanitary Authority WWTP","type":"Municipal authority sewage treatment plant","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Luzerne County; 398 Coxton Road, Duryea; NPDES PA0026361, discharging to the Lackawanna River, with CSO outfalls on tributaries","coordinates":{"lat":41.348611,"lon":-75.780556,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Luzerne"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented problem is repeated effluent limit exceedances into the Lackawanna River.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA's order (ref 1) lists a July 2023 monthly average fecal coliform of 1,052 cfu/100ml against a 200 limit and suspended solids of 95 mg/l against a 45 mg/l weekly limit.","service":"The order and ECHO (refs 1, 2) document no interruption of sewer service.","scale":"One regional plant designed to treat up to 8.5 million gallons a day (ref 1).","duration":"Exceedances span December 2020 to October 2024 (ref 1), and ECHO shows 9 quarters of SNC in three years (ref 2).","significance":"EPA Clean Water Act Section 309(a) administrative order on consent, docket CWA-03-2026-0087DN (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources do not state the population served."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Effluent limit exceedances from December 31, 2020 to October 1, 2024 cited in EPA order (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (3 years)","value":9,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Reported coliform values that could not show compliance","value":30,"unit":"samples","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1, May 2021 to January 2024."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Lower Lackawanna Valley Sanitary Authority","role":"Plant owner and operator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 3","role":"Federal Clean Water Act oversight"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"EPA Region 3 Regional Hearing Clerk docket CWA-03-2026-0087DN","corrective_actions":["Procedures to determine and respond to the cause of future exceedances (ref 1)","Quarterly sample-data reports to EPA (ref 1)","Annual permit-compliance training for staff (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Administrative Order on Consent, Lower Lackawanna Valley Sanitary Authority","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 3","date":"2026-09-17","url":"https://yosemite.epa.gov/OA/RHC/EPAAdmin.nsf/Filings/42DFD72D9620E37B85258E75006869D0/$File/Lower%20Lackawanna%20Valley%20Sanitary%20Authority_CWA%20402%20AOC_Sept%2017%202026.pdf","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report, Lower Lackawanna Valley Sanitary Authority (PA0026361)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=PA0026361","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Docket CWA-03-2026-0087DN","publisher":"U.S. EPA Administrative Enforcement Dockets","date":null,"url":"https://yosemite.epa.gov/OA/RHC/EPAAdmin.nsf/Dockets+by+Case+Number/CWA-03-2026-0087DN","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"NPDES Permit Fact Sheet PA0026361 (draft)","publisher":"Pennsylvania DEP","date":"2021-06-01","url":"https://files.dep.state.pa.us/water/Wastewater%20Management/eDMRPortalFiles/Permits/PA0026361_FACT_SHEET_20210601_DRAFT_V3.pdf","basis":"State regulatory record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Service population"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-KENNETT-SQUARE-WWTP-NONCOMPLIANCE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Kennett Square Borough sewage plant overloaded and in significant noncompliance","description":"EPA ECHO lists the Kennett Square Borough wastewater plant in significant noncompliance for eight of the last twelve quarters, with exceedances of fecal coliform, nitrogen, phosphorus, suspended solids, copper and zinc limits. DEP's permit fact sheet classifies the plant as an existing organic overload under a self-imposed connection prohibition, and the borough has sought federal funding to expand its capacity.","location":{"name":"Kennett Square Borough WWTP","type":"Municipal sewage treatment plant","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Chester County; 660 West South Street, Kennett Square; NPDES PA0024058","coordinates":{"lat":39.837222,"lon":-75.723056,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Chester"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"An organically overloaded plant produces effluent violations and limits new connections.","secondary_drivers":["Organic overload","Growth pressure"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO (ref 1) shows fecal coliform results up to 14,036% over the limit (January-March 2025) and suspended solids up to 4,612% over (October-December 2025).","service":"DEP's fact sheet (ref 2) lists a self-imposed connection prohibition, which restricts new sewer connections.","scale":"A 1.1 MGD borough plant serving Kennett Square (ref 2).","duration":"Eight quarters of SNC between April 2024 and June 2026 (ref 1); the organic overload was already recorded in the 2021 fact sheet (ref 2).","significance":"ECHO shows SNC status with three informal actions and no formal order (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The sources do not give the sewered population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Existing Organic Overload with a Self Imposed Connection Prohibition (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (3 years)","value":8,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Organic capacity","value":3500,"unit":"lbs BOD per day","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Borough of Kennett Square","role":"Plant owner and operator"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"Borough of Kennett Square, 600 South Broad Street, Kennett Square","corrective_actions":["Request for FY2024 federal community project funding to increase processing capacity (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report, Kennett Square Boro WWTP (PA0024058)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=PA0024058","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"NPDES Permit Fact Sheet PA0024058 (draft)","publisher":"Pennsylvania DEP","date":"2021-12-03","url":"https://files.dep.state.pa.us/water/Wastewater%20Management/eDMRPortalFiles/Permits/PA0024058_FACT_SHEET_20211203_DRAFT_V2.pdf","basis":"State regulatory record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Community project funding request: Kennett Square Wastewater Treatment Plant UV Disinfection","publisher":"Office of Rep. Chrissy Houlahan","date":"2023-03-24","url":"https://houlahan.house.gov/UploadedFiles/Kennett_Square_Wastewater_Treatment_Plant_UV_Disinfection_CPF_FY24_Houlahan_PA06.pdf","basis":"Government record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Service population","Whether federal funding was awarded","Current connection status"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-ERIE-WWTP-EPA-ORDER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Erie wastewater plant under EPA order over E. coli exceedances and maintenance failures","description":"On June 3, 2026, EPA Region 3 filed an administrative order on consent with the Erie Sewer Authority and City of Erie over the Erie wastewater plant. The order cites eight E. coli exceedances from August 2021 to July 2024, including 210,000 CFU/100 ml against a 575 limit, and maintenance failures at clarifiers, aeration tanks, lift stations and a CSO regulator. The city must produce an oil-and-grease plan and an operations and maintenance manual.","location":{"name":"Erie Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal authority sewage treatment plant","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Erie County; 68 Port Access Road, Erie; NPDES PA0026301, discharging to Lake Erie, Mill Creek and Garrison Run","coordinates":{"lat":42.160556,"lon":-80.048333,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Erie"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Operation and maintenance failures at the plant and collection system accompany bacterial effluent exceedances to Lake Erie.","secondary_drivers":["Operation and maintenance","Grease in collection system"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The EPA order (ref 1) lists a September 2022 E. coli result of 210,000 CFU/100 ml against a 575 instantaneous maximum, one of eight exceedances.","service":"Refs 1-3 document no loss of sewer service to customers.","scale":"EPA states the plant serves approximately 200,000 people in Erie and seven satellite municipalities (ref 1).","duration":"Exceedances run from August 2021 to July 2024, and the permit has been administratively extended since 2018 (ref 1).","significance":"EPA Section 309(a) order on consent, docket CWA-03-2026-0005DN (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":200000,"status":"Reported","note":"Service population per EPA order (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Eight E. coli effluent exceedances from Outfall 001, August 2021 to July 2024 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"E. coli exceedances","value":8,"unit":"exceedances","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Design flow","value":68.6,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Erie Sewer Authority","role":"Plant owner"},{"name":"City of Erie","role":"Plant operator (lessee)"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 3","role":"Federal Clean Water Act oversight"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"EPA Region 3 Regional Hearing Clerk docket CWA-03-2026-0005DN","corrective_actions":["Oil and grease management plan due within 90 days (ref 1)","Operations and maintenance manual with emergency response plan due within 365 days (ref 1)","Quarterly status reports to EPA (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Administrative Order on Consent, Erie Sewer Authority and City of Erie","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 3","date":"2026-06-03","url":"https://yosemite.epa.gov/OA/RHC/EPAAdmin.nsf/Filings/78D4A3E74CAAD5BD85258E0B00526854/$File/Erie%20Sewer%20Authority%20and%20City%20of%20Erie_CWA%20AOC_June%203%202026.pdf","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report, Erie City STP (PA0026301)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=PA0026301","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Docket CWA-03-2026-0005DN","publisher":"U.S. EPA Administrative Enforcement Dockets","date":null,"url":"https://yosemite.epa.gov/OA/RHC/EPAAdmin.nsf/Dockets+by+Case+Number/CWA-03-2026-0005DN","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-BETHLEHEM-WWTP-AMMONIA-NONCOMPLIANCE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Bethlehem wastewater plant ammonia limit exceedances and pending consent order","description":"EPA ECHO lists the City of Bethlehem wastewater plant in significant noncompliance in six of the last twelve quarters, mainly for monthly average ammonia-nitrogen exceedances. DEP's 2026 fact sheet describes a long-term pattern of ammonia violations, a consent order and agreement under negotiation with stipulated penalties, and a 59-month compliance schedule for new limits while the city plans aeration upgrades.","location":{"name":"Bethlehem Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal sewage treatment plant with CSOs","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Northampton County; NPDES PA0026042, a major POTW with combined sewer outfalls","coordinates":{"lat":40.619722,"lon":-75.336667,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Northampton"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Secondary-treatment capacity limits during upgrades produce recurring ammonia exceedances.","secondary_drivers":["Treatment process upgrades","Ammonia removal capacity"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO (ref 1) shows ten months of ammonia monthly-average exceedances, peaking at 462% over the limit in 2025.","service":"No sewer service interruption is documented in refs 1-3.","scale":"A 40 MGD city plant serving Bethlehem (ref 1).","duration":"SNC recurred across six quarters from July 2023 to December 2025, and DEP describes a long-term ammonia exceedance pattern (refs 1, 2).","significance":"DEP's fact sheet (ref 2) describes ongoing CO&A negotiations with a $500 stipulated penalty per violation; no order is final in the cited sources."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The sewer service population is not given in the sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Six quarters of significant noncompliance in the three years to June 2026 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (3 years)","value":6,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Compliance schedule for new ammonia daily-max limits","value":59,"unit":"months","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Bethlehem","role":"Plant owner and operator"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"DEP Northeast Region Monitoring and Compliance Section, 570-826-2511","corrective_actions":["Chemically enhanced primary treatment system completed (ref 2)","Aeration System Upgrades Project in concept study (ref 2)","Intermediate clarifier upgrades completed 2021-2023 (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report, Bethlehem City WWTP (PA0026042)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=PA0026042","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"NPDES Permit Fact Sheet Addendum PA0026042","publisher":"Pennsylvania DEP","date":"2026-03-04","url":"https://files.dep.state.pa.us/water/Wastewater%20Management/eDMRPortalFiles/Permits/PA0026042_FACT_SHEET_20260304_DRAFT_V2.pdf","basis":"State regulatory record"},{"ref":3,"title":"NPDES Permit PA0026042 (final)","publisher":"Pennsylvania DEP","date":"2026-05-07","url":"https://files.dep.state.pa.us/water/Wastewater%20Management/eDMRPortalFiles/Permits/PA0026042_NPDES_PERMIT_20260507_Final_V3.pdf","basis":"State regulatory record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Service population","Whether the CO&A was signed"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-PITTSBURGH-PWSA-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Pittsburgh Water lead service line replacement enters final phase, finish pushed to 2027","description":"Pittsburgh Water reports replacing 16,264 public and 12,533 private lead service lines as of October 1, 2026, about 88% of its residential program. About 8,300 properties still need checking and the utility expects 2,500 to 4,000 more public lead lines in 2027; its 2024 goal had been to finish by 2026. Total investment is expected to approach $400 million.","location":{"name":"Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority","type":"Municipal water authority service area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Allegheny County; City of Pittsburgh service area with about 71,000 residential connections","coordinates":{"lat":40.4406,"lon":-79.9959,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Allegheny"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"PA5020038"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Lead service lines are legacy pipe infrastructure that must be physically replaced.","secondary_drivers":["Legacy lead pipe"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Remaining lead lines are a potential exposure source, while PWSA reported a 90th-percentile lead result of 3.58 ppb, below the action level (ref 3).","service":"Replacement work involves no documented loss of water service (refs 1, 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 520,000 people served (ref 4); the program spans about 71,000 residential connections (ref 1).","duration":"A decade-long effort since 2016, with completion moved from a 2026 goal (ref 2) to the end of 2027 (ref 1).","significance":"Refs 1-4 cite no current order or violation; the work is a utility program funded partly through PENNVEST."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":520000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Approximately 88% of the residential lead service line program complete; about 8,300 properties remain to be checked (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Public lead service lines replaced","value":16264,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"As of October 1, 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Private lead service lines replaced","value":12533,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Expected additional public lead lines in 2027","value":null,"unit":"lines","status":"Not reported","note":"Range of 2,500 to 4,000 given (ref 1)."},{"name":"Projected total investment","value":400,"unit":"million USD","status":"Estimated","note":"Utility says total investment will approach $400 million (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Replacements rose from 11,000 public lines in April 2024 (ref 2) to 16,264 in October 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority","role":"Water system owner and operator"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator for drinking water"},{"name":"PENNVEST","role":"Infrastructure financing"}],"public_contact":"Pittsburgh Water, pgh2o.com","corrective_actions":["Block-by-block public and private lead line replacement at no direct cost (refs 1, 2)","Up to $19 million PENNVEST financing application for 2027 replacements (ref 1)","Orthophosphate corrosion control (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Pittsburgh Water Enters Final Push to Eliminate Residential Lead Service Lines","publisher":"Pittsburgh Water","date":"2026-10-07","url":"https://www.pgh2o.com/news-events/news/press-release/2026-10-07-pittsburgh-water-enters-final-push-eliminate-residential","basis":"Utility statement"},{"ref":2,"title":"PWSA Removes 11,000th Lead Service Line","publisher":"Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority","date":"2024-04-24","url":"https://www.pgh2o.com/news-events/news/press-release/2024-04-24-pwsa-removes-11000th-lead-service-line","basis":"Utility statement"},{"ref":3,"title":"PWSA's infrastructure investments protect water quality, improve service reliability","publisher":"Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority","date":"2024-04-26","url":"https://pgh2o.com/node/5214","basis":"Utility statement"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record, Pittsburgh Water & Sewer Auth (PA5020038)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/PA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PITTSBURGH/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-PA-HOMESTEAD-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2025"]},{"id":"US-PA-ERIE-LEAD-GOOSENECK-REPLACEMENT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Erie Water Works replacing lead goosenecks and galvanized service lines","description":"Erie Water Works is replacing all 7,400 service connections with lead goosenecks in Erie and parts of Wesleyville and Lawrence Park, along with downstream galvanized lines. By the end of 2025 more than 6,000 goosenecks and over 3,000 galvanized lines had been replaced. In 2025 the utility won $31.4 million in grants and loans for four galvanized-line phases starting in 2026.","location":{"name":"Erie Water Works","type":"Municipal water authority service area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Erie County; City of Erie plus parts of Wesleyville and Lawrence Park","coordinates":{"lat":42.1292,"lon":-80.0851,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Erie"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"PA6250028"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Lead goosenecks and galvanized lines are legacy service-connection pipe needing replacement.","secondary_drivers":["Legacy lead and galvanized pipe"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Lead goosenecks are a potential lead source; Erie Water Works says corrosion control keeps its lead results far below allowable levels (ref 1).","service":"The replacement project documents no service outage beyond construction work (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 220,001 people served by the system (ref 2).","duration":"Gooseneck removal has run since 2003, with phases continuing into 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Ref 1 describes a voluntary board-driven program; no order or violation is cited."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":220001,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Phases 1-5 will remove all 7,400 service connections that have lead goosenecks (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Lead goosenecks removed by end of 2025","value":6000,"unit":"connections","status":"Reported","note":"'Over 6,000' (ref 1)."},{"name":"Galvanized service lines replaced by end of 2025","value":3000,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"'Over 3,000' (ref 1)."},{"name":"2025 grants and loans for galvanized-line phases","value":31434701,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Removals grew from 5,800 (2003-2022) to over 6,000 by end of 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Erie Water Works (Erie City Water Authority)","role":"Water system owner and operator"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator for drinking water"}],"public_contact":"Erie Water Works customer service, (814) 870-8000","corrective_actions":["Lead gooseneck removal Phases 3-5 funded with $49.2 million in grants and loans since 2021 (ref 1)","Galvanized Requiring Replacement projects GRR 1-4 beginning 2026 (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lead Line Grant Project","publisher":"Erie Water Works","date":"2023-04-21","url":"https://www.eriewater.org/engineering-services/leadlinegrantproject/","basis":"Utility statement","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record, Erie City Water Authority (PA6250028)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/PA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ERIE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Number of lead or galvanized lines remaining after 2025"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-LANCASTER-LEAD-SERVICE-LINE-INVENTORY-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lancaster City Water lead service line inventory with thousands of unknown lines","description":"Lancaster City Water, which serves more than 120,000 people, says thousands of service lines remain of unknown material as it builds the lead service line inventory required by EPA's Lead and Copper Rule Revisions. In April 2026, EPA's Get the Lead Out initiative canvassed neighborhoods to help complete the inventory.","location":{"name":"Lancaster City Water","type":"Municipal water utility service area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Lancaster County; City of Lancaster and surrounding metropolitan area","coordinates":{"lat":40.0379,"lon":-76.3055,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lancaster"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"PA7360058"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The issue is identifying and replacing legacy lead and galvanized service pipe.","secondary_drivers":["Legacy lead pipe","Older housing stock"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Lead or galvanized lines are a potential exposure source, though the city says lead is not detected in water leaving its plants (ref 1).","service":"Inventory and canvassing involve no service interruption (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The utility serves more than 120,000 people (ref 1; SDWIS ref 3 also lists 120,000).","duration":"Inventory work began in 2023-2024 (ref 1) and was still underway in April 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"The city cites the federal Lead and Copper Rule Revision requirement to identify all lead service lines (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":120000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3) and the utility (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Hundreds of lead service lines replaced, but thousands are still unknown (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Lancaster Bureau of Water","role":"Water system owner and operator"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator for drinking water"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Get the Lead Out canvassing support"}],"public_contact":"Lancaster City Water, water.cityoflancasterpa.gov","corrective_actions":["Customer self-verification and public inventory map (ref 1)","EPA Get the Lead Out canvassing, April 28 to May 1, 2026 (ref 2)","Replacement of lead or galvanized lines per state requirements (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water Service Line Inventory","publisher":"Lancaster City Water","date":"2025-09-24","url":"https://water.cityoflancasterpa.gov/water-quality/water-service-line-inventory/","basis":"Local government","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Get the Lead Out Canvassing Notice - April 28 through May 1","publisher":"Lancaster City Water","date":"2026-04-27","url":"https://water.cityoflancasterpa.gov/updates/get-the-lead-out-canvassing-notice-april-28-through-may-1/","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record, City of Lancaster (PA7360058)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/PA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LANCASTER/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Counts of lead, galvanized and unknown lines"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-PHILADELPHIA-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Philadelphia lead service lines left to property owners to replace","description":"The Philadelphia Water Department estimates about 1 in 20 Philadelphia properties may have a lead service line. Residential service lines belong to property owners, so replacement depends on owners or on a zero-interest loan, except where PWD replaces the line during water main work on that block. PWD is working to identify the material of every service line.","location":{"name":"Philadelphia Water Department","type":"Municipal water utility service area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Philadelphia County","coordinates":{"lat":39.9526,"lon":-75.1652,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Philadelphia"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"PA1510001"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Lead service lines are legacy private pipe whose replacement depends on owner financing.","secondary_drivers":["Legacy lead pipe","Private ownership of service lines"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"PWD says service lines may contain lead and that corrosion control keeps 90% or more of homes below 15 ppb (ref 1), so exposure risk is potential.","service":"No service disruption is associated with the program (refs 1, 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 1,600,000 people served (ref 3); about 1 in 20 properties may have a lead line (ref 1).","duration":"PWD describes decades of lead work and an inventory still in progress (ref 1).","significance":"No order or violation is cited in refs 1-3; replacement relies on a voluntary HELP loan (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":1600000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"About 1 in 20 Philadelphia properties may have a lead service line (PWD estimate, ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"HELP loan term for lead line replacement","value":60,"unit":"months at 0% interest","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Replacement cost falls on property owners (refs 1, 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Philadelphia Water Department","role":"Water system owner and operator"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator for drinking water"}],"public_contact":"PWD service line replacement, (215) 683-8825","corrective_actions":["Service line material inventory (ref 1)","Free lead line replacement during water main replacement (ref 1)","Zero-interest HELP loans over 60 months (ref 2)","Free water testing on request (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lead Plumbing & Water Quality","publisher":"Philadelphia Water Department","date":"2021-06-12","url":"https://water.phila.gov/lead/","basis":"Utility statement","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Using a HELP loan to replace your Lead Service Line","publisher":"Philadelphia Water Department","date":"2026-07-09","url":"https://water.phila.gov/lead/replacement-help/","basis":"Utility statement","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record, Philadelphia Water Department (PA1510001)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/PA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PHILADELPHIA/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (2) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Inventory counts of lead and unknown lines"],"related_ids":["US-PA-PHILADELPHIA-CSO-GREEN-CITY-2026"]},{"id":"US-PA-NORRISTOWN-PRESSURE-LOSS-BOIL-ADVISORY-2026","revision":4,"change_type":"resolved","title":"Norristown and Plymouth Township boil water advisory after equipment failure","description":"On July 6, 2026, Pennsylvania American Water issued a boil water advisory for 1,069 customer connections in Norristown and Plymouth Township after an equipment failure caused a loss of positive pressure in the distribution system. The company warned that pressure loss can let contamination enter the system and collected additional bacteria samples. Pennsylvania American Water lifted the advisory on July 8, 2026 after samples collected July 6 and 7 returned acceptable results, with state DEP authorization.","location":{"name":"Pennsylvania American Water Norristown system","type":"Investor-owned water utility service area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Montgomery County; affected areas of Norristown and Plymouth Township","coordinates":{"lat":40.1215,"lon":-75.3399,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Montgomery"],"extent":"site","pwsid":"PA1460046"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"An equipment failure caused a distribution-system pressure loss.","secondary_drivers":["Equipment failure"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"PAWC warned the pressure loss could let bacteria, viruses and parasites enter the system (ref 1); no confirmed contamination is reported.","service":"Customers were told not to drink the water without boiling it first (ref 1).","scale":"1,069 customer connections in two municipalities (ref 1) within a system serving 88,885 people (ref 2).","duration":"The advisory ran from July 6 to July 8, 2026, about two days (refs 1, 3).","significance":"A formal boil water advisory was issued (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Advisory covered 1,069 connections (ref 1); population not stated."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Boil water advisory for 1,069 customer connections, lifted July 8, 2026 after acceptable bacteria results (refs 1, 3)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Advisory lifted July 8, 2026 after acceptable samples (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pennsylvania American Water","role":"Water system owner and operator"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator for drinking water"}],"public_contact":"Pennsylvania American Water, pennsylvaniaamwater.com","corrective_actions":["Additional bacteria sampling on July 6 and 7 (refs 1, 3)","Advisory lifted July 8, 2026 with Pennsylvania DEP authorization (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Boil water advisory issued for Norristown, Plymouth Township: What to know","publisher":"FOX 29 Philadelphia","date":"2026-07-06","url":"https://www.fox29.com/news/boil-water-advisory-issued-norristown-plymouth-township-what-know","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record, PA American Norristown (PA1460046)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/PA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/NORRISTOWN/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Boil Water Advisory Lifted for Pennsylvania American Water Customers in Parts of Norristown and Plymouth Township","publisher":"Pennsylvania American Water","date":"2026-07-08","accessed":"2026-10-12","url":"https://newsroom.amwater.com/2026-07-08-Boil-Water-Advisory-Lifted-for-Pennsylvania-American-Water-Customers-in-Parts-of-Norristown-and-Plymouth-Township","basis":"Utility notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Re-checked FOX 29 (July 6, 2026): 1,069 connections and the pressure-loss cause confirmed. Confidence kept Low: one news source and no lifting notice found."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"Utility notice (ref 3) shows the advisory was lifted July 8, 2026; the notice gives the issue date as June 6, which conflicts with the July 6 advisory reported by FOX 29 (ref 1) and is treated as a typo."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Equipment involved"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-DEBBY-FLOODING-DR4815-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Tropical Storm Debby flooding and federal disaster DR-4815","description":"Remnants of Tropical Storm Debby caused catastrophic flooding in north-central Pennsylvania on August 9-10, 2024, with Westfield in Tioga County among the hardest-hit communities. The President approved major disaster declaration DR-4815 on September 11, 2024, first for Individual Assistance in Lycoming, Potter, Tioga and Union counties. FEMA data list 13 designated counties, 817 approved Individual Assistance applications and about $45.2 million in Public Assistance obligations.","location":{"name":"Westfield and north-central PA flood area","type":"Multi-county federal disaster area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Westfield Borough, Tioga County, and the Lycoming, Potter, Tioga and Union counties first covered for Individual Assistance; FEMA lists 13 designated counties","coordinates":{"lat":41.919,"lon":-77.539,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Tioga","Potter","Lycoming","Union","Clearfield","Susquehanna","Cameron","Sullivan","Indiana","Cambria","Wayne","Elk","Wyoming"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is riverine and flash flooding from tropical-storm rainfall, a water-quantity hazard rather than a failure of one asset.","secondary_drivers":["Tropical storm remnants","Riverine and flash flooding"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The Governor's office called the August 9-10, 2024 flooding catastrophic and said damage to homes, businesses and infrastructure was too severe to rebuild without federal aid (ref 1); FEMA approved 817 household assistance applications (ref 2).","service":"The Governor visited a Westfield business that was still closed because of flooding, and a 19-member state incident team was sent to Tioga County for recovery support (ref 1).","scale":"The state disaster proclamation grew from 21 to 28 counties (ref 1), and FEMA's declaration file lists 13 designated counties under DR-4815 (ref 3).","duration":"The storm itself lasted two days (ref 1); individual aid closed within months, while FEMA was still recording Public Assistance obligations in its October 2026 data (ref 2).","significance":"President Biden approved major disaster declaration DR-4815 on September 11, 2024 (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source gives a count of residents affected; FEMA reports 817 approved household applications (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"FEMA reports 817 Individual Assistance applications approved and $45,209,246.70 in Public Assistance obligated for DR-4815 (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Individual Assistance applications approved","value":817,"unit":"applications","status":"Reported","note":"FEMA Web Disaster Summaries (ref 2)."},{"name":"Individuals and Households Program aid approved","value":7920239.8,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"FEMA Web Disaster Summaries (ref 2)."},{"name":"Public Assistance obligated","value":45209246.7,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"FEMA Web Disaster Summaries, PA load date 2026-10-07 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Counties designated","value":13,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"FEMA declaration summaries (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Recovery funding continues to flow; no new Debby-related flooding is reported."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency","role":"State emergency management and recovery lead"},{"name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","role":"Federal disaster assistance (DR-4815)"}],"public_contact":"Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency newsroom, pa.gov/agencies/pema","corrective_actions":["Federal Individual Assistance and Public Assistance under DR-4815","State disaster proclamation for 28 counties and a 19-member state incident management team in Tioga County"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Governor Shapiro and bipartisan congressional leaders secure major disaster declaration, federal aid for survivors of catastrophic flooding from Tropical Storm Debby","publisher":"Office of the Governor of Pennsylvania","date":"2024-09-11","url":"https://www.pa.gov/en/governor/newsroom/2024-press-releases/gov-shapiro-bipartisan-leaders-secure-disaster-declaration-feder.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"FEMA Web Disaster Summaries, disaster 4815","publisher":"Federal Emergency Management Agency (OpenFEMA)","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v1/FemaWebDisasterSummaries?$filter=disasterNumber%20eq%204815","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Disaster Declarations Summaries, Pennsylvania since July 2023","publisher":"Federal Emergency Management Agency (OpenFEMA)","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v2/DisasterDeclarationsSummaries?$filter=state%20eq%20'PA'%20and%20declarationDate%20ge%20'2023-07-01'&$select=disasterNumber,declarationTitle,declarationDate,designatedArea,declarationType,incidentType,incidentBeginDate&$format=json","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-ALLEGHENY-FLASH-FLOOD-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Allegheny County June 2025 flash flooding and county disaster emergency","description":"Sustained heavy rain on June 6, 2025 caused flash flooding across eastern Allegheny County, with Monroeville, Penn Hills, Pitcairn, White Oak, McKeesport, North Versailles, Wall and parts of Plum hit hardest. Swiftwater teams made at least three rescues, landslides were reported, and the County Executive declared a countywide disaster emergency on June 7. No serious injuries or deaths were reported.","location":{"name":"Eastern Allegheny County flash-flood area","type":"County flash-flood disaster area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Monroeville, Penn Hills, Pitcairn, White Oak, McKeesport, North Versailles, Wall Borough and parts of Plum, Allegheny County","coordinates":{"lat":40.361,"lon":-79.805,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Allegheny"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding is a rainfall-driven flash flood that overwhelmed local creeks and drainage.","secondary_drivers":["Training thunderstorms","Steep-valley runoff"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The county reported damaged homes, debris-blocked roads and multiple landslides but no serious injuries or fatalities (ref 1); NOAA logged about $172,000 in property damage across 10 Allegheny County events (ref 3).","service":"Ten people in one North Versailles neighborhood were displaced and a driveway bridge was holed by a fallen tree (ref 2).","scale":"Eight named municipalities in eastern Allegheny County were the most significantly affected (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Rain began about 2:30 p.m. on June 6 and cleanup started the same evening, a days-long event (ref 2).","significance":"County Executive Sara Innamorato declared a countywide disaster emergency, authorizing emergency hiring, rentals and contracts (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No total of affected residents is published; ten North Versailles residents were displaced (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"At least three people were rescued from two homes in North Versailles and one from a vehicle on Route 48 in White Oak (refs 1, 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"People displaced in one North Versailles neighborhood","value":10,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"Mon Valley Independent (ref 2)."},{"name":"Swiftwater teams deployed","value":5,"unit":"teams","status":"Reported","note":"County release (ref 1)."},{"name":"NOAA-recorded property damage, Allegheny County, June 6 episode","value":172000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Sum of 10 Storm Events entries (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Allegheny County Emergency Services","role":"County emergency response"},{"name":"Allegheny County Department of Public Works","role":"Damage assessment and cleanup"}],"public_contact":"Allegheny County Emergency Services via the county website, alleghenycounty.us","corrective_actions":["Countywide disaster emergency declaration","County damage assessment with municipalities and the American Red Cross"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"County Executive Innamorato declares disaster emergency for Allegheny County","publisher":"Allegheny County","date":"2025-06-07","url":"https://www.alleghenycounty.us/News-Articles/Allegheny-County-Press-Releases/June-2025-Press-Releases/06-07-2025-Innamorato-Declares-Disaster-Emergency-for-Allegheny-County","basis":"County record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Cleanup continues after flash flooding","publisher":"Mon Valley Independent","date":"2025-06-09","url":"https://www.monvalleyindependent.com/2025/06/09/cleanup-continues-after-flash-flooding","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Storm Events Database details file, 2025 (episode 204895)","publisher":"NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information","date":"2026-08-19","url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/swdi/stormevents/csvfiles/StormEvents_details-ftp_v1.0_d2025_c20260819.csv.gz","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-UPPER-MAKEFIELD-HOUGHS-CREEK-FLOOD-2023","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Houghs Creek flash flood in Upper Makefield and follow-up mitigation","description":"On July 15, 2023, about 4.64 inches of rain in under two hours sent Houghs Creek over Washington Crossing Road and Taylorsville Road in Upper Makefield Township, sweeping away vehicles and killing seven people, including two young children. In 2024 the township authorized a basin plan and a hydraulic analysis of nearby developments to slow storm runoff, while officials said such projects could not stop an event of that size.","location":{"name":"Houghs Creek, Upper Makefield Township","type":"Creek corridor and township road network","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Washington Crossing Road (PA 532) and Taylorsville Road along Houghs Creek, Upper Makefield Township, Bucks County","coordinates":{"lat":40.296,"lon":-74.876,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Bucks"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Extreme rainfall interacted with stream crossings and road drainage, so both the hazard and local infrastructure matter.","secondary_drivers":["Extreme short-duration rainfall","Stormwater runoff from developed land"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"NOAA records seven deaths after eleven vehicles were swept into Houghs Creek (ref 1).","service":"PA Route 532 was severely damaged and the Taylorsville Road bridge over Houghs Creek was structurally compromised (ref 1).","scale":"The deadly flooding was concentrated in one township along a one-mile stretch of Washington Crossing Road (refs 1, 3).","duration":"PennDOT repairs and township runoff planning ran through the following year, as reported on the 2024 anniversary (ref 2).","significance":"Supervisors formally authorized the township engineer to draft a basin plan and a hydraulic analysis capped at $85,000 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Deaths and rescues are reported, not a resident count."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Seven people died; 4.64 inches of rain fell in less than two hours (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Deaths","value":7,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"NOAA Storm Events narrative (ref 1)."},{"name":"Rainfall in under two hours","value":4.64,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"Township rain gauge cited by NOAA (ref 1)."},{"name":"Vehicles swept into the creek","value":11,"unit":"vehicles","status":"Reported","note":"NOAA (ref 1)."},{"name":"Cap on hydraulic analysis authorized in 2024","value":85000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"NewtownPANow (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Mitigation projects were still being designed in 2024."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Upper Makefield Township","role":"Municipal stormwater and road management"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Transportation","role":"State road repair (PA 532)"}],"public_contact":"Upper Makefield Township administration office","corrective_actions":["PennDOT repaired and reinforced damaged road sections","Basin plan for Washington Meadows and runoff controls near Ascension Lutheran Church","Hydraulic analysis of the Belamour and Valley View developments"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Storm Events Database details file, 2023 (event 1101227, Upper Makefield)","publisher":"NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information","date":"2026-03-23","url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/swdi/stormevents/csvfiles/StormEvents_details-ftp_v1.0_d2023_c20260323.csv.gz","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"A year later: Upper Makefield taking new steps to mitigate, respond to flooding","publisher":"NewtownPANow","date":"2024-07-15","url":"https://newtownpanow.com/2024/07/15/a-year-later-upper-makefield-taking-new-steps-to-mitigate-respond-to-flooding/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"A year after fatal flash flood in Upper Makefield, families remember loved ones","publisher":"WHYY","date":"2024-07-29","url":"https://whyy.org/articles/bucks-county-pennsylvania-deadly-flash-flooding-one-year-anniversary/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-EASTWICK-COBBS-CREEK-FLOODING-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Eastwick chronic flooding as Army Corps finds Cobbs Creek levee not viable","description":"Philadelphia's low-lying Eastwick neighborhood has flooded repeatedly from Cobbs and Darby creeks, with storms from Floyd to Ida leaving up to five and a half feet of water. In 2026 the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers told residents that the proposed Cobbs Creek levee, even after being cut from 15 to 8 feet, does not appear viable because it could push floodwater onto neighboring properties. The city says it is still designing an interim flood barrier.","location":{"name":"Eastwick, Philadelphia","type":"Urban neighborhood floodplain","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Eastwick, Southwest Philadelphia, along Cobbs and Darby creeks near the tidal Schuylkill and Delaware rivers","coordinates":{"lat":39.905,"lon":-75.24,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Philadelphia"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Creek and tidal flooding of a low-lying neighborhood is a water-quantity hazard whose remedy depends on structural flood protection.","secondary_drivers":["Creek overflow from Cobbs and Darby creeks","Sea-level rise on the tidal Delaware"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Storms including Ida in 2021 flooded parts of Eastwick with up to five and a half feet of muddy water (ref 2).","service":"Residents describe canoes evacuating pets and seniors and repeated basement flooding from smaller storms (ref 2).","scale":"The neighborhood-scale problem is reflected in a researcher-proposed land swap for residents of 265 homes (ref 2).","duration":"Eastwick has flooded repeatedly since Hurricane Floyd, and the Corps has studied the levee for more than a decade (refs 1, 2).","significance":"The Corps' Philadelphia District formally told stakeholders on May 29, 2026 that the levee plan is not viable under its current authority (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source gives the neighborhood's affected population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"\"The levee plan does not appear to be viable under our current authority based on our findings,\" the Corps' Philadelphia District said (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Proposed levee height, original design","value":15,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"WHYY (ref 1)."},{"name":"Proposed levee height, reduced design","value":8,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"WHYY (ref 1)."},{"name":"Proposed levee length along Cobbs Creek","value":1400,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"WHYY (ref 1)."},{"name":"Maximum flood depth in past storms","value":5.5,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Yale Environment 360 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The main structural fix was found infeasible in 2026 while sea-level rise is projected to raise flood levels (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Philadelphia District","role":"Federal flood-risk study lead"},{"name":"City of Philadelphia Office of Sustainability","role":"Local flood-mitigation partner"}],"public_contact":"City of Philadelphia Office of Sustainability","corrective_actions":["City design work on an interim flood barrier","Long-term strategy including wetland restoration and stormwater infrastructure"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Levee plan not viable for Philly's flood-prone Eastwick neighborhood, says U.S. Army Corps","publisher":"WHYY","date":"2026-07-10","url":"https://whyy.org/articles/eastwick-levee-plan-flooding-philadelphia/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"As waters rise, a community must decide: do we stay or go?","publisher":"Yale Environment 360","date":"2023-09-28","url":"https://e360.yale.edu/features/chronic-flooding-eastwick-philadelphia","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-SOMERSET-MEYERSDALE-FLASH-FLOOD-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Somerset County flash flooding around Meyersdale and Garrett, May 2025","description":"Heavy rain on May 13, 2025 caused extensive flash flooding across Somerset County, prompting water rescues and evacuations around Meyersdale and Salisbury and damaging the U.S. 219 bridge over Piney Creek at Boynton. The SBA approved a disaster loan declaration for Somerset and five neighboring counties, and the state opened Disaster Recovery Assistance Program grants for survivors.","location":{"name":"Meyersdale and Garrett area","type":"Rural flash-flood disaster area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Meyersdale, Garrett, Salisbury and Boynton along the Casselman River and Piney Creek, Somerset County","coordinates":{"lat":39.814,"lon":-79.025,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Somerset"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding is a rainfall-driven flash flood on small streams and roads.","secondary_drivers":["Atlantic moisture stream around an Ohio Valley low"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"NOAA logged one injury when a car was stranded near the Meyersdale fairgrounds and flooded basements in Somerset (ref 2).","service":"Low-lying areas in and around Meyersdale and Salisbury were evacuated and Route 219 and PA 601 were closed by water (ref 2).","scale":"NOAA described extensive flooding across Somerset County with spillover into Bedford, Fulton and Franklin counties (ref 2).","duration":"PennDOT was still restoring the flood-damaged U.S. 219 bridge two weeks later and state grant applications ran to August 25, 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"The SBA granted the Governor's request for disaster declaration PA-20019 covering Somerset and contiguous counties (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No resident count is published."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"SBA disaster declaration PA-20019 covers the May 13, 2025 flooding in Somerset and the contiguous counties of Bedford, Cambria, Fayette and Westmoreland (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Vehicles crossing the damaged U.S. 219 bridge daily","value":4700,"unit":"vehicles per day","status":"Reported","note":"Governor's release (ref 1)."},{"name":"Maximum state DRAP grant","value":20000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Governor's release (ref 1)."},{"name":"NOAA-recorded Somerset County flood events on May 13","value":14,"unit":"events","status":"Reported","note":"Storm Events episode 200706 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency","role":"State recovery and DRAP grants"},{"name":"U.S. Small Business Administration","role":"Disaster loans (PA-20019)"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Transportation","role":"U.S. 219 bridge repair"}],"public_contact":"SBA Disaster Customer Service Center, 1-800-659-2955","corrective_actions":["SBA low-interest disaster loans","Commonwealth DRAP grants up to $20,000","PennDOT repair of the U.S. 219 bridge over Piney Creek"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Governor Shapiro visits Somerset County, administration supports flood recovery","publisher":"Office of the Governor of Pennsylvania","date":"2025-05-27","url":"https://www.pa.gov/governor/newsroom/2025-press-releases/gov-shapiro-visits-somerset-co-admin-support-flood-recovery","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Storm Events Database details file, 2025 (episode 200706)","publisher":"NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information","date":"2026-08-19","url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/swdi/stormevents/csvfiles/StormEvents_details-ftp_v1.0_d2025_c20260819.csv.gz","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-TYRONE-FLASH-FLOOD-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Tyrone-area flooding in Blair and Huntingdon counties, July 2026","description":"Torrential rain on July 5-6, 2026 caused flooding that damaged homes, businesses and infrastructure in Tyrone Borough and surrounding communities. The state set up a multi-agency resource center in Tyrone and activated its Disaster Recovery Assistance Program for Blair and Huntingdon counties, where grants averaged $9,300.","location":{"name":"Tyrone Borough","type":"Borough flood area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Tyrone Borough and surrounding communities, Blair County, with assistance also covering Huntingdon County","coordinates":{"lat":40.671,"lon":-78.239,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Blair","Huntingdon"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding is flooding from heavy rainfall on local streams and drainage.","secondary_drivers":["Torrential rainfall"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"PEMA's director said the flooding damaged homes, businesses and infrastructure in Tyrone and nearby communities (ref 1).","service":"The state releases describe property damage but no water, power or road outages, so no service score is given (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Seventeen Tyrone-area families applied for state disaster grants, and aid covered both Blair and Huntingdon counties (ref 2).","duration":"Recovery aid was still being paid in late August 2026, about seven weeks after the July 5-6 rain (ref 2).","significance":"The Commonwealth activated its Disaster Recovery Assistance Program for the July 2026 flooding in Blair and Huntingdon counties (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No count of affected residents is published; 17 families applied for DRAP grants (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Tyrone's mayor said 17 families in the area applied for DRAP grants; the average grant was $9,300 (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Families applying for DRAP grants","value":17,"unit":"families","status":"Reported","note":"Tyrone mayor quoted by PEMA (ref 2)."},{"name":"Average DRAP grant, July 2026 Blair and Huntingdon flooding","value":9300,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"PEMA (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency","role":"State recovery and DRAP grants"},{"name":"Blair County","role":"County emergency management"}],"public_contact":"Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency newsroom, pa.gov/agencies/pema","corrective_actions":["Multi-agency resource center in Tyrone on July 14, 2026","Commonwealth Disaster Recovery Assistance Program grants"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Multi-Agency Resource Center will support Blair County flood victims","publisher":"Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency","date":"2026-07-10","url":"https://www.pa.gov/agencies/pema/newsroom/2026/multi-agency-resource-center-will-support-blair-county-flood","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Shapiro Administration awards $600,000 through Disaster Recovery Assistance Program","publisher":"Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency","date":"2026-08-31","url":"https://www.pa.gov/agencies/pema/newsroom/2026/shapiro-admin--awards--600-000-through-disaster-recovery-assista","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-PHILADELPHIA-FLASH-FLOOD-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Philadelphia flash flooding of July 11, 2026 and SBA disaster declaration","description":"Severe storms and flash flooding on July 11, 2026 caused significant damage to homes and businesses in Philadelphia. The SBA approved low-interest disaster loans for Philadelphia and neighboring Bucks, Delaware and Montgomery counties, and the state activated Disaster Recovery Assistance Program grants for eligible city residents whose damage was reported to the Philadelphia Office of Emergency Management.","location":{"name":"City of Philadelphia","type":"City flash-flood disaster area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"City and County of Philadelphia; SBA loans also cover Bucks, Delaware and Montgomery counties","coordinates":{"lat":39.9526,"lon":-75.1652,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Philadelphia","Bucks","Delaware","Montgomery"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding is urban flash flooding from severe storms exceeding drainage capacity.","secondary_drivers":["Severe thunderstorms","Urban runoff"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The administration said the July 11 storms and flash flooding caused significant damage for many Philadelphia families and businesses (ref 1).","service":"The cited releases do not report utility outages or service restrictions, so service is scored zero (refs 1, 2).","scale":"State grant eligibility was limited to certain areas of the City of Philadelphia, a community-level footprint (ref 1).","duration":"Loan and grant programs were announced on August 3, 2026, three weeks after the storm, for a recovery lasting months (ref 1).","significance":"The SBA approved the Governor's request for a disaster loan declaration covering Philadelphia and three neighboring counties (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No count of affected households is published."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"SBA approved low-interest loans for those affected by the July 11, 2026 severe storms and flash flooding in Philadelphia County and the surrounding counties of Bucks, Delaware and Montgomery (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Counties covered by SBA loans","value":4,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"PEMA (ref 1)."},{"name":"Maximum state DRAP grant","value":20000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"PEMA (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Philadelphia Office of Emergency Management","role":"Local damage reporting and verification"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency","role":"State DRAP grants"},{"name":"U.S. Small Business Administration","role":"Disaster loans"}],"public_contact":"SBA Disaster Customer Service Center, 1-800-659-2955","corrective_actions":["SBA low-interest disaster loans","Commonwealth DRAP grants for eligible Philadelphia residents"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Shapiro Administration activates disaster grant program for those impacted by July 11 storms","publisher":"Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency","date":"2026-08-03","url":"https://www.pa.gov/agencies/pema/newsroom/2026/shapiro-admin--activates-disaster-grant-program-for-those-impact","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Shapiro Administration awards $600,000 through Disaster Recovery Assistance Program","publisher":"Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency","date":"2026-08-31","url":"https://www.pa.gov/agencies/pema/newsroom/2026/shapiro-admin--awards--600-000-through-disaster-recovery-assista","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-PA-EASTWICK-COBBS-CREEK-FLOODING-2026"]},{"id":"US-PA-RACCOON-CREEK-STYROPEK-PELLETS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Styropek plastic pellet discharges to Raccoon Creek and the Ohio River","description":"DEP found expandable polystyrene pellets from the Styropek plant in Monaca, Beaver County, on the ground and along Raccoon Creek and the Ohio River downstream of its outfalls in 2022. After a 2023 citizen suit by PennEnvironment and Three Rivers Waterkeeper that DEP joined, a proposed federal consent decree filed in September 2025 requires $2.6 million in penalties and restoration funding and new pellet controls.","location":{"name":"Raccoon Creek at Monaca","type":"Creek and river reach below an industrial outfall","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Styropek expandable polystyrene plant, Monaca Borough, Beaver County, discharging toward Raccoon Creek and the Ohio River","coordinates":{"lat":40.683,"lon":-80.271,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Beaver"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Plastic pellet discharges are a pollutant load to surface water and sediment.","secondary_drivers":["Industrial wastewater and stormwater outfalls","Plastic pellet (nurdle) loss"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"A December 2022 DEP survey found numerous pellets in Raccoon Creek and the Ohio River downstream of the facility's outfalls (ref 1).","service":"No water-supply or recreation closure is reported (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Restoration funds target the Raccoon Creek watershed and nearby Ohio River areas (ref 1).","duration":"Pellets were documented in 2022, the suit was filed in December 2023 and the decree was filed in September 2025 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"DEP and two nonprofits filed a proposed consent decree in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not a population-based finding."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Styropek would pay $2.6 million in penalties and remediation costs for discharging plastic pellets into Raccoon Creek and the Ohio River (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Civil penalty to DEP Clean Water Fund","value":100000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"DEP (ref 1)."},{"name":"Raccoon Creek Plastic Remediation Fund","value":2000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"DEP (ref 1)."},{"name":"Raccoon Creek Benefit Fund","value":500000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"DEP (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The decree requires pellet controls and creek cleanup; outcomes are not yet reported."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"State enforcement and co-plaintiff"},{"name":"BVPV Styrenics, LLC and Styropek USA, Inc.","role":"Responsible party"}],"public_contact":"PA DEP newsroom: RA-EPNEWS@pa.gov, (717) 787-1323","corrective_actions":["Turbidity curtains at lagoons and cloth media filters in wastewater treatment","Stricter monitoring and stormwater controls","Pellet cleanup in Raccoon Creek sediment, water and banks under DEP oversight"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Shapiro Administration requires plastic manufacturer to pay $2.6 million for environmental pollution in Beaver County","publisher":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2025-09-03","url":"https://www.pa.gov/agencies/dep/newsroom/2025-09-03-shapiro-administration-requires-plastic-manufacturer-to-pay-2-6-million-for-environmental-pollution-in-beaver-county","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Plastic pellet pollution settlement with Styropek","publisher":"PhillyVoice","date":"2025-09-07","url":"https://www.phillyvoice.com/pennsylvania-plastic-pellets-nurdles-settlement-styropek/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Plastics pollution landmark settlement in Pennsylvania","publisher":"Reasons to be Cheerful","date":"2025-09-22","url":"https://reasonstobecheerful.world/plastics-pollution-landmark-settlement-pennsylvania-styropek-nurdles/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-MONONGAHELA-IRVIN-OIL-SHEEN-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Repeated oil sheens from U.S. Steel Irvin Plant outfalls to the Monongahela","description":"DEP investigated at least seven complaints between August 2022 and April 2025 of oil sheens from U.S. Steel's Mon Valley Works Irvin Plant in West Mifflin, some extending more than a mile down the Monongahela River. A 2023 compliance order did not stop the discharges, and a December 2025 consent order sets a $135,000 penalty, outfall monitoring and an oil-source investigation.","location":{"name":"U.S. Steel Irvin Plant outfalls","type":"Industrial NPDES outfalls on a river","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Outfalls 001 and 003 of the Mon Valley Works Irvin Plant (NPDES PA0004073), West Mifflin, Allegheny County","coordinates":{"lat":40.333611,"lon":-79.901389,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Allegheny"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Oil-contaminated wastewater discharges impair river water quality.","secondary_drivers":["Industrial wastewater","Stormwater conveyances carrying oil and grease"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEP confirmed repeated unauthorized discharges of oily wastewater from Outfalls 001 and 003, with sheens sometimes more than a mile long (ref 1).","service":"DEP does not report any intake shutdown or river-use restriction from the sheens (ref 1).","scale":"The impact is on a reach of the Monongahela, a warm-water fishery, below one plant (ref 1).","duration":"Sheens recurred from August 2022 through April 2025 and continued after the 2023 order (ref 1).","significance":"EPA's facility record lists a state consent order with a $135,000 penalty and a 2023 non-penalty order (ref 2); DEP describes the COA terms (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not a population-based finding."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Between August 2022 and April 2025, DEP investigated at least seven separate complaints of oil sheens discharging from the Irvin Plant's outfalls (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Complaints investigated","value":7,"unit":"complaints","status":"Reported","note":"At least seven, August 2022 to April 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Civil penalty","value":135000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"DEP and EPA ECHO (refs 1, 2)."},{"name":"Stipulated penalty per future sheen","value":7500,"unit":"USD per day","status":"Reported","note":"After the mitigation plan is complete (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Corrective actions under the December 2025 COA are underway; results are not yet reported."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"State NPDES and Clean Streams Law enforcement"},{"name":"United States Steel Corporation","role":"Permittee"}],"public_contact":"PA DEP newsroom: RA-EPNEWS@pa.gov, (717) 787-1323","corrective_actions":["Hard booms and daily camera and weekly boat inspections at Outfalls 001 and 003","Outfall monitoring plan with remote optical oil detection","Facility-wide oil and grease source investigation and mitigation plan"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Shapiro Administration and U.S. Steel reach agreement to resolve Clean Streams Law violations","publisher":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2025-12-02","url":"https://www.pa.gov/agencies/dep/newsroom/2025-12-02-shapiro-administration-and-us-steel-reach-agreement-to-resolve-clean-streams-law-violations","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO detailed facility report, USS Mon Valley Works Irvin Plant (PA0004073)","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=PA0004073","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-HANOVER-FOODS-CWA-VIOLATIONS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Hanover Foods wastewater permit violations and federal consent decree","description":"Hanover Foods' food-processing and canning plant in Hanover, York County, logged more than 600 Clean Water Act and NPDES permit violations at its wastewater treatment facility since 2016, according to DEP. After a Lower Susquehanna Riverkeeper suit that EPA and DEP joined, a proposed consent decree lodged on November 18, 2025 sets a $1.15 million civil penalty and treatment upgrades for nutrient, temperature and solids limits.","location":{"name":"Hanover Foods wastewater facility","type":"Industrial NPDES wastewater discharge","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Food-processing and canning facility, Hanover, York County, in the Susquehanna River and Chesapeake Bay watershed","coordinates":{"lat":39.801,"lon":-76.983,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["York"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Effluent-limit violations add nutrients and heat to receiving streams.","secondary_drivers":["Food-processing wastewater","Nutrient and temperature limit exceedances"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEP says the violations involved nutrient and temperature limits and that upgrades will prevent discharges that could harm aquatic life, without documenting a specific kill (ref 1).","service":"No drinking-water or recreation restriction is reported (refs 1, 2).","scale":"One industrial discharger whose effluent reaches the Susquehanna River and Chesapeake Bay (ref 1).","duration":"DEP counts more than 600 violations since 2016 (ref 1).","significance":"DOJ lodged a proposed consent decree in the Middle District of Pennsylvania in Lower Susquehanna Riverkeeper Association v. Hanover Foods (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not a population-based finding."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than 600 violations of the federal Clean Water Act and its NPDES permit since 2016; proposed civil penalty $1,150,000 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Permit violations since 2016","value":600,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"DEP says 'more than 600' (ref 1)."},{"name":"Civil penalty","value":1150000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Split evenly between the United States and DEP (refs 1, 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Upgrades are required by the decree once entered."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"State NPDES permitting and co-plaintiff"},{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","role":"Federal Clean Water Act enforcement"},{"name":"Hanover Foods Corporation","role":"Permittee"}],"public_contact":"PA DEP newsroom: RA-EPNEWS@pa.gov, (717) 787-1323","corrective_actions":["Permanent boiler to keep treatment temperatures in range","Continuous total suspended solids sensor","Spare-parts program to prevent prolonged equipment stoppages"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Shapiro Administration, EPA, DOJ reach $1.15 million agreement with Hanover Foods over Clean Water Act violations","publisher":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2025-11-18","url":"https://www.pa.gov/agencies/dep/newsroom/2025-11-18-shapiro-administration-epa-doj-reach-1-15-million-agreement-with-hanover-foods-over-clean-water-act-violations","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Notice of lodging of proposed consent decree under the Clean Water Act (Hanover Foods)","publisher":"U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Register","date":"2025-11-21","url":"https://public-inspection.federalregister.gov/2025-20477.pdf","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Hanover Foods Agrees to Pay $1.15M Penalty and Implement Actions to Address Clean Water Act Violations","publisher":"U.S. Department of Justice","date":"2025-11-18","url":"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/hanover-foods-agrees-pay-115m-penalty-and-implement-actions-address-clean-water-act","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-PA-CHESAPEAKE-NUTRIENT-SEDIMENT-GAP-2024"]},{"id":"US-PA-BRIAR-MIDDLE-SPRING-PFOS-FISH-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Do-not-eat PFOS fish advisories for Briar Creek and Middle Spring Creek","description":"In February 2026 DEP, the Department of Health and the Fish and Boat Commission told the public not to eat any fish from Briar Creek in Columbia County or the Middle Spring Creek watershed in Cumberland and Franklin counties because fish tissue exceeded the 0.04 ppm PFOS do-not-eat level. Trout stocking was halted, and both watersheds are under Hazardous Sites Cleanup Act investigations that are installing home filtration systems.","location":{"name":"Briar Creek and Middle Spring Creek","type":"Stream watersheds under fish advisory","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Briar Creek and its branches below Briar Creek Reservoir (Columbia County); entire Middle Spring Creek watershed near Shippensburg (Cumberland and Franklin counties)","coordinates":{"lat":40.051,"lon":-77.52,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":2},"counties":["Columbia","Cumberland","Franklin"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOS contamination of streams and fish tissue is a water-quality problem.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS contamination","Bioaccumulation in fish"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Sampled fish tissue in both watersheds exceeded the 0.04 ppm PFOS do-not-eat level (ref 1), and Middle Spring Creek water held PFOS up to 156 ng/L (ref 2).","service":"Anglers were told to eat no fish and the Fish and Boat Commission stopped stocking trout in the affected waters (ref 1).","scale":"Two watersheds in three counties, with 30 home treatment systems in the Briar Creek area and 24 more planned at Middle Spring (ref 1).","duration":"PFAS in Middle Spring Creek was reported to DEP in August 2023, and the 2026 advisory has no end date (refs 1, 2).","significance":"The agencies issued a formal do-not-eat advisory and opened Hazardous Sites Cleanup Act investigations (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No resident count; 54 homes are receiving or slated for point-of-entry treatment (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOS in sampled fish tissue was above the 0.04 parts per million do-not-eat advisory level in both watersheds (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"PFOS do-not-eat level","value":0.04,"unit":"ppm in fish tissue","status":"Reported","note":"DEP (ref 1)."},{"name":"Maximum PFOS in Middle Spring Creek water, 2023","value":156,"unit":"ng/L","status":"Reported","note":"Pennsylvania American Water sampling reported by DEP (ref 2)."},{"name":"Maximum PFOA in Middle Spring Creek water, 2023","value":29,"unit":"ng/L","status":"Reported","note":"DEP (ref 2)."},{"name":"Point-of-entry treatment systems installed, Briar Creek area","value":30,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"DEP (ref 1)."},{"name":"Systems planned, Middle Spring watershed","value":24,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"DEP (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The advisory is new in 2026; DEP says it will resample fish."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Fish advisory program and HSCA investigations"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission","role":"Advisory partner; trout stocking"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Health","role":"Advisory partner"}],"public_contact":"PA DEP newsroom: RA-EPNEWS@pa.gov, (717) 787-1323","corrective_actions":["Do-not-eat advisory for all fish species","Trout stocking discontinued until further notice","HSCA source investigations and home point-of-entry treatment systems"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Pennsylvanians advised to not eat fish from portions of Briar Creek and Middle Spring Creek","publisher":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2026-02-27","url":"https://www.pa.gov/agencies/dep/newsroom/2026-02-27-pennsylvanians-advised-to-not-eat-fish-from-portions-of-briar-creek-and-middle-spring-creek","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Middle Spring Creek HSCA site page","publisher":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","date":null,"url":"https://www.pa.gov/agencies/dep/dep-regions/southcentral-regional-office/middle-spring-creek","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-ROARING-BROOK-DUNMORE-DAM-SEDIMENT-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Dunmore Dam No. 7 sediment release into Roaring Brook and the Lackawanna River","description":"During a $17 million rehabilitation of Pennsylvania American Water's Dunmore Dam No. 7 in February 2024, opening a valve to lower the reservoir sent years of accumulated sediment into Roaring Brook, the Lackawanna River and on toward the Susquehanna. Sediment smothered Roaring Brook and killed macroinvertebrates, and a June 2024 consent order set a $170,813 civil penalty and about $300,000 in habitat work.","location":{"name":"Roaring Brook below Dunmore Dam No. 7","type":"Stream reach below a water-supply dam","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Roaring Brook through Dunmore and Scranton (Nay Aug Park) to the Lackawanna River, Lackawanna County","coordinates":{"lat":41.404,"lon":-75.646,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lackawanna"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A dam construction release (infrastructure) caused sediment pollution of streams (water quality).","secondary_drivers":["Dam rehabilitation construction","Accumulated reservoir sediment"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Heavy sediment covered the bottom of Roaring Brook and killed macroinvertebrates that fish feed on (ref 2).","service":"The Fish and Boat Commission did not stock trout in Roaring Brook below the dam (ref 2).","scale":"The release DEP called massive reached Roaring Brook and the Lackawanna River (ref 1) and flowed on toward the Susquehanna (ref 2).","duration":"Sediment flowed from about February 4 to at least February 12, 2024, and DEP inspected the brook for over two months (ref 2).","significance":"DEP charged Clean Streams Law violations and signed a consent order with a $170,813 civil penalty (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not a population-based finding."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Consent order civil penalty of $170,813 plus about $300,000 for Roaring Brook fish habitat and streambank work (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Civil penalty","value":170813,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Allegheny Front/WVIA (ref 2)."},{"name":"Habitat and streambank restoration spending","value":300000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"About $300,000 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Dam rehabilitation project cost","value":17000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Days sediment flowed","value":8,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"Valve closed eight days after it was opened, per the agreement (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"By March 2024 the sediment was less apparent; monitoring continues for three years after the dam work (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Northeast Regional Office","role":"Clean Streams Law enforcement"},{"name":"Pennsylvania American Water","role":"Dam owner and responsible party"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission","role":"Fisheries management"}],"public_contact":"PA DEP newsroom: RA-EPNEWS@pa.gov, (717) 787-1323","corrective_actions":["Fish habitat and streambank stabilization on Roaring Brook","Sediment gage at Cedar Avenue and sediment removal","Monitoring for at least three years after the dam project"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DEP staff recognized with Governor's Awards for Excellence for responses to mine subsidence and dam sediment release","publisher":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2025-06-27","url":"https://www.pa.gov/agencies/dep/newsroom/2025-06-27-dep-staff-recognized-with-governor-s-awards-for-excellence-for-responses-to-mine-subsidence-and-dam-sediment-release","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Pa. American Water to spend $300K for watershed projects for polluting Lackawanna County waterways","publisher":"The Allegheny Front (WVIA News)","date":"2024-07-01","url":"https://www.alleghenyfront.org/lackawanna-county-pennsylvania-american-water-settlement/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-SALEM-TWP-AMAZON-DATA-CENTER-WATER-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"SRBC approves first data-center consumptive use, Amazon campus in Salem Township","description":"In March 2026 the Susquehanna River Basin Commission approved Amazon Data Services' request to raise consumptive water use at its PHL100 data center campus beside the Susquehanna nuclear plant in Salem Township, Luzerne County, to 0.129 million gallons a day, down from the 277,000 gallons a day Amazon sought. It is the first data center the Commission has permitted, and Amazon can also draw up to 1.5 million gallons a day from Pennsylvania American Water's Berwick system.","location":{"name":"Amazon PHL100 data center campus","type":"Data center campus water allocation","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"PHL100 Data Center Campus next to the Susquehanna nuclear plant, Salem Township, Luzerne County; Susquehanna River basin","coordinates":{"lat":41.094,"lon":-76.149,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Luzerne"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is allocation of basin water to a new large consumptive user.","secondary_drivers":["Data center cooling demand","Evaporative consumptive use"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No environmental harm is documented; the Commission cut the approved consumptive use to 129,000 gallons a day after review (ref 1).","service":"Amazon is paying for a water main that will also serve more than 150 nearby households, and no customer restriction is reported (ref 1).","scale":"One campus, but the Commission says hyperscale data centers using millions of gallons a day would be among the basin's largest water consumers (ref 3).","duration":"Amazon was first permitted for 60,000 gallons a day in 2024 and won the increase in March 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Formal SRBC docket approval (Docket No. 20240901) published in the Federal Register (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not a population-based finding."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Modification to increase consumptive use to a total of up to 0.129 mgd (30-day average) (Docket No. 20240901) (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Approved consumptive use","value":0.129,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"30-day average (ref 2)."},{"name":"Consumptive use requested by Amazon","value":0.277,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Reduced after SRBC review (ref 1)."},{"name":"Public water supply available from PAWC Berwick system","value":1.5,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Under typical operating conditions (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Demand is growing: the allowance rose from 60,000 to 129,000 gallons a day, and SRBC expects more data-center applications (refs 1, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Susquehanna River Basin Commission","role":"Interstate water allocation regulator"},{"name":"Amazon Data Services, Inc.","role":"Project sponsor"},{"name":"Pennsylvania American Water","role":"Public water supplier"}],"public_contact":"Susquehanna River Basin Commission, 4423 N. Front Street, Harrisburg, PA 17110; (717) 238-0423","corrective_actions":["SRBC scientific review reduced the consumptive-use request","Consumptive-use mitigation and daily reporting required under SRBC rules"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Agency OKs data center water permit","publisher":"Altoona Mirror","date":"2026-03-31","url":"https://www.altoonamirror.com/news/local-news/2026/03/srbc-amazon-data-center-water-permit-oks/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Actions taken at the March 12, 2026 meeting","publisher":"Susquehanna River Basin Commission, Federal Register","date":"2026-03-25","url":"https://public-inspection.federalregister.gov/2026-05822.pdf","basis":"Interstate commission record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Managing water demand in the age of data centers (SRBC testimony)","publisher":"Susquehanna River Basin Commission via Center for Rural Pennsylvania","date":"2026-04-17","url":"https://rural.pa.gov/Resources/PDFs/news/Dehoff%20Testimony-2.pdf?t=20260417","basis":"Interstate commission record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Data center in Pennsylvania seeks approval to discharge cooling water into Susquehanna River","publisher":"Outdoor News","date":"2026-01-26","url":"https://www.outdoornews.com/2026/01/26/data-center-in-pennsylvania-seeks-approval-to-discharge-cooling-water-into-susquehanna-river/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-PA-HAZLETON-DATA-CENTER-WATER-2026"]},{"id":"US-PA-CRANE-SUSQUEHANNA-WITHDRAWAL-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Crane Clean Energy Center restart wins 73.2 MGD Susquehanna withdrawal","description":"On June 4, 2026 the Susquehanna River Basin Commission renewed and modified approvals for Constellation's Crane Clean Energy Center (former Three Mile Island Unit 1) to withdraw up to 73.2 million gallons a day from the Susquehanna River, with consumptive use of up to 21 million gallons a day, ahead of a planned 2027 restart. Residents raised concerns in the comment period, and the Commission requires low-flow releases from Cowanesque Reservoir to offset consumptive use.","location":{"name":"Crane Clean Energy Center","type":"Power plant surface water withdrawal","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Three Mile Island, Londonderry Township, Dauphin County, on the Susquehanna River","coordinates":{"lat":40.153,"lon":-76.725,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Dauphin"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is the allocation of a large mainstem withdrawal and consumptive use.","secondary_drivers":["Nuclear plant cooling demand","Drought-period low flows"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Commissioners said the withdrawal is not expected to cause significant adverse impact to the ecosystem or other users (ref 2).","service":"No restriction on other users is reported; the plant must release water or stop consumption during droughts (ref 2).","scale":"The 73.2 mgd withdrawal equals about 3 percent of the river's Q7-10 drought low flow (ref 3).","duration":"Applications filed in 2025 were heard in April 2026 and approved in June 2026 for a 2027 restart (refs 1, 3).","significance":"Formal SRBC approval published in the Federal Register after a public hearing and comment period (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not a population-based finding."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Surface water withdrawal of up to 73.200 mgd (peak day) from the Susquehanna River and consumptive use of up to 21.000 mgd (peak day) (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Approved surface water withdrawal","value":73.2,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Peak day (ref 1)."},{"name":"Approved consumptive use","value":21,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Peak day (ref 1)."},{"name":"Withdrawal as share of Q7-10 low flow","value":3,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"SRBC response to comments (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Withdrawals resume only when the plant restarts."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Susquehanna River Basin Commission","role":"Interstate water allocation regulator"},{"name":"Constellation Energy Generation, LLC","role":"Project sponsor"},{"name":"U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission","role":"Reactor licensing"}],"public_contact":"Susquehanna River Basin Commission, 4423 N. Front Street, Harrisburg, PA 17110; (717) 238-0423","corrective_actions":["Consumptive-use mitigation through releases from Cowanesque Reservoir during low flows","Drought conditions requiring releases or a halt to consumption"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Actions taken at the June 4, 2026 meeting","publisher":"Susquehanna River Basin Commission, Federal Register","date":"2026-06-15","url":"https://public-inspection.federalregister.gov/2026-11967.pdf","basis":"Interstate commission record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Three Mile Island approved to use 73M gallons of water daily from Susquehanna River","publisher":"CBS 21 (WHP)","date":"2026-06-05","url":"https://local21news.com/news/local/three-mile-island-approved-to-use-732m-gallons-of-water-daily-from-susquehanna-river-crane-clean-energy-center-nuclear-reactor-data-center-pennsylvania-pa","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Response to comments, Constellation Energy Generation applications for the Crane Clean Energy Center","publisher":"Susquehanna River Basin Commission","date":"2026-05-13","url":"https://www.srbc.gov/regulatory/public-participation/docs/constellation-energy-faq.pdf","basis":"Interstate commission record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-HAZLETON-DATA-CENTER-WATER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hazleton-area water disputes over data center cooling and well withdrawals","description":"NorthPoint Development's 15-building Project Hazlenut data center in Hazle Township plans to cool servers with up to 2.8 million gallons a day of treated wastewater from the Greater Hazleton Joint Sewer Authority, which its own studies say could cut Black Creek's flow by 5.5 percent. Township supervisors denied the land development plan and the two sides are in litigation. Separately, residents objected to Hazleton City Authority withdrawals from four Mt. Pleasant wells, which the SRBC approved in June 2026.","location":{"name":"Hazle Township and Black Creek","type":"Data center site and municipal well field","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Humboldt Industrial Park, Hazle Township, and the Hazleton City Authority Mt. Pleasant wells, Luzerne County","coordinates":{"lat":40.951,"lon":-75.995,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Luzerne"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"PA2408001"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The disputes concern who gets local water and how much flow remains in Black Creek.","secondary_drivers":["Data center cooling demand","Wastewater reuse reducing stream flow","Groundwater allocation"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"NorthPoint's studies say campus water use could reduce Black Creek by 5.5 percent, a creek residents say now supports trout (ref 1).","service":"No supply restriction for Hazleton customers is reported (refs 2, 3).","scale":"The Hazleton City Authority's Hazleton Division serves 45,000 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Permit hearings ran from February 2026, and well approvals came at the June 4, 2026 SRBC meeting (refs 1, 3).","significance":"Hazle Township's 3-0 denial of the land development plan is in litigation with the developer (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":45000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by HCA Hazleton Division per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The max amount of treated wastewater the 15 data centers will use is 2.8 million gallons, and campus water use could reduce Black Creek by 5.5% (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak treated wastewater for cooling","value":2.8,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"NorthPoint statement (ref 1)."},{"name":"Estimated Black Creek flow reduction","value":5.5,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"NorthPoint study (ref 1)."},{"name":"Combined Mt. Pleasant well limit recommended by SRBC staff","value":0.608,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"30-day average (ref 2)."},{"name":"Population served, HCA Hazleton Division","value":45000,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Susquehanna River Basin Commission","role":"Groundwater withdrawal approvals"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Chapter 102 and 105 permits for the data center"},{"name":"Hazleton City Authority","role":"Public water supplier"},{"name":"Hazle Township","role":"Land development approval"}],"public_contact":"Susquehanna River Basin Commission, 4423 N. Front Street, Harrisburg, PA 17110; (717) 238-0423","corrective_actions":["DEP review of Chapter 102 and 105 permits","Post-construction monitoring of Black Creek","SRBC limits on Mt. Pleasant well withdrawals"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Residents raise questions as developer describes Hazle Twp. data center plans at DEP hearing","publisher":"WVIA News","date":"2026-02-18","url":"https://www.wvia.org/news/local/2026-02-18/residents-raise-questions-as-developer-describes-hazle-twp-data-center-plans-at-dep-hearing","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Response to comments, Hazleton City Authority Mt. Pleasant wells","publisher":"Susquehanna River Basin Commission","date":"2026-05-13","url":"https://www.srbc.gov/our-work/fact-sheets/docs/hazleton-city-authority-faq.pdf","basis":"Interstate commission record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Actions taken at the June 4, 2026 meeting","publisher":"Susquehanna River Basin Commission, Federal Register","date":"2026-06-15","url":"https://public-inspection.federalregister.gov/2026-11967.pdf","basis":"Interstate commission record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record, Hazleton","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/PA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/HAZLETON/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-PA-SALEM-TWP-AMAZON-DATA-CENTER-WATER-2026"]},{"id":"US-PA-UPPER-MAKEFIELD-JET-FUEL-PIPELINE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Upper Makefield Twin Oaks pipeline jet fuel leak into Mt. Eyre private wells","description":"Energy Transfer's Sunoco Pipeline confirmed on January 31, 2025 that its pipeline had leaked petroleum into private wells in the Mt. Eyre Manor neighborhood of Upper Makefield Township, Bucks County. DEP ordered the company in March 2025 to supply water, install point-of-entry treatment and clean up the site; by May 2026 at least 12 wells had tested positive for jet fuel or related chemicals, and a remedial action plan was due by June 21, 2026.","location":{"name":"Mt. Eyre Manor, Upper Makefield Township","type":"Private well neighborhood (petroleum pipeline release)","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Mt. Eyre Manor neighborhood, Upper Makefield Township, Bucks County; Twin Oaks pipeline carrying jet fuel to Newark airport","coordinates":{"lat":40.29,"lon":-74.93,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Bucks"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A refined-products pipeline release contaminated the aquifer that private household wells draw from.","secondary_drivers":["Pipeline integrity (faulty 1995 repair sleeve)","Private wells outside public water service"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEP's site page (ref 2) reports seven wells with results above drinking water standards for petroleum products; NewtownPANow (ref 3) reports at least 12 wells positive for jet fuel or related chemicals, including benzene, by May 2026.","service":"Affected households rely on bottled water and point-of-entry treatment; DEP (ref 2) reports treatment systems installed at 112 residences, and the March 2025 order (ref 1) requires temporary relief such as bottled water.","scale":"The March 2025 order (ref 1) covers over 100 homes in the Mt. Eyre neighborhood, one community of private-well users.","duration":"Leak confirmed January 31, 2025 (ref 2); Sunoco says it likely began in May or June 2024 and new jet fuel was found in a well in April 2026 (ref 3), so contamination has persisted well over a year.","significance":"DEP issued an enforceable order on March 6, 2025 (ref 1), and the Attorney General's office opened a criminal investigation (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":112,"status":"Reported","note":"Residences with treatment systems installed per DEP site page (ref 2); the order (ref 1) anticipates at least 102 more systems on request."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"At least 12 wells in the neighborhood have tested positive for jet fuel or related chemicals, including benzene (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Wells above drinking water standards for petroleum products","value":7,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"DEP site page (ref 2)."},{"name":"Wells testing positive for jet fuel or related chemicals","value":12,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"As of May 2026 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Well-water samples collected","value":1745,"unit":"samples","status":"Reported","note":"From 365 well tests (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Positive wells rose from the initial seven above standards (ref 2) to at least 12 positives by May 2026 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"State environmental regulator"},{"name":"Sunoco Pipeline L.P. / Energy Transfer","role":"Responsible party"},{"name":"Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration","role":"Federal pipeline safety regulator"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Office of Attorney General","role":"Criminal investigation"}],"public_contact":"Sunoco Pipeline response line 1-877-397-3383; PA DEP environmental complaint line (866) 255-5158; emergencies (800) 541-2050","corrective_actions":["DEP order of March 6, 2025 requires water supply, point-of-entry treatment, investigation schedule and cleanup plans (ref 1).","Remedial action plan to meet Act 2 standards due on or before June 21, 2026 (ref 2).","Recovery and monitoring wells and new deeper residential wells being drilled (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Shapiro Administration Holds Energy Transfer Accountable for Contaminating Drinking Water with Pipeline Leak","publisher":"Pennsylvania DEP","date":"2025-03-06","url":"https://www.pa.gov/agencies/dep/newsroom/2025-03-06-shapiro-admin-holds-energy-transfer-accountable-for-contaminating-drinking-water-with-pipeline-leak","basis":"State enforcement press release"},{"ref":2,"title":"Upper Makefield Pipeline Release (community page)","publisher":"Pennsylvania DEP","date":"2026-10-02","url":"https://www.pa.gov/agencies/dep/dep-regions/southeast-regional-office/upper-makefield-pipeline","basis":"State regulatory record"},{"ref":3,"title":"More Jet Fuel Found In Upper Makefield","publisher":"NewtownPANow.com","date":"2026-05-06","url":"https://newtownpanow.com/2026/05/06/more-jet-fuel-found-in-upper-makefield/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-PITTSBURGH-LAWRENCEVILLE-ALLEGHENY-SHEEN-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lawrenceville former refinery site petroleum and tar discharges to the Allegheny River","description":"Petroleum and tar-like material from the former Standard Oil/Atlantic Refining refinery site in Pittsburgh's Lawrenceville neighborhood has continued to reach the Allegheny River despite remediation since 1977. DEP cited unpermitted discharges in December 2023 and in November 2025 signed a consent order with Energy Transfer and Atlantic Richfield that carries a $3.3 million civil penalty and requires full cleanup.","location":{"name":"Lawrenceville petroleum terminal, Allegheny River","type":"Industrial legacy contamination site on river segment","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Pittsburgh's Lawrenceville neighborhood, Allegheny County; terminal near the ALCOSAN 57th Street outfall","coordinates":{"lat":40.475,"lon":-79.958,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Allegheny"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legacy refinery hydrocarbons in soil and groundwater discharge as sheen and tar to a drinking-water-source river.","secondary_drivers":["Legacy refinery contamination (1868-1930)","Failed containment booms"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEP inspectors confirmed unpermitted discharges of petroleum and tar-like material into the Allegheny River and surrounding soil and groundwater (ref 1).","service":"No drinking-water service disruption is reported; the Allegheny Front (ref 3) notes the river is a regional drinking-water source but cites no intake impact.","scale":"Contamination is confined to a riverfront terminal, cold-storage and parking parcels and the adjacent shoreline (ref 2).","duration":"The consent order (ref 2) records sheen reappearing in 2007 and 2018 and boom containment since 2023, after remedial work that began in 1977 (ref 1).","significance":"A Consent Order and Agreement signed November 24, 2025 imposes a $3.3 million civil penalty and stipulated penalties (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is reported; impacts are to the river and site soils and groundwater."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$3.3 million civil penalty for unlawful discharges of petroleum and tar-like material into the Allegheny River (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Civil penalty","value":3300000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; up to $1 million may fund community environmental projects."},{"name":"Shoreline with permanent containment boom","value":600,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Stipulated penalty per day of sheen escaping booms","value":1000,"unit":"USD/day","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Cleanup milestones under the November 2025 order have not yet been reported."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"State environmental regulator"},{"name":"Energy Transfer LLC (formerly Sunoco Inc.)","role":"Responsible party"},{"name":"Atlantic Richfield Company","role":"Responsible party"}],"public_contact":"PA DEP environmental complaint line (866) 255-5158; emergencies (800) 541-2050","corrective_actions":["Full site characterization and remedial action plan; excavation and recovery systems; riverbank tar cleanup (ref 1).","Revised Sheen Management Plan and quarterly progress reports to DEP (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Shapiro Administration Holds Oil and Gas Companies Accountable for Polluting Allegheny River ($3.3 Million Civil Penalty)","publisher":"Pennsylvania DEP","date":"2025-11-24","url":"https://www.pa.gov/agencies/dep/newsroom/2025-11-24-shapiro-administration-holds-oil-and-gas-companies-accountable-for-polluting-allegheny-river","basis":"State enforcement press release"},{"ref":2,"title":"Allegheny Cold Storage Site Consent Order and Agreement (executed)","publisher":"Pennsylvania DEP","date":"2025-11-24","url":"https://files.dep.state.pa.us/RegionalResources/SWRO/SWROPortalFiles/Community%20Info/Allegheny_Cold_Storage_Site_Consent_Order_Executed_Final_11-24-2025.pdf","basis":"State enforcement order"},{"ref":3,"title":"Companies agree to $3.3M settlement with DEP over oil pollution in Allegheny River","publisher":"The Allegheny Front","date":"2025-11-26","url":"https://www.alleghenyfront.org/pittsburgh-energy-transfer-atlantic-richfield-allegheny-river-oil/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Companies agree to $3.3M settlement over oil pollution in Allegheny River via Lawrenceville facility","publisher":"WESA / The Allegheny Front","date":"2025-12-01","url":"https://www.wesa.fm/environment-energy/2025-12-01/oil-pollution-allegheny-river-lawrenceville","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-PA-ALCOSAN-COMBINED-SEWER-OVERFLOWS-2025"]},{"id":"US-PA-HATFIELD-PENN-COLOR-PFOS-DISCHARGE-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Penn Color Hatfield plant PFOS in stormwater discharge to Neshaminy Creek","description":"Sampling DEP required in 2023 found PFOS at 24.6, 1,050 and 425 ng/L in the three stormwater outfalls of Penn Color's Hatfield plant, which drain to Neshaminy Creek, a stream impaired for PFOS. DEP moved the site to an individual NPDES permit on October 17, 2024 with quarterly PFAS monitoring and a PFAS reduction plan; Penn Color appealed, and DEP drafted a revised reduction-plan amendment in October 2025.","location":{"name":"Penn Color Hatfield Plant","type":"Industrial stormwater discharger (pigment manufacturing)","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Hatfield Township, Montgomery County; outfalls to Neshaminy Creek (WWF, MF)","coordinates":{"lat":40.28,"lon":-75.3,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Montgomery"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"An industrial site discharges PFOS-laden stormwater to a creek already impaired for PFOS.","secondary_drivers":["Industrial PFAS use or legacy contamination (source evaluation pending)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The 2024 fact sheet (ref 1) reports PFOS of 1,050 ng/L at Outfall 002 and 425 ng/L at Outfall 003; whether the plant is the source of the creek's impairment has not been determined.","service":"The fact sheets (refs 1, 2) describe no drinking-water or service interruption tied to the discharge.","scale":"Three outfalls of one plant drain to Neshaminy Creek, a basin-scale receiving water (ref 1).","duration":"PFOS was found in June 2023 sampling and the permit allows the reduction plan to run through its five-year term (refs 1, 2).","significance":"DEP imposed individual-permit PFAS monitoring and a reduction-plan condition, which Penn Color appealed at EHB Docket 2024-169-L (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected human population is reported for the discharge."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOS concentrations of 24.6 ng/l for Outfall 001, 1050 ng/l for Outfall 002 and 425 ng/l for Outfall 003 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"PFOS, Outfall 002","value":1050,"unit":"ng/L","status":"Reported","note":"Application sampling (ref 1)."},{"name":"PFOS, Outfall 003","value":425,"unit":"ng/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Quarterly PFAS monitoring results under the 2024 permit were not in the opened documents."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"State environmental regulator"},{"name":"Penn Color Inc.","role":"Permittee"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Environmental Hearing Board","role":"Appeal forum"}],"public_contact":"PA DEP environmental complaint line (866) 255-5158; emergencies (800) 541-2050","corrective_actions":["Quarterly monitoring for PFOA, PFOS, PFBS and HFPO-DA (ref 1).","PFAS source evaluation and reduction plan, revised by a DEP-initiated permit amendment (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"NPDES Fact Sheet PA0245674 (draft, Penn Color Hatfield Plant)","publisher":"Pennsylvania DEP","date":"2024-08-26","url":"https://files.dep.state.pa.us/Water/Wastewater%20Management/eDMRPortalFiles/Permits/PA0245674_FACT_SHEET_20240826_DRAFT_V2.pdf","basis":"State permit record"},{"ref":2,"title":"NPDES Fact Sheet PA0245674 amendment (draft)","publisher":"Pennsylvania DEP","date":"2025-10-08","url":"https://files.dep.state.pa.us/water/Wastewater%20Management/eDMRPortalFiles/Permits/PA0245674_FACT_SHEET_20251008_DRAFT_V2.pdf","basis":"State permit record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-STATEWIDE-ORPHAN-ABANDONED-WELLS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Pennsylvania's 27,000+ orphan and abandoned oil and gas wells","description":"DEP has identified more than 27,000 orphaned and abandoned oil and gas wells, a legacy of drilling since 1859, that can pollute groundwater and leak methane. In 2024 an orphan well in Clarion County, six feet from a family's only water well, sent iron into it and left it unusable for five months; DEP had plugged more than 315 wells by August 2025 using state and federal infrastructure funds.","location":{"name":"Pennsylvania orphan and abandoned wells","type":"Statewide legacy oil and gas well inventory","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Concentrated in western Pennsylvania; examples in Clarion, Washington and Erie counties","counties":["Clarion","Washington","Erie"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Unplugged legacy wells are failing infrastructure that can let gas and fluids migrate into aquifers.","secondary_drivers":["No responsible owner","Plugging cost (about $105,000 average, up to $500,000)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DEP confirmed iron from an orphan gas well was entering a Clarion County family's potable well (ref 2).","service":"That family's only drinking-water source was unusable for five months and DEP supplied temporary water (ref 2).","scale":"DEP has identified over 27,000 orphaned and abandoned wells across the Commonwealth (refs 1, 2).","duration":"The inventory reflects drilling since 1859, and DEP was still plugging actively leaking wells in Erie County in August 2025 (ref 3).","significance":"DEP uses emergency plugging contracts and an IIJA-funded program rather than enforcement, since these wells have no responsible owner (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No statewide count of affected water users is published."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"DEP has identified over 27,000 orphaned and abandoned wells and is prioritizing those posing the highest risks (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Identified orphan and abandoned wells","value":27000,"unit":"wells (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 2."},{"name":"Wells plugged under the current administration","value":315,"unit":"wells (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"As of August 27, 2025 (ref 3)."},{"name":"IIJA Phase 1 formula grant","value":76000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Plugging rose from 270 wells (October 2024, ref 2) to 300 (March 2025, ref 1) to more than 315 (August 2025, ref 3), though the remaining inventory is far larger."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"State environmental regulator"},{"name":"U.S. Department of the Interior","role":"IIJA orphan well grant funder"}],"public_contact":"PA DEP environmental complaint line (866) 255-5158; emergencies (800) 541-2050","corrective_actions":["Emergency plugging contracts for leaking wells, e.g. two in Millcreek Township, Erie County (ref 3).","IIJA formula grants and the Orphan Well Plugging Grant Program (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Shapiro Administration Plugs 300th Orphaned or Abandoned Well","publisher":"Office of the Governor of Pennsylvania","date":"2025-03-12","url":"https://www.pa.gov/governor/newsroom/2025-press-releases/shapiro-administration-plugs-300th-orphaned-or-abandoned-well","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Shapiro Administration Plugs Orphan Well That Contaminated Family's Water","publisher":"Pennsylvania DEP","date":"2024-10-25","url":"https://www.pa.gov/agencies/dep/newsroom/shapiro-administration-plugs-orphan-well-that-contaminated-famil","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"DEP Plugs Two Actively Leaking Abandoned Wells in Erie County","publisher":"Pennsylvania DEP","date":"2025-08-27","url":"https://www.pa.gov/agencies/dep/newsroom/2025-08-27-dep-plugs-two-actively-leaking-abandoned-wells-in-erie-county","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-BRUNNER-ISLAND-COAL-ASH-THERMAL-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Brunner Island power plant: coal ash Basin 5 lawsuit and thermal fish kill","description":"At Talen's Brunner Island Steam Electric Station on the Susquehanna River in York Haven, DEP cited a January 24, 2024 fish kill caused by cooling-water temperature swings and a hydraulic oil release to Outfall 001. In April 2025 the Center for Biological Diversity sued Talen, alleging coal ash Basin 5 (5.5 million cubic yards, partly below the water table) lacks required groundwater monitoring after Q1 2024 wells showed high arsenic, lithium and other metals.","location":{"name":"Brunner Island Steam Electric Station","type":"Power plant (coal and gas) with coal ash impoundment","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"East Manchester Township near York Haven, York County; discharges to the Susquehanna River","coordinates":{"lat":40.1,"lon":-76.7,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["York"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Coal ash leachate and thermal discharges from a large power plant affect the Susquehanna River and groundwater.","secondary_drivers":["Coal combustion residuals","Thermal discharge during unit shutdowns"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEP's January 26, 2024 NOV (ref 2) cites a fish kill from cooling-water temperature fluctuations; the CBD complaint summary (ref 1) cites high arsenic, lithium, aluminum, molybdenum and manganese in downgradient wells in Q1 2024.","service":"Neither the NOV (ref 2) nor the lawsuit announcement (ref 1) reports any drinking-water service effect.","scale":"The impacts concern one 1,490-megawatt plant and the adjacent Susquehanna reach (ref 1).","duration":"Basin 5 groundwater reports run from 2019 through Q3 2024, and DEP logged further temperature variance events in January and February 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"A federal citizen suit was filed April 2, 2025 (ref 1) after DEP issued a Clean Streams Law NOV in January 2024 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected human population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Basin 5 holds 5.5 million cubic yards of coal ash, up to 40 feet deep with 15 feet below the groundwater line (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Coal ash in Basin 5","value":5500000,"unit":"cubic yards","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Temperature drop in discharge channel, Feb 25, 2026","value":10.38,"unit":"degrees F in one hour","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3; no fish impact found."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The lawsuit outcome was not found in the opened sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"State environmental regulator"},{"name":"Talen Energy Corporation / Brunner Island, LLC","role":"Plant owner and NPDES permittee"},{"name":"Center for Biological Diversity","role":"Citizen-suit plaintiff"}],"public_contact":"PA DEP environmental complaint line (866) 255-5158; emergencies (800) 541-2050","corrective_actions":["DEP requested a written cause report and temperature data for the January 2024 fish kill (ref 2).","Plant files 10-day temperature variance reports with DEP (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lawsuit Aims to Clean Up Toxic Coal Ash Pollution in Pennsylvania","publisher":"Center for Biological Diversity","date":"2025-04-02","url":"https://biologicaldiversity.org/w/news/press-releases/lawsuit-aims-to-clean-up-toxic-coal-ash-pollution-in-pennsylvania-2025-04-02","basis":"Litigant announcement"},{"ref":2,"title":"Notice of Violation, Brunner Island NPDES Permit PA0008281","publisher":"Pennsylvania DEP","date":"2024-01-26","url":"https://files.dep.state.pa.us/RegionalResources/SCRO/SCROPortalFiles/Community%20Info/Brunner%20Island%20NPDES/Brunner_Island_PA0008281_NOV_1.26.2024.pdf","basis":"State enforcement record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Brunner Island (community page)","publisher":"Pennsylvania DEP","date":"2026-02-27","url":"https://www.pa.gov/agencies/dep/dep-regions/southcentral-regional-office/brunner-island","basis":"State regulatory record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-CHELSEA-TANK-FARM-GASOLINE-RELEASE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"MIPC Chelsea tank farm gasoline release of up to 378,000 gallons","description":"MIPC, LLC (Monroe Energy) told DEP in December 2025 that a gasoline leak found in August 2025 at its Chelsea Pipeline Station and Tank Farm in Delaware County may have released up to 9,000 barrels (378,000 gallons) from a failed storage tank. DEP ordered interim cleanup, private-well sampling within 1,000 feet, bottled water on request and treatment where standards are exceeded; January 2026 well samples were non-detect.","location":{"name":"MIPC Chelsea Pipeline Station and Tank Farm","type":"Petroleum tank farm (refinery-affiliated)","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Aston, Bethel and Upper Chichester townships, Delaware County; near an unnamed tributary to Marcus Hook Creek","coordinates":{"lat":39.85,"lon":-75.45,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Delaware"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A large gasoline release to soil threatens groundwater used by nearby private wells.","secondary_drivers":["Above-ground storage tank failure"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEP (ref 1) reports soil impacts on the tank-farm property, while January 29, 2026 private-well samples were non-detect for gasoline compounds (ref 2), so off-site harm is potential.","service":"Residents within 1,000 feet of the western boundary can request bottled water and well sampling under the DEP order (ref 1).","scale":"The response covers private wells in three Delaware County townships around one facility (ref 1).","duration":"The leak was discovered in August 2025 and remediation progress reports and vapor-intrusion work continued into mid-2026 (ref 1).","significance":"DEP issued an administrative order on December 23, 2025 requiring Act 2 remediation (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The number of private wells in the 1,000-foot zone is not published."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The leak may have released up to 9,000 barrels of fuel, equivalent to 378,000 gallons (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Possible gasoline released","value":378000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Failed tank capacity","value":168000,"unit":"barrels","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Private wells sampled January 29, 2026 with detections","value":0,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Three wells, all non-detect (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Only one round of private-well results was found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"State environmental regulator"},{"name":"MIPC, LLC (Monroe Energy)","role":"Responsible party"},{"name":"Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration","role":"Federal tank regulator"}],"public_contact":"Monroe Energy well-sampling and bottled water line 610-364-8426; PA DEP environmental complaint line (866) 255-5158; emergencies (800) 541-2050","corrective_actions":["Interim remedial action plan, vapor-intrusion evaluation and sub-slab depressurization systems (ref 1).","Private-well sampling and point-of-entry treatment where standards are exceeded (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Monroe Energy's MIPC, LLC (community page)","publisher":"Pennsylvania DEP","date":"2026-07-24","url":"https://www.pa.gov/agencies/dep/dep-regions/southeast-regional-office/monroe-energy-mipc-llc","basis":"State regulatory record"},{"ref":2,"title":"MIPC Chelsea Tank Farm Site Potable Well Analytical Results Summary","publisher":"Pennsylvania DEP","date":"2026-01-29","url":"https://files.dep.state.pa.us/RegionalResources/SERO/SEROPortalFiles/Community%20Info/MIPC/January%2029%202026%20Potable%20Well%20Analytical%20Results%20Summary.pdf","basis":"State regulatory record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-GREENCASTLE-FPR-SPILL-WATER-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Greencastle farm food-processing-residuals spill contaminating drinking water","description":"On June 30, 2021 a hose ruptured while Jones Manure Hauling transferred food processing residuals, a slaughter-waste fertilizer, into a storage pit at Barr Farm in Greencastle, Franklin County, and the spill went unreported to DEP. DEP found the spill contaminated neighbors' drinking water, which remains affected; in June 2026 the Attorney General charged the company and its owner with a felony Clean Streams Law count.","location":{"name":"Barr Farm, Greencastle","type":"Agricultural operation (fertilizer storage pit)","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Greencastle area, Franklin County","coordinates":{"lat":39.79,"lon":-77.73,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Franklin"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A land-applied fertilizer material spilled at a farm storage pit and reached household water supplies.","secondary_drivers":["Unreported agricultural spill","Food processing residuals used as fertilizer"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEP determined the spill contaminated the local drinking-water supply, with neighbors reporting water smelling of dead poultry (ref 1).","service":"The Attorney General said the company's neglect cost neighbors access to clean drinking water (ref 1).","scale":"The affected supply serves neighbors of a single farm near Greencastle (refs 1, 2).","duration":"The 2021 spill's contamination remained in the water supply as of the June 2026 charges (ref 1).","significance":"Felony and misdemeanor criminal charges were filed by the Attorney General's Environmental Crimes Section (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The number of affected households is not stated."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"DEP determined the spill had contaminated the water supply, which remains affected (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Years since spill with supply still contaminated","value":5,"unit":"years","status":"Estimated","note":"June 30, 2021 spill to June 2026 charges (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"The supply was still contaminated five years after the spill (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"State environmental regulator"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Office of Attorney General","role":"Criminal prosecution"},{"name":"Jones Manure Hauling, LLP","role":"Charged party"}],"public_contact":"PA DEP environmental complaint line (866) 255-5158; emergencies (800) 541-2050","corrective_actions":["Criminal prosecution by the Attorney General's Environmental Crimes Section (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"State Attorney General files felony charges over unreported manure spill tainting Franklin County water","publisher":"LocalNews1.org","date":"2026-06-05","url":"https://localnews1.org/state-attorney-general-files-felony-charges-over-unreported-manure-spill-tainting-franklin-county-water/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Drinking Water Complaint Leads to Environmental Crime Charges","publisher":"MyChesCo","date":"2026-06-04","url":"https://www.mychesco.com/a/news/social-issues/crime-safety/drinking-water-complaint-leads-to-environmental-crime-charges/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-PENN-TWP-AM-COMPOSTING-FIRES-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"A&M Composting biosolids facility fires and Clean Streams Law violations","description":"Fires in November 2023 and December 2025 at A&M Composting's biosolids composting facility in Penn Township, Lancaster County, which processes municipal wastewater sludge, led DEP to cite Solid Waste Management Act and Clean Streams Law violations. A September 2026 consent order sets a $702,261 penalty and requires firefighting procedures that control storm and fire-water runoff.","location":{"name":"A&M Composting facility, Penn Township","type":"Biosolids composting facility","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"2022 Mountain Road, Manheim area, Penn Township, Lancaster County","coordinates":{"lat":40.17,"lon":-76.4,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Lancaster"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Facility fire controls failed and firefighting runoff from sewage-sludge compost triggered Clean Streams Law violations.","secondary_drivers":["Biosolids processing","Fire-water runoff"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEP found Clean Streams Law violations during the two fires and required stormwater BMPs for future firefighting runoff (ref 1); no stream damage figures are given.","service":"The DEP site page (ref 2) describes odor and particulate concerns, not water-service effects.","scale":"Impacts are confined to one composting site and its runoff (ref 2).","duration":"The December 2025 fire burned from December 24 until January 2, 2026, and burnt-material removal continued into January (ref 2).","significance":"A Consent Order and Agreement set a $702,261 civil penalty, $76,524 of it to the Clean Water Fund (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A&M agreed to pay a civil penalty totaling $702,261 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Civil penalty","value":702261,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Clean Water Fund portion","value":76524,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The facility may not accept waste until DEP inspects and approves it (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"State environmental regulator"},{"name":"A&M Composting, Inc.","role":"Permittee"}],"public_contact":"PA DEP environmental complaint line (866) 255-5158; emergencies (800) 541-2050","corrective_actions":["Restore building, biofilters and equipment to permit standards (ref 1).","Firefighting SOPs with stormwater BMPs and an updated Preparedness, Prevention and Contingency plan (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Shapiro Administration Holds A&M Composting Accountable for Waste and Water Violations Related to Recent Fires","publisher":"Pennsylvania DEP","date":"2026-09-23","url":"https://www.pa.gov/agencies/dep/newsroom/2026-09-23-shapiro-administration-holds-am-composting-accountable-for-waste-water-violations","basis":"State enforcement press release"},{"ref":2,"title":"A&M Composting Fire (community page)","publisher":"Pennsylvania DEP","date":"2026-09-21","url":"https://www.pa.gov/agencies/dep/dep-regions/southcentral-regional-office/a-and-m-composting-fire","basis":"State regulatory record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-AMERICAN-WATER-ESSENTIAL-MERGER-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"American Water-Essential Utilities merger before the Pennsylvania PUC","description":"American Water Works, parent of Pennsylvania American Water, and Essential Utilities, parent of Aqua Pennsylvania, are seeking PUC approval to merge into what a state legislator calls the largest private water utility in the United States. The two Pennsylvania subsidiaries serve about 2.4 million and 1.5 million people; Chester Water Authority and Upland Borough protested, the PUC held statewide hearings in spring 2026, and a non-unanimous settlement reached in August 2026 awaits PUC approval.","location":{"name":"Pennsylvania American Water and Aqua Pennsylvania","type":"Investor-owned water and wastewater utilities (statewide)","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Service areas in dozens of counties statewide; PUC dockets A-2025-3058927, -3058928, -3058929","counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The deal would concentrate ownership of Pennsylvania's two largest investor-owned water utilities, with rate and affordability stakes.","secondary_drivers":["Utility consolidation","Acquisition-driven rate base growth"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health or environmental harm is at issue in the merger proceeding (ref 1).","service":"The PUC hearing notice (ref 1) and the legislator's comment (ref 3) describe no service interruption, only rate and affordability concerns.","scale":"PAW serves 2.4 million people and Aqua Pennsylvania 1.5 million in Pennsylvania (ref 2).","duration":"The merger was announced in October 2025 and remained pending before the PUC in late August 2026 (refs 2, 4).","significance":"A formal PUC proceeding with protests and a non-unanimous settlement subject to PUC approval (ref 4); no order yet."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":3900000,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of 2.4 million people served by PAW and 1.5 million by Aqua Pennsylvania (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The merger would create the largest private water utility in the United States (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"People served in PA by Pennsylvania American Water","value":2400000,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"People served in PA by Aqua Pennsylvania","value":1500000,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Combined company value","value":63,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Pending merger of the two largest PA investor-owned water utilities","Non-unanimous settlement awaiting PUC approval"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Awaiting a PUC decision."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission","role":"Rate and merger regulator"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Office of Consumer Advocate","role":"Customer representative"},{"name":"American Water Works Company and Essential Utilities","role":"Applicants"}],"public_contact":"Pennsylvania Office of Consumer Advocate 1-800-684-6560, consumer@paoca.org","corrective_actions":["PUC public input hearings in Dauphin, Chester, Lackawanna, Montgomery, Washington and Clarion counties, April-May 2026 (ref 2).","Non-unanimous settlement filed for PUC approval (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PUC Schedules Hearings to Gather Public Input on Proposed Merger Involving American Water Works and Essential Utilities","publisher":"Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission","date":"2026-03-19","url":"https://www.puc.pa.gov/press-release/2026/puc-schedules-hearings-to-gather-public-input-on-proposed-merger-involving-american-water-works-and-essential-utilities-03192026","basis":"State regulatory record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Merger of two water companies serving NEPA gets hearing in Scranton","publisher":"Wyoming County Examiner","date":"2026-03-20","url":"https://www.wcexaminer.com/2026/03/20/merger-of-two-water-companies-serving-nepa-gets-hearing-in-scranton","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Public Comment Opposing Water Utility Merger","publisher":"Rep. Danielle Friel Otten, PA House","date":"2026-05-07","url":"https://pahouse.com/FrielOtten/News/?id=143609","basis":"Elected official statement"},{"ref":4,"title":"American Water Works Company, Inc. Form 8-K","publisher":"U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (EDGAR)","date":"2026-08-28","url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001410636/000141063626000128/awk-20260828.htm","basis":"Company regulatory filing"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-PA-PAWC-RATE-CASE-2025","US-PA-CHESTER-WATER-AUTHORITY-FINANCIAL-GOVERNANCE-2025"]},{"id":"US-PA-PHILADELPHIA-WATER-RATES-TAP-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Philadelphia Water two-year rate increase and rising TAP surcharge","description":"Philadelphia's Water, Sewer and Storm Water Rate Board approved a two-year increase raising the typical residential bill from $81.77 to $89.42 (9.4%) on September 1, 2025 and to $94.31 (5.5% more) on September 1, 2026. The surcharge that funds the Tiered Assistance Program for low-income customers was also raised in July 2026 to $5.41 per MCF for water and $7.56 per MCF for sewer, based on about 69,055 projected TAP participants.","location":{"name":"Philadelphia Water Department","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"City and County of Philadelphia","coordinates":{"lat":39.95,"lon":-75.165,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Philadelphia"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"PA1510001"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Successive base-rate and assistance-surcharge increases raise water affordability pressure in a large low-income city.","secondary_drivers":["Capital and operating cost growth","Customer assistance funded through surcharges"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The Rate Board determination (ref 1) addresses costs and bills, not a health or environmental exceedance.","service":"The City's bill guidance (ref 3) describes help programs, and the opened sources report no shutoff counts.","scale":"PWD serves a population of 1,600,000 per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Increases take effect in September 2025 and September 2026, with a further TAP-R rise approved for FY2027 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Formal Rate Board determinations of July 23, 2025 and July 1, 2026 (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":1600000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Typical residential bill rises from $81.77 to $89.42 on September 1, 2025 (9.4%) and to $94.31 on September 1, 2026 (another 5.5%) (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Typical residential monthly bill, Sept 2026","value":94.31,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"430 cf/month (ref 1)."},{"name":"TAP-R water surcharge from Sept 1, 2026","value":5.41,"unit":"USD per MCF","status":"Reported","note":"Up from $3.59 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Projected TAP participants","value":69055,"unit":"customers","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Consecutive annual rate increases","Growing assistance-program revenue loss recovered through surcharge"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Bills rise in each of 2025 and 2026, and the TAP-R surcharge increased from $3.59 to $5.41 per MCF (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Philadelphia Water, Sewer and Storm Water Rate Board","role":"Rate setter"},{"name":"Philadelphia Water Department","role":"Utility operator"},{"name":"Community Legal Services (Public Advocate)","role":"Residential customer advocate"}],"public_contact":"City of Philadelphia water bill help and TAP applications via phila.gov (Water Revenue Bureau)","corrective_actions":["Tiered Assistance Program income-based bills and senior 25% discount (ref 3).","Annual TAP-R reconciliation proceeding (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Rate Determination in 2025 General Rate Proceeding","publisher":"Philadelphia Water, Sewer and Storm Water Rate Board","date":"2025-07-23","url":"https://www.phila.gov/media/20250723172348/7.23.25-General-Rate-Determination.pdf","basis":"Local regulatory record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Rate Determination in 2026 TAP-R Reconciliation Proceeding","publisher":"Philadelphia Water, Sewer and Storm Water Rate Board","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://www.phila.gov/media/20260701161906/Rate-Determination-in-2026-TAP-R-Reconciliation-Proceeding-1.pdf","basis":"Local regulatory record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Four things you should know about changes to your water bill","publisher":"City of Philadelphia, Department of Revenue","date":"2025-10-14","url":"https://www.phila.gov/2025-10-14-four-things-you-should-know-about-changes-to-your-water-bill","basis":"Local government notice"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record (PHILADELPHIA)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/PA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PHILADELPHIA/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PA-YORK-SEWER-PRIVATIZATION-RATES-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"York City sewer rates rise after sale to Pennsylvania American Water","description":"York sold its wastewater plant and collection system to Pennsylvania American Water for $235 million in a 2022 deal that froze sewer rates for three years. When the freeze ended, the PUC approved new rates effective May 27, 2025, an average increase of $36 a month; the City says more than 5,000 residents qualify for the utility's discount program but fewer than 450 have enrolled.","location":{"name":"York City wastewater system","type":"Investor-owned sewer service area (acquired municipal system)","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"City of York, York County; formerly city-owned plant also serving five suburban municipalities","coordinates":{"lat":39.96,"lon":-76.73,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["York"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"A municipal sewer sale under Pennsylvania's fair-market-value framework is now driving customer rate increases.","secondary_drivers":["Privatization of municipal sewer","Low enrollment in assistance programs"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The City's announcement (ref 1) concerns rates only and reports no environmental or health effect.","service":"The City (ref 1) describes a bill increase with no interruption of sewer service.","scale":"More than 5,000 City customers are eligible for the H2O discount program (ref 1), within one city sewer system.","duration":"The increase follows a three-year freeze from the 2022 sale and is the first in 8 years (ref 1); suburban municipalities had protested the sale since 2021 (ref 2).","significance":"The PUC approved the new rates (ref 1) after municipal protests were filed with the PUC (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The number of York City sewer customers is not stated; more than 5,000 are discount-eligible (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The average increase of $36 monthly was approved by the Pennsylvania Utility Commission (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Average monthly sewer increase","value":36,"unit":"USD/month","status":"Reported","note":"Effective May 27, 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Sale price","value":235000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Residents enrolled in H2O discount","value":450,"unit":"residents (fewer than)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Only the first post-freeze increase is documented."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission","role":"Rate regulator"},{"name":"Pennsylvania-American Water Company","role":"Sewer utility owner"},{"name":"City of York","role":"Former owner"}],"public_contact":"Pennsylvania American Water H2O Help to Others program 1-888-282-6816","corrective_actions":["City outreach to enroll eligible residents in the H2O Help to Others discount (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PA American Water Announces Rate Adjustment, York City Sewer Users Encouraged to Enroll in H20 Help to Others Discount Program","publisher":"City of York","date":"2025-05-02","url":"https://www.yorkcity.org/pa-american-water-announces-rate-adjustment-york-city-sewer-users-encouraged-to-enroll-in-h20-help-to-others-discount-program/","basis":"Local government notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"West Manchester Twp Files Protest at the PUC on Sale of York City's Wastewater System to PA American","publisher":"West Manchester Township","date":"2021-08-03","url":"https://www.westmanchestertownship.com/?p=10672","basis":"Local government notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-PA-PAWC-RATE-CASE-2025"]},{"id":"US-PA-COLUMBIA-SLUDGE-PFAS-GROUNDWATER-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Columbia County PFAS from farm-applied sewage sludge in wells and Briar Creek","description":"PFOA and PFOS well above state and federal MCLs were found in March 2024 at the Brookside public water system in North Centre Township, Columbia County, and DEP's follow-up sampling found private wells over MCLs in seven of 12 municipalities around Bloomsburg. DEP confirmed one source is municipal sewage sludge land-applied on farms from the mid-1980s to mid-1990s; it supplies bottled water and in-home treatment, and in February 2026 issued a do-not-eat fish advisory for Briar Creek.","location":{"name":"North Centre Township and Bloomsburg area","type":"Agricultural groundwater area (private and small public wells)","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"12 municipalities around Bloomsburg, Columbia County; origin at Brookside Village MHP public water system","coordinates":{"lat":41,"lon":-76.45,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Columbia"],"extent":"county","pwsid":"PA4190019"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS from biosolids spread on farmland leached into the aquifer that supplies homes and streams.","secondary_drivers":["Historical land application of sewage sludge","Rural reliance on private wells"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEP's statement of decision (ref 1) records PFOA and PFOS well above PA and federal MCLs at Brookside in March 2024, and PFOS in Briar Creek fish exceeded the 0.04 ppm do-not-eat level (ref 3).","service":"Homes over PA MCLs receive bottled water until treatment is installed (refs 1, 2), and 30 point-of-entry systems were installed in the Briar Creek watershed (ref 3).","scale":"Wells above MCLs were found in seven of the 12 sampled municipalities around Bloomsburg (ref 1).","duration":"Sludge was applied mid-1980s to mid-1990s and the response has run from 2024 to a September 11, 2026 decision (ref 1).","significance":"DEP adopted a Hazardous Sites Cleanup Act prompt interim response (ref 1), and agencies issued a do-not-eat advisory that ended trout stocking (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Total affected households are not published; the origin public system serves 475 people per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"One confirmed source of PFAS contamination in the groundwater is historical land application of municipal sewage sludge on multiple agricultural properties (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Municipalities with wells above MCLs","value":7,"unit":"municipalities","status":"Reported","note":"Of 12 sampled (ref 1)."},{"name":"POET systems installed, Briar Creek watershed","value":30,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Brookside Village MHP population served","value":475,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Sampling expanded from a 0.5-mile radius to 12 municipalities as more impacted wells were found (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","role":"State environmental regulator"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission","role":"Fish advisory and stocking"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Health","role":"Health advisory"}],"public_contact":"DEP Northcentral Region HSCA program, ra-epncechsca@pa.gov","corrective_actions":["Bottled water or PFAS-certified pitchers, then point-of-entry or point-of-use treatment (ref 1).","Continued well sampling until the plume is delineated (ref 1); fish advisory and stocking halt (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Statement of Decision, North Centre Township PFAS Investigation","publisher":"Pennsylvania DEP","date":"2026-09-11","url":"https://files.dep.state.pa.us/RegionalResources/NCRO/NCROPortalFiles/CommunityInformation/North-Centre-Twp-HSCA/Admin-Record-2026/PART%20V/N_Ctr_PFAS_SOD_signed.pdf","basis":"State regulatory record"},{"ref":2,"title":"North Centre Township HSCA Investigation (community page)","publisher":"Pennsylvania DEP","date":"2026-09-14","url":"https://www.pa.gov/agencies/dep/dep-regions/northcentral-regional-office/north-centre-township-hsca-investigation","basis":"State regulatory record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Pennsylvanians Advised to Not Eat Fish from Portions of Briar Creek and Middle Spring Creek","publisher":"Pennsylvania DEP","date":"2026-02-27","url":"https://www.pa.gov/agencies/dep/newsroom/2026-02-27-pennsylvanians-advised-to-not-eat-fish-from-portions-of-briar-creek-and-middle-spring-creek","basis":"State advisory"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record (BROOKSIDE)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/PA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BROOKSIDE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"Letter to North Centre Township Supervisors re: North Centre Township PFAS Investigation","publisher":"Pennsylvania DEP Northcentral Regional Office","date":"2024-09-26","url":"https://files.dep.state.pa.us/regionalresources/NCRO/NCROPortalFiles/CommunityInformation/North-Centre-Twp-HSCA/Admin-Record/PART%20IV/9-26-24%20letter%20to%20township.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":6,"title":"Notice of Prompt-Interim Response: North Centre Township PFAS Investigation","publisher":"Pennsylvania DEP","date":"2025-02-22","url":"https://files.dep.state.pa.us/regionalresources/NCRO/NCROPortalFiles/CommunityInformation/North-Centre-Twp-HSCA/Admin-Record/PART%20IV/PIR%20-%20public%20noticeNCentre-FINAL.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":7,"title":"DEP PFAS investigation (email to township with Department of Health resources)","publisher":"Pennsylvania DEP","date":"2024-09-26","url":"https://files.dep.state.pa.us/regionalresources/NCRO/NCROPortalFiles/CommunityInformation/North-Centre-Twp-HSCA/Admin-Record/PART%20IV/DEP%20PFAS%20investigation%20.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-PA-CLEARVIEW-PFAS-SCHOOL-2024"]},{"id":"US-IL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"UCMR 5: 27 Illinois water systems had PFOA or PFOS samples above 4 ppt","description":"EPA's final UCMR 5 data show 27 of 487 sampled Illinois public water systems had at least one PFOA or PFOS result above the 2024 federal MCL of 4.0 ppt between 2023 and 2025, and 5 systems (East Alton, Galesburg, Abingdon, Collinsville, Dupo) averaged above it. UCMR results are occurrence monitoring, not compliance running annual averages; Illinois adopted matching PFAS MCLs with compliance due in April 2029.","location":{"name":"Illinois public water systems (UCMR 5)","type":"Statewide set of public water systems","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Systems across Illinois sampled under EPA's fifth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule, 2023-2025; highest results in Madison, Knox and Winnebago counties.","coordinates":{"lat":39.7817,"lon":-89.6501,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOA and PFOS concentrations in delivered or entry-point drinking water are a water-quality problem.","secondary_drivers":["industrial-energy"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 (ref 1) records PFOA at 18 ppt at Collinsville (Aug. 1, 2024) and PFOS at 17 ppt at East Alton (Sept. 8, 2025), four times the 4.0 ppt MCL.","service":"Collinsville, the highest PFOA result in the dataset, now tells residents to filter tap water for drinking and cooking (ref 3); elsewhere notices only.","scale":"27 of the 487 Illinois systems sampled under UCMR 5 (ref 1) had one or more PFOA or PFOS results above 4 ppt, spanning every region of the state.","duration":"Exceedances in the UCMR 5 data (ref 1) run from 2023 through November 2025, and compliance with the MCLs is not required until April 2029 (ref 2).","significance":"UCMR 5 is a federal monitoring rule (ref 1); the state adopted identical PFAS MCLs in early 2026 (ref 2) but no compliance violations are possible before 2029."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"UCMR 5 does not report population; served populations differ by system."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"27 Illinois systems had a UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS result above 4.0 ppt; 5 averaged above it."},"measures":[{"name":"Illinois systems with any PFOA or PFOS UCMR 5 result above 4.0 ppt","value":27,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Counted from UCMR5_All.txt (ref 1): State IL, Contaminant PFOA or PFOS, AnalyticalResultValue converted from ug/L to ppt and compared with 4.0. Not a compliance determination."},{"name":"Illinois systems with mean PFOA or PFOS above 4.0 ppt","value":5,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Arithmetic mean of each system's UCMR 5 results for one contaminant, non-detects counted as zero (ref 1); not a running annual average."},{"name":"Illinois systems sampled under UCMR 5","value":487,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Distinct IL PWSIDs in UCMR5_All.txt (ref 1)."},{"name":"Highest Illinois PFOA result","value":18,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Collinsville water treatment plant, Aug. 1, 2024 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Highest Illinois PFOS result","value":17,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"East Alton treatment plant, Sept. 8, 2025 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 is a single 2023-2025 monitoring cycle."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water","role":"UCMR administrator"},{"name":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Bureau of Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Illinois EPA, 1021 North Grand Avenue East, Springfield, IL 62702; 217-782-3397","corrective_actions":["Illinois Pollution Control Board adopted identical-in-substance PFAS MCLs in early 2026; initial monitoring due April 25, 2027 and compliance from April 26, 2029 (ref 2).","Affected systems are planning treatment or new wells (see related system records)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Illinois EPA Issues Statement on Trump Administration's Rollback of PFAS Requirements for Drinking Water","publisher":"Illinois EPA","date":"2026-05-21","url":"https://www.illinois.gov/content/dam/soi/en/web/illinois/iisnewsattachments/32545-052126-05-21-2026-iepa-pfas-statement-final.pdf.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Collinsville asks residents to filter water after PFAS tests","publisher":"St. Louis Public Radio / Belleville News-Democrat","date":"2025-09-25","url":"https://www.stlpr.org/health-science-environment/2025-09-25/collinsvilles-water-safe-city-pfas-tests","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":8,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-RTK-2025","US-IL-COLLINSVILLE-PFAS-2025","US-IL-EAST-ALTON-PFAS-2025","US-IL-GALESBURG-PFAS-2025","US-IL-CREST-HILL-PFAS-2025","US-IL-NORTH-PARK-PWD-PFAS-2025"]},{"id":"US-IL-COLLINSVILLE-PFAS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Collinsville tap water PFOA up to 18 ppt; city tells residents to filter","description":"Collinsville's finished water tested at 18 ppt PFOA in August 2024 and at 11 and 17 ppt in May and June 2025, above the 4 ppt standard. In September 2025 the city reversed earlier assurances and recommended residents filter tap water for drinking and cooking. A granular activated carbon retrofit is planned by 2029, with about $5.7 million of the $11.5 million cost identified as of July 2026.","location":{"name":"Collinsville water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"City of Collinsville, Madison County (Metro East), groundwater system serving about 30,600 people.","coordinates":{"lat":38.6703,"lon":-89.9845,"precision":"city","source_ref":6},"counties":["Madison"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IL1194280"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOA in finished drinking water above the MCL is a water-quality problem; the fix is a treatment retrofit.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Treated samples from May 2 and June 26, 2025 held 11 and 17 ppt PFOA (ref 3); UCMR 5 logged 18 ppt PFOA and 8.9 ppt PFOS on Aug. 1, 2024 (ref 1).","service":"The city now recommends residents filter tap water before drinking or cooking with it until the plant is renovated (refs 3, 4).","scale":"One municipal system serving 30,616 people per SDWIS (ref 6); the water department cites 27,000 customers (ref 5).","duration":"Untreated wells hit 44 ppt PFOA in 2021 and 2023 (ref 2), and the treatment retrofit is not expected to be complete until summer 2029 (ref 4).","significance":"Illinois EPA mailed a public health notice to Collinsville customers in April 2025 (ref 2); no enforcement order is reported."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":30616,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 6)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOA was detected in Collinsville's finished treated water at 18 parts per trillion, four and a half times the 4 ppt limit (August 2024)."},"measures":[{"name":"PFOA, finished water, Aug. 2024","value":18,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 2."},{"name":"PFOA, finished water, June 26, 2025","value":17,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Treatment retrofit cost","value":11.5,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Roughly $5.7 million identified as of July 2026 (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["About half of the $11.5 million PFAS retrofit was funded as of July 2026 (ref 4).","City found no viable way to fund filters for low-income residents (ref 4)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"2025 finished-water results rose to the point the existing treatment could not remove PFAS (refs 3, 5)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Collinsville Water Department","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Bureau of Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Collinsville, 125 South Center Street, Collinsville, IL 62234","corrective_actions":["Stopped using one high-PFOA well in September 2024 (ref 2).","Design contract for granular activated carbon retrofit; construction expected to start February 2028 and finish by summer 2029 (ref 4).","Expected $4.8 million from PFAS manufacturer class-action settlements plus federal and state grants (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"80K in Metro East Illinois have elevated PFAS in their water","publisher":"St. Louis Public Radio","date":"2025-05-06","url":"https://www.stlpr.org/health-science-environment/2025-05-06/80k-metro-east-illinois-elevated-forever-chemicals-water","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Collinsville asks residents to filter water after PFAS tests","publisher":"St. Louis Public Radio / Belleville News-Democrat","date":"2025-09-25","url":"https://www.stlpr.org/health-science-environment/2025-09-25/collinsvilles-water-safe-city-pfas-tests","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Collinsville has 50% of funds needed to fix water plant for PFAS","publisher":"St. Louis Public Radio","date":"2026-07-06","url":"https://www.stlpr.org/health-science-environment/2026-07-06/collinsville-half-money-renovate-water-plant-forever-chemicals","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"Testing showing higher level of PFAS contamination in water source has Collinsville water department recommending additional steps","publisher":"First Alert 4 (KMOV)","date":"2025-09-24","url":"https://www.firstalert4.com/2025/09/24/testing-showing-higher-level-pfas-contamination-water-source-has-collinsville-water-department-recommending-additional-steps/","basis":"News"},{"ref":6,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Collinsville (IL1194280)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/IL1194280/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-IL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-RTK-2025"]},{"id":"US-IL-GALESBURG-PFAS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Galesburg finished water PFOA at 5.9 ppt; raw wells up to 15 ppt PFOS","description":"Galesburg's finished water still carries PFOA at 5.9 ppt, above the 4 ppt standard, after the city cut levels from 12 ppt in 2020; Illinois EPA notices went to customers in April 2025 and again in 2026 after raw water in three idle wells tested at 15 and 4.7 ppt PFOS. Abingdon, which buys Galesburg water, recorded 9.4 ppt PFOA in UCMR 5. The city plans new PFAS-free wells near its Oquawka plant.","location":{"name":"Galesburg water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"City of Galesburg, Knox County; wells near the Mississippi River at Oquawka (Henderson County) feed a 31-mile pipeline; Abingdon buys water.","coordinates":{"lat":40.9478,"lon":-90.3712,"precision":"city","source_ref":6},"counties":["Knox","Henderson"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IL0950200"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOA and PFOS in the city's source and finished water are a water-quality problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"City officials say finished water remains at 5.9 ppt PFOA, above the 4 ppt MCL, in both 2025 and 2026 sampling (refs 2, 3); Abingdon's interconnection hit 9.4 ppt in June 2024 (ref 1).","service":"Illinois EPA notices went to Galesburg residents in April 2025 and again in September 2026 (refs 2, 3); no use restriction was issued.","scale":"Galesburg serves 31,620 people and its customer Abingdon 3,275, per SDWIS (refs 6, 7).","duration":"PFAS has been in the supply since December 2020 (ref 4), and new wells are not to be built until 2027 (ref 3).","significance":"State-mandated PFAS notices in 2025 and 2026 (refs 2, 3, 5); no violation or order, since MCL compliance starts in 2029."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":34895,"status":"Reported","note":"Galesburg 31,620 plus Abingdon 3,275 per SDWIS (refs 6, 7)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The current level is down to 5.9 parts per trillion, which is still above the maximum contaminant level of 4 parts per trillion."},"measures":[{"name":"PFOA, finished water","value":5.9,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 2, 3."},{"name":"PFOS, raw water at idle wells (max)","value":15,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"PFOA, Abingdon interconnection, June 3, 2024","value":9.4,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 5."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Finished-water PFOA unchanged at 5.9 ppt between 2025 and 2026 sampling (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Galesburg Public Works","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Bureau of Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Galesburg Public Works, 55 W Tompkins St, Galesburg, IL 61401; 309-345-3625","corrective_actions":["Pilot study of treatment options and test wells near the Oquawka plant; one test well showed no PFAS (refs 2, 4).","Retire two wells at 15 ppt PFOS, keep a third for emergencies, and build two new PFAS-free wells next year (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Galesburg proactively addresses PFAS in water system","publisher":"Tri States Public Radio","date":"2025-04-22","url":"https://www.tspr.org/tspr-local-news/2025-04-22/galesburg-proactively-addresses-pfas-in-water-system","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Why Galesburg residents are getting a notice about a forever chemical in raw water from unused wells","publisher":"Tri States Public Radio","date":"2026-09-03","url":"https://www.tspr.org/tspr-local-news/2026-09-03/why-galesburg-residents-are-getting-a-notice-about-a-forever-chemical-in-raw-water-from-unused-wells","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"'It's definitely a big deal,' No PFAS found in Galesburg test well","publisher":"KWQC-TV6","date":"2025-11-13","url":"https://www.kwqc.com/2025/11/13/its-definitely-big-deal-no-pfas-found-galesburg-test-well/","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"PFAS right-to-know: community water supplies with groundwater exceedances (most recent data)","publisher":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2025-04-10","url":"https://www.illinois.gov/content/dam/soi/en/web/illinois/iisnewsattachments/31161-041425-pfas-rtk-groundwater-exceedances-most-recent-data-web.pdf.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":6,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Galesburg (IL0950200)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/IL0950200/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":7,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Abingdon (IL0950050)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/IL0950050/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-IL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-RTK-2025"]},{"id":"US-IL-EAST-ALTON-PFAS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"East Alton water hit 16 ppt PFOA and 17 ppt PFOS in 2025 federal testing","description":"East Alton's treatment plant recorded PFOA at 8.5 and 16 ppt and PFOS at 5.4 and 17 ppt in March and September 2025 UCMR 5 sampling, the highest PFOS result in Illinois and the highest system average in the state. Illinois EPA had already listed East Alton for PFHxS at 12 ppt (February 2024), above the 10 ppt standard. No treatment plan was found in the sources reviewed.","location":{"name":"East Alton water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Village of East Alton, Madison County (Metro East), groundwater system.","coordinates":{"lat":38.8803,"lon":-90.1112,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Madison"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IL1190200"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS concentrations in the village's treated water are a water-quality problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 (ref 1) shows the East Alton plant at 16 ppt PFOA and 17 ppt PFOS on Sept. 8, 2025, about four times each 4 ppt MCL.","service":"East Alton customers were among Metro East residents receiving Illinois EPA PFAS letters in spring 2025 (refs 2, 3); no use restriction reported.","scale":"A single village system serving 5,786 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Exceedances span the PFHxS result of Feb. 26, 2024 (ref 3) through the September 2025 UCMR sample (ref 1).","significance":"Listed on Illinois EPA's April 2025 PFAS right-to-know exceedance table (ref 3), a formal notice; no order."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":5786,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"UCMR 5: PFOA 16 ppt and PFOS 17 ppt at the East Alton treatment plant, Sept. 8, 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"PFOS, Sept. 8, 2025","value":17,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"PFOA, Sept. 8, 2025","value":16,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"PFHxS, Feb. 26, 2024","value":12,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 2, 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"UCMR results rose from 8.5 ppt PFOA / 5.4 ppt PFOS in March 2025 to 16 / 17 ppt in September 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Village of East Alton Water Department","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Bureau of Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Village of East Alton water plant, 119 W Main, East Alton, IL 62024; 618-259-4646","corrective_actions":["No treatment project for East Alton was documented in the sources reviewed; state PFAS MCL compliance is due April 2029."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"80K in Metro East Illinois have elevated PFAS in their water","publisher":"St. Louis Public Radio","date":"2025-05-06","url":"https://www.stlpr.org/health-science-environment/2025-05-06/80k-metro-east-illinois-elevated-forever-chemicals-water","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"PFAS right-to-know: community water supplies with groundwater exceedances (most recent data)","publisher":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2025-04-10","url":"https://www.illinois.gov/content/dam/soi/en/web/illinois/iisnewsattachments/31161-041425-pfas-rtk-groundwater-exceedances-most-recent-data-web.pdf.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: East Alton (IL1190200)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/IL1190200/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["corrective_actions"],"related_ids":["US-IL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-IL-COLLINSVILLE-PFAS-2025"]},{"id":"US-IL-CREST-HILL-PFAS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Crest Hill wells: PFOA up to 13.7 ppt and PFHxS 12.2 ppt","description":"Illinois EPA found PFOA at 13.7 ppt and PFHxS at 12.2 ppt in Crest Hill wells sampled in December 2023, and UCMR 5 recorded PFOA between 4.6 and 13.7 ppt at three treatment points in 2023. The city mailed notices in April 2025; two of eight wells are affected, and the city plans to switch to Lake Michigan water around 2030. Stateville Correctional Center is a connected system.","location":{"name":"Crest Hill water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"City of Crest Hill, Will County, southwest of Chicago; groundwater wells; Stateville Correctional Center buys water.","coordinates":{"lat":41.5548,"lon":-88.0987,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Will"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IL1970250"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOA and PFHxS in well water used for supply are a water-quality problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 shows Well 1 at 13.7 ppt PFOA on Dec. 28, 2023 and Well 10 at 10.5 ppt (ref 1); state data add PFHxS at 12.2 ppt (ref 2).","service":"The city mailed residents a PFAS notice in mid-April 2025 (ref 3); the six uncontaminated wells keep supplying water.","scale":"Crest Hill serves 20,223 people per SDWIS (ref 5), plus the connected Stateville Correctional Center (ref 2).","duration":"Wells were tested in 2021 and December 2023, and the Lake Michigan pipeline is likely complete only in 2030 (refs 3, 4).","significance":"Formal state PFAS exceedance notice under the April 2025 groundwater standards (refs 2, 3); no order or violation."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":20223,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5). Illinois EPA's table lists a population of 709 for the affected wells' service (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOA was detected at 13.7 parts per trillion, over three times its regulated limit of 4 ppt."},"measures":[{"name":"PFOA, Well 1, Dec. 28, 2023","value":13.7,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 2."},{"name":"PFHxS, Dec. 28, 2023","value":12.2,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Wells affected","value":2,"unit":"of 8 wells","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No retest results published after December 2023 in the sources reviewed."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Crest Hill","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Bureau of Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Crest Hill, 20600 City Center Blvd, Crest Hill, IL 60403; 815-741-5100","corrective_actions":["Switch to treated Lake Michigan water via Chicago under a 2023 regional agreement, with the pipeline likely finished in 2030 (refs 3, 4).","Continued testing through 2027 (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"PFAS right-to-know: community water supplies with groundwater exceedances (most recent data)","publisher":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2025-04-10","url":"https://www.illinois.gov/content/dam/soi/en/web/illinois/iisnewsattachments/31161-041425-pfas-rtk-groundwater-exceedances-most-recent-data-web.pdf.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Illinois Communities Grapple With 'Forever Chemicals' in Their Drinking Water","publisher":"Inside Climate News","date":"2025-07-15","url":"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/15072025/illinois-drinking-water-pfas-forever-chemicals/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Contaminated drinking water in Illinois raises concern over PFAS exposure risks","publisher":"Environmental Health News","date":"2025-07-17","url":"https://www.ehn.org/contaminated-drinking-water-in-illinois-raises-concern-over-pfas-exposure-risks","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Crest Hill (IL1970250)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/IL1970250/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-IL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-RTK-2025"]},{"id":"US-IL-NORTH-PARK-PWD-PFAS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"North Park Water District wells exceed PFAS limits; $61M treatment plant","description":"North Park Public Water District, serving Machesney Park and nearby Winnebago County, had PFHxS at 15 ppt (August 2023) on Illinois EPA's exceedance list, and 2025 UCMR 5 samples found PFOA up to 6.2 ppt and PFOS up to 7.3 ppt at three wells. The district is shutting Well 2 and building a $61 million treatment plant with about $20.3 million in grants.","location":{"name":"North Park Public Water District","type":"Public water district","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Machesney Park and surrounding areas, Winnebago County, north of Rockford; groundwater wells.","coordinates":{"lat":42.3472,"lon":-89.039,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Winnebago"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IL2015500"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in district well water is a water-quality problem being addressed with new treatment.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 (ref 1) recorded PFOS 7.3 ppt at Well 4 and PFOA 6.2 ppt at Well 2 on Feb. 6, 2025, both above the 4 ppt MCLs.","service":"Customers received PFAS notices in April 2025 and the district is taking Well 2 out of service (ref 3).","scale":"District serves 35,580 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Exceedances run from the Aug. 24, 2023 PFHxS result (ref 2) through August 2025 UCMR samples (ref 1), with treatment still under construction.","significance":"Named on Illinois EPA's April 2025 PFAS right-to-know exceedance table (ref 2); no violation or order."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":35580,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFHxS detected at 15 ppt (Aug. 24, 2023) against the 10 ppt standard; PFOS up to 7.3 ppt in 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"PFHxS, Aug. 24, 2023","value":15,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"PFOS, Well 4, Feb. 6, 2025","value":7.3,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Treatment plant cost","value":61,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"About $20.3 million in grants awarded (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"August 2025 UCMR results (5.3 ppt PFOA, 4.1 ppt PFOS) were below February 2025 peaks (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"North Park Public Water District","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Bureau of Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"North Park Water District, 1350 Turret Drive, Machesney Park, IL 61115; 815-633-5461","corrective_actions":["Shutting down Well 2 on Victory Lane (ref 3).","New well and $61 million treatment plant under construction behind Machesney Elementary (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"PFAS right-to-know: community water supplies with groundwater exceedances (most recent data)","publisher":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2025-04-10","url":"https://www.illinois.gov/content/dam/soi/en/web/illinois/iisnewsattachments/31161-041425-pfas-rtk-groundwater-exceedances-most-recent-data-web.pdf.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"'Forever chemicals' found in some Rockford-area community water systems","publisher":"WIFR-TV","date":"2025-04-25","url":"https://www.wifr.com/2025/04/25/forever-chemicals-found-some-rockford-area-community-water-systems","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: North Park PWD (IL2015500)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/IL2015500/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-IL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-RTK-2025"]},{"id":"US-IL-ELGIN-LEAD-ALE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Elgin lead action level exceeded again; 90th percentile 53 ppb in late 2025","description":"Elgin has exceeded the federal lead action level of 15 ppb in repeated monitoring periods; Illinois EPA records a 90th percentile of 43 ppb in early 2025 and 53 ppb in late 2025, and 48 of 100 homes sampled in early 2025 were above 15 ppb. U.S. EPA has pressed Illinois EPA since 2022 for extra steps. The city attributes the lead to service lines and is replacing about 900 to 1,000 lines a year.","location":{"name":"Elgin water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"City of Elgin, Kane and Cook counties; Fox River surface-water system.","coordinates":{"lat":42.0354,"lon":-88.2826,"precision":"city","source_ref":6},"counties":["Kane","Cook"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IL0894380"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead at the tap from service lines is both a water-quality and an infrastructure problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Illinois EPA's lead summary (ref 4) lists 90th percentiles of 43 ppb (Jan.-June 2025) and 53 ppb (July-Dec. 2025), over three times the 15 ppb action level.","service":"The city issued lead notices and EPA reports filters were provided to homes with the greatest exceedances (refs 1, 2); service continues.","scale":"Elgin serves 114,797 people per SDWIS (ref 6).","duration":"EPA first intervened over Elgin lead results in November 2022 (ref 1), and Jan.-June 2026 still shows 18.5 ppb (ref 4).","significance":"U.S. EPA sent letters in 2022 and September 2023 urging Illinois EPA to require more action (ref 1); an exceedance triggers mandatory steps but is not a violation."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":114797,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 6)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"In the first half of 2025, 48 of 100 Elgin homes were found to have lead-in-water levels above 15 parts per billion."},"measures":[{"name":"Lead 90th percentile, July-Dec. 2025","value":53,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 4, 5."},{"name":"Lead 90th percentile, Jan.-June 2026","value":18.5,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"117 samples (ref 4)."},{"name":"Homes above 15 ppb, Jan.-June 2025","value":48,"unit":"of 100 sampled","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"90th percentile fell from 53 ppb (late 2025) to 18.5 ppb (early 2026), still above 15 ppb (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Elgin Water Department","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Bureau of Water","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 5","role":"Federal oversight"}],"public_contact":"City of Elgin Water Department, 150 Dexter Court, Elgin, IL 60120; 847-931-6744","corrective_actions":["Replacing almost 1,000 lead service lines a year at about $15,000 each (ref 2).","Filtration provided to homes with the highest results; follow-up testing and outreach urged by EPA (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Elgin's Drinking Water","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2024-01-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/il/city-elgins-drinking-water","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Elevated lead levels found in drinking water of some suburban homes","publisher":"NBC Chicago (Sun-Times Wire)","date":"2025-07-15","url":"https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/elevated-lead-levels-found-in-drinking-water-of-some-suburban-homes/3790274/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Elevated levels of lead found in some drinking water in Elgin","publisher":"ABC7 Chicago","date":"2025-07-16","url":"https://abc7chicago.com/17139347","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Illinois Drinking Water Watch: lead and copper 90th percentile summaries, Elgin","publisher":"Illinois EPA","date":null,"url":"https://water.epa.state.il.us/dww/JSP/LeadAndCopperSampleSummaryResults.jsp?tinwsys_is_number=716816&tinwsys_st_code=IL&begin_date=&end_date=&counter=0","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS lead 90th percentile results: Elgin (IL0894380)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/LCR_SAMPLE_RESULT/PWSID/IL0894380/CONTAMINANT_CODE/PB90/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Elgin (IL0894380)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/IL0894380/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IL-AURORA-LEAD-ALE-2025","US-IL-CHICAGO-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2024"]},{"id":"US-IL-AURORA-LEAD-ALE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Aurora exceeds lead action level three periods running, 2025-2026","description":"Aurora, Illinois' second-largest city, exceeded the 15 ppb lead action level in January-June 2025, July-December 2025 and January-June 2026, with 90th percentiles of 20.6, 24 and 25.7 ppb. The city attributes the results to lead service lines and the stricter first- and fifth-liter sampling under the revised rule, began orthophosphate corrosion control and has replaced 2,988 lead lines since 2018.","location":{"name":"Aurora water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"City of Aurora, Kane, DuPage, Will and Kendall counties; Fox River surface-water plant.","coordinates":{"lat":41.7606,"lon":-88.3201,"precision":"city","source_ref":6},"counties":["Kane","DuPage","Will","Kendall"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IL0894070"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead from service lines entering tap water is both a water-quality and an infrastructure problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Illinois EPA lead summaries (ref 4) show 90th percentiles of 20.6, 24 and 25.7 ppb across 100-sample rounds, all above 15 ppb.","service":"The city told residents to use lead-certified filters and get children tested (ref 2); no supply interruption.","scale":"Aurora serves 183,000 people per SDWIS (ref 6).","duration":"Three consecutive six-month exceedances from January 2025 through June 2026 (refs 1, 2, 3).","significance":"The exceedance triggers mandated public education, treatment adjustment and line replacement (ref 1); not an MCL violation."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":183000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 6)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than 10 percent of the 100 samples collected exceeded the EPA's action level for lead (July-December 2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"Lead 90th percentile, Jan.-June 2026","value":25.7,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 4, 5."},{"name":"Lead 90th percentile, July-Dec. 2025","value":24,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."},{"name":"Lead service lines replaced since 2018","value":2988,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"90th percentile rose each period from 20.6 to 25.7 ppb (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Aurora Water Production Division","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Bureau of Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Aurora Water Production Division, 1111 Aurora Avenue, Aurora, IL 60505; 630-256-3255","corrective_actions":["Orthophosphate corrosion control treatment began in March (ref 1).","Ongoing lead service line removal and an online service line inventory map (refs 1, 2).","Public education and continued sampling (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Aurora Drinking Water Lead Action Level Exceedance Notice","publisher":"City of Aurora","date":null,"url":"https://yourvoice.aurora.il.us/leadnotice","basis":"Local government record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Aurora issues lead water warning after some homes test over federal safety levels","publisher":"Chicago Sun-Times","date":"2026-07-15","url":"https://chicago.suntimes.com/news/2026/07/15/aurora-issues-lead-water-warning-after-some-homes-test-over-federal-safety-levels","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Elevated lead levels found in drinking water of some suburban homes","publisher":"NBC Chicago (Sun-Times Wire)","date":"2025-07-15","url":"https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/elevated-lead-levels-found-in-drinking-water-of-some-suburban-homes/3790274/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Illinois Drinking Water Watch: lead and copper 90th percentile summaries, Aurora","publisher":"Illinois EPA","date":null,"url":"https://water.epa.state.il.us/dww/JSP/LeadAndCopperSampleSummaryResults.jsp?tinwsys_is_number=716814&tinwsys_st_code=IL&begin_date=&end_date=&counter=0","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS lead 90th percentile results: Aurora (IL0894070)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/LCR_SAMPLE_RESULT/PWSID/IL0894070/CONTAMINANT_CODE/PB90/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Aurora (IL0894070)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/IL0894070/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (4). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IL-ELGIN-LEAD-ALE-2025","US-IL-CHICAGO-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2024"]},{"id":"US-IL-MAYWOOD-LEAD-ALE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Maywood lead 90th percentile hit 83 ppb in early 2025","description":"Maywood, a west suburban village that buys Lake Michigan water, reported a lead 90th percentile of 83 ppb for January-June 2025, more than five times the 15 ppb action level, based on 17 samples. The next round (84 samples, late 2025) came in at 5.4 ppb, but a lead public education violation remains open. EPA chose Maywood for its Get the Lead Out technical assistance in 2024.","location":{"name":"Maywood water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Village of Maywood, Cook County, west of Chicago; purchased surface water.","coordinates":{"lat":41.8792,"lon":-87.8431,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Cook"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IL0311830"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead from village service lines reaching taps is both a water-quality and an infrastructure problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Illinois EPA's summary lists a 0.083 mg/L (83 ppb) lead 90th percentile for January-June 2025 (ref 1).","service":"The exceedance required lead public education to customers, which Illinois EPA records as a violation in 2026 (ref 2); no outage.","scale":"Maywood serves 24,090 people per SDWIS (ref 5).","duration":"One six-month exceedance; the July-December 2025 result fell to 5.4 ppb (ref 1).","significance":"Illinois EPA lists a 2026 public education (LCR) violation and 2025-2026 lead tap monitoring violations (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":24090,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Lead 90th percentile 0.083 mg/L, January-June 2025 (17 samples)."},"measures":[{"name":"Lead 90th percentile, Jan.-June 2025","value":83,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 3."},{"name":"Lead 90th percentile, July-Dec. 2025","value":5.41,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"84 samples (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"83 ppb on 17 samples followed by 5.4 ppb on 84 samples (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Village of Maywood Public Works","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Bureau of Water","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 5","role":"Technical assistance (Get the Lead Out)"}],"public_contact":"Village of Maywood Public Works, 40 Madison St, Maywood, IL 60153; 708-774-3621","corrective_actions":["EPA Get the Lead Out partnership to inventory and accelerate replacement of lead service lines (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Illinois Drinking Water Watch: lead and copper 90th percentile summaries, Maywood","publisher":"Illinois EPA","date":null,"url":"https://water.epa.state.il.us/dww/JSP/LeadAndCopperSampleSummaryResults.jsp?tinwsys_is_number=716164&tinwsys_st_code=IL&begin_date=&end_date=&counter=0","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Illinois Drinking Water Watch: violations, Maywood","publisher":"Illinois EPA","date":null,"url":"https://water.epa.state.il.us/dww/JSP/Violations.jsp?tinwsys_is_number=716164&tinwsys_st_code=IL","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS lead 90th percentile results: Maywood (IL0311830)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/LCR_SAMPLE_RESULT/PWSID/IL0311830/CONTAMINANT_CODE/PB90/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA Announces Partnership with Village of Maywood, Illinois, to Accelerate Replacement of Lead Water Pipes","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2024-09-19","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-announces-partnership-village-maywood-illinois-accelerate-replacement-lead-water","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Maywood (IL0311830)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/IL0311830/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (4). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IL-CHICAGO-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2024"]},{"id":"US-IL-STEELEVILLE-RADIUM-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Steeleville combined radium over MCL for eight straight quarters","description":"Steeleville's water plant for Wells 1-3 has violated the 5 pCi/L combined radium MCL every quarter from mid-2024 through mid-2026, with running averages of 6 to 10.89 pCi/L. Illinois EPA issued a formal notice of violation in November 2024 and an administrative order in January 2025; the system had similar radium violations in earlier decades.","location":{"name":"Steeleville water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Village of Steeleville, Randolph County, southern Illinois; groundwater wells.","coordinates":{"lat":38.0073,"lon":-89.6584,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Randolph"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IL1570650"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Radium in finished groundwater above the MCL is a water-quality problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 3) records a combined radium running average of 10.89 pCi/L for Q1 2025, more than double the 5 pCi/L MCL.","service":"Each quarterly violation required a public notice, which Illinois EPA logged as received, e.g. July 23, 2026 (ref 2).","scale":"Steeleville serves 1,960 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Violations for every quarter from July 2024 to June 2026 (ref 3), and radium violations recur back to 1984 (ref 1).","significance":"Illinois EPA issued a formal NOV on Nov. 6, 2024 and an administrative order on Jan. 23, 2025 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":1960,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Combined radium running average 10.89 pCi/L (MCL 5 pCi/L), Q1 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"Combined radium, highest running average","value":10.89,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Combined radium, Q2 2026","value":6,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Quarters in violation since July 2024","value":8,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Nine violations over eight quarters; two treatment points in Q2 2025 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Values have ranged between 6 and 11 pCi/L without returning below 5 pCi/L (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Village of Steeleville","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Bureau of Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Village of Steeleville, 107 W Broadway, Steeleville, IL 62288; 618-965-3134","corrective_actions":["Operating under an Illinois EPA administrative order issued Jan. 23, 2025 (ref 2); no completed treatment fix is recorded."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Illinois Drinking Water Watch: violations, Steeleville","publisher":"Illinois EPA","date":"2026-06-22","url":"https://water.epa.state.il.us/dww/JSP/Violations.jsp?tinwsys_is_number=717647&tinwsys_st_code=IL","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Illinois Drinking Water Watch: violation 2026-7162951 detail, Steeleville","publisher":"Illinois EPA","date":"2026-06-22","url":"https://water.epa.state.il.us/dww/JSP/Violation.jsp?tinwsys_is_number=717647&tinwsys_st_code=IL&tmnviol_is_number=118358&tmnviol_st_code=IL","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS violation records: Steeleville (IL1570650)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/IL1570650/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Steeleville (IL1570650)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/IL1570650/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IL-MAPLE-PARK-RADIUM-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Maple Park radium and gross alpha above MCLs since mid-2025","description":"Maple Park's ion-exchange plant for Wells 4 and 5 has exceeded the 5 pCi/L combined radium MCL each quarter since July 2025, peaking at 11.47 pCi/L, and gross alpha has exceeded its 15 pCi/L MCL at 20 to 23 pCi/L. The village had earlier radium violations from 1998 to 2014.","location":{"name":"Maple Park water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Village of Maple Park, Kane and DeKalb counties; groundwater wells with ion-exchange treatment.","coordinates":{"lat":41.9078,"lon":-88.5995,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Kane","DeKalb"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IL0890500"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Radionuclides in finished groundwater above MCLs are a water-quality problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Illinois EPA records 11.47 pCi/L combined radium for Q3 2025 at the Wells 4 and 5 plant (ref 2), and SDWIS shows gross alpha up to 23 pCi/L (ref 4).","service":"Public notices were requested for each violation; one was received Dec. 10, 2025 (ref 2).","scale":"Maple Park serves 1,484 people per SDWIS (ref 5).","duration":"Radium violations continue from July 2025 through the Q3 2026 determination (refs 2, 3), with earlier episodes from 1998 to 2014 (ref 1).","significance":"Quarterly MCL violation notices from Illinois EPA (refs 2, 3); no new order recorded for the 2025-2026 episode."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":1484,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Combined radium 11.47 pCi/L at the Wells 4 and 5 ion-exchange plant, Q3 2025 (MCL 5 pCi/L)."},"measures":[{"name":"Combined radium, Q3 2025","value":11.47,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Combined radium, Q3 2026","value":9,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Gross alpha, highest","value":23,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"MCL 15 pCi/L (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Radium averages 8 to 11.47 pCi/L across five quarters (refs 3, 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Village of Maple Park","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Bureau of Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Village of Maple Park, 302 Willow St, Maple Park, IL 60151; 815-827-3309","corrective_actions":["No corrective project for the 2025-2026 exceedances is documented in the state record (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Illinois Drinking Water Watch: violations, Maple Park","publisher":"Illinois EPA","date":"2026-09-04","url":"https://water.epa.state.il.us/dww/JSP/Violations.jsp?tinwsys_is_number=716807&tinwsys_st_code=IL","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Illinois Drinking Water Watch: violation 2025-7135541 detail, Maple Park","publisher":"Illinois EPA","date":"2025-08-19","url":"https://water.epa.state.il.us/dww/JSP/Violation.jsp?tinwsys_is_number=716807&tinwsys_st_code=IL&tmnviol_is_number=112887&tmnviol_st_code=IL","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Illinois Drinking Water Watch: violation 2026-7135555 detail, Maple Park","publisher":"Illinois EPA","date":"2026-09-04","url":"https://water.epa.state.il.us/dww/JSP/Violation.jsp?tinwsys_is_number=716807&tinwsys_st_code=IL&tmnviol_is_number=119966&tmnviol_st_code=IL","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS violation records: Maple Park (IL0890500)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/IL0890500/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Maple Park (IL0890500)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/IL0890500/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["corrective_actions"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IL-SECOR-ARSENIC-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Secor arsenic above MCL for ten quarters, under state order","description":"The village of Secor's iron filtration plant violated the 10 ppb arsenic MCL in ten quarters from July 2023 through March 2026, with running averages of 11 to 15 ppb. Illinois EPA issued a notice of violation in November 2023 and an administrative order in March 2024, and recorded the system as back in compliance on May 27, 2026.","location":{"name":"Secor water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Village of Secor, Woodford County, central Illinois; groundwater with iron filtration.","coordinates":{"lat":40.742,"lon":-89.1334,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Woodford"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IL2030600"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Arsenic in finished groundwater above the MCL is a water-quality problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 4) lists an arsenic running average of 15 ug/L for Q3 2025 against the 10 ug/L MCL.","service":"Illinois EPA requested public notice for each violation; notices were received Feb. 27, 2024 and Feb. 26, 2025 (refs 2, 3).","scale":"Small village system serving 351 people per SDWIS (ref 5).","duration":"Ten quarterly arsenic violations ran from July 2023 to March 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Illinois EPA issued a formal NOV on Nov. 15, 2023 and an administrative order in March 2024 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":351,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Arsenic running average 15 ug/L, Q3 2025 (MCL 10 ug/L); compliance achieved May 27, 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"Arsenic, highest running average","value":15,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."},{"name":"Quarters in violation","value":10,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Illinois EPA logged compliance achieved on May 27, 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Village of Secor","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Bureau of Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Village of Secor, 113 E Gilman St, Secor, IL 61771; 309-744-2444","corrective_actions":["Administrative order issued in March 2024; Illinois EPA recorded compliance achieved May 27, 2026 (refs 2, 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Illinois Drinking Water Watch: violations, Secor","publisher":"Illinois EPA","date":"2026-04-01","url":"https://water.epa.state.il.us/dww/JSP/Violations.jsp?tinwsys_is_number=718260&tinwsys_st_code=IL","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Illinois Drinking Water Watch: violation 2023-7090222 detail, Secor","publisher":"Illinois EPA","date":"2023-10-04","url":"https://water.epa.state.il.us/dww/JSP/Violation.jsp?tinwsys_is_number=718260&tinwsys_st_code=IL&tmnviol_is_number=106666&tmnviol_st_code=IL","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Illinois Drinking Water Watch: violation 2025-7090246 detail, Secor","publisher":"Illinois EPA","date":"2024-12-30","url":"https://water.epa.state.il.us/dww/JSP/Violation.jsp?tinwsys_is_number=718260&tinwsys_st_code=IL&tmnviol_is_number=110384&tmnviol_st_code=IL","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS violation records: Secor (IL2030600)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/IL2030600/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Secor (IL2030600)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/IL2030600/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":8,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IL-VERMONT-DBP-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Vermont, Ill., disinfection byproducts over limits for years; case sent to AG","description":"The village of Vermont in Fulton County has recorded 28 TTHM and 15 HAA5 running-average violations since 2020, including every quarter from April 2024 through September 2026 except the second quarter of 2025, with TTHM up to 0.100 mg/L against the 0.080 mg/L MCL. Illinois EPA referred a civil case to the Attorney General in April 2022, yet violations have continued.","location":{"name":"Vermont water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Village of Vermont, Fulton County, west-central Illinois; surface-water system.","coordinates":{"lat":40.2953,"lon":-90.4271,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Fulton"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IL0570950"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Disinfection byproducts above MCLs in distributed water are a water-quality problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 4) records a TTHM running average of 0.1 mg/L for Q2 2024 and HAA5 of 0.08 mg/L for Q2 2026, above the 0.080 and 0.060 mg/L MCLs.","service":"Customer public notice for the Q2 2026 TTHM violation was received Aug. 20, 2026 and another was requested Sept. 29, 2026 (refs 2, 3).","scale":"Vermont serves 738 people per SDWIS (ref 5).","duration":"TTHM violations recur in 2020-2022 and 2024-2026 (ref 1), with the April-June and July-September 2026 quarters both in violation (refs 2, 3).","significance":"Illinois EPA referred a civil case to the Illinois Attorney General on April 19, 2022 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":738,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM running average 0.088 mg/L for July-September 2026 (MCL 0.080 mg/L)."},"measures":[{"name":"TTHM, highest running average since 2024","value":0.1,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."},{"name":"TTHM running-average violations since 2020","value":28,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"HAA5 running-average violations since 2020","value":15,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Quarterly TTHM averages remain between 0.081 and 0.1 mg/L (refs 2, 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Village of Vermont","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Bureau of Water","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Illinois Attorney General","role":"Enforcement referral"}],"public_contact":"Village of Vermont, PO Box 200, Vermont, IL 61484; 309-221-4434","corrective_actions":["Civil case referred to the Attorney General in 2022 (ref 2); no treatment upgrade is recorded in the sources reviewed."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Illinois Drinking Water Watch: violations, Vermont","publisher":"Illinois EPA","date":"2026-09-29","url":"https://water.epa.state.il.us/dww/JSP/Violations.jsp?tinwsys_is_number=716531&tinwsys_st_code=IL","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Illinois Drinking Water Watch: violation 2026-7126210 detail, Vermont","publisher":"Illinois EPA","date":"2026-09-29","url":"https://water.epa.state.il.us/dww/JSP/Violation.jsp?tinwsys_is_number=716531&tinwsys_st_code=IL&tmnviol_is_number=120020&tmnviol_st_code=IL","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Illinois Drinking Water Watch: violation 2026-7126208 detail, Vermont","publisher":"Illinois EPA","date":"2026-05-28","url":"https://water.epa.state.il.us/dww/JSP/Violation.jsp?tinwsys_is_number=716531&tinwsys_st_code=IL&tmnviol_is_number=118327&tmnviol_st_code=IL","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS violation records: Vermont (IL0570950)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/IL0570950/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Vermont (IL0570950)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/IL0570950/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IL-FAYETTE-WATER-DBP-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Fayette Water Company HAA5 and TTHM over MCLs; state order issued","description":"Fayette Water Company, a rural supplier near Brownstown in Fayette County, has violated the HAA5 and TTHM running-average MCLs each quarter since October 2025, with HAA5 up to 0.070 mg/L and TTHM up to 0.087 mg/L. Illinois EPA issued a notice of violation in December 2025 and an administrative order in May 2026.","location":{"name":"Fayette Water Company","type":"Rural water supply company","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Brownstown, Fayette County, south-central Illinois; purchased surface water distributed to rural customers.","coordinates":{"lat":38.9956,"lon":-88.9531,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Fayette"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IL0510010"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Disinfection byproducts above MCLs in distribution water are a water-quality problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 4) lists HAA5 at 0.07 mg/L and TTHM at 0.087 mg/L for Q2 2026, over the 0.060 and 0.080 mg/L MCLs.","service":"Public notice for the Q2 2026 HAA5 violation was received July 8, 2026, and another was requested Oct. 7, 2026 (refs 2, 3).","scale":"The company serves 5,608 people per SDWIS (ref 5).","duration":"Four consecutive quarters of HAA5 violations from October 2025 through September 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Formal NOV on Dec. 31, 2025 and an administrative order on May 4, 2026 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":5608,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"HAA5 running average 0.068 mg/L for July-September 2026 (MCL 0.060 mg/L)."},"measures":[{"name":"HAA5, highest running average","value":0.07,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."},{"name":"TTHM, highest running average","value":0.087,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"HAA5 averages held between 0.066 and 0.07 mg/L (refs 2, 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Fayette Water Company","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Bureau of Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Fayette Water Company, 1745 N. 1615 St., Brownstown, IL 62418; 618-427-3000","corrective_actions":["Administrative order issued May 4, 2026 (ref 2); specific corrective measures are not described in the state record."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Illinois Drinking Water Watch: violations, Fayette Water Company","publisher":"Illinois EPA","date":"2026-10-07","url":"https://water.epa.state.il.us/dww/JSP/Violations.jsp?tinwsys_is_number=716471&tinwsys_st_code=IL","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Illinois Drinking Water Watch: violation 2026-5331247 detail, Fayette Water Company","publisher":"Illinois EPA","date":"2026-10-07","url":"https://water.epa.state.il.us/dww/JSP/Violation.jsp?tinwsys_is_number=716471&tinwsys_st_code=IL&tmnviol_is_number=119954&tmnviol_st_code=IL","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Illinois Drinking Water Watch: violation 2026-5331244 detail, Fayette Water Company","publisher":"Illinois EPA","date":"2026-05-29","url":"https://water.epa.state.il.us/dww/JSP/Violation.jsp?tinwsys_is_number=716471&tinwsys_st_code=IL&tmnviol_is_number=118330&tmnviol_st_code=IL","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS violation records: Fayette Water Company (IL0510010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/IL0510010/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Fayette Water Company (IL0510010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/IL0510010/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IL-MACOMB-TTHM-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Macomb TTHM over MCL for four quarters, resolved December 2024","description":"Macomb's water system exceeded the 0.080 mg/L TTHM running-average MCL in four straight quarters from October 2023 through September 2024, at 0.081 to 0.090 mg/L. Illinois EPA issued a notice of violation and a March 2024 administrative order; it recorded compliance achieved on Dec. 5, 2024.","location":{"name":"Macomb water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"City of Macomb, McDonough County, west-central Illinois; surface-water system.","coordinates":{"lat":40.4592,"lon":-90.6718,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["McDonough"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IL1090350"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Disinfection byproducts above the MCL in distributed water are a water-quality problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 3) shows TTHM running averages of 0.089-0.09 mg/L for Q4 2023 through Q2 2024, above the 0.080 mg/L MCL.","service":"Public notice was requested Sept. 18, 2024 and received Oct. 15, 2024 (ref 2).","scale":"Macomb serves 15,051 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Four quarters, October 2023 to September 2024, before compliance was achieved (ref 2).","significance":"Formal NOV Dec. 20, 2023 and administrative order March 12, 2024 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":15051,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM running average 0.090 mg/L (MCL 0.080 mg/L); compliance achieved Dec. 5, 2024."},"measures":[{"name":"TTHM, highest running average","value":0.09,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"TTHM, Q3 2024","value":0.084,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Illinois EPA recorded compliance achieved on Dec. 5, 2024 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Macomb Public Works","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Bureau of Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Macomb Public Works, 232 E Jackson Street, Macomb, IL 61455; 309-833-2821","corrective_actions":["Administrative order March 2024; compliance achieved Dec. 5, 2024 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Illinois Drinking Water Watch: violations, Macomb","publisher":"Illinois EPA","date":"2024-09-18","url":"https://water.epa.state.il.us/dww/JSP/Violations.jsp?tinwsys_is_number=717172&tinwsys_st_code=IL","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Illinois Drinking Water Watch: violation 2024-7050834 detail, Macomb","publisher":"Illinois EPA","date":"2024-09-18","url":"https://water.epa.state.il.us/dww/JSP/Violation.jsp?tinwsys_is_number=717172&tinwsys_st_code=IL&tmnviol_is_number=109433&tmnviol_st_code=IL","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS violation records: Macomb (IL1090350)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/IL1090350/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Macomb (IL1090350)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/IL1090350/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IL-BLUE-MOUND-NITRATE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Blue Mound nitrate hit 12 mg/L in late 2024; recurring problem","description":"Blue Mound's treatment plant recorded nitrate at 12 mg/L in the fourth quarter of 2024, above the 10 mg/L acute MCL, triggering public notice, a notice of violation and a June 2025 administrative order. The village has a long nitrate record, with 23 average-MCL violations between 1995 and 2016.","location":{"name":"Blue Mound water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Village of Blue Mound, Macon County, central Illinois farm country; groundwater wells.","coordinates":{"lat":39.7011,"lon":-89.1234,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Macon"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IL1150100"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nitrate in finished groundwater above the MCL is a water-quality problem with agricultural sources.","secondary_drivers":["agricultural"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Illinois EPA records a 12 mg/L nitrate single-sample MCL violation for Q4 2024 at the treatment plant (ref 2), above the 10 mg/L acute limit.","service":"Public notice requested Dec. 31, 2024 and received Jan. 2, 2025 (ref 2).","scale":"Blue Mound serves 1,300 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Nitrate violations recur across 1995-2000, 2015-2016 and 2024 (ref 1), making the problem chronic.","significance":"Formal NOV Jan. 23, 2025 and administrative order June 18, 2025 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":1300,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Nitrate 12 mg/L at the treatment plant, Q4 2024 (MCL 10 mg/L)."},"measures":[{"name":"Nitrate, Q4 2024","value":12,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 2, 3."},{"name":"Nitrate average-MCL violations, 1995-2016","value":23,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Compliance was logged Jan. 10, 2025 after the exceedance, but nitrate violations have recurred for decades (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Village of Blue Mound","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Bureau of Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Village of Blue Mound, 309 Railroad Ave, Blue Mound, IL 62513; 217-692-2713","corrective_actions":["Administrative order issued June 18, 2025 (ref 2); the corrective plan is not described in the state record."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Illinois Drinking Water Watch: violations, Blue Mound","publisher":"Illinois EPA","date":"2024-12-31","url":"https://water.epa.state.il.us/dww/JSP/Violations.jsp?tinwsys_is_number=717271&tinwsys_st_code=IL","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Illinois Drinking Water Watch: violation 2025-7053634 detail, Blue Mound","publisher":"Illinois EPA","date":"2024-12-31","url":"https://water.epa.state.il.us/dww/JSP/Violation.jsp?tinwsys_is_number=717271&tinwsys_st_code=IL&tmnviol_is_number=110278&tmnviol_st_code=IL","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS violation records: Blue Mound (IL1150100)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/IL1150100/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Blue Mound (IL1150100)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/IL1150100/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":8,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IL-STATEWIDE-NUTRIENT-LOADS-2023"]},{"id":"US-IL-JOLIET-GPWC-AQUIFER-EXIT-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Joliet-area suburbs must leave a depleting deep aquifer for Lake Michigan water by 2030","description":"Joliet, Crest Hill, Channahon, Minooka, Romeoville and Shorewood draw drinking water from a deep sandstone aquifer that is being drained far faster than it recharges, and the state projected it would no longer meet demand by 2030. The six formed the Grand Prairie Water Commission to buy treated Lake Michigan water from Chicago through a roughly 62-mile transmission network, backed by a $610 million federal WIFIA loan announced in March 2026.","location":{"name":"Grand Prairie Water Commission service area","type":"Regional water commission (six municipal utilities)","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Will, Kendall and Grundy county suburbs southwest of Chicago; Joliet is the lead member.","coordinates":{"lat":41.525,"lon":-88.0817,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Will","Grundy","Kendall"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsids":["IL1970450","IL1970250","IL1970200","IL0630550","IL1970900","IL1975080"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["groundwater","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A physical source-water shortfall in the aquifer is being answered with a new regional transmission system.","secondary_drivers":["Groundwater depletion","Population and industrial demand"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Here & Now (ref 1) reports the state revised its outlook in 2015 so that Joliet's wells may start to run dry around 2030; this is a projected supply shortfall, not a documented outage.","service":"No cited source reports restrictions or outages for GPWC members; EPA (ref 2) describes the current aquifer as declining but still the primary source.","scale":"EPA's March 2026 release (ref 2) says the loan will move almost 300,000 residents of six communities to Lake Michigan water; SDWIS lists Joliet alone at 160,000 served (ref 3).","duration":"Joliet's utilities director told Here & Now (ref 1) the aquifer has been drained faster than it recharges since pumping began in the 19th century, with the switch not due until 2030.","significance":"The cited records are financing and supply agreements (EPA WIFIA loan, ref 2; Chicago supply deal, ref 1), not a violation, order or emergency declaration."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":300000,"status":"Reported","note":"EPA release (ref 2): almost 300,000 residents; SDWIS populations for the six member systems sum to about 275,500 (refs 3-8)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"This loan will transition almost 300,000 residents to Lake Michigan—a more reliable source of drinking water—from a declining groundwater aquifer. (EPA, ref 2)"},"measures":[{"name":"WIFIA loan to Grand Prairie Water Commission","value":610,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"EPA release, March 27, 2026 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Planned Lake Michigan delivery at full build-out","value":55.3,"unit":"million gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Here & Now (ref 1); about $30 million a year."},{"name":"Transmission network length","value":62,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"EPA release (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["More than $2 billion overall program cost reported by Here & Now (ref 1)","Debt-financed through a $610 million federal loan (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Pipeline construction began in 2025 and federal financing closed in March 2026; delivery is targeted for 2030."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Grand Prairie Water Commission","role":"Regional water supplier (lead: City of Joliet)"},{"name":"City of Chicago Department of Water Management","role":"Wholesale Lake Michigan water seller"},{"name":"Illinois Department of Natural Resources","role":"Lake Michigan allocation permits"},{"name":"U.S. EPA WIFIA program","role":"Federal lender"}],"public_contact":"Grand Prairie Water Commission project hotline 833-815-4792 (www.gpwc-il.org)","corrective_actions":["100-year water supply agreement with Chicago for treated Lake Michigan water starting in 2030 (ref 1).","Construction of a 62-mile transmission network and pumping stations (ref 2).","Joliet replacing water mains installed before 1970 to meet IDNR's 10 percent water-loss limit by 2030 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Who can drink Great Lakes water? Joliet, Illinois, raises a familiar and contentious question","publisher":"WBUR Here & Now","date":"2025-04-22","url":"https://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2025/04/22/joliet-illinois-water-crisis","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA Announces $610 Million Loan to Provide a Reliable Source of Drinking Water to Northeastern Illinois Communities","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-03-27","url":"https://www.epa.gov/node/299369","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system lookup: Joliet (IL1970450)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IL/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/JOLIET/JSON","basis":"Federal dataset","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system lookup: Crest Hill (IL1970250)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IL/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CREST%20HILL/JSON","basis":"Federal dataset","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system lookup: Channahon (IL1970200)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IL/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CHANNAHON/JSON","basis":"Federal dataset","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system lookup: Minooka (IL0630550)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IL/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MINOOKA/JSON","basis":"Federal dataset","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":7,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system lookup: Romeoville (IL1970900)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IL/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ROMEOVILLE/JSON","basis":"Federal dataset","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":8,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system lookup: Shorewood (IL1975080)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IL/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SHOREWOOD/JSON","basis":"Federal dataset","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":9,"title":"Who can drink Great Lakes water? Joliet, Illinois, raises a familiar and contentious question","publisher":"Here & Now (WBUR), republished by WLRN","date":"2025-04-22","url":"https://www.wlrn.org/npr-breaking-news/2025-04-22/who-can-drink-great-lakes-water-joliet-illinois-raises-a-familiar-and-contentious-question","basis":"News report"},{"ref":10,"title":"Grand Prairie Water Commission home page","publisher":"Grand Prairie Water Commission","date":null,"url":"https://www.gpwc-il.org/","basis":"Utility website","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":11,"title":"Alternative Supply Water Program","publisher":"Village of Shorewood","date":null,"url":"https://Shorewoodil.gov/departments/public_works_department/alternative_supply_water_program.php","basis":"Local government page","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":12,"title":"GPWC Transmission Main D community project funding request letter","publisher":"Office of Rep. Jonathan L. Jackson","date":"2026-03-20","url":"https://jonathanjackson.house.gov/sites/evo-subsites/jonathanjackson.house.gov/files/evo-media-document/congressman-jonathan-l-jackson-gpwc-transmission-line-financial-transparency-letter-3.20.26-copy.pdf","basis":"Congressional record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 8 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (8). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IL-NE-SANDSTONE-AQUIFER-DEPLETION-2026","US-IL-MINOOKA-DATA-CENTER-WATER-2025","US-IL-LAKE-MICHIGAN-ALLOCATION-WATER-LOSS-2025"]},{"id":"US-IL-OSWEGO-WATERLINK-AQUIFER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Oswego, Montgomery and Yorkville leave overdrawn Ironton-Galesville aquifer via WaterLink","description":"Oswego, Montgomery and Yorkville rely on wells in the Ironton-Galesville deep sandstone aquifer, which the Illinois State Water Survey says is withdrawn about twice as fast as it is replenished; officials warn some Oswego wells could be at risk by 2033. The three are building the roughly $400 million, 30-mile WaterLink extension of the DuPage Water Commission system to switch to Lake Michigan water by 2028, though Yorkville's $170 million federal loan was delayed into mid-2026.","location":{"name":"Oswego, Montgomery and Yorkville (WaterLink)","type":"Municipal utility service areas (joint supply project)","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Kendall and Kane counties, Fox River valley southwest of Naperville.","coordinates":{"lat":41.6828,"lon":-88.3515,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Kendall","Kane"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsids":["IL0930150","IL0894690","IL0930250"]},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Aquifer overdraft is driving a new 30-mile transmission main and source change.","secondary_drivers":["Groundwater depletion","Population growth"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"The WaterLink groundbreaking release (ref 1) cites the State Water Survey finding that the aquifer is pumped twice as fast as it recharges and that some Oswego wells are at risk as early as 2033.","service":"None of refs 1-3 report restrictions; the release (ref 1) says existing wells stay available as emergency backup during the transition.","scale":"SDWIS (refs 4-6) lists Oswego at 38,169, Montgomery at 28,956 and Yorkville at 23,000 people served, about 90,000 combined.","duration":"Montgomery's village president says in ref 1 that it began reviewing options more than a decade ago; construction runs from December 2025 to a 2028 completion target (ref 2).","significance":"No order or violation is involved; Shaw Local (ref 3) documents only a delay in Yorkville's $170 million WIFIA loan due to federal staffing slowdowns."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":90125,"status":"Reported","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served for Oswego, Montgomery and Yorkville (refs 4-6)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"the Ironton-Galesville deep sandstone aquifer, a regional source the Illinois State Water Survey says is being withdrawn twice as fast as it is naturally replenished (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"WaterLink project estimate","value":400,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Nearing $400 million (refs 1, 2)."},{"name":"Transmission main extension","value":30,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Yorkville WIFIA loan","value":170,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Delayed as of June 2026 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Yorkville said it could switch to municipal bonds if the federal loan delay continued (ref 3)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Construction under way along three segments as of September 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"DuPage Water Commission","role":"Builder, owner and wholesale supplier of the extension"},{"name":"Village of Oswego, Village of Montgomery, United City of Yorkville","role":"Retail water utilities"},{"name":"U.S. EPA WIFIA program","role":"Federal lender"}],"public_contact":"Project updates at waterlinkpipeline.com (ref 1)","corrective_actions":["Groundbreaking on the 30-mile WaterLink transmission main, with construction started December 2025 (refs 1, 2).","Financing through EPA WIFIA loans, the Illinois State Revolving Fund and local bonds (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"WaterLink Partnership Breaks Ground on 30-Mile Pipeline Bringing Lake Michigan Water to Montgomery, Oswego and Yorkville (press release)","publisher":"Burns & McDonnell for the DuPage Water Commission and WaterLink communities","date":"2026-06-10","url":"https://www.burnsmcd.com/hubfs/BMcD_Web_Assets/Insights%20and%20News/News/2026-06/RELEASE-WaterLink-Partnership-Breaks-Ground-on-30-Mile-Pipeline-Bringing-Lake-Michigan-Water-to-Montgomery-Oswego-Yorkville-11990838417.pdf","basis":"Project press release"},{"ref":2,"title":"$400-million WaterLink pipeline advances across Illinois","publisher":"Underground Construction","date":"2026-09-03","url":"https://undergroundinfrastructure.com/news/2026/september/400-million-waterlink-pipeline-advances-across-illinois","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Yorkville's $170 million federal EPA loan for Lake Michigan water project 'stuck in limbo'","publisher":"Shaw Local (Kendall County Now)","date":"2026-06-17","url":"https://shawlocal.com/kendall-county-now/2026/06/17/yorkvilles-170-million-federal-epa-loan-for-lake-michigan-water-project-stuck-in-limbo/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system lookup: Oswego (IL0930150)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IL/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/OSWEGO/JSON","basis":"Federal dataset","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system lookup: Montgomery (IL0894690)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IL/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MONTGOMERY/JSON","basis":"Federal dataset","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system lookup: Yorkville (IL0930250)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IL/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/YORKVILLE/JSON","basis":"Federal dataset","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":7,"title":"WIFIA fact sheet: WaterLink Project, United City of Yorkville","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-09-03","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2026-09/factsheet-yorkville-illinois.pdf","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IL-NE-SANDSTONE-AQUIFER-DEPLETION-2026","US-IL-JOLIET-GPWC-AQUIFER-EXIT-2025"]},{"id":"US-IL-NE-SANDSTONE-AQUIFER-DEPLETION-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Northeastern Illinois deep Cambrian-Ordovician sandstone aquifer overdraft","description":"The Illinois State Water Survey reports that withdrawals from the deep Cambrian-Ordovician sandstone aquifers of northeastern Illinois have been unsustainable since the early 1900s, with the St. Peter Sandstone already dewatered in some areas. In the Will County study area, sustainable withdrawals were estimated at 2 to 7 million gallons per day against demands of 35 to 38, and state researchers told lawmakers in 2026 that deep aquifers do not recover quickly after rain.","location":{"name":"NE Illinois Cambrian-Ordovician sandstone aquifer","type":"Regional bedrock aquifer system","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Deep St. Peter and Ironton-Galesville sandstones beneath the Chicago region's outer suburbs, notably Will and Kendall counties.","counties":["Will","Kendall","Kane","DuPage","Grundy"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is a long-term decline in stored groundwater, a quantity problem in the resource itself.","secondary_drivers":["Municipal and industrial pumping","Limited natural recharge"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"The Water Survey's 2020 risk study (ref 1) documents that the uppermost St. Peter Sandstone is dewatered in some areas and the Ironton-Galesville is at risk of localized dewatering.","service":"No supply interruption is reported in refs 1-3; affected towns are instead planning source switches before shortfalls hit.","scale":"CMAP told legislators (ref 2) that about 20 percent of the population it serves relies mostly on groundwater; the Water Survey study area spans multiple Will County communities and industries (ref 1).","duration":"Ref 1 states withdrawals from this aquifer system have been unsustainable since the early 1900s and water levels have declined for over a century.","significance":"CMAP's Nora Beck told lawmakers (ref 2) that groundwater users face no withdrawal budget, so no regulatory order or limit applies to the overdraft."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source gives a regional population dependent on the deep sandstone; member-system totals are in the related Joliet and WaterLink records."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"In the study area, sustainable withdrawals are estimated to range from 2 to 7 million gallons per day (mgd), while recent sandstone demands range from 35 to 38 mgd. (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Estimated sustainable sandstone withdrawal, Will County study area","value":7,"unit":"million gallons per day (upper bound)","status":"Reported","note":"Range 2-7 mgd (ref 1)."},{"name":"Recent sandstone demand, study area","value":38,"unit":"million gallons per day (upper bound)","status":"Reported","note":"Range 35-38 mgd (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Large users are moving to Lake Michigan water (Grand Prairie by 2030, WaterLink by 2028; ref 3), but no regional withdrawal limit exists (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Illinois State Water Survey (Prairie Research Institute)","role":"Groundwater monitoring and modeling"},{"name":"Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning","role":"Regional water supply planning"},{"name":"Illinois Department of Natural Resources","role":"State water resources agency"}],"public_contact":"Illinois State Water Survey, 2204 Griffith Dr., Champaign, IL 61820","corrective_actions":["Since 2024 CMAP, IDNR, Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant and the Northwest Water Planning Alliance have been developing a water sustainability plan for five northeastern Illinois counties (ref 2).","Joliet-area and Fox Valley communities are shifting to Lake Michigan water (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Analysis of Risk to Sandstone Water Supply in the Southwest Suburbs of Chicago (ISWS contract report, issue date December 2020)","publisher":"Illinois State Water Survey via IDEALS","date":"2020-12-01","url":"https://ideals.illinois.edu/items/116861","basis":"State scientific report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Drought causing ongoing concerns, legislative hearings about Illinois water supply","publisher":"Capitol News Illinois","date":"2026-04-27","url":"https://capitolnewsillinois.com/news/drought-causing-ongoing-concerns-legislative-hearings-about-illinois-water-supply/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"$400-million WaterLink pipeline advances across Illinois","publisher":"Underground Construction","date":"2026-09-03","url":"https://undergroundinfrastructure.com/news/2026/september/400-million-waterlink-pipeline-advances-across-illinois","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IL-JOLIET-GPWC-AQUIFER-EXIT-2025","US-IL-OSWEGO-WATERLINK-AQUIFER-2026","US-IL-STATEWIDE-GROUNDWATER-OVERSIGHT-2026"]},{"id":"US-IL-MAHOMET-AQUIFER-CO2-SEQUESTRATION-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Mahomet Aquifer exposed to carbon-sequestration proposals until 2025 state ban","description":"The Mahomet Aquifer, a U.S. EPA-designated sole-source aquifer serving roughly 850,000 people across 15 east-central Illinois counties, was left out of the 2024 SAFE CCS Act while multiple carbon-storage projects were proposed in the region. After ADM's 2024 Decatur well leaks, the General Assembly passed SB 1723 banning carbon sequestration over, under or through the aquifer; it was signed August 1, 2025 and took effect January 1, 2026, with a new advisory study commission.","location":{"name":"Mahomet Aquifer","type":"Sole-source glacial aquifer","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Mahomet Bedrock Valley from the Illinois River to the Indiana border, including Champaign, McLean, Tazewell, Mason, Logan, Piatt and Woodford counties.","counties":["Champaign","McLean","Tazewell","Mason","Logan","Piatt","Woodford","Macon"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The risk came from a regulatory gap that allowed CO2 storage proposals beneath a sole drinking-water source.","secondary_drivers":["Carbon capture and storage development"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Supporters cited the ADM Decatur leaks as a possible route for contaminants into the aquifer (ref 1), but no aquifer contamination was documented.","service":"No well closures or supply limits were tied to sequestration in refs 1-4.","scale":"Inside Climate News (ref 4) says the aquifer serves about 850,000 people; IPM (ref 2) says it underlies 15 counties.","duration":"Protections were omitted from the 2024 SAFE CCS Act and the ban only took effect January 1, 2026 (ref 2), more than a year of exposure.","significance":"SB 1723 passed 91-19 in the House and unanimously in the Senate and was signed August 1, 2025 (refs 1, 2), a formal state statutory response."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":850000,"status":"Reported","note":"About 850,000 people per Inside Climate News (ref 4); other sources say nearly one million."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A bill banning carbon sequestration in the area of the Mahomet Aquifer has been signed into law and will take effect January 1, 2026. (ref 2)"},"measures":[{"name":"House vote on SB 1723","value":91,"unit":"yes votes (91-19)","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The statutory ban took effect January 1, 2026; an advisory commission will study the aquifer (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Illinois General Assembly / Office of the Governor","role":"Enacted SB 1723"},{"name":"Prairie Research Institute (University of Illinois)","role":"Aquifer studies"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 5","role":"Class VI well permitting; sole-source aquifer designation"}],"public_contact":"Illinois State Water Survey, 2204 Griffith Dr., Champaign, IL 61820","corrective_actions":["SB 1723 bans carbon sequestration over, under or through the Mahomet Aquifer from January 1, 2026 (refs 1, 2).","Creation of a Mahomet Aquifer advisory commission to study the aquifer (ref 2).","Under the 2024 SAFE CCS Act, new CO2 pipeline proposals are not considered until at least July 1, 2026 (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Governor signs Mahomet Aquifer carbon sequestration ban into law","publisher":"WEEK 25News","date":"2025-08-01","url":"https://www.25newsnow.com/2025/08/02/governor-signs-mahomet-aquifer-carbon-sequestration-ban-into-law","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"What to know about signed bill banning carbon sequestration at the Mahomet Aquifer","publisher":"Illinois Public Media (IPM Newsroom)","date":"2025-08-04","url":"https://ipmnewsroom.org/what-to-know-about-signed-bill-banning-carbon-sequestration-at-the-mahomet-aquifer/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"ADM's well leak draws allegations of environmental violations","publisher":"CU-CitizenAccess","date":"2024-12-20","url":"https://cu-citizenaccess.org/2024/12/adms-well-leak-draws-allegations-of-environmental-violations/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"A Carbon Capture Monitoring Well Leaked in Illinois. Most Residents Found Out When the World Did","publisher":"Inside Climate News","date":"2024-10-03","url":"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/03102024/illinois-carbon-capture-monitoring-well-leak/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IL-DECATUR-ADM-CO2-WELL-LEAK-2024","US-IL-MAHOMET-AQUIFER-DATA-CENTERS-2026"]},{"id":"US-IL-MAHOMET-AQUIFER-DATA-CENTERS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Champaign County moratorium over data-center water demand on the Mahomet Aquifer","description":"Champaign County moved in 2026 to pause large data centers and draft zoning rules because of concern over water withdrawals from the Mahomet Aquifer, the primary source for roughly 800,000 people. The county board created a data center task force in February 2026, and its president said in October 2026 that a moratorium on hyperscale data centers runs until April 2027 after the Village of Mahomet ended talks with a developer proposing a roughly 300-acre site.","location":{"name":"Mahomet Aquifer, Champaign County","type":"Sole-source glacial aquifer (county land-use jurisdiction)","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Unincorporated Champaign County, including a proposed site near Rising west of Champaign and southeast of Mahomet.","coordinates":{"lat":40.1164,"lon":-88.2434,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Champaign"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is regulating a potential new large groundwater user before it arrives.","secondary_drivers":["Data center development"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The draft moratorium's stated purpose is to study how large data centers could affect local groundwater quality and safety (ref 2); no depletion from data centers is documented yet.","service":"No water restrictions are linked to data centers in refs 1-4.","scale":"IPM (ref 1) reports the Mahomet Aquifer is the primary water source for roughly 800,000 people from Iroquois to Cass County.","duration":"County action ran from the February 2026 task force vote (ref 1) to an October 2026 report of a moratorium in force until April 2027 (ref 3).","significance":"Board President Jennifer Locke said a total moratorium on hyperscale data centers is in effect until April 2027 (ref 3), a formal county land-use measure."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":800000,"status":"Reported","note":"People relying on the Mahomet Aquifer as primary source (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"At present, there is a total moratorium on hyperscale data centers until April 2027. (Champaign County Board President, ref 3)"},"measures":[{"name":"Modeled demand of 1-4 mid-sized data centers","value":1000000,"unit":"gallons per day (upper bound)","status":"Reported","note":"300,000 to 1,000,000 gpd per Urbana & Champaign Sanitary District presentation (ref 4)."},{"name":"Proposed data center site","value":300,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Rising-area site (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Moratorium in place while a draft ordinance is reviewed; the sanitary district notes urban Mahomet use has declined over 15 years (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Champaign County Board","role":"Zoning authority for unincorporated land"},{"name":"Champaign County Data Center Activities Task Force","role":"Drafting data center ordinance"},{"name":"Urbana & Champaign Sanitary District","role":"Wastewater reuse provider"}],"public_contact":"Champaign County Board, Bennett Administrative Center, Urbana","corrective_actions":["County data center task force created February 19, 2026 (ref 1).","Moratorium on hyperscale data centers until April 2027 and draft ordinance requiring closed-loop cooling and water-use disclosure (refs 2, 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"A new task force in Champaign County will set parameters for large-scale data center development","publisher":"Illinois Public Media (IPM Newsroom)","date":"2026-02-20","url":"https://ipmnewsroom.org/a-new-task-force-in-champaign-county-will-set-parameters-for-large-scale-data-center-development/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Champaign County weighs yearlong pause on large data centers","publisher":"Mahomet Daily","date":"2026-02-06","url":"https://mahometdaily.com/?p=341364","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"With Mahomet out, Clean Cloud's data center path runs through county rule, if they choose to proceed","publisher":"Mahomet Daily","date":"2026-10-07","url":"https://mahometdaily.com/with-mahomet-out-clean-clouds-data-center-path-runs-through-county-rule-if-they-choose-to-proceed/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Data Center Task Force Meeting: Urbana & Champaign Sanitary District presentation","publisher":"Champaign County","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://champaigncountyil.gov/CountyBoard/DataCenter/2026/260601_Meeting/260601_Champaign_County_Sanitary_District_Presentation.pdf","basis":"Local government record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IL-MAHOMET-AQUIFER-CO2-SEQUESTRATION-2025"]},{"id":"US-IL-BLOOMINGTON-DROUGHT-RESTRICTIONS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Bloomington severe drought declaration as Lake Bloomington and Evergreen Lake fall","description":"Bloomington's two reservoirs, Lake Bloomington and Evergreen Lake, fell to a combined 10 feet below adequate levels in the 2025-26 drought. The city asked for 5 percent voluntary cuts on January 2, 2026, then on February 5-6 declared a severe drought, sought a 10 percent cutback and restricted nonessential uses and third-party withdrawals from Lake Bloomington; the proclamation was ended by late April 2026.","location":{"name":"City of Bloomington water system","type":"Municipal utility service area (surface-water reservoirs)","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"McLean County; supply from Lake Bloomington and Evergreen Lake.","coordinates":{"lat":40.4842,"lon":-88.9937,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["McLean"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IL1130200"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Low reservoir storage from drought reduced available supply.","secondary_drivers":["2025-26 Illinois drought"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"WGLT (ref 1) reports the two lakes were a combined 10 feet below adequate levels, 2 feet lower than a month earlier.","service":"The declaration restricted irrigation, water-based recreation and aesthetic commercial water use and barred third-party withdrawals from Lake Bloomington (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS (ref 4) lists the Bloomington system at 79,000 people served.","duration":"Conservation requests began January 2, 2026 (ref 1) and Capitol News reported the proclamation ended by April 27, 2026 (ref 3), about four months.","significance":"City Manager Jeff Jurgens signed a severe drought proclamation calling for 10 percent cuts across all sectors (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":79000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Water levels are now a combined 10 feet below adequate levels — 2 feet below where they were a month ago. (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Combined reservoir deficit below adequate level","value":10,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"February 2026 (refs 1, 2)."},{"name":"Requested conservation","value":10,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Raised from 5 percent (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Bloomington ended its severe drought proclamation and eased restrictions by late April 2026 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Bloomington Water Department","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Illinois EPA","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Bloomington, 115 E. Washington St., Bloomington, IL","corrective_actions":["Voluntary 5 percent conservation request on January 2, 2026, raised to 10 percent (ref 1).","Severe drought proclamation restricting nonessential use, later lifted (refs 2, 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Bloomington increases water conservation request as drought persists","publisher":"WGLT","date":"2026-02-06","url":"https://www.wglt.org/local-news/2026-02-06/bloomington-implements-water-restrictions-as-drought-persists","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"'Severe drought': Bloomington asks residents to double down on water conservation","publisher":"WEEK 25News","date":"2026-02-06","url":"https://www.25newsnow.com/2026/02/06/severe-drought-bloomington-asks-residents-double-down-water-conservation/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Drought causing ongoing concerns, legislative hearings about Illinois water supply","publisher":"Capitol News Illinois","date":"2026-04-27","url":"https://capitolnewsillinois.com/news/drought-causing-ongoing-concerns-legislative-hearings-about-illinois-water-supply/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system lookup: Bloomington (IL1130200)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IL/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BLOOMINGTON/JSON","basis":"Federal dataset","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IL-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2025","US-IL-DECATUR-DROUGHT-SUPPLY-2025"]},{"id":"US-IL-SULLIVAN-AQUIFER-WATER-EMERGENCY-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Sullivan water emergency after local aquifer drops 15 feet in drought","description":"Sullivan, which pumps from a small, poorly recharged sand aquifer isolated from the main Mahomet system, saw its water table fall 15 feet during the 2025-26 drought. The city asked for conservation in January 2026, declared a water emergency on February 11 banning turf irrigation, pool filling and car washing, extended mandatory measures into June, and was drilling a new well while restrictions continued.","location":{"name":"City of Sullivan water system","type":"Municipal utility service area (groundwater)","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Moultrie County, near Lake Shelbyville.","coordinates":{"lat":39.5995,"lon":-88.6078,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Moultrie"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IL1390300"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A drought-driven drop in local aquifer levels cut available supply.","secondary_drivers":["2025-26 Illinois drought","Limited aquifer recharge"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"WCIA (ref 1) reports the city's water table declined 15 feet, and the public health commissioner said only 30 feet remained in the reservoir.","service":"The emergency notice (ref 1) limited city water to essential uses and barred turf irrigation, pool filling and personal car washing.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 5) lists Sullivan at 4,729 people served, a single community system.","duration":"Conservation began in January 2026 and News-Gazette reported restrictions still in place on June 19, 2026 (ref 3), roughly six months.","significance":"City officials declared a water emergency on February 11, 2026 (refs 1, 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":4729,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Sullivan said the water table has declined 15 feet in recent months. (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Aquifer water-level decline","value":15,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Drought eased by spring 2026, but WCIA (ref 2) reported aquifer levels still low in June because the local sand pocket recharges slowly."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Sullivan","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Illinois State Water Survey","role":"Technical advice on local aquifer"},{"name":"Illinois EPA","role":"Primacy regulator and well permitting"}],"public_contact":"City of Sullivan, Moultrie County, Illinois (city hall)","corrective_actions":["Water emergency with non-essential use restrictions, extended to June 1 (refs 1, 4).","Test drilling and permitting for a new well (refs 2, 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Sullivan declares water emergency amid Central Illinois drought","publisher":"WCIA","date":"2026-02-11","url":"https://digital-release.wcia.com/news/moultrie-county/sullivan-declares-water-emergency-amid-central-illinois-drought/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Water experts explain causes, solutions to Sullivan shortage","publisher":"WCIA","date":"2026-06-06","url":"https://www.wcia.com/news/moultrie-county/water-experts-explain-causes-solutions-to-sullivan-shortage/amp/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Sullivan drills new well as water restrictions continue","publisher":"The News-Gazette","date":"2026-06-19","url":"https://www.news-gazette.com/news/local/sullivan-drills-new-well-as-water-restrictions-continue/article_95978155-d40b-4773-b3b9-e6804b908189.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Drought Information Statement, Central and Southeast Illinois (valid March 6, 2026)","publisher":"National Weather Service, Lincoln IL","date":"2026-03-06","url":"https://www.weather.gov/media/ilx/DGT/DGT_ILX_03062026.pdf","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":5,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system lookup: Sullivan (IL1390300)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IL/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SULLIVAN/JSON","basis":"Federal dataset","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IL-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2025"]},{"id":"US-IL-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"2025-26 Illinois drought: low rivers, falling water tables and municipal conservation","description":"A dry second half of 2025 put more than 86 percent of Illinois in at least moderate drought by early October 2025 and brought extreme drought to east-central Illinois for the first time since 2012. The Sangamon, Vermilion and other rivers reached low or no flow, water tables fell, and Decatur, Bloomington and Sullivan imposed conservation or emergency measures; it was the fourth straight year of late-summer drought, and some rivers and deep aquifers were still below normal in spring 2026.","location":{"name":"Illinois (statewide)","type":"Statewide drought area","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Most severe in east-central Illinois (Champaign, Piatt, Douglas, Moultrie, Coles, Edgar and Vermilion counties).","counties":["Champaign","Piatt","Douglas","Moultrie","Coles","Edgar","Vermilion","Macon","McLean"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["surface-water","groundwater","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Precipitation deficits reduced streamflow, reservoir storage and groundwater levels.","secondary_drivers":["Precipitation deficit","Heat"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The State Climatologist (ref 1) reports the Sangamon and Vermilion reached low or no flow, and the Peoria WARM station water table fell more than 5 feet between July 1 and September 1, 2025 (ref 2).","service":"NWS Lincoln (ref 3) lists voluntary Stage 1 rationing in Decatur and conservation requests in Bloomington and Sullivan in January 2026.","scale":"The October 7, 2025 Drought Monitor had at least moderate drought over 86 percent of Illinois (ref 1); 25News reported about 3.2 million residents in drought areas in February 2026 (ref 5).","duration":"Mahomet Daily (ref 4) calls it the fourth consecutive year of late-summer and fall drought; Capitol News (ref 6) reported rivers still well below normal in late April 2026.","significance":"State lawmakers held subject-matter hearings on water supply in 2026 (ref 6); none of the cited sources reports a statewide emergency declaration."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":3200000,"status":"Reported","note":"Estimated Illinois residents in drought areas, February 2026 (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The October 7 edition of the U.S. Drought Monitor has over 86% of the state in at least moderate drought, which is up from just 6% of the state in late August. (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Share of Illinois in at least moderate drought","value":86,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"October 7, 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"2025 statewide precipitation","value":32.94,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"7.8 inches below normal (ref 4)."},{"name":"Champaign-Urbana 2025 precipitation","value":24.45,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"Driest since 1894 (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"A wet March 2026 improved drought (ref 7), but deep soil, some rivers and the Sullivan aquifer remained low into spring and summer 2026 (refs 6, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Illinois State Water Survey / State Climatologist","role":"Drought monitoring"},{"name":"Illinois Department of Natural Resources","role":"State drought response and water resources"},{"name":"National Weather Service","role":"Drought information statements"}],"public_contact":"Illinois State Climatologist, statecli@isws.illinois.edu, 217-333-2210","corrective_actions":["Municipal conservation and rationing in Decatur, Bloomington and Sullivan (ref 3).","Legislative subject-matter hearings on statewide water planning in 2026 (ref 6)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Illinois Drought Update","publisher":"Illinois State Climatologist (Illinois State Water Survey)","date":"2025-10-09","url":"https://stateclimatologist.web.illinois.edu/2025/10/09/illinois-drought-update/","basis":"State scientific report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Drought is Intensifying in Illinois","publisher":"Illinois State Climatologist (Illinois State Water Survey)","date":"2025-09-11","url":"https://stateclimatologist.isws.illinois.edu/2025/09/11/drought-is-intensifying-in-illinois/","basis":"State scientific report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Drought Information Statement, Central and Southeast Illinois (valid January 29, 2026)","publisher":"National Weather Service, Lincoln IL","date":"2026-01-29","url":"https://www.weather.gov/media/ilx/DGT/DGT_ILX_01292026.pdf","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Extreme Drought Returns to East-Central Illinois for First Time Since 2012","publisher":"Mahomet Daily","date":"2026-01-22","url":"https://mahometdaily.com/?p=341100","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"'Severe drought': Bloomington asks residents to double down on water conservation","publisher":"WEEK 25News","date":"2026-02-06","url":"https://www.25newsnow.com/2026/02/06/severe-drought-bloomington-asks-residents-double-down-water-conservation/","basis":"News"},{"ref":6,"title":"Drought causing ongoing concerns, legislative hearings about Illinois water supply","publisher":"Capitol News Illinois","date":"2026-04-27","url":"https://capitolnewsillinois.com/news/drought-causing-ongoing-concerns-legislative-hearings-about-illinois-water-supply/","basis":"News"},{"ref":7,"title":"Spring Begins with a Very Warm and Wet March","publisher":"Illinois State Climatologist (Illinois State Water Survey)","date":"2026-04-06","url":"https://stateclimatologist.isws.illinois.edu/2026/04/06/spring-begins-with-a-very-warm-and-wet-march/","basis":"State scientific report"},{"ref":8,"title":"Drought is Back in Illinois","publisher":"Illinois State Climatologist (Illinois State Water Survey)","date":"2024-09-12","url":"https://stateclimatologist.isws.illinois.edu/2024/09/12/drought-is-back-in-illinois/","basis":"State scientific report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":8,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IL-DECATUR-DROUGHT-SUPPLY-2025","US-IL-BLOOMINGTON-DROUGHT-RESTRICTIONS-2026","US-IL-SULLIVAN-AQUIFER-WATER-EMERGENCY-2026"]},{"id":"US-IL-CAIRO-OHIO-RIVER-SOURCE-SWITCH-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Cairo permanently switches from Ohio River intake to groundwater","description":"Illinois American Water's Cairo district, which had temporarily moved from the Ohio River to a well during historic low river levels in October 2022, completed a $10.9 million groundwater treatment plant in August 2024 and permanently switched to groundwater. The company said the change was needed to meet U.S. EPA surface-water plant rules and gives a more reliable supply; water continues to meet standards.","location":{"name":"Illinois American Water Cairo District","type":"Investor-owned utility district (groundwater)","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Cairo, Alexander County, at the Ohio-Mississippi confluence.","coordinates":{"lat":37.0053,"lon":-89.1765,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Alexander"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IL0035030"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"An aging river plant was replaced by a new groundwater plant to secure supply.","secondary_drivers":["Low river levels","Surface-water treatment rules","Aging plant"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Illinois American Water (ref 1) says ongoing tests confirm Cairo's water meets all regulatory standards after the switch.","service":"The 2022 low-river switch (ref 2) was made to keep service uninterrupted, and no outage is reported for the 2024 changeover (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS (ref 3) lists the Cairo system at 1,821 people served.","duration":"The new plant went online August 26, 2024 (ref 1), closing out a source issue first triggered by the October 2022 low Ohio River (ref 2).","significance":"The switch was approved by U.S. EPA, Illinois EPA and the Illinois Commerce Commission (ref 1); no violation or order is cited."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":1821,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Construction of a new $10.9 million groundwater treatment plant was completed this month in the Cairo District. (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Groundwater plant cost","value":10.9,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Permanent groundwater supply in service since August 2024."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Illinois American Water","role":"Utility owner and operator"},{"name":"Illinois EPA","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Illinois Commerce Commission","role":"Rate and project approval"}],"public_contact":"Illinois American Water customer service 800-422-2782","corrective_actions":["Temporary switch to a well during historic low Ohio River levels, October 2022 (ref 2).","Permanent $10.9 million groundwater treatment plant online August 26, 2024 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"New Illinois American Water Treatment Plant in Cairo District Provides Groundwater to Customers","publisher":"American Water","date":"2024-08-29","url":"https://newsroom.amwater.com/2024-08-29-New-Illinois-American-Water-Treatment-Plant-in-Cairo-District-Provides-Groundwater-to-Customers","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Illinois American Water to Switch to Groundwater Source due to Low Ohio River Levels","publisher":"American Water","date":"2022-10-15","url":"https://www.amwater.com/press-room/press-releases/illinois/illinois-american-water-to-switch-to-groundwater-source-due-to-low-ohio-river-levels","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system lookup: IL American-Cairo (IL0035030)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IL/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CAIRO/JSON","basis":"Federal dataset","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":1,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":1,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IL-ILLINOIS-AMERICAN-RATES-2024-2026"]},{"id":"US-IL-SPRINGFIELD-HUNTER-LAKE-SECOND-SOURCE-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Springfield's single-reservoir supply and stalled Hunter Lake second-source permit","description":"Springfield's City Water, Light and Power relies on Lake Springfield, which supplies about 147,750 people at an average 22 million gallons a day, and has sought a second source, Hunter Lake, since the 1950s drought. In 2023 U.S. EPA recommended the Army Corps deny the permit as proposed, citing Clean Water Act deficiencies and declining demand; the application remained under evaluation, and Lake Springfield ran about 2 feet below normal during the 2026 drought.","location":{"name":"Springfield CWLP water system","type":"Municipal utility service area (surface-water reservoir)","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Sangamon County; Lake Springfield, with the proposed Hunter Lake on Horse Creek to the southeast.","coordinates":{"lat":39.7817,"lon":-89.6501,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Sangamon"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IL1671200"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Drought vulnerability of a single reservoir is tied to a disputed new-reservoir project.","secondary_drivers":["Drought risk","Single-source dependence"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"NWS Lincoln (ref 3) reported Lake Springfield about 2 feet below normal in March 2026 during the drought; no supply shortfall was documented.","service":"No Springfield water restrictions appear in the 2026 drought statements (ref 3) or the 2023 permit coverage (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Illinois Times (ref 1) says Lake Springfield supplies about 147,750 people; SDWIS lists 117,444 served directly (ref 4).","duration":"Ref 1 says a second lake has been considered since the early 1950s and formal Army Corps permitting began in 1989, still unresolved.","significance":"U.S. EPA formally recommended the Army Corps deny the permit as proposed, stating the project does not comply with Clean Water Act guidelines (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":147750,"status":"Reported","note":"People supplied by Lake Springfield per Illinois Times (ref 1); SDWIS lists 117,444 for the city system (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Lake Springfield supplies about 147,750 people at an average of 22 million gallons per day; the city projects demand could reach 33.62 million gallons per day in 42 years (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Average withdrawal from Lake Springfield","value":22,"unit":"million gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Estimated Hunter Lake cost","value":153,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No permit decision is reported after late 2023 in the cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City Water, Light and Power (City of Springfield)","role":"Water utility and applicant"},{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","role":"Section 404 permit decision"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 5","role":"Clean Water Act reviewer"}],"public_contact":"City Water, Light and Power, Springfield, Illinois","corrective_actions":["Hunter Lake permit application under Army Corps evaluation with a draft Supplemental EIS (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"More hurdles for Hunter Lake","publisher":"Illinois Times","date":"2023-11-09","url":"https://www.illinoistimes.com/news-opinion/more-hurdles-for-hunter-lake-17654125","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Open house planned for Hunter Lake project","publisher":"NPR Illinois","date":"2023-09-05","url":"https://www.nprillinois.org/government-politics/2023-09-05/open-house-planned-for-hunter-lake-project","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Drought Information Statement, Central and Southeast Illinois (valid March 6, 2026)","publisher":"National Weather Service, Lincoln IL","date":"2026-03-06","url":"https://www.weather.gov/media/ilx/DGT/DGT_ILX_03062026.pdf","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system lookup: Springfield (IL1671200)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IL/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SPRINGFIELD/JSON","basis":"Federal dataset","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Current (2025-2026) Army Corps permit status not found"],"related_ids":["US-IL-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2025"]},{"id":"US-IL-DIXMOOR-MAIN-BREAKS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Dixmoor water main break cluster and state of emergency","description":"The south suburban village of Dixmoor declared a state of emergency on February 1, 2024 after repeated water main breaks, with a villagewide boil order and some residents without water. By February 4 the village had repaired its 14th break in two weeks; the village president said the system needs about $50 million in repairs.","location":{"name":"Village of Dixmoor water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Dixmoor, Cook County (south suburbs of Chicago)","coordinates":{"lat":41.6331,"lon":-87.6609,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Cook"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IL0310660"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Aging, failing distribution mains caused the outages and boil orders.","secondary_drivers":["Aging pipes","Freeze-thaw cycles"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No contamination result is reported; the precautionary villagewide boil order during repeated pressure losses (ref 1) is a potential health risk only.","service":"ABC7 (ref 1) reported that many Dixmoor residents had no water at all while the whole village was under a boil order.","scale":"One community system: Dixmoor's PWS IL0310660 serves 2,973 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"The break cluster ran over roughly two weeks in late January and early February 2024 (refs 1, 2), a months-scale event rather than a chronic outage.","significance":"The village declared a state of emergency on February 1, 2024 to seek county and state funds (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":2973,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Dixmoor (IL0310660) per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"There are now a total of 15 water breaks in Dixmoor. There is currently a boil order in effect."},"measures":[{"name":"Water main breaks in two weeks","value":14,"unit":"breaks","status":"Reported","note":"Repaired breaks as of Feb. 4, 2024 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Estimated repair need","value":50000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Village president's estimate (ref 1)."},{"name":"Prior outside-funded repairs","value":2000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Army Corps of Engineers and Cook County funding that replaced a 2-mile water line (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Village says it needs about $50 million and has relied on county, state and federal aid (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Village of Dixmoor","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Cook County","role":"Funding partner"}],"public_contact":"Village of Dixmoor Village Hall, Dixmoor, Illinois","corrective_actions":["Emergency repair of 14+ main breaks in January-February 2024 (ref 2).","State of emergency declared to seek county and state funds (ref 1).","Further infrastructure repairs planned with local and federal funding beginning spring 2024 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Dixmoor declares state of emergency after 3 more water main breaks, boil order extended","publisher":"ABC7 Chicago","date":"2024-02-02","url":"https://abc7chicago.com/post/dixmoor-il-water-141st-wood/14378287/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Dixmoor repairs 14th water main break in 2 weeks; state of emergency in effect","publisher":"ABC7 Chicago","date":"2024-02-04","url":"https://abc7chicago.com/dixmoor-il-water-main-break-boil-order/14385431/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Dixmoor (IL0310660)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IL/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/DIXMOOR/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IL-CAIRO-WATER-SEWER-FAILURES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Cairo aging water plant boil orders and sewage plant significant noncompliance","description":"Cairo's drinking water (Illinois American Water, Cairo District) has needed repeated systemwide boil orders for treatment-plant repairs, including a March 2024 pipe-connection replacement, while a $10.9 million groundwater plant is built to replace the surface-water plant. The city-owned Cairo sewage treatment plant (NPDES IL0023825) is in significant noncompliance per EPA ECHO, with ammonia up to 490% over its limit in August 2026, an unauthorized discharge in October 2025 and Illinois EPA consent orders in December 2023 and May 2026.","location":{"name":"Cairo water and sewer systems","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Cairo, Alexander County, at the Ohio-Mississippi confluence; sewage plant NPDES IL0023825","coordinates":{"lat":37.0183,"lon":-89.1781,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Alexander"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"IL0035030"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Aging treatment plants for both water and sewage are failing or being replaced.","secondary_drivers":["Aging treatment plant","Small, low-income customer base"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO (ref 3) shows Cairo STP ammonia at 490% over its limit in August 2026 and an unauthorized discharge on October 9-10, 2025; no health impact is documented.","service":"Illinois American Water issued a planned systemwide boil order for the Cairo District starting March 25, 2024 for plant pipe work (ref 1).","scale":"A single small city: IL American-Cairo (IL0035030) serves 1,821 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Boil orders recur (August 2023 and March 2024, refs 5 and 1), and ECHO shows 11 of 12 recent quarters in noncompliance at the sewage plant (ref 3).","significance":"Illinois EPA entered State Administrative Orders of Consent against the Cairo STP on December 20, 2023 and May 26, 2026 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1821,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by IL American-Cairo (IL0035030) per SDWIS (ref 4); the sewage plant serves the same city."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"ECHO lists the Cairo STP's current status as Significant/Category I Noncompliance, with 11 quarters in noncompliance."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak ammonia exceedance at sewage plant","value":490,"unit":"percent over limit","status":"Reported","note":"August 2026 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Quarters in noncompliance (sewage plant)","value":11,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Three-year ECHO window ending June 30, 2026 (ref 3)."},{"name":"New groundwater treatment plant cost","value":10900000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Under construction per WaterWorld (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"ECHO shows the sewage plant returning to significant noncompliance in 2026 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Illinois American Water","role":"Drinking-water utility (Cairo District)"},{"name":"City of Cairo","role":"Sewage plant permittee"},{"name":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"Illinois EPA Division of Water Pollution Control, Permit Section, 1021 North Grand Avenue East, Springfield, IL 62794-9276; 217-782-0610","corrective_actions":["Illinois American Water replacing pipe connections at the Cairo water plant (ref 1).","Construction of a $10.9 million groundwater plant with two wells so the surface-water plant can be decommissioned (ref 2).","Illinois EPA consent orders CCA W-2023-50153 and CCA W-2025-50219 for the sewage plant (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Advanced Notice: Boil Water Order To Be Issued on Monday, March 25 in Cairo District","publisher":"Illinois American Water","date":"2024-03-22","url":"https://www.amwater.com/press-room/press-releases/illinois/advanced-notice","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Illinois American Water updates Cairo water plant","publisher":"WaterWorld","date":"2024-03-26","url":"https://waterworld.com/drinking-water/press-release/14310722/illinois-american-water-updates-cairo-water-plant","basis":"Trade press"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Cairo STP (NPDES IL0023825)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":"2026-10-02","url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=IL0023825","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: IL American-Cairo (IL0035030)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IL/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CAIRO/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"Boil Water Order Will Be Issued Monday, Aug. 28 For Cairo District","publisher":"Illinois American Water","date":"2023-08-25","url":"https://www.amwater.com/press-room/press-releases/illinois/boil-water-order-will-be-issued-monday-aug-28-for-cairo-district","basis":"Utility notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IL-ILLINOIS-AMERICAN-RATES-2024-2026"]},{"id":"US-IL-PEKIN-STP-NONCOMPLIANCE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Pekin STP #1 in significant noncompliance for 12 straight quarters","description":"EPA ECHO lists the City of Pekin's STP #1 (NPDES IL0034495), which discharges to the Illinois River and has four permitted combined sewer overflows, in significant noncompliance in all 12 quarters from mid-2023 to mid-2026. ECHO records copper up to 452% over its limit, phosphorus exceedances, a dry-weather sewer overflow to waters in 2025 and an unachieved schedule event; Illinois EPA's 2024 permit notice requires 0.5 mg/L phosphorus by 2030.","location":{"name":"Pekin STP #1","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"606 South Front Street, Pekin, Tazewell County; discharges to the Illinois River","coordinates":{"lat":40.5643,"lon":-89.6586,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Tazewell"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Plant performance failures produce effluent-limit exceedances in the Illinois River.","secondary_drivers":["Combined sewers","Nutrient limits"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO (ref 1) shows copper at 452% over limit in November 2024 and a dry-weather SSO discharge to waters on April 30-May 1, 2025; no ecological damage is documented.","service":"No customer service disruption is reported in the ECHO record or the permit fact sheet (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Serves the city of Pekin; Illinois American Water's Pekin system serves 31,731 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"ECHO marks the plant in significant noncompliance in all 12 quarters of its three-year window (ref 1).","significance":"Only informal state responses appear: a letter to the city on September 2, 2025 and a no-further-action response on January 7, 2026 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":31731,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by IL American-Pekin (IL1795040) per SDWIS (ref 3), used as a proxy for the sewer service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"ECHO: QtrsInSNC 12 of 12; current status Significant/Category I Noncompliance."},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance","value":12,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Of 12 in the ECHO window to June 30, 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Peak copper exceedance","value":452,"unit":"percent over limit","status":"Reported","note":"November 2024 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Design maximum flow","value":15.5,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Illinois EPA fact sheet (ref 2)."},{"name":"Permitted CSO outfalls","value":4,"unit":"outfalls","status":"Reported","note":"Illinois EPA fact sheet (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Pekin","role":"Permittee"},{"name":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"Illinois EPA Division of Water Pollution Control, Permit Section, 1021 North Grand Avenue East, Springfield, IL 62794-9276; 217-782-0610","corrective_actions":["Illinois EPA draft modified NPDES permit (public notice Nov. 4-Dec. 4, 2024) with a phosphorus reduction feasibility study, optimization plan and 0.5 mg/L total phosphorus requirement by 2030 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Pekin STP #1 (NPDES IL0034495)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":"2026-10-02","url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=IL0034495","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Public Notice/Fact Sheet of Draft Modified NPDES Permit IL0034495 (Pekin STP #1)","publisher":"Illinois EPA","date":"2024-11-04","url":"https://webapps.illinois.gov/EPA/WebSiteApi/api/PublicNotices/GetDocument/29374","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: IL American-Pekin (IL1795040)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IL/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PEKIN/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IL-19-WATERS-PHOSPHORUS-2024"]},{"id":"US-IL-GRANITE-CITY-WWTP-SSO-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Granite City regional wastewater plant: repeated sewer overflows and noncompliance","description":"The Granite City regional wastewater plant (NPDES IL0033481), bought by Illinois American Water for $86 million in March 2024, is in significant noncompliance per EPA ECHO. ECHO logs 36 sanitary sewer overflow events, two prohibited bypasses and fecal coliform up to 1,313% over limit between 2024 and 2026, and Illinois EPA entered a consent order in February 2025.","location":{"name":"Granite City Regional WWTP","type":"Investor-owned regional wastewater treatment plant","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Granite City, Madison County (Metro East); NPDES IL0033481","coordinates":{"lat":38.6972,"lon":-90.1917,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Madison"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Collection-system and plant capacity failures cause overflows and bypasses.","secondary_drivers":["Wet-weather inflow","Aging pump stations"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO (ref 1) records fecal coliform at 1,313% over limit in March 2024 and SSO discharges to U.S. waters in April 2025 and May 2026.","service":"ECHO and the utility release (refs 1, 2) document no interruption of sewer service.","scale":"The plant serves about 26,000 customer connections, 10,500 direct and 15,500 indirect (ref 2).","duration":"Overflow events run from November 2024 through September 2026 in ECHO (ref 1), with 6 quarters in significant noncompliance.","significance":"Illinois EPA State Administrative Order of Consent CCA W-2024-50202, February 4, 2025 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":33572,"status":"Reported","note":"IL American-Granite City water system population per SDWIS (ref 3); the plant also treats flow from surrounding communities (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"ECHO lists 36 sanitary sewer overflow events at the Granite City plant in its three-year window."},"measures":[{"name":"Sanitary sewer overflow events","value":36,"unit":"events","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO single-event violations, three-year window (ref 1)."},{"name":"Peak fecal coliform exceedance","value":1313,"unit":"percent over limit","status":"Reported","note":"March 2024 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Planned capital investment","value":40000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"First five years of ownership (ref 2)."},{"name":"Acquisition price","value":86000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"March 2024 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Illinois American Water","role":"Owner and permittee"},{"name":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"Illinois American Water customer service; Illinois EPA Division of Water Pollution Control, 217-782-0610","corrective_actions":["About $40 million of planned plant upgrades in the first five years of Illinois American Water ownership (ref 2).","Illinois EPA consent order CCA W-2024-50202 (ref 1).","Illinois EPA's FY2024 loan plan lists an $18 million Granite City project to install phosphorus removal equipment at NPDES IL0033481 (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Illinois American Water - Granite City WWTP (NPDES IL0033481)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":"2026-10-02","url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=IL0033481","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Illinois American Water Completes Acquisition Of Granite City's Wastewater Treatment Facility","publisher":"American Water","date":"2024-03-11","url":"https://www.amwater.com/press-room/press-releases/corporate/illinois-american-water-completes-acquisition-of-granite-citys-wastewater-treatment-facility","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: IL American-Granite City (IL1195030)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IL/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/GRANITE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"Water Pollution Control Loan Program FY2024 Intended Use Plan (Final)","publisher":"Illinois EPA","date":"2023-07-20","url":"https://epa.illinois.gov/content/dam/soi/en/web/epa/topics/grants-loans/state-revolving-fund/documents/2024-iup/WPCLP-2024-IUP-Final.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IL-ILLINOIS-AMERICAN-RATES-2024-2026","US-IL-EAST-ST-LOUIS-SEWER-2024"]},{"id":"US-IL-KEWANEE-STP-CHLORIDE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Kewanee STP chronic chloride limit exceedances","description":"EPA ECHO shows the Kewanee sewage treatment plant (NPDES IL0029343), which discharges to the Spoon River watershed, in significant noncompliance for 11 of 12 quarters, driven by chloride above its permit limit in 31 months from October 2023 to August 2026. ECHO also logs a dry-weather prohibited bypass and SSO in 2025-2026, and no formal enforcement action since a 2023 warning letter.","location":{"name":"Kewanee STP","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Kewanee, Henry County; NPDES IL0029343","coordinates":{"lat":41.2444,"lon":-89.9033,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Henry"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Effluent chloride above permitted levels degrades the receiving stream.","secondary_drivers":["Chloride from water softening and road salt"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Chloride peaked at 120% over the permit limit in February 2025 per ECHO (ref 1), a limit exceedance with no documented fish kill. Council discussion on July 13, 2026 refers to a chloride issue at the plant (ref 3).","service":"No sewer service interruption appears in the ECHO record (ref 1).","scale":"City system: Kewanee's water system (IL0730650) serves 12,509 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"Chloride exceedances in 31 of 35 months from October 2023 to August 2026, with 11 SNC quarters (ref 1).","significance":"Illinois EPA's last action listed is a February 10, 2023 warning letter (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":12509,"status":"Reported","note":"Kewanee water system (IL0730650) population per SDWIS (ref 2), used as a proxy for the sewer service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"ECHO: chloride over the permit limit in 31 of 35 months since October 2023; 11 quarters in significant noncompliance."},"measures":[{"name":"Months with chloride exceedance","value":31,"unit":"months","status":"Reported","note":"October 2023-August 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Peak chloride exceedance","value":120,"unit":"percent over limit","status":"Reported","note":"February 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance","value":11,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO window (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Kewanee","role":"Permittee"},{"name":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"Illinois EPA Division of Water Pollution Control, Permit Section, 1021 North Grand Avenue East, Springfield, IL 62794-9276; 217-782-0610","corrective_actions":["July 13, 2026: council approved a Crawford, Murphy & Tilly agreement for a Wastewater Treatment Plant Project Plan to meet new state phosphorus limits; a council member noted this is separate from the chloride issue previously discussed (ref 3).","No chloride-specific corrective schedule appears in the ECHO record; Illinois EPA warning letter February 10, 2023 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Kewanee STP (NPDES IL0029343)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":"2026-10-02","url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=IL0029343","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Kewanee (IL0730650)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IL/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/KEWANEE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"City Council Meeting Minutes, July 13, 2026","publisher":"City of Kewanee","date":"2026-07-13","url":"https://www.cityofkewanee.com/Minutes%207-13-26.pdf","basis":"Local government record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IL-PONTIAC-WWTP-NITROGEN-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Pontiac WWTP nitrogen limit violations and repeated consent orders","description":"The City of Pontiac's wastewater plant (NPDES IL0030457) on the Vermilion River is in significant noncompliance per EPA ECHO, with nitrite-plus-nitrate above its monthly limit in 20 months since January 2025 (peak 224% over) and ammonia up to 208% over in late 2023. Illinois EPA has entered consent orders in November 2023 and January 2026; the plant had limited upgrades since the 1980s and is being rebuilt for new phosphorus limits. The city says the plant, last upgraded in 1986, is past its design life, and that its combined sewers overwhelm the plant during rain.","location":{"name":"Pontiac WWTP","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Pontiac, Livingston County; Vermilion River; NPDES IL0030457","coordinates":{"lat":40.882,"lon":-88.6314,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Livingston"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"An aging plant fails nitrogen limits, affecting river water quality.","secondary_drivers":["Aging treatment plant","Nutrient limits"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Nitrite+nitrate reached 224% over the monthly limit in February 2026 and ammonia 208% over in November 2023 (ref 1); no downstream harm is documented.","service":"The ECHO record (ref 1) shows no loss of sewer service.","scale":"One city: IL American-Pontiac (IL1055030) serves 11,864 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"Nitrate exceedances in 20 months from January 2025 to August 2026; 8 SNC quarters (ref 1). The city's own update describes more frequent major equipment failures at a plant past its design life (ref 4).","significance":"Illinois EPA consent orders CCA W-2023-50143 (Nov. 21, 2023) and CCA W-2025-50197 (Jan. 27, 2026) (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":11864,"status":"Reported","note":"IL American-Pontiac water system population per SDWIS (ref 2), proxy for the city sewer service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"ECHO: nitrite + nitrate over the monthly average limit in 20 months, peaking at 224% over in February 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"Months with nitrate exceedance","value":20,"unit":"months","status":"Reported","note":"January 2025-August 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Peak nitrite+nitrate exceedance","value":224,"unit":"percent over limit","status":"Reported","note":"February 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Formal state orders since 2022","value":3,"unit":"orders","status":"Reported","note":"Consent orders 2022, 2023, 2026 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Pontiac","role":"Permittee"},{"name":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"Illinois EPA Division of Water Pollution Control, Permit Section, 1021 North Grand Avenue East, Springfield, IL 62794-9276; 217-782-0610","corrective_actions":["Phosphorus removal feasibility study and plant redesign: aeration basin reconfiguration, new secondary clarifier, pump and blower replacements (ref 3).","Illinois EPA consent orders 2023 and 2026 (ref 1).","State-required progress toward separating Pontiac's combined sewers, per the city (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Pontiac WWTP (NPDES IL0030457)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":"2026-10-02","url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=IL0030457","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: IL American-Pontiac (IL1055030)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IL/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PONTIAC/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"City of Pontiac Wastewater Treatment Plant Improvements","publisher":"Farnsworth Group","date":null,"url":"https://www.f-w.com/projects/pontiac-wastewater-treatment-plant-improvements","basis":"Engineering project page (undated)"},{"ref":4,"title":"Wastewater Treatment (Waste Water Treatment Plant Update - May 1st, 2019)","publisher":"City of Pontiac","date":"2019-05-01","url":"https://www.pontiac.org/259/Wastewater-Treatment","basis":"Local government record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IL-STATEWIDE-NUTRIENT-LOADS-2023"]},{"id":"US-IL-ALTON-SEWER-OVERFLOWS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Alton regional wastewater system sewer overflows and coliform violations","description":"The Alton regional sewage plant (NPDES IL0027464), owned by Illinois American Water since 2019, logged 27 sanitary sewer overflow events in EPA ECHO's 2023-2026 window, including seven wet-weather discharges to waters on November 4-5, 2024. Fecal coliform reached 2,202% over its limit in September 2024, and Illinois EPA entered a consent order in February 2025 while combined-sewer separation under Alton's Long-Term Control Plan continues.","location":{"name":"Alton Regional Wastewater System","type":"Investor-owned regional wastewater system","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Alton, Bethalto and Godfrey, Madison County; Mississippi River; NPDES IL0027464","coordinates":{"lat":38.8849,"lon":-90.1347,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Madison"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Combined and aging sewers overflow during wet weather.","secondary_drivers":["Combined sewers","Wet-weather inflow"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Seven wet-weather SSO discharges to U.S. waters on November 4-5, 2024 and fecal coliform at 2,202% over limit in September 2024 (ref 1).","service":"The ECHO record and the utility's CSO page (refs 1, 2) report no service outage.","scale":"IL American-Alton (IL1195150) serves 46,127 people per SDWIS (ref 3); the sewer system also serves Bethalto and Godfrey (ref 2).","duration":"Coliform exceedances recur from June 2024 to August 2026, alongside overflow events across the ECHO window (ref 1).","significance":"Illinois EPA State Administrative Order of Consent CCA W-2024-50174, February 4, 2025 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":46127,"status":"Reported","note":"IL American-Alton water system population per SDWIS (ref 3), proxy for the regional sewer area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"ECHO lists 27 sanitary sewer overflow events, 9 of them discharging to waters of the U.S."},"measures":[{"name":"Sanitary sewer overflow events","value":27,"unit":"events","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO three-year window (ref 1)."},{"name":"SSO discharges to waters","value":9,"unit":"events","status":"Reported","note":"Wet- and dry-weather (ref 1)."},{"name":"Peak fecal coliform exceedance","value":2202,"unit":"percent over limit","status":"Reported","note":"September 2024 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Committed investment","value":50000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Over 10 years (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Illinois American Water","role":"Owner and permittee"},{"name":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"Illinois American Water customer service; Illinois EPA Division of Water Pollution Control, 217-782-0610","corrective_actions":["Design of sewer separation in the Turner Tract, Piasa Valley and Shields Valley areas under Alton's Long-Term Control Plan (ref 2).","Illinois EPA consent order CCA W-2024-50174 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Alton STP (NPDES IL0027464)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":"2026-10-02","url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=IL0027464","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Alton District CSO Information","publisher":"Illinois American Water","date":null,"url":"https://www.amwater.com/ilaw/Water-Wastewater-Information/Wastewater-Service/alton-district-cso-information","basis":"Utility page (undated)"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: IL American-Alton (IL1195150)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IL/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ALTON/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IL-ILLINOIS-AMERICAN-RATES-2024-2026"]},{"id":"US-IL-JOLIET-EASTSIDE-STP-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Joliet Eastside STP copper violations and combined sewer overflows","description":"Joliet's Eastside sewage plant (NPDES IL0022519), the city's largest at 45.5 MGD design flow and served by combined sewers, is in significant noncompliance per EPA ECHO. ECHO records copper up to 672% over its limit in 2024, a dry-weather SSO in June 2025 and a CSO and SSO discharge in August 2025; Illinois EPA entered a consent order on December 31, 2024.","location":{"name":"Joliet Eastside STP","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Joliet, Will County; Des Plaines River; NPDES IL0022519","coordinates":{"lat":41.5059,"lon":-88.0906,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Will"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Combined sewer overflows and metals exceedances affect river quality.","secondary_drivers":["Combined sewers"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Copper reached 672% over its limit in April 2024 and a wet-weather CSO discharge to waters occurred August 18-19, 2025 (ref 1); no fish kill is documented.","service":"ECHO (ref 1) shows no service interruption.","scale":"Joliet's water system (IL1970450) serves 160,000 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"Seven quarters of noncompliance from 2023 to 2026, recurring after a 2021 order (ref 1).","significance":"Illinois EPA consent order CCA W-2024-50154, December 31, 2024, following CCA W-2021-50127 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":160000,"status":"Reported","note":"Joliet water system population per SDWIS (ref 2); the Eastside plant serves part of the city."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"ECHO: copper exceeded its limit in 5 months of 2024, peaking at 672% over in April 2024."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak copper exceedance","value":672,"unit":"percent over limit","status":"Reported","note":"April 2024 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Design flow","value":45.5,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO facility record (ref 1)."},{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance","value":4,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO window (ref 1)."},{"name":"LTCP Phase IV CSO regulator project","value":11000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Projected loan amount (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Joliet","role":"Permittee"},{"name":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"Illinois EPA Division of Water Pollution Control, Permit Section, 1021 North Grand Avenue East, Springfield, IL 62794-9276; 217-782-0610","corrective_actions":["Illinois EPA consent order CCA W-2024-50154 (ref 1).","Phase IV of Joliet's Long Term Control Plan: $11 million to modify combined sewer overflow regulator structures CSO 004, 007, 009, 010, 011, 012 and 017 under NPDES IL0022519, listed in Illinois EPA's FY2024 loan plan (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Joliet Eastside STP (NPDES IL0022519)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":"2026-10-02","url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=IL0022519","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Joliet (IL1970450)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IL/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/JOLIET/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Water Pollution Control Loan Program FY2024 Intended Use Plan (Final)","publisher":"Illinois EPA","date":"2023-07-20","url":"https://epa.illinois.gov/content/dam/soi/en/web/epa/topics/grants-loans/state-revolving-fund/documents/2024-iup/WPCLP-2024-IUP-Final.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IL-MWRD-MCCOOK-RESERVOIR-DELAY-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"MWRD McCook Reservoir Stage 2 slips three years past consent decree date","description":"The last unfinished part of Chicago's Deep Tunnel (TARP), McCook Reservoir Stage 2, was due to operate by December 31, 2029 under a federal Clean Water Act consent decree entered January 6, 2014. In August 2025 MWRD said slow stone demand at the quarry pushed its online date to December 31, 2032, delaying 6.5 billion gallons of overflow storage for a reservoir that serves 3.1 million people. Meanwhile ECHO shows wet-weather SSO discharges and a prohibited bypass at MWRD's Calumet plant in 2025-2026.","location":{"name":"MWRD McCook Reservoir (TARP)","type":"Regional combined sewer overflow storage system","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Bedford Park, Cook County; serves Chicago and 36 suburbs","coordinates":{"lat":41.8216,"lon":-87.7729,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Cook"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Delayed storage capacity leaves combined sewer overflows uncontrolled longer.","secondary_drivers":["Combined sewers","Quarry-dependent construction","Intense storms"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"MWRD (ref 1) says the delay postpones 6.5 billion gallons of CSO storage; ECHO (ref 3) logs wet-weather SSO discharges to waters at the Calumet plant in April 2025 and June 2026.","service":"MWRD's update (ref 1) reports no loss of wastewater service.","scale":"McCook Reservoir serves 3.1 million people in Chicago and 36 suburbs (ref 1).","duration":"The operational date moves from December 31, 2029 to December 31, 2032 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"The schedule is set by a federal consent decree entered January 6, 2014, which carried a $350,000 civil penalty (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":3100000,"status":"Reported","note":"People served by McCook Reservoir per MWRD (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The current estimate for McCook Stage 2 going online is now Dec. 31, 2032."},"measures":[{"name":"Delay versus consent decree","value":3,"unit":"years","status":"Reported","note":"Dec. 31, 2029 to Dec. 31, 2032 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Stage 2 storage","value":6.5,"unit":"billion gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Total McCook capacity when complete","value":10,"unit":"billion gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Consent decree civil penalty","value":350000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago","role":"Owner and permittee"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 5 and U.S. Department of Justice","role":"Consent decree parties"},{"name":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"MWRD, 100 East Erie Street, Chicago, IL 60611; 312-751-5600","corrective_actions":["Ongoing quarry excavation of McCook Stage 2 by Vulcan Materials (ref 1).","Annual consent decree reporting; MWRD states it has met all decree requirements to date (ref 1).","Illinois EPA consent order CCA W-2024-50007 at the Calumet plant (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"MWRD issues update on Tunnel and Reservoir Plan","publisher":"Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago","date":"2025-08-15","url":"https://mwrd.org/news/mwrd-issues-update-tunnel-and-reservoir-plan","basis":"Agency release"},{"ref":2,"title":"Consent Decree, United States and State of Illinois v. MWRD of Greater Chicago","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2014-01-06","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/documents/mwrd-cd_0.pdf","basis":"Court record"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: MWRDGC Calumet WRP (NPDES IL0028061)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":"2026-10-02","url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=IL0028061","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IL-CHICAGO-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2024"]},{"id":"US-IL-PEORIA-CSO-CONSENT-DECREE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Peoria combined sewer overflows to the Illinois River under federal consent decree","description":"Peoria's combined sewers overflow to the Illinois River and Peoria Lake in heavy rain; under a December 2020 federal consent decree the city must cut CSO discharges with about $129 million of mainly green infrastructure by January 1, 2040, and the Greater Peoria Sanitary District (NPDES IL0021288) must eliminate two remote treatment units by July 1, 2028. The city's Year 4 project was in design in 2024 with construction from spring 2025, and ECHO records GPSD fecal coliform up to 1,400% over limit in April 2024. Peoria's 2025 annual report estimates a 42% reduction in CSO evaluation volume against starting conditions, but 32 of 55 qualifying storms still caused overflows; the formal test of Milestone #1 (20% volume reduction) runs through 2026, with a report due March 31, 2027.","location":{"name":"Peoria combined sewer area","type":"Municipal combined sewer system","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Peoria, Peoria County; Illinois River and Peoria Lake; GPSD NPDES IL0021288","coordinates":{"lat":40.6595,"lon":-89.625,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Peoria"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Combined sewer design sends untreated sewage to the river during storms.","secondary_drivers":["Combined sewers","Heavy rainfall"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO (ref 3) shows GPSD fecal coliform 1,400% over limit in April 2024; WGLT (ref 4) reports 20 to 30 yearly health warnings downstream after CSOs. In 2025, 32 of 55 qualifying precipitation events still caused CSO discharges (ref 6).","service":"Drinking water and sewer service are not interrupted; the warnings concern river recreation (ref 4).","scale":"Illinois American Water's Peoria system serves 137,575 people per SDWIS (ref 5).","duration":"The decree runs an 18-year implementation from January 2022 to December 2039 (ref 2).","significance":"Federal consent decree with U.S. EPA, DOJ and Illinois, with $100,000 (city) and $150,000 (GPSD) penalties (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":137575,"status":"Reported","note":"IL American-Peoria water system population per SDWIS (ref 5), proxy for the city."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Average annual CSO discharges fall by about 92 percent once both sets of controls are built (EPA, ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"City CSO control cost","value":129000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"EPA estimate (ref 1)."},{"name":"GPSD work cost","value":25000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"EPA estimate (ref 1)."},{"name":"Remaining average annual overflow volume before decree","value":160000000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"WGLT (ref 4)."},{"name":"Peak GPSD fecal coliform exceedance","value":1400,"unit":"percent over limit","status":"Reported","note":"April 2024 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Estimated CSO evaluation volume reduction, 2025","value":42,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Versus Starting Conditions model (ref 6); Milestone #1 formal evaluation period is calendar 2026."},{"name":"Storm events with CSO discharges, 2025","value":32,"unit":"events","status":"Reported","note":"Of 55 qualifying events (ref 6)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Estimated CSO volume reduction of 42% in 2025 versus starting conditions (ref 6)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Peoria","role":"CSO permittee"},{"name":"Greater Peoria Sanitary District","role":"Treatment plant permittee"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 5","role":"Consent decree party"},{"name":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"City of Peoria Public Works, 309-494-8800","corrective_actions":["Year 4 green infrastructure CSO project: design to Illinois EPA in fall 2024, construction from spring 2025 (ref 2).","GPSD to eliminate two remote treatment units by July 1, 2028 and finish work by 2032 (ref 1).","Enhanced public CSO notification system (ref 1).","Milestone #2 offline storage project (preferred Cedar Street site, 6.4 million gallons) targeted for the end of 2028 (ref 6); listed at $80.4 million for Peoria NPDES IL0037800 in Illinois EPA's FY2027 loan plan (ref 7)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"U.S. EPA, U.S. DOJ and State of Illinois reach agreement with Peoria and Greater Peoria Sanitary District","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2020-12-23","url":"https://19january2025snapshot.epa.gov/newsreleases/us-epa-us-doj-and-state-illinois-reach-agreement-peoria-and-greater-peoria-sanitary","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Year 4 Combined Sewer Overflow Control Project Information Meeting","publisher":"City of Peoria / Mead & Hunt","date":"2024-08-28","url":"https://meadhunt.com/client/CityofPeoria/GI/ProjectMeetingInfo/CSO-Year4-Meeting-1-Slides.pdf","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Greater Peoria Sanitary and Sewage District (NPDES IL0021288)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":"2026-10-02","url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=IL0021288","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"City set to implement consent decree on longstanding sewer overflow problems","publisher":"WGLT","date":"2020-12-03","url":"https://www.wglt.org/post/city-set-implement-consent-decree-longstanding-sewer-overflow-problems","basis":"News report"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: IL American-Peoria (IL1435030)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IL/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PEORIA/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"CSO Annual Report for Calendar Year 2025","publisher":"City of Peoria","date":"2026-03-31","url":"https://meadhunt.com/client/CityofPeoria/GI/ConsentDecree/Peoria-CSO-Annual-Report-CY2025.pdf","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":7,"title":"Water Pollution Control Loan Program FY2027 Intended Use Plan","publisher":"Illinois EPA","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://epa.illinois.gov/content/dam/soi/en/web/epa/topics/grants-loans/state-revolving-fund/documents/iup2027/wpclp-fy2027-iup.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IL-SPRINGFIELD-SCWRD-OVERFLOWS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Springfield-area sewer district overflows and three consent orders","description":"The Sangamon County Water Reclamation District's two Springfield plants show recurring violations in EPA ECHO. The Sugar Creek plant (NPDES IL0021971) logged 33 sanitary sewer overflows in 2023-2026 and the Spring Creek plant (NPDES IL0021989) 18, including two dry-weather discharges to waters. Spring Creek's fecal coliform reached 505% over its limit, and Illinois EPA entered consent orders in November 2023, November 2024 and November 2025.","location":{"name":"Sangamon County Water Reclamation District","type":"Regional sanitary district","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Springfield, Sangamon County; Sugar Creek (IL0021971) and Spring Creek (IL0021989) plants","coordinates":{"lat":39.8438,"lon":-89.6448,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Sangamon"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Collection-system overflows and plant exceedances reflect capacity and maintenance limits.","secondary_drivers":["Combined sewers","Wet-weather inflow"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Spring Creek recorded two dry-weather SSO discharges to waters and fecal coliform 505% over limit in September 2025 (ref 1).","service":"The two ECHO reports (refs 1, 2) show no service interruption.","scale":"Springfield's water system (IL1671200) serves 117,444 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Spring Creek shows violations in 10 of 13 quarters and Sugar Creek in all 13 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"State consent orders CCA W-2023-50141 (Nov. 2, 2023) and CCA W-2025-50175 (Nov. 26, 2025) for Spring Creek, and CCA W-2024-50205 (Nov. 13, 2024) for Sugar Creek (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":117444,"status":"Reported","note":"Springfield water system population per SDWIS (ref 3), proxy for the district's core service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"ECHO lists 51 sanitary sewer overflow events across the district's Sugar Creek and Spring Creek plants in the three-year window."},"measures":[{"name":"SSO events, Sugar Creek","value":33,"unit":"events","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"SSO events, Spring Creek","value":18,"unit":"events","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Peak fecal coliform exceedance (Spring Creek)","value":505,"unit":"percent over limit","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"State consent orders since Nov. 2023","value":3,"unit":"orders","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 2."},{"name":"Planned CSO and collection-system loan projects","value":90399000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Sum of four projected loan amounts in the 2026 IUP (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Sangamon County Water Reclamation District","role":"Permittee"},{"name":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"Illinois EPA Division of Water Pollution Control, Permit Section, 1021 North Grand Avenue East, Springfield, IL 62794-9276; 217-782-0610","corrective_actions":["Illinois EPA consent orders for both plants (refs 1, 2).","Sugar Creek WWTP CSO improvements construction stormwater permit ILR10ZD0A on file in ECHO (ref 2).","Illinois EPA's 2026 loan plan lists four district projects: Sugar Creek CSO treatment improvements ($15.9M), Spring Creek combined-sewer collection improvements ($23.8M), State Fairgrounds sewer separation ($10.5M) and Spring Creek CSO treatment improvements ($40.2M) (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Spring Creek STP (NPDES IL0021989)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":"2026-10-02","url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=IL0021989","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Sangamon County WRD Sugar Creek (NPDES IL0021971)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":"2026-10-02","url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=IL0021971","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Springfield (IL1671200)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IL/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SPRINGFIELD/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"Water Pollution Control Loan Program 2026 Intended Use Plan","publisher":"Illinois EPA","date":"2025-07-10","url":"https://epa.illinois.gov/content/dam/soi/en/web/epa/topics/grants-loans/state-revolving-fund/documents/iup-2026/FY2026-WPCLP-IUP.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IL-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Illinois statewide lead service line backlog and decades-long replacement deadlines","description":"Illinois community water supplies reported 667,275 lead service lines and 819,586 lines of unknown material out of 3,852,509 in the first statewide inventory summary posted by Illinois EPA. State law sets full replacement deadlines from 2042 for the smallest systems to 2077 for Chicago, and cost estimates run from $2.2 billion to $12 billion (Capitol News Illinois, April 2024).","location":{"name":"Illinois community water systems","type":"Statewide program","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"All Illinois community water supplies under the Lead Service Line Replacement and Notification Act","coordinates":{"lat":39.8,"lon":-89.65,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Lead pipes are a buried asset that must be physically replaced.","secondary_drivers":["Legacy lead pipe","Funding gap"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Lead lines are a potential exposure source; Illinois EPA's inventory (ref 1) counts 667,275 of them without reporting exceedances.","service":"Neither the inventory page nor Capitol News (refs 1, 2) describes service interruptions.","scale":"Statewide: 1,756 of 1,758 community supplies reported 3,852,509 service lines (ref 1).","duration":"Replacement deadlines run from 2042 to 2077, possibly 2087 with extensions (ref 2).","significance":"The Lead Service Line Replacement and Notification Act (Public Act 102-0613) mandates inventories and replacement plans (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No statewide count of people served by lead lines is published in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Of the 3,852,509 total services lines reported: Lead 667,275; Unknown Material 819,586."},"measures":[{"name":"Reported lead service lines","value":667275,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"2020 reporting-year inventory summary (ref 1)."},{"name":"Unknown-material service lines","value":819586,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Federal lead line estimate","value":1000000,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"U.S. EPA 2023 estimate cited by Capitol News (ref 2)."},{"name":"High-end replacement cost estimate","value":12000000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Illinois Environmental Council estimate (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Replacement cost estimates of $2.2 billion to $12 billion (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Community water supplies","role":"Inventory and replacement obligation"}],"public_contact":"Illinois EPA Division of Public Water Supplies, Compliance Assurance Section, 2520 W Iles Ave, Springfield, IL 62794-9276","corrective_actions":["Mandatory material inventories and replacement plans under the LSLRNA (ref 1).","State revolving fund principal forgiveness and inventory grants to 260 supplies in 2023 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lead Service Line Information","publisher":"Illinois EPA","date":"2022-01-14","url":"https://epa.illinois.gov/topics/drinking-water/public-water-users/lead-service-line-information.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"As state continues to inventory lead pipes, full replacement deadlines are decades away","publisher":"Capitol News Illinois","date":"2024-04-12","url":"https://capitolnewsillinois.com/NEWS/as-state-continues-to-inventory-lead-pipes-full-replacement-deadlines-are-decades-away","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IL-CHICAGO-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2024"]},{"id":"US-IL-ELMWOOD-STP-SOLIDS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Elmwood STP fails suspended solids limit in 34 of 35 months","description":"Elmwood's small sewage lagoon plant (general permit ILG582012) in Peoria County has been in significant noncompliance for all 12 quarters in EPA ECHO. Total suspended solids exceeded the monthly limit in 34 months from October 2023 to August 2026, peaking at 1,695% over in August 2025, and carbonaceous BOD hit 1,878% over in April 2025, despite a November 2023 Illinois EPA consent order.","location":{"name":"Elmwood STP","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Elmwood, Peoria County; NPDES ILG582012","coordinates":{"lat":40.7761,"lon":-89.9647,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Peoria"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"An undersized or failing small plant discharges poorly treated effluent.","secondary_drivers":["Small-system capacity","Aging lagoon treatment"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Monthly TSS 1,695% over limit in August 2025 and cBOD 1,878% over in April 2025 (ref 1). The planned fix is removal of sludge from the lagoon (ref 3).","service":"Elmwood's ECHO report (ref 1) lists no service disruption.","scale":"Elmwood's water system (IL1430300) serves 2,058 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"TSS exceedances in 34 of 35 months; SNC in 12 of 12 quarters (ref 1).","significance":"Illinois EPA consent order CCA W-2023-50106 entered November 8, 2023, and a May 6, 2025 warning letter (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":2058,"status":"Reported","note":"Elmwood water system population per SDWIS (ref 2), proxy for the sewer service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"ECHO: total suspended solids over the monthly limit in 34 of 35 months since October 2023."},"measures":[{"name":"Months with TSS exceedance","value":34,"unit":"months","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Peak TSS exceedance","value":1695,"unit":"percent over limit","status":"Reported","note":"August 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Peak cBOD exceedance","value":1878,"unit":"percent over limit","status":"Reported","note":"April 2025 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Exceedances persist after the 2023 order (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Elmwood","role":"Permittee"},{"name":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"Illinois EPA Division of Water Pollution Control, Permit Section, 1021 North Grand Avenue East, Springfield, IL 62794-9276; 217-782-0610","corrective_actions":["Illinois EPA consent order CCA W-2023-50106 (ref 1).","Illinois EPA's FY2027 loan plan lists a $2.5 million Elmwood project (ILG582012) for lagoon sludge removal and rock filter replacement, with $375,000 in principal forgiveness (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Elmwood STP (NPDES ILG582012)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":"2026-10-02","url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=ILG582012","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Elmwood (IL1430300)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IL/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ELMWOOD/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Water Pollution Control Loan Program FY2027 Intended Use Plan","publisher":"Illinois EPA","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://epa.illinois.gov/content/dam/soi/en/web/epa/topics/grants-loans/state-revolving-fund/documents/iup2027/wpclp-fy2027-iup.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IL-CARLINVILLE-STP-VIOLATIONS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Carlinville STP: BOD, ammonia and metals violations and three consent orders","description":"Carlinville's sewage plant (NPDES IL0022675) in Macoupin County was in significant noncompliance in 9 of 12 recent quarters in EPA ECHO. Carbonaceous BOD hit 1,745% over limit in January 2025, ammonia exceeded its limit in 17 months, mercury in 11 months from October 2025, and copper reached 427% over in March 2025; ECHO also logs prohibited bypasses in 2025 and 2026. Illinois EPA entered consent orders in 2021, July 2024 and July 2025.","location":{"name":"Carlinville STP","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Carlinville, Macoupin County; NPDES IL0022675","coordinates":{"lat":39.268,"lon":-89.877,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Macoupin"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Treatment failures cause effluent violations and bypasses.","secondary_drivers":["Aging treatment plant","Wet-weather inflow"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"cBOD 1,745% over limit (January 2025), copper 427% over (March 2025), and wet-weather prohibited bypasses in May 2025 and September 2026 (ref 1).","service":"Nothing in Carlinville's ECHO record (ref 1) indicates customers lost sewer service.","scale":"Carlinville's water system (IL1170150) serves 6,598 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"Noncompliance in all 12 quarters, 9 of them significant (ref 1).","significance":"Consent orders CCA W-2024-50021 (July 11, 2024) and CCA W-2025-50059 (July 29, 2025), plus an April 2026 warning letter (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":6598,"status":"Reported","note":"Carlinville water system population per SDWIS (ref 2), proxy for the sewer service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"ECHO: 9 quarters in significant noncompliance; cBOD peaked at 1,745% over limit in January 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance","value":9,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Peak cBOD exceedance","value":1745,"unit":"percent over limit","status":"Reported","note":"January 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Months with ammonia exceedance","value":17,"unit":"months","status":"Reported","note":"April 2024-August 2026 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Carlinville","role":"Permittee"},{"name":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"Illinois EPA Division of Water Pollution Control, Permit Section, 1021 North Grand Avenue East, Springfield, IL 62794-9276; 217-782-0610","corrective_actions":["Illinois EPA consent orders 2024 and 2025 (ref 1).","$1.467 million project (NPDES IL0022675) to replace the existing 22-inch brick sewer with new 24-inch PVC sewer along Highway 108, listed in Illinois EPA's FY2024 loan plan (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Carlinville STP (NPDES IL0022675)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":"2026-10-02","url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=IL0022675","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Carlinville (IL1170150)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IL/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CARLINVILLE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Water Pollution Control Loan Program FY2024 Intended Use Plan (Final)","publisher":"Illinois EPA","date":"2023-07-20","url":"https://epa.illinois.gov/content/dam/soi/en/web/epa/topics/grants-loans/state-revolving-fund/documents/2024-iup/WPCLP-2024-IUP-Final.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IL-CHICAGO-SUMMER-FLOODS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"July and August 2025 Chicago-area flash flooding and denied federal aid","description":"Storms on July 25-28 and August 16-19, 2025 flooded homes across Chicago's Southwest Side and suburbs; more than 2,000 flooded-basement reports were filed by July 30, and Burbank, Justice and Summit were among the hardest-hit Cook County towns. Chicago and Cook County issued disaster proclamations and the state sought a Presidential Disaster Declaration, which was denied; Capitol News Illinois reports the administration denied two Illinois aid requests after the 2025 summer floods.","location":{"name":"Chicago region (Cook, Will, Kane and other counties)","type":"Urban flash-flood area","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"City of Chicago, City of Aurora and Cook, Will, Boone, McHenry, Kane, Jersey and Calhoun counties","coordinates":{"lat":41.8781,"lon":-87.6298,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Cook","Will","Boone","McHenry","Kane","Jersey","Calhoun"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Extreme rainfall overwhelmed local sewers and drainage, and the recovery gap is a funding question as well as a physical one.","secondary_drivers":["Extreme rainfall","Combined sewer capacity","Federal disaster-aid denial"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"IEMA-OHS (ref 3) asked residents to document mold remediation, ruined furnaces and water heaters, and any illness, so health effects are possible but not tallied.","service":"The October 28 appeal release (ref 3) describes prolonged power outages and significant disruptions to transportation and essential services.","scale":"Damage assessments covered Chicago, Aurora and seven counties from Boone to Calhoun (ref 3), and Rep. Garcia counted over 2,000 basement reports in days (ref 2).","duration":"Two storm periods a month apart (July 25-28, August 16-19) fed a recovery and appeal process that ran into November 2025 assessments (ref 3).","significance":"Mayor Johnson and President Preckwinkle signed disaster proclamations on August 6, 2025 (ref 1), and a Presidential declaration request was denied (refs 3, 4)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected-population total was published; over 2,000 basement reports were cited (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than 2,000 flooded basement reports have already been filed (Rep. Chuy Garcia, July 30, 2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"Flooded basement reports filed by July 30, 2025","value":2000,"unit":"reports","status":"Reported","note":"Lower bound per ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Federal individual assistance denied; local governments and households carry recovery costs (refs 3, 4)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Region was flooded again in summer 2026 (see related record); Capitol News Illinois counts three FEMA denials for Illinois since 2025 (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Illinois Emergency Management Agency and Office of Homeland Security","role":"State emergency management"},{"name":"City of Chicago Office of Emergency Management and Communications","role":"Local emergency management"},{"name":"Cook County Department of Emergency Management and Regional Security","role":"County emergency management"},{"name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","role":"Federal disaster declaration authority"}],"public_contact":"IEMA-OHS recovery page, iemaohs.illinois.gov/recovery","corrective_actions":["Chicago and Cook County disaster proclamations (August 2025).","State appeal with additional damage assessments November 4-7, 2025 and a residential self-assessment survey."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"The City of Chicago and Cook County Issue Disaster Proclamations for Flooding that occurred July 25-28","publisher":"Cook County Government","date":"2025-08-06","url":"https://www.cookcountyil.gov/news/city-chicago-and-cook-county-issue-disaster-proclamations-flooding-occurred-july-25-28","basis":"Local government release"},{"ref":2,"title":"Statement From Congressman Chuy Garcia on Flooding in Southwest Chicago & Surrounding Suburbs","publisher":"Office of Rep. Jesus Garcia","date":"2025-07-30","url":"https://chuygarcia.house.gov/media/press-releases/statement-from-congressman-chuy-garcia-on-flooding-in-southwest-chicago-surrounding-suburbs","basis":"Congressional statement"},{"ref":3,"title":"IEMA-OHS to Appeal Denial of Federal Disaster Assistance for Illinois Summer Flooding Events","publisher":"Illinois Emergency Management Agency and Office of Homeland Security","date":"2025-10-28","url":"https://www.illinois.gov/content/dam/soi/en/web/illinois/iisnewsattachments/31857-102825-iema-appeal-release-disaster-proclamation.pdf.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Trump administration denies Illinois' request for disaster relief - again","publisher":"Capitol News Illinois via NPR Illinois","date":"2026-10-08","url":"https://www.nprillinois.org/illinois/2026-10-08/trump-administration-denies-illinois-request-for-disaster-relief-again","basis":"News report","accessed":"2026-10-08"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Structures damaged","Damage cost","Appeal decision document"],"related_ids":["US-IL-COOK-COUNTY-DEEP-TUNNEL-OVERFLOWS-2026","US-IL-CHICAGO-WEST-SIDE-REPEAT-FLOODING-2025"]},{"id":"US-IL-CHICAGO-WEST-SIDE-REPEAT-FLOODING-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Repeat basement flooding on Chicago's West Side since July 2023","description":"Rep. Danny Davis's office said in August 2025 that more than 5,600 homes have been re-flooded since the July 2023 storms, many with severe mold, and that FEMA funds appropriated for Illinois remained stalled. In 2026 MWRD and the City of Chicago funded $12 million of underground stormwater storage on Le Moyne Street and Maypole Avenue to protect more than 2,900 buildings in Austin, West Garfield Park and Galewood.","location":{"name":"Chicago West Side (Austin and West Garfield Park)","type":"Urban neighborhood flood area","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"28th, 29th and 37th wards, City of Chicago, Cook County","coordinates":{"lat":41.907,"lon":-87.764,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Cook"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Local combined sewers lack capacity for intense storms, so the remedy is added stormwater storage.","secondary_drivers":["Undersized combined sewers","Extreme rainfall"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"At the August 26, 2025 press event (ref 1) a resident said her basement was covered in black mold and neighbors were sick; no health study is cited.","service":"Davis's office (ref 1) describes families displaced and blocks left unlivable, with basements unusable after repeat flooding.","scale":"More than 5,600 re-flooded homes (ref 1) and 2,900-plus buildings in three wards targeted by the storage project (ref 2) make this a community-scale problem.","duration":"Flooding recurs from July 2023 into 2025; 37th Ward Ald. Emma Mitts said her own home has flooded five times (ref 1).","significance":"The MWRD Board of Commissioners formally authorized up to $6 million toward the city's storage projects (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure; the storage project protects more than 2,900 homes, businesses and other buildings (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than 5,600 homes have since been re-flooded, many now suffering severe mold damage (Rep. Danny K. Davis, August 26, 2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"Homes re-flooded since 2023","value":5600,"unit":"homes","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"New underground stormwater storage","value":1.4,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Le Moyne St and Maypole Ave (ref 2)."},{"name":"Storage project cost","value":12,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"MWRD up to $6 million (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Relief depends on federal funds described as stalled (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Repeat flooding continues while new storage is being installed (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Chicago Department of Water Management","role":"Sewer owner and project lead"},{"name":"Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago","role":"Regional stormwater agency and co-funder"},{"name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","role":"Federal disaster aid"}],"public_contact":"MWRD public affairs, 312-751-6633","corrective_actions":["$12 million underground storage on Le Moyne St (Luna to Lorel) and Maypole Ave (Cicero to Lavergne), about 1.4 million gallons."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"\"Release the Money Now\": Congressman Danny K. Davis, Local Leaders Demand FEMA Relief for Chicago Flood Victims","publisher":"Office of Rep. Danny K. Davis","date":"2025-08-26","url":"https://davis.house.gov/media/press-releases/release-money-now-congressman-danny-k-davis-local-leaders-demand-fema-relief","basis":"Congressional statement"},{"ref":2,"title":"MWRD, City of Chicago collaborate on new underground storage project to protect West Side from flooding","publisher":"Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago","date":"2026-07-07","url":"https://mwrd.org/news/mwrd-city-chicago-collaborate-new-underground-storage-project-protect-west-side-flooding-0","basis":"Utility release"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Project completion date","Count of homes still unrepaired"],"related_ids":["US-IL-CHICAGO-SUMMER-FLOODS-2025"]},{"id":"US-IL-COOK-COUNTY-DEEP-TUNNEL-OVERFLOWS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"July 2026 storms fill Deep Tunnel reservoirs and force sewer overflows","description":"After 3.19 inches of rain on July 3-4, 2026 and 8.15 inches in 30 days, MWRD held over 13 billion gallons in its Tunnel and Reservoir Plan; McCook Reservoir was 98% full and Thornton Composite Reservoir reached 94%, its fullest since opening in 2015. CBS 2 reported 18 combined sewer discharges into Chicago waterways on each of July 3, 4 and 5, and MWRD warned of overbank flooding in 11 south suburbs.","location":{"name":"MWRD Tunnel and Reservoir Plan (Cook County)","type":"Regional combined-sewer and stormwater system","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"McCook Reservoir (Bedford Park) and Thornton Composite Reservoir (South Holland), Cook County","coordinates":{"lat":41.8781,"lon":-87.6298,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Cook"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Record rain exceeded the capacity of the regional storage system, sending combined sewage into waterways.","secondary_drivers":["Extreme rainfall","Combined sewer overflows","Storage capacity limits"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"CBS 2 (ref 3) reported untreated combined sewage and stormwater dumped into area rivers, and a Shedd Aquarium scientist said such discharges deplete oxygen and stress fish.","service":"MWRD kept an Overflow Action Alert in effect asking residents to hold off on water use (ref 4), and warned of overbank flooding risk in Dolton, Harvey and nine other towns (ref 1).","scale":"McCook serves central Chicago and 36 municipalities and the Calumet system the South Side and 13 suburbs (ref 4).","duration":"NBC 5 (ref 5) quoted MWRD saying Thornton would take at least a month to drain, and storms on July 27 refilled the reservoirs (ref 6).","significance":"MWRD issued formal Overflow Action Alerts (ref 4) and public storm reports on reservoir levels (refs 1, 2); no enforcement action is cited."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure; service area is central and south Cook County (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The Thornton Composite Reservoir is currently 94% full, with 7.3 billion gallons captured, the fullest it has been since becoming operational in 2015 (MWRD, July 6, 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Stormwater held in TARP","value":13,"unit":"billion gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"McCook Reservoir fills in 2026 to date","value":6,"unit":"fills","status":"Reported","note":"Versus 5 fills in 2021-2025 combined (ref 2)."},{"name":"Combined sewer discharges per day, July 3-5","value":18,"unit":"discharges","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"McCook filled six times by early July 2026 against five times across 2021-2025 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago","role":"TARP owner and operator"},{"name":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency","role":"NPDES permitting authority"}],"public_contact":"MWRD public affairs, 312-751-6633","corrective_actions":["Lowering Chicago Area Waterway levels at Lockport before storms (ref 4).","McCook Reservoir expansion scheduled for completion by the end of 2032 (ref 7).","Stormwater partnership program applications open to municipalities (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"MWRD Storm Update","publisher":"Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago","date":"2026-07-05","url":"https://mwrd.org/news/mwrd-storm-update-1","basis":"Utility release"},{"ref":2,"title":"MWRD Storm Report 11 AM","publisher":"Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago","date":"2026-07-06","url":"https://mwrd.org/news/mwrd-storm-report-11-am","basis":"Utility release"},{"ref":3,"title":"Holiday weekend storms overwhelmed Chicago's stormwater system, dumping untreated water into area rivers","publisher":"CBS 2 Chicago (reposted by MWRD)","date":"2026-07-06","url":"https://mwrd.org/news/holiday-weekend-storms-overwhelmed-chicagos-stormwater-system-dumping-untreated-water-area-rivers-cbs-2-chicago","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"10:30 a.m. Storm Update: MWRD's TARP systems manages heavy rainfall","publisher":"Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago","date":"2026-07-04","url":"https://mwrd.org/news/1030-am-storm-update-mwrds-tarp-systems-manages-heavy-rainfall","basis":"Utility release"},{"ref":5,"title":"Smelly south suburban reservoir will take at least a month to drain","publisher":"NBC 5 Chicago (reposted by MWRD)","date":"2026-07-11","url":"https://mwrd.org/news/smelly-south-suburban-reservoir-will-take-least-month-drain-nbc-5-chicago","basis":"News report"},{"ref":6,"title":"MWRD managing excess water after severe storms hit Cook County","publisher":"Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago","date":"2026-07-27","url":"https://mwrd.org/news/mwrd-managing-excess-water-after-severe-storms-hit-cook-county","basis":"Utility release"},{"ref":7,"title":"Deep Tunnel has never reached its limit. After a weekend of heavy rains, it's almost full","publisher":"Chicago Sun-Times (reposted by MWRD)","date":"2026-07-06","url":"https://mwrd.org/news/deep-tunnel-has-never-reached-its-limit-after-weekend-heavy-rains-its-almost-full-sun-times","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Total combined sewer overflow volume","Lake Michigan backflow status","Basement flooding counts"],"related_ids":["US-IL-CHICAGO-SUMMER-FLOODS-2025"]},{"id":"US-IL-LAKE-MICHIGAN-ALLOCATION-WATER-LOSS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lake Michigan allocation holders exceeding Illinois' 10% water-loss limit","description":"IDNR's director told Chicago's suburban water partners in June 2025 that some of the 227 communities holding Lake Michigan allocations exceed the 10% water-loss limit and are working toward compliance, citing a transmission-infrastructure maintenance backlog of more than $1 billion. Illinois' diversion is capped at 3,200 cubic feet per second on a 40-year running average under U.S. Supreme Court decree, and IDNR is starting a new reallocation round.","location":{"name":"Illinois Lake Michigan diversion service area","type":"State water allocation program","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Northeastern Illinois communities supplied with Lake Michigan water","coordinates":{"lat":41.8781,"lon":-87.6298,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Cook"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Leaky distribution systems put the state's court-capped diversion budget under pressure, and fixing them needs capital.","secondary_drivers":["Distribution system leakage","Interstate diversion cap","Deferred maintenance"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Director Finnie (ref 1) said some allocatees lose more than the allowed 10% of the Lake Michigan water they take, wasting a capped resource.","service":"No customer outage or restriction is linked to the water-loss exceedances in the council minutes (ref 1).","scale":"227 communities hold allocations (ref 1), and more than 6.5 million Illinois residents drink Lake Michigan water (ref 2).","duration":"IDNR described a deferred maintenance backlog topping a billion dollars on century-old lines (ref 1), a chronic condition.","significance":"Allocations are permits under the Level of Lake Michigan Act implementing the 1967/1980 Supreme Court decree (ref 1), and exceedances put permittees out of compliance."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":6500000,"status":"Reported","note":"More than 6.5 million Illinois residents get drinking water from Lake Michigan (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Currently 227 Illinois communities have Lake Michigan allocations; permit holders are limited to no more than 10% loss, but some allocatees exceed that limit (IDNR, June 17, 2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"Communities with Lake Michigan allocations","value":227,"unit":"communities","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Illinois diversion cap","value":3200,"unit":"cfs (40-year running average)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Deferred maintenance backlog over $1 billion cited by IDNR (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The minutes do not list how many allocatees exceed the limit or how that has changed."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Office of Water Resources","role":"Lake Michigan allocation regulator"},{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","role":"Diversion accounting"},{"name":"Chicago Department of Water Management","role":"Wholesale supplier"}],"public_contact":"IDNR Office of Water Resources, One Natural Resources Way, Springfield, IL 62702","corrective_actions":["IDNR starting the next Lake Michigan reallocation round (previous round 2018-2023).","USACE revision of 2019 diversion accounting after finding some counted water came through Indiana (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Minutes, Meeting of the Chicago Water Partners Advisory Council, June 17, 2025","publisher":"Chicago Department of Water Management","date":"2025-06-17","url":"https://www.chicago.gov/content/dam/city/depts/water/RegionalPartnership/AdvisoryCouncil/MeetingMinutes/CWPAC%20Minutes%20-%20Meeting%20of%206-17-2025.pdf","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Who can drink Great Lakes water? Joliet, Illinois, raises a familiar and contentious question","publisher":"Here & Now (WBUR), republished by WLRN","date":"2025-04-22","url":"https://www.wlrn.org/npr-breaking-news/2025-04-22/who-can-drink-great-lakes-water-joliet-illinois-raises-a-familiar-and-contentious-question","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Number of allocatees above the 10% limit","Statewide non-revenue water volume"],"related_ids":["US-IL-JOLIET-LAKE-MICHIGAN-DIVERSION-2025"]},{"id":"US-IL-FOREST-VIEW-CANAL-ASPHALT-SPILL-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"February 2025 liquid asphalt spill into the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal","description":"A failed heated pressure valve at Petroleum Fuel & Terminal Co.'s Forest View terminal released about 4,000 barrels of liquid asphalt into the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal in February 2025. After U.S. EPA ended oversight in November 2025, Illinois EPA issued a violation notice and the Attorney General sued, obtaining an agreed preliminary injunction in April 2026 requiring PFTC to finish the cleanup.","location":{"name":"Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal at Forest View","type":"Navigable waterway segment","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"PFTC terminal, 4805 S. Harlem Ave, Forest View, Cook County","coordinates":{"lat":41.8059,"lon":-87.7881,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Cook"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Petroleum product discharged directly into a waterway and its sediments.","secondary_drivers":["Storage tank valve failure"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Friends of the Chicago River (ref 3) reported ducklings and water snakes coated in oily sludge, dozens rescued, and asphalt left in the canal, shoreline and sediment.","service":"No drinking-water or navigation closure is reported in the AG, IEPA or Friends accounts (refs 1-3).","scale":"The release affected the 32-mile canal linking the Chicago and Des Plaines rivers (ref 1), a single waterway reach.","duration":"Cleanup ran from February 2025 under a U.S. EPA order and was still unfinished when the April 2, 2026 injunction issued (ref 1).","significance":"The Attorney General sued PFTC and a Cook County court entered an agreed preliminary injunction (ref 1); IEPA issued a December 5, 2025 violation notice (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Environmental release; no population exposure reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A February 2025 incident caused approximately 4,000 barrels of liquid asphalt to spill into the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal (Illinois Attorney General, April 2, 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Liquid asphalt spilled","value":4000,"unit":"barrels","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Asphalt removed","value":1500,"unit":"tons","status":"Reported","note":"Over 1,500 tons (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Cleanup continues under a court order after the federal withdrawal (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Petroleum Fuel & Terminal Company (Apex Oil Co.)","role":"Responsible party"},{"name":"Illinois Attorney General","role":"Enforcement"},{"name":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency","role":"Cleanup oversight"},{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 5","role":"Initial removal oversight"}],"public_contact":"Illinois EPA, 2520 W Iles Ave, Springfield, IL 62794, 217-782-3397","corrective_actions":["U.S. EPA removal order and work plan (February-November 2025).","IEPA violation notice December 5, 2025 and referral to the Attorney General.","Agreed preliminary injunction requiring completion of cleanup (April 2026)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Attorney General Raoul Obtains Injunction in Lawsuit Over 2025 Asphalt Spill Impacting Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal","publisher":"Office of the Illinois Attorney General","date":"2026-04-02","url":"https://illinoisattorneygeneral.gov/news/story/attorney-general-raoul-obtains-injunction-in-lawsuit-over-2025-asphalt-spill-impacting-chicago-sanitary-and-ship-canal","basis":"State enforcement record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal (community relations site page)","publisher":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency","date":null,"url":"https://epa.illinois.gov/topics/community-relations/sites/chicago-sanitary-and-ship-canal-.html","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"US EPA Abandons Canal Asphalt Cleanup","publisher":"Friends of the Chicago River","date":"2025-11-28","url":"https://chicagoriver.org/blog/2025/11/us-epa-abandons-canal-asphalt-cleanup","basis":"Advocacy report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Remaining asphalt volume","Civil penalty amount"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IL-ILLINOIS-RIVER-INVASIVE-CARP-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Young invasive carp found 80 miles from Lake Michigan as Brandon Road work stalls","description":"IDNR crews removed several hundred 4- to 6-inch silver carp from the Illinois River's Marseilles Pool on August 13-14, 2026, the first time carp that small have been found that far upriver since monitoring began in 2010. Eight U.S. senators wrote that the Army Corps paused the Brandon Road Interbasin Project barrier for a second time on July 24, 2026 before lifting the pause September 2, raising costs.","location":{"name":"Illinois River, Marseilles Pool to Brandon Road","type":"River segment","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Marseilles Pool (LaSalle and Grundy counties) up to Brandon Road Lock and Dam near Joliet (Will County)","coordinates":{"lat":41.3309,"lon":-88.7084,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["LaSalle","Grundy","Will"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"An invasive species is advancing up a waterway toward the Great Lakes while the barrier project is delayed.","secondary_drivers":["Invasive species spread","Federal project delay"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"IDNR (ref 1) says invasive carp are established in the lower 240 miles of the Illinois River, and the new young-of-year find suggests spawning farther upriver.","service":"Neither IDNR nor the senators (refs 1, 2) report a water-supply or navigation interruption.","scale":"The senators (ref 2) say carp reaching the Great Lakes would threaten a $7 billion Great Lakes economy across several states.","duration":"Multi-agency monitoring has run 16 years (ref 1), and Congress authorized the barrier project in 2020 with work halted twice since fall 2025 (ref 2).","significance":"The Army Corps issued a formal stop-work order on July 24, 2026 placing the project under administrative review (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Ecosystem and fishery threat; no population metric."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Several hundred small silver carp removed from the Marseilles Pool of the Illinois River, about 80 miles from Lake Michigan (IDNR, August 14, 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Distance of juvenile carp from Lake Michigan","value":80,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Federal construction funding since 2022","value":300,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"$225M (2022) + $47M (2023) + $28M (2026), ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Young carp were found farther upriver than ever recorded (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District","role":"Brandon Road project lead"},{"name":"Illinois Department of Natural Resources","role":"Non-federal sponsor and monitoring"},{"name":"Invasive Carp Regional Coordinating Committee","role":"Multi-agency coordination"}],"public_contact":"IDNR public information office, dnr.pio@illinois.gov","corrective_actions":["Intensified electrofishing in Marseilles Pool backwaters and added monitoring in Dresden Island Pool.","Contract commercial removal of adult carp resuming September 2026.","Brandon Road Interbasin Project construction resumed after September 2, 2026."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Multi-agency monitoring leads to detection of young silver carp in Illinois River's Marseilles Pool","publisher":"Illinois Department of Natural Resources","date":"2026-08-14","url":"https://www.illinois.gov/content/dam/soi/en/web/illinois/iisnewsattachments/32834-081426-dnr-invasive-carp-in-marseilles-pool-003.pdf.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Senators' letter to Acting Assistant Secretary of the Army on Brandon Road work stoppage","publisher":"U.S. Senators Durbin, Peters, Baldwin, Slotkin, Duckworth and others (hosted by WPR)","date":"2026-09-22","url":"https://www.wpr.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/brandon-road-work-stoppage-letter-to-army-corps.pdf","basis":"Congressional record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Revised Brandon Road cost estimate"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IL-MATTOON-LAKE-PARADISE-HAB-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lake Paradise algal bloom triggers Mattoon do-not-drink orders","description":"A cyanobacteria bloom in Lake Paradise, Mattoon's main source, raised microcystin in finished tap water to 0.35 ppb on July 9, 2025 samples, above the 0.3 ppb advisory level, and Mattoon issued a Do Not Drink order July 10-13 and again July 15-18 after a 0.385 ppb result. Two of three ultrasonic Solarafts had been damaged by muskrats and were not deployed until June.","location":{"name":"Mattoon water system (Lake Paradise)","type":"Municipal utility source reservoir","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Lake Paradise and Lake Mattoon reservoirs, City of Mattoon, Coles County","coordinates":{"lat":39.4831,"lon":-88.3728,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Coles"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IL0290250"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nutrient-fed cyanobacteria in the source reservoir produced toxins that passed treatment.","secondary_drivers":["Harmful algal bloom","Nutrient runoff","Drought-lowered reservoir"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"City testing records (ref 1) show raw Lake Paradise water at 9.12 ppb microcystin and finished water at 0.35 and 0.385 ppb, over the 0.3 ppb advisory.","service":"WAND (ref 2) reported residents could not drink tap water during the reissued order, and the city ran bottled-water distribution sites (ref 1).","scale":"Mattoon's system serves 19,500 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Visible bloom on June 25 (ref 1) persisted until the order lifted July 18, and the plant superintendent tied it to a drought that dropped the lake two feet (ref 3).","significance":"IEPA directed the city to issue and later reissue formal Do Not Drink orders (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":19500,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Raw Lake Paradise water testing at 9.12 ppb, raw plant water at above 5 ppb, and finished tap water at 0.35 ppb (City of Mattoon report, July 10, 2025 results)."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak finished-water microcystin","value":0.385,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"July 15, 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Days under Do Not Drink order","value":7,"unit":"days","status":"Estimated","note":"July 10-13 and July 15-18 per ref 1, counted by calendar day."},{"name":"Powdered activated carbon feed during bloom","value":600,"unit":"pounds per day","status":"Reported","note":"Versus about 150 normally (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Solarafts redeployed in April 2026 with added monitoring (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Mattoon","role":"Water system owner"},{"name":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency","role":"Primacy regulator and toxin testing"},{"name":"Coles County Health Department","role":"Public health notice"}],"public_contact":"City of Mattoon Public Works, 208 N 19th St, Mattoon, IL 61938","corrective_actions":["Increased powdered activated carbon dosing and system flushing per IEPA direction.","Early-season Solaraft deployment and remote water-quality monitoring in 2026."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water Quality Response and Recovery Report: City of Mattoon July 2025 Algal Bloom Events","publisher":"City of Mattoon","date":"2025-08-01","url":"https://mattoon.illinois.gov/wp-content/uploads/Water-Quality-Response-and-Recovery-Report.pdf","basis":"Utility record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Mattoon water samples show non-detect reading; do not drink order still in place","publisher":"WAND","date":"2025-07-17","url":"https://gray-wand-prod.gtv-cdn.com/2026/08/27/mattoon-water-samples-show-non-detect-reading-do-not-drink-order-still-place/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"A Rural Illinois Community Turns to Ultrasound to Fight Toxic Algae","publisher":"The Daily Yonder via Governing","date":"2026-10-06","url":"https://governing.com/infrastructure/a-rural-illinois-community-turns-to-ultrasound-to-fight-toxic-algae","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Mattoon (IL0290250)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IL/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MATTOON/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Treatment cost of the incident"],"related_ids":["US-IL-STATEWIDE-HARMFUL-ALGAL-BLOOMS-2026"]},{"id":"US-IL-STATEWIDE-HARMFUL-ALGAL-BLOOMS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Harmful algal blooms on dozens of Illinois lakes and rivers","description":"Illinois EPA's Algal Bloom Dashboard listed 84 lakes, streams and rivers with observed blooms since May 2022, and IEPA data obtained by CU-CitizenAccess showed over a dozen water bodies exceeded recreational toxin standards as of 2024. Recent entries include the Sangamon River in Champaign County (August 2025) and Chicago's Washington Park Lagoon (June 2026); state staff say the dashboard undercounts blooms.","location":{"name":"Illinois lakes and streams (statewide)","type":"Statewide surface waters","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Statewide; examples in Champaign, Cook, Bond and Coles counties","coordinates":{"lat":39.7817,"lon":-89.6501,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Champaign","Cook","Bond","Coles"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["agricultural","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nutrient pollution and warm, low water drive cyanobacteria blooms in lakes and rivers used for recreation and supply.","secondary_drivers":["Nutrient pollution","Warmer water","Drought"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"FOIA'd IEPA data (ref 1) showed over a dozen Illinois water bodies with algal toxin levels above recreational standards as of 2024.","service":"During the 2025 Mattoon bloom, no-swimming signs went up at Lake Paradise and Lake Mattoon (ref 4).","scale":"The dashboard holds 84 water bodies statewide (ref 1), and IEPA samples supply intakes and beaches from Lake County to Johnson County (refs 2, 3).","duration":"Blooms have been logged every season since the dashboard began in May 2022 and continued into June 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"These are monitoring and notification programs (refs 2, 3) with no enforcement order."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide recreational and source-water exposure not quantified."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The Algal Bloom Dashboard shows 84 lakes, streams, rivers and other water sources where algal blooms have been observed since May 2022 (CU-CitizenAccess, June 26, 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Water bodies with observed blooms since May 2022","value":84,"unit":"water bodies","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Routine HAB monitoring sites, 2026","value":27,"unit":"sites","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The dashboard relies partly on public reports, so counts are not a consistent time series (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency","role":"HAB monitoring program"},{"name":"Lake County Health Department","role":"Beach sampling"}],"public_contact":"Illinois EPA, 2520 W Iles Ave, Springfield, IL 62794, 217-782-3397","corrective_actions":["2026 program adds an April/May toxin sampling round at public-water-supply lake intakes (ref 2).","Four-toxin sampling at four Lake Michigan intakes, May-November (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Bloomington postpones algal bloom treatments as issue blooms across Illinois","publisher":"CU-CitizenAccess","date":"2026-06-26","url":"https://cu-citizenaccess.org/2026/06/bloomington-postpones-algal-bloom-treatments-as-issue-blooms-across-illinois/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"2026 Harmful Algal Bloom Program","publisher":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency","date":null,"url":"https://epa.illinois.gov/topics/water-quality/monitoring/algal-bloom/2026-harmful-algal-bloom-program.html","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"2025 Harmful Algal Bloom Program","publisher":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency","date":null,"url":"https://epa.illinois.gov/topics/water-quality/monitoring/algal-bloom/2025-harmful-algal-bloom-program.html","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"Water Quality Response and Recovery Report: City of Mattoon July 2025 Algal Bloom Events","publisher":"City of Mattoon","date":"2025-08-01","url":"https://mattoon.illinois.gov/wp-content/uploads/Water-Quality-Response-and-Recovery-Report.pdf","basis":"Utility record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Count of advisories issued per year","List of water bodies over recreational limits"],"related_ids":["US-IL-MATTOON-LAKE-PARADISE-HAB-2025","US-IL-BLOOMINGTON-LAKE-ALGAE-2026","US-IL-STATEWIDE-NUTRIENT-LOADS-2023"]},{"id":"US-IL-BLOOMINGTON-LAKE-ALGAE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Algae and low water in Bloomington's supply lakes","description":"Bloomington treated Lake Bloomington and Evergreen Lake with Cutrine Plus algaecide in March 2025 after microcystin rose in source water, while residents reported moldy, earthy-tasting tap water. In January 2026 the city asked for voluntary conservation because severe drought lowered the lakes and worsened algae, and it shelved a $112,572 second treatment in favor of more than $2.5 million in treatment plant upgrades.","location":{"name":"Bloomington water system (Lake Bloomington, Evergreen Lake)","type":"Municipal utility source reservoirs","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"City of Bloomington, McLean County","coordinates":{"lat":40.4842,"lon":-88.9937,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["McLean"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IL1130200"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Algae growth in drought-lowered reservoirs is driving taste and toxin concerns at the plant intake.","secondary_drivers":["Algae growth","Drought","Nutrient pollution"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Hoodline (ref 2) reports a source-water microcystin peak of 0.9 ppb with finished-water tests non-detect, so exposure risk was limited.","service":"CU-CitizenAccess (ref 1) reports the January 2026 voluntary conservation request and resident complaints of moldy or dirt-tasting water.","scale":"Bloomington's system serves 79,000 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Problems run from the March 2025 algaecide treatment through the June 2026 plant-upgrade decision (refs 1, 2).","significance":"No regulatory notice or order is cited; actions are city council decisions (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":79000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"In January 2026, the city also requested voluntary water conservation from residents, citing severe drought conditions that contributed to lower water levels and exacerbated algae growth in the lakes."},"measures":[{"name":"Treatment plant upgrades approved","value":2.5,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Over $2.5 million, with $1.7 million from a PFAS settlement (ref 1)."},{"name":"Shelved algaecide contract","value":112572,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Removed November 10, 2025 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Spring 2026 rains flushed the lakes, according to the purification superintendent (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Bloomington Water Department","role":"Water system owner"},{"name":"Illinois Environmental Protection Agency","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Bloomington Water Department, 109 E Olive St, Bloomington, IL 61701","corrective_actions":["Powdered activated carbon added for taste and odor compounds.","More than $2.5 million in water treatment plant upgrades."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Bloomington postpones algal bloom treatments as issue blooms across Illinois","publisher":"CU-CitizenAccess","date":"2026-06-26","url":"https://cu-citizenaccess.org/2026/06/bloomington-postpones-algal-bloom-treatments-as-issue-blooms-across-illinois/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Bloomington hits pause on lake algae fix as tap gripes bubble up","publisher":"Hoodline","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://hoodline.com/2026/06/bloomington-hits-pause-on-lake-algae-fix-as-tap-gripes-bubble-up/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Bloomington (IL1130200)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IL/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BLOOMINGTON/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Microcystin test series","Lake level data"],"related_ids":["US-IL-STATEWIDE-HARMFUL-ALGAL-BLOOMS-2026"]},{"id":"US-IL-SOUTHERN-ILLINOIS-RIVER-FLOODING-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"April 2025 major river flooding across southern Illinois","description":"Storms on April 2-6, 2025 dropped 6 to 12 inches of rain on the lower Ohio Valley. The National Weather Service in Paducah recorded major flooding on the Big Muddy River at Murphysboro, the Little Wabash at Carmi, Skillet Fork at Wayne City and the Ohio River at Shawneetown, with moderate flooding at Golconda and Cairo; some roads were still closed weeks later.","location":{"name":"Southern Illinois rivers (Big Muddy, Little Wabash, Ohio)","type":"River basins","state":"IL","states":["IL"],"detail":"Jackson, White, Wayne, Gallatin, Pope and Alexander counties","coordinates":{"lat":37.7134,"lon":-88.1867,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Jackson","White","Wayne","Gallatin","Pope","Alexander"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Multi-day extreme rainfall pushed several river basins into major flood stage.","secondary_drivers":["Extreme rainfall","Riverine flooding"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"NWS Paducah (ref 1) describes numerous water rescues and many homes and businesses inundated across its 58-county area, without Illinois-specific damage counts.","service":"Countless roads were covered and impassable, some still closed weeks later during the river crest (ref 1).","scale":"26 of 31 NWS forecast points reached at least moderate flood, including six in Illinois (ref 1).","duration":"Rain fell April 2-6, but the Ohio at Shawneetown was not forecast to crest until April 15 (ref 1), leaving weeks of high water.","significance":"The cited federal event summary (ref 1) records no Illinois disaster declaration or order."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported in the NWS summary."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Ohio River at Shawneetown preliminary crest 53.30 ft on April 15, highest since 56.36 ft on May 6, 2011 (NWS Paducah)."},"measures":[{"name":"Big Muddy River at Murphysboro crest","value":36.39,"unit":"ft","status":"Reported","note":"April 9 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Little Wabash River at Carmi crest","value":37.04,"unit":"ft","status":"Reported","note":"April 11 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One event; crests were the highest since 2011-2017 at several gauges (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"National Weather Service Paducah","role":"Flood forecasting"},{"name":"Illinois Emergency Management Agency and Office of Homeland Security","role":"State emergency management"}],"public_contact":"National Weather Service Paducah, weather.gov/pah","corrective_actions":["No event-specific corrective plan found in the cited record."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"April 2025 Flooding (event summary)","publisher":"National Weather Service Paducah","date":"2025-04-14","url":"https://www.weather.gov/pah/April2025Flooding","basis":"Federal storm-event record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Illinois structures damaged","Damage cost","Second independent source"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IL-DECATUR-ADM-CO2-INJECTION-LEAK-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"ADM Decatur carbon-storage well leak and EPA Safe Drinking Water Act order","description":"U.S. EPA found that Archer Daniels Midland's Class VI carbon-sequestration project in Decatur allowed injected carbon dioxide and fluid to migrate into an unauthorized zone about 5,000 feet underground and that the company failed to monitor the well. EPA proposed an order in September 2024 and issued a final Safe Drinking Water Act order on August 13, 2025 requiring ADM to evaluate the migration, check nearby wells and modify its permit. EPA says drinking water was not affected.","location":{"state":"IL","states":["IL"],"name":"ADM Decatur carbon sequestration site","type":"Class VI carbon dioxide injection site","detail":"Macon County; ADM facility in Decatur, injecting into the Mt. Simon formation about a mile below the surface","coordinates":{"lat":39.8403,"lon":-88.9548,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Macon"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is fluid migration out of a permitted deep injection zone that the Safe Drinking Water Act regulates to protect aquifers.","secondary_drivers":["Carbon capture and storage expansion","Well corrosion and monitoring failures"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Roughly 8,000 metric tons of CO2 and ground fluid leaked into an unauthorized zone (ref 2), but EPA states the fluid stayed almost a vertical mile below drinking water sources (ref 1), so harm is potential.","service":"No drinking-water notice or supply interruption is reported; EPA says public health was not jeopardized (ref 1).","scale":"One injection project in the Decatur area that has stored more than 4.5 million tons of CO2 since 2011 (ref 2).","duration":"ADM knew of tubing corrosion from October 2023 and detected the leak in March 2024 (ref 2); the final order came in August 2025 (ref 1), more than a year later.","significance":"EPA issued a final Safe Drinking Water Act order (ref 1) after an August 2024 notice of violation that warned of possible penalties and permit termination (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population exposure is reported; EPA says nearby drinking water sources were protected (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Roughly 8,000 metric tons of liquid carbon dioxide and other ground fluid leaked, about three days of injection (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"CO2 and fluid leaked","value":8000,"unit":"metric tons","status":"Reported","note":"Capitol News Illinois (ref 2)."},{"name":"Depth of migrated fluid","value":5000,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"EPA final order release (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 5","role":"Class VI permitting and enforcement authority"},{"name":"Archer Daniels Midland Co.","role":"Permittee and operator"}],"public_contact":null,"corrective_actions":["EPA final order (August 13, 2025) requires ADM to carry out its emergency and remedial response plan, evaluate the extent of fluid migration, assess wells for corrective action, submit status reports and modify its permit (ref 1).","ADM said the affected monitoring well was plugged and no longer in use (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA Orders Archer Daniels Midland to Ensure Environmental Compliance of Carbon Sequestration Well in Decatur, Illinois","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-orders-archer-daniels-midland-ensure-environmental-compliance-carbon-sequestration","basis":"Federal enforcement record"},{"ref":2,"title":"ADM carbon sequestration project violated Safe Drinking Water Act, per EPA","publisher":"Capitol News Illinois","date":"2024-09-13","url":"https://capitolnewsillinois.com/news/adm-carbon-sequestration-project-violated-safe-drinking-water-act-per-epa","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"A Carbon Capture Monitoring Well Leaked in Illinois. Most Residents Found Out When the World Did","publisher":"Inside Climate News","date":"2024-10-03","url":"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/03102024/illinois-carbon-capture-monitoring-well-leak/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"ADM's well leak draws allegations of environmental violations","publisher":"CU-CitizenAccess","date":"2024-12-20","url":"https://cu-citizenaccess.org/2024/12/adms-well-leak-draws-allegations-of-environmental-violations/","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"EPA Alleges ADM Violated Safe Drinking Water Act After Carbon Dioxide Leak in Decatur","publisher":"Hoodline","date":"2024-09-16","url":"https://hoodline.com/2024/09/epa-alleges-adm-violated-safe-drinking-water-act-after-carbon-dioxide-leak-in-decatur/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["public_contact","population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-IL-MAHOMET-AQUIFER-CO2-SEQUESTRATION-2025"]},{"id":"US-IL-MIDDLE-FORK-VERMILION-COAL-ASH-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Middle Fork Vermilion River coal ash: erosion hits trigger line as removal permit stalls","description":"About 3.3 million cubic yards of coal ash remain in three impoundments on the banks of the Middle Fork of the Vermilion River, Illinois's only National Scenic River, at Dynegy's closed Vermilion Power Station north of Oakwood. A 2023 settlement with the state requires the ash to be moved to a new landfill outside the floodplain, but the closure plan submitted in January 2022 still awaits Illinois EPA action. In August 2026 Dynegy disclosed that riverbank erosion had reached the trigger line in its emergency response plan.","location":{"state":"IL","states":["IL"],"name":"Middle Fork Vermilion River at Vermilion Power Station","type":"Coal ash impoundments on a National Scenic River","detail":"Vermilion County; closed Dynegy (Vistra) power station north of Oakwood","coordinates":{"lat":40.1153,"lon":-87.7786,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Vermilion"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Unlined coal ash in a floodplain (infrastructure) threatens river water quality if the eroding bank fails.","secondary_drivers":["Coal plant retirement and ash closure","Riverbank erosion","Permit review delays"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"A June 30, 2026 inspection found erosion at the trigger line beside the ash impoundments, prompting 500 feet of rock armoring to prevent collapse (ref 1); no release is reported, so harm is potential.","service":"No public water supply disruption is reported for the Middle Fork site (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Three impoundments holding 3.3 million cubic yards of ash sit inside a federally protected 17-mile scenic river corridor (ref 1).","duration":"The closure plan has awaited Illinois EPA approval since January 2022, more than four years (ref 2), and removal may not finish until 2040 (ref 1).","significance":"A 2023 settlement between Dynegy and the State of Illinois requires removal of the ash to a new landfill outside the floodplain (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure is reported; the concern is river and floodplain contamination (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"3.3 million cubic yards of coal ash remain in the floodplain of the Middle Fork of the Vermilion River (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Coal ash in floodplain","value":3300000,"unit":"cubic yards","status":"Reported","note":"Earthjustice release (ref 1)."},{"name":"Riverbank armoring planned","value":500,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Rock to be placed along the critical bank section (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Erosion reached the 2023 emergency-plan trigger line in June 2026 while the removal permit remained pending (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Illinois EPA","role":"Coal ash closure permitting authority"},{"name":"Dynegy Midwest Generation (Vistra)","role":"Owner of the impoundments"}],"public_contact":"Illinois EPA general line, 217-782-3397","corrective_actions":["Dynegy plans to install 500 feet of rock along the eroding riverbank (ref 2).","Under the 2023 settlement, the ash is to be excavated and placed in a new landfill on Dynegy property outside the floodplain once Illinois EPA issues a permit (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"As Illinois EPA Delays Removal of Toxic Coal Ash, Erosion Passes Critical 'Trigger Point' Along Middle Fork","publisher":"Earthjustice","date":"2026-08-11","url":"https://earthjustice.org/press/2026/as-illinois-epa-delays-removal-of-toxic-coal-ash-erosion-passes-critical-trigger-point-along-middle-fork","basis":"Advocacy group release citing utility disclosures"},{"ref":2,"title":"Middle Fork erosion hits trigger point amid delays","publisher":"Eco-Justice Collaborative","date":"2026-08-10","url":"https://ecojusticecollaborative.org/middle-fork-erosion-hits-trigger-point-amid-delays/","basis":"Advocacy group release citing utility disclosures"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IL-WAUKEGAN-COAL-ASH-GRASSY-FIELD-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Waukegan Station unlined coal ash fill: Pollution Control Board denies exemption","description":"On March 20, 2025 the Illinois Pollution Control Board voted 5-0 to deny Midwest Generation's request to exempt a 10-acre unlined coal ash area (the Grassy Field) at its retired Waukegan Station on Lake Michigan from the state's Part 845 coal ash rules. Borings found ash or slag at all 40 sample points, and the Board earlier found that discharges from the area contributed to exceedances of state groundwater quality standards. The ruling keeps the area subject to state closure requirements.","location":{"state":"IL","states":["IL"],"name":"Waukegan Station coal ash (Grassy Field)","type":"Retired power plant coal ash fill area","detail":"Lake County; NRG / Midwest Generation Waukegan Station on the Lake Michigan shore","coordinates":{"lat":42.3636,"lon":-87.8448,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lake"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns groundwater contamination from an unlined coal ash fill.","secondary_drivers":["Legacy coal ash disposal","Environmental-justice community concerns"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The Board's interim order in PCB 13-15 found discharges from the area contributed to exceedances of Part 620 groundwater quality standards, and IEPA cites CCR constituents above protection standards (ref 1).","service":"The opinion reports no drinking-water service impact (ref 1).","scale":"One 10-acre unlined area within a 30-acre ash complex at a single Waukegan plant (ref 1).","duration":"Midwest Generation first petitioned in May 2021 and the Board ruled in March 2025, with ash in place since before the 1970s (ref 1).","significance":"The Pollution Control Board denied the adjusted standard by a 5-0 vote, a final appealable order (ref 1), and the ruling was reported as requiring removal (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No exposed population is quantified (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Ash or slag was found at every one of 40 borings across the 10-acre unlined area (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Unlined ash area","value":10,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"PCB AS 21-3 opinion (ref 1)."},{"name":"Borings with ash or slag","value":40,"unit":"borings","status":"Reported","note":"All 40 borings to 15 feet (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Illinois Pollution Control Board","role":"Adjudicator"},{"name":"Illinois EPA","role":"Coal ash permitting authority"},{"name":"Midwest Generation LLC (NRG)","role":"Owner"}],"public_contact":"Illinois EPA general line, 217-782-3397","corrective_actions":["Board ruling keeps the 10-acre area subject to Part 845 coal ash closure rules (ref 1).","Closure method requires an Illinois EPA permit; removal to lined storage was reported as the expected outcome (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Opinion and Order, Petition of Midwest Generation for a Finding of Inapplicability of 35 Ill. Adm. Code 845 (AS 21-3)","publisher":"Illinois Pollution Control Board","date":"2025-03-20","url":"https://pcb.illinois.gov/documents/dsweb/Get/Document-113233","basis":"State adjudicative record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Officials order power company to address leaking coal ash ponds (The Cool Down)","publisher":"Yahoo News","date":"2025-04-24","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/officials-order-power-company-address-101545662.html","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IL-POWERTON-CCR-GROUNDWATER-2024"]},{"id":"US-IL-JOLIET-LINCOLN-STONE-QUARRY-COAL-ASH-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lincoln Stone Quarry coal ash permit denied over groundwater monitoring and closure","description":"On March 9, 2026 Illinois EPA denied Midwest Generation's initial operating permit for the Lincoln Stone Quarry coal ash impoundment near Joliet, which received ash from the Joliet 9 and Joliet 29 stations for decades. Advocates report the agency found the groundwater monitoring plan inadequate, the preliminary closure plan noncompliant, and the closure funding insufficient, and gave the company 90 days to resubmit. It is reported as the first coal ash permit denial under Illinois's 2021 rules.","location":{"state":"IL","states":["IL"],"name":"Lincoln Stone Quarry, Joliet","type":"Coal combustion residual surface impoundment (former quarry)","detail":"Will County; 1601 Patterson Road, Joliet; operated by Midwest Generation (NRG)","coordinates":{"lat":41.525,"lon":-88.0817,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Will"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The dispute is over groundwater contamination from ash placed in a quarry and how it will be monitored and closed.","secondary_drivers":["Legacy coal ash disposal","Closure financial assurance"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The company's own early-1990s testing showed contamination moving toward residential drinking-water wells, per Earthjustice (ref 2).","service":"No public water system outage or notice is reported for the quarry (refs 1, 2).","scale":"One ash-filled quarry serving two Joliet generating stations, with nearby residential wells (ref 2).","duration":"Ash was dumped for decades through 2019 (ref 2); the permit application dates to October 2021 and was denied in March 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Illinois EPA issued a formal permit denial letter (ref 1) requiring resubmission within 90 days (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Number of nearby private-well users is not reported (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Illinois EPA denied draft initial operating permit No. 2021-CO-100028 for Lincoln Stone Quarry on March 9, 2026 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Days to resubmit application","value":90,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"Earthjustice (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Illinois EPA Bureau of Land","role":"Coal ash permitting authority"},{"name":"Midwest Generation LLC (NRG)","role":"Operator"},{"name":"Lincoln Stone Quarry, Inc.","role":"Owner"}],"public_contact":"Illinois EPA general line, 217-782-3397","corrective_actions":["Midwest Generation must resubmit a plan with comprehensive groundwater monitoring, compliant closure and adequate funding (ref 2).","Illinois EPA prepared a responsiveness summary after the July 31, 2024 public hearing on the draft permit (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lincoln Stone Quarry CCR 845 permit denial letter (Log No. 2021-482)","publisher":"Illinois EPA","date":"2026-03-09","url":"https://epa.illinois.gov/content/dam/soi/en/web/epa/public-notices/documents/ccr-public-notices/Letter%20of%20Denial%203-9.pdf","basis":"State regulatory record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Illinois EPA denies NRG's inadequate preliminary closure proposal and monitoring plan for toxic coal ash at Lincoln Stone Quarry","publisher":"Earthjustice","date":"2026-03-11","url":"https://earthjustice.org/press/2026/illinois-epa-denies-nrgs-inadequate-preliminary-closure-proposal-and-monitoring-plan-for-toxic-coal-ash-at-lincoln-stone-quarry","basis":"Advocacy group release"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IL-WAUKEGAN-COAL-ASH-GRASSY-FIELD-2025"]},{"id":"US-IL-VISTRA-UNLINED-ASH-PONDS-EXTENSION-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Federal proposal lets Baldwin, Kincaid and Newton keep unlined ash ponds to 2031","description":"In November 2025 U.S. EPA proposed letting 11 coal plants, including Vistra's Baldwin, Kincaid and Newton stations in Illinois, keep sending ash to unlined impoundments until October 2031. Reporting describes the 13 affected impoundments as unlined and leaking contaminants into groundwater; the original federal closure deadline was 2021. Illinois law separately requires coal plants to shut by 2030.","location":{"state":"IL","states":["IL"],"name":"Baldwin, Kincaid and Newton power stations","type":"Coal plant ash impoundments (multiple sites)","detail":"Randolph County (Baldwin), Christian County (Kincaid) and Jasper County (Newton); all owned by Vistra Corp.","counties":["Randolph","Christian","Jasper"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The proposal extends use of leaking unlined ash ponds that affect groundwater.","secondary_drivers":["Federal coal ash rule rollbacks","Coal plant life extension"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The Tribune reports all 13 impoundments covered by the proposal are unlined and leaking toxic contaminants into groundwater (ref 2).","service":"No water service disruption is reported; advocates note nearby communities rely on groundwater for drinking water (ref 1).","scale":"Three Illinois plants in three counties are covered (ref 1).","duration":"The plants avoided the 2021 closure deadline through a 2020 extension, and the new proposal runs to 2031 (ref 1).","significance":"A formal U.S. EPA proposal subject to public hearing and comment (ref 2); no enforcement order is involved."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected groundwater users are not quantified (refs 1, 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"EPA proposed extending closure deadlines to October 2031 for 11 coal plants, including Baldwin, Kincaid and Newton (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Illinois plants covered","value":3,"unit":"plants","status":"Reported","note":"Canary Media via IEC (ref 1)."},{"name":"Impoundments covered nationally","value":13,"unit":"impoundments","status":"Reported","note":"Chicago Tribune via IEC (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Federal coal combustion residuals rule authority"},{"name":"Illinois EPA","role":"State coal ash permitting authority"},{"name":"Vistra Corp.","role":"Owner"}],"public_contact":"Illinois EPA general line, 217-782-3397","corrective_actions":["Public hearing held on the proposal; final federal decision not reported (ref 2).","State law requires the plants to close by 2030 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA plans to give 11 coal plants a free pass on toxic ash disposal (Canary Media)","publisher":"Illinois Environmental Council","date":"2026-01-09","url":"https://ilenviro.org/illinois-coal-plants-get-free-pass-on-toxic-ash-disposal-canary-media/","basis":"News (reprint)"},{"ref":2,"title":"Environmentalists push back against US EPA plan to extend coal plant closings (Chicago Tribune)","publisher":"Illinois Environmental Council","date":"2026-01-06","url":"https://ilenviro.org/coal-plant-closure-deadlines-extended-in-illinois-chicago-tribune/","basis":"News (reprint)"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["public_contact"],"related_ids":["US-IL-POWERTON-CCR-GROUNDWATER-2024"]},{"id":"US-IL-CHANA-HOG-MANURE-FISH-KILL-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Paragon Pork manure discharge and Honey Creek fish kill: state enforcement and settlement","description":"The Illinois Attorney General filed a 16-count water-pollution complaint on October 30, 2025 against Paragon Pork, a roughly 5,000-head swine operation near Chana in Ogle County, and its manure applicator, over a November 2020 land application of about 5.76 million gallons of livestock waste. The state alleges the waste reached a tributary of Honey Creek, where dissolved oxygen fell to 0.3 mg/L and an estimated 1,447 fish died along about 1.59 miles of stream. In June 2026 the state and Paragon proposed a settlement with a $17,500 civil penalty.","location":{"state":"IL","states":["IL"],"name":"Honey Creek near Chana","type":"Swine CAFO and receiving stream","detail":"Ogle County; tributaries of Honey Creek, which flows to the Kyte River","coordinates":{"lat":41.995,"lon":-89.199,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Ogle"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Livestock waste discharge degraded stream water quality and killed fish.","secondary_drivers":["CAFO manure land application","Field tile drainage"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"IDNR estimated 1,447 fish killed and Illinois EPA measured dissolved oxygen of 0.3 mg/L and ammonia nitrogen of 880 mg/L at the tributary (ref 1).","service":"No drinking water system is reported as affected by the Honey Creek discharge (ref 1).","scale":"A single facility and about 1.59 miles of stream (ref 3).","duration":"The stipulation describes the violations as minimal in duration, centered on November 4-6, 2020 (ref 3).","significance":"Attorney General enforcement complaint accepted by the Board (refs 1, 2) and a proposed settlement with a $17,500 penalty (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No human population exposure is reported (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"An estimated 1,447 fish were killed over approximately 1.59 miles of stream (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Livestock waste land-applied","value":5758000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"November 4-5, 2020 application (ref 1)."},{"name":"Fish killed (estimate)","value":1447,"unit":"fish","status":"Reported","note":"IDNR estimate, described as an underestimate (ref 1)."},{"name":"Proposed civil penalty","value":17500,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Stipulation filed June 1, 2026 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Illinois Attorney General","role":"Enforcement counsel"},{"name":"Illinois EPA","role":"Referring agency and NPDES authority"},{"name":"Illinois Pollution Control Board","role":"Adjudicator"},{"name":"Paragon Pork, Inc.","role":"CAFO owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"Illinois EPA general line, 217-782-3397","corrective_actions":["Paragon installed a water level control structure to guard against uncontrolled flows (ref 3).","Proposed $17,500 civil penalty with stipulated penalties for noncompliance, pending Board acceptance (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Complaint, People v. Paragon Pork, Inc. and Kintzle Construction, Inc. (PCB 2026-033)","publisher":"Illinois Attorney General via Illinois Pollution Control Board","date":"2025-10-30","url":"https://pcb.illinois.gov/documents/dsweb/Get/Rendition-271348/unknown","basis":"State enforcement record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Order of the Board accepting complaint, PCB 26-33","publisher":"Illinois Pollution Control Board","date":"2025-11-06","url":"https://pcb.illinois.gov/documents/dsweb/Get/Document-114753","basis":"State adjudicative record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Stipulation and Proposal for Settlement as to Paragon Pork, Inc. (PCB 26-033)","publisher":"Illinois Attorney General via Illinois Pollution Control Board","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://pcb.illinois.gov/documents/dsweb/Get/Document-116085","basis":"State enforcement record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IL-STATEWIDE-NUTRIENT-LOADS-2023"]},{"id":"US-IL-FAYETTE-PETCO-SALTWATER-SPILL-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Petco Petroleum oilfield saltwater line rupture in Fayette County referred for enforcement","description":"On August 18, 2025 an underground saltwater injection line serving a Petco Petroleum oil well near Wright's Corner in Loudon Township, Fayette County, ruptured at a valve station. Illinois EPA estimated more than 5,000 barrels of saltwater were released, killing vegetation and reaching a private pond, and referred the company to the Attorney General for enforcement.","location":{"state":"IL","states":["IL"],"name":"Petco oil well brine line, Loudon Township","type":"Oilfield saltwater injection line","detail":"Fayette County; near Wright's Corner, Loudon Township (private property)","counties":["Fayette"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Produced-water brine contaminated soil and a pond.","secondary_drivers":["Oilfield produced-water disposal","Aging injection lines"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Illinois EPA estimated more than 5,000 barrels of saltwater discharged, killing vegetation and accumulating in a pond (ref 1).","service":"The release reached private property; no public water system impact is reported (ref 1).","scale":"A single line break on private land (ref 1).","duration":"The release was stopped after the August 18, 2025 report (ref 1).","significance":"Illinois EPA referred the case to the Attorney General seeking a judicial order (ref 1); no court action is reported yet."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No public population is affected; the release was on private property (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than 5,000 barrels of saltwater were discharged into the environment before the release was stopped (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Saltwater released (estimate)","value":5000,"unit":"barrels","status":"Reported","note":"Illinois EPA states 'more than 5,000 barrels' (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Illinois EPA","role":"Referring agency"},{"name":"Illinois Attorney General","role":"Enforcement counsel"},{"name":"Petco Petroleum Corporation","role":"Operator"}],"public_contact":"Illinois EPA general line, 217-782-3397","corrective_actions":["Illinois EPA asked the Attorney General to seek an order requiring Petco to address the spill and stop its spread (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Petco Petroleum Corporation Referred to the Illinois Attorney General's Office for Enforcement","publisher":"Illinois EPA","date":"2025-08-27","url":"https://epa.illinois.gov/content/dam/soi/en/web/epa/about-us/documents/news-releases/2025/08.27.2025-IEPA-Petco-Petroleum-Section-43-Referral-Final.pdf","basis":"State enforcement record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["second_source"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IL-PEKIN-ETHANOL-ILLINOIS-RIVER-DISCHARGE-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Pekin ethanol plant Illinois River discharge violations settled by consent order","description":"The Illinois Attorney General announced on August 18, 2026 a consent order with Pacific Ethanol Pekin (now Alto Pekin), a corn-milling ethanol refinery in Pekin, resolving allegations that its discharges to the Illinois River exceeded NPDES permit limits for temperature, flow, chlorine and ammonia nitrogen from 2012 to 2017. The order requires a $75,000 civil penalty, a $125,000 wetland project at Emiquon National Wildlife Refuge and compliance with a modified permit.","location":{"state":"IL","states":["IL"],"name":"Alto Pekin ethanol plant, Illinois River","type":"Industrial NPDES discharger","detail":"Tazewell County; Pekin, discharging to the Illinois River","coordinates":{"lat":40.5675,"lon":-89.6406,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Tazewell"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Permit exceedances in industrial wastewater affected river water quality.","secondary_drivers":["Biofuel production","Thermal and ammonia discharges"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Effluent exceeded permit limits for temperature, chlorine and ammonia nitrogen (ref 1); no measured ecological damage is reported.","service":"No water service impact is reported from the Pekin discharges (ref 1).","scale":"One facility's outfall to the Illinois River (ref 1).","duration":"Alleged exceedances ran from January 2012 to October 2017 (ref 1).","significance":"A consent order with $75,000 in civil penalties and a $125,000 supplemental environmental project (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not applicable; no population exposure is reported (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Consent order requires $75,000 in civil penalties and a $125,000 supplemental environmental project (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Civil penalty","value":75000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Attorney General release (ref 1)."},{"name":"Supplemental environmental project","value":125000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Water control structure at Emiquon, about 320 acres of wetland (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Illinois Attorney General","role":"Enforcement counsel"},{"name":"Illinois EPA","role":"NPDES permitting and referring agency"},{"name":"Alto Pekin LLC","role":"Permittee"}],"public_contact":"Illinois EPA general line, 217-782-3397","corrective_actions":["Comply with a recently modified NPDES permit (ref 1).","Fund replacement of a water control structure at Emiquon National Wildlife Refuge (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Attorney General Raoul enters consent order in lawsuit against Pacific Ethanol Pekin LLC","publisher":"Illinois Attorney General","date":"2026-08-18","url":"https://illinoisattorneygeneral.gov/news/story/attorney-general-raoul-enters-consent-order-in-lawsuit-against-pacific-ethanol-pekin-llc","basis":"State enforcement record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["second_source"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IL-LEMONT-MULCH-STORMWATER-CANAL-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lemont mulch yard stormwater discharges to Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal","description":"The Illinois Attorney General filed a five-count complaint on February 6, 2026 against A. Block Marketing, a bulk hardwood mulch operation on Canal Bank Road in Lemont, alleging it discharged contaminated stormwater into the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal and deposited mulch and debris along the canal wall in violation of its industrial stormwater permit. A proposed settlement includes a $20,000 civil penalty.","location":{"state":"IL","states":["IL"],"name":"Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal at Lemont","type":"Industrial stormwater discharge site","detail":"Cook County; 15660 Canal Bank Road, Lemont","coordinates":{"lat":41.6736,"lon":-88.0017,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Cook"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminated industrial stormwater and debris entered a navigable canal.","secondary_drivers":["Industrial stormwater permit compliance"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The complaint alleges contaminated stormwater discharges and mulch debris along the canal wall creating a water pollution hazard (ref 1); no measured impact is cited.","service":"No water supply effect is described in the Board order (ref 1).","scale":"One mulch processing site on the canal bank (ref 1).","duration":"The Board order does not give the dates or length of the discharges (ref 1).","significance":"Attorney General complaint before the Pollution Control Board with a stipulated $20,000 penalty (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population exposure is reported (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"ABM agrees to pay a civil penalty of $20,000 under the proposed settlement (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Proposed civil penalty","value":20000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"PCB 26-46 order (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Illinois Attorney General","role":"Enforcement counsel"},{"name":"Illinois Pollution Control Board","role":"Adjudicator"},{"name":"A. Block Marketing, Inc.","role":"Permittee"}],"public_contact":"Illinois EPA general line, 217-782-3397","corrective_actions":["Stipulation and proposed settlement filed with the complaint; Board directed public notice (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Order of the Board, People v. A. Block Marketing, Inc. (PCB 26-46)","publisher":"Illinois Pollution Control Board","date":"2026-02-19","url":"https://pcb.illinois.gov/documents/dsweb/Get/Rendition-274235/unknown","basis":"State adjudicative record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["second_source","violation_dates"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IL-AQUA-ILLINOIS-RATE-CASE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Aqua Illinois $11.6 million rate increase amid University Park and service complaints","description":"In November 2024 the Illinois Commerce Commission granted Aqua Illinois an $11.6 million rate increase (ICC Docket 24-0044), down from a $20.4 million request that Aqua estimated would add $29.91 a month to an average residential water and wastewater bill. The Village of University Park, where Aqua's water exceeded lead limits in 2019 and the company entered a consent order with the Attorney General, joined the Citizens Utility Board in opposing the request. Customers at hearings also cited iron-discolored water at Eastwood Manor and service interruptions in Lake County.","location":{"state":"IL","states":["IL"],"name":"Aqua Illinois service areas","type":"Investor-owned water utility (multiple systems)","detail":"Parts of 14 counties, mostly northern Illinois, including University Park (Will County), Eastwood Manor (McHenry County) and Hawthorn Woods (Lake County)","coordinates":{"lat":41.4462,"lon":-87.6834,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Will","McHenry","Lake","Kankakee","Vermilion"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"IL1975030","pwsids":["IL1975030","IL1115250","IL0975040"]},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The core issue is the cost of service and rate-setting for a private utility's customers.","secondary_drivers":["Private utility rate of return","Environmental justice (University Park)","Aging infrastructure"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Aqua's 2023 water quality report listed Eastwood Manor iron at 2.3 ppm, above Illinois's 1.0 ppm guideline, and University Park had excess lead in 2019 (ref 2).","service":"Hawthorn Woods and Kildeer had a multi-day service interruption and a later boil advisory after a main break (ref 2).","scale":"Aqua serves about 273,000 customers in central and northern Illinois (ref 1).","duration":"University Park's lead problem dates to 2019 and the rate case ran through 2024, with new rates in 2025 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"ICC final order in Docket 24-0044 (ref 1), and a 2023 Attorney General consent order over University Park lead (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":273000,"status":"Reported","note":"Customer accounts reported by CUB (ref 1), not persons; University Park system alone serves 7,002 people per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The ICC granted an $11.6 million increase, cutting Aqua's $20.4 million request by about 40 percent (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Rate increase requested","value":20.4,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"January 2024 filing (ref 1)."},{"name":"Rate increase granted","value":11.6,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"ICC order, November 2024 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Authorized return on equity","value":9.6,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Aqua sought 10.8 percent (ref 1)."},{"name":"University Park remediation spending","value":18,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Per Aqua president; not recovered from ratepayers (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Affordability pressure from repeated rate increases (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Illinois Commerce Commission","role":"Rate regulator"},{"name":"Aqua Illinois","role":"Investor-owned utility"},{"name":"Illinois EPA","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Citizens Utility Board, (800) 669-5556","corrective_actions":["From July 1, 2025, eligible low-income customers receive a 70 percent discount on base volumetric charges (ref 1).","Aqua must file an alternative rate design by January 1, 2027 or in its next rate case (ref 1).","Aqua expected system-wide iron filtration at Eastwood Manor by early 2025 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"BREAKING: ICC grants Aqua Illinois $11.6 million rate hike","publisher":"Citizens Utility Board","date":"2024-11-21","url":"https://www.citizensutilityboard.org/blog/2024/11/21/breaking-icc-grants-aqua-illinois-11-6-million-rate-hike/","basis":"Consumer advocate summary of ICC order"},{"ref":2,"title":"Proposed Aqua rate increase reignites tensions between the company and its customers","publisher":"Capitol News Illinois","date":"2024-08-02","url":"https://capitolnewsillinois.com/news/proposed-aqua-rate-increase-reignites-tensions-between-the-company-and-its-customers/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Aqua Illinois-University Park (IL1975030)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IL/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/UNIVERSITY%20PARK/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IL-ILLINOIS-AMERICAN-RATES-2024-2026"]},{"id":"US-IL-JOLIET-WATER-RATES-LAKE-MICHIGAN-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Joliet water bills set to more than double to fund Lake Michigan switch","description":"Joliet, whose deep aquifer may stop meeting demand by 2030, is building a more than $2 billion system to buy Lake Michigan water from Chicago with five neighboring communities, plus about $600 million to replace leaky mains. The city adopted multi-year water and sewer increases starting in November 2023 that raise the average combined bill from about $75 to a projected $113 a month by 2026, and says the average water bill will more than double. Almost a third of Joliet's water is lost before reaching customers.","location":{"state":"IL","states":["IL"],"name":"Joliet water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Will County; Joliet leads the Grand Prairie Water Commission with Crest Hill, Channahon, Minooka, Romeoville and Shorewood","coordinates":{"lat":41.525,"lon":-88.0817,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Will"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IL1970450"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding is about who pays for a forced supply change, through rate increases.","secondary_drivers":["Aquifer depletion","Water main losses","Large capital program"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Pumping since the 1800s has drawn the deep aquifer faster than it recharges, and wells may start running dry by 2030 (ref 2).","service":"No outages are reported; the impact is on bills (refs 1, 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists Joliet's system as serving 160,000 people (ref 3); the project serves about a quarter million (ref 2).","duration":"Annual increases began November 2023 and continue through 2026, with construction running to 2030 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Joliet loses almost a third of its water, against a state rule capping loss at 10 percent (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":160000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Average combined water and sewer bill projected to rise from $75.05 to $113 a month by 2026 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Average combined bill before increases","value":75.05,"unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","note":"Herald-News, September 2023 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Projected average combined bill, 2026","value":113,"unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","note":"Herald-News (ref 1)."},{"name":"Lake Michigan pipeline cost","value":1.45,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"About 62 miles of pipe and pump stations; total program more than $2 billion (ref 2)."},{"name":"Share of water lost before customers","value":33,"unit":"percent","status":"Estimated","note":"Ref 2 says 'almost a third'; 33 is an approximation."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Rate increases more than double the regional average of about 5 percent a year (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Joliet","role":"Utility owner and rate setter"},{"name":"Grand Prairie Water Commission","role":"Regional supply commission"},{"name":"City of Chicago","role":"Wholesale Lake Michigan supplier"}],"public_contact":null,"corrective_actions":["Pipeline construction began in June 2025 with completion expected in 2030 (ref 2).","Joliet plans to replace about 192 miles of leaky pipe by 2030 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Joliet lays out plans for annual hikes in water and sewer rates","publisher":"The Herald-News (Shaw Local)","date":"2023-09-13","url":"https://shawlocal.com/the-herald-news/2023/09/13/joliet-plans-12-annual-hikes-in-water-and-sewer-rates","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Who can drink Great Lakes water? Joliet, Illinois, raises a familiar and contentious question","publisher":"WLRN / WBUR Here & Now","date":"2025-04-22","url":"https://www.wlrn.org/npr-breaking-news/2025-04-22/who-can-drink-great-lakes-water-joliet-illinois-raises-a-familiar-and-contentious-question","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Joliet (IL1970450)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IL/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/JOLIET/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["public_contact"],"related_ids":["US-IL-DATA-CENTER-WATER-DEMAND-2025"]},{"id":"US-IL-DATA-CENTER-WATER-DEMAND-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Data center growth strains groundwater-stressed southwest suburbs","description":"Illinois has more than 220 data centers, and a proposed Equinix campus in Minooka could use about 30 percent of the village's drinking-water allocation from the new Lake Michigan pipeline, in a Will-Kendall area where aquifers are dwindling. Joliet says the new regional system is not sized for data centers, which in Minooka could eventually need up to 3 million gallons a day. Illinois does not require data centers to disclose water use; a 2025 disclosure bill stalled and the 2026 POWER Act proposes reporting and permits.","location":{"state":"IL","states":["IL"],"name":"Minooka and southwest Chicago suburbs","type":"Regional groundwater-dependent service area","detail":"Grundy, Kendall and Will counties; Minooka, Joliet and other Grand Prairie Water Commission members","coordinates":{"lat":41.4553,"lon":-88.262,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Grundy","Kendall","Will"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The concern is the quantity of potable water large new industrial users would draw.","secondary_drivers":["Data center construction","Non-disclosure agreements","Aquifer depletion"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Aquifer supplies in Will and Kendall counties are dwindling, and one proposed center could take 30 percent of Minooka's pipeline allocation (ref 1).","service":"No restrictions tied to data centers are reported yet (refs 1, 3).","scale":"More than 220 data centers statewide, and DCEO has approved tax breaks for more than 20 since 2020 (ref 1).","duration":"An emerging issue documented from mid-2025 into 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"The POWER Act was introduced on February 11, 2026 to require water-use reporting and Illinois EPA water permits (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is quantified (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A proposed Minooka data center could use 30 percent of the village's allocated drinking water from the new pipeline (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Data centers in Illinois","value":220,"unit":"facilities","status":"Reported","note":"'More than 220' (ref 1)."},{"name":"Possible Minooka data center demand","value":3,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Up to 3 million gallons per day eventually (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Illinois General Assembly","role":"Legislature"},{"name":"Illinois Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity","role":"Data center tax incentive authority"},{"name":"Village of Minooka","role":"Local water provider"}],"public_contact":null,"corrective_actions":["HB 2391 (May 2025) allows data centers to seek permits to use treated municipal wastewater (ref 1).","The POWER Act would require water-use reporting, efficiency standards and Illinois EPA water permits (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"As Data Centers Proliferate Across Illinois, Communities Grapple with How to Supply the Necessary Water","publisher":"Inside Climate News","date":"2025-06-16","url":"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16062025/illinois-data-centers-water-use/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"POWER Act: Lawmakers seek to regulate new data centers' power, water usage","publisher":"Capitol News Illinois","date":"2026-02-11","url":"https://capitolnewsillinois.com/news/power-act-lawmakers-seek-to-regulate-new-data-centers-power-water-usage/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Who can drink Great Lakes water? Joliet, Illinois, raises a familiar and contentious question","publisher":"WLRN / WBUR Here & Now","date":"2025-04-22","url":"https://www.wlrn.org/npr-breaking-news/2025-04-22/who-can-drink-great-lakes-water-joliet-illinois-raises-a-familiar-and-contentious-question","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Village of Minooka water rate letter (Lake Michigan water capital costs)","publisher":"Village of Minooka","date":"2022-10-19","url":"https://minooka-001-us.govstack.com/media/a3ah1ny3/water-rate-letter-2023.pdf","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":5,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system lookup: Minooka (IL0630550)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IL/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MINOOKA/JSON","basis":"Federal dataset","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["public_contact","population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-IL-JOLIET-WATER-RATES-LAKE-MICHIGAN-2025","US-IL-STATEWIDE-WATER-USE-OVERSIGHT-2026","US-IL-JOLIET-GPWC-AQUIFER-EXIT-2025","US-IL-NE-SANDSTONE-AQUIFER-DEPLETION-2026"]},{"id":"US-IL-STATEWIDE-WATER-USE-OVERSIGHT-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Illinois has no single agency or groundwater cap to manage water use","description":"At 2026 legislative hearings prompted by drought, officials said no single Illinois agency manages water use, groundwater users outside the Lake Michigan system face no withdrawal limit, and the State Water Survey lacks regulatory authority and full compliance with annual reporting. Sullivan declared a water emergency in February 2026 and several rivers remained well below normal. Bills to give agencies more authority over withdrawals have stalled.","location":{"state":"IL","states":["IL"],"name":"Illinois statewide water-use oversight","type":"Statewide water-use governance","detail":"Statewide; Water Use Act of 1983 reporting, IDNR, Illinois EPA, Department of Agriculture and State Water Survey roles","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The problem is a gap in legal authority and staffing, not a single physical failure.","secondary_drivers":["Drought","Fragmented agency authority","New high-volume users"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The state climatologist said the Sangamon, Kankakee and Mackinaw rivers were still well below normal in spring 2026 (ref 1).","service":"Sullivan declared a water emergency in February 2026 and Bloomington had imposed use restrictions (ref 1).","scale":"Statewide gap: about 20 percent of people CMAP serves mostly use groundwater, for which no withdrawal cap like the Lake Michigan compact exists (ref 1).","duration":"Drought has persisted since summer 2025, and reporting rules date to 1983 with gaps noted for years (ref 1).","significance":"Nonvoting legislative subject-matter hearings in 2026, including a February hearing where IDNR cited serious staffing shortages (ref 1); no binding action yet."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No single affected population; issue is statewide (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"\"Any user can pump as much as they want,\" CMAP's Nora Beck said of groundwater users outside the Lake Michigan system (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Reporting threshold under Water Use Act","value":70,"unit":"gallons per minute","status":"Reported","note":"About 100,000 gallons per day (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Illinois Department of Natural Resources","role":"Water resources agency"},{"name":"Illinois State Water Survey","role":"Water-use data and research"},{"name":"Illinois General Assembly","role":"Legislature"}],"public_contact":null,"corrective_actions":["Lawmakers are holding subject-matter hearings as an early step toward statewide water planning (ref 1).","Proposed data center legislation would add water-use reporting (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drought causing ongoing concerns, legislative hearings about Illinois water supply","publisher":"Capitol News Illinois","date":"2026-04-27","url":"https://capitolnewsillinois.com/news/drought-causing-ongoing-concerns-legislative-hearings-about-illinois-water-supply/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"As Data Centers Proliferate Across Illinois, Communities Grapple with How to Supply the Necessary Water","publisher":"Inside Climate News","date":"2025-06-16","url":"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16062025/illinois-data-centers-water-use/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Lawmakers eye water use transparency requirements for data centers","publisher":"Capitol News Illinois via NPR Illinois","date":"2026-04-23","url":"https://www.nprillinois.org/illinois/2026-04-23/lawmakers-eye-water-use-transparency-requirements-for-data-centers","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Lawmakers Examine Data Center Water Use, Transparency Gaps at House Executive Committee Hearing","publisher":"Illinois Association of County Officials (ISACo)","date":"2026-04-22","url":"https://www.isacoil.org/News/33131/Lawmakers-Examine-Data-Center-Water-Use-Transparency-Gaps-at-House-Executive-Committee-Hearing/news-detail/","basis":"Association report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["public_contact"],"related_ids":["US-IL-DECATUR-DROUGHT-SUPPLY-2025","US-IL-DATA-CENTER-WATER-DEMAND-2025","US-IL-NE-SANDSTONE-AQUIFER-DEPLETION-2026","US-IL-MAHOMET-AQUIFER-DATA-CENTERS-2026"]},{"id":"US-IL-CORDOVA-3M-PFAS-DISCHARGE-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"3M Cordova plant PFAS contamination: state lawsuit and federal orders","description":"Illinois sued 3M in 2022 over PFAS from its Cordova plant on the Mississippi River, which the state says discharges more than 8 million gallons of contaminated wastewater a day and has contaminated groundwater beneath and around the site. 3M's 2025 annual report says the case was set for trial in September 2026 before 3M removed it again to federal court, and that federal orders require private-well treatment within three miles and PFAS sampling up to five miles from the plant.","location":{"state":"IL","states":["IL"],"name":"3M Cordova plant and Mississippi River","type":"Industrial PFAS manufacturing site and discharge","detail":"Rock Island County; Cordova, on the Mississippi River opposite Camanche, Iowa","coordinates":{"lat":41.6795,"lon":-90.3193,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Rock Island"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in wastewater and groundwater is a water-quality problem.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS manufacturing","Incomplete NPDES permit coverage"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"A 2020 monitoring well showed PFAS several thousand parts per trillion above proposed state standards (ref 1).","service":"A 2022 SDWA consent order requires 3M to treat private wells within three miles and provide alternate supply for Camanche, Iowa (ref 2).","scale":"One plant, with private wells in a three-mile radius and the Camanche public system across the river (ref 2).","duration":"3M disclosed in 2019-2020 that its Cordova permit omitted some PFAS, and litigation filed in 2022 continues in 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Attorney General lawsuit seeking penalties up to $50,000 per violation (ref 1), plus SDWA and RCRA consent orders with EPA (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Number of private-well users is not reported (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"3M discharges more than 8 million gallons of contaminated wastewater directly into the Mississippi River each day (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Daily wastewater discharge","value":8,"unit":"million gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"State complaint description, 'more than 8 million' (ref 1)."},{"name":"Private-well treatment radius","value":3,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"2022 SDWA consent order (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Illinois Attorney General","role":"Plaintiff"},{"name":"Illinois EPA","role":"NPDES permitting authority"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 5","role":"SDWA and RCRA order authority"},{"name":"3M Company","role":"Owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"Illinois EPA general line, 217-782-3397","corrective_actions":["3M brought online wastewater treatment designed for PFAS and is negotiating a modified NPDES permit with Illinois EPA (ref 2).","January 2025 RCRA consent order requires PFAS delineation within half a mile and sampling at up to 80 locations within five miles (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Attorney General Raoul files lawsuit against 3M over contamination by toxic forever chemicals","publisher":"Illinois Attorney General","date":"2022-03-16","url":"https://illinoisattorneygeneral.gov/news/story/attorney-general-raoul-files-lawsuit-against-3m-over-contamination-by-toxic-forever-chemicals","basis":"State enforcement record"},{"ref":2,"title":"3M Company Form 10-K for fiscal year 2025 (legal proceedings: Cordova, Illinois)","publisher":"U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (EDGAR)","date":"2026-02-03","url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/66740/000006674026000014/mmm-20251231.htm","basis":"Company regulatory filing"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (IL in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-RTK-2025"]},{"id":"US-MULTI-PFAS-DRINKING-WATER-RULE-ROLLBACK-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"EPA moves to rescind four PFAS drinking-water limits and extend PFOA/PFOS deadline","description":"EPA's April 2024 rule set enforceable limits for six PFAS, including 4.0 ppt for PFOA and PFOS, with compliance due in 2029. On May 18, 2026 EPA proposed rescinding the limits for PFHxS, PFNA, GenX and the Hazard Index mixture and letting systems request extra time, to April 26, 2031, to meet the PFOA and PFOS limits. The D.C. Circuit twice refused in 2026 to set aside or pause the challenged standards while American Water Works Association v. EPA (No. 24-1188) continues.","location":{"name":"United States public water systems","type":"National drinking-water regulation","state":"DC","states":["DC"],"detail":"Applies to community and non-transient non-community water systems nationwide; litigation is in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit.","extent":"national","counties":[]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is a change in the national regulatory standard and compliance schedule, not a single system's water quality.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA (ref 1) expected the 2024 rule to prevent PFAS exposure for about 100 million people; the proposals (ref 2) would remove four of the six enforceable limits, a potential rather than measured harm.","service":"No supply interruption is tied to the rulemaking; the cited documents concern standards and deadlines only.","scale":"The rule covers public water systems nationwide, and EPA estimated about 100 million people would avoid exposure (ref 1).","duration":"The dispute has run from the April 10, 2024 rule through the May 2026 proposals and comment period closing July 20, 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Petitions for review are pending in AWWA v. EPA, No. 24-1188; the D.C. Circuit denied EPA's vacatur request on Jan. 12, 2026 and its abeyance request on March 19, 2026 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":100000000,"status":"Estimated","note":"EPA estimate of people whose PFAS exposure the 2024 rule would prevent over many years (ref 1); not a count of people currently above the limits."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"EPA proposed on May 18, 2026 to rescind MCLs for PFHxS, PFNA, HFPO-DA (GenX) and the Hazard Index and to allow PFOA/PFOS compliance extensions from April 26, 2029 to April 26, 2031."},"measures":[{"name":"PFOA and PFOS enforceable limit (retained)","value":4,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Limits proposed for rescission","value":4,"unit":"standards","status":"Reported","note":"PFHxS, PFNA, HFPO-DA and Hazard Index (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Federal protections are proposed to narrow, while the court has so far declined to set the standards aside."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water","role":"Rulemaking agency"},{"name":"U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit","role":"Reviewing court"}],"public_contact":"EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline, 1-800-426-4791","corrective_actions":["May 18, 2026 proposals to rescind four PFAS standards and create a 2031 compliance-extension option","Public hearing July 7, 2026 and comment period through July 20, 2026","Litigation over the 2024 rule continuing in the D.C. Circuit"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal agency record"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA Proposes Rescinding PFAS National Drinking Water Regulations","publisher":"Bryan Cave Leighton Paisner","date":"2026-06-02","url":"https://www.bclplaw.com/en-US/events-insights-news/epa-proposes-rescinding-pfas-national-drinking-water-regulations.html","basis":"Legal analysis of Federal Register proposals"},{"ref":3,"title":"PFAS in Drinking Water regulatory tracker","publisher":"Harvard Law School Environmental & Energy Law Program","date":"2026-09-18","url":"https://eelp.law.harvard.edu/pfas-in-drinking-water/","basis":"Litigation and rulemaking tracker"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (national high-visibility gap pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Re-verified: cited sources were reopened and the headline figures and dates match the source pages (a few sites blocked automated access; their figures were confirmed in other cited sources). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MULTI-AFFF-PWS-PFAS-SETTLEMENTS-2024"]},{"id":"US-MULTI-LEAD-COPPER-RULE-IMPROVEMENTS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lead and Copper Rule Improvements: 10-year lead pipe mandate under court challenge","description":"EPA finalized the Lead and Copper Rule Improvements in October 2024, requiring most systems to replace lead and certain galvanized service lines within 10 years and lowering the lead action level to 0.010 mg/L. The water utility trade group AWWA challenged the rule in the D.C. Circuit; in March 2026 a coalition of 17 attorneys general filed a brief defending it. Compliance obligations begin in 2027.","location":{"name":"United States public water systems","type":"National drinking-water regulation","state":"DC","states":["DC"],"detail":"Applies to community and non-transient non-community water systems nationwide; challenge pending in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit.","extent":"national","counties":[]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"The rule targets lead exposure (water quality) through mandated replacement of lead service lines (infrastructure).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The Federal Register rule (ref 2) addresses lead exposure from service lines and cuts the action level to 0.010 mg/L; the record documents risk nationally, not a specific exceedance.","service":"Neither the rule nor the litigation documents cited (refs 1-3) involves an interruption of service.","scale":"EPA's rule (ref 1) requires drinking water systems across the country to identify and replace lead pipes.","duration":"Replacement runs on a 10-year schedule (ref 1) and the rule, published Oct. 30, 2024, has been in litigation since (ref 3).","significance":"The American Water Works Association petitioned for review; 17 attorneys general filed an amicus brief on March 13, 2026 defending the rule (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure is given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Final rule requires replacement of lead and certain galvanized service lines within 10 years and reduces the lead action level to 0.010 mg/L."},"measures":[{"name":"Lead action level","value":0.01,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Down from 0.015 mg/L (ref 2)."},{"name":"Replacement deadline","value":10,"unit":"years","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Compliance starts in 2027; litigation is unresolved."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water","role":"Rulemaking agency"},{"name":"U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit","role":"Reviewing court"}],"public_contact":"EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline, 1-800-426-4791","corrective_actions":["Lead service line inventories and replacement plans","10-year replacement program beginning with the 2027 compliance date","Drinking Water State Revolving Fund lead funding"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lead and Copper Rule Improvements","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2024-10-08","url":"https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/lead-and-copper-rule-improvements","basis":"Federal agency record"},{"ref":2,"title":"National Primary Drinking Water Regulations for Lead and Copper: Improvements (LCRI)","publisher":"Federal Register","date":"2024-10-30","url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/api/v1/documents/2024-23549.json","basis":"Federal Register final rule"},{"ref":3,"title":"Seventeen AGs Filed Amicus Brief Supporting EPA Rule to Lower Lead in Drinking Water","publisher":"State Energy & Environmental Impact Center, NYU School of Law","date":"2026-03-13","url":"https://stateimpactcenter.org/ag-work/ag-actions/seventeen-ags-filed-amicus-brief-supporting-epa-rule-to-lower-lead-in-drinking-water","basis":"Litigation record summary"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (national high-visibility gap pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Re-verified: cited sources were reopened and the headline figures and dates match the source pages (a few sites blocked automated access; their figures were confirmed in other cited sources). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MI-FLINT-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2026","US-TX-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINE-INVENTORY-2024"]},{"id":"US-MULTI-AFFF-PWS-PFAS-SETTLEMENTS-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"3M and DuPont-Chemours-Corteva PFAS settlements with public water systems","description":"In the AFFF multidistrict litigation in South Carolina, the court gave final approval on March 29, 2024 to 3M's settlement with U.S. public water suppliers, payable from 2024 through 2036 at up to $12.5 billion. Chemours, DuPont and Corteva funded a separate $1.185 billion settlement fund for water systems. 3M reported $8.2 billion paid through 2025 on this and a related settlement; some systems opted out and sued separately.","location":{"name":"U.S. public water systems with PFAS detections","type":"National class settlement","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"AFFF MDL, U.S. District Court for the District of South Carolina (Charleston); class covers public water systems nationwide.","extent":"national","counties":["Charleston"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The settlements fund PFAS treatment costs for water systems; the finding is about who pays for contamination.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The 3M class covers systems that have detected PFAS at any level or may do so (ref 1); harm varies by system and is not measured here.","service":"The settlements fund treatment and do not involve service interruptions in the cited filings (refs 1-3).","scale":"The DuPont-Chemours-Corteva class serves the vast majority of the U.S. population per the companies (ref 3).","duration":"3M payments run from 2024 through 2036 under the PWS Settlement (ref 2).","significance":"Both are court-approved class settlements; final approval of the 3M deal came March 29, 2024 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure is given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"3M expects to pay up to $12.5 billion from 2023 through 2036 under the PWS Settlement; through Dec. 31, 2025 it had paid $8.2 billion on this and the CAE settlement combined."},"measures":[{"name":"3M PWS Settlement maximum","value":12.5,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"DuPont/Chemours/Corteva water-system fund","value":1.185,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"Chemours $592M, DuPont $400M, Corteva $193M (refs 3, 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Opt-out water systems are pursuing separate claims; eight filed in South Carolina state court in January 2025 (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Payments are flowing to systems under court-approved schedules."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. District Court for the District of South Carolina (AFFF MDL)","role":"Supervising court"},{"name":"3M Company","role":"Settling defendant"},{"name":"The Chemours Company, DuPont de Nemours and Corteva","role":"Settling defendants"}],"public_contact":"Claims questions go to the court-appointed settlement administrator listed in the settlement notices.","corrective_actions":["Phased settlement payments to public water systems","Qualified settlement fund funded in full by Chemours, DuPont and Corteva","Separate litigation by opt-out systems"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"3M Settlement with Public Water Suppliers to Address PFAS in Drinking Water Receives Final Court Approval","publisher":"3M","date":"2024-04-01","url":"https://investors.3m.com/news-events/press-releases/detail/1836/3m-settlement-with-public-water-suppliers-to-address-pfas","basis":"Company announcement"},{"ref":2,"title":"3M Company Form 10-K for fiscal year 2025","publisher":"U.S. SEC EDGAR","date":"2026-02-03","url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/66740/000006674026000014/mmm-20251231.htm","basis":"Securities filing"},{"ref":3,"title":"Chemours, DuPont and Corteva reach comprehensive PFAS settlement with U.S. water systems (addendum)","publisher":"Corteva","date":"2023-06-02","url":"https://www.corteva.com/news/chemours-dupont-and-corteva-reach-comprehensive-pfas-settlement-with-us-water-systems-addendum.html","basis":"Company announcement"},{"ref":4,"title":"The Chemours Company Form 10-K for fiscal year 2025","publisher":"U.S. SEC EDGAR","date":"2026-02-24","url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1627223/000119312526065201/cc-20251231.htm","basis":"Securities filing"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (national high-visibility gap pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MULTI-CHEMOURS-PFAS-2026","US-MULTI-PFAS-DRINKING-WATER-RULE-ROLLBACK-2026"]},{"id":"US-MULTI-WOTUS-SACKETT-WETLANDS-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Post-Sackett WOTUS rewrite narrows federal wetland protection","description":"After Sackett v. EPA (2023), a wetland is federally protected only if it is adjacent to a relatively permanent water and has a continuous surface connection to it. EPA and the Army proposed a narrower definition of \"waters of the United States\" on Nov. 20, 2025 and a supplemental proposal on Sept. 9, 2026 with even more restrictive options; comments closed Oct. 9, 2026. No final rule has been issued.","location":{"name":"U.S. wetlands and streams under the Clean Water Act","type":"National Clean Water Act jurisdiction","state":"DC","states":["DC"],"detail":"Nationwide scope of federal Clean Water Act jurisdiction set by EPA and the Department of the Army.","extent":"national","counties":[]},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Narrower jurisdiction removes federal permitting protection from wetlands and streams that buffer surface-water quality.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Harvard EELP (ref 3) says the September 2026 options would be more restrictive than both the 2023 rule and the November 2025 proposal; losses of specific wetlands are not quantified.","service":"The rulemaking concerns permitting jurisdiction and does not affect water service (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The definition sets Clean Water Act coverage nationwide (ref 2).","duration":"The rewrite has run from the March 12, 2025 announcement through the Sept. 9, 2026 supplemental proposal (refs 1, 2).","significance":"The changes implement the Supreme Court's May 25, 2023 Sackett decision (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure is given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Supplemental proposal (91 FR 57284, Sept. 9, 2026) adds options to the Nov. 20, 2025 proposal (90 FR 52498); comments were due Oct. 9, 2026."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Each proposal has narrowed federal coverage further."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","role":"Co-rulemaking agency"},{"name":"U.S. Department of the Army (Corps of Engineers)","role":"Co-rulemaking agency"}],"public_contact":"EPA Waters of the United States contact form at epa.gov/wotus","corrective_actions":["November 2025 proposed rule","September 2026 supplemental proposal","Final rule pending"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Waters of the United States","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-09-04","url":"https://www.epa.gov/wotus","basis":"Federal agency record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Updated Definition of \"Waters of the United States\" (supplemental proposal)","publisher":"Federal Register","date":"2026-09-09","url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/09/09/2026-18317/updated-definition-of-waters-of-the-united-states","basis":"Federal Register proposed rule"},{"ref":3,"title":"WOTUS supplemental proposed rule (Quick Take)","publisher":"Harvard Law School Environmental & Energy Law Program","date":null,"url":"https://eelp.law.harvard.edu/wotus-supplemental-proposed-rule/","basis":"Legal analysis","accessed":"2026-10-08"},{"ref":4,"title":"Updated Definition of \"Waters of the United States\" (proposed rule)","publisher":"Federal Register","date":"2025-11-20","url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/11/20/2025-20402/updated-definition-of-waters-of-the-united-states","basis":"Federal Register proposed rule"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (national high-visibility gap pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Re-verified: cited sources were reopened and the headline figures and dates match the source pages (a few sites blocked automated access; their figures were confirmed in other cited sources). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MULTI-FLUORIDE-STATE-BANS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Utah and Florida ban community water fluoridation","description":"Utah became the first state to ban fluoride in public drinking water when Gov. Spencer Cox signed HB 81 on March 27, 2025, effective May 7, 2025. Florida followed with SB 700 (Ch. 2025-22), approved by the governor on May 15, 2025 and effective July 1, 2025. Dentists and national health organizations opposed the Utah ban, warning of dental harm that falls hardest on low-income communities.","location":{"name":"Utah and Florida public water systems","type":"Statewide drinking-water policy","state":"UT","states":["UT","FL"],"detail":"Statewide prohibitions on adding fluoride to public water supplies.","extent":"multi_state","counties":[],"coordinates":{"lat":40.7608,"lon":-111.891,"precision":"state","source_ref":1}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"State law changes what may be added to public water; the effect is on public-health policy, not system infrastructure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"KUER (ref 1) reports dentists and national health groups warned the Utah ban will cause dental problems that fall hardest on low-income communities; outcomes are not yet measured.","service":"The bans stop an additive; water delivery is unaffected (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Both laws apply statewide; in Utah, 66 of 484 reporting systems fluoridated in 2024 (ref 1).","duration":"Utah's ban took effect May 7, 2025 and Florida's July 1, 2025, so both have been in force for over a year (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Each is enacted state law: Utah HB 81 and Florida Chapter 2025-22 (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure is given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Utah HB 81 signed March 27, 2025 (effective May 7, 2025); Florida CS/CS/CS/SB 700 approved May 15, 2025 (effective July 1, 2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"Utah systems fluoridating in 2024","value":66,"unit":"of 484 reporting systems","status":"Reported","note":"AP analysis cited by KUER (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Two states adopted bans in 2025; federal review is also under way."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Utah Legislature and Governor","role":"Enacting authority"},{"name":"Florida Legislature and Governor","role":"Enacting authority"}],"public_contact":"Utah Division of Drinking Water and Florida Department of Health public information offices","corrective_actions":["Utah HB 81 also lets pharmacists prescribe fluoride supplements","Utilities ended fluoride addition to comply"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"With Cox's signature, Utah is 1st state to ban fluoride in public drinking water","publisher":"KUER","date":"2025-03-28","url":"https://www.kuer.org/politics-government/2025-03-28/with-coxs-signature-utah-is-1st-state-to-ban-fluoride-in-public-drinking-water","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"CS/CS/CS/SB 700 (2025): Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services","publisher":"The Florida Senate","date":"2025-05-15","url":"https://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2025/700","basis":"State legislative record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (national high-visibility gap pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Utah HB 81 legislative page was not reachable; Utah details are from KUER."],"related_ids":["US-MULTI-FLUORIDE-FEDERAL-REVIEW-2026"]},{"id":"US-MULTI-FLUORIDE-FEDERAL-REVIEW-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"HHS and EPA fast-track review of fluoride in drinking water","description":"In April 2025 HHS directed the CDC to make new recommendations on community water fluoridation and EPA Administrator Zeldin ordered an expedited review of fluoride health risks. On Jan. 22, 2026 EPA released its preliminary assessment plan, advancing a review that would otherwise have come in 2030; a federal judge had ordered EPA to act in 2024 after a National Toxicology Program report linked high fluoride levels to lower IQ in children. The current enforceable limit is 4 mg/L.","location":{"name":"United States public water systems","type":"National drinking-water standard review","state":"DC","states":["DC"],"detail":"Federal review affecting the fluoride MCL and CDC fluoridation guidance nationwide.","extent":"national","counties":[]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is a federal review that could change the national fluoride standard and fluoridation guidance.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA (ref 1) cites evidence that ingesting fluoride can cause neurological harm, while WAMC (ref 3) reports health experts widely agree fluoride at regulated levels benefits public health; harm is contested.","service":"The review changes no water service; it informs standards and CDC guidance (ref 2).","scale":"The fluoride MCL of 4 mg/L and CDC fluoridation guidance apply nationwide (ref 2).","duration":"Review began with the April 2025 directive and continued past the January 2026 assessment plan (refs 1, 3).","significance":"A federal judge ordered EPA in 2024 to conduct the review after the NTP report (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure is given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"EPA released its \"Review of Science on Fluoride in Drinking Water: Preliminary Assessment Plan and Literature Survey,\" accelerating an assessment that would normally occur in 2030."},"measures":[{"name":"Current fluoride MCL","value":4,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Set in 1986 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Assessment results and any CDC recommendation change are pending."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water","role":"Standard-setting agency"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC","role":"Fluoridation guidance"}],"public_contact":"EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline, 1-800-426-4791","corrective_actions":["EPA expedited SDWA fluoride assessment","CDC directed to reconvene an expert panel on fluoridation"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA Announces Next Step in Gold Standard Review of Fluoride to Inform Protective Recommendations","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-01-22","url":"https://www.epa.gov/node/298707","basis":"Federal agency announcement"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA expedites fluoride review","publisher":"Planet Detroit","date":"2026-01-29","url":"https://planetdetroit.org/2026/01/epa-expedites-fluoride-review/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"HHS will review guidance on the addition of fluoride to drinking water","publisher":"WAMC / NPR","date":"2025-04-10","url":"https://www.wamc.org/2025-04-10/hhs-will-review-guidance-on-the-addition-of-fluoride-to-drinking-water","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (national high-visibility gap pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Re-verified: cited sources were reopened and the headline figures and dates match the source pages (a few sites blocked automated access; their figures were confirmed in other cited sources). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MULTI-FLUORIDE-STATE-BANS-2025"]},{"id":"US-NY-CENTRAL-HARLEM-LEGIONNAIRES-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Central Harlem Legionnaires' disease cluster traced to cooling towers","description":"A Legionnaires' disease cluster in Central Harlem (ZIP codes 10027, 10030, 10035, 10037, 10039) reached 114 cases, 90 hospitalizations and seven deaths before the NYC Health Department declared it over on Aug. 29, 2025. Twelve cooling towers on 10 buildings tested positive and were ordered remediated; molecular analysis matched the outbreak strain to towers at Harlem Hospital and a nearby construction site. A 2025 city law now requires Legionella testing at least every 31 days from May 7, 2026.","location":{"name":"Central Harlem, Manhattan","type":"Community outbreak area (building cooling towers)","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"New York County (Manhattan); five Central Harlem ZIP codes; source towers at Harlem Hospital (506 Lenox Ave.) and 40 West 137th St.","extent":"city","counties":["New York"],"coordinates":{"lat":40.8143,"lon":-73.9406,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1}},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legionella grew in building cooling-tower water and spread as aerosol; it is a building water-system quality failure, not a public supply failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"NYC Health (ref 1) counted 114 cases, 90 hospitalizations and seven deaths as of Aug. 28, 2025.","service":"Owners of 12 positive cooling towers were required to remediate, and residents of the five ZIP codes were told to seek care for symptoms (ref 2); the public water supply was not interrupted.","scale":"The cluster covered five Central Harlem ZIP codes (ref 2).","duration":"The cluster ran from late July to its Aug. 29, 2025 closure, with last symptom onset on Aug. 9 (ref 1).","significance":"The Health Department ordered tower remediation (ref 2), and Local Law 159 of 2025 tightened testing to at least every 31 days (ref 3)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":114,"status":"Reported","note":"Confirmed cases associated with the cluster (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"114 cases, 90 hospitalized, seven deaths; strain matched to cooling towers at Harlem Hospital and 40 West 137th Street."},"measures":[{"name":"Deaths","value":7,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Culture-positive cooling towers","value":12,"unit":"towers","status":"Reported","note":"On 10 buildings (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Cluster declared over; stricter monthly testing took effect May 7, 2026."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene","role":"Outbreak investigation and cooling tower regulator"},{"name":"NYC Health + Hospitals/Harlem","role":"Source tower owner"}],"public_contact":"NYC 311","corrective_actions":["Remediation of all positive cooling towers by Aug. 15, 2025","Local Law 159 of 2025: Legionella testing every 31 days and warm-weather disinfection","Expanded city cooling-tower inspection capacity"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"New York City Health Department Closes Investigation of Central Harlem Legionnaires' Disease Cluster","publisher":"NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene","date":"2025-08-29","url":"https://www.nyc.gov/site/doh/about/press/pr2025/health-department-closes-investigation-central-harlem-legionnaires-cluster.page","basis":"City health agency record"},{"ref":2,"title":"New York City Health Department Provides Update on Community Cluster of Legionnaires' Disease in Central Harlem","publisher":"NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene","date":"2025-08-14","url":"https://www.nyc.gov/site/doh/about/press/pr2025/nyc-health-provides-third-legionnaires-cluster-update.page","basis":"City health agency record"},{"ref":3,"title":"NYC Cooling Towers Face New Monthly Legionella Testing Requirement in 2026","publisher":"Eurofins Environment Testing","date":"2026-05-07","url":"https://www.eurofins.com/en-us/environment-testing/resources/recent-news-blogs/nyc-cooling-towers-face-new-monthly-legionella-testing-requirement-in-2026/","basis":"Laboratory compliance bulletin"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"New record (national high-visibility gap pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Eurofins bulletin shows no publication date; the law's May 7, 2026 effective date is used."],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MI-FLINT-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Flint finishes replacing all known lead service lines","description":"In July 2025 Flint and the plaintiffs in the NRDC/Concerned Pastors settlement confirmed that all lead service lines covered by the agreement had been replaced. Flint then replaced about 500 more lines found during inventory work, removing the last known active lead line on July 31, 2026: roughly 11,600 lines replaced after checking almost 32,000 properties, at a cost of about $140 million. Lead tested at a 90th percentile of 3 ppb in the first half of 2026.","location":{"name":"City of Flint water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Genesee County, Michigan.","extent":"system","counties":["Genesee"],"pwsid":"MI0002310","coordinates":{"lat":43.0125,"lon":-83.6875,"precision":"city","source_ref":1}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead exposure (quality) was addressed by replacing service lines (infrastructure).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Lead levels stayed below action levels: the 90th percentile was 6 ppb for late 2025 (ref 2) and 3 ppb for Jan.-June 2026 (ref 1), so residual risk is limited.","service":"Neither EGLE release (refs 1, 2) reports any service interruption during replacement.","scale":"The system serves 81,252 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Replacement under the settlement continued until July 2025, and the last known line came out July 31, 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Work was required by the NRDC/Concerned Pastors settlement agreement in federal court (ref 2)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":81252,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"With the last known active lead service line removed July 31, 2026, roughly 11,600 lines have been replaced out of almost 32,000 properties checked, a roughly $140 million effort."},"measures":[{"name":"Lead service lines replaced","value":11600,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate (ref 1)."},{"name":"Lead 90th percentile, Jan-Jun 2026","value":3,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Michigan action level 12 ppb (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"All known lead lines replaced; residents' trust and crisis settlement payouts remain ongoing (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Flint","role":"Water system owner"},{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE)","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, through michigan.gov/egle","corrective_actions":["Completion of settlement-required replacements (July 2025)","Replacement of about 500 additional lines found during inventory (completed July 31, 2026)","Continued lead and copper compliance monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ICYMI: Whitmer, Mayor Sheldon Mark Milestone of Completed Lead Service Line Replacement in Flint","publisher":"Office of Governor Gretchen Whitmer","date":"2026-08-13","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/whitmer/news/press-releases/2026/08/13/icymi-whitmer-mayor-sheldon-mark-milestone-completed-lead-service-line-replacement-in-flint","basis":"State government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Flint water enters 10th year of lead testing compliance","publisher":"Michigan EGLE","date":"2026-02-05","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/egle/newsroom/press-releases/2026/02/05/flint-water-enters-10th-year-of-lead-testing-compliance","basis":"State agency record"},{"ref":3,"title":"The decade-long effort to replace Flint's lead service lines is complete","publisher":"Michigan Public","date":"2026-07-09","url":"https://www.michiganpublic.org/criminal-justice-legal-system/2026-07-09/the-decade-long-effort-to-replace-flints-lead-service-lines-is-complete","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Flint, City of","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/FLINT/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New record (national high-visibility gap pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MULTI-LEAD-COPPER-RULE-IMPROVEMENTS-2024"]},{"id":"US-LA-PLAQUEMINES-SALTWATER-WEDGE-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Recurring Mississippi River saltwater wedge threatens Plaquemines water intakes","description":"Low Mississippi River flows let a saltwater wedge move upriver in 2023, affecting the Boothville and Port Sulphur treatment plants in Plaquemines Parish; the Army Corps raised an emergency underwater sill by 25 feet and barged fresh water to Port Sulphur. The Corps built sills again in 2024 and in late September-October 2025, the seventh near Myrtle Grove. The wedge threatened New Orleans-area supplies in 2023.","location":{"name":"Lower Mississippi River, Plaquemines Parish","type":"River segment and parish water intakes","state":"LA","states":["LA"],"detail":"Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana; sill near Myrtle Grove; Boothville and Port Sulphur water plants.","extent":"watershed","counties":["Plaquemines"],"pwsid":"LA1075006","coordinates":{"lat":29.48,"lon":-89.69,"precision":"city","source_ref":1}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Drought-driven low river flow lets saline water reach freshwater intakes.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Salt water reached two parish treatment plants in 2023 (ref 1); no health effects were reported in the cited sources.","service":"In 2023 Boothville and Port Sulphur plants were affected and the first barge brought 500,000 gallons of fresh water to Port Sulphur (ref 1).","scale":"Port Sulphur Water District alone serves 10,308 people per SDWIS (ref 4); New Orleans supply was threatened in 2023 (ref 1).","duration":"The Corps built sills in 2023, 2024 and 2025 (refs 1-3), a recurring low-flow hazard.","significance":"The Corps built and raised an emergency sill, from 55 to 30 feet below the surface, in 2023 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":10308,"status":"Reported","note":"Port Sulphur Water District population per SDWIS (ref 4); other parish and New Orleans-area intakes were also at risk."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"In 2023 the river flowed at 140,000 cubic feet per second versus a normal 300,000, and the Corps raised the emergency sill by 25 feet."},"measures":[{"name":"River flow, fall 2023","value":140000,"unit":"cfs","status":"Reported","note":"Normal 300,000 cfs (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Sills were needed in three consecutive years (refs 1-3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, New Orleans District","role":"Sill construction and river management"},{"name":"Plaquemines Parish Government","role":"Water system operator"}],"public_contact":"Plaquemines Parish Government, through its published website contact channels","corrective_actions":["Underwater sill near Myrtle Grove built or raised in 2023, 2024 and 2025","Barged fresh water to the Port Sulphur plant in 2023"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Corps Raises Emergency Sill to Halt Salt Wedge Threatening New Orleans Water Supply","publisher":"Engineering News-Record","date":"2023-10-02","url":"https://enr.com/articles/57198-corps-raises-emergency-sill-to-halt-salt-wedge-threatening-new-orleans-water-supply","basis":"Trade news report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Construction to begin on underwater sill to combat saltwater intrusion","publisher":"FOX 8 WVUE","date":"2024-08-29","url":"https://www.fox8live.com/2024/08/29/construction-begins-underwater-sill-again-combat-saltwater-intrusion","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Army Corps tackles saltwater threat in the Mississippi River","publisher":"WorkBoat","date":"2026-03-23","url":"https://www.workboat.com/army-corps-tackles-saltwater-threat-in-the-mississippi-river","basis":"Trade news report"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Port Sulphur Water District","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/LA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PORT%20SULPHUR/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":8,"note":"New record (national high-visibility gap pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MULTI-GULF-HYPOXIC-ZONE-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Gulf hypoxic \"dead zone\" fed by Mississippi basin nutrients misses reduction goal","description":"The Gulf \"dead zone,\" driven mainly by nutrient runoff from cities and farms in the Mississippi-Atchafalaya basin, measured about 4,402 square miles in 2025, and its five-year average of 4,755 square miles is more than twice the Hypoxia Task Force's 2035 goal of 1,900. NOAA forecast about 7,027 square miles for 2026, but the measured zone was 1,332 square miles after Tropical Storm Bertha mixed oxygen into the water.","location":{"name":"Northern Gulf continental shelf off Louisiana and Texas","type":"Coastal marine hypoxic zone and contributing river basin","state":"LA","states":["LA","TX"],"detail":"Bottom waters of the continental shelf off Louisiana and Texas; nutrients come from the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River Basin.","extent":"multi_state","counties":[],"coordinates":{"lat":29,"lon":-91.5,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1}},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Excess nitrogen and phosphorus cause algal growth and oxygen depletion in Gulf bottom waters.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The 2025 zone left about 2.8 million acres of habitat potentially unavailable to fish and bottom-dwelling species (ref 1).","service":"The zone affects marine habitat, not drinking-water service (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The 2025 zone covered about 4,402 square miles (ref 1); nutrients come from the whole Mississippi-Atchafalaya basin (ref 2).","duration":"The zone forms each summer and has been measured for 40 years (ref 3).","significance":"The federal-state Hypoxia Task Force set a formal goal of a five-year average under 1,900 square miles by 2035 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure is given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Five-year average dead zone of 4,755 square miles is more than two times larger than the 2035 target of 1,900 square miles."},"measures":[{"name":"Measured hypoxic zone, 2025","value":4402,"unit":"sq mi","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Measured hypoxic zone, 2026","value":1332,"unit":"sq mi","status":"Reported","note":"Second smallest in 40 years (ref 3)."},{"name":"Five-year average (through 2025)","value":4755,"unit":"sq mi","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"The small 2026 zone followed storm mixing (ref 4), while the 2026 forecast from spring nutrient loads was above average (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Mississippi River/Gulf of America Hypoxia Task Force","role":"Federal-state nutrient reduction partnership"},{"name":"NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science","role":"Monitoring and forecasting"}],"public_contact":"NOAA NCCOS, coastalscience.noaa.gov contact page","corrective_actions":["State nutrient reduction strategies under the Hypoxia Task Force","Annual NOAA forecast and LSU/LUMCON measurement cruise","USGS nutrient monitoring at 92 real-time nitrate sensors"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Below Average Summer 2025 'Dead Zone' Measured in Gulf","publisher":"NOAA NCCOS","date":"2025-07-31","url":"https://coastalscience.noaa.gov/?p=97413","basis":"Federal agency record"},{"ref":2,"title":"NOAA Forecasts an Above-Average Summer 'Dead Zone' in Gulf of America","publisher":"NOAA NCCOS","date":"2026-06-16","url":"https://coastalscience.noaa.gov/?p=123479","basis":"Federal agency record"},{"ref":3,"title":"NOAA and partners find smaller-than-anticipated hypoxic zone in Gulf of America","publisher":"Gulf Hypoxia (LUMCON/NOAA)","date":"2026-08-05","url":"https://gulfhypoxia.net/2026/08/","basis":"Research consortium record"},{"ref":4,"title":"2026 Dead Zone Report","publisher":"Gulf of Mexico Coastal Ocean Observing System","date":"2026-08-19","url":"https://gcoos.org/2026-dead-zone-report/","basis":"Ocean observing system report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (national high-visibility gap pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-UT-GREAT-SALT-LAKE-DECLINE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Great Salt Lake falls back toward its 2022 record low","description":"The Great Salt Lake's south arm stood at 4,191.6 feet in early January 2026, about three feet above the 4,188.5-foot record low of November 2022, and USGS gauge data show it at about 4,189.6 feet on Oct. 10, 2026. About 800 square miles of exposed lakebed is eroding in dust storms affecting the Wasatch Front. State managers have used the railroad causeway berm to hold south-arm salinity near 12%, down from 16% in 2022.","location":{"name":"Great Salt Lake","type":"Terminal saline lake","state":"UT","states":["UT"],"detail":"Northern Utah; gauge at Saltair Boat Harbor (south arm), Salt Lake County.","extent":"watershed","counties":["Salt Lake","Davis","Weber","Box Elder","Tooele"],"coordinates":{"lat":40.7686,"lon":-112.2066,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Declining inflows and evaporation lower the lake, raising salinity and exposing dust-emitting lakebed.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UPR (ref 1) reports 800 square miles of exposed lakebed eroding in dust storms and 2022 ecological collapse signs, including loss of brine flies.","service":"Neither the gauge data nor the UPR report ties the decline to any drinking-water service interruption (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Dust from the lakebed affects Utah's urban core along the Wasatch Front (ref 1).","duration":"The lake has stayed within a few feet of its November 2022 record low through October 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"State managers raised the causeway berm in 2022-2023 to manage salinity (ref 1); no emergency order is cited."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure is given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"South-arm elevation 4,189.6 feet (provisional) on Oct. 10, 2026 versus the 4,188.5-foot record low of November 2022."},"measures":[{"name":"South-arm elevation, Oct. 10, 2026","value":4189.6,"unit":"ft (NGVD 1929)","status":"Reported","note":"Provisional USGS gauge 10010000 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Record low (Nov. 2022)","value":4188.5,"unit":"ft","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Down from 4,191.6 ft in early January 2026 to 4,189.6 ft in October (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Utah Department of Natural Resources / Great Salt Lake Commissioner's Office","role":"State lake management"},{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey","role":"Lake-level monitoring"}],"public_contact":"Utah Division of Water Resources, through its published website contact channels","corrective_actions":["Causeway berm adjustments to control south-arm salinity","State Great Salt Lake water-delivery and conservation programs"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"The Great Salt Lake begins the new year teetering near record lows","publisher":"Utah Public Radio (Salt Lake Tribune, Great Salt Lake Collaborative)","date":"2026-01-07","url":"https://www.upr.org/utah-news/2026-01-07/the-great-salt-lake-begins-the-new-year-teetering-near-record-lows","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Great Salt Lake at Saltair Boat Harbor, UT (USGS 10010000)","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","date":null,"url":"https://waterdata.usgs.gov/monitoring-location/10010000/","basis":"Federal monitoring data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"USGS instantaneous values, site 10010000","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","date":null,"url":"https://waterservices.usgs.gov/nwis/iv/?format=json&sites=10010000&parameterCd=62614","basis":"Federal monitoring data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (national high-visibility gap pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-VA-DATA-CENTER-WATER-DEMAND-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Virginia data center growth meets groundwater limits east of I-95","description":"Northern Virginia is the largest data center market in the world, and a 2024 JLARC review found water oversight split between DEQ withdrawal permits and local utilities, with limited water in some groundwater management areas. A 2026 DEQ study ordered by the General Assembly found no Coastal Plain location could support a hypothetical 3 million gallon-per-day groundwater withdrawal; maximum sustainable withdrawals ranged from 360,000 gallons per day in Northumberland County to under 30,000 in Henrico and Sussex.","location":{"name":"Virginia data center corridor and Coastal Plain aquifers","type":"Statewide industrial water demand","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Northern Virginia data center market (Loudoun, Prince William) and the Virginia Coastal Plain east of I-95.","extent":"statewide","counties":["Loudoun","Prince William","Henrico","Sussex","Northumberland"],"coordinates":{"lat":39.0438,"lon":-77.4874,"precision":"county","source_ref":1}},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Large evaporative-cooling demand competes for limited groundwater and utility supply.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ projects Coastal Plain groundwater declines will resume within five to 10 years under current conditions (ref 2); no damage from data centers is documented yet.","service":"JLARC (ref 1) found most data centers use about the same or less water than a large office building; no service loss is reported.","scale":"Northern Virginia holds 13% of reported global data center capacity (ref 1), and the DEQ study spans the Coastal Plain (ref 2).","duration":"The issue spans JLARC's December 2024 review through DEQ's July 2026 study (refs 1, 2).","significance":"The General Assembly ordered the 144-page DEQ groundwater study (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure is given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"DEQ found no Coastal Plain location could permit a 3 million gallon-per-day groundwater withdrawal; the best case, eastern Northern Neck, was about 360,000 gallons per day."},"measures":[{"name":"Maximum sustainable withdrawal, Northumberland County","value":360000,"unit":"gal/day","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Demand is forecast to keep growing (ref 1) and groundwater declines are projected to resume (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Virginia Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Water withdrawal permitting"},{"name":"Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission","role":"Legislative oversight review"}],"public_contact":"Virginia DEQ Office of Water Supply, deq.virginia.gov","corrective_actions":["DEQ Coastal Plain groundwater capacity study","JLARC recommendations on data center water and energy planning"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Data Centers in Virginia (2024)","publisher":"Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission","date":"2024-12-09","url":"https://jlarc.virginia.gov/landing-2024-data-centers-in-virginia.asp","basis":"State legislative audit"},{"ref":2,"title":"Virginia Report Finds Groundwater Running Dry for New Data Centers","publisher":"Data Center Knowledge","date":"2026-07-30","url":"https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/data-center-site-selection/virginia-report-finds-groundwater-running-dry-for-new-data-centers","basis":"Trade news report on state agency study"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (national high-visibility gap pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TX-DATA-CENTER-WATER-DEMAND-PLANNING-GAP-2026"]},{"id":"US-GA-METRO-ATLANTA-DATA-CENTER-WATER-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Metro Atlanta data center boom strains drought-stressed water supply","description":"Metro Atlanta is the second-largest U.S. data center construction market, with more than 1,890 MW under construction. Regional planners say proposed centers request between 5,000 and 9 million gallons a day depending on cooling, and drought-hit utilities have balked at multi-million-gallon requests. In August 2026 the Atlanta City Council weighed requiring data centers on city water to use closed-loop cooling instead of drinking water.","location":{"name":"Metropolitan North Georgia Water Planning District","type":"Regional water planning district","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Metro Atlanta; nearly 71% of district water comes from Lake Lanier and the Chattahoochee River.","extent":"multi_county","counties":["Fulton","DeKalb","Cobb","Gwinnett","Douglas"],"coordinates":{"lat":33.749,"lon":-84.388,"precision":"city","source_ref":1}},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"New evaporative-cooling demand competes with municipal supply during drought.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The regional planner told AWWA that drought-hit utilities lack water to provide millions of gallons daily to data centers (ref 1); no shortage has been attributed to them yet.","service":"Neither Bloomberg Law nor Hoodline (refs 1, 2) reports customer restrictions caused by data centers.","scale":"The planning district covers metro Atlanta, the second-largest U.S. data center market by megawatts under construction (refs 1, 2).","duration":"The planner warnings (June 2026) and council proposals (August 2026) span months (refs 1, 2).","significance":"An Atlanta City Council ordinance on closed-loop cooling was under consideration in August 2026 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure is given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Proposed data center water needs range from 5,000 gallons per day to 9 million gallons per day depending on cooling system."},"measures":[{"name":"Data center capacity under construction, metro Atlanta","value":1890,"unit":"MW","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Construction continues while drought persists (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Metropolitan North Georgia Water Planning District","role":"Regional water planning"},{"name":"City of Atlanta Department of Watershed Management","role":"Municipal water utility"}],"public_contact":"Metropolitan North Georgia Water Planning District, northgeorgiawater.org","corrective_actions":["Planners asking developers to cut water use","Proposed Atlanta closed-loop cooling ordinance","Proposed Atlanta data center task force"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drought-Ravaged Georgia Asks Data Centers to Cut Water Use","publisher":"Bloomberg Law","date":"2026-06-22","url":"https://news.bgov.com/environment-and-energy/drought-ravaged-georgia-asks-data-centers-to-cut-water-use","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Atlanta Weighs Forcing Data Centers Off Tap Water for Cooling","publisher":"Hoodline","date":"2026-08-18","url":"https://hoodline.com/2026/08/atlanta-weighs-forcing-data-centers-off-tap-water-for-cooling/","basis":"News report on city council records"},{"ref":3,"title":"Data Center Development from a Water Perspective (webinar 6)","publisher":"Georgia Water Planning","date":"2026-03-30","url":"https://waterplanning.georgia.gov/document/document/webinar-6-data-centers/download","basis":"State water planning presentation"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (national high-visibility gap pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-VA-DATA-CENTER-WATER-DEMAND-2026"]},{"id":"US-AZ-TUCSON-PROJECT-BLUE-DATA-CENTER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Tucson rejects Amazon-linked Project Blue data center over water use","description":"On Aug. 6, 2025 the Tucson City Council voted unanimously to end annexation of the Project Blue data center site, which the developer, Beale Infrastructure, needed to reach city water. Beale said the project would be \"net water positive\" and rely mainly on reclaimed water, about 6% of Tucson's unused reclaimed supply. The council began drafting ordinances on large water users and data center zoning.","location":{"name":"Tucson, Project Blue data center site","type":"Proposed industrial water customer","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Pima County, Arizona; site sold by Pima County to Beale Infrastructure near the fairgrounds.","extent":"city","counties":["Pima"],"coordinates":{"lat":32.2226,"lon":-110.9747,"precision":"city","source_ref":1}},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns a municipal decision on allocating limited desert water to a large new user.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Tucson Water's chief engineer said net potable use would be zero with replenishment (ref 2); no harm occurred because the project was stopped.","service":"The council vote stopped the project before any water service was supplied (ref 1).","scale":"The decision concerns Tucson Water's supply and reclaimed-water allocation for the city (ref 3).","duration":"Debate over the project ran through summer 2025 to the Aug. 6 vote (ref 1).","significance":"The council formally voted to discontinue the annexation and development agreement (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure is given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Council voted unanimously to halt annexation; the project would have used about 6% of Tucson's unused reclaimed water supply."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The developer may pursue sites outside city limits (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Tucson City Council","role":"Annexation and water policy authority"},{"name":"Tucson Water","role":"Municipal water utility"}],"public_contact":"Tucson Water customer service, through the City of Tucson website","corrective_actions":["Annexation and development agreement withdrawn","Ordinances on large water users and data center zoning initiated"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Tucson City Council rejects Project Blue amid intense community pressure","publisher":"Arizona Luminaria","date":"2025-08-06","url":"https://azluminaria.org/2025/08/06/tucson-city-council-rejects-project-blue-amid-intense-community-pressure/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Tucson City Council blocks Amazon data center after public outcry","publisher":"Tucson Spotlight","date":"2025-08-07","url":"https://www.tucsonspotlight.org/tucson-city-council-blocks-amazon-data-center-after-public-outcry/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Tucson rejects Amazon-linked data center amid water, energy concerns","publisher":"Arizona's Family (KTVK/KPHO)","date":"2025-08-08","url":"https://www.azfamily.com/2025/08/09/tucson-rejects-amazon-linked-data-center-amid-water-energy-concerns/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (national high-visibility gap pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Re-checked Tucson Spotlight, AZ Luminaria and AZFamily. Council unanimous vote (Aug 6, 2025), Beale 'net water positive' claim, about 6% of unused reclaimed supply, and ordinance/zoning drafting confirmed. AZFamily source date corrected from 2025-08-09 to 2025-08-08 (page shows published Aug. 8, 2025)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-GA-METRO-ATLANTA-DATA-CENTER-WATER-2026"]},{"id":"US-MD-BALTIMORE-BACK-RIVER-PATAPSCO-WWTP-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Baltimore Back River and Patapsco wastewater plants under consent decree penalties","description":"Baltimore's Back River and Patapsco wastewater plants operate under state Consent Decree 24-C-22-000386, which settles alleged permit violations at both plants. MDE assessed a $4,500 stipulated penalty for Feb. 16-May 15, 2026, citing three unauthorized discharges, phosphorus limit exceedances at Back River and BOD exceedances at Patapsco. The city reports Back River has largely met effluent limits since June 2022 while sewer overflows continue to draw penalties.","location":{"name":"Back River and Patapsco WWTPs","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plants","state":"MD","states":["MD"],"detail":"Baltimore City Department of Public Works plants in Baltimore County and Baltimore City discharging to Back River and the Patapsco River.","extent":"system","counties":["Baltimore City","Baltimore"],"coordinates":{"lat":39.2904,"lon":-76.6122,"precision":"city","source_ref":1}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Equipment and operations failures at treatment plants and the sewer system cause permit exceedances and overflows.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"MDE (ref 1) cites three unauthorized discharges and exceedances of phosphorus and biochemical oxygen demand limits in February-March 2026.","service":"MDE's penalty letter (ref 1) cites discharges and effluent exceedances but no interruption of sewer service.","scale":"Two regional plants serving Baltimore are covered by the decree (ref 3).","duration":"Stipulated penalties were assessed for overflows from December 2023 (ref 2) through the February-May 2026 period (ref 1).","significance":"The plants operate under Consent Decree 24-C-22-000386 with stipulated penalties (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure is given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"MDE assessed a $4,500 stipulated penalty for Feb. 16-May 15, 2026 under Consent Decree 24-C-22-000386."},"measures":[{"name":"Stipulated penalty, Feb-May 2026","value":4500,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The city reports Back River meeting effluent limits since June 2022 with minor excursions (ref 2), though violations recur."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Baltimore City Department of Public Works","role":"Plant owner and operator"},{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment","role":"Permitting and enforcement agency"}],"public_contact":"Baltimore City 311","corrective_actions":["Consent decree repairs, staffing plan and third-party engineer oversight","Quarterly consent decree reports and stipulated penalties"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Back River & Patapsco WWTPs Stipulated Penalty SP-26-4265","publisher":"Maryland Department of the Environment","date":"2026-06-22","url":"https://mde.maryland.gov/programs/water/Compliance/Documents/Back%20River%20%26%20Patapsco%20WWTP_SP%20-%20signed.pdf","basis":"State enforcement record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Baltimore City DPW Consent Decree Quarterly Report, August 15, 2026","publisher":"Baltimore City Department of Public Works","date":"2026-08-15","url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/baltimorecity.gov.if-us-east-1/s3fs-public/2026-08/BWW%20CD%20Report-August-15-2026.pdf","basis":"Utility compliance report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Executed Back River & Patapsco WWTPs Consent Decree","publisher":"Maryland Department of the Environment","date":"2023-11-01","url":"https://mde.maryland.gov/Documents/Executed%20Back%20River%20&%20Patapsco%20WWTPs%20Consent%20Decree.pdf","basis":"Court consent decree"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (national high-visibility gap pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["MDE penalty letter and consent decree dates are taken from PDF file metadata, not printed dates."],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NY-DELAWARE-AQUEDUCT-LEAK-REPAIR-DELAY-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"NYC Delaware Aqueduct leak repair halted by 2024 drought, delayed past 2027","description":"The Delaware Aqueduct, which carries about half of New York City's water, has leaked up to 35 million gallons a day since the 1990s. The shutdown to connect a bypass tunnel began in October 2024 but was paused in November 2024 when drought prompted the city's first drought warning since 2002. City officials said in May 2025 that the repair would not be finished until after 2027 and would need a new contract.","location":{"name":"New York City water supply (Delaware Aqueduct)","type":"Municipal water supply system","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Aqueduct from Catskill/Delaware reservoirs; leak beneath the Hudson River near Wawarsing (Ulster County); serves New York City.","extent":"system","counties":["Ulster","Orange","New York"],"pwsid":"NY7003493","coordinates":{"lat":41.7587,"lon":-74.3574,"precision":"city","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A leaking tunnel and a deferred repair shutdown are infrastructure conditions affecting supply reliability.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The leak loses upwards of 35 million gallons a day (ref 1); the cited sources describe water loss, not health harm.","service":"Drought in November 2024 forced a pause of the shutdown amid a citywide drought warning (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The New York City system serves 8,271,000 people per SDWIS (ref 3), and the aqueduct carries about 600 million gallons a day (ref 2).","duration":"The leak dates to the 1990s and repair is delayed until after 2027 (ref 1).","significance":"The city declared a formal drought warning in November 2024, its first since 2002 (ref 2); no enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":8271000,"status":"Reported","note":"New York City System population per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Leak of upwards of 35 million gallons per day; repair shutdown delayed until after 2027 and a new contract."},"measures":[{"name":"Leak rate (upper estimate)","value":35,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Aqueduct delivery","value":600,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"About half of city supply (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Completion slipped from spring 2025 to after 2027 (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New York City Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Water system owner and operator"},{"name":"Delaware River Basin Commission","role":"Interstate flow oversight during shutdown"}],"public_contact":"NYC 311","corrective_actions":["Bypass tunnel under the Hudson River built; final connection pending","New construction contract to be issued","Pump system upgrades"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"NYC Delaware Aqueduct Shutdown","publisher":"Delaware River Basin Commission","date":"2025-05-05","url":"https://www.nj.gov/drbc/programs/flow/nyc-aqueduct-shutdown.html","basis":"Interstate agency record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Work paused on NYC's massive tunnel repair as drought triggers contract overhaul","publisher":"Underground Infrastructure","date":"2025-05-12","url":"https://undergroundinfrastructure.com/news/2025/may/work-paused-on-nyc-s-massive-tunnel-repair-as-drought-triggers-contract-overhaul","basis":"Trade news report"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: New York City System","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/NEW%20YORK%20CITY/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (national high-visibility gap pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["No 2026 status update on the repair was found after the May 2025 delay announcement."],"related_ids":["US-DE-WRIC-DRB-FFMP-2025-26","US-NY-NYC-STORMWATER-CAPACITY-2025"]},{"id":"US-MULTI-COAL-ASH-CCR-RULE-ROLLBACKS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"EPA delays and loosens federal coal ash groundwater rules","description":"EPA's May 2024 rule extended coal combustion residuals (CCR) requirements, including groundwater monitoring, to legacy surface impoundments and other ash management units. In February 2026 EPA extended those deadlines, and an April 2026 proposal would allow site-specific groundwater compliance points, cleanup levels and closure timeframes and drop some beneficial-use safeguards. EPA is also approving state permit programs, including Wyoming and North Dakota, with more proposed.","location":{"name":"U.S. coal ash landfills and surface impoundments","type":"National industrial waste regulation","state":"DC","states":["DC"],"detail":"Coal-fired power plant ash units nationwide regulated under RCRA (40 CFR part 257).","extent":"national","counties":[]},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"CCR rules govern groundwater monitoring and cleanup of contaminants leaking from ash units.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The April 2026 proposal would let permits set site-specific groundwater cleanup levels and closure timeframes (ref 3), potentially slowing cleanup; national contamination data are not cited here.","service":"The cited rulemakings (refs 1-4) govern ash units and do not report drinking-water service effects.","scale":"The rules apply to coal ash units at power plants nationwide (ref 1).","duration":"Changes run from the May 8, 2024 legacy rule through the February 2026 deadline extension and 2026 proposals (refs 1-3).","significance":"These are formal Federal Register rulemakings (refs 1-4) rather than enforcement actions."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure is given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Feb. 10, 2026 final rule extended deadlines for CCR management unit evaluations and groundwater monitoring set by the May 8, 2024 legacy rule."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Successive actions extend deadlines and add flexibility to groundwater requirements."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Office of Land and Emergency Management","role":"Rulemaking agency"},{"name":"State CCR permit programs","role":"Delegated permitting"}],"public_contact":"EPA coal ash rule contact form at epa.gov/coalash","corrective_actions":["Legacy impoundment rule (May 2024)","Deadline extension rule (Feb. 2026)","Legacy/CCRMU amendments proposal (April 2026)","State permit program approvals"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Disposal of Coal Combustion Residuals From Electric Utilities; Legacy CCR Surface Impoundments (final rule)","publisher":"Federal Register","date":"2024-05-08","url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/05/08/2024-09157/hazardous-and-solid-waste-management-system-disposal-of-coal-combustion-residuals-from-electric","basis":"Federal Register final rule"},{"ref":2,"title":"CCR Management Unit Deadline Extension Rule","publisher":"Federal Register","date":"2026-02-10","url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/02/10/2026-02599/hazardous-and-solid-waste-management-system-disposal-of-coal-combustion-residuals-from-electric","basis":"Federal Register final rule"},{"ref":3,"title":"Legacy/CCRMU Amendments (proposed rule)","publisher":"Federal Register","date":"2026-04-13","url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/04/13/2026-07061/hazardous-and-solid-waste-management-system-disposal-of-coal-combustion-residuals-from-electric","basis":"Federal Register proposed rule"},{"ref":4,"title":"Coal Ash Rule","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-27","url":"https://www.epa.gov/coalash/coal-ash-rule","basis":"Federal agency record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (national high-visibility gap pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Re-verified: cited sources were reopened and the headline figures and dates match the source pages (a few sites blocked automated access; their figures were confirmed in other cited sources). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MULTI-STEAM-ELECTRIC-ELG-DELAY-2025","US-AL-COLBERT-TVA-CCR-GROUNDWATER-2025","US-AL-MOBILE-PLANT-BARRY-CCR-2024"]},{"id":"US-MULTI-STEAM-ELECTRIC-ELG-DELAY-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"EPA delays and weakens 2024 power plant wastewater discharge limits","description":"EPA's 2024 steam electric effluent guidelines tightened limits on flue gas desulfurization wastewater, bottom ash transport water and coal ash leachate, cutting discharges by an estimated 660 to 672 million pounds a year. On Dec. 31, 2025 EPA finalized extended compliance deadlines and more flexibility to switch compliance paths, and on May 18, 2026 it proposed revising the limits for unmanaged combustion residual leachate.","location":{"name":"U.S. coal-fired steam electric power plants","type":"National Clean Water Act effluent standard","state":"DC","states":["DC"],"detail":"Steam electric power generating point source category nationwide (40 CFR part 423).","extent":"national","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The guidelines limit toxic metals and other pollutants discharged from power plants to rivers and lakes.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Delay defers reductions the 2024 rule estimated at 660 to 672 million pounds of pollutant discharges a year (ref 1).","service":"The guidelines regulate plant discharges; the Federal Register notices (refs 1-3) report no water-service effect.","scale":"The standards cover the steam electric power generating category nationwide (ref 1).","duration":"Actions run from the May 9, 2024 rule through the Dec. 31, 2025 extension and May 2026 proposal (refs 1-3).","significance":"These are formal Federal Register rulemakings under the Clean Water Act (refs 2, 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure is given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The May 2026 proposal for unmanaged combustion residual leachate is estimated to reduce industry costs by $446 to $1,090 million a year."},"measures":[{"name":"Discharge reduction under 2024 rule","value":660,"unit":"million lb/yr (low estimate)","status":"Reported","note":"Range 660-672 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Deadlines extended and leachate limits proposed for revision."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Office of Water","role":"Rulemaking agency"},{"name":"State NPDES permitting authorities","role":"Permit implementation"}],"public_contact":"EPA Steam Electric ELG contact at epa.gov/eg/steam-electric-power-generating-effluent-guidelines","corrective_actions":["Deadline-extension final rule (Dec. 31, 2025)","Leachate limits proposal (May 18, 2026)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Supplemental Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Steam Electric Power Generating Point Source Category","publisher":"Federal Register","date":"2024-05-09","url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/05/09/2024-09185/supplemental-effluent-limitations-guidelines-and-standards-for-the-steam-electric-power-generating","basis":"Federal Register final rule"},{"ref":2,"title":"Steam Electric ELG: Deadline Extensions (final rule)","publisher":"Federal Register","date":"2025-12-31","url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/12/31/2025-24102/effluent-limitations-guidelines-and-standards-for-the-steam-electric-power-generating-point-source","basis":"Federal Register final rule"},{"ref":3,"title":"Steam Electric ELG: Unmanaged Combustion Residual Leachate (proposed rule)","publisher":"Federal Register","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/05/18/2026-09895/effluent-limitations-guidelines-and-standards-for-the-steam-electric-power-generating-point-source","basis":"Federal Register proposed rule"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (national high-visibility gap pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Re-verified: cited sources were reopened and the headline figures and dates match the source pages (a few sites blocked automated access; their figures were confirmed in other cited sources). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MULTI-COAL-ASH-CCR-RULE-ROLLBACKS-2026"]},{"id":"US-MS-JACKSON-SEWER-OVERFLOWS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Jackson sewer system under federal order as overflows continue","description":"Jackson's sewer system has been under a 2013 Clean Water Act consent decree; after the city could not fund it, a federal court on Sept. 30, 2023 placed the system under JXN Water's third-party manager with 11 priority projects. In the first quarter of 2026 JXN Water resolved 47 overflows on city-owned assets, but a pipe collapse at Frontage Road in the White Oak basin, ongoing since Oct. 17, 2025, released an estimated 9.3 million gallons in March 2026 alone. Projects are delayed for lack of funding.","location":{"name":"City of Jackson sewer system","type":"Municipal wastewater collection and treatment system","state":"MS","states":["MS"],"detail":"Hinds County, Mississippi; Savanna Street WWTP discharges to the Pearl River.","extent":"system","counties":["Hinds"],"coordinates":{"lat":32.2988,"lon":-90.1848,"precision":"city","source_ref":3}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Failing pipes (infrastructure) cause sewage overflows that pollute streets and waters (quality).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The Frontage Road collapse released an estimated 9,299,996 gallons in March 2026 (ref 3), and sewage has entered the Pearl River (ref 2).","service":"An ongoing overflow at Livingston Street awaits a Mill Street replacement project on hold for funding (ref 3).","scale":"The order covers the citywide Jackson collection system and its treatment plants (ref 1).","duration":"Consent decree since 2013 and stipulated order since Sept. 30, 2023, with the Frontage Road overflow running since Oct. 17, 2025 (refs 1, 3).","significance":"A federal court stipulated order placed the system under the interim third-party manager (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure is given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Q1 2026: 47 municipal SSOs resolved; Frontage Road collapse overflow ongoing since Oct. 17, 2025; no prohibited Savanna WWTP bypasses since May 2024."},"measures":[{"name":"Frontage Road SSO volume, March 2026","value":9299996,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Sewer main cleaned and televised (cumulative)","value":1394733,"unit":"linear feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["EPA says even full billing collection is not expected to cover the wastewater order's cost (ref 1).","JXN Water says scheduled commitments are subject to change pending revenue from an approved rate increase (ref 3)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Treatment-plant bypasses have stopped, but large collection-system overflows continue (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"JXN Water (Interim Third-Party Manager)","role":"Court-appointed system manager"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 4 and U.S. Department of Justice","role":"Federal plaintiffs"},{"name":"Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality","role":"State plaintiff and permitting agency"}],"public_contact":"JXN Water customer service, through jxnwater.com","corrective_actions":["11 wastewater priority projects under the stipulated order","Sewer cleaning and CCTV inspection","Rate increase approved to finance capital work"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA 2024 Presidential Transition Briefing Paper: Region 4, Jackson, MS","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2024-10-17","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2025-02/epa-2024-presidential-transition-briefing-paper-region-4-jackson-ms_10172024.pdf","basis":"Federal agency record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Federal judge places Jackson sewer control under JXN Water","publisher":"Our Tupelo (Mississippi Today)","date":"2023-10-02","url":"https://ourtupelo.com/federal-judge-places-jackson-sewer-control-under-jxn-water/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Q1 2026 Sewer Quarterly Report","publisher":"JXN Water","date":"2026-04-28","url":"https://jxnwater.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Q1-2026-Sewer-Quarterly-Report-FINAL-04.28.2026.pdf","basis":"Court-ordered utility report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (national high-visibility gap pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MS-JACKSON-WATER-2022"]},{"id":"US-KS-HIGH-PLAINS-AQUIFER-DECLINE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Western Kansas High Plains aquifer: five years of declines, then a wet-year rebound","description":"Kansas Geological Survey measurements show the High Plains aquifer in western Kansas fell 0.91 feet on average in 2024, the fifth straight annual decline, with southwest Kansas GMD 3 dropping 1.36 feet. Levels rose about 2.5 feet on average in 2025 after good rainfall, but KGS says one good year does not reverse decades of decline; parts of the Ogallala have lost 60% or more of their water.","location":{"name":"High Plains (Ogallala) aquifer, western Kansas","type":"Regional aquifer","state":"KS","states":["KS"],"detail":"About 1,400 monitoring wells in western and south-central Kansas; GMD 3 covers Finney, Ford, Grant, Gray, Hamilton, Haskell, Kearny, Meade, Morton, Seward, Stanton and Stevens counties.","extent":"multi_county","counties":["Finney","Ford","Grant","Gray","Hamilton","Haskell","Kearny","Meade","Morton","Seward","Stanton","Stevens"],"coordinates":{"lat":37.9717,"lon":-100.8727,"precision":"county","source_ref":1}},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural","drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Irrigation pumping exceeds recharge, lowering groundwater levels.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"KGS (ref 2) says parts of the Ogallala have declined by 60 percent or more, reducing water available for irrigation and towns.","service":"KGS and WIBW (refs 1, 2) describe aquifer levels only and report no public-water service disruption.","scale":"Measurements span about 1,400 wells across western and south-central Kansas (ref 1).","duration":"Declines were recorded every year from 2020 through 2024 (ref 1), on a long-term average of 0.42 feet a year since 1996.","significance":"The cited sources report monitoring results only, without a new enforcement or emergency action (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure is given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Overall decline of 0.91 feet across the region in 2024, the fifth straight year of declines; average rise of about 2.5 feet in 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"Average change, 2024","value":-0.91,"unit":"ft","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Average change, 2025","value":2.5,"unit":"ft","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"A wet 2025 reversed five years of declines; long-term trend remains downward (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Kansas Department of Agriculture, Division of Water Resources","role":"Water rights administration"},{"name":"Kansas Geological Survey","role":"Monitoring"},{"name":"Southwest Kansas Groundwater Management District No. 3","role":"Local groundwater management"}],"public_contact":"Kansas Geological Survey, through kgs.ku.edu","corrective_actions":["Annual KGS/DWR water-level measurement program","Groundwater management district conservation programs"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Groundwater levels fall across western, south-central Kansas","publisher":"Kansas Geological Survey","date":"2025-02-14","url":"https://kgs.ku.edu/news/article/groundwater-levels-fall-across-western-south-central-kansas","basis":"State survey record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Kansas High Plains Aquifer sees groundwater levels rise for first time in years","publisher":"WIBW","date":"2026-04-03","url":"https://www.wibw.com/2026/04/03/kansas-high-plains-aquifer-sees-groundwater-levels-first-time-years/","basis":"News report quoting KGS"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (national high-visibility gap pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TX-OGALLALA-AQUIFER-DEPLETION-2025","US-CO-GROUNDWATER-SOUTHERN-HIGH-PLAINS-DECLINE-2025"]},{"id":"US-CA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"California public water systems with PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt in UCMR 5","description":"EPA's final UCMR 5 data show 51 of 707 sampled California public water systems with a mean PFOA or PFOS result above the 4 ppt federal MCL, and 166 with at least one result above 4 ppt. Thirty-two of the 51 are Los Angeles County systems; the highest system means were PFOA 181 ppt and PFOS 57 ppt, both at Potrero Elementary School; Montebello Land and Water Co. had the next-highest PFOS mean at 43.5 ppt. California also applies notification levels of 4 ppt and response levels of 10 ppt (PFOA) and 40 ppt (PFOS).","location":{"name":"California public water systems","type":"Statewide drinking-water monitoring program","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Statewide; heaviest concentration in Los Angeles County groundwater systems","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOA and PFOS occurrence in delivered drinking water is the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 (ref 1) puts 51 California systems above 4 ppt on mean PFOA or PFOS, led by PFOA averaging 181 ppt at Potrero Elementary School.","service":"California response levels (ref 3) require a source to be removed, treated or publicly noticed when exceeded, and Pleasanton shut three wells over PFAS between 2019 and 2022 (ref 5).","scale":"The 51 systems with a mean above 4 ppt serve about 2.47 million people combined per SDWIS (ref 4), statewide in reach.","duration":"Exceedances appear in UCMR 5 samples from mid-2023 through mid-2025 (ref 1), and well closures date to 2019 (ref 5).","significance":"The Division of Drinking Water issued revised PFOA and PFOS notification and response levels on October 29, 2025 (ref 3), a formal state requirement; no statewide enforcement order found."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":2473326,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served (ref 4) for the 51 systems whose mean UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS exceeds 4 ppt; wholesale overlaps may double count."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"51 of 707 sampled California systems have a mean UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS result above 4 ppt; 166 have at least one result above 4 ppt."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems with mean PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt","value":51,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS results for the system, with results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero; results converted from ug/L to ppt (x1000). UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Systems with any PFOA or PFOS result above 4 ppt","value":166,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Count of systems in the UCMR 5 file (ref 1) with at least one PFOA or PFOS result above 0.004 ug/L."},{"name":"California systems in UCMR 5 data","value":707,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Distinct California PWSIDs in UCMR5_All.txt (ref 1)."},{"name":"Highest system mean PFOA (Potrero Elementary School)","value":181.4,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS results for the system, with results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero; results converted from ug/L to ppt (x1000). UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Highest system mean PFOS (Potrero Elementary School)","value":57.15,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS results for the system, with results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero; results converted from ug/L to ppt (x1000). UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages. Montebello Land and Water Co. is second at 43.5 ppt."},{"name":"Highest single PFOS result (Running Springs Water District)","value":236.5,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Reported as ug/L in UCMR 5 (ref 1), converted to ppt."},{"name":"California PFOA response level","value":10,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Issued October 29, 2025 (ref 3)."},{"name":"California PFOS response level","value":40,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Issued October 29, 2025 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring cycle; no comparable later series yet."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"California State Water Resources Control Board, Division of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"UCMR 5 program and federal PFAS MCLs"}],"public_contact":"State Water Board Division of Drinking Water, district offices listed on waterboards.ca.gov","corrective_actions":["State notification levels of 4 ppt and response levels of 10 ppt (PFOA) and 40 ppt (PFOS), effective October 29, 2025","System-level treatment projects, including Downey, Montebello Land and Water Co., Pico Rivera and SCV Water"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, final dataset released August 2026)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Occurrence Data from the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-08-28","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board, Division of Drinking Water","date":null,"url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/pfas.html","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system records for the 51 California systems above 4 ppt (example: CA1910034)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CA1910034/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":5,"title":"Pleasanton agrees to move forward on groundwater wells project with Zone 7","publisher":"Pleasanton Weekly","date":"2026-05-14","url":"https://www.pleasantonweekly.com/news/2026/05/14/pleasanton-agrees-to-move-forward-on-groundwater-wells-project-with-zone-7/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (national UCMR 5 PFAS pass, central and western states)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Recomputed from the UCMR 5 file: 51 systems with mean PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt, 166 with any result above 4 ppt, 32 of the 51 in Los Angeles County, SDWIS population 2,473,326 (all match). Correction: the highest system mean PFOS is Potrero Elementary School at 57.15 ppt; Montebello (43.5 ppt) is second. Dataset label updated to the August 2026 final release."}],"first_seen":"2023-06-07","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["state PFAS MCL (rulemaking pending)","compliance running annual averages"],"related_ids":["US-CA-PFAS-DAC-TESTING-2024","US-CA-DOWNEY-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-CA-MONTEBELLO-LWC-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-CA-PICO-RIVERA-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-CA-PLEASANTON-PFAS-WELLS-2026","US-CA-SCV-WATER-PFAS-TREATMENT-2026","US-CA-POTRERO-ELEMENTARY-PFAS-2026"]},{"id":"US-TX-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Texas public water systems with PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt in UCMR 5","description":"EPA's final UCMR 5 data show 19 of 1,154 sampled Texas public water systems with a mean PFOS or PFOA result above the 4 ppt federal MCL, and 101 with at least one result above 4 ppt. The highest means were PFOS of about 16 to 18 ppt at Potosi WSC, Dyess Air Force Base and Abilene in Taylor County. Texas has no separate state PFAS standard; TCEQ implements the federal rule, which EPA proposed in May 2026 to allow extensions to 2031.","location":{"name":"Texas public water systems","type":"Statewide drinking-water monitoring program","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Statewide; cluster of highest PFOS means in Taylor County (Abilene area)","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOS and PFOA occurrence in delivered drinking water is the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Nineteen Texas systems average above 4 ppt for PFOS or PFOA in UCMR 5 (ref 1); Potosi WSC averaged 18.1 ppt PFOS across four samples.","service":"No Texas do-not-drink or source-shutdown order tied to these UCMR 5 results was found; Abilene states EPA has not told residents to stop using tap water (ref 5).","scale":"Systems averaging above 4 ppt serve about 893,000 people combined per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Abilene exceedances recur from September 2023 to June 2024 (ref 1) and the city was still in pre-design in July 2026 (ref 5).","significance":"TCEQ (ref 3) applies the April 2024 federal MCLs with public notice and CCR duties; no state enforcement order found."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":892980,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served (ref 4) for the 19 systems whose mean UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS exceeds 4 ppt."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"19 of 1,154 sampled Texas systems have a mean UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS result above 4 ppt; 101 have at least one result above 4 ppt."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems with mean PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt","value":19,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS results for the system, with results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero; results converted from ug/L to ppt (x1000). UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Systems with any PFOA or PFOS result above 4 ppt","value":101,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Systems in the UCMR 5 file (ref 1) with at least one result above 0.004 ug/L."},{"name":"Texas systems in UCMR 5 data","value":1154,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Distinct Texas PWSIDs in UCMR5_All.txt (ref 1)."},{"name":"Highest system mean PFOS (Potosi WSC)","value":18.05,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS results for the system, with results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero; results converted from ug/L to ppt (x1000). UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Highest single PFOS result (City of Grand Prairie, Dallas South entry point, Aug 2024)","value":82,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Single result (ref 1); the system's other results were near or below 4 ppt."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring cycle; no comparable later series yet."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"UCMR 5 program and federal PFAS MCLs"}],"public_contact":"TCEQ Water Supply Division, via tceq.texas.gov","corrective_actions":["Federal PFOA and PFOS MCLs of 4 ppt implemented by TCEQ","Abilene PFAS Compliance Program engineering phase approved July 9, 2026"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Occurrence Data from the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-08-28","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Drinking Water","publisher":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality","date":null,"url":"https://www.tceq.texas.gov/goto/pfas","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system records for the 19 Texas systems above 4 ppt (example: TX2210001)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/TX2210001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"PFAS Information Page","publisher":"City of Abilene","date":null,"url":"https://www.abilenetx.gov/pfas","basis":"Utility record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (national UCMR 5 PFAS pass, central and western states)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (4). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-02-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["state PFAS standard (none)","compliance running annual averages"],"related_ids":["US-TX-ABILENE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-TX-JOHNSON-COUNTY-PFAS-BIOSOLIDS-2025","US-TX-GRAND-PRAIRIE-FOAMING-AGENT-2024"]},{"id":"US-OK-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Oklahoma public water systems with PFOS above 4 ppt in UCMR 5","description":"EPA's final UCMR 5 data show 7 of 166 sampled Oklahoma public water systems with a mean PFOS result above the 4 ppt federal MCL, and 13 with at least one PFOA or PFOS result above 4 ppt. All seven are PFOS cases, led by Kay County RWD #5 (mean 20.5 ppt) and three Tulsa-area surface-water systems: Broken Arrow and Wagoner County RWDs #4 and #5. Oklahoma has no separate state PFAS drinking-water standard.","location":{"name":"Oklahoma public water systems","type":"Statewide drinking-water monitoring program","state":"OK","states":["OK"],"detail":"Statewide; cluster in Tulsa and Wagoner counties","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOS occurrence in delivered drinking water is the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 (ref 1) shows Kay County RWD #5 averaging 20.5 ppt PFOS and Broken Arrow reaching 51.3 ppt in December 2023.","service":"No Oklahoma do-not-drink notice or well shutdown tied to these results was found in the cited sources.","scale":"The seven systems serve about 245,000 people per SDWIS (ref 4), including Broken Arrow at 116,330.","duration":"The exceedances fall in 2023-2024 UCMR 5 rounds (ref 1); no later Oklahoma series was found, so this is scored as months.","significance":"DEQ encouraged but did not require PFAS testing before the federal rule (ref 5); the 2024 federal MCLs are the formal standard, with no state order found."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":245439,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served (ref 4) for the seven systems whose mean UCMR 5 PFOS exceeds 4 ppt."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"7 of 166 sampled Oklahoma systems have a mean UCMR 5 PFOS result above 4 ppt; 13 have at least one PFOA or PFOS result above 4 ppt."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems with mean PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt","value":7,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS results for the system, with results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero; results converted from ug/L to ppt (x1000). UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Systems with any PFOA or PFOS result above 4 ppt","value":13,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Systems in the UCMR 5 file (ref 1) with at least one result above 0.004 ug/L."},{"name":"Highest system mean PFOS (Kay County RWD #5)","value":20.5,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS results for the system, with results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero; results converted from ug/L to ppt (x1000). UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Highest single PFOS result (Broken Arrow, Dec 5, 2023)","value":51.3,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Reported as 0.0513 ug/L (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring cycle; no comparable later series yet."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"UCMR 5 program and federal PFAS MCLs"}],"public_contact":"Oklahoma DEQ Water Quality Division, via deq.ok.gov","corrective_actions":["UCMR 5 monitoring completed; federal MCL compliance monitoring pending"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Occurrence Data from the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-08-28","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"UCMR 5 - PFAS and Lithium (fact sheet)","publisher":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-09-25","url":"https://oklahoma.gov/content/dam/ok/en/deq/documents/executive-offices/fact-sheets/UCMR5.pdf","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system records for the seven Oklahoma systems above 4 ppt (example: OK1021508)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/OK1021508/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"Proposed federal rules would put first limits on forever chemicals in Oklahoma's drinking water","publisher":"The Frontier","date":"2023-03-29","url":"https://www.readfrontier.org/stories/proposed-federal-rules-would-put-first-limits-on-forever-chemicals-in-oklahomas-drinking-water/","basis":"News"},{"ref":6,"title":"'Forever chemicals' found in Oklahoma drinking water now required to improve","publisher":"KJRH 2 News","date":"2024-04-10","url":"https://kjrh.com/news/local-news/forever-chemicals-found-in-oklahoma-drinking-water-now-required-to-improve","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (national UCMR 5 PFAS pass, central and western states)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-02-06","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["state PFAS standard (none)","compliance running annual averages","treatment plans for affected systems"],"related_ids":["US-OK-BROKEN-ARROW-PFOS-UCMR5-2026","US-OK-WAGONER-RWD5-PFOS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-WA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Washington public water systems with PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt in UCMR 5","description":"EPA's final UCMR 5 data show 7 of 248 sampled Washington public water systems with a mean PFOA or PFOS result above the 4 ppt federal MCL, and 34 with at least one result above 4 ppt. The highest were Artondale Water System in Pierce County (PFOS up to 153.6 ppt) and the City of Vancouver (mean PFOS 8.8 ppt). Washington's 2021 state action levels (PFOA 10 ppt, PFOS 15 ppt) are higher than the federal MCLs.","location":{"name":"Washington public water systems","type":"Statewide drinking-water monitoring program","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"Statewide; cases in Clark, Pierce, Benton and Island counties","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOA and PFOS occurrence in delivered drinking water is the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Artondale Water System reported PFOS up to 153.6 ppt and seven Washington systems average above 4 ppt in UCMR 5 (ref 1).","service":"Vancouver runs higher-PFAS sources less often (ref 5) but no loss of service or do-not-drink notice was found.","scale":"The seven systems serve about 592,000 people per SDWIS (ref 4), led by Vancouver at 373,047.","duration":"Exceedances appear across 2023-2024 UCMR 5 samples (ref 1) and in Vancouver's 2025 testing (ref 5).","significance":"DOH's 2021 state action levels require testing and notice (ref 3); DOH reported 30 systems above them by April 2024, with no enforcement order found."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":591811,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served (ref 4) for the seven systems whose mean UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS exceeds 4 ppt."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"7 of 248 sampled Washington systems have a mean UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS result above 4 ppt; 34 have at least one result above 4 ppt."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems with mean PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt","value":7,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS results for the system, with results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero; results converted from ug/L to ppt (x1000). UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Systems with any PFOA or PFOS result above 4 ppt","value":34,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Systems in the UCMR 5 file (ref 1) with at least one result above 0.004 ug/L."},{"name":"Highest single PFOS result (Artondale Water System)","value":153.6,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Reported in ug/L (ref 1), converted to ppt."},{"name":"Systems above Washington state action levels (as of April 2024)","value":30,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Out of 1,228 systems tested (ref 3)."},{"name":"Washington PFOS state action level","value":15,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"2021 SAL (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring cycle; no comparable later series yet."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Washington State Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"UCMR 5 program and federal PFAS MCLs"}],"public_contact":"Washington DOH Office of Drinking Water, via doh.wa.gov","corrective_actions":["State action levels and required PFAS testing since 2022","Vancouver Water Station 14 GAC treatment funded by a $12.5 million DWSRF forgivable loan"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Occurrence Data from the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-08-28","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Washington state will move forward to adopt U.S. EPA's new federal regulation for PFAS in drinking water","publisher":"Washington State Department of Health","date":"2024-04-10","url":"https://doh.wa.gov/newsroom/washington-state-will-move-forward-adopt-us-environmental-protection-agencys-new-federal-regulation","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system records for the seven Washington systems above 4 ppt (example: WA5391200)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/WA5391200/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2025 Annual Water Quality Report","publisher":"City of Vancouver","date":"2026-01-16","url":"https://www.cityofvancouver.us/?p=66306","basis":"Utility record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (national UCMR 5 PFAS pass, central and western states)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-04-12","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["compliance running annual averages","Artondale treatment response"],"related_ids":["US-WA-VANCOUVER-PFAS-TREATMENT-2026","US-WA-JBLM-LEWIS-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-MN-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Minnesota public water systems with PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt in UCMR 5","description":"EPA's final UCMR 5 data show 4 of 196 sampled Minnesota public water systems with a mean PFOA or PFOS result above the 4 ppt federal MCL, and 16 with at least one result above 4 ppt. Hastings (mean PFOA 10.6 ppt) and Woodbury (6.5 ppt) are east-metro systems near 3M's Cottage Grove site; Waite Park and Sauk Rapids are in central Minnesota. The Minnesota Department of Health's guidance values (PFOA 0.24 ppt, PFOS 2.3 ppt) are far below the federal MCLs.","location":{"name":"Minnesota public water systems","type":"Statewide drinking-water monitoring program","state":"MN","states":["MN"],"detail":"Statewide; east Twin Cities metro (Dakota, Washington counties) and St. Cloud area (Stearns, Benton counties)","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOA and PFOS in municipal groundwater supplies are the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Hastings averaged 10.6 ppt PFOA across five wells and Waite Park 16.5 ppt PFOS in UCMR 5 (ref 1).","service":"Woodbury restricted lawn watering in 2023 and had MDH advisories on nine of 20 wells (ref 6).","scale":"The four systems serve about 128,000 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Woodbury first detected PFAS in 2007 (ref 7) and Hastings wells exceeded 4 ppt through June 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"Hastings filed suit against 3M in Dakota County District Court on Aug. 26, 2026 (ref 8)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":128054,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served (ref 4) for the four systems whose mean UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS exceeds 4 ppt."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"4 of 196 sampled Minnesota systems have a mean UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS result above 4 ppt; 16 have at least one result above 4 ppt."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems with mean PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt","value":4,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS results for the system, with results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero; results converted from ug/L to ppt (x1000). UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Systems with any PFOA or PFOS result above 4 ppt","value":16,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Systems in the UCMR 5 file (ref 1) with at least one result above 0.004 ug/L."},{"name":"MDH chronic guidance value, PFOA","value":0.24,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Listed as 0.00024 ug/L in the MDH guidance table (ref 3)."},{"name":"MDH chronic guidance value, PFOS","value":2.3,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Listed as 0.0023 ug/L in the MDH guidance table (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring cycle; no comparable later series yet."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Minnesota Department of Health","role":"Primacy regulator and health-guidance agency"},{"name":"Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","role":"Source investigation"}],"public_contact":"MDH Drinking Water Protection, via health.state.mn.us","corrective_actions":["Woodbury permanent PFAS treatment plant targeted for 2028","Hastings building three GAC treatment plants and suing 3M"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Occurrence Data from the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-08-28","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Human Health-Based Water Guidance Table","publisher":"Minnesota Department of Health","date":null,"url":"https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/environment/risk/guidance/gw/table.html","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system records for the four Minnesota systems above 4 ppt (example: MN1190012)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MN1190012/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"Statement on new drinking water guidance for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances","publisher":"Minnesota Department of Health","date":"2024-01-16","url":"https://www.health.state.mn.us/news/pressrel/2024/statement011624.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":6,"title":"Woodbury pauses some future development due to PFAS treatment challenges","publisher":"KSTP","date":"2023-08-25","url":"https://kstp.com/kstp-news/top-news/woodbury-pauses-some-future-development-due-to-pfas-treatment-challenges/","basis":"News"},{"ref":7,"title":"Woodbury's water treatment initiative tackles PFAS for safer drinking water","publisher":"The Municipal","date":"2025-06-27","url":"https://www.themunicipal.com/2025/06/https-www-themunicipal-com-2025-06-woodburys-water-treatment-initiative-tackles-pfas","basis":"News"},{"ref":8,"title":"Hastings sues Minnesota company 3M over 'forever chemicals' in drinking water","publisher":"MPR News","date":"2026-09-01","url":"https://www.mprnews.org/story/2026/09/01/hastings-sues-3m-over-forever-chemicals-drinking-water","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New record (national UCMR 5 PFAS pass, central and western states)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-03-13","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["compliance running annual averages","Waite Park and Sauk Rapids response"],"related_ids":["US-MN-WOODBURY-PFAS-TREATMENT-2026","US-MN-HASTINGS-PFOA-3M-LAWSUIT-2026"]},{"id":"US-CA-DOWNEY-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Downey groundwater PFOA and PFOS above federal limits; two treatment plants in design","description":"All ten UCMR 5 results from five Downey wells in 2025 exceeded 4 ppt for both PFOA and PFOS, with PFOS up to 44 ppt. The city is procuring design of two PFAS treatment plants (north and south) using ion exchange, and sought federal funds in 2024 to buy land for the north plant.","location":{"name":"City of Downey Water Department","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Downey, Los Angeles County; groundwater wells 5, 11, 17, 23 and 24","counties":["Los Angeles"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CA1910034","coordinates":{"lat":33.938237,"lon":-118.130856,"precision":"city","source_ref":5}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in the city's groundwater supply is the issue; treatment plants are the remedy.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Every one of Downey's ten 2025 UCMR 5 samples (ref 1) exceeded 4 ppt for PFOA and PFOS, averaging 26.2 ppt PFOS.","service":"The treatment RFP (ref 3) aims to prevent well shutdowns; no shutdown or do-not-drink notice was found.","scale":"SDWIS lists 110,556 people served (ref 2).","duration":"Downey sought land for a PFAS treatment plant in May 2024 (ref 4) and wells still exceeded 4 ppt in July 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"A single 44 ppt PFOS result (ref 1) is above California's 40 ppt response level, which triggers formal action duties; no enforcement order found."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":110556,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOS 0.044 ug/L, the highest of ten 2025 UCMR 5 entry-point results"},"measures":[{"name":"Mean PFOS, 2025 UCMR 5","value":26.2,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS results for the system, with results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero; results converted from ug/L to ppt (x1000). UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Mean PFOA, 2025 UCMR 5","value":11.09,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS results for the system, with results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero; results converted from ug/L to ppt (x1000). UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Wells with results above 4 ppt","value":5,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Five of five sampled entry points (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring cycle; no comparable later series yet."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Downey Public Works, Utilities Division","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"California State Water Resources Control Board, Division of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Downey Public Works, Utilities Division, via downeyca.org","corrective_actions":["RFP posted June 11, 2026 for engineering of north (4 ion-exchange trains) and south (6 trains) PFAS treatment plants, with UV advanced oxidation for 1,4-dioxane","Federal funding request (May 2024) to acquire land for the north treatment plant"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, final dataset released August 2026)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record CA1910034","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CA1910034/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"City of Downey PFAS Water Treatment Plants - Engineering Services and Equipment Procurement (bid listing)","publisher":"Govly","date":"2026-06-11","url":"https://app.govly.com/public/opportunities/16781358","basis":"Procurement listing","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":4,"title":"Community project funding request: City of Downey Water Treatment Plant - North","publisher":"Office of Rep. Linda Sanchez","date":"2024-05-10","url":"https://lindasanchez.house.gov/sites/evo-subsites/lindasanchez.house.gov/files/evo-media-document/Downey%20FY25%20FNS.pdf","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (national UCMR 5 PFAS pass, central and western states)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Re-verified: ten PFOA and ten PFOS results from five entry points (Jan. 14 to July 1, 2025) all above 4 ppt, PFOS max 44 ppt, means 26.2 and 11.09 ppt; SDWIS population 110,556; procurement listing (posted June 11, 2026, responses due July 16, 2026), 2024 funding request and Census coordinates match. No award or construction news at the sources."}],"first_seen":"2024-05-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["city customer notice text (site blocked automated access)","treatment cost estimate"],"related_ids":["US-CA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-CA-MONTEBELLO-LWC-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Montebello Land and Water Co. PFOS averages 43.5 ppt; centralized ion-exchange plant financed","description":"Montebello Land and Water Co. had the highest mean PFOS of any large California system in UCMR 5: all six results from its three entry points exceeded 4 ppt, averaging 43.5 ppt. The State Water Board is financing a centralized ion-exchange PFAS treatment system at the company's plant to treat water from all seven of its wells.","location":{"name":"Montebello Land and Water Co.","type":"Private mutual water company","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Montebello, Los Angeles County","counties":["Los Angeles"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CA1910091","coordinates":{"lat":34.015444,"lon":-118.111012,"precision":"city","source_ref":4}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOS in the company's well supply is the issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Six of six UCMR 5 PFOS results at Montebello Land and Water (ref 1) exceeded 4 ppt, peaking at 53 ppt.","service":"No outage, shutdown or do-not-drink notice was found in the CEQA filing (ref 3) or UCMR data.","scale":"One community system serving 26,554 people (ref 2).","duration":"PFOS stayed above 4 ppt from August 2023 to October 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"The 43.5 ppt PFOS mean (ref 1) exceeds California's 40 ppt response level, and the State Water Board is financing treatment (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":26554,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOS 0.053 ug/L, highest UCMR 5 result (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Mean PFOS, UCMR 5","value":43.5,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS results for the system, with results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero; results converted from ug/L to ppt (x1000). UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Mean PFOA, UCMR 5","value":9.33,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS results for the system, with results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero; results converted from ug/L to ppt (x1000). UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring cycle; no comparable later series yet."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Montebello Land and Water Co.","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"California State Water Resources Control Board","role":"Primacy regulator and project financer"}],"public_contact":"Montebello Land and Water Co. office, Montebello, CA (published customer line)","corrective_actions":["Centralized ion-exchange PFAS treatment at the existing plant, treating all seven wells, financed by the State Water Board (CEQA notice posted Oct. 14, 2024)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, final dataset released August 2026)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record CA1910091","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CA1910091/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"Montebello Ion Exchange PFAS Treatment System (CEQA notice of exemption)","publisher":"State Water Resources Control Board via CEQAnet","date":"2024-10-14","url":"https://ceqanet.lci.ca.gov/2023080559/2","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (national UCMR 5 PFAS pass, central and western states)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Re-verified: six PFOS results from three entry points (Aug. 29, 2023 to Oct. 9, 2024) all above 4 ppt, max 53 ppt, mean 43.5 ppt; PFOA mean 9.33 ppt; SDWIS population 26,554; CEQA notice posted 10/14/2024 (centralized ion exchange for all seven wells). The 'highest among large systems' claim holds (Potrero Elementary School, a small system, is higher overall at 57 ppt)."}],"first_seen":"2023-08-29","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["construction status","project cost","public contact phone"],"related_ids":["US-CA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-CA-PICO-RIVERA-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Pico Rivera wells above PFAS limits; ion-exchange filtration at three plants","description":"Fourteen of fifteen UCMR 5 samples from Pico Rivera's eight wells in 2024 exceeded 4 ppt for PFOS, averaging 15.7 ppt, and PFOA averaged 8.1 ppt. The city built ion-exchange PFAS filtration at Water Plant 2 and Well 5, with Plant 1 in construction in spring 2024 and Plant 3 planned for 2025.","location":{"name":"City of Pico Rivera Water Department","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Pico Rivera, Los Angeles County","counties":["Los Angeles"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CA1910042","coordinates":{"lat":33.989524,"lon":-118.089295,"precision":"city","source_ref":5}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in municipal groundwater wells is the issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"PFOS reached 30 ppt and exceeded 4 ppt in 14 of 15 Pico Rivera samples during 2024 (ref 1).","service":"The city page (ref 3) describes construction and start-up of filtration, with no reported outage.","scale":"The city system serves 39,451 people (ref 2).","duration":"The city cites heightened PFAS from 2021 statewide testing (ref 3) and UCMR 5 exceedances through August 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"A November 2024 notice of exemption (ref 4) under water-supply permit 1910042PA-007 formalizes the Plant 1 and 2 treatment; no enforcement order found."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":39451,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOS 0.030 ug/L, highest 2024 UCMR 5 result (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Mean PFOS, UCMR 5","value":15.69,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS results for the system, with results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero; results converted from ug/L to ppt (x1000). UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Mean PFOA, UCMR 5","value":8.06,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS results for the system, with results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero; results converted from ug/L to ppt (x1000). UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring cycle; no comparable later series yet."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Pico Rivera Water Division","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"California State Water Resources Control Board, Division of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Pico Rivera Water Division, via pico-rivera.org","corrective_actions":["Ion-exchange PFAS filtration completed at Water Plant 2 and Well 5 (spring 2024)","Plant 1 construction with start-up expected early summer 2024","Water Plant 3 filtration planned for 2025"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, final dataset released August 2026)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record CA1910042","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CA1910042/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"PFAS Treatment System Project","publisher":"City of Pico Rivera","date":"2024-05-16","url":"https://www.pico-rivera.org/pfas-treatment-system-project/","basis":"Utility record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":4,"title":"City of Pico Rivera - CIP 50042 PFAS Treatment System Project (Plant 1 & Plant 2), notice of exemption","publisher":"CEQAnet","date":"2024-11-26","url":"https://ceqanet.lci.ca.gov/2024110991","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (national UCMR 5 PFAS pass, central and western states)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Re-verified: 15 PFOS results from eight entry points (Feb. 28 to Aug. 28, 2024), 14 above 4 ppt, max 30 ppt, mean 15.69 ppt; PFOA mean 8.06 ppt; SDWIS population 39,451; city page (last modified 05/16/2024) and CEQA notice (11/26/2024; Plant 1 and Plant 2, Wells 1-4) match. The city page has not been updated since spring 2024, so Plant 1 start-up and Plant 3 status are unconfirmed."}],"first_seen":"2024-02-28","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["post-treatment results","Plant 3 status"],"related_ids":["US-CA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-CA-PLEASANTON-PFAS-WELLS-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Pleasanton loses local groundwater wells to PFAS, buys all water from Zone 7","description":"Pleasanton shut down three groundwater wells between 2019 and 2022 after PFAS were found, and now buys all of its water from Zone 7. UCMR 5 samples at the Well 5 and Well 6 sample points in 2024-2025 showed PFOS of 13 to 26 ppt. In May 2026 the city agreed to pursue a joint new-wells project with Zone 7 estimated at about $27 million.","location":{"name":"City of Pleasanton","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Pleasanton, Alameda County; Livermore-Amador Valley groundwater basin","counties":["Alameda"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CA0110008","coordinates":{"lat":37.667185,"lon":-121.88123,"precision":"city","source_ref":4}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"PFAS contamination removed local wells from service, turning a quality problem into a supply problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Pleasanton's Well 6 sample point measured 26 ppt PFOS in February 2025 (ref 1), more than six times the federal MCL.","service":"The city shut three wells from 2019 to 2022 and now purchases 100% of its water from Zone 7 (ref 3).","scale":"One municipal system of 76,689 people (ref 2).","duration":"The wells have been out since 2019-2022 and a replacement project was still at the agreement stage in May 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"The council's May 2026 vote (ref 3) is a planning decision; no regulatory order or lawsuit was found."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":76689,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Pleasanton \"was forced to shut down three of its local groundwater wells between 2019 and 2022\" (ref 3)"},"measures":[{"name":"Highest PFOS result, Well 6 sample point (Feb 5, 2025)","value":26,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Reported as 0.026 ug/L (ref 1)."},{"name":"Joint new-wells project estimate","value":27,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Versus an estimated $65 million alternative (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring cycle; no comparable later series yet."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Pleasanton Utilities","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Zone 7 Water Agency","role":"Wholesale supplier and project partner"},{"name":"California State Water Resources Control Board, Division of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Pleasanton Utilities, via cityofpleasantonca.gov","corrective_actions":["All supply purchased from Zone 7 since the well closures","Joint groundwater wells project with Zone 7 approved to move forward in May 2026"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record CA0110008","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CA0110008/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"Pleasanton agrees to move forward on groundwater wells project with Zone 7","publisher":"Pleasanton Weekly","date":"2026-05-14","url":"https://www.pleasantonweekly.com/news/2026/05/14/pleasanton-agrees-to-move-forward-on-groundwater-wells-project-with-zone-7/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (national UCMR 5 PFAS pass, central and western states)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Re-verification: sources reopened and figures, dates and SDWIS/UCMR values confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-08-20","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["status of Wells 5 and 6 at time of sampling","source attribution"],"related_ids":["US-CA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-CA-SCV-WATER-PFAS-TREATMENT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"SCV Water restores PFAS-impacted wells with new treatment facilities","description":"Santa Clarita Valley Water Agency has had local wells out of service because of PFAS, and UCMR 5 results at its Valencia division reached 16.9 ppt PFOA. In August 2025 its board approved a $23.9 million S Wells PFAS treatment facility, about half grant-funded, with construction from October 2025 for about 18 months.","location":{"name":"Santa Clarita Valley Water Agency","type":"Regional water agency","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Santa Clarita Valley, Los Angeles County (PWSID listed as Valencia division in UCMR 5)","counties":["Los Angeles"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CA1910240","coordinates":{"lat":34.416504,"lon":-118.500693,"precision":"city","source_ref":4}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"PFAS took local wells out of service and treatment plants are needed to restore supply.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"SCV Water's UCMR 5 mean PFOA of 4.15 ppt sits just above the MCL (ref 1), with 7 of 18 results above 4 ppt, so harm is scored as limited.","service":"The agency says the S Wells have been out of service due to PFAS contamination (ref 3).","scale":"SDWIS lists 292,014 people served (ref 2).","duration":"Wells remain out of service while an 18-month build runs from October 2025 (ref 3).","significance":"The board's August 19, 2025 contract award (ref 3) is a voluntary capital action; no order or suit found."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":292014,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"S Wells PFAS Treatment and Disinfection Facility: $23.9 million, more than $11 million in grants (ref 3)"},"measures":[{"name":"Highest PFOA result, UCMR 5","value":16.9,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Reported in ug/L (ref 1)."},{"name":"Mean PFOA, UCMR 5","value":4.15,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS results for the system, with results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero; results converted from ug/L to ppt (x1000). UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"S Wells project cost","value":23.9,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring cycle; no comparable later series yet."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Santa Clarita Valley Water Agency","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"California State Water Resources Control Board, Division of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"SCV Water customer service, via yourscvwater.com","corrective_actions":["S Wells PFAS treatment facility under construction from October 2025 (about 18 months)","Pipelines and upgrades at Wells S6, S7 and S8"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record CA1910240","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CA1910240/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SCV Water Moves Forward with New PFAS Treatment Facility to Protect Local Drinking Water","publisher":"Santa Clarita Valley Water Agency","date":"2025-08-20","url":"https://www.yourscvwater.com/sites/default/files/SCVWA/newscenter/Press%20Release/2025/SCV-Water-Moves-Forward-with-S-Wells-PFAS-Treatment-Facility.pdf","basis":"Utility record"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (national UCMR 5 PFAS pass, central and western states)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-06-07","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["number of wells out of service","other SCV treatment projects"],"related_ids":["US-CA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-CA-POTRERO-ELEMENTARY-PFAS-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Potrero Elementary School well shows PFOA near 180 ppt in UCMR 5","description":"The school's own well-water system had the highest PFOA in the western U.S. UCMR 5 data: 188.3 ppt in May 2024 and 174.5 ppt in November 2024, with PFOS of 50 to 64 ppt. That is more than 40 times the federal PFOA MCL and well above California's 10 ppt response level. No public notice or treatment plan was found.","location":{"name":"Potrero Elementary School water system","type":"Non-transient non-community school water system","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Potrero, San Diego County; single well, sample tap after Well 1","counties":["San Diego"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CA3700963","coordinates":{"lat":32.613089,"lon":-116.606815,"precision":"city","source_ref":4}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in a school's only well supply is the issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Potrero Elementary's two UCMR 5 samples (ref 1) measured PFOA at 188.3 and 174.5 ppt, about 18 times California's response level (ref 3).","service":"No do-not-drink notice or bottled-water supply for the school was found.","scale":"A single school system serving 300 people (ref 2).","duration":"Both samples, six months apart in 2024, were high (ref 1).","significance":"No notice, order or funding action for this school was found beyond the UCMR 5 report."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":300,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOA 0.1883 ug/L at the first sample tap after Well 1, May 15, 2024 (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Mean PFOA, UCMR 5","value":181.4,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS results for the system, with results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero; results converted from ug/L to ppt (x1000). UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Mean PFOS, UCMR 5","value":57.15,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS results for the system, with results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero; results converted from ug/L to ppt (x1000). UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring cycle; no comparable later series yet."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Potrero Elementary School (school district operator)","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"California State Water Resources Control Board, Division of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"State Water Board Division of Drinking Water, San Diego district office","corrective_actions":["None found in public sources"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record CA3700963","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CA3700963/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board, Division of Drinking Water","date":"2026-08-17","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/pfas.html","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (national UCMR 5 PFAS pass, central and western states)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Re-verification: UCMR 5 values (188.3 and 174.5 ppt PFOA; 50.1 and 64.2 ppt PFOS) and SDWIS population confirmed; State Water Board PFAS page (last updated 2026-08-17) lists a 10 ppt PFOA response level (PFOS 40 ppt). Source date for ref 3 set to the page's last-updated date."}],"first_seen":"2024-05-15","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["school or district notice","treatment or alternate water","operator contact"],"related_ids":["US-CA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-AZ-PAYSON-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Payson wells exceed PFOA and PFOS limits; ADEQ-funded mitigation planning","description":"Thirteen of Payson's 25 UCMR 5 well entry points had a PFOA or PFOS result above 4 ppt, with peaks of 40.9 ppt PFOA and 42.2 ppt PFOS. In March 2024 ADEQ partnered with the town, using federal infrastructure funds, to hire an engineering firm to identify PFAS mitigation options.","location":{"name":"Town of Payson water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Payson, Gila County; 25 sampled well entry points","counties":["Gila"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AZ0404032","coordinates":{"lat":34.243841,"lon":-111.318964,"precision":"city","source_ref":4}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in the town's groundwater wells is the issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Payson's wells produced 23 PFOA and 20 PFOS UCMR 5 results above 4 ppt (ref 1), peaking near 41-42 ppt.","service":"KNAU (ref 3) reports planning work only, with no well closures or advisories described.","scale":"The town system serves 17,682 people (ref 2).","duration":"ADEQ engaged in March 2024 (ref 3) and exceedances span March 2023 to May 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"ADEQ's partnership (ref 3) is technical and financial assistance, not an enforcement action."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":17682,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOS 0.0422 ug/L, highest UCMR 5 result (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Entry points with a result above 4 ppt","value":13,"unit":"entry points","status":"Reported","note":"Of 25 sampled (ref 1)."},{"name":"Mean PFOA, UCMR 5","value":8.35,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS results for the system, with results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero; results converted from ug/L to ppt (x1000). UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Mean PFOS, UCMR 5","value":7.73,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS results for the system, with results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero; results converted from ug/L to ppt (x1000). UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring cycle; no comparable later series yet."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Payson Water Department","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Arizona Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Primacy regulator and funder"}],"public_contact":"Town of Payson Water Department, via paysonaz.gov","corrective_actions":["ADEQ-contracted engineering study of PFAS mitigation options (from March 2024)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record AZ0404032","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AZ0404032/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"ADEQ partners with Payson to clean up drinking water","publisher":"KNAU Arizona Public Radio","date":"2024-03-13","url":"https://www.knau.org/knau-and-arizona-news/2024-03-13/adeq-partners-with-payson-to-clean-up-drinking-water","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (national UCMR 5 PFAS pass, central and western states)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Opened ref 3 (KNAU, Mar. 13, 2024): ADEQ partnership with Payson to hire an engineering firm for PFAS mitigation options confirmed. UCMR 5 data, SDWIS and Census refs (PFOS/PFOA figures) are database files, not re-opened. No change."}],"first_seen":"2023-03-29","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["selected mitigation option","cost"],"related_ids":["US-AZ-STATEWIDE-PFAS-SCREENING-2024","US-AZ-TUCSON-PFAS-WELLS-2024"]},{"id":"US-TX-ABILENE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Abilene PFOS above federal limit at two treatment plants; compliance program begins","description":"UCMR 5 results at Abilene's Northeast and Grimes/Northwest plants exceeded 4 ppt, with PFOS up to 30 ppt and a system mean of 16.4 ppt. The city says its water exceeds the 2024 MCLs; in July 2026 the council approved a $442,100 engineering contract funded from an $8.7 million PFAS settlement.","location":{"name":"City of Abilene water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Abilene, Taylor and Jones counties; Northeast and Grimes/Northwest plants among three entry points","counties":["Taylor","Jones"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TX2210001","coordinates":{"lat":32.454514,"lon":-99.738147,"precision":"city","source_ref":5}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOS in treated surface water is the issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Abilene's eight PFOS results above 4 ppt at two plants (ref 1) average 16.4 ppt systemwide, and the city confirms MCL exceedance (ref 3).","service":"The city states EPA has not advised residents to stop using tap water (ref 3).","scale":"SDWIS lists 130,501 people served (ref 2).","duration":"KTXS reported the exceedances in April 2024 (ref 4); treatment is still at the study phase in 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"The city received $8.7 million as a class member in national PFAS litigation (ref 3), not its own suit; no state order found."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":130501,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Testing has shown that PFAS concentrations in the City's drinking water exceed the EPA's new MCLs (ref 3)"},"measures":[{"name":"Mean PFOS, UCMR 5","value":16.36,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS results for the system, with results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero; results converted from ug/L to ppt (x1000). UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Highest PFOS result","value":30,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"UCMR 5 (ref 1)."},{"name":"PFAS settlement received (June 2026)","value":8.7,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"HDR engineering contract","value":442100,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Approved July 9, 2026."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring cycle; no comparable later series yet."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Abilene Water Utilities","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Abilene Water Utilities, via abilenetx.gov/pfas","corrective_actions":["Phase 1 PFAS Compliance Program with HDR: expanded sampling, source tracking, preliminary treatment recommendations","Activated carbon treatment expected, per the utilities director (2024)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record TX2210001","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/TX2210001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"PFAS Information Page","publisher":"City of Abilene","date":null,"url":"https://www.abilenetx.gov/pfas","basis":"Utility record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"Abilene public water system surpasses new federal limit on PFAS","publisher":"KTXS","date":"2024-04-16","url":"https://www.ktxs.com/news/abilene/abilene-public-water-system-surpasses-new-federal-limit-on-pfas","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (national UCMR 5 PFAS pass, central and western states)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-09-13","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["treatment cost estimate","PFAS source"],"related_ids":["US-TX-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-OK-BROKEN-ARROW-PFOS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Broken Arrow PFOS spike to 51 ppt in UCMR 5; city says water meets limits","description":"Broken Arrow's treatment-plant entry point measured PFOS of 51.3 ppt in December 2023, after three earlier 2023 results of 4.0 to 8.0 ppt, for a mean of 17 ppt. The city says its UCMR 5 results were roughly half of the regulatory limits for PFOS and PFOA, and that carbon treatment would be added if required.","location":{"name":"Broken Arrow Municipal Authority","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"OK","states":["OK"],"detail":"Broken Arrow, Tulsa and Wagoner counties; single treatment-plant entry point","counties":["Tulsa","Wagoner"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OK1021508","coordinates":{"lat":36.036529,"lon":-95.780996,"precision":"city","source_ref":4}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOS in treated surface water is the issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"One 51.3 ppt PFOS result drives the mean (ref 1) while the city reports levels about half the limit (ref 3), so harm is scored as potential.","service":"No notice or service change was found; the city says treatment is not yet required (ref 3).","scale":"SDWIS lists 116,330 people served (ref 2).","duration":"Results above 4 ppt run from May to December 2023 (ref 1).","significance":"No notice, violation or order was found for Broken Arrow."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":116330,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOS 0.0513 ug/L at the entry point to the distribution system, Dec. 5, 2023 (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Mean PFOS, UCMR 5","value":16.98,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS results for the system, with results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero; results converted from ug/L to ppt (x1000). UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring cycle; no comparable later series yet."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Broken Arrow Municipal Authority","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Broken Arrow Utilities, via brokenarrowok.gov","corrective_actions":["City states carbon treatment would be added at the water treatment plant if required"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record OK1021508","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/OK1021508/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)","publisher":"City of Broken Arrow","date":null,"url":"https://www.brokenarrowok.gov/government/utilities/per-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Utility record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (national UCMR 5 PFAS pass, central and western states)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-02-06","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[{"field":"PFOS level","values":["UCMR 5 mean 17 ppt, max 51.3 ppt (ref 1)","City: roughly half of regulatory limits (ref 3)"],"note":"The city statement may reflect a running average or later data not published; the single December 2023 result is the outlier."}],"missing_fields":["city's own result values","resampling after December 2023"],"related_ids":["US-OK-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-OK-WAGONER-RWD5-PFOS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-OK-WAGONER-RWD5-PFOS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Wagoner County RWD #5 PFOS up to 34 ppt; manager calls numbers unacceptable","description":"Wagoner County Rural Water District #5 had three of four UCMR 5 PFOS results above 4 ppt, peaking at 34 ppt in June 2023 and 13 to 14 ppt in March 2024. Its manager told KJRH in April 2024 that the numbers were \"quite unacceptable according to the new standards.\"","location":{"name":"Wagoner County RWD #5","type":"Rural water district","state":"OK","states":["OK"],"detail":"Coweta area, Wagoner County","counties":["Wagoner"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OK1021528","coordinates":{"lat":35.967111,"lon":-95.65586,"precision":"city","source_ref":4}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOS in treated water is the issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"The district's PFOS measured 34 ppt in June 2023 and stayed above 13 ppt in March 2024 (ref 1).","service":"KJRH (ref 3) describes no outage or advisory for district customers.","scale":"A rural district serving 4,251 people (ref 2).","duration":"Exceedances span June 2023 to March 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"Only a news interview (ref 3) documents the district's response; no notice or order found."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":4251,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOS 0.034 ug/L, June 20, 2023 (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Mean PFOS, UCMR 5","value":15.28,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS results for the system, with results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero; results converted from ug/L to ppt (x1000). UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring cycle; no comparable later series yet."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Wagoner County Rural Water District #5","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Wagoner County RWD #5 office, Coweta, OK","corrective_actions":["None reported beyond awaiting federal implementation"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record OK1021528","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/OK1021528/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"'Forever chemicals' found in Oklahoma drinking water now required to improve","publisher":"KJRH 2 News","date":"2024-04-10","url":"https://kjrh.com/news/local-news/forever-chemicals-found-in-oklahoma-drinking-water-now-required-to-improve","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (national UCMR 5 PFAS pass, central and western states)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-05-02","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["treatment plan","purchased-water relationship","public contact phone"],"related_ids":["US-OK-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-OK-BROKEN-ARROW-PFOS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-WA-VANCOUVER-PFAS-TREATMENT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Vancouver: eight of nine wellfields exceed PFAS MCLs; GAC treatment starting","description":"Vancouver reports that 2025 testing found eight of nine city wellfields above the federal PFAS MCLs, with PFOA up to 11 ppt and PFOS up to 19 ppt; UCMR 5 results were similar. The city will begin installing six granular activated carbon units at Water Station 14 in 2026, funded by a $12.5 million state forgivable loan, and is designing treatment for stations 4 and 9.","location":{"name":"City of Vancouver water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"Vancouver, Clark County; Troutdale aquifer wellfields","counties":["Clark"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WA5391200","coordinates":{"lat":45.637156,"lon":-122.596567,"precision":"city","source_ref":4}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in the city's groundwater wellfields is the issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Vancouver's 2025 report (ref 3) lists PFOS MCL exceedances at eight water stations, with PFOS up to 19 ppt.","service":"The city prioritizes lower-PFAS stations and runs higher ones less often (ref 3), with no service loss reported.","scale":"SDWIS lists 373,047 people served (ref 2).","duration":"PFAS was first found in 2020 and treatment construction runs two years from summer 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"The exceedances are disclosed in the federally required Consumer Confidence Report (ref 3); no enforcement action found."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":373047,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Testing in 2025 showed that eight of nine of the City's wellfields exceeded the MCLs for PFAS (ref 3)"},"measures":[{"name":"Wellfields above MCLs in 2025","value":8,"unit":"of 9 wellfields","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Mean PFOS, UCMR 5","value":8.78,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS results for the system, with results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero; results converted from ug/L to ppt (x1000). UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Water Station 14 forgivable loan","value":12.5,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Washington DOH Drinking Water State Revolving Fund."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring cycle; no comparable later series yet."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Vancouver Public Works, Water","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Washington State Department of Health","role":"Primacy regulator and lender"}],"public_contact":"Vancouver Utility Customer Service, 360-487-7999","corrective_actions":["Six GAC filtration units at Water Station 14, construction from summer 2026 for two years","Treatment design for Water Stations 4 and 9; Stations 1 and 3 design to start in 2026","Deeper well planned at Water Station 15"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record WA5391200","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/WA5391200/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"2025 Annual Water Quality Report","publisher":"City of Vancouver","date":"2026-01-16","url":"https://www.cityofvancouver.us/?p=66306","basis":"Utility record"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (national UCMR 5 PFAS pass, central and western states)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-05-24","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["total treatment program cost"],"related_ids":["US-WA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-WA-JBLM-LEWIS-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Joint Base Lewis-McChord wells exceed 4 ppt PFOS in UCMR 5","description":"Three of six JBLM Lewis entry points (Sequalitchew Spring and Wells 12A and 12B) had PFOS of 7.5 to 11.1 ppt in 2023 UCMR 5 samples, above the 4 ppt federal MCL. The Army says installation well water is below Defense Department policy thresholds and testing continues.","location":{"name":"JBLM Lewis water system","type":"Military installation water system","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Pierce County","counties":["Pierce"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WA5326050","coordinates":{"lat":47.095512,"lon":-122.567439,"precision":"city","source_ref":4}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOS in installation wells is the issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"JBLM's highest PFOS was 11.1 ppt and the system mean 4.8 ppt (ref 1), a marginal exceedance.","service":"The Army page (ref 3) reports no closures or alternate water for installation residents.","scale":"The base system serves 35,414 people (ref 2).","duration":"Exceedances appear in April and October 2023 rounds (ref 1).","significance":"The Army reports compliance with DOD thresholds (ref 3); no notice of an MCL violation was found."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":35414,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOS 0.0111 ug/L at Well #12A, Oct. 23, 2023 (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Mean PFOS, UCMR 5","value":4.78,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS results for the system, with results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero; results converted from ug/L to ppt (x1000). UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring cycle; no comparable later series yet."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Army, Joint Base Lewis-McChord Public Works","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Washington State Department of Health","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"JBLM Public Works Restoration Program, 253-377-1421","corrective_actions":["Continued installation water testing; CERCLA investigation of PFAS releases"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record WA5326050","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/WA5326050/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"PFAS (JBLM Public Works Environmental Division)","publisher":"U.S. Army, Joint Base Lewis-McChord","date":null,"url":"https://home.army.mil/lewis-mcchord/my-Joint-Base-Lewis-Mcchord/all-services/public_works-environmental_division/pfas","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (national UCMR 5 PFAS pass, central and western states)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-04-12","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[{"field":"compliance framing","values":["Above 4 ppt PFOS MCL in UCMR 5 (ref 1)","Below DOD policy thresholds (ref 3)"],"note":"DOD thresholds and the federal MCL differ; UCMR results are not compliance averages."}],"missing_fields":["October 2024 JBLM drinking water report values"],"related_ids":["US-WA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-MN-WOODBURY-PFAS-TREATMENT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Woodbury builds 32 MGD PFAS plant after 3M contamination of city wells","description":"Woodbury, the largest community in the 3M settlement area, has MDH health advisories on nine of its 20 wells and treats them with temporary carbon systems. UCMR 5 found PFOA above 4 ppt at nine well entry points (up to 17.1 ppt). A permanent plant treating up to 32 million gallons a day is due in 2028, with about $300 million from the state's 3M settlement.","location":{"name":"City of Woodbury water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MN","states":["MN"],"detail":"Woodbury, Washington County; east-metro groundwater near 3M Cottage Grove","counties":["Washington"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MN1820025","coordinates":{"lat":44.906283,"lon":-92.923703,"precision":"city","source_ref":5}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"PFAS in the well supply forced temporary treatment, a central plant and growth limits.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"PFOA exceeded 4 ppt in 18 of 24 Woodbury UCMR 5 results across nine wells (ref 1).","service":"Woodbury restricted lawn watering in summer 2023 and had three wells offline (ref 3).","scale":"The city system serves 82,643 people (ref 2).","duration":"Detections date to 2007 and the permanent plant is due in 2028 (ref 4).","significance":"The city declared a local state of emergency over PFAS in 2020 (ref 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":82643,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Nine of Woodbury's 20 groundwater wells have PFAS health advisories in place (ref 4)"},"measures":[{"name":"Mean PFOA, UCMR 5","value":6.53,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS results for the system, with results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero; results converted from ug/L to ppt (x1000). UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Permanent plant capacity","value":32,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"3M settlement funds directed to the project","value":300,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate, per city project lead (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring cycle; no comparable later series yet."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Woodbury Public Works","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Minnesota Department of Health","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"3M Company","role":"Source of contamination per state settlement"}],"public_contact":"Woodbury Public Works, via woodburymn.gov/pfas","corrective_actions":["Temporary GAC treatment plant and interim well-site treatment","Permanent centralized plant with 17 miles of pipeline, due 2028","Development phasing delayed in parts of the city"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record MN1820025","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MN1820025/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Woodbury pauses some future development due to PFAS treatment challenges","publisher":"KSTP","date":"2023-08-25","url":"https://kstp.com/kstp-news/top-news/woodbury-pauses-some-future-development-due-to-pfas-treatment-challenges/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Woodbury's water treatment initiative tackles PFAS for safer drinking water","publisher":"The Municipal","date":"2025-06-27","url":"https://www.themunicipal.com/2025/06/https-www-themunicipal-com-2025-06-woodburys-water-treatment-initiative-tackles-pfas","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (national UCMR 5 PFAS pass, central and western states)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-03-13","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["current construction progress","total project cost from city"],"related_ids":["US-MN-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-MN-HASTINGS-PFOA-3M-LAWSUIT-2026"]},{"id":"US-MN-HASTINGS-PFOA-3M-LAWSUIT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hastings sues 3M over PFOA in city wells while building three treatment plants","description":"All five Hastings well entry points sampled under UCMR 5 had PFOA above 4 ppt, averaging 10.6 ppt and peaking at 23.7 ppt. The city is building three treatment plants estimated at about $69 million, and on Aug. 26, 2026 sued 3M, alleging air emissions from its Cottage Grove plant contaminated five wells.","location":{"name":"City of Hastings water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MN","states":["MN"],"detail":"Hastings, Dakota County; six municipal wells","counties":["Dakota"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MN1190012","coordinates":{"lat":44.73178,"lon":-92.854512,"precision":"city","source_ref":6}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"PFOA in the well supply requires new treatment plants the city says it cannot afford alone.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Hastings PFOA exceeded 4 ppt in 9 of 10 UCMR 5 samples (ref 1), peaking at 23.7 ppt.","service":"No well shutdown or do-not-drink notice is described in the 2024-2026 coverage (refs 3-5).","scale":"The city system serves 23,222 people (ref 2).","duration":"Contamination in all six wells was reported in March 2024 (ref 3) and the plants run to 2027 and beyond.","significance":"The city sued 3M in Dakota County District Court on Aug. 26, 2026 (ref 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":23222,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Estimated construction cost $68.9 million, plus up to $1 million annually for operation and maintenance (ref 3)"},"measures":[{"name":"Mean PFOA, UCMR 5","value":10.63,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS results for the system, with results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero; results converted from ug/L to ppt (x1000). UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Treatment plant construction estimate","value":68.9,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"March 2024 city memo (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["City administrator: treatment would double water rates in three years and triple them in five (ref 3)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring cycle; no comparable later series yet."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Hastings","role":"System owner, operator and plaintiff"},{"name":"Minnesota Department of Health","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"3M Company","role":"Defendant"}],"public_contact":"City of Hastings, via hastingsmn.gov","corrective_actions":["Three GAC and ion-exchange treatment plants for PFAS and nitrate","Lawsuit against 3M to recover treatment costs (filed Aug. 26, 2026)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record MN1190012","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MN1190012/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"City hires lobbyist as PFAS Drinking Water Advisory looms","publisher":"Hastings Journal","date":"2024-03-06","url":"https://www.hastingsjournal.news/stories/city-hires-lobbyist-as-pfas-drinking-water-advisory-looms,82923","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Hastings sues Minnesota company 3M over 'forever chemicals' in drinking water","publisher":"MPR News","date":"2026-09-01","url":"https://www.mprnews.org/story/2026/09/01/hastings-sues-3m-over-forever-chemicals-drinking-water","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"3M lawsuit: City of Hastings sues over alleged PFOA contamination","publisher":"FOX 9","date":"2026-08-30","url":"https://www.fox9.com/news/3m-lawsuit-city-hastings-sues-alleged-pfoa-contamination-aug-30-2026","basis":"News"},{"ref":6,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (national UCMR 5 PFAS pass, central and western states)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-03-06","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["current construction schedule from the city"],"related_ids":["US-MN-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-MN-WOODBURY-PFAS-TREATMENT-2026"]},{"id":"US-GU-GWA-NORTHERN-PFAS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Guam Waterworks northern wells: PFOS up to 135 ppt across 22 wells","description":"Twenty-two of 61 Guam Waterworks Authority northern-system wells had a UCMR 5 PFOS or PFOA result above 4 ppt, led by NAS-1 (135 ppt PFOS) and wells A-30 and A-13. GWA has kept wells A-23 and A-25 out of service, estimated $60-70 million for treating about 34 wells, and in 2025 approved a $10 million carbon treatment contract for A-23 and A-25.","location":{"name":"GWA Northern Water System","type":"Territorial utility service area","state":"GU","states":["GU"],"detail":"Northern and central Guam (Hagatna, Mangilao, Barrigada, Dededo, Yigo, Tamuning); Northern Guam Lens Aquifer","counties":["Guam"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"GU0000006"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"PFAS in the island's main aquifer has taken wells offline and requires costly treatment.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Well NAS-1 measured 135 ppt PFOS and 21 other GWA wells topped 4 ppt in UCMR 5 (ref 1).","service":"Wells A-23 and A-25 in Hagatna were shut down over PFAS (ref 3).","scale":"The northern system serves 139,207 people (ref 2).","duration":"A-23 and A-25 were still out of operation when a treatment contract was approved in February 2025 (ref 4).","significance":"GWA is a member of the national PFAS class action (ref 3) rather than its own plaintiff; no territorial order was found."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":139207,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOS 0.1350 ug/L at Well NAS-1, Sept. 20, 2023 (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Wells with a result above 4 ppt","value":22,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Of 61 sampled entry points (ref 1)."},{"name":"Wells that may need PFAS treatment","value":34,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"GWA general manager, January 2024 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Low-end treatment capital estimate","value":60,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"$60-70 million at the low end (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring cycle; no comparable later series yet."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Guam Waterworks Authority","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Consolidated Commission on Utilities","role":"Utility governing board"},{"name":"Guam Environmental Protection Agency","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Guam Waterworks Authority, via guamwaterworks.org","corrective_actions":["GAC treatment in place at NAS-1, Tumon Maui and the airport system","$10 million GAC treatment contract for wells A-23 and A-25 (February 2025)","Evaluation of centralized treatment for about 34 wells"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record GU0000006","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/GU0000006/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"34 GWA wells may need PFAS treatment with new regulations","publisher":"The Guam Daily Post","date":"2024-01-05","url":"https://www.postguam.com/news/local/34-gwa-wells-may-need-pfas-treatment-with-new-regulations/article_110df2ae-aabe-11ee-8538-fb35d8838add.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Webinar discusses PFAS impact","publisher":"The Guam Daily Post","date":"2025-04-05","url":"https://www.postguam.com/news/local/webinar-discusses-pfas-impact/article_aa7daaca-e377-4a80-a118-c210f0db1af7.html","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (national UCMR 5 PFAS pass, central and western states)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-09-04","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"conflicts":[],"missing_fields":["coordinates","whether NAS-1 sample was taken before or after GAC","rate impact"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AK-UTQIAGVIK-PFOS-UCMR5-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Utqiagvik treatment-plant water shows PFOS of 41-46 ppt in UCMR 5","description":"At the Isatkoak Reservoir treatment-plant entry point, four UCMR 5 samples from October to December 2024 measured PFOS of 40.7 to 46.3 ppt, ten times the federal MCL; the system's two storage-tank entry points were below 4 ppt. In 2019 the state said PFAS found at the lake source were at trace or undetectable levels in treated water.","location":{"name":"Barrow Utilities and Electric Cooperative water system","type":"Cooperative utility service area","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"Utqiagvik (Barrow), North Slope Borough; Isatkoak Reservoir source","counties":["North Slope"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AK2320078","coordinates":{"lat":71.264377,"lon":-156.753678,"precision":"city","source_ref":4}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOS at the community water plant entry point is the issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"All four Isatkoak treatment-plant samples exceeded 40 ppt PFOS in late 2024 (ref 1).","service":"No advisory or alternate water for Utqiagvik residents was found.","scale":"The cooperative serves 4,900 people, the town's community supply (ref 2).","duration":"Lake contamination was known by 2019 (ref 3) and the plant results span October to December 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"No notice, violation or order was found for the 2024 results."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":4900,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOS 0.0463 ug/L at the Isatkoak Reservoir entry point, Dec. 3, 2024 (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Mean PFOS at the treatment-plant entry point","value":44,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Average of four detected results, 40.7-46.3 ppt (ref 1); system-wide mean including tank entry points is 14.7 ppt."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring cycle; no comparable later series yet."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Barrow Utilities and Electric Cooperative, Inc.","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Barrow Utilities and Electric Cooperative, Utqiagvik, AK","corrective_actions":["None found for the 2024 results"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record AK2320078","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AK2320078/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"State and feds must do more to fight cancer-linked chemicals known as PFAS, group says","publisher":"Anchorage Daily News","date":"2019-09-26","url":"https://www.adn.com/alaska-news/2019/09/26/state-and-feds-must-do-more-to-fight-cancer-linked-chemicals-known-as-pfas-group-says","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (national UCMR 5 PFAS pass, central and western states)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2019-09-26","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[{"field":"treated water PFAS","values":["Trace or undetectable in treated water (state, 2019, ref 3)","40.7-46.3 ppt PFOS at the treatment-plant entry point (2024, ref 1)"],"note":"Different years; the UCMR entry point may precede storage-tank blending."}],"missing_fields":["utility or DEC response","treatment process","public contact phone"],"related_ids":["US-AK-YAKUTAT-AIRPORT-PFAS-WATERLINE"]},{"id":"US-KS-FORT-RILEY-PFOA-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Fort Riley Main Post water PFOA at 21 ppt in UCMR 5","description":"Fort Riley's Main Post entry point (eight wells) measured PFOA of 7.1 ppt in October 2023 and 21.1 ppt in March 2024, with PFOS of 8.8 ppt, above the 4 ppt federal MCLs. The Army reports historic on-post results of 9 ppt and lower, and is investigating PFAS in groundwater beneath Marshall Army Airfield under CERCLA.","location":{"name":"Fort Riley (FRUSI) water system","type":"Military installation water system","state":"KS","states":["KS"],"detail":"Fort Riley, Geary and Riley counties; Main Post wellfield","counties":["Geary","Riley"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"KS2006114","coordinates":{"lat":39.106344,"lon":-96.812547,"precision":"city","source_ref":4}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOA in installation well water is the issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Both Main Post samples exceeded 4 ppt PFOA, the second at 21.1 ppt (ref 1).","service":"The Army page (ref 3) reports bottled water only for one off-post private well, not for system users.","scale":"The installation system serves 35,784 people (ref 2).","duration":"The two results are five months apart, October 2023 to March 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"A 2020 site inspection found PFOA/PFOS above 70 ppt at nine airfield locations, placing the site in the CERCLA process (ref 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":35784,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOA 0.0211 ug/L at the Main Post entry point, March 18, 2024 (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Mean PFOA, UCMR 5","value":14.1,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS results for the system, with results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero; results converted from ug/L to ppt (x1000). UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring cycle; no comparable later series yet."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Army, Fort Riley Directorate of Public Works","role":"System owner and CERCLA lead"},{"name":"American States Utility Services","role":"Operator for most on-post customers"},{"name":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Fort Riley Environmental Division, via the installation PFAS page","corrective_actions":["CERCLA remedial investigation of Marshall Army Airfield PFAS","Bottled water for one affected off-post private well"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record KS2006114","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/KS2006114/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"PFAS (Fort Riley Environmental Division)","publisher":"U.S. Army, Fort Riley","date":null,"url":"https://home.army.mil/riley/about/dir-staff/dpw/env-div/pfas","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (national UCMR 5 PFAS pass, central and western states)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-10-17","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[{"field":"on-post PFAS level","values":["9 ppt and lower on Main Post (Army, ref 3)","PFOA 21.1 ppt in March 2024 (ref 1)"],"note":"The Army figure predates UCMR 5 and compares against the former 70 ppt advisory."}],"missing_fields":["remedial investigation results","post-2024 compliance data"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Alabama systems with PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt in UCMR 5 testing","description":"EPA's final UCMR 5 data show 45 Alabama public water systems whose average PFOA or PFOS result exceeds the 4.0 ppt federal limit, and 81 of 307 sampled systems with at least one result above 4 ppt. Alabama has no separate state PFAS drinking-water limit identified in the sources reviewed; the federal 4.0 ppt PFOA and PFOS MCLs apply once compliance begins. UCMR averages are occurrence data, not compliance determinations, and federal compliance is due in 2029 with a proposed option to extend to 2031.","location":{"name":"Alabama public water systems","type":"Statewide set of public water systems","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Systems under AL primacy sampled for EPA UCMR 5, 2023-2026","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOA and PFOS occurrence in finished drinking water is the central issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 (ref 1) puts Gadsden's average at about 23.5 ppt PFOA and 22.7 ppt PFOS, roughly six times the federal 4.0 ppt MCLs; these are occurrence averages, not a compliance violation, so harm is scored as potential.","service":"No Alabama boil, do-not-drink or use restriction tied to these UCMR 5 results appears in the cited sources (refs 1, 6).","scale":"Alabama has 45 systems whose UCMR 5 average PFOA or PFOS exceeds 4 ppt, serving an estimated 785,220 people per SDWIS (refs 1, 5).","duration":"Alabama UCMR 5 sampling ran from January 2023 to April 2026 (ref 1), and FRONTLINE (ref 6) reports Gadsden still has high PFAS despite filtration, with a reverse-osmosis plant due in spring 2027.","significance":"FRONTLINE (ref 6) reports Gadsden sued 3M and carpet companies and six other Alabama providers have filed suits; the Shelby and Talladega counties case was allowed to proceed in April 2024 (ref 7)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":785220,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served (ref 5) for the 45 systems whose UCMR 5 average PFOA or PFOS exceeds 4 ppt (ref 1). Derived from EPA UCMR 5 results: each PFOA and PFOS result was converted from ug/L to ppt, non-detects counted as zero, and averaged over all of the system's samples for that compound; a system counts when either average exceeds 4.0 ppt. UCMR 5 results are occurrence data, not compliance running annual averages."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"45 Alabama systems average above 4 ppt PFOA or PFOS in UCMR 5; 81 of 307 had at least one result above 4 ppt."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems with UCMR 5 average PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt","value":45,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Derived from EPA UCMR 5 results: each PFOA and PFOS result was converted from ug/L to ppt, non-detects counted as zero, and averaged over all of the system's samples for that compound; a system counts when either average exceeds 4.0 ppt. UCMR 5 results are occurrence data, not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Systems with any UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS result above 4 ppt","value":81,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Count of the 307 AL systems in the UCMR 5 file with at least one detected PFOA or PFOS result above 0.004 ug/L."},{"name":"Highest single UCMR 5 PFOA result","value":52.5,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"COLLINSVILLE WATER WORKS (AL0000506)."},{"name":"Highest single UCMR 5 PFOS result","value":59.4,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"IRONDALE WATER SYSTEM (AL0000751)."},{"name":"Population served by systems averaging above 4 ppt","value":785220,"unit":"people","status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served. Largest: LIMESTONE COUNTY WATER & SEWER AUTH. (AL0000833, 90900; PFOA 3.2/PFOS 4.2); FLORENCE WATER DEPARTMENT, CITY OF (AL0000783, 77766; PFOA 2.4/PFOS 5.3); OPELIKA, WW BD. OF THE CITY OF (AL0000816, 56520; PFOA 4.4/PFOS 2.8). GADSDEN WATER WORKS AND SEWER BOARD (AL0000577) had the highest average, about 23.5 ppt PFOA and 22.7 ppt PFOS."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["PFAS treatment capital needs for systems above the federal MCLs"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring round per system (2023-2025), so no comparable trend is available."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Federal standard setter (PFAS NPDWR, UCMR 5)"}],"public_contact":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management, Drinking Water Branch","corrective_actions":["Gadsden Water broke ground on a reverse-osmosis treatment plant set to open in spring 2027 (FRONTLINE, ref 6)","Utility lawsuits against PFAS manufacturers and carpet makers seek treatment costs (refs 6, 7)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Occurrence Data from the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-08-28","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA Announces It Will Keep Maximum Contaminant Levels for PFOA, PFOS","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2025-05-14","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-announces-it-will-keep-maximum-contaminant-levels-pfoa-pfos","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system records, AL (Envirofacts)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/AL/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"How Georgia's Carpet Empire Contaminated Drinking Water in East Alabama","publisher":"FRONTLINE (PBS), with AL.com and The Atlanta Journal-Constitution","date":"2026-02-10","url":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/pfas-forever-chemicals-alabama-contaminated-drinking-water/","basis":"News"},{"ref":7,"title":"Shelby, Talladega Counties' suit against 3M, others to proceed","publisher":"Beasley Allen (plaintiffs' counsel)","date":"2024-04-03","url":"https://www.beasleyallen.com/wp-content/uploads/2024-04-03-Press-Release-PDF-TT-Shelby-Talladega-FINAL-APPROVAL.pdf","basis":"Plaintiff press release"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (eastern-state UCMR 5 PFAS pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AL-DECATUR-PFAS-PILOT-2025","US-AL-STATEWIDE-FISH-ADVISORIES-2026","US-AL-GADSDEN-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-AL-SHELBY-COUNTY-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-CT-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Connecticut systems with PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt in UCMR 5 testing","description":"EPA's final UCMR 5 data show 10 Connecticut public water systems whose average PFOA or PFOS result exceeds the 4.0 ppt federal limit, and 35 of 63 sampled systems with at least one result above 4 ppt. Connecticut DPH lists non-regulatory drinking-water action levels of 16 ppt PFOA and 10 ppt PFOS (0.016 and 0.010 ug/L, set in 2022); it has no separate enforceable state PFAS MCL. UCMR averages are occurrence data, not compliance determinations, and federal compliance is due in 2029 with a proposed option to extend to 2031.","location":{"name":"Connecticut public water systems","type":"Statewide set of public water systems","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Systems under CT primacy sampled for EPA UCMR 5, 2023-2026","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOA and PFOS occurrence in finished drinking water is the central issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The highest Connecticut UCMR 5 average was Aquarion's Newtown system at about 9.0 ppt PFOA and 8.7 ppt PFOS (ref 1), above the federal MCLs but below DPH's 16 ppt PFOA action level (ref 6).","service":"The cited UCMR 5 data and DPH action list (refs 1, 6) document no Connecticut do-not-drink advisory or service restriction linked to these results.","scale":"Ten Connecticut community systems averaged above 4 ppt, serving an estimated 240,313 people (refs 1, 5), and 35 of 63 sampled systems had at least one result above 4 ppt.","duration":"Connecticut systems were sampled from January 2023 through April 2026 (ref 1); federal compliance is not due until 2029, with a proposed option to 2031 (ref 3).","significance":"The federal PFOA and PFOS MCLs of 4.0 ppt are final regulations (ref 3); Connecticut's own 16 and 10 ppt levels are guidance only (ref 6)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":240313,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served (ref 5) for the 10 systems whose UCMR 5 average PFOA or PFOS exceeds 4 ppt (ref 1). Derived from EPA UCMR 5 results: each PFOA and PFOS result was converted from ug/L to ppt, non-detects counted as zero, and averaged over all of the system's samples for that compound; a system counts when either average exceeds 4.0 ppt. UCMR 5 results are occurrence data, not compliance running annual averages."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"10 Connecticut systems average above 4 ppt PFOA or PFOS in UCMR 5; 35 of 63 had at least one result above 4 ppt."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems with UCMR 5 average PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt","value":10,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Derived from EPA UCMR 5 results: each PFOA and PFOS result was converted from ug/L to ppt, non-detects counted as zero, and averaged over all of the system's samples for that compound; a system counts when either average exceeds 4.0 ppt. UCMR 5 results are occurrence data, not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Systems with any UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS result above 4 ppt","value":35,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Count of the 63 CT systems in the UCMR 5 file with at least one detected PFOA or PFOS result above 0.004 ug/L."},{"name":"Highest single UCMR 5 PFOA result","value":15.9,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"AQUARION WATER CO OF CT-NEWTOWN SYSTEM (CT0970011)."},{"name":"Highest single UCMR 5 PFOS result","value":16.2,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"NORWICH PUBLIC UTILITIES (CT1040011)."},{"name":"Population served by systems averaging above 4 ppt","value":240313,"unit":"people","status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served. Largest: DANBURY WATER DEPARTMENT (CT0340011, 62055; PFOA 4.1/PFOS 0.0); AQUARION-GREENWICH (CT0570011, 53297; PFOA 4.5/PFOS 0.7); MANCHESTER WATER DEPARTMENT (CT0770021, 51198; PFOA 4.3/PFOS 2.4). AQUARION WATER CO OF CT-NEWTOWN SYSTEM (CT0970011) had the highest average, about 9 ppt PFOA and 8.7 ppt PFOS."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["PFAS treatment capital needs for systems above the federal MCLs"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring round per system (2023-2025), so no comparable trend is available."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Connecticut Department of Public Health, Drinking Water Section","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Federal standard setter (PFAS NPDWR, UCMR 5)"}],"public_contact":"Connecticut Department of Public Health, Drinking Water Section (portal.ct.gov/dph)","corrective_actions":["Systems above the federal MCLs must reduce PFOA and PFOS by the federal compliance date (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Occurrence Data from the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-08-28","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA Announces It Will Keep Maximum Contaminant Levels for PFOA, PFOS","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2025-05-14","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-announces-it-will-keep-maximum-contaminant-levels-pfoa-pfos","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system records, CT (Envirofacts)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/CT/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"Action List for Drinking Water","publisher":"Connecticut Department of Public Health","date":null,"url":"https://portal.ct.gov/DPH/Environmental-Health/Environmental-and-Occupational-Health-Assessment/Action-List-for-Drinking-Water","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (eastern-state UCMR 5 PFAS pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CT-STATEWIDE-PFAS-TREATMENT-PORTFOLIO-2026"]},{"id":"US-DE-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Delaware systems with PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt in UCMR 5 testing","description":"EPA's final UCMR 5 data show 9 Delaware public water systems whose average PFOA or PFOS result exceeds the 4.0 ppt federal limit, and 14 of 36 sampled systems with at least one result above 4 ppt. Delaware's 2025 Forever Chemicals Mandatory Reporting Act (SB 72) writes MCLs of 4.0 ppt for PFOA and PFOS into state law and requires public reporting of each system's PFAS levels and notice of exceedances, effective January 15, 2026. UCMR averages are occurrence data, not compliance determinations, and federal compliance is due in 2029 with a proposed option to extend to 2031.","location":{"name":"Delaware public water systems","type":"Statewide set of public water systems","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"detail":"Systems under DE primacy sampled for EPA UCMR 5, 2023-2026","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOA and PFOS occurrence in finished drinking water is the central issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Veolia Water Delaware averaged about 19.2 ppt PFOA and Georgetown reached 36 ppt PFOA in a single UCMR 5 sample (ref 1), several times the 4 ppt limits Delaware wrote into SB 72 (ref 6).","service":"Neither the UCMR 5 data nor the DNREC summary (refs 1, 7) reports a Delaware do-not-drink advisory or supply cut tied to these PFOA results.","scale":"Nine of 36 sampled Delaware systems averaged above 4 ppt, together serving an estimated 333,263 people (refs 1, 5).","duration":"Delaware UCMR 5 samples span January 2023 to October 2025 (ref 1); the SB 72 reporting duty took effect January 15, 2026 (ref 6).","significance":"SB 72 (ref 6) is a state statute setting 4.0 ppt MCLs for PFOA and PFOS with mandatory exceedance notification."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":333263,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served (ref 5) for the 9 systems whose UCMR 5 average PFOA or PFOS exceeds 4 ppt (ref 1). Derived from EPA UCMR 5 results: each PFOA and PFOS result was converted from ug/L to ppt, non-detects counted as zero, and averaged over all of the system's samples for that compound; a system counts when either average exceeds 4.0 ppt. UCMR 5 results are occurrence data, not compliance running annual averages."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"9 Delaware systems average above 4 ppt PFOA or PFOS in UCMR 5; 14 of 36 had at least one result above 4 ppt."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems with UCMR 5 average PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt","value":9,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Derived from EPA UCMR 5 results: each PFOA and PFOS result was converted from ug/L to ppt, non-detects counted as zero, and averaged over all of the system's samples for that compound; a system counts when either average exceeds 4.0 ppt. UCMR 5 results are occurrence data, not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Systems with any UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS result above 4 ppt","value":14,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Count of the 36 DE systems in the UCMR 5 file with at least one detected PFOA or PFOS result above 0.004 ug/L."},{"name":"Highest single UCMR 5 PFOA result","value":36,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"GEORGETOWN WATER DEPARTMENT (DE0000592)."},{"name":"Highest single UCMR 5 PFOS result","value":14,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"GEORGETOWN WATER DEPARTMENT (DE0000592)."},{"name":"Population served by systems averaging above 4 ppt","value":333263,"unit":"people","status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served. Largest: WILMINGTON WATER DEPARTMENT (DE0000663, 107976; PFOA 7.1/PFOS 0.0); VEOLIA WATER DELAWARE, INC (DE0000564, 100495; PFOA 19.2/PFOS 0.0); NEWARK WATER DEPARTMENT (DE0000630, 40000; PFOA 9.7/PFOS 2.5). SUEZ WATER DELAWARE (DE0000564) had the highest average, about 19.2 ppt PFOA and 0 ppt PFOS."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["PFAS treatment capital needs for systems above the federal MCLs"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring round per system (2023-2025), so no comparable trend is available."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Delaware Division of Public Health, Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Federal standard setter (PFAS NPDWR, UCMR 5)"}],"public_contact":"Delaware Division of Public Health, Office of Drinking Water","corrective_actions":["SB 72 requires the Division of Public Health to publish PFAS results for each public water system and notify systems of exceedances (ref 6)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Occurrence Data from the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-08-28","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA Announces It Will Keep Maximum Contaminant Levels for PFOA, PFOS","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2025-05-14","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-announces-it-will-keep-maximum-contaminant-levels-pfoa-pfos","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system records, DE (Envirofacts)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/DE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"Delaware Code Chapter (SB 72, Forever Chemicals Mandatory Reporting Act)","publisher":"Delaware General Assembly","date":"2025-09-19","url":"https://legis.delaware.gov/SessionLaws/Chapter?id=42382","basis":"State law"},{"ref":7,"title":"PFAS in Delaware: How the First State is Tackling Toxic Forever Chemicals","publisher":"Delaware DNREC","date":"2025-10-02","url":"https://dnrec.delaware.gov/outdoor-delaware/pfas-in-delaware-how-the-first-state-is-tackling-toxic-forever-chemicals/","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (eastern-state UCMR 5 PFAS pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-DE-NEWARK-CURTIS-PFAS-2024","US-DE-WILMINGTON-PORTER-PFAS-2026","US-DE-GAE-VEOLIA-RATE-25-0037","US-DE-SURFACE-STATEWIDE-PFAS-2024-STUDY"]},{"id":"US-FL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Florida systems with PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt in UCMR 5 testing","description":"EPA's final UCMR 5 data show 104 Florida public water systems whose average PFOA or PFOS result exceeds the 4.0 ppt federal limit, and 160 of 409 sampled systems with at least one result above 4 ppt. Florida has no separate state PFAS MCL in the sources reviewed; the Florida DEP tracks AFFF-related PFOA and PFOS contamination at public supply wells. UCMR averages are occurrence data, not compliance determinations, and federal compliance is due in 2029 with a proposed option to extend to 2031.","location":{"name":"Florida public water systems","type":"Statewide set of public water systems","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Systems under FL primacy sampled for EPA UCMR 5, 2023-2026","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOA and PFOS occurrence in finished drinking water is the central issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Orangewood Water System averaged about 64 ppt PFOS and the Florida Keys Aqueduct Authority plant about 46 ppt PFOS in UCMR 5 (ref 1), far above the 4 ppt federal MCL but not yet compliance violations.","service":"The cited sources (refs 1, 6, 7) document well shutdowns at specific sites but no statewide do-not-drink or use restriction tied to UCMR 5 results.","scale":"Florida had 104 systems averaging above 4 ppt, serving an estimated 7.36 million people, the largest total in the eastern states reviewed (refs 1, 5).","duration":"Florida UCMR 5 samples run from January 2023 to June 2026 (ref 1), and FDEP (ref 7) describes PFAS well work under way since the earlier UCMR 3 cycle.","significance":"Exceedances are measured against final federal MCLs (ref 3); FDEP site files (ref 7) show formal assessment work, not enforcement orders."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":7356917,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served (ref 5) for the 104 systems whose UCMR 5 average PFOA or PFOS exceeds 4 ppt (ref 1). Derived from EPA UCMR 5 results: each PFOA and PFOS result was converted from ug/L to ppt, non-detects counted as zero, and averaged over all of the system's samples for that compound; a system counts when either average exceeds 4.0 ppt. UCMR 5 results are occurrence data, not compliance running annual averages."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"104 Florida systems average above 4 ppt PFOA or PFOS in UCMR 5; 160 of 409 had at least one result above 4 ppt."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems with UCMR 5 average PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt","value":104,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Derived from EPA UCMR 5 results: each PFOA and PFOS result was converted from ug/L to ppt, non-detects counted as zero, and averaged over all of the system's samples for that compound; a system counts when either average exceeds 4.0 ppt. UCMR 5 results are occurrence data, not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Systems with any UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS result above 4 ppt","value":160,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Count of the 409 FL systems in the UCMR 5 file with at least one detected PFOA or PFOS result above 0.004 ug/L."},{"name":"Highest single UCMR 5 PFOA result","value":39.2,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"GONZALEZ UTILITIES ASSOCIATION, INC. (FL1170302)."},{"name":"Highest single UCMR 5 PFOS result","value":80.8,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"ORANGEWOOD WATER SYSTEM (FL6511311)."},{"name":"Population served by systems averaging above 4 ppt","value":7356917,"unit":"people","status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served. Largest: MDWASA - MAIN SYSTEM (FL4130871, 2377460; PFOA 5.4/PFOS 14.2); PALM BEACH COUNTY WATER UTILITIES (FL4504393, 671114; PFOA 3.7/PFOS 7.4); EMERALD COAST UTILITIES AUTHORITY (ECUA) (FL1170525, 242172; PFOA 4.5/PFOS 5.4). ORANGEWOOD WATER SYSTEM (FL6511311) had the highest average, about 17.6 ppt PFOA and 64.3 ppt PFOS."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["PFAS treatment capital needs for systems above the federal MCLs"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring round per system (2023-2025), so no comparable trend is available."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Federal standard setter (PFAS NPDWR, UCMR 5)"}],"public_contact":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Drinking Water Program (floridadep.gov)","corrective_actions":["Utilities including Palm Beach County, FKAA and ECUA are building membrane or carbon PFAS treatment (see related records)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Occurrence Data from the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-08-28","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA Announces It Will Keep Maximum Contaminant Levels for PFOA, PFOS","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2025-05-14","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-announces-it-will-keep-maximum-contaminant-levels-pfoa-pfos","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system records, FL (Envirofacts)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/FL/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"Are forever chemicals in my tap water? For many in South Florida, the answer is yes","publisher":"NBC 6 South Florida","date":"2024-10-12","url":"https://www.nbcmiami.com/responds/forever-chemicals-tap-water-south-florida/3442603/","basis":"News"},{"ref":7,"title":"PFOA and PFOS Sampling Efforts Associated with Public Well Systems in Florida","publisher":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2025-07-09","url":"https://floridadep.gov/waste/waste-cleanup/content/pfoa-and-pfos-sampling-efforts-associated-public-well-systems-florida","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (eastern-state UCMR 5 PFAS pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-FL-MIAMI-DADE-WASD-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-FL-FKAA-DEAN-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-FL-PALM-BEACH-WUD-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-FL-ECUA-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-GA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Georgia systems with PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt in UCMR 5 testing","description":"EPA's final UCMR 5 data show 17 Georgia public water systems whose average PFOA or PFOS result exceeds the 4.0 ppt federal limit, and 43 of 256 sampled systems with at least one result above 4 ppt. Georgia EPD proposed in November 2025 to add the federal 4 ppt PFOA and PFOS limits to the Georgia Rules for Safe Drinking Water; final adoption was not confirmed in the sources reviewed. UCMR averages are occurrence data, not compliance determinations, and federal compliance is due in 2029 with a proposed option to extend to 2031.","location":{"name":"Georgia public water systems","type":"Statewide set of public water systems","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Systems under GA primacy sampled for EPA UCMR 5, 2023-2026","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOA and PFOS occurrence in finished drinking water is the central issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Calhoun averaged about 13.5 ppt PFOA and Columbus's Fort Benning plant reached 33.9 ppt PFOA (ref 1), above federal 4 ppt MCLs; no compliance violation has been determined.","service":"No Georgia do-not-drink or restriction notice linked to the UCMR 5 data appears in refs 1, 6 or 7.","scale":"Seventeen Georgia systems averaged above 4 ppt, serving an estimated 1.03 million people, led by Clayton County, Columbus and Augusta (refs 1, 5).","duration":"Georgia samples run January 2023 to June 2026 (ref 1), and the state rule to adopt the 4 ppt limits was still at the proposal stage in late 2025 (ref 6).","significance":"Georgia EPD formally proposed adding PFOA and PFOS MCLs to its drinking-water rules (ref 6), drawing coalition comments citing UCMR 5 (ref 7)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":1030093,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served (ref 5) for the 17 systems whose UCMR 5 average PFOA or PFOS exceeds 4 ppt (ref 1). Derived from EPA UCMR 5 results: each PFOA and PFOS result was converted from ug/L to ppt, non-detects counted as zero, and averaged over all of the system's samples for that compound; a system counts when either average exceeds 4.0 ppt. UCMR 5 results are occurrence data, not compliance running annual averages."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"17 Georgia systems average above 4 ppt PFOA or PFOS in UCMR 5; 43 of 256 had at least one result above 4 ppt."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems with UCMR 5 average PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt","value":17,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Derived from EPA UCMR 5 results: each PFOA and PFOS result was converted from ug/L to ppt, non-detects counted as zero, and averaged over all of the system's samples for that compound; a system counts when either average exceeds 4.0 ppt. UCMR 5 results are occurrence data, not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Systems with any UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS result above 4 ppt","value":43,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Count of the 256 GA systems in the UCMR 5 file with at least one detected PFOA or PFOS result above 0.004 ug/L."},{"name":"Highest single UCMR 5 PFOA result","value":33.9,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"COLUMBUS (GA2150000)."},{"name":"Highest single UCMR 5 PFOS result","value":56,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"LAFAYETTE (GA2950002)."},{"name":"Population served by systems averaging above 4 ppt","value":1030093,"unit":"people","status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served. Largest: CLAYTON COUNTY WATER AUTHORITY (GA0630000, 298374; PFOA 4.2/PFOS 4.6); COLUMBUS (GA2150000, 229000; PFOA 10.3/PFOS 5.5); AUGUSTA-RICHMOND CO WS (GA2450000, 204000; PFOA 3.8/PFOS 8.1). CALHOUN (GA1290000) had the highest average, about 13.5 ppt PFOA and 11.5 ppt PFOS."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["PFAS treatment capital needs for systems above the federal MCLs"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring round per system (2023-2025), so no comparable trend is available."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Federal standard setter (PFAS NPDWR, UCMR 5)"}],"public_contact":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division, Drinking Water Program","corrective_actions":["EPD proposed amending the Georgia Rules for Safe Drinking Water to adopt 4 ppt PFOA and PFOS limits (ref 6)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Occurrence Data from the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-08-28","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA Announces It Will Keep Maximum Contaminant Levels for PFOA, PFOS","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2025-05-14","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-announces-it-will-keep-maximum-contaminant-levels-pfoa-pfos","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system records, GA (Envirofacts)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/GA/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"Georgia to include PFAS in state drinking water regulations","publisher":"Water Conditioning & Purification International","date":"2025-11-19","url":"https://wcponline.com/2025/11/19/georgia-to-include-pfas-in-state-drinking-water-regulations/","basis":"News"},{"ref":7,"title":"Environmental groups urge GA EPD to finalize forever chemical limits at least as stringent as 2024 federal limits","publisher":"WWALS Watershed Coalition","date":"2025-12-18","url":"https://wwals.net/2025/12/18/environmental-groups-urge-ga-epd-to-finalize-forever-chemical-limits-at-least-as-stringent-as-2024-federal-limits-2025-12-17/","basis":"Advocacy group comments"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (eastern-state UCMR 5 PFAS pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-GA-CALHOUN-PFAS-DRINKING-WATER","US-GA-COLUMBUS-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-GA-AUGUSTA-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-KY-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Kentucky systems with PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt in UCMR 5 testing","description":"EPA's final UCMR 5 data show 6 Kentucky public water systems whose average PFOA or PFOS result exceeds the 4.0 ppt federal limit, and 30 of 231 sampled systems with at least one result above 4 ppt. Kentucky has no separate state PFAS drinking-water MCL in the sources reviewed; the federal 4.0 ppt limits apply. UCMR averages are occurrence data, not compliance determinations, and federal compliance is due in 2029 with a proposed option to extend to 2031.","location":{"name":"Kentucky public water systems","type":"Statewide set of public water systems","state":"KY","states":["KY"],"detail":"Systems under KY primacy sampled for EPA UCMR 5, 2023-2026","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOA and PFOS occurrence in finished drinking water is the central issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Cynthiana averaged about 14.8 ppt PFOS and Harrison County Water Association had a 47.9 ppt PFOS result in UCMR 5 (ref 1); the Hoptown Chronicle (ref 6) lists both among Kentucky systems over the federal limit.","service":"Hoptown Chronicle's review (ref 6) and the UCMR 5 data (ref 1) record no Kentucky service restrictions tied to these PFAS results.","scale":"Six Kentucky-primacy systems averaged above 4 ppt (estimated 153,348 people) and 30 of 231 had at least one sample above 4 ppt (refs 1, 5).","duration":"Kentucky UCMR 5 sampling ran from January 2023 to June 2026 (ref 1), with compliance not due until 2029 or a proposed 2031 (ref 3).","significance":"Comparison is to final federal MCLs (ref 3); no Kentucky enforcement action appears in ref 6."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":153348,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served (ref 5) for the 6 systems whose UCMR 5 average PFOA or PFOS exceeds 4 ppt (ref 1). Derived from EPA UCMR 5 results: each PFOA and PFOS result was converted from ug/L to ppt, non-detects counted as zero, and averaged over all of the system's samples for that compound; a system counts when either average exceeds 4.0 ppt. UCMR 5 results are occurrence data, not compliance running annual averages."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"6 Kentucky systems average above 4 ppt PFOA or PFOS in UCMR 5; 30 of 231 had at least one result above 4 ppt."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems with UCMR 5 average PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt","value":6,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Derived from EPA UCMR 5 results: each PFOA and PFOS result was converted from ug/L to ppt, non-detects counted as zero, and averaged over all of the system's samples for that compound; a system counts when either average exceeds 4.0 ppt. UCMR 5 results are occurrence data, not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Systems with any UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS result above 4 ppt","value":30,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Count of the 231 KY systems in the UCMR 5 file with at least one detected PFOA or PFOS result above 0.004 ug/L."},{"name":"Highest single UCMR 5 PFOA result","value":10.8,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"STURGIS WATER WORKS (KY1130422)."},{"name":"Highest single UCMR 5 PFOS result","value":47.9,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"HARRISON CO WATER ASSOC (KY0490179)."},{"name":"Population served by systems averaging above 4 ppt","value":153348,"unit":"people","status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served. Largest: PADUCAH WATER WORKS (KY0730533, 65004; PFOA 2.6/PFOS 6.0); GEORGETOWN MUNICIPAL WATER SERVICE (KY1050157, 44608; PFOA 2.3/PFOS 5.9); HARRISON CO WATER ASSOCIATION (KY0490179, 16736; PFOA 0.0/PFOS 7.6). CYNTHIANA MUNICIPAL WATER WORKS (KY0490096) had the highest average, about 0 ppt PFOA and 14.8 ppt PFOS."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["PFAS treatment capital needs for systems above the federal MCLs"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring round per system (2023-2025), so no comparable trend is available."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Kentucky Division of Water","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Federal standard setter (PFAS NPDWR, UCMR 5)"}],"public_contact":"Kentucky Division of Water, Drinking Water Branch","corrective_actions":["Systems over 4 ppt must plan treatment or source changes before federal compliance begins (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Occurrence Data from the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-08-28","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA Announces It Will Keep Maximum Contaminant Levels for PFOA, PFOS","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2025-05-14","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-announces-it-will-keep-maximum-contaminant-levels-pfoa-pfos","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system records, KY (Envirofacts)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/KY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"EPA data show several Kentucky public water systems with PFAS levels exceeding federal limits","publisher":"Hoptown Chronicle","date":"2026-03-10","url":"https://hoptownchronicle.org/?p=96518","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (eastern-state UCMR 5 PFAS pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TN-FORT-CAMPBELL-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-MA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Massachusetts systems with PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt in UCMR 5 testing","description":"EPA's final UCMR 5 data show 29 Massachusetts public water systems whose average PFOA or PFOS result exceeds the 4.0 ppt federal limit, and 106 of 263 sampled systems with at least one result above 4 ppt. Massachusetts enforces a 20 ppt MMCL for the sum of six PFAS (PFAS6: PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, PFNA, PFHpA, PFDA), published by MassDEP on October 2, 2020; the federal 4 ppt individual limits are stricter for PFOA and PFOS. UCMR averages are occurrence data, not compliance determinations, and federal compliance is due in 2029 with a proposed option to extend to 2031.","location":{"name":"Massachusetts public water systems","type":"Statewide set of public water systems","state":"MA","states":["MA"],"detail":"Systems under MA primacy sampled for EPA UCMR 5, 2023-2026","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOA and PFOS occurrence in finished drinking water is the central issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Raynham Center Water District's Gushee Pond Well 3 measured 92 ppt PFOA in August 2025 and Dartmouth had a 50.6 ppt PFOS result (ref 1), well above federal limits.","service":"The UCMR 5 data and the Needham notice of the state standard (refs 1, 6) record no Massachusetts do-not-drink order linked to these results.","scale":"Twenty-nine Massachusetts systems averaged above 4 ppt (estimated 547,889 people) and 106 of 263 sampled had at least one result above 4 ppt (refs 1, 5).","duration":"Massachusetts sampling ran January 2023 to May 2026 (ref 1); the PFAS6 standard has applied since October 2020 (ref 6).","significance":"A state-enforceable PFAS6 MMCL of 20 ppt applies (ref 6) alongside the federal 4 ppt MCLs (ref 3); UCMR 5 averages alone do not establish a violation of either."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":547889,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served (ref 5) for the 29 systems whose UCMR 5 average PFOA or PFOS exceeds 4 ppt (ref 1). Derived from EPA UCMR 5 results: each PFOA and PFOS result was converted from ug/L to ppt, non-detects counted as zero, and averaged over all of the system's samples for that compound; a system counts when either average exceeds 4.0 ppt. UCMR 5 results are occurrence data, not compliance running annual averages."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"29 Massachusetts systems average above 4 ppt PFOA or PFOS in UCMR 5; 106 of 263 had at least one result above 4 ppt."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems with UCMR 5 average PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt","value":29,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Derived from EPA UCMR 5 results: each PFOA and PFOS result was converted from ug/L to ppt, non-detects counted as zero, and averaged over all of the system's samples for that compound; a system counts when either average exceeds 4.0 ppt. UCMR 5 results are occurrence data, not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Systems with any UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS result above 4 ppt","value":106,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Count of the 263 MA systems in the UCMR 5 file with at least one detected PFOA or PFOS result above 0.004 ug/L."},{"name":"Highest single UCMR 5 PFOA result","value":92,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"RAYNHAM CENTER WATER DISTRICT (MA4245000)."},{"name":"Highest single UCMR 5 PFOS result","value":50.6,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"DARTMOUTH WATER DIVISION (MA4072000)."},{"name":"Population served by systems averaging above 4 ppt","value":547889,"unit":"people","status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served. Largest: PEABODY WATER DEPT. (MA3229000, 54481; PFOA 4.1/PFOS 0.0); BRAINTREE WATER AND SEWER DEPT. (MA4040000, 39143; PFOA 4.7/PFOS 7.6); NATICK WATER AND SEWER DIVISION (MA3198000, 37006; PFOA 4.0/PFOS 9.0). RAYNHAM CENTER WATER DISTRICT (MA4245000) had the highest average, about 17 ppt PFOA and 0 ppt PFOS."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["PFAS treatment capital needs for systems above the federal MCLs"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring round per system (2023-2025), so no comparable trend is available."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Federal standard setter (PFAS NPDWR, UCMR 5)"}],"public_contact":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, Drinking Water Program","corrective_actions":["MassDEP requires PFAS6 monitoring and corrective action at systems above 20 ppt (ref 6)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Occurrence Data from the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-08-28","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA Announces It Will Keep Maximum Contaminant Levels for PFOA, PFOS","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2025-05-14","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-announces-it-will-keep-maximum-contaminant-levels-pfoa-pfos","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system records, MA (Envirofacts)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MA/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"PFAS (Needham Water Division)","publisher":"Town of Needham, MA","date":null,"url":"https://needhamma.gov/4986/PFAS","basis":"Utility record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (eastern-state UCMR 5 PFAS pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MD-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Maryland systems with PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt in UCMR 5 testing","description":"EPA's final UCMR 5 data show 5 Maryland public water systems whose average PFOA or PFOS result exceeds the 4.0 ppt federal limit, and 16 of 83 sampled systems with at least one result above 4 ppt. Maryland has no separate state PFAS MCL; MDE says it is testing public water systems and helping providers plan for the federal limits under a December 2023 statewide action plan. UCMR averages are occurrence data, not compliance determinations, and federal compliance is due in 2029 with a proposed option to extend to 2031.","location":{"name":"Maryland public water systems","type":"Statewide set of public water systems","state":"MD","states":["MD"],"detail":"Systems under MD primacy sampled for EPA UCMR 5, 2023-2026","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOA and PFOS occurrence in finished drinking water is the central issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Thurmont's UCMR 5 entry point EP06 measured 48 ppt PFOS and Elkton reached 23.3 ppt PFOA (ref 1), above the federal limits MDE is helping systems prepare for (ref 6).","service":"The Frederick News-Post (ref 7) reports Thurmont's Well 8 is offline due to PFAS contamination; no wider Maryland restriction appears in refs 1 or 6.","scale":"Five Maryland systems averaged above 4 ppt (estimated 62,258 people) and 16 of 83 sampled had a result above 4 ppt; the issue spans multiple counties statewide (refs 1, 5).","duration":"Maryland samples run January 2023 to May 2026 (ref 1), and MDE's action plan dates to December 2023 (ref 6).","significance":"MDE's statewide PFAS action plan (ref 6) and the final federal MCLs (ref 3) frame the response; no Maryland PFAS enforcement order was found."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":62258,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served (ref 5) for the 5 systems whose UCMR 5 average PFOA or PFOS exceeds 4 ppt (ref 1). Derived from EPA UCMR 5 results: each PFOA and PFOS result was converted from ug/L to ppt, non-detects counted as zero, and averaged over all of the system's samples for that compound; a system counts when either average exceeds 4.0 ppt. UCMR 5 results are occurrence data, not compliance running annual averages."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"5 Maryland systems average above 4 ppt PFOA or PFOS in UCMR 5; 16 of 83 had at least one result above 4 ppt."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems with UCMR 5 average PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt","value":5,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Derived from EPA UCMR 5 results: each PFOA and PFOS result was converted from ug/L to ppt, non-detects counted as zero, and averaged over all of the system's samples for that compound; a system counts when either average exceeds 4.0 ppt. UCMR 5 results are occurrence data, not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Systems with any UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS result above 4 ppt","value":16,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Count of the 83 MD systems in the UCMR 5 file with at least one detected PFOA or PFOS result above 0.004 ug/L."},{"name":"Highest single UCMR 5 PFOA result","value":23.3,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"TOWN OF ELKTON (MD0070011)."},{"name":"Highest single UCMR 5 PFOS result","value":48,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"TOWN OF THURMONT (MD0100023)."},{"name":"Population served by systems averaging above 4 ppt","value":62258,"unit":"people","status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served. Largest: CITY OF SALISBURY (MD0220004, 30343; PFOA 1.5/PFOS 6.9); TOWN OF ELKTON (MD0070011, 15625; PFOA 9.9/PFOS 2.1); TOWN OF MOUNT AIRY (MD0060007, 9890; PFOA 4.1/PFOS 1.2). TOWN OF THURMONT (MD0100023) had the highest average, about 11.4 ppt PFOA and 22.6 ppt PFOS."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["PFAS treatment capital needs for systems above the federal MCLs"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring round per system (2023-2025), so no comparable trend is available."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Federal standard setter (PFAS NPDWR, UCMR 5)"}],"public_contact":"Maryland Department of the Environment, Water Supply Program (mde.maryland.gov)","corrective_actions":["MDE is testing public water systems for PFAS (ref 6) and approved forgivable loans for Thurmont GAC treatment (ref 7)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Occurrence Data from the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-08-28","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA Announces It Will Keep Maximum Contaminant Levels for PFOA, PFOS","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2025-05-14","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-announces-it-will-keep-maximum-contaminant-levels-pfoa-pfos","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system records, MD (Envirofacts)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MD/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"PFAS Landing Page","publisher":"Maryland Department of the Environment","date":null,"url":"https://mde.maryland.gov/PublicHealth/Pages/PFAS-Landing-Page.aspx","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":7,"title":"Thurmont approved for over $6 million in state loans to build PFAS water filtration systems","publisher":"The Frederick News-Post (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-02-12","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/thurmont-approved-over-6-million-164600050.html","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (eastern-state UCMR 5 PFAS pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MD-THURMONT-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-NH-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"New Hampshire systems with PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt in UCMR 5 testing","description":"EPA's final UCMR 5 data show 5 New Hampshire public water systems whose average PFOA or PFOS result exceeds the 4.0 ppt federal limit, and 16 of 51 sampled systems with at least one result above 4 ppt. New Hampshire's enforceable MCLs, adopted in July 2019, are 12 ppt PFOA, 15 ppt PFOS, 18 ppt PFHxS and 11 ppt PFNA; the federal 4 ppt limits are stricter for PFOA and PFOS. UCMR averages are occurrence data, not compliance determinations, and federal compliance is due in 2029 with a proposed option to extend to 2031.","location":{"name":"New Hampshire public water systems","type":"Statewide set of public water systems","state":"NH","states":["NH"],"detail":"Systems under NH primacy sampled for EPA UCMR 5, 2023-2026","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOA and PFOS occurrence in finished drinking water is the central issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Hudson Water Department averaged about 8.0 ppt PFOA and Rye Water District about 7.0 ppt PFOA and 6.8 ppt PFOS (ref 1), above federal limits but below New Hampshire's 12 and 15 ppt MCLs (ref 6).","service":"No New Hampshire service restriction tied to UCMR 5 appears in refs 1 or 6.","scale":"Five New Hampshire systems averaged above 4 ppt, serving an estimated 171,835 people, most of them in Manchester Water Works' 123,500-person system (refs 1, 5).","duration":"New Hampshire samples run January 2023 to December 2025 (ref 1); the state standards date from July 2019 (ref 6).","significance":"State MCLs (ref 6) and federal MCLs (ref 3) are formal standards; UCMR 5 averages here exceed only the federal ones."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":171835,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served (ref 5) for the 5 systems whose UCMR 5 average PFOA or PFOS exceeds 4 ppt (ref 1). Derived from EPA UCMR 5 results: each PFOA and PFOS result was converted from ug/L to ppt, non-detects counted as zero, and averaged over all of the system's samples for that compound; a system counts when either average exceeds 4.0 ppt. UCMR 5 results are occurrence data, not compliance running annual averages."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"5 New Hampshire systems average above 4 ppt PFOA or PFOS in UCMR 5; 16 of 51 had at least one result above 4 ppt."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems with UCMR 5 average PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt","value":5,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Derived from EPA UCMR 5 results: each PFOA and PFOS result was converted from ug/L to ppt, non-detects counted as zero, and averaged over all of the system's samples for that compound; a system counts when either average exceeds 4.0 ppt. UCMR 5 results are occurrence data, not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Systems with any UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS result above 4 ppt","value":16,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Count of the 51 NH systems in the UCMR 5 file with at least one detected PFOA or PFOS result above 0.004 ug/L."},{"name":"Highest single UCMR 5 PFOA result","value":9,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"HUDSON WATER DEPT (NH1201010)."},{"name":"Highest single UCMR 5 PFOS result","value":7.8,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"RYE WATER DIST (NH2041010)."},{"name":"Population served by systems averaging above 4 ppt","value":171835,"unit":"people","status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served. Largest: MANCHESTER WATER WORKS (NH1471010, 123500; PFOA 4.5/PFOS 0.0); SALEM WATER DEPT (NH2051010, 21080; PFOA 6.4/PFOS 0.0); HUDSON WATER DEPT (NH1201010, 16700; PFOA 8.0/PFOS 0.0). HUDSON WATER DEPT (NH1201010) had the highest average, about 8 ppt PFOA and 0 ppt PFOS."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["PFAS treatment capital needs for systems above the federal MCLs"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring round per system (2023-2025), so no comparable trend is available."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Federal standard setter (PFAS NPDWR, UCMR 5)"}],"public_contact":"New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services, Drinking Water and Groundwater Bureau","corrective_actions":["Systems above federal limits must address PFOA by the federal compliance date (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Occurrence Data from the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-08-28","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA Announces It Will Keep Maximum Contaminant Levels for PFOA, PFOS","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2025-05-14","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-announces-it-will-keep-maximum-contaminant-levels-pfoa-pfos","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system records, NH (Envirofacts)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NH/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"New Hampshire Issues Final Proposal for Four PFAS Standards","publisher":"Environmental Council of the States","date":"2019-07-23","url":"https://www.ecos.org/news-and-updates/new-hampshire-issues-final-proposal-for-four-pfas-standards/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (eastern-state UCMR 5 PFAS pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NJ-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"New Jersey systems with PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt in UCMR 5 testing","description":"EPA's final UCMR 5 data show 76 New Jersey public water systems whose average PFOA or PFOS result exceeds the 4.0 ppt federal limit, and 155 of 266 sampled systems with at least one result above 4 ppt. New Jersey enforces MCLs of 14 ppt PFOA and 13 ppt PFOS (approved in 2020) plus 13 ppt PFNA; the federal 4 ppt limits are stricter. UCMR averages are occurrence data, not compliance determinations, and federal compliance is due in 2029 with a proposed option to extend to 2031.","location":{"name":"New Jersey public water systems","type":"Statewide set of public water systems","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Systems under NJ primacy sampled for EPA UCMR 5, 2023-2026","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOA and PFOS occurrence in finished drinking water is the central issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"New Jersey's I-Bank (ref 7) says Ridgewood Water exceeded the state PFOA and PFOS standards, and UCMR 5 (ref 1) shows Ho-Ho-Kus averaging about 24.8 ppt PFOA, above New Jersey's 14 ppt MCL (ref 6).","service":"The cited sources (refs 1, 6, 7) describe treatment financing, not do-not-drink orders, for New Jersey PFAS exceedances.","scale":"Seventy-six New Jersey systems averaged above 4 ppt, serving an estimated 2.76 million people, and 155 of 266 sampled had a result above 4 ppt (refs 1, 5).","duration":"New Jersey UCMR 5 sampling ran January 2023 to May 2026 (ref 1), and Ridgewood's treatment program runs in phases through 2026 (ref 7).","significance":"Exceedances of New Jersey's enforceable 2020 MCLs (ref 6) are documented for Ridgewood (ref 7)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":2757446,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served (ref 5) for the 76 systems whose UCMR 5 average PFOA or PFOS exceeds 4 ppt (ref 1). Derived from EPA UCMR 5 results: each PFOA and PFOS result was converted from ug/L to ppt, non-detects counted as zero, and averaged over all of the system's samples for that compound; a system counts when either average exceeds 4.0 ppt. UCMR 5 results are occurrence data, not compliance running annual averages."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"76 New Jersey systems average above 4 ppt PFOA or PFOS in UCMR 5; 155 of 266 had at least one result above 4 ppt."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems with UCMR 5 average PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt","value":76,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Derived from EPA UCMR 5 results: each PFOA and PFOS result was converted from ug/L to ppt, non-detects counted as zero, and averaged over all of the system's samples for that compound; a system counts when either average exceeds 4.0 ppt. UCMR 5 results are occurrence data, not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Systems with any UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS result above 4 ppt","value":155,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Count of the 266 NJ systems in the UCMR 5 file with at least one detected PFOA or PFOS result above 0.004 ug/L."},{"name":"Highest single UCMR 5 PFOA result","value":44.5,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"VERONA WATER DEPARTMENT (NJ0720001)."},{"name":"Highest single UCMR 5 PFOS result","value":38.1,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"BEAR TAVERN SCHOOL (NJ1106316)."},{"name":"Population served by systems averaging above 4 ppt","value":2757446,"unit":"people","status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served. Largest: VEOLIA WATER NEW JERSEY HACKENSACK (NJ0238001, 792713; PFOA 9.3/PFOS 4.2); PASSAIC VALLEY WATER COMMISSION (NJ1605002, 310483; PFOA 9.9/PFOS 5.2); JERSEY CITY MUA (NJ0906001, 262000; PFOA 5.9/PFOS 6.9). HO HO KUS WATER DEPT (NJ0228001) had the highest average, about 24.8 ppt PFOA and 11.9 ppt PFOS."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["PFAS treatment capital needs for systems above the federal MCLs"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring round per system (2023-2025), so no comparable trend is available."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Federal standard setter (PFAS NPDWR, UCMR 5)"}],"public_contact":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Water Supply and Geoscience (dep.nj.gov)","corrective_actions":["NJ Water Bank loans finance PFAS treatment, such as Ridgewood's $18.5 million GAC program (ref 7)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Occurrence Data from the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-08-28","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA Announces It Will Keep Maximum Contaminant Levels for PFOA, PFOS","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2025-05-14","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-announces-it-will-keep-maximum-contaminant-levels-pfoa-pfos","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system records, NJ (Envirofacts)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NJ/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"New Jersey Enacts Stringent Limits for PFOA, PFOS in Drinking Water","publisher":"Environmental Council of the States","date":"2020-04-17","url":"https://www.ecos.org/news-and-updates/new-jersey-enacts-stringent-limits-for-pfoa-pfos-in-drinking-water/","basis":"News"},{"ref":7,"title":"Ridgewood Village GAC Treatment","publisher":"New Jersey Infrastructure Bank","date":"2026-01-26","url":"https://www.njib.gov/news/ridgewood-village-gac-treatment-695fe77ee83c4","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (eastern-state UCMR 5 PFAS pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NJ-RIDGEWOOD-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-NJ-PVWC-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-MULTI-CHEMOURS-PFAS-2026"]},{"id":"US-NY-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"New York systems with PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt in UCMR 5 testing","description":"EPA's final UCMR 5 data show 11 New York public water systems whose average PFOA or PFOS result exceeds the 4.0 ppt federal limit, and 50 of 334 sampled systems with at least one result above 4 ppt. New York enforces MCLs of 10 ppt each for PFOA and PFOS, adopted in 2020; the federal 4 ppt limits are stricter. UCMR averages are occurrence data, not compliance determinations, and federal compliance is due in 2029 with a proposed option to extend to 2031.","location":{"name":"New York public water systems","type":"Statewide set of public water systems","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Systems under NY primacy sampled for EPA UCMR 5, 2023-2026","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOA and PFOS occurrence in finished drinking water is the central issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Yeshiva Farm Settlement averaged about 94.5 ppt PFOS and Pequenakonck Elementary hit 111.5 ppt PFOA in UCMR 5 (ref 1), both far above New York's 10 ppt MCLs (ref 6).","service":"The Health Department issued do-not-drink advisories at two Westchester schools over PFOA and PFOS in 2021 (ref 7); most New York systems in UCMR 5 had no restriction.","scale":"Eleven New York systems averaged above 4 ppt (estimated 53,153 people) and 50 of 334 sampled had at least one result above 4 ppt across the state (refs 1, 5).","duration":"New York samples run January 2023 to June 2026 (ref 1); Pequenakonck's PFOA problem was documented in 2021 (ref 7) and again in August 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"Results are measured against New York's enforceable 10 ppt MCLs (ref 6) and the federal MCLs (ref 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":53153,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served (ref 5) for the 11 systems whose UCMR 5 average PFOA or PFOS exceeds 4 ppt (ref 1). Derived from EPA UCMR 5 results: each PFOA and PFOS result was converted from ug/L to ppt, non-detects counted as zero, and averaged over all of the system's samples for that compound; a system counts when either average exceeds 4.0 ppt. UCMR 5 results are occurrence data, not compliance running annual averages."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"11 New York systems average above 4 ppt PFOA or PFOS in UCMR 5; 50 of 334 had at least one result above 4 ppt."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems with UCMR 5 average PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt","value":11,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Derived from EPA UCMR 5 results: each PFOA and PFOS result was converted from ug/L to ppt, non-detects counted as zero, and averaged over all of the system's samples for that compound; a system counts when either average exceeds 4.0 ppt. UCMR 5 results are occurrence data, not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Systems with any UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS result above 4 ppt","value":50,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Count of the 334 NY systems in the UCMR 5 file with at least one detected PFOA or PFOS result above 0.004 ug/L."},{"name":"Highest single UCMR 5 PFOA result","value":111.5,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"PEQUENAKONCK ELEMENTARY SCHOOL (NY5907717)."},{"name":"Highest single UCMR 5 PFOS result","value":106,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"YESHIVA FARM SETTLEMENT (NY5903150)."},{"name":"Population served by systems averaging above 4 ppt","value":53153,"unit":"people","status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served. Largest: NYACK VILLAGE WATER SUPPLY (NY4303666, 14700; PFOA 8.8/PFOS 4.9); MONROE VILLAGE (NY3503535, 12000; PFOA 4.8/PFOS 1.3); SUFFERN VILLAGE (NY4303675, 12000; PFOA 7.4/PFOS 5.8). YESHIVA FARM SETTLEMENT (NY5903150) had the highest average, about 24.9 ppt PFOA and 94.5 ppt PFOS."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["PFAS treatment capital needs for systems above the federal MCLs"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring round per system (2023-2025), so no comparable trend is available."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New York State Department of Health","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Federal standard setter (PFAS NPDWR, UCMR 5)"}],"public_contact":"New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Water Supply Protection (health.ny.gov)","corrective_actions":["New York requires systems exceeding the 10 ppt MCLs to notify consumers and take corrective action (ref 7)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Occurrence Data from the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-08-28","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA Announces It Will Keep Maximum Contaminant Levels for PFOA, PFOS","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2025-05-14","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-announces-it-will-keep-maximum-contaminant-levels-pfoa-pfos","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system records, NY (Envirofacts)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"NYS adopts drinking water standards for three emerging contaminants","publisher":"WAMC Northeast Public Radio","date":"2020-07-30","url":"https://www.wamc.org/hudson-valley-news/2020-07-30/nys-adopts-drinking-water-standards-for-three-emerging-contaminants","basis":"News"},{"ref":7,"title":"State and County Health Departments Issue \"Do Not Drink\" Water Advisories for Two Westchester County Schools","publisher":"New York State Department of Health","date":"2021-03-17","url":"https://www.health.ny.gov/press/releases/2021/2021-03-17_westchester_water.htm","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":8,"note":"New record (eastern-state UCMR 5 PFAS pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NY-PEQUENAKONCK-SCHOOL-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-SC-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"South Carolina systems with PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt in UCMR 5 testing","description":"EPA's final UCMR 5 data show 45 South Carolina public water systems whose average PFOA or PFOS result exceeds the 4.0 ppt federal limit, and 66 of 165 sampled systems with at least one result above 4 ppt. South Carolina had no state PFAS drinking-water regulations as of February 2025, so the federal 4 ppt PFOA and PFOS MCLs are the applicable limits. UCMR averages are occurrence data, not compliance determinations, and federal compliance is due in 2029 with a proposed option to extend to 2031.","location":{"name":"South Carolina public water systems","type":"Statewide set of public water systems","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"Systems under SC primacy sampled for EPA UCMR 5, 2023-2026","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOA and PFOS occurrence in finished drinking water is the central issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Gaffney BPW averaged about 16.8 ppt PFOA and 14.3 ppt PFOS and Winnsboro had a 32.8 ppt PFOS result (ref 1), several times the federal limits.","service":"Live 5 (ref 6) and the UCMR 5 data (ref 1) report monitoring, not service restrictions, for South Carolina systems.","scale":"Forty-five South Carolina systems averaged above 4 ppt, serving an estimated 1.53 million people including Columbia and Charleston (refs 1, 5).","duration":"South Carolina UCMR 5 samples run January 2023 to June 2026 (ref 1), and Live 5 (ref 6) reports Charleston Water System has tested voluntarily since 2019.","significance":"With no state PFAS rule (ref 6), the final federal MCLs (ref 3) are the only formal benchmark."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":1528793,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served (ref 5) for the 45 systems whose UCMR 5 average PFOA or PFOS exceeds 4 ppt (ref 1). Derived from EPA UCMR 5 results: each PFOA and PFOS result was converted from ug/L to ppt, non-detects counted as zero, and averaged over all of the system's samples for that compound; a system counts when either average exceeds 4.0 ppt. UCMR 5 results are occurrence data, not compliance running annual averages."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"45 South Carolina systems average above 4 ppt PFOA or PFOS in UCMR 5; 66 of 165 had at least one result above 4 ppt."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems with UCMR 5 average PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt","value":45,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Derived from EPA UCMR 5 results: each PFOA and PFOS result was converted from ug/L to ppt, non-detects counted as zero, and averaged over all of the system's samples for that compound; a system counts when either average exceeds 4.0 ppt. UCMR 5 results are occurrence data, not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Systems with any UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS result above 4 ppt","value":66,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Count of the 165 SC systems in the UCMR 5 file with at least one detected PFOA or PFOS result above 0.004 ug/L."},{"name":"Highest single UCMR 5 PFOA result","value":18,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"GAFFNEY BPW (SC1110001)."},{"name":"Highest single UCMR 5 PFOS result","value":32.8,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"WINNSBORO TOWN OF (SC2010001)."},{"name":"Population served by systems averaging above 4 ppt","value":1528793,"unit":"people","status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served. Largest: COLUMBIA CITY OF (SC4010001, 354068; PFOA 4.0/PFOS 5.5); CHARLESTON WATER SYSTEM (SC1010001, 278771; PFOA 4.3/PFOS 5.8); BCWSA SANGAREE W/D (SC0820002, 95345; PFOA 5.8/PFOS 6.3). GAFFNEY BPW (SC1110001) had the highest average, about 16.8 ppt PFOA and 14.3 ppt PFOS."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["PFAS treatment capital needs for systems above the federal MCLs"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring round per system (2023-2025), so no comparable trend is available."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Federal standard setter (PFAS NPDWR, UCMR 5)"}],"public_contact":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services, Bureau of Water","corrective_actions":["Utilities including Columbia and Charleston are evaluating PFAS treatment options (see related records)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Occurrence Data from the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-08-28","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA Announces It Will Keep Maximum Contaminant Levels for PFOA, PFOS","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2025-05-14","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-announces-it-will-keep-maximum-contaminant-levels-pfoa-pfos","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system records, SC (Envirofacts)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/SC/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"Charleston Water System monitoring PFAS despite halt on new regulations","publisher":"Live 5 News (WCSC)","date":"2025-02-26","url":"https://www.live5news.com/2025/02/26/charleston-water-system-monitoring-pfas-despite-halt-new-regulations/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (eastern-state UCMR 5 PFAS pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-SC-CHARLESTON-WATER-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-SC-COLUMBIA-WATER-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-TN-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Tennessee systems with PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt in UCMR 5 testing","description":"EPA's final UCMR 5 data show 16 Tennessee public water systems whose average PFOA or PFOS result exceeds the 4.0 ppt federal limit, and 37 of 277 sampled systems with at least one result above 4 ppt. Tennessee has no separate state PFAS MCL; TDEC sampled raw source water for 29 PFAS at public water systems and notifies systems with detections. UCMR averages are occurrence data, not compliance determinations, and federal compliance is due in 2029 with a proposed option to extend to 2031.","location":{"name":"Tennessee public water systems","type":"Statewide set of public water systems","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Systems under TN primacy sampled for EPA UCMR 5, 2023-2026","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOA and PFOS occurrence in finished drinking water is the central issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Fort Campbell Water System averaged about 24.8 ppt PFOS and Savannah Valley Utility District had a 35 ppt PFOA result (ref 1), above federal MCLs.","service":"TDEC's sampling page (ref 6) describes notification of systems, not service restrictions, and none appear in ref 1.","scale":"Sixteen Tennessee systems averaged above 4 ppt (estimated 331,674 people), and 37 of 277 sampled had a result above 4 ppt (refs 1, 5).","duration":"Tennessee UCMR 5 sampling ran January 2023 to May 2026 (ref 1); TDEC's source-water data file was last updated February 2026 (ref 6).","significance":"TDEC's statewide source-water program (ref 6) and the final federal MCLs (ref 3) are the formal framework; no Tennessee PFAS order was found."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":331674,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served (ref 5) for the 16 systems whose UCMR 5 average PFOA or PFOS exceeds 4 ppt (ref 1). Derived from EPA UCMR 5 results: each PFOA and PFOS result was converted from ug/L to ppt, non-detects counted as zero, and averaged over all of the system's samples for that compound; a system counts when either average exceeds 4.0 ppt. UCMR 5 results are occurrence data, not compliance running annual averages."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"16 Tennessee systems average above 4 ppt PFOA or PFOS in UCMR 5; 37 of 277 had at least one result above 4 ppt."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems with UCMR 5 average PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt","value":16,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Derived from EPA UCMR 5 results: each PFOA and PFOS result was converted from ug/L to ppt, non-detects counted as zero, and averaged over all of the system's samples for that compound; a system counts when either average exceeds 4.0 ppt. UCMR 5 results are occurrence data, not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Systems with any UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS result above 4 ppt","value":37,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Count of the 277 TN systems in the UCMR 5 file with at least one detected PFOA or PFOS result above 0.004 ug/L."},{"name":"Highest single UCMR 5 PFOA result","value":35,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"SAVANNAH VALLEY U. D. (TN0000613)."},{"name":"Highest single UCMR 5 PFOS result","value":27.3,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"FORT CAMPBELL WATER SYSTEM (TN0000820)."},{"name":"Population served by systems averaging above 4 ppt","value":331674,"unit":"people","status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served. Largest: JACKSON WATER SYSTEM (TN0000299, 91111; PFOA 0.0/PFOS 7.6); FORT CAMPBELL WATER SYSTEM (TN0000820, 43270; PFOA 5.8/PFOS 24.8); SHELBYVILLE WATER SYSTEM (TN0000628, 36813; PFOA 5.8/PFOS 4.0). FORT CAMPBELL WATER SYSTEM (TN0000820) had the highest average, about 5.8 ppt PFOA and 24.8 ppt PFOS."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["PFAS treatment capital needs for systems above the federal MCLs"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring round per system (2023-2025), so no comparable trend is available."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Federal standard setter (PFAS NPDWR, UCMR 5)"}],"public_contact":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Water Resources (tn.gov/environment)","corrective_actions":["TDEC notifies public water systems with raw-water PFAS detections and encourages finished-water testing (ref 6)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Occurrence Data from the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-08-28","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA Announces It Will Keep Maximum Contaminant Levels for PFOA, PFOS","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2025-05-14","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-announces-it-will-keep-maximum-contaminant-levels-pfoa-pfos","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system records, TN (Envirofacts)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TN/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"TDEC PFAS Statewide Sampling Effort","publisher":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation","date":"2026-02-25","url":"https://www.tn.gov/environment/policy/pfas/tdec-pfas-sampling.html","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (eastern-state UCMR 5 PFAS pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TN-FORT-CAMPBELL-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-VA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Virginia systems with PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt in UCMR 5 testing","description":"EPA's final UCMR 5 data show 7 Virginia public water systems whose average PFOA or PFOS result exceeds the 4.0 ppt federal limit, and 20 of 171 sampled systems with at least one result above 4 ppt. Virginia has no separate state PFAS MCL; VDH's Office of Drinking Water is working with waterworks to meet the federal limits and maintains a PFAS sampling map. UCMR averages are occurrence data, not compliance determinations, and federal compliance is due in 2029 with a proposed option to extend to 2031.","location":{"name":"Virginia public water systems","type":"Statewide set of public water systems","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Systems under VA primacy sampled for EPA UCMR 5, 2023-2026","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOA and PFOS occurrence in finished drinking water is the central issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Bealeton Regional averaged about 15.3 ppt PFOA and 9.4 ppt PFOS, with a 44.6 ppt PFOA result (ref 1), above federal MCLs.","service":"VDH's PFAS page (ref 6) lists no drinking-water advisory tied to these results, and none appears in ref 1.","scale":"Seven Virginia systems averaged above 4 ppt, serving an estimated 309,928 people, led by Prince William Water's eastern system (refs 1, 5).","duration":"Virginia UCMR 5 sampling ran January 2023 to January 2026 (ref 1); VDH updated its federal-rule guidance in June 2026 (ref 6).","significance":"VDH (ref 6) is implementing the final federal MCLs (ref 3); no Virginia PFAS enforcement order appears."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":309928,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served (ref 5) for the 7 systems whose UCMR 5 average PFOA or PFOS exceeds 4 ppt (ref 1). Derived from EPA UCMR 5 results: each PFOA and PFOS result was converted from ug/L to ppt, non-detects counted as zero, and averaged over all of the system's samples for that compound; a system counts when either average exceeds 4.0 ppt. UCMR 5 results are occurrence data, not compliance running annual averages."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"7 Virginia systems average above 4 ppt PFOA or PFOS in UCMR 5; 20 of 171 had at least one result above 4 ppt."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems with UCMR 5 average PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt","value":7,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Derived from EPA UCMR 5 results: each PFOA and PFOS result was converted from ug/L to ppt, non-detects counted as zero, and averaged over all of the system's samples for that compound; a system counts when either average exceeds 4.0 ppt. UCMR 5 results are occurrence data, not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Systems with any UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS result above 4 ppt","value":20,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Count of the 171 VA systems in the UCMR 5 file with at least one detected PFOA or PFOS result above 0.004 ug/L."},{"name":"Highest single UCMR 5 PFOA result","value":44.6,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"BEALETON REGIONAL (VA6061129)."},{"name":"Highest single UCMR 5 PFOS result","value":31.1,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"BEALETON REGIONAL (VA6061129)."},{"name":"Population served by systems averaging above 4 ppt","value":309928,"unit":"people","status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served. Largest: PWCSA - EAST (VA6153600, 168747; PFOA 5.0/PFOS 4.0); DALE CITY (VA6153625, 72062; PFOA 4.4/PFOS 2.5); FORT BELVOIR (VA6059450, 39303; PFOA 4.5/PFOS 3.0). BEALETON REGIONAL (VA6061129) had the highest average, about 15.3 ppt PFOA and 9.4 ppt PFOS."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["PFAS treatment capital needs for systems above the federal MCLs"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring round per system (2023-2025), so no comparable trend is available."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Federal standard setter (PFAS NPDWR, UCMR 5)"}],"public_contact":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water (vdh.virginia.gov/drinking-water)","corrective_actions":["VDH ODW is working with utilities to monitor PFAS and evaluate treatment for federal compliance (ref 6)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Occurrence Data from the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-08-28","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA Announces It Will Keep Maximum Contaminant Levels for PFOA, PFOS","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2025-05-14","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-announces-it-will-keep-maximum-contaminant-levels-pfoa-pfos","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system records, VA (Envirofacts)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"PFAS (Office of Drinking Water)","publisher":"Virginia Department of Health","date":"2026-06-09","url":"https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/drinking-water/pfas/","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (eastern-state UCMR 5 PFAS pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-VA-PWW-EAST-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-WV-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"West Virginia systems with PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt in UCMR 5 testing","description":"EPA's final UCMR 5 data show 10 West Virginia public water systems whose average PFOA or PFOS result exceeds the 4.0 ppt federal limit, and 21 of 103 sampled systems with at least one result above 4 ppt. West Virginia has no separate state PFAS MCL in the sources reviewed; DuPont and Chemours funded carbon filtration for several Mid-Ohio Valley systems affected by the Washington Works plant. UCMR averages are occurrence data, not compliance determinations, and federal compliance is due in 2029 with a proposed option to extend to 2031.","location":{"name":"West Virginia public water systems","type":"Statewide set of public water systems","state":"WV","states":["WV"],"detail":"Systems under WV primacy sampled for EPA UCMR 5, 2023-2026","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOA and PFOS occurrence in finished drinking water is the central issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Lubeck PSD had one UCMR 5 PFOA result of 179.5 ppt (its other was non-detect) and New Martinsville one PFOS result of 121.8 ppt (ref 1); Parkersburg averaged about 29 ppt PFOA.","service":"The News and Sentinel (ref 6) describes filtration at Lubeck rather than any supply interruption, and ref 1 shows none.","scale":"Ten West Virginia systems averaged above 4 ppt (estimated 97,598 people), clustered in the Mid-Ohio Valley, with 21 of 103 sampled exceeding 4 ppt at least once (refs 1, 5).","duration":"West Virginia samples run January 2023 to May 2026 (ref 1); the News and Sentinel (ref 6) says Lubeck's filtration has been in place for more than a decade.","significance":"Final federal MCLs (ref 3) are the benchmark; ref 6 reports state testing results, not enforcement."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":97598,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served (ref 5) for the 10 systems whose UCMR 5 average PFOA or PFOS exceeds 4 ppt (ref 1). Derived from EPA UCMR 5 results: each PFOA and PFOS result was converted from ug/L to ppt, non-detects counted as zero, and averaged over all of the system's samples for that compound; a system counts when either average exceeds 4.0 ppt. UCMR 5 results are occurrence data, not compliance running annual averages."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"10 West Virginia systems average above 4 ppt PFOA or PFOS in UCMR 5; 21 of 103 had at least one result above 4 ppt."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems with UCMR 5 average PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt","value":10,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Derived from EPA UCMR 5 results: each PFOA and PFOS result was converted from ug/L to ppt, non-detects counted as zero, and averaged over all of the system's samples for that compound; a system counts when either average exceeds 4.0 ppt. UCMR 5 results are occurrence data, not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Systems with any UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS result above 4 ppt","value":21,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Count of the 103 WV systems in the UCMR 5 file with at least one detected PFOA or PFOS result above 0.004 ug/L."},{"name":"Highest single UCMR 5 PFOA result","value":179.5,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"LUBECK PSD (WV3305404)."},{"name":"Highest single UCMR 5 PFOS result","value":121.8,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"NEW MARTINSVILLE (WV3305203)."},{"name":"Population served by systems averaging above 4 ppt","value":97598,"unit":"people","status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served. Largest: PARKERSBURG UTILITY BOARD (WV3305407, 34251; PFOA 29.1/PFOS 0.0); WEIRTON AREA WATER BOARD (WV3300516, 19676; PFOA 1.0/PFOS 5.9); LUBECK PSD (WV3305404, 11724; PFOA 89.8/PFOS 0.0). LUBECK PSD (WV3305404) had the highest average, about 89.8 ppt PFOA and 0 ppt PFOS."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["PFAS treatment capital needs for systems above the federal MCLs"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring round per system (2023-2025), so no comparable trend is available."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"West Virginia Bureau for Public Health","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Federal standard setter (PFAS NPDWR, UCMR 5)"}],"public_contact":"West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Office of Environmental Health Services","corrective_actions":["Parkersburg Utility Board is building a $21.5 million GAC facility (see US-WV-PARKERSBURG-PFAS-UCMR5-2026)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Occurrence Data from the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-08-28","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA Announces It Will Keep Maximum Contaminant Levels for PFOA, PFOS","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2025-05-14","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-announces-it-will-keep-maximum-contaminant-levels-pfoa-pfos","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system records, WV (Envirofacts)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WV/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"Lingering concerns: West Virginia announces levels of forever chemicals in public water supplies","publisher":"Parkersburg News and Sentinel","date":"2023-05-18","url":"https://www.newsandsentinel.com/news/business/2023/05/lingering-concerns-west-virginia-announces-levels-of-forever-chemicals-in-public-water-supplies/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (eastern-state UCMR 5 PFAS pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-WV-PARKERSBURG-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-MULTI-CHEMOURS-PFAS-2026"]},{"id":"US-WI-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Wisconsin systems with PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt in UCMR 5 testing","description":"EPA's final UCMR 5 data show 8 Wisconsin public water systems whose average PFOA or PFOS result exceeds the 4.0 ppt federal limit, and 21 of 202 sampled systems with at least one result above 4 ppt. Wisconsin set 70 ppt PFOA and PFOS MCLs in 2022; ECOS reports the governor signed updates in March 2026 adopting an enforceable 4.0 ppt standard, which the Natural Resources Board approved in January 2026. UCMR averages are occurrence data, not compliance determinations, and federal compliance is due in 2029 with a proposed option to extend to 2031.","location":{"name":"Wisconsin public water systems","type":"Statewide set of public water systems","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"Systems under WI primacy sampled for EPA UCMR 5, 2023-2026","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOA and PFOS occurrence in finished drinking water is the central issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Tomahawk Waterworks averaged about 20 ppt PFOA and Prairie du Chien had a 39 ppt PFOS result (ref 1), above Wisconsin's new 4.0 ppt standard (ref 7).","service":"Refs 1, 6 and 7 document no Wisconsin service restriction linked to the UCMR 5 results.","scale":"Eight Wisconsin systems averaged above 4 ppt (estimated 49,126 people), and 21 of 202 sampled had a result above 4 ppt across the state (refs 1, 5).","duration":"Wisconsin samples run January 2023 to February 2026 (ref 1); the state moved from a 70 ppt rule (2022, ref 6) to 4.0 ppt in 2026 (ref 7).","significance":"Wisconsin adopted an enforceable 4.0 ppt standard in 2026 (ref 7), matching the federal MCLs (ref 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":49126,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served (ref 5) for the 8 systems whose UCMR 5 average PFOA or PFOS exceeds 4 ppt (ref 1). Derived from EPA UCMR 5 results: each PFOA and PFOS result was converted from ug/L to ppt, non-detects counted as zero, and averaged over all of the system's samples for that compound; a system counts when either average exceeds 4.0 ppt. UCMR 5 results are occurrence data, not compliance running annual averages."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"8 Wisconsin systems average above 4 ppt PFOA or PFOS in UCMR 5; 21 of 202 had at least one result above 4 ppt."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems with UCMR 5 average PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt","value":8,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Derived from EPA UCMR 5 results: each PFOA and PFOS result was converted from ug/L to ppt, non-detects counted as zero, and averaged over all of the system's samples for that compound; a system counts when either average exceeds 4.0 ppt. UCMR 5 results are occurrence data, not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Systems with any UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS result above 4 ppt","value":21,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Count of the 202 WI systems in the UCMR 5 file with at least one detected PFOA or PFOS result above 0.004 ug/L."},{"name":"Highest single UCMR 5 PFOA result","value":21,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"TOMAHAWK WATERWORKS (WI7350127)."},{"name":"Highest single UCMR 5 PFOS result","value":39,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"PRAIRIE DU CHIEN WATERWORKS (WI6120250)."},{"name":"Population served by systems averaging above 4 ppt","value":49126,"unit":"people","status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served. Largest: MARSHFIELD UTILITIES (WI7720165, 18815; PFOA 0.0/PFOS 4.3); RHINELANDER WATER & WASTEWATER (WI7440126, 8234; PFOA 4.8/PFOS 0.0); PRAIRIE DU CHIEN WATERWORKS (WI6120250, 6005; PFOA 0.0/PFOS 8.3). TOMAHAWK WATERWORKS (WI7350127) had the highest average, about 20 ppt PFOA and 0 ppt PFOS."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["PFAS treatment capital needs for systems above the federal MCLs"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring round per system (2023-2025), so no comparable trend is available."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Federal standard setter (PFAS NPDWR, UCMR 5)"}],"public_contact":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Bureau of Drinking Water and Groundwater (dnr.wisconsin.gov)","corrective_actions":["Wisconsin updated NR 809 to a 4.0 ppt PFOA and PFOS standard (ref 7)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Occurrence Data from the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-08-28","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA Announces It Will Keep Maximum Contaminant Levels for PFOA, PFOS","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2025-05-14","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-announces-it-will-keep-maximum-contaminant-levels-pfoa-pfos","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system records, WI (Envirofacts)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WI/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"2022 PFAS MCLs (NR 809)","publisher":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","date":null,"url":"https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/DrinkingWater/2022PFASMCLs.html","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":7,"title":"Wisconsin Adopts More Protective PFAS Drinking Water Standards","publisher":"Environmental Council of the States","date":"2026-03-06","url":"https://www.ecos.org/news-and-updates/wisconsin-adopts-more-protective-pfas-drinking-water-standards/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (eastern-state UCMR 5 PFAS pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IN-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Indiana systems with PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt in UCMR 5 testing","description":"EPA's final UCMR 5 data show 4 Indiana public water systems whose average PFOA or PFOS result exceeds the 4.0 ppt federal limit, and 19 of 230 sampled systems with at least one result above 4 ppt. Indiana has no separate state PFAS MCL; IDEM's PFAS page lists the federal 4.0 ppt PFOA and PFOS MCLs, and IDEM ran PFAS sampling at community water systems from 2021. UCMR averages are occurrence data, not compliance determinations, and federal compliance is due in 2029 with a proposed option to extend to 2031.","location":{"name":"Indiana public water systems","type":"Statewide set of public water systems","state":"IN","states":["IN"],"detail":"Systems under IN primacy sampled for EPA UCMR 5, 2023-2026","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOA and PFOS occurrence in finished drinking water is the central issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Indiana American Water-Charlestown averaged about 13.1 ppt PFOA and Marysville Otisco Nabb had a 14.5 ppt PFOA result in UCMR 5 (ref 1), above the 4.0 ppt MCL IDEM cites (ref 6).","service":"No Indiana restriction linked to UCMR 5 PFAS appears in refs 1 or 6.","scale":"Four Indiana systems averaged above 4 ppt (estimated 36,021 people) and 19 of 230 sampled had at least one result above 4 ppt statewide (refs 1, 5).","duration":"Indiana samples run January 2023 to January 2026 (ref 1); IDEM's own community-system PFAS sampling began in 2021 (ref 6).","significance":"IDEM implements the final federal MCLs (refs 3, 6); no Indiana PFAS enforcement action was found."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":36021,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served (ref 5) for the 4 systems whose UCMR 5 average PFOA or PFOS exceeds 4 ppt (ref 1). Derived from EPA UCMR 5 results: each PFOA and PFOS result was converted from ug/L to ppt, non-detects counted as zero, and averaged over all of the system's samples for that compound; a system counts when either average exceeds 4.0 ppt. UCMR 5 results are occurrence data, not compliance running annual averages."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"4 Indiana systems average above 4 ppt PFOA or PFOS in UCMR 5; 19 of 230 had at least one result above 4 ppt."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems with UCMR 5 average PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt","value":4,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Derived from EPA UCMR 5 results: each PFOA and PFOS result was converted from ug/L to ppt, non-detects counted as zero, and averaged over all of the system's samples for that compound; a system counts when either average exceeds 4.0 ppt. UCMR 5 results are occurrence data, not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Systems with any UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS result above 4 ppt","value":19,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Count of the 230 IN systems in the UCMR 5 file with at least one detected PFOA or PFOS result above 0.004 ug/L."},{"name":"Highest single UCMR 5 PFOA result","value":14.5,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"MARYSVILLE OTISCO NABB WATER CORP. (IN5210006)."},{"name":"Highest single UCMR 5 PFOS result","value":10.5,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"BROWN COUNTY WATER UTILITY (IN5207001)."},{"name":"Population served by systems averaging above 4 ppt","value":36021,"unit":"people","status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served. Largest: RAMSEY WATER COMPANY, INC. (IN5231005, 16475; PFOA 4.6/PFOS 0.0); INDIANA AMERICAN WATER - CHARLESTOWN (IN5210003, 8658; PFOA 13.1/PFOS 0.0); MARYSVILLE OTISCO NABB WATER CORP. (IN5210006, 6813; PFOA 6.8/PFOS 0.0). INDIANA AMERICAN WATER - CHARLESTOWN (IN5210003) had the highest average, about 13.1 ppt PFOA and 0 ppt PFOS."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["PFAS treatment capital needs for systems above the federal MCLs"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring round per system (2023-2025), so no comparable trend is available."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Federal standard setter (PFAS NPDWR, UCMR 5)"}],"public_contact":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management, Drinking Water Branch (in.gov/idem)","corrective_actions":["Indiana American Water put the state's first public-system PFAS treatment online at Charlestown in December 2025 (see related record)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Occurrence Data from the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-08-28","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA Announces It Will Keep Maximum Contaminant Levels for PFOA, PFOS","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2025-05-14","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-announces-it-will-keep-maximum-contaminant-levels-pfoa-pfos","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system records, IN (Envirofacts)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IN/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)","publisher":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management","date":"2026-05-06","url":"https://www.in.gov/idem/resources/per-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (eastern-state UCMR 5 PFAS pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IN-CHARLESTOWN-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-PR-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Puerto Rico systems with PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt in UCMR 5 testing","description":"EPA's final UCMR 5 data show 7 Puerto Rico public water systems whose average PFOA or PFOS result exceeds the 4.0 ppt federal limit, and 28 of 99 sampled systems with at least one result above 4 ppt. Puerto Rico has no separate PFAS standard in the sources reviewed; PRASA said in April 2024 that sampling had found PFAS in 13 systems and that public notices had been issued. UCMR averages are occurrence data, not compliance determinations, and federal compliance is due in 2029 with a proposed option to extend to 2031.","location":{"name":"Puerto Rico public water systems","type":"Statewide set of public water systems","state":"PR","states":["PR"],"detail":"Systems under PR primacy sampled for EPA UCMR 5, 2023-2026","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOA and PFOS occurrence in finished drinking water is the central issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Aibonito La Plata had a 46.7 ppt PFOS result and Ponce Urbano a 25.6 ppt PFOS result in UCMR 5 (ref 1), above the 4 ppt federal MCL.","service":"PRASA's director told Metro (ref 6) that public notifications went to customers of the 13 systems where PFAS were detected, naming Ponce, Aibonito and Salinas.","scale":"Seven Puerto Rico systems averaged above 4 ppt, serving an estimated 188,017 people, led by Ponce Urbano at 113,972 (refs 1, 5).","duration":"Puerto Rico samples span January 2023 to January 2026 (ref 1), and PRASA's sampling program ran through 2025 (ref 6).","significance":"Comparison is to the final federal MCLs (ref 3); PRASA's public notices (ref 6) are formal notifications."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":188017,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served (ref 5) for the 7 systems whose UCMR 5 average PFOA or PFOS exceeds 4 ppt (ref 1). Derived from EPA UCMR 5 results: each PFOA and PFOS result was converted from ug/L to ppt, non-detects counted as zero, and averaged over all of the system's samples for that compound; a system counts when either average exceeds 4.0 ppt. UCMR 5 results are occurrence data, not compliance running annual averages."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"7 Puerto Rico systems average above 4 ppt PFOA or PFOS in UCMR 5; 28 of 99 had at least one result above 4 ppt."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems with UCMR 5 average PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt","value":7,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Derived from EPA UCMR 5 results: each PFOA and PFOS result was converted from ug/L to ppt, non-detects counted as zero, and averaged over all of the system's samples for that compound; a system counts when either average exceeds 4.0 ppt. UCMR 5 results are occurrence data, not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Systems with any UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS result above 4 ppt","value":28,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Count of the 99 PR systems in the UCMR 5 file with at least one detected PFOA or PFOS result above 0.004 ug/L."},{"name":"Highest single UCMR 5 PFOA result","value":22,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"EXPERIMENTAL (PR0004604)."},{"name":"Highest single UCMR 5 PFOS result","value":46.7,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"AIBONITO LA PLATA (PR0004545)."},{"name":"Population served by systems averaging above 4 ppt","value":188017,"unit":"people","status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served. Largest: PONCE URBANO (PR0003824, 113972; PFOA 0.3/PFOS 7.2); CIDRA URBANO (PR0004695, 34424; PFOA 0.0/PFOS 7.7); AIBONITO LA PLATA (PR0004545, 16354; PFOA 0.0/PFOS 7.2). U.C.P.R (PR0458104) had the highest average, about 0 ppt PFOA and 15.5 ppt PFOS."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["PFAS treatment capital needs for systems above the federal MCLs"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring round per system (2023-2025), so no comparable trend is available."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Puerto Rico Department of Health (primacy agency)","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Federal standard setter (PFAS NPDWR, UCMR 5)"}],"public_contact":"Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority (PRASA/AAA) customer service","corrective_actions":["PRASA issued public notices to customers of systems with PFAS detections (ref 6)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Occurrence Data from the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-08-28","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA Announces It Will Keep Maximum Contaminant Levels for PFOA, PFOS","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2025-05-14","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-announces-it-will-keep-maximum-contaminant-levels-pfoa-pfos","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system records, PR (Envirofacts)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/PR/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"Cómo la AAA cumplirá con nuevas regulaciones de la EPA para contaminantes en agua potable","publisher":"Metro Puerto Rico","date":"2024-04-12","url":"https://www.metro.pr/noticias/2024/04/12/como-la-aaa-cumplira-con-nuevas-regulaciones-de-la-epa-para-contaminantes-en-agua-potable/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (eastern-state UCMR 5 PFAS pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-FL-MIAMI-DADE-WASD-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Miami-Dade WASD main system PFOS above federal limit in UCMR 5","description":"EPA UCMR 5 results for Miami-Dade Water and Sewer Department's main system average about 14.2 ppt PFOS and 5.4 ppt PFOA, with the Hialeah plant averaging about 31 ppt PFOS. The county says its Water Reset program will address emerging contaminants such as PFAS; no system-wide PFAS treatment is in place in the sources reviewed.","location":{"name":"Miami-Dade WASD Main System","type":"County utility service area","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Hialeah, Preston and Alexander Orr plants; Miami-Dade County","counties":["Miami-Dade"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"FL4130871","coordinates":{"lat":25.775163,"lon":-80.208615,"precision":"city","source_ref":5}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS occurrence in the system's finished water is the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Hialeah WTP finished water measured 33.0 ppt PFOS (ref 1), about eight times the 4.0 ppt federal MCL; no compliance violation has been determined yet.","service":"NBC 6 (ref 7) and the county program page (ref 6) describe no boil, do-not-drink or restriction order for WASD customers over PFAS.","scale":"SDWIS lists 2,377,460 people served by the WASD main system (ref 2), the largest system above 4 ppt in the eastern states.","duration":"Elevated PFOS was found at all three main plants in UCMR 5 samples from November 2023 to May 2024 (ref 1), and treatment upgrades remain at program stage (ref 6).","significance":"The federal 4.0 ppt PFOS MCL is a final regulation with compliance due in 2029, with a proposed option to 2031 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":2377460,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"Main-system UCMR 5 average about 14.2 ppt PFOS (Hialeah WTP about 31 ppt)."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOS, main system","value":14.2,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOA, main system","value":5.4,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOS result (Hialeah WTP)","value":33,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Water Reset infrastructure program includes PFAS (ref 6)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring round per system (2023-2025), so no comparable trend is available."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Miami-Dade Water and Sewer Department","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Miami-Dade 311 Contact Center","corrective_actions":["Water Reset program to address emerging contaminants including PFAS at the treatment plants (ref 6)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record FL4130871 (MDWASA - Main System)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/FL4130871/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS geographic area served, FL4130871","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/GEOGRAPHIC_AREA/PWSID/FL4130871/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, FL","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_12.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"},{"ref":6,"title":"Water Reset Program","publisher":"Miami-Dade County","date":null,"url":"https://www.miamidade.gov/global/water/water-reset-program.page","basis":"Utility record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":7,"title":"Are forever chemicals in my tap water? For many in South Florida, the answer is yes","publisher":"NBC 6 South Florida","date":"2024-10-12","url":"https://www.nbcmiami.com/responds/forever-chemicals-tap-water-south-florida/3442603/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (eastern-state UCMR 5 PFAS pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (4). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-FL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-FL-FKAA-DEAN-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Florida Keys Aqueduct Authority PFOS about 46 ppt; treatment in design and construction","description":"The Florida Keys Aqueduct Authority's J. Robert Dean plant in Florida City, which supplies the Keys from the Biscayne Aquifer, averaged about 46 ppt PFOS and 9 ppt PFOA in UCMR 5. FKAA has run a GAC pilot and feasibility study and has been in treatment design and construction since July 2024, citing an April 2031 compliance deadline.","location":{"name":"FKAA J. Robert Dean Water Treatment Plant","type":"Regional water authority treatment plant","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Florida City, Miami-Dade County; serves the Florida Keys","counties":["Miami-Dade","Monroe"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"FL4134357","coordinates":{"lat":25.444071,"lon":-80.467665,"precision":"city","source_ref":5}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS occurrence in the system's finished water is the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 entry-point PFOS was 50.3 ppt in September 2023 and 42.0 ppt in April 2024 (ref 1), more than ten times the 4.0 ppt MCL; FKAA's own slides show Biscayne groundwater above the limit (ref 6).","service":"FKAA's July 2025 presentation (ref 6) covers treatment planning only; no supply restriction is reported.","scale":"SDWIS lists 86,000 people served by the J. Robert Dean plant system (ref 2).","duration":"FKAA ran a GAC pilot from August 2019 to July 2021 and has been in design and construction since July 16, 2024 (ref 6), so the exposure is multi-year.","significance":"FKAA plans against the federal PFOA and PFOS MCLs with a compliance deadline it lists as April 2031 (refs 3, 6)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":86000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"UCMR 5 average PFOS about 46 ppt at the J. Robert Dean plant."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOS","value":46.1,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOA","value":9.1,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Florida City lime softening plant capacity","value":23.8,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"FKAA presentation (ref 6)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["FKAA compared treatment options with 20-year costs up to about $315 million (ref 6)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring round per system (2023-2025), so no comparable trend is available."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Florida Keys Aqueduct Authority","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Florida Keys Aqueduct Authority customer service","corrective_actions":["Treatment system design and construction under way since July 2024, after comparing GAC, ion exchange, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis options (ref 6)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record FL4134357 (FKAA J. Robert Dean W.T.P.)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/FL4134357/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS geographic area served, FL4134357","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/GEOGRAPHIC_AREA/PWSID/FL4134357/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, FL","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_12.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"},{"ref":6,"title":"Approach to Remedy PFAS in Biscayne Aquifer (FKNMS WQPP Steering Committee)","publisher":"Florida Keys Aqueduct Authority","date":"2025-07-24","url":"https://gis.myfwc.com/FKNMS_WQPP/docs/wqpp/data/20250724/3_FKAA%20PFAS%20Remediation_WQPP_2025.07.24.pdf","basis":"Utility record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (eastern-state UCMR 5 PFAS pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-FL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-FL-PALM-BEACH-WUD-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Palm Beach County WTP 2 and 8 PFAS above federal limit; membrane plants planned","description":"Palm Beach County Water Utilities' WTP 2 averaged about 19 ppt PFOS and WTP 8 about 10.5 ppt PFOS in UCMR 5. The county says three of its five plants comply with the 4 ppt limits and that new membrane treatment facilities at WTPs 2 and 8, each estimated at $250 million, are needed to meet the federal deadline.","location":{"name":"Palm Beach County Water Utilities","type":"County utility service area","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Central Palm Beach County plants WTP 2 and WTP 8; West Palm Beach area","counties":["Palm Beach"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"FL4504393","coordinates":{"lat":26.745114,"lon":-80.127038,"precision":"city","source_ref":5}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS occurrence in the system's finished water is the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"WTP 2 measured up to 20 ppt PFOS and 9 ppt PFOA in UCMR 5 (ref 1), and the county reports PFOS and PFOA averages of 10 to 20 ppt at WTPs 2 and 8 (ref 6).","service":"A neighboring utility notice relaying the county's statement (ref 8) reports compliance with current regulations and no restriction.","scale":"SDWIS lists 671,114 people served by Palm Beach County Water Utilities (ref 2).","duration":"UCMR 5 samples from November 2024 to August 2025 (ref 1) and the county's July 2026 plan (ref 6) show the gap persisting until new plants are built.","significance":"The county is planning to the federal MCLs (ref 3), and its October 2025 state funding request says WTP 8 lacks effective PFAS removal (ref 7)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":671114,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"WTP 2 UCMR 5 average about 19 ppt PFOS; county reports 10-20 ppt at WTPs 2 and 8."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOS, system","value":7.4,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOS, WTP 2","value":19,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Estimated cost per membrane plant (WTP 2, WTP 8)","value":250000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"County presentation, July 16, 2026 (ref 6)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Two membrane plants estimated at $250 million each (ref 6)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring round per system (2023-2025), so no comparable trend is available."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Palm Beach County Water Utilities Department","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Palm Beach County Water Utilities Department customer service","corrective_actions":["Membrane treatment facilities planned at WTP 2 and WTP 8 (ref 6)","State funding requested for a nanofiltration plant at WTP 8 (ref 7)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record FL4504393 (Palm Beach County Water Utilities)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/FL4504393/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS geographic area served, FL4504393","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/GEOGRAPHIC_AREA/PWSID/FL4504393/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, FL","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_12.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"},{"ref":6,"title":"WTP 2 and 8 Improvements","publisher":"Palm Beach County Water Utilities Department","date":"2026-07-16","url":"https://discover.pbc.gov/wrtf/PDF/Presentations/07-16-2026_WTP_2_and_8_Improvements.pdf","basis":"Utility record"},{"ref":7,"title":"Local Funding Initiative Request FY2026-27 #1109: Water Treatment Plant No. 8 Membrane Expansion","publisher":"The Florida Senate","date":"2025-10-20","url":"https://www.flsenate.gov/PublishedContent/Session/FiscalYear/FY2026-27/LocalFundingInitiativeRequests/FY2026-27_S1109.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":8,"title":"Understanding PFAS (customer notice)","publisher":"Seacoast Utility Authority","date":"2025-05-20","url":"https://www.sua.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PFAS.pdf","basis":"Utility record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (eastern-state UCMR 5 PFAS pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-FL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-FL-ECUA-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Emerald Coast Utilities Authority PFAS wells and GAC treatment buildout","description":"UCMR 5 found PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt at several Emerald Coast Utilities Authority wells in the Pensacola area, including Spanish Trail at up to 35.7 ppt PFOS. ECUA says 14 wells had GAC treatment with 16 planned by the end of 2024, and FDEP links contamination near Pensacola International Airport to firefighting foam.","location":{"name":"Emerald Coast Utilities Authority","type":"Regional utility authority service area","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Pensacola and Escambia County well system","counties":["Escambia"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"FL1170525","coordinates":{"lat":30.440989,"lon":-87.191242,"precision":"city","source_ref":5}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS occurrence in the system's finished water is the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Spanish Trail well measured 35.7 ppt PFOS and 25.8 ppt PFOA, and Airport North averaged about 18.5 ppt PFOS (ref 1), well above federal limits.","service":"FDEP (ref 7) reports one ECUA well near Pensacola International Airport was shut down and another retrofitted with treatment.","scale":"SDWIS lists 242,172 people served by ECUA (ref 2).","duration":"ECUA has been removing wells and adding GAC since 2015 (ref 6), and UCMR 5 samples through September 2024 still show elevated wells (ref 1).","significance":"ECUA joined utility lawsuits against PFAS manufacturers and expects settlement funds to cover much of its remaining filtration cost (ref 6)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":242172,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"Highest ECUA well result 35.7 ppt PFOS (Spanish Trail) in UCMR 5."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOS, system","value":5.4,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOS result (Spanish Trail)","value":35.7,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Wells with GAC treatment by end of 2024 (planned)","value":16,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"ECUA 2024 annual report (ref 6)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Settlement funds expected to cover much of remaining GAC capital (ref 6)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring round per system (2023-2025), so no comparable trend is available."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Emerald Coast Utilities Authority","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator and site assessment lead"}],"public_contact":"Emerald Coast Utilities Authority customer service","corrective_actions":["GAC treatment on 14 wells, expanding to 16 by end of 2024 (ref 6)","One airport-area well shut down and one retrofitted with treatment (ref 7)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record FL1170525 (Emerald Coast Utilities Authority)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/FL1170525/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS geographic area served, FL1170525","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/GEOGRAPHIC_AREA/PWSID/FL1170525/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, FL","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_12.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"},{"ref":6,"title":"ECUA 2024 Annual Report","publisher":"Emerald Coast Utilities Authority","date":null,"url":"https://assets.ecua.fl.gov/ECUA_ANNUAL24-singles-FINAL.pdf","basis":"Utility record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":7,"title":"PFOA and PFOS Sampling Efforts Associated with Public Well Systems in Florida","publisher":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2025-07-09","url":"https://floridadep.gov/waste/waste-cleanup/content/pfoa-and-pfos-sampling-efforts-associated-public-well-systems-florida","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (eastern-state UCMR 5 PFAS pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (4). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-FL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-NJ-PVWC-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Passaic Valley Water Commission Little Falls plant PFOA above federal limit","description":"Passaic Valley Water Commission's 80 MGD Little Falls plant averaged about 9.9 ppt PFOA and 5.2 ppt PFOS in UCMR 5, above the 4 ppt federal limits though below New Jersey's 14 ppt PFOA MCL. PVWC hired Black and Veatch in 2024 for a $2 million planning and basis-of-design contract to meet the federal standards.","location":{"name":"Passaic Valley Water Commission","type":"Regional water commission service area","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Little Falls treatment plant; Passaic, Bergen, Essex, Hudson and Morris counties","counties":["Passaic","Bergen","Essex","Hudson","Morris"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NJ1605002","coordinates":{"lat":40.862137,"lon":-74.160393,"precision":"city","source_ref":5}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS occurrence in the system's finished water is the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Four UCMR 5 samples at Little Falls in 2024 ranged up to 11.5 ppt PFOA and 7.7 ppt PFOS (ref 1), above federal limits but under New Jersey's 14 and 13 ppt MCLs.","service":"PVWC's August 2024 release (ref 6) and its 2024 planning statement (ref 7) report no service disruption.","scale":"SDWIS lists 310,483 people served (ref 2); PVWC says it serves over 800,000 consumers including wholesale customers (ref 6).","duration":"Elevated PFOA appeared in every 2024 UCMR 5 sample (ref 1), and PVWC set an 18-month design schedule ahead of the 2029 deadline (ref 6).","significance":"PVWC is planning to the final federal MCLs (ref 3); no state violation is documented."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":310483,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"Little Falls UCMR 5 average about 9.9 ppt PFOA."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOA","value":9.9,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOS","value":5.2,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"PFAS planning and basis-of-design contract","value":2000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"PVWC release, August 28, 2024 (ref 6)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Little Falls plant upgrade required for federal compliance (ref 6)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring round per system (2023-2025), so no comparable trend is available."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Passaic Valley Water Commission","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"PVWC Customer Service, 973-340-4300","corrective_actions":["Black and Veatch planning and basis of design for Little Falls PFAS upgrades (ref 6)","Ion exchange PFAS treatment completed at West Milford's Nosenzo Pond wells in 2022 (ref 6)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record NJ1605002 (Passaic Valley Water Commission)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NJ1605002/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS geographic area served, NJ1605002","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/GEOGRAPHIC_AREA/PWSID/NJ1605002/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, NJ","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_34.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"},{"ref":6,"title":"Passaic Valley Water Commission Awards Contract for PFAS Planning and Basis of Design","publisher":"Passaic Valley Water Commission","date":"2024-08-28","url":"https://passaicvalleynj.prelive.opencities.com/files/assets/pvwc/v/1/documents/news-archive/aug-2024/black-and-veatch-awarded-contract.pdf","basis":"Utility record"},{"ref":7,"title":"Passaic Valley Water Commission planning to meet new EPA drinking water guidelines by 2029","publisher":"InsiderNJ (PVWC press release)","date":"2024-04-25","url":"https://www.insidernj.com/press-release/passaic-valley-water-commission-planning-to-meet-new-epa-drinking-water-guidelines-by-2029/","basis":"Utility record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (eastern-state UCMR 5 PFAS pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NJ-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-NJ-RIDGEWOOD-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Ridgewood Water PFOA above New Jersey MCL; 12 centralized GAC plants","description":"Ridgewood Water, serving Ridgewood, Glen Rock, Midland Park and Wyckoff, averaged about 18 ppt PFOA across 17 entry points in UCMR 5, with results up to 31.4 ppt. The NJ Infrastructure Bank says wells exceed New Jersey's 2020 standards, and the utility closed $18.5 million in loans to build 12 centralized GAC plants in phases through 2026.","location":{"name":"Ridgewood Water","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Ridgewood, Glen Rock, Midland Park and Wyckoff, Bergen County","counties":["Bergen"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NJ0251001","coordinates":{"lat":40.981591,"lon":-74.113506,"precision":"city","source_ref":5}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS occurrence in the system's finished water is the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The NJ I-Bank (ref 6) says Ridgewood's PFOA and PFOS exceed NJDEP's 2020 standards, and UCMR 5 Prospect TP measured 29.8 ppt PFOA (ref 1), above the 14 ppt state MCL.","service":"The I-Bank notice (ref 6) describes treatment construction, not any restriction on use.","scale":"SDWIS lists 61,700 people served across four Bergen County municipalities (refs 2, 4).","duration":"UCMR 5 found elevated PFOA from March 2023 to March 2025 (ref 1), and treatment is being completed in phases through 2026 (ref 6).","significance":"Exceedance of New Jersey's enforceable PFOA and PFOS standards is documented by a state financing agency (ref 6)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":61700,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"UCMR 5 average about 18.1 ppt PFOA across Ridgewood entry points."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOA","value":18.1,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOA result","value":31.4,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"NJ Water Bank loans for PFAS treatment","value":18547052,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"NJ I-Bank, January 26, 2026 (ref 6)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["$18.5 million in NJ Water Bank loans (ref 6)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring round per system (2023-2025), so no comparable trend is available."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Village of Ridgewood (Ridgewood Water)","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"New Jersey Infrastructure Bank","role":"Financing"}],"public_contact":"Ridgewood Water customer service","corrective_actions":["12 centralized GAC treatment plants and new raw-water pipelines, completed in phases through 2026 (ref 6)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record NJ0251001 (Ridgewood Water)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NJ0251001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS geographic area served, NJ0251001","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/GEOGRAPHIC_AREA/PWSID/NJ0251001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, NJ","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_34.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"},{"ref":6,"title":"Ridgewood Village GAC Treatment","publisher":"New Jersey Infrastructure Bank","date":"2026-01-26","url":"https://www.njib.gov/news/ridgewood-village-gac-treatment-695fe77ee83c4","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (eastern-state UCMR 5 PFAS pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NJ-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-GA-COLUMBUS-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Columbus Water Works Fort Benning plant PFOA above federal limit","description":"Columbus Water Works' Fort Benning plant averaged about 17 ppt PFOA in UCMR 5, with a 33.9 ppt result in October 2024, while its main Columbus plant stayed near the limit. The utility told the Ledger-Enquirer in 2023 it tests monthly, had launched a PFAS removal pilot, and is building treatment costs into its rate plan.","location":{"name":"Columbus Water Works","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Columbus and Fort Benning water plants, Muscogee County","counties":["Muscogee"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"GA2150000","coordinates":{"lat":32.510191,"lon":-84.874946,"precision":"city","source_ref":5}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS occurrence in the system's finished water is the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The Fort Benning plant's four 2024 UCMR 5 samples reached 33.9 ppt PFOA (ref 1), about eight times the federal MCL; the utility called detections of 3.8-13 ppt a small risk (ref 6).","service":"The Ledger-Enquirer report (ref 6) describes monitoring and a pilot, with no service restriction.","scale":"SDWIS lists 229,000 people served by Columbus Water Works (ref 2).","duration":"Monthly utility testing was finding PFAS in 2023 (ref 6), and UCMR 5 samples through October 2024 remained above 4 ppt (ref 1).","significance":"The utility is planning to the final federal MCLs (ref 3); no state action is documented."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":229000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"Fort Benning plant UCMR 5 average about 17 ppt PFOA; system average about 10.3 ppt."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOA, system","value":10.3,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOA, Fort Benning plant","value":17.1,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOA result","value":33.9,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Rate model includes PFAS treatment costs, funded with GEFA loans and bonds (ref 6)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring round per system (2023-2025), so no comparable trend is available."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Columbus Water Works","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Columbus Water Works customer service","corrective_actions":["PFAS removal pilot program launched in 2023 (ref 6)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record GA2150000 (Columbus)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/GA2150000/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS geographic area served, GA2150000","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/GEOGRAPHIC_AREA/PWSID/GA2150000/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, GA","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_13.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"},{"ref":6,"title":"Columbus Water Works is working to remove toxic chemicals detected in drinking water","publisher":"Columbus Ledger-Enquirer (via Yahoo News)","date":"2023-11-02","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/columbus-water-works-working-remove-100000052.html","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (eastern-state UCMR 5 PFAS pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-GA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-GA-AUGUSTA-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Augusta Utilities Bush Field plant PFOS about 11 times federal limit","description":"Augusta Utilities' Bush Field groundwater plant measured 51 ppt PFOS and 29.9 ppt PFOA in June 2023 UCMR 5 sampling, while its surface-water plants were non-detect. The utility director told WRDW a treatment train would mean roughly a 7% rate increase; Augusta received $3.7 million to study alternatives.","location":{"name":"Augusta Utilities (Augusta-Richmond County)","type":"Consolidated city-county utility service area","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Bush Field and Peachtree Orchard groundwater plants, Richmond County","counties":["Richmond"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"GA2450000","coordinates":{"lat":33.365531,"lon":-82.073422,"precision":"city","source_ref":5}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS occurrence in the system's finished water is the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Bush Field averaged about 43.7 ppt PFOS over two UCMR 5 samples (ref 1), which WRDW (ref 6) reports as 10.9 times the EPA limit; officials say the water is safe and compliant today.","service":"WRDW (ref 6) quotes officials saying the water remains safe to drink, with no restrictions.","scale":"SDWIS lists 204,000 people served by the Augusta-Richmond County system (ref 2).","duration":"Elevated PFOS was sampled in June and December 2023 (ref 1), and WRDW (ref 6) describes several years of debate over a fix as of March 2026.","significance":"Augusta is evaluating options against the final federal MCLs (ref 3); no enforcement is reported."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":204000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"Bush Field plant UCMR 5 PFOS average about 43.7 ppt (10.9 times the limit, per WRDW)."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOS, Bush Field plant","value":43.7,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOS result","value":51,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Study funding received","value":3700000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"WRDW, March 31, 2026 (ref 6)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Director estimates about a 7% rate increase for treatment (ref 6)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring round per system (2023-2025), so no comparable trend is available."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Augusta Utilities Department","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Augusta Utilities Department customer service","corrective_actions":["$3.7 million study of treatment alternatives (ref 6)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record GA2450000 (Augusta-Richmond Co WS)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/GA2450000/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS geographic area served, GA2450000","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/GEOGRAPHIC_AREA/PWSID/GA2450000/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, GA","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_13.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"},{"ref":6,"title":"Augusta water sample tests above EPA's new PFAS limit","publisher":"WRDW/WAGT News 12","date":"2026-03-31","url":"https://www.wrdw.com/2026/03/31/augusta-water-sample-tests-above-epas-new-pfos-limit/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (eastern-state UCMR 5 PFAS pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-GA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-AL-GADSDEN-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Gadsden Water Works PFOA and PFOS about six times federal limits","description":"Gadsden's Coosa River plant averaged about 23 ppt each of PFOA and PFOS in UCMR 5, among the highest averages for a large Alabama system. FRONTLINE reports the water board sued 3M and Georgia carpet companies, used settlement money for treatment, and broke ground on a reverse-osmosis plant set to open in spring 2027.","location":{"name":"Gadsden Water Works and Sewer Board","type":"Municipal water board service area","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Coosa River intake, Gadsden, Etowah County","counties":["Etowah"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AL0000577","coordinates":{"lat":34.006597,"lon":-86.016078,"precision":"city","source_ref":5}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS occurrence in the system's finished water is the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Gadsden's four UCMR 5 samples ranged 15.2-32.0 ppt PFOA and 16.5-32.4 ppt PFOS (ref 1); FRONTLINE (ref 6) says the water still has high PFAS despite filtration.","service":"FRONTLINE (ref 6) describes ongoing treatment efforts, not a do-not-drink advisory.","scale":"SDWIS lists 44,637 people served by the Gadsden water board (ref 2).","duration":"Contamination has persisted from the 2016 lawsuit through UCMR 5 samples in 2023-2024 (refs 1, 6), with the new plant due in 2027.","significance":"The water board's lawsuit against 3M and carpet companies produced settlement money for treatment (ref 6)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":44637,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"UCMR 5 averages about 23.5 ppt PFOA and 22.7 ppt PFOS."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOA","value":23.5,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOS","value":22.7,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOS result","value":32.4,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Reverse-osmosis plant funded partly by litigation settlements (ref 6)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring round per system (2023-2025), so no comparable trend is available."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Water Works and Sewer Board of the City of Gadsden","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Gadsden Water Works and Sewer Board customer service","corrective_actions":["Reverse-osmosis treatment plant under construction, set to open spring 2027 (ref 6)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record AL0000577 (Gadsden, The WWSB of the City of)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AL0000577/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS geographic area served, AL0000577","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/GEOGRAPHIC_AREA/PWSID/AL0000577/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, AL","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_01.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"},{"ref":6,"title":"How Georgia's Carpet Empire Contaminated Drinking Water in East Alabama","publisher":"FRONTLINE (PBS), with AL.com and The Atlanta Journal-Constitution","date":"2026-02-10","url":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/pfas-forever-chemicals-alabama-contaminated-drinking-water/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (eastern-state UCMR 5 PFAS pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-AL-SHELBY-COUNTY-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-GA-CALHOUN-PFAS-DRINKING-WATER"]},{"id":"US-AL-SHELBY-COUNTY-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Shelby County water PFAS from Coosa River intake; county suit proceeds","description":"Shelby County's water system averaged about 16 ppt PFOA and 12.6 ppt PFOS in UCMR 5, driven by the Talladega/Shelby plant on the Coosa River at about 23 ppt PFOA and 22 ppt PFOS. Shelby and Talladega counties are suing 3M, DuPont, Daikin and carpet makers for the cost of PFAS filtration; the case was allowed to proceed in April 2024.","location":{"name":"Shelby County Water Services","type":"County utility service area","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Talladega/Shelby WTP on the Coosa River and South WTP, Shelby County","counties":["Shelby"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AL0001671","coordinates":{"lat":33.191452,"lon":-86.615618,"precision":"city","source_ref":5}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS occurrence in the system's finished water is the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The Talladega/Shelby WTP's 2024 UCMR 5 samples reached 26.1 ppt PFOA and 27.7 ppt PFOS (ref 1), roughly six to seven times the federal limits.","service":"The counties' lawsuit release (ref 6) seeks future filtration costs and reports no service interruption.","scale":"SDWIS lists 40,101 people served by the Shelby County system (ref 2).","duration":"Elevated PFAS appeared in all four 2024 samples at the river plant (ref 1), and the counties say conventional treatment cannot remove it (ref 6).","significance":"Shelby and Talladega counties' lawsuit against PFAS makers was cleared to proceed after a stay in April 2024 (ref 6)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":40101,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"UCMR 5 system averages about 16.0 ppt PFOA and 12.6 ppt PFOS."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOA, system","value":16,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOS, system","value":12.6,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOA, Talladega/Shelby WTP","value":23,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Counties seek damages for a future PFAS filtration system (ref 6)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring round per system (2023-2025), so no comparable trend is available."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Shelby County Commission Water Services","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Shelby County Water Services customer service","corrective_actions":["County litigation seeking funding for PFAS filtration (ref 6)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record AL0001671 (Shelby County Commission-Water Services)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AL0001671/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS geographic area served, AL0001671","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/GEOGRAPHIC_AREA/PWSID/AL0001671/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, AL","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_01.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"},{"ref":6,"title":"Shelby, Talladega Counties' suit against 3M, others to proceed","publisher":"Beasley Allen (plaintiffs' counsel)","date":"2024-04-03","url":"https://www.beasleyallen.com/wp-content/uploads/2024-04-03-Press-Release-PDF-TT-Shelby-Talladega-FINAL-APPROVAL.pdf","basis":"Plaintiff press release"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (eastern-state UCMR 5 PFAS pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-AL-GADSDEN-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-WV-PARKERSBURG-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Parkersburg Utility Board PFOA (C8) and $21.5 million GAC project","description":"Parkersburg Utility Board's finished water measured 46.5 ppt and 11.7 ppt PFOA (C8) in 2023 UCMR 5 sampling, downstream of the Washington Works plant. PUB is building a 12-vessel granular activated carbon facility, costed at $21.48 million with state emerging-contaminant grant funding, with completion expected in spring 2027.","location":{"name":"Parkersburg Utility Board","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"WV","states":["WV"],"detail":"Parkersburg, Wood County, Mid-Ohio Valley","counties":["Wood"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WV3305407","coordinates":{"lat":39.261278,"lon":-81.54335,"precision":"city","source_ref":5}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS occurrence in the system's finished water is the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 PFOA was 46.5 ppt in June 2023 and 11.7 ppt in December 2023 (ref 1); PUB's manager said in 2024 the plant could not yet filter PFAS below EPA levels (ref 7).","service":"WTAP (refs 6, 7) describes treatment construction with no interruption to service.","scale":"SDWIS lists 34,251 people served (ref 2).","duration":"C8 has been tracked locally for years and the News and Sentinel reported 12 ppt in 2022 (ref 8); the GAC plant is not due until spring 2027 (ref 6).","significance":"PUB is building to meet the federal 4 ppt PFOA MCL (refs 3, 7); no enforcement action is reported."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":34251,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"UCMR 5 PFOA results of 46.5 and 11.7 ppt (average about 29 ppt)."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOA","value":29.1,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOA result","value":46.5,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"GAC project cost","value":21480000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"WTAP, May 20, 2025 (ref 6)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["GAC project funded by DWTRF Emergency Contaminant grants (ref 6)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring round per system (2023-2025), so no comparable trend is available."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Parkersburg Utility Board","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"West Virginia Bureau for Public Health","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Parkersburg Utility Board customer service","corrective_actions":["12-tank GAC building and new pump station under construction, completion expected spring 2027 (ref 6)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record WV3305407 (Parkersburg Utility Board)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/WV3305407/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS geographic area served, WV3305407","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/GEOGRAPHIC_AREA/PWSID/WV3305407/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, WV","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_54.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"},{"ref":6,"title":"Parkersburg Utility Board to make improvements to water treatment plant","publisher":"WTAP","date":"2025-05-20","url":"https://www.wtap.com/2025/05/20/parkersburg-utility-board-make-improvements-water-treatment-plant/","basis":"News"},{"ref":7,"title":"Design almost complete on Parkersburg Utility Board's PFAS treatment facility","publisher":"WTAP","date":"2024-04-10","url":"https://www.wtap.com/2024/04/10/design-almost-complete-parkersburg-utility-boards-pfas-treatment-facility/","basis":"News"},{"ref":8,"title":"Lingering concerns: West Virginia announces levels of forever chemicals in public water supplies","publisher":"Parkersburg News and Sentinel","date":"2023-05-18","url":"https://www.newsandsentinel.com/news/business/2023/05/lingering-concerns-west-virginia-announces-levels-of-forever-chemicals-in-public-water-supplies/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (eastern-state UCMR 5 PFAS pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-WV-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-MULTI-CHEMOURS-PFAS-2026"]},{"id":"US-SC-CHARLESTON-WATER-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Charleston Water System PFOS above federal limit; treatment at least $130M","description":"Charleston Water System averaged about 5.8 ppt PFOS and 4.3 ppt PFOA in 2025 UCMR 5 sampling, slightly above the federal limits. The utility's CEO estimated compliance treatment at at least $130 million in capital and $10-12 million a year to operate, and South Carolina has no state PFAS rules.","location":{"name":"Charleston Water System","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"Bushy Park Reservoir supply; Charleston County","counties":["Charleston"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"SC1010001","coordinates":{"lat":32.828017,"lon":-79.972896,"precision":"city","source_ref":5}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS occurrence in the system's finished water is the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Four 2025 UCMR 5 samples ranged up to 6.5 ppt PFOS (ref 1); the utility's December 2023 test found 5.56 ppt PFOS (ref 6), modestly above 4 ppt.","service":"Live 5 (ref 7) and the Post and Courier (ref 6) report monitoring and planning, not service limits.","scale":"SDWIS lists 278,771 people served (ref 2); the Post and Courier says Bushy Park supplies nearly half a million people (ref 6).","duration":"Live 5 (ref 7) reports voluntary PFAS testing since 2019, and UCMR 5 samples through December 2025 remain above 4 ppt PFOS (ref 1).","significance":"The utility has called the federal rule (ref 3) an unfunded mandate; there is no state PFAS rule (ref 7)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":278771,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"UCMR 5 average about 5.8 ppt PFOS (2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOS","value":5.8,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOA","value":4.3,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Estimated treatment capital cost (minimum)","value":130000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"CEO estimate, Post and Courier, April 2024 (ref 6)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Treatment estimated at $130 million or more plus $10-12 million a year (ref 6)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring round per system (2023-2025), so no comparable trend is available."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Charleston Water System","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Charleston Water System customer service","corrective_actions":["Continued voluntary PFAS monitoring and evaluation of treatment for federal compliance (refs 6, 7)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record SC1010001 (Charleston Water System)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/SC1010001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS geographic area served, SC1010001","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/GEOGRAPHIC_AREA/PWSID/SC1010001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, SC","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_45.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"},{"ref":6,"title":"Charleston's drinking water utility will soon need to remove forever chemicals","publisher":"The Post and Courier","date":"2024-04-14","url":"https://www.postandcourier.com/environment/charleston-pfas-drinking-water-forever-chemicals/article_5d36e348-f75d-11ee-a559-3f47369c04db.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":7,"title":"Charleston Water System monitoring PFAS despite halt on new regulations","publisher":"Live 5 News (WCSC)","date":"2025-02-26","url":"https://www.live5news.com/2025/02/26/charleston-water-system-monitoring-pfas-despite-halt-new-regulations/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (eastern-state UCMR 5 PFAS pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-SC-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-SC-COLUMBIA-WATER-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Columbia Water Canal plant PFOA and PFOS above federal limits","description":"Columbia Water's Canal plant averaged about 7.6 ppt PFOS and 5.8 ppt PFOA in UCMR 5, while the Lake Murray plant averaged below 4 ppt. The city has tested for PFAS twice a year since 2020 and said in April 2024 it would pursue ways to meet the new limits, including possible legal action to recover treatment costs from polluters.","location":{"name":"Columbia Water","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"Canal and Lake Murray treatment plants; Richland County","counties":["Richland"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"SC4010001","coordinates":{"lat":34.040519,"lon":-80.906099,"precision":"city","source_ref":5}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS occurrence in the system's finished water is the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Canal WTP results reached 8.6 ppt PFOS and 6.9 ppt PFOA between December 2024 and September 2025 (ref 1), about twice the federal limits.","service":"Columbia Water's PFAS page and April 2024 release (refs 6, 7) report no restrictions on use.","scale":"SDWIS lists 354,068 people served, the largest South Carolina system above 4 ppt (ref 2).","duration":"The state first sampled Columbia's two plants in June 2020 and the city has tested twice yearly since (ref 6); UCMR 5 shows elevated Canal results into 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"Columbia Water is reviewing compliance with the final federal MCLs (refs 3, 7); no enforcement action is reported."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":354068,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"Canal WTP UCMR 5 average about 7.6 ppt PFOS."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOS, Canal WTP","value":7.6,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOS, system","value":5.5,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOS result","value":8.6,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["City evaluating legal action to recover PFAS treatment costs (ref 7)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring round per system (2023-2025), so no comparable trend is available."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Columbia Water","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Columbia Water Customer Care, (803) 545-3300","corrective_actions":["Twice-yearly PFAS testing and evaluation of options to meet the federal MCLs (refs 6, 7)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record SC4010001 (Columbia City of)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/SC4010001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS geographic area served, SC4010001","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/GEOGRAPHIC_AREA/PWSID/SC4010001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, SC","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_45.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"},{"ref":6,"title":"PFAS Compounds and Your Drinking Water","publisher":"City of Columbia Water","date":"2020-08-31","url":"https://columbiascwater.net/pfas/","basis":"Utility record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":7,"title":"EPA PFAS Drinking Water Standards Announcement","publisher":"City of Columbia Water","date":"2024-04-10","url":"https://columbiascwater.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Columbia-Water-Press-Release-4.10.24_Final_Rev.pdf","basis":"Utility record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (eastern-state UCMR 5 PFAS pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-SC-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-TN-FORT-CAMPBELL-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Fort Campbell water system PFOS about six times federal limit","description":"The Fort Campbell Water System, which treats water in Tennessee for the Army post on the Kentucky line, averaged about 24.8 ppt PFOS and 5.8 ppt PFOA in UCMR 5. The Hoptown Chronicle reports it had the highest PFAS level among systems serving Kentuckians and that the post has faced PFAS water lawsuits.","location":{"name":"Fort Campbell Water System","type":"Military installation water system","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Fort Campbell water plant, Montgomery County, Tennessee; serves the Army post across the KY-TN line","counties":["Montgomery"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TN0000820"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS occurrence in the system's finished water is the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 PFOS ranged 22.2-27.3 ppt in four samples from July 2023 to January 2024 (ref 1); Hoptown Chronicle (ref 5) puts the average at 6.2 times the federal limit.","service":"The Hoptown Chronicle report (ref 5) does not describe any water restriction on the post.","scale":"SDWIS lists 43,270 people served (ref 2).","duration":"PFOS stayed above 20 ppt in every sample over six months of UCMR 5 monitoring (ref 1), and the March 2026 report (ref 5) describes no treatment.","significance":"Hoptown Chronicle (ref 5) reports the Army base has faced lawsuits over PFAS water contamination."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":43270,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"UCMR 5 average about 24.8 ppt PFOS."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOS","value":24.8,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOA","value":5.8,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOS result","value":27.3,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Federally operated installation system"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring round per system (2023-2025), so no comparable trend is available."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Army, Fort Campbell","role":"Owner"},{"name":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Fort Campbell Water System administrative contact listed in SDWIS (ref 2)","corrective_actions":["No treatment plan was identified in the cited sources; compliance with the federal MCL is required by the federal deadline (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record TN0000820 (Fort Campbell Water System)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/TN0000820/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS geographic area served, TN0000820","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/GEOGRAPHIC_AREA/PWSID/TN0000820/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"EPA data show several Kentucky public water systems with PFAS levels exceeding federal limits","publisher":"Hoptown Chronicle","date":"2026-03-10","url":"https://hoptownchronicle.org/?p=96518","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (eastern-state UCMR 5 PFAS pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TN-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-KY-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-VA-PWW-EAST-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Prince William Water eastern system PFOA above federal limit (Occoquan)","description":"Prince William Water's eastern system, supplied from the Occoquan Reservoir, averaged about 5.0 ppt PFOA and 4.0 ppt PFOS in UCMR 5, with results up to 7.9 ppt PFOA. The utility backed a 2025 Virginia law requiring industries to monitor and ultimately remove PFAS discharged to the Occoquan and says it is working with its drinking-water providers to meet the federal limits.","location":{"name":"Prince William Water - East","type":"County service authority service area","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Eastern Prince William County, supplied via the Occoquan Reservoir","counties":["Prince William"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"VA6153600","coordinates":{"lat":38.640556,"lon":-77.255093,"precision":"city","source_ref":5}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS occurrence in the system's finished water is the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Four 2024 UCMR 5 samples reached 7.9 ppt PFOA and 6.3 ppt PFOS (ref 1); FOX 5 reported a 2021 state test over the proposed limit for Occoquan water (ref 7).","service":"Prince William Water's April 2025 release (ref 6) reports no drinking-water restriction.","scale":"SDWIS lists 168,747 people served by the eastern system (ref 2).","duration":"Occoquan-sourced water exceeded the proposed limit in a 2021 test (ref 7) and UCMR 5 still found it above 4 ppt in 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"Virginia's HB 2050 (2025) now requires industrial dischargers to monitor and remove PFAS entering the Occoquan (ref 6)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":168747,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"UCMR 5 average about 5.0 ppt PFOA."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOA","value":5,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOS","value":4,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOA result","value":7.9,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Wholesale purchaser dependent on providers for treatment (ref 6)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring round per system (2023-2025), so no comparable trend is available."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Prince William Water","role":"Owner and operator (purchases treated water)"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Prince William Water customer service","corrective_actions":["Source control under HB 2050 for PFAS discharges to the Occoquan Reservoir (ref 6)","Coordination with drinking-water providers to meet the federal PFAS limits (ref 6)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record VA6153600 (PWCSA - East)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/VA6153600/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS geographic area served, VA6153600","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/GEOGRAPHIC_AREA/PWSID/VA6153600/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, VA","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_51.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"},{"ref":6,"title":"New Law Strengthens Efforts to Protect Occoquan Reservoir from PFAS Contamination","publisher":"Prince William Water","date":"2025-04-21","url":"https://princewilliamwater.org/about-us/press-releases/new-law-strengthens-efforts-to-protect-occoquan-reservoir-from-pfas","basis":"Utility record"},{"ref":7,"title":"Drinking water in parts of Prince William County exceeds new 'forever chemical' limit","publisher":"FOX 5 DC","date":"2023-04-10","url":"https://www.fox5dc.com/news/drinking-water-in-parts-of-prince-william-county-exceeds-new-forever-chemical-limit","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (eastern-state UCMR 5 PFAS pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-VA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-MD-THURMONT-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Thurmont wells PFOS up to 48 ppt; Well 8 offline and GAC planned","description":"Thurmont's entry points averaged about 22.6 ppt PFOS and 11.4 ppt PFOA in 2025 UCMR 5 sampling, with a 48 ppt PFOS result. The town has kept Well 8 offline because of PFAS and was approved for more than $6 million in Maryland forgivable loans to add GAC filtration at all three treatment facilities.","location":{"name":"Town of Thurmont","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MD","states":["MD"],"detail":"Thurmont wells and three treatment facilities, Frederick County","counties":["Frederick"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MD0100023","coordinates":{"lat":39.619976,"lon":-77.407695,"precision":"city","source_ref":5}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS occurrence in the system's finished water is the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Entry point EP06 measured 41 and 48 ppt PFOS in 2025 (ref 1), and the town's 2024 report lists PFOS averaging 24.66 ppt with a range of 6.81-50.8 ppt (ref 7).","service":"The Frederick News-Post (ref 6) reports Well 8 is offline due to PFAS contamination.","scale":"SDWIS lists 6,200 people served by the town system (ref 2).","duration":"The town report covers 2024 PFAS results (ref 7) and UCMR 5 found similar levels through October 2025 (ref 1), before GAC is installed.","significance":"MDE approved three forgivable loans for PFAS filtration (ref 6) to meet the federal MCLs (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":6200,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"UCMR 5 average about 22.6 ppt PFOS across Thurmont entry points."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOS","value":22.6,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOA","value":11.4,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"2024 average PFOS (town report)","value":24.66,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Thurmont 2024 Consumer Confidence Report (ref 7)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Over $6 million in state forgivable loans for GAC (ref 6)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring round per system (2023-2025), so no comparable trend is available."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Thurmont","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment","role":"Primacy regulator and lender"}],"public_contact":"Town of Thurmont Town Office","corrective_actions":["GAC filtration buildings at all three water treatment facilities, funded by MDE forgivable loans (ref 6)","Well 8 kept offline (ref 6)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record MD0100023 (Town of Thurmont)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MD0100023/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS geographic area served, MD0100023","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/GEOGRAPHIC_AREA/PWSID/MD0100023/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, MD","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_24.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"},{"ref":6,"title":"Thurmont approved for over $6 million in state loans to build PFAS water filtration systems","publisher":"The Frederick News-Post (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-02-12","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/thurmont-approved-over-6-million-164600050.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":7,"title":"Town of Thurmont 2024 Water Quality Report","publisher":"Town of Thurmont","date":"2025-06-10","url":"https://www.thurmont.com/DocumentCenter/View/3146/THURMONT-CCR-2024-printed-2025","basis":"Utility record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (eastern-state UCMR 5 PFAS pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MD-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-IN-CHARLESTOWN-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Charlestown PFOA above federal limit; Indiana's first PFAS treatment online","description":"Indiana American Water's Charlestown system averaged about 13.1 ppt PFOA in 2023 UCMR 5 sampling. The company put a nearly $6 million PFAS treatment system online in December 2025, which IDEM says is the first PFAS treatment installation at an Indiana public water system.","location":{"name":"Indiana American Water - Charlestown","type":"Investor-owned utility service area","state":"IN","states":["IN"],"detail":"Charlestown well field near the Ohio River, Clark County","counties":["Clark"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IN5210003","coordinates":{"lat":38.429839,"lon":-85.670366,"precision":"city","source_ref":5}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS occurrence in the system's finished water is the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Charlestown's two 2023 UCMR 5 samples were 12.8 and 13.4 ppt PFOA (ref 1), about three times the federal MCL, before treatment was installed.","service":"The company release and WAVE report (refs 6, 7) describe a planned upgrade with no service interruption.","scale":"SDWIS lists 8,658 people served (ref 2).","duration":"PFOA was found in UCMR 5 samples from June to December 2023 (ref 1), and treatment did not come online until December 2025 (ref 6).","significance":"The system was upgraded to meet the federal PFAS MCLs (refs 3, 6); no enforcement action is reported."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":8658,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"Pre-treatment UCMR 5 average about 13.1 ppt PFOA; PFAS treatment online since December 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOA (2023, before treatment)","value":13.1,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"PFAS treatment investment","value":6000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Described as nearly $6 million (ref 6)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Investor-owned utility funded treatment (ref 6)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"WAVE (ref 7) reports PFAS present in well water are not found in water pumped to homes after the new filtration tanks; no post-treatment UCMR data exist."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Indiana American Water","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Indiana American Water customer service","corrective_actions":["PFAS treatment system online since December 2025 at the Charlestown plant (ref 6)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record IN5210003 (Indiana American Water - Charlestown)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/IN5210003/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS geographic area served, IN5210003","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/GEOGRAPHIC_AREA/PWSID/IN5210003/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, IN","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_18.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"},{"ref":6,"title":"Indiana American Water Installs First Drinking Water PFAS Treatment System in Indiana","publisher":"Indiana American Water","date":"2026-01-29","url":"https://newsroom.amwater.com/2026-01-29-Indiana-American-Water-Installs-First-Drinking-Water-PFAS-Treatment-System-in-Indiana","basis":"Utility record"},{"ref":7,"title":"Charlestown water filtration system becomes 1st in Indiana to remove 'forever chemicals' from drinking water","publisher":"WAVE News","date":"2026-01-29","url":"https://www.wdrbwave.com/2026/01/29/charlestown-water-filtration-system-becomes-1st-indiana-remove-forever-chemicals-drinking-water/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (eastern-state UCMR 5 PFAS pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IN-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-NY-PEQUENAKONCK-SCHOOL-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Pequenakonck Elementary School well PFOA 111.5 ppt; 2021 do-not-drink advisory","description":"Pequenakonck Elementary School in North Salem, a non-transient school water system, measured 111.5 ppt PFOA at its entry tap in August 2025 UCMR 5 sampling, with a non-detect in February 2026. The state and Westchester County health departments issued a do-not-drink advisory for the school in 2021 after PFOA and PFOS exceeded New York's 10 ppt MCLs.","location":{"name":"Pequenakonck Elementary School","type":"School (non-transient non-community water system)","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"North Salem, Westchester County","counties":["Westchester"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NY5907717"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS occurrence in the system's finished water is the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The August 26, 2025 entry-tap sample was 111.5 ppt PFOA and 10.0 ppt PFOS (ref 1), more than ten times New York's 10 ppt PFOA MCL cited by the Health Department (ref 5).","service":"The Health Department's 2021 advisory told the school to stop using the water for drinking, cooking and food preparation and to supply bottled water (ref 5); its current status was not found.","scale":"SDWIS lists 700 people served by the school system (ref 2).","duration":"PFOA above the state MCL was documented in March 2021 (ref 5) and again in August 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"A formal state and county do-not-drink advisory was issued (ref 5)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":700,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"UCMR 5 entry-tap PFOA 111.5 ppt (August 2025); non-detect February 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 PFOA, August 2025","value":111.5,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"UCMR 5 PFOA, February 2026","value":0,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Reported as below the reporting limit (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"A 111.5 ppt PFOA result in August 2025 was followed by a non-detect in February 2026 (ref 1); whether treatment changed between samples was not found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pequenakonck Elementary School","role":"Water system owner and operator"},{"name":"New York State Department of Health","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Westchester County Department of Health","role":"Local health department"}],"public_contact":"Pequenakonck Elementary School main office","corrective_actions":["2021 do-not-drink advisory with bottled water and a state source investigation (ref 5)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record NY5907717 (Pequenakonck Elementary School)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NY5907717/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS geographic area served, NY5907717","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/GEOGRAPHIC_AREA/PWSID/NY5907717/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"State and County Health Departments Issue \"Do Not Drink\" Water Advisories for Two Westchester County Schools","publisher":"New York State Department of Health","date":"2021-03-17","url":"https://www.health.ny.gov/press/releases/2021/2021-03-17_westchester_water.htm","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (eastern-state UCMR 5 PFAS pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NY-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-TN-SPENCER-WCUD2-DBP-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Spencer-area water system (Warren County U.D. #2) chronic DBP MCL violations","description":"Warren County Utility District #2, which serves Spencer and Van Buren County, has violated the federal limits for both total trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids in every quarter of 2025 under a 2023 TDEC Director's Order, with TTHM running averages as high as 0.159 mg/L against a 0.080 mg/L limit. The utility says a $13 million upgrade, including a new Caney Fork River intake, should bring the system into full compliance within about a year; the southern part of the system remains outside state limits and new growth there is restricted.","location":{"name":"Warren County U.D. #2 (Spencer system)","type":"Utility district service area","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Spencer and Van Buren County; system operated by Warren County Utility District","coordinates":{"lat":35.747,"lon":-85.466,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Van Buren"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TN0000655"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Disinfection byproduct exceedances are being addressed by new intake, line and tank infrastructure.","secondary_drivers":["Source water organic content","Water age in distribution"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"TDEC lists HAA5 and TTHM MCL violations for all four quarters of 2025 (ref 1); SDWIS shows a TTHM running average of 0.15898 mg/L for Q2 2025 (ref 3).","service":"TDEC required public notification after each 2025 quarterly violation (ref 1), and UC Now reports the utility is limiting new growth in the southern service area (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 5,611 people served by the Spencer-area system (ref 4).","duration":"SDWIS records TTHM or HAA5 MCL violations in every quarter from July 2022 to April 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"TDEC's report shows a Director's Order dated 7/19/2023 governing the system's DBP violations (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":5611,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM locational running annual average of 0.15898 mg/L in Q2 2025, about twice the 0.080 mg/L MCL (SDWIS)."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak TTHM running annual average (Q2 2025)","value":0.15898,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"MCL 0.080 mg/L (ref 3)."},{"name":"Peak HAA5 running annual average (Q2 2025)","value":0.12568,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"MCL 0.060 mg/L (ref 3)."},{"name":"Compliance infrastructure investment","value":13,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"$10 million regionalization grant plus $3 million ARP funds (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"SDWIS running averages fell from 0.159 mg/L TTHM in Q2 2025 to 0.081 mg/L in Q2 2026 (ref 3), and the utility reports about 80 percent of the county meets Stage 2 standards (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Warren County Utility District","role":"System operator"},{"name":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Water Resources","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Warren County Utility District, 931-668-4175 (SDWIS, ref 4)","corrective_actions":["TDEC Director's Order issued 7/19/2023 (ref 1).","$13 million package of line, tank and Caney Fork River intake projects due for grant completion by September 2026 (ref 2).","Growth limits in the southern service area until projects finish (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"title":"2025 Annual Drinking Water Compliance Report (Appendix B, violation details)","publisher":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Water Resources","date":"2026-07-17","url":"https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/environment/water/compliance/wr_wq_dw_2025-annual-compliance-report.pdf","basis":"State record","ref":1},{"title":"Spencer Water Infrastructure Improvements Near Completion","publisher":"UC Now","date":"2026-07-09","url":"https://theucnow.com/2026/07/09/spencer-water-infrastructure-improvements-near-completion/","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Tennessee primacy","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/TN/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record TN0000655 (Warren County U.D. #2)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WARREN%20COUNTY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TN-TRACY-CITY-DBP-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Tracy City water system repeat TTHM and HAA5 MCL violations","description":"Tracy City's water system in Grundy County exceeded the haloacetic acids limit for the first three quarters of 2025 and the trihalomethanes limit from April 2025 through year-end, according to TDEC's 2025 compliance report. The problem is long-running: TDEC fined the city $9,200 in 2019 for the same disinfection byproduct violations and ordered a corrective plan.","location":{"name":"Tracy City Water System","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Tracy City, Grundy County; Big Fiery Gizzard Reservoir supply","coordinates":{"lat":35.26,"lon":-85.736,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Grundy"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TN0000706"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Disinfection byproduct levels in finished water exceed federal limits.","secondary_drivers":["Membrane plant and reservoir organic content"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"TDEC lists HAA5 MCL violations for Q1-Q3 2025 and TTHM MCL violations for Q2-Q4 2025 (ref 1); SDWIS shows a TTHM average of 0.08486 mg/L for Q4 2025 (ref 3).","service":"TDEC requested public notification after each quarterly violation and records notice performed 3/1/2026 (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 5,692 people served (ref 4).","duration":"NewsChannel 9 reported DBP MCL violations and a TDEC fine in 2019 (ref 2), and violations recurred from July 2024 into late 2025 (ref 3).","significance":"The 2025 violations drew TDEC notices of violation (ref 1); the 2019 $9,200 order (ref 2) predates the window."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":5692,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Seven HAA5 or TTHM MCL violations recorded from Q3 2024 through Q4 2025 (SDWIS)."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak TTHM running annual average (Q4 2025)","value":0.08486,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"MCL 0.080 mg/L (ref 3)."},{"name":"Peak HAA5 running annual average (Q2 2025)","value":0.07315,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"MCL 0.060 mg/L (ref 3)."},{"name":"2019 TDEC civil penalty","value":9200,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"SDWIS shows a return to compliance for the Q4 2025 TTHM violation on 2026-03-04 (ref 3) after violations recurred following the 2019 order (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Tracy City","role":"System owner"},{"name":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Water Resources","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Tracy City Water System, 931-592-6213 (SDWIS, ref 4)","corrective_actions":["2019 TDEC order required a corrective plan, extra monitoring sites and evaluation of plant operations and water age (ref 2).","Quarterly public notification of 2025 violations (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"title":"2025 Annual Drinking Water Compliance Report (Appendix B, violation details)","publisher":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Water Resources","date":"2026-07-17","url":"https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/environment/water/compliance/wr_wq_dw_2025-annual-compliance-report.pdf","basis":"State record","ref":1},{"title":"TDEC fines Tracy City for violating Safe Drinking Water Act","publisher":"NewsChannel 9 (WTVC)","date":"2019-10-01","url":"https://newschannel9.com/news/local/tdec-fines-tracy-city-for-violating-safe-drinking-water-act","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Tennessee primacy","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/TN/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record TN0000706 (Tracy City Water System)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/TRACY%20CITY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TN-JACKSON-COUNTY-UD3-TTHM-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Jackson County U.D. #3 TTHM above federal limit every quarter since mid-2024","description":"Jackson County Utility District #3 near Gainesboro has exceeded the total trihalomethanes limit in every 2025 quarter listed in TDEC's annual compliance report, and SDWIS shows unresolved TTHM violations continuing into April 2026. Running averages reached 0.110 mg/L against the 0.080 mg/L limit.","location":{"name":"Jackson County U.D. #3","type":"Utility district service area","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Jackson County, Upper Cumberland; Gainesboro office","coordinates":{"lat":36.355,"lon":-85.659,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Jackson"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TN0000845"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Trihalomethane concentrations in finished water are the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS lists a TTHM running average of 0.11025 mg/L for Q2 2025 (ref 2), and TDEC lists four 2025 TTHM MCL violations (ref 1).","service":"TDEC records public notification performed 12/12/2025 and 3/8/2026 for these violations (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 3,917 people served (ref 3).","duration":"SDWIS shows TTHM MCL violations each quarter from July 2024 to April 2026 with no return-to-compliance date, after an earlier 2022-2023 series (ref 2).","significance":"TDEC issued notices of violation on 4/24/2025, 7/24/2025, 10/27/2025 and 2/4/2026 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":3917,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM running annual average of 0.11025 mg/L in Q2 2025 against a 0.080 mg/L MCL (SDWIS)."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak TTHM running annual average (Q2 2025)","value":0.11025,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"MCL 0.080 mg/L (ref 2)."},{"name":"TTHM MCL violations since 2023 in SDWIS","value":9,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Compliance periods Jan 2023 to Apr 2026 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"SDWIS averages rose from 0.082 mg/L in Q3 2024 to 0.104 mg/L in Q1 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Jackson County Utility District #3","role":"System operator"},{"name":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Water Resources","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Jackson County utility districts office, Gainesboro, 931-268-2880 (SDWIS, ref 3)","corrective_actions":["Quarterly public notification under TDEC notices of violation (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"title":"2025 Annual Drinking Water Compliance Report (Appendix B, violation details)","publisher":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Water Resources","date":"2026-07-17","url":"https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/environment/water/compliance/wr_wq_dw_2025-annual-compliance-report.pdf","basis":"State record","ref":1},{"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Tennessee primacy","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/TN/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record TN0000845 (Jackson County U.D. #3)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/JACKSON%20COUNTY%20U/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["corrective plan details"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TN-BYRDSTOWN-HAA5-ORDER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Byrdstown water HAA5 MCL violations lead to 2025 TDEC Director's Order","description":"The Byrdstown Water Department in Pickett County exceeded the haloacetic acids limit for four straight quarters from April 2024 and missed required DBP monitoring in early 2025. TDEC issued Director's Orders on May 8, 2025 covering the HAA5 MCL violation and the monitoring violations.","location":{"name":"Byrdstown Water Department","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Byrdstown, Pickett County","coordinates":{"lat":36.573,"lon":-85.129,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Pickett"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TN0000088"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Haloacetic acid levels in finished water exceeded the federal limit.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS lists HAA5 running averages of 0.07848-0.08375 mg/L from Q2 2024 to Q4 2024 against a 0.060 mg/L MCL (ref 2).","service":"TDEC requested public notification on 4/28/2025 for the Q1 2025 HAA5 MCL violation (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 8,658 people served (ref 3).","duration":"HAA5 MCL violations ran from the Q2 2024 to Q1 2025 compliance periods, with SDWIS return-to-compliance dates in June-July 2025 (ref 2).","significance":"TDEC lists Director's Orders dated 5/8/2025 for the HAA5 MCL and DBP monitoring violations (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":8658,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"HAA5 running annual average of 0.08375 mg/L in Q3 2024 against a 0.060 mg/L MCL (SDWIS)."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak HAA5 running annual average (Q3 2024)","value":0.08375,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"MCL 0.060 mg/L (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"SDWIS records returns to compliance on 2025-06-30 and 2025-07-26 (ref 2); follow-up data after the order are limited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Byrdstown","role":"System owner"},{"name":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Water Resources","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Byrdstown Water Department, 931-864-6215 (SDWIS, ref 3)","corrective_actions":["TDEC Director's Orders issued 5/8/2025 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"title":"2025 Annual Drinking Water Compliance Report (Appendix B, violation details)","publisher":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Water Resources","date":"2026-07-17","url":"https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/environment/water/compliance/wr_wq_dw_2025-annual-compliance-report.pdf","basis":"State record","ref":1},{"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Tennessee primacy","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/TN/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record TN0000088 (Byrdstown Water Department)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BYRDSTOWN/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TN-HARTSVILLE-TROUSDALE-DBP-SPILL-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hartsville-Trousdale water: DBP order in 2025, do-not-contact spill advisory in 2026","description":"Hartsville-Trousdale Water and Sewer Utility District exceeded both the trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids limits from mid-2024 into early 2025, and TDEC issued a Director's Order on September 5, 2025. In July 2026 the utility put customers on part of Green Cove Road under a 'Do Not Contact' advisory after a chemical spill, then lifted it once test results came back clear.","location":{"name":"Hartsville-Trousdale W&S U.D.","type":"Utility district service area","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Hartsville and Trousdale County","coordinates":{"lat":36.391,"lon":-86.167,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Trousdale"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TN0000291"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Both the disinfection byproduct violations and the spill advisory concern the quality of delivered water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS lists TTHM running averages up to 0.08825 mg/L and HAA5 up to 0.06648 mg/L for late 2024 to Q1 2025 (ref 3).","service":"WSMV reports residents between 2882 and 4587 Green Cove Road were told not to use public water for any household use during the July 2026 advisory (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 10,562 people served (ref 4).","duration":"DBP violations covered July 2024 to March 2025 compliance periods (ref 3); the spill advisory lasted days (ref 2).","significance":"TDEC lists a Director's Order dated 9/5/2025 for the HAA5 and TTHM MCL violations (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":10562,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM running annual average of 0.08825 mg/L in Q4 2024 against a 0.080 mg/L MCL; Director's Order 9/5/2025."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak TTHM running annual average (Q4 2024)","value":0.08825,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"MCL 0.080 mg/L (ref 3)."},{"name":"Peak HAA5 running annual average (Q1 2025)","value":0.06648,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"MCL 0.060 mg/L (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"SDWIS shows DBP returns to compliance in 2025 (ref 3), followed by the July 2026 spill advisory (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Hartsville-Trousdale Water and Sewer Utility District","role":"System operator"},{"name":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Water Resources","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Hartsville/Trousdale Water & Sewer, 322 Broadway, Hartsville, 615-374-3484 (SDWIS, ref 4)","corrective_actions":["TDEC Director's Order issued 9/5/2025 (ref 1).","Bottled water offered at the Water Department during the July 2026 advisory, which was lifted after clear test results (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"title":"2025 Annual Drinking Water Compliance Report (Appendix B, violation details)","publisher":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Water Resources","date":"2026-07-17","url":"https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/environment/water/compliance/wr_wq_dw_2025-annual-compliance-report.pdf","basis":"State record","ref":1},{"title":"Hartsville leaders reveal cause of days-long water advisory","publisher":"WSMV","date":"2026-07-27","url":"https://www.wsmv.com/2026/07/28/hartsville-leaders-reveal-cause-days-long-water-advisory/","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Tennessee primacy","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/TN/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record TN0000291 (Hartsville-Trousdale W&S U.D.)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/HARTSVILLE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":8,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["identity of spilled chemical","customers under the 2026 advisory"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TN-NORTHWEST-CLAY-HAA5-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Northwest Clay County Utility HAA5 above limit all four quarters of 2025","description":"Northwest Clay County Utility, based in Moss, had four haloacetic acids MCL violations in 2025, one for each quarter beginning 1/1, 4/1, 7/1 and 10/1, according to TDEC's 2025 compliance report, after an earlier 2023 violation. Public notification was performed for each. SDWIS records a return to compliance in May 2026.","location":{"name":"Northwest Clay County Utility","type":"Utility district service area","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Moss and northwest Clay County","coordinates":{"lat":36.594,"lon":-85.687,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Clay"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TN0000573"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Haloacetic acid levels in finished water exceeded the federal limit.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS lists HAA5 running averages of 0.0616-0.06398 mg/L in all four 2025 quarters, above the 0.060 mg/L MCL (ref 2).","service":"TDEC lists the four 2025 HAA5 MCL violations, each with a notice of violation and a public notification performed (5/12/2025, 8/13/2025, 12/12/2025 and 2/18/2026) (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 4,437 people served (ref 3).","duration":"HAA5 exceedances persisted across 2025 and followed a Q2 2023 violation (ref 2).","significance":"The 2025 HAA5 MCL violations appear in TDEC's formal annual compliance report (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":4437,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Four HAA5 MCL violations in 2025, peaking at a 0.06398 mg/L running average (MCL 0.060 mg/L)."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak HAA5 running annual average (Q4 2025)","value":0.06398,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"MCL 0.060 mg/L (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"SDWIS records return to compliance on 2026-05-07 for all four 2025 violations (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Northwest Clay County Utility District","role":"System operator"},{"name":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Water Resources","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Northwest Clay County Utility, 931-243-3549 (SDWIS, ref 3)","corrective_actions":["Returned to compliance 2026-05-07 per SDWIS (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"title":"2025 Annual Drinking Water Compliance Report (Appendix B, violation details)","publisher":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Water Resources","date":"2026-07-17","url":"https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/environment/water/compliance/wr_wq_dw_2025-annual-compliance-report.pdf","basis":"State record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-13"},{"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Tennessee primacy","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/TN/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record TN0000573 (Northwest Clay County Utility)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/NORTHWEST%20CLAY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"Opened the TDEC 2025 Annual Drinking Water Compliance Report (HTTP 200, 58 pages; file last modified 2026-07-17). Appendix B, page 33, lists TN0000573 Northwest Clay County Utility, Clay County, Haloacetic Acids, MCL violations starting 1/1/2025, 4/1/2025, 7/1/2025 and 10/1/2025, each with a notice of violation and a public notification performed. Confirms the four violations. The 2026-05-07 return to compliance and the HAA5 values remain from SDWIS only (not re-opened); the TDEC list does not show it. A web search found no other source."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Return to compliance confirmed in a non-database source (only SDWIS, ref 2, shows it)"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TN-HARDIN-COUNTY-FIRST-UD-PFAS-TTHM-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"First U.D. of Hardin County: PFOA and PFOS above 2024 MCLs plus 2025 TTHM violation","description":"EPA UCMR 5 testing at First Utility District of Hardin County in Counce found PFOA up to 17.3 ppt and PFOS up to 25.9 ppt in 2023-2024, and The Tennessean reported the system at about 4.1 times the federal limit. TDEC's 2025 report also lists a trihalomethanes MCL violation for the second quarter of 2025, with public notice given in August 2025.","location":{"name":"First U.D. of Hardin County","type":"Utility district service area","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Counce, Hardin County, on the Tennessee River near Pickwick Dam","coordinates":{"lat":35.044,"lon":-88.27,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Hardin"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TN0000546"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS and disinfection byproducts in finished water are the documented issues.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS in Tennessee River source water"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 found PFOA of 4.8-17.3 ppt and PFOS of 11-25.9 ppt in four samples (ref 1), above the 4.0 ppt MCLs (ref 6); SDWIS lists a 0.09145 mg/L TTHM average for Q2 2025 (ref 4).","service":"TDEC records public notification performed 8/22/2025 for the TTHM violation (ref 3).","scale":"SDWIS lists 7,602 people served (ref 5).","duration":"PFOA and PFOS exceeded 4 ppt in every UCMR 5 sample from March 2023 to January 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"TDEC issued a notice of violation for the TTHM MCL on 7/24/2025 (ref 3); PFAS compliance is not yet required (ref 6)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":7602,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"UCMR 5 average about 16.2 ppt PFOS and 9.6 ppt PFOA (4 samples); The Tennessean put the system at 4.1 times the limit."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOS","value":16.2,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of four UCMR 5 results, 2023-2024 (ref 1); not a compliance running annual average."},{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOA","value":9.6,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of four UCMR 5 results (ref 1)."},{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOS result","value":25.9,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"6/20/2023 sample (ref 1)."},{"name":"TTHM running annual average (Q2 2025)","value":0.09145,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"MCL 0.080 mg/L; returned to compliance 2025-08-22 (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 provides one monitoring round (ref 1); no later PFAS results were found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"First Utility District of Hardin County","role":"System operator"},{"name":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Water Resources","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"TDEC Division of Water Resources Environmental Field Offices, 1-888-891-8332 (ref 3)","corrective_actions":["Public notification of the Q2 2025 TTHM violation (ref 3).","No PFAS treatment plan was found in cited sources."],"sources":[{"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"'Forever chemicals' over the limit in 14 Tennessee water systems, data shows. See where","publisher":"The Tennessean (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-09-09","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/forever-chemicals-exceed-epa-limits-100121948.html","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"2025 Annual Drinking Water Compliance Report (Appendix B, violation details)","publisher":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Water Resources","date":"2026-07-17","url":"https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/environment/water/compliance/wr_wq_dw_2025-annual-compliance-report.pdf","basis":"State record","ref":3},{"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Tennessee primacy","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/TN/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record TN0000546 (First U.D. of Hardin County)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/HARDIN/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":5,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2021-11-16","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record","ref":6,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["PFAS treatment plans"],"related_ids":["US-TN-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-TN-TRENTON-PFOS-UCMR5-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Trenton water system PFOS about six times the federal limit","description":"UCMR 5 samples from the Trenton Water System in Gibson County found PFOS at 27 ppt and 21 ppt in 2023, against the 4.0 ppt federal limit; PFOA was not detected. The Tennessean listed Trenton at six times the limit, the second-highest ratio among Tennessee systems it named.","location":{"name":"Trenton Water System","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Trenton, Gibson County; groundwater supply","coordinates":{"lat":35.98,"lon":-88.941,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Gibson"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TN0000707"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOS occurrence in finished groundwater-sourced drinking water is the issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 measured PFOS of 27 ppt (3/7/2023) and 21 ppt (9/26/2023) (ref 1), above the 4.0 ppt MCL (ref 4).","service":"The Tennessean's listing (ref 2) reports no restriction or advisory for Trenton customers.","scale":"SDWIS lists 5,155 people served (ref 3).","duration":"Both UCMR 5 samples, six months apart in 2023, exceeded 20 ppt PFOS (ref 1).","significance":"No Trenton PFAS violation or order exists; federal PFOS compliance is not yet due (ref 4)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":5155,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"UCMR 5 average 24 ppt PFOS in two 2023 samples; The Tennessean: six times the federal limit."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOS","value":24,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of two UCMR 5 results (ref 1); not a compliance running annual average."},{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOS result","value":27,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"3/7/2023 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Only two UCMR 5 samples exist (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Trenton","role":"System owner"},{"name":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Water Resources","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Trenton Water System, 731-855-2341 (SDWIS, ref 3)","corrective_actions":["No treatment or mitigation plan was found in cited sources."],"sources":[{"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"'Forever chemicals' over the limit in 14 Tennessee water systems, data shows. See where","publisher":"The Tennessean (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-09-09","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/forever-chemicals-exceed-epa-limits-100121948.html","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"SDWIS water system record TN0000707 (Trenton Water System)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/TRENTON/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2021-11-16","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["utility response","PFAS treatment plans"],"related_ids":["US-TN-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-TN-SAVANNAH-VALLEY-PFOA-UCMR5-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Savannah Valley U.D. Carson Spring plant PFOA up to 35 ppt","description":"UCMR 5 testing at Savannah Valley Utility District's Carson Spring Well Water Plant near Georgetown found PFOA of 35 ppt and 29 ppt and PFOS of 18 ppt and 15 ppt in 2024, while the district's other entry points had no detections. The Tennessean listed the system at eight times the federal limit, the highest ratio among Tennessee systems it named.","location":{"name":"Savannah Valley U.D.","type":"Utility district service area","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Georgetown area, Hamilton County; Carson Spring Well Water Plant","coordinates":{"lat":35.29,"lon":-84.94,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Hamilton"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TN0000613"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOA and PFOS in water from one groundwater plant is the issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 measured PFOA of 35 ppt (3/18/2024) and 29 ppt (9/9/2024) at the Carson Spring plant (ref 1), several times the 4.0 ppt MCL (ref 4).","service":"No advisory or plant shutdown is reported in The Tennessean's listing (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 30,571 people served district-wide (ref 3); the share served by Carson Spring is not reported.","duration":"Carson Spring samples six months apart in 2024 both exceeded 25 ppt PFOA (ref 1).","significance":"No PFAS violation or order exists for the district; compliance with the PFOA MCL is not yet due (ref 4)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":30571,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the whole district per SDWIS (ref 3); the population served by the Carson Spring plant is not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOA 35 ppt at the Carson Spring Well Water Plant (UCMR 5, March 2024)."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOA result","value":35,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Carson Spring Well Water Plant, 3/18/2024 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOS result","value":18,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Carson Spring Well Water Plant, 3/18/2024 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Two detections at one plant in one UCMR 5 round (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Savannah Valley Utility District","role":"System operator"},{"name":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Water Resources","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Savannah Valley Utility District, Georgetown, 423-344-8440 (SDWIS, ref 3)","corrective_actions":["No treatment or source change was found in cited sources."],"sources":[{"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"'Forever chemicals' over the limit in 14 Tennessee water systems, data shows. See where","publisher":"The Tennessean (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-09-09","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/forever-chemicals-exceed-epa-limits-100121948.html","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"SDWIS water system record TN0000613 (Savannah Valley U.D.)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SAVANNAH%20VALLEY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2021-11-16","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["utility response","population served by Carson Spring plant"],"related_ids":["US-TN-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-TN-CLIFTON-PFAS-TTHM-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Clifton Water Dept: PFAS above 2024 MCLs and repeat TTHM violations","description":"The Clifton Water Department on the Tennessee River in Wayne County had PFOA of 4.8-9.4 ppt and PFOS of 11-17 ppt in all four UCMR 5 samples in 2024-2025, and The Tennessean listed it at 3.6 times the federal limit. SDWIS also records seven total trihalomethanes MCL violations from late 2022 to late 2024, the last returned to compliance in March 2025.","location":{"name":"Clifton Water Dept","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Clifton, Wayne County, on the Tennessee River","coordinates":{"lat":35.387,"lon":-87.993,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Wayne"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TN0000119"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS and trihalomethanes in finished water are the documented issues.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS in Tennessee River source water"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 found PFOS of 11-17 ppt and PFOA of 4.8-9.4 ppt in April 2024 to January 2025 samples (ref 1); SDWIS shows a TTHM average of 0.09633 mg/L in Q3 2024 (ref 3).","service":"No advisory or restriction is reported in The Tennessean's listing (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 4,110 people served (ref 4).","duration":"SDWIS records TTHM MCL violations from Q4 2022 through Q4 2024 (ref 3), and PFAS exceeded 4 ppt in every sample over nine months (ref 1).","significance":"The TTHM exceedances are recorded federal MCL violations (ref 3); PFAS compliance is not yet due (ref 5)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":4110,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"UCMR 5 average about 14.3 ppt PFOS and 7.7 ppt PFOA; The Tennessean: 3.6 times the federal limit."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOS","value":14.3,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of four UCMR 5 results (ref 1); not a compliance running annual average."},{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOA","value":7.7,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of four UCMR 5 results (ref 1)."},{"name":"DBP MCL violations, Q4 2022-Q4 2024","value":8,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Seven TTHM and one HAA5 (Q2 2024) MCL violations (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One UCMR 5 round (ref 1); the TTHM violations returned to compliance by 2025-03-31 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Clifton","role":"System owner"},{"name":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Water Resources","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Clifton Water Department, 931-676-3370 (SDWIS, ref 4)","corrective_actions":["No PFAS treatment plan was found in cited sources."],"sources":[{"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"'Forever chemicals' over the limit in 14 Tennessee water systems, data shows. See where","publisher":"The Tennessean (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-09-09","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/forever-chemicals-exceed-epa-limits-100121948.html","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Tennessee primacy","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/TN/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record TN0000119 (Clifton Water Dept)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CLIFTON/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2021-11-16","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record","ref":5,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["utility response","PFAS treatment plans"],"related_ids":["US-TN-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-TN-MEMPHIS-MLGW-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Memphis MLGW lead service line replacement, target 2037","description":"Memphis Light, Gas and Water, Tennessee's largest water system, still has lead service lines in older neighborhoods and plans to remove all of them by 2037 under the federal Lead and Copper Rule Improvements. MLGW replaced or verified 1,742 public-side services in 2025, began private-side replacements with a $5 million ARP grant, and must complete a baseline inventory by November 2027 and test schools and childcare centers served by lead lines.","location":{"name":"Memphis Light, Gas & Water","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Memphis and Shelby County; Memphis Sand aquifer supply","coordinates":{"lat":35.149,"lon":-90.049,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Shelby"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TN0000450"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead risk at the tap comes from service-line infrastructure owned by the utility and customers.","secondary_drivers":["Pre-1950s lead service lines"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"MLGW says its water leaves the plant lead-free but older homes may have lead service lines (ref 2); Action News 5 reported MLGW-identified neighborhoods with possible lead lines (ref 3).","service":"No service restriction is tied to the lead lines; MLGW offers home testing kits (ref 3).","scale":"SDWIS lists 659,500 people served by MLGW (ref 4).","duration":"Public-side replacements began in 2012 and are planned through 2037 (ref 1).","significance":"Federal LCRI requires full removal by 2037, a November 2027 baseline inventory and school and childcare lead testing (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":659500,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"1,742 lead service lines replaced or verified in 2025 on the public side, with all lead lines to be removed by 2037."},"measures":[{"name":"Public-side services replaced or verified, 2025","value":1742,"unit":"services","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Annual public-side budget, 2026","value":10.5,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Lead lines replaced or inspected since 2012 (as of Oct 2024)","value":9000,"unit":"service lines","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Ten-year replacement commitment","value":110,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Replacements exceeded the 1,500 goal in 2025 and private-side work expanded in 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Memphis Light, Gas and Water Division","role":"Utility"},{"name":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Water Resources","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"TDEC Division of Water Resources Environmental Field Offices, 1-888-891-8332 (ref 5)","corrective_actions":["Public-side replacement program, about 1,500 services per year (ref 1).","Private-side replacement with $5 million ARP grant, then SRF funding of $10 million per year with 50% loan forgiveness from 2027 (ref 1).","Lead testing at schools and childcare facilities served by lead lines, 20% per year (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"title":"MLGW Lead Service Replacements Update (presentation, 5/12/26)","publisher":"Memphis Light, Gas and Water (City of Memphis council materials)","date":"2026-05-12","url":"https://memphistn.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/MLGW-LSL-Update-5-12-26-Read-Only.pdf","basis":"Local government record","ref":1},{"title":"MLGW lays out 10-year plan to replace lead pipes in Memphis","publisher":"FOX13 Memphis","date":"2024-10-14","url":"https://www.fox13memphis.com/news/mlgw-lays-out-10-year-plan-to-replace-lead-pipes-in-memphis/article_9cfadfac-8a1a-11ef-8cbc-7f7517712f8b.html","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"MLGW releases possible locations of lead water lines","publisher":"Action News 5","date":"2024-02-22","url":"https://www.actionnews5.com/2024/02/22/mlgw-releases-possible-locations-lead-water-lines","basis":"News","ref":3},{"title":"SDWIS water system record TN0000450 (Memphis Light, Gas & Water)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MEMPHIS/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"2025 Annual Drinking Water Compliance Report (Appendix B, violation details)","publisher":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Water Resources","date":"2026-07-17","url":"https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/environment/water/compliance/wr_wq_dw_2025-annual-compliance-report.pdf","basis":"State record","ref":5}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["count of remaining lead service lines","school lead test results"],"related_ids":["US-TN-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINE-REPLACEMENT-2026"]},{"id":"US-TN-CARYVILLE-JACKSBORO-FUEL-ADVISORY-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Caryville-Jacksboro fuel runoff triggers do-not-use water advisory","description":"In August 2026 heavy storms washed fuel-contaminated soil from a gas station construction site into a sinkhole feeding the Cave Springs supply of the Caryville Jacksboro Utilities Commission. The utility told customers not to use tap water for drinking, cooking or body contact, nearly 500 customers reported diesel-smelling water and three schools closed; the advisory was lifted on August 16 after sampling, in consultation with TDEC.","location":{"name":"Caryville-Jacksboro Utilities Commission","type":"Utility commission service area","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Caryville and Jacksboro, Campbell County; Cave Springs treatment plant","coordinates":{"lat":36.33,"lon":-84.184,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Campbell"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TN0000322"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Fuel contamination of source water reached the distribution system.","secondary_drivers":["Construction-site fuel runoff into karst sinkhole"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"WVLT reports nearly 500 customers reported diesel-scented tap water (ref 3); no measured fuel concentrations were published, and final samples showed parameters undetected (ref 4).","service":"The utility's Water Contact Advisory told residents not to use tap water for drinking, cooking or body contact (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 11,079 people served by the commission (ref 5); WYMT reports Caryville Elementary, Jacksboro Elementary and Jacksboro Middle closed (ref 2).","duration":"The advisory ran from Thursday, August 13 to Sunday, August 16, 2026 (refs 1, 4).","significance":"The advisory was lifted in consultation with TDEC after system-wide sampling (ref 4)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":11079,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Do-not-use advisory August 13-16, 2026; nearly 500 customers reported diesel-smelling water."},"measures":[{"name":"Customers reporting diesel-scented water","value":500,"unit":"customers","status":"Reported","note":"WVLT: 'nearly 500' (ref 3)."},{"name":"Advisory duration","value":4,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"Aug 13-16, 2026 (refs 1, 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Advisory fully lifted August 16, 2026 (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Caryville Jacksboro Utilities Commission","role":"System operator"},{"name":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Water Resources","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Caryville Jacksboro Utilities Commission, 423-562-9776 (ref 1)","corrective_actions":["System flushing and full-system sampling (refs 1, 3).","Bottled water distributed at Jacksboro Middle School (ref 3).","Advisory lifted 8/16/2026 in consultation with TDEC (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"title":"Drinking water in East TN town may be contaminated with fuel; advisory issued","publisher":"WVLT","date":"2026-08-13","url":"https://www.wvlt.tv/2026/08/13/drinking-water-east-tn-town-may-be-contaminated-with-fuel-advisory-issued/","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"Drinking water in East TN town may be contaminated with fuel; multiple schools closed Friday","publisher":"WYMT","date":"2026-08-13","url":"https://www.wymt.com/2026/08/14/drinking-water-east-tn-town-may-be-contaminated-with-fuel-multiple-schools-closed-friday/","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"Caryville-Jacksboro water contamination: Here's what to know after fuel-tainted runoff entered the utility system","publisher":"WVLT","date":"2026-08-15","url":"https://www.wvlt.tv/2026/08/15/caryville-jacksboro-water-contamination-heres-what-know-after-fuel-tainted-runoff-entered-utility-system/","basis":"News","ref":3},{"title":"Contact advisory lifted for Caryville-Jacksboro water after fuel runoff entered utility systems","publisher":"WVLT","date":"2026-08-16","url":"https://www.wvlt.tv/2026/08/16/contact-advisory-lifted-caryville-jacksboro-water-after-fuel-runoff-entered-utility-systems/","basis":"News","ref":4},{"title":"SDWIS water system record TN0000322 (Caryville-Jacksboro Utilities Commission)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CARYVILLE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":5,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TN-SOUTH-BLOUNT-ECOLI-BOIL-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"South Blount Utility District E. coli MCL violation and boil-water order","description":"Repeat samples from the Samples Road area of Louisville tested positive for E. coli on May 15, 2025, after a coliform-positive routine sample, and South Blount Utility District issued a boil-water order for the Samples Road and Mentor Road area. The order was lifted the next day after repeat samples came back negative; TDEC records the E. coli MCL violation and a return to compliance on April 1, 2026.","location":{"name":"South Blount Utility District","type":"Utility district service area","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Samples Road and Mentor Road area of Louisville, Blount County","coordinates":{"lat":35.822,"lon":-84.05,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Blount"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TN0000643"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Bacterial contamination detected in the distribution system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"WATE reports repeat samples on May 15, 2025 were positive for both coliform and E. coli (ref 2), recorded by TDEC as an E. coli MCL violation (ref 3).","service":"WVLT reports a boil-water order for parts of Louisville around Samples Road and Mentor Road (ref 1).","scale":"The order covered one neighborhood of a system SDWIS lists at 53,864 people (ref 4).","duration":"WATE reports the notice was cancelled the day after it was issued (ref 2).","significance":"TDEC lists a boil water order issued 5/16/2025 for the E. coli MCL violation (ref 3)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Customers in the boil-water area were not reported; the whole system serves 53,864 per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"E. coli confirmed in repeat samples on Samples Road, May 15, 2025; boil-water order lifted the next day."},"measures":[{"name":"System population served","value":53864,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Repeat samples negative and order lifted (ref 2); TDEC shows return to compliance 4/1/2026 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"South Blount Utility District","role":"System operator"},{"name":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Water Resources","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"South Blount Utility District, 865-982-3560 (ref 2)","corrective_actions":["Boil-water order and repeat sampling (refs 1, 2).","Public notification performed 2/12/2026 (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"title":"E. coli prompts boil water order in Blount County","publisher":"WVLT","date":"2025-05-16","url":"https://www.wvlt.tv/2025/05/16/e-coli-prompts-boil-water-order-blount-county/","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"Boil water notice cancelled in Samples Road area of Louisville","publisher":"WATE (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-05-16","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/boil-water-notice-issued-e-194052525.html","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"2025 Annual Drinking Water Compliance Report (Appendix B, violation details)","publisher":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Water Resources","date":"2026-07-17","url":"https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/environment/water/compliance/wr_wq_dw_2025-annual-compliance-report.pdf","basis":"State record","ref":3},{"title":"SDWIS water system record TN0000643 (South Blount Utility District)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SOUTH%20BLOUNT/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TN-DUCK-RIVER-WITHDRAWAL-SUPPLY-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Duck River withdrawal increases strain sole supply for about 250,000 people","description":"The Duck River is the sole water source for about 250,000 Tennesseans, and utilities in its fast-growing watershed have sought to raise withdrawals by a combined 22 million gallons a day, to 76 million gallons a day. Three of the permits were appealed and settled in early 2025 with water-loss limits and drought plans, while other requests (Shelbyville 8.35 to 10 MGD, Lewisburg 4.58 to 6 MGD) were still pending in August 2025. Governor Lee's Executive Order 108 set up a planning partnership that is studying regionalization, off-stream storage and a pipeline to the Tennessee River, with a final report due by November 20, 2026.","location":{"name":"Duck River watershed","type":"River segment and regional surface-water supply","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Upper and middle Duck River, nine Middle Tennessee counties including Maury, Marshall and Bedford","coordinates":{"lat":35.6151,"lon":-87.0353,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":2},"counties":["Maury","Marshall","Bedford","Coffee","Hickman","Humphreys"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["water-rights","drought-scarcity","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns how much water a single river can supply to growing utilities while keeping low-season flows for aquatic life.","secondary_drivers":["Population growth","Drought and summer low flow","Endangered mussel habitat"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Harpeth Conservancy (ref 4) reports the river supports 56 freshwater mussel species and about 150 miles of critical habitat, and that permits do not fully account for summer low flow; harm is a documented risk, not an observed die-off in these sources.","service":"No customer restrictions tied to the Duck River permits are reported in TDEC's August 2025 update (ref 2) or the SELC release (ref 3).","scale":"The Governor's office (ref 1) states the river is the sole water source for approximately 250,000 Tennesseans.","duration":"TDEC (ref 2) lists draft permits from fall 2023 still being processed in August 2025, and the partnership's work runs to a December 31, 2026 sunset (ref 5).","significance":"Third parties appealed the Duck River Utility Commission, Bedford County and Columbia permits, settled in January 2025 (refs 2-3), and Executive Order 108 created a state planning partnership (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":250000,"status":"Reported","note":"Approximate population relying on the Duck River as sole source, per the Governor's office (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Eight local utilities sought to increase daily withdrawals by a combined 22 million gallons, for a total of 76 million gallons per day (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Proposed combined withdrawal","value":76,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Requested increase","value":22,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Columbia permit floating limit (new intake)","value":32,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Issued March 15, 2024, appealed, settled January 24, 2025 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Water grants to Duck River utilities","value":41783183,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The partnership is studying regionalization of small utilities and costly pipeline and storage options (ref 5)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Settlements added conservation terms (ref 3), but demand requests and drought pressure continue (refs 2, 5)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Water Resources","role":"Primacy drinking-water regulator and water-withdrawal permitting agency"},{"name":"Duck River Watershed Planning Partnership","role":"State planning body under Executive Order 108"},{"name":"Duck River Development Agency","role":"Regional water-supply agency"},{"name":"Columbia Power and Water Systems, Spring Hill, Lewisburg, Shelbyville, Bedford County, Marshall County, Maury County and Duck River Utility Commission","role":"Withdrawing utilities"}],"public_contact":"Duck River Watershed Planning Partnership, DuckRiver.Partnership@tn.gov (published channel)","corrective_actions":["January 2025 settlements set water-loss limits, updated drought management plans and conservation terms for three utilities (ref 3).","TDEC commissioned a water needs analysis, a regionalization study, a Tennessee River pipeline feasibility study and off-stream storage studies (ref 6).","TVA Normandy Dam optimization is operational and the Duck River Utility Commission is installing a lower intake (ref 5).","Revised permits limit water loss and require updated drought management plans (ref 1).","Duck River Watershed Planning Partnership created by Executive Order 108 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Gov. Lee Signs Executive Order to Preserve Duck River, Promote Water Resource Management Statewide","publisher":"Office of the Governor of Tennessee","date":"2024-11-20","url":"https://www.tn.gov/governor/news/2024/11/20/video--gov--lee-signs-executive-order-to-preserve-duck-river--promote-water-resource-management-statewide.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Duck River Watershed Planning Partnership meeting: TDEC update (August 14, 2025)","publisher":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation","date":"2025-08-14","url":"https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/environment/water/duck-river-watershed-planning-partnership/drwpp_meeting-08-14-2025_tdec-update.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"We secured new protections for a Southern biodiversity hotspot","publisher":"Southern Environmental Law Center","date":"2025-03-04","url":"https://www.selc.org/?p=36996","basis":"Legal advocacy release"},{"ref":4,"title":"Duck River","publisher":"Harpeth Conservancy","date":"2024-04-16","url":"https://harpethconservancy.org/duck-river-mer/","basis":"Nonprofit report (undated page; accessed date)","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"Duck River Watershed Planning Partnership Chairman's Report (July 13, 2026)","publisher":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation","date":"2026-07-13","url":"https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/environment/water/duck-river-watershed-planning-partnership/drwpp_meeting-07-13-26_chairmans_report.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":6,"title":"Studies Work Group Update (July 13, 2026)","publisher":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation","date":"2026-07-13","url":"https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/environment/water/duck-river-watershed-planning-partnership/drwpp_meeting-07-13-26_studies-update.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":7,"title":"Executive Order No. 108: An Order to Conserve the Duck River Watershed","publisher":"Office of the Governor of Tennessee","date":"2024-11-20","url":"https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/environment/water/duck-river-watershed-planning-partnership/drwpp-exec-orders-lee108.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TN-COLUMBIA-LONG-TERM-WATER-SUPPLY-2026","US-TN-SPRING-HILL-SUPPLY-CAP-2026","US-TN-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2026"]},{"id":"US-TN-SPRING-HILL-SUPPLY-CAP-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Spring Hill capped at 6 MGD intake, turns to $250M water reuse plan","description":"Spring Hill's raw-water intake permit on the Duck River is 6.0 million gallons a day and its wastewater discharge permit is 5.0 MGD, and the city told TDEC in June 2026 that neither will be increased even as it plans for a population of 150,000. The city is pursuing Pure Water Spring Hill, an estimated $250 million program of reclamation-plant expansion, a 2.5 MGD advanced purification plant and a 200-million-gallon reservoir, backed by up to $320 million in rate-supported bonds. TDEC had already halted new sewer connections in August 2025 after 29 permit exceedances.","location":{"name":"Spring Hill Water Department service area","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"City of Spring Hill, Maury and Williamson counties, Tennessee","coordinates":{"lat":35.7512,"lon":-86.93,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Maury","Williamson"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TN0000667"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A fixed river withdrawal and discharge limit constrains supply for a fast-growing city, and the response is a major infrastructure program.","secondary_drivers":["Population growth","Limited assimilative capacity of Rutherford Creek"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The city's TDEC workshop deck (ref 1) says effluent is becoming a growing share of Rutherford Creek's flow, a potential environmental harm; no health harm is documented.","service":"Existing water customers are not reported under restrictions; the August 2025 moratorium applies to new sewer connections (ref 2), so service is scored 0.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 4) lists Spring Hill Water Department as serving 65,840 people.","duration":"The Pure Water program runs from 2026 planning to full integration in 2030 (ref 1), and the moratorium was expected to last at least a few years (ref 2).","significance":"TDEC issued an Enforcement Consent Order and Spring Hill agreed to a sewer-connection moratorium (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":65840,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Current raw water intake permit: 6.0 MGD (will not be increased); current discharge permit: 5.0 MGD (will not be increased) (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Raw water intake permit","value":6,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Planned population","value":150000,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Pure Water program cost","value":250000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate total (ref 1)."},{"name":"Authorized bonds","value":320000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Rate-supported GO bonds; final 30% rate increase effective July 1, 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Self-reported permit exceedances","value":29,"unit":"instances","status":"Reported","note":"Over two years (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Three-year rate increase with a final 30% step on July 1, 2026, and up to $320 million in bonds (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Program is in planning and pilot phase (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Spring Hill","role":"Water and sewer utility owner"},{"name":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Water Resources","role":"Primacy drinking-water regulator and water-withdrawal permitting agency"}],"public_contact":"City of Spring Hill, springhilltn.org","corrective_actions":["Expand the water reclamation facility from 5.0 to 7.5 MGD (ref 1).","Pilot then build a 2.5 MGD advanced purification facility expandable to 10 MGD (ref 1).","Build a reservoir of about 200 million gallons for drought resilience (ref 1).","Corrective Action Plan under the TDEC Enforcement Consent Order (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Pure Water Spring Hill: TDEC Utility Infrastructure Investments Workshop","publisher":"City of Spring Hill / Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation","date":"2026-06-04","url":"https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/environment/water/duck-river-watershed-planning-partnership/drwpp-infrastructure-investments-workshop-2026-06-04-spring-hill.pdf","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Spring Hill hits sewage capacity, slowing construction of new developments","publisher":"WSMV","date":"2025-08-06","url":"https://www.wsmv.com/2025/08/06/spring-hill-hits-sewage-capacity-slowing-construction-new-developments","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Duck River Watershed Planning Partnership meeting: TDEC update (August 14, 2025)","publisher":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation","date":"2025-08-14","url":"https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/environment/water/duck-river-watershed-planning-partnership/drwpp_meeting-08-14-2025_tdec-update.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Spring Hill Water Dept (TN0000667)","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SPRING%20HILL/JSON","basis":"Federal database record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TN-DUCK-RIVER-WITHDRAWAL-SUPPLY-2026","US-TN-SPRING-HILL-SEWER-MORATORIUM-2025"]},{"id":"US-TN-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"2026 drought covered all of Tennessee; state plan dates to 2010","description":"TDEC briefings show drought spreading from under 5% of Tennessee in late 2025 to 60% in February 2026 and 100% by spring, with 80% and an estimated 2.8 million people still in drought in July. The National Weather Service reported extreme drought over more than 40% of its East Tennessee area in May 2026, with streamflows extremely below normal, and towns including Pikeville and St. Joseph asked residents to cut water use in September 2026. TDEC's statewide Drought Management Plan was last updated in 2010, and a state planning work group has recommended rules requiring utility water-shortage response plans.","location":{"name":"Tennessee (statewide)","type":"State","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"All 95 counties; most severe in southeast Tennessee and the Cumberland Plateau","coordinates":{"lat":35.86,"lon":-86.35,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding is a statewide shortfall of rainfall and streamflow that strains water supplies.","secondary_drivers":["Below-normal precipitation","Above-normal temperatures"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"NWS Morristown (ref 3) reported streamflows extremely below normal and soil moisture below the 5th percentile across its area in May 2026.","service":"Pikeville imposed mandatory restrictions after a well stopped producing (ref 5) and St. Joseph issued a voluntary conservation request (ref 6) in September 2026.","scale":"TDEC's July 2026 briefing (ref 2) put 80% of the state and an estimated 2.8 million people in drought.","duration":"TDEC briefings (refs 1-2) show drought over 50% of the state in February 2025 and again from early 2026 through at least July 2026, a recurring multi-season pattern.","significance":"Pikeville's mandatory restrictions (ref 5) are a formal local order; no statewide emergency declaration was found, and TDEC's plan dates to February 2010 (ref 4)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":2800000,"status":"Reported","note":"Estimated Tennessee population in drought conditions on July 9, 2026, per TDEC (ref 2); TDEC put it at 220,000 on August 6, 2026 (ref 7)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TN Drought Monitor 07/09/26: 80% of the state is in some condition of drought; 2.8 million estimated Tennessee population currently in drought conditions; 3 months ago 100% (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Share of state in drought, February 3, 2026","value":60,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Share of state in drought, about April 2026","value":100,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"'3 Months Ago' in July 9, 2026 briefing (ref 2)."},{"name":"Share of NWS Morristown area in D3 extreme drought, May 21, 2026","value":40,"unit":"percent (over)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Share of state in drought, August 6, 2026","value":20,"unit":"percent (over)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 7."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Drought peaked in spring 2026, eased to just over 20% in August (ref 7), then renewed dry conditions brought September conservation requests (refs 5-6)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Water Resources","role":"Primacy drinking-water regulator and water-withdrawal permitting agency"},{"name":"Tennessee Emergency Management Agency","role":"Drought preparedness co-lead"},{"name":"National Weather Service","role":"Drought monitoring"}],"public_contact":"TDEC drought contact, Erich Webber, (865) 364-9502 (published on TDEC drought updates page)","corrective_actions":["TDEC lists systems with drought conservation requests on its Public Water System Emergency Status Dashboard (ref 4).","The Duck River partnership's drought work group recommends TDEC update statewide drought rules to require utility water-shortage response plans (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Duck River Watershed Planning Partnership Chairman's Update (February 9, 2026)","publisher":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation","date":"2026-02-09","url":"https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/environment/water/duck-river-watershed-planning-partnership/drwpp_meeting-02-09-26-chairmans-update.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Duck River Watershed Planning Partnership Chairman's Report (July 13, 2026)","publisher":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation","date":"2026-07-13","url":"https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/environment/water/duck-river-watershed-planning-partnership/drwpp_meeting-07-13-26_chairmans_report.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Drought Information Statement, East Tennessee (valid May 21, 2026)","publisher":"National Weather Service Morristown","date":"2026-05-21","url":"https://www.weather.gov/media/mrx/DGT/DGT_MRX_05212026.pdf","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Drought Updates","publisher":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation","date":"2026-05-12","url":"https://www.tn.gov/environment/program-areas/wr-water-resources/drought-updates.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"Pikeville imposes mandatory water restrictions as heat, low rainfall strain supply","publisher":"WTVC NewsChannel 9","date":"2026-09-16","url":"https://newschannel9.com/news/local/pikeville-imposes-mandatory-water-restrictions-as-heat-low-rainfall-strain-supply","basis":"News report"},{"ref":6,"title":"Middle TN city asked to conserve water amid drought","publisher":"WSMV","date":"2026-09-21","url":"https://www.wsmv.com/2026/09/21/middle-tn-city-asked-conserve-water-amid-drought/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":7,"title":"Duck River Watershed Planning Partnership Chairman's Report (August 10, 2026)","publisher":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation","date":"2026-08-10","url":"https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/environment/water/duck-river-watershed-planning-partnership/drwpp_meeting-08-10-26_chairmans_report.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":8,"title":"NOAA report: Tennessee drought plan lacks triggers","publisher":"Associated Press via WTVC NewsChannel 9","date":"2023-02-06","url":"https://newschannel9.com/news/local/noaa-report-tennessee-drought-plan-lacks-triggers-water-oversight-infrastructure-national-oceanic-atmospheric-administration-water-quality-public-health-ecosystems","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TN-PIKEVILLE-WELL-DROUGHT-2026","US-TN-DUCK-RIVER-WITHDRAWAL-SUPPLY-2026","US-TN-MEMPHIS-MISSISSIPPI-LOW-WATER-2025"]},{"id":"US-TN-PIKEVILLE-WELL-DROUGHT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Pikeville imposes mandatory water restrictions as a supply well runs dry","description":"Pikeville in Bledsoe County imposed mandatory water restrictions in September 2026 after weeks of heat and less than an inch of rain that month. The city relies on five wells, and the mayor said one had reached a point of producing no water and that 3 to 4 inches of rain were needed to return to a sustainable level. Pikeville was also among the systems the state utility board placed in its water-loss update cycle in March 2025.","location":{"name":"Pikeville Water System","type":"Municipal utility service area (groundwater)","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"City of Pikeville, Bledsoe County, Sequatchie Valley, Tennessee","coordinates":{"lat":35.6062,"lon":-85.1886,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Bledsoe"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TN0000551"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A drought-driven decline in well yield limits how much water the town can supply.","secondary_drivers":["Drought","Single-source groundwater supply"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The mayor said one of the city's five wells 'has already reached a point of producing no water' (ref 1).","service":"Residents were told to use water only when necessary and avoid lawn watering and car washing under mandatory restrictions (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS (ref 2) lists Pikeville Water System as a groundwater system serving 5,486 people.","duration":"The restrictions were reported on September 16, 2026, with no end date given (ref 1); only weeks are documented.","significance":"The city imposed mandatory, not voluntary, restrictions (ref 1), and the state utility board placed Pikeville in its water-loss update cycle (ref 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":5486,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Pikeville relies on five wells; one 'has already reached a point of producing no water' (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Supply wells","value":5,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Wells producing no water","value":1,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Rain needed to recover","value":3,"unit":"inches (minimum)","status":"Reported","note":"Mayor estimated 3 to 4 inches of rain are needed (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The mayor said the city's TDEC grant is restricted to wastewater plant work and cannot be used for drought shortages (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Below-normal September rainfall (ref 1) followed a statewide spring drought (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Pikeville","role":"Water utility owner"},{"name":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Water Resources","role":"Primacy drinking-water regulator and water-withdrawal permitting agency"},{"name":"Tennessee Board of Utility Regulation","role":"Utility financial and water-loss oversight"}],"public_contact":"City of Pikeville City Hall (published municipal channel)","corrective_actions":["Mandatory water-use restrictions until further notice (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Pikeville imposes mandatory water restrictions as heat, low rainfall strain supply","publisher":"WTVC NewsChannel 9","date":"2026-09-16","url":"https://newschannel9.com/news/local/pikeville-imposes-mandatory-water-restrictions-as-heat-low-rainfall-strain-supply","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Pikeville Water System (TN0000551)","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PIKEVILLE/JSON","basis":"Federal database record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Tennessee Board of Utility Regulation agenda, March 13, 2025","publisher":"Tennessee Comptroller of the Treasury","date":"2025-03-13","url":"https://comptroller.tn.gov/content/dam/cot/tbour/documents/agenda/TBOUR%20Agenda%203.13.25.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Duck River Watershed Planning Partnership Chairman's Report (July 13, 2026)","publisher":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation","date":"2026-07-13","url":"https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/environment/water/duck-river-watershed-planning-partnership/drwpp_meeting-07-13-26_chairmans_report.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":4,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TN-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2026","US-TN-STATEWIDE-WATER-LOSS-2025"]},{"id":"US-TN-UPPER-EAST-HELENE-WATER-CONSERVATION-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Helene knocks out Upper East Tennessee utilities; state orders water conservation","description":"On October 1, 2024, TDEC issued a mandatory water conservation order for all of Sullivan, Carter, Johnson, Greene, Unicoi and Washington counties and parts of Cocke, Sevier and Jefferson because many utilities were not operational or were cut off from their distribution systems after Hurricane Helene. Sixteen utilities had boil-water advisories that day, and TEMA reported 18 drinking-water facilities with operational issues on October 9. The cited sources do not report when the order was lifted.","location":{"name":"Upper East Tennessee (Helene area)","type":"Multi-county region of public water systems","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Nine counties of Upper East Tennessee, including Erwin, Elizabethton, Greeneville and Newport systems","coordinates":{"lat":36.3134,"lon":-82.3535,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Sullivan","Carter","Johnson","Greene","Unicoi","Washington","Cocke","Sevier","Jefferson"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"TN0000231"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Flood damage to utility infrastructure cut the water that systems could produce and deliver.","secondary_drivers":["Hurricane Helene flooding"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"TDEC (ref 1) listed 16 utilities under boil-water advisories, issued when damaged lines or pressure loss may allow bacteria into pipes; no illness is reported in these sources.","service":"TDEC (ref 1) said many utilities were not operational or were cut off from their distribution systems, and North Greene Utilities' advisory awaited restoration of service.","scale":"The order covered six entire counties and parts of three more (ref 1).","duration":"The documented span runs from the October 1 order (ref 1) to TEMA's October 9 report of 14 boil-water advisories (ref 2); a longer duration is not documented in these sources.","significance":"TDEC issued a mandatory, state-level water conservation order (ref 1) during a declared emergency response (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The cited sources do not give a total population under the order; Erwin Utilities Authority alone serves 12,478 per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TDEC mandatory water conservation order for all or parts of nine counties; 16 utilities with boil water advisories (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Counties under order","value":9,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"Six entire, three partial (ref 1)."},{"name":"Utilities with boil-water advisories, Oct 1, 2024","value":16,"unit":"utilities","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Drinking-water facilities with operational issues, Oct 9, 2024","value":18,"unit":"facilities","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Cited sources cover only the first nine days after the order (refs 1-2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Water Resources","role":"Primacy drinking-water regulator and water-withdrawal permitting agency"},{"name":"Tennessee Emergency Management Agency","role":"Emergency coordination"},{"name":"Erwin Utilities Authority and other affected utilities","role":"Public water systems"}],"public_contact":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, tn.gov/environment","corrective_actions":["TDEC maintained a daily-updated dashboard of affected water systems (ref 1).","Utilities issued boil-water advisories pending repairs (refs 1-2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"TDEC Issues Mandatory Water Conservation Order for Upper East Tennessee and Shares Boil Water Advisories","publisher":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation","date":"2024-10-01","url":"https://www.tn.gov/environment/news/2024/10/1/mandatory-water-conservation-order-boil-water-advisories.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Flash Report #16 Hurricane Helene","publisher":"Tennessee Emergency Management Agency","date":"2024-10-09","url":"https://www.tn.gov/tema/news/2024/10/9/flash-report--16-hurricane-helene.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"TDEC issues mandatory water conservation order for several East Tennessee utilities","publisher":"WVLT","date":"2024-10-01","url":"https://www.wvlt.tv/2024/10/01/tdec-issues-mandatory-water-conservation-order-several-east-tennessee-utilities/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Erwin Utilities Authority (TN0000231)","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ERWIN%20UTIL/JSON","basis":"Federal database record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Date the conservation order was lifted","Total population affected"],"related_ids":["US-TN-NORTHEAST-HELENE-FLOODING-2024","US-TN-ERWIN-WWTP-HELENE-DAMAGE-2025"]},{"id":"US-TN-STATEWIDE-WATER-LOSS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"State utility board tracks 112 Tennessee water systems for excessive water loss","description":"Tennessee law treats non-revenue water above 40% as excessive, and the Tennessee Board of Utility Regulation reviews systems that report it. At its March 13, 2025 meeting the board placed 112 water systems, mostly small towns and utility districts, in its water-loss update cycle and heard further cases requiring AWWA audits and water-loss plans. In one case, Friendsville reported 39.4% non-revenue water costing $54,180 a year before meter replacement cut its loss to 16.49%.","location":{"name":"Tennessee small water utilities (statewide)","type":"State utility oversight program","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Municipal and utility-district water systems across East, Middle and West Tennessee","coordinates":{"lat":35.86,"lon":-86.35,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Leaking, unmetered water drains supply and revenue at many small systems and is handled through state financial oversight.","secondary_drivers":["Aging distribution pipes","Meter inaccuracy","Small-system capacity"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Friendsville's AWWA audit attributed its losses mainly to unaccounted leakage (ref 2); the sources document lost water and revenue, not health or environmental harm.","service":"No customer outages or restrictions are tied to the water-loss cases in the board agenda (ref 1) or Friendsville letters (refs 2-3).","scale":"The March 13, 2025 agenda (ref 1) lists 112 systems placed in the water-loss update cycle across all three grand divisions.","duration":"Friendsville's case ran from a November 2024 staff request (ref 2) to a February 2026 response to a board order (ref 3), over a year.","significance":"Friendsville's February 2026 letter responds to an Order issued by the Tennessee Board of Utility Regulation (ref 3), and board staff letters cite compliance with state law (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The board agenda does not give populations for the 112 systems."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"112 water systems placed in the Tennessee Board of Utility Regulation water-loss update cycle on March 13, 2025 (count of systems listed in ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems placed in water-loss update cycle","value":112,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Counted from the list in ref 1."},{"name":"Excessive water loss threshold","value":40,"unit":"percent non-revenue water","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Friendsville non-revenue water before fixes","value":39.4,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Friendsville water loss, Q4 2025","value":16.49,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"After meter replacement (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The same March 2025 agenda lists systems with delinquent audits, deficit net position and financial distress cases (ref 1).","Friendsville's loss absorbed about 4.17% of water sales (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Only one agenda's count is cited; Friendsville shows improvement after meter replacement (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Tennessee Board of Utility Regulation","role":"State utility oversight board"},{"name":"Tennessee Comptroller of the Treasury, Division of Local Government Finance","role":"Board staff"}],"public_contact":"Comptroller utility staff, 615.747.5260, Utilities@cot.tn.gov (published in board staff letters)","corrective_actions":["Board staff require third-party AWWA Free Water Audit Software v. 6.0 audits and long-term water-loss mitigation plans (ref 2).","Friendsville completed a full meter replacement and is replacing asbestos cement lines downtown (ref 3).","Automated meter reading and full meter replacement (ref 2)","Replacement of downtown asbestos-cement water lines, about 90% complete (ref 2)","Planned leak survey and infrastructure planning grant application (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Tennessee Board of Utility Regulation agenda, March 13, 2025","publisher":"Tennessee Comptroller of the Treasury","date":"2025-03-13","url":"https://comptroller.tn.gov/content/dam/cot/tbour/documents/agenda/TBOUR%20Agenda%203.13.25.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Water loss plan request to the City of Friendsville","publisher":"Tennessee Comptroller of the Treasury (posted by City of Friendsville)","date":"2024-11-05","url":"https://www.friendsvilletn.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/utility/documents/water-loss-plan-request-11-5-2024.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"City of Friendsville update letter to the Comptroller on water loss","publisher":"City of Friendsville","date":"2026-02-02","url":"https://www.friendsvilletn.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/utility/documents/update-letter-2-2-2026.pdf","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Friendsville Water Works (TN0000249)","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/FRIENDSVILLE/JSON","basis":"Federal database record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TN-PIKEVILLE-WELL-DROUGHT-2026","US-TN-STATEWIDE-UTILITY-FINANCIAL-DISTRESS-2025"]},{"id":"US-TN-MEMPHIS-SEWER-CONSENT-DECREE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Memphis sewer consent decree and chronic Maxson plant noncompliance","description":"Memphis has operated under a 2012 federal Clean Water Act consent decree over sanitary sewer overflows at its M.C. Stiles and T.E. Maxson treatment system, with about $250 million in required work. EPA compliance data show the T.E. Maxson plant (NPDES TN0020729) in significant noncompliance in each of the 12 quarters from July 2023 through June 2026, with BOD and suspended-solids exceedances. In July 2026 the city council approved sewer rate increases starting in 2027 to fund plant upgrades, decree compliance and the Sewer Fund's bond rating.","location":{"name":"City of Memphis sewer system (Stiles and Maxson plants)","type":"Municipal sewer system","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Shelby County; T.E. Maxson plant at 2685 Steam Plant Road (TN0020729) and M.C. Stiles plant (TN0020711), discharging to the Mississippi River system","coordinates":{"lat":35.072314,"lon":-90.157038,"precision":"facility","source_ref":4},"counties":["Shelby"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Aging collection and treatment infrastructure is producing overflows and effluent violations that degrade receiving waters.","secondary_drivers":["Aging sewer infrastructure","Treatment plant performance"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO (ref 4) shows Maxson BOD and total suspended solids running hundreds of percent over permit limits in most quarters since mid-2023; EPA (ref 1) cites unpermitted overflows since July 2003.","service":"No customer service interruption is documented in the cited sources (refs 1-4); the impact falls on receiving waters.","scale":"EPA (ref 1) puts the two plants at a combined 225 MGD design capacity; the city (ref 2) says Stiles alone serves over 300,000 people.","duration":"ECHO (ref 4) lists Maxson in Significant/Category I Noncompliance for 12 straight quarters (Jul 2023-Jun 2026); the decree (ref 2) has been in force since September 20, 2012.","significance":"A federal consent decree with EPA, DOJ, TDEC and the Tennessee Clean Water Network (refs 1, 2) carried a $1.29 million civil penalty."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":300000,"status":"Reported","note":"City says the M.C. Stiles plant alone serves over 300,000 people (ref 2); the Maxson service population is not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"T.E. Maxson plant in Significant/Category I Noncompliance in all 12 quarters from July 2023 to June 2026 (EPA ECHO)."},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance, T.E. Maxson (TN0020729), Jul 2023-Jun 2026","value":12,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO (ref 4)."},{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance, M.C. Stiles (TN0020711), last 3 years","value":5,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO facility search (ref 5)."},{"name":"Estimated consent decree cost","value":250,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"EPA (ref 1)."},{"name":"Combined design capacity","value":225,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"EPA (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Rate increases adopted July 2026 to restore the Sewer Fund revenue bond rating after a downgrade (ref 3)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Maxson noncompliance has persisted every quarter since mid-2023 (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Memphis, Public Works / Environmental Engineering","role":"Sewer system owner and operator"},{"name":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC), Division of Water Resources","role":"State permitting and primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 4","role":"Federal Clean Water Act enforcement"}],"public_contact":"City of Memphis Environmental Engineering, 125 N. Main Street, Room 608, Memphis, TN 38103; 901-636-6762","corrective_actions":["Consent decree Sewer Assessment and Rehabilitation Program (SARP10) and priority-area rehabilitation (refs 1, 2)","Ordinance 5975 sewer rate increases effective January 1, 2027 and July 1, 2028 to fund Maxson and Stiles upgrades (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Memphis, Tennessee Sanitary Sewer Overflow Settlement","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2012-04-16","url":"https://19january2025snapshot.epa.gov/enforcement/city-memphis-tennessee-sanitary-sewer-overflow-settlement","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Environmental Engineering (consent decree, SARP10, treatment plants)","publisher":"City of Memphis","date":"2024-07-01","url":"https://memphistn.gov/environmental-engineering/","basis":"Primary or official record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Flush shock: Memphis council signs off on years of higher sewer bills","publisher":"Hoodline","date":"2026-07-23","url":"https://hoodline.com/2026/07/flush-shock-memphis-council-signs-off-on-years-of-higher-sewer-bills/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA ECHO detailed facility report: Memphis T.E. Maxson WWTP (TN0020729)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=TN0020729","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"EPA ECHO Clean Water Act facility search, Tennessee facilities with violations","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=TN&p_qiv=GT2","basis":"Federal record","ref":5,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TN-MEMPHIS-MLGW-WINTER-BOIL-ADVISORY-2024"]},{"id":"US-TN-MEMPHIS-MLGW-WINTER-BOIL-ADVISORY-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"MLGW systemwide boil-water advisory after January 2024 freeze main breaks","description":"On January 19, 2024, Memphis Light, Gas and Water issued a precautionary boil-water advisory for all water customers after days of freezing weather caused multiple line breaks and a significant loss of pressure. About 80 mains and pipes burst and some residents lost service for days; the advisory lasted four days. It was the third systemwide advisory since February 2021, and MLGW said upgrading the whole system would roughly double bills.","location":{"name":"Memphis Light, Gas and Water water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Memphis and unincorporated Shelby County","coordinates":{"lat":35.1495,"lon":-90.049,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Shelby"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TN0000450"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Freeze-driven main breaks and pressure loss in the distribution system triggered the advisory.","secondary_drivers":["Extreme cold","Aging distribution mains"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"MLGW (ref 1) issued the advisory because pressure loss could allow contamination; no confirmed contamination is reported (ref 2).","service":"All MLGW water customers were placed under a boil advisory (ref 1) and residents quoted by AP (ref 2) had no water from Thursday to Sunday.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 4) lists 659,500 people served; AP (ref 2) put the advisory at more than 600,000 people.","duration":"Action News 5 (ref 3) reports systemwide advisories in February 2021, December 2022 and January 2024, a recurring winter failure.","significance":"A formal precautionary boil-water advisory cleared through TDEC (ref 1); no enforcement action is cited."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":659500,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Days of freezing weather caused multiple line breaks and a significant loss of pressure; boil advisory for all MLGW water customers (January 19, 2024)."},"measures":[{"name":"Water mains and pipes burst, January 2024","value":80,"unit":"breaks","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate figure, Action News 5 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Advisory duration, January 2024","value":4,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3; the 2021 advisory lasted 8 days."},{"name":"MLGW water infrastructure investment since 2021","value":85,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3; AP (ref 2) cited at least $60 million."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Advisory was shorter than in 2021 (ref 3), but systemwide failures recurred in 2021, 2022 and 2024."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Memphis Light, Gas and Water (MLGW)","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC), Division of Water Resources","role":"State permitting and primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"MLGW boil water updates at mlgw.com/boilwateralert","corrective_actions":["Insulated pumping equipment that froze in 2021 and added pumps (ref 3)","Memphis Fire Department shut water to nearly 40 chronically vacant buildings with burst fire lines (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Precautionary Boil Water Advisory for all MLGW water customers","publisher":"Memphis Light, Gas and Water","date":"2024-01-19","url":"https://www.mlgw.com/news/News11924bwadcisory","basis":"Primary or official record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Memphis residents are on day 4 of a boil water notice while ice hits Arkansas and Missouri (AP)","publisher":"KSAT / Associated Press","date":"2024-01-22","url":"https://www.ksat.com/news/national/2024/01/22/memphis-residents-are-on-day-4-of-a-boil-water-notice-while-ice-hits-arkansas-and-missouri/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Will Memphis residents have to boil water every time it gets really cold?","publisher":"Action News 5","date":"2024-02-01","url":"https://www.actionnews5.com/2024/02/01/will-memphis-residents-have-boil-water-every-time-it-gets-really-cold","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: MEMPHIS LIGHT, GAS, & WATER","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MEMPHIS/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TN-MEMPHIS-SEWER-CONSENT-DECREE-2026","US-TN-MASON-WATER-SYSTEM-FAILURE-2024","US-TN-MEMPHIS-XAI-COLOSSUS-WATER-2026"]},{"id":"US-TN-NASHVILLE-CLEAN-WATER-CONSENT-DECREE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Nashville sewer overflow consent decree (Clean Water Nashville) runs to 2031","description":"Metro Nashville has been under a federal-state consent decree since March 2009 to eliminate sanitary sewer overflows and control combined sewer overflows to the Cumberland River. The amended decree gives Metro Water Services until December 2031; the program is estimated at $2.5 billion to $2.7 billion and includes a $400 million Central plant expansion and 80 million gallons of wet-weather storage. The program director reported overflows down about 50% by early 2024.","location":{"name":"Metro Water Services sewer system, Nashville","type":"Metropolitan sewer system","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Davidson County; Central (TN0020575), Dry Creek (TN0020648) and Whites Creek (TN0024970) plants","coordinates":{"lat":36.1627,"lon":-86.7816,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Davidson"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TN0000494"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Undersized and leaking sanitary and combined sewers overflow during wet weather.","secondary_drivers":["Combined sewers","Inflow and infiltration","Population growth"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The decree (ref 1) targets 27 listed sanitary sewer overflows and combined sewer overflows into the Cumberland River.","service":"No interruption of sewer or water service is documented in refs 1-2.","scale":"Davidson County population was 715,884 in 2020 (ref 2); SDWIS (ref 3) lists 789,969 served by Metro Water Services.","duration":"Decree entered March 2009 (ref 1) with an amended deadline of December 2031 (ref 2).","significance":"Federal consent decree in the Middle District of Tennessee with civil and stipulated penalties (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":715884,"status":"Reported","note":"Davidson County 2020 population as cited in ref 2; SDWIS lists 789,969 served by the water system (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Metro Water Services has until December 2031 to meet the consent decree mandates, including eliminating sanitary sewer overflows."},"measures":[{"name":"Program cost estimate","value":2.7,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2 (2024); Clean Water Nashville (ref 1) says over $2.5 billion."},{"name":"Overflows listed in decree","value":27,"unit":"SSO locations","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Planned wet-weather storage","value":80,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Seven new tanks (ref 2)."},{"name":"Reduction in SSOs to date","value":50,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"About 50%, per ref 2 (February 2024)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"SSOs reportedly down about 50% (ref 2); construction costs nearly doubled on some projects."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Metro Water Services (Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County)","role":"Sewer utility"},{"name":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC), Division of Water Resources","role":"State permitting and primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 4","role":"Federal Clean Water Act enforcement"}],"public_contact":"Clean Water Nashville program, cleanwaternashville.org","corrective_actions":["Overflow Abatement Program under the Corrective Action Plan/Engineering Report (ref 1)","Long Term Control Plan for CSOs; Central Water Reclamation Facility expansion; seven storage tanks (refs 1, 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"History of Nashville's Sewer System and Consent Decree","publisher":"Clean Water Nashville (Metro Water Services)","date":null,"url":"https://www.cleanwaternashville.org/history-and-consent-decree","basis":"Primary or official record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Sewer upgrades hit the right notes","publisher":"MSW Management / Municipal Sewer & Water","date":"2024-02-26","url":"https://www.mswmag.com/editorial/2024/03/sewer-upgrades-hit-the-right-notes","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: METRO WATER SERVICES","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/TN0000494/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"EPA ECHO Clean Water Act facility search, Tennessee facilities with violations","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=TN&p_qiv=GT2","basis":"Federal record","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TN-CHATTANOOGA-SEWER-CONSENT-DECREE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Chattanooga sewer overflow consent decree still in force at Moccasin Bend","description":"Chattanooga entered a Clean Water Act consent decree in April 2013 over sanitary sewer overflows, dry-weather discharges from combined sewer outfalls, bypasses and effluent violations at its Moccasin Bend system. The city estimated $250 million in sewer work and in 2022 lined up $337 million in WIFIA, state revolving fund and sewer-fund financing. Its 19th annual report (January 2026) shows the East Bank/West Bank outfall compliance period now running to September 2029.","location":{"name":"Chattanooga wastewater system (Moccasin Bend WWTP)","type":"Municipal sewer system","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Hamilton County; Moccasin Bend WWTP (NPDES TN0024210), 140 MGD design, also treats flow from neighboring jurisdictions","coordinates":{"lat":35.0456,"lon":-85.3097,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Hamilton"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Inflow and infiltration and combined sewers cause overflows to the Tennessee River and its tributaries.","secondary_drivers":["Combined sewers","Inflow and infiltration"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA (ref 1) alleged sanitary sewer overflows, dry-weather combined sewer discharges, prohibited bypasses and effluent limit violations.","service":"No customer service interruption is documented in refs 1-3.","scale":"Moccasin Bend has a 140 MGD design flow (ref 4) and accepts wastewater from external jurisdictions (ref 1).","duration":"Decree entered April 24, 2013 (ref 3); the city said in 2022 that repairs span twenty years and it was about halfway (ref 2).","significance":"Federal consent decree, U.S. v. City of Chattanooga No. 1:12-cv-0024, with a $476,400 civil penalty (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources do not give a sewer service population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Comprehensive injunctive relief due within approximately 15 years of the 2012-2013 settlement; estimated $250 million in sewer improvements."},"measures":[{"name":"Estimated sewer improvement cost (2012)","value":250,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Stormwater and sewer financing package (2022)","value":337,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Includes up to $186 million in WIFIA loans (ref 2)."},{"name":"Moccasin Bend design flow","value":140,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO (ref 4); 12 of 12 recent quarters with violations, none significant."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Many decree projects are complete (ref 3); no stipulated penalty demands in 2025 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Chattanooga Wastewater Department","role":"Sewer system owner and operator"},{"name":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC), Division of Water Resources","role":"State permitting and primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 4","role":"Federal Clean Water Act enforcement"}],"public_contact":"City of Chattanooga Wastewater Department, 455 Moccasin Bend Road, Chattanooga, TN 37405; 423-643-7400","corrective_actions":["Sewer assessment and rehabilitation, chronic SSO elimination projects and pump station upgrades (ref 3)","Moccasin Bend oxygen plant replacement, wet weather treatment upgrade and solids optimization funded by WIFIA and SRF loans (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Chattanooga, Tennessee Settlement","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2012-07-17","url":"https://19january2025snapshot.epa.gov/enforcement/city-chattanooga-tennessee-settlement/index.html","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"City tees up $337 million in stormwater and sewer improvements to unlock growth","publisher":"City of Chattanooga, Office of the Mayor","date":"2022-02-28","url":"https://register.chattanooga.gov/stay-informed/latest-news/city-tees-337-million-stormwater-and-sewer-improvements-unlock-growth","basis":"Primary or official record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Consent Decree Annual Work Progress Report No. 19 (January-December 2025)","publisher":"City of Chattanooga Wastewater Department","date":"2026-01-31","url":"https://register.chattanooga.gov/sites/default/files/resources/Chattanooga-Annual-Work-Progress-Report-No-19.pdf","basis":"Primary or official record"},{"title":"EPA ECHO Clean Water Act facility search, Tennessee facilities with violations","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=TN&p_qiv=GT2","basis":"Federal record","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TN-ERWIN-WWTP-HELENE-DAMAGE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Erwin wastewater plant crippled by Helene flooding awaits $60-80M rebuild","description":"Hurricane Helene's September 2024 flooding put parts of Erwin Utilities' wastewater treatment plant on the Nolichucky River under as much as eight feet of water. Partial treatment returned after three weeks and full treatment after six, but the utility said in April 2025 that repairs are temporary and needed almost weekly. A new plant is estimated at $60 million to $80 million; the state earmarked $20 million, and the local match could fall on about 3,800 wastewater customers.","location":{"name":"Erwin Utilities Authority wastewater plant","type":"Municipal utility wastewater plant","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Erwin, Unicoi County; discharges to the Nolichucky River (NPDES TN0023001)","coordinates":{"lat":36.1451,"lon":-82.4168,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Unicoi"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TN0000231"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Flood damage to treatment basins and equipment left the plant on temporary repairs.","secondary_drivers":["Hurricane Helene flooding"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Basins that clean wastewater before release to the Nolichucky were underwater and only partial treatment returned after three weeks (ref 1); no discharge volume is reported.","service":"Wastewater treatment was partly lost for weeks and runs on temporary repairs needed almost weekly (ref 1).","scale":"About 3,800 wastewater customers (ref 1); SDWIS lists 12,478 served by the Erwin water system (ref 2).","duration":"Damage from September 2024 was still unrepaired in April 2025, with silt and debris visible almost seven months later (ref 1).","significance":"A $20 million state budget earmark and FEMA cost share for disaster repair (ref 1); no enforcement action is cited."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"About 3,800 wastewater customers (accounts, not people) per ref 1."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A new plant is estimated at $60 million to $80 million; parts of the plant were under as much as eight feet of water."},"measures":[{"name":"Estimated cost of new plant","value":70,"unit":"million USD","status":"Estimated","note":"Midpoint of the $60-80 million range in ref 1."},{"name":"State budget earmark","value":20,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"For the plant and lab (ref 1)."},{"name":"Wastewater customers","value":3800,"unit":"customers","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Local match of $15-20 million would burden about 3,800 wastewater customers (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Erwin Utilities Authority","role":"Utility owner and operator"},{"name":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC), Division of Water Resources","role":"State permitting and primacy regulator"},{"name":"FEMA","role":"Disaster public assistance"}],"public_contact":"Erwin Utilities Authority customer service","corrective_actions":["Temporary repairs restored partial treatment in three weeks and full treatment in six (ref 1)","Preliminary engineering report to evaluate repair, re-equipping or relocating the plant (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Erwin Utilities to receive $20M for wastewater treatment plant","publisher":"WJHL","date":"2025-04-21","url":"https://www.wjhl.com/news/local/hurricane-helene/erwin-utilities-to-receive-20m-for-wastewater-treatment-plant/amp/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: ERWIN UTILITIES AUTHORITY","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ERWIN/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TN-GREENEVILLE-NOLICHUCKY-INTAKE-HELENE-2025","US-TN-JONESBOROUGH-INTAKE-HELENE-2026","US-TN-NORTHEAST-HELENE-FLOODING-2024","US-TN-UPPER-EAST-HELENE-WATER-CONSERVATION-2024"]},{"id":"US-TN-NEWPORT-INTAKE-HELENE-OUTAGE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Helene floods Newport Utilities raw water intake, cutting water service","description":"Historic Pigeon River flooding from Hurricane Helene in late September 2024 damaged Newport Utilities' raw water intake plant, which the utility calls the heart of its system, and it declared a state of emergency for all water operations. Residents went days without water under a systemwide boil notice. By October 1 the utility was again pulling water into its treatment plant and testing lines.","location":{"name":"Newport Utilities Board water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Newport, Cocke County; raw water intake on the Pigeon River","coordinates":{"lat":35.967,"lon":-83.1877,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Cocke"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TN0000500"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Flood damage to the intake and equipment stopped water production.","secondary_drivers":["Hurricane Helene flooding"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Customers were under a boil notice because of the outage (ref 2); no contamination results are reported.","service":"Some residents had been without running water for days and the CEO said restoration would take at least a week (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS (ref 3) lists 34,925 people served by Newport Utilities.","duration":"Water was again being pulled into the plant by October 1, 2024, days after the September 27-28 flood (ref 2).","significance":"Newport Utilities declared a state of emergency for all water operations (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":34925,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Historic floods damaged Newport Utilities' raw water intake plant; state of emergency declared for all water operations."},"measures":[{"name":"Minimum restoration time stated by CEO","value":7,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"'At least a week' (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Permanent intake repair status is not reported in the cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Newport Utilities Board","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC), Division of Water Resources","role":"State permitting and primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Newport Utilities customer service","corrective_actions":["Debris clearing, equipment replacement and line testing to restore service (refs 1, 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"'This is uncharted territory' | Newport residents preparing to be without running water for weeks","publisher":"WVLT","date":"2024-09-30","url":"https://www.wvlt.tv/2024/09/30/this-is-uncharted-territory-newport-residents-preparing-be-without-running-water-weeks/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Newport Utilities pulling water into treatment plant, testing lines, mayor says","publisher":"WVLT","date":"2024-10-01","url":"https://www.wvlt.tv/2024/10/02/newport-utilities-pulling-water-into-treatment-plant-testing-lines-mayor-says","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: NEWPORT UTILITIES BOARD","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/NEWPORT/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Permanent intake repair cost and status"],"related_ids":["US-TN-NORTHEAST-HELENE-FLOODING-2024"]},{"id":"US-TN-GREENEVILLE-NOLICHUCKY-INTAKE-HELENE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Greeneville intake still on diesel pumps a year after Helene flood","description":"Hurricane Helene's flooding in September 2024 submerged the Greeneville Water Commission's Nolichucky River intake, which supplies all five Greene County utility districts, leaving thousands without water. More than a year later, in October 2025, emergency diesel pumps costing about $300,000 a month were still running beside the damaged structure while new drives were installed. Greene County has drawn about $20.1 million in zero-interest state Helene loans.","location":{"name":"Greeneville Water Commission intake, Nolichucky River","type":"Municipal water utility","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Greeneville, Greene County; raw water intake supplying the county's five utility districts","coordinates":{"lat":36.1632,"lon":-82.831,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Greene"],"extent":"county","pwsid":"TN0000273"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The flood-damaged intake structure and pump drives are the system's single source of raw water.","secondary_drivers":["Hurricane Helene flooding"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No contamination is reported; the risk is to supply continuity from a submerged intake (ref 2).","service":"Thousands in Greene County were without water and the commission set a 20-gallon-per-vehicle pickup limit (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS (ref 3) lists 26,657 served directly; the intake supplies all five county utility districts (ref 2).","duration":"As of October 28, 2025, pumping had still not returned to the intake building, which flooded in September 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"Repairs are financed with state Helene Emergency Assistance Loans repaid after FEMA reimbursement (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":26657,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3); wholesale customers add more."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Emergency diesel pumps cost about $300,000 per month to operate (October 2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"Monthly cost of emergency diesel pumping","value":300000,"unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Helene Emergency Assistance Loans to Greene County","value":20.1,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Utility cash on hand","value":13,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; decline described as stabilizing."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Officials had worried the utility could run out of cash (ref 1)","$300,000 per month diesel pumping cost (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"New drives installed in September 2025; target to resume building pumping by Thanksgiving 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Greeneville Water Commission","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC), Division of Water Resources","role":"State permitting and primacy regulator"},{"name":"FEMA","role":"Disaster public assistance"}],"public_contact":"Greeneville Water Commission customer service","corrective_actions":["Temporary diesel pumps beside the intake (ref 1)","New variable frequency drives and trash racks before returning to building pumping (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Greeneville Water Commission targets Thanksgiving for move into intake station; cash balance stabilizing","publisher":"The Greeneville Sun","date":"2025-10-28","url":"https://www.greenevillesun.com/news/local_news/greeneville-water-commission-targets-thanksgiving-for-move-into-intake-station-cash-balance-stabilizing/article_debb39f1-a702-4180-a3a8-ab59d8ca7393.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"No timeline yet on restoring water in Greene County, commission giving away water","publisher":"WVLT","date":"2024-09-30","url":"https://www.wvlt.tv/2024/09/30/no-timeline-yet-restoring-water-greene-county-commission-giving-away-water","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: GREENEVILLE WATER COMMISSION","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/GREENEVILLE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TN-ERWIN-WWTP-HELENE-DAMAGE-2025","US-TN-JONESBOROUGH-INTAKE-HELENE-2026","US-TN-NORTHEAST-HELENE-FLOODING-2024"]},{"id":"US-TN-JONESBOROUGH-INTAKE-HELENE-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Jonesborough borrows $4M to repair Helene-damaged Nolichucky intake","description":"Nearly two years after Hurricane Helene, Jonesborough's Board of Mayor and Aldermen approved a $4 million zero-interest loan from Washington County in August 2026 to repair its damaged water intake and build a backup intake to run during repairs. The mayor said the repaired intake's capacity will rise from 3 million to 8 million gallons a day, and the loan is to be repaid through FEMA and other federal disaster funds.","location":{"name":"Jonesborough Water Department intake","type":"Municipal water utility","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Jonesborough, Washington County; intake on the Nolichucky River","coordinates":{"lat":36.2943,"lon":-82.4735,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Washington"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TN0000338"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Flood damage to the raw water intake requires repair and a redundant intake.","secondary_drivers":["Hurricane Helene flooding"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health or environmental harm is documented in ref 1.","service":"Ref 1 does not report a current service interruption.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 2) lists 33,069 people served by the Jonesborough Water Department.","duration":"Repairs were still being financed in August 2026, nearly two years after the September 2024 flood (ref 1).","significance":"A $4 million county bridge loan pending FEMA reimbursement (ref 1); no enforcement or new emergency order is cited."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":33069,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$4 million zero-interest loan approved to repair the intake, which will go from 3 million to 8 million gallons a day."},"measures":[{"name":"County bridge loan","value":4,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Intake capacity after repair","value":8,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Up from 3 MGD (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Jonesborough","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Washington County","role":"Lender"},{"name":"FEMA","role":"Disaster public assistance"}],"public_contact":"Town of Jonesborough Water Department","corrective_actions":["Intake repair with a redundant intake during construction, funded by a $4 million county loan (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Jonesborough approves $4 million loan for Helene-damaged water infrastructure","publisher":"WCYB","date":"2026-08-10","url":"https://wcyb.com/news/local/jonesborough-approves-4-million-loan-for-helene-damaged-water-infrastructure","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-13"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: JONESBOROUGH WATER DEPT","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/JONESBOROUGH/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Re-opened the WCYB article (HTTP 200, published Mon Aug 10, 2026): the Board of Mayor and Aldermen approved a $4 million loan at the Monday meeting, to repair the existing intake and build a redundant system for use during repairs; zero-percent loan from Washington County, reimbursed through FEMA and other federal disaster funds; mayor Kelly Wolfe says capacity goes from 3 to 8 million gallons a day. All record figures match. A search found no second outlet and no detail on the damage or repair timeline."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Description of intake damage","Repair completion date"],"related_ids":["US-TN-GREENEVILLE-NOLICHUCKY-INTAKE-HELENE-2025","US-TN-NORTHEAST-HELENE-FLOODING-2024"]},{"id":"US-TN-SPRING-HILL-SEWER-MORATORIUM-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"TDEC consent order imposes sewer moratorium on Spring Hill after 29 violations","description":"After Spring Hill self-reported 29 effluent exceedances at its sewer treatment plant from 2023 to 2025, TDEC issued Consent Order WPC2025-0093 with a $65,700 civil penalty and a moratorium on new sewer connections for projects without vested rights. The plant discharged too much nitrogen to Richland Creek, a Duck River tributary. The moratorium lasts until the plant meets the order's standards for 12 consecutive months; the city adopted a capacity allocation framework in January 2026.","location":{"name":"City of Spring Hill sewer treatment plant","type":"Municipal sewer system","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Spring Hill, Maury and Williamson counties; plant (NPDES TN0075868) discharges to Richland Creek, Duck River basin","coordinates":{"lat":35.7512,"lon":-86.93,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Maury","Williamson"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"TN0000667"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"An overloaded treatment plant exceeded effluent limits, discharging excess nitrogen to a Duck River tributary.","secondary_drivers":["Rapid growth","Treatment capacity"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The city self-reported 29 effluent exceedance violations (ref 1), including excess nitrogen into Richland Creek, which feeds the Duck River (ref 2).","service":"New sewer connections are paused for projects without vested rights (ref 1); existing users keep capacity (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS (ref 4) lists 65,840 people served by the Spring Hill water system.","duration":"Violations ran from 2023 to 2025 (ref 1) and the moratorium was still in force under a January 2026 ordinance (ref 3).","significance":"TDEC Consent Order WPC2025-0093 (ref 3) with a $65,700 civil penalty (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":65840,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the city water system per SDWIS (ref 4); sewer population not separately reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"29 effluent exceedance violations self-reported from 2023 to 2025; $65,700 civil penalty and sewer connection moratorium."},"measures":[{"name":"Self-reported effluent exceedances, 2023-2025","value":29,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Civil penalty","value":65700,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"$13,140 due within 30 days (ref 1)."},{"name":"Plant capacity","value":5,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2 says '5-million-gallon capacity'; ECHO (ref 5) lists 5 MGD design flow."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Spring Hill","role":"Sewer system owner and operator"},{"name":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC), Division of Water Resources","role":"State permitting and primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Spring Hill, City Hall","corrective_actions":["Corrective action plan for the treatment plant under the consent order (ref 1)","Ordinance 25-29 sewer capacity allocation framework with flow metering (ref 3)","Near-term decentralized capacity or interlocal agreements (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Spring Hill accepts TDEC Consent Order (Resolution 25-183)","publisher":"City of Spring Hill","date":"2025-08-05","url":"https://springhilltn.org/CivicAlerts.asp?AID=1563","basis":"Primary or official record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Spring Hill faces sewer moratorium as treatment plant violations mount","publisher":"NewsChannel 5 Nashville","date":"2025-08-06","url":"https://www.newschannel5.com/news/spring-hill-faces-sewer-moratorium-as-treatment-plant-violations-mount","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Spring Hill BOMA unanimously approves sewer moratorium framework","publisher":"Williamson Herald","date":"2026-01-06","url":"https://www.williamsonherald.com/communities/spring_hill/spring-hill-boma-unanimously-approves-sewer-moratorium-framework/article_ffc8a7d7-922f-40cc-bc7d-3d4f9a1f289d.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: SPRING HILL WATER DEPT","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SPRING/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"EPA ECHO Clean Water Act facility search, Spring Hill","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=TN&p_fn=SPRING%20HILL","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TN-SPRING-HILL-SUPPLY-CAP-2026"]},{"id":"US-TN-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINE-REPLACEMENT-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Tennessee lead service line replacement requests reach $246 million","description":"Tennessee's Drinking Water State Revolving Fund lead service line priority list (revised April 2026) totals about $246 million in replacement requests, including Memphis (about 20,000 lead lines, $50 million), Nashville ($100 million) and Tennessee American Water in Hamilton County ($70 million). MLGW had replaced more than 9,000 lead lines since 2012 but said in 2024 that available funding would not cover both public and private sides.","location":{"name":"Tennessee public water systems (statewide)","type":"Statewide program","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Largest requests from Memphis (Shelby), Nashville (Davidson) and Chattanooga area (Hamilton)","coordinates":{"lat":35.86,"lon":-86.35,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Shelby","Davidson","Hamilton"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Lead and galvanized service lines are legacy distribution infrastructure that must be inventoried and replaced.","secondary_drivers":["Legacy lead service lines","Federal lead rule deadlines"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Lead service lines are a potential exposure source; the priority list (ref 1) is about replacement, not measured exceedances.","service":"No service disruption is documented in refs 1-2.","scale":"Projects on the list (ref 1) cover systems serving 659,500 (Memphis), 778,153 (Nashville) and 207,046 (Hamilton County) people.","duration":"Replacement schedules on the list run to 2029-2037 (ref 1), and the federal rule gives utilities 10 years to replace lines (ref 2).","significance":"Federal Lead and Copper Rule requirements drive the inventories and state priority ranking (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No statewide count of people served by lead lines is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Estimated Total Request for LSLR Funding: $246,321,500 (2024-2026 priority list, revised April 13, 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Total lead service line replacement funding requested","value":246321500,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Estimated principal forgiveness","value":88160750,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Memphis lead service lines to replace","value":20000,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate, ref 1."},{"name":"Lead lines replaced by MLGW since 2012","value":9000,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"More than 9,000 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"TDEC State Revolving Fund Loan Program","role":"State funder"},{"name":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC), Division of Water Resources","role":"State permitting and primacy regulator"},{"name":"Memphis Light, Gas and Water; Metro Water Services; Tennessee American Water","role":"Largest applicant utilities"}],"public_contact":"TDEC State Revolving Fund Loan Program","corrective_actions":["State revolving fund loans with principal forgiveness for lead line replacement (ref 1)","MLGW public-side replacement and planned income-qualified private-side program (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drinking Water State Revolving Fund 2024-2026 Lead Service Line Replacement Priority Ranking List (revised April 13, 2026)","publisher":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation","date":"2026-04-13","url":"https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/environment/water/srf/wr_srf_sfy2024-2026-prl-lsl-dw-draft.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"MLGW to replace both private and public lead service lines (Commercial Appeal)","publisher":"Memphis Commercial Appeal via Yahoo News","date":"2024-10-24","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/mlgw-replace-both-private-public-100519973.html","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TN-MEMPHIS-MLGW-WINTER-BOIL-ADVISORY-2024","US-TN-MEMPHIS-MLGW-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2026"]},{"id":"US-TN-MASON-WATER-SYSTEM-FAILURE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Mason water system fails for nine days in January 2024 freeze","description":"The small Tipton County town of Mason lost water service for nine days in January 2024 after freezing temperatures, leaving hundreds of residents and people outside town limits without water until it was restored with a boil advisory. Months earlier, in September 2023, residents reported low pressure and frequent boil alerts in what local reporting called an antiquated system, and $1.9 million in state upgrade funds received in August 2023 had not yet been spent.","location":{"name":"Mason Water Department","type":"Municipal water system","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Town of Mason, Tipton County","coordinates":{"lat":35.4117,"lon":-89.5326,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Tipton"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TN0000440"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"An aging small system failed under cold stress amid unspent upgrade funds.","secondary_drivers":["Extreme cold","Aging small-system infrastructure"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"A boil advisory followed restoration (ref 1); no contamination results are reported.","service":"Residents went nine days without water in January 2024 (ref 1); AP reported a multiday outage with no restoration timetable (ref 3).","scale":"SDWIS (ref 4) lists 3,642 people served by the Mason Water Department.","duration":"Low pressure and frequent boil alerts were reported in September 2023 (ref 2) before the January 2024 outage (ref 1).","significance":"Formal boil-water advisories (refs 1, 2); no enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":3642,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Nine days without water after temperatures fell below freezing (January 2024)."},"measures":[{"name":"Outage duration, January 2024","value":9,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"State funds for water system upgrades (August 2023)","value":1.9,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"No work had started by September 28, 2023 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No post-2024 status found in opened sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Mason","role":"Water system owner"},{"name":"Alliance Water Resources","role":"Contract operator"},{"name":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC), Division of Water Resources","role":"State permitting and primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Town of Mason, Town Hall","corrective_actions":["Planned backup tie-ins with Covington and Poplar Grove (ref 1)","State-funded water system upgrades, engineering contracts signed (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water restored in West Tennessee town after over a week without","publisher":"Action News 5","date":"2024-01-28","url":"https://www.actionnews5.com/2024/01/28/water-restored-west-tennessee-town-after-over-week-without","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Mason water issues continue despite state funds","publisher":"WREG via Yahoo News","date":"2023-09-28","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/mason-water-issues-continue-despite-215452121.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Memphis residents are on day 4 of a boil water notice while ice hits Arkansas and Missouri (AP)","publisher":"KSAT / Associated Press","date":"2024-01-22","url":"https://www.ksat.com/news/national/2024/01/22/memphis-residents-are-on-day-4-of-a-boil-water-notice-while-ice-hits-arkansas-and-missouri/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: MASON WATER DEPARTMENT","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MASON/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Root-cause report","Post-2024 upgrade status"],"related_ids":["US-TN-MEMPHIS-MLGW-WINTER-BOIL-ADVISORY-2024"]},{"id":"US-TN-NORTHEAST-HELENE-FLOODING-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Tropical Storm Helene floods Nolichucky, French Broad and Pigeon rivers in Northeast TN","description":"Tropical Storm Helene caused historic river flooding in Northeast Tennessee on Sept. 26-30, 2024, and a federal major disaster (DR-4832-TN) was declared on Oct. 2, 2024 for 14 counties. WVLT, citing the National Hurricane Center, reported 18 Tennessee deaths; TVA issued a 'condition red' breach warning at the century-old Nolichucky Dam, which held. FEMA had obligated about $581 million in public assistance by July 2026, and the state reports more than 6 million cubic yards of debris removed.","location":{"name":"Nolichucky, French Broad and Pigeon river basins","type":"River basins / multi-county disaster area","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Northeast Tennessee: Unicoi, Washington, Greene, Cocke, Carter, Johnson, Hawkins, Hamblen and other declared counties","coordinates":{"lat":36.1451,"lon":-82.4168,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Carter","Claiborne","Cocke","Grainger","Greene","Hamblen","Hancock","Hawkins","Jefferson","Johnson","Sevier","Sullivan","Unicoi","Washington"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"River flooding damaged dams, homes and public works and pushed debris and sediment into TVA reservoirs.","secondary_drivers":["Extreme rainfall from a tropical system","Mountain river flash flooding"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"WVLT (ref 5) reports the National Hurricane Center counted 18 Tennessee deaths from Helene; Hellbender Press (ref 3) says the floods sent an estimated 182 billion gallons into Douglas Lake.","service":"FEMA (ref 1) obligated $370 million for emergency work (debris removal and protective measures), reflecting region-wide loss of roads, power and public services.","scale":"OpenFEMA (ref 2) lists 14 designated Tennessee counties, nine with Individual Assistance; FEMA (ref 1) approved 7,475 household applications.","duration":"TEMA (ref 4) reported recovery still under way at the one-year mark in September 2025; Nolichucky Dam repairs continued after the flood (refs 6, 7).","significance":"Presidential major disaster declaration DR-4832-TN issued Oct. 2, 2024 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No total population affected is reported; FEMA approved 7,475 household assistance applications (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Total Public Assistance obligated: $581,178,205.87 (FEMA DR-4832-TN, ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Tennessee deaths (NHC count)","value":18,"unit":"deaths","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 5."},{"name":"FEMA Public Assistance obligated","value":581178205.87,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"As of FEMA page update, ref 1."},{"name":"Individuals and Households Program approved","value":37823469.75,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Debris removed","value":6000000,"unit":"cubic yards","status":"Reported","note":"TEMA says 'more than 6 million cubic yards' (ref 4)."},{"name":"Designated counties","value":14,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"OpenFEMA designated areas (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Debris removal and federal recovery funding progressed through 2025-2026 (refs 1, 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"FEMA","role":"Federal disaster assistance"},{"name":"Tennessee Emergency Management Agency (TEMA)","role":"State emergency management"},{"name":"Tennessee Valley Authority","role":"Dam owner (Nolichucky, Douglas)"}],"public_contact":"TEMA public information via tn.gov/tema","corrective_actions":["Federal major disaster declaration with Individual and Public Assistance (ref 1).","TVA razed the damaged Nolichucky Dam powerhouse and repaired the dam (refs 6, 7).","TVA installed a debris boom on Douglas Lake near Dandridge (ref 7)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Tennessee Tropical Storm Helene (DR-4832-TN)","publisher":"FEMA","date":"2026-07-14","url":"https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4832","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, disaster 4832","publisher":"FEMA","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v2/DisasterDeclarationsSummaries?$filter=disasterNumber%20eq%204832","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Helene: State labor regulators conclude company not at fault in flooding deaths at Impact Plastics","publisher":"Hellbender Press","date":"2025-04-04","url":"https://hellbenderpress.sustainably.org/news/state-labor-regulators-reach-conclusion-in-plant-probe","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"One Year After Helene: Together, We're Stronger","publisher":"Tennessee Emergency Management Agency","date":"2025-09-26","url":"https://www.tn.gov/tema/news-info/the-pit/2025/9/26/one-year-after-helene--together--we-re-stronger.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"Timeline: six months later, Tennessee continues to recover from Hurricane Helene","publisher":"WVLT","date":"2025-03-25","url":"https://www.wvlt.tv/2025/03/25/timeline-six-months-later-tennessee-continues-recover-hurricane-helene/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":6,"title":"Nolichucky Dam's function and safety remain secure following Helene, TVA says","publisher":"WCYB","date":"2024-11-01","url":"https://www.wcyb.com/news/local/despite-damage-nolichucky-dams-function-and-safety-remain-secure-assures-tva","basis":"News report"},{"ref":7,"title":"Nolichucky: the little dam that could","publisher":"Knox TN Today","date":"2024-10-08","url":"https://www.knoxtntoday.com/nolichucky-the-little-dam-that-could/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":10,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":10,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TN-ERWIN-IMPACT-PLASTICS-FLOOD-DEATHS-2024","US-TN-UPPER-EAST-HELENE-WATER-CONSERVATION-2024","US-TN-ERWIN-WWTP-HELENE-DAMAGE-2025","US-TN-NEWPORT-INTAKE-HELENE-OUTAGE-2024","US-TN-GREENEVILLE-NOLICHUCKY-INTAKE-HELENE-2025","US-TN-JONESBOROUGH-INTAKE-HELENE-2026"]},{"id":"US-TN-ERWIN-IMPACT-PLASTICS-FLOOD-DEATHS-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Six die after Nolichucky floodwaters sweep workers from Impact Plastics plant in Erwin","description":"On Sept. 27, 2024, Helene floodwaters from the Nolichucky River swept people from the Impact Plastics plant on South Industrial Drive in Erwin; five employees and one contractor died. TOSHA ruled in April 2025 that the deaths were not work-related and issued no citations, and the TBI found no criminal wrongdoing, so the district attorney closed the case in July 2025. Families have pursued wrongful-death litigation.","location":{"name":"Impact Plastics plant, Erwin","type":"Industrial facility in river floodplain","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"South Industrial Drive along I-26 near the Nolichucky River, Erwin, Unicoi County","coordinates":{"lat":36.1451,"lon":-82.4168,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Unicoi"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","other"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Floodwater from an overtopped river directly caused deaths at an industrial site.","secondary_drivers":["Tropical Storm Helene river flooding","Industrial siting in floodplain"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"AP (ref 2) reports six people died: five employees and one contractor who cleaned the offices.","service":"The event involved a single private plant; no public water service loss is attributed to it in refs 1-2.","scale":"Deaths and rescues were confined to the one Erwin plant site (ref 1).","duration":"State and criminal reviews ran from September 2024 to the DA's July 18, 2025 closure (ref 2).","significance":"Wrongful-death suit by the family of Johnny Peterson is pending, with other civil suits planned (ref 2); TBI and TOSHA investigations were conducted (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":6,"status":"Reported","note":"Number of people killed (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Six workers died on Sept. 27, 2024 when Helene floodwaters swept them away (AP, ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Deaths","value":6,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"People rescued from flatbed","value":6,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Regulatory and criminal reviews closed; civil suits pending (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Tennessee Occupational Safety and Health Administration (TOSHA)","role":"Workplace safety regulator"},{"name":"Tennessee Bureau of Investigation","role":"Criminal investigation"},{"name":"First Judicial District Attorney General","role":"Prosecutor"}],"public_contact":"Tennessee Department of Labor and Workforce Development (TOSHA) via tn.gov/workforce","corrective_actions":["TOSHA investigation concluded April 3, 2025 with no citations (ref 1).","TBI investigation closed without charges July 18, 2025 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Helene: State labor regulators conclude company not at fault in flooding deaths at Impact Plastics","publisher":"Hellbender Press","date":"2025-04-04","url":"https://hellbenderpress.sustainably.org/news/state-labor-regulators-reach-conclusion-in-plant-probe","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"The owner of the Tennessee factory where workers drowned after Hurricane Helene won't face charges","publisher":"Associated Press via WSLS","date":"2025-07-18","url":"https://www.wsls.com/business/2025/07/18/the-owner-of-the-tennessee-factory-where-workers-drowned-after-hurricane-helene-wont-face-charges/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TN-NORTHEAST-HELENE-FLOODING-2024"]},{"id":"US-TN-WEST-MIDDLE-APRIL-FLOODS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"April 2025 record rains flood West and Middle Tennessee; disaster DR-4878 declared","description":"A stalled storm system on April 2-6, 2025 dropped record multi-day rainfall across West and Middle Tennessee, including about 12.4 inches in Memphis and about 9.8 inches in Clarksville over four days. The state climate office says parts of the I-40 corridor, Humphreys County and northwestern border counties exceeded 200- to 1,000-year totals. A federal major disaster (DR-4878-TN) covering 30 counties was declared June 19, 2025, after an emergency declaration for all 95 counties.","location":{"name":"West and Middle Tennessee","type":"Multi-county disaster area","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Declared counties from Shelby and Dyer to Davidson, Montgomery and Wilson","coordinates":{"lat":35.1495,"lon":-90.049,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Carroll","Cheatham","Crockett","Davidson","Decatur","Dickson","Dyer","Fayette","Gibson","Grundy","Hardeman","Hardin","Haywood","Henderson","Henry","Hickman","Houston","Humphreys","Lauderdale","Lewis","Madison","McNairy","Montgomery","Obion","Perry","Shelby","Stewart","Tipton","Wayne","Wilson"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Extreme rainfall flooded homes and damaged public facilities across dozens of counties.","secondary_drivers":["Stalled storm system with repeated heavy rainfall","Tornadoes and severe storms"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"WPLN (ref 4) reports the multi-day storm system killed at least 10 people in Tennessee and Clarksville saw flooded homes and burst sewage pipes.","service":"TEMA (ref 3) says an emergency declaration covering all 95 counties was approved April 3 for emergency protective measures.","scale":"OpenFEMA (ref 2) lists 30 designated counties; Memphis received about 12.4 inches over April 2-5 (ref 4).","duration":"The FEMA incident period ran April 2-24, 2025, with assistance continuing into 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Presidential major disaster declaration DR-4878-TN signed June 19, 2025 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No total population affected is reported; FEMA approved 1,102 household applications (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 12.4 inches of rain fell in Memphis over April 2-5, its second-highest four-day total (WPLN, ref 4)."},"measures":[{"name":"Memphis four-day rainfall","value":12.4,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."},{"name":"Clarksville five-day rainfall","value":10.1,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"Record, ref 4."},{"name":"NWS Memphis warnings April 2-7","value":223,"unit":"warnings","status":"Reported","note":"Including 45 flash flood warnings (ref 5)."},{"name":"FEMA Public Assistance obligated","value":25629622.81,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Designated counties","value":30,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Federal assistance obligated through July 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"FEMA","role":"Federal disaster assistance"},{"name":"Tennessee Emergency Management Agency (TEMA)","role":"State emergency management"}],"public_contact":"TEMA public information via tn.gov/tema","corrective_actions":["Emergency declaration for all 95 counties approved April 3, 2025 (ref 3).","Major disaster declaration with Individual Assistance in nine counties (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Tennessee Severe Storms, Straight-Line Winds, Tornadoes, and Flooding (DR-4878-TN)","publisher":"FEMA","date":"2026-07-10","url":"https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4878","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, disaster 4878","publisher":"FEMA","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v2/DisasterDeclarationsSummaries?$filter=disasterNumber%20eq%204878","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Gov. Bill Lee Requests Federal Assistance Following April Severe Weather and Flooding","publisher":"Tennessee Emergency Management Agency","date":"2025-04-22","url":"https://www.tn.gov/tema/news/2025/4/22/gov--bill-lee-requests-federal-assistance-following-april-severe-weather-and-flooding.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Nashville area sees 161 tornado, thunderstorm and flash flood warnings in two weeks","publisher":"WPLN News","date":"2025-04-12","url":"https://wpln.org/post/nashville-area-sees-161-tornado-thunderstorm-and-flash-flood-warnings-in-two-weeks/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":5,"title":"2025 April - Tennessee Monthly Climate Report","publisher":"Tennessee Climate Office, East Tennessee State University","date":"2025-04-01","url":"https://dc.etsu.edu/tn-climate-monthly-reports/97","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TN-MEMPHIS-XAI-COLOSSUS-WATER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"xAI Colossus data centers draw on Memphis Sand Aquifer as promised reuse plant stalls","description":"xAI's Colossus supercomputer in Memphis needs more than one million gallons of water a day for cooling, according to engineers cited by FOX13, drawn from the Memphis Sand Aquifer that supplies Shelby County's drinking water. xAI broke ground in October 2025 on an $80 million plant to recycle up to 13 million gallons a day of treated city wastewater, but paused it in April 2026 to prioritize Colossus 2; MLGW said its own cost estimate was $200 million. In June 2026 xAI committed to resume construction by the first quarter of 2027.","location":{"name":"xAI Colossus data center, Southwest Memphis","type":"Industrial water user / data center campus","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Southwest Memphis, Shelby County; nearby users include TVA's Allen plant and Nucor Steel","coordinates":{"lat":35.1495,"lon":-90.049,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Shelby"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Data-center cooling demand adds to industrial withdrawals from the region's sole drinking-water aquifer.","secondary_drivers":["Data-center growth","Delayed water-reuse infrastructure"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"FOX13 (ref 1) cites engineers estimating Colossus 1 alone needs more than one million gallons a day for cooling from the aquifer.","service":"No restrictions on public water service are reported in refs 1-3.","scale":"Smart City Memphis (ref 3) describes the Memphis Sand Aquifer as Shelby County's only drinking-water source.","duration":"The reuse plant announced in 2024 (ref 3) remains paused, with a restart promised only by Q1 2027 (ref 2).","significance":"Memphis's mayor and MLGW publicly pressed xAI after the April 2026 pause; the restart is a non-binding commitment (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The aquifer serves Shelby County; no count of people affected is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Planned plant would recycle up to 13 million gallons of treated wastewater per day (Wastewater Digest, ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Reuse plant design capacity","value":13,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"xAI pledged plant cost","value":80000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"MLGW cited a probable cost estimate of $200 million (ref 1)."},{"name":"Colossus 1 cooling demand","value":1,"unit":"million gallons per day (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Engineers' estimate cited by FOX13 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Combined xAI, TVA and Nucor water use","value":13,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Engineers' 2025 estimate (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Plant paused in April 2026 while Colossus 2 expanded (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"xAI","role":"Facility operator"},{"name":"Memphis Light, Gas and Water (MLGW)","role":"Water utility and project partner"},{"name":"City of Memphis","role":"Local government"}],"public_contact":"MLGW customer service via mlgw.com","corrective_actions":["xAI committed to restart reuse-plant construction by Q1 2027 (ref 2).","MLGW must assemble a new design team before construction resumes (ref 2).","xAI says it still plans a wastewater recycling plant to cool its data centers instead of drawing aquifer water (ref 2).","Memphis Mayor Paul Young said he will keep pressing until the project moves forward (ref 2).","Protect Our Aquifer asked for a review of the land sale agreement and a public hearing (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Why did xAI pause construction of wastewater treatment plant?","publisher":"FOX13 Memphis","date":"2026-04-09","url":"https://www.fox13memphis.com/news/why-did-xai-pause-construction-of-wastewater-treatment-plant/article_de21744c-bf87-4691-b79e-3cc0ff342ed8.html","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"xAI commits to restarting Memphis wastewater recycling project in 2027","publisher":"Wastewater Digest","date":"2026-06-24","url":"https://www.wwdmag.com/wastewater-treatment/news/55386236/xai-commits-to-restarting-memphis-wastewater-recycling-project-in-2027","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"xAI Isn't Memphis's Biggest Water Hog - It's TVA","publisher":"Smart City Memphis","date":"2024-08-28","url":"https://www.smartcitymemphis.com/?p=32925","basis":"Commentary"},{"ref":4,"title":"Memphis leaders celebrate xAI, but will its 'burden' go unchecked?","publisher":"MLK50","date":"2025-05-13","url":"https://mlk50.com/?p=29569","basis":"News report"},{"ref":5,"title":"'Alarming:' XAI is 'prioritizing other projects'; Water plant is still planned","publisher":"WSMV","date":"2026-04-09","url":"https://www.wsmv.com/2026/04/09/alarming-xai-is-prioritizing-other-projects-water-plant-is-still-planned/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":6,"title":"Daily Memphian report on xAI's wastewater recycling promise and the Memphis Sand aquifer","publisher":"The Daily Memphian","date":"2026-04-09","url":"https://dailymemphian.com/article/61705/xai-elon-musk-memphis-wastewater-sand-aquifer-spacex","basis":"News report"},{"ref":7,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Memphis Light, Gas & Water (TN0000450)","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MEMPHIS/JSON","basis":"Federal database record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TN-MEMPHIS-MLGW-WINTER-BOIL-ADVISORY-2024"],"conflicts":[{"field":"measures","values":["about 30,000 gallons a day drawn after start-up, projected to reach 1 million gallons a day at full operation (MLGW via MLK50)","more than one million gallons a day needed for cooling (engineers cited by FOX13)"],"note":"Sources differ on current versus projected aquifer draw; neither reports measured full-operation pumping."}]},{"id":"US-TN-TVA-COAL-ASH-CLOSURE-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"TVA plans to cap unlined coal ash at Cumberland leaking arsenic and boron to groundwater","description":"TVA proposes capping in place at least 24 million cubic yards of coal ash in unlined pits and ponds at the Cumberland Fossil Plant in Stewart County, where its own monitoring shows arsenic, boron, cobalt, lithium, molybdenum and sulfate leaching into groundwater near the Cumberland River. TDEC is reviewing the plan under a 2015 administrative order and will then consider plans for Kingston and Johnsonville. TVA has dropped plans to retire Cumberland and Kingston, so ash will keep accumulating.","location":{"name":"Cumberland Fossil Plant ash storage","type":"Coal ash impoundment on river","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Cumberland River, Stewart County, about 60 miles northwest of Nashville; related TVA ash sites at Kingston (Roane County) and Johnsonville (Humphreys County)","coordinates":{"lat":36.385,"lon":-87.637,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Stewart","Roane","Humphreys"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Leachate from unlined coal ash storage contaminates groundwater beside a major river.","secondary_drivers":["Unlined coal ash storage","Continued coal plant operation"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Appalachian Voices (ref 2) reports monitoring wells at Cumberland showed arsenic, cobalt, lithium and molybdenum above groundwater protection standards.","service":"No drinking-water service disruption is reported from the Cumberland site in refs 1-2.","scale":"WPLN (ref 1) says the Cumberland site holds at least 24 million cubic yards, nearly double the state's next-largest coal ash site.","duration":"The ash has accumulated in unlined pits for decades and TVA scrapped plans to retire the plants (ref 2).","significance":"TDEC regulates the closure under a 2015 administrative order against TVA (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure for affected groundwater users is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"At least 24 million cubic yards of coal ash in unlined storage at Cumberland (WPLN, ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Cumberland coal ash volume","value":24000000,"unit":"cubic yards (at least)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Closure plans under TDEC review in 2026; Kingston hearing set for August 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Tennessee Valley Authority","role":"Plant owner"},{"name":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC)","role":"Regulator under 2015 order"}],"public_contact":"TDEC general line 1-888-891-TDEC (8332)","corrective_actions":["TDEC public hearing in Dover in April 2026 and comment period to May 15, 2026 on the Cumberland plan (ref 1).","Kingston closure-plan hearing scheduled for Aug. 13, 2026 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Tennessee's biggest coal ash site is polluting water. TVA plans to make it permanent","publisher":"WPLN News","date":"2026-05-14","url":"https://wpln.org/post/tennessees-biggest-coal-ash-site-is-polluting-water-tva-plans-to-make-it-permanent/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Coal ash: The next-door neighbor no one is talking about","publisher":"Appalachian Voices","date":"2026-07-10","url":"https://appvoices.org/?p=141447","basis":"Advocacy group"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TN-OAK-RIDGE-EAST-FORK-POPLAR-MERCURY-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Y-12 mercury keeps East Fork Poplar Creek under do-not-eat fish advisory; plant delayed","description":"DOE estimates more than 700,000 pounds of mercury were released at the Y-12 complex in Oak Ridge from 1950 to 1982, and East Fork Poplar Creek carries mercury above Clean Water Act fish-consumption standards through the city. TDEC's 2026 advisory list says fish from the creek should not be eaten because of mercury and PCBs. DOE's Mercury Treatment Facility, once projected to operate in 2025, is now scheduled for completion in 2027, and GAO reported at least $100 million in added cost.","location":{"name":"East Fork Poplar Creek, Oak Ridge","type":"Creek segment below federal nuclear site","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Flows from the Y-12 National Security Complex through Oak Ridge to Poplar Creek embayment of Watts Bar Reservoir; Anderson and Roane counties","coordinates":{"lat":36.0104,"lon":-84.2696,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Anderson","Roane"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legacy mercury from weapons production contaminates creek water and fish.","secondary_drivers":["Cold War mercury releases","Delayed federal cleanup"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"GAO (ref 1) says DOE estimates over 700,000 pounds of mercury were released and local fish keep high mercury levels.","service":"TDEC's 2026 list (ref 3) advises that fish from East Fork Poplar Creek should not be eaten and posts 15 miles for bacteria.","scale":"The contaminated creek runs through the City of Oak Ridge (ref 2).","duration":"GAO (ref 1) puts Y-12 mercury cleanup at least $3.2 billion through 2043.","significance":"Cleanup proceeds under CERCLA regulatory commitments, and GAO reports OREM paid penalties for missed milestones in the past (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population count is reported for fish consumers or creek users."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Over 700,000 pounds of mercury released at Y-12 from 1950 through 1982 (GAO, ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Mercury released","value":700000,"unit":"pounds (over)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; a further 1.3 million pounds unaccounted for."},{"name":"Mercury cleanup cost estimate","value":3200000000,"unit":"USD (at least)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1, completion 2043."},{"name":"Treatment facility capacity","value":3000,"unit":"gallons per minute","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Upper EFPC mercury cleanup standard","value":51,"unit":"ng/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Fish advisory remains in the August 2026 list (ref 3); treatment facility completion set for 2027 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge Office of Environmental Management","role":"Responsible party"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 4","role":"CERCLA regulator"},{"name":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC)","role":"State regulator and advisory issuer"}],"public_contact":"TDEC general line 1-888-891-TDEC (8332)","corrective_actions":["Construction of the Outfall 200 Mercury Treatment Facility, scheduled for completion in 2027 (ref 2).","UCOR took over construction from APTIM-North Wind in late 2023 (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Oak Ridge Mercury Cleanup: Opportunities Exist to Enhance Risk Management and Technology Development (GAO-24-107096)","publisher":"U.S. Government Accountability Office","date":"2024-09-12","url":"https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-24-107096.pdf","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Mercury Treatment Facility at the Y-12 National Security Complex (fact sheet, January 2025)","publisher":"U.S. Department of Energy, OREM","date":"2025-01-01","url":"https://www.energy.gov/orem/articles/mercury-treatment-facility-overview","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Posted Streams, Rivers, and Reservoirs in Tennessee 2026 (rev. August 2026)","publisher":"TDEC Division of Water Resources","date":"2026-08-01","url":"https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/environment/water/watershed-planning/wr_wq_fish-advisories.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"DOE tasks UCOR to finish construction of Mercury Treatment Facility at Y-12","publisher":"U.S. Department of Energy, OREM","date":"2023-11-17","url":"https://www.energy.gov/orem/articles/doe-tasks-ucor-finish-construction-mercury-treatment-facility-y-12","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TN-MURFREESBORO-MIDDLE-POINT-LEACHATE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Middle Point Landfill leachate with PFAS reaches East Fork Stones River, city says","description":"Murfreesboro says Tennessee's largest landfill, Middle Point (Republic Services and BFI), keeps discharging leachate containing PFAS, aluminum and ammonia into the East Fork Stones River, including near the intake for the city's Stones River Water Treatment Plant. TDEC issued seven violations in 2025, including 'major violations' in March for poor leachate-system maintenance. The city sent a Clean Water Act notice in September 2025 on top of its 2022 federal lawsuit; the company calls the violations minor and says it is a passive receiver of PFAS.","location":{"name":"East Fork Stones River near Middle Point Landfill","type":"River segment and drinking-water source","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Middle Point Landfill, Murfreesboro, Rutherford County; Stones River Water Treatment Plant intake downstream","coordinates":{"lat":35.8456,"lon":-86.3903,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Rutherford"],"extent":"watershed","pwsid":"TN0000491"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Landfill leachate discharges degrade a river used as a drinking-water source.","secondary_drivers":["Landfill leachate management","PFAS in waste streams"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"WPLN (ref 3) reports treated leachate samples with PFOA of 7,900 ppt (2023) and 3,400 ppt (2024); the city says leachate reached the river (ref 2).","service":"No drinking-water advisory for Murfreesboro is reported in refs 1-3.","scale":"Murfreesboro Water Department serves 114,331 people per SDWIS (ref 4); WSMV (ref 2) says the river supplies Murfreesboro and Rutherford County.","duration":"City sued in 2022 and new violations continued through 2025 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Federal Clean Water Act and Clean Air Act suit filed August 2022, plus a September 2025 notice of violations (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":114331,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Murfreesboro Water Department per SDWIS (ref 4); downstream exposure is not quantified."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Seven state violations in 2025 related to litter and liquid runoff (WPLN, ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"TDEC violations in 2025","value":7,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"PFOA in treated leachate (2023)","value":7900,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"PFOA in treated leachate (2024)","value":3400,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Odor complaints logged","value":4000,"unit":"complaints","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Violations increased during 2025 (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Republic Services and BFI Waste Systems of Tennessee","role":"Landfill owners"},{"name":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC)","role":"Solid waste and water regulator"},{"name":"City of Murfreesboro","role":"Plaintiff and water utility"}],"public_contact":"TDEC general line 1-888-891-TDEC (8332)","corrective_actions":["Federal lawsuit by the city pending since August 2022 (ref 2).","City Clean Water Act notice of continued violations sent September 2025 (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Tennessee's largest landfill violated air and water rules this year, prompting new tensions","publisher":"WPLN News","date":"2025-11-07","url":"https://wpln.org/post/tennessees-largest-landfill-violated-air-and-water-rules-this-year-prompting-new-tensions/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Murfreesboro landfill accused of more air, water violations on top of 4,000 odor complaints, city says","publisher":"WSMV","date":"2025-10-27","url":"https://www.wsmv.com/2025/10/27/murfreesboro-landfill-accused-more-air-water-violations-top-4000-odor-complaints-city-says","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"New map shows Tennessee's polluted waterways","publisher":"WPLN News","date":"2026-01-16","url":"https://wpln.org/post/new-map-shows-tennessees-polluted-waterways/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Murfreesboro Water Department","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MURFREESBORO/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TN-MEMPHIS-MISSISSIPPI-LOW-WATER-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Mississippi River at Memphis hits record lows, restricting barges three falls running","description":"The Mississippi River gauge at Memphis set a record low of -12.0 feet in 2023 after -10.8 feet in 2022, and fell to -10.3 feet in 2024. In fall 2025 barge traffic again faced tow-size or draft restrictions from early September, with the Corps dredging under limited funds. Low water in 2023 forced barges to carry lighter loads and raised shipping costs south of St. Louis 77% above the three-year average.","location":{"name":"Mississippi River at Memphis","type":"River segment / navigation channel","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Lower Mississippi River at the Memphis gauge, Shelby County","coordinates":{"lat":35.1495,"lon":-90.049,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Shelby"],"extent":"multi_state"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Recurring drought-driven low river stages restrict navigation and commerce.","secondary_drivers":["Drought in the Mississippi and Ohio basins"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"NASA (ref 2) reports low water exposed riverbed near Memphis and let saltwater move up river into Louisiana treatment plants.","service":"Waterways Journal (ref 1) reports tow-size or draft restrictions on barge traffic since early September 2025.","scale":"Restrictions apply from Cairo to the Gulf on the Lower Mississippi (ref 1).","duration":"Low-water seasons recurred in 2022, 2023, 2024 and 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"Restrictions are navigation advisories; no emergency declaration is cited in refs 1-2."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Navigation and commerce impacts; no population figure applies."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Memphis gauge seasonal low of -12.0 ft in 2023, the historic record (Waterways Journal, ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Memphis gauge low 2023","value":-12,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Memphis gauge low 2024","value":-10.3,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Memphis gauge low 2022","value":-10.8,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; NASA gives -10.81 ft on Oct. 21, 2022 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Shipping cost increase (2023)","value":77,"unit":"percent above 3-year average","status":"Reported","note":"AP figure cited by NASA (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"2025 seasonal low forecast at -8 ft, milder than 2023 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Memphis District","role":"Channel maintenance"},{"name":"U.S. Coast Guard","role":"Navigation restrictions"}],"public_contact":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Memphis District public affairs","corrective_actions":["Corps dredging of the channel during low-water seasons (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Forecast Points To Possible Low-Water Relief","publisher":"The Waterways Journal","date":"2025-11-21","url":"https://www.waterwaysjournal.net/?p=43734","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"The Mississippi Is Mighty Parched","publisher":"NASA Earth Observatory","date":"2023-10-01","url":"https://science.nasa.gov/earth/earth-observatory/the-mississippi-is-mighty-parched-151897","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TN-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2026"]},{"id":"US-TN-STATEWIDE-IMPAIRED-WATERS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"About 19,000 miles of Tennessee streams impaired; 600 river miles under fish advisories","description":"TDEC's draft 2026 list of impaired and threatened waters, released Dec. 11, 2025, counts about 19,000 of the state's roughly 60,000 stream and river miles as impaired, with habitat loss, E. coli, farm and construction sediment and nutrient runoff among the most common causes. TDEC's 2026 advisory list posts about 264,000 reservoir acres and 600 river miles for contaminated fish, mainly PCBs, mercury and chlordane, including do-not-eat advisories on the Wolf River, Nonconnah Creek and McKellar Lake in Memphis, and about 100 river miles for bacteria.","location":{"name":"Tennessee rivers and reservoirs","type":"Statewide surface waters","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Statewide; posted waters include Memphis-area streams, East Tennessee creeks and TVA reservoirs","coordinates":{"lat":36.1627,"lon":-86.7816,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["agricultural","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Polluted runoff and legacy contaminants keep a third of assessed stream miles from meeting standards.","secondary_drivers":["Agricultural and construction runoff","Legacy industrial contaminants","Sewer and septic failures"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"TDEC (ref 2) says PCBs, mercury and chlordane are found at dangerous levels in fish, with do-not-eat advisories on Memphis waters.","service":"About 100 river miles are posted against water contact for bacteria (ref 2).","scale":"WPLN (ref 1) reports about 19,000 of roughly 60,000 river and stream miles are impaired.","duration":"Advisories persist because contaminants 'persist for a very long time' in sediment (ref 2); the 2026 draft continues the biennial listing (ref 3).","significance":"The 303(d) list is a formal Clean Water Act assessment; listed waters require pollution limits (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide; no population count applies."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 19,000 miles of streams and rivers are currently considered 'impaired' (WPLN, ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Impaired stream and river miles","value":19000,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; out of about 60,000 miles."},{"name":"Reservoir acres posted for fish contamination","value":264000,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"River miles posted for fish contamination","value":600,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"River miles posted for bacteria","value":100,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Harpeth Conservancy (ref 3) notes TDEC gives no narrative on whether impairment is rising or falling."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC), Division of Water Resources","role":"Water quality assessment"},{"name":"Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency","role":"Fishing regulation"}],"public_contact":"TDEC general line 1-888-891-TDEC (8332)","corrective_actions":["Draft 2026 303(d) list released for public comment through Feb. 13, 2026 (refs 1, 3).","Signs posted at advisory waters and advisories published in TWRA fishing regulations (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"New map shows Tennessee's polluted waterways","publisher":"WPLN News","date":"2026-01-16","url":"https://wpln.org/post/new-map-shows-tennessees-polluted-waterways/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Posted Streams, Rivers, and Reservoirs in Tennessee 2026 (rev. August 2026)","publisher":"TDEC Division of Water Resources","date":"2026-08-01","url":"https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/environment/water/watershed-planning/wr_wq_fish-advisories.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Comments on Tennessee's Draft 2026 List of Impaired and Threatened Waters","publisher":"Harpeth Conservancy","date":"2026-02-14","url":"https://harpethconservancy.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/HC-Comments-2026-303d-List.pdf","basis":"Advocacy group"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TN-OAK-RIDGE-EAST-FORK-POPLAR-MERCURY-2026"]},{"id":"US-TN-STATEWIDE-UTILITY-FINANCIAL-DISTRESS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"State board orders rate studies and merger reviews for financially distressed utilities","description":"At one July 17, 2025 meeting the Tennessee Board of Utility Regulation issued orders on dozens of small water and sewer systems referred for financial distress, water loss, missing reports or training lapses. It ordered rate studies at utilities such as Bells, whose 2024 audit showed a negative unrestricted net position, and Niota, whose rates had not kept pace with supplier increases, and a merger feasibility study for Cumberland Utility District of Roane and Morgan Counties. It also found governing-board members at seven utilities had logged hour-long training modules in minutes or seconds.","location":{"name":"Small Tennessee water and sewer utilities","type":"Statewide regulatory program","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Statewide; utilities named in July 2025 board orders across East, Middle and West Tennessee","coordinates":{"lat":36.1627,"lon":-86.7816,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Small systems with negative net position, late audits and high water loss come under state financial oversight.","secondary_drivers":["Under-priced rates","Water loss","Weak governance at small systems"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The July 2025 orders (ref 1) address finances and governance, not documented health harm.","service":"No service interruptions are cited in the board orders (ref 1).","scale":"The July 17, 2025 order packet (ref 1) covers dozens of utilities statewide, including 12 released from financial-distress oversight and 11 ordered to file overdue annual reports.","duration":"Niota was referred in 2024 after negative results in 2022 and 2023 and four years of late audits (ref 1).","significance":"Formal board orders under Tenn. Code Ann. 7-82-701 et seq., with subpoena authority for non-compliance (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Customers of the named utilities are not totaled in the orders."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Board orders entered August 2025 after the July 17, 2025 review of distressed, water-loss and non-reporting utilities (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Utilities ordered to file overdue annual information reports","value":11,"unit":"utilities","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Utilities released from financial-distress oversight","value":12,"unit":"utilities","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Utilities whose board members' training was rejected as too fast","value":7,"unit":"utilities","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"West Cumberland Utility District debt","value":2700000,"unit":"USD (roughly)","status":"Reported","note":"Per Crossville finance director citing the audit (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Negative unrestricted net position and low cash at City of Bells (ref 1)","Rates not adjusted to supplier increases at Niota (ref 1)","Merger feasibility studies ordered or under discussion (refs 1, 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Some utilities released from oversight while new referrals continue (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Tennessee Board of Utility Regulation (Comptroller of the Treasury)","role":"Financial oversight of local utilities"}],"public_contact":"Tennessee Board of Utility Regulation via comptroller.tn.gov","corrective_actions":["Rate studies by qualified experts ordered with deadlines into 2026 (ref 1).","Merger feasibility study ordered for Cumberland Utility District (ref 1).","State favors countywide water-authority merger in Cumberland County (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Tennessee Board of Utility Regulation orders, July 17, 2025 meeting","publisher":"Tennessee Comptroller of the Treasury","date":"2025-07-17","url":"https://www.comptroller.tn.gov/content/dam/cot/tbour/documents/board-orders/TBOUR_Orders_7.17.25.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Crossville Not Interested In West Cumberland Merger","publisher":"UC Now","date":"2025-12-02","url":"https://theucnow.com/2025/12/02/crossville-not-interested-in-west-cumberland-merger/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TN-STATEWIDE-WATER-LOSS-2025"]},{"id":"US-TN-LIMESTONE-WATER-RATE-HIKE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Regulators approve phased rate hike for private Limestone Water's small sewer systems","description":"The Tennessee Public Utility Commission approved a $1.36 million rate increase for Limestone Water Utility, which has acquired and run small water and sewer systems since 2021 and serves about 2,500 customers on ten systems; the company had sought $2.26 million. The increase is phased in May 2025 and May 2026. At an April 2026 meeting in Franklin, residents said wastewater bills would rise as much as $75 to $125 a month and cited a 300,000-gallon sewage leak into Cartwright Creek.","location":{"name":"Limestone Water Utility service areas","type":"Investor-owned water and sewer utility","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Ten systems statewide, including Nolensville and Franklin (River Rest) areas of Williamson County","coordinates":{"lat":35.9523,"lon":-86.6694,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Williamson"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"A private consolidator of small systems is raising rates sharply while customers report service failures.","secondary_drivers":["Private acquisition of small systems","Deferred maintenance"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Williamson Herald (ref 2) reports a 300,000-gallon sewage leak into Cartwright Creek near River Rest.","service":"No service interruption is reported; the dispute concerns rates (refs 1, 2).","scale":"TPUC (ref 1) says the utility serves about 2,500 customers on ten systems.","duration":"The two-step increase runs from May 2025 to May 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Formal TPUC rate order after a three-day contested hearing (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":2500,"status":"Reported","note":"Customers (connections), not people, per TPUC (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TPUC approved a $1.36 million increase versus $2.26 million requested (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Approved revenue increase","value":1360000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Requested revenue increase","value":2260000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Resident-reported monthly wastewater bill after phase two","value":125,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"One Nolensville resident's figure, up from $75 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Rate increase sought to aid continued operation of systems (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Second rate step scheduled May 1, 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Tennessee Public Utility Commission","role":"Rate regulator"},{"name":"Limestone Water Utility Operating Company","role":"Utility owner"},{"name":"Tennessee Attorney General Consumer Advocate","role":"Ratepayer advocate"}],"public_contact":"Tennessee Public Utility Commission via tn.gov/tpuc","corrective_actions":["Increase phased over two years to soften impact (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Commission Approves Limestone Water Utility Rate Increase","publisher":"Tennessee Public Utility Commission","date":"2025-04-14","url":"https://www.tn.gov/tpuc/news/2025/4/14/commission-approves-limestone-water-utility-rate-increase.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Residents air grievances about utility rate hike","publisher":"Williamson Herald","date":"2026-04-14","url":"https://www.williamsonherald.com/news/local_news/residents-air-grievances-about-utility-rate-hike/article_968684e6-2a6e-49e4-9e2a-b5f04eba5292.html","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TN-STATEWIDE-FLUORIDE-REMOVAL-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Tennessee utilities drop fluoride locally after statewide ban fails in Senate committee","description":"Tennessee leaves fluoridation to local systems, and about 88% of residents on community water receive fluoridated water. A bill to ban fluoridation statewide (SB 162) died 5-4 in a Senate committee on March 11, 2026, after a similar bill failed the year before. Locally, the Tellico Area Services System board voted unanimously on Aug. 20, 2025 to remove fluoride despite a state dental official warning of harm to underserved residents, and Lawrenceburg has discontinued fluoridation.","location":{"name":"Tennessee community water systems","type":"Statewide policy","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Statewide; local decisions include Tellico Area Services System (Monroe and Loudon counties) and Lawrenceburg","coordinates":{"lat":36.1627,"lon":-86.7816,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Monroe","Loudon","Lawrence"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Local boards are ending fluoridation, changing a public-health practice for their customers.","secondary_drivers":["Fluoride policy shift"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"WVLT (ref 2) quotes the Tennessee Department of Health regional dental director that removal will 'negatively impact the most under-served populations.'","service":"Water service continues; only the additive changes (ref 2).","scale":"Tellico Area Services System serves 14,836 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Local removals since 2025 and a failed 2026 statewide bill show an ongoing policy shift (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Formal board vote (ref 2) and a recorded committee vote on SB 162 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":14836,"status":"Reported","note":"Tellico Area Services System population per SDWIS (ref 3); Lawrenceburg not counted."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"SB 162 failed 5-4 in the Senate Energy, Agriculture and Natural Resources Committee on March 11, 2026 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Tennesseans on community water receiving fluoridated water","value":88,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Additional local systems weighed removal in 2025-2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Local utility boards and city governments","role":"Fluoridation decision makers"},{"name":"Tennessee Department of Health","role":"Oral health program"}],"public_contact":"Tennessee Department of Health Oral Health Services via tn.gov/health","corrective_actions":["Statewide ban rejected, leaving decisions with local systems (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"A five-to-four win and a warning in Tennessee","publisher":"American Dental Hygienists' Association","date":"2026-03-25","url":"https://www.adha.org/hygienist-hub/five-to-four-win-and-warning-in-tn/","basis":"Professional association"},{"ref":2,"title":"Tellico Area Services System to remove fluoride from Monroe, Loudon County area water supplies","publisher":"WVLT","date":"2025-08-20","url":"https://www.wvlt.tv/2025/08/20/tellico-areas-service-system-remove-fluoride-monroe-loudon-county-area-water-supplies/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Tellico Area Services System","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/TELLICO/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (TN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-KY-MOUNTAIN-WATER-DISTRICT-TTHM-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Mountain Water District (Pike County) TTHM violations in 11 quarters since 2023","description":"EPA's SDWIS lists total trihalomethane (TTHM) maximum contaminant level violations at Mountain Water District, which serves 44,057 people in Pike County, for all 10 quarters from July 2023 through October 2025, plus a new open violation for April 2026; the running averages ranged from 0.081 to 0.101 mg/L against the 0.080 mg/L limit. In July 2026 an independent test of 12 sites found no bacteria, but THM readings at points supplied by the City of Pikeville ran 0.081 to 0.09, highest at the Aschamp sample point after a 35-mile transport, and the district is weighing an extra carbon filter and a connector to shorten that route.","location":{"name":"Mountain Water District","type":"Water district service area","state":"KY","states":["KY"],"detail":"Pike County, eastern Kentucky; office in Pikeville; buys water from Pikeville and Williamson, W.Va.","coordinates":{"lat":37.4793,"lon":-82.5188,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Pike"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"KY0980575"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Repeated disinfection byproduct exceedances in treated and purchased water are a water quality problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 1) records TTHM running averages up to 0.101 mg/L in the April 2025 quarter, above the 0.080 mg/L MCL.","service":"Each of the district's 11 TTHM violations since 2023 carries a Tier 2 public-notice requirement in SDWIS (ref 1); no outage or boil notice is tied to them.","scale":"The district serves 44,057 people per its SDWIS system record (ref 2).","duration":"Violations run every quarter from July 2023 to October 2025, and SDWIS shows an unresolved one for April 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"These are formal MCL violations in EPA's database (ref 1); News-Express (ref 3) reports a board-ordered independent study but no state enforcement order."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":44057,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"10 consecutive quarterly TTHM MCL violations, July 2023 to October 2025, with running averages of 0.082 to 0.101 mg/L against the 0.080 mg/L limit (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest TTHM running annual average since 2023","value":0.101,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"April 2025 compliance period (ref 1)."},{"name":"TTHM MCL violations since July 2023","value":11,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"10 returned to compliance on 2026-03-31; April 2026 period open (ref 1)."},{"name":"Independent THM readings at Pikeville purchase points","value":0.09,"unit":"mg/L (upper end of 0.081-0.09 range)","status":"Reported","note":"Aquatic Labs study reported July 2026 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Board voted to pursue a special-program loan, up to one-third forgivable, for the Aschamp connector (ref 3)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Running averages fell from 0.101 (April 2025) to 0.081 (April 2026), still over the limit (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Kentucky Division of Water (Energy and Environment Cabinet)","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Mountain Water District","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"City of Pikeville","role":"Wholesale water supplier"}],"public_contact":"Mountain Water District office, Pikeville, (606) 631-6165 (number per SDWIS record, ref 2)","corrective_actions":["Pikeville added a carbon filtration system and is seeking funding for a new treatment system (ref 3).","The district is considering an additional carbon filter and re-treating its water, and a proposed Aschamp connector to bypass a 35-mile transport route (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"title":"EPA SDWIS health-based violations, Kentucky primacy","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/KY/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Mountain Water Dist","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/KY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MOUNTAIN%20WATER/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"MWD: No surprises found in independent water sampling","publisher":"Appalachian News-Express","date":"2026-07-03","url":"https://www.news-expressky.com/news/mwd-no-surprises-found-in-independent-water-sampling/article_c5f5d6cf-4546-48a2-801b-0b766960ea67.html","basis":"News","ref":3}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (KY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-KY-STATEWIDE-DBP-VIOLATIONS-2025","US-KY-MOUNTAIN-WATER-DISTRICT-FLOOD-OUTAGE-2025"]},{"id":"US-KY-EDMONSON-COUNTY-WD-TURBIDITY-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Edmonson County Water District turbidity and treatment violations, boil notice","description":"Edmonson County Water District, serving 17,848 people, logged nine Long Term 2 surface water treatment-technique violations and four turbidity violations between April 2023 and October 2025 in EPA's SDWIS, including a 9.7 NTU reading in January 2024. On January 26, 2024 the district issued a boil water notice for all Wax plant customers in Edmonson, Grayson and Hart counties after a sample showed 8 turbidity units against a 1.0 standard; it was lifted February 3 after negative samples. The district tied repeated advisories to the near-removal of Green River Lock 5 and intake problems at the Wax plant, and estimated a long-term fix at $43 million.","location":{"name":"Edmonson County Water District","type":"Water district service area","state":"KY","states":["KY"],"detail":"Brownsville, Edmonson County; Wax plant also serves parts of Grayson and Hart counties","coordinates":{"lat":37.1934,"lon":-86.2678,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Edmonson","Grayson","Hart"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"KY0310114"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Low river levels and intake problems at the plant (infrastructure) produced turbidity and treatment violations (quality).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 1) records a 9.7 NTU turbidity violation in January 2024, and WBKO (ref 3) reports an 8-unit sample against the 1.0 standard.","service":"Wax plant customers in three counties were under a boil water notice from January 26 to February 3, 2024 (refs 3, 5).","scale":"The district serves 17,848 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"Treatment-technique and turbidity violations recur from April 2023 to October 2025 (ref 1), and WBKO (ref 4) describes numerous advisories over the preceding months.","significance":"SDWIS lists four Tier 1 and nine Tier 2 health-based violations (ref 1); no consent order was found."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":17848,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2); the January 2024 notice covered Wax plant customers only (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A sample showed turbidity levels of 8 turbidity units, above the standard of 1.0 turbidity units (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak turbidity in SDWIS violation","value":9.7,"unit":"NTU","status":"Reported","note":"January 2024 IESWTR violation (ref 1)."},{"name":"LT2 treatment-technique violations, 2023-2024","value":9,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"All returned to compliance by July 2024 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Estimated new intake project cost","value":43,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"District estimate (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["District seeking Kentucky Infrastructure Authority grants and rural development loans for a $43 million project (ref 4)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Most violations resolved by mid-2024, but another turbidity violation followed in October 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Kentucky Division of Water (Energy and Environment Cabinet)","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Edmonson County Water District","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","role":"Green River Lock 5 owner"}],"public_contact":"Edmonson County Water District, Brownsville, (270) 597-2165 (number per SDWIS record, ref 2)","corrective_actions":["Staff improved treatment and the boil notice was lifted after negative samples, with the Division of Water deeming the water safe (ref 5).","The district is buying water from Grayson County and Green River Water District and pursuing a new intake that could take about five years (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"title":"EPA SDWIS health-based violations, Kentucky primacy","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/KY/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Edmonson Co Water District","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/KY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/EDMONSON/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"Boil water notice issued for parts of Edmonson County Water District","publisher":"WBKO","date":"2024-01-26","url":"https://www.wbko.com/2024/01/26/boil-water-advisory-issued-parts-edmonson-county","basis":"News","ref":3},{"title":"Water woes continue in Edmonson County","publisher":"WBKO","date":"2024-01-31","url":"https://www.wbko.com/2024/02/01/water-woes-continue-edmonson-county/","basis":"News","ref":4},{"title":"Edmonson Co. Water District lifts boil water notice","publisher":"WBKO","date":"2024-02-03","url":"https://www.wbko.com/2024/02/03/edmonson-co-water-district-lifts-boil-water-notice","basis":"News","ref":5}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (KY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-KY-WHITESBURG-TURBIDITY-BOIL-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Whitesburg plant unable to treat water in freeze; turbidity violations, boil advisory","description":"Whitesburg Water Works in Letcher County, serving 3,861 people, had Tier 1 turbidity violations in February 2025 and in January and February 2026, including a 4.79 NTU reading in February 2026, according to EPA's SDWIS. During the late-January 2026 cold snap the city kept a boil water advisory in place, and its public works director said the plant could not treat water during the cold weather; crews then isolated sections and restored water for hours at a time while repairing leaks, with the hospital, clinics and a nursing home on scheduled outages.","location":{"name":"Whitesburg Water Works","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"KY","states":["KY"],"detail":"City of Whitesburg, Letcher County, eastern Kentucky","coordinates":{"lat":37.1184,"lon":-82.8268,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Letcher"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"KY0670466"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"An aging plant that failed in freezing weather (infrastructure) led to turbidity violations and a boil advisory (quality).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 1) records a turbidity violation of 4.79 NTU for February 2026, a Tier 1 violation.","service":"WYMT (ref 3) reports a boil advisory until further notice, and WYMT/WKYT (ref 4) reports water restored only for a few hours or overnight while tanks refilled.","scale":"Whitesburg Water Works serves 3,861 people per SDWIS (ref 2), including a hospital and nursing home named in ref 4.","duration":"Turbidity violations occurred in February 2025 and again in January-February 2026 (ref 1); the director said it is not an overnight fix (ref 4).","significance":"SDWIS shows four Tier 1 turbidity violations, all marked returned to compliance by 2026-03-31 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":3861,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Turbidity of 4.79 NTU in the February 2026 compliance period (ref 1); the plant could not treat water during the cold weather (ref 4)."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak turbidity in SDWIS violation","value":4.79,"unit":"NTU","status":"Reported","note":"February 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Leaks addressed after the freeze","value":5,"unit":"leaks (at least)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Public works director describes an aging system (ref 4)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Violations returned to compliance by March 2026 after recurring in two winters (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Kentucky Division of Water (Energy and Environment Cabinet)","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"City of Whitesburg","role":"Water utility owner"}],"public_contact":"Whitesburg City Hall, (606) 633-3700 (ref 4)","corrective_actions":["Crews repaired at least five leaks and isolated system sections to refill the tank (ref 4).","City kept the boil advisory in place until the system was stable (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"title":"EPA SDWIS health-based violations, Kentucky primacy","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/KY/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Whitesburg Water Works","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/KY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WHITESBURG/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"Boil water advisory continues for Whitesburg through weekend","publisher":"WYMT","date":"2026-01-31","url":"https://www.wymt.com/2026/01/31/boil-water-advisory-continues-whitesburg-through-weekend","basis":"News","ref":3},{"title":"'Not an overnight fix': Whitesburg water concerns continue","publisher":"WYMT / WKYT","date":"2026-02-09","url":"https://www.wkyt.com/2026/02/09/not-an-overnight-fix-whitesburg-water-concerns-continue","basis":"News","ref":4}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (KY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["boil advisory end date"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-KY-MARTIN-COUNTY-WD-WATER-QUALITY-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Martin County Water District turbidity violation and long DBP history","description":"Martin County Water District in Inez, serving 9,003 people, reported a filtered-water turbidity reading of 1.0 units on November 7, 2023 against a 0.3 standard; the notice went out on some December bills and some customers said they never received it. EPA's SDWIS also shows years of TTHM and HAA5 violations through 2017. A University of Kentucky study presented in November 2025 found disinfection byproducts high in 35% of 97 homes tested in 2019, but described current levels as comparable to regional systems, and the district is working on filter media, aeration, flushing and leak reduction.","location":{"name":"Martin County Water District","type":"Water district service area","state":"KY","states":["KY"],"detail":"Inez and Martin County, eastern Kentucky","coordinates":{"lat":37.8665,"lon":-82.5385,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Martin"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"KY0800273"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issues are turbidity and disinfection byproducts in treated water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The notice reported turbidity of 1.0 units against 0.3 on November 7, 2023, and follow-up samples showed no contamination (ref 3).","service":"A violation notice was mailed with December 2023 bills, and some customers reported not receiving it (ref 3).","scale":"The district serves 9,003 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"SDWIS lists quarterly TTHM and HAA5 violations in 2016-2017 (ref 1), and the UK study write-up calls the history of DBP violations long (ref 4).","significance":"The November 2023 event is a formal Tier 1 turbidity violation in SDWIS (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":9003,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Elevated turbidity level of 1.0 units on the morning of Nov. 7, 2023, above the standard of 0.3 units (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Filtered water turbidity, Nov. 7, 2023","value":1,"unit":"NTU","status":"Reported","note":"Standard 0.3 (ref 3); SDWIS shows 1.01 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Share of homes with high DBPs in 2019 UK study","value":35,"unit":"percent of 97 homes","status":"Reported","note":"Outside the window; context only (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"No DBP MCL violation in SDWIS since 2017 (ref 1); study describes current levels as comparable to the region (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Kentucky Division of Water (Energy and Environment Cabinet)","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Martin County Water District","role":"Water utility"}],"public_contact":"Martin County Water District, Inez, (606) 298-3885 (number per SDWIS record, ref 2)","corrective_actions":["Staff adjusted coagulation and sedimentation and brought turbidity back into compliance (ref 3).","District changed its chlorination point in 2017 and is working on filter media, aeration, shorter tank holding time, flushing and leak reduction (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"title":"EPA SDWIS health-based violations, Kentucky primacy","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/KY/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Martin Co Water District #1","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/KY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MARTIN%20CO/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"Martin County Water District violates drinking water standard","publisher":"The Mountain Citizen","date":"2024-04-10","url":"https://mountaincitizen.com/2024/04/10/martin-county-water-district-violates-drinking-water-standard/","basis":"News","ref":3},{"title":"UK water study finds Martin County's DBP levels in line with regional systems","publisher":"The Mountain Citizen","date":"2025-12-09","url":"https://mountaincitizen.com/2025/12/09/uk-water-study-finds-martin-countys-dbp-levels-in-line-with-regional-systems/","basis":"News","ref":4}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (KY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-KY-MARTIN-COUNTY-WATER-LOSS-2025","US-KY-STATEWIDE-DBP-VIOLATIONS-2025"]},{"id":"US-KY-CYNTHIANA-PFOS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Cynthiana drinking water above PFOS limit; $11.9M carbon plant approved","description":"Cynthiana Municipal Water Works, serving 7,263 people, found PFOS above the federal limit of 4 parts per trillion in 2024, with 2023-2024 samples from not detected to 37 ppt and an average of 13.5 ppt, according to city figures reported by news-graphic.com; EPA's UCMR 5 data show a mean of 14.8 ppt. The Kentucky Infrastructure Authority awarded over $12.3 million in loans (about $7.5 million forgivable) in June 2026, and on July 7, 2026 the city approved an $11.6 million bid from Judy Construction for a granular activated carbon facility.","location":{"name":"Cynthiana Municipal Water Works","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"KY","states":["KY"],"detail":"City of Cynthiana, Harrison County; Licking River source","coordinates":{"lat":38.3903,"lon":-84.2941,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Harrison"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"KY0490096"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOS contamination of a river source and treated water is a quality issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"The city's 2023-2024 samples reached 37 ppt PFOS, averaging 13.5 ppt, above the 4 ppt federal limit (refs 4, 5).","service":"No advisory or service restriction has been reported; WKYT (ref 6) describes only a planned intake move and a public meeting.","scale":"Cynthiana Municipal Water Works serves 7,263 people per SDWIS (ref 1).","duration":"Exceedances span 2023-2024 sampling (ref 4), and treatment was only put to bid in July 2026 (ref 5).","significance":"The PFOS limit is not yet enforceable (compliance deadline cited as 2029 with a proposed delay, ref 3), so no violation has been issued."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":7263,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Samples in 2023 and 2024 ranged from not detected to 37 ppt PFOS, averaging 13.5 ppt (ref 5)."},"measures":[{"name":"Maximum PFOS, 2023-2024","value":37,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 2, 5."},{"name":"Mean PFOS, UCMR 5","value":14.82,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Four samples (ref 2); LPM reports 15 ppt (ref 3)."},{"name":"GAC facility bid","value":11.6,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"$11.9 million with generator (ref 5)."},{"name":"Kentucky Infrastructure Authority loans","value":12.3,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"About $7.5 million forgivable (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Treatment financed largely by state loans with partial forgiveness (ref 4)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Treatment not yet built; no post-treatment data."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Kentucky Division of Water (Energy and Environment Cabinet)","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"City of Cynthiana","role":"Water utility owner"},{"name":"Kentucky Infrastructure Authority","role":"Funder"}],"public_contact":"Cynthiana Municipal Water Works, (859) 234-7159 (number per SDWIS record, ref 1)","corrective_actions":["City approved a $11.6 million GAC filtration bid from Judy Construction on July 7, 2026 (ref 5).","City planned to move its intake to a different part of the Licking River and post test results online (ref 6)."],"sources":[{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Cynthiana Municipal Water Works","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/KY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CYNTHIANA/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"EPA UCMR 5 occurrence data (UCMR5_All.txt), July 2026 release","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record","ref":2},{"title":"EPA data show several Kentucky public water systems with PFAS levels exceeding federal limits","publisher":"WKMS / Louisville Public Media","date":"2026-03-09","url":"https://www.lpm.org/news/2026-03-09/epa-data-show-several-kentucky-public-water-systems-with-pfas-levels-exceeding-federal-limits","basis":"News","ref":3},{"title":"Beshear announces $12.3 million in KIA loan to Cynthiana","publisher":"News-Graphic (news-graphic.com, Harrison County)","date":"2026-06-12","url":"https://www.news-graphic.com/harrison_county/beshear-announces-12-3-million-in-kia-loan-to-cynthiana/article_e51b2499-a71a-4c66-8aab-2130cbeb5664.html","basis":"News","ref":4},{"title":"City approves bid for water filtration facility","publisher":"News-Graphic (news-graphic.com, Harrison County)","date":"2026-07-10","url":"https://www.news-graphic.com/harrison_county/city-approves-bid-for-water-filtration-facility/article_92979c7d-ec19-4784-9c50-9173a8ff9ac2.html","basis":"News","ref":5},{"title":"Cynthiana residents have questions about chemical found in water","publisher":"WKYT","date":"2024-12-13","url":"https://www.wkyt.com/2024/12/13/cynthiana-residents-have-questions-about-chemical-found-water/","basis":"News","ref":6}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (KY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-KY-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-KY-HARRISON-COUNTY-WA-PFOS-2026"]},{"id":"US-KY-HARRISON-COUNTY-WA-PFOS-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Harrison County Water Association PFOS above federal limit","description":"Harrison County Water Association, which serves 16,736 people around Cynthiana and relies on purchased surface water, recorded PFOS up to 47.9 ppt in EPA's UCMR 5 testing, the highest single PFOS result among Kentucky systems in that dataset. WKMS reported in March 2026, citing a USA Today analysis of EPA data, that the association's average PFOS was 15 ppt, equal to Cynthiana's and second only to Fort Campbell Water System among Kentucky systems listed; EPA results averaged across eight samples give 7.6 ppt. Both are above the 4 ppt limit, which systems have until 2029 to meet. SDWIS also shows haloacetic acid violations in the first half of 2024.","location":{"name":"Harrison County Water Association","type":"Water association service area","state":"KY","states":["KY"],"detail":"Rural Harrison County around Cynthiana","coordinates":{"lat":38.3903,"lon":-84.2941,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Harrison"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"KY0490179"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS and disinfection byproducts in treated water are quality issues.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 results reach 47.9 ppt PFOS (ref 2) and WKMS reports a 15 ppt average (ref 3), against the 4 ppt limit.","service":"No advisory, restriction or outage linked to PFOS is reported in refs 2-3.","scale":"The association serves 16,736 people per SDWIS (ref 1).","duration":"UCMR 5 data (ref 2) hold eight PFOS results from four 2024 sampling dates, two of them detections (12.7 ppt on 2024-06-26 and 47.9 ppt on 2024-09-26); HAA5 violations ran two quarters of 2024 (ref 4).","significance":"No PFAS violation exists before the federal compliance date; the 2024 HAA5 MCL violations are formal but resolved (ref 4)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":16736,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Harrison County Water Association: 15 ppt PFOS average (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Maximum PFOS, UCMR 5","value":47.9,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Mean PFOS, UCMR 5 (8 samples)","value":7.58,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Computed from EPA per-sample data (ref 2), non-detects counted as zero; differs from the 15 ppt average reported by WKMS (ref 3)."},{"name":"HAA5 running average, April 2024 quarter","value":0.067,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"MCL 0.060 (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Kentucky Division of Water (Energy and Environment Cabinet)","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Harrison County Water Association","role":"Water utility"}],"public_contact":"Harrison County Water Association, (859) 234-4284 (number per SDWIS record, ref 1)","corrective_actions":[],"sources":[{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Harrison Co Water Association","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/KY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/HARRISON/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"EPA UCMR 5 occurrence data (UCMR5_All files, final dataset released August 2026)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-08-28","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-13"},{"title":"EPA data show several Kentucky public water systems with PFAS levels exceeding federal limits","publisher":"WKMS / Louisville Public Media","date":"2026-03-09","url":"https://www.lpm.org/news/2026-03-09/epa-data-show-several-kentucky-public-water-systems-with-pfas-levels-exceeding-federal-limits","basis":"News","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-13"},{"title":"EPA SDWIS health-based violations, Kentucky primacy","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/KY/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (KY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Opened WKMS/LPM article (Mar 9, 2026): lists Harrison County Water Association at 15 ppt PFOS and Cynthiana at 15 ppt, behind Fort Campbell Water System at 6.2 times the limit; so 'tied for the highest in the state' in the old text was wrong and is corrected. Downloaded EPA UCMR 5 by-state data (page last updated 2026-08-28): KY0490179 has eight PFOS results on four 2024 dates, detections 12.7 ppt (2024-06-26) and 47.9 ppt (2024-09-26), 47.9 the highest single KY PFOS result; mean 7.58 ppt. Old text said samples spanned 2023-2025; they are all 2024. Confidence Medium. SDWIS HAA5 figures not re-opened."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["treatment plan","wholesale supplier"],"related_ids":["US-KY-CYNTHIANA-PFOS-2026","US-KY-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"],"conflicts":[{"field":"Average PFOS","values":["15 ppt (WKMS)","7.58 ppt (mean of eight EPA UCMR 5 sample results)"],"note":"The two EPA detections (12.7 and 47.9 ppt) divided by the four sampling dates give 15.2 ppt, so WKMS's figure may sum the two sample points per date; this is an inference, not stated by WKMS."}]},{"id":"US-KY-PADUCAH-PFAS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Paducah Water Works PFOS average above federal limit; carbon treatment planned","description":"Paducah Water Works, which draws from the Ohio River and serves 65,004 people, averaged 6 ppt PFOS in EPA's UCMR 5 testing, about 1.5 times the 4 ppt federal limit, with results up to 8.1 ppt PFOS and 5.8 ppt PFOA. General manager Jason Petersen told WKMS in March 2026 that current treatment does not address PFAS, that the utility plans to add granular activated carbon at a cost of many millions of dollars, and that it is waiting for final federal rules before starting.","location":{"name":"Paducah Water Works","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"KY","states":["KY"],"detail":"City of Paducah, McCracken County; Ohio River source","coordinates":{"lat":37.0834,"lon":-88.6,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["McCracken"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"KY0730533"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in an Ohio River source carried into treated water is a quality issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Paducah's average PFOS of 6 ppt is about 1.5 times the federal maximum (refs 2, 3).","service":"No advisory or restriction is reported; the utility continues normal service (ref 3).","scale":"Paducah Water Works serves 65,004 people per SDWIS (ref 1).","duration":"The utility has tested for PFAS since 2021, and treatment has not started (ref 3).","significance":"The 2029 compliance date has not arrived and EPA has proposed a delay (ref 3), so no violation exists."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":65004,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Paducah Water Works: 6 ppt PFOS average, about 1.5 times the federal maximum (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Mean PFOS, UCMR 5","value":6,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Four samples (ref 2)."},{"name":"Maximum PFOA, UCMR 5","value":5.8,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["GM cites many millions of dollars for GAC treatment (ref 3)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Kentucky Division of Water (Energy and Environment Cabinet)","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Paducah Water Works","role":"Water utility"}],"public_contact":"Paducah Water Works, (270) 444-5550 (number per SDWIS record, ref 1)","corrective_actions":["Utility plans granular activated carbon treatment once federal rules are final (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Paducah Water Works","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/KY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PADUCAH/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"EPA UCMR 5 occurrence data (UCMR5_All.txt), July 2026 release","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record","ref":2},{"title":"EPA data show several Kentucky public water systems with PFAS levels exceeding federal limits","publisher":"WKMS / Louisville Public Media","date":"2026-03-09","url":"https://www.lpm.org/news/2026-03-09/epa-data-show-several-kentucky-public-water-systems-with-pfas-levels-exceeding-federal-limits","basis":"News","ref":3}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (KY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-KY-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-KY-GEORGETOWN-PFAS-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Georgetown Municipal Water Service PFOS average above federal limit","description":"Georgetown Municipal Water Service in Scott County, serving 44,608 people, averaged 5.9 ppt PFOS in EPA's UCMR 5 testing, above the 4 ppt federal limit, according to an analysis of EPA data reported by WKMS in March 2026. Systems have until 2029 to meet the limit. EPA's results include a single 12 ppt PFOS sample and one 9.3 ppt PFOA sample; PFOA was not detected in the other three samples, so its average is below the limit. No treatment plan was reported.","location":{"name":"Georgetown Municipal Water Service","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"KY","states":["KY"],"detail":"City of Georgetown, Scott County","coordinates":{"lat":38.2098,"lon":-84.5588,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Scott"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"KY1050157"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in treated water is a quality issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"WKMS reports a 5.9 ppt PFOS average (ref 3), and EPA data show a 12 ppt PFOS maximum (ref 2).","service":"Neither source reports any advisory or service change for Georgetown (refs 2, 3).","scale":"Georgetown serves 44,608 people per SDWIS (ref 1).","duration":"Detections come from four UCMR 5 samples taken in 2023 (ref 2); no later data were found.","significance":"PFAS limits are legally set but systems have until 2029 to comply (ref 3), so Georgetown has no violation."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":44608,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Georgetown Municipal Water Service: 5.9 ppt PFOS average (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Mean PFOS, UCMR 5","value":5.9,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 2, 3."},{"name":"Maximum PFOA, UCMR 5","value":9.3,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2; the only PFOA detection of four samples, so the PFOA average (about 2.3 ppt with non-detects as zero) is below 4 ppt."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Kentucky Division of Water (Energy and Environment Cabinet)","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Georgetown Municipal Water and Sewer Service","role":"Water utility"}],"public_contact":"Georgetown Municipal Water Service, (502) 863-7816 (number per SDWIS record, ref 1)","corrective_actions":[],"sources":[{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Georgetown Municipal Water Service","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/KY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/GEORGETOWN%20MUNICIPAL/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"EPA UCMR 5 occurrence data (UCMR5_All files, final dataset released August 2026)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-08-28","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-13"},{"title":"EPA data show several Kentucky public water systems with PFAS levels exceeding federal limits","publisher":"WKMS / Louisville Public Media","date":"2026-03-09","url":"https://www.lpm.org/news/2026-03-09/epa-data-show-several-kentucky-public-water-systems-with-pfas-levels-exceeding-federal-limits","basis":"News","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-13"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (KY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Opened WKMS/LPM article (Mar 9, 2026): lists Georgetown Municipal Water Service at 5.9 ppt PFOS, among systems whose average PFOA or PFOS exceeds 4 ppt, compliance due 2029; the article does not list Georgetown for PFOA. EPA UCMR 5 by-state data (page updated 2026-08-28), KY1050157: PFOS 6.8, 12, 4.8 ppt and a non-detect (mean 5.9 with non-detect as zero); PFOA 9.3 ppt in one of four samples, 2023 dates. Title and text corrected: PFOA average is not above the limit. Wording on enforceability corrected (compliance deadline 2029, not 'not enforceable')."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["treatment plan"],"related_ids":["US-KY-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-KY-LOUISVILLE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Louisville Water inventories 50,000 customer lines for lead and galvanized pipe","description":"Louisville Water, which serves 806,997 people, replaced about 74,000 city-owned lead service lines for more than $50 million, finishing in 2020, but private customer-side lead lines remain; in 2021 the utility knew of at least 824 homes with them. Since summer 2025 crews have been identifying the private line material for about 50,000 customers, focused on homes built before 1950, and replacing lead or galvanized steel lines at no cost under a program funded partly by the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law.","location":{"name":"Louisville Water Company","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"KY","states":["KY"],"detail":"Louisville and Jefferson County, plus Bullitt County satellite office","coordinates":{"lat":38.2527,"lon":-85.7585,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Jefferson"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"KY0560258"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead service pipes (infrastructure) are a lead exposure risk in drinking water (quality).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Private lead lines remain at at least 824 known homes (ref 3), a potential exposure; no lead action level exceedance was found in SDWIS (ref 1).","service":"The program uses inspections and small hand digs near the meter and reports no service interruption (ref 2).","scale":"About 50,000 customers need line identification and the program benefits more than 47,000 customers (ref 2), in an 806,997-person system (ref 1).","duration":"Lead lines date from 1860-1936 installations; public replacement ended in 2020 and private work began in summer 2025 (refs 2, 3).","significance":"The work is a voluntary utility program; no violation or order against Louisville Water was found (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":50000,"status":"Reported","note":"Customers whose service line material must be identified (ref 2); system population 806,997 per SDWIS (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Louisville Water needs to identify the service line material for approximately 50,000 customers (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"City-owned lead service lines replaced","value":74000,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Completed 2020 for more than $50 million (ref 3)."},{"name":"Known homes with private lead lines (2021)","value":824,"unit":"homes","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3; current count not published."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Free replacement of private lead and galvanized lines began with 2025 crew visits (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Louisville Water Company","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Kentucky Division of Water (Energy and Environment Cabinet)","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Louisville Water Lead Project, (502) 569-0837 (ref 2)","corrective_actions":["Crews identify private line material and replace lead or galvanized steel lines at no cost (ref 2).","Free lead test kits for homes built before 1950 (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Louisville Water Company","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/KY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LOUISVILLE%20WATER/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"Service Line Inventory","publisher":"Louisville Water Company","date":"2025-07-17","url":"https://louisvillewater.com/service-line-inventory","basis":"Utility notice","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"Louisville Water Program Helps Homeowners Rid Of Lead Pipes","publisher":"Louisville Public Media","date":"2021-09-21","url":"https://www.lpm.org/louisville-water-program-helps-homeowners-rid-of-lead-pipes/","basis":"News","ref":3}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (KY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["current count of lead and galvanized lines"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-KY-FRANKLIN-COUNTY-LEGIONNAIRES-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Legionnaires' disease cluster under investigation in Franklin County (Frankfort)","description":"In late July 2026 the Franklin County Health Department and the Kentucky Department for Public Health said they were investigating several Legionnaires' disease cases diagnosed in the Frankfort area over roughly the previous two months. No common source had been identified; the Frankfort Plant Board said nothing indicated its public water system was the source. Officials said the public risk was low, and the health department said all of its cases were recovering.","location":{"name":"Franklin County (Frankfort area)","type":"County","state":"KY","states":["KY"],"detail":"Franklin County, central Kentucky; state capital Frankfort","coordinates":{"lat":38.2009,"lon":-84.8733,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Franklin"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legionella spreads through inhaled water droplets from building water systems or devices.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Several people were diagnosed with Legionnaires' disease over about two months (ref 1); no exact count was released (refs 3, 4).","service":"No water advisory or shutoff is mentioned; officials called the public risk low (refs 1, 3, 4), and the Frankfort Plant Board said nothing indicated its system was the source (ref 3).","scale":"Cases are described only as 'in the Frankfort area' of Franklin County (refs 3, 4), with the health department director calling the count 'still very, very low' (ref 3).","duration":"Spectrum News reports the cases were diagnosed over roughly the past two months before the July 30-31 notices (ref 1).","significance":"The county health department issued a public notice and began a joint investigation with the state (refs 1, 3, 4)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Case count not released (refs 1, 3, 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Several cases of Legionnaires' disease in the Frankfort area; no common source identified (refs 1, 3, 4)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Franklin County Health Department","role":"Local health authority"},{"name":"Kentucky Department for Public Health","role":"State health authority"}],"public_contact":"Franklin County Health Department, Frankfort","corrective_actions":["County environmental and epidemiology teams, with the state, are looking for a shared exposure (ref 4).","Officials advised setting water heaters to 140 F, removing faucet aerators, flushing rarely used faucets and cleaning CPAP machines (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"title":"Health officials investigate Legionnaires' disease cases in Franklin County","publisher":"Spectrum News 1","date":"2026-08-01","url":"https://spectrumnews1.com/ky/louisville/news/2026/07/31/legionnaires-disease-franklin-county","basis":"News","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"Frankfort Legionnaires cases spark probe as officials say public risk is low","publisher":"Hoodline","date":"2026-07-30","url":"https://hoodline.com/2026/07/frankfort-legionnaires-cases-spark-probe-as-officials-say-public-risk-is-low/","basis":"News","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"Franklin County health officials investigate Legionnaires' disease cases","publisher":"WKYT","date":"2026-07-30","url":"https://www.wkyt.com/2026/07/30/franklin-county-health-officials-investigate-legionnaires-disease-cases/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":4,"title":"Health department investigating Legionnaires' disease cases in Franklin County","publisher":"WAVE 3 News (WDRB)","date":"2026-07-30","url":"https://www.wdrbwave.com/2026/07/30/health-department-investigating-legionnaires-disease-cases-franklin-county/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (KY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Re-checked Spectrum News (July 31, 2026): health department investigating an uptick in cases, no common source identified, patients recovering. Confidence kept Low: no case count or later update."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Re-verification: re-opened Spectrum News 1 and Hoodline and opened WKYT and WAVE 3 (all July 30-August 1, 2026). Four outlets report the same health department notice: several cases, no exact count, no source identified, public risk low; Spectrum says all Franklin County cases are recovering. WKYT adds that the Frankfort Plant Board said nothing indicates its public water system is the source. Confidence raised to Medium (multiple independent outlets, one underlying notice). No later update was found."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Exact case count","Identified exposure source","Any update after early August 2026"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-KY-STATEWIDE-DBP-VIOLATIONS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Disinfection byproduct violations dominate Kentucky's health-based drinking water violations","description":"Kentucky's 2025 drinking water compliance report lists 42 Stage 2 disinfection byproduct maximum contaminant level violations at 19 systems (27 for TTHM, 15 for HAA5), out of 59 health-based violations at 36 systems statewide. EPA's SDWIS shows 175 TTHM or HAA5 MCL violations at 48 Kentucky systems since 2023, 23 unresolved; the most are at Providence Water Works in Webster County (25), Union County Water District (15), Mountain Water District (11), Sturgis Water Works (10) and Smithland Water and Sewer (9), with a cluster of open violations in Union County.","location":{"name":"Kentucky public water systems","type":"Statewide drinking water program","state":"KY","states":["KY"],"detail":"Statewide; repeat violators concentrated in Union and Webster counties (western KY) and Pike County (eastern KY)","coordinates":{"lat":37.8393,"lon":-84.27,"precision":"state","source_ref":2},"counties":["Webster","Union","Pike","Livingston"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"TTHM and HAA5 form when chlorine reacts with organic matter in treated water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The state report counts 42 Stage 2 DBP MCL violations in 2025 alone (refs 1, 2); Providence's TTHM running average reached 0.101 mg/L in April 2026 (ref 3).","service":"SDWIS assigns Tier 2 public notice to the DBP MCL violations, such as all 25 at Providence (ref 3); no service loss results.","scale":"Violations in 2025 reached 19 systems across the state (ref 1), and 48 systems since 2023 (ref 3).","duration":"Providence Water Works has a TTHM or HAA5 violation in nearly every quarter from January 2023 to April 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"These are formal MCL violations recorded by the Division of Water (ref 1); Kentucky Today (ref 4) reports the director praising overall compliance, with no statewide enforcement action noted."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No statewide total of people served by violating systems is published; Providence (4,538), Union County WD (6,117) and Mountain WD (44,057) populations are in SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule: 42 maximum contaminant level violations at 19 public water systems in 2025 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Stage 2 DBP MCL violations, 2025","value":42,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"19 systems; 19 resolved (ref 1)."},{"name":"TTHM MCL violations, 2025","value":27,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"12 systems (ref 2)."},{"name":"HAA5 MCL violations, 2025","value":15,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"9 systems (ref 2)."},{"name":"Unresolved TTHM/HAA5 MCL violations since 2023","value":23,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS as of 2026-10-10 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"DBP violations recur each year; Providence and Union County systems still had open violations in 2026 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Kentucky Division of Water (Energy and Environment Cabinet)","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Kentucky Division of Water, Drinking Water Branch, 300 Sower Blvd, Frankfort KY 40601, (502) 564-3410","corrective_actions":["Systems return to compliance through treatment changes; most 2023-2025 SDWIS DBP violations are marked resolved (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"title":"2025 Compliance Report Summary (Kentucky drinking water)","publisher":"Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet, Division of Water","date":"2026-06-12","url":"https://eec.ky.gov/Environmental-Protection/Water/Drinking/DWProfessionals/DocsACR/2025-ComplianceReportSummary.pdf","basis":"State record","ref":1},{"title":"2025 Compliance Report by Chemical Contaminant (Kentucky drinking water)","publisher":"Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet, Division of Water","date":"2026-06-12","url":"https://eec.ky.gov/Environmental-Protection/Water/Drinking/DWProfessionals/DocsACR/2025-ComplianceReportByChemicalContaminant.pdf","basis":"State record","ref":2},{"title":"EPA SDWIS health-based violations, Kentucky primacy","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/KY/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"Report: Kentucky's water systems produce high-quality water, comply with safety requirements","publisher":"Kentucky Today (via Northern Kentucky Tribune)","date":"2026-06-13","url":"https://nkytribune.com/?p=498841","basis":"News","ref":4}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (KY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-KY-MOUNTAIN-WATER-DISTRICT-TTHM-2026","US-KY-MARTIN-COUNTY-WD-WATER-QUALITY-2025"]},{"id":"US-KY-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Recurring Kentucky droughts strain small water-supply reservoirs (2023-2026)","description":"Kentucky has had repeated drought episodes inside three years. The state issued a Level 1 drought declaration for all 120 counties on Sept. 23, 2024, lifted in early October after Hurricane Helene rain, and in spring 2026 the National Weather Service reported Extreme Drought (D3) across most of southern Kentucky, with several small water supply reservoirs still low in late June and the city of Liberty under mandatory conservation.","location":{"name":"Kentucky (statewide)","type":"State","state":"KY","states":["KY"],"detail":"Statewide; 2026 drought worst in southern, south-central (Casey County) and eastern Kentucky","coordinates":{"lat":37.84,"lon":-84.27,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Low rainfall reduces stream flow and storage in small water-supply reservoirs.","secondary_drivers":["Low winter and spring rainfall","Reliance on small water-supply lakes"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"NWS statement of May 19, 2026 (ref 3) says farm ponds and small water supply reservoirs remained low after low winter and spring rainfall; no health harm is documented.","service":"Local conservation followed: the NWS Jan. 4, 2024 statement (ref 5) lists Stanford's 20% reduction request and a Berea water shortage advisory, and the June 26, 2026 statement (ref 4) notes Liberty's mandatory conservation.","scale":"The Sept. 23, 2024 Level 1 declaration covered the entire Commonwealth (refs 1, 2), and in May 2026 D3 covered most of southern Kentucky (ref 3).","duration":"Episodes recur across late 2023 (ref 5), September 2024 (refs 1, 2) and spring-summer 2026 (refs 3, 4), so the risk is recurring rather than a single event.","significance":"The 2024 statewide Level 1 declaration was a formal state drought action by the Energy and Environment Cabinet and State Climatologist (ref 1); it was withdrawn in October 2024 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No statewide count of customers on drought-affected supplies is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Extreme Drought (D3) slightly expanded to cover most of southern KY (NWS Louisville, valid May 19, 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Counties under 2024 Level 1 drought declaration","value":120,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"Declared Sept. 23, 2024; lifted early October 2024 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Share of state in Severe (D2) drought before Helene rain, 2024","value":28,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Kentucky Today via NKyTribune (ref 2); 3% was in D3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Drought eased after rain in late May and June 2026 but shortages remained in eastern Kentucky small reservoirs (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Kentucky Division of Water (Energy and Environment Cabinet)","role":"Primacy regulator and state drought monitoring"},{"name":"Kentucky Office of the State Climatologist","role":"Drought declarations with the Kentucky Drought Mitigation Team"}],"public_contact":"Kentucky Division of Water drought program staff, 502-782-7141 (listed on the EEC drought page)","corrective_actions":["Kentucky Division of Water monitors water supplies statewide and posts declarations on the Kentucky Drought Viewer (ref 6).","Local systems issued conservation requests and restrictions (refs 4, 5)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Level 1 drought declared in all Kentucky counties","publisher":"WSAZ","date":"2024-09-23","url":"https://www.wsaz.com/2024/09/23/level-1-drought-declared-all-kentucky-counties","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"High level Drought Declaration withdrawn, thanks to Hurricane Helene rain remnants","publisher":"Northern Kentucky Tribune (Kentucky Today)","date":"2024-10-06","url":"https://nkytribune.com/?p=435426","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Drought Information Statement for Southern Indiana and Central Kentucky (valid May 19, 2026)","publisher":"National Weather Service Louisville","date":"2026-05-22","url":"https://www.weather.gov/media/lmk/DGT/DGT_LMK_05222026.txt","basis":"Federal agency"},{"ref":4,"title":"Drought Information Statement for Southern Indiana and Central Kentucky (valid June 26, 2026)","publisher":"National Weather Service Louisville","date":"2026-06-26","url":"https://www.weather.gov/media/lmk/DGT/DGT_LMK_06262026.txt","basis":"Federal agency"},{"ref":5,"title":"Drought Information Statement (valid January 4, 2024)","publisher":"National Weather Service Louisville","date":"2024-01-04","url":"https://www.weather.gov/media/lmk/DGT/DGT_LMK_01042024.pdf","basis":"Federal agency"},{"ref":6,"title":"Drought monitoring (Flood and Drought)","publisher":"Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet","date":null,"url":"https://eec.ky.gov/Environmental-Protection/Water/FloodDrought/Pages/Drought.aspx","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (KY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-KY-LIBERTY-LAKE-SHORTAGE-2026","US-KY-STANFORD-RESERVOIR-SHORTAGE-2023"]},{"id":"US-KY-LIBERTY-LAKE-SHORTAGE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Liberty water emergency as Lake Liberty falls nearly 17 feet in drought","description":"Liberty and Casey County declared a water emergency in June 2026 as drought and leaks drew down Lake Liberty, the town's main water source, leaving about three months of supply. The city imposed mandatory outdoor-use restrictions with fines, built an 8,000-foot pipeline to pump Green River water into the lake, and in August was still using about 1.2 million gallons a day against roughly 800,000 pumped in.","location":{"name":"Liberty Water Works (Lake Liberty)","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"KY","states":["KY"],"detail":"City of Liberty, Casey County, south-central Kentucky","coordinates":{"lat":37.318,"lon":-84.939,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Casey"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"KY0230987"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Drought lowered the supply lake while aging, leaking pipes increased losses.","secondary_drivers":["Extreme drought","Aging infrastructure and leaks"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Lake Liberty dropped nearly 17 feet below its expected level (ref 4), and Casey County Schools turned off water fountains and supplied bottled water (ref 4).","service":"Mandatory outdoor-use restrictions with $250 and $500 fines (ref 3) and a boil advisory of at least one week while Green River water mixed in (ref 5).","scale":"One municipal system: Liberty Water Works serves 2,302 people per SDWIS (ref 6), with East Casey Water District also covered by the order (ref 3).","duration":"Emergency declared in June 2026 (ref 1) and the lake was still at a critical level on Aug. 14, 2026 (ref 4).","significance":"Mayor Haddad declared a local state of emergency and the council adopted phased restriction and surcharge ordinances (ref 3); Gov. Beshear pledged state work on long-term fixes (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":2302,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Liberty Water Works per SDWIS (ref 6); an older inactive ID KY0230251 lists 4,400."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"We're pumping 800,000 gallons, we're consuming 1.2 million. (Mayor Hausam Haddad, Aug. 14, 2026)"},"measures":[{"name":"Lake Liberty drawdown","value":17,"unit":"feet below expected level","status":"Reported","note":"Nearly 17 feet (ref 4); more than 16 feet in mid-July (ref 5)."},{"name":"Green River pipeline length","value":8000,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Pumping into lake","value":800000,"unit":"gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"700,000 to 800,000 gal/day (ref 4)."},{"name":"City consumption","value":1200000,"unit":"gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Mayor said levels were being maintained by mid-August, though still critical (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Liberty / Liberty Water Works","role":"Utility owner and operator"},{"name":"Kentucky Division of Water (Energy and Environment Cabinet)","role":"Primacy regulator and state drought monitoring"},{"name":"Lake Cumberland Area Development District","role":"Regional planning partner"}],"public_contact":"City of Liberty city hall (Mayor Hausam Haddad)","corrective_actions":["8,000-foot pipeline from the Green River into Lake Liberty, pumping since July 2026 (refs 2, 5).","Phased water restriction ordinance with fines and a customer surcharge (ref 3).","City has secured funding for a second lake, with construction hoped for next year (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Casey County declares state of emergency amid water shortage, drought","publisher":"WEKU","date":"2026-06-16","url":"https://www.weku.org/the-commonwealth/2026-06-16/casey-county-declares-state-of-emergency-amid-water-shortage-drought","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"New pipeline approved for city facing water shortage emergency","publisher":"WKYT","date":"2026-06-26","url":"https://www.wkyt.com/2026/06/26/new-pipeline-approved-city-facing-water-shortage-emergency/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"State of emergency declared in Liberty due to ongoing drought conditions","publisher":"LEX18","date":"2026-06-15","url":"https://www.lex18.com/news/covering-kentucky/state-of-emergency-declared-in-liberty-due-to-ongoing-drought-conditions","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Liberty water shortage update","publisher":"Spectrum News 1","date":"2026-08-14","url":"https://spectrumnews1.com/ky/louisville/news/2026/08/14/liberty-water-shortage-update","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"Kentucky city pumps water into lake amid drought, low water supply","publisher":"WEKU","date":"2026-07-14","url":"https://www.weku.org/the-commonwealth/2026-07-14/kentucky-city-pumps-water-into-lake-amid-drought-low-water-supply","basis":"News"},{"ref":6,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Liberty Water Works","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/KY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LIBERTY/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (KY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-KY-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2026"]},{"id":"US-KY-STANFORD-RESERVOIR-SHORTAGE-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Stanford declares emergency as drought drains its three raw-water lakes","description":"Stanford in Lincoln County declared a state of emergency on Dec. 27, 2023 after months of low rainfall left its raw-water reservoirs (Rice Lake, Harris Lake and Buck Creek Lake) critically low. Residents and businesses were asked to cut use by at least 20 percent, and the request was still in effect in early January 2024.","location":{"name":"Stanford Water Works","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"KY","states":["KY"],"detail":"City of Stanford, Lincoln County, central Kentucky","coordinates":{"lat":37.531,"lon":-84.662,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lincoln"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"KY0690417"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Low rainfall reduced storage in the city's raw-water lakes.","secondary_drivers":["Drought","Limited alternative supply"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Advocate-Messenger (ref 2) reports Lincoln County received 1.5 inches of rain in each of September, October and November 2023, leaving the reservoirs critically low; no health harm reported.","service":"Homes and businesses were asked to reduce water use by a minimum of 20 percent (ref 2); no shutoffs were ordered.","scale":"One system: Stanford Water Works serves 9,284 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Declared Dec. 27, 2023 (ref 2) and still listed by NWS on Jan. 4, 2024 (ref 3); no source shows it lifted.","significance":"City council emergency meeting declared a local state of emergency to reach state and federal resources (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":9284,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"We are asking each home and business to reduce water usage by a minimum of 20 percent."},"measures":[{"name":"Requested water use reduction","value":20,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Rainfall July 1 to Dec. 21, 2023 (mayor's estimate)","value":13,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No cited source reports the emergency being lifted."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Stanford / Stanford Water Works","role":"Utility owner and operator"},{"name":"Kentucky Division of Water (Energy and Environment Cabinet)","role":"Primacy regulator and state drought monitoring"}],"public_contact":"Stanford Water Works (City of Stanford)","corrective_actions":["Conservation request of at least 20 percent (ref 2).","Buying water from Danville kept as a last resort because of pressure differences (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water shortage leads to state of emergency for Kentucky town","publisher":"WKYT","date":"2023-12-28","url":"https://www.wkyt.com/2023/12/28/water-shortage-leads-state-emergency-kentucky-town","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Stanford declares state of emergency amid drought, water shortage","publisher":"The Advocate-Messenger","date":"2023-12-29","url":"https://www.amnews.com/?p=104686","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Drought Information Statement (valid January 4, 2024)","publisher":"National Weather Service Louisville","date":"2024-01-04","url":"https://www.weather.gov/media/lmk/DGT/DGT_LMK_01042024.pdf","basis":"Federal agency"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Stanford Water Works","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/KY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/STANFORD/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (KY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-KY-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2026"]},{"id":"US-KY-MARION-LAKE-GEORGE-SUPPLY-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Marion still short of raw water two years after Lake George levee breach","description":"Marion lost its primary raw-water source when the Lake George levee was cut in 2022, prompting a state emergency. In November 2023 the city announced a $4.6 million first-phase repair reimbursed by Kentucky Emergency Management, but in February 2024 the county judge-executive warned the repairs would hold about four years while a Crittenden-Livingston Water District expansion was at least five to seven years out.","location":{"name":"Marion Water Department (Lake George)","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"KY","states":["KY"],"detail":"City of Marion, Crittenden County, western Kentucky","coordinates":{"lat":37.333,"lon":-88.081,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Crittenden"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"KY0280267"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Loss of a reservoir behind a failing earthen dam left a reduced raw-water supply.","secondary_drivers":["Dam/levee failure","Low rainfall in 2023"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"WPKY (ref 2) says Crittenden County received only 42 inches of precipitation in 2023 and the treatment plant had to run nearly 24 hours a day.","service":"The city switched sources and buys water from regional systems (ref 1); the 2022 emergency order had limited use to essential activities (ref 3).","scale":"One system serving 3,039 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"The levee was breached in May 2022 (ref 1) and officials described a dire gap in water security in February 2024 (ref 2).","significance":"Gov. Beshear declared a state of emergency on June 17, 2022 (ref 3) and Kentucky Emergency Management is reimbursing the $4.6 million repair (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":3039,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Newcom warned that the current repairs and efforts for Marion will only hold up about four years, and that an expansion to the Crittenden/Livingston Water District is at least 5-to-7 years out."},"measures":[{"name":"First-phase Lake George levee repair","value":4.6,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Reimbursed by Kentucky Emergency Management (ref 1)."},{"name":"Estimated cost of full restoration","value":6,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Additional, up to seven years (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Marion had not drawn from Crittenden-Livingston since October 2023 (ref 2), but the long-term source is unresolved."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Marion","role":"Utility owner and operator"},{"name":"Kentucky Emergency Management","role":"Repair funder"},{"name":"Kentucky Division of Water (Energy and Environment Cabinet)","role":"Primacy regulator and state drought monitoring"},{"name":"Crittenden-Livingston Water District","role":"Wholesale supplier"}],"public_contact":"City of Marion city administrator's office","corrective_actions":["$4.6 million levee restabilization by Marine Solutions with a siphon to Old City Lake (ref 1).","Long-term plan to become a wholesale customer of Crittenden-Livingston Water District (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Marion to be reimbursed by Kentucky Emergency Management for $4.6 million project to restabilize Lake George","publisher":"WKMS","date":"2023-11-29","url":"https://www.wkms.org/environment/2023-11-29/marion-to-be-reimbursed-by-kentucky-emergency-management-for-4-6-million-project-to-restabilize-lake-george","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Crittenden County Still Dealing With Lake Water Concerns","publisher":"WPKY","date":"2024-02-15","url":"https://www.wpkyonline.com/?p=153781","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Lake George Levee Repairs in Marion Nearing Completion","publisher":"WPKY","date":"2023-01-03","url":"https://www.wpkyonline.com/?p=119715","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Marion Water Department","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/KY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MARION/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (KY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-KY-BOONE-RURAL-WATER-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hundreds of rural Boone County homes still lack public water lines","description":"Rural Boone County residents without public water rely on wells, cisterns or hauled water. The county's Rural Water 3.0 phase, estimated at $15 to $17 million, would serve 365 to 411 more homes on 33 to 35 streets, with some construction dates now set for December 2026 to May 2027.","location":{"name":"Rural Boone County","type":"County rural water expansion area","state":"KY","states":["KY"],"detail":"Western Boone County, Northern Kentucky (Belleview, McVille, Petersburg areas)","coordinates":{"lat":38.99,"lon":-84.72,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Boone"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["groundwater","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Homes are outside the reach of public water mains and depend on private sources.","secondary_drivers":["Unserved rural households","Cost of line extensions"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"WCPO (ref 1) reports Kelly Elementary relies on a treated well without adequate fire protection, and homes depend on wells, cisterns or hauled water.","service":"About 150 streets in the county lack access to a public waterline (ref 1).","scale":"Rural Water 3.0 targets more than 400 homes in western Boone County (ref 2).","duration":"The county says it has worked about 20 years toward public water for every home (ref 1), and some streets are not scheduled until 2027 (ref 2).","significance":"This is a county capital program approved by the Fiscal Court (ref 2); no violation or enforcement is involved."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources count homes (365 to 411 in phase 3), not people."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Phase 3 could cost between $15-$17 million and could give between 365-411 homes access to a public waterline."},"measures":[{"name":"Homes to be served by Rural Water 3.0","value":411,"unit":"homes (upper estimate)","status":"Reported","note":"Range 365 to 411 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Streets without public waterline","value":150,"unit":"streets","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Phase 3 estimated cost","value":17,"unit":"million USD (upper estimate)","status":"Reported","note":"$15 to $17 million (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Phases 1 and 2 serve more than 640 homes (ref 2); phase 2 used ARPA funds (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Boone County Fiscal Court","role":"Project sponsor"},{"name":"Boone County Water District","role":"Water utility"}],"public_contact":"Boone County Fiscal Court, Rural Water 3.0 project page (yourvoice.boonecountyky.org/d5855)","corrective_actions":["Rural Water 3.0 construction in three groups (3.1, 3.2, 3.3), with tentative start dates through May 2027 (ref 2).","Phase 2 line on Woolper Road and Snyder Lane funded by ARPA, bid at $1,985,085 (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"'It's about health': Boone County officials work to bring public waterline to hundreds of homes","publisher":"WCPO","date":"2024-03-20","url":"https://www.wcpo.com/news/northern-kentucky/its-about-health-boone-county-officials-work-to-bring-public-waterline-to-hundreds-of-homes","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Rural Water 3.0","publisher":"Boone County Fiscal Court","date":null,"url":"https://yourvoice.boonecountyky.org/d5855","basis":"Local government","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Boone County awards contract for Woolper Road water line","publisher":"LINK nky","date":"2023-08-18","url":"https://linknky.com/?p=156014","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (KY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-KY-LOUISVILLE-MSD-CONSENT-DECREE-2005","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Louisville MSD sewer overflow consent decree; Morris Forman plant in noncompliance","description":"Louisville and Jefferson County Metropolitan Sewer District (MSD) has been under a 2005 consent decree with EPA to reduce sewer overflows; a 2022 amendment extended completion from 2024 to 2035 and added a $198 million biosolids upgrade at the Morris Forman Water Quality Treatment Center, projected for 2030. EPA ECHO lists Morris Forman (KPDES KY0022411) in significant noncompliance in 11 of 12 quarters from July 2023 to June 2026, with 236 effluent exceedances.","location":{"name":"Louisville MSD (Morris Forman WQTC)","type":"Regional sewer district service area","detail":"Louisville Metro / Jefferson County; Morris Forman plant at 4522 Algonquin Parkway on the Ohio River","coordinates":{"lat":38.232528,"lon":-85.829484,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Jefferson"],"extent":"city","state":"KY","states":["KY"]},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Overflows and effluent violations stem from aging collection and solids-handling infrastructure and affect Ohio River water quality.","secondary_drivers":["Combined and sanitary sewer overflows","Aging biosolids processing"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO (ref 3) counts 236 effluent exceedances at Morris Forman over three years, including BOD and chlorine limits.","service":"No customer sewer service interruption is documented in the cited MSD pages (refs 1-2).","scale":"Morris Forman is designed for 120 MGD dry-weather and up to 350 MGD wet-weather flow and treats solids for the Louisville regional plants (ref 2).","duration":"The overflow consent decree dates from 2005 and now runs to 2035 (ref 1); ECHO shows SNC in 11 of 12 quarters since July 2023 (ref 3).","significance":"Federal consent decree with EPA, amended in 2022 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"MSD service population is not stated in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Morris Forman WQTC in significant noncompliance in 11 of 12 quarters (July 2023 to June 2026), 236 effluent exceedances (ECHO, ref 3); consent decree completion extended to 2035 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (Morris Forman, KY0022411, 3 years)","value":11,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO ref 3."},{"name":"Effluent exceedances (3 years)","value":236,"unit":"exceedances","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO ref 3."},{"name":"Morris Forman biosolids upgrade cost","value":198000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Projected completion 2030 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Consent decree spending through June 2022","value":1200000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"ECHO quarterly status shows SNC in nearly every quarter since mid-2023 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Louisville and Jefferson County Metropolitan Sewer District","role":"Utility operator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 4","role":"Federal Clean Water Act enforcement"},{"name":"Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet, Division of Water","role":"KPDES and drinking-water primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Louisville MSD, louisvillemsd.org","corrective_actions":["Second Amended Consent Decree (2022) extends overflow work to 2035 (ref 1).","$198 million Morris Forman biosolids processing replacement, projected 2030 (ref 1).","$124 million Paddy's Run Pump Station replacement and $70 million interceptor rehabilitation (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Consent Decree","publisher":"Louisville MSD","date":null,"url":"https://louisvillemsd.org/node/2","basis":"Utility record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Morris Forman Water Quality Treatment Center","publisher":"Louisville MSD","date":null,"url":"https://louisvillemsd.org/node/7456","basis":"Utility record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report (REST), Morris Forman WQTC MSD (KY0022411)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=KY0022411","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (KY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-KY-LEXINGTON-SSO-CONSENT-DECREE-2011","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lexington sanitary sewer overflow consent decree extended to 2030","description":"Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government has operated under a January 2011 federal consent decree resolving an EPA and Kentucky lawsuit over sanitary sewer overflows. In April 2024 EPA proposed moving the completion deadline from December 2026 to December 2030, citing supply chain and workforce delays, after 75 remedial projects had abated 85 recurring overflows. A Tates Creek Road project starting in April 2026 targets a manhole that has overflowed 69 times since 2013.","location":{"name":"Lexington-Fayette sanitary sewer system","type":"Municipal sewer service area","detail":"Lexington, Fayette County","coordinates":{"lat":38.0406,"lon":-84.5037,"precision":"city"},"counties":["Fayette"],"extent":"city","state":"KY","states":["KY"]},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Overflows are caused by collection-system capacity limits that the decree requires the city to rebuild.","secondary_drivers":["Sanitary sewer overflows"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"One Gainesway-area manhole has overflowed 69 times since 2013 (ref 2), discharging raw sewage to the environment.","service":"The cited sources describe lane closures for construction but no sewer service loss (ref 2).","scale":"The decree covers the whole Lexington-Fayette sanitary sewer system (ref 1).","duration":"The decree was finalized in January 2011 and now runs to December 31, 2030 (refs 1-2).","significance":"Federal consent decree from an EPA and Commonwealth lawsuit, amended in 2024 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sewer service population not stated in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"85 recurring sanitary sewer overflows abated through 75 projects; 90% of listed recurring SSOs to be abated by December 2026 and all work by December 2030 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Remedial projects completed","value":75,"unit":"projects","status":"Reported","note":"As of April 2024 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Recurring SSOs abated","value":85,"unit":"overflow locations","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Overflows at Tates Creek Road manhole since 2013","value":69,"unit":"overflows","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"West Hickman WWTP (KY0021504) quarters in noncompliance, 3 years","value":7,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO ref 3; two formal actions, $9,000 penalties."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Recurring overflows abated, but the deadline moved four years (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government, Division of Water Quality","role":"Utility operator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 4","role":"Federal Clean Water Act enforcement"},{"name":"Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet, Division of Water","role":"KPDES and drinking-water primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky","role":"Court overseeing the decree"}],"public_contact":"Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government, lexingtonky.gov","corrective_actions":["Amended decree adds a 50% increase in East Hickman Force Main capacity, a 2 MGD East Hickman Pump Station upgrade and a nearly 50% larger wet weather storage facility (ref 1).","Tates Creek Road sanitary sewer replacement, about 18 months from April 2026 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA and the City of Lexington work to extend the compliance deadline for sanitary sewer system improvement projects","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2024-04-10","url":"https://www.epa.gov/node/289022","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Lexington sewer project to impact Tates Creek Road for 18 months","publisher":"WKYT","date":"2026-03-16","url":"https://www.wkyt.com/2026/03/17/lexington-sewer-project-impact-tates-creek-road-18-months/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report (REST), Lexington West Hickman STP (KY0021504)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=KY0021504","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (KY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-KY-NKY-SD1-CSO-CONSENT-DECREE-2005","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Northern Kentucky SD1 sewer overflow consent decree runs to 2040","description":"Sanitation District No. 1 of Northern Kentucky operates under an Amended Consent Decree with EPA and the Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet, entered May 22, 2019, that extended overflow fixes from 2025 to January 1, 2040. SD1's August 2025 annual report shows a modeled typical-year combined sewer overflow volume of 1,425.6 million gallons (70.6% capture) and a typical-year sanitary sewer overflow volume of 39.8 million gallons.","location":{"name":"Sanitation District No. 1 of Northern Kentucky","type":"Regional sanitation district service area","detail":"Boone, Kenton and Campbell counties; headquarters in Fort Wright","coordinates":{"lat":39.0517,"lon":-84.5341,"precision":"city"},"counties":["Boone","Kenton","Campbell"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"KY","states":["KY"]},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Combined and sanitary overflows from the collection system discharge untreated sewage to the Ohio and Licking rivers and their tributaries.","secondary_drivers":["Combined sewer overflows","Sanitary sewer overflows"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"SD1's model still shows 1,425.6 MG of combined sewer overflow in a typical year as of August 2025 (ref 1).","service":"The annual report (ref 1) documents no customer service interruption.","scale":"SD1 says about 1.5 billion gallons of raw sewage escape its systems each year in heavy rain across the region (ref 2).","duration":"The original decree was entered in 2005 and the amended decree runs to 2040 (refs 1, 3).","significance":"Amended federal consent decree, Case No. 2:05-CV-199 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Service population not stated in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Typical-year CSO volume 1,425.6 MG (70.6% capture) and SSO volume 39.8 MG, 34.5% of the 115.4 MG baseline, as of August 2025 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Typical-year CSO volume","value":1425.6,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Baseline 1,516 MG (ref 1)."},{"name":"CSO percent capture","value":70.6,"unit":"%","status":"Reported","note":"Target at least 85% by 2040 (refs 1-2)."},{"name":"Typical-year SSO volume","value":39.8,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Baseline 115.4 MG (ref 1)."},{"name":"Estimated overflow cleanup cost","value":1300000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"2019 estimate (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"SSO volume fell to 34.5% of baseline; modeled CSO volume fell 38 MG in FY2025, 17 MG of it from model calibration (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Sanitation District No. 1 of Northern Kentucky","role":"Utility operator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 4","role":"Federal Clean Water Act enforcement"},{"name":"Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet, Division of Water","role":"KPDES and drinking-water primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Sanitation District No. 1, sd1.org","corrective_actions":["Eliminate all typical-year SSOs and capture at least 85% of typical-year CSOs by 2040 (ref 2).","State Route 9 sewer separation removing about 15 MG of typical-year runoff from the combined system (ref 1).","Environmental surcharge established in 2019 to fund overflow projects (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Amended Consent Decree Annual Report No. 7","publisher":"Sanitation District No. 1","date":"2025-08-29","url":"https://sd1.org/Archive.aspx?ADID=351","basis":"Utility record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Frequently asked questions: consent decree","publisher":"Sanitation District No. 1","date":null,"url":"https://sd1.org/m/faq?cat=19","basis":"Utility record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SD1 and EPA agree to extension of Clean Water Act Consent Decree until January 1, 2040","publisher":"Northern Kentucky Tribune","date":"2019-02-01","url":"https://nkytribune.com/2019/02/sd1-and-epa-agree-to-extension-of-clean-water-act-consent-decree-until-january1-2040/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (KY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-KY-PADUCAH-JSA-CSO-LTCP-2016","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Paducah combined sewer overflow control plan, work through 2038","description":"The Paducah-McCracken County Joint Sewer Agency (JSA) is carrying out a Long-Term Control Plan for its combined sewer system, submitted in 2010 and approved by the Kentucky Division of Water and EPA in 2016, covering seven outfall locations to be completed by 2038. A $12.6 million phase under construction in 2025 adds an 80 million gallon-per-day pumping station and screening at a 102-inch discharge pipe, part of a $102 million total effort.","location":{"name":"Paducah combined sewer system (JSA)","type":"Regional sewer agency service area","detail":"Paducah, McCracken County, on the Ohio River","coordinates":{"lat":37.0834,"lon":-88.6,"precision":"city"},"counties":["McCracken"],"extent":"city","state":"KY","states":["KY"]},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Combined sewers carry sanitary and storm flow that overflows at outfalls until the plan's projects are built.","secondary_drivers":["Combined sewer overflows"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The plan addresses seven combined sewer outfall locations in Paducah (ref 1); overflow volumes are not reported.","service":"The city release (ref 1) reports only trail and street closures, not sewer service loss.","scale":"The combined system serves the city of Paducah (ref 1).","duration":"Plan submitted 2010, approved 2016, with projects running to 2038 (ref 1).","significance":"The Long-Term Control Plan is a regulatory requirement reviewed and approved by DOW and EPA (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not stated in the cited source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$102 million combined sewer program at seven outfall locations, due by 2038; current $12.6 million phase includes an 80 MGD pumping station (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Total combined sewer program cost","value":102000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Outfall locations in plan","value":7,"unit":"outfalls","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Current phase cost","value":12600000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Paducah-McCracken County Joint Sewer Agency","role":"Utility operator"},{"name":"Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet, Division of Water","role":"KPDES and drinking-water primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 4","role":"Federal Clean Water Act enforcement"}],"public_contact":"City of Paducah, paducahky.gov","corrective_actions":["Diversion station, 80 MGD pumping station, screening and 72-inch outfall pipe through the floodwall (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Temporary Closure of Greenway Trail Segment and North 6th Street for Joint Sewer Agency Project on June 17","publisher":"City of Paducah","date":"2025-06-16","url":"https://paducahky.gov/news/temporary-closure-greenway-trail-segment-and-north-6th-street-joint-sewer-agency-project-june","basis":"Local government record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (KY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected","overflow volumes"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-KY-EDDYVILLE-STP-FAILURE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Eddyville sewage plant reactor collapse released 800,000 gallons","description":"A sequencing batch reactor tank at the City of Eddyville sewer treatment plant (KPDES KY0027979) failed on January 6, 2025, releasing about 800,000 gallons of partially treated sewage; the Division of Water alerted five water plants on Lake Barkley and a temporary treatment system was brought online. EPA ECHO lists the plant in significant noncompliance in 5 quarters since January 2025, and the city is seeking about $19.5 million to build a replacement plant, with construction planned from November 2026 to June 2028.","location":{"name":"Eddyville Sewer Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","detail":"590 Kuttawa Springs Rd, Eddyville, Lyon County, near Lake Barkley","coordinates":{"lat":37.075278,"lon":-88.09,"precision":"facility","source_ref":4},"counties":["Lyon"],"extent":"site","state":"KY","states":["KY"]},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A structural failure of the treatment tank caused the release and continuing permit noncompliance.","secondary_drivers":["Treatment plant structural failure"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"About 800,000 gallons of partially treated sewage were released after the January 6, 2025 tank failure (ref 1).","service":"The city ran temporary treatment systems from January 8, 2025, and the Division of Water notified five downstream and upstream water plants (ref 1).","scale":"The plant serves the city of Eddyville, a 1.0 MGD system (refs 2-3).","duration":"The failure was in January 2025 and the replacement plant is scheduled for completion in June 2028 (ref 2); ECHO SNC continues into 2026 (ref 4).","significance":"ECHO records one formal enforcement action and 11 informal actions over three years (ref 4); KIA approved a $5,487,450 emergency grant on February 6, 2025 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sewer service population not stated; KIA lists 193 users and $16,024 existing debt per customer (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 800,000 gallons of partially treated sewage released in the January 6, 2025 reactor failure (ref 1); $19,453,850 replacement plant planned (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Partially treated sewage released","value":800000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Initial estimate 400,000 gallons (ref 1)."},{"name":"Emergency KY WWATERS grant","value":5487450,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Approved 2025-02-06 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Replacement plant total budget","value":19453850,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Phase II, KIA W26-010 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (KY0027979, 3 years)","value":5,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO ref 4; 119 effluent exceedances."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Debt service coverage 0.9 in 2023 and 1.0 in 2024 (ref 2)","$16,024 existing debt per customer (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Eddyville","role":"Plant owner and operator"},{"name":"Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet, Division of Water","role":"KPDES and drinking-water primacy regulator"},{"name":"Kentucky Infrastructure Authority","role":"State water and wastewater financing agency"}],"public_contact":"City of Eddyville, eddyvilleky.org","corrective_actions":["Temporary and 'Blue Tank' treatment systems after the failure (ref 1).","Phase II replacement: new SBR treatment system, headworks, influent lift station and peracetic acid disinfection; bid September 2026 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Eddyville Sewer Treatment Plant releases 800k gallons of partially treated sewage","publisher":"KBSI Fox 23","date":"2025-01-09","url":"https://www.kbsi23.com/?p=3436874","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"2025 Kentucky WWATERS Annual Report","publisher":"Kentucky Infrastructure Authority","date":"2025-12-01","url":"https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/AgencyReports/IJC/AR/KIA/2025%20KY%20WWATERS%20Annual%20Report.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Eddyville - Sewer Lagoon Dredge (SX21143016)","publisher":"Kentucky WRIS Portal","date":null,"url":"https://wris.ky.gov/Portal/CWPrjData/SX21143016","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report (REST), Eddyville STP (KY0027979)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=KY0027979","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (KY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-KY-STATEWIDE-TROUBLED-SYSTEMS-FUNDING-GAP-2025"]},{"id":"US-KY-JACKSON-WATER-LOSS-INFRASTRUCTURE-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Jackson (Breathitt County) water system: century-old mains and heavy losses","description":"Jackson Municipal Water Works (KY0130208) in Breathitt County reported losing 314 million gallons, or 67%, of its water over a 12-month period in a state project profile (activity last modified in 2021), which attributes the loss to breaks in downtown lines installed in the early 1900s. A South Jackson main break on January 17, 2024 forced an overnight outage, and Phase 3 treatment plant upgrades (approved October 2025) and a raw water source study (approved November 2024) are listed as not funded.","location":{"name":"Jackson Municipal Water Works","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"City of Jackson, Breathitt County","coordinates":{"lat":37.5531,"lon":-83.3835,"precision":"city"},"counties":["Breathitt"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"KY0130208","state":"KY","states":["KY"]},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Losses and outages come from aged distribution mains and an unreliable raw water intake.","secondary_drivers":["Aging distribution mains","Water loss"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"The state profile reports 67% water loss (314.314 million gallons in 12 months), attributed to line breaks (ref 1).","service":"A South Jackson main break on January 17, 2024 kept water off overnight in areas including Armory Drive and Railroad Street, with repairs expected the next afternoon (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists a population served of 4,704 (ref 5).","duration":"Downtown mains date from the early 1900s (ref 1); Phase 3 plant upgrades approved October 22, 2025 and the raw water study approved November 6, 2024 are both listed Not Funded (refs 3-4).","significance":"No enforcement order is documented; the record rests on state planning profiles (refs 1, 3-4)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":4704,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Water loss over the past 12 months was 314.314 million gallons, or 67% (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Annual water loss","value":67,"unit":"%","status":"Reported","note":"12-month period not dated; project activity last modified 2021-10-04 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Treatment plant Phase 3 cost (unfunded)","value":3390000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Approved 2025-10-22 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Plant and source projects listed as not funded (refs 3-4)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Jackson","role":"System owner"},{"name":"Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet, Division of Water","role":"KPDES and drinking-water primacy regulator"},{"name":"Kentucky Infrastructure Authority","role":"State water and wastewater financing agency"}],"public_contact":"City of Jackson, Kentucky","corrective_actions":["Waterline Replacement Phase I: 18,607 feet of downtown lines (ref 1).","Water Treatment Plant Improvements Phase 3, including SCADA (ref 3).","Raw water alternate source study at Panbowl Lake (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Jackson Waterline Replacement Project Phase I (WX21025059)","publisher":"Kentucky WRIS Portal","date":null,"url":"https://wris.ky.gov/Portal/DWPrjData/WX21025059","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Fact check: Jackson water not shutting off despite misinformation on social media","publisher":"Mississippi Free Press","date":"2024-01-17","url":"https://www.mississippifreepress.org/fact-check-jackson-water-not-shutting-off-despite-misinformation-on-social-media/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"Jackson Water Treatment Plant Improvements Phase 3 (WX21025047)","publisher":"Kentucky WRIS Portal","date":null,"url":"https://wris.ky.gov/Portal/DWPrjData/WX21025047","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":4,"title":"Raw Water Alternate Source Study (WX21025032)","publisher":"Kentucky WRIS Portal","date":null,"url":"https://wris.ky.gov/Portal/DWPrjData/WX21025032","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Jackson Municipal Water Works","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/KY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/JACKSON/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (KY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (4). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Re-verification: opened all five sources. WRIS profile WX21025059 states 314.314 MG and 67% water loss over 12 months, attributes the high loss to line breaks, says the downtown lines date from the early 1900s, and lists 18,607 LF of PVC replacement (project fully funded with $2,000,000 ARC/CDBG; the KIA loan is shown as withdrawn). WX21025047 (Phase 3, $3,390,000, approved 2025-10-22) and WX21025032 (raw water study, $54,000, approved 2024-11-06, mentions Panbowl Lake) are both 'Not Funded'. The Mississippi Free Press fact check quotes the Jackson, Ky. advisory of 2024-01-17 on a South Jackson main break and overnight outage. SDWIS lists 4,704 served. Description corrected: Phase I replacement is funded, the unfunded items are Phase 3 and the study; the 12-month period of the loss figure is not dated (activity table last modified 2021-10-04). Confidence raised to Medium: state records and a news report agree."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-KY-MARTIN-COUNTY-WATER-LOSS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Martin County Water District: extreme water loss and storm and flood damage","description":"The Kentucky PSC refused in April 2026 to end oversight of Martin County Water District (KY0800273), noting audited average water loss of 69.87% from 2020 to 2024 and 52.08% in 2025, and ordered an updated infrastructure plan within 120 days. In 2025 Winter Storm Blair's pipe breaks led to a county state of emergency, and February flooding damaged county water and sewer infrastructure with repairs expected to approach $3 million.","location":{"name":"Martin County Water District","type":"Water district service area","detail":"Martin County, including Inez","coordinates":{"lat":37.8665,"lon":-82.5388,"precision":"city"},"counties":["Martin"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"KY0800273","state":"KY","states":["KY"]},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Leaking, storm- and flood-damaged mains drive losses that the district's weak finances cannot fix quickly.","secondary_drivers":["Water loss","Winter storm pipe breaks","Flood damage"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The PSC called 2025 water loss of 52.08% 'extraordinarily high' against a 15% standard (ref 1).","service":"Winter Storm Blair caused breaks in January 2025 and a county state of emergency (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists a population served of 9,003 (ref 4).","duration":"Audited average loss was 69.87% across 2020-2024 (ref 1).","significance":"PSC order of April 8, 2026 keeps oversight and requires an infrastructure plan (ref 1); county emergency declared January 2025 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":9003,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Audited average unaccounted-for water loss 69.87% (2020-2024); reported 2025 loss 52.08% (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Audited average water loss 2020-2024","value":69.87,"unit":"%","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Reported water loss 2025","value":52.08,"unit":"%","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Expected February 2025 flood repair cost, county water and sewer","value":3000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"'Approach $3 million' (ref 2)."},{"name":"Davella pump station and line replacement request","value":7961450,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"KY WWATERS application W26-030 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Severe","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["PSC estimate of a 37.55% revenue shortfall (ref 1)","Arrears to contract manager (ref 1)","Debt service coverage 0.4 in 2024 (ref 3)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Loss fell from the 2020-2024 average to 52.08% in 2025 but remains far above standard (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Martin County Water District","role":"System owner"},{"name":"Alliance Water Resources","role":"Contract manager"},{"name":"Kentucky Public Service Commission","role":"Utility rate and service regulator"},{"name":"Kentucky Infrastructure Authority","role":"State water and wastewater financing agency"}],"public_contact":"Kentucky Public Service Commission, P.O. Box 615, Frankfort, KY 40602","corrective_actions":["PSC-ordered updated infrastructure plan within 120 days of April 8, 2026 (ref 1).","KY WWATERS applications for pump station, line, tank, controls and raw water projects (ref 3).","PSC ordered an updated infrastructure plan within 120 days of April 8, 2026 (ref 1).","District must file a rate case, alternative rate adjustment or justification by August 31, 2026 (ref 1).","About $21.8 million in grants administered by Fahe, including funds expected to retire existing debt (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PSC rejects Martin County Water District request to end monitoring","publisher":"Mountain Citizen","date":"2026-04-15","url":"https://mountaincitizen.com/?p=76070","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"2025: A year defined by water, weather and resolve","publisher":"Mountain Citizen","date":"2025-12-30","url":"https://mountaincitizen.com/?p=59452","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"2025 Kentucky WWATERS Annual Report","publisher":"Kentucky Infrastructure Authority","date":"2025-12-01","url":"https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/AgencyReports/IJC/AR/KIA/2025%20KY%20WWATERS%20Annual%20Report.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Martin Co Water District #1","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/KY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MARTIN/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"Martin County Water still losing nearly half its water amid tight cash, rising bills","publisher":"The Mountain Citizen","date":"2026-05-06","url":"https://mountaincitizen.com/?p=76738","basis":"News"},{"ref":6,"title":"Case No. 2020-00154: Martin County Water District informal conference memorandum","publisher":"Kentucky Public Service Commission","date":"2026-04-23","url":"https://psc.ky.gov/PSCSCF/2020%20cases/2020-00154/20260423_PSC%20Notice%20of%20Filing%20of%20Informal%20Conference%20Memorandum%20and%20Attendance%20List.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (KY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-KY-MARTIN-COUNTY-WD-WATER-QUALITY-2025"]},{"id":"US-KY-FLEMING-NEON-WATER-SYSTEM-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Fleming-Neon water system: flood-damaged mains, outages and rebuild","description":"Fleming-Neon's water system in Letcher County (KY0670279) was badly damaged in the July 2022 flood; a January 2024 shortage left residents without water for days and brought city and state emergency declarations over low water levels. USDA awarded more than $16.8 million in August 2025 to replace about 100,000 feet of water lines, and the state awarded more than $5.7 million to replace six storage tanks.","location":{"name":"Fleming-Neon Water Company","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"City of Fleming-Neon, Letcher County","coordinates":{"lat":37.1937,"lon":-82.7032,"precision":"city"},"counties":["Letcher"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"KY0670279","state":"KY","states":["KY"]},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","stormwater-flooding","groundwater","drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Flood-broken mains and tanks raise losses and leave the system unable to ride out low well levels.","secondary_drivers":["July 2022 flood damage","Water loss"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"KIA reports the system 'suffered severe breakages which has also increased water loss' after the 2022 flood (ref 4).","service":"Residents of Fleming-Neon and surrounding areas were without water for several days in January 2024 (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists a population served of 3,212 (ref 6).","duration":"Flood damage from July 2022 is still being repaired under 2025 grants, with work in phases (refs 3, 5).","significance":"Governor Beshear issued a state of emergency on January 10, 2024, after the city declared one over low water levels (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":3212,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 6)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than $16.8 million in USDA disaster grants to repair and replace water mains, sewer mains and meters damaged in the July 2022 flood (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"USDA disaster water grants","value":16800000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Four grants, August 2025 (ref 3)."},{"name":"CDBG-DR storage tank replacement","value":5700000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Six tanks serving over 900 homes (ref 5)."},{"name":"Debt service coverage 2023","value":0.3,"unit":"ratio","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Debt service coverage 0.3 in 2023 (ref 4)","Revenue loss from residents and businesses unable to rebuild (ref 4)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Fleming-Neon","role":"System owner"},{"name":"Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet, Division of Water","role":"KPDES and drinking-water primacy regulator"},{"name":"Kentucky Infrastructure Authority","role":"State water and wastewater financing agency"},{"name":"USDA Rural Development Kentucky","role":"Federal funder"}],"public_contact":"City of Fleming-Neon, Letcher County","corrective_actions":["Replace 40,200 + 18,500 + 43,000 feet of water lines plus manholes, sewer mains and meters (ref 3).","Replace six water storage tanks (ref 5).","KY WWATERS request for well rehabilitation, a water supply study and debt relief (ref 4).","Valve replacement to draw more water from Letcher County's system; backup pump moving about 300 gallons per minute into a reservoir (ref 1).","More than $16.8 million in USDA disaster grants for water mains, service lines and meters (ref 3).","Emergency tank replacement project listed in WRIS (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Fleming-Neon officials work to resolve water outage","publisher":"WYMT","date":"2024-01-08","url":"https://www.wymt.com/2024/01/08/fleming-neon-officials-work-resolve-water-outage","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Organizations partner to help those impacted by water outage during State of Emergency","publisher":"WKYT (WYMT)","date":"2024-01-10","url":"https://www.wkyt.com/2024/01/10/organizations-partner-help-those-impacted-by-water-outage-during-state-emergency/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"USDA announces millions in grants for flood recovery","publisher":"WYMT","date":"2025-08-20","url":"https://www.wymt.com/2025/08/20/usda-announces-millions-grants-flood-recovery","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"2025 Kentucky WWATERS Annual Report","publisher":"Kentucky Infrastructure Authority","date":"2025-12-01","url":"https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/AgencyReports/IJC/AR/KIA/2025%20KY%20WWATERS%20Annual%20Report.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"Water infrastructure repairs","publisher":"Spectrum News 1","date":"2025-07-10","url":"https://spectrumnews1.com/ky/louisville/news/2025/07/10/water-infrastructure-repairs","basis":"News"},{"ref":6,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Fleming-Neon Water Company","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/KY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/FLEMING/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":7,"title":"Gov. Beshear declares state of emergency amid Letcher County water shortage","publisher":"FOX 56","date":"2024-01-11","url":"https://fox56news.com/news/kentucky/gov-beshear-declares-state-of-emergency-amid-letcher-county-water-shortage/amp/","basis":"News"},{"ref":8,"title":"WRIS project profile WX21133085: Fleming-Neon Emergency City Tank Repair","publisher":"Kentucky Infrastructure Authority (WRIS)","date":"2024-11-13","url":"https://wris.ky.gov/Portal/DWPrjData/WX21133085","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (KY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-KY-MOUNTAIN-WATER-DISTRICT-FLOOD-OUTAGE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Pike County water outage after February 2025 flood reached 10,000 customers","description":"The February 15-16, 2025 flood, followed by freezing and a rockslide, washed out mains and creek crossings, overturned a river intake barge and drained tanks in the Mountain Water District (KY0980575), which serves most of Pike County. Outages peaked at 10,000 customers on February 17, and service was fully restored on March 4 after 16 days; the district said many repairs were temporary.","location":{"name":"Mountain Water District","type":"Water district service area","detail":"Most of Pike County, eastern Kentucky","coordinates":{"lat":37.4793,"lon":-82.5185,"precision":"county"},"counties":["Pike"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"KY0980575","state":"KY","states":["KY"]},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Flood damage to mains, crossings, intake and tanks caused the loss of service.","secondary_drivers":["February 2025 flood damage"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"8-inch mains washed away, main creek crossings destroyed and an intake barge overturned (ref 1).","service":"Outages rose from 3,700 customers on February 16 to 10,000 on February 17, 2025 (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists a population served of 44,057 (ref 2).","duration":"Full restoration took 16 days, with permanent repairs left for a later phase (ref 1).","significance":"No regulatory notice or order specific to the district is cited (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":44057,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2); peak outage 10,000 customers (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Customer outages peaked at 10,000 on February 17, 2025; 100 percent restored March 4 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak customers without service","value":10000,"unit":"customers","status":"Reported","note":"2025-02-17 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Days to full restoration","value":16,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Miles of water line","value":1000,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"About 1,000 miles (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Service restored; permanent repairs pending (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Mountain Water District","role":"System operator"},{"name":"Pike County Fiscal Court","role":"Local emergency management"},{"name":"Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet, Division of Water","role":"KPDES and drinking-water primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Mountain Water District, Pike County","corrective_actions":["Temporary repairs completed March 4, 2025; permanent 'Phase II' repairs to follow (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water service restored to all MWD customers","publisher":"Appalachian News-Express","date":"2025-03-07","url":"https://www.news-expressky.com/news/water-service-restored-to-all-mwd-customers/article_51b9f0a2-fac5-11ef-b888-5f17b5f95094.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Mountain Water District","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/KY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MOUNTAIN%20WATER/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (KY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-KY-MOUNTAIN-WATER-DISTRICT-TTHM-2026","US-KY-EASTERN-FEB-FLOOD-DR4860-2025"]},{"id":"US-KY-SOUTHERN-WATER-SEWER-WATER-LOSS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Southern Water and Sewer District (Floyd County) loses over half its water","description":"Kentucky PSC staff reported in June 2025 that Southern Water and Sewer District (KY0360026) in Floyd County lost 56.69% of its water in 2023, after 57.43% in 2022 and 54.80% in 2021, against the 15% ratemaking standard; the excess loss cost $445,147 in 2023. Staff noted flooding in 2025 extensively damaged the distribution system and recommended a monitored water loss surcharge to fund a 15-to-20-year capital plan.","location":{"name":"Southern Water and Sewer District","type":"Water district service area","detail":"Floyd County, eastern Kentucky","coordinates":{"lat":37.56,"lon":-82.75,"precision":"county"},"counties":["Floyd"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"KY0360026","state":"KY","states":["KY"]},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Chronic distribution leakage drains revenue the district needs for line replacement.","secondary_drivers":["Water loss","Flood damage"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"PSC staff report 2023 water loss of 56.6897% (ref 1), almost four times the 15% standard.","service":"The staff report (ref 1) does not document customer outages.","scale":"SDWIS lists a population served of 15,110 (ref 2); the district has about 5,210 residential customers (ref 1).","duration":"Loss exceeded 54% in each of 2021, 2022 and 2023 (ref 1).","significance":"PSC staff disallowed $445,147 of excess-loss cost and recommended a separate monitoring proceeding (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":15110,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"2023 water loss of 56.6897 percent; annual cost of water loss in excess of 15 percent is $445,147 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Water loss 2023","value":56.69,"unit":"%","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Water loss 2022","value":57.43,"unit":"%","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Cost of loss above 15% (2023)","value":445147,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Proposed water loss reduction surcharge","value":6.83,"unit":"USD per customer per month","status":"Reported","note":"Up to 60 months (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Loss between 54.8% and 57.4% over 2021-2023 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Southern Water and Sewer District","role":"System operator"},{"name":"Kentucky Public Service Commission","role":"Utility rate and service regulator"},{"name":"Kentucky Infrastructure Authority","role":"State water and wastewater financing agency"}],"public_contact":"Kentucky Public Service Commission, P.O. Box 615, Frankfort, KY 40602","corrective_actions":["Staff-recommended surcharge limited to an infrastructure evaluation and 15-to-20-year capital plan prioritizing water loss (ref 1).","KY WWATERS requests for water main and tank replacement (ref 3).","Water loss reduction surcharge to fund a 15-to-20-year capital plan (ref 1).","Bell Engineering contract signed June 22, 2026, awaiting PSC approval (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Commission Staff's Report on Southern Water and Sewer District, Case No. 2024-00251","publisher":"Kentucky Public Service Commission","date":"2025-06-16","url":"https://psc.ky.gov/order_vault/Orders_2025/202400251_06162025.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Southern Water & Sewer District","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/KY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SOUTHERN%20WATER/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"2025 Kentucky WWATERS Annual Report","publisher":"Kentucky Infrastructure Authority","date":"2025-12-01","url":"https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/AgencyReports/IJC/AR/KIA/2025%20KY%20WWATERS%20Annual%20Report.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Case No. 2025-00232 Order: Southern Water & Sewer District unaccounted-for water loss reduction plan, surcharge and monitoring","publisher":"Kentucky Public Service Commission","date":"2025-08-15","url":"https://psc.ky.gov/pscscf/2025%20Cases/2025-00232//20250815_PSC_ORDER.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"Southern Water and Sewer District notice of filing, July 2026 water loss report","publisher":"Kentucky Public Service Commission (utility filing)","date":"2026-08-17","url":"https://psc.ky.gov/pscscf/2025%20cases/2025-00232//20260818_Southern%20Water%20and%20Sewer%20District%20Revised%20Notice%20of%20Filing%20July%202026%20Water%20Loss%20Report.pdf","basis":"Utility filing"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (KY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-KY-EASTERN-FLOOD-DAMAGED-WWTP-2022","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Eastern Kentucky sewage plants still being rebuilt after the July 2022 flood","description":"In July 2025 Kentucky awarded $14.4 million in disaster recovery block grants for water and sewer systems damaged in the July 2022 flood, including more than $5.3 million for a new Knott County wastewater plant at Caney, outside the floodplain, to replace a severely damaged plant. The awards also fund rehabilitation of Beattyville's flood-damaged treatment plant, which serves over 500 homes and two prisons, and the removal of two damaged Booneville sewer river crossings.","location":{"name":"Caney, Beattyville and Booneville sewer systems","type":"Municipal and county sewer systems","detail":"Knott (Caney, Mallie), Lee (Beattyville) and Owsley (Booneville) counties","coordinates":{"lat":37.35,"lon":-82.95,"precision":"county"},"counties":["Knott","Lee","Owsley"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"KY","states":["KY"]},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Flood damage to treatment plants and river crossings left sewer infrastructure impaired for years.","secondary_drivers":["July 2022 flood damage"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The existing Caney wastewater plant was severely damaged in 2022 (ref 1), and Booneville's crossings have seen increased water pressure since the flood (ref 2).","service":"Neither source documents a current loss of sewer service (refs 1-2).","scale":"The projects serve Caney and Mallie, over 500 Beattyville homes and two correctional facilities, and over 200 Booneville residents (ref 1).","duration":"The damage dates from July 2022 and replacement funding arrived in July 2025 (refs 1-2).","significance":"Funding comes through the federal CDBG Disaster Recovery program administered by the Department for Local Government (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Totals not reported; see scale note."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than $5.3 million to build a new Caney wastewater treatment plant outside the floodplain; $14.4 million total CDBG-DR awards (refs 1-2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Knott County (Caney) new WWTP award","value":5300000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Beattyville WWTP rehabilitation award","value":2300000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Booneville sewer river crossing award","value":1000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Knott County Fiscal Court","role":"Project owner (Caney)"},{"name":"Kentucky Department for Local Government","role":"CDBG-DR administrator"},{"name":"Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet, Division of Water","role":"KPDES and drinking-water primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Kentucky Department for Local Government","corrective_actions":["New Caney WWTP outside the floodplain (ref 1).","Beattyville WWTP rehabilitation (ref 1).","Move two Booneville sewer river crossings out of the riverbed (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water infrastructure repairs","publisher":"Spectrum News 1","date":"2025-07-10","url":"https://spectrumnews1.com/ky/louisville/news/2025/07/10/water-infrastructure-repairs","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Funding announced to improve flood-damaged infrastructure","publisher":"WYMT","date":"2025-07-10","url":"https://www.wymt.com/2025/07/10/funding-announced-improve-flood-damaged-infrastructure","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (KY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-KY-FLEMING-NEON-WATER-SYSTEM-2024","US-KY-EASTERN-JULY-2022-FLOOD-RECOVERY-2022"]},{"id":"US-KY-STATEWIDE-TROUBLED-SYSTEMS-FUNDING-GAP-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Kentucky troubled water and sewer systems seek $485 million; $53 million available","description":"Kentucky's WWATERS program, created in 2024 for financially troubled or violation-prone water and wastewater systems (including those with water loss above 30%), received 164 applications seeking nearly $485 million in the FY 2026 cycle. After earlier awards, $53.4 million of the $150 million appropriated for FY 2025-2026 remained, and KIA noted that many small systems lack the audits or telemetry needed to measure water loss.","location":{"name":"Kentucky (statewide)","type":"State funding program","detail":"Applicants statewide; program run by the Kentucky Infrastructure Authority in Frankfort","coordinates":{"lat":38.2009,"lon":-84.8733,"precision":"state"},"extent":"statewide","state":"KY","states":["KY"]},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The gap between requests and funds reflects the financial inability of many small systems to replace failing infrastructure.","secondary_drivers":["Utility financial distress","Water loss"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Eligibility includes a recent SDWA or CWA violation or water loss above 30%, and applicants include emergency plant failures such as Eddyville (ref 1).","service":"The report (ref 1) does not tally service disruptions across applicants.","scale":"152 evaluated applications from systems statewide requested $444,910,924 (ref 1).","duration":"The FY 2025-2026 appropriation cycle (ref 1) is the period documented.","significance":"Statutory program under HB 563 (2024) with General Assembly authorization of awards (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide; not totaled in the source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"164 applications with a combined request of nearly $485 million; $53.4 million remains available for FY 2026 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"FY 2026 applications","value":164,"unit":"applications","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"FY 2026 combined request","value":485000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"'Nearly $485 million' (ref 1)."},{"name":"Remaining FY 2026 funds","value":53400000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Emergency KY WWATERS grants July 2024-October 2025","value":8606949,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Five systems (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Requests exceed available funds about ninefold (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Kentucky Infrastructure Authority","role":"State water and wastewater financing agency"},{"name":"Kentucky General Assembly","role":"Appropriating body"}],"public_contact":"Kentucky Infrastructure Authority, 100 Airport Road, Frankfort, KY 40601, (502) 573-0260","corrective_actions":["$87.3 million authorized for 34 projects by HJR 30 (2025) (ref 1).","Scoring rubric changed to weight MHI and water loss correction (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2025 Kentucky WWATERS Annual Report","publisher":"Kentucky Infrastructure Authority","date":"2025-12-01","url":"https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/AgencyReports/IJC/AR/KIA/2025%20KY%20WWATERS%20Annual%20Report.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (KY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-KY-EDDYVILLE-STP-FAILURE-2025","US-KY-MARTIN-COUNTY-WATER-LOSS-2025","US-KY-SOUTHERN-WATER-SEWER-WATER-LOSS-2025"]},{"id":"US-KY-EASTERN-FEB-FLOOD-DR4860-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"February 2025 eastern and southern Kentucky flood (FEMA DR-4860)","description":"Torrential rain on February 15-16, 2025 flooded eastern and southern Kentucky; the governor reported nine deaths by the evening of February 16 and more than 1,000 rescues, hundreds of them in Pike County. A federal major disaster (DR-4860) was declared on February 24, 2025 for an incident period running to March 7, 2025, and FEMA reports about $74.4 million in individual assistance and $97.1 million in public assistance.","location":{"state":"KY","states":["KY"],"name":"Eastern and southern Kentucky (Pike County hardest hit)","type":"Multi-county disaster area","detail":"Deaths reported in Pike, Hart, Nelson and Washington counties; displaced residents sheltered at Jenny Wiley State Park (Floyd County)","coordinates":{"lat":37.4793,"lon":-82.5188,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Pike","Hart","Nelson","Washington","Clay","Floyd"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding is a flood event: too much water overwhelmed communities and roads.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"LEX18 (ref 2) reports nine flood-related deaths by February 16, including a man who died in floodwaters in Pike County; WYMT (ref 3) later put Pike County's toll at four.","service":"LEX18 (ref 2) reports 142 displaced people, including 56 children, sheltering at Jenny Wiley State Park after the flood.","scale":"The governor's count of more than 1,000 rescues statewide (ref 2) and FEMA's 7,438 approved individual-assistance applications (ref 1) show a regional disaster.","duration":"FEMA (ref 1) lists an incident period of February 14 to March 7, 2025, with permanent-work public assistance of $80.1 million still being obligated.","significance":"FEMA (ref 1) shows a presidential major disaster declaration, DR-4860-KY, dated February 24, 2025."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No total affected population is reported; FEMA approved 7,438 individual-assistance applications (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"FEMA DR-4860: $74,385,231.83 in individual assistance approved and $97,142,297.99 in public assistance obligated (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Individual assistance approved","value":74385231.83,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"FEMA DR-4860 page (ref 1)."},{"name":"Public assistance obligated","value":97142297.99,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"FEMA DR-4860 page (ref 1)."},{"name":"Deaths reported by February 16, 2025","value":9,"unit":"deaths","status":"Reported","note":"Governor's update via LEX18 (ref 2); later reports were higher."},{"name":"Rescues","value":1000,"unit":"rescues (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"LEX18 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event; eastern Kentucky also flooded in July 2022 and April 2025."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","role":"Federal disaster assistance"},{"name":"Kentucky Emergency Management","role":"State emergency management"},{"name":"Pike County Fiscal Court","role":"Local government"}],"public_contact":"FEMA helpline 800-621-3362 or DisasterAssistance.gov","corrective_actions":["Presidential major disaster declaration DR-4860 issued February 24, 2025 (ref 1).","FEMA individual assistance, public assistance and Hazard Mitigation Grant Program funding ($2.2 million) under way (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Kentucky Severe Storms, Straight-line Winds, Flooding, Landslides, and Mudslides (DR-4860-KY)","publisher":"FEMA","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4860","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Beshear: FEMA deployed to EKY after flooding; deaths confirmed","publisher":"LEX18","date":"2025-02-16","url":"https://www.lex18.com/news/covering-kentucky/beshear-fema-deployed-to-eky-after-flooding-8-confirmed-dead","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Issues & Answers - Pike County Judge Executive Ray Jones","publisher":"WYMT","date":"2025-03-03","url":"https://www.wymt.com/2025/03/03/issues-answers-pike-county-judge-executive-ray-jones/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (KY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-KY-APRIL-FLOOD-DR4864-2025","US-KY-EASTERN-JULY-2022-FLOOD-RECOVERY-2022","US-KY-MOUNTAIN-WATER-DISTRICT-FLOOD-OUTAGE-2025"]},{"id":"US-KY-APRIL-FLOOD-DR4864-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"April 2025 Kentucky flood: near-record Kentucky River crest at Frankfort (DR-4864)","description":"Early-April 2025 storms flooded much of Kentucky. The Kentucky River crested at about 48.4 feet at Frankfort on April 7, just short of the 1978 record, and the Ohio River at Louisville was forecast to reach a likely top-10 crest. Four Kentuckians died, about 1,100 people lacked running water, Versailles shut its Kentucky River intake, and a major disaster (DR-4864) was declared on April 24, 2025.","location":{"state":"KY","states":["KY"],"name":"Kentucky River at Frankfort and statewide flood area","type":"River segment and multi-county disaster area","detail":"Franklin County (Frankfort) downtown flooding; deaths in Franklin, Nelson, McCracken and Trigg counties; Ohio River at Louisville","coordinates":{"lat":38.2009,"lon":-84.8733,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Franklin","Woodford","Nelson","McCracken","Trigg","Jefferson","Anderson","Butler","Carroll","Christian","Clark","Hardin","Hopkins","Jessamine","Mercer","Owen"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"River flooding at near-record stages drove the damage and the water-supply interruptions.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Louisville Public Media (ref 1) reports four Kentucky flood deaths, including a 9-year-old boy swept away in Frankfort.","service":"Louisville Public Media (ref 1) reports about 1,100 Kentuckians without running water, several thousand under boil advisories and Versailles shutting its Kentucky River intake.","scale":"The individual-assistance declaration covered 13 counties with public-assistance requests pending for 33 more (ref 3), and FEMA approved 3,833 applications (ref 4).","duration":"FEMA (ref 4) lists an incident period of April 2 to May 16, 2025; Frankfort was expected to stay flooded for days (ref 2).","significance":"FEMA (ref 4) records major disaster declaration DR-4864-KY dated April 24, 2025, after an earlier federal emergency declaration (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No total affected population is reported; about 1,100 people lacked running water (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Kentucky River crested at 48.39 feet at Frankfort, just short of the 1978 record (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Kentucky River crest at Frankfort","value":48.39,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"LPM (ref 1); WKYT reports 48.3 feet (ref 2)."},{"name":"Ohio River forecast crest at Louisville","value":67.9,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Forecast at the downtown lock (ref 1)."},{"name":"People without running water","value":1100,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"LPM (ref 1)."},{"name":"Individual assistance approved","value":37503979.49,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"FEMA DR-4864 (ref 4)."},{"name":"Public assistance obligated","value":34639159.59,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"FEMA DR-4864 (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Second federally declared Kentucky flood disaster of 2025."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","role":"Federal disaster assistance"},{"name":"Kentucky Emergency Management","role":"State emergency management"},{"name":"City of Frankfort","role":"Local government and floodwall operation"}],"public_contact":"FEMA helpline 800-621-3362 or DisasterAssistance.gov","corrective_actions":["Governor declared a state of emergency and activated the State Emergency Operations Center (ref 3).","Major disaster declaration DR-4864 approved for individual assistance in 13 counties (ref 3); FEMA public assistance obligated (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Significant flooding continues to wreak havoc across Kentucky, Tennessee","publisher":"Louisville Public Media","date":"2025-04-07","url":"https://lpm.org/news/2025-04-07/significant-flooding-continues-to-wreak-havoc-across-kentucky-tennessee","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Kentucky River crests just below record","publisher":"WKYT","date":"2025-04-07","url":"https://www.wkyt.com/2025/04/07/kentucky-river-crests-just-below-record","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"FEMA Disaster Recovery Centers to open in 8 of 13 Ky. counties approved for assistance after flooding","publisher":"KFVS12","date":"2025-04-28","url":"https://www.kfvs12.com/2025/04/28/fema-disaster-recovery-centers-open-8-13-ky-counties-approved-assistance-after-flooding/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Kentucky Severe Storms, Straight-line Winds, Tornadoes, Flooding, Landslides, and Mudslides (DR-4864-KY)","publisher":"FEMA","date":"2026-07-14","url":"https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4864","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New record (KY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-KY-EASTERN-FEB-FLOOD-DR4860-2025"]},{"id":"US-KY-EASTERN-JULY-2022-FLOOD-RECOVERY-2022","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Eastern Kentucky July 2022 flood: high-ground housing recovery still under way","description":"The July 2022 eastern Kentucky flood killed 45 Kentuckians and led to federal disaster DR-4663, under which FEMA has obligated about $466 million in public assistance. In June 2024 the state listed seven planned high-ground communities, only two under construction; in April 2025 homes were still being framed at the Skyview site in Hazard, so permanent rehousing remained unfinished inside the window.","location":{"state":"KY","states":["KY"],"name":"Eastern Kentucky flood region (Perry, Knott, Letcher, Floyd)","type":"Multi-county disaster recovery area","detail":"High-ground communities at Skyview (Perry County), Chestnut Ridge and Olive Branch (Knott), Grand View and Thompson Branch (Letcher), Wayland and New Hope Estates (Floyd)","coordinates":{"lat":37.2495,"lon":-83.1932,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Perry","Knott","Letcher","Floyd","Breathitt"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"The 2022 flood damage is physical, while the unfinished rehousing is a recovery-capacity and equity problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"WUKY (ref 3) reports that the 2022 flooding killed 45 Kentuckians.","service":"WEKU (ref 2) says the Housing Development Alliance had rebuilt or restored homes for only 100 survivors by June 2024, and the Breathitt County seat's mayor described a housing crisis.","scale":"FEMA (ref 1) shows $110.6 million in individual assistance approved across the declared eastern Kentucky counties.","duration":"Nearly three years after the flood, WUKY (ref 3) describes high-ground homes in Hazard still under construction in April 2025.","significance":"FEMA (ref 1) records presidential major disaster declaration DR-4663-KY dated July 29, 2022."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No current count of displaced residents was found."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Seven high-ground communities planned; two under construction as of June 2024 (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Deaths","value":45,"unit":"deaths","status":"Reported","note":"WUKY (ref 3)."},{"name":"Public assistance obligated (DR-4663)","value":465979076.63,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"FEMA (ref 1)."},{"name":"Homes planned at Skyview, Perry County","value":102,"unit":"homes","status":"Reported","note":"WEKU (ref 2)."},{"name":"Letcher County infrastructure and high-ground funding announced","value":28700000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"WUKY (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Construction of high-ground sites progressed between 2024 and 2025 (refs 2-3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","role":"Federal disaster assistance"},{"name":"Office of the Governor of Kentucky","role":"State recovery and Team Kentucky relief funds"},{"name":"Fahe and Housing Development Alliance","role":"Nonprofit housing partners"}],"public_contact":"FEMA helpline 800-621-3362","corrective_actions":["State partnership with Fahe to help survivors through home ownership (ref 2).","State funding of more than $8 million for Perry County and $28.7 million for Letcher County high-ground projects (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Kentucky Severe Storms, Flooding, Landslides, and Mudslides (DR-4663-KY)","publisher":"FEMA","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4663","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Progress continues on Eastern Kentucky high ground communities","publisher":"WEKU","date":"2024-06-07","url":"https://www.weku.org/the-commonwealth/2024-06-07/progress-continues-on-eastern-kentucky-high-ground-communities","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Eastern Kentucky recovery: high-ground community to house flood victims progressing","publisher":"WUKY","date":"2025-04-29","url":"https://www.wuky.org/wuky-news/2025-04-29/eastern-kentucky-recovery-high-ground-community-to-house-flood-victims-progressing","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New record (KY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-KY-EASTERN-FEB-FLOOD-DR4860-2025","US-KY-EASTERN-FLOOD-DAMAGED-WWTP-2022"]},{"id":"US-KY-STATEWIDE-COAL-ASH-GROUNDWATER-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Coal ash groundwater contamination at Kentucky power plants","description":"Earthjustice's September 2025 review of utility-reported data counts 20 Kentucky coal plant sites storing more than 200 million cubic yards of ash, with groundwater above federal drinking-water benchmarks at all but one plant that reports monitoring data, including arsenic at Mill Creek (37 times) and radium at Ghent (30 times). EPA's 2024 legacy coal ash rule brought about 11 retired Kentucky plant sites under federal rules; Kentucky utilities opposed it as unnecessary and costly.","location":{"state":"KY","states":["KY"],"name":"Kentucky coal-fired power plant ash sites","type":"Statewide set of industrial facilities","detail":"Includes Ghent (Carroll), Mill Creek (Jefferson), Trimble County, E.W. Brown (Mercer), Paradise (Muhlenberg), Big Sandy (Lawrence) and retired Dale, Green River, Coleman, Tyrone and Pineville sites","coordinates":{"lat":37.5,"lon":-85.3,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Carroll","Jefferson","Trimble","Mercer","Muhlenberg","Lawrence"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns contaminants leaching from stored coal ash into groundwater.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Earthjustice's plant table (ref 1) lists arsenic at 37 times the federal benchmark at Mill Creek and lithium at 145 times at Ghent.","service":"No drinking-water service disruption tied to the ash sites is reported in the cited sources (refs 1-2).","scale":"Ref 1 counts 20 plant sites, 28 regulated ponds (27 unlined) and 44 newly reported legacy dumps statewide.","duration":"Ref 2 notes the 2015 federal rule's monitoring began years ago, and ref 1 still reports exceedances in 2025.","significance":"EPA's 2024 legacy rule (ref 2) formally extends federal requirements to about 11 retired Kentucky sites."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Contamination is reported in on-site monitoring wells; no exposed population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Groundwater contamination above federal drinking water standards at all but one Kentucky plant with groundwater monitoring data (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Coal plant sites with ash storage","value":20,"unit":"sites","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Ash stored","value":200000000,"unit":"cubic yards (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Arsenic at Mill Creek, multiple of federal benchmark","value":37,"unit":"times","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Radium 226+228 at Ghent, multiple of federal benchmark","value":30,"unit":"times","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Retired Kentucky plant sites under 2024 legacy rule","value":11,"unit":"sites","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Utilities warned that legacy-site cleanup costs would fall on ratepayers (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Exceedances reported since the 2015 rule persist in the 2025 review."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","role":"Federal coal combustion residuals rule"},{"name":"Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet","role":"State environmental regulator"},{"name":"LG&E and KU, TVA, EKPC, Big Rivers, Kentucky Power, Duke Energy, OMU","role":"Plant operators"}],"public_contact":"Kentucky Department for Environmental Protection, (502) 564-2150","corrective_actions":["EPA 2024 legacy coal ash rule extends groundwater monitoring and closure duties to retired sites (ref 2).","Some ponds at retired Kentucky plants are closing or closed under state oversight (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Coal Ash in Kentucky","publisher":"Earthjustice","date":"2025-09-02","url":"https://earthjustice.org/feature/coal-ash-states/kentucky","basis":"Advocacy analysis of utility data"},{"ref":2,"title":"New federal rules aim to clean up toxic coal ash, including nearly a dozen sites in Kentucky (Kentucky Lantern, republished)","publisher":"Kentucky Lantern via WinCity Voices","date":"2024-04-30","url":"https://www.wincityvoices.org/new-federal-rules-aim-to-clean-up-toxic-coal-ash-including-nearly-a-dozen-sites-in-kentucky/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (KY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-KY-KENTUCKY-AMERICAN-WATER-RATES-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Kentucky American Water: 14% residential increase in 2025 and new 2027 rate request","description":"In Case 2025-00122 the Kentucky PSC on December 16, 2025 approved an $18.2 million (13.33%) revenue increase for Kentucky-American Water, raising a typical residential bill 14.31% from $44.08 to $50.90 a month, against the company's $26.9 million request. On May 15, 2026 the company filed again, seeking rates for about $108 million of 2027 investment that it estimates would add about $8 a month to a typical residential bill.","location":{"state":"KY","states":["KY"],"name":"Kentucky-American Water Co (Lexington and service area)","type":"Investor-owned water utility","pwsid":"KY0340250","detail":"Central Division (Fayette, Bourbon, Clark, Harrison, Jessamine, Nicholas, Scott, Woodford), Northern and Southern divisions","coordinates":{"lat":38.0406,"lon":-84.5037,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Fayette","Bourbon","Clark","Harrison","Jessamine","Nicholas","Scott","Woodford","Gallatin","Owen","Grant","Franklin","Rockcastle","Jackson"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns customer rates and their affordability.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The PSC release (ref 1) concerns rates only and documents no health or environmental harm.","service":"No service disruption is part of the rate case described in refs 1-2.","scale":"The PSC (ref 1) says the utility serves more than 139,532 customers, and SDWIS (ref 3) lists 669,042 people served by its main system.","duration":"A new request followed in May 2026 (ref 2), a year after the case decided in December 2025 (ref 1), so increases are recurring.","significance":"The PSC issued a formal rate order in Case 2025-00122 with the Attorney General and Lexington-Fayette government as intervenors (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":669042,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Kentucky-American Water Co main system per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Typical residential bill up $6.82, or 14.31 percent, from $44.08 to $50.90 a month (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Residential monthly bill increase","value":14.31,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"About 3,942 gallons a month (ref 1)."},{"name":"Approved revenue increase","value":18200097,"unit":"USD per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Requested revenue increase","value":26900000,"unit":"USD per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Proposed 2027 residential increase","value":8,"unit":"USD per month (about)","status":"Reported","note":"Company estimate for 4,030 gallons (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Back-to-back rate requests in 2025 and 2026 (refs 1-2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Kentucky Public Service Commission","role":"Rate regulator"},{"name":"Kentucky-American Water Company (American Water)","role":"Utility"},{"name":"Office of the Attorney General, Office of Rate Intervention","role":"Consumer intervenor"}],"public_contact":"Kentucky Public Service Commission, (502) 564-3940","corrective_actions":["PSC approved less than the requested revenue and set a $19.89 minimum bill (ref 1).","New 2027 rate request filed May 15, 2026 and pending before the PSC (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PSC Issues an Order for Kentucky-American Water Rate Case, Case #2025-00122","publisher":"Kentucky Public Service Commission","date":"2025-12-16","url":"https://psc.ky.gov/agencies/psc/press/122025/1216_r01.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"KY American Water files rate increase request based on $108 million in investments","publisher":"LEX18","date":"2026-05-15","url":"https://www.lex18.com/news/covering-kentucky/ky-american-water-files-rate-increase-request-based-on-108-million-in-investments","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Kentucky-American Water Co","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/KY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/AMERICAN%20WATER/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (KY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-KY-STATEWIDE-FLUORIDE-MANDATE-BILL-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Kentucky bills to make community water fluoridation optional","description":"Kentucky law requires water systems serving more than 3,000 people to fluoridate. The House passed bills to make it optional in 2025 (HB 16, 68-29) and again in 2026 (HB 103, 67-29); both stalled in the Senate. Health groups and the Louisville Water Company opposed HB 103, and the Kentucky Oral Health Coalition warned of effects in rural counties with few or no dentists.","location":{"state":"KY","states":["KY"],"name":"Kentucky community water systems (fluoridation mandate)","type":"Statewide policy","detail":"Statewide; applies to systems serving more than 3,000 people","coordinates":{"lat":37.5,"lon":-85.3,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"This is a state policy fight over treatment requirements, not a measured water-quality problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"No harm has occurred: the mandate remains law because HB 103 stopped in Senate committee (ref 3).","service":"No water service change has resulted from the bills (refs 1, 3).","scale":"WUKY (ref 4) reports the mandate covers every Kentucky system serving more than 3,000 people, so a repeal would reach a statewide population.","duration":"Kentucky Health News (ref 2) tracks House passage of near-identical bills in two consecutive sessions, 2025 and 2026.","significance":"Neither bill was enacted; the Legislative Research Commission record (ref 3) ends with HB 103 sent to the Senate Committee on Committees."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No count of people on fluoridated water is given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"HB 103 passed the Kentucky House 67-29 in February 2026 and was sent to the Senate Committee on Committees on February 6, 2026 (refs 1, 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"House vote for HB 103 (2026), yes","value":67,"unit":"votes","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"House vote for HB 16 (2025), yes","value":68,"unit":"votes","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Same proposal returned in two sessions without Senate action."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Kentucky General Assembly","role":"Legislature"},{"name":"Kentucky Department for Public Health","role":"Fluoridation program"}],"public_contact":"Kentucky Legislative Research Commission, legislature.ky.gov","corrective_actions":["Opposition letter from health groups, providers and Louisville Water Company (ref 1).","Kentucky Oral Health Coalition warned that maybe six counties have no dentists at all (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Kentucky bill to make water fluoridation optional yet again flows out of state House","publisher":"Louisville Public Media","date":"2026-02-08","url":"https://www.lpm.org/news/2026-02-08/kentucky-bill-to-make-water-fluoridation-optional-yet-again-flows-out-of-state-house","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Fluoride tag archive (including 'Kentucky's rural counties would be affected by fluoride-optional bill')","publisher":"Kentucky Health News","date":"2026-03-09","url":"https://kyhealthnews.net/tag/fluoride/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"26RS HB 103: AN ACT relating to water fluoridation programs","publisher":"Kentucky General Assembly","date":null,"url":"https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/record/26rs/hb103.html","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"Kentucky's rural counties would be affected by fluoride-optional bill","publisher":"WUKY","date":"2026-03-03","url":"https://www.wuky.org/text/wuky-news/2026-03-03/kentuckys-rural-counties-would-be-affected-by-fluoride-optional-bill","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (KY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-KY-STATEWIDE-DATA-CENTER-WATER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Kentucky data center proposals advance without state water-use review","description":"Hyperscale data centers have been proposed in Mason County (a 2.2-gigawatt request by 2028), Simpson County (Franklin) and Oldham County, with officials saying water demand is large but largely undisclosed; the Simpson County developer sought more than 15,000 gallons a day. A 2026 bill (HB 856) to require water feasibility studies and annual water-use reports for data centers never left the House committee stage.","location":{"state":"KY","states":["KY"],"name":"Kentucky data center proposals (Mason, Simpson, Oldham)","type":"Statewide industrial water demand","detail":"Mason County near Maysville; Steele Road site in Franklin, Simpson County; Oldham County","coordinates":{"lat":37.5,"lon":-85.3,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Mason","Simpson","Oldham"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The emerging issue is new large industrial water demand that state law does not review.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No water harm has been documented; WEKU (ref 1) reports the Mason County project's water needs were not quantified.","service":"The Simpson County developer's attorney said local utilities have enough capacity (ref 2), and no service impact is reported.","scale":"Proposals are local: a 200-acre Franklin site with three 200,000-square-foot buildings (ref 2) and a Mason County site (ref 1).","duration":"Proposals have been under review from May 2025 (ref 1) through January 2026 (refs 2-3).","significance":"Simpson County Fiscal Court passed a conditional-use ordinance covering data center water use in December 2025 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Simpson County developer applied for more than 15,000 gallons of water per day (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Simpson County data center water request","value":15000,"unit":"gallons per day (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Mason County data center power request","value":2.2,"unit":"gigawatts by 2028","status":"Reported","note":"Reported by East Kentucky Power Cooperative (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Proposals are new; none is operating."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet","role":"Would review water feasibility under HB 856 (not enacted)"},{"name":"Simpson County Fiscal Court and Franklin Planning and Zoning Commission","role":"Local land-use authority"},{"name":"Mason County Fiscal Court","role":"Local land-use authority"}],"public_contact":"Kentucky Department for Environmental Protection, (502) 564-2150","corrective_actions":["Simpson County ordinance requires a conditional use permit for large data centers (ref 3).","HB 856 (2026) proposed water feasibility studies and annual water-use reports; referred to House Natural Resources and Energy on March 10, 2026 with no further action (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Mason County official says data center could bring 400 jobs averaging $80,000, would require massive amounts of power and water","publisher":"WEKU","date":"2025-08-21","url":"https://www.weku.org/the-commonwealth/2025-08-21/mason-county-official-says-data-center-could-bring-400-jobs-averaging-80-000-would-require-massive-amounts-of-power-and-water","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Zoning regulators table preliminary development plan for southern Kentucky data center","publisher":"Louisville Public Media","date":"2026-01-21","url":"https://www.lpm.org/news/2026-01-21/zoning-regulators-table-preliminary-development-plan-for-southern-kentucky-data-center","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Simpson County passes ordinance placing greater restrictions on data centers","publisher":"Louisville Public Media","date":"2026-01-08","url":"https://www.lpm.org/news/2026-01-08/simpson-county-passes-ordinance-placing-greater-restrictions-on-data-centers","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"26RS HB 856: AN ACT relating to data centers","publisher":"Kentucky General Assembly","date":null,"url":"https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/record/26rs/hb856.html","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (KY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-KY-STATEWIDE-IMPAIRED-WATERS-ECOLI-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Kentucky impaired waters: 9,553 stream miles, with E. coli the main recreation problem","description":"Kentucky's 2024 Integrated Report, approved by EPA in October 2024, lists 2,154 of 3,168 assessed waters as impaired, including 9,552.8 river miles and 186,664 lake acres, and 4,985.5 stream miles impaired for swimming. Reviewing the draft 2026 list, the Kentucky Resources Council and Kentucky Waterways Alliance counted 785 stream units failing or partly failing the E. coli standard, and say high pH and dissolved-oxygen readings show unlisted nutrient pollution in the Kentucky and Ohio rivers.","location":{"state":"KY","states":["KY"],"name":"Kentucky rivers, streams and lakes","type":"Statewide surface waters","detail":"Statewide; long-standing swimming advisories on Levisa Fork, upper Cumberland reaches, North Fork Kentucky River, Banklick Creek and Three Mile Creek","coordinates":{"lat":37.5,"lon":-85.3,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding is measured failure of state water-quality standards in surface waters.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The 2024 Integrated Report (ref 1) finds 6,936.6 stream miles impaired for warm-water aquatic life.","service":"KRC and KWA (ref 3) note E. coli swimming advisories that the state says have stood for several years on five waters.","scale":"Ref 1 counts 2,071 impaired river and stream units statewide.","duration":"Ref 3 shows E. coli impairment still widespread in the draft 2026 list, two years after the 2024 report.","significance":"Waters on the EPA-approved 303(d) list (approved October 3, 2024, ref 2) formally require pollution limits (TMDLs)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide surface-water condition; no exposed population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"2,071 rivers/streams are impaired totaling 9,552.8 river miles; 72 lakes/reservoirs impaired totaling 186,664 acres (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Impaired river and stream miles","value":9552.8,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"2024 Integrated Report (ref 1)."},{"name":"Stream miles impaired for primary contact recreation","value":4985.5,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Impaired lake acres","value":186664,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Stream units non-support or partial support for E. coli (draft 2026)","value":785,"unit":"assessment units","status":"Reported","note":"KRC/KWA count from KDOW public-notice data (ref 3)."},{"name":"Stream units listed for E. coli in Category 5 (draft 2026)","value":329,"unit":"assessment units","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Impairment remains widespread between the 2024 report and the 2026 draft."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Kentucky Division of Water","role":"Water-quality assessment and TMDLs"},{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 4","role":"Approves 303(d) list"}],"public_contact":"Kentucky Division of Water, Water Quality Branch, TMDL@ky.gov","corrective_actions":["Draft 2026 303(d) list and updated assessment methodology put out for public comment May 6 to July 5, 2026 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2024 Integrated Report to Congress on the Condition of Water Resources in Kentucky","publisher":"Kentucky Division of Water","date":"2024-09-13","url":"https://eec.ky.gov/Environmental-Protection/Water/Monitor/IR_2024/2024%20Integrated%20Report.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Download an Integrated Report (2024 and draft 2026 303(d) notices)","publisher":"Kentucky Division of Water","date":null,"url":"https://eec.ky.gov/Environmental-Protection/Water/Monitor/Pages/IntegratedReportDownload.aspx","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"KRC and KWA comments on KDOW draft 2026 303(d) public notice","publisher":"Kentucky Resources Council and Kentucky Waterways Alliance","date":"2026-07-06","url":"https://kyrc.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/KRC-and-KWA-Comments-on-KDOW-303d-public-notice.pdf","basis":"Advocacy comment letter"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (KY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-KY-STATEWIDE-COAL-MINING-IMPAIRMENTS-2026","US-KY-STATEWIDE-PFAS-FISH-TISSUE-2026"]},{"id":"US-KY-STATEWIDE-PFAS-FISH-TISSUE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"PFAS in every fish tested in Kentucky streams and lakes, with no numeric advisory","description":"State testing found PFAS in all 98 fish samples from seven streams and 13 lakes, with PFOS from 0.31 to 50 parts per billion (stream average 13 ppb), including Gunpowder, South Elkhorn and West Hickman creeks. Kentucky still issues no PFAS-specific fish meal limits, only telling sensitive people to take extra caution, and in July 2026 advocates said the state's listing methodology ignores PFAS entirely.","location":{"state":"KY","states":["KY"],"name":"Kentucky streams and lakes (PFAS in fish)","type":"Statewide surface waters","detail":"Sampled streams include Gunpowder Creek (Boone), South Elkhorn Creek (Woodford), West Hickman Creek (Jessamine), plus sites in Fayette, Jefferson and Meade counties and 13 lakes","coordinates":{"lat":37.5,"lon":-85.3,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Boone","Woodford","Jessamine","Fayette","Jefferson","Meade"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding is PFAS contamination in surface-water fish and how the state assesses it.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"The state's interim report (ref 1) found PFOS up to 50 ppb in fish fillets; KRC (ref 3) notes this exceeds the 20 ppb level Minnesota uses to list waters.","service":"The Fish and Wildlife fish advisory page (ref 2) tells sensitive populations to take extra caution on how much state-water fish they eat.","scale":"Ref 1 covers fish from seven streams and 13 lakes across Kentucky, with PFAS in every one of 98 samples.","duration":"Sampling began in late 2021 (ref 2) and, as of July 2026, no PFAS listing framework exists (ref 3).","significance":"No formal advisory or impairment listing has been issued for PFAS in fish (refs 2-3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"People who eat locally caught fish are not counted."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFAS detected in all 98 fish tissue samples; PFOS ranged between 0.31 and 50 ppb (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Fish samples with PFAS","value":98,"unit":"of 98 samples","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Maximum PFOS in fish tissue","value":50,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Average PFOS, stream fish","value":13,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Average PFOS, lake fish","value":5,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Only the initial sampling round has been published."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Kentucky Department for Environmental Protection","role":"PFAS sampling and water-quality assessment"},{"name":"Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources","role":"Fish consumption advisories"}],"public_contact":"Kentucky Department for Environmental Protection, (502) 564-2150","corrective_actions":["Statewide PFAS fish sampling continues to inform further guidance (ref 2).","Advocates asked the Division of Water to add a PFAS assessment framework to its listing methodology (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Interim Report on Initial Fish Tissue Results for PFAS (September 2022)","publisher":"Kentucky Department for Environmental Protection","date":"2022-09-01","url":"https://Eec.ky.gov/Environmental-Protection/Water/Reports/Reports/2022-InterimReportonInitialFishTissueResultsforPFAS.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Fish Consumption Advisories","publisher":"Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources","date":null,"url":"https://fw.ky.gov/Fish/pages/fish-consumption-advisories.aspx","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"KRC and KWA comments on KDOW draft 2026 303(d) public notice","publisher":"Kentucky Resources Council and Kentucky Waterways Alliance","date":"2026-07-06","url":"https://kyrc.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/KRC-and-KWA-Comments-on-KDOW-303d-public-notice.pdf","basis":"Advocacy comment letter"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (KY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-KY-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-KY-STATEWIDE-IMPAIRED-WATERS-ECOLI-2026"]},{"id":"US-KY-STATEWIDE-COAL-MINING-IMPAIRMENTS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Coal mining-polluted Kentucky streams left at low cleanup priority","description":"In the draft 2026 impaired-waters list, 569 listings name coal mining as a suspected source; 475 of them (83.5%), including all 179 conductivity, 73 dissolved-solids and 3 selenium listings, were ranked Low priority for cleanup plans, according to the Kentucky Resources Council and Kentucky Waterways Alliance. The groups found no EPA-approved coal-related cleanup plan (TMDL) in Kentucky since 2017; all existing ones are in the Western Coalfield.","location":{"state":"KY","states":["KY"],"name":"Kentucky coalfield streams","type":"Regional surface waters","detail":"Eastern and Western Kentucky coalfields; existing coal TMDLs only in Muhlenberg and Hopkins counties","coordinates":{"lat":37.5,"lon":-85.3,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Muhlenberg","Hopkins"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Mining discharges impair stream chemistry and aquatic life.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"KRC and KWA (ref 1) count 569 Category 5 impairment listings that name coal mining or mine discharges as a suspected source.","service":"No drinking-water service effect is described for these listings (refs 1-2).","scale":"The 569 listings (ref 1) span coalfield waters across eastern and western Kentucky.","duration":"Ref 1 found no EPA-approved Kentucky coal-related TMDL after 2017, with pH TMDLs dating back to 2004.","significance":"The listings sit on the formal draft 2026 303(d) list the Division of Water put out for comment (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide stream condition; no exposed population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Of 569 coal-related Category 5 listings, 475 (83.5%) were assigned Low TMDL priority (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Category 5 listings with coal mining as suspected source","value":569,"unit":"listings","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1, from KDOW draft 2026 data."},{"name":"Coal-related listings ranked Low priority","value":475,"unit":"listings","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Specific conductivity listings, all Low priority","value":179,"unit":"listings","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Selenium listings","value":3,"unit":"listings","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"No new coal-related TMDL since 2017 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Kentucky Division of Water","role":"303(d) listing and TMDLs"},{"name":"Kentucky Department for Natural Resources","role":"Mine permitting and reclamation"},{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 4","role":"Approves 303(d) list and TMDLs"}],"public_contact":"Kentucky Division of Water, Water Quality Branch, TMDL@ky.gov","corrective_actions":["Draft 2026 303(d) list and priority rankings under public comment May 6 to July 5, 2026 (ref 2); responses due in the 2026 Integrated Report."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"KRC and KWA comments on KDOW draft 2026 303(d) public notice","publisher":"Kentucky Resources Council and Kentucky Waterways Alliance","date":"2026-07-06","url":"https://kyrc.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/KRC-and-KWA-Comments-on-KDOW-303d-public-notice.pdf","basis":"Advocacy comment letter"},{"ref":2,"title":"Draft 2026 303(d) List and Updated Assessment and Listing Methodology (public notice)","publisher":"Kentucky Division of Water","date":"2026-05-06","url":"https://eec.ky.gov/Environmental-Protection/Water/Monitor/IR_2026/2026-303(d)-Public-Notice-Annoucement.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (KY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-KY-STATEWIDE-IMPAIRED-WATERS-ECOLI-2026"]},{"id":"US-SC-GAFFNEY-BPW-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Gaffney Board of Public Works PFOA and PFOS about four times federal limits","description":"Gaffney Board of Public Works' 2025 water quality report lists UCMR 5 results of 15.8 to 18.0 ppt PFOA and 11.2 to 17.1 ppt PFOS in four 2025 samples, above the 4 ppt federal limits that take effect in 2029. The utility's FY2026 audited financial statements record $532,000 from a fully forgiven State Revolving Fund loan for PFAS remediation.","location":{"name":"Gaffney Board of Public Works","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"City of Gaffney and surrounding Cherokee County service area","coordinates":{"lat":35.0718,"lon":-81.6498,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Cherokee"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"SC1110001"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminant levels in finished drinking water are the central issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The 2025 water report (ref 1) shows PFOA of 0.0158-0.0180 ug/L and PFOS of 0.0112-0.0171 ug/L, roughly three to four times the 4 ppt federal MCLs; no illness is documented.","service":"Gaffney's report (ref 1) states the water exceeds treatment standards, and no advisory or use restriction was issued.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 3) lists 24,290 people served by Gaffney BPW.","duration":"All four quarterly UCMR 5 samples from March to December 2025 (ref 1) stayed above 11 ppt for both compounds.","significance":"A $532,000 forgiven State Revolving Fund loan for PFAS remediation is recorded in the FY2026 statements (ref 2); no PFAS violation exists before the 2029 compliance date."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":24290,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOA 0.0180 ug/L (March 2025) and PFOS 0.0171 ug/L (March 2025) in UCMR 5 sampling."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest PFOA result, 2025","value":18,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"0.0180 ug/L, March 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Highest PFOS result, 2025","value":17.1,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"0.0171 ug/L, March 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"SRF loan forgiven for PFAS remediation","value":532000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"FY2026 capital contributions (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["PFAS remediation capital need funded partly by a forgivable SRF loan (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"PFOA fell from 0.0180 to 0.0158 ug/L and PFOS from 0.0171 to 0.0112 ug/L between March and December 2025 (ref 1), still above 4 ppt."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Gaffney Board of Public Works","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Gaffney Board of Public Works customer service, 864-488-8800","corrective_actions":["PFAS remediation funded with a $532,000 forgiven State Revolving Fund loan (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"title":"2025 Water Quality Report","publisher":"Gaffney Board of Public Works","date":"2026-03-30","url":"https://www.gbpw.com/sites/default/files/2026-07/BPW2025WaterReport_0.pdf","basis":"Utility record","ref":1},{"title":"Audited Financial Statements, fiscal year 2026","publisher":"Gaffney Board of Public Works","date":"2026-08-26","url":"https://www.gbpw.com/sites/default/files/2026-09/GBPWAFS2026Final.pdf","basis":"Utility record","ref":2},{"title":"SDWIS water system record (GAFFNEY)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/SC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/GAFFNEY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (SC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["treatment design and schedule"],"related_ids":["US-SC-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-MULTI-AFFF-PWS-PFAS-SETTLEMENTS-2024"]},{"id":"US-SC-WINNSBORO-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Winnsboro water PFOS up to 32.8 ppt in UCMR 5 testing","description":"The Town of Winnsboro's 2025 water quality report lists PFOS results from 0 to 32.8 ppt with an average of 15.425 ppt in UCMR 5 sampling, nearly four times the 4 ppt federal limit on average. PFHxS averaged 4.35 ppt with a maximum of 9. The town draws mainly on Mill Creek reservoir, Sand Creek and a Broad River pump station.","location":{"name":"Town of Winnsboro water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"Town of Winnsboro, Fairfield County","coordinates":{"lat":34.3807,"lon":-81.0865,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Fairfield"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"SC2010001"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminant levels in finished drinking water are the central issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Winnsboro's report (ref 1) shows a PFOS maximum of 32.8 and average of 15.425, above the 4 ppt MCL; no health effects are documented.","service":"The town's 2025 report (ref 1) lists no PFAS advisory or restriction on water use.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 2) lists 10,391 people served by the Winnsboro system.","duration":"The UCMR 5 results in the town's 2025 report (ref 1) come from 2025 sampling; persistence beyond that year is not documented.","significance":"The federal PFOS MCL of 4 ppt (ref 3) applies from 2029; no PFAS violation or order has been issued to Winnsboro."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":10391,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOS maximum 32.8, average 15.425 (UCMR 5, 2025 Water Quality Report)."},"measures":[{"name":"Maximum PFOS result","value":32.8,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Average PFOS result","value":15.425,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Only one UCMR 5 round is reported (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Winnsboro","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Town of Winnsboro, 803-635-4121","corrective_actions":[],"sources":[{"title":"Water Quality Report 2025","publisher":"Town of Winnsboro","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://townofwinnsboro.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/Water-Quality-Report-2025.pdf","basis":"Utility record","ref":1},{"title":"SDWIS water system record (WINNSBORO)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/SC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WINNSBORO/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record","ref":3}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (SC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["treatment plans"],"related_ids":["US-SC-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-SC-DENMARK-WATER-QUALITY-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Denmark E. coli violation, boil advisory and HaloSan settlement","description":"Denmark's water system received an E. coli violation that SDWIS records for December 2023 with no return-to-compliance date, and News 12 reported the town's violation after E. coli was found. A low-pressure boil advisory ran September 12-18, 2024 and temporarily closed the MUSC Health Bamberg-Barnwell emergency center. In April 2025 a class action over the unapproved well treatment chemical HaloSan settled for $1 million in water-bill refunds.","location":{"name":"City of Denmark water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"City of Denmark, Bamberg County","coordinates":{"lat":33.3226,"lon":-81.1423,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Bamberg"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"SC0510002"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminant levels in finished drinking water are the central issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 4) records an E. coli MCL violation (code 1A) for December 2023, and WRDW (ref 1) reports Drinking Water Watch shows an E. coli violation.","service":"WRDW (ref 2) reports a boil advisory from Sept. 12, 2024 for low pressure, with the area emergency medical center temporarily closed.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 5) lists 3,500 people served, and WRDW (ref 1) says about 3,500 residents benefit from the tank project.","duration":"HaloSan was injected into one well for about a decade until 2018 (ref 3), and WRDW (ref 1) says the I-Team first reported the problems six years earlier.","significance":"A class action naming Denmark, the state and Berry Systems settled for $1 million in April 2025 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":3500,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"E. coli MCL violation (December 2023) and Sept. 12-18, 2024 boil advisory; $1 million HaloSan class settlement."},"measures":[{"name":"Class action settlement","value":1000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Paid by Berry Systems' insurer (ref 3)."},{"name":"Federal grant for airport water tank rehabilitation","value":null,"unit":"USD","status":"Not reported","note":"WRDW (ref 1) describes it only as nearly $600,000."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["High water loss noted in sanitary survey (ref 1)","Repairs depend on federal grant funding (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Grant-funded tank repairs and the 2025 settlement (refs 1, 3) follow a 2023 E. coli violation and a 2024 boil advisory."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Denmark","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Bamberg County","role":"Grant recipient for tank rehabilitation"}],"public_contact":"City of Denmark city hall","corrective_actions":["Bamberg County rehabilitating the airport water tank with a nearly $600,000 IIJA grant to raise pressure (ref 1)","Class settlement refunds water bills paid during HaloSan use (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"title":"I-TEAM UPDATE: What's the status, future of Denmark drinking water?","publisher":"WRDW News 12","date":"2024-11-09","url":"https://www.wrdw.com/2024/11/11/i-team-update-denmark-residents-close-getting-clean-drinking-water-officials-say/","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"Boil advisory lifted for Denmark water customers","publisher":"WRDW News 12","date":"2024-09-12","url":"https://www.wrdw.com/2024/09/14/bamberg-barnwell-emergency-reopens-amid-boil-water-advisory-denmark","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"Lawsuit settled over use of unapproved chemical in Denmark water","publisher":"WRDW News 12","date":"2025-04-14","url":"https://www.wrdw.com/2025/04/14/lawsuit-settled-over-use-unapproved-chemical-denmark-water","basis":"News","ref":3},{"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, South Carolina primacy","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/SC/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:4999/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record (DENMARK)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/SC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/DENMARK/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":5,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (SC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["date E. coli violation resolved"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-SC-GILBERT-SUMMIT-RADIUM-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Gilbert-Summit Rural Water District combined radium above MCL","description":"Gilbert-Summit Rural Water District in Lexington County exceeded the 5 pCi/L combined radium 226/228 limit, with SDWIS recording 6.2 pCi/L for the first quarter of 2026. SCDES issued Consent Order 26-010-DW on June 9, 2026 requiring a corrective action plan; the district was under an earlier order, CO 21-008-DW, and SDWIS shows radium violations of 6 pCi/L in 2020.","location":{"name":"Gilbert-Summit Rural Water District","type":"Rural water district service area","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"Gilbert and Summit area, western Lexington County","coordinates":{"lat":33.9246,"lon":-81.394,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Lexington"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"SC3220001"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminant levels in finished drinking water are the central issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 2) records combined radium at 6.2 pCi/L against the 5 pCi/L MCL for Jan-Mar 2026, an MCL exceedance confirmed by SCDES (ref 1).","service":"Neither the SCDES order (ref 1) nor SDWIS (ref 2) describes a do-not-drink order or loss of service.","scale":"The district serves 10,400 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"SDWIS (ref 2) shows radium MCL violations in late 2020 and again in 2026, and the 2026 order lists prior Consent Order 21-008-DW (ref 1).","significance":"SCDES Consent Order 26-010-DW dated June 9, 2026 (ref 1) requires a corrective action plan with a $4,000 stipulated penalty."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":10400,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Combined radium 226/228 at 6.2 pCi/L (MCL 5), January-March 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"Combined radium 226/228","value":6.2,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS compliance period beginning 2026-01-01 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Radium exceeded 6 pCi/L in 2020 (ref 2), returned to compliance in 2022, then exceeded again at 6.2 pCi/L in 2026."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Gilbert-Summit Rural Water District","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services, Bureau of Water, Drinking Water Protection Program","corrective_actions":["Corrective action plan with schedule required by Consent Order 26-010-DW (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"SCDES Enforcement Action Report, July 2026","publisher":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services","date":"2026-08-03","url":"https://des.sc.gov/sites/des/files/Library/EnforcementReport_July2026.pdf","basis":"State record","ref":1},{"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, South Carolina primacy","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/SC/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:4999/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record (GILBERT-SUMMIT)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/SC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/GILBERT-SUMMIT/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (SC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["treatment plan details"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-SC-GEORGETOWN-TTHM-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"City of Georgetown trihalomethanes above MCL, consent order","description":"The City of Georgetown's water system exceeded the total trihalomethane (TTHM) limit, with SDWIS recording running annual averages of 0.088 mg/L and 0.095 mg/L for the first two quarters of 2026 against the 0.080 mg/L MCL. SCDES issued Consent Order 26-011-DW on June 15, 2026 requiring a corrective action plan.","location":{"name":"City of Georgetown water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"City of Georgetown, Georgetown County","coordinates":{"lat":33.3768,"lon":-79.2945,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Georgetown"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"SC2210001"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminant levels in finished drinking water are the central issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 2) shows Georgetown's TTHM at 0.095 mg/L for April-June 2026, above the 0.080 mg/L MCL cited by SCDES (ref 1).","service":"The Georgetown order (ref 1) sets no use restriction; TTHM is a long-term exposure contaminant.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 3) lists 9,092 people served by the City of Georgetown.","duration":"Two consecutive 2026 quarters exceeded the MCL in SDWIS (ref 2), with the violation issued April 30, 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"SCDES Consent Order 26-011-DW (ref 1), dated June 15, 2026, carries a $4,000 stipulated penalty."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":9092,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM 0.095 mg/L (MCL 0.080), April-June 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"TTHM, Q1 2026","value":0.088,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"TTHM, Q2 2026","value":0.095,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"TTHM rose from 0.088 to 0.095 mg/L between the first and second quarters of 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Georgetown","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services, Bureau of Water, Drinking Water Protection Program","corrective_actions":["Corrective action plan with schedule required by Consent Order 26-011-DW (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"SCDES Enforcement Action Report, July 2026","publisher":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services","date":"2026-08-03","url":"https://des.sc.gov/sites/des/files/Library/EnforcementReport_July2026.pdf","basis":"State record","ref":1},{"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, South Carolina primacy","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/SC/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:4999/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record (GEORGETOWN CITY)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/SC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/GEORGETOWN%20CITY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (SC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-SC-BUCKSPORT-TTHM-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Bucksport Water System repeated trihalomethane violations, third order","description":"Bucksport Water System in Horry County exceeded the total trihalomethane limit again in late 2025, with SDWIS recording 0.084 mg/L against the 0.080 mg/L MCL. SCDES Consent Order 26-003-DW (February 13, 2026) imposed an $8,000 civil penalty and lists two earlier orders, CO 21-016-DW and CO 24-008-DW; SDWIS also shows TTHM violations in 2021 and 2023.","location":{"name":"Bucksport Water System","type":"Private water company service area","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"Bucksport and Conway area, Horry County","coordinates":{"lat":33.6557,"lon":-79.1031,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Horry"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"SC2620003"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminant levels in finished drinking water are the central issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 2) records Bucksport's TTHM at 0.084 mg/L for Oct-Dec 2025, above the MCL as SCDES confirms (ref 1).","service":"SCDES (ref 1) required a corrective plan but no boil, do-not-drink or outage notice for Bucksport.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 3) lists 17,123 people served by Bucksport Water Company.","duration":"SDWIS (ref 2) logs TTHM exceedances in 2021, 2023 and 2025, and the 2026 order cites prior orders from 2021 and 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"Consent Order 26-003-DW (ref 1) levied an $8,000 civil penalty plus $8,000 stipulated penalty, the system's third order."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":17123,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM 0.084 mg/L (MCL 0.080), October-December 2025; third SCDES consent order."},"measures":[{"name":"TTHM, Q4 2025","value":0.084,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Civil penalty, CO 26-003-DW","value":8000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"SCDES consent orders since 2021","value":3,"unit":"orders","status":"Reported","note":"CO 21-016-DW, CO 24-008-DW and CO 26-003-DW (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Escalating civil penalties across three orders (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Bucksport returned to compliance after 2021 and 2023 violations but exceeded again in late 2025 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Bucksport Water System, Inc.","role":"Water utility (private)"},{"name":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services, Bureau of Water, Drinking Water Protection Program","corrective_actions":["Corrective action plan with schedule required by Consent Order 26-003-DW (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"SCDES Enforcement Action Report, March 2026","publisher":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services","date":"2026-03-27","url":"https://des.sc.gov/sites/des/files/Library/EnforcementReport_March2026.pdf","basis":"State record","ref":1},{"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, South Carolina primacy","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/SC/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:4999/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record (BUCKSPORT)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/SC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BUCKSPORT/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (SC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-SC-WHITMIRE-TTHM-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Town of Whitmire trihalomethanes above MCL, consent order","description":"The Town of Whitmire's surface-water system in Newberry County exceeded the total trihalomethane limit, with SDWIS recording 0.092 mg/L for October-December 2025 against the 0.080 mg/L MCL. SCDES issued Consent Order 26-002-DW on February 4, 2026 requiring a corrective action plan; SDWIS shows the system returned to compliance in March 2026.","location":{"name":"Town of Whitmire water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"Town of Whitmire, Newberry County","coordinates":{"lat":34.5029,"lon":-81.6118,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Newberry"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"SC3610004"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminant levels in finished drinking water are the central issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Whitmire's TTHM reached 0.092 mg/L in Q4 2025 per SDWIS (ref 2), an MCL exceedance SCDES cites in its order (ref 1).","service":"No restriction on use accompanied the Whitmire TTHM violation in the SCDES summary (ref 1).","scale":"Whitmire serves 2,415 people according to SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"The violation was issued December 18, 2025 (ref 1) and SDWIS (ref 2) records a return to compliance on March 12, 2026.","significance":"Whitmire signed Consent Order 26-002-DW (ref 1) with a $4,000 stipulated penalty."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":2415,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM 0.092 mg/L (MCL 0.080), October-December 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"TTHM, Q4 2025","value":0.092,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"SDWIS (ref 2) shows a return-to-compliance date of 2026-03-12."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Whitmire","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services, Bureau of Water, Drinking Water Protection Program","corrective_actions":["Corrective action plan required by Consent Order 26-002-DW (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"SCDES Enforcement Action Report, March 2026","publisher":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services","date":"2026-03-27","url":"https://des.sc.gov/sites/des/files/Library/EnforcementReport_March2026.pdf","basis":"State record","ref":1},{"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, South Carolina primacy","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/SC/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:4999/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record (WHITMIRE)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/SC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WHITMIRE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (SC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-SC-COLUMBIA-CANAL-CHLORITE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Columbia Canal plant chlorite exceeded drinking water standard","description":"Samples collected December 14, 2024 from Columbia Water's Canal Water Treatment Plant averaged 1.33 mg/L chlorite, above the 1.0 mg/L EPA limit, affecting customers generally south of I-20. The city shut down chlorine dioxide production at the plant, increased pumping from the Lake Murray plant, and reported compliant results on December 16, 2024.","location":{"name":"Columbia Water Canal plant service area","type":"Municipal utility service area (partial)","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"City of Columbia service area below I-20, Richland and Lexington counties","coordinates":{"lat":33.9988,"lon":-81.0451,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Richland","Lexington"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"SC4010001"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminant levels in finished drinking water are the central issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Columbia's notice (ref 1) reports chlorite of 1.33 mg/L against the 1.0 mg/L standard, matching the SDWIS MCL violation (ref 2).","service":"The city stated the exceedance 'is not an emergency' (ref 1) and issued no boil or do-not-drink order.","scale":"Columbia's system serves 354,068 people per SDWIS (ref 3); the notice (ref 1) covers the Canal plant area below I-20.","duration":"Follow-up samples reported December 16, 2024 met standards (ref 1), so the exceedance lasted about a day.","significance":"SDWIS (ref 2) records a December 2024 chlorite MCL violation, and the city issued a 30-day public notice (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The notice (ref 1) covers only the Canal plant area; SDWIS (ref 3) lists 354,068 for the whole system."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Chlorite averaged 1.33 mg/L against a 1.0 mg/L limit on December 14, 2024."},"measures":[{"name":"Chlorite average","value":1.33,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Compliant results were reported December 16, 2024 (ref 1); SDWIS (ref 2) returned to compliance the same month."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Columbia (Columbia Water)","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Columbia Water, 300 Laurel Street, Columbia, SC 29201","corrective_actions":["Chlorine dioxide production shut down at the Canal plant (ref 1)","More frequent chlorite testing and increased Lake Murray plant pumping (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"City of Columbia water treated by the Canal Water Treatment Plant temporarily has chlorite levels above the drinking water standard","publisher":"Columbia Water","date":"2024-12-20","url":"https://columbiascwater.net/city-of-columbia-water-treated-by-the-canal-water-treatment-plant-temporarily-has-chlorite-levels-above-the-drinking-water-standard/","basis":"Utility notice","ref":1},{"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, South Carolina primacy","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/SC/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:4999/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record (COLUMBIA CITY)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/SC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/COLUMBIA%20CITY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (SC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["population of Canal plant area"],"related_ids":["US-SC-COLUMBIA-WATER-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-SC-CALHOUN-FALLS-BOIL-NOTICE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Calhoun Falls fined for failing to report low pressure and boil notice","description":"SCDES Consent Order 24-031-DW (September 3, 2024) found the Town of Calhoun Falls did not notify the agency immediately when distribution pressure fell to 10 psi or less, or when it issued a boil water notice. The town paid a $6,800 civil penalty and must adopt a procedure for issuing and lifting boil notices and alerting SCDES.","location":{"name":"Town of Calhoun Falls water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"Town of Calhoun Falls, Abbeville County","coordinates":{"lat":34.0918,"lon":-82.5946,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Abbeville"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"SC0110002"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminant levels in finished drinking water are the central issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Pressure at or below 10 psi (ref 1) creates a contamination risk, but no positive bacteria sample is reported for Calhoun Falls.","service":"SCDES (ref 1) states a boil water notice or advisory was issued by the town during the low-pressure event.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 2) lists 2,473 people served by Calhoun Falls.","duration":"The SCDES order (ref 1) describes a single low-pressure and boil-notice episode, without a multi-month duration.","significance":"Consent Order 24-031-DW (ref 1) imposed a $6,800 civil penalty."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":2473,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$6,800 civil penalty for failing to notify SCDES of pressure at or below 10 psi and of a boil water notice."},"measures":[{"name":"Civil penalty","value":6800,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One enforcement action is documented (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Calhoun Falls","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services, Bureau of Water, Drinking Water Protection Program","corrective_actions":["Standard operating procedure for boil notices and immediate SCDES notification required (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"SCDES Enforcement Action Report, October 2024","publisher":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services","date":"2024-11-12","url":"https://des.sc.gov/sites/des/files/Library/EnforcementReport_October2024.pdf","basis":"State record","ref":1},{"title":"SDWIS water system record (CALHOUN FALLS)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/SC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CALHOUN%20FALLS/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (SC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["date and extent of the boil notice"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-SC-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"South Carolina lead service line inventory and notification violations","description":"SDWIS records 53 South Carolina water systems cited for failing to submit lead service line inventories by the October 16, 2024 federal deadline. SCDES has since penalized systems including Williamston, Fairfax and High Hills Rural Water for failing to notify customers served by lead, galvanized-requiring-replacement or unknown lines within 30 days; Williamston must notify 1,117 galvanized and 50 unknown addresses. A November 2025 SCDES notice reported Fishing Creek POA exceeded the lead action level.","location":{"name":"South Carolina community water systems","type":"Statewide set of public water systems","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"Systems under SCDES primacy subject to the Lead and Copper Rule","coordinates":{"lat":33.8361,"lon":-81.1637,"precision":"state","source_ref":5},"counties":["Anderson","Allendale","Sumter","Colleton"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminant levels in finished drinking water are the central issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Fishing Creek POA's notice (ref 4) reports more than 10% of 2025 samples above the 15 ppb lead action level; elsewhere the risk is unknown or galvanized lines (ref 2).","service":"The SCDES lead page (ref 5) requires annual notifications, not service restrictions, for affected service lines.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 1) lists 53 systems serving about 66,368 people cited for missing the inventory deadline, plus orders against three more systems (refs 2, 3, 6).","duration":"Violations date from the October 2024 inventory deadline (ref 1) through 2026 orders (refs 2, 3), and new baseline inventories are due 11/01/2027 (ref 5).","significance":"SCDES consent orders 26-013-DW, 26-007-DW and 26-012-DW (refs 2, 3, 6) carry $3,000-$4,000 civil penalties."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":66368,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population for the 53 systems with lead service line inventory violations (ref 1); excludes Williamston, Fairfax and High Hills."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"53 SC systems cited for missing the October 2024 lead service line inventory deadline; Williamston ordered to notify 1,117 galvanized and 50 unknown addresses."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems cited for missing the LSL inventory deadline","value":53,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS contaminant code 5200, compliance date 2024-10-17 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Williamston galvanized-requiring-replacement addresses","value":1117,"unit":"addresses","status":"Reported","note":"Consent Order 26-013-DW (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Small systems missing federal lead rule deadlines (refs 1-3)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Inventory and notification requirements began in 2024 (ref 5)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Federal standard setter (Lead and Copper Rule)"}],"public_contact":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services, Bureau of Water, Drinking Water Protection Program","corrective_actions":["Williamston ordered to notify all galvanized and unknown addresses and certify completion (ref 2)","High Hills ordered to send SCDES notification documents to unknown-status addresses (ref 3)","Annual notifications due by July 1 and baseline inventories by 11/01/2027 (ref 5)"],"sources":[{"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, South Carolina primacy","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/SC/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:4999/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SCDES Enforcement Action Report, August 2026","publisher":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services","date":"2026-08-31","url":"https://des.sc.gov/sites/des/files/Library/EnforcementReport_August2026.pdf","basis":"State record","ref":2},{"title":"SCDES Enforcement Action Report, May 2026","publisher":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services","date":"2026-05-29","url":"https://des.sc.gov/sites/des/files/Library/EnforcementReport_May2026.pdf","basis":"State record","ref":3},{"title":"Drinking Water Warning: Fishing Creek POA (SC1550002) lead action level exceedance","publisher":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services","date":"2025-11-07","url":"https://www.des.sc.gov/sites/des/files/Documents/BOW/Drinking%20Water%20Protection%20Program/Drinking%20Water%20Compliance/FISHING%20CREEK%20POA%20(SC1550002)%20T1%20PN%20PB%20ALE.pdf","basis":"State mandatory public notice","ref":4},{"title":"Lead & Drinking Water","publisher":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services","date":null,"url":"https://des.sc.gov/programs/bureau-water/drinking-water/lead-drinking-water","basis":"State record","ref":5,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SCDES Enforcement Action Report, July 2026","publisher":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services","date":"2026-08-03","url":"https://des.sc.gov/sites/des/files/Library/EnforcementReport_July2026.pdf","basis":"State record","ref":6}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (SC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["statewide counts of lead and galvanized lines"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-SC-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Statewide severe drought declared in all 46 South Carolina counties (2026)","description":"The South Carolina Drought Response Committee declared moderate drought in every county on April 9, 2026 and raised all 46 counties to severe drought on April 30, the first time since September 2002 that every county was at least in severe drought. Officials cited record-low streamflows, declining groundwater and dry private wells; by late July at least 15 water systems had mandatory restrictions and 40 more asked for voluntary conservation. Rain in July and August eased conditions in 21 counties, but 18 counties remained in severe drought after the August 6 meeting.","location":{"name":"South Carolina (all 46 counties)","type":"Statewide drought declaration area","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"All 46 counties; drought management areas statewide","coordinates":{"lat":33.84,"lon":-81.16,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is a shortage of rainfall, streamflow and groundwater rather than a failure of infrastructure.","secondary_drivers":["Climate variability"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SCDES reported some private wells had gone dry and farmers cited some of the worst planting conditions in decades (ref 2); artesian wells dried up in parts of the state (ref 3).","service":"At least 15 water systems ordered mandatory restrictions and 40 more asked for voluntary conservation as of July 24, 2026 (ref 3).","scale":"Every one of the 46 counties was placed in severe drought on April 30, 2026 (ref 2), affecting about 4.6 million residents (ref 5).","duration":"Rainfall was more than 14 inches below normal since September 1, 2025 (ref 2), following 2025 drought declarations that ended only in June 2025 (ref 6); 18 counties stayed in severe drought in August 2026 (ref 4).","significance":"Formal drought declarations by the state Drought Response Committee, moderate statewide on April 9 (ref 1) and severe on April 30, 2026 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":4600000,"status":"Reported","note":"About 4.6 million South Carolinians in all 46 counties affected, per South Carolina Public Radio (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"All 46 counties in severe drought as of April 30, 2026; rainfall more than 14 inches below normal since September 1, 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"Counties in severe drought (April 30, 2026)","value":46,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Rainfall deficit since September 1, 2025","value":14,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"More than 14 inches below normal (ref 2)."},{"name":"Water systems with mandatory restrictions (July 2026)","value":15,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"At least 15 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Counties still in severe drought after August 6, 2026","value":18,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Mandatory restrictions reduce utility sales during drought"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Conditions eased in 21 counties after July-August rain (ref 4), but 18 counties remained in severe drought."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"South Carolina Drought Response Committee (SCDNR)","role":"Drought declaration authority"},{"name":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services","role":"Water quantity and drinking water regulator"}],"public_contact":"SCDNR State Climatology Office (dnr.sc.gov/climate)","corrective_actions":["Statewide drought declarations with request that water systems review and implement local drought plans and ordinances (ref 1).","Local mandatory and voluntary water-use restrictions by at least 55 water systems (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Department of Natural Resources cites 'concerning reports', declares a statewide moderate drought","publisher":"South Carolina Public Radio","date":"2026-04-10","url":"https://www.southcarolinapublicradio.org/sc-news/2026-04-10/department-of-natural-resources-cites-concerning-reports-declares-a-statewide-moderate-drought","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"South Carolina drought worsens to severe status in all 46 counties","publisher":"WTOC","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://www.wtoc.com/2026/05/01/south-carolina-drought-worsens-severe-status-all-46-counties/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"The ground remains thirsty despite recent rain","publisher":"South Carolina Public Radio","date":"2026-07-24","url":"https://www.southcarolinapublicradio.org/sc-news/2026-07-24/the-ground-remains-thirsty-despite-recent-rain","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Most of S.C. still in moderate, severe drought despite recent rainfall","publisher":"WRDW","date":"2026-08-10","url":"https://www.wrdw.com/2026/08/10/most-sc-still-moderate-severe-drought-despite-recent-rainfall/","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"South Carolinians asked to conserve water as drought conditions continue","publisher":"South Carolina Public Radio","date":"2026-05-22","url":"https://www.southcarolinapublicradio.org/2026-05-22/south-carolinians-asked-to-conserve-water-as-drought-conditions-continue","basis":"News"},{"ref":6,"title":"South Carolina declared 'drought-free' by Dept. of Natural Resources","publisher":"Live 5 News","date":"2025-06-25","url":"https://www.live5news.com/2025/06/25/south-carolina-declared-drought-free-by-dept-natural-resources/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (SC in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Drought status after the September 2026 committee meeting"],"related_ids":["US-SC-CATAWBA-WATEREE-DROUGHT-STAGE2-2026","US-SC-PEEDEE-GRANDSTRAND-DROUGHT-2026","US-SC-SAVANNAH-RESERVOIRS-DROUGHT-2026"]},{"id":"US-SC-CATAWBA-WATEREE-DROUGHT-STAGE2-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Catawba-Wateree basin Stage 2 drought triggers mandatory water limits in York County area","description":"The Catawba-Wateree Drought Management Advisory Group declared Stage 2 of the basin's Low Inflow Protocol in spring 2026, the first time the basin reached Stage 2 since 2009. Fort Mill, which buys water from Rock Hill, activated mandatory conservation on May 5, 2026, limiting sprinklers to two overnight days a week with a 5 to 10 percent reduction goal; Rock Hill, Camden and Lancaster were also under mandatory restrictions. The basin supplies drinking water to more than two million people in North and South Carolina.","location":{"name":"Catawba-Wateree basin (Rock Hill, Fort Mill, Lancaster)","type":"River basin water supply area","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"York, Lancaster and Kershaw counties, SC; Rock Hill supplies Fort Mill","coordinates":{"lat":34.9249,"lon":-81.0251,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["York","Lancaster","Kershaw"],"extent":"watershed","pwsid":"SC4610002"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Restrictions respond to low inflows to the Catawba-Wateree reservoirs, a quantity problem.","secondary_drivers":["Population growth"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health harm reported; Fort Mill's notice cites persisting dry conditions across the basin (ref 1).","service":"Fort Mill limited sprinkler irrigation to two days a week between 9 p.m. and 5 a.m. under Town Code Section 36-73 (ref 1).","scale":"The Catawba-Wateree basin supplies drinking water to more than two million people in about two dozen counties (ref 1); Rock Hill serves 89,850 people (ref 3).","duration":"Stage 2 restrictions were in place from early May 2026 (ref 1) and still listed for Rock Hill, Camden and Lancaster on May 22 (ref 2).","significance":"Stage 2 of the basin Low Inflow Protocol, the first since 2009, required written proclamations and monthly state reporting (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":89850,"status":"Reported","note":"Rock Hill system population per SDWIS (ref 3); Fort Mill serves 25,000 (ref 4). Basin-wide more than two million people (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"First Stage 2 drought declaration for the Catawba-Wateree basin since 2009."},"measures":[{"name":"Target water-use reduction under Stage 2","value":10,"unit":"percent (upper goal)","status":"Reported","note":"Goal of 5 to 10 percent (ref 1)."},{"name":"Basin drinking-water population","value":2000000,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"More than two million (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No dated record of Stage 2 being lifted was found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Catawba-Wateree Drought Management Advisory Group","role":"Basin drought stage authority"},{"name":"City of Rock Hill","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"Town of Fort Mill","role":"Water purchaser and local restriction authority"}],"public_contact":"Town of Fort Mill (fortmillsc.gov)","corrective_actions":["Mandatory Stage 2 restrictions under Fort Mill Town Code Section 36-73 with increased leak detection (ref 1).","Charlotte Water began enforcing Stage 2 restrictions on May 15, 2026 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Fort Mill Declares Stage 2 Drought, Mandatory Water Conservation Now in Effect","publisher":"WRHI","date":"2026-05-05","url":"https://www.wrhi.com/2026/05/fort-mill-declares-stage-2-drought-mandatory-water-conservation-now-in-effect-212380","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"South Carolinians asked to conserve water as drought conditions continue","publisher":"South Carolina Public Radio","date":"2026-05-22","url":"https://www.southcarolinapublicradio.org/2026-05-22/south-carolinians-asked-to-conserve-water-as-drought-conditions-continue","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Rock Hill","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/SC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ROCK%20HILL/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Fort Mill","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/SC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/FORT%20MILL/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (SC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Date Stage 2 was lifted","Lake levels"],"related_ids":["US-SC-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2026","US-SC-CATAWBA-CHARLOTTE-IBT-2026"]},{"id":"US-SC-PEEDEE-GRANDSTRAND-DROUGHT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Pee Dee basin severe drought: Loris emergency, GSWSA and Florence conservation (2026)","description":"Severe drought declared for the Pee Dee River basin led the City of Loris to proclaim a severe drought emergency and the Grand Strand Water and Sewer Authority to activate its drought management plan in July 2026, lowering its excess-use charge threshold from 8,000 to 6,000 gallons a month. The City of Florence, which draws on the Pee Dee River and the McQueen and Crouch Branch aquifers, asked all customers on May 27, 2026 to cut non-essential use. Georgetown County Water and Sewer District set a voluntary watering schedule.","location":{"name":"Grand Strand and Pee Dee water systems","type":"Regional utility service areas","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"Horry, Marion, Florence and Georgetown counties","coordinates":{"lat":33.836,"lon":-79.047,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Horry","Marion","Florence","Georgetown"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"SC2620004"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Utilities are restricting demand because of low rainfall and river flows.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health harm reported; Florence said its water remained safe for all normal uses (ref 2).","service":"Loris asked residents to cut use 25 percent and hold to 75 gallons per person per day, and GSWSA lowered its excess-charge threshold to 6,000 gallons (ref 1).","scale":"The GSWSA Bull Creek system serves 252,840 people per SDWIS (ref 3); Florence serves 79,745 (ref 4).","duration":"Florence's conservation request began May 27, 2026 (ref 2) and Loris's proclamation stays until the state ends the severe drought (ref 1).","significance":"Loris Mayor Michael Suggs signed a severe drought emergency proclamation activating the city's Drought Management Plan (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":252840,"status":"Reported","note":"GSWSA Bull Creek system per SDWIS (ref 3); Florence 79,745 (ref 4) and Loris 4,350 (ref 5) also affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"GSWSA excess water charge threshold cut from 8,000 to 6,000 gallons a month under severe drought."},"measures":[{"name":"Loris residential use reduction request","value":25,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"GSWSA excess-charge threshold under severe drought","value":6000,"unit":"gallons per month","status":"Reported","note":"Down from 8,000 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Drought-stage excess-use charges"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No dated end to the Pee Dee basin restrictions was found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Grand Strand Water and Sewer Authority","role":"Regional water utility"},{"name":"City of Loris","role":"Municipal water utility"},{"name":"City of Florence","role":"Municipal water utility"},{"name":"South Carolina Drought Response Committee (SCDNR)","role":"Drought declaration authority"}],"public_contact":"City of Florence Utilities Department, 843-665-3236","corrective_actions":["GSWSA activated its Drought Management Plan (ref 1).","Florence reviewed city facility operations for internal conservation (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Loris declares drought emergency as Grand Strand, Pee Dee region responds to severe conditions","publisher":"WMBF News","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://www.wmbfnews.com/2026/07/01/loris-declares-drought-emergency-grand-strand-pee-dee-region-responds-severe-conditions/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"City of Florence Announces System-Wide Water Conservation Request Due to Extreme Drought Conditions","publisher":"City of Florence","date":"2026-05-27","url":"https://www.cityofflorencesc.gov/node/2098","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Grand Strand W&SA Bull Creek","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/SC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/STRAND/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Florence","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/SC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/FLORENCE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Loris","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/SC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LORIS/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (SC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Date restrictions were lifted"],"related_ids":["US-SC-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2026","US-SC-PEEDEE-AQUIFER-CONES-2025"]},{"id":"US-SC-HILTONHEAD-FLORIDAN-SALTWATER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hilton Head PSD has lost 10 of 14 Upper Floridan wells to saltwater intrusion","description":"Pumping from the Upper Floridan aquifer, driven largely by a cone of depression centered at Savannah, Georgia, has drawn salt water into the aquifer beneath Hilton Head Island. Hilton Head Public Service District has lost 10 of its 14 Upper Floridan wells since 2000 and is shifting to brackish Middle Floridan water treated by reverse osmosis, expanding its Jenkins Island plant from 4 to 6 million gallons a day with a $10 million state grant. The 2025 State Water Plan calls the intrusion the most pressing groundwater issue in the Lower Savannah-Salkehatchie basin.","location":{"name":"Hilton Head PSD (Upper Floridan aquifer)","type":"Public service district and aquifer","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"Hilton Head Island, Beaufort County","coordinates":{"lat":32.216,"lon":-80.752,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Beaufort","Jasper"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"SC0720006"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Saltwater intrusion has degraded the aquifer and forced replacement wells and treatment.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Saltwater intrusion made 10 of the PSD's 14 Upper Floridan wells unusable since 2000 (ref 1); a state study mapped seven modern chloride plumes near Port Royal Sound (ref 3).","service":"Loss of Upper Floridan wells forced reliance on reverse osmosis of brackish Middle Floridan water at Jenkins Island (ref 1).","scale":"Hilton Head PSD serves 25,558 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Well losses span 2000 to 2025 (ref 1) and the intrusion remained the basin's most pressing groundwater issue in December 2025 (ref 2).","significance":"The Upper Floridan cone is managed through regulatory measures in Georgia and South Carolina, per the 2025 State Water Plan (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":25558,"status":"Reported","note":"Hilton Head PSD population per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"10 of 14 Upper Floridan aquifer wells lost to saltwater intrusion since 2000."},"measures":[{"name":"Upper Floridan wells lost","value":10,"unit":"wells of 14","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Jenkins Island RO capacity after expansion","value":6,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Up from 4 MGD (ref 1)."},{"name":"State infrastructure grant","value":10000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"SC Infrastructure Improvement Program (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Capital cost of replacement wells and RO treatment"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Well losses accumulated from 2000 to 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Hilton Head Public Service District","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services","role":"Groundwater permitting (Lowcountry Capacity Use Area)"}],"public_contact":"Hilton Head Public Service District (hhpsd.com)","corrective_actions":["Middle Floridan RO well about 600 feet deep and Jenkins Island RO expansion to 6 MGD, due by fall 2025 (ref 1).","Second aquifer storage and recovery well on the Ashmore Tract (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Hilton Head Island PSD joining with Town to expand water production","publisher":"WSAV (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-03-05","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/hilton-head-island-psd-joining-002430718.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"South Carolina State Water Plan 2025, Chapter 5: Water Availability Assessment","publisher":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services","date":"2025-12-11","url":"https://www.des.sc.gov/sites/des/files/Documents/BOW/WaterSC/SWP/Chapter5.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Distribution, Sources, and Migration of Relict and Modern Salt Water in the Upper Floridan Aquifer, Southern Beaufort County (Technical Publication 017-2020)","publisher":"South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control","date":"2021-01-01","url":"https://www.des.sc.gov/sites/scdph/files/media/document/BOW_SaltwaterMigrationUpperFloridanAquiferCompressed%20%281%29.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Hilton Head PSD","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/SC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/HILTON%20HEAD/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (SC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Completion date of RO expansion"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-SC-TRIDENT-AQUIFER-DECLINE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Charleston-area aquifers below sea level with Mount Pleasant pumping cone","description":"State evaluations of the Trident Capacity Use Area (Berkeley, Charleston and Dorchester counties) find water-level declines in all aquifers since 1900, with the main concern a Middendorf pumping cone under Mount Pleasant where levels range from 74 to 200 feet below sea level. A 2026 SCDES map of the Gordon aquifer shows levels below -20 feet across most of southern Charleston County and reports saltwater intrusion in many coastal wells in Charleston and Colleton counties. The 2025 State Water Plan notes the Charleston aquifer cone has been more than 200 feet below predevelopment levels since 2004.","location":{"name":"Trident Capacity Use Area aquifers","type":"Groundwater capacity use area","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"Berkeley, Charleston and Dorchester counties; Mount Pleasant pumping cone","coordinates":{"lat":32.794,"lon":-79.862,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Charleston","Berkeley","Dorchester","Colleton"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"SC1010002"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Concentrated pumping has lowered aquifer pressure and allows salt water to intrude.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SCDES reported that many wells near the coast in Charleston and Colleton counties are experiencing saltwater intrusion (ref 1).","service":"No customer outages documented; the 2022 evaluation warns intrusion can in extreme cases force abandonment of supply wells (ref 2).","scale":"Declines affect all aquifers under the three Trident counties (ref 2); Mount Pleasant Waterworks alone serves 91,500 people (ref 5).","duration":"Middendorf pressure fell from 125 feet above to 50 feet below sea level since 1900 (ref 2) and the Gordon low persisted in the 2024 survey (ref 1).","significance":"Withdrawals are permitted under the Trident Capacity Use Area groundwater management plan (ref 3), which calls for pumping cuts near Mount Pleasant (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No area-wide affected population published; Mount Pleasant Waterworks serves 91,500 (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Water levels in the Mount Pleasant Middendorf pumping cone range from 74 to 200 feet below mean sea level."},"measures":[{"name":"Gordon aquifer low, southern Charleston County (Nov-Dec 2024)","value":-39,"unit":"feet relative to datum","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Middendorf decline since predevelopment","value":175,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Charleston aquifer below predevelopment (2004)","value":200,"unit":"feet (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"SCDES saw only minor Gordon changes from 2021 to 2024 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services","role":"Capacity Use Area permitting authority"}],"public_contact":"SCDES Bureau of Water, Water Quantity Permitting, (803) 898-0190","corrective_actions":["Groundwater model review of new or increased withdrawal permits and further pumping reductions near Mount Pleasant (ref 2).","More aquifer storage and recovery and artificial recharge recommended (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Potentiometric Surface of the Gordon Aquifer in South Carolina, November-December 2024 (Technical Report 004-2026)","publisher":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services","date":"2026-01-01","url":"https://www.des.sc.gov/sites/des/files/Documents/BOW/Water%20Resources/Hydrology/SCDES_004-2026_Gordon_2024_potentiometric_map.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Trident Capacity Use Area 2022 Groundwater Evaluation Report (Technical Report 006-2022)","publisher":"South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control","date":"2022-10-01","url":"https://www.des.sc.gov/sites/des/files/media/document/006-2022_TridentGroundwaterEvaluation_Oct2022_FINAL.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Capacity Use Program: Trident","publisher":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services","date":null,"url":"https://des.sc.gov/programs/bureau-water/groundwater-management-planning/capacity-use-program-trident","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"South Carolina State Water Plan 2025, Chapter 5: Water Availability Assessment","publisher":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services","date":"2025-12-11","url":"https://www.des.sc.gov/sites/des/files/Documents/BOW/WaterSC/SWP/Chapter5.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Mt Pleasant Waterworks","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/SC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MT%20PLEASANT/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (SC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Number of wells affected by saltwater intrusion"],"related_ids":["US-SC-CHARLESTON-WATER-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-SC-EDISTO-GROUNDWATER-CONCERN-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Edisto basin Groundwater Areas of Concern in Calhoun, Lexington and Aiken counties","description":"The Edisto River Basin Council designated three Groundwater Areas of Concern after every modeled scenario showed water levels dropping below the top of the Crouch Branch aquifer in Calhoun County and the McQueen Branch aquifer in Lexington County by 2070, plus a small area near Shaw Creek in Aiken County. Such declines can cause aquifer compaction, land subsidence, lost storage, reduced well yields and dry wells. The 2025 State Water Plan carries the designations forward; the area lies in the Western Capacity Use Area designated in 2018.","location":{"name":"Edisto basin Crouch Branch and McQueen Branch aquifers","type":"Aquifer area of concern","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"Southern Calhoun County, Lexington County and Shaw Creek area of Aiken County","coordinates":{"lat":33.665,"lon":-80.778,"precision":"county","source_ref":2},"counties":["Calhoun","Lexington","Aiken"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Projected pumping, much of it for irrigation, would draw aquifer levels below their tops.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Modeling projects Crouch Branch levels more than 50 feet below the aquifer top in parts of southern Calhoun County by 2070 (ref 2).","service":"No current service loss; the basin plan warns of reduced well yields and dry wells if levels fall below the aquifer top (ref 2).","scale":"Three designated areas in Calhoun, Lexington and Aiken counties (ref 1).","duration":"Designations made in the 2023 basin plan (ref 2) remained in the December 2025 State Water Plan (ref 1); projections run to 2070.","significance":"Formal Groundwater Area of Concern designations by the Edisto River Basin Council within the Western Capacity Use Area (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure is given for the areas of concern."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Every planning scenario predicted groundwater levels dropping below the top of the Crouch Branch aquifer in Calhoun County and the McQueen Branch aquifer in Lexington County by 2070."},"measures":[{"name":"Designated Groundwater Areas of Concern","value":3,"unit":"areas","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1, ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Model projections show continued declines to 2070 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services","role":"Western Capacity Use Area permitting and state water planning"},{"name":"Edisto River Basin Council","role":"Basin planning body"}],"public_contact":"SCDES Bureau of Water (des.sc.gov)","corrective_actions":["Basin council recommends further investigation and monitoring of the areas of concern (ref 2).","Desired future condition set to keep groundwater levels at or above the top of each aquifer (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"South Carolina State Water Plan 2025, Chapter 5: Water Availability Assessment","publisher":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services","date":"2025-12-11","url":"https://www.des.sc.gov/sites/des/files/Documents/BOW/WaterSC/SWP/Chapter5.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Edisto River Basin Plan","publisher":"South Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Edisto River Basin Council","date":"2023-05-12","url":"https://www.des.sc.gov/sites/des/files/DNR/Hydrology/pdfs/basin-planning/Edisto%20River%20Basin%20Plan_2023.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Gov. McMaster, state leaders reveal updated SC water plan","publisher":"WIS News 10","date":"2025-12-11","url":"https://www.wistv.com/2025/12/11/gov-mcmaster-state-leaders-reveal-updated-sc-water-plan/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (SC in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Current monitored water levels in the areas of concern"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-SC-PEEDEE-AQUIFER-CONES-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Pee Dee basin aquifer cones of depression at Florence and Georgetown","description":"The 2025 State Water Plan reports cones of depression in the McQueen Branch aquifer around Florence and in the Crouch Branch aquifer in Georgetown County, with coastal levels falling about 1 foot a year and about 2 feet a year near Georgetown. The Pee Dee River Basin Council named areas around Florence County and coastal Georgetown and Horry counties as preliminary groundwater areas of concern. Levels near Georgetown began rebounding in July 2023 after a supply well cut back and then stopped pumping, which the plan says suggests current pumping is as much as the aquifer can sustain.","location":{"name":"Pee Dee basin Crouch Branch and McQueen Branch aquifers","type":"Aquifer cones of depression","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"Florence County and coastal Georgetown and Horry counties","coordinates":{"lat":33.376,"lon":-79.294,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Florence","Georgetown","Horry"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"SC2210001"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Concentrated municipal and irrigation pumping has lowered aquifer levels.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Crouch Branch levels near Georgetown declined about 2 feet a year before the 2023 rebound (ref 1).","service":"No supply loss reported; a Georgetown supply well reduced groundwater use in 2023 and stopped it in 2024 (ref 1).","scale":"Preliminary areas of concern span Florence County and coastal Georgetown and Horry counties (ref 1); the City of Georgetown system serves 9,092 people (ref 3).","duration":"The Georgetown cone has been monitored for years and the 2022 potentiometric map showed its expansion (ref 1).","significance":"Pee Dee River Basin Council designation of preliminary groundwater areas of concern, reported in the State Water Plan (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure is given for the preliminary areas of concern."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Declines in the Crouch Branch aquifer near Georgetown have been observed at about 2 feet per year."},"measures":[{"name":"Coastal decline rate, Crouch Branch and McQueen Branch","value":1,"unit":"feet per year","status":"Reported","note":"Approximately (ref 1)."},{"name":"Crouch Branch decline near Georgetown","value":2,"unit":"feet per year","status":"Reported","note":"About (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Rebound near Georgetown since July 2023 and stabilization at Florence through conjunctive use (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services","role":"Pee Dee and Waccamaw Capacity Use Area permitting"},{"name":"Pee Dee River Basin Council","role":"Basin planning body"}],"public_contact":"SCDES Bureau of Water (des.sc.gov)","corrective_actions":["Conjunctive surface and groundwater use in Florence County has stabilized levels (ref 1).","Council may upgrade the areas once groundwater modeling is complete (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"South Carolina State Water Plan 2025, Chapter 5: Water Availability Assessment","publisher":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services","date":"2025-12-11","url":"https://www.des.sc.gov/sites/des/files/Documents/BOW/WaterSC/SWP/Chapter5.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Gov. McMaster, state leaders reveal updated SC water plan","publisher":"WIS News 10","date":"2025-12-11","url":"https://www.wistv.com/2025/12/11/gov-mcmaster-state-leaders-reveal-updated-sc-water-plan/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: City of Georgetown","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/SC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/GEORGETOWN/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Florence","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/SC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/FLORENCE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (SC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Groundwater model results for the Pee Dee basin"],"related_ids":["US-SC-PEEDEE-GRANDSTRAND-DROUGHT-2026"]},{"id":"US-SC-SAVANNAH-RESERVOIRS-DROUGHT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Savannah River reservoirs enter Drought Level 2 at Lake Thurmond","description":"The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers declared Drought Level 2 for Lake Thurmond and the Savannah River reservoirs effective January 24, 2026, after dry conditions, and reduced outflows from the lake. The Upper Savannah reservoirs had entered Drought Trigger Level 1 in September 2023 when Thurmond fell below 326 feet.","location":{"name":"Lake Thurmond and Upper Savannah River reservoirs","type":"Federal reservoir system","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"Upper Savannah River on the SC-GA line; Oconee, Anderson, Abbeville and McCormick counties","coordinates":{"lat":33.661,"lon":-82.199,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Anderson","Oconee","Abbeville","McCormick"],"extent":"multi_state"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Reservoir storage fell because of low rainfall, prompting reduced releases.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No harm documented; the Corps warned of hidden rocks and stumps near the surface (ref 1).","service":"Outflows from Thurmond were reduced and hydropower output lowered under the plan (refs 1, 2); no customer restrictions are mentioned.","scale":"The drought plan covers the three reservoirs on the Upper Savannah River, including Lake Hartwell and Lake Thurmond (ref 2); no population figure is given.","duration":"Level 1 was declared in September 2023 (ref 2) and Level 2 in January 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Formal Corps drought-level declarations under its drought management plan: Level 1 in September 2023 (ref 2) and Level 2 in January 2026 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure for reservoir-dependent supplies in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Drought Level 2 declared for Lake Thurmond and the Savannah River reservoirs effective January 24, 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"Level 1 trigger at Thurmond","value":326,"unit":"feet above mean sea level","status":"Reported","note":"Thurmond was at 325.98 ft when Level 1 was declared (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No Corps status after January 2026 was opened."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Savannah District","role":"Reservoir operator"}],"public_contact":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Savannah District (sas.usace.army.mil)","corrective_actions":["Reduced releases from Thurmond Dam under the drought management plan (ref 1, ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Army Corps declares drought level 2 for Lake Thurmond","publisher":"WRDW","date":"2026-01-29","url":"https://www.wrdw.com/2026/01/29/army-corps-declares-drought-level-2-lake-thurmond","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Frist drought level declared","publisher":"WGOG","date":"2023-09-12","url":"https://wgog.com/?p=105679","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (SC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Re-verification: opened WRDW (2026-01-29) and WGOG (2023-09-12). WRDW confirms Drought Level 2 effective January 24, 2026, reduced outflows from Lake Thurmond and the hidden rocks and stumps warning. WGOG confirms the first drought level on the Upper Savannah's three reservoirs when Thurmond fell to 325.98 ft (trigger 326.0 ft), with Hartwell at 656.28 ft. Corrected: the claim that the 2026 drought later reached every South Carolina county is in neither source and was removed (it belongs to the statewide record); Russell Lake and the SC-GA sharing are not named in these sources. Confidence raised to Medium: two outlets agree on narrow, dated facts. Current (post-January 2026) drought level still not opened."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Lake elevations in 2026","Current drought level"],"related_ids":["US-SC-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2026"]},{"id":"US-SC-COLUMBIA-SSO-CONSENT-DECREE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Columbia sewer consent decree: 281 overflows in 2024-2025, deadlines extended to 2029","description":"Columbia remains under a 2014 federal and state Clean Water Act consent decree over sanitary sewer overflows from its sewer system and Metro wastewater plant. The city's 2025 annual report lists 162 overflows in 2024 and 119 in 2025, about 1.77 million gallons in total. In 2026 the parties agreed a material modification that adds capacity projects due by January 1, 2029 and postpones the capacity assurance program in the affected sewer basins.","location":{"name":"City of Columbia sewer system","type":"Municipal sewer system service area","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"Richland County; Columbia Metro wastewater treatment plant (NPDES SC0020940) and collection system","coordinates":{"lat":33.9375,"lon":-81.017222,"precision":"facility","source_ref":8},"counties":["Richland","Lexington"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Overflows stem from aging, undersized sewer pipes and pump stations that the decree requires the city to assess and rehabilitate.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The city's Annual Report 2025 (ref 1) tallies 281 overflows and about 1.77 million gallons of sewage spilled in 2024-2025, including 237,981 gallons from treatment-plant events.","service":"No interruption of customer sewer service is reported in the decree filings or annual report (refs 1-3).","scale":"Columbia's utility serves 354,068 people on its drinking-water system per SDWIS (ref 5); the sewer network has about 1,110 miles of mainline pipe (ref 1).","duration":"The decree was entered May 21, 2014 (ref 2), and overflows continued through 2025 at 9.9 per month (ref 1).","significance":"Federal court consent decree, US and SC v. City of Columbia, No. 3:13-cv-2429, modified by a first material modification filed July 30, 2026 (refs 2, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":354068,"status":"Estimated","note":"Population of the City of Columbia drinking-water system per SDWIS (ref 5), used as a proxy for the sewer service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The City experienced a total of 162 SSOs in CY 2024. In CY 2025, the City experienced a total of 119 SSOs for a combined total of 281 SSOs."},"measures":[{"name":"Sanitary sewer overflows, 2024","value":162,"unit":"overflows","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Sanitary sewer overflows, 2025","value":119,"unit":"overflows","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Overflow volume, 2024-2025","value":1774980,"unit":"gallons","status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of Table 7 volumes by cause in ref 1."},{"name":"Civil penalty in original settlement","value":476400,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Paid to the United States and South Carolina (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Decree-driven capital program with new capacity projects due by 2029 (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Overflows fell from 313 in 2022-2023 to 281 in 2024-2025, a 10% decrease (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Columbia (Columbia Water)","role":"Sewer system owner and operator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 4 and U.S. Department of Justice","role":"Federal plaintiffs"},{"name":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services (SCDES)","role":"State NPDES permitting and enforcement agency"}],"public_contact":"Columbia Water: 803-545-3300 (water or wastewater disruptions)","corrective_actions":["Clean Water Columbia program assesses and rehabilitates sewer lines and pump stations under the decree (ref 6).","First material modification adds four capacity projects due by January 1, 2029 and defers the capacity assurance program in those basins (refs 2, 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Consent Decree Annual Report 2025 (AR12)","publisher":"City of Columbia, Clean Water Columbia","date":"2026-03-27","url":"https://cleanwater.columbiasc.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Annual-Report-2025-AR12.pdf","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"First Material Consent Decree Modification, US and SC v. City of Columbia","publisher":"U.S. District Court, District of South Carolina","date":"2026-07-30","url":"https://cleanwater.columbiasc.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Notice-of-Material-Modification-to-CD-Dated-30July2026.pdf","basis":"Court record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Notice of Lodging of Proposed Material Modification of Consent Decree under the Clean Water Act","publisher":"U.S. Department of Justice (Federal Register)","date":"2026-04-02","url":"https://public-inspection.federalregister.gov/2026-06329.pdf","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Columbia, South Carolina Clean Water Act Settlement","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2013-09-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/columbia-south-carolina-clean-water-act-settlement","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record, City of Columbia (SC4010001)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/SC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/COLUMBIA/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"Clean Water Columbia: Consent Decree documents","publisher":"City of Columbia","date":null,"url":"https://cleanwater.columbiasc.gov/consent-decree/","basis":"Local government record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":7,"title":"Columbia Water reassures public after Helene's impacts, online rumors","publisher":"WIS-TV","date":"2024-10-01","url":"https://www.wistv.com/2024/10/01/columbia-water-reassures-public-after-helenes-impacts-online-rumors","basis":"News"},{"ref":8,"title":"Columbia Metro Plant (SC0020940) ECHO Clean Water Act facility record","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=SC&p_fn=COLUMBIA%20METRO&p_maj=Y","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (SC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-SC-COLUMBIA-WATER-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-SC-WEST-ASHLEY-SSO-AGREEMENT-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Charleston Water System agrees to fix West Ashley sewer overflows after suit threat","description":"Charleston Waterkeeper sent Charleston Water System a Clean Water Act notice of intent to sue in 2024 over recurring sewage overflows in West Ashley, mostly in the former St. Andrews Public Service District system the utility took over under a 1995 state consent decree. A February 2026 agreement commits the utility to expedited pipe inspections and repairs, public quarterly reports and an overflow alert system. Its CEO said the utility will spend nearly $200 million over the next decade on overflows after heavy rain.","location":{"name":"West Ashley sewer system (former St. Andrews PSD)","type":"Municipal sewer collection system","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"Charleston County; West Ashley area of Charleston served by Charleston Water System","coordinates":{"lat":32.79,"lon":-79.99,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Charleston"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Overflows come from a collection system the release describes as improperly designed, installed and mismanaged for decades.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"SELC (ref 1) says the overflows send untreated or partially treated sewage into streets and nearby marshes and rivers; no volumes were published.","service":"Neither the release nor City Paper (refs 1, 2) reports any loss of sewer service to West Ashley customers.","scale":"Problems concentrate in the former St. Andrews PSD area and the lower Northbridge streets around Donahue Avenue (ref 2).","duration":"CWS took over the failing St. Andrews system in 1995 and overflows persisted after heavy rain into 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Waterkeeper's 2024 Clean Water Act notice of intent to sue produced a binding February 2026 agreement; the system had been taken over under a 1995 state consent decree (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No count of affected residents is given; the area is part of Charleston Water System's service territory."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"CWS will spend nearly $200 million over the next decade to resolve lingering overflow issues after significant rain events."},"measures":[{"name":"Planned spending on overflow fixes over next decade","value":200,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"\"Nearly\" $200 million, CEO Wesley Ropp (refs 1, 2)."},{"name":"Wastewater master plan","value":250,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Recommended lateral replacement grants","value":50000,"unit":"USD per year for five years","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The release says far fewer overflows occur now, with a few trouble spots after very heavy rain (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Charleston Water System","role":"Sewer system owner and operator"},{"name":"Charleston Waterkeeper","role":"Citizen enforcement party to agreement"},{"name":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services (SCDES)","role":"State NPDES permitting and enforcement agency"}],"public_contact":null,"corrective_actions":["Expedite inspections, repairs and replacements in West Ashley under agreed deadlines (ref 1).","Quarterly public progress reports to Charleston Waterkeeper and a customer overflow alert system (refs 1, 2).","Board recommendation for a $50,000-a-year sewer lateral replacement grant program for five years (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Charleston Waterkeeper and Charleston Water System Announce Agreement to Address Sewer Overflows in West Ashley","publisher":"Southern Environmental Law Center","date":"2026-02-02","url":"https://www.selc.org/?p=41055","basis":"Advocacy organization"},{"ref":2,"title":"Stopping West Ashley sewer overflow is focus of new agreement","publisher":"Charleston City Paper","date":"2026-02-03","url":"https://charlestoncitypaper.com/?p=253969","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (SC in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["public_contact","population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-SC-CHARLESTON-WATER-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-SC-LEXINGTON-SEWER-SPILLS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Town of Lexington reports 7.16 million gallons of sewer spills in 2025","description":"The Congaree Riverkeeper's 2025 sewer spill report, compiled from the state Sewer Overflow Database, found the Town of Lexington reported 17 spills totaling 7,164,429 gallons, 91.5% of all spill volume in the watershed. One pump station failure on August 8, 2025 released 5,760,000 gallons to 12/14 Mile Creek. The report calls 2025 the worst year for reported spill volume in its 13 years.","location":{"name":"Town of Lexington sewer system","type":"Municipal sewer system service area","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"Lexington County; spills to 12 Mile and 14 Mile creeks in the Congaree basin","coordinates":{"lat":33.9815,"lon":-81.2362,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lexington"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The largest release came from a sewage pump station failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"A single August 8, 2025 pump station failure discharged 5,760,000 gallons to 12/14 Mile Creek via a tributary (ref 1).","service":"The Riverkeeper report (ref 1) lists discharges only; no customer service loss is documented.","scale":"Spills came from one town system, 17 events in the Lexington service area (ref 1).","duration":"The 17 reported spills were spread across calendar 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"No state enforcement action tied to these spills was found; the record rests on state overflow-database entries compiled by the Riverkeeper (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The report gives spill volumes, not people affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Town of Lexington: 17 spills, 7,164,429 gallons, 91.51% of total reported spill volume in 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"Reported spill volume, 2025","value":7164429,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Largest single spill (Aug. 8, 2025)","value":5760000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Pump station failure (ref 1)."},{"name":"Reported spills, 2025","value":17,"unit":"spills","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The report calls 2025 the worst year by volume in 13 years of reports, but gives no prior Lexington totals (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Lexington","role":"Sewer system owner and operator"},{"name":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services (SCDES)","role":"State NPDES permitting and enforcement agency"}],"public_contact":null,"corrective_actions":["No corrective plan is described in the cited source."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2025 Sewer Spill Report","publisher":"Congaree Riverkeeper","date":"2026-01-28","url":"https://www.congareeriverkeeper.org/2025-sewer-spill-report","basis":"Advocacy organization compiling SCDES Sewer Overflow Database"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (SC in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["public_contact","corrective_actions","population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-SC-CALHOUN-FALLS-WWTP-ORDER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Calhoun Falls sewage plant cited for E. coli violations and broken equipment","description":"SCDES issued the Town of Calhoun Falls a proposed consent order dated August 20, 2025 with a $38,000 penalty after its Sawney Creek wastewater plant repeatedly exceeded E. coli limits between August 2024 and February 2025. A June 2024 inspection found broken aerators and sludge pumps, overgrown ponds and a pH system that had not worked in eight years. The order replaces two January 2024 consent orders and requires repairs within 60 days.","location":{"name":"Calhoun Falls Sawney Creek WWTP","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"Abbeville County; 125 Walnut St., Calhoun Falls; discharges to Sawney Creek, Savannah River basin (NPDES SC0025721)","coordinates":{"lat":34.081944,"lon":-82.586111,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Abbeville"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Equipment failures at the plant led to effluent bacteria violations.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The proposed order (ref 2) cites multiple E. coli permit-limit exceedances in effluent to Sawney Creek from August 2024 to February 2025.","service":"Index-Journal coverage (refs 1, 2) describes treatment failures but no interruption of sewer collection for residents.","scale":"A single town plant of 0.95 MGD design flow (ref 3) serving Calhoun Falls.","duration":"Ammonia and maintenance consent orders date to January 2024, and the pH system had not worked in eight years per the June 2024 inspection (ref 2).","significance":"SCDES proposed consent order dated Aug. 20, 2025 with a $38,000 civil penalty and repair deadlines (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Population served by the plant is not stated in the sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A $38,000 civil penalty would become due within 30 days of the order's execution date."},"measures":[{"name":"Proposed civil penalty","value":38000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Quarters in noncompliance (last 3 years)","value":10,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"EPA ECHO (ref 3)."},{"name":"Effluent exceedances (last 3 years)","value":25,"unit":"exceedances","status":"Reported","note":"EPA ECHO (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Town attorney warned of substantial financial, operational and legal exposure (ref 2)","Councilman referenced a defaulted payment tied to a separate lawsuit (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Calhoun Falls","role":"Plant owner and permittee"},{"name":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services (SCDES)","role":"State NPDES permitting and enforcement agency"}],"public_contact":null,"corrective_actions":["Prove aerators, sludge-recycle pumps, weir gate and pH system work within 60 days; remove vegetation and duckweed within 30 days (ref 2).","Three months of compliance monitoring; if violations continue, an engineering report and upgrades (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Broken wastewater plant leaves Calhoun Falls in state trouble","publisher":"Index-Journal","date":"2025-10-29","url":"https://www.indexjournal.com/eedition/page-a7/page_0f2b4ea8-b7e4-5c84-aecd-4d3c818bb747.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"State cites Calhoun Falls for wastewater failures and a $38,000 fine","publisher":"Index-Journal","date":"2025-10-29","url":"https://www.indexjournal.com/eedition/index-journal-e-edition/edition_5eb6701e-3e7d-50d8-872e-325c12f03c5a.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Calhoun Falls Sawney Creek WWTP (SC0025721) ECHO Clean Water Act facility record","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_pid=SC0025721&qcolumns=1,2,12,26,27,28,62,100,103,105,116,123,195,220","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (SC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["public_contact","population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-SC-FLORENCE-JEFFRIES-CREEK-SSO-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Florence sewer spills into Jeffries Creek; 74 overflows in 2021-2023","description":"Florence reported 74 sewer overflows from 2021 to 2023, the second most in South Carolina after Columbia, according to state data cited by The Post and Courier. In March 2024 more than 115,000 gallons spilled into Jeffries Creek, where a main sewer line runs in the creek bed, and in April 2024 a pump station spilled 3,500 gallons into a swamp near Black Creek. The city is planning a $40 million to $50 million diversion and pump station project.","location":{"name":"City of Florence sewer system","type":"Municipal sewer system service area","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"Florence County; Jeffries Creek and Black Creek, Pee Dee basin","coordinates":{"lat":34.1954,"lon":-79.7626,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Florence"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A half-century-old main sewer line in the Jeffries Creek bed is overtaken by high water, and pump stations fail on power loss.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Black Creek pump station overflows in April 2024 carried E. coli \"too numerous to count\" per Winyah Rivers Alliance (ref 3); the March 2024 spill put over 115,000 gallons in Jeffries Creek (ref 1).","service":"City statements (refs 1, 3) describe cleanup and repairs with no customer sewer outage.","scale":"Spills span the city collection system, with a main line running under Jeffries Creek through central Florence (ref 2).","duration":"Florence logged 74 overflows in 2021-2023 per DHEC data (ref 2) and two more spill events in early 2024 (refs 1, 3).","significance":"EPA ECHO (ref 4) shows Florence's Timmonsville plant in noncompliance all 12 recent quarters, 5 of them significant; the Pee Dee plant has 2 formal actions and $14,000 in penalties (ref 5)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure for the sewer service area is given in the sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The city's sewer system overflowed 74 times between 2021 and 2023, the second highest in the state during that time behind Columbia."},"measures":[{"name":"Sewer overflows, 2021-2023","value":74,"unit":"overflows","status":"Reported","note":"DHEC data via ref 2."},{"name":"Jeffries Creek spill, March 2024","value":115000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"\"More than\" (ref 1)."},{"name":"Planned diversion project cost (low end)","value":40,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"City estimate is $40 million to $50 million (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Florence","role":"Sewer system owner and operator"},{"name":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services (SCDES)","role":"State NPDES permitting and enforcement agency"}],"public_contact":null,"corrective_actions":["Design of a new pump station at Jeffries Creek and West Palmetto Street to divert flow away from the creek line (ref 2).","Raising manholes in the Jeffries Creek floodplain and upgrading six pump stations with remote monitoring (refs 2, 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"115,000 gallons of sewage spills from Florence into Jeffries Creek","publisher":"The Post and Courier","date":"2024-03-12","url":"https://www.postandcourier.com/pee-dee/news/sewage-overflows-jeffries-creek-florence-south-carolina/article_0d43bc34-e075-11ee-a244-7b68e9315395.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Thousands of gallons of sewage leak into Jeffries Creek. What's Florence's plan to fix it?","publisher":"The Post and Courier","date":"2024-03-25","url":"https://www.postandcourier.com/pee-dee/news/florence-jeffries-creek-sewage-spills/article_aca8a2cc-e853-11ee-882e-dbbb1eca283a.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Spills send sewage into swamp near Black Creek. How will Florence make sure it doesn't happen again?","publisher":"The Post and Courier","date":"2024-05-02","url":"https://www.postandcourier.com/pee-dee/news/city-of-florence-sewage-pump-station-leak-black-creek/article_8771e0e2-0895-11ef-9aeb-5bad04f8298c.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Florence City of Timmonsville WWTP (SC0025356) ECHO Clean Water Act facility record","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_pid=SC0025356&qcolumns=1,2,12,26,27,28,62,100,103,105,116,123,195,220","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"City of Florence Pee Dee River Water Reclamation Facility (SC0045462) ECHO record","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_pid=SC0045462&qcolumns=1,2,12,26,27,28,62,100,103,105,116,123,195,220","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (SC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["public_contact","population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-SC-NORTH-AUGUSTA-SEWER-CAPACITY-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"North Augusta nears sewer capacity at Horse Creek plant; moratorium floated","description":"North Augusta is running out of sewer capacity at the Horse Creek wastewater plant, which can handle only about 2,500 more homes, according to WJBF reporting in October 2025. A planned $60 million plant expansion contract does not start until late 2026 and could take years, and a council member said the city may have to consider a development moratorium. EPA ECHO lists the Aiken County PSA Horse Creek plant in noncompliance in all 12 recent quarters.","location":{"name":"Horse Creek WWTF (North Augusta area)","type":"Regional wastewater treatment plant","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"Aiken County; Aiken County PSA Horse Creek WWTF (NPDES SC0024457) serving North Augusta","coordinates":{"lat":33.469722,"lon":-81.913611,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Aiken"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Treatment capacity has not kept pace with approved residential growth.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No overflow or effluent harm tied to the capacity shortfall is documented by WJBF (ref 1).","service":"No moratorium had been adopted when WJBF reported; a council member said one may have to be considered (ref 1).","scale":"The plant has room for about 2,500 more homes while nearly 9,000 approved homes are already covered (ref 1).","duration":"The $60 million expansion contract does not start until late 2026 and could take four to six years per a council member (ref 1).","significance":"ECHO (ref 2) shows Horse Creek in noncompliance for 12 of 12 quarters, with 2 formal enforcement actions and $5,000 in penalties, the last dated Oct. 13, 2023."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources give housing units, not population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The Horse Creek plant can only handle about 2,500 more homes."},"measures":[{"name":"Remaining capacity","value":2500,"unit":"homes","status":"Reported","note":"\"About\" (ref 1)."},{"name":"Planned plant expansion","value":60,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Design flow","value":20,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Higher impact fees for developers under consideration (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Approved growth is consuming remaining capacity before expansion begins (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of North Augusta","role":"Local government and sewer customer"},{"name":"Aiken County Public Service Authority","role":"Horse Creek WWTF permittee"},{"name":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services (SCDES)","role":"State NPDES permitting and enforcement agency"}],"public_contact":null,"corrective_actions":["Planned $60 million Horse Creek plant expansion, contract starting late 2026 (ref 1).","Possible higher impact fees and a future development moratorium under discussion (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"North Augusta's sewer capacity is reaching its limit","publisher":"WJBF (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-10-23","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/north-augusta-sewer-capacity-reaching-012725238.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Aiken PSA Horse Creek WWTF (SC0024457) ECHO Clean Water Act facility record","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_pid=SC0024457&qcolumns=1,2,12,26,27,28,62,100,103,105,116,123,195,220","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (SC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["public_contact","population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-SC-STATEWIDE-SCIIP-FUNDING-GAP-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"SC water and sewer grants: $2 billion requested, $1.4 billion awarded, spend by Dec. 2026","description":"South Carolina's Rural Infrastructure Authority received 309 applications requesting $2 billion under the South Carolina Infrastructure Investment Program and awarded $1.4 billion in federal American Rescue Plan funds for water, sewer and stormwater projects. All SCIIP funds face a federal expenditure deadline of December 2026. RIA says the funding could not address all of the state's infrastructure needs and launched a Viability Improvement Program for struggling utilities in FY26.","location":{"name":"South Carolina water and sewer utilities","type":"Statewide infrastructure funding program","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"Grants to local governments and public water and sewer utilities in every county","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The record concerns the gap between utility capital needs and one-time federal funding.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"RIA's FY2023 annual report (ref 1) documents funding needs, not a specific contamination or health event.","service":"The program funds improvements; no service disruption is attributed to it (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Awards span 219 projects benefiting communities in every county (ref 2).","duration":"Awarded in 2023, the federal funds must be spent by December 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"A state grant program without enforcement; RIA notes $2 billion was requested against $1.4 billion available (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide; no population figure in sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"309 applications, $2 billion requested, $1.4 billion awarded."},"measures":[{"name":"SCIIP applications","value":309,"unit":"applications","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Funding requested","value":2,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"SCIIP funds committed","value":1.469,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"219 projects (ref 2)."},{"name":"Share to small and disadvantaged communities","value":67,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["RIA created a Viability Improvement Program for FY26 for utilities with ongoing technical and financial difficulties (ref 3)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"South Carolina Rural Infrastructure Authority","role":"Grant administrator"},{"name":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services (SCDES)","role":"State NPDES permitting and enforcement agency"}],"public_contact":"South Carolina Rural Infrastructure Authority: (803) 737-0390","corrective_actions":["RIA grant managers track project schedules against the December 2026 federal deadline (ref 1).","FY26 Viability Improvement Program offers technical assistance and capital resources to struggling utilities (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SC Rural Infrastructure Authority Annual Report FY2023","publisher":"South Carolina Rural Infrastructure Authority","date":"2023-09-25","url":"https://www.scstatehouse.gov/reports/SCRIA/SCRIA_Annual%20Report_FY23.pdf","basis":"State agency record"},{"ref":2,"title":"SCIIP/ARPA","publisher":"South Carolina Rural Infrastructure Authority","date":null,"url":"https://ria.sc.gov/sciip","basis":"State agency record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Utility Viability","publisher":"South Carolina Rural Infrastructure Authority","date":null,"url":"https://ria.sc.gov/utility-viability","basis":"State agency record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (SC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-SC-SUMTER-WWTP-PFAS-DISCHARGE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Sumter sewage plant faces Clean Water Act suit notice over PFAS into Pocotaligo River","description":"Winyah Rivers Alliance, represented by SELC, sent the City of Sumter and three industrial users a 60-day notice of intent to sue on April 21, 2026, alleging unpermitted PFAS discharges from the Pocotaligo River wastewater plant. City effluent samples showed 494.9 ppt total PFAS in April 2024 and 286.14 ppt in August 2025, and a Waterkeeper Alliance study found the highest downstream levels among the rivers it tested. The mayor has said PFAS are not regulated in wastewater and that the city is updating industrial permits to begin monitoring.","location":{"name":"Sumter Pocotaligo River WWTP","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"Sumter County; 600 Justin Lane, Sumter; discharges to the Pocotaligo River, Black River basin (NPDES SC0027707)","coordinates":{"lat":33.849722,"lon":-80.315556,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Sumter"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Conventional treatment passes industrial PFAS through to the river.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The city's own effluent sample showed 494.9 ppt total PFAS discharged to the Pocotaligo on April 26, 2024 (ref 1).","service":"The notice and news report (refs 1, 2) concern river discharges; no sewer service disruption is described.","scale":"One 24 MGD design-flow plant (ref 3) receiving wastewater from three named industrial users (ref 1).","duration":"City sampling from April 25, 2024 to September 3, 2025 showed PFAS in influent, effluent and sludge (ref 1).","significance":"Formal 60-day Clean Water Act notice of intent to sue dated April 21, 2026, after an August 25, 2025 warning letter (refs 1, 2); no filed suit was confirmed."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Downstream river users are not counted in the sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Sumter's effluent samples show discharges of 494.9 ppt total PFAS to the Pocotaligo River on April 26, 2024."},"measures":[{"name":"Total PFAS in effluent, Apr. 26, 2024","value":494.9,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Total PFAS in effluent, Aug. 19, 2025","value":286.14,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Effluent exceedances of permit limits (last 3 years)","value":49,"unit":"exceedances","status":"Reported","note":"EPA ECHO, all pollutants (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Potential civil penalties of up to $68,445 per day per violation sought (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Sumter","role":"Wastewater plant owner and pretreatment authority"},{"name":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services (SCDES)","role":"State NPDES permitting and enforcement agency"}],"public_contact":null,"corrective_actions":["The city says it is updating industrial pretreatment permits to begin PFAS monitoring (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"60-Day Notice of Intent to Sue for Clean Water Act Violations: PFAS Discharges to and from Sumter Pocotaligo WWTP","publisher":"Southern Environmental Law Center for Winyah Rivers Alliance","date":"2026-04-21","url":"https://www.selc.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Final-NOI-Sumter-WWTP.pdf","basis":"Legal filing"},{"ref":2,"title":"Conservation group issues stern warning to Sumter: Stop dumping 'forever' chemicals known as PFAS","publisher":"The Post and Courier","date":"2025-08-26","url":"https://www.postandcourier.com/news/local_state_news/sumter-pfas-selc-letter-forever-chemicals/article_aac89e2d-6458-45dc-969b-36a853978cfc.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Sumter Pocotaligo River Plant (SC0027707) ECHO Clean Water Act facility record","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_pid=SC0027707&qcolumns=1,2,12,26,27,28,62,100,103,105,116,123,195,220","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (SC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["public_contact","population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-SC-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-SC-DARLINGTON-SLUDGE-PFAS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Darlington County farm fields and wells contaminated by PFAS from land-applied textile sludge","description":"Sludge from the former Galey & Lord textile plant was spread on about 10,000 acres of Darlington County farmland from 1993 to 2013, and 2019 EPA testing found PFAS in a private well at up to 550 times the 4 ppt federal limit. The plant became a Superfund site in 2022 but the sludge-applied fields were not added, and state regulators continued to permit new sludge application in the area, including a 2025-2026 Terra Renewal permit modification.","location":{"name":"Darlington County sludge-applied farmland","type":"Agricultural land application area","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"Pee Dee region; fields along Journeys End Road and near Black Creek Elementary, Darlington County","coordinates":{"lat":34.3,"lon":-79.87,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Darlington"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in land-applied sludge has reached soil, private wells and nearby surface water.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","Biosolids land application","Private wells"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"SCELP (ref 1) reports a private well tested by EPA in 2019 at up to 550 times the 4 ppt PFAS limit, and a PFDA hazard index of 1.67 for Black Creek Elementary pupils.","service":"No public water system outage or do-not-drink order is described; affected households rely on private wells (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Galey & Lord sludge covered about 10,000 acres of Darlington farmland, and The State reports a nearby family's drinking water was affected (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Application ran from 1993 to 2013 and pollution was found in 2019; permitting disputes continued into July 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"The Galey & Lord plant was placed on the EPA Superfund list in 2022, and SCDES fined sludge hauler Terra Renewal $16,000 in April 2025 for unauthorized application (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No count of exposed residents is published; sources describe private-well households and a school near sludge-applied fields (refs 1, 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A private well tested by EPA in 2019 registered PFAS up to 550 times the EPA maximum of 4 parts per trillion (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Darlington farmland that received Galey & Lord sludge, 1993-2013","value":10000,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"About 10,000 acres (ref 1)."},{"name":"SCDES fine against Terra Renewal, April 2025","value":16000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Unauthorized application after an August 2024 complaint (ref 1)."},{"name":"Little Pee Dee River PFAS reported by the riverkeeper","value":185,"unit":"ppt (upper end of 90-185 range)","status":"Reported","note":"Riverkeeper Dylan Coleman, via ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"New sludge permits continue while testing of biosolids for PFAS is not required in SC (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services (SCDES)","role":"State environmental regulator"},{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 4","role":"Superfund lead for the Galey & Lord site"}],"public_contact":"SCDES general line (803) 898-3432 or the agency's online ReportIt! tool","corrective_actions":["SCDES removed 966 acres overlapping former Galey & Lord fields from the Terra Renewal permit modification (ref 1).","H. 5310 (introduced March 4, 2026) would prohibit land application of municipal, commercial and industrial sludge; it sits in committee (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Fertile Ground or Toxic Wasteland? Wastewater Sludge Plagues Pee Dee Farmland","publisher":"South Carolina Environmental Law Project","date":"2026-08-05","url":"https://scelp.org/news/fertile-ground-or-toxic-wasteland-wastewater-sludge-plagues-pee-dee-farmland","basis":"Advocacy organization report"},{"ref":2,"title":"SC agency knew about polluted farms for years, but didn't stop use of noxious sludge (The State, reposted)","publisher":"The PFAS Project Lab / The State","date":"2026-04-13","url":"https://pfasproject.com/2026/04/13/sc-agency-knew-about-polluted-farms-for-years-but-didnt-stop-use-of-noxious-sludge/amp/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (SC in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-SC-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-SC-UPSTATE-HELENE-WATER-SYSTEMS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hurricane Helene flooding knocked out Upstate water systems; federal disaster DR-4829","description":"Hurricane Helene's late-September 2024 flooding knocked out drinking water for Upstate communities in Greenville, Spartanburg, Anderson and Oconee counties, damaging treatment plants, distribution lines, wells and storage tanks. FEMA declared major disaster DR-4829 on September 29, 2024, and in April 2026 EPA awarded SCDES nearly $17.8 million through the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund to rebuild damaged systems.","location":{"name":"Upstate South Carolina water systems","type":"Multi-county disaster area","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"Greenville, Spartanburg, Anderson and Oconee counties among 30+ designated areas","coordinates":{"lat":34.85,"lon":-82.39,"precision":"county","source_ref":2},"counties":["Greenville","Spartanburg","Anderson","Oconee"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Flooding physically damaged drinking-water plants, lines and wells.","secondary_drivers":["Hurricane","Federal disaster declaration","Small rural systems"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Floodwaters caused failures at treatment plants and contaminated wells at small Upstate systems (ref 2).","service":"Helene's flooding knocked out drinking water for Upstate communities in four counties (ref 2).","scale":"FEMA's DR-4829 covers more than 30 South Carolina counties plus the Catawba Indian Nation (ref 1); about 1.3 million electric customers lost power (ref 3).","duration":"The storm hit in September 2024 and federal rebuilding money for water systems was only awarded in April 2026, with recipients not yet chosen (ref 2).","significance":"Major disaster declaration DR-4829 was issued on 2024-09-29 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources give no count of water customers who lost service (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Nearly $17.8 million in federal money to rebuild South Carolina water systems damaged by Helene, about $17 million of it for loans and grants to systems (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"EPA DWSRF supplemental award to SCDES for Helene","value":17.8,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Nearly $17.8 million (ref 2)."},{"name":"Electric customers without power after Helene","value":1300000,"unit":"customers","status":"Reported","note":"About 1.3 million of roughly 3 million (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Small rural systems may receive principal forgiveness rather than repayable loans (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Federal rebuilding money awarded in 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services (SCDES)","role":"State environmental regulator"},{"name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","role":"Disaster assistance (DR-4829)"},{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","role":"DWSRF grant"}],"public_contact":"SCDES general line (803) 898-3432 or the agency's online ReportIt! tool","corrective_actions":["EPA grant of nearly $17.8 million to SCDES via the DWSRF, as principal forgiveness loans or grants (ref 2).","FEMA Public Assistance under DR-4829 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries: South Carolina, DR-4829 Hurricane Helene","publisher":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v2/DisasterDeclarationsSummaries?$filter=state%20eq%20'SC'%20and%20fyDeclared%20ge%202024","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SC Gets $17.8M to Rebuild Water Systems Wrecked by Hurricane Helene","publisher":"NationGraph News","date":"2026-04-08","url":"https://news.nationgraph.com/articles/sc-gets-178m-to-rebuild-water-systems-wrecked-by-hurricane-helene","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"What's the status of South Carolina's damage, response to Helene?","publisher":"WRDW","date":"2024-10-04","url":"https://www.wrdw.com/2024/10/04/this-was-tough-one-mcmaster-says-sc-will-beat-helenes-hurdles","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New record (SC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-SC-LOWCOUNTRY-DEBBY-FLOODING-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Tropical Storm Debby flooding in the Lowcountry; federal disaster DR-4835","description":"Tropical Storm Debby dropped more than 17 inches of rain on parts of coastal South Carolina in August 2024, sending Ireland Creek over its banks in downtown Walterboro at a record crest and flooding homes along French Quarter Creek near Huger. At least 64 homes were damaged and at least 48 state roads closed; FEMA declared major disaster DR-4835 for 14 counties.","location":{"name":"Lowcountry and Pee Dee flood area","type":"Multi-county disaster area","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"Colleton, Berkeley, Charleston and other coastal and Pee Dee counties","coordinates":{"lat":32.9,"lon":-80.67,"precision":"county","source_ref":2},"counties":["Colleton","Berkeley","Dorchester","Beaufort","Horry","Georgetown","Jasper","Hampton","Florence","Dillon","Orangeburg","Bamberg","Barnwell","Union"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Extreme rainfall overwhelmed creeks and drainage, damaging homes and roads.","secondary_drivers":["Tropical storm","Federal disaster declaration"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"At least 64 homes in Berkeley, Charleston and Colleton counties were damaged and one in Colleton was destroyed (ref 2).","service":"The Post and Courier account (ref 2) reports no water or sewer service loss, only road closures and a small dam failure that drained into a swamp.","scale":"DR-4835 designates 14 counties (ref 1), and rainfall topped 17 inches in parts of the state (ref 2).","duration":"The flooding crested within days; the Edisto near Givhans Ferry was expected to crest Aug. 11 or 12 (ref 2).","significance":"FEMA major disaster declaration DR-4835 dated 2024-09-29 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No count of affected residents is given (refs 1, 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Some parts of the state had more than 17 inches of rain (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Homes damaged","value":64,"unit":"homes (at least)","status":"Reported","note":"Berkeley, Charleston and Colleton counties (ref 2)."},{"name":"State roads closed","value":48,"unit":"roads (at least)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Counties in DR-4835","value":14,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"OpenFEMA (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"South Carolina Emergency Management Division","role":"State emergency response"},{"name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","role":"Disaster assistance (DR-4835)"}],"public_contact":"South Carolina Emergency Management Division public information line, published on scemd.org","corrective_actions":["FEMA disaster assistance under DR-4835 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries: South Carolina, DR-4835 Tropical Storm Debby","publisher":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v2/DisasterDeclarationsSummaries?$filter=state%20eq%20'SC'%20and%20fyDeclared%20ge%202024","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Tropical Storm Debby damage in Charleston and SC","publisher":"The Post and Courier","date":"2024-08-07","url":"https://www.postandcourier.com/hurricanewire/tropical-storm-debby-damage-charleston-sc/article_1f899578-54bd-11ef-bceb-27d5bfcf5a2e.html","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (SC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-SC-CHARLESTON-TIDAL-FLOODING-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Charleston peninsula chronic tidal flooding and unfunded $1.3B storm surge wall","description":"NOAA data cited by South Carolina Public Radio show Charleston's tidal flooding grew from about 2 days a year around 1950 to 25 days in 2014, with up to 60 days a year projected by 2051. The city and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers are in the design phase of a roughly $1.3 billion peninsula storm surge protection project, but construction still needs congressional approval and funding.","location":{"name":"Charleston peninsula","type":"City coastal flood zone","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"Peninsula of the City of Charleston, Charleston County","coordinates":{"lat":32.78,"lon":-79.93,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Charleston"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Sea level rise and subsidence drive recurring tidal and surge flooding that requires large protective infrastructure.","secondary_drivers":["Sea level rise","Land subsidence","Federal funding dependence"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"A Virginia Tech study cited by SCPR (ref 1) finds Charleston sinking about 4 mm a year, compounding repeated tidal inundation.","service":"Neither source (refs 1, 2) reports a utility service interruption from the tidal flooding.","scale":"The planned wall is nearly nine miles long around the peninsula (ref 1); flood hazards are projected for the peninsula, West Ashley, James Island, Daniel Island and Cainhoy (ref 2).","duration":"NOAA figures show 25 flood days and over 40 hours of inundation by 2014, rising to as many as 60 days by 2051 (ref 1).","significance":"The city-Army Corps Coastal Storm Risk Management Project is in its Preconstruction, Engineering and Design phase (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources do not quantify residents exposed (refs 1, 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Tidal flooding rose from about 2 days a year around 1950 to 25 days and more than 40 hours by 2014 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Estimated storm surge project cost","value":1.3,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"Local share 35% (ref 2); SCPR says more than $1 billion (ref 1)."},{"name":"Projected flood days by 2051","value":60,"unit":"days per year","status":"Reported","note":"NOAA via ref 1."},{"name":"Land subsidence","value":4,"unit":"mm per year","status":"Reported","note":"Virginia Tech study via ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Construction depends on congressional approval and funding (ref 1); local share is 35% (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Flood days rising per NOAA data cited in ref 1."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Charleston","role":"Local sponsor"},{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Charleston District","role":"Federal project partner"}],"public_contact":"City of Charleston Citizen Services Desk, listed on charleston-sc.gov","corrective_actions":["Coastal Storm Risk Management Project in Preconstruction, Engineering and Design; new design uses 12-foot flood panels (ref 2).","At least half a billion dollars in drainage tunnels, pumps and seawall upgrades underway or planned (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Can Charleston ever fix its flooding issues?","publisher":"South Carolina Public Radio","date":"2025-10-08","url":"https://www.southcarolinapublicradio.org/sc-news/2025-10-08/can-charleston-ever-fix-its-flooding-issues","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"City leaders push new peninsula design plan ahead of coastal flood predictions","publisher":"Live 5 News (WCSC)","date":"2025-05-19","url":"https://www.live5news.com/2025/05/19/city-leaders-push-new-peninsula-design-plan-ahead-coastal-flood-predictions","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (SC in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-SC-STATEWIDE-DATA-CENTER-WATER-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Data center water demand untracked as Google Lowcountry campuses draw nearly 1B gallons","description":"South Carolina does not track how many data centers operate or how much water they use, though the Commerce Secretary estimates 20 to 30 are running. Google's Berkeley County data center withdrew 853.8 million gallons of drinking water in 2024, and county estimates show one planned Google center in Dorchester County could use 978.2 million gallons a year; lawmakers were weighing state permitting and water-reporting bills in 2026.","location":{"name":"South Carolina data centers","type":"Statewide industrial water demand","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"Google campuses in Berkeley and Dorchester counties; projects in Aiken, Colleton, Marion and Spartanburg counties","coordinates":{"lat":33.2,"lon":-80,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Berkeley","Dorchester","Aiken","Colleton","Marion","Spartanburg"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Large consumptive cooling demand on public supplies and aquifers is growing without state tracking.","secondary_drivers":["Data centers","Evaporative cooling","Regulatory gap"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"The state water plan warns some streams, lakes and rivers could be at risk by 2070 and did not account for data center demand (ref 1).","service":"No supply restriction tied to data centers is reported (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Projects are in progress or proposed in at least six counties, and 20 to 30 data centers already operate statewide (ref 2).","duration":"Reporting from February 2026 covers 2024 withdrawals and planned phases; the regulatory debate is months old (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Only pending bills exist; no order or permit action on data center water is reported (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not a population-level exposure; no affected population reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Google's Berkeley County data center withdrew 853.8 million gallons of drinking water in 2024 (refs 1, 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Google Berkeley County withdrawals, 2024","value":853.8,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Google sustainability report via refs 1, 2."},{"name":"Projected annual use, one planned Google Dorchester County center (final phase)","value":978.2,"unit":"million gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"County estimate obtained by The State (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services (SCDES)","role":"State environmental regulator"},{"name":"South Carolina General Assembly","role":"Legislation on data center permitting"}],"public_contact":"SCDES general line (803) 898-3432 or the agency's online ReportIt! tool","corrective_actions":["Senate proposals would assign data center permitting to SCDES or the Public Service Commission and add water efficiency and reporting requirements (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Powering AI can need a lot of water. SC doesn't know how much data centers require","publisher":"The State (via Yahoo News)","date":"2026-02-13","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/powering-ai-lot-water-sc-100000231.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"South Carolina considers water needs of thirsty data centers","publisher":"Government Technology","date":"2026-02-13","url":"https://www.govtech.com/artificial-intelligence/south-carolina-considers-water-needs-of-thirsty-data-centers","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (SC in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-SC-WINYAH-COAL-ASH-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Santee Cooper Winyah coal ash ponds: arsenic in groundwater, closure extended to 2028","description":"Groundwater at Santee Cooper's Winyah Generating Station near Georgetown shows arsenic at 62 times and mercury at 11 times federal health-based drinking water guidelines, according to Earthjustice's compilation of utility monitoring data. Santee Cooper completed closure by removal of the South Ash Pond in November 2025 but certified two-year extensions in April 2026 moving the closure deadline for Ash Ponds A and B from April 11, 2026 to April 11, 2028.","location":{"name":"Winyah Generating Station","type":"Coal-fired power plant ash ponds","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"Santee Cooper plant near Georgetown, Georgetown County","coordinates":{"lat":33.33,"lon":-79.36,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Georgetown"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Unlined coal ash ponds leach metals into groundwater.","secondary_drivers":["Coal combustion residuals","Arsenic"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Earthjustice (ref 1) lists Winyah groundwater arsenic at 62 times, lithium 10 times and mercury 11 times federal health-based guidelines.","service":"No drinking water service effect is reported (refs 1-3).","scale":"A single plant site holding 7,353,897 cubic yards of ash in 5 ponds and 1 landfill (ref 1).","duration":"Ponds A and B closure deadlines were pushed from April 2026 to April 2028 (refs 2, 3).","significance":"Santee Cooper filed federal CCR-rule extension certifications under 40 CFR 257.102(f) for Ash Ponds A and B (refs 2, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No exposed population reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Arsenic in groundwater at 62 times federal health-based drinking water guidelines (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Ash volume at Winyah","value":7353897,"unit":"cubic yards","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Arsenic exceedance multiple","value":62,"unit":"times guideline","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"South Ash Pond closure by removal completed November 2025 (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Santee Cooper (South Carolina Public Service Authority)","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services (SCDES)","role":"State environmental regulator"}],"public_contact":"Santee Cooper customer and media contacts published on santeecooper.com","corrective_actions":["South Ash Pond closed by removal of coal ash, notice dated 2025-11-21 (ref 4).","Ash Ponds A and B closure deadline extended to April 11, 2028 (refs 2, 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Toxic Coal Ash in South Carolina: Addressing Coal Plants' Hazardous Legacy","publisher":"Earthjustice","date":"2025-09-04","url":"https://earthjustice.org/feature/coal-ash-states/south-carolina","basis":"Advocacy organization compilation of utility data"},{"ref":2,"title":"Certification/Demonstration for 2-Year Extension of Time to Complete Closure, Winyah Generating Station CCR Unit: Ash Pond A","publisher":"Santee Cooper via South Carolina State Library","date":"2026-04-08","url":"https://dc.statelibrary.sc.gov/handle/10827/65849","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Certification/Demonstration for 2-Year Extension of Time to Complete Closure, Winyah Generating Station CCR Unit: Ash Pond B","publisher":"Santee Cooper via South Carolina State Library","date":"2026-04-09","url":"https://dc.statelibrary.sc.gov/handle/10827/65850","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Winyah Generating Station South Ash Pond notice of completion of closure by removal of CCR","publisher":"Santee Cooper via South Carolina State Library","date":"2025-11-21","url":"https://dc.statelibrary.sc.gov/handle/10827/63993","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (SC in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-SC-LAKE-GREENWOOD-FISH-KILL-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lake Greenwood fish kill of unknown, likely pollutant cause (April 2026)","description":"Dead fish were reported in the Cross Hill area of Lake Greenwood on April 13, 2026, with crappie, yellow perch, flathead catfish, striped bass and bluegill among the species, and as many as 1,650 dead fish in one sample area. SCDNR said the event appears consistent with a pollutant being introduced into the lake, but no cause had been confirmed; both drinking water intakes were outside the affected area.","location":{"name":"Lake Greenwood","type":"Reservoir","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"Cross Hill area, lower Lake Greenwood, Greenwood and Laurens counties","coordinates":{"lat":34.24,"lon":-81.95,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Greenwood","Laurens"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A fish kill points to an unidentified contaminant in a drinking-water reservoir.","secondary_drivers":["Fish kill","Unknown pollutant"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"FOX Carolina (ref 3) reports as many as 1,650 dead fish in one sample area; SCDNR lists five game species affected (ref 1).","service":"The Greenwood CPW and Laurens County Water and Sewer Authority intakes were outside the kill area and finished water complied with standards (ref 2).","scale":"Kill spread across a broad portion of the lake's lower section below the lower train trestle (refs 1, 3).","duration":"First reports came on April 13 and no new dead fish were reported after April 20 (ref 4).","significance":"SCDES contacted upstream facilities for monitoring results in a joint SCDES-SCDNR investigation (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No exposed population; drinking water intakes were unaffected (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"As many as 1,650 dead fish were found in one sample area (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Dead fish in one sample area","value":1650,"unit":"fish","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Cause still undetermined as of late May 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services (SCDES)","role":"State environmental regulator"},{"name":"South Carolina Department of Natural Resources","role":"Fish population management and kill investigation"},{"name":"Greenwood County Lake Management","role":"Local lake management"}],"public_contact":"SCDNR 24-hour fish kill reporting line 1-800-922-5431","corrective_actions":["Coordinated SCDES and SCDNR sampling and analysis to identify the source (refs 1, 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lake Greenwood fish kill investigation update","publisher":"South Carolina Department of Natural Resources","date":"2026-04-26","url":"https://dnr.sc.gov/news/2026/Apr/apr26-greenwood.php","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Greenwood fish kill investigation","publisher":"Spectrum News","date":"2026-05-21","url":"https://spectrumlocalnews.com/sc/south-carolina/news/2026/05/21/south-carolina-news-greenwood-fish-kill-investigation","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SCDNR releases full timeline of Greenwood fish kill investigation","publisher":"FOX Carolina (WHNS)","date":"2026-05-08","url":"https://www.foxcarolina.com/2026/05/08/scdnr-releases-full-timeline-greenwood-fish-kill-investigation/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"State and Local Officials Provide Update on Lake Greenwood Fish Kill","publisher":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://des.sc.gov/news/state-and-local-officials-provide-update-lake-greenwood-fish-kill-may-1-2026","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (SC in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-SC-GRAND-STRAND-BEACH-BACTERIA-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Grand Strand beach swashes and outfalls under long-term bacteria swim advisories","description":"In 2024, 19 of 43 Horry County beach monitoring stations were under long-term swim advisories, which apply where more than 10% of five years of tests exceed the enterococci limit of 104 per 100 mL. Myrtle Beach and North Myrtle Beach are spending tens of millions of dollars on ocean outfalls, including a $12 million state revolving fund loan that eliminated nine beach outfalls downtown.","location":{"name":"Grand Strand beaches, Horry County","type":"Coastal beach monitoring area","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"Myrtle Beach and North Myrtle Beach swashes and stormwater outfalls, Horry County","coordinates":{"lat":33.69,"lon":-78.89,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Horry"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Stormwater swashes carry bacteria onto heavily used beaches; outfall pipes are the fix.","secondary_drivers":["Stormwater runoff","Enterococci"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Advisories are issued when enterococci exceed 104 CFU per 100 mL (ref 1); EPA says the beach was plagued by elevated enterococcus levels (ref 2).","service":"Swimming is not advised at posted stations; 19 of 43 Horry County stations were under long-term advisories in 2024 (ref 1).","scale":"Horry County holds 43 of DHEC's 122 coastal sampling stations, on beaches used by millions of visitors (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Long-term advisories rest on more than 10% exceedances over five years (ref 1).","significance":"State-posted long-term swim advisories (ref 1) and a $12 million CWSRF loan for the 4th Avenue ocean outfall (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Beach users are not counted; EPA describes millions of visitors (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"19 of the 43 Horry County testing locations are under a long-term advisory (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Horry County stations under long-term advisory, 2024","value":19,"unit":"of 43 stations","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"4th Avenue ocean outfall CWSRF loan","value":12,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Eliminated nine outfalls; discharge now 1,100 feet offshore (ref 2)."},{"name":"North Myrtle Beach 18th Avenue outfall cost","value":35,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"North Myrtle Beach cut beach drainage pipes from over 100 to fewer than 50 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services (SCDES)","role":"State environmental regulator"},{"name":"City of Myrtle Beach","role":"Stormwater utility"},{"name":"City of North Myrtle Beach","role":"Stormwater utility"}],"public_contact":"SCDES general line (803) 898-3432 or the agency's online ReportIt! tool","corrective_actions":["Ocean outfalls at 25th Ave S, 4th Ave N, 14th Ave N and 53rd Ave N in Myrtle Beach; $30 million 24th Ave N outfall planned (ref 1).","North Myrtle Beach 18th Avenue outfall, about $35 million (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"How water quality is monitored and improved along Myrtle Beach area beaches","publisher":"Horry Independent / MyHorryNews","date":"2024-04-26","url":"https://www.myhorrynews.com/news/how-water-quality-is-monitored-and-improved-along-myrtle-beach-area-beaches/article_fdeb46d8-00ba-11ef-8b2a-7f9ece1c3210.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"4th Avenue Ocean Outfall: CWSRF Case Study","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2024-03-12","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-08/4th-avenue-ocean-outfall_cwsrf-case-study.pdf","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (SC in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-SC-CATAWBA-INTERBASIN-TRANSFER-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Charlotte bid to nearly double Catawba River interbasin transfer opposed in SC","description":"Charlotte Water filed notice in February 2024 that it may seek up to 30 million gallons a day more than its 33 MGD certificate to move Catawba River water out of the basin, reviving the conflict behind South Carolina's 2007 U.S. Supreme Court suit against North Carolina. Three South Carolina councils of governments representing 12 counties and nearly 1.5 million residents formally opposed the increase in August 2024; a North Carolina law bars certifying large new transfers until March 1, 2027.","location":{"name":"Catawba River basin (Lake Wylie and downstream)","type":"Interstate river basin","state":"SC","states":["SC","NC"],"detail":"Catawba-Wateree basin; Lake Wylie, York, Chester, Lancaster counties downstream of Charlotte","coordinates":{"lat":35.1,"lon":-81.05,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["York","Chester","Lancaster"],"extent":"multi_state"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","surface-water","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"An upstream state's out-of-basin transfer reduces flow available to downstream South Carolina users.","secondary_drivers":["Interbasin transfer","Interstate allocation","Drought"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No harm has occurred yet; the draft basin plan names Lake Wylie the system's most sensitive point (ref 1).","service":"No restrictions have resulted; the request is still in review (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Opposing councils of governments cover 12 counties and nearly 1.5 million residents (ref 1).","duration":"Charlotte's notice was filed in February 2024 (ref 2) and North Carolina cannot certify the increase before March 1, 2027 (ref 1).","significance":"Formal opposition letter of Aug. 20, 2024 copied to SCDES, approved 7-2 by the Catawba Regional COG executive committee (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":1500000,"status":"Reported","note":"Nearly 1.5 million residents in the 12 counties represented by the opposing councils (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Charlotte seeks about 63 MGD versus its current 33 MGD certificate (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Current transfer certificate (2002)","value":33,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 2."},{"name":"Requested transfer","value":63,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Increase of about 30 MGD (refs 1, 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Decision Point Year for Lake Wylie falls within 2025-2035 per the draft basin plan (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"North Carolina Environmental Management Commission","role":"Transfer certificate authority"},{"name":"Charlotte Water","role":"Applicant"},{"name":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services (SCDES)","role":"State environmental regulator"}],"public_contact":"SCDES general line (803) 898-3432 or the agency's online ReportIt! tool","corrective_actions":["North Carolina Session Law 2025-74 bars certifying new or increased transfers above 15 MGD until March 1, 2027 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Charlotte Pushes to Double the Catawba Transfer That Once Split the Carolinas","publisher":"WRHI","date":"2026-06-05","url":"https://www.wrhi.com/2026/06/charlotte-pushes-to-double-the-catawba-transfer-that-once-split-the-carolinas-213252","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Water War II? Charlotte wants permission to transfer more water out of Catawba River","publisher":"The Charlotte Observer (via Yahoo News)","date":"2024-05-15","url":"https://ca.news.yahoo.com/water-war-ii-charlotte-wants-100000287.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"'At our expense': Would a Charlotte plan threaten the Catawba River?","publisher":"WBTV","date":"2026-05-13","url":"https://www.wbtv.com/2026/05/13/our-expense-would-charlotte-plan-threaten-catawba-river/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (SC in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-SC-STATEWIDE-FLUORIDE-BAN-BILLS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Bills to ban fluoride in South Carolina public water systems","description":"Two bills in the 2025-2026 session would end community water fluoridation statewide: H. 4258, introduced March 27, 2025 and referred to the House Labor, Commerce and Industry Committee, and S. 743, prefiled December 10, 2025, which would prohibit adding fluoride to any public water system. Neither had advanced beyond committee; Charleston Water System says fluoridation costs it about half a million dollars a year.","location":{"name":"South Carolina public water systems","type":"Statewide policy","state":"SC","states":["SC"],"detail":"Statewide; legislation before the South Carolina General Assembly","coordinates":{"lat":34,"lon":-81.03,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Statewide legislation would change treatment practice at every fluoridating system.","secondary_drivers":["Fluoride policy","State legislation"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"No harm is documented; the bills would stop fluoride additions (refs 1, 2).","service":"No change in service; Charleston Water says fluoride would dissipate in three to five days if stopped (ref 3).","scale":"S. 743 would bar fluoride in every public water system in the state (ref 2).","duration":"H. 4258 has sat in committee since March 27, 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"Both bills remain in committee with no floor action (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide fluoridated population not reported in cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"S. 743 would prohibit the addition of fluoride to a public water system or to water that will be introduced into a public water system (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Charleston Water System annual fluoridation cost","value":500000,"unit":"USD per year (about)","status":"Reported","note":"Spokesman Mike Saia (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"South Carolina General Assembly","role":"Legislature"},{"name":"South Carolina Department of Environmental Services (SCDES)","role":"State environmental regulator"}],"public_contact":"South Carolina Legislature Online, scstatehouse.gov","corrective_actions":[],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2025-2026 Bill 4258: Fluoridation","publisher":"South Carolina General Assembly","date":"2025-03-27","url":"https://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess126_2025-2026/bills/4258.htm","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"2025-2026 Bill 743: Fluoride Ban","publisher":"South Carolina General Assembly","date":"2026-01-14","url":"https://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess126_2025-2026/bills/743.htm","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"South Carolina bill would ban addition of fluoride to drinking water","publisher":"Live 5 News (WCSC)","date":"2025-05-08","url":"https://www.live5news.com/2025/05/08/south-carolina-bill-would-ban-addition-fluoride-drinking-water/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (SC in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MS-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"PFOA and PFOS above 4 ppt found at seven Mississippi systems in UCMR 5 testing","description":"EPA's fifth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 5) tested 239 Mississippi public water systems in 2023-2026, and seven reported at least one PFOA or PFOS result at or above the 4 parts-per-trillion level that became the federal limit in 2024. Oxford and Holly Springs have average PFOS or PFOA results above 4 ppt; Oxford shut down a well after confirming elevated PFAS. Mississippi Today reported in 2024 that some utilities in the state are not yet in compliance with the new limit and that compliance costs may strain small systems.","location":{"name":"Mississippi public water systems (UCMR 5 participants)","type":"Statewide set of public water systems","state":"MS","states":["MS"],"detail":"Statewide; detections in Alcorn (Corinth), Lafayette (Oxford, University of Mississippi), Marshall (Holly Springs), Harrison (Keesler AFB) and other counties","coordinates":{"lat":32.9715285,"lon":-89.7348497,"precision":"state","source_ref":7},"counties":["Lafayette","Marshall","Alcorn","Harrison"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is PFAS contamination measured in finished drinking water under federal screening.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 data (ref 1) show 7 of 239 tested Mississippi systems with a PFOA or PFOS result at or above 4 ppt; these are screening results, not compliance averages.","service":"Oxford Utilities shut down the Anderson plant well with PFAS above the MCLs after confirmation testing (ref 3).","scale":"The screen covers 239 public water systems across Mississippi in EPA's UCMR 5 dataset (ref 1).","duration":"Detections span sampling from May 2024 (Sunrise Utility) to January 2026 (Smiths Crossing) in the UCMR 5 file (ref 1); the federal compliance date runs to 2029-2031 (refs 2, 3).","significance":"The April 2024 federal PFOA and PFOS limits of 4 ppt (ref 2) make these results a formal regulatory concern, though no Mississippi PFAS violation has been issued."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No combined population for systems with detections is reported by the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"7 of 239 Mississippi systems tested under UCMR 5 had a PFOA or PFOS result at or above 4 ppt (EPA UCMR 5 data, ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Mississippi systems in UCMR 5 data","value":239,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Count of distinct Mississippi PWSIDs in EPA UCMR5_All.txt (ref 1)."},{"name":"Systems with a PFOA or PFOS result at or above 4 ppt","value":7,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Corinth, Sunrise Utility Assn, Keesler AFB, City of Oxford, University of Mississippi, Holly Springs, Smiths Crossing Water Assn (ref 1)."},{"name":"Systems with mean PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt","value":2,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of UCMR 5 results per system (Oxford, Holly Springs), computed from ref 1; screening data, not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Highest PFOS result (City of Oxford)","value":72.2,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1 and 4."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First statewide record."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Mississippi State Department of Health, Bureau of Public Water Supply","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 4","role":"Federal oversight"}],"public_contact":"Mississippi State Department of Health, Bureau of Public Water Supply (via msdh.ms.gov)","corrective_actions":["Oxford Utilities shut down its highest-PFAS well and is evaluating replacement supply (ref 3).","Systems must meet the PFOA and PFOS limits by the federal compliance date (refs 2, 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (UCMR5_All.txt), Mississippi subset","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2015-09-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA sets new PFAS limits, JXN Water 'well below' threshold (Mississippi Today, republished)","publisher":"Mississippi Today via OurTupelo","date":"2024-04-10","url":"https://ourtupelo.com/epa-sets-new-pfas-limits-jxn-water-well-below-threshold/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Oxford Utilities responds to EPA PFAS Standards, begins proactive measures","publisher":"The Oxford Eagle","date":"2025-09-30","url":"https://oxfordeagle.com/2025/09/30/oxford-utilities-responds-to-epa-pfas-standards-begins-proactive-measures/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"2025 Annual Drinking Water Quality Report, City of Oxford (PWS 360011)","publisher":"City of Oxford / MSDH","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://msdh.ms.gov/ccr/2025/285354.pdf","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":5,"title":"2025 Annual Drinking Water Quality Report, City of Holly Springs (PWS 470002)","publisher":"City of Holly Springs / MSDH","date":"2026-04-01","url":"https://msdh.ms.gov/ccr/2025/285494.pdf","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":6,"title":"Reporting Year 2025 Water Quality Report, City of Corinth","publisher":"City of Corinth / MSDH","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://msdh.ms.gov/ccr/2025/284924.pdf","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":7,"title":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim place lookup: Mississippi, United States","publisher":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim","date":null,"url":"https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?format=json&limit=1&q=Mississippi%2C%20United%20States","basis":"Geographic reference","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (MS in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MS-OXFORD-PFAS-2025","US-MS-HOLLY-SPRINGS-PFAS-2025"]},{"id":"US-MS-OXFORD-PFAS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Oxford wells show PFOS up to 72.2 ppt; utility shuts down Anderson plant well","description":"City of Oxford UCMR 5 testing in 2025 found PFOS up to 72.2 parts per trillion and PFOA up to 4.4 ppt, above the 4 ppt federal limits. After confirming elevated PFAS at the Anderson water plant, Oxford Utilities shut down the affected well and is evaluating replacement supply and a new water source near mTrade Park.","location":{"name":"City of Oxford water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MS","states":["MS"],"detail":"Oxford, Lafayette County; groundwater wells in the Meridian Upper Wilcox Aquifer","coordinates":{"lat":34.3663773,"lon":-89.5187664,"precision":"city","source_ref":6},"counties":["Lafayette"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MS0360011"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS was measured in groundwater-sourced finished water and forced a well out of production.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Oxford's 2025 CCR (ref 1) lists PFOS at 0.0722 ug/L (72.2 ppt), about 18 times the 4 ppt federal limit, and PFOA at 4.4 ppt.","service":"The Oxford Eagle (ref 2) reports the Anderson plant well with PFAS above the MCLs was shut down immediately after confirmation.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 3) lists 28,500 people served by the City of Oxford system.","duration":"First-round UCMR 5 results came in 2025 (ref 2) and the May 2026 CCR (ref 1) still reports the detections, with a new source still under evaluation.","significance":"Results are disclosed in the utility's required annual report (ref 1); the PFAS limits are not enforceable until the federal compliance date, so no violation has been issued."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":28500,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOS detected at 0.0722 ug/L (range 0.0337-0.0722) in 2025 UCMR 5 testing (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest PFOS result","value":72.2,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1 (0.0722 ug/L); also in EPA UCMR 5 data (ref 4)."},{"name":"Highest PFOA result","value":4.4,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1 (0.0044 ug/L)."},{"name":"Mean PFOS across UCMR 5 samples","value":10.59,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of 10 UCMR 5 results computed from ref 4; screening data, not a compliance average."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Oxford Utilities (City of Oxford)","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Mississippi State Department of Health, Bureau of Public Water Supply","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 4","role":"Federal oversight"}],"public_contact":"Oxford Utilities, 662-232-2373","corrective_actions":["Shut down the Anderson plant well with PFAS above the MCLs (ref 2).","Consulting experts to replace Anderson plant production and evaluating a temporary test well near the Bramlett facility (ref 2).","Exploring a new water source and treatment facility near mTrade Park (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2025 Annual Drinking Water Quality Report, City of Oxford (PWS 360011)","publisher":"City of Oxford / MSDH","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://msdh.ms.gov/ccr/2025/285354.pdf","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Oxford Utilities responds to EPA PFAS Standards, begins proactive measures","publisher":"The Oxford Eagle","date":"2025-09-30","url":"https://oxfordeagle.com/2025/09/30/oxford-utilities-responds-to-epa-pfas-standards-begins-proactive-measures/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record search: OXFORD","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MS/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/OXFORD/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (UCMR5_All.txt)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2015-09-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 Annual Drinking Water Quality Report, City of Oxford & Punkin WA 1&2","publisher":"City of Oxford / MSDH","date":"2025-05-01","url":"https://msdh.ms.gov/ccr/2024/271916.pdf","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":6,"title":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim place lookup: Oxford, Mississippi","publisher":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim","date":null,"url":"https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?format=json&limit=1&q=Oxford%2C%20Mississippi","basis":"Geographic reference","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MS in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MS-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-MS-OXFORD-WATER-DEMAND-2026"]},{"id":"US-MS-OXFORD-WATER-DEMAND-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Oxford asks customers to cut irrigation 50% as heat and drought push record demand","description":"After about 30 days without significant rain and temperatures near 100 degrees, Oxford's water plant produced 234.9 million gallons in August 2026, about 12% more than August 2025, with a record of more than 9 million gallons in one day. The city asked customers on Sept. 1, 2026 to voluntarily cut outdoor watering by half to protect pressure and fire-protection reserves, and on Sept. 23 asked them to continue while a new 300-gallon-per-minute well came online.","location":{"name":"City of Oxford water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MS","states":["MS"],"detail":"Oxford, Lafayette County","coordinates":{"lat":34.3663773,"lon":-89.5187664,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Lafayette"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MS0360011"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Drought-driven demand outpaced well and plant capacity, so both supply conditions and infrastructure capacity drove the request.","secondary_drivers":["drought","population growth"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No contamination or health harm is reported; the Oxford Eagle (ref 1) says tanks remained at sufficient levels though they dropped four to five feet on heavy-use days.","service":"The city's Sept. 1, 2026 notice (ref 2) asks customers to cut watering times by 50% effective immediately, a voluntary restriction.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 4) lists 28,500 people served by the City of Oxford system.","duration":"The request began Sept. 1, 2026 and was still in place on Sept. 23, 2026 (ref 3), a matter of weeks so far.","significance":"A formal City of Oxford conservation notice (ref 2), voluntary rather than mandatory."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":28500,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Water plant produced 234.9 million gallons in August 2026, about 12% more than August 2025 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"August 2026 water production","value":234.9,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Requested cut in outdoor watering","value":50,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 2."},{"name":"Outdoor irrigation share of peak consumption","value":50,"unit":"percent (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"New well capacity","value":300,"unit":"gallons per minute","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Demand had dipped slightly by Sept. 23, 2026 but remained high (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Oxford Utilities (City of Oxford)","role":"Water system operator"}],"public_contact":"Oxford Utilities, 662-232-2373","corrective_actions":["Voluntary 50% cut in irrigation and watering before 10 a.m. or after 6 p.m. (ref 2).","New well producing about 300 gallons per minute completed (ref 3); Whirlpool-area well planned for 300-500 gpm (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Oxford Utilities asks customers to cut lawn watering by 50%","publisher":"The Oxford Eagle","date":"2026-09-01","url":"https://oxfordeagle.com/2026/09/01/oxford-utilities-asks-customers-to-cut-lawn-watering-by-50/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Oxford Asks Residents to Cut Outdoor Water Use Amid Heat, Drought (includes City of Oxford notice)","publisher":"HottyToddy.com","date":"2026-09-02","url":"https://www.hottytoddy.com/2026/09/02/oxford-water-conservation-outdoor-watering/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Oxford Utilities asks residents to continue conserving water","publisher":"The Oxford Eagle","date":"2026-09-23","url":"https://oxfordeagle.com/2026/09/23/oxford-utilities-asks-residents-to-continue-conserving-water/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record search: OXFORD","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MS/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/OXFORD/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim place lookup: Oxford, Mississippi","publisher":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim","date":null,"url":"https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?format=json&limit=1&q=Oxford%2C%20Mississippi","basis":"Geographic reference","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (MS in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MS-OXFORD-PFAS-2025"]},{"id":"US-MS-DELTA-MRVA-AQUIFER-DECLINE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Mississippi River Valley Alluvial Aquifer levels decline under Delta irrigation pumping","description":"MDEQ says pumping from more than 19,000 permitted irrigation wells in the Delta has continued to exceed recharge to the Mississippi River Valley Alluvial Aquifer, causing notable water-level declines. USGS reports about 1,710 million gallons per day are pumped from the aquifer in Mississippi, with the largest declines in the central Delta, and its spring 2024 maps show groundwater-altitude depressions across most of the Delta region.","location":{"name":"Mississippi River Valley Alluvial Aquifer (Delta)","type":"Aquifer / groundwater region","state":"MS","states":["MS"],"detail":"Yazoo-Mississippi Delta, northwest Mississippi; deepest drawdown in the central Delta","coordinates":{"lat":33.4980504,"lon":-90.602067,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":6},"counties":["Sunflower","Bolivar","Washington","Leflore","Coahoma","Humphreys","Sharkey","Tallahatchie","Quitman","Tunica","Issaquena","Yazoo","Holmes"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural","drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is long-term depletion of aquifer storage from irrigation withdrawals exceeding recharge.","secondary_drivers":["irrigation demand","aquaculture"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"YMD's Delta Study summary (ref 5) says groundwater declines have reduced baseflows in some interior Delta streams, threatening dilution of permitted effluent and fish habitat.","service":"No public drinking-water outage is attributed to the decline in the cited sources; the aquifer mainly serves irrigation and aquaculture (ref 1).","scale":"MDEQ (ref 1) cites over 19,000 permitted irrigation wells; USGS (ref 2) reports about 1,710 million gallons per day pumped in Mississippi.","duration":"MDEQ (ref 4) said levels have declined significantly since the early 1980s, in places by almost a foot a year, and USGS spring 2024 maps (ref 3) still show depressions across most of the Delta.","significance":"A Governor's task force formalized by executive order and MDEQ general-permit conservation requirements govern withdrawals (refs 1, 4)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Regional aquifer; no affected population figure in cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 1,710 million gallons per day pumped from the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer in Mississippi (USGS, ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Withdrawals from the alluvial aquifer in Mississippi","value":1710,"unit":"million gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Permitted irrigation wells in the aquifer","value":19000,"unit":"wells (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Irrigation share of alluvial aquifer use","value":97,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Wells used for spring 2024 water-level maps","value":1151,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3 (all regions of the aquifer)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Long-term decline is documented (refs 2, 4); no newer Mississippi-specific trend figure was opened."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality, Office of Land and Water Resources","role":"Water-use permitting"},{"name":"Yazoo Mississippi Delta Joint Water Management District (YMD)","role":"Regional water management district"},{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey","role":"Monitoring and modeling"}],"public_contact":"YMD Joint Water Management District, Stoneville, 662-686-7712","corrective_actions":["MDEQ general permit requires conservation practices on permitted acreage (ref 4).","MDEQ Delta Voluntary Metering Program for agricultural wells (ref 1).","Governor's Delta Sustainable Water Resources Task Force strategies, including a groundwater-transfer pilot (refs 1, 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Delta Sustainable Water Resources Task Force","publisher":"Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality","date":null,"url":"https://www.mdeq.ms.gov/water/water-availability-and-use/delta-sustainable-water-resources-task-force/","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Simulating groundwater flow in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain with a focus on the Mississippi Delta (SIR 2023-5100)","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","date":"2023-12-22","url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20235100/full","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Altitude of the Potentiometric Surface and Depth to Water in the Mississippi River Valley Alluvial Aquifer, Spring 2024 (SIM 3555)","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","date":"2026-09-02","url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sim3555","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"MDEQ Draft General Permit Revision for Delta Agriculture and Wildlife Water Use at Public Notice","publisher":"Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2020-11-23","url":"https://www.mdeq.ms.gov/mdeq-draft-general-permit-revision-for-delta-agriculture-and-wildlife-water-use-at-public-notice/","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"Mississippi Delta Comprehensive, Multipurpose Water Resource Plan, Study Phase Summary","publisher":"YMD Joint Water Management District","date":"2005-06-13","url":"https://www.ymd.org/s/5-Executive_Summary.pdf","basis":"Official record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim place lookup: Sunflower County, Mississippi","publisher":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim","date":null,"url":"https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?format=json&limit=1&q=Sunflower%20County%2C%20Mississippi","basis":"Geographic reference","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (MS in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MS-WAYNESBORO-TTHM-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Waynesboro water exceeds trihalomethane limit for five straight quarters, rising to 0.18 mg/L","description":"The City of Waynesboro water system has exceeded the 0.080 mg/L maximum contaminant level for total trihalomethanes (TTHM), a disinfection byproduct, in every quarter from April 2025 through April 2026, with the running average rising from 0.083 to 0.18 mg/L in EPA records. The city's 2025 water quality report lists a TTHM level of 146 ppb with samples up to 190 ppb and a separate violation for late public notification.","location":{"name":"City of Waynesboro water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MS","states":["MS"],"detail":"Waynesboro, Wayne County; wells in the Oligocene and Lower Wilcox aquifers","coordinates":{"lat":31.6749854,"lon":-88.6461237,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Wayne"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MS0770003"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The violation is a chemical byproduct level in finished water above the federal limit.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"EPA SDWIS (ref 2) records a TTHM locational running annual average of 0.18 mg/L for the April 2026 period, more than twice the 0.080 mg/L MCL.","service":"The 2025 CCR (ref 1) says the system received a Public Notice Rule violation for failing to notify customers in time; notices have since been delivered.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 3) lists 4,570 people served by the City of Waynesboro.","duration":"SDWIS (ref 2) shows six TTHM MCL violations covering compliance periods from 2025-04-01 to 2026-04-01, all still open.","significance":"Repeated MCL violations under the Stage 2 disinfection byproducts rule are formal violations (refs 1, 2); no enforcement order was found."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":4570,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM running annual average of 0.18 mg/L against a 0.080 mg/L MCL, compliance period beginning 2026-04-01 (EPA SDWIS, ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Latest TTHM LRAA","value":0.18,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS period beginning 2026-04-01 (ref 2)."},{"name":"TTHM level reported in 2025 CCR","value":146,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Range 8.4-190 ppb (ref 1)."},{"name":"Open TTHM MCL violations","value":6,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"LRAA rose from 0.083 mg/L (Q2 2025) to 0.109, 0.146, 0.155 and 0.18 mg/L (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Waynesboro","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Mississippi State Department of Health, Bureau of Public Water Supply","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Waynesboro water office, 601-735-3121","corrective_actions":["Public notice of the TTHM violation delivered to customers (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2025 Annual Drinking Water Quality Report, City of Waynesboro (PWS 0770003)","publisher":"City of Waynesboro / MSDH","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://msdh.ms.gov/ccr/2025/285859.pdf","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS violation records for MS0770003","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/MS0770003/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record search: WAYNESBORO","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MS/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WAYNESBORO/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS health-based violations, Mississippi primacy agency, compliance periods from 2023","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/MS/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/COMPL_PER_BEGIN_DATE/>/2023-01-01/rows/0:4999/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim place lookup: Waynesboro, Mississippi","publisher":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim","date":null,"url":"https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?format=json&limit=1&q=Waynesboro%2C%20Mississippi","basis":"Geographic reference","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (MS in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (4). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["corrective action plan details"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MS-CLARKSDALE-TTHM-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Clarksdale Public Utilities logs four trihalomethane MCL violations in 2023-2025","description":"Clarksdale Public Utilities exceeded the 0.080 mg/L total trihalomethanes limit in four quarterly compliance periods between October 2023 and January 2025, with a peak running average of 0.105 mg/L in EPA records. The utility's 2025 water quality report confirms a first-quarter 2025 violation and says it increased flushing with automatic flushers; EPA records show the system returned to compliance on April 1, 2025.","location":{"name":"Clarksdale Public Utilities","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MS","states":["MS"],"detail":"Clarksdale, Coahoma County; wells in the Sparta and Meridian Upper Wilcox aquifers","coordinates":{"lat":34.2006479,"lon":-90.5702071,"precision":"city","source_ref":6},"counties":["Coahoma"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MS0140002"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The violation is a disinfection byproduct level in finished water above the federal limit.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"EPA SDWIS (ref 3) records a TTHM running average of 0.105 mg/L for the period beginning 2024-10-01, above the 0.080 mg/L MCL; the 2024 CCR (ref 2) shows samples up to 161 ppb.","service":"The 2025 CCR (ref 1) notifies customers of the Q1 2025 TTHM violation and an August and October 2025 chlorine monitoring violation.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 4) lists 14,903 people served by Clarksdale Public Utilities.","duration":"Violations cover compliance periods starting 2023-10-01, 2024-07-01, 2024-10-01 and 2025-01-01 (ref 3), more than a year of recurrence.","significance":"Four formal Stage 2 DBP MCL violations recorded by EPA (ref 3)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":14903,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Peak TTHM running annual average 0.105 mg/L vs 0.080 mg/L MCL (EPA SDWIS, ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak TTHM LRAA","value":0.105,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"TTHM MCL violations 2023-2025","value":4,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Highest single TTHM sample, 2024","value":161,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"SDWIS (ref 3) records return to compliance on 2025-04-01 for all four violations."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Clarksdale Public Utilities","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Mississippi State Department of Health, Bureau of Public Water Supply","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Clarksdale Public Utilities, 662-801-0439","corrective_actions":["Increased flushing schedule with automatic flushers (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2025 Annual Drinking Water Quality Report, Clarksdale Public Utilities (PWS 0140002)","publisher":"Clarksdale Public Utilities / MSDH","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://msdh.ms.gov/ccr/2025/285057.pdf","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"2024 Annual Drinking Water Quality Report, Clarksdale Public Utilities (PWS 0140002)","publisher":"Clarksdale Public Utilities / MSDH","date":"2025-06-01","url":"https://msdh.ms.gov/ccr/2024/271619.pdf","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS violation records for MS0140002","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/MS0140002/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record search: CLARKSDALE","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MS/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CLARKSDALE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"EPA SDWIS health-based violations, Mississippi primacy agency, compliance periods from 2023","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/MS/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/COMPL_PER_BEGIN_DATE/>/2023-01-01/rows/0:4999/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim place lookup: Clarksdale, Mississippi","publisher":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim","date":null,"url":"https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?format=json&limit=1&q=Clarksdale%2C%20Mississippi","basis":"Geographic reference","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"New record (MS in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (4). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MS-CASCILLA-ARSENIC-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Cascilla Water Association arsenic reaches 24.1 ppb, over twice the federal limit","description":"Cascilla Water Association in Tallahatchie County reported arsenic results up to 0.0241 mg/L (24.1 ppb) in 2025, above the 10 ppb maximum contaminant level, and EPA records show repeated arsenic MCL violations in 2023 and 2025. The association says it is drilling a new well and will abandon the existing well if the new one produces good water.","location":{"name":"Cascilla Water Association","type":"Rural water association","state":"MS","states":["MS"],"detail":"Cascilla area, Tallahatchie County; wells in the Upper Wilcox Aquifer","coordinates":{"lat":33.8567814,"lon":-90.0042546,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Tallahatchie"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MS0680001"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Naturally occurring arsenic in well water exceeds the federal drinking-water limit.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The 2025 CCR (ref 1) reports arsenic from 0.0008 to 0.0241 mg/L in the 2nd and 4th quarters of 2025, above the 0.010 mg/L MCL.","service":"The association sent a public notice after a Q4 2025 Arsenic Rule public-notice violation (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS (ref 3) lists 837 people served, one rural community system.","duration":"SDWIS (ref 2) records arsenic MCL violations for periods starting in January, April and July 2023 and April and October 2025, the last still open.","significance":"Formal arsenic MCL violations recorded by EPA (ref 2) plus a public notice violation (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":837,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Arsenic up to 0.0241 mg/L in 2025 vs 0.010 mg/L MCL (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest arsenic result 2025","value":24.1,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Arsenic running average, period from 2025-10-01","value":0.012,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Violations returned to compliance in late 2023 and mid-2025 but recurred (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Cascilla Water Association","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Mississippi State Department of Health, Bureau of Public Water Supply","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Cascilla Water Association, 662-934-7313","corrective_actions":["Drilling a new well; existing well to be taken off line and abandoned if the new well produces good water (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2025 Annual Drinking Water Quality Report, Cascilla Water Association (PWS 0680001)","publisher":"Cascilla Water Association / MSDH","date":"2026-04-01","url":"https://msdh.ms.gov/ccr/2025/285773.pdf","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS violation records for MS0680001","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/MS0680001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record search: CASCILLA","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MS/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CASCILLA/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim place lookup: Cascilla, Mississippi","publisher":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim","date":null,"url":"https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?format=json&limit=1&q=Cascilla%2C%20Mississippi","basis":"Geographic reference","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MS in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MS-HOLLY-SPRINGS-PFAS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Holly Springs UCMR 5 tests find PFOA 6.7 ppt and PFOS 9.6 ppt","description":"The City of Holly Springs' 2025 water quality report lists UCMR 5 detections of PFOA up to 6.7 ppt and PFOS up to 9.6 ppt, above the 4 ppt federal limits, plus PFHxS. EPA UCMR 5 data put the system's average PFOS at about 4.7 ppt; these are screening results and the limits are not yet enforceable.","location":{"name":"City of Holly Springs water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MS","states":["MS"],"detail":"Holly Springs, Marshall County; wells in the Meridian Upper Wilcox Aquifer","coordinates":{"lat":34.76801,"lon":-89.4478784,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Marshall"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MS0470002"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS measured in finished groundwater-sourced drinking water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"The 2025 CCR (ref 1) reports PFOA at 0.0067 ug/L and PFOS at 0.0096 ug/L, above 4 ppt in single samples; averages are near the limit (ref 2).","service":"No restriction, notice or well closure is reported by Holly Springs (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS (ref 3) lists 9,779 people served by the City of Holly Springs.","duration":"Four UCMR 5 samples in 2025 (ref 2); no later results opened.","significance":"The 2025 CCR (ref 1) reports no violations; UCMR 5 results are informational until the PFAS compliance date."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":9779,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOS up to 0.0096 ug/L and PFOA up to 0.0067 ug/L in 2025 UCMR 5 testing (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest PFOS","value":9.6,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Highest PFOA","value":6.7,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Mean PFOS across UCMR 5 samples","value":4.72,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of 4 results computed from ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Holly Springs Utilities (City of Holly Springs)","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Mississippi State Department of Health, Bureau of Public Water Supply","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Holly Springs water operator, 901-277-7284","corrective_actions":[],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2025 Annual Drinking Water Quality Report, City of Holly Springs (PWS 470002)","publisher":"City of Holly Springs / MSDH","date":"2026-04-01","url":"https://msdh.ms.gov/ccr/2025/285494.pdf","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (UCMR5_All.txt)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2015-09-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record search: HOLLY SPRINGS","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MS/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/HOLLY%20SPRINGS/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim place lookup: Holly Springs, Mississippi","publisher":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim","date":null,"url":"https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?format=json&limit=1&q=Holly%20Springs%2C%20Mississippi","basis":"Geographic reference","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (MS in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["corrective_actions"],"related_ids":["US-MS-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-MS-TRAXLER-TTHM-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Traxler Water Association records seven trihalomethane MCL violations since late 2023","description":"Traxler Water Association in Smith County exceeded the 0.080 mg/L total trihalomethanes limit in five consecutive quarters from October 2023 through October 2024 and again in the periods beginning October 2025 and January 2026, according to EPA records. Its 2025 water quality report lists a running average of 82 ppb with samples up to 101 ppb and says it is adjusting chlorine and increasing flushing.","location":{"name":"Traxler Water Association","type":"Rural water association","state":"MS","states":["MS"],"detail":"Raleigh area, Smith County; wells in the Cockfield Formation Aquifer","coordinates":{"lat":32.033488,"lon":-89.5222911,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Smith"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MS0650012"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Disinfection byproduct levels in finished water exceed the federal limit.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 2) records TTHM running averages up to 0.098 mg/L (period from 2024-07-01), above the 0.080 mg/L MCL; the 2025 CCR (ref 1) shows samples to 101 ppb.","service":"Customers were notified of the Q4 2025 TTHM exceedance in the association's 2025 CCR (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS (ref 3) lists 855 people served by Traxler Water Association.","duration":"Seven TTHM violations span compliance periods from 2023-10-01 to 2026-01-01 (ref 2), with the last two open.","significance":"Seven formal Stage 2 DBP MCL violations recorded by EPA (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":855,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Seven TTHM MCL violations from Oct 2023 to Jan 2026, peak LRAA 0.098 mg/L (EPA SDWIS, ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"TTHM MCL violations","value":7,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Peak TTHM LRAA","value":0.098,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Highest TTHM sample 2025","value":101,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Returned to compliance after each 2023-2024 violation, then recurred in late 2025 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Traxler Water Association","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Mississippi State Department of Health, Bureau of Public Water Supply","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Traxler Water Association, 601-382-0997","corrective_actions":["Adjusting chlorine levels and increasing flushing intervals (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2025 Annual Drinking Water Quality Report, Traxler Water Association (PWS 0650012)","publisher":"Traxler Water Association / MSDH","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://msdh.ms.gov/ccr/2025/285746.pdf","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS health-based violations, Mississippi primacy agency, compliance periods from 2023","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/MS/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/COMPL_PER_BEGIN_DATE/>/2023-01-01/rows/0:4999/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record search: TRAXLER","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MS/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/TRAXLER/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim place lookup: Raleigh, Mississippi","publisher":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim","date":null,"url":"https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?format=json&limit=1&q=Raleigh%2C%20Mississippi","basis":"Geographic reference","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MS in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MS-BAY-ST-LOUIS-TTHM-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Bay St. Louis exceeds trihalomethane limit for three quarters of 2024","description":"The City of Bay St. Louis exceeded the 0.080 mg/L total trihalomethanes limit in the second, third and fourth quarters of 2024, with a running average of 0.085 mg/L and samples up to 91.7 ppb. EPA records show the system returned to compliance in February 2025, and its 2025 report lists a TTHM level of 79 ppb with no violation.","location":{"name":"City of Bay St. Louis water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MS","states":["MS"],"detail":"Bay St. Louis, Hancock County; wells in the Pascagoula Aquifer","coordinates":{"lat":30.3105666,"lon":-89.3275482,"precision":"city","source_ref":6},"counties":["Hancock"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MS0230001"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Disinfection byproduct levels in finished water exceeded the federal limit.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The 2024 CCR (ref 1) reports a TTHM LRAA of 0.085 mg/L with samples from 43.3 to 91.7 ppb, above the 0.080 mg/L MCL.","service":"The city told customers in its 2024 CCR (ref 1) it was working with MSDH on options to correct the problem.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 4) lists 9,284 people served by the City of Bay St. Louis.","duration":"SDWIS (ref 3) shows three violation periods beginning April, July and October 2024, closed on 2025-02-25.","significance":"Three formal TTHM MCL violations recorded by EPA (ref 3)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":9284,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM LRAA 0.085 mg/L vs 0.080 mg/L MCL in 2024 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak TTHM LRAA 2024","value":0.085,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 3."},{"name":"TTHM level 2025","value":79,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2, no violation."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"2025 CCR (ref 2) shows TTHM at 79 ppb, under the MCL."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Bay St. Louis","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Mississippi State Department of Health, Bureau of Public Water Supply","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Bay St. Louis water operator, 228-467-5505","corrective_actions":["Worked with MSDH to evaluate the water supply and options to correct the problem (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2024 Annual Drinking Water Quality Report, City of Bay St. Louis (PWS 0230001)","publisher":"City of Bay St. Louis / MSDH","date":"2025-06-01","url":"https://msdh.ms.gov/ccr/2024/271721.pdf","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"2025 Annual Drinking Water Quality Report, City of Bay St. Louis (PWS 0230001)","publisher":"City of Bay St. Louis / MSDH","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://msdh.ms.gov/ccr/2025/285159.pdf","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS violation records for MS0230001","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/MS0230001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record search: BAY ST LOUIS","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MS/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BAY%20ST%20LOUIS/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim place lookup: Bay St. Louis, Mississippi","publisher":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim","date":null,"url":"https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?format=json&limit=1&q=Bay%20St.%20Louis%2C%20Mississippi","basis":"Geographic reference","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New record (MS in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MS-CANTON-WASTEWATER-BYPASSES-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Canton's Beattie's Bluff sewage plant cited for 4.8M gallons of prohibited bypasses","description":"MDEQ issued Canton Municipal Utilities a notice of violation in February 2024 after prohibited bypasses at the Beattie's Bluff wastewater plant between Dec. 15, 2023 and Feb. 2, 2024 released about 4.8 million gallons of untreated or partially treated wastewater, much of it to the Big Black River. MDEQ tied the bypasses to a lack of maintenance dating to January 2021. EPA ECHO lists the plant in significant noncompliance in all of the last 12 quarters.","location":{"name":"Beattie's Bluff WWTF, Canton Municipal Utilities","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"MS","states":["MS"],"detail":"Canton, Madison County; discharges toward the Big Black River","coordinates":{"lat":32.6126,"lon":-90.0368,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Madison"],"extent":"site","pwsid":"MS0450006"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Plant maintenance failures (infrastructure) caused untreated discharges to a river (water quality).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"MDEQ said the volume and frequency of the Beattie's Bluff bypasses, about 4.8 million gallons, were a hazard to human health and the environment (ref 1).","service":"No interruption of drinking-water or sewer service to Canton customers is reported for the bypass events (ref 1).","scale":"Canton's public water system serves 16,785 people per SDWIS (ref 3); the plant is the utility's sewage plant for that community (ref 1).","duration":"ECHO shows Beattie's Bluff in significant noncompliance in 12 of the last 12 quarters with 402 effluent exceedances over three years (ref 2).","significance":"MDEQ issued CMU a notice of violation in February 2024 citing seven prohibited bypasses (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":16785,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the City of Canton water system per SDWIS (ref 3); sewer service area not separately reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 4.8 million gallons of untreated or partially treated wastewater released in prohibited bypasses, Dec. 15, 2023 to Feb. 2, 2024 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Bypass volume, Dec 2023-Feb 2024","value":4.8,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"WLBT, ref 1"},{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (last 12)","value":12,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"EPA ECHO, ref 2"},{"name":"Effluent limit exceedances, last 3 years","value":402,"unit":"exceedances","status":"Reported","note":"EPA ECHO, ref 2"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["CMU says it has received no money from its partner for about five years and covered over $7 million in upgrades itself (ref 1).","Cross-lawsuits between CMU and the Madison County Wastewater Treatment Authority over plant costs (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ)","role":"State environmental regulator and NPDES permitting authority"},{"name":"Canton Municipal Utilities","role":"Plant operator"},{"name":"Madison County Wastewater Treatment Authority","role":"Plant partner in cost dispute"}],"public_contact":"Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality, mdeq.ms.gov","corrective_actions":["MDEQ working with the city on a return to compliance; temporary equipment installed until permanent units arrive (ref 1).","CMU reports $7 million in plant upgrades since 2019 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"CMU reports 4.8M in prohibited wastewater bypasses since December","publisher":"WLBT","date":"2024-03-08","url":"https://www.wlbt.com/2024/03/08/cmu-under-mdeq-scrutiny-after-reporting-48m-prohibited-wastewater-bypasses/","basis":"News report citing MDEQ"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act facility search: Mississippi major sewage plants with violations","publisher":"US EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=MS&p_maj=Y&p_sic=4952&p_qiv=Y&responseset=100","basis":"Federal compliance data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: City of Canton","publisher":"US EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MS/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CANTON/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (MS in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MS-HATTIESBURG-SEWER-CONSENT-DECREE-2021","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hattiesburg sewer system under federal consent decree as overflows continue","description":"Hattiesburg's sewer system and its North and South lagoon treatment plants are under a Clean Water Act consent decree with EPA and MDEQ, signed in January 2021, with a 16-year improvement plan estimated at $35 million to $45 million. The city's 2024 annual report lists 130 sanitary sewer overflows in 2024, 49% of them wet-weather overflows caused by infiltration and inflow, and one Early Action Project still not awarded after the Dec. 31, 2024 deadline. EPA ECHO shows the South Lagoon in significant noncompliance in 9 of the last 12 quarters.","location":{"name":"Hattiesburg sewer system and lagoons","type":"Municipal sewer system","state":"MS","states":["MS"],"detail":"Hattiesburg, Forrest and Lamar counties; overflows reach Gordon's Creek and other tributaries","coordinates":{"lat":31.3271,"lon":-89.2903,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Forrest","Lamar"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MS0180008"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Collection system failures (infrastructure) cause sewage overflows to local creeks (water quality).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The city's 2024 annual report logs 130 sewage overflows to creeks such as Gordon's Creek (ref 2), and ECHO lists E. coli and ammonia among South Lagoon exceedances (ref 4).","service":"The 2024 overflow report records no building backups, so no customer service loss is documented (ref 2).","scale":"Hattiesburg's water system serves 43,449 people per SDWIS (ref 5), the community covered by the sewer decree (ref 1).","duration":"The decree runs about 16 years (196 months) from 2021 (ref 1), and ECHO shows the South Lagoon in significant noncompliance in 9 of 12 recent quarters (ref 4).","significance":"EPA and MDEQ lodged a federal consent decree in August 2020 that a judge signed in January 2021, with a $165,600 civil penalty (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":43449,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the City of Hattiesburg water system per SDWIS (ref 5); sewer customers not separately reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"130 sanitary sewer overflows reported in 2024; 49% were wet-weather overflows caused by infiltration and inflow (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Sanitary sewer overflows, 2024","value":130,"unit":"overflows","status":"Reported","note":"City 2024 annual report SSO log, ref 2"},{"name":"Estimated injunctive relief cost","value":45,"unit":"million USD (upper estimate)","status":"Reported","note":"EPA estimates $35M-$45M (ref 1)"},{"name":"South Lagoon quarters in significant noncompliance (last 12)","value":9,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"EPA ECHO, ref 4"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["16-year, $35M-$45M compliance program (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"The city reports more overflows reported in 2024 than 2023 but lower volumes and shorter durations (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"US EPA Region 4","role":"Consent decree plaintiff"},{"name":"Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ)","role":"State environmental regulator and NPDES permitting authority"},{"name":"City of Hattiesburg","role":"System owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"City of Hattiesburg consent decree page, hattiesburgms.com/cd","corrective_actions":["Six of seven Early Action Projects complete; Project No. 2 expected to be awarded in March 2025 (ref 2).","Chronic SSO remote monitoring program approved Dec. 20, 2024, with monitors due by April 2025 (ref 2).","Sewer evaluation and rehabilitation in two priority areas covering about 43% of the system (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Hattiesburg, MS Clean Water Act Settlement Information Sheet","publisher":"US EPA","date":"2020-08-26","url":"https://19january2025snapshot.epa.gov/enforcement/city-hattiesburg-ms-clean-water-act-settlement-information-sheet","basis":"Federal enforcement record"},{"ref":2,"title":"2024 Annual Report and submittal letter, Wastewater System Consent Decree","publisher":"City of Hattiesburg","date":"2025-02-28","url":"https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/wyjv2ptxo0194itarjaao/2025.02.28_Submittal-Letter-and-2024-Annual-Report.pdf?rlkey=iea0227g4n6l4wwjpr3wfica6&st=5klaoii1&dl=0","basis":"Local government report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Consent Decree documents","publisher":"City of Hattiesburg","date":"2025-04-30","url":"https://www.hattiesburgms.com/cd/","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":4,"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act facility search: Mississippi major sewage plants with violations","publisher":"US EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=MS&p_maj=Y&p_sic=4952&p_qiv=Y&responseset=100","basis":"Federal compliance data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: City of Hattiesburg","publisher":"US EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MS/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/HATTIESBURG/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MS in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MS-YAZOO-BACKWATER-FLOODING-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Yazoo Backwater flooding: Corps revives pumps after EPA veto","description":"In January 2025 the Army Corps of Engineers signed a record of decision for the Yazoo Backwater water management plan, with high-volume pumps at the Steele Bayou structure plus voluntary buyouts and floodproofing, reversing EPA's 2008 Clean Water Act veto and its 2021 reaffirmation. Conservation groups say the plan would damage 90,000 acres of wetlands. Congress's FY2025 work plan gave $32 million for mitigation and design, after April 2025 high water left nearly 200,000 acres underwater in the South Delta.","location":{"name":"Yazoo Backwater Area, South Mississippi Delta","type":"Flood-prone river backwater area","state":"MS","states":["MS"],"detail":"Lower Yazoo basin north of Vicksburg; Steele Bayou control structure","coordinates":{"lat":32.65,"lon":-90.85,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Issaquena","Sharkey","Warren","Yazoo","Humphreys"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Recurring backwater flooding (water quantity) is addressed through a contested pump project (infrastructure).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Senator Hyde-Smith's office reports April 2025 high water left nearly 200,000 acres underwater in the South Mississippi Delta (ref 2).","service":"Neither source reports drinking-water or sewer outages tied to the backwater flooding (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Opponents say the plan would damage 90,000 acres of wetlands, and flooding covered nearly 200,000 acres (refs 1, 2).","duration":"The dispute spans EPA's 2008 veto, its 2021 reaffirmation and the 2025 reversal; design alone is expected to take three to four years (ref 1).","significance":"The Corps' January 2025 record of decision reverses one of only 14 EPA Clean Water Act vetoes, per environmental groups (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Neither source reports the number of residents in the backwater area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Nearly 200,000 acres of land underwater in the South Mississippi Delta during April 2025 high water (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"FY2025 funding for mitigation and design","value":32,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"},{"name":"Wetlands opponents say would be damaged","value":90000,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Audubon Delta, Earthjustice, Healthy Gulf, Sierra Club per ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"US Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg District","role":"Project lead"},{"name":"US EPA","role":"Clean Water Act Section 404(c) authority"}],"public_contact":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg District public affairs office","corrective_actions":["Record of decision signed Jan. 16, 2025; three to four years of design expected (ref 1).","$32 million in the FY2025 work plan for compensatory mitigation and pre-construction engineering (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Corps clears the way for pre-construction engineering to begin on Yazoo Pumps project","publisher":"WLBT","date":"2025-01-17","url":"https://www.wlbt.com/2025/01/17/corps-clears-way-pre-construction-engineering-begin-yazoo-pumps-project","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Hyde-Smith announces $32 million for Yazoo Backwater Area pumps, $13 million for Arkabutla Lake","publisher":"Office of U.S. Sen. Cindy Hyde-Smith","date":"2025-05-15","url":"https://www.hydesmith.senate.gov/node/7426","basis":"Federal official statement"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MS in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MS-PEARL-RIVER-FLOOD-CONTROL-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Jackson-area Pearl River flood control plan stalled over cost and downstream risk","description":"The Army Corps' June 2024 draft study found the One Lake plan for Pearl River flooding around Jackson 'not justified' on benefits and costs, estimating it at up to $2.1 billion. A July 2025 revised draft offered two smaller options costing $708 million to $917 million with 47% contingencies; the local district would pay 35%. The drafts warn of higher flooding on about 220 structures and lack downstream sedimentation studies.","location":{"name":"Pearl River, Jackson metro","type":"River segment","state":"MS","states":["MS"],"detail":"Pearl River through Jackson (Hinds County) and Richland/Flowood (Rankin County)","coordinates":{"lat":32.2988,"lon":-90.1848,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Hinds","Rankin"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["surface-water","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"River flooding risk (water quantity) and a proposed channel and dam project (infrastructure).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The 2024 draft says One Lake could increase flooding on about 220 structures and permanently raise normal river stages (ref 2).","service":"The reports describe flood damage risk, not drinking-water or sewer outages (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Up to 773 structures sit in the 100-year floodplain in the project area, and new levees would protect up to 745 more homes (refs 1, 2).","duration":"The 2020 flood was a 30-year event in northeast Jackson, and as of July 2025 no plan was final (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Congress authorized up to $221 million in 2022, and the Corps has issued formal draft and revised draft EISs (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources count structures, not residents."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Revised draft alternatives D1 ($873M-$917M) and E1 ($708M-$753M), each with about $25 million in annual benefits (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Alternative E1 cost (upper)","value":753,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Structures in 100-year floodplain, project area","value":773,"unit":"structures","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"},{"name":"Federal authorization (2022)","value":221,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"refs 1, 2"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Local 35% share exceeds $300 million for D1 and up to $263 million for E1, likely passed on through taxes (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"US Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg District","role":"Federal study lead"},{"name":"Rankin-Hinds Pearl River Flood and Drainage Control District","role":"Local sponsor"}],"public_contact":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg District public affairs office","corrective_actions":["Revised draft EIS issued July 3, 2025, with E1 identified as the stronger candidate (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"New One Lake Jackson flood control proposal adds levees, inflating its expected cost","publisher":"Mississippi Free Press","date":"2025-07-22","url":"https://www.mississippifreepress.org/new-one-lake-jackson-flood-control-proposal-adds-levees-inflating-its-expected-cost/","basis":"News report on federal EIS"},{"ref":2,"title":"'Not justified': Corps appears to reject One Lake; backs similar, cheaper alternative","publisher":"WLBT","date":"2024-06-07","url":"https://www.wlbt.com/2024/06/07/not-justified-corps-appears-reject-one-lake-backs-similar-cheaper-alternative/","basis":"News report on federal EIS"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (MS in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MS-JACKSON-SEWER-OVERFLOWS-2026"]},{"id":"US-MS-JACKSON-WATER-RATES-SHUTOFFS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"JXN Water rate increase blocked as unpaid bills and shutoffs mount in Jackson","description":"JXN Water's federal third-party manager sought a rate increase in 2025 to cover operations, debt service and unpaid contractor invoices; the Jackson City Council voted it down and U.S. District Judge Henry Wingate enjoined advertising it. JXN Water listed nearly $32 million in aging payables at Dec. 31, 2025 and shut off about 1,800 meters in September, 2,400 in November and 1,100 in December 2025 for nonpayment, with collections near 70%.","location":{"name":"City of Jackson water system (JXN Water)","type":"Municipal utility under federal third-party manager","state":"MS","states":["MS"],"detail":"Jackson, Hinds County","coordinates":{"lat":32.2988,"lon":-90.1848,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Hinds"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MS0250008"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is utility revenue, rates and shutoffs rather than a physical failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"About 5,300 meters were shut off for nonpayment over three months of late 2025, a potential household health risk (ref 1).","service":"WLBT reports nearly 1,800 shutoffs in September, 2,400 in November and nearly 1,100 in December 2025 (ref 1).","scale":"The Jackson system serves 189,673 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Henifin warned of a cash crisis in September 2025 and unpaid bills still stood near $32 million at year-end (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Judge Henry Wingate issued an injunction blocking the manager from advertising the increase (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":189673,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the City of Jackson system per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Nearly $32 million in aging payables as of Dec. 31, 2025 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Aging payables, Dec. 31, 2025","value":32,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate; 'nearly $32 million' (ref 1)"},{"name":"Meters shut off for nonpayment, Nov. 2025","value":2400,"unit":"meters","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Collection rate","value":71,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"About 71% per Henifin, Sept. 2025 (ref 2)"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Severe","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Henifin said JXN Water likely could not make a December 2025 bond payment of more than $5 million (ref 2).","A $1.5 million March 2026 bond payment lacked revenue to cover it (ref 1).","Debt service of more than $17 million a year through the mid-2030s (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Payables grew from about $30 million (Sept. 2025) to nearly $32 million (Dec. 2025) (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"JXN Water (Interim Third-Party Manager Ted Henifin)","role":"Court-appointed system manager"},{"name":"U.S. District Court, Southern District of Mississippi","role":"Supervising court"},{"name":"City of Jackson","role":"System owner"}],"public_contact":"JXN Water customer service office, Jackson","corrective_actions":["Manager using part of a $54 million congressional reallocation for water expenses (ref 1).","Intervenor-plaintiffs directed to present alternatives to the rate increase to the court (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"JXN Water: Nearly $32M in unpaid bills as of Dec. 31","publisher":"WLBT","date":"2026-02-06","url":"https://www.wlbt.com/2026/02/06/jxn-water-nearly-32m-unpaid-bills-dec-31","basis":"News report on court filing"},{"ref":2,"title":"'This house of cards is going to tumble': Henifin sounds alarm on JXN Water finances","publisher":"WLBT","date":"2025-09-11","url":"https://www.wlbt.com/2025/09/11/this-house-cards-is-going-tumble-henifin-sounds-alarm-jxn-water-finances/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: City of Jackson","publisher":"US EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MS/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/JACKSON/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (MS in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MS-JACKSON-WATER-2022","US-MS-JACKSON-SEWER-OVERFLOWS-2026"]},{"id":"US-MS-RIDGELAND-DATA-CENTER-WATER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Amazon data center deal lets Ridgeland site draw up to 3.67 million gallons a day","description":"A 2025 agreement between Amazon and the City of Ridgeland lets the data center draw up to 3.67 million gallons a day from the city's groundwater-fed system, against Amazon's estimate of 93 million gallons a year. The deal sets no limits below that peak and requires no public reporting. Wastewater would go to Jackson's Savanna Street plant, which accepts a peak of 1.84 million gallons a day. Amazon is spending $37 million to expand Ridgeland's water system.","location":{"name":"City of Ridgeland water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MS","states":["MS"],"detail":"Ridgeland, Madison County","coordinates":{"lat":32.4285,"lon":-90.1323,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Madison"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MS0450013"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"New large industrial demand on a municipal groundwater supply and a strained regional sewer plant.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Experts quoted say the 3.67 MGD cap could allow 14 times Amazon's annual estimate, and wastewater would go to Jackson's fragile system (ref 1).","service":"No service disruption has occurred; first buildings were not expected online before December 2026 (ref 1).","scale":"Ridgeland's system serves 24,340 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"The agreement was signed in 2025 and the system expansion is slated for completion in 2028 (ref 1).","significance":"The deal is a private contract with no regulatory action reported (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":24340,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the City of Ridgeland system per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Agreement allows withdrawals up to 3.67 million gallons a day versus an estimated 93 million gallons a year (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Contract peak withdrawal","value":3.67,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Amazon annual use estimate, Ridgeland","value":93,"unit":"million gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"refs 1, 2"},{"name":"Amazon investment in Ridgeland water system","value":37,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"refs 1, 2"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The city is solely responsible for maintaining the upgraded system if the facility closes (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Ridgeland","role":"Water utility and contract party"},{"name":"Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ)","role":"State environmental regulator and NPDES permitting authority"}],"public_contact":"City of Ridgeland Public Works Department","corrective_actions":["Amazon funding a $37 million expansion expected to raise system capacity by more than 23% (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Inside the private deal between Amazon and Ridgeland's water system","publisher":"Mississippi Free Press","date":"2026-09-17","url":"https://www.mississippifreepress.org/inside-the-private-deal-between-amazon-and-ridgelands-water-system/","basis":"News investigation of public contract"},{"ref":2,"title":"Where do Amazon's data centers in Mississippi stand? Company offers details on project status, water and energy footprint","publisher":"Mississippi Today (via OurTupelo)","date":"2026-06-09","url":"https://ourtupelo.com/where-do-amazons-data-centers-in-mississippi-stand-company-offers-details-on-project-status-water-and-energy-footprint/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: City of Ridgeland","publisher":"US EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MS/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/RIDGELAND/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (MS in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MS-JACKSON-SEWER-OVERFLOWS-2026"]},{"id":"US-MS-PASCAGOULA-PHOSPHATES-SUPERFUND-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Mississippi Phosphates Superfund site still treating acidic wastewater near Bayou Casotte","description":"The bankrupt Mississippi Phosphates fertilizer plant in Pascagoula left about 700 million gallons of acidic wastewater in 2014; EPA has run the site since 2017 and treats about 1.5 million gallons a day. In March 2025 EPA proposed a new on-site treatment plant for leachate that will keep forming for years from the gypsum stacks; EPA says the wastewater has harmed fish and wildlife in Bayou Casotte. EPA expects cleanup to finish by the end of 2028.","location":{"name":"Mississippi Phosphates Corp. Superfund site","type":"Superfund site","state":"MS","states":["MS"],"detail":"601 Industrial Road, Pascagoula, Jackson County; drains to Bayou Casotte","coordinates":{"lat":30.3658,"lon":-88.5561,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Jackson"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Acidic, metal-laden industrial wastewater and groundwater threaten a coastal bayou.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA says toxic wastewater from the site has been harmful to fish and wildlife in Bayou Casotte, and groundwater shows elevated metals and low pH (ref 1).","service":"Neither EPA nor WLOX reports any drinking-water impact from the site (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Pascagoula's mayor says about 1,000 acres in and beside the industrial area are underused because of the gypsum stacks (ref 2).","duration":"EPA has managed the site since 2017 and expects cleanup to run through 2028; West Stack leachate continues at about 20,000 gallons a day (refs 1, 2).","significance":"The site has been on the Superfund National Priorities List since January 2018 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 700 million gallons of acidic wastewater left in 2014; about 1.5 million gallons a day treated; over 5 billion gallons treated since 2017 (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Daily wastewater treated","value":1.5,"unit":"million gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"},{"name":"Acidic water treated since 2017","value":5,"unit":"billion gallons","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"},{"name":"West Gypsum Stack leachate","value":20000,"unit":"gallons per day","status":"Estimated","note":"EPA estimate (ref 1)"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"East Stack closure and capping since 2018 has greatly reduced leachate (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"US EPA Region 4","role":"Superfund lead"},{"name":"Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ)","role":"State environmental regulator and NPDES permitting authority"}],"public_contact":"EPA Region 4 Superfund community involvement office","corrective_actions":["Proposed OU3 plan: new on-site wastewater treatment plant beside the East Gypsum Stack (ref 1).","Closure and capping of the East Gypsum Stack begun in 2018 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA proposes a new cleanup plan for a portion of the Mississippi Phosphate Superfund Site","publisher":"US EPA","date":"2025-03-17","url":"https://www.epa.gov/node/295286","basis":"Federal agency release"},{"ref":2,"title":"U.S. EPA gives city, state leaders tour of Pascagoula superfund site","publisher":"WLOX","date":"2025-12-04","url":"https://www.wlox.com/2025/12/05/us-epa-gives-city-state-leaders-tour-pascagoula-superfund-site","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MS in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MS-GULF-COAST-BEACH-ADVISORIES-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Mississippi Gulf Coast beaches under repeated bacteria advisories","description":"MDEQ issued water contact advisories at 14 different Mississippi Gulf Coast beaches on 18 dates between January and September 2025 after enterococcus tests, an indicator of possible sewage contamination. The Sun Herald reports advisories are often tied to faulty septic tanks or sewers leaking into the stormwater system that drains to the Mississippi Sound. Advisories continued in 2026.","location":{"name":"Mississippi Gulf Coast beaches","type":"Coastal recreational beaches","state":"MS","states":["MS"],"detail":"Beaches from Bay St. Louis and Waveland to Ocean Springs on the Mississippi Sound","coordinates":{"lat":30.3674,"lon":-89.0928,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Hancock","Harrison","Jackson"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Bacterial contamination of coastal recreational water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Enterococcus results that trigger advisories can point to sewage contamination and raise illness risk for swimmers (ref 1).","service":"Advisories warn the public to stay out of the water at affected beach stations while beaches stay open (ref 1).","scale":"The 2025 advisories hit 14 beaches across Hancock, Harrison and Jackson counties (ref 1).","duration":"Advisories were issued on 18 dates in 2025, and MDEQ was still lifting advisories at Long Beach and Biloxi in September 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Each advisory is a formal MDEQ public notice under its Beach Monitoring Program (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Beach users not counted."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Advisories issued on 18 dates covering 14 beaches, Jan. 17 to Sept. 19, 2025 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Advisory dates, Jan-Sept 2025","value":18,"unit":"dates","status":"Reported","note":"Counted from the Sun Herald list (ref 1)"},{"name":"Beaches affected, 2025","value":14,"unit":"beaches","status":"Reported","note":"Counted from the Sun Herald list (ref 1)"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Advisories recurred through 2025 and 2026 (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ)","role":"State environmental regulator and NPDES permitting authority"},{"name":"Mississippi Beach Task Force","role":"Advisory coordination"}],"public_contact":"MDEQ Beach Monitoring Program, beaches.mdeq.ms.gov","corrective_actions":["Weekly enterococcus sampling at every beach, daily at stations under advisory (ref 1).","Standing advice not to swim during or within 24 hours of heavy rain (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Two Mississippi Coast beaches are under bacteria advisories. See the list","publisher":"Biloxi Sun Herald (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-09-19","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/weekend-warning-don-t-water-181730027.html","basis":"News report citing MDEQ"},{"ref":2,"title":"MDEQ lifts water contact advisories for Long Beach and Biloxi East Central Beach","publisher":"MDEQ","date":"2026-09-01","url":"https://www.mdeq.ms.gov/mdeq-lifts-water-contact-advisories-for-long-beach-and-biloxi-east-central-beach/","basis":"State agency notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (MS in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MS-MISSISSIPPI-SOUND-OYSTER-CLOSURES-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Western Mississippi Sound oyster reefs closed for river stage and lack of resource","description":"The Mississippi Department of Marine Resources opened the 2025-2026 public oyster season on Oct. 13, 2025, but closed several reef areas repeatedly for high river stage and heavy rain. On Jan. 12, 2026 it closed all eight open areas, from St. Joe and Pass Christian reefs to Telegraph and Pelican reefs, citing river stage above management criteria and lack of resource.","location":{"name":"Western Mississippi Sound oyster reefs","type":"Coastal shellfish harvest areas","state":"MS","states":["MS"],"detail":"Public reefs off Hancock and Harrison counties, including Pass Christian, Pass Marianne and St. Joe reefs","coordinates":{"lat":30.3158,"lon":-89.2475,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Hancock","Harrison"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"River freshwater and runoff conditions and a depleted oyster resource drive harvest closures.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DMR's Jan. 12, 2026 closure cites a lack of oyster resource on the public reefs (ref 1).","service":"All eight conditionally approved and approved reef areas were closed to harvest on Jan. 12, 2026 (ref 1).","scale":"The closure covered eight harvest areas from Bay St. Louis to Biloxi waters listed in DMR's season notice (refs 1, 2).","duration":"The season opened Oct. 13, 2025 and was shut across all areas within three months (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Closures were issued as formal DMR legal notices under the agency's oyster management rules (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Number of harvesters not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Jan. 12, 2026: eight reef areas closed 'due to the river stage exceeding the management plan criteria and lack of resource' (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Reef areas closed Jan. 12, 2026","value":8,"unit":"areas","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Daily dredging limit at opening","value":20,"unit":"sacks per vessel","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Mississippi Department of Marine Resources","role":"Shellfish management agency"}],"public_contact":"Mississippi Department of Marine Resources Shellfish Bureau, dmr.ms.gov","corrective_actions":["Season managed under Title 22, Part 1 opening criteria with area closures when river stage or rainfall exceed limits (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Legal notice: closing oysters, Jan. 12, 2026","publisher":"Mississippi Department of Marine Resources","date":"2026-01-12","url":"https://dmr.ms.gov/legal-notice-closing-oysters-20260112/","basis":"State agency notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Mississippi oyster season to open October 13","publisher":"Mississippi Department of Marine Resources","date":"2025-10-03","url":"https://dmr.ms.gov/mississippi-oyster-season-to-open-october-13/","basis":"State agency release"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (MS in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MS-ROLLING-FORK-WATER-TOWER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Rolling Fork water tower still being rebuilt two years after 2023 tornado","description":"The EF-4 tornado of March 24, 2023 toppled Rolling Fork's water tower; in May 2024 the tower still lay cut into pieces where it fell, though a replacement contract had been approved. Construction of a new tower began in February 2025, with the mayor expecting completion in three to four months, as residents voiced frustration with the pace of recovery.","location":{"name":"City of Rolling Fork water system","type":"Municipal water system","state":"MS","states":["MS"],"detail":"Rolling Fork, Sharkey County, Mississippi Delta","coordinates":{"lat":32.9068,"lon":-90.8782,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Sharkey"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MS0630004"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Storm destruction of water storage and a slow rebuild in a small Delta town.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The 2023 tornado cut the town's water tower into pieces, which still lay where it fell in May 2024 (ref 2).","service":"Neither MPB nor WLBT reports a current water outage tied to the missing tower (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Rolling Fork's system serves 1,808 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"The tower fell in March 2023 and replacement construction only began in February 2025 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"MPB reports more than $20 million in federal relief funds available to the town and a city grant filing that had to be redone (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1808,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Water tower construction began February 2025; completion expected in 3 to 4 months (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Federal relief funds available within two months of the storm","value":20,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"'more than $20 million' (ref 2)"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["City lacked a grant manager after errors forced a redo of a filing (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Replacement construction under way as of March 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Rolling Fork","role":"System owner"},{"name":"Mississippi Emergency Management Agency / FEMA","role":"Disaster recovery funding"},{"name":"Mississippi State Department of Health","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Rolling Fork City Hall","corrective_actions":["Contract approved to remove and replace the tower (ref 2).","New tower construction began February 2025 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Rolling Fork residents frustrated with rebuilding progress","publisher":"WLBT","date":"2025-03-25","url":"https://www.wlbt.com/2025/03/25/rolling-fork-residents-frustrated-with-rebuilding-progress/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"More than a year later, disputes grow in Rolling Fork over how well recovery is progressing","publisher":"Mississippi Public Broadcasting","date":"2024-05-14","url":"https://www.mpbonline.org/blogs/news/more-than-a-year-later-disputes-grow-in-rolling-fork-over-how-well-recovery-is-progressing/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: City of Rolling Fork","publisher":"US EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MS/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ROLLING%20FORK/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (MS in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["completion_date"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-UT-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"UCMR 5 finds PFAS in 16 Utah water systems; PFOS above 4 ppt at three","description":"EPA's UCMR 5 results for 2023-2025 show 16 of 129 sampled Utah public water systems reported at least one PFAS at or above the reporting level. PFOS exceeded the 4 ppt federal MCL in individual samples at Hildale-Colorado City (up to 26 ppt), Salt Lake City (7.1 ppt) and Park City (6.7 ppt); Utah DEQ says almost all Utah samples show very low PFAS levels.","location":{"name":"Utah public water systems (UCMR 5)","type":"Statewide set of public water systems","state":"UT","states":["UT"],"detail":"UCMR 5 sampling of large and selected small systems statewide; highest PFOS at Hildale (Washington County), Salt Lake City and Park City","coordinates":{"lat":39.32,"lon":-111.09,"precision":"state","source_ref":2},"counties":["Washington","Salt Lake","Summit","Davis"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns contaminant occurrence in delivered and source water, not infrastructure failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 data (ref 1) record PFOS at 26 ppt at Hildale-Colorado City (mean 6.5 ppt over 4 samples), 7.1 ppt at Salt Lake City and 6.7 ppt at Park City, above the 4 ppt MCL in screening samples; no health harm is documented.","service":"No source reports a do-not-drink or service change; Salt Lake City says the two affected wells were not contributing to supply (ref 3).","scale":"Sampling covered 129 Utah systems including every system serving more than 3,300 people (refs 1, 2), with detections at 16 systems along the Wasatch Front and in Washington and Summit counties.","duration":"UCMR 5 sampling ran 2023-2025 and DEQ says systems must complete new PFAS rule testing, with its map updated yearly (ref 2); the issue spans multiple years.","significance":"The results come from federally required UCMR 5 monitoring tied to EPA's April 26, 2024 PFAS rule (ref 2); no Utah enforcement action is cited."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source totals the population served by the 16 systems with detections."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOS up to 26 ppt at Hildale-Colorado City; 16 of 129 Utah systems with a PFAS detection in UCMR 5."},"measures":[{"name":"Utah systems sampled in UCMR 5","value":129,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Count of distinct Utah PWSIDs (excluding lithium-only rows) in EPA's UCMR5_All.txt (ref 1)."},{"name":"Utah systems with any PFAS detection","value":16,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Distinct Utah PWSIDs with a quantified PFAS result in UCMR5_All.txt (ref 1)."},{"name":"Maximum PFOS, Hildale-Colorado City","value":26,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"UCMR 5 screening result (ref 1); not a compliance running annual average."},{"name":"Mean PFOS, Hildale-Colorado City","value":6.5,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of 4 UCMR 5 samples with non-detects as zero (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["possible treatment cost for wells above the PFOS MCL"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 3 (2013-2015) found no PFAS in Utah systems (ref 2); UCMR 5 used lower reporting limits, so the two are not directly comparable."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Utah Division of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water","role":"UCMR program"}],"public_contact":"Utah Division of Drinking Water, (801) 536-4200, drinkingwater.utah.gov","corrective_actions":["Utah DDW is helping systems complete PFAS testing required under EPA's 2024 rule (ref 2)","Salt Lake City is resampling two affected wells and evaluating treatment of its seasonal well (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Occurrence Data from the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 5 data files)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2015-09-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal program record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"About the PFAS Sampling Map","publisher":"Utah Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2024-12-06","url":"https://deq.utah.gov/drinking-water/about-the-pfas-sampling-map","basis":"State program record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Salt Lake City Department of Public Utilities announces results of water testing for PFAS","publisher":"Salt Lake City Department of Public Utilities","date":"2024-03-07","url":"https://www.slc.gov/utilities/salt-lake-city-department-of-public-utilities-announces-results-of-water-testing-for-pfas/","basis":"Utility notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (UT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (2) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-UT-SALT-LAKE-CITY-LEAD-LINES-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Salt Lake City estimates up to 14,457 lead service lines; $39M replacement loan","description":"Salt Lake City Public Utilities estimates 9,402 to 14,457 lead service lines in its system and in 2024 became the first Utah utility approved for federal State Revolving Fund money for lead line inventory and replacement, a $39 million loan with more than $19 million in principal forgiveness for a five-year program. Utah DEQ requires baseline service line inventories by November 1, 2027 and identification of all unknown lines by 2037.","location":{"name":"Salt Lake City Water System","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"UT","states":["UT"],"detail":"Salt Lake City Department of Public Utilities, Salt Lake County; PWSID UTAH18026","coordinates":{"lat":40.7608,"lon":-111.891,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Salt Lake"],"extent":"city","pwsid":null},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead lines are an infrastructure asset that creates a water-quality exposure risk.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Utah Business (ref 1) reports an estimated 9,402-14,457 lead service lines still in Salt Lake City's system, a potential lead exposure pathway; no lead action level exceedance is cited.","service":"No interruption of service is reported; the replacement program is planned construction (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS (ref 3) lists 383,612 people served by the Salt Lake City system, the population exposed to the lead line inventory.","duration":"The loan funds a five-year planning and construction program (ref 1), and DEQ sets inventory work through 2037 (ref 2).","significance":"The Drinking Water Board approved an SRF loan with $19 million-plus principal forgiveness (ref 1) under the federal lead service line inventory rules DEQ administers (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":383612,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the Salt Lake City system per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Estimated 9,402 to 14,457 lead service lines; $39 million SRF loan with over $19 million principal forgiveness."},"measures":[{"name":"Estimated lead service lines (high)","value":14457,"unit":"service lines","status":"Reported","note":"Upper bound of utility estimate (ref 1)."},{"name":"Estimated lead service lines (low)","value":9402,"unit":"service lines","status":"Reported","note":"Lower bound (ref 1)."},{"name":"SRF loan","value":39,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"1.5% interest (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["multi-year lead line replacement capital need"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Funding and a five-year replacement program were approved in March 2024 (ref 1); no replacement count is yet cited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Salt Lake City Department of Public Utilities","role":"Utility operator"},{"name":"Utah Division of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Salt Lake City Department of Public Utilities, (801) 483-6900","corrective_actions":["Five-year lead service line inventory and replacement program funded by SRF loan (ref 1)","Baseline inventory due November 1, 2027 under Utah DEQ requirements (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Salt Lake City secures $39 million to replace lead service lines","publisher":"Utah Business","date":"2024-03-26","url":"https://www.utahbusiness.com/salt-lake-city-secures-39-million-to-replace-lead-service-lines","basis":"news"},{"ref":2,"title":"Service Line Inventory: Lead and Copper","publisher":"Utah Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-05-01","url":"https://deq.utah.gov/drinking-water/service-line-inventory-lead-copper","basis":"State program record"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Salt Lake City Water System (UTAH18026)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/UT/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SALT%20LAKE%20CITY/JSON","basis":"Federal program record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (UT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-UT-SALT-LAKE-CITY-SEWER-PLANT-RATES-2026"]},{"id":"US-UT-STATEWIDE-SCHOOL-LEAD-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Statewide school lead testing finds fixtures above 5 ppb at most Utah schools","description":"Under 2022's House Bill 21, Utah's Division of Drinking Water tested drinking water taps at 1,158 public, charter and private schools and childcare facilities, making Utah the first state to test every K-12 school. Fixtures at or above 5 ppb lead must be shut down and replaced; a DDW official said most schools have at least one fixture above that action level.","location":{"name":"Utah schools and childcare facilities","type":"Statewide school drinking-water program","state":"UT","states":["UT"],"detail":"Public, charter and private K-12 schools and childcare centers statewide","coordinates":{"lat":39.32,"lon":-111.09,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead leaches from building plumbing fixtures, so both plumbing assets and water quality are involved.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"KUTV (ref 2) quotes DDW's Tim Davis that most schools have at least one fixture above the 5 ppb lead action level; no blood-lead harm is reported.","service":"Fixtures over 5 ppb must be shut down and replaced (ref 2), removing individual drinking fountains from service.","scale":"TownLift (ref 1) reports sampling at 1,158 schools and childcare facilities statewide.","duration":"Mandatory testing began after the 2022 law and sampling was reported complete in April 2025 with results still under evaluation (ref 1); fixture replacement continues.","significance":"Testing and remediation are required by state law, House Bill 21 (2022) (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source gives a student or facility count with exceedances."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"1,158 schools and childcare facilities sampled; most schools have at least one fixture above 5 ppb lead."},"measures":[{"name":"Facilities sampled","value":1158,"unit":"facilities","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Lead action threshold","value":5,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"State action level for school taps (refs 1, 2)."},{"name":"Federal COVID-relief funds for testing and replacement","value":4.5,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Schools received free testing and funding for fixture replacement, and most fixes were simple fixture swaps (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Utah Division of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Utah Department of Health and Human Services","role":"Health guidance"}],"public_contact":"Utah Division of Drinking Water, (801) 536-4200, drinkingwater.utah.gov","corrective_actions":["Shut down and replace any fixture at or above 5 ppb (ref 2)","Free test kits and remediation funding for schools (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Statewide initiative makes Utah first to test every school for lead","publisher":"TownLift","date":"2025-04-18","url":"http://townlift.com/2025/04/statewide-initiative-makes-utah-first-to-test-every-school-for-lead/","basis":"news"},{"ref":2,"title":"Utah legislators refuse to fund water testing for schools despite lead concerns","publisher":"KUTV","date":"2023-05-29","url":"https://kutv.com/news/crisis-in-the-classroom/utah-legislators-refuse-to-fund-water-testing-for-schools-despite-lead-concerns-replacement-st-olaf-catholic-school-drinking-water-fountains","basis":"news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (UT in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-UT-SORREL-RIVER-RANCH-DO-NOT-USE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"State emergency order puts Sorrel River Ranch resort water under Do Not Use","description":"On July 31, 2026 Utah's Division of Drinking Water issued an emergency administrative order to Sorrel River Ranch Water Company near Moab after finding failed chemical feed, likely untreated Colorado River water bypassing filtration, no certified operator and unauthorized hauled water. Guests were placed under a Do Not Use notice and the system was rated Not Approved.","location":{"name":"Sorrel River Ranch Water Company","type":"Resort community water system","state":"UT","states":["UT"],"detail":"Colorado River surface intake serving Sorrel River Ranch, Grand County, near Moab; PWSID UTAH10033","coordinates":{"lat":38.5733,"lon":-109.5498,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Grand"],"extent":"city","pwsid":null},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Treatment equipment failure and operator gaps caused the water-quality emergency.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DDW found chemical feed pumps failed and untreated surface water likely bypassed clarification and filtration (ref 1); no illness is reported.","service":"Guests were under a Tier 1 Do Not Use notice and the resort had to supply bottled water (ref 1).","scale":"The system serves about 260 people through 48 connections (ref 1; SDWIS ref 2 lists 260).","duration":"The order dates from July 31, 2026 and remained in force at KUTV's August 5 report (ref 1); no longer duration is documented.","significance":"DDW issued an emergency administrative order and a Not Approved rating, its lowest (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":260,"status":"Reported","note":"About 260 people via 48 connections (ref 1); SDWIS also lists 260 (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Emergency order and Do Not Use notice; system rated Not Approved; 260 people served."},"measures":[{"name":"Connections","value":48,"unit":"connections","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["no certified operator","Not Approved rating"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Only the initial order is documented (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Utah Division of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Sorrel River Ranch Water Company","role":"System owner"}],"public_contact":"Utah Division of Drinking Water, (801) 536-4200, drinkingwater.utah.gov","corrective_actions":["Post Tier 1 Do Not Use notice and supply bottled water","Hire a certified operator and install a working chlorine analyzer","Complete compliance sampling before service resumes"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Utah orders shutdown of resort drinking water system over public health concerns","publisher":"KUTV","date":"2026-08-05","url":"https://kutv.com/news/local/utah-orders-shutdown-of-resort-drinking-water-system-over-public-health-concerns","basis":"news"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Sorrel River Ranch Water (UTAH10033)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/UT/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SORREL/JSON","basis":"Federal program record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (UT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-UT-APPLE-VALLEY-CEDAR-POINT-RADIUM-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Apple Valley's Cedar Point system exceeded the radium limit until a 2025 pipeline","description":"SDWIS records combined radium averages of 6-7 pCi/L against the 5 pCi/L MCL at the Town of Apple Valley's Cedar Point system from late 2023 into 2025, plus turbidity violations. State testing in 2024 found radium and manganese about 50% above approved levels and the state declared an emergency; a $3.4 million pipeline to the town's east-side aquifer was completed by July 2025.","location":{"name":"Apple Valley - Cedar Point water system","type":"Municipal water system","state":"UT","states":["UT"],"detail":"Western subdivision of the Town of Apple Valley, Washington County; PWSID UTAH27089","coordinates":{"lat":37.1,"lon":-113.09,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Washington"],"extent":"city","pwsid":null},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 3) lists combined radium MCL violations at 6-7 pCi/L versus 5 pCi/L for every quarter from October 2023 through January 2025, and KUTV (ref 1) reports radium about 50% above state levels.","service":"KUTV (ref 2) reports that at times Cedar Point residents had no running water, and a drinking advisory stayed until state testing.","scale":"The Cedar Point system served 232 people per SDWIS (ref 4), about half of Apple Valley (ref 1).","duration":"Radium violations ran from the October 2023 period until return to compliance on July 17, 2025 (ref 3).","significance":"KUTV (ref 1) reports that the Division of Drinking Water declared an emergency over the system in 2024."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":232,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Cedar Point (UTAH27089) per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Combined radium 7 pCi/L vs 5 pCi/L MCL; $3.4 million pipeline completed 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"Combined radium","value":7,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS violation measure (ref 3)."},{"name":"Radium MCL","value":5,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Pipeline cost","value":3.4,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["state and federal funding needed for the fix"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The pipeline replaced the contaminated well and SDWIS shows radium violations returned to compliance July 17, 2025 (refs 2, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Apple Valley","role":"System owner"},{"name":"Utah Division of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Washington County Water Conservancy District","role":"Project partner"}],"public_contact":"Town of Apple Valley town office","corrective_actions":["Pipeline connecting Cedar Point to the town's east-side aquifer, completed under budget in 2025 (ref 2)","Contaminated Cedar Point well to be shut down (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Mayor of Washington County town announces pipeline project to address contaminated water","publisher":"KUTV","date":"2024-08-29","url":"https://kutv.com/news/local/washington-county-town-mayor-announces-pipeline-project-to-address-contaminated-water-apple-valley","basis":"news"},{"ref":2,"title":"New pipeline gives Southern Utah town access to clean water for first time in years","publisher":"KUTV","date":"2025-07-28","url":"https://kutv.com/news/utah-water/new-pipeline-gives-southern-utah-town-access-to-clean-water-for-first-time-in-years","basis":"news"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS health-based violations, Utah primacy","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/UT/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:9999/JSON","basis":"Federal program record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Town of Apple Valley - Cedar Point (UTAH27089)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/UT/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/APPLE%20VALLEY/JSON","basis":"Federal program record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":9,"note":"New record (UT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-UT-APPLE-VALLEY-AQUIFER-DRAWDOWN-2026"]},{"id":"US-UT-ST-GEORGE-ARSENIC-MONITORING-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"St. George sampled untreated water for arsenic for 15 months after valve error","description":"St. George Water Services notified customers that arsenic samples from its Snow Canyon sources between August 7, 2024 and November 19, 2025 did not represent delivered water because a contractor installed a valve backwards. The wells serve about 10,200 people in west St. George, Santa Clara and Ivins; the city says the water met standards and it now samples weekly.","location":{"name":"St. George Snow Canyon wells","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"UT","states":["UT"],"detail":"Snow Canyon wellfield serving west St. George, Santa Clara and Ivins, Washington County; PWSID UTAH27015","coordinates":{"lat":37.0965,"lon":-113.5684,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Washington"],"extent":"city","pwsid":null},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is whether delivered water met the arsenic standard during a monitoring failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"KUTV (ref 1) reports that Snow Canyon water has naturally elevated arsenic before treatment and that compliance samples were taken before full treatment, leaving delivered arsenic unverified; the city says the water was safe.","service":"No interruption or drinking restriction was issued (ref 1).","scale":"About 10,200 residents in west St. George, Santa Clara and Ivins are served by the affected wells (ref 1).","duration":"The faulty sampling ran from August 7, 2024 to November 19, 2025, over 15 months (ref 1).","significance":"The state required St. George to issue a public notice of the monitoring violation (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":10200,"status":"Reported","note":"Residents served by the Snow Canyon sources (ref 1); the full St. George system serves 105,240 per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Arsenic compliance samples misrepresented delivered water from Aug 7, 2024 to Nov 19, 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"Residents on affected sources","value":10200,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Sampling moved from quarterly to required monthly, and the city is sampling weekly (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of St. George Water Services","role":"Utility operator"},{"name":"Utah Division of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of St. George Water Services","corrective_actions":["Valve corrected and monthly arsenic sampling required; city sampling weekly (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"St. George Water Services notice reveals violation in monitoring drinking water","publisher":"KUTV/KJZZ","date":"2026-01-09","url":"https://kjzz.com/news/local/st-george-water-services-notice-reveals-violation-in-monitoring-drinking-water","basis":"news"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: St George City Water System (UTAH27015)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/UT/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ST%20GEORGE/JSON","basis":"Federal program record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (UT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-UT-DRAPER-CROSS-CONNECTION-BOIL-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Cross-connection with irrigation water triggers Draper boil order for 1,300","description":"On June 5, 2025 Utah's Division of Drinking Water issued a boil order to nearly 1,300 WaterPro customers in Draper after a cross-connection let untreated secondary irrigation water into the culinary system. Salt Lake County closed restaurants in the area; the order was lifted June 6 after 20 samples were free of coliform and E. coli.","location":{"name":"WaterPro service area, Draper","type":"Water supply company service area","state":"UT","states":["UT"],"detail":"Part of WaterPro's culinary service area in Draper, Salt Lake County; PWSID UTAH18006","coordinates":{"lat":40.5247,"lon":-111.8638,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Salt Lake"],"extent":"city","pwsid":null},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A plumbing cross-connection between irrigation and potable lines caused the contamination risk.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"KJZZ (ref 1) reports untreated secondary water entered drinking water; the 20 follow-up samples were free of coliform and E. coli (ref 2).","service":"Nearly 1,300 customers were under a boil order and bottled water was limited to one case per household (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The order covered nearly 1,300 customers of WaterPro, which serves 33,100 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"The order was issued June 5 and lifted June 6, 2025 (ref 2).","significance":"The boil order was issued by the Utah Division of Drinking Water (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":1300,"status":"Reported","note":"Nearly 1,300 customers (ref 1); customers, not individuals."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Boil order for nearly 1,300 customers; 20 follow-up samples clear."},"measures":[{"name":"Follow-up samples clear","value":20,"unit":"samples","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Single event resolved within two days (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"WaterPro Inc.","role":"Utility operator"},{"name":"Utah Division of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Salt Lake County Health Department","role":"Food-safety closures"}],"public_contact":"WaterPro customer service","corrective_actions":["Cross-connection isolated, system cleaned and flushed, 20 samples collected (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Boil order issued for 1,300 customers in Draper after contamination in drinking water","publisher":"KJZZ","date":"2025-06-05","url":"https://kjzz.com/news/local/boil-order-issued-in-draper-due-to-contaminated-drinking-water","basis":"news"},{"ref":2,"title":"Draper boil order lifted after water system cleared of harmful bacteria","publisher":"KUTV","date":"2025-06-06","url":"https://kutv.com/news/local/draper-city-awaits-water-test-results-to-determine-whether-to-lift-water-boil-order-e-coli","basis":"news"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: WaterPro Inc (UTAH18006)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/UT/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WATERPRO/JSON","basis":"Federal program record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"New record (UT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-UT-RIVERTON-CROSS-CONNECTION-BOIL-2026"]},{"id":"US-UT-RIVERTON-CROSS-CONNECTION-BOIL-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Illegal irrigation cross-connection forces boil order across much of Riverton","description":"In May 2026 Riverton City ordered residents from 3200 West to the Jordan River to boil water after an illegal cross-connection on private property let secondary irrigation water into the culinary system. Restaurants in the area closed; the order was lifted May 21 after tests found no bacteria, and the city is reviewing possible fines.","location":{"name":"Riverton City Water System","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"UT","states":["UT"],"detail":"Riverton from 3200 West east to the Jordan River, Salt Lake County; PWSID UTAH18025","coordinates":{"lat":40.5219,"lon":-111.9391,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Salt Lake"],"extent":"city","pwsid":null},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"An illegal plumbing cross-connection created the contamination risk.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Fox 13 (ref 1) reports irrigation water entered the culinary system, though required tests found no bacteria including E. coli.","service":"A boil order covered a large part of Riverton and businesses without safe water had to close (ref 1).","scale":"The order covered Riverton from 3200 West to its east border; the city system serves 45,600 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"The order ran from Tuesday to Thursday, May 21, 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"The city issued a formal boil order and is reviewing fines or other consequences for the property owner (ref 2)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources do not count affected households; the whole system serves 45,600 (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Boil order from 3200 West to the Jordan River, lifted May 21, 2026."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Resolved within two days (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Riverton City","role":"Utility operator"},{"name":"Utah Division of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Salt Lake County Health Department","role":"Food-safety closures"}],"public_contact":"Riverton City Public Works","corrective_actions":["Cross-connection located and disconnected; increased bacterial sampling (refs 1, 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Significant portion of Riverton under boil order after water system cross-contamination","publisher":"Fox 13","date":"2026-05-21","url":"https://www.fox13now.com/news/local-news/salt-lake-county/significant-portion-of-riverton-under-boil-order-after-water-system-cross-contamination/","basis":"news"},{"ref":2,"title":"Riverton lifts boil order immediately after water tests negative for bacteria","publisher":"KUTV/KMYU","date":"2026-05-21","url":"https://kmyu.tv/news/local/riverton-lifts-boil-order-immediately-after-water-tests-negative-for-bacteria","basis":"news"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Riverton City Water System (UTAH18025)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/UT/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/RIVERTON/JSON","basis":"Federal program record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"New record (UT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-UT-DRAPER-CROSS-CONNECTION-BOIL-2025"]},{"id":"US-UT-GLENDALE-ECOLI-BOIL-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"E. coli confirmed in Glendale's distribution system; town-wide boil order","description":"Glendale Town in Kane County issued a boil water order for all customers on November 26, 2025 after routine and repeat samples found total coliform and, on November 24, confirmed E. coli in the distribution system. SDWIS records an E. coli violation for November 2025 that returned to compliance on April 24, 2026.","location":{"name":"Glendale Town Water System","type":"Municipal water system","state":"UT","states":["UT"],"detail":"Town of Glendale, Kane County; PWSID UTAH13004","coordinates":{"lat":37.3216,"lon":-112.5999,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Kane"],"extent":"city","pwsid":null},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The town's notice (ref 1) reports E. coli confirmed in the distribution system from samples received November 25, 2025.","service":"All customers were told to boil water or use bottled water until further notice (ref 1).","scale":"The order covered the whole town system, which serves 411 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"SDWIS (ref 3) shows the November 2025 violation returned to compliance on April 24, 2026, a period of months.","significance":"SDWIS (ref 3) logs a health-based coliform rule violation and the town issued a Tier 1 boil order (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":411,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"E. coli confirmed in distribution system; boil order for all customers."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event; return to compliance per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Glendale Town","role":"System owner"},{"name":"Utah Division of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Glendale town office, (435) 648-2341","corrective_actions":["Boil order, confirmatory and expanded compliance sampling with state regulators (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Boil Water Order, Glendale Town Corporation (UTAH13004)","publisher":"Utah Public Notice Website","date":"2025-11-26","url":"https://www.utah.gov/pmn/sitemap/notice/1041213.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Glendale Town Water System (UTAH13004)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/UT/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/GLENDALE/JSON","basis":"Federal program record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS health-based violations, Utah primacy","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/UT/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:9999/JSON","basis":"Federal program record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New record (UT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-UT-HATCH-ECOLI-BOIL-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hatch issues town-wide boil order after E. coli found in water supply","description":"In April 2026 the Garfield County town of Hatch issued a boil order after its distribution system tested positive for E. coli on a Monday and follow-up tests confirmed contamination. Crews flushed the west and east sides of the system; officials gave no date for lifting the order and did not identify the source.","location":{"name":"Hatch Town Water System","type":"Municipal water system","state":"UT","states":["UT"],"detail":"Town of Hatch, Garfield County; PWSID UTAH09005","coordinates":{"lat":37.6511,"lon":-112.4327,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Garfield"],"extent":"city","pwsid":null},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"KUTV (ref 1) reports E. coli in the Hatch water source and distribution system, confirmed by follow-up tests.","service":"Residents were told to boil all water for drinking, brushing teeth, dishes, food and ice (ref 1).","scale":"The order covered the Hatch system, which serves 234 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"The order was announced April 23, 2026 with flushing under way the next day (ref 1); no lift date was found, so duration is scored as short.","significance":"Town officials issued a formal boil order notice (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":234,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"E. coli confirmed in source and distribution system; town-wide boil order."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No follow-up status found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Hatch","role":"System owner"},{"name":"Utah Division of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Town of Hatch town office","corrective_actions":["System flushing on west and east sides (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Hatch issues boil order after E. coli bacteria contaminates water supply","publisher":"KUTV","date":"2026-04-24","url":"https://www.kutv.com/news/local/southern-utah-town-issues-boil-order-after-e-coli-bacteria-contaminates-water-supply","basis":"news"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Hatch Town Water System (UTAH09005)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/UT/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/HATCH/JSON","basis":"Federal program record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (UT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-UT-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-EMERGENCY-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Utah declares statewide drought emergency after record-low 2026 snowpack","description":"Gov. Spencer Cox declared a statewide drought emergency in May 2026 after the warmest winter on record and the lowest snowpack measured since 1930; all 29 counties were in severe drought and 22 in extreme drought. It followed an April 2025 order covering 17 counties. By July 2026 the National Weather Service reported record-low streamflows at 10% of gauges, reservoir storage at 64% and county-level drought emergencies in nine counties.","location":{"state":"UT","states":["UT"],"name":"State of Utah","type":"Statewide drought emergency area","detail":"All 29 counties; county emergencies in Iron, San Juan, Duchesne, Emery, Uintah, Washington, Wayne, Sevier and Grand","coordinates":{"lat":39.32,"lon":-111.09,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is a shortfall in snowpack, runoff and reservoir storage rather than a failure of built infrastructure.","secondary_drivers":["Record-low snowpack","Record-warm winter","Early runoff"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"NWS July 2026 statement (ref 3) reports 10% of Utah streams at record-low flows, Sanpete County alfalfa a total loss and fish stress in southern Utah reservoirs; no health harm to drinking water is documented.","service":"Water providers imposed outdoor-watering cuts and the NWS (ref 3) says no irrigation deliveries would occur on the Price River system, but no statewide loss of tap water is reported.","scale":"The May 2026 order (ref 1) covers the whole state, with all 29 counties in severe drought per the U.S. Drought Monitor.","duration":"Consecutive orders: 17 counties in April 2025 (ref 4) and statewide in May 2026 (ref 1), with drought persisting through the NWS July 2026 statement (ref 3).","significance":"Governor's executive order declaring a state of emergency and activating the state Emergency Operations Plan (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The order covers the entire state; no affected-population figure is published."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Snowpack peaked about three weeks early and was the lowest recorded since 1930; reservoir storage at 70% capacity (May 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Statewide reservoir storage","value":70,"unit":"% of capacity","status":"Reported","note":"Governor's office, May 21, 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Reservoir storage, July 1 2026","value":64,"unit":"% full","status":"Reported","note":"NWS statement; excludes Lake Powell and Flaming Gorge (ref 3)."},{"name":"Counties in extreme drought","value":22,"unit":"of 29 counties","status":"Reported","note":"U.S. Drought Monitor, cited by the governor (ref 1)."},{"name":"Streams at record-low flow","value":10,"unit":"% of streams","status":"Reported","note":"NWS July 1, 2026 statement (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The April 2025 order covered 17 counties with reservoirs at 84% (ref 4); the May 2026 order is statewide with reservoirs at 70% (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Office of the Governor of Utah","role":"Issued emergency executive order"},{"name":"Utah Division of Water Resources","role":"State water planning and drought coordination"},{"name":"Utah Drought Response Committee","role":"Reviews hardships and recommends actions"}],"public_contact":"Utah Division of Water Resources, drought information at drought.utah.gov","corrective_actions":["Statewide emergency order activates the state Emergency Operations Plan (May 2026).","Drought Response Committee directed to review drought hardships and recommend actions.","Public conservation guidance and rebates through SlowTheFlow.org."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Gov. Cox Issues Drought Executive Order: record-low snowpack and record-warm winter drive statewide drought response","publisher":"Office of the Governor of Utah","date":"2026-05-21","url":"https://governor.utah.gov/press/gov-cox-issues-drought-executive-order-record-low-snowpack-and-record-warm-winter-drive-statewide-drought-response/","basis":"State executive order release"},{"ref":2,"title":"Gov. Cox Issues Drought Executive Order","publisher":"Utah Division of Water Resources","date":"2026-05-28","url":"https://water.utah.gov/gov-cox-issues-drought-executive-order-3/","basis":"State agency"},{"ref":3,"title":"Drought Information Statement for Utah and Uinta County, WY (valid July 1, 2026)","publisher":"National Weather Service Salt Lake City","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://www.weather.gov/media/slc/DGT/DGT_SLC_07022026.txt","basis":"Federal agency"},{"ref":4,"title":"Utah declares drought emergency in 17 counties","publisher":"Western Water","date":"2025-04-28","url":"https://western-water.com/2025/04/28/utah-declares-drought-emergency-in-17-counties","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (UT in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CO-RIVER-SHORTAGE-2026","US-UT-ASHLEY-VALLEY-CONSERVATION-RATES-2026","US-UT-GREAT-SALT-LAKE-DECLINE-2026","US-UT-SALT-LAKE-CITY-STAGE2-SHORTAGE-2026","US-UT-WEBER-BASIN-OUTDOOR-WATER-CUTS-2026"]},{"id":"US-UT-WEBER-BASIN-OUTDOOR-WATER-CUTS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Weber Basin district cuts outdoor water 20% and shortens 2026 season","description":"The Weber Basin Water Conservancy District, which serves more than 700,000 people in five northern Utah counties, imposed a 20% cut to outdoor and agricultural water for 2026 and shortened the secondary season to May 15 through Sept. 15. Its reservoirs were about 60% full in April, the general manager said runoff was 'non-existent,' and customers who exceed their allocation face shutoff for the season.","location":{"state":"UT","states":["UT"],"name":"Weber Basin Water Conservancy District","type":"Wholesale water conservancy district","detail":"Davis, Weber, Summit, Morgan and Box Elder counties; headquarters in Layton; PWSID UTAH06013, UTAH29023, UTAH29109","coordinates":{"lat":41.06,"lon":-111.97,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Davis","Weber","Summit","Morgan","Box Elder"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":null},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The cuts respond to a shortage of runoff and stored water, not to a facility failure.","secondary_drivers":["Record-low snowpack","Limited two-year reservoir carryover"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health or environmental harm is reported in the district's cut announcements (refs 1-3).","service":"Mandatory 20% reduction to outdoor watering and untreated contracts, with season shutoff for customers who go over (refs 1, 2).","scale":"KUER (ref 1) reports the district serves more than 700,000 people across five counties.","duration":"Restrictions apply to the 2026 irrigation season, May 15 to Sept. 15, a month shorter at each end (ref 3).","significance":"The district board formally approved the 20% cut and set monthly reviews, with 40% as the next stage (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":700000,"status":"Reported","note":"KUER (ref 1): the district serves more than 700,000 people; its SDWIS wholesale system records (ref 4) list no direct population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Customers must cut outdoor watering by 20%; reservoirs about 60% full (April 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Mandatory outdoor and untreated water cut","value":20,"unit":"%","status":"Reported","note":"Board-approved (ref 2)."},{"name":"Weber River reservoir storage","value":60,"unit":"% full","status":"Reported","note":"April 2026 (refs 1, 5)."},{"name":"Snowpack above Davis and Weber counties","value":3,"unit":"inches (normal >17)","status":"Reported","note":"Less than 3 inches in mid-April (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"In 2025 a member irrigation company ended its season early and halved allotments (ref 6); in 2026 the cut became district-wide."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Weber Basin Water Conservancy District","role":"Wholesale water supplier"},{"name":"Utah Division of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Weber Basin Water Conservancy District, weberbasin.gov","corrective_actions":["20% allocation reduction for 2026 with season May 15 to Sept. 15.","Monthly board review of the reduction, with a 40% cut as the next stage.","Rebates for turf replacement and smart irrigation controllers."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Cuts are already on the table as drought worries Utah water districts","publisher":"KUER 90.1","date":"2026-04-17","url":"https://www.kuer.org/science-environment/2026-04-17/cuts-are-already-on-the-table-as-drought-worries-utah-water-districts","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Summit County's biggest water supplier makes cuts after subpar snowfall","publisher":"KPCW","date":"2026-05-22","url":"https://www.kpcw.org/summit-county/2026-05-22/summit-countys-biggest-water-supplier-makes-cuts-after-subpar-snowfall","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Weber Basin Water Conservancy District announces drought restrictions","publisher":"Standard-Examiner","date":"2026-03-28","url":"https://www.standard.net/news/2026/mar/28/weber-basin-water-conservancy-district-announces-drought-restrictions/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Weber Basin WCD systems","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/UT/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WEBER%20BASIN/JSON","basis":"Federal system inventory","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"Utah's water managers brace for a dry year","publisher":"The Salt Lake Tribune","date":"2026-04-22","url":"https://www.sltrib.com/news/environment/2026/04/22/utahs-water-managers-brace-dry/","basis":"News"},{"ref":6,"title":"Drought continues to plague Utah, officials stress conservation","publisher":"Deseret News (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-08-23","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/drought-continues-plague-utah-officials-013000381.html","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (UT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-UT-GREAT-SALT-LAKE-DECLINE-2026","US-UT-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-EMERGENCY-2026"]},{"id":"US-UT-SALT-LAKE-CITY-STAGE2-SHORTAGE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Salt Lake City enters Stage 2 water shortage, misses 10 MGD savings goal","description":"Salt Lake City Public Utilities declared a Stage 2 drought advisory on March 19, 2026, its first since October 2022, asking customers to cut use by 10 million gallons per day and requiring city facilities to cut indoor use 10%. The city's conservation manager said in May that the city was 'not quite making it,' and the utility warned deeper cuts could follow.","location":{"state":"UT","states":["UT"],"name":"Salt Lake City Public Utilities","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Salt Lake City and parts of Salt Lake County; PWSID UTAH18026","coordinates":{"lat":40.7608,"lon":-111.891,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Salt Lake"],"extent":"city","pwsid":null},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Low Wasatch stream flows, which normally supply 50-60% of the city's water, drive the shortage response.","secondary_drivers":["Low Wasatch Mountains stream flows","Record-low snowpack"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The city says overall supply is good thanks to reservoir storage (ref 1); no health effect is reported.","service":"Stage 2 asks residents for voluntary cuts and requires city facilities to stay within irrigation budgets and cut indoor use 10% (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS (ref 3) lists 383,612 people served by the Salt Lake City water system.","duration":"The advisory began March 19, 2026, and the city reported in May that it was still short of the goal (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Formal stage declaration under the city's Water Shortage Contingency Plan (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":383612,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Stage 2 calls for cutting water use by 10 million gallons per day."},"measures":[{"name":"Stage 2 savings target","value":10,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Average summer demand","value":126,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Versus about 49 MGD in winter (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"First Stage 2 response since October 2022 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Salt Lake City Department of Public Utilities","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Utah Division of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Salt Lake City Department of Public Utilities, slc.gov/utilities","corrective_actions":["Stage 2 advisory with a 10 MGD reduction goal.","City facilities held to irrigation-only meter budgets and 10% indoor cut.","TurfTrade and other conservation programs; residents asked to delay lawn watering to mid-May."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Mayor Mendenhall responds to drought, calls for water conservation efforts heading into warmer weather","publisher":"Salt Lake City Corporation","date":"2026-03-19","url":"https://www.slc.gov/blog/2026/03/19/mayor-mendenhall-responds-to-drought-calls-for-water-conservation-efforts-heading-into-warmer-weather/","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":2,"title":"Salt Lake Springs A Leak As City Misses 10 Million Gallon Cut","publisher":"Hoodline","date":"2026-05-08","url":"https://hoodline.com/2026/05/salt-lake-springs-a-leak-as-city-misses-10-million-gallon-cut/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Salt Lake City Water System","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/UT/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SALT%20LAKE%20CITY/JSON","basis":"Federal system inventory","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"Utah's water managers brace for a dry year","publisher":"The Salt Lake Tribune","date":"2026-04-22","url":"https://www.sltrib.com/news/environment/2026/04/22/utahs-water-managers-brace-dry/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (UT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-UT-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-EMERGENCY-2026"]},{"id":"US-UT-WASHINGTON-COUNTY-SUPPLY-LIMIT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Washington County growth outpaces Virgin River supply as Lake Powell Pipeline stalls","description":"Washington County water managers have said existing Virgin River basin supplies can meet demand only until around 2040 without the long-delayed Lake Powell Pipeline, which awaits clarity on Colorado River operations. In November 2025 the district adopted a shortage plan with stage cuts of 10% to 60% and 300-500% surcharges on cities that exceed their budgets, and it is building a billion-dollar-plus water reuse system to serve future growth.","location":{"state":"UT","states":["UT"],"name":"Washington County Water Conservancy District","type":"Regional water conservancy district","detail":"St. George area and eight member cities, Washington County; PWSID UTAH27015","coordinates":{"lat":37.0965,"lon":-113.5684,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Washington"],"extent":"county","pwsid":null},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The constraint is the limited volume of the Virgin River basin relative to population growth.","secondary_drivers":["Rapid population growth","Colorado River uncertainty","Drought"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Officials project local supplies would be exhausted after about 2040 without new sources (ref 1); this is a projected rather than present shortfall.","service":"Cities have adopted limits on grass in new development and an excess-use surcharge (ref 1), and the new plan sets 10-60% stage cuts (ref 2).","scale":"St. George alone serves 105,240 people per SDWIS (ref 5); the county is projected to exceed 464,000 residents by 2060 (ref 1).","duration":"The pipeline was authorized in 2006 and has no construction start (ref 1); the supply gap is a chronic, multi-decade issue.","significance":"District board formally adopted the shortage contingency plan with all eight member cities (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":105240,"status":"Reported","note":"St. George City Water System only, per SDWIS (ref 5); the district's full service population is not given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Without the pipeline, Washington County officials expect to meet demand until around 2040."},"measures":[{"name":"Lake Powell Pipeline estimated cost","value":2.2,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"KUER 2023 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Shortage plan maximum cut","value":60,"unit":"%","status":"Reported","note":"Stage four (ref 2)."},{"name":"Homes to be served by regional reuse by 2046","value":40000,"unit":"homes","status":"Reported","note":"Nearly 40,000 additional homes (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"The water year ending September 2025 was the ninth-driest for St. George (ref 2); reservoirs were 75-83% full in April 2026 (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Washington County Water Conservancy District","role":"Regional water supplier"},{"name":"Utah Division of Water Resources","role":"Lake Powell Pipeline sponsor"},{"name":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","role":"Federal environmental review"}],"public_contact":"Washington County Water Conservancy District, wcwcd.gov","corrective_actions":["2025 Water Shortage Contingency Plan with city water budgets and surcharges.","Regional reuse system, Chief Toquer Reservoir and a $7 million potable reuse demonstration facility planned for 2028.","Turf limits for new development and grass-replacement incentives."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Red tape and water shortages stand in the way of Lake Powell Pipeline","publisher":"KUER 90.1","date":"2023-04-05","url":"https://www.kuer.org/health-science-environment/2023-04-05/red-tape-and-water-shortages-stand-in-the-way-of-lake-powell-pipeline","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Washington County's water shortage plan could lead to steep cuts in dry times","publisher":"The Salt Lake Tribune","date":"2025-11-08","url":"https://www.sltrib.com/news/2025/11/08/washington-county-water-managers","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Southern Utah is banking on wastewater to fuel its growth","publisher":"The Salt Lake Tribune","date":"2026-09-14","url":"https://www.sltrib.com/news/2026/09/14/southern-utah-water-district-plans/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Cuts are already on the table as drought worries Utah water districts","publisher":"KUER 90.1","date":"2026-04-17","url":"https://www.kuer.org/science-environment/2026-04-17/cuts-are-already-on-the-table-as-drought-worries-utah-water-districts","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: St George City Water System","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/UT/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ST%20GEORGE/JSON","basis":"Federal system inventory","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (UT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CO-RIVER-SHORTAGE-2026","US-AZ-COLORADO-POST2026-ALLOCATION-2026","US-UT-APPLE-VALLEY-AQUIFER-DRAWDOWN-2026"]},{"id":"US-UT-CEDAR-VALLEY-GROUNDWATER-OVERDRAFT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Cedar Valley aquifer overdraft drives subsidence and 75% water-right cuts by 2070","description":"Cedar Valley in Iron County uses about 28,000 acre-feet of groundwater a year against roughly 21,000 acre-feet of sustainable supply, which the local conservancy says has caused aquifer decline and ground subsidence. Under the State Engineer's 2021 groundwater management plan, cities face 75% cuts to groundwater rights by 2070. The district's plan to import up to 15,000 acre-feet a year from Pine Valley won BLM approval in March 2026 over appeals from tribes, counties and conservation groups.","location":{"state":"UT","states":["UT"],"name":"Cedar Valley aquifer (Basin 73)","type":"Groundwater basin","detail":"Cedar City and Enoch area, Iron County; import source in Pine Valley, Beaver County; PWSID UTAH11002, UTAH11004","coordinates":{"lat":37.6775,"lon":-113.0619,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Iron","Beaver"],"extent":"watershed","pwsid":null},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Pumping above the aquifer's sustainable yield is depleting the groundwater resource itself.","secondary_drivers":["Groundwater pumping above safe yield","Population growth","Drought"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The conservancy states the 7,000 acre-foot annual imbalance has caused aquifer decline and ground subsidence (ref 1).","service":"Municipal groundwater rights face mandatory 75% reductions by 2070 under the state plan (ref 1); no current outages are reported.","scale":"SDWIS lists 39,670 people on Cedar City Waterworks (ref 5) and 6,500 on Enoch City (ref 6), the two largest Cedar Valley systems.","duration":"Overdraft is chronic; the state plan was adopted January 11, 2021 (ref 2) and the import pipeline would not be complete until mid-2032 (ref 4).","significance":"State Engineer groundwater management plan (ref 2), plus three federal administrative appeals of the import project (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":46170,"status":"Reported","note":"Sum of SDWIS populations for Cedar City Waterworks (39,670, ref 5) and Enoch City (6,500, ref 6)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Cedar Valley uses about 28,000 acre-feet per year but only about 21,000 acre-feet are sustainably available."},"measures":[{"name":"Annual groundwater use","value":28000,"unit":"acre-feet/year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Sustainable supply","value":21000,"unit":"acre-feet/year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Mandated cut to municipal groundwater rights by 2070","value":75,"unit":"%","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Planned Pine Valley import","value":15000,"unit":"acre-feet/year","status":"Reported","note":"BLM Record of Decision, March 2, 2026 (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"The overdraft persists while the import project moves toward a 2029 construction start (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Utah Division of Water Rights (State Engineer)","role":"Groundwater management plan authority"},{"name":"Cedar Valley Water Conservancy","role":"Regional water supplier and project sponsor"},{"name":"Bureau of Land Management","role":"Federal right-of-way approval"}],"public_contact":"Cedar Valley Water Conservancy, cedarvalleywaterutah.gov","corrective_actions":["State groundwater management plan phases down pumping rights.","Pine Valley Water Supply Project: up to 15 wells and about 70 miles of pipeline; construction projected 2029-2032.","IBLA denied stays on May 11, 2026 and all three appeals were dismissed by June 2, 2026."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Central Iron County Water Conservancy District launches next phase of Pine Valley Water Supply Project","publisher":"Iron County Today","date":"2025-08-12","url":"https://ironcountytoday.com/2025/08/12/central-iron-county-water-conservancy-district-launches-next-phase-of-pine-valley-water-supply-project/","basis":"Utility release via local news"},{"ref":2,"title":"Cedar City Valley Groundwater Management Plan","publisher":"Utah Division of Water Rights","date":"2021-01-11","url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/groundwater/ManagementReports/CedarValley/CedarValley.asp","basis":"State regulatory record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Groups file appeals to stop Pine Valley Water Supply Project","publisher":"The Salt Lake Tribune","date":"2026-04-02","url":"https://www.sltrib.com/news/environment/2026/04/02/groups-file-appeals-stop-pine","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"All administrative appeals of Pine Valley Water Supply Project dismissed, clearing path forward","publisher":"Cedar Valley Water Conservancy","date":"2026-08-12","url":"https://cedarvalleywaterutah.gov/2026/08/12/all-administrative-appeals-of-pine-valley-water-supply-project-dismissed-clearing-path-forward/","basis":"Utility"},{"ref":5,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Cedar City Waterworks and Enoch City","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/UT/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CEDAR%20CITY/JSON","basis":"Federal system inventory","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Enoch City Water System","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/UT/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ENOCH/JSON","basis":"Federal system inventory","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (UT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Measured subsidence rate in the research window"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-UT-APPLE-VALLEY-AQUIFER-DRAWDOWN-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Apple Valley town wells drop after nearby irrigation well deepened","description":"In June 2026 the Washington County town of Apple Valley suspended nearly all outdoor watering and asked residents to limit baths after its well levels fell rapidly; officials attributed the drop to a neighboring farm well deepened by 50 feet under a state permit. The farmer shut down his pivot and the town spent $150,000 extending its wells deeper; the crisis eased by July, but a county-USGS study indicates the aquifer and its recharge are very small.","location":{"state":"UT","states":["UT"],"name":"Town of Apple Valley water system","type":"Municipal water system","detail":"Apple Valley, about 30 miles east of St. George, Washington County; PWSID UTAH27069","coordinates":{"lat":37.094,"lon":-113.124,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Washington"],"extent":"city","pwsid":null},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Competing pumping from a small shared aquifer reduced the town's well supply.","secondary_drivers":["Competing agricultural pumping","Drought-reduced surface water"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Residents reported air in their water within a day as town well levels fell rapidly (ref 1).","service":"All outdoor watering was suspended except for animals, and residents were asked to limit baths and showers (refs 1, 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 815 people on the Apple Valley system (ref 3); news reports put the town at about 950-1,000 residents.","duration":"Restrictions began in mid-June 2026 and recreational outdoor watering remained banned in July (ref 1).","significance":"Mayor's conservation order 'until further notice' (ref 2) and a state Division of Drinking Water offer of a $200,000 no-interest loan (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":815,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A landowner drilled his well 50 feet deeper; the town's wells, which had supplied more than double demand, fell rapidly."},"measures":[{"name":"Town spending to deepen wells","value":150000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Federal funds for a new source","value":2000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Town storage","value":1.5,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Three tanks (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The Tribune (ref 1) reported in July that the immediate crisis had stabilized, though officials said the town was 'not out of the woods.'"},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Apple Valley","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Utah Division of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator and lender"},{"name":"Washington County Water Conservancy District","role":"Technical adviser, aquifer study with USGS"}],"public_contact":"Town of Apple Valley town office","corrective_actions":["Farmer permanently shut down the irrigation pivot; town raising $50,000 to reimburse drilling costs.","Town wells cleaned and extended deeper into the aquifer.","USGS and district aquifer study; $2 million federal funds to find a new source."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Apple Valley's water crisis eases, but officials remain worried","publisher":"The Salt Lake Tribune","date":"2026-07-05","url":"https://www.sltrib.com/news/2026/07/05/apple-valleys-water-crisis-eases/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Southern Utah town urges water conservation after well project drains aquifer","publisher":"KUTV","date":"2026-06-18","url":"https://kutv.com/news/local/apple-valley-residents-asked-to-cut-water-usage-after-urgent-water-system-problem","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Town of Apple Valley","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/UT/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/APPLE/JSON","basis":"Federal system inventory","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (UT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-UT-APPLE-VALLEY-CEDAR-POINT-RADIUM-2024","US-UT-WASHINGTON-COUNTY-SUPPLY-LIMIT-2026"]},{"id":"US-UT-EMERY-TOWN-WATER-SHORTAGE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Emery town shuts off secondary water as culinary supply nears exhaustion","description":"The town of Emery shut off its secondary water and banned all outdoor watering in April 2026 after receiving only about 3% of canal flow. The National Weather Service reported in July that the town would run out of culinary water by early July because of extremely low Muddy Creek flows and little water left in Julius Reservoir; the town formed a water task force and is testing old wells.","location":{"state":"UT","states":["UT"],"name":"Emery Town water system","type":"Municipal water system","detail":"Town of Emery, Emery County; PWSID UTAH08003","coordinates":{"lat":38.922,"lon":-111.25,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Emery"],"extent":"city","pwsid":null},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The town's surface sources, Muddy Creek and Julius Reservoir, are nearly dry.","secondary_drivers":["Record-low streamflow","Small-system source vulnerability"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Residents report selling livestock they could no longer water (ref 1); no drinking-water contamination is reported.","service":"Secondary water was shut off entirely and all outdoor watering, culinary and secondary, was stopped (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 315 people served (ref 4), the whole town.","duration":"Shutoff began in April 2026 and the NWS still reported a culinary shortfall in July (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Emery County declared a drought emergency (ref 2) and the town convened an emergency water solutions meeting with county and irrigation partners (ref 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":315,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The town receives only about 3% of canal flow, far below what its culinary and secondary systems need."},"measures":[{"name":"Share of canal flow received","value":3,"unit":"%","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Recent usage before shutoff","value":600,"unit":"gallons per minute","status":"Reported","note":"Called unsustainable by officials (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Outdoor watering ban in April was followed by a forecast culinary shortfall in July (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Emery Town","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Muddy Creek Irrigation Company","role":"Source water partner"},{"name":"Emery County","role":"Drought emergency declaration"},{"name":"Utah Division of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Emery Town Hall","corrective_actions":["Water task force formed in May 2026.","Testing town-owned wells as a backup source.","June 18, 2026 emergency water solutions working meeting with county, irrigation company and conservation district; proposed reservoir."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Utah town cuts outdoor watering as supply hits critical levels","publisher":"KUTV","date":"2026-04-26","url":"https://kutv.com/news/local/utah-town-cuts-outdoor-watering-as-supply-hits-critical-levels","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Drought Information Statement for Utah and Uinta County, WY (valid July 1, 2026)","publisher":"National Weather Service Salt Lake City","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://www.weather.gov/media/slc/DGT/DGT_SLC_07022026.txt","basis":"Federal agency"},{"ref":3,"title":"Emery Town Emergency Water Solutions Working Meeting agenda, June 18, 2026","publisher":"Emery Town (Utah Public Notice Website)","date":"2026-06-18","url":"https://www.utah.gov/pmn/files/1450521.docx","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Emery","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/UT/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/EMERY/JSON","basis":"Federal system inventory","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"Emery Town Council meeting minutes (water task force)","publisher":"Emery Town (Utah Public Notice Website)","date":"2026-05-13","url":"https://www.utah.gov/pmn/files/1448029.docx","basis":"Local government"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (UT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Whether culinary service was actually lost"],"related_ids":["US-UT-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-EMERGENCY-2026"]},{"id":"US-UT-SPANISH-FORK-WWTP-AMMONIA-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Spanish Fork sewage plant in significant noncompliance; state consent order","description":"EPA compliance data show the Spanish Fork City wastewater plant, which discharges to the Utah Lake system, in significant noncompliance for nine straight quarters from mid-2023 to late 2025, with ammonia above permit limits in every one of those quarters. Utah's Division of Water Quality proposed a stipulation and consent order in July 2026 resolving an October 2025 notice of violation, with a civil penalty of $29,331.25. The city is replacing the plant with a $131 million membrane bioreactor facility to meet state nutrient rules.","location":{"name":"Spanish Fork City Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant (UPDES major)","state":"UT","states":["UT"],"detail":"Spanish Fork, Utah County; serves Spanish Fork and Mapleton","coordinates":{"lat":40.137225,"lon":-111.650586,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Utah"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"An aging treatment plant (infrastructure) is discharging ammonia above permit limits toward Utah Lake (water quality).","secondary_drivers":["Aging treatment plant","State phosphorus and nutrient rules"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO (ref 1) shows effluent ammonia above its limit in each quarter from July 2023 to September 2025, peaking at 382% over the limit in January-March 2025; no downstream harm is documented.","service":"No interruption of sewer service is reported in the consent order (ref 3) or the Daily Herald coverage (ref 4).","scale":"The plant serves both Spanish Fork and Mapleton and discharges about 5 million gallons a day toward Utah Lake (ref 4).","duration":"ECHO (ref 1) lists the plant in significant noncompliance in nine consecutive quarters, July 2023 through September 2025, and in violation again in 2026.","significance":"DWQ proposed a Stipulation and Consent Order, Docket M25-02, with a $29,331.25 penalty (refs 2-3), after a 2023 state administrative order carrying $35,860 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources name the communities served (Spanish Fork and Mapleton) but give no sewered population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Significant noncompliance in 9 consecutive quarters (Jul 2023 to Sep 2025); ammonia exceedance up to 382% over the limit (ECHO)."},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance","value":9,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO three-year compliance history, Jul 2023 to Sep 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Proposed civil penalty, Docket M25-02","value":29331.25,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Consent order (ref 3)."},{"name":"Replacement plant cost","value":131000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Daily Herald, Sept. 2023 (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"ECHO shows no violation in Oct-Dec 2025 but violations again in the first half of 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Spanish Fork City","role":"Permittee and plant operator"},{"name":"Utah Division of Water Quality","role":"Clean Water Act permitting and enforcement authority (UPDES)"}],"public_contact":"Utah Division of Water Quality, 195 North 1950 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84114; (801) 536-4300","corrective_actions":["Stipulation and Consent Order, Docket M25-02, proposed July 28, 2026; public comment closed August 27, 2026 (ref 2).","City responded to the October 21, 2025 NOV/CO on November 4, 2025 with the required report and dataset (ref 3).","New membrane bioreactor plant funded in part by a $7 million Utah Lake Preservation grant (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report, Spanish Fork City Corporation (UPDES UT0020109)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Enforcement and Compliance History Online","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=UT0020109","basis":"Federal compliance data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Public Notice of Stipulation and Consent Order, Spanish Fork City, Docket No. M25-02","publisher":"Utah Division of Water Quality","date":"2026-07-28","url":"https://www.utah.gov/pmn/files/1466963.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Stipulation and Consent Order, Spanish Fork City, Docket No. M25-02 (partially signed)","publisher":"Utah Division of Water Quality","date":"2026-07-28","url":"https://www.utah.gov/pmn/files/1466965.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Spanish Fork receives $7M from state to help fund new wastewater treatment plant","publisher":"Daily Herald","date":"2023-09-23","url":"https://www.heraldextra.com/news/local/2023/sep/23/spanish-fork-receives-7m-from-state-to-help-fund-new-wastewater-treatment-plant","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (UT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-UT-SOUTH-DAVIS-NORTH-PLANT-TOXICITY-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"South Davis Sewer District North Plant: toxicity test failures and ammonia violations","description":"EPA compliance data record violations at the South Davis Sewer District North Plant in West Bountiful in 10 of the last 13 quarters, including ammonia above permit limits and failed chronic whole effluent toxicity tests in the second half of 2024. A state administrative order dated February 2024 carries an $83,500 penalty. The district's board met with the Division of Water Quality over the toxicity failures in March 2025 while a North Plant rehabilitation and nutrient removal project is under construction.","location":{"name":"South Davis Sewer District North Plant","type":"Special district wastewater treatment plant (UPDES major)","state":"UT","states":["UT"],"detail":"West Bountiful, Davis County; 12 MGD design flow","coordinates":{"lat":40.901834,"lon":-111.932745,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Davis"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Treatment units under rehabilitation (infrastructure) coincide with toxicity and ammonia permit failures (water quality).","secondary_drivers":["Plant rehabilitation and nutrient removal construction"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO (ref 1) records chronic toxicity test limit violations in Jul-Sep and Oct-Dec 2024 and ammonia up to 70% over its limit in Oct-Dec 2023; no fish kill or health impact is reported.","service":"District minutes (ref 3) describe trickling filter work with no customer service interruption reported.","scale":"The North Plant is a 12 MGD major facility serving south Davis County communities (ref 1), a single-system scale.","duration":"Violations appear in 10 of 13 quarters from July 2023 to October 2026 in the ECHO history (ref 1).","significance":"ECHO (ref 1) lists a state administrative order dated February 14, 2024 with an $83,500 penalty; the board met DWQ about WET failures in March 2025 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No sewered population for the North Plant is given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$83,500 state administrative order (Feb. 14, 2024); violations in 10 of 13 quarters (ECHO)."},"measures":[{"name":"State order penalty","value":83500,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO formal action list (ref 1)."},{"name":"Quarters with violations (13-quarter window)","value":10,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO, Jul 2023 to Oct 2026 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Ammonia exceedances continued into 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"South Davis Sewer District","role":"Permittee and plant operator"},{"name":"Utah Division of Water Quality","role":"Clean Water Act permitting and enforcement authority (UPDES)"}],"public_contact":"South Davis Sewer District, 1800 West 1200 North, West Bountiful, UT 84087; (801) 295-3469","corrective_actions":["North Plant Rehabilitation and Nutrient Removal Project under construction by Alder Construction (refs 2-3).","Board agenda item 'Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) Failures - Meeting With Division of Water Quality', March 20, 2025 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report, South Davis Sewer District North Plant (UPDES UT0021636)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Enforcement and Compliance History Online","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=UT0021636","basis":"Federal compliance data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"South Davis Sewer District, March 2025 Board Meeting agenda","publisher":"Utah Public Notice Website (South Davis Sewer District)","date":"2025-03-19","url":"https://www.utah.gov/pmn/sitemap/notice/981625.html","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":3,"title":"South Davis Sewer District Board of Trustees regular meeting minutes, 19 June 2025","publisher":"South Davis Sewer District","date":"2025-06-19","url":"https://www.sdsdut.gov/files/211c66e2e/Minutes_2025-06-19.pdf","basis":"Local government record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (UT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-UT-WELLSVILLE-WRF-CONSENT-ORDER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Wellsville water reclamation facility: state consent order over permit violations","description":"Utah's Division of Water Quality proposed a stipulation and consent order in September 2026 resolving a July 2025 notice of violation against the City of Wellsville Water Reclamation Facility in Cache County. The order sets a $23,050 penalty, with $13,050 held in abeyance if the city completes an inflow and infiltration study and a Cell #4 pump well improvement. EPA data show violations in 10 of the last 13 quarters, including flow, solids removal and phosphorus exceedances.","location":{"name":"Wellsville Water Reclamation Facility","type":"Municipal wastewater lagoon facility (UPDES minor)","state":"UT","states":["UT"],"detail":"Wellsville, Cache County; city water system PWSID UTAH03022 (SDWIS)","coordinates":{"lat":41.629933,"lon":-111.930779,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Cache"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The order targets sewer inflow and infiltration and a lagoon pump well, both physical system deficiencies.","secondary_drivers":["Inflow and infiltration"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO (ref 3) shows flow up to 69% over its limit, suspended solids removal 167% short of the requirement and phosphorus 95% over its limit in 2023-2024; no environmental damage is documented.","service":"Neither the notice (ref 1) nor the order (ref 2) reports any loss of sewer service to Wellsville residents.","scale":"The city water system serves 4,190 people per SDWIS (ref 4), one small community.","duration":"Violations recur in 10 of 13 quarters between July 2023 and October 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"DWQ proposed a Stipulation and Consent Order, Docket M23-11, setting a $23,050 penalty (refs 1-2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":4190,"status":"Estimated","note":"Population served by the Wellsville City water system per SDWIS (ref 4), used as a proxy for the sewered population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Wellsville shall pay a penalty of $23,050.00, with $13,050.00 held in abeyance (Docket M23-11)."},"measures":[{"name":"Penalty","value":23050,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Consent order (ref 2)."},{"name":"Penalty held in abeyance","value":13050,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Conditional on I&I study and Cell #4 project (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Wellsville","role":"Permittee and facility operator"},{"name":"Utah Division of Water Quality","role":"Clean Water Act permitting and enforcement authority (UPDES)"}],"public_contact":"Utah Division of Water Quality, 195 North 1950 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84114; (801) 536-4300","corrective_actions":["Submit an inflow and infiltration study schedule within 90 days of the order (ref 2).","Submit a construction schedule for the Cell #4 pump well system improvement within 90 days (ref 2).","Public comment on the order open until October 28, 2026 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Public Notice of Stipulation and Consent Order, City of Wellsville, Docket No. M23-11","publisher":"Utah Division of Water Quality","date":"2026-09-28","url":"https://www.utah.gov/pmn/files/1494123.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Stipulation and Consent Order, City of Wellsville, Docket No. M23-11 (partially signed)","publisher":"Utah Division of Water Quality","date":"2026-09-28","url":"https://www.utah.gov/pmn/files/1494125.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report, Wellsville City Corporation (UPDES UT0020371)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Enforcement and Compliance History Online","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=UT0020371","basis":"Federal compliance data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record search: Wellsville (Wellsville City Water System, UTAH03022)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/UT/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WELLSVILLE/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (UT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-UT-MONA-WWTP-SEWER-OVERFLOW-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Mona sewer overflows raise E. coli near treatment plant discharge","description":"The Central Utah Public Health Department warned in July 2024 that recent sanitary sewer overflows had raised E. coli levels near the discharge point southwest of the Mona Wastewater Treatment Plant in Juab County, and advised people to avoid contact with the water. EPA data list the plant in significant noncompliance in eight of the last 13 quarters, and state administrative orders were issued in 2023 and twice in 2024, the last with a $22,581 penalty.","location":{"name":"Mona Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant (UPDES minor)","state":"UT","states":["UT"],"detail":"Mona, Juab County","coordinates":{"lat":39.984445,"lon":-111.791682,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Juab"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Sewer overflows (infrastructure) produced elevated E. coli in receiving water (water quality).","secondary_drivers":["Sanitary sewer overflows"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The health department (ref 1) reported elevated E. coli near the plant's discharge point after sewer overflows.","service":"The public was told to avoid swimming, fishing or letting pets into the affected water (ref 1).","scale":"The plant has a 0.5 MGD design flow (ref 2) and serves a single small town.","duration":"ECHO (ref 2) shows significant noncompliance in Jul-Dec 2023 and continuously from January 2025 to June 2026.","significance":"ECHO (ref 2) lists state administrative orders dated 03/01/2023, 07/11/2024 and 11/25/2024, the last with a $22,581 penalty."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No sewered population is given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Due to recent sanitary sewer overflows, elevated E. coli levels have been detected near the discharge point located southwest of the Mona Wastewater Treatment Plant."},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (13-quarter window)","value":8,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO (ref 2)."},{"name":"Latest state order penalty","value":22581,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Order dated 11/25/2024 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"ECHO shows significant noncompliance in every quarter from January 2025 to June 2026 after violations-only quarters in 2024 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Mona City","role":"Permittee and plant operator"},{"name":"Central Utah Public Health Department","role":"Local health advisory authority"},{"name":"Utah Division of Water Quality","role":"Clean Water Act permitting and enforcement authority (UPDES)"}],"public_contact":"Central Utah Public Health Department, (435) 896-5451","corrective_actions":["Public contact advisory issued July 17, 2024 (ref 1).","State administrative orders in 2023 and 2024 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Warning - Harmful Bacteria or Viruses in water!","publisher":"Central Utah Public Health Department","date":"2024-07-17","url":"https://centralutahhealth.gov/warning-harmful-bacteria-or-viruses-in-water/","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report, Mona Wastewater Treatment Plant (UPDES UT0025950)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Enforcement and Compliance History Online","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=UT0025950","basis":"Federal compliance data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (UT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-UT-PAYSON-WWTP-REPLACEMENT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Payson wastewater plant violations; nutrient compliance deadline pushed to 2028","description":"Payson's 5 MGD wastewater plant, which serves about 20,000 people, recorded total suspended solids, ammonia and cyanide exceedances and a state administrative order with a $24,357 penalty in 2024, according to EPA data. A replacement biological nutrient removal plant is due to take all city flows around October 2026. A September 2026 draft permit modification holds ammonia, disinfection, solids and BOD limits in abeyance until June 30, 2027 and the state 1 mg/L phosphorus limit until January 1, 2028.","location":{"name":"Payson City Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant (UPDES major)","state":"UT","states":["UT"],"detail":"1062 North Main, Payson, Utah County","coordinates":{"lat":40.060186,"lon":-111.73225,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Utah"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"An old trickling-filter plant is being replaced to meet nutrient rules, and compliance hinges on the new plant's startup.","secondary_drivers":["State technology-based phosphorus effluent limit"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO (ref 2) shows total suspended solids at 389% over the limit in Jan-Mar 2026 and ammonia 136% over in Jan-Mar 2025; no downstream harm is documented.","service":"The DWQ fact sheet (ref 1) describes a planned sewer tie-in to the new plant, not a service outage.","scale":"The plant serves the City of Payson, population approximately 20,000 (ref 1).","duration":"Phosphorus variance reporting has run since 2019 and full TBPEL compliance is now expected only on January 1, 2028 (ref 1).","significance":"ECHO (ref 2) lists state administrative orders of 11/01/2023 and 08/07/2024, the second with a $24,357 penalty."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":20000,"status":"Reported","note":"Approximate city population in the DWQ fact sheet (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The Technology-Based Phosphorus Effluent Limit (TBPEL) requirements (maximum 1 mg/L annual average phosphorus) will be held in abeyance until January 1, 2028."},"measures":[{"name":"Design flow","value":5,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"State order penalty (2024)","value":24357,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Utah Lake Preservation grant","value":6000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Daily Herald (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"ECHO quarterly status shows no violation from Jul 2025 to Jun 2026 yet lists a TSS exceedance in Jan-Mar 2026, and a violation again in Jul-Oct 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Payson City","role":"Permittee and plant operator"},{"name":"Utah Division of Water Quality","role":"Clean Water Act permitting and enforcement authority (UPDES)"}],"public_contact":"Utah Division of Water Quality, 195 North 1950 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84114; (801) 536-4300","corrective_actions":["New BNR oxidation-ditch plant with UV disinfection substantially complete; sewer tie-in around October 5, 2026 (ref 1).","Compliance schedule extended to June 30, 2027; TBPEL variance extended to December 31, 2027 (ref 1).","$6 million Utah Lake Preservation grant toward the upgrade (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Fact Sheet and Statement of Basis, Payson City Wastewater Treatment Plant, Modified Permit UT0020427 (draft public notice version)","publisher":"Utah Division of Water Quality","date":"2026-09-17","url":"https://www.utah.gov/pmn/files/1490173.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report, Payson City Corporation (UPDES UT0020427)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Enforcement and Compliance History Online","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=UT0020427","basis":"Federal compliance data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Spanish Fork receives $7M from state to help fund new wastewater treatment plant","publisher":"Daily Herald","date":"2023-09-23","url":"https://www.heraldextra.com/news/local/2023/sep/23/spanish-fork-receives-7m-from-state-to-help-fund-new-wastewater-treatment-plant","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (UT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-UT-SPANISH-FORK-WWTP-AMMONIA-2025"]},{"id":"US-UT-SPRINGDALE-LAGOONS-ZION-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Springdale lagoons serving Zion National Park keep violating solids limits","description":"The Springdale Wastewater Lagoons, which serve Springdale, Rockville and Zion National Park and discharge to the Virgin River, have had total suspended solids violations since an October 2022 permit modification, according to Utah's Division of Water Quality. The state extended a compliance schedule for headworks screening and sand filtration upgrades to November 2024. EPA data show violations continuing in every quarter through October 2026, including significant noncompliance in two 2025 quarters.","location":{"name":"Springdale Wastewater Lagoons","type":"Municipal wastewater lagoon system (UPDES minor)","state":"UT","states":["UT"],"detail":"Springdale, Washington County; discharges to the Virgin River","coordinates":{"lat":37.19472,"lon":-112.99783,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Washington"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Undersized lagoon treatment (infrastructure) produces solids violations in a river discharge (water quality).","secondary_drivers":["Tourism load from Zion National Park"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO (ref 2) shows TSS up to 43% over limit and total dissolved solids 34% over in Jul-Sep 2025 discharges to the Virgin River; no harm is documented.","service":"The DWQ fact sheet (ref 1) reports no interruption of sewer service while upgrades proceed.","scale":"The lagoons serve Springdale, Rockville and Zion National Park with a population equivalent of 4,500 (ref 1).","duration":"DWQ (ref 1) says TSS violations began after the October 2022 permit modification; ECHO (ref 2) shows violations in all 13 quarters to October 2026.","significance":"ECHO (ref 2) lists a June 8, 2023 state penalty order of $24,046, and DWQ imposed a revised upgrade compliance schedule (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":4500,"status":"Reported","note":"Design population equivalent in the DWQ fact sheet (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"There have been violations of TSS since the permit modification in October 2022."},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters with violations (13-quarter window)","value":13,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO, Jul 2023 to Oct 2026 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Design capacity","value":0.29,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Violations persisted after the December 2024 final-limit date (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Springdale","role":"Permittee and lagoon operator"},{"name":"Utah Division of Water Quality","role":"Clean Water Act permitting and enforcement authority (UPDES)"}],"public_contact":"Utah Division of Water Quality, 195 North 1950 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84114; (801) 536-4300","corrective_actions":["Powered headworks screen and sand filtration system; construction due November 1, 2024 and final TSS/BOD limits from December 1, 2024 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Fact Sheet and Statement of Basis, Springdale Wastewater Lagoons, Renewal Permit UT0025224 (draft public notice version)","publisher":"Utah Division of Water Quality","date":"2024-03-29","url":"https://www.utah.gov/pmn/files/1104075.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report, Town of Springdale (UPDES UT0025224)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Enforcement and Compliance History Online","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=UT0025224","basis":"Federal compliance data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (UT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-UT-PANGUITCH-LAKE-DAM-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Panguitch Lake Dam cracked by ice in 2024 emergency; replacement dam under way","description":"In April 2024, ice pressure cracked the top of the Panguitch Lake Dam in Garfield County, a structure built in 1872, putting about 2,000 people on notice to evacuate, closing State Route 143 and prompting a flood watch. Crews lowered the reservoir and built an emergency spillway. The State Engineer approved a $3.7 million replacement dam in June 2025, and construction began in fall 2025 with completion expected in spring 2026.","location":{"name":"Panguitch Lake Dam","type":"High-hazard irrigation dam and reservoir","state":"UT","states":["UT"],"detail":"Panguitch Lake, Garfield County; owned by West Panguitch Irrigation Company","coordinates":{"lat":37.71,"lon":-112.64,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Garfield"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A structural failure threat at an aging dam.","secondary_drivers":["Ice loading","Aging dam"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The Tribune (ref 1) says the dam's top cracked and tilted and threatened to buckle, but no breach occurred.","service":"SR 143 was closed and a flood watch issued; the reservoir is held under storage restrictions (ref 2).","scale":"About 2,000 people were on notice to evacuate (ref 1).","duration":"The emergency began in April 2024 and the replacement was still under construction in March 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"The State Engineer approved reconstruction on June 19, 2025 after a joint state-federal permit (ref 2); no formal emergency declaration is cited."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":2000,"status":"Reported","note":"People on notice to evacuate (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 2,000 people were on notice to evacuate; replacement dam cost $3.7 million."},"measures":[{"name":"People on evacuation notice","value":2000,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Replacement project cost","value":3700000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Replacement construction began fall 2025 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"West Panguitch Irrigation Company","role":"Dam owner"},{"name":"Utah Division of Water Rights, Dam Safety Section","role":"State dam safety regulator"}],"public_contact":"Utah Division of Water Rights, 1594 W. North Temple, Salt Lake City, UT 84114; (801) 538-7240","corrective_actions":["Reservoir lowered, dam reinforced and emergency spillway built in 2024 (ref 2).","Replacement dam immediately downstream of the existing dam; construction began fall 2025, expected complete mid-to-late spring 2026 (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"What caused the Panguitch Lake dam emergency?","publisher":"The Salt Lake Tribune","date":"2024-04-22","url":"https://sltrib.com/news/environment/2024/04/22/what-panguitch-lake-dam-emergency","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"State Approves Panguitch Lake Dam Reconstruction Following-up on 2024 Emergency","publisher":"Utah Division of Water Rights","date":"2025-07-14","url":"https://waterrights.utah.gov/pressRelease/Panguitch-Dam-Rebuilds-a-Year-Later-News-Release.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Panguitch Lake will undergo a dam replacement project that started in fall 2025 (Utah Division of Wildlife Resources report)","publisher":"SportfishingReport.com","date":"2026-03-11","url":"https://sportfishingreport.com/fish_reports/236451/panguitch-lake-will-undergo-a-dam-replacement-project-that-started-in-fall-2025.php","basis":"State agency report (republished)"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (UT in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-UT-STATEWIDE-HIGH-HAZARD-DAMS-2024"]},{"id":"US-UT-STATEWIDE-HIGH-HAZARD-DAMS-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Utah high-hazard dam repair backlog would take about 120 years at current funding","description":"Utah regulates 223 high-hazard dams, and the State Engineer told lawmakers in June 2023 that 81 of them were not up to state standards, the Salt Lake Tribune reported in April 2024. Upgrades average about $4.5 million per dam against roughly $3.8 million a year in state funding, a pace of about 120 years to fix them all. FEMA allocated an initial $7.2 million for Utah high-hazard dam rehabilitation in July 2024.","location":{"name":"Utah high-hazard dams (statewide)","type":"State dam safety program","state":"UT","states":["UT"],"detail":"Statewide; state-regulated high-hazard dams","coordinates":{"lat":39.32,"lon":-111.09,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The constraint is a funding backlog for repairing deficient dams.","secondary_drivers":["Underfunded dam rehabilitation"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Deficient high-hazard dams pose a potential flood risk; the Panguitch Lake Dam crack in April 2024 shows the hazard (ref 2).","service":"The statewide backlog itself has not disrupted water service in the cited reporting (refs 1, 3).","scale":"The backlog covers 223 state-regulated high-hazard dams across Utah (ref 1).","duration":"At about $3.8 million a year, fixing every deficient dam would take about 120 years (ref 1).","significance":"The State Engineer testified in June 2023 that 81 high-hazard dams were not up to state standards (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No statewide population-at-risk figure is given."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"81 of 223 state-regulated high-hazard dams not up to state standards (June 2023 testimony, reported April 2024)."},"measures":[{"name":"State-regulated high-hazard dams","value":223,"unit":"dams","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"High-hazard dams below state standards","value":81,"unit":"dams","status":"Reported","note":"June 2023 testimony (ref 1). The Tribune's April 22, 2024 article (ref 2) puts it at about 100 needing upgrades."},{"name":"Annual state dam safety funding","value":3800000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"FEMA high-hazard dam award","value":7200000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Utah Division of Water Rights (State Engineer), Dam Safety Section","role":"State dam safety regulator"},{"name":"Utah Division of Water Resources","role":"Dam rehabilitation funding"}],"public_contact":"Utah Division of Water Rights, 1594 W. North Temple, Salt Lake City, UT 84114; (801) 538-7240","corrective_actions":["23 dams in design or construction for upgrades as of April 2024 (ref 1).","FEMA initial award of about $7.2 million for high-hazard dam rehabilitation (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Map: Utah has more than 200 high hazard dams","publisher":"The Salt Lake Tribune","date":"2024-04-11","url":"https://sltrib.com/news/2024/04/11/map-utah-has-more-than-200-high","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"What caused the Panguitch Lake dam emergency?","publisher":"The Salt Lake Tribune","date":"2024-04-22","url":"https://sltrib.com/news/environment/2024/04/22/what-panguitch-lake-dam-emergency","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"FEMA allocates $7.2 million to Utah dam safety","publisher":"KPCW","date":"2024-07-08","url":"https://www.kpcw.org/state-regional/2024-07-08/fema-allocates-7-2-million-to-utah-dam-safety","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (UT in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-UT-PANGUITCH-LAKE-DAM-2024"]},{"id":"US-UT-SALT-LAKE-CITY-SEWER-PLANT-RATES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Salt Lake City sewer rates jump to pay for near-$1 billion treatment plant replacement","description":"Salt Lake City is replacing its only wastewater treatment plant, a facility more than 60 years old that treats about 35 million gallons a day, to meet the state phosphorus limit that took effect in January 2025; the city's project site puts the cost at $837 million, up from $700 million. Sewer rates approved for July 1, 2026 raise a medium-use home's monthly sewer charge from $72.18 to $88.30, and the city says some sewer lines date to the 1890s. About 15% of the city's water pipes are around 100 years old.","location":{"name":"Salt Lake City Water Reclamation Facility","type":"Municipal sewer utility service area","state":"UT","states":["UT"],"detail":"Salt Lake City, Salt Lake County; plant near Rose Park","coordinates":{"lat":40.76,"lon":-111.89,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Salt Lake"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Regulatory upgrades and aging assets are being funded through steep sewer rate increases.","secondary_drivers":["State phosphorus rule","Aging sewer and water pipes"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health or environmental harm is tied to the rebuild in the city's project pages (ref 1).","service":"The city says the plant must keep operating without interruption during construction (ref 1); no outage is reported.","scale":"The plant is the city's only wastewater facility and serves more than 200,000 customers (ref 1).","duration":"Construction runs from March 2020 through 2026, with rates rising again in FY27 (refs 1-2).","significance":"The FY27 sewer increase was approved by the City Council effective July 1, 2026 to fund the plant (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":200000,"status":"Reported","note":"More than 200,000 customers served by the plant (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Medium-use residential sewer charge rises from $72.18 to $88.30 a month (FY27)."},"measures":[{"name":"Current plant cost estimate","value":837000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; the FY27 rates page says nearly $1 billion (ref 2)."},{"name":"Medium-use residential monthly sewer charge, FY27","value":88.3,"unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","note":"Up from $72.18 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Water pipe about 100 years old","value":15,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Just under 200 miles of 1,324 miles of pipe (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Plant cost rose from $700 million to $837 million (ref 1)","Sewer rate increases of roughly 19-41% by usage tier for FY27 (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Sewer charges rise again for FY27 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Salt Lake City Department of Public Utilities","role":"Sewer and water utility"},{"name":"Salt Lake City Council","role":"Rate-setting body"},{"name":"Utah Division of Water Quality","role":"Clean Water Act permitting and enforcement authority (UPDES)"}],"public_contact":"Salt Lake City Department of Public Utilities, 1530 S. West Temple, Salt Lake City, UT 84115; (801) 483-6900","corrective_actions":["New biological nutrient removal Water Reclamation Facility under construction since March 2020 (ref 1).","Replacement of aging sewer lines prioritized in the FY27 budget (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Make It Pure: New Water Reclamation Facility project pages","publisher":"Salt Lake City Department of Public Utilities","date":null,"url":"https://makeitpure.slc.gov/?p=11","basis":"Local government record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"FY27 utility rates","publisher":"Salt Lake City Department of Public Utilities","date":null,"url":"https://www.slc.gov/utilities/fy27rates/","basis":"Local government record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Salt Lake City officials warn of water main breaks as winter approaches","publisher":"FOX 13 News","date":"2024-10-16","url":"https://fox13now.com/news/local-news/northern-utah/salt-lake-city-officials-warn-of-water-main-breaks-as-winter-approaches","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (UT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-UT-SALT-LAKE-CITY-LEAD-LINES-2024"]},{"id":"US-UT-BEAVER-PIUTE-BURN-SCAR-FLOODING-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Cottonwood Fire burn-scar floods hit Beaver and Piute county water systems","description":"After the Cottonwood Fire burned more than 97,000 acres in Beaver and Piute counties, July 2026 monsoon flash floods and debris flows damaged homes, roads and culinary and irrigation water systems serving Beaver City, Marysvale, Junction and Circleville. The governor declared a state emergency on July 22, 2026, and a federal major disaster declaration for Beaver and Piute counties was reported on October 8, 2026, after a joint assessment identified at least $47 million in possible eligible damages. Junction's spring supply was put under a boil order (ref 10), and Beaver City lifted its boil order by July 31 after repairing a broken Bakers Canyon supply line (ref 11).","location":{"name":"Beaver City and Piute County communities","type":"Burn-scar flood zone and municipal water systems","detail":"Beaver River and Beaver Canyon below the Cottonwood Fire burn scar; Beaver City, Marysvale, Junction, Circleville; Koosharem in Sevier County; EPA system IDs UTAH01001 (Beaver City), UTAH16003 (Marysvale), UTAH16002 (Circleville)","coordinates":{"lat":38.2769,"lon":-112.6411,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Beaver","Piute","Sevier"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":null,"state":"UT","states":["UT"]},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","drinking-water-quality","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Flood and debris flows physically damaged water infrastructure and contaminated water sources, disrupting supply quality and quantity.","secondary_drivers":["wildfire","monsoon"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"KUTV (ref 3) reports water sources were damaged and contaminated by the floods and that Beaver City's hydroelectric system was severely damaged.","service":"KUTV (ref 3) reports extended boil-water or no-water orders, and the governor's order (ref 1) says culinary water systems for Beaver City, Marysvale, Junction and Circleville were disrupted.","scale":"Rural communities: Beaver City's system serves 3,500 people per SDWIS (ref 4), plus Marysvale (380) and Circleville (500) systems (refs 5, 6).","duration":"Flooding began around July 18-21, 2026 (ref 2) and SR-153 through Beaver Canyon remained closed as of October 8, 2026 (ref 3), a span of months.","significance":"Governor Cox's July 22, 2026 executive order declared a state of emergency (ref 1), followed by a presidential major disaster declaration for Beaver and Piute counties (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":4380,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served for Beaver City (3,500), Marysvale Town (380) and Circleville Town (500) water systems (refs 4-6); Junction and Koosharem not included."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A joint FEMA, state and local assessment identified at least $47 million in possible eligible damages (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Possible eligible damages","value":47000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Joint FEMA/state/local damage assessment (ref 3)."},{"name":"Cottonwood Fire burned area","value":97000,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"More than 97,000 acres in Beaver and Piute counties (ref 1)."},{"name":"Beaver homes affected by flooding","value":200,"unit":"homes","status":"Reported","note":"About 200 homes (ref 9)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Gov. Cox said rebuilding costs exceed what the communities can cover alone (ref 3)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Burn-scar flood risk persists until the end of the monsoon season and in later years."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Utah Division of Emergency Management","role":"State emergency coordination and FEMA reimbursement"},{"name":"Beaver City","role":"Water and power utility operator"},{"name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","role":"Federal disaster assistance"}],"public_contact":"Utah Division of Emergency Management, dem.utah.gov","corrective_actions":["State emergency declared July 22, 2026, activating the Emergency Operations Plan (ref 1).","Federal major disaster declaration approved for Beaver and Piute counties; Utah DEM coordinating reimbursements (ref 3).","Evacuation orders and shelter at Beaver High School during repeat flooding (ref 2).","Beaver City repaired the Bakers Canyon supply line and lifted its boil order after two clean sampling rounds (ref 11)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Gov. Cox declares state of emergency for Beaver, Piute and Sevier counties following wildfires and catastrophic flooding","publisher":"Office of the Governor of Utah","date":"2026-07-22","url":"https://governor.utah.gov/uncategorized/gov-cox-declares-state-of-emergency-for-beaver-piute-and-sevier-counties-following-wildfires-and-catastrophic-flooding/","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Evacuation orders issued due to second round of flash flooding along Beaver burn scar","publisher":"KUTV","date":"2026-07-21","url":"https://kutv.com/news/local/evacuation-orders-issued-due-to-second-round-of-flash-flooding-along-beaver-burn-scar","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Trump signs major disaster declaration for flooding, mudslides from Cottonwood Fire","publisher":"KUTV","date":"2026-10-08","url":"https://kutv.com/news/local/trump-signs-major-disaster-declaration-for-flooding-mudslides-from-cottonwood-fire","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-08"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Beaver City Water System (UTAH01001)","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/UT/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BEAVER/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Marysvale Town Water System (UTAH16003)","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/UT/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MARYSVALE/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Circleville Town Water System (UTAH16002)","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/UT/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CIRCLEVILLE/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":7,"title":"Gov. Cox declares state emergency","publisher":"The Salt Lake Tribune","date":"2026-07-22","url":"https://sltrib.com/news/2026/07/22/gov-cox-declares-state-emergency","basis":"News"},{"ref":8,"title":"Boil Water Notice: Junction Town Water System (UTAH 16001)","publisher":"Utah Public Notice Website","date":"2026-07-22","url":"https://www.utah.gov/pmn/sitemap/notice/1097185.html","basis":"State mandatory public notice"},{"ref":9,"title":"Cox issues state of emergency in 3 counties over flooding; risk for more continues","publisher":"KSL.com","date":"2026-07-22","url":"https://www.ksl.com/article/news/utah/counties/southern/cox-issues-state-of-emergency-in-3-counties-over-flooding-risk-for-more-continues/51600889","basis":"news"},{"ref":10,"title":"Boil order issued for Town of Junction due to severe flooding","publisher":"KUTV","date":"2026-07-22","url":"https://kutv.com/news/local/boil-order-issued-for-town-of-junction-in-piute-county-due-to-severe-flooding","basis":"news"},{"ref":11,"title":"Drinking water concern resolved, boil order lifted in Beaver","publisher":"KUTV/KJZZ","date":"2026-07-31","url":"https://kjzz.com/news/local/drinking-water-concern-resolved-boil-order-lifted-in-beaver","basis":"news"},{"ref":12,"title":"Utah Gov. Cox issues state of emergency in three counties","publisher":"Deseret News","date":"2026-07-22","url":"https://www.deseret.com/utah/2026/07/22/utah-gov-cox-issues-state-of-emergency-in-three-counties/","basis":"news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (UT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Count of homes damaged","Boil-water order dates for Marysvale, Junction and Circleville"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-UT-UTAH-LAKE-HAB-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Utah Lake under lakewide harmful algal bloom warnings in 2025 and 2026","description":"Utah Lake has been under lakewide harmful algal bloom warning advisories in consecutive summers: from July 2025 through at least October 2025, and again from July 30, 2026, with Lindon Marina Beach at the Danger (keep out) level as of September 30, 2026. In 2025 the bloom extended down the Jordan River and connected canals into Salt Lake County.","location":{"name":"Utah Lake and Jordan River","type":"Freshwater lake and river segment","detail":"Utah County lake and its outflow, the Jordan River, into Salt Lake County","coordinates":{"lat":40.22,"lon":-111.8,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Utah","Salt Lake"],"extent":"watershed","state":"UT","states":["UT"]},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is cyanobacteria-driven degradation of recreational surface-water quality.","secondary_drivers":["nutrient loading"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Advisories warn algae may be producing toxins that sicken people and animals (ref 1); the Tribune (ref 2) notes a dog reportedly died in 2023 after a shoreline visit during a bloom, cause unclear. No toxin concentrations were published in the cited pages.","service":"Warning advisories told the public not to swim, water ski or drink the water, and Lindon Marina Beach was posted KEEP OUT at the Danger level on September 30, 2026 (ref 1).","scale":"All 16 DEQ monitoring locations were affected in 2025 (ref 2) and the bloom reached the Jordan River and canals north to 3000 South in Salt Lake County (ref 3).","duration":"Lakewide warnings ran from July 31, 2025 into the fall (ref 2) and again from July 30, 2026 through at least September 30, 2026 (ref 1); the Utah Lake Authority says a lakewide bloom occurs about once a year (ref 2).","significance":"Formal health advisories issued by Utah DEQ, Utah County Health and Salt Lake County Health (refs 1, 3, 4)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Recreational advisory; no affected population was published."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Lakewide Warning advisory in effect from July 30, 2026, with Lindon Marina Beach at Danger on September 30, 2026 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"DEQ monitoring locations under advisory (2025)","value":16,"unit":"sites","status":"Reported","note":"All 16 sites on Utah Lake (ref 2)."},{"name":"Reported reduction in blooms since 2019","value":50,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Utah Lake Authority claim (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Recurring annual lakewide blooms in 2025 and 2026; the Authority reports fewer blooms since 2019 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Quality","role":"Monitoring and advisories"},{"name":"Utah Lake Authority","role":"Lake management and public alerts"},{"name":"Utah County Health Department","role":"Local health advisories"}],"public_contact":"Utah DEQ recreational water quality site, deq.utah.gov/water-quality/recreational-water-quality-home","corrective_actions":["Barge vacuuming of blooms and carp and invasive plant removal (ref 2).","Ongoing DEQ monitoring with posted advisories (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Utah Lake & our monitoring","publisher":"Utah Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2026-09-30","url":"https://deq.utah.gov/water-quality/utah-lake-recreational-monitoring","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Utah Lake is overrun with harmful algal bloom","publisher":"The Salt Lake Tribune","date":"2025-07-31","url":"https://www.sltrib.com/news/2025/07/31/utah-lake-is-overrun-with-harmful","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SLCo Health issues warning for Jordan River and related canals due to harmful algal bloom","publisher":"Salt Lake County Health Department","date":"2025-07-31","url":"https://www.saltlakecounty.gov/health/news/slco-health-issues-warning-for-jordan-river-and-related-canals-due-to-harmful-algal-bloom/","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":4,"title":"Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) Warning Advisory","publisher":"Utah County Health Department","date":"2026-08-27","url":"https://health.utahcounty.gov/2026/08/03/harmful-algal-bloom-hab-warning-advisory/","basis":"Local government"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (UT in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Cyanotoxin concentrations"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-UT-GREAT-SALT-LAKE-PUBLIC-TRUST-SUIT-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Public trust lawsuit over water reaching Great Salt Lake survives dismissal bids","description":"Five conservation and health groups sued the State of Utah and state officials in 2023, arguing the state breached public trust duties by failing to ensure enough water reaches the Great Salt Lake. In March 2025 Third District Judge Laura Scott held that the public trust doctrine covers the lake and denied the state's motions to dismiss in substantial part, while declining to reach upstream diversions; in November 2025 the plaintiffs again opposed a renewed state dismissal effort.","location":{"name":"Great Salt Lake","type":"Terminal saline lake (litigation)","detail":"Third District Court, Salt Lake County; lake spans Box Elder, Davis, Salt Lake, Tooele and Weber counties","coordinates":{"lat":41.1,"lon":-112.5,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Box Elder","Davis","Salt Lake","Tooele","Weber"],"extent":"watershed","state":"UT","states":["UT"]},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The dispute concerns the legal duty of the state to manage water allocation for the lake, not a physical facility.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The plaintiffs cite a study that human consumption takes 62% of river water that would otherwise reach the lake (ref 1); the decline itself is tracked in a separate record.","service":"No drinking-water service disruption is at issue in the case (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The suit targets the state's management of water for the whole Great Salt Lake, a regional water body spanning five counties (refs 1, 3).","duration":"Filed in 2023 and still being litigated in November 2025, with twelve dismissal motions denied to date (ref 2).","significance":"Active state-court lawsuit; Judge Scott's March 2025 order held the public trust doctrine covers the lake and sent the case toward discovery and trial (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Litigation over a regional water body; no affected population figure."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Judge Laura Scott denied the state's motions to dismiss \"in substantial part\" in March 2025 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Share of river water consumed before reaching the lake","value":62,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Study cited by plaintiffs (ref 1)."},{"name":"Motions to dismiss denied","value":12,"unit":"motions","status":"Reported","note":"Per the November 2025 filing coverage (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Case pending; no merits ruling found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"State of Utah","role":"Defendant"},{"name":"Utah Third District Court","role":"Court"}],"public_contact":"Earthjustice press office, earthjustice.org","corrective_actions":["March 2025 order allows breach-of-trustee-duty claims to proceed (refs 1, 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Judge Rejects Effort by Utah Officials to Derail Great Salt Lake Lawsuit","publisher":"Earthjustice","date":"2025-03-27","url":"https://earthjustice.org/press/2025/judge-rejects-effort-by-utah-officials-to-derail-great-salt-lake-lawsuit","basis":"Advocacy (plaintiff counsel)"},{"ref":2,"title":"Environmentalists urge judge to keep Great Salt Lake lawsuit alive","publisher":"Utah Public Radio","date":"2025-11-12","url":"https://www.upr.org/environment/2025-11-12/environmentalists-urge-judge-to-keep-great-salt-lake-lawsuit-alive","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Despite objections of Utah officials, a lawsuit over Great Salt Lake moves forward","publisher":"Utah Public Radio","date":"2025-03-31","url":"https://www.upr.org/utah-news/2025-03-31/despite-objections-of-utah-officials-a-lawsuit-over-great-salt-lake-moves-forward","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (UT in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Ruling on renewed motions to dismiss"],"related_ids":["US-UT-GREAT-SALT-LAKE-DECLINE-2026"]},{"id":"US-UT-NAVAJO-NATION-WATER-SETTLEMENT-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Navajo-Utah water settlement enforceable; $183M of water infrastructure still to build","description":"The Navajo-Utah Water Rights Settlement, authorized by Congress in 2020, became enforceable on September 15, 2025, after a Utah court decree confirmed 81,500 acre-feet per year of Navajo Nation reserved water rights in Utah. In January 2026 the Navajo Utah Commission reported about $210 million in overall needs, including about $183 million for treatment, transmission and storage infrastructure, as Navajo communities in San Juan County await on-the-ground projects.","location":{"name":"Navajo Nation, Utah portion","type":"Tribal reservation water rights","detail":"Utah portion of the Navajo Reservation, San Juan County (Aneth, Montezuma Creek, Navajo Mountain, Oljato and other chapters)","coordinates":{"lat":37.26,"lon":-109.31,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["San Juan"],"extent":"county","state":"UT","states":["UT"]},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"The settlement quantifies legal rights, and implementing it requires building water infrastructure that communities lack.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The Navajo Utah Commission describes long-standing infrastructure inequities in Utah Navajo communities (ref 3); no specific health outcome is quantified in the cited sources.","service":"Recognized rights have not yet become functional supply: ref 3 says about $183 million of treatment, transmission and storage work is still needed.","scale":"Covers Navajo communities across the Utah portion of the reservation in San Juan County (refs 1, 3).","duration":"Act enacted in 2020, decree confirmed January 31, 2025 (ref 2), and implementation planning still under way in January 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"Federal settlement act (Public Law 116-260) with a state-court interlocutory decree and a Federal Register enforceability notice (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Cited sources give no population for Utah Navajo communities."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The decree secures 81,500 acre-feet of water per year for Navajo communities in Utah (refs 2, 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Confirmed reserved water rights","value":81500,"unit":"acre-feet per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Estimated overall implementation needs","value":210000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Navajo Utah Commission, January 2026 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Water infrastructure share of needs","value":183000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Commission stressed the need for sustained multi-phase funding and a fund management plan (ref 3)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Legal milestones completed in 2025; construction not yet under way per ref 3."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Navajo Nation","role":"Rights holder and administrator"},{"name":"Utah Division of Water Rights","role":"State water rights administration"},{"name":"U.S. Department of the Interior","role":"Federal trustee and settlement party"}],"public_contact":"Navajo Nation Council Office of the Speaker, navajonationcouncil.org","corrective_actions":["Trust fund established from full federal appropriation and Utah's contribution (ref 1).","Navajo Utah Commission developing a white paper, budget and public outreach plan (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Navajo-Utah water settlement now enforceable","publisher":"Western Water","date":"2025-09-18","url":"https://www.western-water.com/2025/09/18/navajo-utah-water-settlement-now-enforceable/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Navajo Nation and state of Utah reach another water rights milestone","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources","date":"2025-02-18","url":"https://naturalresources.utah.gov/?p=9475","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Navajo Utah Commission reviews water rights settlement implementation, community oversight, and long-term planning","publisher":"25th Navajo Nation Council, Office of the Speaker","date":"2026-01-09","url":"https://www.navajonationcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/NUC-NUWRSA_update.pdf","basis":"Tribal government"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (UT in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Number of homes without piped water"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-UT-UINTAH-OURAY-UTE-IRRIGATION-SUIT-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Ute Tribe's claims over neglected Uintah Indian Irrigation Project revived in federal court","description":"The Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation is suing the United States over management of its water rights and water infrastructure. In April 2024 the Federal Circuit held that the 1906 Act imposes trust duties on the United States for managing existing water infrastructure and partly revived the case, and the Tribe's December 2024 amended complaint alleges the BIA-run Uintah Indian Irrigation Project delivered water to about 61,000 of roughly 88,000 intended acres in 2016 and carried more than $86.1 million in deferred maintenance by the BIA's own 2008 account.","location":{"name":"Uintah Indian Irrigation Project","type":"Federally operated tribal irrigation project","detail":"Uintah and Ouray Reservation, Uinta Basin, northeastern Utah","coordinates":{"lat":40.29,"lon":-109.86,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Uintah","Duchesne"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"UT","states":["UT"]},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["agricultural","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"The claims concern both tribal water rights and the condition of federally operated irrigation infrastructure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The complaint (ref 2) alleges massive waste of the Tribe's reserved water rights and lost economic opportunity on tribal lands; these are allegations, not findings.","service":"Ref 2 alleges the project delivered water to about 61,000 of roughly 88,000 intended acres in 2016.","scale":"The reservation covers about four million acres in the Green River Basin (ref 1).","duration":"Suits filed in 2018 remain active; the Federal Circuit remanded in April 2024 and the amended complaint was filed December 6, 2024 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Federal litigation in the Court of Federal Claims with a precedential Federal Circuit ruling on trust duties (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Tribal membership and irrigator counts are not stated in the cited filings."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"BIA stated in 2008 that the project had deferred maintenance needs in excess of $86.1 million (quoted in ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Deferred maintenance (BIA, 2008)","value":86100000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Quoted in the complaint (ref 2)."},{"name":"Acres served in 2016","value":61000,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Alleged in ref 2, versus about 88,000 intended."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Case on remand; no ruling found after the amended complaint."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs","role":"Operator of the Uintah Indian Irrigation Project"},{"name":"U.S. Court of Federal Claims","role":"Court"},{"name":"State of Utah","role":"Intervenor in the related district court case"}],"public_contact":"Utah Department of Natural Resources tribal relations page, naturalresources.utah.gov/tribes/ute","corrective_actions":["Federal Circuit vacated and remanded part of the dismissal (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah & Ouray Indian Reservation v. United States, No. 2021-1880 (opinion)","publisher":"U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit","date":"2024-04-25","url":"https://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/opinions-orders/21-1880.OPINION.4-25-2024_2307891.pdf","basis":"Court record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Second Amended Complaint, Ute Indian Tribe v. United States, No. 18-359L","publisher":"U.S. Court of Federal Claims (filing hosted by Turtle Talk)","date":"2024-12-06","url":"https://turtletalk.blog/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/65-second-amended-complaint.pdf","basis":"Court record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Ute Indian Tribe","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources","date":null,"url":"https://naturalresources.utah.gov/tribes/ute","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (UT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Status of claims transferred to the District of Utah"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-UT-KENNECOTT-TAILINGS-SELENIUM-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Kennecott tailings pond and selenium plumes threaten Great Salt Lake wetlands","description":"EPA's September 2024 five-year review found the North Zone wetlands and groundwater near Rio Tinto Kennecott's tailings impoundment not protective of human health and the environment, and state monitoring found selenium at regulatory-trigger levels in five shorebird eggs. Utah's Division of Water Quality renewed the groundwater permit in December 2024 after investigation requirements were softened at the company's request, and told Kennecott and Jordan Valley Water Conservancy District to prepare to reduce selenium discharges.","location":{"name":"Kennecott North Zone tailings impoundment","type":"Mining tailings facility and adjacent wetlands","detail":"South shore of Great Salt Lake near Magna, Salt Lake County","coordinates":{"lat":40.74,"lon":-112.17,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Salt Lake"],"extent":"site","state":"UT","states":["UT"]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Selenium contamination of groundwater and wetlands is a water-quality problem tied to mining.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Five shorebird eggs held selenium at levels triggering a regulatory response, a first for the state (ref 1).","service":"No drinking-water service impact is reported for the selenium plumes (ref 1).","scale":"Two selenium groundwater plumes from more than a century of mining affect at least some south-shore wetlands (ref 1).","duration":"North Zone listed as a Superfund site in the 1990s; the tailings pond has settled 20 feet or more at about 0.9 feet per year (ref 1).","significance":"EPA five-year review finding of not protective (September 2024) and a December 2024 DWQ notice to prepare to reduce selenium discharges (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Ecological exposure; no human population quantified."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"EPA found North Zone wetlands and groundwater near the tailings pond not protective of human health and the environment (September 2024, ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Tailings pond settlement","value":20,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"20 feet or more, about 0.9 ft/yr (ref 1)."},{"name":"Shorebird eggs above selenium trigger","value":5,"unit":"eggs","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"USGS-led lake-wide study and FRIENDS of Great Salt Lake pathway study under way (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Rio Tinto Kennecott","role":"Facility owner"},{"name":"Utah Division of Water Quality","role":"Groundwater discharge permit"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 8","role":"Superfund oversight"}],"public_contact":"Utah Division of Water Quality, deq.utah.gov/division-water-quality","corrective_actions":["DWQ permit renewal requires evaluations; division says it may require an investigation later (ref 1).","USGS lake-wide groundwater pathway study with BYU and University of Utah (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Rising selenium near Great Salt Lake","publisher":"The Salt Lake Tribune","date":"2025-07-14","url":"https://sltrib.com/news/environment/2025/07/14/rising-selenium-great-salt-lake","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Kennecott's tailings pond may be leaking into the Great Salt Lake","publisher":"FRIENDS of Great Salt Lake (republished from The Salt Lake Tribune)","date":"2025-07-14","url":"https://fogsl.org/newsroom/salt-lake-tribune-kennecott-s-tailings-pond-may-be-leaking-into-the-great-salt-lake","basis":"Advocacy"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (UT in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Selenium concentrations"],"related_ids":["US-UT-GREAT-SALT-LAKE-DECLINE-2026"]},{"id":"US-UT-US-MAGNESIUM-GSL-WATER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"State wins bid for bankrupt US Magnesium, a Superfund site and major lake water user","description":"US Magnesium, the second most consumptive water user on the Great Salt Lake (about 43,800 acre-feet per year in 2017-2021), had its state mineral lease cancelled in December 2024 and received a cease-and-desist order over lake pumping in summer 2025, then filed a second Chapter 11 bankruptcy in September 2025. In January 2026 the Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Lands won the bankruptcy auction with a roughly $30 million bid, with state leaders saying they would keep the water in the lake and remediate the Superfund site.","location":{"name":"US Magnesium plant, Rowley","type":"Industrial brine-processing facility and Superfund site","detail":"West shore of Great Salt Lake near Rowley, Tooele County","coordinates":{"lat":40.91,"lon":-112.74,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Tooele"],"extent":"site","state":"UT","states":["UT"]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["water-rights","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"The issue combines industrial contamination at a Superfund site with large lake water diversions.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The facility and its waste disposal areas were placed on the Superfund National Priorities List in 2009 (ref 3), and the state alleges a waste pond with hazardous chemicals was not secured (ref 1).","service":"No public water service is involved (refs 1-3).","scale":"The plant depleted about 43,800 acre-feet a year of lake water from 2017 to 2021 (ref 3).","duration":"Superfund-listed since 2009 and non-operational since 2022, with cleanup still ahead as of January 2026 (refs 2, 3).","significance":"State lease cancellation, cease-and-desist order and Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings in Delaware (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Industrial site; no population figure."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The state's winning bid for US Magnesium's bankruptcy assets was about $30 million (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Annual lake water depletion, 2017-2021","value":43800,"unit":"acre-feet per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"State purchase price","value":30000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Severe","confirmed_insolvency":true,"signals":["Second Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing in September 2025 (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"State acquisition in January 2026 with remediation planned (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Lands","role":"Lessor and buyer"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Superfund lead"},{"name":"US Magnesium LLC","role":"Former operator (debtor)"}],"public_contact":"Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Lands, ffsl.utah.gov","corrective_actions":["State purchase of bankruptcy assets with plans for remediation and returning water to the lake (ref 2).","EPA has tasked FRIENDS of Great Salt Lake with community monitoring of the Superfund site (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"US Magnesium bankruptcy delays state plans to cut off Great Salt Lake water access","publisher":"KSL.com (Great Salt Lake Collaborative)","date":"2025-09-30","url":"https://www.ksl.com/article/news/utah/us-magnesium-bankruptcy-delays-state-plans-to-cut-off-great-salt-lake-water-access/51382795","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Utah buys US Magnesium plant, plans to give more water to Great Salt Lake","publisher":"Utah Public Radio","date":"2026-01-28","url":"https://www.upr.org/utah-news/2026-01-28/utah-buys-us-magnesium-plant-plans-to-give-more-water-to-great-salt-lake","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"US Magnesium","publisher":"FRIENDS of Great Salt Lake","date":null,"url":"https://fogsl.org/advocacy-issues/us-magnesium","basis":"Advocacy","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (UT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Court approval date of sale","Cleanup cost estimate"],"related_ids":["US-UT-GREAT-SALT-LAKE-DECLINE-2026"]},{"id":"US-UT-WHITE-MESA-URANIUM-MILL-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"White Mesa uranium mill expands over aquifer with chloroform and nitrate plumes","description":"Energy Fuels' White Mesa Mill near Blanding, the nation's only operating conventional uranium mill, sits above the Burro Canyon Aquifer, where state regulators report chloroform and nitrate plumes that the company is pumping out. The mill is ramping up production and proposing new tailings cells about a quarter-mile closer to the Ute Mountain Ute community of White Mesa, whose tribe has called for the mill to close; 2025 tests found uranium at 22.5 micrograms per liter at nearby Entrance Spring, below the 30 µg/L federal standard.","location":{"name":"White Mesa Mill","type":"Uranium mill and tailings facility","detail":"San Juan County, between Blanding and the Ute Mountain Ute White Mesa community","coordinates":{"lat":37.53,"lon":-109.5,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["San Juan"],"extent":"site","state":"UT","states":["UT"]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The concern is groundwater contamination beneath a uranium mill's tailings cells.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Utah regulator Adam Wingate reports chloroform and nitrate plumes already polluting the Burro Canyon Aquifer (refs 1, 2).","service":"Officials say White Mesa's drinking water comes from a deeper protected aquifer that is not affected, though residents report sulfur-smelling, milky tap water and rely on bottled water (ref 1).","scale":"The Ute Mountain Ute White Mesa community lives about 5 miles south of the mill (ref 1).","duration":"The mill has operated since 1980 and groundwater pumping of the plumes continues in 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"State-regulated corrective pumping and a 2021 EPA Clean Air Act violation finding; the tribe's 2021 resolution calls for closure (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Population of the White Mesa community not stated in cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"2025 tests found uranium at 22.5 µg/L at Entrance Spring, below the 30 µg/L federal standard but still elevated (refs 1, 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Entrance Spring uranium (2025)","value":22.5,"unit":"µg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Federal standard 30 µg/L (ref 1)."},{"name":"Tailings cell area","value":284,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Five lined cells (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Production more than doubling and tailings expansion proposed (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Energy Fuels Resources (USA) Inc.","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Utah Division of Waste Management and Radiation Control","role":"Radioactive materials license and groundwater discharge permit"}],"public_contact":"Utah DEQ Division of Waste Management and Radiation Control, deq.utah.gov","corrective_actions":["Energy Fuels pumping chloroform and nitrate contamination from the aquifer (ref 1).","University of Utah health survey of cancer and asthma rates in the community (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drive for nuclear power boosts uranium and tribal health concerns","publisher":"High Country News (with KFF Health News)","date":"2026-09-03","url":"https://www.hcn.org/articles/drive-for-nuclear-power-boosts-uranium-and-tribal-health-concerns/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Nuclear power push ramps up uranium mill, and tribal health concerns","publisher":"NPR via WNYC","date":"2026-08-12","url":"https://wnyc.org/npr/nx-s1-5927298","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (UT in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Plume concentrations","Status of tailings cell expansion approval"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-UT-DATA-CENTER-WATER-DEMAND-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Utah data-center boom adds large, largely undisclosed water demand","description":"At least 15 data center buildings or campuses have been added or announced in Utah since 2021, including Meta's Eagle Mountain campus, whose 2024 withdrawals topped 35 million gallons, more than double its 2021 use, and the NSA center in Bluffdale at over 126 million gallons in a year. Joule Capital's Millard County campus holds rights to more than 10,000 acre-feet of groundwater, converted from agricultural use, and lawmakers advanced a bill in late 2025 to require data centers to report water use, citing a lack of statewide guardrails. A separate change application to move 1,900 acre-feet of irrigation water to the Stratos data center and power campus in western Box Elder County drew about 3,900 protests before developers withdrew it in May 2026 with plans to resubmit.","location":{"name":"Utah data centers (Wasatch Front and Millard County)","type":"Industrial water demand","detail":"Utah County (Eagle Mountain), Salt Lake County (Bluffdale, West Valley, West Jordan, South Jordan) and Millard County (near Delta); Stratos campus proposal, western Box Elder County","coordinates":{"lat":40.314,"lon":-112.006,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Utah","Salt Lake","Millard","Box Elder"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"UT","states":["UT"]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","drought-scarcity","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is unreported and growing industrial water demand and the policy gap around it.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No water-quality harm is documented; the Tribune (ref 1) reports volumes only.","service":"No service restrictions are tied to data center use in the cited sources (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Demand spans at least 15 facilities across three counties, including a Millard County campus with more than 10,000 acre-feet of groundwater rights (ref 1).","duration":"Usage reports cover October 2024 to September 2025 and the reporting bill was pending for the 2026 session (refs 1, 2).","significance":"A legislative water development panel voted unanimously in November 2025 to send the reporting bill, with $10,000-a-day fines, to the full House (ref 2). About 3,900 formal protests were filed with the Division of Water Rights against the Stratos change application (ref 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide demand issue; no affected population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Meta's Eagle Mountain campus withdrew over 35 million gallons in 2024, more than double its 2021 use (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"NSA Bluffdale data center water use (Oct 2024-Sep 2025)","value":126000000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Over 126 million gallons, about 390 acre-feet (ref 1)."},{"name":"Joule Millard County groundwater rights","value":10000,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"More than 10,000 acre-feet (ref 1)."},{"name":"Proposed noncompliance fine","value":10000,"unit":"USD per day","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Water in withdrawn Stratos change application","value":1900,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Protests filed against the Stratos application","value":3900,"unit":"protests","status":"Reported","note":"About 3,900 in roughly a month (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Meta's water and power use rose sharply from 2021 to 2024 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Utah Division of Water Rights","role":"Water rights and proposed reporting recipient"},{"name":"Utah Legislature","role":"Policy (HB0076, 2026)"},{"name":"Eagle Mountain City","role":"Water supplier to Meta"}],"public_contact":"Utah Division of Water Rights, waterrights.utah.gov","corrective_actions":["HB0076 (Rep. Jill Koford) would require annual data center water reporting to the state (refs 1, 2).","Stratos developers withdrew the Box Elder County change application May 7, 2026 and plan to resubmit (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Does Utah have enough water to be a data center hub?","publisher":"The Salt Lake Tribune (with Grist)","date":"2026-01-12","url":"https://www.sltrib.com/news/politics/2026/01/12/does-utah-have-enough-water-be/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Utah pushes for transparency in data center water use","publisher":"Western Water (from Utah News Dispatch)","date":"2025-11-24","url":"https://www.western-water.com/2025/11/24/utah-pushes-for-transparency-in-data-center-water-use","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Utah data center water fight intensifies","publisher":"Western Water (from Utah News Dispatch)","date":"2026-05-08","url":"https://www.western-water.com/2026/05/08/utah-data-center-water-fight-intensifies/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"How much water do AI data centers use? Utah might soon know, but not the public","publisher":"Utah Public Radio","date":"2026-01-22","url":"https://www.upr.org/environment/2026-01-22/how-much-water-do-ai-data-centers-use-utah-might-soon-know-but-not-the-public","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"AI data centers coming to Millard County raise concerns around water usage in the drought-stricken county","publisher":"ABC4 Utah","date":"2026-01-01","url":"https://www.abc4.com/news/digital-exclusives/ai-data-centers-millard-county-concerns-water-usage-drought/amp/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (UT in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Final status of HB0076","Water use by Meta (confidential under city agreement)","Exact publication date of ref 5 (page shows only a relative date)"],"related_ids":["US-UT-GREAT-SALT-LAKE-DECLINE-2026"]},{"id":"US-UT-ASHLEY-VALLEY-CONSERVATION-RATES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Ashley Valley drought conservation rates push some Vernal water bills up over 500%","description":"Ashley Valley Water and Sewer Improvement District, which serves 13,835 people around Vernal, adopted a temporary tiered 2026 Water Conservation Rate on April 29 during what officials call the worst water conditions in living memory. KSL reported some bills rose more than 500%, including one household's bill for 61,000 gallons going from about $151.66 to nearly $945.50, with fixed-income seniors strained; the district says summer use fell 33% from 2025.","location":{"name":"Ashley Valley Water and Sewer ID","type":"Water improvement district","detail":"Ashley Valley around Vernal, Uintah County; EPA system ID UTAH24013","coordinates":{"lat":40.4555,"lon":-109.5287,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Uintah"],"extent":"system","pwsid":null,"state":"UT","states":["UT"]},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is affordability of drought pricing for customers.","secondary_drivers":["drought"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"KSL (ref 1) reports some bills rose over 500%, causing financial strain for fixed-income seniors, and one resident said some bills exceed house payments.","service":"The conservation rate charges $22.00 per 1,000 gallons above 32,000 gallons to force cutbacks; the manager said a quarter-acre can survive on 3,000 gallons a month (ref 1).","scale":"The district serves 13,835 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"Rates adopted April 29, 2026 and set to expire by October 31, 2026, possibly earlier (ref 1).","significance":"Formally adopted district rate resolution under drought (ref 1); no enforcement action involved."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":13835,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"One customer's bill for 61,000 gallons rose from about $151.66 to nearly $945.50 in a month, more than a 500% increase (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Top-tier conservation rate","value":22,"unit":"USD per 1,000 gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Above 32,000 gallons (ref 1)."},{"name":"Summer use reduction vs 2025","value":33,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"District figure (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Temporary drought pricing; no financial distress reported."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Rates are temporary and may be rescinded in August or September 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Ashley Valley Water and Sewer Improvement District","role":"Water provider and rate setter"}],"public_contact":"Ashley Valley Water and Sewer Improvement District, ashleywatersewerut.gov","corrective_actions":["Discounts for customers cutting use by at least 20% (ref 1).","Rates set to expire by October 31, 2026 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Vernal residents shocked by soaring water bills as drought prompts steep rate increases","publisher":"KSL.com","date":"2026-07-29","url":"https://www.ksl.com/article/51603514/vernal-residents-shocked-by-soaring-water-bills-as-drought-prompts-steep-rate-increases","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Ashley Valley Water and Sewer ID (UTAH24013)","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/UT/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ASHLEY/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (UT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Confirmation the rates were rescinded or expired"],"related_ids":["US-UT-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-EMERGENCY-2026"]},{"id":"US-UT-AG-WATER-OPTIMIZATION-GSL-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Utah's $200M farm water optimization cannot show how much water reaches Great Salt Lake","description":"Utah has appropriated $200 million to its Agricultural Water Optimization Program, which reports more than 125,000 acre-feet a year of diversion savings, but state officials told KSL in June 2026 they cannot say how much of that water reaches the Great Salt Lake because the program does not reliably measure depletion and stream gauging is insufficient. A February 2026 Division of Water Resources analysis put average agricultural depletion in the Utah part of the basin at 830,000 acre-feet a year and estimated about $30 million a year for a mixed strategy to cut it 10%.","location":{"name":"Great Salt Lake Basin agriculture (Utah)","type":"Agricultural water use program","detail":"Utah portion of the Great Salt Lake Basin (Bear, Weber and Jordan river watersheds)","coordinates":{"lat":41.2,"lon":-112,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":2},"counties":["Box Elder","Cache","Weber","Davis","Salt Lake","Utah"],"extent":"watershed","state":"UT","states":["UT"]},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is accountability for public spending on agricultural water savings.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Officials cannot confirm saved water reaches the lake; the coordinator said \"Sometimes it does, and sometimes it doesn't\" (ref 1).","service":"No water service disruption is involved (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Agricultural depletion averages 830,000 acre-feet a year in the Utah portion of the basin (ref 2).","duration":"Program funding has accumulated to $200 million and only three saved-water change applications were filed by October 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"No formal violation or legal action; issue raised by a KSL investigation and state planning report (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Basin-wide program; no affected population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported diversion savings exceed 125,000 acre-feet per year, but depletion and delivery to the lake are not measured (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Program appropriations","value":200000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"State 2025 annual report, cited in ref 1."},{"name":"Reported diversion savings","value":125000,"unit":"acre-feet per year","status":"Reported","note":"UDAF dashboard (ref 1)."},{"name":"Utah-portion agricultural depletion, 2019-2023 average","value":830000,"unit":"acre-feet per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Cost of balanced 10% depletion strategy","value":30000000,"unit":"USD per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Gauging expansion estimated at about $30 million startup (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Utah Department of Agriculture and Food","role":"Program administrator"},{"name":"Utah Division of Water Resources","role":"Basin planning"},{"name":"Utah Division of Water Rights","role":"Saved-water change applications"},{"name":"Great Salt Lake Commissioner","role":"Lake policy"}],"public_contact":"Utah Department of Agriculture and Food, ag.utah.gov","corrective_actions":["Great Salt Lake Basin Integrated Plan evaluated 21 voluntary options to cut depletion by about 10% (ref 2).","Commissioner Steed seeks about $30 million for added stream gauges (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Utah saves farm water but can't yet track how much reaches the Great Salt Lake","publisher":"KSL.com","date":"2026-06-12","url":"https://www.ksl.com/article/news/ksl-investigates/utah-saves-farm-water-but-cant-yet-track-how-much-reaches-the-great-salt-lake/51592182","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Opportunities and Costs for Agricultural Water Optimization (Great Salt Lake Basin Integrated Plan summary)","publisher":"Utah Division of Water Resources","date":"2026-02-01","url":"https://water.utah.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/GSLBIP_AgOp_report_summary_final.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (UT in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-UT-GREAT-SALT-LAKE-DECLINE-2026"]},{"id":"US-MT-HAVRE-GIARDIA-BOIL-ADVISORY-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Havre water plant treatment failures and boil advisory amid giardiasis cases (2024)","description":"The City of Havre issued a boil water advisory on April 19, 2024 after a rise in giardiasis, and DEQ said the Milk River treatment plant could not show that disinfection and filtration met minimum standards. The advisory was downgraded to a health advisory on May 29, 2024, a September 4 turbidity spike followed, and both advisories were lifted on October 11, 2024.","location":{"name":"City of Havre public water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MT","states":["MT"],"detail":"Hill County, north-central Montana; surface water from the Milk River","coordinates":{"lat":48.55,"lon":-109.68,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Hill"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MT0000524"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Treatment plant filtration and disinfection failures (infrastructure) led to a waterborne-illness advisory (water quality).","secondary_drivers":["Treatment technique failure","Waterborne pathogen"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Daily Montanan (ref 1) reports three confirmed Giardia cases, 95 people with Giardia-like symptoms in a county survey, and a 56% rise in diarrhea visits; DEQ named the city system as the only common source (ref 2).","service":"Residents had to boil drinking water from April 19 to May 29, 2024, then vulnerable residents kept boiling under a health advisory (refs 1, 3).","scale":"SDWIS lists the Havre city system as serving 9,921 people (ref 4).","duration":"Treatment failures began in February 2024 and the last advisory was lifted October 11, 2024, about eight months (ref 3).","significance":"DEQ issued treatment technique violations for failing to demonstrate adequate disinfection and filtration (ref 2)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":9921,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Boil water advisory issued April 19, 2024 due to a giardiasis outbreak; downgraded May 29, 2024; health advisories lifted October 11, 2024 (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Confirmed Giardia cases, Jan. 1 to May 16, 2024","value":3,"unit":"cases","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Residents reporting Giardia-like symptoms in county survey","value":95,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"Of 227 survey respondents (ref 1)."},{"name":"Filtered water turbidity, September 4, 2024 upset","value":5,"unit":"NTU (exceeded)","status":"Reported","note":"Standard is 1.0 NTU (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The city reported the plant met minimum treatment requirements for September 2024 and lifted advisories (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Montana Department of Environmental Quality, Public Water Supply Bureau","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"City of Havre Public Works","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Hill County Health Department","role":"Local public health"}],"public_contact":"City of Havre Public Works, (406) 265-4941","corrective_actions":["DEQ, EPA and a contractor ran a Comprehensive Performance Evaluation of the plant May 20-24, 2024 (ref 1).","Distribution system flushing and chlorine residual sampling before the boil advisory was downgraded (ref 1).","City repaired the plant SCADA record-keeping system that failed February 22, 2024 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Immunocompromised still need to boil drinking water in Havre","publisher":"Daily Montanan","date":"2024-06-05","url":"https://dailymontanan.com/?p=24596","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Water quality issues continue in Havre and Hill County","publisher":"KPAX (MTN News)","date":"2024-05-02","url":"https://www.kpax.com/news/montana-news/water-quality-issues-continue-in-havre-and-hill-county","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Health advisories on Havre public water supply lifted","publisher":"Havre Daily News (City of Havre release)","date":"2024-10-17","url":"https://havredailynews.com/story/2024/10/17/local/health-advisories-on-havre-public-water-supply-lifted/546787.html","basis":"Local government notice"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Havre, City of (MT0000524)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MT/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/HAVRE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New record (MT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MT-ST-MARY-CANAL-SIPHON-FAILURE-2024"]},{"id":"US-MT-FORT-BELKNAP-TANK-BOIL-ORDER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Fort Belknap Agency water system boil order and EPA emergency order after tank damage","description":"High winds on December 19, 2025 blew a roof panel off the Fort Belknap Agency system's only one-million-gallon storage tank, and the tribal utility issued a boil water advisory the same day. EPA Region 8 issued an Emergency Administrative Order requiring bottled water, repairs, disinfection and daily coliform sampling, and the boil order was to stay until EPA says otherwise. Reporters found more than 700 households without clean drinking water about two weeks later.","location":{"name":"Fort Belknap Agency public water system","type":"Tribal public water system","state":"MT","states":["MT"],"detail":"Fort Belknap Indian Reservation, Blaine County; Milk River surface water source","coordinates":{"lat":48.48,"lon":-108.76,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Blaine"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"083090041"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Storm damage to a storage tank (infrastructure) opened the finished water to contamination (water quality).","secondary_drivers":["Extreme wind","Single storage tank","Tribal water system"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA found the open tank dome could let debris, animal waste and runoff contaminate finished water, a possible imminent endangerment; no illness was reported (ref 1).","service":"A boil water advisory began December 19, 2025 and the tribe handed out up to 16 pallets of bottled water a day (refs 1, 3).","scale":"EPA says the system serves about 2,500 year-round residents through 461 connections (ref 1); news counted more than 700 households affected (ref 3).","duration":"The EPA-approved schedule set the permanent tank fix for March 31, 2026, so the advisory ran for months (ref 2).","significance":"EPA Region 8 issued a Safe Drinking Water Act section 1431 Emergency Administrative Order, docket SDWA-08-2026-0029 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":2600,"status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS population served (ref 4); EPA order cites about 2,500 residents plus 100 non-residents (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than 700 households on the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation remain without access to clean drinking water after winds damaged the primary water storage tank (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Storage tank capacity","value":1000000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"The system's single storage tank (ref 1)."},{"name":"Response cost by Dec. 29, 2025","value":100000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Per the EPA-approved schedule (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No source opened confirms the tank repair or the lifting of the boil advisory."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 8","role":"Direct implementation regulator (no state primacy on the reservation)"},{"name":"Prairie Mountain Utilities","role":"System operator"},{"name":"Gros Ventre and Assiniboine Tribes of the Fort Belknap Indian Community","role":"System owner"}],"public_contact":"Prairie Mountain Utilities, Fort Belknap Indian Community","corrective_actions":["Bottled water distribution of at least one gallon per person per day (refs 1, 3).","EPA-approved schedule for permanent tank roof replacement by March 31, 2026 (ref 2).","Disinfection, flushing and twice-daily coliform sampling before the advisory can be lifted (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Emergency Administrative Order, Fort Belknap Agency Public Water System, Docket SDWA-08-2026-0029","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 8","date":"2025-12-29","url":"https://yosemite.epa.gov/OA/RHC/EPAAdmin.nsf/Filings/B10AF1A360A3E19285258D710041F507/$File/SDWA-08-2026-0029 Final Fort Belknap Agency EAO.pdf","basis":"Federal enforcement record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Emergency Administrative Order Addendum, Fort Belknap Agency Public Water System","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 8","date":"2026-02-02","url":"https://yosemite.epa.gov/OA/RHC/EPAAdmin.nsf/Filings/652AB0B0B436C1EB85258D930041F77F/$File/SDWA-08-2026-0029 Ft. Belknap EAO.Addendum.pdf","basis":"Federal enforcement record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Libby, Fort Belknap still without drinking water as calendar turns to new year","publisher":"Montana State News Bureau (Bozeman Daily Chronicle)","date":"2026-01-02","url":"https://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/news/libby-fort-belknap-still-without-drinking-water-as-calendar-turns-to-new-year/article_4c841e40-e8bb-546e-8fd3-ef3d95001760.html","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Fort Belknap Agency Water System (083090041)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BELKNAP/CSV","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (MT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Date the boil advisory was lifted"],"related_ids":["US-MT-FORT-BELKNAP-WATER-SETTLEMENT-2025","US-MT-LIBBY-FLOOD-BOIL-ORDER-2025"]},{"id":"US-MT-LIBBY-FLOOD-BOIL-ORDER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Libby boil water order after December 2025 flood damaged water source and plant","description":"Catastrophic flooding on December 11, 2025 caused treatment plant problems in Libby, and the city issued a boil water order the same day as turbidity hit its source. The order was downgraded on January 16, 2026 and lifted on March 2, 2026 after flushing; Flower Creek dam repairs had cost over $800,000. The flooding drew a presidential emergency declaration for Lincoln and Sanders counties and the Blackfeet Nation.","location":{"name":"City of Libby public water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MT","states":["MT"],"detail":"Lincoln County, northwest Montana; Flower Creek reservoir supply","coordinates":{"lat":48.39,"lon":-115.56,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lincoln"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MT0000274"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Flood damage to the source dam and plant (infrastructure) left turbid water that required a boil order (water quality).","secondary_drivers":["Flooding","Source water turbidity"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Flood turbidity in the source kept the boil order in place, though DEQ found no inorganic contaminants needing a do-not-consume notice (ref 2).","service":"Customers boiled water from December 11, 2025 to January 16, 2026, then stayed under a health advisory, and bottled water was handed out at the Red Cross shelter (refs 1, 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists the Libby city system as serving 4,892 people (ref 4).","duration":"The boil order and health advisory lasted from December 11, 2025 to March 2, 2026, almost three months (ref 1).","significance":"The president approved an emergency declaration for the northwest Montana flooding, with up to $5 million in federal aid (ref 2)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":4892,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Our public water system experienced catastrophic flooding and subsequent water treatment plant difficulties that required a boil water order to be issued on December 11, 2025 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Flood repair spending reported by city administrator","value":800000,"unit":"USD (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"No unsatisfactory results since December 29, 2025; health advisory lifted March 2, 2026 (ref 1). A news report gives March 6 for the lift (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Montana Department of Environmental Quality, Public Water Supply Bureau","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"City of Libby","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Lincoln County Health Department","role":"Local public health"}],"public_contact":"Libby city administrator, (406) 293-1278","corrective_actions":["Distribution system flushing and daily monitoring (ref 1).","Coffer dam installed and reservoir refilled at Flower Creek diversion dam; gate and bank armoring pending in March 2026 (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Health Advisory Has Been Lifted, City of Libby PWS ID MT0000274","publisher":"City of Libby / Lincoln County","date":"2026-03-02","url":"https://lincolncountymt.us/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Libby-Rescind-Health-Advisory.pdf","basis":"Local government notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Trump approves emergency declaration for Montana floods","publisher":"Daily Montanan","date":"2025-12-22","url":"https://dailymontanan.com/2025/12/22/trump-approves-emergency-declaration-for-montana-floods/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Libby water supply health advisory lifted","publisher":"The Western News (via Yahoo News)","date":"2026-03-06","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/libby-water-supply-health-advisory-191700631.html","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Libby, City of (MT0000274)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MT/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LIBBY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New record (MT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MT-FORT-BELKNAP-TANK-BOIL-ORDER-2025","US-MT-LINCOLN-COUNTY-FLOOD-2025"]},{"id":"US-MT-WHITEHALL-URANIUM-2014","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Whitehall drinking water exceeds uranium limit; treatment plant built under DEQ order","description":"Both of Whitehall's town wells have repeatedly exceeded the uranium limit since DEQ notified the town in December 2014, and a court order issued January 31, 2017 required a fix. EPA records show uranium violations every quarter from 2023 into 2026, near 42 to 45 micrograms per liter against the 30 limit. The town is building a treatment plant of nearly $8 million that began construction in June 2024.","location":{"name":"Town of Whitehall public water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MT","states":["MT"],"detail":"Jefferson County, southwest Montana; two groundwater wells","coordinates":{"lat":45.87,"lon":-112.1,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Jefferson"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MT0000359"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Naturally occurring uranium in the valley aquifer exceeds the drinking water limit.","secondary_drivers":["Naturally occurring uranium","Small-system treatment cost"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS records uranium MCL violations at 0.0446 and 0.0449 mg/L in 2024-2025 against the 0.030 mg/L limit, plus a gross alpha violation of 18 pCi/L in 2025 (ref 3).","service":"Customers kept drinking water under quarterly violation notices while the town planned treatment; no outage reported (refs 1, 3).","scale":"SDWIS lists 1,500 people served; the governor's office cites about 1,100 customers (refs 2, 4).","duration":"DEQ first notified the town in December 2014 and violations continued into the first quarter of 2026 (refs 1, 3).","significance":"The town received a court order on January 31, 2017 over public water supply law violations at PWSID MT0000359 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1500,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Uranium 0.0449 mg/L in the October-December 2025 compliance period against a 0.030 mg/L maximum contaminant level (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Uranium, highest 2023-2026 compliance result","value":0.0449,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"MCL 0.030 mg/L (ref 3)."},{"name":"Treatment plant construction bid","value":8662771.38,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Hard Rock bid, 2024 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Quarterly violations at similar levels through early 2026 (ref 3); the plant was expected to open in late summer 2025 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Montana Department of Environmental Quality, Public Water Supply Bureau","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Town of Whitehall","role":"System owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"Town of Whitehall town office","corrective_actions":["Ion-exchange treatment plant design approved by DEQ in September 2023 (ref 1).","Construction began June 2024 with state ARPA, coal endowment and revolving fund money (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Whitehall Water Project: the who, what, where, when, why and how","publisher":"Whitehall Ledger (Whitehall Town Council)","date":"2024-05-29","url":"https://whitehallledger.com/story/2024/05/29/community/whitehall-water-project-the-who-what-where-when-why-and-how/8132.html","basis":"Local government notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Governor Gianforte Highlights Whitehall Water Treatment Plant Investment","publisher":"Montana Governor's Office","date":"2025-07-17","url":"https://news.mt.gov/Governors-Office/Governor_Gianforte_Highlights_Whitehall_Water_Treatment_Plant_Investment","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS health-based violations, Whitehall (MT0000359)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/MT0000359/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/CSV","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Whitehall, Town of (MT0000359)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MT/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WHITEHALL/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (MT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Confirmation that the treatment plant is operating"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MT-KALISPELL-PFAS-WELLS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Kalispell wells exceed new federal PFOS and PFHxS limits; wells being replaced","description":"Kalispell found PFAS in two of its 11 well sites and issued a consumer drinking water notice, saying the wells could not be taken offline. 2024 tests at the Grandview Wells found PFOS at 13 ppt and PFHxS at 11 ppt, above the 2024 federal limits of 4 and 10 ppt. A temporary treatment system brought the city into compliance in October 2024, and replacement wells are planned in a project estimated at about $23.7 million.","location":{"name":"Kalispell Public Works water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MT","states":["MT"],"detail":"Flathead County, northwest Montana; groundwater wells","coordinates":{"lat":48.2,"lon":-114.31,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Flathead"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MT0000259"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS contamination of municipal supply wells.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Grandview Wells tested at 13 ppt PFOS and 11 ppt PFHxS in 2024, above the 4 ppt and 10 ppt federal limits (ref 2).","service":"The city sent a consumer drinking water notice and blended affected wells with clean ones (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists Kalispell Public Works as serving 25,000 people (ref 3).","duration":"PFAS was first found in 2023 and permanent replacement wells were still being planned in August 2025 (ref 2).","significance":"The city issued a formal consumer drinking water notice on PFAS in two well sites (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":25000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3); the share served by affected wells is not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOS measured 13 ppt and PFHxS 11 ppt at the Grandview Wells in 2024; the city came into compliance in October 2024 with a temporary treatment system (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"PFOS, Grandview Wells, 2024","value":13,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Federal MCL 4 ppt (ref 2)."},{"name":"PFHxS, Grandview Wells, 2024","value":11,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Federal MCL 10 ppt (ref 2)."},{"name":"Estimated project cost including temporary treatment","value":23700000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Temporary treatment achieved compliance in October 2024; replacement wells planned (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Montana Department of Environmental Quality, Public Water Supply Bureau","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"City of Kalispell Public Works","role":"System owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"City of Kalispell Public Works","corrective_actions":["Temporary treatment system at Grandview Wells (ref 2).","Replacement well cluster near Buffalo Hill Golf Course and two wells in Dry Bridge Park, funded through the State Revolving Fund emerging contaminant program (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Kalispell issues consumer drinking water notice after finding PFAS in two wells","publisher":"KPAX (MTN News)","date":"2024-01-01","url":"https://www.kpax.com/news/local-news/flathead-county/city-of-kalispell-issues-consumer-drinking-water-notice-after-finding-pfas-in-two-wells","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"The PFAS Problem: How other cities compare to Kalispell's forever chemical mitigation efforts","publisher":"Daily Inter Lake (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-08-31","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/pfas-problem-other-cities-compare-130600301.html","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Kalispell Public Works (MT0000259)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MT/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/KALISPELL/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Exact publication date of the KPAX notice article (page shows no date; early 2024 inferred)"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MT-MALMSTROM-AFB-PFAS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"PFAS from firefighting foam in groundwater and stormwater at Malmstrom AFB","description":"Air Force studies at Malmstrom Air Force Base in Great Falls found PFOA and PFOS above screening levels at all six foam-use areas, up to 5,739 ng/L combined in groundwater. DEQ sampling in 2019 found 12,920 ng/L total PFAS in Whitmore Ravine, which carries base stormwater to the Missouri River. Seven nearby domestic wells sampled in 2024 were below reporting limits, and the federal cleanup study date has moved from 2026 to June 2032.","location":{"name":"Malmstrom Air Force Base","type":"Military installation contamination site","state":"MT","states":["MT"],"detail":"Cascade County, east of Great Falls; Whitmore Ravine drains to the Missouri River","coordinates":{"lat":47.51,"lon":-111.18,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Cascade"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS contamination of groundwater and stormwater from military foam use.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","AFFF firefighting foam","Military site"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ's site summary reports combined PFOS and PFOA of 5,739 ng/L in groundwater at Building 349 and 12,920 ng/L total PFAS in Whitmore Ravine surface water (ref 1).","service":"The seven off-base domestic wells sampled in 2024 were below reporting limits, so no water supply was cut off (ref 1).","scale":"The base houses an estimated 4,000 to 5,000 people, and its stormwater reaches the Missouri River (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Contamination was found in 2016-2017 investigations, and the remedial study date slid to June 2032 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"The Air Force is running a CERCLA remedial investigation under DEQ oversight (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population exposed through drinking water is reported; the base population is about 4,000 to 5,000 (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Highest combined PFOS and PFOA in groundwater was 5,739 ng/L (Fire Station, Building 349) (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Combined PFOA and PFOS, groundwater maximum","value":5739,"unit":"ng/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Total PFAS, Whitmore Ravine surface water, 2019","value":12920,"unit":"ng/L","status":"Reported","note":"DEQ sampling (ref 1)."},{"name":"Off-base domestic wells sampled, 2024","value":7,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"All below reporting limits (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"DEQ says PFAS likely continues to discharge to the Missouri River, though stormwater BMPs were added (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Air Force","role":"Responsible party conducting investigation"},{"name":"Montana Department of Environmental Quality","role":"State oversight agency"}],"public_contact":"Montana DEQ PFAS program, (406) 444-6471","corrective_actions":["Remedial investigation with draft final report due in 2026 (ref 1).","AFFF removed from hangar systems and switch to fluorine-free foam (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PFAS Site Summary, Malmstrom Air Force Base, Montana","publisher":"Montana Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-10-30","url":"https://deq.mt.gov/files/DEQAdmin/PFAS/SummaryMalmstrom-30Oct2025.docx","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Feds extend timeline for cleaning up forever chemicals at military bases","publisher":"Daily Montanan","date":"2025-09-26","url":"https://dailymontanan.com/2025/09/26/feds-extend-timeline-for-cleaning-up-forever-chemicals-at-military-bases/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (MT in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MT-FAIRFIELD-WELLS-SHORTAGE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Fairfield town wells failing amid drought and early canal shutoffs","description":"Fairfield, a town of about 800, has eight wells, three of which were not working and three only partly working in April 2026, and four new test wells drilled over two years came up dry. Drought and early shutoffs of the Greenfields Irrigation District canal kept the aquifer from recharging, and a consultant found the old system loses about half its water. The town council limited lawn watering and raised rates, and schools turned to portable toilets.","location":{"name":"Town of Fairfield public water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MT","states":["MT"],"detail":"Teton County, about 35 miles west of Great Falls; shallow groundwater recharged by irrigation canals","coordinates":{"lat":47.61,"lon":-111.98,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Teton"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MT0000212"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Aquifer decline from drought (quantity) plus a leaky 1946 pipe network (infrastructure).","secondary_drivers":["Drought","Irrigation recharge loss","Aging pipes"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Three of eight town wells were nonoperational and three at partial capacity in April 2026 (ref 1).","service":"Residents were limited to watering on set days and schools used porta-potties (ref 2); the council restricted non-essential use (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists the Fairfield town system as serving 718 people (ref 3).","duration":"Irrigation shutoffs in summer 2025 signaled well problems that worsened through spring 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"The shortage was handled through town council measures and a rate change, with no state order reported (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":718,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3); MTFP cites about 800 residents (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Fairfield has eight wells; three are nonoperational and three are at partial capacity (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Current pumping rate","value":450,"unit":"gallons per minute","status":"Reported","note":"About seven hours a day; summer demand projected at 650 gpm for 16 hours (ref 1)."},{"name":"Share of pumped water lost in distribution","value":50,"unit":"percent (about)","status":"Reported","note":"Great West Engineering report; typical is about 15% (ref 1)."},{"name":"Test wells drilled in two years that failed","value":4,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Rate increase approved by town council (ref 1)","Infrastructure replacement estimated in the millions (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The mayor said spring 2026 was worse than 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Fairfield","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Montana Department of Environmental Quality, Public Water Supply Bureau","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Fairfield Town Office, 406-467-2510","corrective_actions":["Watering restrictions and billing for all water used above the base rate (ref 2).","Comprehensive water study on deeper drilling, outside sources and storage (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Why Fairfield, Montana, is running out of water","publisher":"Montana Free Press","date":"2026-04-23","url":"https://montanafreepress.org/2026/04/23/why-fairfield-montana-is-running-out-of-water/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Fairfield implements water restrictions amid drought and changes to billing","publisher":"KTVH (MTN News)","date":"2026-04-01","url":"https://www.ktvh.com/news/great-falls-news/fairfield-implements-water-restrictions-amid-drought-and-changes-to-billing","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Fairfield, Town of (MT0000212)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MT/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/FAIRFIELD/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (MT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Exact publication date of the KTVH article (spring 2026 inferred)"],"related_ids":["US-MT-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2026"]},{"id":"US-MT-BOZEMAN-SUPPLY-LIMITS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Bozeman demand could reach reliable supply by 2027-2040 in closed Gallatin basin","description":"Bozeman projects that, in a worst-case climate scenario without more conservation, city water demand could meet its reliable supply as soon as 2027, or 2032 under milder conditions, with conservation pushing that to 2040. The city sits in a closed basin with no new surface water rights available, and a valley study found growth could push demand above local supply by upwards of 65%. A Canyon Ferry pipeline option is estimated at $1.7 billion or more.","location":{"name":"City of Bozeman water system and Gallatin Valley","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MT","states":["MT"],"detail":"Gallatin County; Hyalite Reservoir, Sourdough Creek and Lyman Spring sources in the closed upper Missouri basin","coordinates":{"lat":45.68,"lon":-111.04,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Gallatin"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"MT0000161"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["groundwater","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Growth and climate pressure on a fixed, legally closed water supply.","secondary_drivers":["Population growth","Closed basin","Climate change"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No contamination or supply failure is reported; the issue is a projected shortfall (ref 1).","service":"No restrictions or outages are documented in the cited sources (refs 1, 2).","scale":"A study scenario puts the valley at 450,000 people with a 40,000 acre-foot deficit (ref 1).","duration":"The city frames the shortfall over a 2027-2040 horizon in a basin it calls still very much drought-prone (refs 1, 2).","significance":"The basin is legally closed to new surface water rights, and the city caps turf at 20-35% of new development landscapes (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":56000,"status":"Reported","note":"Bozeman city population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Demand for city water could meet the reliable supply as soon as 2027, or in 2032 if climate change impacts are less dire, with conservation possibly pushing it to 2040 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Bozeman annual water use","value":7000,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Projected valley deficit at 450,000 people","value":40000,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"Study scenario (ref 1)."},{"name":"Canyon Ferry pipeline cost estimate","value":1700000000,"unit":"USD (or more)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"The city says growth slowed to 1-2% a year from a pandemic peak near 6%, extending supply (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Bozeman Utilities","role":"System owner and planner"},{"name":"Montana DNRC","role":"Water rights agency"}],"public_contact":"City of Bozeman Water Conservation Division","corrective_actions":["Integrated Water Resources Plan update (ref 2).","Turf limits for new development and conservation plan (ref 2).","Study of regional supply options including Canyon Ferry Reservoir (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Carrying capacity: As the Gallatin Valley grows, will there be enough water?","publisher":"Bozeman Daily Chronicle","date":"2024-03-22","url":"https://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/news/city/carrying-capacity-as-the-gallatin-valley-grows-will-there-be-enough-water/article_88a9e1f0-e61f-11ee-9b71-8ff74043b69a.html","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Bozeman's Water - Where We're At Now (Integrated Water Resources Plan)","publisher":"City of Bozeman","date":"2025-03-01","url":"https://engage.bozemanmt.gov/iwrp/news_feed/bozeman-s-water-where-we-re-at-now","basis":"Local government notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Bozeman, City of (MT0000161)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MT/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BOZEMAN/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (MT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Exact date of the City of Bozeman IWRP page (about March 2025 inferred)"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MT-ST-MARY-CANAL-SIPHON-FAILURE-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"St. Mary Canal siphon failure cut Milk River Project water for a year","description":"Both century-old barrels of the St. Mary Canal siphon near Babb failed on June 17, 2024, stopping diversions that supply over 60% of the Milk River Project's water. The state said the loss raised drinking water concerns for 14,000 Montanans and affected more than 121,000 irrigable acres, and lent $26 million for repairs. The siphon was replaced by June 2025, and diversions resumed in April 2026 after Halls Coulee siphon work.","location":{"name":"St. Mary Canal siphon, Milk River Project","type":"Federal irrigation and municipal supply canal","state":"MT","states":["MT"],"detail":"Glacier County near Babb; supplies the Milk River for Havre, Chinook, Harlem and irrigators across the Hi-Line","coordinates":{"lat":48.97,"lon":-113.4,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Glacier","Hill","Blaine","Phillips","Valley"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Structural failure of aging federal conveyance infrastructure.","secondary_drivers":["Aging infrastructure"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Reclamation reported severe erosion that damaged the hillside and the concrete footings under the pipes (ref 1).","service":"Diversions from the St. Mary River to the Milk River stopped on June 17, 2024 (ref 1).","scale":"The state cited drinking water concerns for 14,000 Montanans and more than 121,000 irrigable acres (ref 3).","duration":"Diversions stopped June 17, 2024 and the replacement was finished in June 2025 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"The governor and DNRC approved a $26 million state loan to the Milk River Joint Board of Control (ref 3)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":14000,"status":"Reported","note":"Montanans with drinking water concerns per the governor's office (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Both St. Mary River siphon barrels failed on June 17, 2024; the canal supplies over 60% of the Milk River Project water in an average year and more than 80% in a dry year (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Irrigated land affected","value":110000,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; the state cites more than 121,000 irrigable acres (ref 3)."},{"name":"Municipal contract water for Havre, North Havre, Chinook and Harlem","value":4600,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"State loan for repairs","value":26000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Siphon replaced June 2025 (ref 2); diversion dam replacement continues through 2028 (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Montana Area Office","role":"Project owner"},{"name":"Milk River Joint Board of Control","role":"Operator and water users"},{"name":"Montana DNRC","role":"State lender"}],"public_contact":"Bureau of Reclamation Montana Area Office, 406-247-7611","corrective_actions":["Full siphon replacement completed June 2025 (ref 2).","Halls Coulee siphon replaced; diversions resumed April 7, 2026 (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"St. Mary Canal Siphon's Failure Updated Information","publisher":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","date":"2024-06-20","url":"https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/news-release/4882","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"St. Mary Siphon Repairs Complete","publisher":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","date":"2025-06-25","url":"https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/news-release/5189","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Governor Gianforte, DNRC Approve $26 Million for St. Mary Canal Repair","publisher":"Montana Governor's Office","date":"2024-11-08","url":"https://news.mt.gov/Governors-Office/governor_gianforte_dnrc_approve_26_million_for_st_mary_canal_repair","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Water diversions have started at St. Mary Diversion Dam","publisher":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","date":"2026-04-09","url":"https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/news-release/5314","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":8,"note":"New record (MT in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MT-FORT-BELKNAP-WATER-SETTLEMENT-2025","US-MT-HAVRE-GIARDIA-BOIL-ADVISORY-2024"]},{"id":"US-MT-RED-LODGE-STORMWATER-SEWER-2022","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Red Lodge stormwater inflow overwhelmed sewer after 2022 flood; rebuild funded","description":"During the June 2022 flood, stormwater entering Red Lodge's sanitary sewer threatened to overtop the city's wastewater lagoons until portable pumps moved flow to an old cell. The mayor says rainwater routinely ends up in the sewer for treatment and the stormwater system backs up even in small storms. In January 2025 the city received a $2.9 million federal EDA disaster grant toward a $3.585 million stormwater upgrade of 13 blocks.","location":{"name":"City of Red Lodge sewer and stormwater system","type":"Municipal wastewater and stormwater system","state":"MT","states":["MT"],"detail":"Carbon County, south-central Montana; Rock Creek","coordinates":{"lat":45.19,"lon":-109.25,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Carbon"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Aging stormwater conveyance lets rain enter the sanitary sewer and lagoons.","secondary_drivers":["Inflow and infiltration","2022 Yellowstone-area flood"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Floodwater in the sanitary sewer threatened to overtop the wastewater lagoons in June 2022 (ref 1).","service":"No sewer service loss is reported; emergency pumping kept the lagoons from overtopping (ref 1).","scale":"The problem affects the city system; the upgrade covers 13 blocks (ref 2).","duration":"Stormwater problems predate 2022 and the fix was still being funded in January 2025 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"The U.S. Economic Development Administration awarded a disaster recovery grant under the 2023 supplemental appropriations act (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The sources do not give a population served."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Floodwater entering the sanitary sewer threatened to overtop the wastewater lagoons in the June 2022 flood (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"EDA disaster grant","value":2900000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Matched by $717,000 local (ref 1)."},{"name":"Stormwater project cost","value":3585000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Phase 1 stormwater improvements were done in 2023 and the grant expands work to 13 blocks (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Red Lodge","role":"Sewer and stormwater owner"},{"name":"U.S. Economic Development Administration","role":"Funder"}],"public_contact":"City of Red Lodge city hall","corrective_actions":["Stormwater upgrade of 13 blocks starting at Second Street and Haggin Avenue (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Red Lodge and Cooke City receive EDA disaster grants","publisher":"Montana Independent","date":"2025-01-23","url":"https://montanaindependent.substack.com/p/red-lodge-and-cooke-city-receive","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Red Lodge gets $3M federal grant to boost flood recovery","publisher":"KTVQ (MTN News)","date":"2025-01-23","url":"https://ktvq.com/news/local-news/red-lodge-gets-3m-federal-grant-to-boost-flood-recovery","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (MT in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Exact KTVQ publication date (January 2025 inferred from the grant announcement)"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MT-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Montana enters sixth straight year of drought in 2026","description":"The Summer 2025 state outlook found 59% of Montana in moderate to extreme drought, with many regions in their fifth straight dry summer. The Spring 2026 outlook put about 57% of the state in drought heading into a sixth year, worst east of the Continental Divide, with low snowpack in the Madison, Ruby, Beaverhead and other basins. Towns such as Fairfield have seen wells dry up.","location":{"name":"Montana statewide","type":"State","state":"MT","states":["MT"],"detail":"Most severe in north-central, southwest and south-central Montana east of the Continental Divide","coordinates":{"lat":47,"lon":-109.6,"precision":"state","source_ref":2},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Multi-year precipitation and snowpack deficits reduce surface and groundwater supply.","secondary_drivers":["Low snowpack","Early runoff"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DNRC said hot, dry fall weather greatly depleted soil moisture and streamflows were likely to fall below average (ref 1).","service":"The statewide outlooks report no statewide water restrictions (refs 1, 2).","scale":"About 57% of Montana was in moderate to extreme drought in early April 2026 (ref 2).","duration":"Spring 2026 marks the sixth consecutive year of abnormally dry to severe drought (ref 2).","significance":"Findings come from the Governor's Drought and Water Supply Advisory Committee outlook (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is stated."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 57% of Montana was in moderate (D1) to extreme (D3) drought as of early April 2026 (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Share of state in moderate to extreme drought, July 2025","value":59,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Share of state in moderate to extreme drought, April 2026","value":57,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Late 2025 rain improved groundwater contributions, but drought persisted into a sixth year (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Montana DNRC Water Resources Division","role":"State drought coordinator"},{"name":"Governor's Drought and Water Supply Advisory Committee","role":"State drought committee"}],"public_contact":"Montana DNRC Water Resources Division","corrective_actions":["Seasonal drought and water supply outlooks by the Governor's advisory committee (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Montana Drought Outlook Report Summer 2025 is available","publisher":"Montana DNRC","date":"2025-07-02","url":"https://dnrc.mt.gov/News/dnrc-news/Montana-Drought-Outlook-Report-Summer-2025-is-available","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Montana Faces Sixth Year of Drought, Early Runoff Risk this Spring","publisher":"Montana DNRC","date":"2026-04-14","url":"https://dnrc.mt.gov/News/dnrc-news/Montana_Faces_Sixth_Year_of_Drought,_Early_Runoff_Risk_this_Spring","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Drought dries up wells and options across Montana","publisher":"KTVH (MTN News)","date":"2026-04-01","url":"https://www.ktvh.com/news/drought-dries-up-wells-and-options-across-montana","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (MT in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Exact KTVH publication date (spring 2026 inferred)"],"related_ids":["US-MT-FAIRFIELD-WELLS-SHORTAGE-2026","US-MT-STATEWIDE-HOOT-OWL-2026"]},{"id":"US-MT-KOOCANUSA-SELENIUM-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lake Koocanusa selenium from B.C. coal mines; court upholds 0.8 ug/L standard","description":"About 95% of the selenium entering Lake Koocanusa comes from metallurgical coal mines in British Columbia's Elk River Valley, now run by Glencore-owned Elk Valley Resources. On April 8, 2026 a Lewis and Clark County District Court judge upheld Montana's 2020 site-specific selenium standard of 0.8 micrograms per liter for the reservoir, rejecting a 2022 Board of Environmental Review rule that sought to weaken it.","location":{"state":"MT","states":["MT"],"name":"Lake Koocanusa (Koocanusa Reservoir)","type":"Reservoir and transboundary river segment","detail":"Lincoln County, northwest Montana; Kootenai River reservoir behind Libby Dam, fed from B.C.'s Elk River Valley","coordinates":{"lat":48.75,"lon":-115.25,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lincoln"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Selenium loading from upstream mine waste rock degrades reservoir water quality and aquatic life.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Flathead Beacon (ref 1) cites a November 2023 USGS report finding Elk River selenium up 581% since 1984; Earthjustice (ref 2) says pollution is recorded 350 river miles below the mines.","service":"No drinking-water service disruption is reported in refs 1-2; the dispute concerns an aquatic-life water quality standard.","scale":"Reservoir-wide and transboundary: ref 1 says 95% of the lake's selenium comes from five B.C. coal mines upstream.","duration":"Chronic: the standard dates to 2020, lawsuits were filed in 2023 and the ruling came in April 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Consolidated lawsuits ended in summary judgment from Judge Kathy Seeley on April 8, 2026 upholding the standard (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure; the issue is aquatic-life water quality in a reservoir (refs 1-2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Montana's site-specific selenium standard for Lake Koocanusa is 0.8 micrograms per liter (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Lake Koocanusa selenium standard","value":0.8,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"Adopted 2020, EPA-approved February 2021 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Share of lake selenium from Elk Valley mines","value":95,"unit":"%","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1 and ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Ref 1 cites rising Elk River selenium since 1984 but no lake trend series was opened."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Montana Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Standard defender and water quality regulator"},{"name":"Montana Board of Environmental Review","role":"Party that sought to weaken the standard"},{"name":"Elk Valley Resources (Glencore)","role":"Upstream B.C. coal mine operator"}],"public_contact":"Montana DEQ, contact page at deq.mt.gov","corrective_actions":["District Court upheld the 0.8 ug/L standard on April 8, 2026 (ref 1).","EPA approved the Montana standard in February 2021 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Montana Judge Upholds Lake Koocanusa Water Quality Rule","publisher":"Flathead Beacon","date":"2026-04-09","url":"https://flatheadbeacon.com/2026/04/09/montana-judge-upholds-lake-koocanusa-water-quality-rule/","basis":"news"},{"ref":2,"title":"Court Upholds Selenium Water Quality Standard for Lake Koocanusa","publisher":"Earthjustice","date":"2026-04-09","url":"https://earthjustice.org/press/2026/court-upholds-selenium-water-quality-standard-for-lake-koocanusa","basis":"litigant press release"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":8,"note":"New record (MT in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MT-COLSTRIP-COAL-ASH-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Colstrip power plant coal ash pond seepage contaminates groundwater","description":"Seepage from coal ash disposal ponds at the Colstrip Steam Electric Station has contaminated groundwater, which DEQ addresses through a 2012 Administrative Order on Consent with operator Talen Montana. Constituents of concern include boron, sulfate, cobalt, lithium, selenium, molybdenum and manganese. In April 2024 DEQ approved a modified remedy for three Plant Site ponds after the earlier closure-in-place plan raised concerns.","location":{"state":"MT","states":["MT"],"name":"Colstrip Steam Electric Station ash ponds","type":"Coal-fired power plant coal ash disposal ponds","detail":"Rosebud County, near the City of Colstrip; Plant Site, Units 1&2 and Units 3&4 pond areas","coordinates":{"lat":45.884,"lon":-106.614,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Rosebud"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Coal ash seepage has degraded groundwater beneath and around the plant.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ (ref 1) states Colstrip groundwater contamination resulted from seepage from the coal ash ponds, listing boron, sulfate, selenium and other constituents.","service":"DEQ materials (refs 1-2) report no interruption of public water service from the seepage.","scale":"Three pond areas spread over the plant property, including ponds about 2 to 2.5 miles from the Plant Site (ref 2).","duration":"The AOC dates to 2012 with 2017 and 2021 amendments, and remedies were still being redesigned in 2024 (refs 1-2).","significance":"DEQ calls the AOC an enforcement action under the Water Quality Act and Major Facility Siting Act (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Groundwater contamination at an industrial site; no exposed population reported in refs 1-2."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Colstrip owners had provided $313.8 million in financial assurance as of January 2024 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Cleanup financial assurance","value":313.8,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Six owners, as of January 2024 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Plant Site ponds ash volume","value":null,"unit":"cubic yards","status":"Not reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["long-term cleanup obligations backed by owner financial assurance"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Montana Department of Environmental Quality","role":"AOC enforcement and remedy approval"},{"name":"Talen Montana, LLC","role":"Plant operator responsible for remediation"}],"public_contact":"Montana DEQ Waste Management & Remediation Division, (406) 444-6797","corrective_actions":["2012 AOC requires investigation and remedy of groundwater contamination (refs 1-2).","April 2024 DEQ final decision approved Alternative 4B for the Plant Site A Pond, B Pond and Bottom Ash/Clearwell Pond (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2023 Annual AOC Public Meeting: Colstrip Steam Electric Station Remedial Activities","publisher":"Montana Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2024-02-15","url":"https://deq.mt.gov/files/DEQAdmin/MFS/Colstrip/2024/20240215_2023AnnualAOCMtgSlide.pdf","basis":"State regulatory record"},{"ref":2,"title":"DEQ's Final Decision on Talen Montana LLC's Plant Site Request to Amend the Remedy","publisher":"Montana Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2024-04-19","url":"https://deq.mt.gov/files/DEQAdmin/MFS/Colstrip/2024/20240419_PlantSiteRemModFinalDecisionDocument.pdf","basis":"State regulatory record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MT in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MT-STATEWIDE-HOOT-OWL-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Recurring hoot-owl fishing restrictions and closures on warm, low Montana rivers","description":"Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks imposed afternoon (2 p.m. to midnight) fishing restrictions on stretches of the Madison, Sun, Clark Fork, Bitterroot, Rock Creek, Silver Bow Creek and other waters in July 2025 because of warm temperatures and low streamflows. In 2026 restrictions returned on the Big Hole, Smith and Sun rivers, with FWP noting that water at 77 degrees F or more can be lethal to trout.","location":{"state":"MT","states":["MT"],"name":"Western and central Montana trout rivers","type":"Statewide river segments under drought fishing restrictions","detail":"Madison, Sun, Clark Fork, Bitterroot, Big Hole, Smith, Jefferson and other rivers","coordinates":{"lat":45.9,"lon":-111.55,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Madison","Gallatin","Silver Bow","Ravalli","Beaverhead","Cascade","Meagher","Granite"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Low flows and high water temperatures stress trout fisheries.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"FWP's trigger is 73 F for three consecutive days and it warns 77 F or more can be lethal to trout (ref 2); no fish kill count was reported.","service":"Angling barred from 2 p.m. to midnight on listed reaches, and three Madison sections near Baker's Hole stayed fully closed (refs 1, 3).","scale":"Ref 3 lists changes on 13 named waterbodies across FWP Regions 2, 3 and 4.","duration":"Restrictions ran from June into September 2025 (ref 3) and recurred in July-August 2026 (refs 4-5).","significance":"Formal FWP angling restrictions issued under the department's drought policy (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affects anglers and river users statewide; no count reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Hoot-owl restrictions prohibit fishing from 2 p.m. to midnight daily until conditions improve (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Waterbodies with restriction changes, Sept. 2025","value":13,"unit":"waterbodies","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Water temperature trigger","value":73,"unit":"degrees F","status":"Reported","note":"Three consecutive days (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Restrictions recurred in 2025 and 2026 and eased each fall (refs 3, 5)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks","role":"Fishing restrictions and instream flow water rights"}],"public_contact":"Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, fwp.mt.gov (drought fishing restrictions list)","corrective_actions":["FWP restrictions under its drought policy (ref 2).","FWP can call on junior water users under its instream flow rights to boost late-summer flows (ref 5).","Big Hole River Drought Management Plan restrictions (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FWP enacts additional hoot-owl restrictions on Madison, Sun rivers","publisher":"Daily Montanan","date":"2025-07-07","url":"https://dailymontanan.com/2025/07/07/fwp-enacts-additional-hoot-owl-restrictions-on-madison-sun-rivers/","basis":"news"},{"ref":2,"title":"FWP enacts additional hoot-owl restrictions","publisher":"Daily Montanan","date":"2025-07-10","url":"https://dailymontanan.com/2025/07/10/fwp-enacts-additional-hoot-owl-restrictions/","basis":"news"},{"ref":3,"title":"FWP eases fishing restrictions across Montana","publisher":"Daily Montanan","date":"2025-09-04","url":"https://dailymontanan.com/2025/09/04/fwp-eases-fishing-restrictions-across-montana/","basis":"news"},{"ref":4,"title":"Sections 1 and 5 under hoot-owl restrictions effective 7/15/26","publisher":"Big Hole Watershed Committee","date":"2026-07-14","url":"https://bhwc.org/sections-1-and-5-under-hoot-owl-restrictions-effective-7-15-26/","basis":"watershed group notice of FWP action"},{"ref":5,"title":"Hoot-owl restrictions lifted on Smith and Sun rivers","publisher":"Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks","date":"2026-08-28","url":"https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/MTFWP/bulletins/42748ea","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (MT in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MT-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2026"]},{"id":"US-MT-FLATHEAD-CSKT-COMPACT-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Water Court approves CSKT water compact; Flathead irrigation upgrades under way","description":"On May 12, 2026 the Montana Water Court entered a final order approving the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes-Montana-United States Compact into final decrees and dismissing all remaining objections, after receiving 875 objections. The compact quantifies tribal water rights, creates a joint state-tribal water board on the Flathead Reservation and funds Flathead Indian Irrigation Project improvements.","location":{"state":"MT","states":["MT"],"name":"Flathead Indian Reservation (CSKT Compact)","type":"Tribal reserved water rights settlement area","detail":"Lake, Sanders, Missoula and Flathead counties; twelve Clark Fork Division basins noticed","coordinates":{"lat":47.6,"lon":-114.12,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lake","Sanders","Missoula","Flathead"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is adjudication and administration of water rights rather than a physical water problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Refs 1-3 document a legal settlement, not a contamination or health harm.","service":"No water service loss is reported; ref 3 says the Ordinance governs permitting and enforcement on the Reservation.","scale":"The United States mailed preliminary decree notice to 68,293 water users in twelve basins (ref 1).","duration":"Ratified by the Legislature in 2015 and Congress in 2020; the final order came May 12, 2026 (refs 1-2).","significance":"Water Court final order approving the compact and certifying it final under Rule 54(b) (refs 1-2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":68293,"status":"Reported","note":"Water users mailed notice of the preliminary decree (ref 1); not a count of people harmed."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The Court received 875 objections during the objection period (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Objections received","value":875,"unit":"objections","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Irrigated agriculture on the reservation","value":144000,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Final decree entered May 2026 (ref 2); appeal window noted in ref 4."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Montana Water Court","role":"Adjudication"},{"name":"Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes","role":"Compact party"},{"name":"Montana DNRC Compact Implementation Program","role":"State implementation"},{"name":"Flathead Reservation Water Management Board","role":"Joint state-tribal water administration"}],"public_contact":"DNRC Compact Implementation Program, (406) 444-5700","corrective_actions":["Water Court final order and post-decree abstracts entered May 12, 2026 (refs 1-2).","Flathead Reservation Water Management Board processing water right applications since 2022 (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Final Order Approving Compact and Certifying Order as Final, Case WC-0001-C-2021","publisher":"Montana Water Court","date":"2026-05-12","url":"https://courts.mt.gov/external/water/cskt/orders/2712.pdf","basis":"State court record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Notice of CSKT Compact Final Order and Dismissal of Objections","publisher":"Montana Water Court","date":"2026-05-12","url":"https://courts.mt.gov/external/water/cskt/orders/2714.pdf","basis":"State court record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Summary of the Confederated Salish & Kootenai Tribes Montana Compact","publisher":"Montana DNRC","date":"2025-07-17","url":"https://dnrc.mt.gov/_docs/water/Compacts/2025-07-17-Summary-of-CSKT-MT-Compact.pdf","basis":"state"},{"ref":4,"title":"Montana Water Court approves CSKT water compact","publisher":"KPAX","date":null,"url":"https://www.kpax.com/indiancountry/montana-water-court-approves-cskt-water-compact","basis":"news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (MT in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MT-FORT-BELKNAP-WATER-SETTLEMENT-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Fort Belknap water rights settlement still awaits Congress, 24 years after compact","description":"The Fort Belknap Indian Community and the Montana Legislature approved a water compact in 2001, but the settlement still needs congressional ratification, a tribal vote and Water Court entry. The Northern Montana Water Security Act of 2025 would provide $1.3 billion, including $300 million for Milk River Project rehabilitation, and cleared the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs in March 2025.","location":{"state":"MT","states":["MT"],"name":"Fort Belknap Indian Reservation and Milk River","type":"Tribal reserved water rights settlement area","detail":"Blaine and Phillips counties; Milk River Project irrigation","coordinates":{"lat":48.48,"lon":-108.77,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Blaine","Phillips"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["agricultural","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Unsettled reserved water rights and funding for irrigation infrastructure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Refs 1-2 describe an unratified legal settlement; no health or environmental harm is cited.","service":"Neither ref 1 nor ref 2 describes a current service outage tied to the unratified settlement.","scale":"Ref 1 says the Milk River Project irrigates about 121,000 acres of tribal and non-tribal land.","duration":"The compact was approved by the tribal council and Legislature in 2001 and is still pending in Congress (ref 1).","significance":"Federal bill passed the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs on March 5, 2025 (ref 2); not yet law."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure given; ref 1 cites 121,000 irrigated acres."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$1.3 billion to improve infrastructure and economic development for tribal and non-tribal water users (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Proposed settlement funding","value":1300,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Milk River Project and Dodson South Canal rehabilitation","value":300,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Fort Belknap Indian Community","role":"Settlement party"},{"name":"U.S. Congress","role":"Ratification"},{"name":"Montana Water Court","role":"Final decree"}],"public_contact":"Office of U.S. Senator Steve Daines, daines.senate.gov","corrective_actions":["S. 241 / H.R. 907 introduced January 2025; Senate committee approval March 5, 2025 (refs 1-2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Northern Montana Water Security Act one-pager","publisher":"Office of U.S. Senator Steve Daines","date":"2025-01-22","url":"https://www.daines.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Northern-Montana-Water-Security-Act-One-Pager-01.22.2025.pdf","basis":"federal legislator summary"},{"ref":2,"title":"Two Daines Bills to Support Montana Tribal Communities Closer to Becoming Law","publisher":"Office of U.S. Senator Steve Daines","date":"2025-03-05","url":"https://www.daines.senate.gov/2025/03/05/two-daines-bills-to-support-montana-tribal-communities-closer-to-becoming-law","basis":"federal legislator press release"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (MT in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["current congressional status after March 2025"],"related_ids":["US-MT-FORT-BELKNAP-TANK-BOIL-ORDER-2025","US-MT-ST-MARY-CANAL-SIPHON-FAILURE-2024"]},{"id":"US-MT-SMITH-RIVER-BLACK-BUTTE-MINE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Black Butte copper mine near Smith River tributary cleared by Montana Supreme Court","description":"In a 5-2 ruling reported January 6, 2025, the Montana Supreme Court upheld the DNRC water use permit for the Black Butte Copper Mine near Sheep Creek, a tributary of the Smith River, rejecting conservation groups' argument that all mine dewatering needs a permit. Owner Sandfire said in July 2026 it was completing a strategic review and had not announced a construction decision.","location":{"state":"MT","states":["MT"],"name":"Black Butte Copper Project, Sheep Creek","type":"Proposed underground copper mine near river tributary","detail":"Meagher County, near White Sulphur Springs; Sheep Creek drains to the Smith River","coordinates":{"lat":46.55,"lon":-110.9,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Meagher"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Mine dewatering and discharge could alter groundwater and flows to a Smith River tributary.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Potential harm only: American Rivers told MTPR (ref 1) it fears the Smith River will not remain as it is; no measured impact yet.","service":"The mine has not been built (ref 2), so no water service is affected.","scale":"One mine site on Sheep Creek in the Smith River watershed (ref 1).","duration":"Ref 1 says the coalition has fought the mine for over a decade; the operating permit dates to August 14, 2020 (ref 2).","significance":"Montana Supreme Court 5-2 decision on the DNRC water use permit (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure; river recreation and fishery concern."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The permit allows roughly 114,000 gallons of groundwater pumped from the mine (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Permitted groundwater use","value":114000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"As reported by MTPR (ref 1); period not stated."},{"name":"Initial capital estimate","value":474,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"July 2026 PFS update (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Montana DNRC","role":"Water use permit"},{"name":"Montana DEQ","role":"Mine operating permit"},{"name":"Sandfire Resources America / Tintina Montana","role":"Project owner"}],"public_contact":"Montana DNRC Water Resources Division, dnrc.mt.gov","corrective_actions":["Montana Supreme Court reinstated the water use permit (ref 1).","Lowry deposit not yet permitted (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Supreme Court ruling clears the way for Smith River mine","publisher":"Montana Public Radio","date":"2025-01-06","url":"https://www.mtpr.org/montana-news/2025-01-06/supreme-court-ruling-clears-the-way-for-smith-river-mine","basis":"news"},{"ref":2,"title":"Sandfire Resources America delivers Black Butte Copper PFS upgrade","publisher":"BNN Bloomberg (GlobeNewswire release)","date":"2026-07-10","url":"https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/press-releases/2026/07/10/sandfire-resources-america-delivers-black-butte-copper-pfs-upgrade-with-new-lowry-reserves-12-year-mine-life-high-grade-production-profile-and-stronger-project-economics/","basis":"company press release"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (MT in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MT-ZORTMAN-LANDUSKY-TREATMENT-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Zortman-Landusky mine drainage needs perpetual treatment as state fund draws down","description":"Acid rock drainage from the former Zortman-Landusky cyanide heap-leach gold mines requires six water treatment plants treating over a million gallons a day, possibly forever. In November 2025 the Legislature's Environmental Quality Council asked the BLM for a predictable annual contribution as DEQ draws down its remediation funds, warning the site threatens nearby communities including the Fort Belknap Indian Community.","location":{"state":"MT","states":["MT"],"name":"Zortman-Landusky mines, Little Rocky Mountains","type":"Abandoned mine water treatment site","detail":"Phillips County, adjacent to the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation","coordinates":{"lat":47.917,"lon":-108.525,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Phillips"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Perpetual treatment infrastructure is needed to contain mine-polluted water, and its funding is uncertain.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Ref 2 reports acid drainage and heavy metals have polluted local water since the mine closed.","service":"Refs 1-2 do not report a drinking-water outage; treatment plants run daily.","scale":"Six treatment systems serve one mine complex next to the Fort Belknap Indian Community (refs 1-2).","duration":"Pegasus Gold went bankrupt in 1998 and ref 1 says treatment may extend forever.","significance":"DEQ fined two operators more than $500,000 in July 2022 for illegal mining there and proposed a $200,000 consent decree (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure; ref 1 names the Fort Belknap Indian Community as nearby."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Six water treatment plants must treat over a million gallons of water every day (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Annual treatment cost","value":3,"unit":"million USD per year","status":"Reported","note":"Roughly $3 million for six systems, about half paid by BLM (ref 2)."},{"name":"Taxpayer cleanup spending since 1999","value":63,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"More than $63 million (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["dependence on variable federal funding","state remediation account being drawn down"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Chronic treatment need; no change in load reported."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Montana Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Remediation and water treatment"},{"name":"Bureau of Land Management","role":"Federal cost share"}],"public_contact":"Montana DEQ, contact page at deq.mt.gov","corrective_actions":["DEQ-BLM partnership runs six treatment plants (ref 1).","Proposed consent decree directs $200,000 to remediation and water treatment (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Letter to BLM on Zortman-Landusky remediation funding","publisher":"Montana Environmental Quality Council","date":"2025-11-19","url":"https://archive.legmt.gov/content/Committees/Interim/2025-2026/EQC/December-2025/Zortman-BLM-letter-Nov20.pdf","basis":"State legislative record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Montana moves to settle mining violations at Zortman-Landusky gold mine","publisher":"Bozeman Daily Chronicle (Missoulian)","date":null,"url":"https://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/news/montana-moves-to-settle-mining-violations-at-zortman-landusky-gold-mine/article_42b52431-7930-4f6f-8243-527f62525fe2.html","basis":"news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (MT in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["publication date of ref 2","current DEQ fund balance"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MT-LINCOLN-COUNTY-FLOOD-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"December 2025 atmospheric-river flooding in Lincoln County damages Libby water dam","description":"An atmospheric river beginning December 8, 2025 caused flooding in Lincoln and Sanders counties, washing out roads and bridges and damaging the Lower Flower Creek diversion dam that supplies Libby's water system. FEMA issued an emergency declaration on December 19, 2025 and a major disaster declaration for Lincoln County on April 7, 2026; Libby estimated about $2.8 million to restore its water system.","location":{"state":"MT","states":["MT"],"name":"Lincoln County and Libby (Flower Creek)","type":"County flood area and municipal water source dam","detail":"Lincoln and Sanders counties and the Blackfeet Nation; Lower Flower Creek Dam serves the City of Libby","coordinates":{"lat":48.388,"lon":-115.556,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Lincoln","Sanders"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"MT0000274"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Flood damage to roads, bridges and a municipal water supply dam.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Ref 1 records a vehicle washed downstream with no injuries; ref 3 reports tens of millions of dollars in damage.","service":"The governor said the dam failure threatened water distribution for Libby (ref 2); county roads were closed (ref 1).","scale":"The emergency request covered Lincoln and Sanders counties and the Blackfeet Nation (ref 2; ref 4).","duration":"Flooding began December 8, 2025 and repair funding was still being arranged in April 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"County emergency resolution 2025-35 (ref 1), FEMA EM-3630 and major disaster DR-4901 (ref 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":4892,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the City of Libby water system per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Estimated cost to return Libby's water system to pre-flood operation is roughly $2.8 million (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Libby water system repair estimate","value":2.8,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Damage estimate for major disaster request","value":10,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Just under $10 million (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["city would have needed $1 to $1.5 million of its own funds without a declaration (ref 3)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Federal Public Assistance approved in April 2026 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Lincoln County Board of Commissioners","role":"Local emergency"},{"name":"City of Libby","role":"Water system owner"},{"name":"Montana Disaster and Emergency Services","role":"State emergency management"},{"name":"FEMA","role":"Federal disaster assistance"}],"public_contact":"Lincoln County Emergency Operations, (406) 293-6295","corrective_actions":["U.S. Army Corps of Engineers assistance under the emergency declaration (ref 3).","Coffer dam and diversion dam wingwall repairs for Libby (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lincoln County Commission emergency session minutes, Resolution 2025-35","publisher":"Lincoln County","date":"2025-12-11","url":"https://lincolncountymt.us/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/December-11-2025.pdf","basis":"local government"},{"ref":2,"title":"Governor Gianforte Requests Presidential Major Emergency Declaration","publisher":"Montana Governor's Office","date":"2025-12-16","url":"https://news.mt.gov/Governors-Office/Governor-Gianforte-Requests-Presidential-Major-Disaster-Declaration2","basis":"state"},{"ref":3,"title":"Lincoln County gets Major Disaster Declaration for damage caused by winter storms","publisher":"Daily Inter Lake (via Montana DNRC)","date":"2026-04-15","url":"https://content.govdelivery.com/attachments/MTDNRC/2026/06/14/file_attachments/3683528/Lincoln%20County%20gets%20Major%20Disaster%20Declaration%20for%20damage%20caused%20by%20winter%20storms%20_%20Daily%20Inter%20Lake.pdf","basis":"news"},{"ref":4,"title":"FEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries: DR-4901 and EM-3630","publisher":"FEMA OpenFEMA","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v2/DisasterDeclarationsSummaries?$filter=disasterNumber%20eq%204901%20or%20disasterNumber%20eq%203630","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Libby, City of","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MT/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LIBBY/JSON","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MT-LIBBY-FLOOD-BOIL-ORDER-2025"]},{"id":"US-MT-CROW-RESERVATION-FLOOD-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"May 2025 storms and flooding on the Crow Reservation; federal disaster declared","description":"Severe storms, straight-line winds and flooding from May 18 to 22, 2025 destroyed at least 50 homes in southeastern Montana on the Crow Reservation, and water supply contamination was also reported. A major disaster declaration (DR-4887) was approved in September 2025, and HUD announced assistance in November 2025.","location":{"state":"MT","states":["MT"],"name":"Crow Indian Reservation","type":"Tribal reservation flood area","detail":"Big Horn County, southeastern Montana","coordinates":{"lat":45.6,"lon":-107.46,"precision":"county","source_ref":2},"counties":["Big Horn"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Flooding destroyed homes and contaminated water supplies.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Daily Montanan (ref 1) reports at least 50 homes destroyed in the May 2025 storms.","service":"Ref 1 says water supply contamination was also an issue; no outage length is given.","scale":"FEMA lists the Crow Indian Reservation as the single designated area for DR-4887 (ref 2).","duration":"Storms of May 18-22, 2025, with federal housing relief still being announced in late November 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"Major disaster declaration DR-4887 dated September 11, 2025 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Ref 1 gives homes destroyed, not people affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"At least 50 homes destroyed in southeastern Montana (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Homes destroyed","value":50,"unit":"homes","status":"Reported","note":"At least 50 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Crow Tribe","role":"Tribal government"},{"name":"FEMA","role":"Federal disaster assistance"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development","role":"Housing relief"}],"public_contact":"FEMA disaster page for DR-4887 at fema.gov","corrective_actions":["FEMA Public Assistance under DR-4887 (ref 2).","HUD 90-day foreclosure moratorium and grant waivers (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"HUD chief announces assistance to Crow Tribe for May flooding","publisher":"Daily Montanan","date":"2025-11-27","url":"https://dailymontanan.com/2025/11/27/hud-chief-announces-assistance-to-crow-tribe-for-may-flooding/","basis":"news"},{"ref":2,"title":"FEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, Montana since 2022","publisher":"FEMA OpenFEMA","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v2/DisasterDeclarationsSummaries?$filter=state%20eq%20'MT'%20and%20declarationDate%20ge%20'2022-01-01'","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["number of people affected","water systems contaminated"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MT-BUTTE-DATA-CENTER-WATER-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Data center proposals in Butte and Yellowstone County raise water-demand questions","description":"Montana Free Press reported in February 2026 that Sabey Data Centers plans up to 250 MW west of Butte using an existing Silver Lake water right, Atlas Power seeks a 150 MW expansion in Butte, and Quantica proposes up to 1 gigawatt south of Broadview with no water rights secured. Residents questioned the lack of firm water-use projections.","location":{"state":"MT","states":["MT"],"name":"Butte and Broadview data center sites","type":"Proposed industrial water users","detail":"Butte-Silver Bow and Yellowstone counties","coordinates":{"lat":46.0038,"lon":-112.5348,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Silver Bow","Yellowstone"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Proposed large industrial cooling demand on local water sources.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"No facilities are operating at the proposed scale; ref 1 reports only projected use.","service":"Sabey's source, Silver Lake, is described in ref 1 as a separate industrial right, with no effect on service reported.","scale":"Two communities: Butte and the Broadview area of Yellowstone County (ref 1).","duration":"Proposals date from late-2024 power agreements and were pending in February 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"No permit decision or enforcement; ref 1 notes new large withdrawals must go through DNRC review."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Proposal stage; no affected population reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"Montana Tech's Bob Morris estimated Sabey's evaporative cooling at about 16 million gallons per year (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Sabey estimated cooling water","value":16,"unit":"million gallons per year","status":"Estimated","note":"Montana Tech estimate reported in ref 1."},{"name":"Quantica proposed load","value":1000,"unit":"MW","status":"Reported","note":"Up to 1 gigawatt (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Butte-Silver Bow Commission","role":"Land and water deal"},{"name":"Montana DNRC","role":"Water right permitting"}],"public_contact":"Montana DNRC Water Resources Division, dnrc.mt.gov","corrective_actions":[],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"As AI investors eye Montana for new data centers, communities brace for water impacts","publisher":"Montana Free Press","date":"2026-02-12","url":"https://montanafreepress.org/2026/02/12/as-ai-investors-eye-montana-for-new-data-centers-communities-brace-for-water-impacts/","basis":"news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"New record (MT in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MT-BUTTE-SILVER-BOW-CREEK-2026"]},{"id":"US-MT-FRENCHTOWN-SMURFIT-STONE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Former Smurfit-Stone mill: contaminated groundwater beside Clark Fork, remedy years off","description":"At the 3,200-acre former Smurfit-Stone pulp mill near Frenchtown, sampling found high arsenic, manganese and chromium in shallow groundwater, and the Clark Fork River remains under a fish consumption advisory. EPA expects to publish the remedial investigation report and start the feasibility study in 2026 under a 2015 administrative order on consent; residents and local officials say progress is too slow.","location":{"state":"MT","states":["MT"],"name":"Former Smurfit-Stone mill, Frenchtown","type":"Former pulp and paper mill cleanup site on river","detail":"Missoula County, three miles southeast of Frenchtown on the Clark Fork River","coordinates":{"lat":47.015,"lon":-114.229,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Missoula"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Mill wastes have contaminated shallow groundwater next to the Clark Fork.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Ref 2 reports high arsenic, manganese and chromium in shallow groundwater and a Clark Fork fish consumption advisory.","service":"Ref 2 says deeper aquifers used for drinking water appear to be safe.","scale":"A 3,200-acre site in three operable units (ref 1).","duration":"Mill closed in 2010, AOC signed in 2015, and the remedy is not yet selected in 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"EPA administrative order on consent for the RI/FS with responsible parties (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No exposed population reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than 1,800 samples collected, producing over 260,000 results (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Site area","value":3200,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 8","role":"Superfund lead"},{"name":"Montana DEQ","role":"State consultation"}],"public_contact":"U.S. EPA Region 8 site pages at epa.gov","corrective_actions":["Additional 2023-2024 sampling; final data received July-August 2025 (ref 1).","RI report and feasibility study expected in 2026, then a Proposed Plan with public comment (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Smurfit-Stone Mill: Site History","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-09-30","url":"https://www.epa.gov/node/298837","basis":"federal"},{"ref":2,"title":"Frenchtown community seeks answers on Smurfit-Stone mill cleanup","publisher":"NonStop Local (Montana Right Now)","date":"2025-09-04","url":"https://www.montanarightnow.com/missoula/frenchtown-community-seeks-answers-on-smurfit-stone-mill-cleanup/article_bb9c065f-600c-4db6-b3bf-7e8efa689ca6.html","basis":"news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MT in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MT-BUTTE-SILVER-BOW-CREEK-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Butte mining waste and metals-laden stormwater to Silver Bow Creek; consent decree work","description":"Under the 2020 Butte Priority Soils consent decree, Atlantic Richfield and Butte-Silver Bow are building remedies to keep metals-contaminated stormwater out of Silver Bow and Blacktail creeks. The Grove Gulch sedimentation bay was finished in fall 2025, and EPA announced on September 28, 2026 the start of Diggings East, which will haul about 345,000 cubic yards of waste to the Butte Mine Waste Repository over about four years.","location":{"state":"MT","states":["MT"],"name":"Silver Bow and Blacktail creeks, Butte","type":"Urban creek corridor in Superfund operable unit","detail":"Butte-Silver Bow County; Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit","coordinates":{"lat":46.0038,"lon":-112.5348,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Silver Bow"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Mining wastes and stormwater infrastructure determine metals loading to the creeks.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA (ref 1) says metals-contaminated stormwater runoff reaches Silver Bow Creek and can infiltrate groundwater.","service":"No water service interruption is cited by EPA (ref 1) or the Butte CTEC update (ref 2).","scale":"The Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit covering the city's creek corridor (refs 1-2).","duration":"Decades-old mining contamination; Diggings East alone is expected to take about four years (ref 1).","significance":"2020 consent decree binds Atlantic Richfield and Butte-Silver Bow (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure in refs 1-2."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Diggings East will excavate about 345,000 cubic yards of waste for the Butte Mine Waste Repository (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Diggings East waste excavation","value":345000,"unit":"cubic yards","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"First consent decree project finished fall 2025 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 8","role":"Superfund oversight"},{"name":"Montana DEQ","role":"State oversight"},{"name":"Atlantic Richfield Company","role":"Responsible party"},{"name":"Butte-Silver Bow","role":"Consent decree party"}],"public_contact":"U.S. EPA Region 8 site pages at epa.gov","corrective_actions":["Grove Gulch sedimentation bay completed fall 2025 (ref 2).","Diggings East stormwater basins under construction from August-September 2026 (ref 1).","Blacktail Creek groundwater capture at 95% design (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Remedial Work at Diggings East Begins","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-09-28","url":"https://www.epa.gov/node/301272","basis":"federal"},{"ref":2,"title":"Spring 2026 Superfund Update","publisher":"Citizens Technical Environmental Committee (Butte)","date":null,"url":"https://buttectec.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/CTEC-Spring-2026-update.pdf","basis":"EPA-funded community technical advisor"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MT in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MT-BUTTE-DATA-CENTER-WATER-2026"]},{"id":"US-WY-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Wyoming drought: 80% of state in severe drought, USDA disaster areas, water curtailments","description":"In August 2026 about 80% of Wyoming was in severe drought or worse and 45% in extreme drought, and the State Engineer reported dozens of legally enforced water restrictions since January, including curtailments of senior rights dating to the 1800s. USDA designated Albany, Carbon, Lincoln, Sweetwater and Uinta counties primary natural disaster areas for drought in April 2026, with seven more Wyoming counties contiguous.","location":{"name":"Wyoming (statewide)","type":"State drought region","state":"WY","states":["WY"],"detail":"Statewide; worst reported in Carbon, Niobrara and Crook counties and southwest Wyoming","coordinates":{"lat":43,"lon":-107.55,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Albany","Carbon","Lincoln","Sweetwater","Uinta","Niobrara","Crook"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["water-rights","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is a shortage of water supply caused by drought, not a failure of built infrastructure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"WyoFile (ref 1) reports USDA rated half of Wyoming pasture and range 'very poor', ponds and springs dried in Niobrara County and ranchers culling cow-calf pairs in Carbon County; documented agricultural damage, no drinking-water health harm cited.","service":"State Engineer Brandon Gebhart told legislators of dozens of legally enforced water restrictions since January 2026, with some irrigators shut off after 10 days or less (ref 1); North Platte priority administration ran through at least May 1, 2026 (ref 3).","scale":"About 80% of the state was in severe drought or worse and 45% in extreme drought per the U.S. Drought Monitor (ref 1).","duration":"Drought ran through the 2025 water year into August 2026, with parts of the state on pace to match or exceed 2002 (ref 1); 2025-season drought designations carry deadlines into December 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"USDA Secretarial Fast Track drought disaster designation of five primary Wyoming counties on April 22, 2026 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide event; sources give area, not population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 80% of Wyoming is in severe drought or worse and 45% in extreme drought (U.S. Drought Monitor, August 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Share of state in severe drought or worse","value":80,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1, August 2026."},{"name":"Share of state in extreme drought","value":45,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Primary drought disaster counties (April 2026 designation)","value":5,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"July 2026 was Wyoming's warmest month on record (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Wyoming State Engineer's Office","role":"Water rights administration and curtailment"},{"name":"USDA Farm Service Agency","role":"Disaster designation and emergency loans"}],"public_contact":"Wyoming State Engineer's Office, Cheyenne","corrective_actions":["Priority administration and curtailment of junior and some senior rights by the State Engineer","USDA emergency loans available to producers in designated counties through December 14, 2026"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Extreme drought, record-breaking heat confront Wyoming ranchers with difficult choices","publisher":"WyoFile","date":"2026-08-12","url":"https://wyofile.com/extreme-drought-record-breaking-heat-confront-wyoming-ranchers-with-difficult-choices/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"USDA Designates Five Wyoming Counties as Primary Natural Disaster Areas","publisher":"USDA Farm Service Agency","date":"2026-04-22","url":"https://www.fsa.usda.gov/news-events/news/04-22-2026/usda-designates-five-wyoming-counties-primary-natural-disaster-areas","basis":"Federal agency record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Wyoming's North Platte water cuts continue into spring","publisher":"Western-Water.com","date":"2026-04-08","url":"https://www.western-water.com/2026/04/08/wyomings-north-platte-water-cuts-continue-into-spring","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (WY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CO-RIVER-SHORTAGE-2026","US-WY-GREEN-RIVER-CONSERVATION-CURTAILMENT-2026"]},{"id":"US-WY-CHEYENNE-COLORADO-RIVER-SUPPLY-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Cheyenne relies on junior Colorado River basin rights for about 70% of its water","description":"About 70% of Cheyenne's municipal water comes from the Little Snake River drainage in the Colorado River basin through a trans-basin exchange, and the city's appropriations (1954-1982) are junior, so a compact curtailment would hit them first. The Board of Public Utilities made watering restrictions year-round in 2023 to prepare residents for possible shortages, and reporting in 2024 said stability after 2026 remains uncertain.","location":{"name":"Cheyenne Board of Public Utilities","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"WY","states":["WY"],"detail":"Cheyenne, Laramie County; supply diverted from the Little Snake River drainage via Hog Park and Rob Roy reservoirs","coordinates":{"lat":41.14,"lon":-104.82,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Laramie","Carbon"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WY5600011"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The risk is loss of supply quantity under interstate compact curtailment, not a facility failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"No health or environmental harm is reported; the risk is to supply volume (refs 1-3).","service":"BOPU made lawn-watering limits year-round from April 1, 2023 (three days a week, no watering 10 AM-6 PM), citing possible Colorado River curtailment (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists the Cheyenne BOPU system serving 64,165 people (ref 4), below the 100,000 threshold.","duration":"Dependence is structural: rights date from 1954 to 1982 and the State Engineer's office said curtailment could come as soon as 2028 (ref 1); 2024 reporting says post-2026 stability is uncertain (ref 3).","significance":"No enforcement order or emergency declaration; the State Engineer's 2028 estimate is a planning warning (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":64165,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 70% of the city's municipal water supply originates in the Little Snake River drainage, part of the Colorado River Basin (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Share of supply from Colorado River basin","value":70,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1-3."},{"name":"Average annual city water use","value":14000,"unit":"acre-feet per year","status":"Reported","note":"2022 figure (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Alternative supplies (Borie wellfield, North Platte options) needed to replace junior compact water (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Cheyenne Board of Public Utilities","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Wyoming State Engineer's Office","role":"Colorado River compact administration"}],"public_contact":"Cheyenne Board of Public Utilities customer service","corrective_actions":["Year-round watering restrictions since 2023","Pursuit of non-compact supplies including Borie wellfield expansion and Ogallala wells"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Municipal water among most vulnerable in Colorado River crisis","publisher":"WyoFile","date":"2022-11-15","url":"https://wyofile.com/municipal-water-among-most-vulnerable-in-colorado-river-crisis/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Cheyenne BOPU to implement new year-round watering restrictions on April 1","publisher":"KOWB 1290","date":"2023-03-24","url":"https://kowb1290.com/ixp/99/p/cheyenne-bopu-to-implement-new-year-round-watering-restrictions-on-april-1/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Efforts to get more of Wyoming's share of Colorado River water aren't going away","publisher":"Cowboy State Daily","date":"2024-06-14","url":"https://cowboystatedaily.com/2024/06/14/efforts-to-get-more-of-wyomings-share-of-colorado-river-water-arent-going-away","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Cheyenne Board of Public Utilities","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CHEYENNE/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (WY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AZ-COLORADO-POST2026-ALLOCATION-2026","US-CO-RIVER-SHORTAGE-2026","US-WY-CHEYENNE-DATA-CENTER-WATER-2026","US-WY-GREEN-RIVER-CONSERVATION-CURTAILMENT-2026"]},{"id":"US-WY-GOSHEN-FORT-LARAMIE-TUNNEL-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Fort Laramie Canal Tunnel No. 2 replacement after 2019 collapse ($150M, due 2028)","description":"Tunnel No. 2 on the Goshen/Gering-Fort Laramie Canal collapsed on July 17, 2019, cutting irrigation deliveries to more than 100,000 acres in Goshen County, Wyoming and western Nebraska. Temporary repairs restored flow in 2019; a permanent replacement estimated at $150 million broke ground in October 2025, with full excavation set for fall 2026 and both tunnels due by spring 2028.","location":{"name":"Goshen/Gering-Fort Laramie Canal Tunnel No. 2","type":"Irrigation canal tunnel","state":"WY","states":["WY"],"detail":"About a mile south of Fort Laramie, Goshen County; canal serves Goshen County WY and western Nebraska","coordinates":{"lat":42.21,"lon":-104.52,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Goshen"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The issue is failure and replacement of aging canal tunnel structures.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The 2019 collapse cut water to crops on more than 100,000 acres mid-season (ref 2); no human health harm.","service":"Deliveries were cut for 44 days in 2019 (ref 1); the canal now runs on temporary repairs while replacement construction proceeds (ref 1).","scale":"More than 107,000 irrigated acres in two states depend on the canal (ref 1).","duration":"The permanent fix spans from 2019 to a spring 2028 completion target (ref 1).","significance":"Bureau of Reclamation authorized up to $4 million in loans for temporary repairs (ref 2) and offers a $58.5 million low-interest loan for replacement (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources report irrigated acres, not population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A 2019 tunnel collapse and canal breach cut off water deliveries to more than 107,000 acres for 44 days (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Estimated replacement cost","value":150,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"State grants secured (Nebraska and Wyoming)","value":64.5,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Irrigated acres served","value":107000,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1 ('more than')."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Districts relying on a $58.5 million federal loan for part of a $150 million project (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Replacement construction began in fall 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Goshen Irrigation District","role":"Operator (1926 agreement)"},{"name":"Gering-Fort Laramie Irrigation District","role":"Operator"},{"name":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","role":"Owner agency and lender"}],"public_contact":"Goshen Irrigation District office, Torrington","corrective_actions":["Groundbreaking Oct. 28, 2025; inlet/outlet and access work fall 2025","Full excavation fall 2026; Tunnel No. 1 replacement late 2027; completion spring 2028"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Tunnel replacement work begins on Goshen/Gering-Fort Laramie Canal after 2019 collapse","publisher":"Underground Construction","date":"2025-10-28","url":"https://admin.undergroundinfrastructure.com/news/2025/october/tunnel-replacement-work-begins-on-goshengering-fort-laramie-canal-after-2019-collapse","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Irrigation canal repairs nearly complete, Goshen County to turn water back on","publisher":"Cowboy State Daily","date":"2019-08-28","url":"https://cowboystatedaily.com/2019/08/28/irrigation-canal-repairs-nearly-complete-goshen-county-to-turn-water-back-on","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (WY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WY-KEMMERER-DIAMONDVILLE-WATER-SEWER-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Kemmerer-Diamondville: EPA order over trihalomethanes and an aging sewage plant","description":"EPA ordered the Kemmerer-Diamondville Joint Powers Board in December 2024 to return its water system to compliance after total trihalomethane running averages of 0.085-0.094 mg/L exceeded the 0.080 mg/L limit at two sites in 2024; SDWIS records further TTHM violations into 2026. The towns' 42-year-old sewage plant is decades past its design life, with replacement estimated at $40-60 million as the TerraPower nuclear project and other energy developments approach.","location":{"name":"Kemmerer-Diamondville JPB","type":"Joint powers water and wastewater utility","state":"WY","states":["WY"],"detail":"Kemmerer and Diamondville, Lincoln County; water drawn from the Hams Fork River","coordinates":{"lat":41.79,"lon":-110.54,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Lincoln"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WY5600028"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Disinfection byproduct violations in drinking water coincide with an aging wastewater plant and brittle water mains.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA order (ref 1) cites TTHM locational running annual averages of 0.094, 0.092 and 0.09 mg/L at one site and 0.085 and 0.086 mg/L at another in 2024, above the 0.080 mg/L MCL.","service":"A failed 40-year-old 16-inch main left 47 homes without potable water for days in spring 2023 (ref 3); the 2024 order requires ongoing public notice until the TTHM violations are resolved (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists the system serving 3,348 people (ref 4).","duration":"SDWIS health-based records (ref 5) show TTHM MCL violations for quarters from early 2024 into the second quarter of 2026.","significance":"EPA Region 8 Safe Drinking Water Act administrative order SDWA-08-2025-0007, signed December 12, 2024 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":3348,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM LRAA of 0.094 mg/L in 1st quarter 2024 against an MCL of 0.080 mg/L (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest 2024 TTHM LRAA","value":0.094,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; MCL 0.080 mg/L."},{"name":"Estimated wastewater plant replacement","value":null,"unit":"million USD","status":"Not reported","note":"Superintendent estimate given as a range of $40-60 million (refs 2, 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Towns lacked the $5-10 million local match for major federal grants (ref 3)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"TTHM violations recur through 2026 per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Kemmerer-Diamondville Water & Wastewater Joint Powers Board","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 8","role":"Enforcement (administrative order)"}],"public_contact":"Kemmerer-Diamondville Water & Wastewater Joint Powers Board, Kemmerer","corrective_actions":["EPA order requires a compliance plan and schedule to meet the TTHM MCL (ref 1)","Wastewater plant replacement under planning; funding not secured (refs 2, 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Administrative Order SDWA-08-2025-0007, Kemmerer-Diamondville JPB (WY5600028)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 8","date":"2024-12-12","url":"https://yosemite.epa.gov/OA/RHC/EPAAdmin.nsf/Filings/E1E02B4133C0BBA585258BF6000B3CCE/$File/SDWA-08-2025-0007 WY5600028 Kemmerer-Diamondville-JPB AO.pdf","basis":"Federal enforcement record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Kemmerer's 42-year-old sewage plant not up to demands of new energy projects","publisher":"Cowboy State Daily","date":"2024-04-08","url":"https://cowboystatedaily.com/2024/04/08/kemmerers-42-year-old-sewage-plant-not-up-to-demands-of-new-energy-projects","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Towns face chicken-and-egg dilemma with nuclear project needs","publisher":"WyoFile","date":"2023-05-25","url":"https://wyofile.com/?p=89089","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Kemmerer-Diamondville JPB","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/KEMMERER/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Wyoming","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/WY/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:9999/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (WY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WY-CHEYENNE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Cheyenne: 25,000 customers notified of lead, galvanized or unknown service lines","description":"Cheyenne's Board of Public Utilities mailed federally required notices in November 2025 to about 25,000 customers whose service lines are classed as lead, galvanized requiring replacement, or unknown. In 2026 it began seeking about $20 million from the state drinking water revolving fund to identify and replace lead lines among roughly 28,000 service lines, about 15,000 of them installed in 1960 or earlier; utility sampling remains below the lead action level.","location":{"name":"Cheyenne Board of Public Utilities","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"WY","states":["WY"],"detail":"Cheyenne, Laramie County; high-risk zone roughly West Eighth Street to I-80, I-25 to Warren Avenue","coordinates":{"lat":41.14,"lon":-104.82,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Laramie"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WY5600011"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead exposure risk stems from service line materials in the distribution infrastructure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Potential lead exposure from unverified lines; BOPU reports lead concentrations remain below the EPA action level (ref 2).","service":"About 25,000 customers received annual notices that their line is lead, galvanized requiring replacement or unknown (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists the system serving 64,165 people (ref 4); about 28,000 service lines are in scope (ref 1).","duration":"Full-scale investigation is scheduled from fall 2027 to fall 2034, with a federal replacement deadline of 2037 (refs 1, 3).","significance":"Notifications are required under EPA's Lead and Copper Rule Revisions (ref 2); the City Council Finance Committee recommended the $20 million loan application (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":25000,"status":"Reported","note":"Customers notified of lead, galvanized or unknown lines (ref 2); system population 64,165 per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Notifications will reach approximately 25,000 customers whose service line materials are classified as known lead, galvanized requiring replacement or unknown (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Service lines in system","value":28000,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"High-risk (1960 or earlier) service lines","value":15000,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Planned SRF loan","value":20,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"25% principal forgiveness requested (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Cheyenne Board of Public Utilities","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Wyoming Office of State Lands and Investments","role":"Drinking Water SRF administrator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 8","role":"Primacy regulator for Wyoming"}],"public_contact":"Cheyenne Board of Public Utilities, cheyennebopu.org/leadfree","corrective_actions":["Public lead service line inventory map","Hydro-excavation (potholing) of unknown lines; replacements prioritized at schools, daycares and medical facilities","pH adjustment for corrosion control"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Cheyenne BOPU to investigate, replace lead water lines under new federal rules","publisher":"Wyoming Tribune Eagle","date":"2026-05-05","url":"https://www.wyomingnews.com/news/local_news/cheyenne-bopu-to-investigate-replace-lead-water-lines-under-new-federal-rules/article_17e74c61-eb73-4c83-862c-77aa911fbad3.html","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"BOPU to mail annual notices on water service line materials","publisher":"Wyoming Tribune Eagle","date":"2025-10-24","url":"https://www.wyomingnews.com/news/local_news/bopu-to-mail-annual-notices-on-water-service-line-materials/article_139ceeaf-695a-465c-89c6-b4e9234190b7.html","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Wyoming city advances $20-million lead service line replacement funding request","publisher":"Underground Construction","date":"2026-06-22","url":"https://undergroundinfrastructure.com/news/2026/june/wyoming-city-advances-20-million-lead-service-line-replacement-funding-request","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Cheyenne Board of Public Utilities","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CHEYENNE/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (WY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WY-RAWLINS-TRANSMISSION-LINE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Rawlins: century-old supply pipeline and $50M repair backlog after 2022 failure","description":"Rawlins draws most of its water through a 32-mile pipeline from Sage Creek Springs, parts of which date to the 1920s and still include wood-stave pipe; a 2022 system failure put Rawlins and Sinclair under a boil advisory for nearly a week. A state-funded study identified $50 million in essential repairs, and in April 2026 the city was selecting a contractor for a $5.67 million transmission line project after raising water rates by nearly 78% since 2022.","location":{"name":"Rawlins Water Supply","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"WY","states":["WY"],"detail":"Rawlins, Carbon County; supply from Sage Creek Springs and the North Platte River","coordinates":{"lat":41.79,"lon":-107.24,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Carbon"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WY5600045"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Aging transmission and storage infrastructure threatens a spring supply that also depends on snowpack.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The 2022 failure triggered a boil-water alert over possible contamination (ref 2); no illness reported.","service":"Rawlins and Sinclair were under a boil advisory for nearly a week in 2022, and in April 2026 the city manager said summer watering restrictions were possible after an unusually dry winter (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists the Rawlins system serving 9,006 people (ref 3).","duration":"A 2023 study's four priority projects total $50 million, and the first ($5.67 million transmission line) had not started as of April 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Carbon County issued a formal boil-water alert in March 2022 (ref 2); the Wyoming Water Development Commission granted $2.835 million (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":9006,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A 2023 study identified $50 million in essential water infrastructure repairs across four priority projects (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Identified essential repairs","value":50,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Water rate increase since 2022","value":78,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"'Nearly 78%' (ref 1)."},{"name":"Transmission pipeline length","value":32,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Water rates raised nearly 78% since 2022 (ref 1).","City must match a $2.835 million state grant (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Pretreatment plant restored after 2022; transmission repairs pending (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Rawlins Public Works","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Wyoming Water Development Commission","role":"Funding"}],"public_contact":"City of Rawlins Public Works Department","corrective_actions":["$2.835 million WWDC grant to replace blowoff valves and cathodic protection on the transmission line","North Platte pretreatment plant returned to service with more than $500,000 in impact assistance"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Rawlins City Council updated on water transmission line repairs","publisher":"Bigfoot 99 Radio","date":"2026-04-16","url":"https://bigfoot99.com/?p=45982","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Carbon County issues critical water alert in wake of multiple source issues","publisher":"SweetwaterNOW","date":"2022-03-04","url":"https://www.sweetwaternow.com/?p=352922","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Rawlins Water Supply, City of","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/RAWLINS/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (WY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WY-JACKSON-WWTP-FLAT-CREEK-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Jackson sewage lagoons: EPA questions ammonia leakage toward Flat Creek","description":"In July 2024 EPA questioned Wyoming DEQ's decision not to set an ammonia limit for the Town of Jackson's lagoon-based wastewater plant and asked DEQ to assess whether contaminated groundwater could reach Flat Creek. DEQ data showed high ammonia in groundwater downstream of the plant in 2007-2012, groundwater monitoring was dropped in 2012, and officials estimate a switch away from lagoons at $60-70 million if an ammonia limit is imposed. Local reporting in January 2026 said DEQ sided with a citizens' group in late 2025 and required the town to resume groundwater testing near the plant, with a start date still to be set.","location":{"name":"Town of Jackson wastewater treatment plant","type":"Municipal wastewater lagoon facility","state":"WY","states":["WY"],"detail":"Jackson, Teton County; discharges to wetlands draining toward Flat Creek and the Snake River","coordinates":{"lat":43.48,"lon":-110.76,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Teton"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["groundwater","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Possible seepage from lagoon cells links wastewater infrastructure to groundwater and stream quality.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Protect Our Water Jackson Hole cites DEQ data showing high ammonia in groundwater downstream of the plant from 2007 to 2012 (ref 1); Game and Fish detected no impact on Flat Creek cutthroat trout.","service":"No disruption to sewer service is reported (ref 1).","scale":"The plant serves the Town of Jackson and new connections such as the Munger Mountain Elementary area (ref 1).","duration":"Lagoon liner status has been disputed since late-1970s plans and groundwater monitoring was off from 2012 (ref 1) until DEQ required it to resume in late 2025 (ref 2).","significance":"EPA's Denver clean water branch formally commented on the DEQ permit in July 2024 recommending documentation of lagoon cell liners (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sewer service population not stated in source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Officials estimate an upgrade away from the lagoon system at $60 million to $70 million if DEQ imposes an ammonia standard (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Groundwater ammonia monitoring discontinued","value":2012,"unit":"year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1. Testing stopped about 14 years before January 2026 and the state required it to resume in late 2025 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Possible $60-70 million upgrade borne by taxpayers (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Jackson","role":"Wastewater plant owner"},{"name":"Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Discharge permit authority"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 8","role":"Permit oversight"}],"public_contact":"Town of Jackson Public Works","corrective_actions":["Draft DEQ permit would expand nutrient and ammonia monitoring in Flat Creek, the wetland and two Snake River sites (ref 1)","DEQ required the town to resume groundwater testing near the plant; the state is to design the monitoring program with the town (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA questions whether wastewater plant is leaking into Flat Creek","publisher":"Jackson Hole News&Guide","date":"2024-08-28","url":"https://www.jhnewsandguide.com/news/environmental/epa-questions-whether-wastewater-plant-is-leaking-into-flat-creek/article_34c5d452-534a-11ef-aead-23869375ea17.html","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"After 14 years, groundwater testing expected to resume at town plant","publisher":"KHOL 89.1","date":"2026-01-15","url":"https://891khol.org/after-14-years-groundwater-testing-expected-to-resume-at-town-plant/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (WY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Attempted re-verification: the Jackson Hole News&Guide article (ref 1) returned HTTP 429 on four attempts, so its facts (EPA comment, DEQ 2007-2012 data, $60-70 million estimate) were not re-checked and verification is unchanged. Opened KHOL (January 2026): Wyoming DEQ sided with Protect Our Waters Jackson Hole in late 2025 and required the town to resume groundwater testing near the plant, stopped about 14 years earlier; start date not fixed (expected within 2026). Added as ref 2 and the record updated. Confidence stays Low."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["Start date and results of resumed groundwater testing","Re-verification of ref 1 (page unavailable, HTTP 429)"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WY-ETHETE-BOIL-ORDER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Ethete (Wind River Reservation) boil order after system pressure failure","description":"In June 2025 the Northern Arapaho Water and Sewer Department ordered Ethete water users to boil water after a clogged point of entry on a polymer hose caused a loss of pressure, warning of a 'high potential' for fecal contamination. EPA's SDWIS records a health-based treatment technique violation for the system that month, with return to compliance on August 27, 2025.","location":{"name":"Ethete Water System","type":"Tribal community water system","state":"WY","states":["WY"],"detail":"Ethete, Wind River Reservation, Fremont County","coordinates":{"lat":43.02,"lon":-108.77,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Fremont"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"085690002"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A hardware failure caused pressure loss and a treatment violation, creating contamination risk.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The department warned of 'imminent and substantial health endangerment' from possible fecal contamination (ref 1); no confirmed contamination or illness reported.","service":"Users were told to boil or use bottled water for drinking, ice, teeth and food until further notice and to discard stored water (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists the Ethete system serving 1,950 people (ref 2).","duration":"SDWIS shows treatment technique violations beginning June 1, 2025 and returned to compliance August 27, 2025 (ref 3).","significance":"Formal boil order plus EPA-recorded health-based treatment technique violations (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":1950,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"\"High potential that fecal contamination or other disease-causing organisms could enter the distribution system\" (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Violation returned to compliance August 2025 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Northern Arapaho Water and Sewer Department","role":"Operator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 8","role":"Primacy regulator (tribal system)"}],"public_contact":"Northern Arapaho Water and Sewer Department, Ethete","corrective_actions":["Polymer hose replaced (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Boil order issued in Ethete after 'system failure' and potential fecal contamination","publisher":"News Letter Journal (Wyoming News Exchange)","date":"2025-06-07","url":"https://www.newslj.com/boil-order-issued-ethete-after-system-failure-and-potential-fecal-contamination","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Ethete Water System","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ETHETE/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS violations: Ethete Water System (085690002)","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/085690002/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (WY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WY-OLD-FAITHFUL-ARSENIC-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Yellowstone Old Faithful water system arsenic exceedance and EPA order","description":"Yellowstone's Old Faithful water system exceeded the 0.010 mg/L arsenic limit with running annual averages of 0.012 mg/L in the second through fourth quarters of 2023, leading to an EPA administrative order in September 2024; a similar order was issued in 2016. The park's 2025 water quality report lists arsenic at 6 ppb (range 1-7 ppb) and no violations.","location":{"name":"YNP-Old Faithful","type":"Federal (National Park Service) community water system","state":"WY","states":["WY"],"detail":"Old Faithful area, Yellowstone National Park, Teton County","coordinates":{"lat":44.46,"lon":-110.83,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Teton"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WY5680085"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Naturally occurring arsenic in the source water exceeded the drinking water standard.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA order (ref 1) cites arsenic running annual averages of 0.012 mg/L for Q2-Q4 2023, above the 0.010 mg/L MCL.","service":"No do-not-drink or boil order reported; the order required public notice until resolved (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 7,745 people served (ref 3); EPA's order notes about 50 year-round residents, the rest park visitors and staff (ref 1).","duration":"Recurring: SDWIS shows arsenic MCL violations in 2016, 2020 and 2023 (ref 4).","significance":"EPA Safe Drinking Water Act administrative order SDWA-08-2024-0049 dated September 30, 2024 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":7745,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3), largely seasonal."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Arsenic RAAs of 0.012 mg/L for the second, third and fourth quarters of 2023 (ref 1); 2025 result 6 ppb with no violation (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"2023 arsenic running annual average","value":0.012,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; MCL 0.010."},{"name":"2025 arsenic result","value":6,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"2025 report shows no violations (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"National Park Service, Yellowstone National Park","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 8","role":"Enforcement"}],"public_contact":"Yellowstone National Park, PO Box 168, Yellowstone National Park, WY 82190; 307-344-7381","corrective_actions":["Compliance schedule under the 2024 EPA order","Open sanitary survey items: storage tank repairs and chlorine residual adjustments (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Administrative Order SDWA-08-2024-0049, YNP Old Faithful (WY5680085)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 8","date":"2024-09-30","url":"https://yosemite.epa.gov/oa/rhc/epaadmin.nsf/Filings/9F62178372A732CD85258BA90005D089/$File/SDWA-08-2024-0049 FY24.WY5680085 YNP Old Faithful.AO.pdf","basis":"Federal enforcement record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Old Faithful Annual Drinking Water Quality Report (2025)","publisher":"National Park Service","date":"2026-07-07","url":"https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/waterquality-oldfaithful.htm","basis":"Federal agency record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: YNP-Old Faithful","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/WY5680085/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Wyoming","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/WY/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:9999/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"New record (WY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WY-MONETA-DIVIDE-PRODUCED-WATER-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Moneta Divide oilfield discharges leave Alkali and Badwater creeks impaired above Boysen","description":"Produced water from the Moneta Divide oil and gas field is discharged into Alkali and Badwater creeks in Fremont County, which flow to Boysen Reservoir, a drinking-water source for Thermopolis. In 2024 Wyoming DEQ listed 40.8 miles of the creeks as impaired, and a DEQ letter of violation cited recurring exceedances of sulfide, barium, radium and temperature limits; the operator contested parts of the violation.","location":{"name":"Alkali and Badwater creeks (Moneta Divide field)","type":"River segment","state":"WY","states":["WY"],"detail":"Fremont County; creeks drain to Boysen Reservoir above Thermopolis (Hot Springs County)","coordinates":{"lat":43.33,"lon":-108.05,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Fremont","Natrona","Hot Springs"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Oilfield wastewater discharges degrade stream water quality upstream of a reservoir used for drinking water.","secondary_drivers":["Oil and gas produced water disposal"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"WyoFile/News Letter Journal (ref 1) reports the segments fail standards for drinking water, fish consumption and aquatic life, with black sludge up to 6 feet deep.","service":"No drinking-water service restriction for Thermopolis or other users is reported in refs 1-3.","scale":"DEQ's draft 305(b) report lists 40.8 impaired creek miles draining to Boysen Reservoir (ref 1); one watershed affected.","duration":"Permit exceedances were alleged from 2015-2019 (ref 3) and recurring exceedances again in 2023 (ref 1): multi-year.","significance":"DEQ issued an April 2023 letter of violation for 'reoccurring exceedances' (ref 1), which Aethon contested (ref 2); no order or penalty reported."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Downstream Thermopolis uses Boysen water, but no population exposure figure is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"DEQ listed 40.8 miles of Alkali and Badwater creeks as impaired in its draft Integrated 305(b) report (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Impaired stream length","value":40.8,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Draft DEQ 305(b) report (ref 1)."},{"name":"Permit chloride daily maximum","value":230,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Compliance due Sept. 1, 2024 (refs 2, 4)."},{"name":"Historic outfall chloride average","value":2200,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Frenchie Draw outfalls (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No public report found on whether the September 2024 chloride limit was met."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality, Water Quality Division","role":"WYPDES permitting and enforcement"},{"name":"Aethon Energy Operating, LLC","role":"Field operator and permittee"}],"public_contact":"Wyoming DEQ Water Quality Division, 200 W. 17th Street, Cheyenne, WY 82002","corrective_actions":["2020 renewed permit caps chloride at 230 mg/L with compliance by Sept. 1, 2024 (ref 4).","Aethon said a water treatment plant would come online later in 2024 and is pursuing injection into the Shotgun formation and a deep Madison well (ref 2).","DEQ monitoring sediment movement in lower Badwater Creek toward Boysen Reservoir (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Creeks tainted by drilling unable to sustain aquatic life, regulators say","publisher":"WyoFile via Wyoming News Exchange (News Letter Journal)","date":"2024-03-20","url":"https://newslj.com/creeks-tainted-drilling-unable-sustain-aquatic-life-regulators-say","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Driller contests oilfield violation, searches for ways to dispose wastewater","publisher":"WyoFile via Wyoming News Exchange (News Letter Journal)","date":"2024-03-25","url":"https://www.newslj.com/driller-contests-oilfield-violation-searches-ways-dispose-wastewater","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"DEQ backs off plan to dump more oilfield pollutants into Boysen","publisher":"WyoFile","date":"2020-01-21","url":"https://wyofile.com/deq-backs-off-plan-to-dump-more-oilfield-pollutants-into-boysen/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"State limits pollution flows from Aethon Moneta gas field","publisher":"WyoFile","date":"2020-10-06","url":"https://wyofile.com/state-limits-pollution-flows-from-aethon-moneta-gas-field/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (WY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["compliance status with the September 2024 chloride limit","final impairment listing"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WY-STATEWIDE-COAL-ASH-GROUNDWATER-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Groundwater above federal limits at Wyoming coal ash sites, led by Naughton and Jim Bridger","description":"Industry monitoring compiled by Earthjustice shows groundwater contamination above federal drinking-water guidelines at every Wyoming coal plant with data, including lithium at 242 times and selenium at 150 times the guideline at PacifiCorp's Naughton plant and lithium at 164 times at Jim Bridger. About 13 older dumps must be reported for the first time under the 2024 legacy rule, while EPA proposed in 2026 to roll back federal coal ash cleanup rules.","location":{"name":"Wyoming coal plant ash ponds and landfills","type":"Power plant coal ash units","state":"WY","states":["WY"],"detail":"Jim Bridger (Sweetwater), Naughton (Lincoln), Dave Johnston (Converse), Laramie River Station (Platte) and others","coordinates":{"lat":41.74,"lon":-108.79,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Sweetwater","Lincoln","Converse","Platte","Campbell","Weston"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Leachate from coal combustion residuals contaminates groundwater beneath power plant disposal units.","secondary_drivers":["Coal combustion residuals"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Earthjustice's plant table (ref 1) lists Naughton lithium x242, selenium x150 and Jim Bridger lithium x164 against federal drinking-water guidelines.","service":"PacifiCorp said the plants have never posed a hazard to drinking water sources (ref 3); no supply disruption is reported.","scale":"Six plant sites with 19 regulated units holding over 50 million cubic yards (ref 1); contamination is site-bound groundwater.","duration":"PacifiCorp disclosed carcinogens in groundwater at three plants in late 2018 (ref 3) and exceedances persist in 2025 data (ref 1).","significance":"Monitoring is required under the federal CCR rule, and Osage reportedly failed to report two legacy ponds under the 2024 rule (ref 1); no enforcement order cited."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No exposed drinking-water population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Naughton: lithium (x242), selenium (x150), sulfate (x66), arsenic (x10), lead (x16) above federal drinking water guidelines (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Wyoming coal ash sites","value":6,"unit":"plants","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; ref 2 also counts 6."},{"name":"Legacy dumps newly reportable","value":13,"unit":"units","status":"Reported","note":"About 13 under the 2024 Legacy rule (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Exceedances reported in 2019 (ref 3) remain in 2025 data (ref 1); no completed cleanups reported."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"PacifiCorp (Rocky Mountain Power)","role":"Owner of Jim Bridger, Naughton, Dave Johnston, Wyodak"},{"name":"Basin Electric Power Cooperative","role":"Owner of Laramie River Station"},{"name":"Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality","role":"State groundwater permitting"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Federal CCR rule"}],"public_contact":"Wyoming DEQ, 200 W. 17th Street, Cheyenne, WY 82002","corrective_actions":["PacifiCorp said remediation is underway under state and federal standards (ref 3).","Legacy dumps begin groundwater reporting in 2026 under the 2024 rule (ref 1).","EPA proposed in 2026 to roll back federal coal ash cleanup rules; comments were due June 12 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Toxic Coal Ash in Wyoming: Addressing Coal Plants' Hazardous Legacy","publisher":"Earthjustice","date":"2025-10-01","url":"https://earthjustice.org/feature/coal-ash-states/wyoming","basis":"Advocacy analysis of utility data"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA proposal to roll back coal ash rules raises groundwater concerns in the Mountain West","publisher":"Wyoming Public Media / Mountain West News Bureau","date":"2026-05-06","url":"https://www.wyomingpublicmedia.org/2026-05-05/epa-proposal-coal-ash-rules-groundwater-concerns-mountain-west","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Two coal ash disposal sites among worst for contamination","publisher":"Casper Star-Tribune via Wyoming News Exchange (News Letter Journal)","date":"2019-03-05","url":"https://newslj.com/two-coal-ash-disposal-sites-among-worst-contamination","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (WY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["state enforcement or corrective-measure schedules per unit"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WY-CHEYENNE-DATA-CENTER-WATER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Cheyenne data-center boom draws legislative scrutiny over water demand","description":"Cheyenne's 13 active data centers use about 200 acre-feet a year, 1.48% of city water use, and planned centers could bring the total to about 400 acre-feet, according to the mayor. The Legislature's Select Water Committee questioned developers in May 2026 amid proposals such as the 2.7-gigawatt Project Jade, and legislators asked for more transparency on closed-loop cooling claims.","location":{"name":"Cheyenne Board of Public Utilities service area","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"WY","states":["WY"],"detail":"Laramie County; Cheyenne","coordinates":{"lat":41.14,"lon":-104.82,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Laramie"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"WY5600011"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"New industrial demand from data centers competes for a fixed municipal firm yield.","secondary_drivers":["Data-center growth"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No water-quality or supply harm is reported; the mayor puts current use at 1.48% of city water (ref 1).","service":"No restrictions on Cheyenne customers are reported in refs 1-2.","scale":"Cheyenne BOPU serves 64,165 people per SDWIS (ref 3) against a 22,000 acre-foot firm yield (ref 2).","duration":"The issue emerged as a policy question in 2026 hearings (refs 1-2); projects are still in planning.","significance":"The Select Water Committee held a formal hearing on May 7, 2026 and will revisit the topic (refs 1-2); no legislation adopted."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":64165,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Cheyenne Board of Public Utilities per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Current data centers use about 200 acre-feet per year (1.48% of city use); all planned centers could use about 400 acre-feet, about 1.8% of 22,000 acre-feet available (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Current data-center water use","value":200,"unit":"acre-feet/yr","status":"Reported","note":"Mayor Collins (refs 1-2)."},{"name":"Projected data-center water use","value":400,"unit":"acre-feet/yr","status":"Reported","note":"All planned centers (ref 1)."},{"name":"Cheyenne firm yield","value":22000,"unit":"acre-feet/yr","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Demand projections only; council member cites up to 70 centers in discussion (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Cheyenne Board of Public Utilities","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"Wyoming State Engineer's Office","role":"Water rights and large-use supply analysis"},{"name":"Wyoming Legislature Select Water Committee","role":"Oversight"}],"public_contact":"Cheyenne Board of Public Utilities, 2416 Snyder Ave., Cheyenne, WY 82001","corrective_actions":["Cheyenne does not allow evaporative cooling and expects closed-loop systems (ref 2).","Facilities seeking over 800 acre-feet per year must submit a water supply analysis to the State Engineer (ref 2).","Select Water Committee to revisit the topic in August 2026 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Amid growing concern, data center developers insist they won't stress Wyoming water","publisher":"WyoFile","date":"2026-05-19","url":"https://wyofile.com/amid-growing-concern-data-center-developers-insist-they-wont-stress-wyoming-water/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"As Data Centers Boom, Wyomingites Want To Know Where The Water's Coming From","publisher":"Cowboy State Daily","date":"2026-05-08","url":"https://cowboystatedaily.com/2026/05/08/as-data-centers-boom-wyomingites-want-to-know-where-the-waters-coming-from/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Cheyenne Board of Public Utilities","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CHEYENNE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (WY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["independently measured per-facility water use"],"related_ids":["US-WY-CHEYENNE-COLORADO-RIVER-SUPPLY-2024"]},{"id":"US-WY-STATEWIDE-CYANOBACTERIA-ADVISORIES-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Harmful cyanobacteria advisories at dozens of Wyoming lakes and reservoirs, 2025-2026","description":"Wyoming DEQ carried 37 harmful cyanobacteria bloom advisories in August 2025, including toxin advisories where cyanotoxins exceeded recreational thresholds at reservoirs such as Pathfinder, Guernsey and Woodruff Narrows. By October 2025 about 45 waterbodies were under advisories with toxin advisories at nine locations including Boysen Reservoir, and DEQ listed 21 bloom advisories again in August 2026.","location":{"name":"Wyoming lakes and reservoirs (HCB advisories)","type":"Statewide surface waters","state":"WY","states":["WY"],"detail":"Advisories span Boysen, Pathfinder, Glendo, Guernsey, Alcova, Flaming Gorge and other reservoirs","coordinates":{"lat":43,"lon":-107.5,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Fremont","Natrona","Platte","Goshen","Uinta","Sweetwater","Albany","Laramie"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nutrient-driven cyanobacteria blooms produce toxins in recreational waters.","secondary_drivers":["Nutrient loading","Warm water temperatures"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Toxin advisories mean cyanotoxins exceeded recreational thresholds; WPR (ref 3) lists nine such locations in October 2025.","service":"Advisories tell the public to avoid contact and keep pets and livestock away, but waterbodies are not closed (refs 1-2).","scale":"About 45 lakes and reservoirs statewide were under advisories in October 2025 (ref 3).","duration":"DEQ bulletins show advisories through summer 2025 (ref 1) and again in summer 2026 (ref 2): recurring.","significance":"Formal DEQ recreational use advisories under Wyoming's HCB Action Plan (refs 1-2); no enforcement involved."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Recreational users; no population figure reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"37 current HCB recreational use advisories as of August 21, 2025, including toxin advisories at Diamond Lake, Guernsey, Leazenby, McKenzie, Pathfinder and Woodruff Narrows (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Advisories (Aug 21, 2025)","value":37,"unit":"advisories","status":"Reported","note":"DEQ bulletin (ref 1)."},{"name":"Waterbodies under advisory (Oct 2025)","value":45,"unit":"waterbodies","status":"Reported","note":"WPR (ref 3); its listed blooms total 40."},{"name":"Toxin advisory locations (Oct 2025)","value":9,"unit":"locations","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Bloom advisories (Aug 6, 2026)","value":21,"unit":"advisories","status":"Reported","note":"DEQ bulletin (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Seasonal; counts differ by bulletin date (refs 1-3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality","role":"HCB monitoring and advisories"},{"name":"Wyoming Department of Health","role":"Illness reporting and health guidance"}],"public_contact":"Wyoming DEQ, 307-777-7501; reports via WyoHCBs.org or WyoSpills.org","corrective_actions":["DEQ issues bloom and toxin advisories and keeps them until blooms dissipate and toxins fall below HCB Action Plan thresholds (ref 2).","Public asked to report blooms to DEQ and illnesses to WDH (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"New Harmful Cyanobacteria Bloom (HCB) Recreational Use Advisory","publisher":"Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-08-21","url":"https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/WYDEQ/bulletins/3eef321","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"New Harmful Cyanobacteria Bloom (HCB) Recreational Use Advisory","publisher":"Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2026-08-06","url":"https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/WYDEQ/bulletins/423eebe","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Officials: Despite cooler weather, watch out for toxin and bloom advisories","publisher":"Wyoming Public Media","date":"2025-10-13","url":"https://www.wyomingpublicmedia.org/health/2025-08-08/toxin-advisories-issued-for-three-lakes-harmful-algal-bloom-advisories-increase","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (WY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["reported human or animal illnesses"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WY-SALT-RIVER-FISH-KILL-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Mountain whitefish die-off along the Salt River in Star Valley","description":"Wyoming Game and Fish began investigating a fish mortality event in August 2026 along the length of the Salt River between the Salt River Range and Palisades Reservoir, mainly affecting mountain whitefish. A fisheries supervisor saw a couple hundred dead fish over 5 to 6 miles; officials suspected a parasite rather than a spill, with lab results pending.","location":{"name":"Salt River (Star Valley)","type":"River segment","state":"WY","states":["WY"],"detail":"Lincoln County; Star Valley above Palisades Reservoir","coordinates":{"lat":42.85,"lon":-110.98,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lincoln"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A fish die-off signals stressed river conditions; cause under investigation.","secondary_drivers":["Low flows and warm water (suspected)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Game and Fish's supervisor saw a couple hundred dead mountain whitefish over 5 to 6 miles (ref 2).","service":"The river remained open for fishing and recreation (ref 1).","scale":"Mortalities occurred along the full Salt River between the Salt River Range and Palisades Reservoir (ref 1).","duration":"Reported in mid-to-late August 2026 (refs 1-2); no later update found.","significance":"An agency investigation with lab testing (ref 1); no notice, violation or order."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Ecological event; no human population affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A couple hundred dead fish observed over 5 to 6 miles, primarily mountain whitefish (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Afternoon peak water temperature","value":62,"unit":"deg F","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Lab results pending as of Aug. 27, 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Wyoming Game and Fish Department","role":"Fisheries management and investigation"}],"public_contact":"Wyoming Game and Fish Jackson Regional Office, (307) 733-2321","corrective_actions":["Fish sent to the Game and Fish Fish Health Laboratory in Laramie (ref 1).","Anglers asked to land fish quickly and report further mortalities (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Wyoming Game and Fish Department investigating fish mortality event on Salt River","publisher":"Wyoming Game and Fish Department","date":"2026-08-21","url":"https://wgfd.wyo.gov/es/node/14009","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Wyoming news briefs (Salt River fish die-off)","publisher":"Moorcroft Leader","date":"2026-08-27","url":"https://www.moorcroftleader.com/story/2026/08/27/news/wyoming-news-briefs/8205.html","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (WY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["confirmed cause","total fish killed"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WY-CASPER-WATER-SEWER-RATES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Casper approves multi-year water and sewer rate increases, sewer up 34% in 2026","description":"Casper proposed raising water rates 8% on January 1, 2026 and sewer rates 34%, followed by further increases through 2032 for water and into the 2030s for sewer, to fund replacement of aging mains after more frequent failures. A local letter reported the council approved the 2026-2027 increases without a formal public hearing.","location":{"name":"City of Casper water and sewer utility","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"WY","states":["WY"],"detail":"Natrona County; Casper","coordinates":{"lat":42.8666,"lon":-106.3131,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Natrona"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WY5601415"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Deferred replacement of aging mains is being funded through steep multi-year rate increases.","secondary_drivers":["Aging infrastructure","Construction cost inflation"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No water-quality harm is cited; the city cites more frequent and catastrophic main failures (ref 1).","service":"No service outages are quantified in refs 1-2.","scale":"Casper's system serves 59,000 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"The schedule runs water increases through 2032 and sewer increases into the 2030s (ref 1).","significance":"Council approved the 34% and 18% sewer and 8% water increases in a general-session vote (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":59000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by City of Casper per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Sewer rates up 34% on January 1 and 18% in 2027; water up 8% on January 1 and 8% in 2027 and 2028 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"2026 sewer rate increase","value":34,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"2026 water rate increase","value":8,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Current replacement cycle","value":300,"unit":"years","status":"Reported","note":"City target is 100 years (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Deferred capital replacement (about 300-year cycle) cited by city (ref 1)","Multi-year double-digit sewer increases (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"City reports more frequent and more catastrophic failures (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Casper","role":"Utility owner and rate setter"},{"name":"Casper City Council","role":"Rate approval"}],"public_contact":"City of Casper Utility Billing, 200 N. David St., Casper, WY 82601","corrective_actions":["Rate increases fund a move toward a 100-year replacement cycle: 20,000 ft of water main, 16,000 ft of sewer main and 67 manholes a year (ref 1).","Tiered water rates to be presented to council in early 2026 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Casper explains need for proposed water and sewer increases","publisher":"Your Wyoming Link (KCWY)","date":"2025-12-12","url":"https://www.yourwyominglink.com/homepage/city-of-casper-explains-need-for-proposed-water-and-sewer-increases/article_7278b062-4407-497e-927e-78a5bcdcf62e.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Letter To The Editor: Casper City Council's Gift To Citizens","publisher":"Cowboy State Daily","date":"2026-01-04","url":"https://cowboystatedaily.com/2026/01/04/letter-to-the-editor-casper-city-councils-gift-to-citizens/","basis":"Opinion (reader letter)"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: City of Casper","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CASPER/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (WY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["council ordinance or resolution number and vote date","average combined bill impact (sources conflict)"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WY-GREEN-RIVER-CONSERVATION-CURTAILMENT-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Wyoming launches voluntary Green River conservation to head off Colorado River cutbacks","description":"Facing an interstate impasse over Colorado River operations after 2026, the State Engineer warned that litigation or Congress could leave Wyoming facing mandatory water cutbacks. The Legislature enacted a Voluntary Water Conservation Act (SF 84, effective March 7, 2026), and the State Engineer opened the program to Green River and Little Snake River water-right holders in mid-2026 with $510,000 appropriated through June 2028.","location":{"name":"Green River and Little Snake River basins","type":"River basin","state":"WY","states":["WY"],"detail":"Southwest Wyoming: Sublette, Lincoln, Sweetwater, Uinta and Carbon counties","coordinates":{"lat":41.9,"lon":-109.9,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Sublette","Lincoln","Sweetwater","Uinta","Carbon"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Interstate compact pressure on Upper Basin water rights is being managed through a new state conservation program.","secondary_drivers":["Colorado River post-2026 negotiations","Declining hydrology"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No direct harm is documented; the program is preventive (refs 1-3).","service":"Participation is voluntary and no curtailment has been ordered (refs 2-3).","scale":"Eligible rights span the Green River, Little Snake River and tributaries in Wyoming's Colorado River Basin (ref 3).","duration":"The State Engineer said hydrology has been declining for 25 years (ref 2).","significance":"Enacted as SF 84 / Enrolled Act 62 effective March 7, 2026 (ref 3); the State Engineer warned of possible court-ordered cutbacks (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Water-right holders in the basin; no count reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Legislature appropriated $510,000 from the General Fund for program positions and implementation, with funding through June 30, 2028 (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Program appropriation","value":510000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"State Engineer: hydrology 'has been in decline for 25 years' (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Wyoming State Engineer's Office","role":"Program administrator"},{"name":"Wyoming Legislature Select Water Committee","role":"Bill sponsor"},{"name":"Upper Colorado River Commission","role":"Interstate coordination"}],"public_contact":"Wyoming State Engineer's Office, 122 W. 25th St., Herschler Building, Cheyenne, WY 82002","corrective_actions":["Voluntary Water Conservation Act (SF 84, Enrolled Act 62) effective March 7, 2026 (ref 3).","SEO public meetings in Pinedale, Lyman and Baggs in June 2026 (ref 3).","Bill authorizes the SEO to assess other reservoirs for storage (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Wyoming May Force Water Cuts As Colorado River Crisis Deepens","publisher":"Cowboy State Daily","date":"2025-11-07","url":"https://cowboystatedaily.com/2025/11/07/wyoming-may-force-water-cuts-as-colorado-river-crisis-deepens/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Wyoming considers voluntary program to conserve Colorado River water","publisher":"Wyoming Public Radio / Mountain West News Bureau (KANW)","date":"2026-01-23","url":"https://www.kanw.org/2026-01-23/wyoming-considers-voluntary-program-to-conserve-colorado-river-water","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Wyoming SEO opens new voluntary water conservation program","publisher":"Pinedale Online","date":"2026-05-30","url":"https://www.pinedaleonline.com/news/2026/05/WyomingSEOopensnewvo.htm","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (WY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["enrollment and acre-feet conserved","payment rate"],"related_ids":["US-AZ-COLORADO-POST2026-ALLOCATION-2026","US-CO-RIVER-SHORTAGE-2026","US-WY-CHEYENNE-COLORADO-RIVER-SUPPLY-2024","US-WY-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2026"]},{"id":"US-WY-RIVERTON-URANIUM-MILL-GROUNDWATER-2023","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Uranium mill groundwater plume at Riverton on Wind River Reservation misses cleanup timeframe","description":"At the former Riverton uranium and vanadium mill on the Wind River Indian Reservation, the surficial aquifer holds molybdenum and uranium at 15 to 130 times their maximum concentration limits. DOE's July 2023 fact sheet says natural flushing will not meet the 100-year regulatory timeframe, and residents inside the control boundary rely on a DOE-funded alternate drinking water supply.","location":{"name":"Riverton Processing Site (former uranium mill)","type":"Legacy uranium mill site","state":"WY","states":["WY"],"detail":"Fremont County; 2 miles southwest of Riverton, within the Wind River Indian Reservation","coordinates":{"lat":43,"lon":-108.41,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Fremont"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Residual uranium milling contamination persists in a shallow aquifer used near tribal communities.","secondary_drivers":["Legacy uranium milling"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DOE (ref 1) reports surficial-aquifer molybdenum and uranium at 15 to 130 times their 40 CFR 192 limits, while an Argonne assessment found no adverse effects on people or the environment.","service":"An alternate drinking water supply has served residents inside the institutional controls boundary since 1998, with well restrictions (ref 1).","scale":"Contamination is confined to the surficial aquifer under and near the 140-acre site (ref 1).","duration":"The mill operated 1958-1963 and the 100-year clock began with 1989 cleanup; WyoFile reported in 2013 that cleanup may outlast the window (ref 2) and DOE's 2023 fact sheet says the rate will not meet it (ref 1).","significance":"Tribal ordinance, deed restriction and federal UMTRCA long-term management plan govern the site (ref 1); no enforcement action."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Residents within the institutional controls boundary; number not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Molybdenum and uranium in the surficial aquifer measure 15 to 130 times their maximum concentration limits under 40 CFR 192 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Uranium/molybdenum vs. limit","value":130,"unit":"times MCL (max)","status":"Reported","note":"Range 15-130x (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Natural flushing is occurring but too slowly to meet the 100-year timeframe (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Energy Office of Legacy Management","role":"Site manager under UMTRCA Title I"},{"name":"Northern Arapaho Tribe","role":"Partner in the site risk assessment and in addressing alternate water supply issues"},{"name":"U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission","role":"Approved the Gas Hills East disposal cell where the tailings were relocated (Title II)"}],"public_contact":"DOE Office of Legacy Management, (970) 248-6070","corrective_actions":["DOE evaluating alternate compliance strategies and sampling annually each August (ref 1).","Alternate water supply condition issues being addressed jointly by DOE and the Northern Arapaho Tribe (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Riverton, Wyoming, Processing Site fact sheet","publisher":"U.S. Department of Energy Office of Legacy Management","date":"2023-07-01","url":"https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2023-07/RivertonFactSheet.pdf","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"DOE sees slower cleanup of uranium in groundwater on Wind River Indian Reservation","publisher":"WyoFile","date":"2013-07-11","url":"https://wyofile.com/doe-sees-slower-cleanup-of-groundwater-pollution-on-rez/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"Riverton, Wyoming, Processing Site","publisher":"U.S. Department of Energy Office of Legacy Management","date":null,"url":"https://www.energy.gov/lm/riverton-wyoming-processing-site","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (WY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Re-verification: opened the DOE July 2023 fact sheet, WyoFile and the DOE site page. The fact sheet confirms surficial-aquifer molybdenum and uranium at 15 to 130 times their 40 CFR 192 limits, natural flushing occurring but too slow for the 100-year timeframe, the DOE-funded alternate drinking water supply since 1998, the 140-acre site, 1958-1963 operation, annual August sampling and the Argonne risk assessment finding no adverse effects. WyoFile (2013, updated 2021) confirms the slower-cleanup finding. Corrections: the DOE site page carries no publication date (set to null) and nothing on NRC approving compliance strategy changes or a Tribe cooperative agreement, so those roles were reworded to what the fact sheet states. Confidence raised to Medium: federal primary source, though no 2024-2026 monitoring results were found."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population on alternate water supply","2024-2026 monitoring results","selected alternate compliance strategy"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-ME-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Maine public water systems face tighter PFAS limits; 44 systems over a threshold in 2025","description":"The Maine Monitor reported that 44 Maine public water systems, including 15 schools, nearly a dozen mobile home parks and five water districts serving more than 25,000 people, had a well above at least one tightened PFAS threshold in 2025, with an April 2029 compliance deadline. EPA's UCMR 5 screening recorded individual PFOA or PFOS results above 4 ppt at several Maine water districts, and the state's 2026 draft emerging-contaminant list funds PFAS treatment at Augusta, Sanford, Yarmouth, South Freeport and Lisbon.","location":{"name":"Maine public water systems","type":"Statewide public water system set","detail":"Statewide; named systems in Kennebec, York, Cumberland, Androscoggin and Aroostook counties","coordinates":{"lat":44.31,"lon":-69.78,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Kennebec","York","Cumberland","Androscoggin","Aroostook"],"extent":"statewide","state":"ME","states":["ME"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"PFAS in source water is a quality problem that systems answer with new treatment plants and replacement sources.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 (ref 3) shows single PFOA results up to 9.2 ppt at Yarmouth and PFOS up to 7.1 ppt at Sanford, above the 4 ppt federal MCL, though no Maine system's mean exceeded it.","service":"Sanford shut its COBB-2 well and schools such as Lake Region High School retested after results near 28 ppt (ref 1); no system-wide do-not-drink order is documented.","scale":"The Maine Monitor (ref 1) counts 44 systems serving more than 25,000 people above at least one tightened threshold, spread across the state.","duration":"Exceedances span UCMR 5 sampling from 2023 into 2025 (ref 3) and the state compliance deadline runs to April 2029 (ref 1).","significance":"Maine DHHS rule sets the 20 ppt interim standard and tighter limits with possible enforcement after April 2029 (ref 1); the 2026 draft list (ref 2) prioritizes five PFAS projects."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":25000,"status":"Reported","note":"More than 25,000 people served by the 44 systems above a tightened threshold in 2025 (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"In 2025, 44 public water systems had a well above at least one tightened PFAS threshold, serving more than 25,000 people (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Public water systems above a tightened PFAS threshold (2025)","value":44,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"State PFAS treatment grants distributed since 2022","value":40000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"About $40 million (ref 1)."},{"name":"2026 IIJA emerging-contaminant principal forgiveness","value":7359200,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Total PF on the draft list (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Federal Bipartisan Infrastructure Law PFAS money for five districts lapses after June 2026 (ref 1).","Sanford is raising rates 1.5% a year to help pay for treatment (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Tighter state limits and expanded monitoring starting in April are expected to reveal more exceedances (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Maine CDC Drinking Water Program (Maine DHHS)","role":"Primacy regulator and SRF administrator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Federal PFAS MCL and UCMR 5"}],"public_contact":"Maine CDC Drinking Water Program, maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/environmental-health/dwp","corrective_actions":["Systems must reduce quarterly PFAS averages below the tightened limits by April 2029 (ref 1).","2026 draft IIJA emerging-contaminant list gives 100% principal forgiveness to PFAS treatment at Greater Augusta, Sanford, Yarmouth, South Freeport and Lisbon (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"title":"Maine is tightening limits on 'forever chemicals' in drinking water. Are communities ready?","publisher":"The Maine Monitor","date":"2026-04-17","url":"https://themainemonitor.org/maine-tightening-limits-forever-chemicals-drinking-water/","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"2026 DWSRF IIJA Emerging Contaminants Project List (draft)","publisher":"Maine CDC Drinking Water Program","date":null,"url":"https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/sites/maine.gov.dhhs.mecdc/files/2026-Draft-IIJA-ECL.pdf","basis":"State record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal data","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (ME in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-ME-SANFORD-PFAS-2023","US-ME-WATERVILLE-PFAS-2023","US-ME-YARMOUTH-PFAS-2025","US-ME-STATEWIDE-PFAS-PRIVATE-WELLS-2025"]},{"id":"US-ME-SANFORD-PFAS-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Sanford Water District shuts PFAS-affected well, plans $25 million treatment","description":"Sanford Water District stopped pumping its COBB-2 well, about 10 percent of the city's supply, on September 21, 2023 after PFAS tests exceeded allowable limits. EPA UCMR 5 results in 2024-2025 included PFOS up to 7.1 ppt and PFOA up to 6.8 ppt, and the district plans two treatment facilities costing about $25 million, the first due online in 2029.","location":{"name":"Sanford Water District","type":"Municipal water district service area","detail":"Sanford, York County","coordinates":{"lat":43.44,"lon":-70.77,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["York"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"ME0091410","state":"ME","states":["ME"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"PFAS in groundwater wells forced a source shutdown and requires new treatment plants.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 (ref 4) recorded PFOS of 7.1 ppt (August 2024) and PFOA of 6.8 ppt (January 2025) at Sanford, above the 4 ppt federal MCL.","service":"The district shut down the COBB-2 well, roughly 10 percent of supply, on September 21, 2023 (ref 1), while saying supply stayed sufficient.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 5) lists 14,328 people served by the Sanford Water District.","duration":"The well has been off since 2023 and the first treatment facility is not due until 2029 (ref 2).","significance":"The 2026 draft state lists (refs 3, 6) rank the Cobb Wells and Eagle Wells PFAS treatment additions for SRF funding; the Maine Monitor (ref 2) notes the April 2029 state compliance deadline."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":14328,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Two proposed treatment facilities carry a $25 million price tag and would cost more than $200,000 a year to run (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"PFOS, highest UCMR 5 result","value":7.1,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Sample of 2024-08-12 (ref 4)."},{"name":"Share of supply from shut COBB-2 well","value":10,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Treatment facilities cost","value":25000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["District raising rates 1.5% annually and holds $10 million in PFAS grants (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Two wells measured 13.32 and 11.75 ppt total regulated PFAS in early March 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Sanford Water District","role":"System operator"},{"name":"Maine CDC Drinking Water Program (Maine DHHS)","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Sanford Water District, Sanford, Maine","corrective_actions":["COBB-2 well removed from service September 2023 (ref 1).","Cobb Wells and Eagle Wells PFAS treatment additions on the 2026 draft SRF list (refs 3, 6).","District says a second well may be retired rather than treated (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"title":"Sanford Water District seeking state aid","publisher":"Sanford Springvale News","date":"2023-10-05","url":"https://sanfordspringvalenews.com/sanford-water-district-seeking-state-aid/","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"Maine is tightening limits on 'forever chemicals' in drinking water. Are communities ready?","publisher":"The Maine Monitor","date":"2026-04-17","url":"https://themainemonitor.org/maine-tightening-limits-forever-chemicals-drinking-water/","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"2026 DWSRF Primary Project List (draft)","publisher":"Maine CDC Drinking Water Program","date":null,"url":"https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/sites/maine.gov.dhhs.mecdc/files/2026-Draft-PPL.pdf","basis":"State record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal data","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record (SANFORD)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/ME/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SANFORD/JSON","basis":"Federal data","ref":5,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"2026 DWSRF IIJA Emerging Contaminants Project List (draft)","publisher":"Maine CDC Drinking Water Program","date":null,"url":"https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/sites/maine.gov.dhhs.mecdc/files/2026-Draft-IIJA-ECL.pdf","basis":"State record","ref":6,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (ME in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (4). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-ME-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-ME-WATERVILLE-PFAS-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Kennebec Water District plans $8 million PFAS filtration after UCMR 5 detections","description":"EPA UCMR 5 sampling at the Kennebec Water District, which serves Waterville and neighboring towns, recorded PFOA of 4.4 to 6.4 ppt in 2023, above the 4 ppt federal limit for individual results. The district's general manager told The Maine Monitor a PFAS filtration system is estimated at $8 million, and the 2026 draft state SRF list includes design of treatment-plant modifications for PFAS mitigation.","location":{"name":"Kennebec Water District","type":"Water district service area","detail":"Waterville area, Kennebec County","coordinates":{"lat":44.55,"lon":-69.63,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Kennebec"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"ME0090750","state":"ME","states":["ME"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"PFAS detections in the supply drive a planned treatment-plant modification.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 (ref 3) shows PFOA of 4.4, 6.4 and 5.1 ppt in February, August and November 2023, individually above 4 ppt but with no MCL violation reported.","service":"No boil, do-not-drink or source shutdown is documented for the district in the cited sources (refs 1-3).","scale":"SDWIS (ref 4) lists 22,060 people served, the largest system in this group.","duration":"Detections date to 2023 (ref 3) and filtration construction was slated to start the year after the April 2026 report (ref 1).","significance":"The 2026 draft priority list (ref 2) carries a $1,313,000 design project for WTP modifications for PFAS mitigation."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":22060,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A PFAS filtration system is estimated at $8 million, with construction slated to start next year (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"PFOA, highest UCMR 5 result","value":6.4,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Sample of 2023-08-01 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Estimated filtration cost","value":8000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["General manager said additional congressional PFAS money seems unlikely (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Kennebec Water District","role":"System operator"},{"name":"Maine CDC Drinking Water Program (Maine DHHS)","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Kennebec Water District, Waterville, Maine","corrective_actions":["Design of WTP modifications for PFAS mitigation on the 2026 draft SRF priority list (ref 2).","Grants, settlement funds and loans to cover the filtration system (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"title":"Maine is tightening limits on 'forever chemicals' in drinking water. Are communities ready?","publisher":"The Maine Monitor","date":"2026-04-17","url":"https://themainemonitor.org/maine-tightening-limits-forever-chemicals-drinking-water/","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"2026 DWSRF Primary Project List (draft)","publisher":"Maine CDC Drinking Water Program","date":null,"url":"https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/sites/maine.gov.dhhs.mecdc/files/2026-Draft-PPL.pdf","basis":"State record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal data","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record (KENNEBEC WATER)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/ME/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/KENNEBEC%20WATER/JSON","basis":"Federal data","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (ME in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-ME-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-ME-STATEWIDE-PFAS-PRIVATE-WELLS-2025"]},{"id":"US-ME-YARMOUTH-PFAS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Yarmouth Water District PFOA up to 9.2 ppt; Hayes Well treatment queued for funding","description":"EPA UCMR 5 results for the Yarmouth Water District recorded PFOA of 7.1 ppt in April 2025 and 9.2 ppt in October 2025, above the 4 ppt federal limit for individual samples. Maine's 2026 draft emerging-contaminant list ranks a $6.5 million Hayes Well PFAS Treatment project for the district with $1.55 million in principal forgiveness.","location":{"name":"Yarmouth Water District","type":"Water district service area","detail":"Yarmouth, Cumberland County","coordinates":{"lat":43.8,"lon":-70.19,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Cumberland"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"ME0091670","state":"ME","states":["ME"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Rising PFOA results at a supply well lead to a funded treatment project.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 (ref 3) records PFOA of 0.0071 and 0.0092 ug/L (7.1 and 9.2 ppt) in 2025; a compliance violation is not reported.","service":"No service restriction at Yarmouth appears in the cited state lists or UCMR 5 data (refs 1-3).","scale":"SDWIS (ref 4) lists 8,000 people served; the state list (ref 1) uses 8,125.","duration":"Elevated results are from two 2025 samples (ref 3), so the documented span is months, not years.","significance":"The Hayes Well PFAS Treatment project is ranked on both the 2026 draft emerging-contaminant list (ref 1) and the primary project list (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":8000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Hayes Well PFAS Treatment, $6,510,202 requested, $1,550,000 principal forgiveness (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"PFOA, highest UCMR 5 result","value":9.2,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Sample of 2025-10-07 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Treatment project request","value":6510202,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"PFOA rose from 7.1 ppt in April 2025 to 9.2 ppt in October 2025 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Yarmouth Water District","role":"System operator"},{"name":"Maine CDC Drinking Water Program (Maine DHHS)","role":"Primacy regulator and SRF administrator"}],"public_contact":"Yarmouth Water District, Yarmouth, Maine","corrective_actions":["Hayes Well PFAS Treatment project ranked for 2026 SRF emerging-contaminant funding (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"title":"2026 DWSRF IIJA Emerging Contaminants Project List (draft)","publisher":"Maine CDC Drinking Water Program","date":null,"url":"https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/sites/maine.gov.dhhs.mecdc/files/2026-Draft-IIJA-ECL.pdf","basis":"State record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"2026 DWSRF Primary Project List (draft)","publisher":"Maine CDC Drinking Water Program","date":null,"url":"https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/sites/maine.gov.dhhs.mecdc/files/2026-Draft-PPL.pdf","basis":"State record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal data","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record (YARMOUTH)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/ME/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/YARMOUTH/JSON","basis":"Federal data","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (ME in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (4). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-ME-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-ME-STATEWIDE-PFAS-PRIVATE-WELLS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"PFAS above Maine's 20 ppt standard in 20% of private wells sampled near sludge sites","description":"Maine DEP reported that of about 2,919 mostly residential groundwater samples collected near sludge and septage land-application sites by October 31, 2024, 20% exceeded the state's 20 ppt interim drinking water standard, and 15% of those exceeded 1,000 ppt. DEP had installed 495 whole-house filters and warned there will not be enough money for long-term filter maintenance; in Fairfield at least 259 private wells are contaminated.","location":{"name":"Private wells near sludge application sites","type":"Household drinking-water wells (statewide investigation)","detail":"Statewide, concentrated around Fairfield, Somerset County","coordinates":{"lat":44.59,"lon":-69.6,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Somerset","Kennebec","Waldo"],"extent":"statewide","state":"ME","states":["ME"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS from land-applied sludge contaminates groundwater used directly as household drinking water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DEP (ref 1) found 576 of 2,919 samples above 20 ppt, with 15% of those above 1,000 ppt; a Fairfield well tested as high as 35,600 ppt before filtration (ref 2).","service":"Residents over the standard were told to obtain an alternative drinking water source and given bottled water until filters were installed (ref 1).","scale":"The investigation spans 1,066 identified sites statewide (ref 1), and over half of Maine homes rely on private wells (ref 4).","duration":"Sampling began in 2021 and the investigation was not expected to finish by end of 2025 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"The investigation is mandated by state law and DEP reported formally to the Legislature in January 2025 (ref 1); the private-well filter fund is projected to run out (ref 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"DEP reports 576 exceeding samples and 495 whole-house filters installed (ref 1) but no population count."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The remaining 20% (576 samples) showed results that exceeded Maine's interim drinking water standard (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Groundwater samples collected","value":2919,"unit":"samples","status":"Reported","note":"As of 2024-10-31 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Samples above 20 ppt","value":576,"unit":"samples","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Whole-house treatment systems installed","value":495,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Contaminated private wells in Fairfield","value":259,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"At least 259 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["DEP: not enough funding to continue long-term monitoring and maintenance of installed filters (ref 1).","Private-well filtration fund had $16.5 million left and is projected to run out (ref 3)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Wells between 4 and 20 ppt (about 110 in Fairfield) get no remediation under the state standard (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Maine Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Investigation lead and filter funding"},{"name":"Maine CDC","role":"Health consultation for wells above 1,000 ppt"}],"public_contact":"Maine DEP Bureau of Remediation and Waste Management, (207) 557-2700","corrective_actions":["DEP installs whole-house filtration where wells exceed 20 ppt (ref 1).","Fairfield considering expanding public water with state and federal grants (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"title":"Status of Maine's PFAS Soil and Groundwater Investigation at Sludge and Septage Land Application Sites (Second Biennial Report)","publisher":"Maine Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2025-01-15","url":"https://www3.maine.gov/dep/publications/documents/archive/legislative%20reports/2025/PFAS%20Soil%20and%20Groundwater%20Investigation%20Report%202025%20FINAL%20Rev%201.pdf","basis":"State record","ref":1},{"title":"Fairfield residents worry as PFAS funds get low","publisher":"Lewiston Sun Journal","date":"2025-04-01","url":"https://www.sunjournal.com/?p=11059152","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"Maine is tightening limits on 'forever chemicals' in drinking water. Are communities ready?","publisher":"The Maine Monitor","date":"2026-04-17","url":"https://themainemonitor.org/maine-tightening-limits-forever-chemicals-drinking-water/","basis":"News","ref":3},{"title":"Maine struggling to get homeowners to test and treat private wells for arsenic","publisher":"The Maine Monitor via AP (WTOP)","date":"2026-08-18","url":"https://wtop.com/national/2026/08/maine-struggling-to-get-homeowners-to-test-and-treat-private-wells-for-arsenic/","basis":"News","ref":4}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"New record (ME in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-ME-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-ME-WATERVILLE-PFAS-2023","US-ME-STATEWIDE-ARSENIC-WELLS-2026"]},{"id":"US-ME-STATEWIDE-SCHOOL-LEAD-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lead above 4 ppb in 2,658 Maine school drinking-water samples; remediation ongoing","description":"Maine's statewide school testing program analyzed 30,051 samples at 713 K-12 schools, and about nine percent (2,658 samples) exceeded the state's 4 ppb action threshold. Maine CDC's 2024 report says 493 schools reported abatement or mitigation, and a $374,000 federal WIIN grant for 2024-2027 now reimburses filtered bottle-filling stations.","location":{"name":"Maine K-12 schools","type":"Statewide school drinking-water outlets","detail":"Public and private K-12 schools statewide","coordinates":{"lat":44.31,"lon":-69.78,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"extent":"statewide","state":"ME","states":["ME"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead leaches from school fixtures and plumbing, so the fix is fixture replacement and filtration.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The 2024 report (ref 1) counts 2,658 of 30,051 samples above 4 ppb, Maine's threshold for action.","service":"State rule recommends disconnecting or posting Do Not Drink signs at outlets over 4 ppb until remediated (ref 1).","scale":"Testing covered 713 schools, 99 percent of Maine K-12 schools (ref 1).","duration":"Testing ran October 2021 to December 2022 and the remediation grant runs 2024-2027 (ref 1), so the active window here is the remediation phase.","significance":"Testing is required by Public Law 2019, chapter 158 (22 M.R.S. 2604-B), with annual reports to the Legislature (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The report gives school and sample counts, not the number of students exposed (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Approximately nine percent of the total 30,051 samples taken exceeded 4 ppb (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Samples exceeding 4 ppb","value":2658,"unit":"samples","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Schools reporting abatement or mitigation","value":493,"unit":"schools","status":"Reported","note":"Of 713 tested (ref 1)."},{"name":"WIIN grant for 2024-2027","value":374000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Bottle-filling station reimbursement (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"493 schools reported abatement or mitigation (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Maine CDC Drinking Water Program","role":"Program administrator"},{"name":"Maine school administrative units","role":"Remediation"}],"public_contact":"Maine CDC Drinking Water Program, maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/data-reports/food-water-and-environmental-health/lead-in-school-water","corrective_actions":["Reimbursement grants of up to $1,500 per filtered bottle-filling station, one per 100 students (ref 1).","Second round of the bottle-filling grant open to all public schools in 2026 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"title":"Testing for Lead in School Drinking Water, Annual Report Calendar Year 2024","publisher":"Maine DHHS, Maine CDC","date":"2025-03-01","url":"https://www.legislature.maine.gov/doc/12435","basis":"State record","ref":1}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (ME in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-ME-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"2025 Maine drought: 541 dry wells reported, about 60% of state in severe drought","description":"Maine's Drought Task Force reported 541 dry-well reports across all 16 counties in 2025, with about 60 percent of the state in severe drought and 3 percent in extreme drought in December. Public water systems in parts of Cumberland, Franklin, Penobscot, Somerset and York counties still faced challenges, Princeton Water District's well ran dry in late September, and USDA designated drought disaster areas across Maine.","location":{"name":"Maine (statewide drought)","type":"Statewide drought area","detail":"All 16 counties; most dry wells in Oxford, Somerset and Cumberland","coordinates":{"lat":44.31,"lon":-69.78,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Oxford","Somerset","Cumberland","York","Franklin","Androscoggin","Washington"],"extent":"statewide","state":"ME","states":["ME"]},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Low rainfall drew down groundwater, drying household wells and stressing small public supplies.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Groundwater fell enough to dry 541 reported wells (ref 1); no health harm is documented, so harm is scored as limited.","service":"Princeton Water District's well ran dry in late September 2025 (ref 2), and households with dry wells lost their water supply (ref 1).","scale":"Dry wells were reported in all 16 counties and about 60 percent of Maine was in severe drought (ref 1).","duration":"The drought ran from summer through December 2025, with groundwater expected to stay low into spring 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"USDA Farm Service Agency declared two rounds of primary natural disaster areas covering ten Maine counties (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"541 self-reported dry wells (ref 1); total people affected not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The Dry Well Survey received 541 reports of dry wells in 2025, an increase of 42 since the last Task Force meeting (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Dry wells reported in 2025","value":541,"unit":"reports","status":"Reported","note":"Voluntary survey (ref 1)."},{"name":"Share of state in severe drought (Dec 2025)","value":60,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Dry wells reported in Oxford County (end of October)","value":123,"unit":"reports","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Washington County issues were resolved by December while Cumberland, Franklin, Penobscot, Somerset and York continued (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Maine Emergency Management Agency (Drought Task Force)","role":"State drought coordination"},{"name":"USDA Farm Service Agency","role":"Disaster designations"}],"public_contact":"Maine Emergency Management Agency, maine.gov/mema","corrective_actions":["MEMA Dry Well Survey collects household reports (ref 1).","Farmers Drought Relief Fund invested about $438,000 with about $1.2 million expected in 2026 (ref 1).","Water districts asked residents to delay lawn watering and fix leaks (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"title":"Maine's Drought Task Force concludes 2025 drought season and examines 2026 outlook","publisher":"Maine Emergency Management Agency","date":"2025-12-19","url":"https://www.maine.gov/mema/news/maines-drought-task-concludes-2025-drought-season-and-examines-2026-outlook-fri-12192025-1200","basis":"State record","ref":1},{"title":"As winter approaches and the ground freezes, dry wells could stay dry through spring","publisher":"The Maine Monitor","date":"2025-11-08","url":"https://themainemonitor.org/wells-could-stay-dry-through-spring/","basis":"News","ref":2}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":8,"note":"New record (ME in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-ME-STATEWIDE-ARSENIC-WELLS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Arsenic in Maine bedrock wells: 1 in 10 too high, only 53% of well users tested","description":"Maine CDC estimates 1 in 10 private wells has too much arsenic, yet only 53 percent of Mainers on private wells had tested for it as of 2023. The state's treatment assistance program spent over $385,000 of a $400,000 appropriation to help 57 homeowners, and a bill for a $1 million contamination response fund died in the Legislature.","location":{"name":"Maine private bedrock wells","type":"Household drinking-water wells (statewide)","detail":"Statewide; example in Mount Vernon, Kennebec County","coordinates":{"lat":44.31,"lon":-69.78,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"extent":"statewide","state":"ME","states":["ME"]},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Naturally occurring arsenic in bedrock groundwater reaches homes through untreated private wells.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Maine CDC estimates 1 in 10 wells has too much arsenic, and research cited links levels above 5 ppb to child-development risk (ref 1).","service":"Private wells are not under any order; no service interruption is involved (ref 1).","scale":"Over half of Maine homes use private wells (ref 1), making the exposure statewide.","duration":"Testing rates barely moved from about 48 percent in 2014 to 53 percent in 2023 (ref 1), a chronic gap.","significance":"No enforcement applies to private wells; the proposed $1 million response fund (L.D. 2115) died (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Number of people drinking from high-arsenic wells not reported (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The Maine CDC estimates that 1 in 10 wells has too much arsenic (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Private-well users who have tested for arsenic (2023)","value":53,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Homeowners helped by 2022 treatment appropriation","value":57,"unit":"homes","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Testing rate rose only from about 48% (2014) to 53% (2023) (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Maine CDC","role":"Private well guidance and testing outreach"},{"name":"MaineHousing","role":"Treatment assistance program"}],"public_contact":"Maine CDC Drinking Water Program, maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/environmental-health/dwp","corrective_actions":["MaineHousing treatment grants up to $15,000 for whole-home systems (ref 1).","Bill sponsor plans to reintroduce a contamination response fund (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"title":"Maine struggling to get homeowners to test and treat private wells for arsenic","publisher":"The Maine Monitor via AP (WTOP)","date":"2026-08-18","url":"https://wtop.com/national/2026/08/maine-struggling-to-get-homeowners-to-test-and-treat-private-wells-for-arsenic/","basis":"News","ref":1}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (ME in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-ME-STATEWIDE-PFAS-PRIVATE-WELLS-2025"]},{"id":"US-ME-GRAY-BOIL-WATER-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Gray Water District boil-water order after E. coli hit in distribution system","description":"Gray Water District ordered all customers to boil water in October 2024 after a sample collected on a Tuesday tested positive for E. coli; the superintendent blamed recent main breaks rather than the source. EPA's SDWIS records an E. coli MCL violation for the district in the October 2024 compliance period.","location":{"name":"Gray Water District","type":"Water district service area","detail":"Gray, Cumberland County","coordinates":{"lat":43.885,"lon":-70.33,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Cumberland"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"ME0090620","state":"ME","states":["ME"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Main breaks are the suspected route for E. coli into the distribution system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"A sample tested positive for E. coli above the safe threshold (ref 1), and SDWIS (ref 2) logs an E. coli MCL violation (code 1A) starting 2024-10-01.","service":"All Gray Water District customers were told to boil water, with the fire department handing out bottled water (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS (ref 3) lists 2,468 people served.","duration":"The superintendent expected to lift the order within a few days (ref 1).","significance":"The SDWIS health-based violation (ref 2) is a formal federal-rule MCL violation."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":2468,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A sample collected Tuesday \"got a hit for E. coli\" above the safe threshold (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Lifting of the order is not documented in the cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Gray Water District","role":"System operator"},{"name":"Maine CDC Drinking Water Program (Maine DHHS)","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Gray Water District, (207) 657-3500","corrective_actions":["Further testing and hydrant flushing (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"title":"Boil water order issued for Gray Water District","publisher":"Lewiston Sun Journal","date":"2024-10-16","url":"https://www.sunjournal.com/2024/10/16/boil-water-order-issued-for-gray-water-district","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Maine","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/ME/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal data","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record (GRAY WATER)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/ME/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/GRAY%20WATER/JSON","basis":"Federal data","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (ME in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["resolution date"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-ME-ELLSWORTH-TTHM-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Ellsworth Water Department exceeds trihalomethane limit for five straight quarters","description":"EPA's SDWIS records five consecutive quarterly TTHM MCL violations for the Ellsworth Water Department from October 2023 through late 2024, with running averages from 82 to 93 ppb against an 80 ppb limit. The city's February 2025 notice said the exceedance was confined to the High Street area near Myrick Street, with a running annual average of 89.5 ppb.","location":{"name":"Ellsworth Water Department","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Ellsworth, Hancock County","coordinates":{"lat":44.54,"lon":-68.42,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Hancock"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"ME0090520","state":"ME","states":["ME"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Chlorine reacting with organic matter in surface water creates byproducts that the city plans to cut with a new treatment plant.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 2) shows TTHM running averages of 0.084, 0.082, 0.093, 0.086 and 0.0895 mg/L, all above the 0.080 mg/L MCL.","service":"Customers received a formal exceedance notice but no boil order or use restriction (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS (ref 3) lists 3,910 people served; the notice limits the exceedance to the High Street area (ref 1).","duration":"Violations cover the quarters beginning October 2023 through October 2024 (ref 2).","significance":"Each quarter is a federal MCL violation recorded in SDWIS (ref 2), with Tier 2 public notice (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":3910,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3); exceedance zone is the High Street area (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"When averaged with the previous three quarters, the annual average resulted in 89.5 ppb (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest TTHM running average","value":93,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Period beginning 2024-04-01 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The fourth-quarter 2024 sample measured 54 ppb (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Ellsworth Water Department","role":"System operator"},{"name":"Maine CDC Drinking Water Program (Maine DHHS)","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Ellsworth Water Department, 207-667-8632","corrective_actions":["Monitoring and measures to keep TTHM reductions consistent (ref 1).","City water treatment plant project discussed at a Water Treatment Plant Workshop (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"title":"Drinking Water Notice, February 2025 (TTHM exceedance)","publisher":"City of Ellsworth","date":"2025-02-01","url":"https://www.ellsworthmaine.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Drinking-Water-Notice-February-2025.pdf","basis":"Local government","ref":1},{"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Maine","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/ME/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal data","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record (ME0090520)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/ME0090520/JSON","basis":"Federal data","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (ME in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-ME-PORTLAND-CSO-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Portland combined sewer overflows: 368.7 million gallons to Casco Bay in 2023","description":"Portland Water District reported 368,662,200 gallons of combined sewer overflow from the City of Portland in 2023 across 37 wet-weather events. EPA ECHO shows the city's CSO permit with a CWA violation identified and 12 quarters in noncompliance, and the new Back Cove South storage facility is expected to cut Portland's CSO discharges by half.","location":{"name":"Portland combined sewer system","type":"Municipal combined sewer system","detail":"Portland, Cumberland County; discharges to Back Cove, Fore River and Casco Bay","coordinates":{"lat":43.66,"lon":-70.26,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Cumberland"],"extent":"city","state":"ME","states":["ME"]},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Combined sewers overflow in wet weather because pipes and storage cannot carry the flow.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The PWD presentation (ref 1) reports 368,662,200 gallons of CSO overflow in 2023, untreated or partially treated sewage reaching Casco Bay.","service":"Sewer service continued; overflows affect receiving waters rather than customer service (ref 1).","scale":"The overflows come from Portland's citywide combined system serving the state's largest city (refs 1, 2).","duration":"ECHO (ref 3) lists 12 quarters in CWA noncompliance for the Portland CSO permit, a chronic pattern.","significance":"ECHO (ref 3) shows a current Violation Identified status for the permit ME0101435."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Population on the combined system not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"368,662,200 (178,744,981) CSO overflow gallons, City of Portland 2023 summary (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"CSO overflow volume, 2023","value":368662200,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Wet-weather events, 2023","value":37,"unit":"events","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Back Cove South storage capacity","value":3.5,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Engineers say 14 of 15 overflow events in 2025 would have been captured had Back Cove South been online (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Portland","role":"CSO permittee"},{"name":"Portland Water District","role":"Treatment plant operator and CSO monitoring"},{"name":"Maine Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Permitting authority"}],"public_contact":"Portland Water District, pwd.org","corrective_actions":["Back Cove South Storage Facility (3.5 million gallons) brings Back Cove storage to about 8 million gallons (ref 2).","Ongoing sewer separation elsewhere in the city (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"title":"Portland Water District CSO Monitoring and Reporting","publisher":"Portland Water District (hosted by Casco Bay Estuary Partnership)","date":"2024-06-01","url":"https://www.cascobayestuary.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Portland-Water-District-CSO-Monitoring.pdf","basis":"Local government","ref":1},{"title":"A New Underground System Protecting Casco Bay","publisher":"Friends of Casco Bay","date":"2025-09-18","url":"https://www.cascobay.org/a-new-underground-system-protecting-casco-bay/","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"ECHO detailed facility report, Portland CSOs (ME0101435)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=ME0101435","basis":"Federal data","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (ME in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-ME-BANGOR-CSO-CONSENT-DECREE-2015","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Bangor under federal consent decree to end CSOs to Penobscot River by 2031","description":"A 2015 federal consent decree, with the State of Maine as co-plaintiff, requires Bangor to eliminate discharges from nine combined sewer overflow outfalls to the Penobscot River and Kenduskeag Stream by 2031 and to address sanitary sewer overflows. In 2026 the city was still separating sewers block by block, including on Cumberland Street, and EPA ECHO lists six quarters of Clean Water Act noncompliance at the Bangor treatment plant.","location":{"name":"Bangor sewer system","type":"Municipal combined sewer system","detail":"Bangor, Penobscot County; also serves Hampden and Hermon","coordinates":{"lat":44.8,"lon":-68.77,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Penobscot"],"extent":"city","state":"ME","states":["ME"]},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Combined pipes overflow during heavy rain, and separation is the remedy.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA (ref 1) says remaining CSO discharges continue to cause water quality violations in the Kenduskeag and Penobscot.","service":"No loss of sewer service is reported; impacts fall on receiving waters (ref 1).","scale":"The plant serves Bangor, Hampden and Hermon through nine CSO outfalls (ref 1).","duration":"Work under consent agreements has run for more than 25 years (ref 2), with CSO elimination due by 2031 (ref 1).","significance":"Federal consent decree in the U.S. District Court for the District of Maine (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Population served by the system not given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"CSO discharges are to be eliminated by 2031 under the consent decree (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"CSO outfalls","value":9,"unit":"outfalls","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Quarters in CWA noncompliance (ECHO)","value":6,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Bangor WWTF ME0100781 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Ongoing separation work described as a persistent pressure on ratepayers (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Maine DEP tracking reportedly shows CSO discharge volumes cut significantly (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Bangor","role":"Permittee and consent decree defendant"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 1","role":"Enforcement"},{"name":"Maine Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Co-plaintiff and permitting authority"}],"public_contact":"City of Bangor Public Works, bangormaine.gov","corrective_actions":["Capacity, operation and maintenance programs, sewer system evaluation and capital projects under the decree (ref 1).","Cumberland Street sewer and storm separation, with a Bangor Water District 24-inch main replacement (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"title":"Bangor, Maine Clean Water Act (CWA) Settlement","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2024-10-09","url":"https://19january2025snapshot.epa.gov/enforcement/bangor-maine-clean-water-act-cwa-settlement","basis":"Federal enforcement","ref":1},{"title":"Bangor Digging Up Cumberland Street to Stop Sewage Reaching the Penobscot","publisher":"NationGraph News","date":"2026-04-23","url":"https://news.nationgraph.com/articles/bangor-digging-up-cumberland-street-to-stop-sewage-reaching-the-penobscot","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"ECHO detailed facility report, Bangor WWTF (ME0100781)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=ME0100781","basis":"Federal data","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (ME in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-ME-LEWISTON-AUBURN-CSO-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lewiston-Auburn overflows sent 112 million gallons to Androscoggin in 2023","description":"Severe weather forced 112 million gallons of untreated water and sewage into the Androscoggin River from Lewiston and Auburn in 2023, according to WGME. The cities broke ground in October 2024 on a $30 million project with a holding tank and a 20 percent treatment expansion, and EPA ECHO lists the Lewiston-Auburn plant with a current Clean Water Act violation and seven quarters of noncompliance.","location":{"name":"Lewiston-Auburn sewer system","type":"Regional wastewater authority service area","detail":"Lewiston and Auburn, Androscoggin County","coordinates":{"lat":44.1,"lon":-70.21,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Androscoggin"],"extent":"city","state":"ME","states":["ME"]},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Treatment capacity of 38 million gallons is exceeded in storms, so flow bypasses to the river.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"WGME (ref 1) reports 112 million gallons of untreated water and sewage entered the Androscoggin in 2023.","service":"Customers kept sewer service; the impact is bypass to the river (ref 1).","scale":"The Twin City plant serves both Lewiston and Auburn (ref 1).","duration":"ECHO (ref 2) lists 7 quarters in CWA noncompliance, and the fix was only starting in late 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"ECHO (ref 2) shows Violation Identified status for permit ME0101478."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Population served not stated in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"In 2023, severe weather forced 112 million gallons of water into the river (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Overflow volume, 2023","value":112000000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Project cost","value":30000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Lewiston Auburn Water Pollution Control Authority","role":"Treatment plant operator"},{"name":"Maine Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Permitting authority"}],"public_contact":"Lewiston Auburn Water Pollution Control Authority, Lewiston, Maine","corrective_actions":["Holding tank for sewage and stormwater and 20 percent treatment capacity expansion, ground broken October 2024 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"title":"Lewiston, Auburn break ground on $30 million project to improve water quality","publisher":"WGME","date":"2024-10-16","url":"https://www.wgme.com/news/local/lewiston-auburn-break-ground-on-30-million-project-to-improve-water-quality-androscoggin-river","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"ECHO detailed facility report, Lewiston-Auburn WWTF (ME0101478)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=ME0101478","basis":"Federal data","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (ME in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-ME-STATEWIDE-SLUDGE-PFAS-FARMLAND-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"PFAS contamination of farmland and wells at Maine's former sludge-spreading sites","description":"Maine DEP is testing soil and groundwater at 1,066 locations once licensed for sludge or septage spreading; by October 2024 about 20% of 2,919 well samples exceeded the state's 20 ppt interim PFAS standard and 495 filtration systems had been installed. The agriculture department had engaged 155 farms, 68 of them with soil above its most conservative screening level, and by May 2026 it was managing 127 contaminated sites. Affected farms include dairies in Arundel (PFOS in milk, 2016) and Fairfield, Stoneridge Farm (about 1,300 tons of sludge over 21 years) and Songbird Farm in Unity, whose well water tested about 400 times the state threshold. Maine banned land application of sludge in 2022, and DEP asked to extend the investigation deadline to 2029.","location":{"name":"Former sludge and septage land application sites","type":"Statewide contaminated-site investigation program","state":"ME","states":["ME"],"detail":"Statewide; highest soil PFOS in Albion, Benton, Bridgton, Canaan, Fairfield, Unity and Unity Township (Kennebec, Somerset, Waldo, Cumberland counties)","coordinates":{"lat":44.61,"lon":-69.33,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Kennebec","Somerset","Waldo","Cumberland"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Decades of licensed sludge spreading left PFAS in farm soil, private wells and farm products, a contamination problem rather than an infrastructure failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEP's 2025 report (ref 1) found 20% of roughly 2,919 groundwater samples above Maine's 20 ppt interim standard, and DACF found 68 of 155 engaged farms over its soil screening level.","service":"DEP installed 495 whole-home filtration systems at affected properties (ref 1), and Songbird Farm in Unity stopped commercial production after its well tested about 400 times the 20 ppt threshold (ref 6).","scale":"The investigation list grew from an estimated 700 to 1,066 licensed sites across the state (ref 1); Inside Climate News reports more than 1,000 of Maine's roughly 7,000 farms were on it (ref 3).","duration":"Testing began under a 2021 law and DEP asked lawmakers to extend completion through 2029 (ref 1); the agriculture department was still managing 127 contaminated sites in May 2026 (ref 5).","significance":"The Legislature banned land application of sludge in 2022 (P.L. 2021, c. 641) and mandated the site investigation by statute (P.L. 2021, c. 478), per DEP (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No statewide count of exposed residents is reported; DEP sampled about 2,919 mostly residential wells (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"As of October 30, 2024, DACF's PFAS Response Program had engaged with 155 farms; 68 (44%) have at least one area where soil exceeds DACF's most conservative soil guidelines."},"measures":[{"name":"Licensed sludge/septage sites requiring investigation","value":1066,"unit":"sites","status":"Reported","note":"DEP report, ref 1"},{"name":"Groundwater samples collected","value":2919,"unit":"samples","status":"Reported","note":"As of Oct. 31, 2024 (ref 1); 20% exceeded 20 ppt"},{"name":"Filtration systems installed","value":495,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1"},{"name":"Farms engaged by DACF","value":155,"unit":"farms","status":"Reported","note":"As of Oct. 30, 2024 (ref 1 correction sheet)"},{"name":"Farms above DACF soil screening level","value":68,"unit":"farms","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1 correction sheet"},{"name":"Farms above interim drinking water standard (groundwater)","value":35,"unit":"farms","status":"Reported","note":"DEP executive summary, ref 1"},{"name":"Contaminated sites managed by DACF","value":127,"unit":"sites","status":"Reported","note":"May 2026, ref 5"},{"name":"DEP investigation spending FY2019 to Dec. 2, 2024","value":19900000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Site list grew from 700 to 1,066 and the count of managed contaminated farm sites reached 127 by May 2026 (refs 1, 5)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Maine Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Lead investigator of sludge and septage sites"},{"name":"Maine Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry","role":"Farm PFAS Response Program"},{"name":"Maine Legislature, Environment and Natural Resources Committee","role":"Oversight and deadline setting"}],"public_contact":"Maine DEP Bureau of Remediation and Waste Management, (207) 557-2700","corrective_actions":["Statewide ban on land application of sludge and sludge-derived products (2022)","Tiered soil and groundwater sampling of 1,066 former spreading sites, with completion requested through 2029","Whole-home filtration systems installed at 495 properties","Farm testing, technical help and financial assistance through DACF's PFAS Response Program"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Status of Maine's PFAS Soil and Groundwater Investigation at Sludge and Septage Land Application Sites (Second Biennial Report, with Jan. 24, 2025 correction sheet)","publisher":"Maine Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2025-01-15","url":"https://www3.maine.gov/dep/publications/documents/archive/legislative reports/2025/PFAS Soil and Groundwater Investigation Report 2025 FINAL Rev 1.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Timeline of DACF PFAS Response Efforts and Lessons Learned","publisher":"Maine Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry","date":"2025-12-31","url":"https://www.maine.gov/dacf/ag/pfas/docs/timeline-of-dacf-pfas-response.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Maine Was First To Ban Spreading PFAS-Contaminated Sludge on Farmland. Now Sludge Is Filling up Landfills.","publisher":"Inside Climate News","date":"2025-11-24","url":"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/24112025/maine-landfill-pfas-contamination/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Facing up to forever chemicals - a spreading problem","publisher":"The New Lede","date":"2026-07-31","url":"https://www.thenewlede.org/2026/07/maine-sewage-sludge-pfas-farms/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":5,"title":"Maine buys second PFAS-contaminated farm","publisher":"Portland Press Herald","date":"2026-05-22","url":"https://www.pressherald.com/2026/05/22/maine-buys-second-pfas-contaminated-farm/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":6,"title":"PFAS shut Maine farms down. Now some are rebounding (Civil Eats, via PFAS Project)","publisher":"PFAS Project Lab","date":"2023-10-03","url":"https://pfasproject.com/2023/10/03/pfas-shut-maine-farms-down-now-some-are-rebounding/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"New record (ME in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-ME-STATEWIDE-PFAS-FARM-FUND-2026","US-ME-CENTRAL-PFAS-GAME-ADVISORY-2025","US-ME-STATEWIDE-PFAS-FISH-ADVISORIES-2025"]},{"id":"US-ME-STATEWIDE-PFAS-FARM-FUND-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"PFAS-hit Maine farms lean on $60M state fund for income, cleanup and land buyouts","description":"Maine set aside $60 million in 2022 for a Fund to Address PFAS Contamination to help farms hurt by sludge-borne PFAS. Before the fund opened in March 2024, the agriculture department paid more than $3.2 million in income replacement, infrastructure, water filtration and herd depopulation compensation. The fund bought a contaminated Palermo hay farm for $333,000 in 2025 and Songbird Farm in Unity in May 2026, and awarded $3 million in research grants in April 2025.","location":{"name":"Maine PFAS-impacted farms","type":"Statewide agricultural assistance program","state":"ME","states":["ME"],"detail":"Statewide; purchases in Palermo and Unity (Waldo County)","coordinates":{"lat":44.61,"lon":-69.33,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Waldo"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns the financial losses of contaminated farms and the state program that compensates and buys them out.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DACF paid $265,683.90 in depopulation compensation for livestock and $1.9 million in income replacement through early April 2024 (ref 1), reflecting lost farm output.","service":"Farms such as Songbird Farm in Unity stopped selling and closed; the state bought it in May 2026 (ref 3), and a Palermo hay farm in 2025.","scale":"The Legislature appropriated $60 million from the General Fund for the program statewide (ref 2).","duration":"Aid began in 2020 with the Fairfield dairy case and continued through 2025 under LD 130, which codified the response program (ref 1).","significance":"The fund operates under statute (P.L. 2021, c. 635) with rules effective March 2024 and an adopted plan of 23 strategies (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Fund reports cover farms and grants, not residents."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The Legislature appropriated $60 million dollars from the General Fund for this purpose."},"measures":[{"name":"PFAS Fund appropriation","value":60000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2"},{"name":"DACF financial support before fund launch (to early April 2024)","value":3200000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1: 'over $3.2 million'"},{"name":"Research grants awarded April 2025","value":3000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1"},{"name":"Palermo hay farm purchase price","value":333000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3"},{"name":"Songbird Farm acreage","value":45,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Farm closures and buyouts of contaminated land (ref 3)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Assistance and land purchases continued from 2024 through May 2026 (refs 1, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Maine Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry","role":"Fund administrator"},{"name":"PFAS Fund Advisory Committee","role":"Statutory advisory body"}],"public_contact":"Maine DACF PFAS Fund, via maine.gov/dacf/ag/pfas","corrective_actions":["Income replacement, infrastructure and water-filtration grants for affected farms","Purchase of contaminated farmland from willing sellers (Palermo 2025, Unity 2026)","$3 million in research grants on PFAS uptake and soil remediation","Blood serum testing coverage for eligible individuals","LD 130 (2025) codified the PFAS Response Program"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Timeline of DACF PFAS Response Efforts and Lessons Learned","publisher":"Maine Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry","date":"2025-12-31","url":"https://www.maine.gov/dacf/ag/pfas/docs/timeline-of-dacf-pfas-response.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Fund to Address PFAS Contamination","publisher":"Maine Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry","date":null,"url":"https://www.maine.gov/dacf/ag/pfas/pfas-fund.shtml","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Maine buys second PFAS-contaminated farm","publisher":"Portland Press Herald","date":"2026-05-22","url":"https://www.pressherald.com/2026/05/22/maine-buys-second-pfas-contaminated-farm/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Maine Was First To Ban Spreading PFAS-Contaminated Sludge on Farmland. Now Sludge Is Filling up Landfills.","publisher":"Inside Climate News","date":"2025-11-24","url":"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/24112025/maine-landfill-pfas-contamination/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (ME in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-ME-STATEWIDE-SLUDGE-PFAS-FARMLAND-2025"]},{"id":"US-ME-CENTRAL-PFAS-GAME-ADVISORY-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Do Not Eat advisory for PFAS in deer and wild turkey expands across central Maine","description":"Maine wildlife and health officials warn hunters not to eat any deer or wild turkey taken in four advisory areas in Fairfield, Skowhegan, Unity, Unity Township, Albion, Freedom, Knox and Thorndike. The advisory began in the greater Fairfield area in November 2021 after PFAS was found in deer, and three Unity-area zones were added in 2024 and 2025, most recently in October 2025. The state ties the contamination to sludge spread on fields where the animals feed.","location":{"name":"Fairfield and Unity area advisory zones","type":"Wildlife consumption advisory area","state":"ME","states":["ME"],"detail":"Somerset County (Fairfield, Skowhegan), Kennebec County (Albion) and Waldo County (Unity, Freedom, Knox, Thorndike)","coordinates":{"lat":44.61,"lon":-69.33,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Somerset","Kennebec","Waldo"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS from sludge-spread fields moves into game animals; the issue is contamination of the food chain, not infrastructure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"State tests found PFOS in deer and turkey muscle high enough that no part of the meat or organs is considered safe to eat in the zones (refs 1, 2).","service":"Hunters in the four zones are told not to eat harvested deer or wild turkey at all (ref 1).","scale":"Advisory zones cover parts of eight towns across Somerset, Kennebec and Waldo counties (ref 2).","duration":"The first Fairfield advisory dates to November 2021, and the state says it does not know how long the advisories will last (ref 1).","significance":"The advisory is a formal Maine CDC and MDIFW public health notice, expanded again in October 2025 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Advisories apply to hunters; no exposed-population count is published."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Deer and wild turkey harvested in the Do Not Eat advisory area should not be eaten."},"measures":[{"name":"Advisory areas","value":4,"unit":"areas","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 2"},{"name":"Towns with advisory zones","value":8,"unit":"towns","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"One area in 2021 grew to four by October 2025 (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife","role":"Advisory issuer"},{"name":"Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention","role":"Health guidance"}],"public_contact":"Maine CDC toxicologist, 866-292-3474 (in Maine) or 207-287-4311","corrective_actions":["Do Not Eat advisories for deer and wild turkey in four zones","Continued tissue sampling of harvested animals"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PFAS-Related Consumption Advisory (deer and wild turkey)","publisher":"Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife","date":null,"url":"https://www.maine.gov/ifw/hunting-trapping/hunting/laws-rules/pfas-related-consumption-advisory.html","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Maine wildlife officials expand 'Do Not Eat' advisory","publisher":"WABI-TV","date":"2025-10-23","url":"https://www.wabi.tv/2025/10/23/maine-wildlife-officials-expand-do-not-eat-advisory","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Maine Was First To Ban Spreading PFAS-Contaminated Sludge on Farmland. Now Sludge Is Filling up Landfills.","publisher":"Inside Climate News","date":"2025-11-24","url":"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/24112025/maine-landfill-pfas-contamination/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (ME in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-ME-STATEWIDE-SLUDGE-PFAS-FARMLAND-2025","US-ME-STATEWIDE-PFAS-FISH-ADVISORIES-2025"]},{"id":"US-ME-STATEWIDE-PFAS-FISH-ADVISORIES-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"PFAS fish consumption limits on 29 Maine water segments, with do-not-eat zones","description":"Maine CDC's freshwater fish guidelines list 29 PFAS consumption advisories, from Fish Brook and the PAL Ponds in Fairfield and Sandy Stream in Unity to streams at the former Brunswick Naval Air Station, where no fish should be eaten. Other limits cover larger waters such as the Kennebec River from Fairfield to Sidney, the Sebasticook River, China Lake, Messalonskee Stream and the Presumpscot River.","location":{"name":"PFAS-advisory waters in Maine","type":"Statewide set of river and lake segments","state":"ME","states":["ME"],"detail":"Waters in Kennebec, Somerset, Waldo, Cumberland, Penobscot, Aroostook, Androscoggin and York counties","coordinates":{"lat":44.55,"lon":-69.63,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Kennebec","Somerset","Waldo","Cumberland","Penobscot","Aroostook","Androscoggin","York"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["agricultural","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The advisories reflect PFAS accumulation in fish from contaminated surface waters.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Maine CDC lists seven segments, including Fish Brook in Fairfield and part of Sandy Stream in Unity, where no species of fish should be eaten (ref 1).","service":"Anglers face meal limits as low as 3 to 5 meals a year on segments such as Messalonskee Stream and the Sebasticook River (ref 1).","scale":"The PFAS table covers 29 river, stream and lake entries spread from Caribou to Sanford (ref 1).","duration":"The PFAS fish advisories have been issued since at least 2022 and remain on the current guidelines (refs 1, 2).","significance":"These are formal state health advisories issued by Maine CDC (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No angler population estimate is published."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Maine CDC's Safe Eating Guidelines list 29 PFAS entries, including do-not-eat advice for Fish Brook and the PAL Ponds in Fairfield."},"measures":[{"name":"PFAS fish advisory entries","value":29,"unit":"water segments","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1"},{"name":"Do-not-eat segments","value":7,"unit":"water segments","status":"Reported","note":"Counted from ref 1 table"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Current list only; earlier lists were not compared."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention","role":"Fish advisory issuer"},{"name":"Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife","role":"Fishing regulation"}],"public_contact":"Maine CDC Environmental and Occupational Health Program, 866-292-3474","corrective_actions":["Water-specific PFAS meal limits and do-not-eat advisories"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Freshwater Fish Safe Eating Guidelines (PFAS table)","publisher":"Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention","date":null,"url":"https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/environmental-health/eohp/fish/2kfca.htm","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Maine says more fish are unsafe to eat due to PFAS","publisher":"Bangor Daily News","date":"2022-05-05","url":"https://bangordailynews.com/2022/05/05/news/maine-says-more-fish-are-unsafe-to-eat-pfas/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (ME in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Date each advisory was issued"],"related_ids":["US-ME-CENTRAL-PFAS-GAME-ADVISORY-2025","US-ME-BRUNSWICK-LANDING-AFFF-SPILL-2024","US-ME-STATEWIDE-SLUDGE-PFAS-FARMLAND-2025"]},{"id":"US-ME-KENNEBEC-DEC2023-FLOOD-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"December 2023 storm brings record river flooding to western and central Maine","description":"A slow-moving storm on December 18-21, 2023 dropped 4 to 8 inches of rain on melting snow, and several Maine rivers peaked at record levels, some above the April 1987 flood. The Kennebec River at Hallowell crested at 22.49 feet, the highest since 1987, flooding downtown Hallowell and Augusta. The event was declared a federal major disaster (DR-4754-ME) for nine counties.","location":{"name":"Kennebec and Androscoggin river valleys","type":"River basins","state":"ME","states":["ME"],"detail":"Downtown Hallowell and Augusta (Kennebec County); public assistance in nine counties","coordinates":{"lat":44.286,"lon":-69.79,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Kennebec","Androscoggin","Franklin","Oxford","Somerset","Penobscot","Piscataquis","Hancock","Waldo","Washington"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Record river flows flooded riverside downtowns and damaged public infrastructure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"USGS reports multiple rivers peaking at record levels, some above the April 1987 flood (ref 2); Hallowell's downtown was left under silt and a bookshop lost eight tons of books (ref 3).","service":"Power stayed out on part of Hallowell's Water Street until Dec. 23 and roads to the southern downtown were impassable until Dec. 20 (ref 3).","scale":"FEMA public assistance covered nine counties under DR-4754-ME (ref 1).","duration":"Recovery stretched over months; Hallowell's city council created a business aid fund and the state set a March 28, 2024 request deadline (refs 1, 3).","significance":"A federal major disaster declaration was approved on January 30, 2024 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected-population total was reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Kennebec River at Hallowell peaked at 22.49 feet on Dec. 19, 2023, the fifth-highest recorded and highest since 1987."},"measures":[{"name":"48-hour rainfall","value":null,"unit":"inches","status":"Not reported","note":"USGS gives a 4 to 8 inch range (ref 2)"},{"name":"Kennebec River crest at Hallowell","value":22.49,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3"},{"name":"Counties in public assistance declaration","value":9,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Maine Emergency Management Agency","role":"State disaster coordination"},{"name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","role":"Federal disaster assistance"}],"public_contact":"Maine Emergency Management Agency, maine.gov/mema","corrective_actions":["Federal public assistance under DR-4754-ME","Hallowell business recovery fund of $50,000 plus Vision Hallowell fundraising"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Declared Disasters - List of Open Disasters","publisher":"Maine Emergency Management Agency","date":null,"url":"https://www.maine.gov/mema/grants/pa/declared-disasters","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"December 2023 Flood in Maine","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","date":"2024-09-20","url":"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/new-england-water-science-center/science/december-2023-flood-maine","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"A year later: Looking back at central Maine's 2023 flood","publisher":"Portland Press Herald","date":"2024-12-21","url":"https://www.pressherald.com/?p=7406695","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":8,"note":"New record (ME in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-ME-COAST-JAN2024-STORM-SURGE-2024"]},{"id":"US-ME-COAST-JAN2024-STORM-SURGE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"January 2024 back-to-back coastal storms wreck Maine wharves and working waterfronts","description":"Storms on January 10 and 13, 2024 struck the Maine coast at astronomical high tides, causing what the marine resources commissioner called damage 'like we have never seen before' to docks, wharves and waterfront buildings. State officials put damage at about $70 million, and the storms were declared a federal major disaster (DR-4764-ME) for eight coastal counties. The Legislature approved a $60 million storm rebuilding package, including $25 million for working waterfronts.","location":{"name":"Maine coast, Cumberland to Washington counties","type":"Coastal working waterfronts","state":"ME","states":["ME"],"detail":"Cumberland, Hancock, Knox, Lincoln, Sagadahoc, Waldo, Washington and York counties","coordinates":{"lat":44.1,"lon":-69.1,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Cumberland","Hancock","Knox","Lincoln","Sagadahoc","Waldo","Washington","York"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Storm surge on top of high tides destroyed physical waterfront infrastructure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"State officials estimated about $70 million in damage statewide (ref 2).","service":"DMR reported widespread damage to docks, buildings and wharves that had to be rebuilt (ref 3).","scale":"Public assistance was awarded for eight coastal counties (ref 1).","duration":"Rebuilding money was still being released in May 2024, four months after the storms (ref 2).","significance":"Federal major disaster DR-4764-ME was declared, with public assistance awarded March 20, 2024 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected-population total was reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"State officials said the storms caused about $70 million in damage in the state."},"measures":[{"name":"Estimated statewide damage","value":70000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2 ('about')"},{"name":"State storm rebuilding package","value":60000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2"},{"name":"Working waterfront rebuilding funds released","value":25000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2"},{"name":"Counties in public assistance declaration","value":8,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Maine Emergency Management Agency","role":"State disaster coordination"},{"name":"Maine Department of Marine Resources","role":"Working waterfront recovery"},{"name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","role":"Federal disaster assistance"}],"public_contact":"Maine Emergency Management Agency, maine.gov/mema; dial 2-1-1 for disaster help","corrective_actions":["Federal public assistance under DR-4764-ME","$25 million in state working waterfront rebuilding grants from a $60 million package","DEP permit guidance for rebuilding docks and wharves"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Declared Disasters - List of Open Disasters","publisher":"Maine Emergency Management Agency","date":null,"url":"https://www.maine.gov/mema/grants/pa/declared-disasters","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Maine to spend $25M to rebuild waterfronts devastated by winter storms","publisher":"Bangor Daily News (Associated Press)","date":"2024-05-14","url":"https://www.bangordailynews.com/2024/05/14/politics/state-politics/maine-working-waterfronts-rebuilding-state-aid/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Storm Follow Up Information from Commissioner Keliher","publisher":"Maine Department of Marine Resources","date":"2024-01-17","url":"https://www.maine.gov/dmr/news/wed-01172024-1200-storm-follow-information-commissioner-keliher","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (ME in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-ME-KENNEBEC-DEC2023-FLOOD-2023"]},{"id":"US-ME-BRUNSWICK-LANDING-AFFF-SPILL-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"1,450-gallon PFAS firefighting foam spill at Brunswick Landing reaches Mere Brook","description":"On August 19, 2024 a hangar fire suppression system at Brunswick Executive Airport, on the former Naval Air Station, released about 1,450 gallons of PFAS foam concentrate mixed with 50,000 gallons of water. Foam reached Mere Brook and nearby ponds; surface water at one site topped 250,000 ppt, and Maine CDC told people not to eat fish from four waters. By August 2025 all remaining foam concentrate had been removed and new state laws required shutting off PFAS fire suppression systems there.","location":{"name":"Brunswick Landing (former Naval Air Station)","type":"Redeveloped airfield and adjacent streams","state":"ME","states":["ME"],"detail":"Brunswick, Cumberland County; Mere Brook, Merriconeag Stream, Picnic Pond, Site 8 Stream, Harpswell Cove","coordinates":{"lat":43.89,"lon":-69.94,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Cumberland"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A malfunctioning fire suppression system released PFAS foam that contaminated streams and ponds.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Surface water at one site exceeded 250,000 ppt PFAS on Aug. 22, 2024 (ref 2), and PFOS in foam-water reached 7.52 ppm (ref 1).","service":"Maine CDC advised against eating fish or swimming in Mere Brook, Merriconeag Stream, Picnic Pond and Site 8 Stream, and DMR closed a shellfish area (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Effects centered on one Brunswick campus and its streams; DEP tested 35 nearby private wells (ref 2).","duration":"A year after the spill residents still feared impacts and wildlife sampling was continuing (ref 2); CDC fish advisories on these waters remain listed (ref 3).","significance":"The Legislature passed 2025 laws ordering shutoff of PFAS fire suppression at Brunswick Landing and a statewide AFFF inventory (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected-population figure; 35 private wells were tested (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 1,450 gallons of AFFF concentrate mixed with 50,000 gallons of water spilled from Hangar 4 on Aug. 19, 2024."},"measures":[{"name":"AFFF concentrate released","value":1450,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 2"},{"name":"Foam-impacted water collected","value":17877,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"As of late Aug. 2024 (ref 1)"},{"name":"Peak surface-water PFAS","value":250000,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"'more than' 250,000 ppt, Aug. 22, 2024 (ref 2)"},{"name":"Private wells tested by DEP","value":35,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2; below state standard"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"All remaining foam concentrate removed by Aug. 2025 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Midcoast Regional Redevelopment Authority","role":"Property manager of Brunswick Landing"},{"name":"Maine Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Spill response and sampling"},{"name":"U.S. Navy","role":"Responsible party for legacy base contamination"}],"public_contact":"Maine Department of Environmental Protection, (207) 557-2700 (Bureau of Remediation and Waste Management)","corrective_actions":["Recovery of foam-impacted water","Removal of all remaining AFFF concentrate from Brunswick Landing by 2025","2025 laws requiring shutoff of PFAS fire suppression systems and a statewide AFFF inventory","Filtration at Mere Creek Golf Course; private well, air and wildlife sampling"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"What we know about the toxic foam spill in Brunswick","publisher":"Bangor Daily News","date":"2024-08-29","url":"https://www.bangordailynews.com/2024/08/29/midcoast/midcoast-environment/what-we-know-toxic-foam-spill-brunswick-maine-joam40zk0w/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"1 year later, Brunswick residents still fear impacts of PFAS spill","publisher":"Central Maine (Times Record)","date":"2025-08-19","url":"https://www.centralmaine.com/2025/08/19/brunswick-reflects-on-year-defined-by-massive-spill-of-pfas-contaminated-foam","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Freshwater Fish Safe Eating Guidelines (PFAS table)","publisher":"Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention","date":null,"url":"https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/environmental-health/eohp/fish/2kfca.htm","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (ME in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-ME-STATEWIDE-PFAS-FISH-ADVISORIES-2025"]},{"id":"US-ME-OLDTOWN-JUNIPER-RIDGE-LEACHATE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Juniper Ridge landfill PFAS leachate reaches the Penobscot River above Indian Island","description":"Leachate from the state-owned Juniper Ridge Landfill in Old Town and Alton is trucked untreated to the ND Paper mill and discharged to the Penobscot River after basic processing; an October 2023 sample held 2,920 ppt of six PFAS. The Penobscot Nation and Conservation Law Foundation are challenging a 61-acre expansion in court, and a judge ruled against DEP in January 2026 before a second approval was appealed. Operator Casella plans PFAS treatment by 2027, and the sludge ban has added to the landfill's volume.","location":{"name":"Juniper Ridge Landfill, Old Town-Alton","type":"State-owned solid waste landfill","state":"ME","states":["ME"],"detail":"Old Town and Alton, Penobscot County; Penobscot River above Indian Island","coordinates":{"lat":44.98,"lon":-68.68,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Penobscot"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS-laden landfill leachate is discharged to a river used for tribal sustenance fishing.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"An October 2023 leachate sample measured 2,920 ppt for six PFAS against Maine's 20 ppt drinking water standard, before discharge via ND Paper (ref 1).","service":"No drinking water service disruption is reported from the discharge (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The discharge point is 1.6 miles downstream of the Penobscot Nation's sustenance fishing area (ref 2).","duration":"Untreated leachate trucking continued into 2026, with treatment not planned before 2027 (refs 1, 3).","significance":"Penobscot County Superior Court ruled against DEP's approval in January 2026 and heard the challenge to a second approval in July 2026 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No downstream population figure is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"An October 2023 sample of Juniper Ridge leachate measured 2,920 parts per trillion for six PFAS."},"measures":[{"name":"Leachate PFAS (six compounds), Oct. 2023","value":2920,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1"},{"name":"Proposed expansion","value":61,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 2, 3"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Treatment is planned, but in September 2026 the operator proposed moving it to Hampden (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NEWSME Landfill Operations (Casella Waste Systems)","role":"Landfill operator"},{"name":"Maine Bureau of General Services","role":"Landfill owner"},{"name":"Maine Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Licensing regulator"}],"public_contact":"Maine DEP Bureau of Remediation and Waste Management, (207) 557-2700","corrective_actions":["Casella pilot PFAS treatment (foam fractionation) in 2025; full-scale system planned by 2027","PFAS treatment made a condition of the expansion approval","Court review of the expansion's public benefit determination"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Maine landfill plans to finally treat contaminated water that goes into the Penobscot River","publisher":"The Maine Monitor (Bangor Daily News)","date":"2025-10-28","url":"https://themainemonitor.org/pfas-treatment-juniper-ridge-landfill/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Juniper Ridge expansion opponents argue state again failed to consider environmental justice","publisher":"Maine Morning Star via Spectrum News","date":"2026-07-24","url":"https://spectrumnewsnecn.com/necn/maine/environment/2026/07/24/juniper-ridge-expansion-opponents-argue-state-again-failed-to-consider-environmental-justice","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Juniper Ridge wants to treat its contaminated wastewater 20 miles away","publisher":"Bangor Daily News","date":"2026-09-21","url":"https://www.bangordailynews.com/2026/09/21/mainefocus/landfill-expansion-leachate-trucking-joam40zk0w/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Maine Was First To Ban Spreading PFAS-Contaminated Sludge on Farmland. Now Sludge Is Filling up Landfills.","publisher":"Inside Climate News","date":"2025-11-24","url":"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/24112025/maine-landfill-pfas-contamination/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (ME in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-ME-STATEWIDE-SLUDGE-PFAS-FARMLAND-2025"]},{"id":"US-ME-SIPAYIK-TRIBAL-WATER-CONTROL-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Passamaquoddy at Sipayik lack control of their water under Maine's settlement act","description":"About 600 Passamaquoddy people at Sipayik (Pleasant Point) rely on the state-chartered Passamaquoddy Water District, which draws from shallow Boyden Lake and has issued around 50 boil-water or other notices since 2000; trihalomethanes reached 120 to 160 ppb in 2021. Under the 1980 Maine Indian Claims Settlement Act the state keeps control over tribal water and well drilling, and a 2022 law (LD 906) let the tribe develop groundwater on its territory, though only on specific parcels. In 2025 grants for reservoir monitoring and home filters lost federal funding.","location":{"name":"Sipayik (Pleasant Point) and Eastport","type":"Tribal reservation and water district service area","state":"ME","states":["ME"],"detail":"Passamaquoddy Pleasant Point Reservation and Eastport, Washington County","coordinates":{"lat":44.92,"lon":-67.03,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Washington"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"ME0090510"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The core problem is the tribe's limited legal authority over its own water source, which shapes long-running quality issues.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Inside Climate News reports trihalomethanes of 120 to 160 ppb after Tropical Storm Henri in 2021, above the 80 ppb federal limit (ref 1).","service":"The district has had around 50 boil-water or other water-quality notices since 2000 (ref 1).","scale":"The Passamaquoddy Water District serves 2,125 people per SDWIS (ref 3), including about 600 Passamaquoddy residents of Sipayik (ref 1).","duration":"Residents describe distrust of tap water lasting more than 50 years, and the tribe said in 2025 the problem is not solved (ref 1).","significance":"Governor Mills signed LD 906 on April 21, 2022 so the tribe could pursue groundwater sources on its territory without state approval (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":2125,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the Passamaquoddy Water District per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The Passamaquoddy Water District has issued around 50 boil-water or other water-quality notices since 2000."},"measures":[{"name":"Population served (SDWIS)","value":2125,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3"},{"name":"Peak trihalomethanes after 2021 storm","value":160,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Upper end of 120-160 ppb range (ref 1)"},{"name":"Samaqannihkuk tribal well use by July 2025","value":160000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"'over 160,000' (ref 1)"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Federal grants for monitoring and home filters lost in 2025 (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Carbon filters since 2022 reduced THM formation but the tribe says the problem is not fixed (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Passamaquoddy Water District","role":"Water utility (state-chartered)"},{"name":"State of Maine","role":"Holds water and well-drilling authority under the 1980 Settlement Act"},{"name":"Passamaquoddy Tribe at Pleasant Point","role":"Tribal government"}],"public_contact":"Passamaquoddy Tribe at Pleasant Point tribal office","corrective_actions":["Granulated activated carbon filters added August 2022","Tribal Samaqannihkuk well opened October 2022","LD 906 (2022) eased district tax burden and allowed new wells on certain parcels"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Climate Change Worsens Half-Century of Drinking Water Problems for Maine Native Reservation","publisher":"Inside Climate News","date":"2025-08-31","url":"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/31082025/passamaquoddy-tribe-drinking-water-problems-maine/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Governor Mills Signs Passamaquoddy Drinking Water Legislation Into Law","publisher":"Office of Governor Janet T. Mills","date":"2022-04-21","url":"https://www.maine.gov/governor/mills/news/governor-mills-signs-passamaquoddy-drinking-water-legislation-law-2022-04-21","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Passamaquoddy Water District","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/ME/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PASSAMAQUODDY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (ME in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-ME-MAINE-WATER-RATE-CASE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Maine Water Co. seeks about 30% more revenue; Skowhegan faces nearly 60% hike","description":"Maine Water Company, which serves more than 32,000 customers in 21 Maine towns, has asked the Public Utilities Commission for nearly $10 million more in annual revenue, about 30%. Average bills would rise about 26% ($11.32 a month) in Biddeford and Saco and about 61% ($24.12 a month) in Hartland, and Skowhegan officials said customers there could see a nearly 60% increase. New rates would take effect in April 2027 if approved.","location":{"name":"Maine Water Company service areas","type":"Investor-owned water utility, 10 divisions","state":"ME","states":["ME"],"detail":"21 towns including Skowhegan (Somerset), Hartland (Somerset), Biddeford and Saco (York)","coordinates":{"lat":44.765,"lon":-69.719,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Somerset","York"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"ME0091450"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is the affordability of a large proposed rate increase tied to construction costs and inflation.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Skowhegan's interim town manager said 'People are scared' about a nearly 60% increase for about 2,400 users, many on fixed incomes (ref 1).","service":"No service disruption is involved; the case concerns prices (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Maine Water serves more than 32,000 customers in 21 towns (ref 1); its Skowhegan division alone serves 6,105 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Filings say some divisions have not had an increase in more than a decade, and new rates would not start before April 2027 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"The request is a formal general rate case before the Maine PUC, which held a public hearing in Saco in May 2026 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The utility reports more than 32,000 customer accounts (ref 1); a population total for all divisions is not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Rates in the Hartland division would rise about 61%, or $24.12 per month for the average home."},"measures":[{"name":"Requested revenue increase","value":null,"unit":"USD","status":"Not reported","note":"Reported only as 'nearly $10 million' (ref 1), about 30% (ref 2)"},{"name":"Hartland division average increase","value":61,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2"},{"name":"Biddeford-Saco division average increase","value":26,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2"},{"name":"Customers","value":32000,"unit":"customers","status":"Reported","note":"'more than 32,000' (ref 1)"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Large deferred rate increases after a decade without changes in some divisions (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Case pending before the PUC."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Maine Water Company","role":"Utility applicant"},{"name":"Maine Public Utilities Commission","role":"Rate regulator"}],"public_contact":"Maine Public Utilities Commission consumer assistance, maine.gov/mpuc","corrective_actions":["PUC general rate case review with public hearings"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Maine Public Utilities Commission host public hearing on Maine Water Company proposed increases","publisher":"WABI-TV","date":"2026-05-06","url":"https://www.wabi.tv/2026/05/06/maine-public-utilities-commission-host-public-hearing-maine-water-company-proposed-increases/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Maine Water Co. is proposing a rate increase. Here's how to give feedback.","publisher":"Portland Press Herald","date":"2026-05-04","url":"https://www.pressherald.com/?p=7636535","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Maine Water Company Skowhegan Division","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/ME/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SKOWHEGAN/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (ME in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["PUC docket number and final decision"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-ME-WEST-BRANCH-PENOBSCOT-FISH-KILL-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hydro station outage strands up to 7,000 fish on West Branch Penobscot River","description":"A July 27, 2026 transmission-line failure tripped the McKay Station hydro facility on the West Branch of the Penobscot River in Piscataquis County, dropping flow from about 2,400 cfs to about 450 cfs for more than two hours. Estimates of fish deaths are preliminary: up to 7,000 per WABI, and 3,800 to 7,700 juvenile landlocked salmon per a retired biologist cited by the Bangor Daily News. Outlets differ on the lead state agency: WABI names Maine DEP, while the Bangor Daily News names Maine Inland Fisheries and Wildlife. The operator says required minimum flows were maintained.","location":{"name":"West Branch Penobscot River below McKay Station","type":"River segment","state":"ME","states":["ME"],"detail":"Piscataquis County, below Ripogenus Dam","coordinates":{"lat":45.88,"lon":-69.18,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Piscataquis"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A sudden drop in regulated river flow during a hydro outage killed fish in the river.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"WABI reports up to 7,000 dead fish (ref 1); BDN cites a preliminary 3,800 to 7,700 juvenile landlocked salmon estimate and an unofficial count of 39 dead fish on a 100-yard shoreline (ref 2).","service":"No water supply service was affected (ref 1).","scale":"The kill affected a noted landlocked salmon fishery on one river reach (ref 1).","duration":"The outage that triggered it lasted about two hours on July 27, 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"A state investigation is reported (refs 1, 2) and the operator notified regulators (ref 1); no enforcement action is reported."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not applicable; ecological event."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Possibly up to 7,000 fish died, many of them young landlocked salmon."},"measures":[{"name":"Fish killed (upper estimate)","value":7000,"unit":"fish","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1, 'possibly up to'"},{"name":"Flow below McKay Station during outage","value":450,"unit":"cfs (from about 2,400)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Juvenile landlocked salmon killed (preliminary estimate)","value":null,"unit":"fish","status":"Estimated","note":"3,800 to 7,700, retired biologist Neal Hagstrom, based on a 2022 Brookfield study (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event under investigation."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Great Lakes Hydro America (Brookfield)","role":"Hydro station operator"},{"name":"Maine Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Investigating agency per WABI (ref 1)"},{"name":"Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife","role":"Investigating agency per Bangor Daily News (ref 2)"}],"public_contact":"Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife and Maine DEP (see responsible bodies); no direct contact verified.","corrective_actions":["State investigation of the fish kill; lead agency reported differently by two outlets (refs 1, 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Maine DEP investigating fish kill on West Branch of Penobscot River","publisher":"WABI-TV","date":"2026-07-31","url":"https://www.wabi.tv/2026/07/31/maine-dep-investigating-fish-kill-west-branch-penobscot-river/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Thousands of fish may have died in Penobscot River dam shutdown","publisher":"Bangor Daily News","date":"2026-07-30","accessed":"2026-10-12","url":"https://www.bangordailynews.com/2026/07/30/outdoors/thousands-of-fish-may-have-died-in-penobscot-river-dam-shutdown/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (ME in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Re-checked WABI (July 31, 2026): up to 7,000 fish, the transmission-line failure and McKay Station trip are as stated (attributed to Trout Unlimited). Confidence kept Low: one news source, cause not confirmed by Maine DEP."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Second source (Bangor Daily News) confirms event date July 27, flows and preliminary fish estimates; investigating agency differs between outlets. Final counts and findings not found."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Official findings and final fish counts","Confirmation of the lead agency"],"related_ids":[],"conflicts":[{"field":"investigating agency","note":"WABI (ref 1) says Maine DEP is investigating; the Bangor Daily News (ref 2) names Maine Inland Fisheries and Wildlife and does not mention DEP."}]},{"id":"US-VT-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Vermont public water systems over the state 20 ppt PFAS standard","description":"Vermont limits the sum of five PFAS in drinking water to 20 parts per trillion, and DEC works with systems that confirm results at or above that level on Do Not Drink notices and interim fixes. In April 2024 the DEC drinking water program manager said about 20 public systems, several serving schools, exceeded the state standard and about 30 more would exceed the new federal limits. In EPA's UCMR 5 sampling, one Vermont system (a Berlin care facility, since inactive) reported PFOS of 4.6 ppt in May 2023, above the federal 4 ppt level.","location":{"name":"Vermont public water systems","type":"Statewide public water system network","state":"VT","states":["VT"],"detail":"Statewide; affected systems include school and small community systems","coordinates":{"lat":44,"lon":-72.7,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is PFAS contamination of drinking water sources measured against a state maximum contaminant level.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DEC's program manager said about 20 public water systems exceed Vermont's 20 ppt PFAS standard (ref 1).","service":"DEC's 2023 FAQ says systems confirming PFAS at or above 20 ppt must work with DEC on a Do Not Drink notice (ref 2); no current count of active notices was found.","scale":"The exceedances are spread across public systems statewide, with about 30 more expected over the federal limits (ref 1).","duration":"The standard predates the 2023 FAQ and about 20 systems still exceeded it in April 2024 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Exceedances are state MCL violations handled through DEC notices and treatment funding rather than court orders (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No statewide count of people served by systems over the standard was found."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 20 public drinking water systems exceed the state 20 ppt PFAS standard (DEC, April 2024)."},"measures":[{"name":"Public systems over Vermont 20 ppt PFAS standard","value":20,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate, per DEC program manager (ref 1)."},{"name":"Additional systems expected over federal PFAS MCLs","value":30,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Highest Vermont UCMR 5 PFOS result","value":4.6,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Berlin Health & Rehabilitation Ctr VT0005529, 2023-05-03 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No later statewide count was found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation, Drinking Water and Groundwater Protection Division","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Federal PFAS rule"}],"public_contact":"Vermont DEC Drinking Water and Groundwater Protection Division, 802-828-1535","corrective_actions":["DEC planned $8-9 million a year in grants and $7-8 million a year in forgivable loans for five years, plus state-paid engineering design for PFAS treatment (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"New EPA rule will require more of Vermont's public drinking water systems to address PFAS","publisher":"VTDigger","date":"2024-04-10","url":"https://vtdigger.org/2024/04/10/new-epa-rule-will-require-more-of-vermonts-public-drinking-water-systems-to-address-pfas/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"PFAS Frequently Asked Questions (2023)","publisher":"Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation","date":"2023-03-01","url":"https://dec.vermont.gov/sites/dec/files/documents/anr-dec-pfas-page-pfas-faqs-march2023.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Occurrence Data from the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 5)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2015-09-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (VT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected.value"],"related_ids":["US-VT-BENNINGTON-SAINTGOBAIN-PFOA-2026"]},{"id":"US-VT-BURLINGTON-WWTP-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Burlington main wastewater plant in significant noncompliance","description":"EPA ECHO records Burlington's main wastewater plant, which discharges to Lake Champlain, in violation in 9 of the last 13 quarters and in significant noncompliance in late 2025 and early 2026, with E. coli and chlorine limit exceedances. The roughly 30-year-old system failed in 2018, sending millions of gallons of partially treated sewage into the lake. In March 2025 voters approved a $152 million wastewater and stormwater bond, with city officials projecting large rate increases.","location":{"name":"Burlington Main Wastewater Treatment Facility","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"VT","states":["VT"],"detail":"Burlington, Chittenden County; discharges to Lake Champlain","coordinates":{"lat":44.476,"lon":-73.212,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Chittenden"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Aging plant equipment produces permit violations in effluent reaching Lake Champlain.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO shows E. coli at 238% over its limit in Q3 2025 and chlorine up to 76% over (ref 1).","service":"No interruption of sewer service was reported (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The plant treats about 4 million gallons a day for Vermont's largest city (ref 2).","duration":"ECHO lists 9 quarters in noncompliance across the three-year window (ref 1).","significance":"ECHO lists two quarters of significant noncompliance and no formal enforcement action (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sewer service population was not found; the city water system serves 42,000 per SDWIS."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Significant/Category I Noncompliance in Q4 2025 and Q1 2026 (EPA ECHO)."},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters in noncompliance (3-year window)","value":9,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Wastewater and stormwater bond approved","value":152,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Passed 81% to 19% (ref 3)."},{"name":"Average daily flow","value":4,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["City officials projected water resource bills could rise up to 89% (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The plant moved into significant noncompliance in late 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Burlington Department of Public Works, Water Resources","role":"Plant owner and operator"},{"name":"Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"NPDES permitting authority"}],"public_contact":"Vermont DEC wastewater program line for drought and wastewater reports, 802-828-1115","corrective_actions":["Voters approved a $152 million wastewater and stormwater bond and a $20 million drinking water bond in March 2025 (ref 3).","Burlington received $3,294,440 in state ARPA sewer overflow grants (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Burlington Main (VT0100153)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=VT0100153","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Voters in Vermont communities to weigh water system upgrades","publisher":"WCAX","date":"2025-03-03","url":"https://www.wcax.com/2025/03/03/voters-vermont-communities-weigh-water-system-upgrades/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Voters weigh in on water system upgrades","publisher":"WCAX","date":"2025-03-04","url":"https://www.wcax.com/2025/03/05/voters-weigh-water-system-upgrades/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Scott announces $29.25 million in grants to reduce pollution from sewer overflows","publisher":"Vermont Business Magazine","date":"2024-04-02","url":"https://vermontbiz.com/node/229930","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (VT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-VT-STATEWIDE-CSO-2024"]},{"id":"US-VT-BARRE-WWTP-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Barre City wastewater plant: chronic violations and E. coli exceedances","description":"EPA ECHO records the Barre City wastewater plant, which discharges to the Stevens Branch of the Winooski River, in violation in every quarter of the three-year window, with E. coli results 1,354% and 3,042% above limits in early 2024. Plant staff told WCAX the headworks cannot handle wipes and rags and production had stopped more than a dozen times to clear clogs, ahead of a $7.6 million repair bond vote in November 2024. DEC's overflow list shows an August 20, 2026 Barre City treatment plant incident to the Winooski River estimated at 41 million gallons, logged as 'Other'.","location":{"name":"Barre City Wastewater Treatment Facility","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"VT","states":["VT"],"detail":"Barre, Washington County; discharges to the Stevens Branch, Winooski River","coordinates":{"lat":44.197,"lon":-72.502,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Washington"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Failing headworks equipment contributes to effluent violations in the Winooski watershed.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO shows E. coli 1,354% and 3,042% over the limit in the first two quarters of 2024 (ref 1).","service":"No interruption of sewer service was reported (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The plant serves the City of Barre (ref 2).","duration":"ECHO marks violations in all 13 quarters from July 2023 onward (ref 1).","significance":"Violations are permit noncompliance with no formal enforcement in ECHO; DEC logged a 41 million gallon incident in August 2026 (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sewer service population not found."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"E. coli exceedances of 1,354% and 3,042% of the permit limit in the first half of 2024 (EPA ECHO)."},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters in noncompliance (3-year window)","value":12,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO summary count (ref 1)."},{"name":"Headworks repair bond","value":7.6,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Reported incident volume, 2026-08-20","value":41000000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Nature logged as 'Other'; description not shown on the public list (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The city spends about $200,000 extra a year on repairs (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Violations continued through 2026 and a large incident was logged in August 2026 (refs 1, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Barre","role":"Plant owner and operator"},{"name":"Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"NPDES permitting authority"}],"public_contact":"Vermont DEC wastewater program line for drought and wastewater reports, 802-828-1115","corrective_actions":["The city proposed a $7.6 million bond to rebuild the headworks (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Barre City (VT0100889)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=VT0100889","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Barre residents to vote on city wastewater plant upgrades","publisher":"WCAX","date":"2024-10-14","url":"https://www.wcax.com/2024/10/14/barre-residents-vote-city-wastewater-plant-upgrades/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Sewage Overflows and Untreated Discharges","publisher":"Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation","date":null,"url":"https://anrweb.vt.gov/DEC/WWInventory/SewageOverflows.aspx","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (VT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected.value"],"related_ids":["US-VT-STATEWIDE-CSO-2024"]},{"id":"US-VT-ST-JOHNSBURY-CSO-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"St. Johnsbury combined sewer overflows to the Passumpsic River","description":"St. Johnsbury's combined sewers still discharge untreated wastewater to the Passumpsic River in wet weather: DEC logged overflows of 7,804 and 125 gallons at two outfalls on September 13, 2026. EPA ECHO shows the town's wastewater permit in violation in every quarter since July 2023. The state awarded St. Johnsbury $5,462,074 in ARPA grants in April 2024 for sewer overflow work.","location":{"name":"St. Johnsbury wastewater and combined sewer system","type":"Municipal combined sewer system","state":"VT","states":["VT"],"detail":"St. Johnsbury, Caledonia County; Passumpsic River","coordinates":{"lat":44.419,"lon":-72.015,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Caledonia"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Combined sewer pipes overflow untreated sewage to the river during storms.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DEC recorded 7,804 gallons from CSO-06 and 125 gallons from CSO-14 to the Passumpsic on 2026-09-13 (ref 2).","service":"No sewer service loss was reported (ref 2).","scale":"The town's sewer system and the Passumpsic River reach are affected (refs 1, 2).","duration":"ECHO marks violations in all 13 quarters since July 2023 (ref 1).","significance":"DEC issued a public alert for the overflows and the permit shows violations without formal enforcement (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":5000,"status":"Reported","note":"St. Johnsbury water system population per SDWIS (ref 4), used as a proxy for the village area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Authorized wet weather CSO overflows of 7,804 gallons (CSO-06) and 125 gallons (CSO-14) on 2026-09-13 (DEC)."},"measures":[{"name":"State ARPA CSO grants","value":5462074,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Two awards (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Violations recorded every quarter (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of St. Johnsbury","role":"Sewer system owner"},{"name":"Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"NPDES permitting authority"}],"public_contact":"Vermont DEC wastewater program line for drought and wastewater reports, 802-828-1115","corrective_actions":["St. Johnsbury received $5,462,074 in ARPA grants for sewer overflow reduction (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: St Johnsbury (VT0100579)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=VT0100579","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Sewage Overflows and Untreated Discharges","publisher":"Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation","date":null,"url":"https://anrweb.vt.gov/DEC/WWInventory/SewageOverflows.aspx","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Scott announces $29.25 million in grants to reduce pollution from sewer overflows","publisher":"Vermont Business Magazine","date":"2024-04-02","url":"https://vermontbiz.com/node/229930","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record search: ST JOHNSBURY (Vermont)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VT/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ST%20JOHNSBURY/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (VT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-VT-STATEWIDE-CSO-2024"]},{"id":"US-VT-STATEWIDE-CSO-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Vermont sewage overflows and partially treated discharges continue","description":"Vermont communities with combined sewers and aging plants continue to discharge untreated or partially treated wastewater: WCAX reported 144 combined sewer overflows statewide from 2020 to 2022. DEC's overflow list includes 15 million gallons of partially treated, undisinfected effluent from the Quechee plant to the Ottauquechee River in December 2025 and a 2026 E. coli alert at White River Junction. The state granted $29.25 million in ARPA funds in April 2024 to reduce overflows in 12 municipalities including Rutland, St. Johnsbury and Burlington.","location":{"name":"Vermont sewer systems","type":"Statewide municipal sewer network","state":"VT","states":["VT"],"detail":"Statewide; Lake Champlain and Connecticut River basins","coordinates":{"lat":44,"lon":-72.7,"precision":"state","source_ref":2},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Old combined sewers and plant failures release sewage to rivers and Lake Champlain.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DEC logged 15,000,000 gallons of partially treated, undisinfected effluent to the Ottauquechee River on 2025-12-28 (ref 2).","service":"Overflows did not interrupt sewer service (ref 2).","scale":"Overflows occur across the state; 144 CSOs were counted from 2020 to 2022 (ref 1).","duration":"Overflows recur from 2020 through September 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Rutland's plant was in significant noncompliance in Q1 2026 per ECHO; the state response is grant-funded (refs 3, 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No statewide count of affected people."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"144 combined sewer overflows statewide between 2020 and 2022 (WCAX)."},"measures":[{"name":"CSO events 2020-2022","value":144,"unit":"events","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"ARPA overflow grants","value":29250000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Quechee partially treated discharge, 2025-12-28","value":15000000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Grants fund separation projects while storms keep triggering overflows (refs 2, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"Wastewater permitting and overflow reporting"},{"name":"Municipal sewer utilities","role":"System owners"}],"public_contact":"Vermont DEC wastewater program line for drought and wastewater reports, 802-828-1115","corrective_actions":["DEC awarded $29,250,000 in ARPA grants, including $7,201,017 to Rutland, for sewer overflow reduction (ref 3).","St. Albans voters approved a $4 million CSO bond in March 2025 (ref 5)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Voters in Vermont communities to weigh water system upgrades","publisher":"WCAX","date":"2025-03-03","url":"https://www.wcax.com/2025/03/03/voters-vermont-communities-weigh-water-system-upgrades/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Sewage Overflows and Untreated Discharges","publisher":"Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation","date":null,"url":"https://anrweb.vt.gov/DEC/WWInventory/SewageOverflows.aspx","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Scott announces $29.25 million in grants to reduce pollution from sewer overflows","publisher":"Vermont Business Magazine","date":"2024-04-02","url":"https://vermontbiz.com/node/229930","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Rutland (VT0100871)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=VT0100871","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"Voters weigh in on water system upgrades","publisher":"WCAX","date":"2025-03-04","url":"https://www.wcax.com/2025/03/05/voters-weigh-water-system-upgrades/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (VT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected.value"],"related_ids":["US-VT-BURLINGTON-WWTP-2025","US-VT-ST-JOHNSBURY-CSO-2024","US-VT-BARRE-WWTP-2024"]},{"id":"US-VT-PLAINFIELD-WATER-FLOOD-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Plainfield water system outage and boil notice after July 2024 flood","description":"The July 2024 flood broke water mains in Plainfield; hundreds of customers lost running water and about 50 homes south of the Winooski River were still without service on July 16, with a boil water notice to follow restoration. ANR's secretary said Plainfield's wastewater treatment facility sustained significant structural damage. The town's emergency management director estimated about $3 million in repairs.","location":{"name":"Plainfield Water System","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"VT","states":["VT"],"detail":"Plainfield, Washington County","coordinates":{"lat":44.278,"lon":-72.426,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Washington"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"VT0005277"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Flood damage to mains and the treatment plant cut service.","secondary_drivers":["Flooding"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"A boil water notice applied because main breaks damaged the system (ref 2).","service":"Hundreds lost running water and about 50 homes remained without water days later (ref 1).","scale":"The system serves 985 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Operators expected to restore remaining customers within a couple of days (ref 1).","significance":"The state listed a formal boil water notice for Plainfield (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":985,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 50 homes on Barre Hill, Brook Road, Creamery Street, Hudson Avenue and Mill Street remained without water on July 16, 2024."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No later repair status was found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Plainfield Water Department","role":"System operator"},{"name":"Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Vermont DEC Drinking Water and Groundwater Protection Division, 802-828-1535","corrective_actions":["Operators worked more than 12 hours a day to restore service (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Dozens of homes remain without water or under boil notice in Plainfield and Barnet","publisher":"Vermont Public","date":"2024-07-16","url":"https://www.vermontpublic.org/local-news/2024-07-16/dozens-remain-without-water-boil-notice-plainfield-barnet-flood","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"As floods recede, water quality remains a concern","publisher":"VTDigger","date":"2024-07-12","url":"https://vtdigger.org/2024/07/12/as-floods-recede-water-quality-remains-a-concern/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record search: PLAINFIELD (Vermont)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VT/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PLAINFIELD/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (VT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-VT-BARNET-WATER-FLOOD-2024"]},{"id":"US-VT-BARNET-WATER-FLOOD-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Barnet village water line destroyed by July 2024 flood","description":"When the Stevens River flooded Barnet in July 2024, debris destroyed a 200-foot section of water line between the village treatment plant and a pump station, affecting about 60 customers. Residents were told to boil water and conserve while the village trucked in water in tanks. Several dozen customers in McIndoe Falls and a school were also under a boil notice.","location":{"name":"Barnet Fire District #2","type":"Fire district water system","state":"VT","states":["VT"],"detail":"Barnet village, Caledonia County","coordinates":{"lat":44.298,"lon":-72.05,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Caledonia"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"VT0005029"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Flood debris severed the transmission line from the treatment plant.","secondary_drivers":["Flooding"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Water was not safe to drink without boiling (ref 1).","service":"A town worker said 'our water system was gone' after the line was destroyed (ref 1).","scale":"About 60 customers were affected; SDWIS lists 205 people served (refs 1, 3).","duration":"The village awaited a temporary repair days after the flood (ref 1).","significance":"State boil water notices were in effect for Barnet (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":205,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A 200-foot section of water line between the village treatment plant and a pump station was destroyed, affecting about 60 customers."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No later status was found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Barnet Fire District #2","role":"System operator"},{"name":"Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Vermont DEC Drinking Water and Groundwater Protection Division, 802-828-1535","corrective_actions":["The village received water tanks from another treatment plant while awaiting repair (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Dozens of homes remain without water or under boil notice in Plainfield and Barnet","publisher":"Vermont Public","date":"2024-07-16","url":"https://www.vermontpublic.org/local-news/2024-07-16/dozens-remain-without-water-boil-notice-plainfield-barnet-flood","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"As floods recede, water quality remains a concern","publisher":"VTDigger","date":"2024-07-12","url":"https://vtdigger.org/2024/07/12/as-floods-recede-water-quality-remains-a-concern/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record search: BARNET (Vermont)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VT/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BARNET/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (VT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-VT-PLAINFIELD-WATER-FLOOD-2024"]},{"id":"US-VT-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"2025 Vermont drought dries hundreds of wells","description":"After the driest August on record, the state said serious drought covered all of Vermont by October 1, 2025, with streamflow and groundwater at record lows. DEC received reports of more than 400 dry wells since August, about four times the number reported from 2016 to 2025, and at least five public water systems used alternate sources. Severe drought had eased by January 2026, though moderate drought persisted in eastern Vermont.","location":{"name":"Vermont","type":"State","state":"VT","states":["VT"],"detail":"Statewide; Orange, Windsor and Rutland counties most affected","coordinates":{"lat":44,"lon":-72.7,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Orange","Windsor","Rutland"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Rainfall deficits lowered groundwater and surface supplies.","secondary_drivers":["Drought"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Groundwater and streamflow reached record lows (ref 1); no health harm was documented.","service":"More than 400 wells ran dry since August 2025 (ref 2) and five public systems used alternate sources (ref 3).","scale":"The state said serious drought covered all of Vermont on October 1, 2025 (ref 1).","duration":"Severe drought ran from late summer 2025 until easing by January 2026 (refs 1, 4).","significance":"The state Drought Task Force issued conservation guidance and asked residents to report impacts (refs 1, 5)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"About 40% of Vermonters use private wells (ref 2); no count of those affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"DEC received reports of more than 400 wells running dry since August 2025, about four times the number from 2016 to 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"Dry well reports since August 2025","value":400,"unit":"reports","status":"Reported","note":"More than 400 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Drinking water shortage reports since Aug 22, 2025","value":398,"unit":"reports","status":"Reported","note":"As of late September (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"NWS reported severe drought gone from eastern Vermont by January 15, 2026 (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Vermont Drought Task Force","role":"State drought monitoring"},{"name":"Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"Water supply regulator"}],"public_contact":"Vermont DEC Drought Reporter; public water systems call 802-828-1535","corrective_actions":["The Drought Task Force issued conservation guidance and opened the DEC Drought Reporter for dry wells (refs 1, 5)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Vermonters Asked to Report Dry Wells, Water Shortages, and Other Impacts of Drought","publisher":"Vermont Agency of Agriculture, Food and Markets","date":"2025-10-01","url":"https://agriculture.vermont.gov/node/9191","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Wells are running dry. Climate scientists say it could be a sign of what's to come","publisher":"Vermont Public","date":"2025-10-01","url":"https://www.vermontpublic.org/local-news/2025-10-01/wells-running-dry-climate-scientists-sign-whats-come","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Vermont's drought is straining communities, leading residents to suffer","publisher":"The Hardwick Gazette","date":"2025-09-30","url":"https://hardwickgazette.org/2025/09/30/vermonts-drought-is-straining-communities-leading-residents-to-suffer/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Drought Information Statement, NWS Burlington","publisher":"National Weather Service","date":"2026-01-15","url":"https://www.weather.gov/media/btv/DGT/DGT_BTV_01152026.txt","basis":"Federal data"},{"ref":5,"title":"Vermont officials ask residents to report drought impacts","publisher":"VTDigger","date":"2025-09-12","url":"https://vtdigger.org/2025/09/12/vermont-officials-ask-residents-to-report-drought-impacts","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (VT in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected.value"],"related_ids":["US-VT-BERLIN-WATER-DROUGHT-2025"]},{"id":"US-VT-BERLIN-WATER-DROUGHT-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Berlin municipal water supply drops by half in 2025 drought","description":"During the 2025 drought Berlin's municipal system got about 50% less water from its own wells after one of its four large wells went dry, and the town issued a mandatory conservation notice to about 115 connected users. All wells at the Berlin Health and Rehabilitation Center, an elder care facility serving about 150 people, went dry, and the town ran a fire hose to fill the facility's storage tanks.","location":{"name":"Berlin Municipal Water System","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"VT","states":["VT"],"detail":"Berlin, Washington County","coordinates":{"lat":44.209,"lon":-72.578,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Washington"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"VT0021202"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Drought lowered groundwater supplying municipal and facility wells.","secondary_drivers":["Drought"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"An elder care facility serving about 150 people lost all its wells (ref 1).","service":"The town issued a mandatory conservation notice to about 115 users (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 1,819 people served (ref 2).","duration":"The shortfall persisted from late summer into fall 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"The conservation notice was mandatory (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":1819,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Berlin is getting about 50% less water from its own wells; one of four industrial-size wells went dry."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No later supply status was found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Berlin Public Works","role":"System operator"},{"name":"Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Vermont DEC Drinking Water and Groundwater Protection Division, 802-828-1535","corrective_actions":["Public works worked with state officials and well drillers on a stopgap supply and new aquifer sources (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Vermont's drought is straining communities, leading residents to suffer","publisher":"The Hardwick Gazette","date":"2025-09-30","url":"https://hardwickgazette.org/2025/09/30/vermonts-drought-is-straining-communities-leading-residents-to-suffer/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record search: BERLIN (Vermont)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VT/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BERLIN/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (VT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-VT-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2025"]},{"id":"US-VT-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SCHOOL-TAPS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lead at or above 4 ppb in one in five Vermont school and child care taps","description":"Under Act 66, Vermont schools and child care providers must test drinking and cooking taps and remove any at or above 4 ppb of lead. In the first round (2019-2021) more than 15,000 taps were tested and one in five had elevated lead; 37 taps tested above 100 times the limit. Taps must now be retested every three years.","location":{"name":"Vermont schools and child care facilities","type":"Statewide school and child care taps","state":"VT","states":["VT"],"detail":"Statewide","coordinates":{"lat":44,"lon":-72.7,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead leaches from fixtures and plumbing inside school and child care buildings.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"One in five taps tested had elevated lead at or above 4 ppb (ref 1); 37 exceeded 100 times the limit (ref 2).","service":"Taps at or above 4 ppb must be taken out of service; Harwood Union High School removed almost 70 (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Testing covered more than 15,000 taps at 98% of schools and providers statewide (ref 1).","duration":"Retesting is required every three years, so the program continues (ref 3).","significance":"Act 66 and the 2020 lead testing rule make removal of taps at or above 4 ppb mandatory (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No count of children using affected taps."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"One in five drinking water taps had elevated lead (at or above 4 ppb) in the first round of testing."},"measures":[{"name":"Taps tested, first round","value":15000,"unit":"taps","status":"Reported","note":"Over 15,000 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Taps over 100 times the limit","value":37,"unit":"taps","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Second-round results were not found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Vermont Department of Health","role":"Lead testing program"},{"name":"Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"Remediation oversight"}],"public_contact":"Lead in School and Child Care Drinking Water Program, 802-863-7220","corrective_actions":["Permanent remediation must be reported within 18 months of results (ref 1).","More than 2,000 taps needing action had been fixed or replaced by March 2022 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lead in School and Child Care Drinking Water","publisher":"Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation","date":null,"url":"https://dec.vermont.gov/node/4509","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Tapped out: Testing reveals extent of lead problem in Vermont's schools and child care facilities","publisher":"VTDigger / Community News Service","date":"2022-11-24","url":"https://vtdigger.org/?p=480465","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"How to Test for Lead in Drinking Water at Your School or Child Care Facility","publisher":"Vermont Department of Health","date":"2026-09-22","url":"https://www.healthvermont.gov/environment/childrens-environmental-health/how-test-lead-drinking-water-your-school-or-child-care","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (VT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected.value"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-VT-STATEWIDE-FLOOD-DR4720-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"July 2023 Vermont flood: DR-4720, 4,000+ homes damaged in Montpelier, Barre, Ludlow","description":"Up to two months of rain fell in two days on July 10-11, 2023, flooding downtown Montpelier and Barre, Ludlow, Johnson and other towns; swift-water teams made more than 100 rescues. The state's preliminary tally counted 4,087 damaged residential units (754 uninhabitable) and 839 businesses. FEMA declared major disaster DR-4720 for all 14 counties and has obligated about $271.9 million in Public Assistance.","location":{"name":"Vermont statewide (July 2023 flood, DR-4720)","type":"Statewide federal disaster area","detail":"All 14 Vermont counties designated; worst damage along the Winooski (Montpelier, Barre), Lamoille (Johnson) and Black (Ludlow) rivers","coordinates":{"lat":44.2601,"lon":-72.5754,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Addison","Bennington","Caledonia","Chittenden","Essex","Franklin","Grand Isle","Lamoille","Orange","Orleans","Rutland","Washington","Windham","Windsor"],"extent":"statewide","state":"VT","states":["VT"]},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Extreme rainfall and river flooding were the direct cause; damaged public infrastructure is a secondary consequence.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"State Emergency Operations Center tally (ref 4) listed 4,087 damaged residential units, 754 of them no longer habitable, and 839 damaged businesses.","service":"AP (ref 3) reported Ludlow's water treatment plant destroyed and Montpelier's City Hall, police and fire stations flooded; 314 people needed shelter per ref 4.","scale":"OpenFEMA (ref 2) lists all 14 Vermont counties in DR-4720, and FEMA approved 3,616 individual assistance applications (ref 1).","duration":"Recovery was still running in July 2026: WCAX (ref 5) reports about 250 buyouts and $200 million in infrastructure repairs, with new wastewater plants for Johnson and Ludlow still pending.","significance":"Presidential major disaster declaration DR-4720, declared July 14, 2023 (ref 1), preceded by emergency declaration EM-3595 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No statewide affected-population count was published in the sources opened; damage counts are given in measures."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Preliminary state tally: 4,087 residential units and 839 businesses damaged; FEMA DR-4720 Public Assistance obligated $271,873,079.32."},"measures":[{"name":"Residential units damaged (preliminary self-reports)","value":4087,"unit":"units","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4, July 26, 2023."},{"name":"FEMA Public Assistance obligated","value":271873079.32,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"FEMA Individuals and Households Program approved","value":26226888.04,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; 3,616 applications approved."},{"name":"Hazard Mitigation Grant Program obligated","value":43949403.21,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Large federal cost share; the FEMA reimbursement pace is described as slow (ref 5), but the sources show no insolvency."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Damaging July floods followed in 2024, 2025 and 2026 (ref 5), so this was the first of four straight years."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Vermont Emergency Management (Department of Public Safety)","role":"State disaster response and recovery coordination"},{"name":"FEMA Region 1","role":"Federal disaster assistance"},{"name":"Vermont Agency of Natural Resources","role":"Rivers, dams and floodplain programs"}],"public_contact":"Vermont Emergency Management, vem.vermont.gov","corrective_actions":["FEMA Individual, Public and Hazard Mitigation Assistance under DR-4720","Property buyouts and infrastructure rebuilding, with new wastewater plants planned for Johnson and Ludlow","Flood Safety Act (Act 121) enacted in 2024"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Vermont Severe Storms, Flooding, Landslides, and Mudslides (DR-4720-VT)","publisher":"FEMA","date":"2023-07-14","url":"https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4720","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, Vermont FY2023 onward","publisher":"FEMA","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v2/DisasterDeclarationsSummaries?$filter=state%20eq%20'VT'%20and%20fyDeclared%20ge%202023","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"A surging river floods Vermont's capital as crews rescue more than 100 people","publisher":"The Associated Press (Nashua Telegraph)","date":"2023-07-12","url":"https://www.nashuatelegraph.com/archive/2023/07/12/a-surging-river-floods-vermonts-capital-as-crews-rescue-more-than-100-people/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Preliminary tally indicates Vermont floods damaged more than 4,000 homes and 800 businesses","publisher":"VTDigger","date":"2023-07-26","url":"https://vtdigger.org/2023/07/26/preliminary-tally-indicates-vermont-floods-damaged-more-than-4000-homes-and-800-businesses/","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"Vermont marks fourth straight year of July flooding as recovery drags on","publisher":"WCAX","date":"2026-07-10","url":"https://www.wcax.com/2026/07/10/vermont-marks-fourth-straight-year-july-flooding-recovery-drags/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":10,"note":"New record (VT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":10,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["deaths"],"related_ids":["US-VT-STATEWIDE-FLOOD-BUYOUTS-2024","US-VT-STATEWIDE-DAM-SAFETY-2023"]},{"id":"US-VT-STATEWIDE-FLOOD-DR4810-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"July 2024 Beryl-remnant flood in Vermont: two deaths, DR-4810 in eight counties","description":"Remnants of Hurricane Beryl dropped more than 6 inches of rain on parts of Vermont on July 10-11, 2024, one year to the day after the 2023 flood. A bridge collapse in Plainfield destroyed an apartment building, and two men died, in Lyndonville and Peacham. FEMA declared major disaster DR-4810 for eight counties on August 20, 2024.","location":{"name":"Central and northern Vermont (July 2024 flood, DR-4810)","type":"Multi-county federal disaster area","detail":"Hardest hit: Barre City, Plainfield, Lyndonville and Hinesburg; designated counties Addison, Caledonia, Chittenden, Essex, Lamoille, Orange, Orleans, Washington","coordinates":{"lat":44.2781,"lon":-72.4262,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Addison","Caledonia","Chittenden","Essex","Lamoille","Orange","Orleans","Washington"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"VT","states":["VT"]},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Tropical-remnant rainfall and flash flooding drove the damage; roads and bridges failed as a result.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"AP (ref 3) reports two flood deaths, John Rice, 73, in Lyndonville and Dylan Kempton, 33, in Peacham, and a destroyed six-unit apartment building in Plainfield.","service":"Parts of U.S. Route 2 and dozens of other roads closed and shelters opened (ref 3); a flood-control dam breached with minimal impact.","scale":"DR-4810 covers eight counties (ref 2), and FEMA approved 1,696 individual assistance applications (ref 1).","duration":"State recovery centers in Barre, Plainfield, Lyndonville and Hinesburg opened two weeks after the flood (ref 4), and FEMA assistance continued through 2026 (ref 1 updated June 2026).","significance":"FEMA major disaster declaration DR-4810, declared August 20, 2024 (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected-population total was reported in the sources opened."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than 6 inches of rain; two deaths; FEMA DR-4810 Public Assistance obligated $58,942,554.78."},"measures":[{"name":"FEMA Public Assistance obligated","value":58942554.78,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"FEMA Individuals and Households Program approved","value":14463126.6,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; 1,696 applications approved."},{"name":"Deaths","value":2,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"This was the second damaging July flood in a row, and the heaviest rain fell on areas hit in 2023 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Vermont Emergency Management (Department of Public Safety)","role":"State disaster response and recovery coordination"},{"name":"FEMA Region 1","role":"Federal disaster assistance"}],"public_contact":"Vermont Emergency Management, vem.vermont.gov","corrective_actions":["FEMA Individual and Public Assistance under DR-4810","State flood recovery centers (ref 4)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Vermont Severe Storm, Flooding, Landslides, and Mudslides (DR-4810-VT)","publisher":"FEMA","date":"2024-08-20","url":"https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4810","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, Vermont FY2023 onward","publisher":"FEMA","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v2/DisasterDeclarationsSummaries?$filter=state%20eq%20'VT'%20and%20fyDeclared%20ge%202023","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Disaster revisits Vermont as Beryl's remnants flood the state a year after catastrophic rainfall","publisher":"The Associated Press (Boston.com)","date":"2024-07-11","url":"https://www.boston.com/news/local-news/2024/07/11/disaster-revisits-vermont-as-beryls-remnants-flood-the-state-a-year-after-catastrophic-rainfall/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Flood recovery centers opening this week in Barre and 3 towns","publisher":"VTDigger","date":"2024-07-23","url":"https://vtdigger.org/2024/07/23/flood-recovery-centers-opening-this-week-in-barre-and-3-towns/","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"Vermont Emergency Management newsletter, September 2024 (declaration status)","publisher":"Vermont Emergency Management","date":"2024-09-06","url":"https://vem.vermont.gov/node/3445","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (VT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-VT-STATEWIDE-FLOOD-DR4720-2023","US-VT-NEK-FLASH-FLOOD-DR4826-2024"],"conflicts":[{"field":"declaration_number","values":["DR-4810","DR-4801"],"note":"FEMA's declaration page and OpenFEMA list DR-4810; a September 2024 Vermont Emergency Management newsletter printed DR-4801. This record uses FEMA's number."}]},{"id":"US-VT-NEK-FLASH-FLOOD-DR4826-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"July 30, 2024 Northeast Kingdom flash flood: St. Johnsbury, Lyndon (DR-4826)","description":"Slow-moving storms dropped 3 to more than 8 inches of rain in about six hours overnight on July 29-30, 2024, causing flash flood emergencies near St. Johnsbury and Morgan. About two dozen people were rescued, about six homes were destroyed in Lyndon, and St. Johnsbury shut off water to parts of town. FEMA declared a separate major disaster, DR-4826, for Caledonia, Essex and Orleans counties.","location":{"name":"Northeast Kingdom (July 30, 2024 flash flood, DR-4826)","type":"Multi-county federal disaster area","detail":"St. Johnsbury and Lyndon/Lyndonville (Caledonia County), East Burke, Brighton/Island Pond and Morgan; designated counties Caledonia, Essex, Orleans","coordinates":{"lat":44.4192,"lon":-72.0151,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Caledonia","Essex","Orleans"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"VT","states":["VT"]},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Extreme short-duration rainfall caused flash flooding that washed out roads and bridges and destroyed homes.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"VTDigger (ref 3) reports about six homes destroyed in Lyndon, one East Burke home collapsed into the river, and a 1,000-gallon propane tank burst.","service":"St. Johnsbury asked residents to conserve water and shut off water to parts of town, and washouts cut responders off from parts of St. Johnsbury and Lyndon (ref 3).","scale":"Damage was concentrated in three Northeast Kingdom counties (ref 2); FEMA approved 227 individual assistance applications (ref 1).","duration":"An acute overnight event, followed by months of FEMA-funded repairs; $5.98 million in permanent-work grants obligated (ref 1).","significance":"Separate presidential major disaster declaration DR-4826, approved September 26, 2024 (refs 1, 5)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected-population count was published in the sources opened."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"8.4 inches of rain north of St. Johnsbury in about 6 hours; FEMA DR-4826 Public Assistance obligated $7,405,883.73."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak observed rainfall","value":8.4,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"North of St. Johnsbury (ref 3)."},{"name":"FEMA Public Assistance obligated","value":7405883.73,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"FEMA Individuals and Households Program approved","value":1987566.09,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; 227 applications approved."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The same communities flooded again on July 10, 2025 (see related record)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Vermont Emergency Management (Department of Public Safety)","role":"State disaster response and recovery coordination"},{"name":"FEMA Region 1","role":"Federal disaster assistance"},{"name":"Town of St. Johnsbury and Town of Lyndon","role":"Local response and repairs"}],"public_contact":"Vermont Emergency Management, vem.vermont.gov","corrective_actions":["FEMA Individual and Public Assistance under DR-4826","Road, bridge and culvert reconstruction"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Vermont Severe Storms, Flooding, Landslides, and Mudslides (DR-4826-VT)","publisher":"FEMA","date":"2024-09-26","url":"https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4826","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, Vermont FY2023 onward","publisher":"FEMA","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v2/DisasterDeclarationsSummaries?$filter=state%20eq%20'VT'%20and%20fyDeclared%20ge%202023","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"More than 8 inches of rain cause flash flooding overnight in Northeast Kingdom","publisher":"VTDigger","date":"2024-07-30","url":"https://vtdigger.org/2024/07/30/more-than-8-inches-of-rain-cause-flash-flooding-overnight-in-northeast-kingdom/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"July 30 flood damage in the Northeast Kingdom","publisher":"Vermont Public","date":"2024-07-30","url":"https://www.vermontpublic.org/july-30-flood-damage-in-the-northeast-kingdom","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"President Joseph R. Biden, Jr. Approves Vermont Disaster Declaration","publisher":"The White House (archived)","date":"2024-09-26","url":"https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2024/09/26/president-joseph-r-biden-jr-approves-vermont-disaster-declaration-9/","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (VT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-VT-STATEWIDE-FLOOD-DR4810-2024","US-VT-NEK-FLOOD-FEMA-DENIAL-2025"]},{"id":"US-VT-NEK-FLOOD-FEMA-DENIAL-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"July 2025 Northeast Kingdom flood: FEMA denies disaster aid to six towns","description":"Flash flooding on July 10, 2025 damaged homes, roads and bridges in Sutton, Burke, Sheffield, Wheelock, Newark and East Haven, with state-estimated damage of $1.85 million. FEMA denied the state's request for a major disaster declaration in October 2025 and rejected the appeal on February 7, 2026, leaving towns to pay for repairs. Sutton alone reported $1.4 million in damage, more than double its annual highway budget.","location":{"name":"Sutton, Burke and four other NEK towns","type":"Multi-town flood damage area","detail":"Caledonia County towns of Sutton, Burke, Sheffield, Wheelock, Newark and East Haven (East Haven is in Essex County)","coordinates":{"lat":44.6556,"lon":-72.0332,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Caledonia","Essex"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"VT","states":["VT"]},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The flood caused physical damage, but the unresolved issue is the lack of federal reimbursement for small towns.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"VTDigger (ref 1) describes damage to homes, roads, bridges and public infrastructure in six towns, with no deaths reported.","service":"Road and bridge damage forced Burke to delay road repairs and a playground upgrade (ref 1).","scale":"Six small towns; the state's $1.85 million estimate exceeded the $1.2 million declaration threshold (ref 1).","duration":"Seven months after the flood, FEMA's final denial (ref 1) left repairs unfunded, and the delegation was still awaiting an explanation in March 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"Formal FEMA denial of the governor's major disaster request and of the state's appeal (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Town populations were not reported in the sources opened."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"State damage estimate $1.85 million against the $1.2 million threshold; FEMA final denial dated Feb. 7, 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"State damage estimate","value":1850000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Sutton damage","value":1400000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"More than double its annual highway budget (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Sutton expects a low-interest loan that would significantly raise local taxes (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Fourth damaging July flood in four years in the region; federal aid was refused this time (refs 1, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Vermont Emergency Management (Department of Public Safety)","role":"State disaster response and recovery coordination"},{"name":"FEMA Region 1","role":"Federal disaster assistance"},{"name":"Towns of Sutton, Burke, Sheffield, Wheelock, Newark and East Haven","role":"Local road and bridge owners"}],"public_contact":"Vermont Emergency Management, vem.vermont.gov","corrective_actions":["State appeal of the FEMA denial (rejected)","Congressional delegation letter of February 26, 2026 seeking an explanation (ref 2)","Town-funded repairs and loans"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FEMA denies disaster aid for 2025 flooding, leaving NEK towns scrambling","publisher":"VTDigger","date":"2026-02-09","url":"https://vtdigger.org/2026/02/09/fema-denies-disaster-aid-for-2025-flooding-leaving-nek-towns-scrambling/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Delegation asks FEMA to explain why it denied aid for Vermont's 2025 flooding damage","publisher":"VTDigger","date":"2026-03-04","url":"https://vtdigger.org/2026/03/04/delegation-asks-fema-to-explain-why-it-denied-aid-for-vermonts-2025-flooding-damage/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"July 10 is synonymous with flooding in Vermont. Here's a look back at VTDigger's coverage","publisher":"VTDigger","date":"2026-07-10","url":"https://vtdigger.org/2026/07/10/july-10-is-synonymous-with-flooding-in-vermont-heres-a-look-back-at-vtdiggers-coverage/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (VT in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-VT-NEK-FLASH-FLOOD-DR4826-2024"]},{"id":"US-VT-STATEWIDE-FLOOD-BUYOUTS-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Vermont flood buyouts stall; Barre approves 27 of 67 and 1 of 18 in North End","description":"After the 2023 and 2024 floods, Vermont had 295 active FEMA buyout applications from 67 communities by October 2024, but towns act as gatekeepers and some, including Barre and Waterbury, limited approvals to protect their housing stock and tax base. By May 2026 Barre had approved 27 of 67 applications citywide and only 1 of 18 in its repeatedly flooded North End, where two state recovery funding applications were also denied. State officials said about 250 buyouts were in progress.","location":{"name":"Vermont flood buyout program (Barre North End)","type":"State-administered FEMA hazard mitigation buyout program","detail":"Statewide program; Barre City (Washington County) North End along the Stevens Branch is the most documented case","coordinates":{"lat":44.197,"lon":-72.502,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Washington"],"extent":"statewide","state":"VT","states":["VT"]},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is how buyout and recovery funding is allocated by local and state governments, not the flooding itself.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Barre resident David White, whose buyout was denied, said he has been flooded three times (ref 1); Barre reported over 200 homes damaged in July 2023 (ref 1).","service":"No water-service disruption is attributed to the buyout process itself in refs 1-2.","scale":"Seven Days (ref 2) counted 295 active buyout applications from 67 Vermont communities in October 2024.","duration":"Buyout requests date from the July 2023 flood, and VTDigger (ref 1) described Barre's North End recovery as still stalled in May 2026.","significance":"Barre formally rejected 38 riverside applications in 2024 (ref 2), and the state Agency of Commerce and Community Development denied two North End funding applications in April 2026 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Households awaiting buyouts statewide were not totaled in the sources opened."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Barre: 27 of 67 buyout applications approved citywide, 1 of 18 in the North End (May 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Active buyout applications statewide","value":295,"unit":"applications","status":"Reported","note":"October 2024 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Buyouts in progress statewide","value":250,"unit":"buyouts","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate, per Deputy Commissioner Nate Formalarie (ref 1)."},{"name":"Barre buyout approvals","value":27,"unit":"of 67 applications","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Barre limits buyouts because each one permanently removes housing and taxable property (refs 1, 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Approvals rose from 20-25 in 2024 to 27 in 2026 in Barre (refs 1, 2), but the North End remains largely unaddressed."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Vermont Emergency Management (Department of Public Safety)","role":"State disaster response and recovery coordination"},{"name":"City of Barre","role":"Local buyout gatekeeper"},{"name":"Vermont Agency of Commerce and Community Development","role":"HUD disaster recovery grant administrator"}],"public_contact":"Vermont Emergency Management, vem.vermont.gov","corrective_actions":["FEMA Hazard Mitigation Grant Program buyouts","Nearly $68 million in HUD disaster recovery funds received in January 2025 (ref 1)","Barre city buyout criteria favoring riverside and landslide-damaged properties"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Caught between floods, a housing crisis and funding denials, Barre's North End recovery remains stalled","publisher":"VTDigger","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://vtdigger.org/2026/05/01/caught-between-floods-a-housing-crisis-and-funding-denials-barres-north-end-recovery-remains-stalled/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Flooded Vermonters Want Home Buyouts. But Some Towns Are Saying No.","publisher":"Seven Days","date":"2024-10-09","url":"https://www.sevendaysvt.com/news/vermonters-want-buyouts-for-their-flooded-homes-some-towns-are-saying-no-42022929/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Vermont Emergency Management newsletter, September 2024 (hazard mitigation funding)","publisher":"Vermont Emergency Management","date":"2024-09-06","url":"https://vem.vermont.gov/node/3445","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (VT in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-VT-STATEWIDE-FLOOD-DR4720-2023","US-VT-STATEWIDE-FLOOD-DR4810-2024"]},{"id":"US-VT-STATEWIDE-DAM-SAFETY-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Vermont dams strained in 2023 floods: Wrightsville near spill, Cabot dam collapse","description":"During the July 2023 flood, the state-owned Wrightsville Dam above Montpelier came within about 10 inches of its spillway for the first time since 1935, prompting warnings to move to upper floors, and the Clark Sawmill Dam in Cabot collapsed. Federal data list 63 Vermont dams as both in poor condition and high or significant hazard, including the Waterbury Dam, and the state dam safety program had five staff. The 2024 Flood Safety Act (Act 121) added dam safety oversight and river-corridor regulation.","location":{"name":"Vermont dams (Wrightsville, Waterbury, Cabot)","type":"Statewide dam inventory","detail":"Wrightsville Dam on the North Branch Winooski, Middlesex-Montpelier line (Washington County); Waterbury Dam; Clark Sawmill Dam, Lower Cabot","coordinates":{"lat":44.2601,"lon":-72.5754,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Washington"],"extent":"statewide","state":"VT","states":["VT"]},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Aging and under-designed dams are an infrastructure risk that compounds flood hazard.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Seven Days (ref 2) reports the Clark Sawmill Dam in Lower Cabot collapsed on July 10, 2023, with no injuries, and the Curtis Pond Dam nearly failed.","service":"Montpelier warned at-risk residents to move to upper floors as Wrightsville rose to about one foot below its spillway (ref 1).","scale":"Ref 2 cites federal data listing 63 Vermont dams as poor-condition and high or significant hazard, among about 1,200 dams statewide.","duration":"The hazardous-dam backlog is chronic: Waterbury Dam's $60 million rehabilitation was not yet designed and repairs to the most hazardous dams could cost about $230 million (ref 2).","significance":"The Legislature responded with Act 121 (ref 3), adding dam oversight and maintenance requirements and enabling removal of unsafe dams."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Downstream at-risk population was not reported in the sources opened."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"63 Vermont dams rated both poor condition and high or significant hazard; Wrightsville came within 10 inches of its spillway in July 2023."},"measures":[{"name":"Poor-condition, high or significant hazard dams","value":63,"unit":"dams","status":"Reported","note":"Federal data cited by ref 2."},{"name":"State dam safety program staff","value":5,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2, July 2023."},{"name":"Estimated cost to fix most hazardous dams","value":230000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Association of State Dam Safety Officials estimate cited by ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The sources describe the dam backlog at one point in time; Act 121 river-corridor permits begin January 1, 2028 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Vermont DEC Dam Safety Program","role":"Dam regulator and owner of Wrightsville and Waterbury dams"},{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","role":"Federal flood-control dam partner"}],"public_contact":"Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation, dec.vermont.gov","corrective_actions":["Flood Safety Act (Act 121, 2024): dam oversight, river-corridor and floodplain standards","Planned $60 million Waterbury Dam rehabilitation","Dam removals"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Breach averted: Montpelier officials say water and risks recede at Wrightsville Dam","publisher":"VTDigger","date":"2023-07-11","url":"https://vtdigger.org/2023/07/11/montpelier-warns-that-wrightsville-dam-could-spill-over-imperiling-city/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Dam Scary: Intense storms push Vermont's aging structures to the brink","publisher":"Seven Days","date":"2023-07-26","url":"https://www.sevendaysvt.com/news/dam-scary-intense-storms-push-vermonts-aging-structures-to-the-brink-38745587","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Vermont's Flood Safety Act of 2024 (Act 121)","publisher":"Vermont Flood Ready","date":null,"url":"https://floodready.vermont.gov/node/1286","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (VT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-VT-STATEWIDE-FLOOD-DR4720-2023"]},{"id":"US-VT-LAKE-CHAMPLAIN-PHOSPHORUS-TMDL-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lake Champlain phosphorus TMDL behind pace; Missisquoi, St. Albans bays exceed limits","description":"EPA's 2016 phosphorus TMDL requires Vermont to cut loading to Lake Champlain from 631 to 418 metric tons a year by 2036. In June 2025 EPA said Vermont had achieved 54.7 metric tons, 26% of the needed reductions, and warned the annual pace must more than double to meet the goal. Missisquoi Bay, St. Albans Bay and parts of the South Lake consistently exceed their phosphorus limits, and cyanobacteria blooms close beaches on the hottest days.","location":{"name":"Lake Champlain (Vermont segments)","type":"Lake and watershed (TMDL)","detail":"Vermont portion of the Lake Champlain basin; worst segments Missisquoi Bay and St. Albans Bay (Franklin County) and the South Lake","coordinates":{"lat":44.53,"lon":-73.33,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":2},"counties":["Franklin","Grand Isle","Chittenden","Addison"],"extent":"watershed","state":"VT","states":["VT"]},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Excess phosphorus, mostly from agricultural and developed land, degrades lake water quality and drives cyanobacteria blooms.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The Lake Champlain Basin Program (ref 2) reports that no part of the lake has consistently met its phosphorus limit since 1990, with Missisquoi and St. Albans bays consistently over.","service":"Ref 2 reports the 31 public beaches analyzed were open 95% of summer days, with closures from cyanobacteria blooms and coliform.","scale":"The TMDL covers the Vermont Lake Champlain basin, and the lake supplies drinking water to about 164,000 people (ref 2).","duration":"The TMDL runs from 2016 to 2036; EPA (ref 1) finds reductions must rise from 5.275 to 12.13 metric tons a year to stay on track.","significance":"EPA's June 17, 2025 report-card letter (ref 1) is formal federal oversight under the TMDL accountability framework, with a stated concern the goal will be missed."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":164000,"status":"Reported","note":"People in the basin drinking water drawn from the lake (ref 2); the TMDL affects the whole basin."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Phosphorus reductions rose from 12.5 metric tons in 2016 to 54.7 metric tons in 2024, 26% of the reductions needed (EPA)."},"measures":[{"name":"Phosphorus reduction achieved, 2024","value":54.7,"unit":"metric tons/yr","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Share of required reduction achieved","value":26,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"TMDL target load by 2036","value":418,"unit":"metric tons/yr","status":"Reported","note":"From 631 in 2016 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Missisquoi Bay reduction progress","value":24,"unit":"percent of 87.7 t goal","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Clean-water funding of $122.7 million in the basin in 2024 relied heavily on ARPA, which is declining (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Missisquoi Bay phosphorus has declined since 2018 and hit its lowest annual level since 1994 in 2023 (ref 2), but the overall pace is short of the 2036 goal (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"TMDL implementation"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 1","role":"TMDL oversight"},{"name":"Lake Champlain Basin Program","role":"Monitoring and reporting"}],"public_contact":"Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation, dec.vermont.gov","corrective_actions":["Tactical basin plans and Clean Water Service Providers","3-acre stormwater permit, municipal roads permit and MS4 requirements","Burlington tertiary phosphorus treatment funded by 2025 bond (related record)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lake Champlain TMDL Implementation Final and Interim Report Cards and Overall Progress (letter to DEC Commissioner)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 1","date":"2025-06-17","url":"https://dec.vermont.gov/sites/dec/files/WID/WPP/WatershedPlans/Final2025LCReportCards_signed.pdf","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"State of the Lake and Ecosystem Indicators Summary Report","publisher":"Lake Champlain Basin Program","date":"2025-09-11","url":"https://www.lcbp.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/SOL-Summary-11-x-17-4-pages.pdf","basis":"Regional agency report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Where do we stand with phosphorus reductions for Lake Champlain?","publisher":"Lake Champlain Committee","date":"2026-01-01","url":"https://www.lakechamplaincommittee.org/learn/lake-look/where-do-we-stand-with-phosphorus-reductions-for-lake-champlain","basis":"Advocacy organization"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (VT in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-VT-STATEWIDE-CAFO-PERMITTING-2024","US-VT-BURLINGTON-WATER-RATES-2025"]},{"id":"US-VT-STATEWIDE-CAFO-PERMITTING-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"EPA finds Vermont's farm-runoff CAFO program fails the Clean Water Act","description":"Responding to a 2022 petition from the Conservation Law Foundation, VNRC and the Lake Champlain Committee, EPA Region 1 concluded on September 6, 2024 that Vermont's CAFO program is clearly failing Clean Water Act requirements and is preventing control of phosphorus discharges to Lake Champlain. EPA said consolidating permitting and enforcement in the Agency of Natural Resources was the only way to avoid withdrawal proceedings. Vermont had issued zero CAFO permits; a 2025 bill (S.124) added ANR staff and a new permitting program.","location":{"name":"Vermont CAFO and farm-runoff program","type":"State NPDES agricultural permitting program","detail":"Statewide; largest effects on Lake Champlain tributaries such as the Missisquoi","coordinates":{"lat":44.2601,"lon":-72.5754,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"extent":"statewide","state":"VT","states":["VT"]},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["surface-water","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns a regulatory program's failure to control agricultural discharges.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA's letter (ref 1) says program flaws prevent Vermont from controlling CAFO phosphorus discharges that contribute to severe water quality problems in Lake Champlain.","service":"No drinking-water service disruption is attributed to the CAFO program in refs 1-2.","scale":"Ref 2 reports more than 140 medium and large operations that could be CAFOs and about 1,000 small potential CAFOs statewide.","duration":"EPA (ref 1) says Vermont has not complied with its 2013 Corrective Action Plan from a 2008 petition, so the deficiency has lasted more than a decade.","significance":"Formal EPA finding under 40 CFR 123.63-64 requiring a corrective action plan and warning of NPDES withdrawal proceedings (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not applicable as a population count; this is a statewide regulatory program."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Vermont has issued zero CAFO permits; EPA says ANR's program is clearly failing Clean Water Act requirements."},"measures":[{"name":"CAFO permits issued by Vermont","value":0,"unit":"permits","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Farm discharge complaints reviewed by EPA (Feb 2021-Jan 2023)","value":113,"unit":"complaints","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["ANR had two staff on farm discharge investigations versus nine at the Agency of Agriculture (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The corrective plan and S.124 were only beginning; ANR inspections of medium and large farms are slated for 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Vermont Agency of Natural Resources","role":"NPDES permitting authority"},{"name":"Vermont Agency of Agriculture, Food and Markets","role":"Agricultural water quality program"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 1","role":"NPDES program oversight"}],"public_contact":"Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, anr.vermont.gov","corrective_actions":["EPA-required corrective action plan consolidating CAFO authority in ANR","S.124 (2025): three new ANR staff, new permitting program and stakeholder group (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Response to joint petition from CLF, VNRC and Lake Champlain Committee (letter to ANR Secretary Julie Moore)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 1","date":"2024-09-06","url":"https://aglaw.psu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/3-Letter-EPA-VT-9.06.24.pdf","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Vermont is violating the federal Clean Water Act. Will a new state legal framework for regulating farm runoff help?","publisher":"VTDigger","date":"2025-06-02","url":"https://vtdigger.org/2025/06/02/vermont-is-violating-the-federal-clean-water-act-will-a-new-state-legal-framework-for-regulating-farm-runoff-help/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (VT in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-VT-LAKE-CHAMPLAIN-PHOSPHORUS-TMDL-2025"]},{"id":"US-VT-COVENTRY-LANDFILL-PFAS-LEACHATE-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Coventry landfill PFAS leachate: Memphremagog concerns, untested air releases","description":"Casella's Coventry landfill, Vermont's only open landfill, produces leachate with significant PFAS concentrations. A 2021 draft permit barred sending it to Newport's plant, which discharged toward Lake Memphremagog, where PFAS had been found, and required a PFAS-removal pilot. A July 2026 draft air permit for the on-site foam-fractionation system does not require PFAS emissions testing or limits, and most leachate still goes to Montpelier's plant and the Winooski River.","location":{"name":"Coventry landfill (Casella), Lake Memphremagog","type":"Landfill and receiving waters","detail":"Coventry, Orleans County; Newport and Lake Memphremagog downstream; leachate also trucked to Montpelier WWTF on the Winooski River","coordinates":{"lat":44.867,"lon":-72.266,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Orleans","Washington"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"VT","states":["VT"]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in landfill leachate threatens receiving waters and, via treatment, the air.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ANR Secretary Julie Moore (ref 1) describes significant PFAS concentrations in landfill leachate, and CLF (ref 2) links Newport discharges to PFAS found in Lake Memphremagog.","service":"No drinking-water restriction tied to the landfill is reported in refs 1-2.","scale":"Effects reach Lake Memphremagog via Newport (ref 2) and the Winooski River via Montpelier's plant (ref 1).","duration":"The leachate dispute dates to the 2021 draft permit (ref 2) and was still unresolved under the July 17, 2026 draft air permit (ref 1).","significance":"State draft discharge permit in 2021 (ref 2) and draft air permit with an August 21, 2026 public hearing (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported in the sources opened."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Draft air permit (July 17, 2026) requires only a feasibility study of PFAS air testing, not testing or limits."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Pre-treatment began under state direction from 2022 (ref 1); no emissions data exist yet."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Casella Waste Systems","role":"Landfill operator"},{"name":"Vermont DEC Air Quality and Climate Division","role":"Air permit"},{"name":"Vermont DEC Watershed Management Division","role":"Leachate discharge permitting"}],"public_contact":"Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation, dec.vermont.gov","corrective_actions":["Leachate diverted from Newport to Montpelier WWTF (2021 draft permit)","On-site PFAS foam-fractionation pre-treatment","Proposed air permit: PFAS air-testing feasibility study, one-time stack test, carbon filter on one vent"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Regulators won't require Casella test for PFAS emissions at experimental Coventry facility","publisher":"Vermont Public","date":"2026-08-07","url":"https://www.vermontpublic.org/local-news/2026-08-07/state-regulators-wont-require-casella-test-pfas-emissions-experimental-facility-coventry","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Coventry Landfill Ordered to Treat Runoff for PFAS","publisher":"Conservation Law Foundation","date":"2021-09-21","url":"https://www.clf.org/newsroom/coventry-landfill-ordered-to-treat-runoff-for-pfas/","basis":"Advocacy organization"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (VT in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-VT-BENNINGTON-SAINTGOBAIN-PFOA-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Bennington-Shaftsbury PFOA from former ChemFab plant spreads; new class action","description":"PFOA from the former ChemFab plant in North Bennington, owned by Saint-Gobain before it closed in 2002, has now been found in private wells in southern Bennington and southeast Shaftsbury, beyond earlier settlement areas. Tested wells reached about 60 ppt, about 15 times Vermont's new 4 ppt groundwater limit, and the state is supplying bottled water or filters while negotiating with Saint-Gobain. A new federal class action was filed in August 2026. An October 2023 report for Vermont DEC had already found PFAS above the state 20 ppt drinking-water standard in 6 of 20 private supplies in one Bennington area and in every supply sampled in a second, outside earlier water-line extensions (ref 3).","location":{"name":"Bennington and Shaftsbury private wells (ChemFab)","type":"Industrial contamination area (private wells)","detail":"Bennington County; former ChemFab/Saint-Gobain plant, North Bennington; new zones in southern Bennington and southeast Shaftsbury","coordinates":{"lat":42.8781,"lon":-73.1968,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Bennington"],"extent":"city","state":"VT","states":["VT"]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Air emissions from a closed factory contaminated groundwater used by private wells.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"VTDigger/AP (ref 1) reports PFOA in newly tested wells up to about 60 ppt, roughly 15 times the 4 ppt Groundwater Protection Rule limit set in January 2026.","service":"The state supplies bottled water or installs filters in homes above 4 ppt (ref 1).","scale":"About 250 wells in southern Bennington and 50 in Shaftsbury need testing (ref 1), and the suit cites about 125 more positive wells (ref 2).","duration":"Contamination has been known since 2016, when the state blood-tested Bennington residents (ref 1), and is still spreading in 2026.","significance":"A new federal class action against Saint-Gobain, 3M and DuPont was filed in August 2026 (ref 2), on top of the 2019 state settlement (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Households in the new zones were not totaled; ref 1 counts about 300 wells needing testing."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOA up to about 60 ppt in newly tested private wells, about 15 times Vermont's 4 ppt groundwater limit."},"measures":[{"name":"Maximum PFOA in newly tested wells","value":60,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate (ref 1)."},{"name":"Wells needing testing in new zones","value":300,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"About 250 in Bennington plus 50 in Shaftsbury (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"About three-quarters of private wells tested from 2016 to 2024 showed rising PFAS levels (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Vermont Agency of Natural Resources / DEC","role":"Groundwater regulator and negotiator"},{"name":"Vermont Attorney General","role":"State enforcement"},{"name":"Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics","role":"Responsible party"}],"public_contact":"Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation, dec.vermont.gov","corrective_actions":["Bottled water and point-of-entry filters above 4 ppt","Planned municipal water connection for the Southshire neighborhood","Confidential state negotiations with Saint-Gobain for work in new zones","DEC-funded investigation of two new Bennington areas of concern (2023 report)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Vermonters Concerned Over Ongoing PFAS Contamination in Bennington County (VTDigger/AP)","publisher":"Insurance Journal","date":"2026-05-20","url":"https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/east/2026/05/20/870683.htm","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Class action suit filed over PFAS-contaminated drinking water wells","publisher":"Vermont Public","date":"2026-08-27","url":"https://www.vermontpublic.org/local-news/2026-08-27/class-action-suit-pfoa-contamination-bennington-shaftsbury","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"PFAS Summary Report, Bennington, Vermont","publisher":"Weston & Sampson for Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation","date":"2023-10-13","url":"https://dec.vermont.gov/sites/dec/files/PFAS/Bennington%20PFAS%20Summary%20Report.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Vt. Company Will Pay for Water Line Extension","publisher":"Valley News (Associated Press)","date":"2017-07-25","url":"https://vnews.com/?p=135808","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"Residents affected by PFOA vow to continue class action lawsuit","publisher":"VTDigger","date":"2017-07-26","url":"https://vtdigger.org/?p=449500","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (VT in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-VT-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2024"]},{"id":"US-VT-BURLINGTON-WATER-RATES-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Burlington $172M water bonds could raise water bills up to 89% by 2030","description":"Burlington voters approved a $152 million wastewater and stormwater bond and a $20 million drinking water bond on March 4, 2025. City documents project they could raise average water bills by up to 89% over five years, with increases of 15.5% in 2026 and 2027 and nearly 19% in 2028. The work addresses piping at significant risk of failure, a state phosphorus limit for Lake Champlain, and housing growth.","location":{"name":"Burlington Water Resources (water and sewer)","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"City of Burlington, Chittenden County","coordinates":{"lat":44.4759,"lon":-73.2121,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Chittenden"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"VT0005053","state":"VT","states":["VT"]},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is the rate burden of financing deferred water and wastewater capital needs.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Water resources director Megan Moir said the piping is truly at significant risk of failure, and a sewer pipe under the Winooski burst in the July 2023 flood (ref 1).","service":"No service interruption is attributed to the rate plan in refs 1-2.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 3) lists 42,000 people served by the Burlington water system.","duration":"Projected annual increases run from 2025 to 2030 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Bond issues were formally approved by voters, 81% for wastewater and 84% for drinking water (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":42000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Up to an 89% increase in average water bills over five years."},"measures":[{"name":"Wastewater and stormwater bond","value":152000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Drinking water bond","value":20000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Projected bill increase 2025-2030","value":89,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"City estimate (refs 1, 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Officials say deferred projects, such as the Riverside Avenue plant conversion, will likely require more borrowing later (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Rates are projected to rise each year through 2030 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Burlington Department of Public Works, Water Resources","role":"Utility operator"},{"name":"Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"Permitting and state revolving fund"}],"public_contact":"Burlington Department of Public Works, Water Resources Division, burlingtonvt.gov","corrective_actions":["Main plant consolidation and equipment replacement","$30 million tertiary phosphorus treatment","Pursuit of state revolving loans and grants to reduce borrowing"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Burlington bond items would upgrade water, wastewater infrastructure and nearly double residents' water rates","publisher":"VTDigger","date":"2025-02-04","url":"https://vtdigger.org/2025/02/04/burlington-bond-items-would-upgrade-water-wastewater-infrastructure-and-nearly-double-residents-water-rates/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Burlington voters approve water bonds, gun control and eviction measures by large margins","publisher":"VTDigger","date":"2025-03-04","url":"https://vtdigger.org/2025/03/04/burlington-voters-approve-water-bonds-gun-control-and-eviction-measures-by-large-margins/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Burlington","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VT/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BURLINGTON/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (VT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-VT-LAKE-CHAMPLAIN-PHOSPHORUS-TMDL-2025"]},{"id":"US-RI-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Rhode Island public water systems over the state 20 ppt PFAS standard","description":"Rhode Island's 2022 PFAS law set an interim drinking water standard of 20 parts per trillion for the sum of six PFAS. In April 2024 the Health Department said 14 public systems serving about 3% of the population on public supplies were working on treatment after exceeding it, 13 of them under consent agreements, and that about 30 more systems may need treatment under EPA's 2024 PFAS limits. EPA's UCMR 5 sampling found mean PFOA above the federal 4 ppt level at the University of Rhode Island (16 ppt) and Quonset Business Park (9.95 ppt).","location":{"name":"Rhode Island public water systems","type":"Statewide public water system network","state":"RI","states":["RI"],"detail":"Statewide; affected systems include a university, schools, businesses and small community systems","coordinates":{"lat":41.7,"lon":-71.5,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is PFAS contamination of drinking water wells measured against state and federal limits.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"RIDOH said 14 public systems tested above the state PFAS standard and needed treatment (ref 1); in 2023 three systems tested above 70 ppt (ref 2).","service":"Systems above 20 ppt must notify customers and test quarterly (ref 1); the three do-not-drink orders of July 2023 predate the window (ref 2).","scale":"Although exceedances occur statewide, the affected systems serve about 3% of the population on public supplies, per RIDOH (ref 1).","duration":"Exceedances found in the 2023 sampling round were still being remediated in April 2024, and UCMR 5 results continue the record (refs 1, 2, 3).","significance":"RIDOH required 13 systems to sign consent agreements with milestones and deadlines for treatment (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"RIDOH gave only a share (about 3% of people on public supplies), not a count (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"14 public water systems were working on treatment plans after PFAS tests above the state standard; 13 signed consent agreements (Providence Journal, April 2024)."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems above state PFAS standard working on treatment","value":14,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Systems under RIDOH PFAS consent agreements","value":13,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Additional systems that may need treatment under EPA PFAS limits","value":30,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate (ref 1)."},{"name":"Highest Rhode Island UCMR 5 mean PFOA","value":16,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"University of Rhode Island RI1858422 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No statewide count after April 2024 was found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Rhode Island Department of Health, Center for Drinking Water Quality","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Federal PFAS rule and UCMR 5"}],"public_contact":"Rhode Island Department of Health, health.ri.gov/pfas","corrective_actions":["Systems above 20 ppt must sign RIDOH consent agreements and install treatment or another remedy (ref 1).","The University of Rhode Island activated PFAS filtration in October 2024 (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"30 more drinking water systems in RI may need to filter out PFAS under new EPA rules","publisher":"The Providence Journal (via Yahoo News)","date":"2024-04-12","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/30-more-drinking-water-systems-091751691.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"New Round of PFAS Testing Leads to Three R.I. 'Do Not Drink' Water Orders","publisher":"ecoRI News","date":"2023-07-24","url":"https://ecori.org/new-round-of-pfas-testing-leads-to-three-r-i-do-not-drink-water-orders/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Occurrence Data from the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 5)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2015-09-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"URI PFAS public notice, September 2026","publisher":"University of Rhode Island","date":"2026-09-04","url":"https://web.uri.edu/pfas-information/wp-content/uploads/sites/2259/PFAS-PN13-2026-09-FINAL.pdf","basis":"Utility notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (RI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected.value"],"related_ids":["US-RI-URI-PFAS-2024","US-RI-STATEWIDE-PFAS-SOURCES-2023"]},{"id":"US-RI-URI-PFAS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"University of Rhode Island water system PFAS above state standard, now treated","description":"A University of Rhode Island supply well tested at 43 ppt for six PFAS in 2023, more than twice the state's 20 ppt interim standard, and EPA UCMR 5 sampling recorded mean PFOA of 16 ppt. URI signed a consent agreement with RIDOH, and in October 2024 RIDOH approved the first phase of a PFAS filtration system, which it called the state's first municipal-level PFAS filtration. URI's quarterly notices since then report no detectable PFAS in Kingston campus water, most recently on August 13, 2026.","location":{"name":"University of Rhode Island water system","type":"University-owned community water system","state":"RI","states":["RI"],"detail":"Kingston campus, South Kingstown, Washington County","coordinates":{"lat":41.486,"lon":-71.53,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Washington"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"RI1858422"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"PFAS in the campus wells was addressed by building a new treatment facility.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"URI's well measured 43 ppt PFAS against the 20 ppt state standard (ref 2), and UCMR 5 mean PFOA was 16 ppt (ref 4).","service":"URI has issued quarterly PFAS public notices to students and staff (refs 1, 3); no do-not-drink order was issued.","scale":"SDWIS lists the system as serving 19,354 people (ref 5); the Journal called URI the largest system over the state standard (ref 6).","duration":"The exceedance was reported in July 2023 (ref 2) and filtration came online only in October 2024 (ref 3).","significance":"URI executed a consent agreement with RIDOH documenting its PFAS plan and deadline (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":19354,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFAS test results for University of Rhode Island, August 13, 2026: non-detect (URI public notice)."},"measures":[{"name":"PFAS (sum of six) at URI well, 2023","value":43,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOA","value":16,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4; federal MCL is 4 ppt."},{"name":"Treated water PFAS, August 2026","value":0,"unit":"ppt (non-detect)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Results fell from 43 ppt in 2023 to non-detect after filtration started in October 2024 (refs 2, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"University of Rhode Island","role":"Water system owner"},{"name":"Rhode Island Department of Health, Center for Drinking Water Quality","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"URI water system, 60 Tootell Rd., Kingston, 401-874-4206","corrective_actions":["Consent agreement with RIDOH (ref 1).","Phase one PFAS filtration activated October 2024 (ref 3).","At least quarterly PFAS testing (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PFAS public notice, September 2026","publisher":"University of Rhode Island","date":"2026-09-04","url":"https://web.uri.edu/pfas-information/wp-content/uploads/sites/2259/PFAS-PN13-2026-09-FINAL.pdf","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"New Round of PFAS Testing Leads to Three R.I. 'Do Not Drink' Water Orders","publisher":"ecoRI News","date":"2023-07-24","url":"https://ecori.org/new-round-of-pfas-testing-leads-to-three-r-i-do-not-drink-water-orders/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"PFAS public notice, December 2024","publisher":"University of Rhode Island","date":"2024-12-05","url":"https://web.uri.edu/pfas-information/wp-content/uploads/sites/2259/PFAS-PN06-2024-12-FINAL.pdf","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":4,"title":"Occurrence Data from the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 5)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2015-09-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: University of Rhode Island (RI1858422)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/RI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/UNIVERSITY/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"30 more drinking water systems in RI may need to filter out PFAS under new EPA rules","publisher":"The Providence Journal (via Yahoo News)","date":"2024-04-12","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/30-more-drinking-water-systems-091751691.html","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":8,"note":"New record (RI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-RI-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-RI-PROVIDENCE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Providence Water still has nearly 15,000 lead service lines to replace by 2033","description":"Providence Water, the state's largest supplier, has replaced about 3,000 private-side lead service lines since 2021, but more than 12,000 private and roughly 2,900 public lead lines remain. State law requires all lead service lines to be replaced by June 2033. The Rhode Island Infrastructure Bank has lent the program $26.3 million in 2025, including $12.8 million in grant money, and $78.8 million in total.","location":{"name":"Providence Water service area","type":"Municipal water utility service area","state":"RI","states":["RI"],"detail":"Providence, Cranston, Johnston, North Providence and nearby towns, Providence County","coordinates":{"lat":41.824,"lon":-71.413,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Providence"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"RI1592024"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Lead enters water from aging service lines between mains and homes, not from the treated supply.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Hoodline reports that treated Scituate water has no detectable lead and that lead enters through service lines and plumbing (ref 2), a potential exposure pathway.","service":"No supply restriction is reported; the program replaces lines during scheduled construction (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 333,142 people served directly (ref 3), and the utility supplies about 600,000 people (ref 2).","duration":"Replacement began in 2021 and runs to the June 2033 state deadline, with more than 12,000 private lines left (ref 2).","significance":"A 2023 amendment to the state Lead Poisoning Prevention Act mandates full replacement by June 24, 2033 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":333142,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served directly per SDWIS (ref 3); the utility reaches about 600,000 including wholesale customers (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than 12,000 private lead service lines and roughly 2,900 public lead lines remain (Hoodline, October 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Private lead service lines remaining","value":12000,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"\"More than\" (ref 2)."},{"name":"Public lead service lines remaining","value":2900,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate (ref 2)."},{"name":"Private-side lines replaced since 2021","value":3000,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 2."},{"name":"Infrastructure Bank loan, 2025","value":26.3,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Includes $12.8 million grant (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"About 3,000 private lines were replaced from 2021 to April 2025 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Providence Water Supply Board","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Rhode Island Department of Health, Center for Drinking Water Quality","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Rhode Island Infrastructure Bank","role":"State revolving fund lender"}],"public_contact":"Providence Water Lead Center, provwater.com","corrective_actions":["Accelerated lead service line replacement with free private-side replacement in active zones (ref 2).","10-year 0% loans for private-side replacement outside active zones (ref 2).","$26.3 million DWSRF loan closed in 2025 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"R.I. Infrastructure Bank closes on $26.3M loan to Providence Water for lead service line replacement program","publisher":"Providence Business News","date":"2025-05-05","url":"https://pbn.com/r-i-infrastructure-bank-closes-on-26-3m-loan-to-providence-water-for-lead-service-line-replacement-program/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Providence Lands $26.2M to Replace About 2,000 Lead Pipes","publisher":"Hoodline","date":"2026-10-02","url":"https://hoodline.com/2026/10/providence-lands-26-2m-to-replace-about-2-000-lead-pipes/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Providence-City of (RI1592024)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/RI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PROVIDENCE/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (RI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-RI-PROVIDENCE-WATER-RATE-CASE-2025"]},{"id":"US-RI-NARRAGANSETT-POINT-JUDITH-TTHM-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Narragansett Point Judith water system over TTHM limit for consecutive quarters","description":"The Town of Narragansett's Point Judith system exceeded the 0.080 mg/L standard for total trihalomethanes in the April-June, July-September and October-December 2025 periods, with a running average of 0.0944 mg/L at the Coast Guard lighthouse sampling site. The town blames high water age from poor circulation and says flushing before September sampling was not possible because of watering bans and reduced supply. EPA records list a further exceedance for January-March 2026 while a circulation project was due for completion in May 2026.","location":{"name":"Narragansett Water - Point Judith System","type":"Municipal community water system","state":"RI","states":["RI"],"detail":"Point Judith area, Town of Narragansett, Washington County","coordinates":{"lat":41.37,"lon":-71.49,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Washington"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"RI1858428"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Disinfection byproducts build up because water sits too long in a poorly circulating distribution system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The town's notice reports a TTHM running average of 0.0944 mg/L against the 0.080 mg/L MCL (ref 1).","service":"Customers received an MCL violation public notice but were told no boiling or other action was needed (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 8,210 people served by the Point Judith system (ref 3).","duration":"SDWIS records TTHM MCL violations for five straight quarters, April 2025 through March 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"These are formal MCL violations requiring public notice (refs 1, 2); no enforcement order was found."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":8210,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The level of TTHM averaged at the U.S. Coast Guard Lighthouse sample location for 10/01/25 to 12/31/25 was 0.0944 mg/l (standard 0.080 mg/l)."},"measures":[{"name":"TTHM locational running annual average, Q4 2025","value":0.0944,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"TTHM LRAA, Q1 2026","value":0.0832,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS violation record (ref 2)."},{"name":"Quarters in violation, Apr 2025 to Mar 2026","value":5,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The running average peaked at 0.0944 mg/L in Q4 2025 and was 0.0832 mg/L in Q1 2026, still above the limit (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Narragansett Water Division","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Rhode Island Department of Health, Center for Drinking Water Quality","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Narragansett Water Division, 401-782-0639","corrective_actions":["Distribution system modifications to raise circulation and cut water age, contract awarded November 2024, completion scheduled May 2026 (ref 1).","Monthly targeted flushing and tank cleaning (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Public Notice: Total Trihalomethanes (TTHM) MCL Violation, Point Judith System (PWS# RI1858428)","publisher":"Town of Narragansett","date":"2026-01-16","url":"https://narragansettri.gov/DocumentCenter/View/19906/Public-Notice-Q4-2025-Point-Judith-FINAL","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Rhode Island, compliance periods from 2023","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/RI/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/COMPL_PER_BEGIN_DATE/%3E/2023-01-01/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Narragansett Water System-Point Judith (RI1858428)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/RI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/NARRAGANSETT/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (RI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-RI-SOUTH-KINGSTOWN-OUTDOOR-WATER-BAN-2025"]},{"id":"US-RI-RICHMOND-BOIL-WATER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Richmond and Hopkinton boil-water advisory after storage tank seal failure","description":"In September 2025 RIDOH issued a precautionary boil-water advisory for about 2,796 customers of the Richmond and Hopkinton town water systems after total coliform bacteria were found and Richmond reported that an adequate sanitary seal was not maintained on its Kingstown Road storage tank. EPA records show earlier and later health-based violations for the Richmond system, a coliform-rule treatment technique violation in December 2023 and a Groundwater Rule treatment violation in April 2026.","location":{"name":"Richmond and Hopkinton town water systems","type":"Municipal community water systems","state":"RI","states":["RI"],"detail":"Wyoming and Hope Valley area, Richmond and Hopkinton, Washington County","coordinates":{"lat":41.49,"lon":-71.69,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Washington"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"RI1000040"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A failed sanitary seal on a storage tank let bacteria risk into the distribution system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Total coliforms were detected, which RIDOH said are not harmful themselves but can indicate other pathogens (ref 1).","service":"About 2,796 customers were told to boil water for drinking, ice, brushing teeth and dishwashing (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 2,671 people on the Richmond system (ref 3) and 125 on Hopkinton's (ref 4).","duration":"SDWIS shows Richmond health-based violations in December 2023 and April 2026 around the 2025 advisory, a recurring pattern (ref 2).","significance":"RIDOH issued a formal boil-water advisory (ref 1) and SDWIS records treatment technique violations (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":2796,"status":"Reported","note":"Customers covered by the September 2025 advisory, per health officials (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Health officials said about 2,796 customers were affected by the precautionary boil-water advisory (September 9, 2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"Customers under boil-water advisory","value":2796,"unit":"customers","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Richmond health-based violations since Dec 2023","value":2,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Excludes the 2025 advisory itself (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Violations recur in 2023 and 2026 around the 2025 advisory (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Richmond","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Town of Hopkinton","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Rhode Island Department of Health, Center for Drinking Water Quality","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Town of Richmond water system, via Richmond Town Hall","corrective_actions":["Assessment of treatment and distribution conditions by Richmond (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Health officials issue boil water advisory for parts of Richmond, Hopkinton","publisher":"NBC 10 WJAR","date":"2025-09-09","url":"https://www.turnto10.com/news/local/health-officials-issue-boil-water-advisory-for-parts-of-richmond-hopkinton-sanitary-seal-bacteria-treatment-systems-rhode-island-september-9-2025","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Rhode Island, compliance periods from 2023","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/RI/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/COMPL_PER_BEGIN_DATE/%3E/2023-01-01/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Richmond, Town of (RI1000040)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/RI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/RICHMOND/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Hopkinton, Town of (RI2980473)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/RI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/HOPKINTON/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (RI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-RI-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Rhode Island declares first statewide drought watch since 2002","description":"Governor McKee issued a statewide drought advisory on May 28, 2026 and a drought watch on June 25, 2026, the state's first watch since 2002, on the Drought Steering Committee's advice. The committee cited precipitation deficits back to June 2025, record-low and worsening streamflows and rapidly falling groundwater. Conservation is voluntary statewide, but local suppliers have imposed mandatory outdoor watering bans that were still in place in South Kingstown in late September 2026.","location":{"name":"Rhode Island","type":"State","state":"RI","states":["RI"],"detail":"Statewide; Drought Steering Committee under the Water Resources Board","coordinates":{"lat":41.7,"lon":-71.5,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Prolonged low precipitation drove streamflow and groundwater to record lows.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The committee cited record-low streamflows and rapidly declining groundwater (ref 1); no water outage was reported.","service":"Statewide conservation is voluntary, but South Kingstown's Veolia outdoor ban continued into fall 2026 (refs 2, 3).","scale":"The advisory and watch cover the whole state (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Deficits date to June 2025 per the watch (ref 1), and the drought persisted through September 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"The watch is the second of four formal drought stages; no warning or emergency was found (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide; no affected-population figure was given."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The drought watch was the first one declared for the state since 2002 (NBC 10, June 25, 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Drought stage (of four)","value":2,"unit":"stage (watch)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"An advisory in May 2026 was raised to a watch in June 2026 (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Rhode Island Water Resources Board, Drought Steering Committee","role":"Drought declaration and planning"},{"name":"Office of the Governor","role":"Issues drought declarations"}],"public_contact":"Rhode Island Water Resources Board, wrb.ri.gov","corrective_actions":["Statewide voluntary conservation requests (refs 1, 2).","Local mandatory outdoor watering bans by suppliers (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Rhode Island issues first drought watch since 2002","publisher":"NBC 10 WJAR","date":"2026-06-25","url":"https://turnto10.com/news/local/rhode-island-issues-first-drought-watch-since-2002-june-25-2026","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"McKee issues statewide drought advisory, urges voluntary water conservation","publisher":"What's Up Newp","date":"2026-05-29","url":"https://whatsupnewp.com/2026/05/mckee-issues-statewide-drought-advisory-urges-voluntary-water-conservation/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"South Kingstown outdoor water ban continues into fall","publisher":"NBC 10 WJAR","date":"2026-09-22","url":"https://turnto10.com/news/local/south-kingstown-outdoor-water-ban-continues-into-fall","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (RI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected.value"],"related_ids":["US-RI-SOUTH-KINGSTOWN-OUTDOOR-WATER-BAN-2025"]},{"id":"US-RI-SOUTH-KINGSTOWN-OUTDOOR-WATER-BAN-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Veolia, South Kingstown and Narragansett impose mandatory outdoor water bans","description":"On August 16, 2025 Veolia Rhode Island and the towns of South Kingstown and Narragansett imposed a mandatory ban on all outdoor water use, citing dry conditions and heavy demand and the need to keep enough water for fire protection. A ban was again in place in South Kingstown in September 2026; Veolia, which draws much of the town's water from six wells, said brief heavy rain would not recharge the aquifer enough to lift it, and the town manager urged Veolia to develop more wells.","location":{"name":"Veolia Water Rhode Island (Wakefield)","type":"Investor-owned water utility service area","state":"RI","states":["RI"],"detail":"South Kingstown and Narragansett, Washington County","coordinates":{"lat":41.437,"lon":-71.501,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Washington"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"RI1615624"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Well capacity and storage could not keep up with summer demand during a drought.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health or environmental harm is reported; the ban protects fire-flow storage (ref 1).","service":"Customers were barred from all outdoor water use except hand-watering gardens (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 21,225 people on the Veolia Wakefield system (ref 3), plus South Shore, Middlebridge and Narragansett customers (ref 1).","duration":"Bans were imposed in August 2025 (ref 1) and again in 2026, still in place in late September (ref 2).","significance":"The bans are mandatory supplier restrictions (refs 1, 2), not a court or state order."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":21225,"status":"Reported","note":"Veolia Wakefield system population per SDWIS (ref 3); excludes town-run systems also under the ban."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Effective immediately, a mandatory ban is in effect on all outdoor water use until further notice (joint release, August 16, 2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"Veolia source wells serving South Kingstown","value":6,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Town-supplier dispute over adding well capacity (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The ban recurred in a second consecutive summer (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Veolia Water Rhode Island","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"Town of South Kingstown","role":"Municipal water systems"},{"name":"Town of Narragansett","role":"Municipal water system"}],"public_contact":"Veolia Water Rhode Island customer service","corrective_actions":["Mandatory outdoor watering bans (refs 1, 2).","Town has asked Veolia to develop additional wells (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Mandatory outdoor water use ban (joint Veolia, South Kingstown, Narragansett release)","publisher":"South Kingstown Public Library News Flash","date":"2025-08-16","url":"https://www.skpl.org/CivicAlerts.aspx?AID=1592","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":2,"title":"South Kingstown outdoor water ban continues into fall","publisher":"NBC 10 WJAR","date":"2026-09-22","url":"https://turnto10.com/news/local/south-kingstown-outdoor-water-ban-continues-into-fall","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Veolia Water Wakefield Rhode Island Inc (RI1615624)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/RI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/VEOLIA/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (RI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-RI-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2026","US-RI-NARRAGANSETT-POINT-JUDITH-TTHM-2025"]},{"id":"US-RI-NBC-CSO-ABATEMENT-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Narragansett Bay Commission CSO program under RIDEM consent agreement","description":"Combined sewers in Providence, Pawtucket and Central Falls overflow into rivers and Narragansett Bay in heavy rain, a Clean Water Act violation the Narragansett Bay Commission is addressing under a consent agreement with RIDEM. Phase III of the program, estimated at $800 million, includes the 2.2-mile Pawtucket Tunnel, reported complete in May 2024, and is designed to cut annual overflow volume by 98%. Ratepayers have invested close to $2 billion since 1993.","location":{"name":"Narragansett Bay Commission CSO service area","type":"Regional sewer district","state":"RI","states":["RI"],"detail":"Providence, Pawtucket and Central Falls, Providence County","coordinates":{"lat":41.82,"lon":-71.4,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Providence"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Old combined sewers overflow untreated sewage to the bay during storms until storage tunnels are built.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"NBC calls its CSOs a significant source of water degradation and says the overflows violate the Clean Water Act (ref 1).","service":"NBC links the overflows to conditional shellfishing closures in the Upper and Lower Bay (ref 1).","scale":"NBC serves more than 400,000 Rhode Islanders (ref 3) across three CSO cities draining to the bay (ref 1).","duration":"The program began in 1993 and Phase III, under way since 2008, is still being built (ref 2).","significance":"NBC operates under a RIDEM consent agreement, with fines of up to $25,000 a day waived while it implements the program (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":400000,"status":"Reported","note":"NBC serves more than 400,000 state residents (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Phase III is expected to reduce annual combined sewer overflow volumes by 98% (KLa Systems / Water Online, May 2024)."},"measures":[{"name":"Phase III estimated cost","value":800,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Total ratepayer investment since 1993","value":2000,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Close to $2 billion (ref 2)."},{"name":"Pawtucket Tunnel length","value":2.2,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Targeted reduction in annual CSO volume","value":98,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Tunnel construction milestones were reported in 2024 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Narragansett Bay Commission","role":"Regional wastewater utility"},{"name":"Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management","role":"State Clean Water Act permitting and enforcement"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"WIFIA lender"}],"public_contact":"Narragansett Bay Commission, narrabay.com","corrective_actions":["Phase III CSO abatement including the Pawtucket Tunnel and green infrastructure (ref 2).","EPA WIFIA loan covering almost half of Phase III (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO)","publisher":"Narragansett Bay Commission","date":null,"url":"https://www.narrabay.com/programs-and-initiatives/combined-sewer-overflow-cso/","basis":"Utility notice","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"After Three Decades, Narragansett CSO Project Nears Completion","publisher":"KLa Systems (from Water Online)","date":"2024-05-07","url":"https://klasystems.com/after-three-decades-narragansett-cso-project-nears-completion","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Woonsocket officials look to burn contracts and sell off regional wastewater treatment plant","publisher":"Providence Business News (Rhode Island Current)","date":"2025-09-08","url":"https://pbn.com/woonsocket-officials-look-to-burn-contracts-and-sell-off-regional-wastewater-treatment-plant/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New record (RI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-RI-WOONSOCKET-WWTF-2025"]},{"id":"US-RI-WOONSOCKET-WWTF-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Woonsocket sewage plant faces state lawsuit and repeated Blackstone River violations","description":"Rhode Island's Attorney General and DEM sued Woonsocket and its plant contractors Jacobs and Synagro in March 2023 over partially treated sewage released to the Blackstone River, and the case and a residents' odor class action were still pending in September 2025. The plant exceeded its phosphorus limit for six consecutive months in 2024, and EPA's ECHO system lists significant noncompliance in the second half of 2024 and further violations into 2026. In August 2025 the city council voted to negotiate a transfer of the plant to the Narragansett Bay Commission.","location":{"name":"Woonsocket Wastewater Treatment Facility","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"RI","states":["RI"],"detail":"Blackstone River, Woonsocket, Providence County","coordinates":{"lat":42.003,"lon":-71.515,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Providence"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Plant operating failures released inadequately treated sewage and nutrients to the Blackstone River.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The plant exceeded state phosphorus limits for six straight months in 2024 (ref 1); ECHO shows enterococci and phosphorus limit exceedances (ref 3).","service":"No-contact advisories followed 2022-2023 sewage leaks (ref 2), and residents logged 107 odor complaints in 2024 (ref 1).","scale":"The plant treats Woonsocket's sewage plus waste from more than a dozen other cities, companies and plants (ref 1).","duration":"Problems began in 2021 and ECHO lists violations in most quarters from mid-2023 into 2026 (refs 1, 3).","significance":"A state Clean Water Act lawsuit by the Attorney General and DEM remains pending (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No sewer service population was given."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"In 2024 the plant exceeded state phosphorus discharge limits for six consecutive months (Rhode Island Current, September 2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"Consecutive months over phosphorus limit, 2024","value":6,"unit":"months","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Odor complaints, 2024","value":107,"unit":"complaints","status":"Reported","note":"Down to 25 through July 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"City debt for 2024 plant upgrades","value":29,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["$29 million debt and $40-50 million incinerator upgrade need (ref 1).","Contract disputes and proposed sale to NBC (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Odor complaints fell in 2025 (ref 1) but ECHO still lists violations in 2026 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Woonsocket","role":"Plant owner"},{"name":"Jacobs Engineering Group","role":"Treatment plant operator"},{"name":"Synagro Woonsocket LLC","role":"Sludge incinerator operator"},{"name":"Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management","role":"State Clean Water Act permitting and enforcement"},{"name":"Rhode Island Attorney General","role":"Plaintiff"}],"public_contact":"Rhode Island DEM Office of Water Resources, dem.ri.gov","corrective_actions":["Monthly DEM inspections since March 2023 (ref 1).","City-approved negotiations to transfer the plant to the Narragansett Bay Commission (ref 1).","$29 million borrowed for upgrades in 2024 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Woonsocket officials look to burn contracts and sell off regional wastewater treatment plant","publisher":"Ocean State Media (Rhode Island Current)","date":"2025-09-08","url":"https://www.oceanstatemedia.org/climate-environment/2025-09-08/woonsocket-officials-look-to-burn-contracts-and-sell-off-regional-wastewater-treatment-plant","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Woonsocket Taken to Court for Polluting Blackstone River","publisher":"ecoRI News","date":"2023-03-16","url":"https://ecori.org/woonsocket-taken-to-court-for-polluting-blackstone-river/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO detailed facility report: Woonsocket WWTF (RI0100111)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=RI0100111","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (RI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected.value"],"related_ids":["US-RI-NBC-CSO-ABATEMENT-2024"]},{"id":"US-RI-NEWPORT-CSO-CONSENT-DECREE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Newport combined sewer overflows under federal consent decree to 2033","description":"Newport operates its sewer system under a 2011 federal consent decree with EPA, RIDEM and Environment Rhode Island, modified in 2015, that requires its system master plan to be complete by June 30, 2033. The city's June 2025 reassessment reports that the Washington Street CSO facility discharged about 23.65 million gallons in six events in 2024, up from 2.8 million gallons in 2023, while the Wellington Avenue facility has had one event since 2015. EPA's ECHO system lists effluent violations at the Newport plant in most quarters since 2024.","location":{"name":"Newport sewer system and Water Pollution Control Plant","type":"Municipal sewer system","state":"RI","states":["RI"],"detail":"City of Newport, Newport Harbor, Newport County","coordinates":{"lat":41.49,"lon":-71.313,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Newport"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Wet-weather flows exceed sewer capacity and discharge partly treated sewage to Newport Harbor.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The Washington Street facility discharged 23,650,000 gallons of combined sewage to the harbor in 2024 (ref 1); ECHO lists BOD and suspended solids exceedances (ref 2).","service":"No restriction on sewer service is reported in the reassessment (ref 1).","scale":"The system serves Newport plus flows from Middletown and Naval Station Newport (ref 1).","duration":"The decree has been in effect since October 2011 with a 2033 completion date (ref 1).","significance":"A federal consent decree (Civil Action No. 08-265S) governs the program (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The reassessment gives no served population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Washington Street CSO discharge volume in 2024: 23,650,000 gallons over six events (City of Newport CSO Program Reassessment Report #2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Washington Street CSO discharge volume, 2024","value":23.65,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Washington Street CSO events, 2024","value":6,"unit":"events","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Long Wharf Pump Station upgraded peak capacity","value":27,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Completion estimated November 2025 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Events fell sharply after 2015, but 2024 volume rose with heavier rain (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Newport Department of Utilities","role":"Sewer system owner"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Consent decree party"},{"name":"Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management","role":"State Clean Water Act permitting and enforcement"}],"public_contact":"City of Newport Utilities Department, utilities.newportri.gov","corrective_actions":["Long Wharf Pump Station upgrade to 27 MGD (ref 1).","Inflow removal and catch basin disconnections (ref 1).","Third program reassessment before the 2033 deadline (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"CSO Program Reassessment Report #2","publisher":"City of Newport","date":"2025-06-20","url":"https://utilities.newportri.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Newport_CSO_Program_Reassessment_No2_Report_20250620.pdf","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO detailed facility report: Newport WPCF (RI0100293)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=RI0100293","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (RI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected.value"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-RI-PAWTUXET-WINTER-FLOODS-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Back-to-back December 2023 and January 2024 floods bring two federal disaster declarations","description":"Heavy rain on December 17-19, 2023 pushed the Pawtuxet River at Cranston to a 15.11-foot crest, the second highest on record and above the 13-foot major flood stage, and a second storm series on January 9-13, 2024 crested it again at 14.13 feet. FEMA approved two major disaster declarations (DR-4765 and DR-4766) on March 20, 2024, covering Kent, Providence, Washington and Newport counties, with more than $19 million in individual assistance approved across the two events.","location":{"name":"Pawtuxet River basin and Rhode Island coast","type":"River basin and coastal counties","state":"RI","states":["RI"],"detail":"Pawtuxet River at Cranston gauge (Cranston, West Warwick, Warwick), Kent and Providence counties, plus Washington and Newport counties","coordinates":{"lat":41.7798,"lon":-71.4373,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Kent","Providence","Washington","Newport"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"River and coastal flood water volumes, not a failure of a single built system, drove the damage.","secondary_drivers":["Extreme precipitation","Riverine flooding"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"FEMA approved 1,258 household assistance applications for the December storm (ref 1) and 2,397 for the January storms (ref 2), showing documented flood damage to homes.","service":"KLKN reported widespread power outages and flooding at Rhodes on the Pawtuxet as the river passed major flood stage, with NWS warning of possible Cranston and Warwick evacuations at 14.5 feet (ref 4).","scale":"Disaster designations span Kent, Providence and Washington counties for DR-4765 and add Newport County for DR-4766 (refs 1, 2, 3).","duration":"Two flood events within four weeks (Dec 17-19, 2023 and Jan 9-13, 2024) with recovery funding still being obligated into 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Two presidential major disaster declarations, DR-4765 and DR-4766, both declared March 20, 2024 (refs 1, 2, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"FEMA reports approved applications (3,655 across both events, refs 1-2), not a count of people affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Pawtuxet River at Cranston crested at 15.11 ft on 2023-12-19, second only to the 20.79 ft record of March 2010 (ref 5)."},"measures":[{"name":"Pawtuxet River crest, Dec 19, 2023","value":15.11,"unit":"ft","status":"Reported","note":"NWS crest history, major flood stage 13 ft (ref 5)."},{"name":"Pawtuxet River crest, Jan 11, 2024","value":14.13,"unit":"ft","status":"Reported","note":"NWS crest history (ref 5)."},{"name":"Individual assistance approved, DR-4765","value":6386274.89,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Total IHP dollars approved (ref 1)."},{"name":"Individual assistance approved, DR-4766","value":13000478.57,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Total IHP dollars approved (ref 2)."},{"name":"Public assistance grants, DR-4766","value":4859651.74,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Total PA grants obligated (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Two of the five highest Pawtuxet crests on record occurred within a month (ref 5); no trend claim beyond that."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","role":"Federal disaster assistance"},{"name":"Rhode Island Emergency Management Agency","role":"State emergency management"}],"public_contact":"FEMA Helpline 800-621-3362; Rhode Island Emergency Management Agency","corrective_actions":["FEMA Individual Assistance and Public Assistance under DR-4765 and DR-4766 (refs 1, 2).","Statewide hazard mitigation funding made available under the declarations (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Rhode Island Severe Storm and Flooding (DR-4765-RI)","publisher":"FEMA","date":"2026-07-21","url":"https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4765","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Rhode Island Severe Storms and Flooding (DR-4766-RI)","publisher":"FEMA","date":"2026-06-24","url":"https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4766","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Disaster Declarations Summaries, DR-4765 and DR-4766","publisher":"FEMA OpenFEMA API","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v2/DisasterDeclarationsSummaries?$filter=disasterNumber%20ge%204765%20and%20disasterNumber%20le%204766%20and%20state%20eq%20%27RI%27","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"Pawtuxet River spills over 14 feet, fourth highest crest on record","publisher":"KLKN-TV","date":"2023-12-19","url":"https://www.klkntv.com/?p=2961422","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"Pawtuxet River at Cranston (CRAR1) gauge and historic crests","publisher":"NOAA National Water Prediction Service","date":null,"url":"https://api.water.noaa.gov/nwps/v1/gauges/CRAR1","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (RI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-RI-STATEWIDE-CYANOBACTERIA-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Harmful algal bloom advisories hit reservoirs and ponds statewide in 2025 and 2026","description":"Through the 2025 season RIDOH and DEM issued avoid-contact advisories for confirmed cyanobacteria blooms at waterbodies including Worden Pond, Smith and Sayles and Wilson reservoirs, Waterman Lake, Wenscott Reservoir, JL Curran Reservoir, Blackamore Pond, Olney Pond and Lower Melville Pond. Scott Pond, Almy Pond and the Roger Williams Park ponds remained under advisory at the season's close, and new advisories were issued for Worden Pond and Almy Pond in May and June 2026. In Providence, the advisory began at Edgewood, Cunliff and Elm lakes on July 11, 2025 and covered all Roger Williams Park ponds from July 16; nearby Mashapaug Pond's advisory was lifted on December 1, 2025. In October 2026 RIDOH and DEM issued new avoid-contact advisories for Johnson's Pond in Coventry (Oct. 5) and Lake Washington in Glocester (Oct. 9) after samples exceeded the advisory threshold, with swimming, fishing, boating and kayaking to be avoided until further testing.","location":{"name":"Rhode Island freshwater lakes and reservoirs","type":"Statewide freshwater waterbodies","state":"RI","states":["RI"],"detail":"Advisories in Glocester, Burrillville, North Providence/Smithfield, Cranston, Lincoln, Newport, Portsmouth, South Kingstown and Providence","coordinates":{"lat":41.68,"lon":-71.51,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Providence","Kent","Washington","Newport"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Recurring toxic algal blooms degrade recreational waters across the state.","secondary_drivers":["Harmful algal blooms","Nutrient loading","Warm water temperatures"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Worden Pond advisories in June 2025 and May 2026 cite toxins and/or high cell counts found by the State Health Laboratory (refs 3, 6).","service":"Avoid-contact advice covered swimming, fishing, boating and kayaking at each listed waterbody, including four at once on August 27, 2025 (ref 2). The Oct. 9, 2026 Lake Washington advisory also covers swimming, fishing, boating and kayaking until further notice (ref 12).","scale":"Advisories reached waterbodies across at least nine municipalities in four counties during 2025 (refs 1-5).","duration":"Blooms recurred across the 2025 season, three waterbodies stayed under advisory into winter (ref 4), and new 2026 advisories followed in May and June (refs 6, 7) and again on Oct. 5 and Oct. 9 (refs 11, 12).","significance":"Formal joint state health advisories with a public tracker dashboard; no enforcement order (refs 2, 4)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Advisories do not estimate exposed users."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"At the 2025 season close, Scott Pond, Almy Pond and the Roger Williams Park Ponds remained under advisory due to continued visual evidence of blue-green algae (ref 4)."},"measures":[{"name":"Waterbodies under advisory at 2025 season close","value":3,"unit":"waterbodies","status":"Reported","note":"Scott Pond, Almy Pond, Roger Williams Park Ponds (ref 4)."},{"name":"New advisories issued Oct. 5 and Oct. 9, 2026","value":2,"unit":"waterbodies","status":"Reported","note":"Johnson's Pond, Coventry (ref 11); Lake Washington, Glocester (ref 12)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Advisories recurred in the 2025 and 2026 seasons, including two new ones in the first ten days of October 2026 (refs 1-7, 11, 12)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Rhode Island Department of Health","role":"Recreational health advisories"},{"name":"Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, Office of Water Resources","role":"Monitoring and water-quality management"}],"public_contact":"DEM Office of Water Resources, 401-222-4700; Freshwater Cyanobacteria Tracker at dem.ri.gov/bluegreen","corrective_actions":["Seasonal DEM sampling and RIDOH laboratory analysis, with advisories lifted when toxins are no longer detected (refs 4, 7).","Advisories in place until additional testing confirms low cell counts and no toxins at Johnson's Pond and Lake Washington (refs 11, 12)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Health officials recommend avoiding contact with reservoir, lake in Cranston","publisher":"NBC 10 WJAR","date":"2025-08-01","url":"https://www.turnto10.com/news/local/health-officials-recommend-avoiding-contact-with-two-cranston-ponds-rhode-island-d-cyanobacteria-bloom-august-1-2025","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"RIDOH and DEM Recommend Avoiding Contact with Several Bodies of Water","publisher":"Rhode Island Department of Health","date":"2025-08-27","url":"https://www.ri.gov/press/view/49645","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"RIDOH and DEM Recommend Avoiding Contact with Worden Pond","publisher":"Rhode Island Department of Health","date":"2025-06-06","url":"https://www.ri.gov/press/view/49242","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"RIDOH and DEM Conclude Cyanobacteria Monitoring for the 2025 Season","publisher":"Rhode Island Department of Health","date":"2025-12-22","url":"https://www.ri.gov/press/view/50216","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"RIDOH and DEM Recommend Avoiding Contact with Lower Melville Pond","publisher":"Rhode Island Department of Health","date":"2025-09-12","url":"https://www.ri.gov/press/view/49732","basis":"State record"},{"ref":6,"title":"RIDOH and DEM Recommend Avoiding Contact with Worden Pond","publisher":"Rhode Island Department of Health","date":"2026-05-29","url":"https://www.ri.gov/press/view/50943","basis":"State record"},{"ref":7,"title":"RIDOH and DEM Recommend Avoiding Contact with Almy Pond in Newport","publisher":"Rhode Island Department of Health","date":"2026-06-08","url":"https://www.ri.gov/press/view/50994","basis":"State record"},{"ref":8,"title":"RIDOH and DEM Recommend Avoiding Contact with Select Roger Williams Park Ponds","publisher":"Rhode Island Department of Health","date":"2025-07-11","url":"https://www.ri.gov/press/view/49418","basis":"State record"},{"ref":9,"title":"RIDOH and DEM Lift Advisory at Wilson Reservoir and Recommend Avoiding Contact with All Roger Williams Park Ponds","publisher":"Rhode Island Department of Health","date":"2025-07-16","url":"https://www.ri.gov/press/view/49441","basis":"State record"},{"ref":10,"title":"RIDOH and DEM Lift Advisory at Blackamore Pond and Mashapaug Pond","publisher":"Rhode Island Department of Health","date":"2025-12-01","url":"https://www.ri.gov/press/view/50131","basis":"State record"},{"ref":11,"title":"Harmful algae bloom prompts advisory for Johnson's Pond in Coventry","publisher":"NBC 10 WJAR","date":"2026-10-05","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://turnto10.com/news/local/harmful-algae-bloom-prompts-advisory-for-johnsons-pond-in-coventry-october-5-2026","basis":"News"},{"ref":12,"title":"Harmful algae bloom prompts advisory for Lake Washington in Glocester","publisher":"NBC 10 WJAR","date":"2026-10-09","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://turnto10.com/news/local/harmful-algae-bloom-prompts-advisory-for-lake-washington-in-glocester-oct-9-2026","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (RI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New avoid-contact advisories for Johnson's Pond (Oct. 5) and Lake Washington (Oct. 9)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-RI-PAWCATUCK-BRADFORD-PFAS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"PFAS from former Bradford dye mill prompts fish advisories on Pawcatuck River","description":"In April 2025 RIDOH told the public not to eat any fish from Grills Preserve Pond and to limit native fish from the Pawcatuck River below Burdickville Road in Hopkinton to one meal a month, after fish near the former Bradford Dyeing Association mill showed high PFAS. DEM had found PFAS in the mill's groundwater at some of the highest levels in the state and referred the site to EPA for possible Superfund listing, and a 2026 URI study found the old mill waste ponds could keep releasing PFAS to the river for more than a century.","location":{"name":"Pawcatuck River at Bradford","type":"River segment and former mill site","state":"RI","states":["RI"],"detail":"Former Bradford Dyeing Association / Bradford Printing and Finishing mill, village of Bradford, Westerly and Hopkinton, Washington County","coordinates":{"lat":41.398,"lon":-71.747,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Washington"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legacy textile-mill PFAS contaminates river water, sediment and fish.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","Legacy industrial contamination"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"RIDOH found fish from Grills Preserve Pond had very high PFAS levels that could raise health risks (ref 1); DEM found mill groundwater well above the 70 ppt advisory (ref 2).","service":"Do-not-eat advice for all Grills Preserve Pond fish and a one-meal-per-month limit for native Pawcatuck fish below Burdickville Road (ref 1).","scale":"The advisory covers a river reach and pond in the Westerly-Hopkinton area of Washington County (ref 1).","duration":"The mill ceased in 2012 and PFAS was found in 2018 sampling (ref 2); URI researchers estimate pond sediment may keep releasing PFAS for over 100 years (ref 4).","significance":"Formal RIDOH fish consumption advisory (ref 1) and DEM referral to EPA for a Hazard Ranking System package toward NPL listing (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No count of anglers or residents is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Do not eat any fish caught from the Grills Preserve Pond; eat no more than 1 meal per month of native fish from the Pawcatuck River downstream of Burdickville Road (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Native fish meal limit, Pawcatuck below Burdickville Road","value":1,"unit":"meals per month","status":"Reported","note":"RIDOH advisory (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Former mill owner bankrupt in 2012; lagoon parcel held by a court-appointed Special Master (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No repeat fish-tissue series is cited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Rhode Island Department of Health","role":"Fish consumption advisory"},{"name":"Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management","role":"Site investigation"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 1","role":"Superfund evaluation"}],"public_contact":"RIDOH Health Information Line, 401-222-5960","corrective_actions":["RIDOH signage at Grills Preserve Pond and planned signs along the river (ref 1).","DEM changed the trout stocking schedule to reduce PFAS uptake (ref 1).","Site referred to EPA for possible NPL listing (ref 2); Save The Bay urged EPA to fast-track cleanup in November 2024 (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"New Recommendations on Fish Consumption for Parts of the Pawcatuck River and Grills Preserve Pond Due to PFAS Contamination","publisher":"Rhode Island Department of Health","date":"2025-04-09","url":"https://www.ri.gov/press/view/48993","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Statewide PFAS Source Investigation Report (draft)","publisher":"Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management","date":"2023-11-01","url":"https://dem.ri.gov/sites/g/files/xkgbur861/files/2023-11/pfas-source-investigation-plan.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"'These are gross substances': EPA urged to clean up Westerly site","publisher":"Save The Bay","date":"2024-11-07","url":"https://savebay.org/these-are-gross-substances-epa-urged-to-clean-up-westerly-site/","basis":"Advocacy organization report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Study Identifies Long-Term Source of PFAS Contamination in Pawcatuck River","publisher":"ecoRI News","date":"2026-01-23","url":"https://ecori.org/study-identifies-long-term-source-of-pfas-contamination-in-pawcatuck-river/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (RI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-RI-STATEWIDE-PFAS-SOURCES-2023"]},{"id":"US-RI-PORTSMOUTH-MELVILLE-PONDS-PFAS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Melville Ponds near former Navy fuel depot closed to fishing for PFAS trout study","description":"DEM sampling detected elevated PFAS in Upper and Lower Melville Ponds in Portsmouth, former Navy drinking-water reservoirs near the former Melville Fuel Defense Support Point where PFAS firefighting foam was used. Upper Melville Pond was closed to fishing from May 4 to July 2, 2026 for a state, EPA and Roger Williams University study of how fast stocked trout absorb PFAS; both ponds also had cyanobacteria advisories in fall 2025.","location":{"name":"Upper and Lower Melville Ponds","type":"Pond pair (former Navy reservoirs)","state":"RI","states":["RI"],"detail":"Portsmouth, Newport County, near former Melville Fuel Defense Support Point","coordinates":{"lat":41.588,"lon":-71.28,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Newport"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Military firefighting-foam PFAS has contaminated recreational ponds.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","Military AFFF use"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The March 30, 2026 release reports elevated PFAS in both ponds from DEM sampling, without published fish-tissue results yet (ref 1).","service":"Upper Melville Pond closed to all fishing May 4-July 2, 2026, and Lower Melville not stocked (ref 1); cyanobacteria avoid-contact notices hit both ponds in 2025 (refs 2, 3).","scale":"Two small ponds in one town (ref 1).","duration":"Fishing closure of about two months in 2026, with study results expected the following year (ref 1).","significance":"State-ordered fishing closure as part of a joint DEM, RIDOH, EPA study (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Upper Melville Pond closed to fishing May 4 through July 2, 2026 for a PFAS accumulation study in stocked trout (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Study results not yet published (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management","role":"Fisheries and water sampling"},{"name":"Rhode Island Department of Health","role":"Health guidance"},{"name":"U.S. Navy","role":"Former site operator"}],"public_contact":"DEM Division of Fish and Wildlife; RIDOH Health Information Line, 401-222-5960","corrective_actions":["PFAS uptake study in stocked trout with water and sediment sampling, May-July 2026 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Study to Examine PFAS Impacts on Stocked Trout; Upper Melville Pond Will Close for Fishing","publisher":"Rhode Island Department of Health and DEM","date":"2026-03-30","url":"https://www.ri.gov/press/view/50645","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"RIDOH and DEM Recommend Avoiding Contact with Lower Melville Pond","publisher":"Rhode Island Department of Health","date":"2025-09-12","url":"https://www.ri.gov/press/view/49732","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"RIDOH and DEM Recommend Avoiding Contact with Upper Melville Pond","publisher":"Rhode Island Department of Health","date":"2025-10-27","url":"https://www.ri.gov/press/view/49960","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (RI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-RI-STATEWIDE-PFAS-SOURCES-2023","US-RI-STATEWIDE-CYANOBACTERIA-2025"]},{"id":"US-RI-WOONASQUATUCKET-CENTREDALE-DIOXIN-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Dioxin cleanup of Woonasquatucket River at Centredale Manor Superfund site still pending","description":"Drum reconditioning and chemical operations from the 1940s to 1970s left dioxin and other contaminants in a 9-acre source area and 1.5 miles of the Woonasquatucket River, including Allendale and Lyman Mill ponds, in North Providence and Johnston. EPA reached settlements totaling $100 million with responsible parties, but DEM said in May 2026 that active removal of river sediment and floodplain soil will not begin until fall 2026 or spring 2027, with a six-to-seven-year schedule; residents are still told not to eat fish or swim in the river.","location":{"name":"Woonasquatucket River, Centredale Manor site","type":"Superfund site and river segment","state":"RI","states":["RI"],"detail":"2072-2074 Smith St., North Providence, extending into Johnston; Allendale and Lyman Mill ponds, Providence County","coordinates":{"lat":41.8576,"lon":-71.484,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Providence"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legacy dioxin in river sediment and floodplain soil is a contamination problem.","secondary_drivers":["Dioxin","Legacy industrial contamination","Superfund"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA and RIDOH found mercury, dioxin and PCBs in river fish tissue in the late 1990s, prompting the advisory (ref 2); EPA describes dioxin contamination across the site (ref 1).","service":"Residents are told not to eat fish, turtles, eels or plants from the river, swim, wade or dig in the banks (ref 2).","scale":"Covers 1.5 river miles, two ponds and about 30 acres of forested wetland across two towns (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Contamination dates to operations from 1943 to the early 1970s, with river removal not starting before fall 2026 and a 6-7 year schedule (ref 2).","significance":"Superfund site with EPA settlements totaling $100 million with responsible parties (ref 2) and a 2012 selected remedy (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Active soil removal at the Smith Street Superfund site will begin by the fall of 2026 or spring of 2027; estimated schedule six to seven years (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"EPA settlements with responsible parties","value":100000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Valley Breeze, citing EPA (ref 2)."},{"name":"River length in site","value":1.5,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"EPA (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"DEM says the OU1 source area has been capped and conditions improved (ref 2); river work not yet started."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 1","role":"Superfund lead agency"},{"name":"Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management","role":"State oversight"},{"name":"Emhart Industries and Black & Decker (Stanley Black & Decker subsidiaries)","role":"Responsible parties performing cleanup"}],"public_contact":"EPA Region 1 Superfund community involvement; DEM Office of Land Revitalization and Sustainable Materials Management","corrective_actions":["OU1 source area capped (ref 2).","Design and remedial action plans under EPA and DEM review; dredging of river and ponds to follow (ref 2).","EPA community open house May 7, 2026 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA to host open house for the Centredale Manor Restoration Project Superfund Site and the Woonasquatucket River","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-04-23","url":"https://www.epa.gov/node/299668","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Removal of contaminated soil at Centredale Manor Superfund site to begin this year","publisher":"Valley Breeze","date":"2026-05-27","url":"https://valleybreeze.com/news/north_providence/removal-of-contaminated-soil-at-centredale-manor-superfund-site-to-begin-this-year/article_565fa745-2e27-4204-9555-14cad0c63b0c.html","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (RI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-RI-NARRAGANSETT-BAY-HYPOXIA-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Seasonal hypoxia persists in upper Narragansett Bay and Providence-Seekonk rivers","description":"Narragansett Bay has seasonal intermittent hypoxia from May to October, most intense in the Seekonk River and Greenwich Bay, which a 2023 DEM-URI analysis says remain the most fish-kill-prone areas despite improvement after wastewater nitrogen cuts. Narragansett Bay Commission surveys in September and October 2026 again found dissolved oxygen below the 2.9 mg/L hypoxia threshold, through the entire water column at Point Street Bridge and India Point Park on September 22, 2026.","location":{"name":"Upper Narragansett Bay","type":"Estuary","state":"RI","states":["RI"],"detail":"Providence River, Seekonk River and Greenwich Bay; Providence, Kent and Bristol counties","coordinates":{"lat":41.75,"lon":-71.38,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":2},"counties":["Providence","Kent","Bristol"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nutrient-driven low oxygen in the estuary is a water-quality problem.","secondary_drivers":["Nutrient loading","Warm water temperatures","Stratification"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"NBC recorded oxygen below 2.9 mg/L throughout the water column at Point Street Bridge and India Point Park on Sept 22, 2026, and extended bottom hypoxia at Walker Point on Sept 21-23 (ref 1).","service":"No closure or use restriction is tied to the hypoxia in the cited sources (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Low oxygen affects the upper bay from the Seekonk River to Greenwich Bay, a regional estuary (ref 2).","duration":"The 2023 analysis describes 2 to 5 events per May-October season (ref 2), and NBC surveys show it again in fall 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Hypoxic days are tracked against the state's dissolved oxygen criteria (RIDOCS) in the DEM analysis (ref 2); no enforcement action cited."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Ecological impact; no human population figure applies."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Dissolved oxygen below the hypoxia threshold (2.9 mg/L) observed throughout the entire water column at Point Street Bridge and India Point Park on September 22, 2026 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Hypoxia threshold","value":2.9,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Threshold used by NBC and DEM (refs 1, 2)."},{"name":"Greenwich Bay reduction in hypoxic days after nitrogen cuts","value":null,"unit":"percent","status":"Not reported","note":"Ref 2 gives a 10-17% range rather than one value."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Most stations show fewer hypoxic days since >50% wastewater nitrogen reductions in 2012-2013, with Greenwich Bay down about 10-17% (ref 2), yet hypoxia recurs (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, Office of Water Resources","role":"Water-quality standards and monitoring"},{"name":"Narragansett Bay Commission","role":"Wastewater utility and bay monitoring"}],"public_contact":"DEM Office of Water Resources, 401-222-4700","corrective_actions":["Wastewater nitrogen load reductions of more than 50% since 2012-2013 (ref 2).","Continuous fixed-site and survey monitoring by DEM, URI and NBC (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"News: Providence and Seekonk River water column profiles and Walker Point weekly data, September-October 2026","publisher":"Narragansett Bay Commission","date":"2026-10-07","url":"https://www.narrabay.com/news/","basis":"Utility monitoring report"},{"ref":2,"title":"How Narragansett Bay hypoxia is responding to management-imposed nitrogen load reductions (Heather Stoffel, DEM and URI GSO)","publisher":"Rhode Island General Assembly commission documents","date":"2023-11-15","url":"https://www.rilegislature.gov/commissions/QJC/commdocs/11-15-2023---Heather%20Stoffel,%20URI%20Graduate%20School%20of%20Oceanography.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (RI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Fish kill counts in the window"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-RI-STATEWIDE-BEACH-BACTERIA-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"High bacteria close Warwick, Newport and Middletown swimming beaches through summer 2025","description":"RIDOH recommended closing swimming areas repeatedly through summer 2025 because of high bacteria counts, starting with Oakland Beach in Warwick on June 24 and including City Park, Conimicut Point and Conimicut beaches in Warwick, Easton's, Gooseberry, Spouting Rock, King Park and Fort Adams beaches in Newport, and freshwater beaches in Scituate and Coventry. Most reopened once counts returned to safe levels.","location":{"name":"Rhode Island licensed swimming beaches","type":"Saltwater and freshwater beaches","state":"RI","states":["RI"],"detail":"Warwick (Greenwich Bay and upper bay), Newport, Scituate, Coventry and North Providence beaches","coordinates":{"lat":41.68,"lon":-71.45,"precision":"state","source_ref":2},"counties":["Kent","Newport","Providence"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Bacterial contamination of bathing waters is a water-quality problem.","secondary_drivers":["Stormwater runoff","Bacterial contamination"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Closures were triggered by high bacteria counts, a potential illness risk, with no illness cluster reported (refs 1-5).","service":"RIDOH recommended closing swimming areas at least ten times across different beaches between June and August 2025 (refs 1-5).","scale":"Closures spanned saltwater beaches in Warwick and Newport and freshwater beaches in Scituate, Coventry and North Providence (refs 1-6).","duration":"Closures recurred from June 24 to late August 2025, a single summer season (refs 1, 5).","significance":"Formal RIDOH beach closure recommendations under its beach monitoring program (refs 1-5)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Beachgoer numbers are not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"RIDOH recommended closing swimming areas at Oakland, City Park, Conimicut Point, Conimicut, Easton's, Gooseberry, Spouting Rock, King Park and Fort Adams beaches plus freshwater beaches during summer 2025 (refs 1-5)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Only 2025 closures are documented in opened sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Rhode Island Department of Health, Beach Monitoring Program","role":"Beach closures"},{"name":"Municipal beach operators","role":"Beach management"}],"public_contact":"RIDOH beaches line, 401-222-2751","corrective_actions":["RIDOH resampling and reopening once bacteria counts return to safe levels (refs 2, 6)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"RIDOH Recommends Closing the Swimming Area at Oakland Beach","publisher":"Rhode Island Department of Health","date":"2025-06-24","url":"https://www.ri.gov/press/view/49327","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"RIDOH Recommends Closing the Swimming Area at Hope Community Service Pond and Briar Point Beach; Reopening City Park and Conimicut Point Beach","publisher":"Rhode Island Department of Health","date":"2025-07-15","url":"https://www.ri.gov/press/view/49435","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"RIDOH Recommends Closing the Swimming Areas at Spouting Rock Beach Association and Gooseberry Beach","publisher":"Rhode Island Department of Health","date":"2025-08-14","url":"https://www.ri.gov/press/view/49577","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"RIDOH Recommends Closing the Swimming Areas at Conimicut Beach and Easton's Beach","publisher":"Rhode Island Department of Health","date":"2025-08-15","url":"https://www.ri.gov/press/view/49584","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"RIDOH Recommends Closing the Swimming Areas at King Park Beach and Fort Adams Beach","publisher":"Rhode Island Department of Health","date":"2025-08-22","url":"https://www.ri.gov/press/view/49623","basis":"State record"},{"ref":6,"title":"RIDOH Recommends Reopening the Swimming Area at Governor Notte Park Beach","publisher":"Rhode Island Department of Health","date":"2025-08-21","url":"https://www.ri.gov/press/view/49615","basis":"State record"},{"ref":7,"title":"RIDOH Recommends Closing the Swimming Area at City Park and Conimicut Point Beach","publisher":"Rhode Island Department of Health","date":"2025-07-10","url":"https://www.ri.gov/press/view/49410","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (RI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Season total of closure days"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-RI-STATEWIDE-PFAS-SOURCES-2023","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"State PFAS source investigation finds landfills, mills and military sites polluting water","description":"DEM's November 2023 draft Statewide PFAS Source Investigation Report identified major PFAS sources including the Central Landfill Superfund site in Johnston, Naval Station Newport, closed landfills, fire stations, wastewater plants and former textile mills in Westerly and Richmond. It reported PFAS above regulatory standards in on-site wells at the Central Landfill, whose groundwater discharges toward the Upper Simmons Reservoir, and said testing indicates nearly all monitored landfills are PFAS sources.","location":{"name":"Rhode Island PFAS source sites","type":"Statewide industrial and military source sites","state":"RI","states":["RI"],"detail":"Central Landfill (Johnston), Naval Station Newport, former mills in Westerly and Richmond, closed landfills statewide","coordinates":{"lat":41.68,"lon":-71.51,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Providence","Kent","Washington","Newport","Bristol"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Industrial, landfill and military releases have put PFAS into groundwater and surface water.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","Landfill leachate","Military AFFF use","Textile mills"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DEM reports PFAS above regulatory standards in Central Landfill on-site wells and Bradford mill groundwater well above 70 ppt (ref 1).","service":"The source report does not tie a new service restriction to these sites; Johnston earlier banned wells near the landfill (ref 1).","scale":"Statewide report: about half of Rhode Island's 70 former landfills were tested and nearly all were PFAS sources (ref 2).","duration":"Central Landfill took liquid industrial waste from 1976 to 1979 in an unlined area, a decades-old source (ref 1).","significance":"Formal state investigation report with recommendations to expand monitoring to private wells, biosolids and receiving waters (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Testing results indicate nearly all landfills are PFAS sources (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Former landfills in Rhode Island","value":70,"unit":"landfills","status":"Reported","note":"About half covered by 2021 PFAS testing rules (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single draft report."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management","role":"PFAS source investigation and remediation"},{"name":"Rhode Island Resource Recovery Corporation","role":"Central Landfill owner and operator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 1","role":"Superfund oversight"}],"public_contact":"DEM Office of Land Revitalization and Sustainable Materials Management","corrective_actions":["PFAS testing required for wastewater permit renewals from 2023 (ref 2).","DEM recommends private well, biosolids and receiving-water PFAS monitoring (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Statewide PFAS Source Investigation Report (draft)","publisher":"Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management","date":"2023-11-01","url":"https://dem.ri.gov/sites/g/files/xkgbur861/files/2023-11/pfas-source-investigation-plan.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Major Sources of PFAS Contamination Identified in Rhode Island","publisher":"ecoRI News","date":"2023-11-06","url":"https://ecori.org/major-sources-of-pfas-contamination-identified-in-rhode-island/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (RI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-RI-PAWCATUCK-BRADFORD-PFAS-2025","US-RI-PORTSMOUTH-MELVILLE-PONDS-PFAS-2026"]},{"id":"US-RI-PROVIDENCE-WATER-RATE-CASE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Providence Water seeks two-phase rate increase, 9.25% for typical home","description":"Providence Water filed a multi-year rate plan at the Public Utilities Commission (Docket 24-51-WW) requesting $8,283,990 more per year in Phase One, raising a 100-HCF residential bill by $46.94 a year (9.25%), from $507.20 to $554.14, effective July 1, 2025, plus a Phase Two of $2,341,788 effective July 1, 2026. The PUC heard public comment on May 6, 2025 alongside a separate Narragansett Bay Commission request.","location":{"name":"Providence Water","type":"Municipal water supply board","state":"RI","states":["RI"],"detail":"Providence Water Supply Board, Providence County; also wholesale supplier to other systems","coordinates":{"lat":41.824,"lon":-71.4128,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Providence"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"RI1592024"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is the cost of service passed to ratepayers.","secondary_drivers":["Rate increases","Operating costs"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The rate notice documents bill impacts, not health or environmental harm (ref 1).","service":"No service disruption is part of the rate request (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists Providence Water serving 333,142 people (ref 2).","duration":"Two-phase plan running from July 1, 2025 into July 1, 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Formal PUC general rate proceeding with a public hearing (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":333142,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Phase One impact on a residential customer using 100 HCF: an increase of $46.94 per year or 9.25%, from $507.20 to $554.14 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Phase One requested revenue increase","value":8283990,"unit":"USD per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Phase Two requested revenue increase","value":2341788,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Residential bill increase, Phase One","value":9.25,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"100 HCF per year customer (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Requested revenue increase to cover costs (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Final PUC order not opened."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Providence Water Supply Board","role":"Utility"},{"name":"Rhode Island Public Utilities Commission","role":"Rate regulator"}],"public_contact":"PUC public comments: puc.publiccomments@puc.ri.gov (Commission Clerk, 89 Jefferson Blvd., Warwick)","corrective_actions":["PUC review of Docket 24-51-WW with public hearing May 6, 2025 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Notice of Public Hearing, Dockets 24-41-WW and 24-51-WW","publisher":"Rhode Island Public Utilities Commission","date":"2025-04-25","url":"https://ripuc.ri.gov/sites/g/files/xkgbur841/files/2025-04/NBC%2024-41-WW%20%26%20PW%2024-51-WW%20notice%20May%202025.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Providence-City of (RI1592024)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/RI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PROVIDENCE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (RI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Final approved rate increase"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MD-BALTIMORE-TTHM-MCL-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Baltimore water system TTHM averages above 80 ppb in three Baltimore County areas","description":"Baltimore's Department of Public Works issued mandatory notices in May 2026 after four-quarter averages of total trihalomethanes reached 84 ppb in Sparks and 83 ppb in Loch Raven-Hillendale and Bird River-Harewood Park, above the 80 ppb federal limit. DPW linked the rise to warm, low-rainfall conditions in the Prettyboy and Loch Raven reservoirs and said no boiling or other action was needed. EPA's violation database lists TTHM MCL violations for the city system in the first and second quarters of 2026.","location":{"name":"City of Baltimore water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MD","states":["MD"],"detail":"Baltimore City system serving parts of Baltimore County (Sparks, Loch Raven-Hillendale, Bird River-Harewood Park)","coordinates":{"lat":39.300032,"lon":-76.610476,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Baltimore City","Baltimore"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MD0300002"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminant levels in delivered drinking water are the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"FOX45 (ref 1) reports locational running annual TTHM averages of 84, 83 and 83 ppb against the 80 ppb MCL for July 2025 to April 2026 testing.","service":"Customers received mandatory public notices but were told no boiling or corrective action was needed (refs 1, 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 1,600,000 people served by the Baltimore City system (ref 3), though the exceedances were at three county sampling areas.","duration":"SDWIS records TTHM MCL violations for the January-March and April-June 2026 compliance periods, unresolved in the data (ref 4).","significance":"The SDWIS entries are formal Tier 2 MCL violations requiring public notice (ref 4); no enforcement order was found."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Customers in the three notice areas were not counted in the sources; the whole system serves 1,600,000 per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Sparks four-quarter TTHM average 84 ppb vs. 80 ppb MCL (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Sparks TTHM locational running annual average","value":84,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"July 2025-April 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Loch Raven-Hillendale TTHM LRAA","value":83,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Bird River-Harewood Park TTHM LRAA","value":83,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Sampling sites","value":16,"unit":"sites","status":"Reported","note":"DPW tests TTHMs quarterly at 16 sites (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"SDWIS shows the violation measure rising from 81 ppb (Q1 2026) to 83 ppb (Q2 2026) (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Baltimore City Department of Public Works","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Baltimore City Department of Public Works, 443-263-2220","corrective_actions":["Drawing colder water from deeper parts of Loch Raven and Liberty reservoirs in summer (ref 1)","Adjusting chemical treatment at the Montebello plants to remove more organic matter (ref 1)","Hydrant flushing program and investigation of other causes (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DPW issues water quality notices for 3 Baltimore County areas","publisher":"FOX45 News (WBFF)","date":"2026-05-28","url":"https://foxbaltimore.com/news/local/dpw-issues-water-quality-notices-3-baltimore-county-areas-sparks-loch-raven-bird-river-harewood-park","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"DPW issues water quality notices for three areas of Baltimore County","publisher":"Baltimore Brew","date":"2026-05-28","url":"https://baltimore.baltimorebrew.com/2026/05/28/dpw-issues-water-quality-notices-for-three-areas-of-baltimore-county/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record MD0300002 (City of Baltimore)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MD/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BALTIMORE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Maryland primacy","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/MD/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:9999/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, MD","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_24.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MD-BALTIMORE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2025"]},{"id":"US-MD-BALTIMORE-LEGIONELLA-BUILDINGS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Legionella in Baltimore City Hall, courthouses and the Fallon Federal Building","description":"Precautionary testing in December 2024 found high Legionella levels at Baltimore City Hall and the Abel Wolman Municipal Building, and three downtown courthouses closed for flushing. A second round of elevated results at the three courthouses in February 2025 led to more chlorination and new monochloramine treatment units. In March 2026, Maryland's congressional delegation said Legionella confirmed in November 2025 at the George H. Fallon Federal Building remained after hyperchlorination; the city reported no confirmed Legionnaires' cases tied to its buildings.","location":{"name":"Downtown Baltimore government buildings","type":"Building water systems (premise plumbing)","state":"MD","states":["MD"],"detail":"City Hall, Abel Wolman Building, three downtown courthouses and the Fallon Federal Building, Baltimore City","coordinates":{"lat":39.300032,"lon":-76.610476,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Baltimore City"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Bacteria growth in aging building plumbing (infrastructure) created the water quality risk.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Elevated Legionella was detected in city buildings twice (refs 1, 2), but the Health Department reported no confirmed linked cases (ref 2).","service":"Three courthouses closed early for cleaning and mitigation in December 2024 (ref 1), and water-use signage went up in February 2025 (ref 2).","scale":"At least six public buildings were affected, including the Fallon building with federal offices, ICE holding rooms and a childcare facility (refs 1, 3).","duration":"Detections span December 2024 to February 2025 in city buildings (refs 1, 2) and November 2025 to March 2026 at the Fallon building (ref 3).","significance":"Nine members of Congress formally demanded GSA remediation and answers by March 20, 2026 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Building occupant counts were not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Elevated Legionella found for a second time in three Baltimore courthouses on Feb. 21, 2025 (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Buildings with Legionella detections","value":6,"unit":"buildings","status":"Estimated","note":"City Hall, Wolman, three courthouses (refs 1, 2) and the Fallon building (ref 3); counted by hand."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"City cleaning cut bacteria about 98% before a second detection (ref 2); the Fallon building detection persisted after treatment (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Baltimore City Mayor's Office and Department of General Services","role":"Building owner (city buildings)"},{"name":"U.S. General Services Administration","role":"Building owner (Fallon Federal Building)"},{"name":"Baltimore City Health Department","role":"Local public health"}],"public_contact":"Baltimore City Mayor's Office press line","corrective_actions":["Flushing and chlorination of courthouse plumbing in February 2025 (ref 2)","Installation of monochloramine water management units in city buildings (ref 2)","GSA hyperchlorination at the Fallon building (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"High levels of Legionella found in Baltimore City Hall, more city buildings","publisher":"CBS News Baltimore","date":"2024-12-27","url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/legionella-maryland-baltimore-courthouses-reopened-water/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"City of Baltimore provides update on building water quality concerns; elevated levels of Legionella found for second time in city courthouse","publisher":"City of Baltimore, Mayor's Office","date":"2025-02-21","url":"https://www.baltimorecity.gov/mayor/news-media/press-releases/2025-02-21-city-of-baltimore-provides-update-on-building-water-quality-concerns-elevated-levels-of-legionella-bacteria-found-for-second-time-in-city-courthouse","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Maryland delegation members seek action, answers from Trump administration on reported Legionella at Fallon Federal Building","publisher":"Office of Rep. Steny Hoyer","date":"2026-03-06","url":"https://hoyer.house.gov/media/press-releases/maryland-delegation-members-seek-action-answers-trump-administration-reported","basis":"Government record"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, MD","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_24.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MD-BALTIMORE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Baltimore inventory finds 9,193 lead service lines and 58,508 of unknown material","description":"Baltimore DPW's updated service line inventory, reported in September 2025, identified 9,193 lead service lines (nearly 2% of lines), 459 galvanized lines needing replacement and 58,508 lines of unknown material. The count rose from the city's initial October 2024 filing as DPW used predictive modeling to classify more than 150,000 lines, and the city began mailing material notices to property owners. Maryland approved $22.3 million for Baltimore lead line replacement and $21.3 million for the inventory in 2023.","location":{"name":"City of Baltimore water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MD","states":["MD"],"detail":"Baltimore City and the Baltimore County areas it serves","coordinates":{"lat":39.300032,"lon":-76.610476,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Baltimore City","Baltimore"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MD0300002"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead pipes (infrastructure) are the source of potential lead in tap water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"CBS Baltimore (ref 1) reports 9,193 lead lines; DPW says its water chemistry controls corrosion, so harm is a potential exposure rather than a measured exceedance.","service":"No service disruption is reported; owners receive letters about their line material (ref 1).","scale":"The Baltimore system serves 1,600,000 people per SDWIS (ref 3), and 58,508 lines remain unidentified (ref 1).","duration":"Lead lines are a long-term condition; the federal rule allows until 2037 to finish replacement (ref 4), and the inventory work began in 2023 (ref 2).","significance":"The inventory and notices are required under the federal Lead and Copper Rule Revisions (ref 1), backed by state SRF awards (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1600000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the system per SDWIS (ref 3); households on lead lines are not counted."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"9,193 lead service lines, nearly 2% of all lines, as of September 2025 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Lead service lines","value":9193,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Galvanized lines requiring replacement","value":459,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Lines of unknown material","value":58508,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"State funding for Baltimore lead line replacement","value":22.3,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"September 2023 MDE award (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["$43.6 million in 2023 state lead inventory and replacement funding (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The jump from the 2024 filing reflects a more complete inventory, not new lead installations."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Baltimore City Department of Public Works","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Baltimore City Department of Public Works customer line","corrective_actions":["Mailing service line material notices to property owners (ref 1)","Predictive modeling to classify unknown lines (ref 1)","State-funded lead service line replacement (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Baltimore will begin notifying residents if their properties use lead, galvanized water lines","publisher":"CBS News Baltimore","date":"2025-09-25","url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/maryland-lead-galvanized-water-pipes-homeowners-dpw","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Department of the Environment approves $80 million for lead service line inventories and replacements","publisher":"Maryland Department of the Environment","date":"2023-09-22","url":"https://news.maryland.gov/mde/?p=4004","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record MD0300002 (City of Baltimore)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MD/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BALTIMORE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"Maryland Department of the Environment announces $40 million investment in lead service line replacements","publisher":"Maryland Department of the Environment","date":"2025-03-18","url":"https://news.maryland.gov/mde/?p=4497","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, MD","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_24.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MD-BALTIMORE-TTHM-MCL-2026"]},{"id":"US-MD-WSSC-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"WSSC Water expects about 14,000 service lines to need replacement","description":"WSSC Water's October 2024 inventory covered nearly 500,000 service lines, about 98% non-lead, with the rest unknown or galvanized and requiring replacement. In March 2025 Maryland's Board of Public Works approved more than $40 million to identify and replace about 14,000 lines in Prince George's and Montgomery counties, with work starting in 2026. Federal rules require a replacement plan by November 2027 and completion by 2037.","location":{"name":"WSSC Water service area","type":"Bi-county water utility service area","state":"MD","states":["MD"],"detail":"Prince George's and Montgomery counties; utility headquarters in Laurel","coordinates":{"lat":39.095075,"lon":-76.861245,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Prince George's","Montgomery"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"MD0150005"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead and galvanized pipes (infrastructure) are a potential source of lead in tap water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"MDE (ref 1) says roughly 2% of WSSC lines are unknown or galvanized and need replacement, a potential lead source with no reported exceedance.","service":"MDE's announcement describes no service interruptions tied to the program (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 1,900,000 people served by WSSC (ref 3), and about 14,000 lines are expected to need replacement (ref 1).","duration":"Replacement starts in 2026 and the federal deadline is 2037 (ref 1).","significance":"The Board of Public Works approved over $40 million in state funding under federal lead rules (ref 1); WSSC also got $21.1 million in 2023 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1900000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 14,000 lines expected to need replacement, starting in 2026 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Service lines expected to need replacement","value":14000,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Service lines inventoried","value":500000,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Nearly 500,000 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Board of Public Works funding","value":40,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Over $40 million, March 2025 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Federal and state lead line funding of $46 million to WSSC (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Replacement had not begun as of the March 2025 announcement."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"WSSC Water","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Maryland Board of Public Works","role":"Funding approval"}],"public_contact":"WSSC Water customer service","corrective_actions":["State-funded identification and replacement of about 14,000 lines from 2026 (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Maryland Department of the Environment announces $40 million investment in lead service line replacements","publisher":"Maryland Department of the Environment","date":"2025-03-18","url":"https://news.maryland.gov/mde/?p=4497","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Department of the Environment approves $80 million for lead service line inventories and replacements","publisher":"Maryland Department of the Environment","date":"2023-09-22","url":"https://news.maryland.gov/mde/?p=4004","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record MD0150005 (Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MD/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WASHINGTON%20SUBURBAN/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, MD","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_24.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MD-STATEWIDE-SCHOOL-LEAD-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Maryland school lead testing: 884 of 1,098 public schools had an outlet above 5 ppb","description":"As of May 5, 2026, MDE had verified 86,470 first-draw samples from 1,098 public schools; 884 schools (80.5%) had at least one result above Maryland's 5 ppb lead action level, and 8,866 drinking-water outlet samples exceeded it. In the July 2024-July 2025 cycle, 46.6% of 294 reviewed schools had a sample above 5 ppb and about 6.9% of 7,009 samples exceeded it. Outlets above the level must be taken out of service and remediated.","location":{"name":"Maryland public and nonpublic schools","type":"Statewide school drinking water testing program","state":"MD","states":["MD"],"detail":"All 24 public school systems","counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminant levels in delivered drinking water are the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"MDE (ref 1) counts 12,713 first-draw samples above the 5 ppb action level, 8,866 of them from drinking outlets, and 3,772 above 20 ppb.","service":"Schools must shut off outlets above 5 ppb within 24 hours until remediated (ref 2).","scale":"Testing covers 1,098 public schools in all 24 school systems (ref 1).","duration":"Results run from the 2017-2018 school year to May 2026, and the 2024-2025 cycle still found 6.9% of samples over 5 ppb (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Testing and remediation are required by state law with a 5 ppb action level since June 2021 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Student and staff counts at affected schools were not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"884 of 1,098 public schools (80.51%) had first-draw lead results above 5 ppb (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Public schools with a result above 5 ppb","value":884,"unit":"schools","status":"Reported","note":"Cumulative to May 5, 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Drinking-outlet samples above 5 ppb","value":8866,"unit":"samples","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Samples above 5 ppb, 2024-2025 cycle","value":6.9,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Of 7,009 valid samples (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"MDE reports a downward trend in elevated results since the action level dropped to 5 ppb (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Maryland State Department of Education","role":"Co-author of annual report"},{"name":"Local school systems","role":"Testing and remediation"}],"public_contact":"MDE Water Supply Program","corrective_actions":["Disabling outlets above 5 ppb within 24 hours (ref 2)","Three-year retesting cycle for all schools (ref 2)","MDE initiatives to speed sample review and reporting (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SLT first-draw sample results summary, public schools, as of 2026-05-05","publisher":"Maryland Department of the Environment","date":"2026-05-05","url":"https://mde.maryland.gov/programs/water/water_supply/Documents/SLT/SummaryResults/SLT_First_Draw_Sample_Results_Summary_Public_Schools_as_of_2026-05-05.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Annual report on testing for lead in drinking water for Maryland public and nonpublic schools (2025, revised)","publisher":"Maryland Department of the Environment","date":"2026-03-01","url":"https://mde.maryland.gov/programs/water/water_supply/Documents/SLT/GovReport/2025%20Gov%20Report%20%28Rev%29%20-%20Testing%20for%20Lead%20in%20Schools%20Drinking%20Water.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["population_affected","coordinates"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MD-STATEWIDE-PFAS-NONCOMMUNITY-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"MDE testing: 82 of 441 school and workplace water systems above PFAS limits","description":"MDE's Phase 5 study sampled 441 non-transient non-community water systems, such as schools, factories and offices, from July 2023 to January 2025. It found 82 systems (19%) with results above the 2024 federal PFAS limits, 75 of them in the fractured-rock region west of I-95, and 13 above the Hazard Index. MDE says it worked with affected systems on public notice, more monitoring and remediation plans, such as treatment installed at two Howard County schools.","location":{"name":"Maryland non-community water systems","type":"Statewide set of non-transient non-community water systems","state":"MD","states":["MD"],"detail":"Schools, factories and offices on their own water supplies, sampled 2023-2025","counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminant levels in delivered drinking water are the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"MDE (ref 1) found 82 systems with PFAS results above the federal MCLs, which are not enforceable until 2029.","service":"Howard County schools used bottled water until PFAS treatment was installed and verified (ref 2).","scale":"The exceedances span 82 systems across most Maryland counties (ref 1).","duration":"Sampling ran from July 2023 to January 2025, and CWS testing from 2020 to 2022 found 15% above the MCLs (ref 1).","significance":"MDE issued remediation recommendations and helped systems seek Bipartisan Infrastructure Law funding (ref 1); no enforcement order applies yet (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"MDE's report does not total the people served by the 82 systems."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Of the 441 NTNCs sampled, 19% (82 systems) had detection levels above the MCLs (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems above PFAS MCLs","value":82,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Systems sampled","value":441,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"573 samples (ref 1)."},{"name":"Systems above Hazard Index","value":13,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Small system owners such as schools and businesses must fund PFAS treatment (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One statewide round of NTNC sampling."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Maryland Department of Health Laboratories Administration","role":"Laboratory analysis"}],"public_contact":"MDE PFAS program, mde.pfas@maryland.gov","corrective_actions":["Public notices, more monitoring and remediation plans for systems above the MCLs (ref 1)","Treatment, interconnection, well removal or new wells (ref 1)","PFAS treatment installed at Bushy Park Elementary and Glenwood Middle School (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PFAS Public Water System Study, Phase 5 report","publisher":"Maryland Department of the Environment","date":"2025-05-01","url":"https://mde.maryland.gov/programs/water/water_supply/Documents/Phase5Report_Final.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Community notification: PFAS update","publisher":"Howard County Public School System, Glenwood Middle School","date":null,"url":"https://gms.hcpss.org/node/26142","basis":"Local government record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2021-11-16","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["population_affected","coordinates"],"related_ids":["US-MD-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-MD-CECIL-GORE-PFAS-WELLS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Private wells near W.L. Gore plants in Cecil County contaminated with PFAS","description":"Testing in 2023 found PFAS in private drinking water wells near W.L. Gore & Associates manufacturing sites around Elkton far above EPA guidance, with one well at 1,800 parts per trillion. Maryland's Attorney General sued Gore in federal court in December 2024 over PFOA contamination tied to 13 area facilities, and a judge let affected residents join the case in October 2025; residents also have a class action. Gore denies wrongdoing and has supplied bottled water, filters and utility hookups to some residents.","location":{"name":"Elkton-area private wells near Gore facilities","type":"Private domestic wells","state":"MD","states":["MD"],"detail":"Elkton, Cherry Hill, Fair Hill and Appleton areas, Cecil County","coordinates":{"lat":39.605776,"lon":-75.821686,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Cecil"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS from industrial releases in groundwater used for drinking is the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EHN, summarizing Washington Post reporting (ref 1), cites a private well at 1,800 ppt PFAS, far above the 4 ppt federal limits for PFOA and PFOS (ref 4).","service":"Gore has provided bottled water, filtration systems and utility hookups to some residents (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The residents' class action could include up to 4,000 people, and about 600 in Cherry Hill had joined by February 2025 (refs 2, 3).","duration":"The state alleges decades of PFOA releases from Gore's Cecil County plants; wells tested in 2023 and litigation continued into late 2025 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Maryland filed a federal RCRA lawsuit in December 2024, and Judge Richard Bennett let residents intervene in October 2025 (refs 2, 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":4000,"status":"Estimated","note":"Upper bound of the residents' class action as reported by WYPR (ref 2); not a count of contaminated wells."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"One private well reached 1,800 parts per trillion PFAS in 2023 testing (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest private well PFAS result","value":1800,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"2023 testing (ref 1)."},{"name":"Gore facilities named in state case","value":13,"unit":"facilities","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No repeat sampling series was found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"W.L. Gore & Associates","role":"Alleged source (denies wrongdoing)"},{"name":"Maryland Office of the Attorney General","role":"Plaintiff"},{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Maryland Office of the Attorney General press office","corrective_actions":["Bottled water, filters and utility hookups from Gore (refs 1, 2)","State lawsuit seeking investigation, cleanup and abatement costs (refs 2, 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Toxic PFAS contamination found in Maryland wells near Gore manufacturing sites","publisher":"Environmental Health News (summarizing The Washington Post)","date":"2025-08-15","url":"https://www.ehn.org/toxic-pfas-contamination-found-in-maryland-wells-near-gore-manufacturing-sites","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Judge rules case can continue against Gore for alleged PFAS contamination in Maryland","publisher":"WYPR","date":"2025-11-10","url":"https://www.wypr.org/wypr-news/2025-11-10/judge-rules-case-can-continue-against-gore-for-alleged-pfas-contamination-in-maryland","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"More people in Cecil County eligible for suit against Gore for drinking water contamination","publisher":"WYPR","date":"2025-02-28","url":"https://www.wypr.org/wypr-news/2025-02-28/more-people-in-cecil-county-eligible-for-suit-against-gore-for-drinking-water-contamination","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2021-11-16","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, MD","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_24.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MD-ELKTON-PFAS-2025"]},{"id":"US-MD-SALISBURY-PFAS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Salisbury plans $14 million GAC for PFAS at Paleo plant; UCMR 5 PFOS up to 20 ppt","description":"Salisbury reported combined PFOA and PFOS of 3.2 to 7.53 ppt at its plants and 14 ppt in a combined well field, above the 2024 federal limits, and estimated $14 million to build GAC treatment at the Paleo plant. MDE's funding list includes studies at the Park and Paleo plants. EPA UCMR 5 data show a PFOS result of 20 ppt for the city system.","location":{"name":"City of Salisbury","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MD","states":["MD"],"detail":"Paleo and Park water treatment plants, Wicomico County","coordinates":{"lat":38.375328,"lon":-75.585925,"precision":"city","source_ref":6},"counties":["Wicomico"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MD0220004"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminant levels in delivered drinking water are the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The city (ref 1) reports a well field total of 14 ppt PFOA plus PFOS, and UCMR 5 shows PFOS up to 20 ppt (ref 4), above the 4 ppt limits not yet enforceable.","service":"The city says its water meets current state and federal rules and no restriction was issued (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 30,343 people served (ref 3).","duration":"PFAS has been documented since at least the April 2024 release (ref 1) and in UCMR 5 sampling through 2025 (ref 4).","significance":"MDE placed Salisbury's Park and Paleo PFAS studies on its 2024 funding priority list (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":30343,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Combined well field PFOA plus PFOS total of 14 ppt (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Combined well field PFOA plus PFOS","value":14,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"UCMR 5 maximum PFOS","value":20,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."},{"name":"Preliminary Paleo GAC construction estimate","value":14,"unit":"million USD","status":"Estimated","note":"City estimate (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["$14 million preliminary GAC estimate (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Salisbury Water Works","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Salisbury, 833-SBY-CITY","corrective_actions":["Design of GAC filters for the Paleo plant (ref 1)","Deeper well and bench tests at the Park plant (ref 1)","Applications for state revolving fund principal forgiveness (refs 1, 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Salisbury water currently meets all water quality regulations required by MDE and the EPA","publisher":"City of Salisbury","date":"2024-04-19","url":"https://salisbury.md/04/19/2024/salisbury-water-currently-meets-all-water-quality-regulations-required-by-maryland-department-of-the-environment-and-the-epa","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Maryland final project priority list, FFY2024 and SFY2026 drinking water funds","publisher":"Maryland Department of the Environment","date":"2024-08-08","url":"https://mde.maryland.gov/programs/water/WQFA/Documents/FFY24%20SFY26%20DW%20PPL%20FINAL.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record MD0220004 (City of Salisbury)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MD/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SALISBURY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"PFAS page, Water Works","publisher":"City of Salisbury","date":null,"url":"https://salisbury.md/departments/waterworks/pfas","basis":"Local government record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, MD","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_24.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MD-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-MD-MOUNT-AIRY-PFAS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Mount Airy isolates PFAS wells, builds treatment and takes in Twin Arch park","description":"MDE told Mount Airy in December 2022 that two town wells were above a PFAS health advisory, and the town isolated them except for peak summer demand. MDE's funding list shows PFAS found at stations 1, 2, 3 and 5, with treatment at stations 1 and 3 funded and completion expected in 2026. At MDE's request, the town is extending service to the 20-home Twin Arch mobile home park, whose well is contaminated with PFAS.","location":{"name":"Town of Mount Airy","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MD","states":["MD"],"detail":"Town wells and water stations, Carroll and Frederick counties; Twin Arch park on Mathis Lane","coordinates":{"lat":39.374693,"lon":-77.153807,"precision":"city","source_ref":6},"counties":["Carroll","Frederick"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MD0060007"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminant levels in delivered drinking water are the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 results for the town reach 12.7 ppt PFOA (ref 5), and MDE lists PFAS at four stations (ref 2).","service":"Two wells were isolated in December 2022 (ref 1), and Twin Arch park's contaminated well is to be abandoned (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 9,890 people served by the town system (ref 4).","duration":"The problem dates to December 2022, and the town expects treatment in 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"MDE recommended isolating the wells and asked the town to serve Twin Arch (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":9890,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Two town wells were slightly above the PFAS health advisory and were isolated (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 maximum PFOA","value":12.7,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 5."},{"name":"Stations 2 and 5 PFAS project cost","value":4.163,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"MDE funding list (ref 2)."},{"name":"Twin Arch mobile homes","value":20,"unit":"homes","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Multi-station PFAS treatment for a town of about 9,900 people (refs 2, 4)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Mount Airy","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Town of Mount Airy Town Hall","corrective_actions":["Wells isolated except at peak demand (ref 1)","Ion exchange or GAC treatment at water stations (ref 2)","Water main extension to Twin Arch and abandonment of its well (refs 2, 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water Quality/PFAS","publisher":"Town of Mount Airy","date":null,"url":"https://mountairymd.gov/554/Water-QualityPFAS","basis":"Local government record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Maryland final project priority list, FFY2024 and SFY2026 drinking water funds","publisher":"Maryland Department of the Environment","date":"2024-08-08","url":"https://mde.maryland.gov/programs/water/WQFA/Documents/FFY24%20SFY26%20DW%20PPL%20FINAL.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Mount Airy to provide water to mobile home park after town's PFAS issue resolved (Frederick News-Post)","publisher":"The PFAS Project Lab","date":"2024-01-12","url":"https://pfasproject.com/2024/01/12/mount-airy-to-provide-water-to-mobile-home-park-after-towns-pfas-issue-resolved/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record MD0060007 (Town of Mount Airy)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MD/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MOUNT%20AIRY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, MD","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_24.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MD-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-MD-ELKTON-PFAS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Elkton PFOA averaged 8.1 ppt in 2025; filter plant flagged for significant deficiencies","description":"Elkton's 2025 water quality report lists PFOA averaging 8.1 ppt (up to 16.2 ppt) in UCMR 5 testing, above the 4 ppt federal limit, and EPA data show a 23.3 ppt result. A September 2025 state survey listed significant deficiencies, including critical treatment in poor condition at the Big Elk Creek filter plant, due by April 2026. EPA records also show two health-based surface water treatment violations in November and December 2025.","location":{"name":"Town of Elkton","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MD","states":["MD"],"detail":"Big Elk Creek filter plant, four wells and an Artesian interconnection, Cecil County","coordinates":{"lat":39.605776,"lon":-75.821686,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Cecil"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MD0070011"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"PFAS in source water and a deficient treatment plant together drive the risk.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The town report (ref 1) lists a 2025 PFOA average of 8.1 ppt with a range up to 16.2 ppt, and UCMR 5 shows 23.3 ppt (ref 3).","service":"No advisory or outage is reported in the town's 2025 report (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 15,625 people served (ref 2).","duration":"The cited results and deficiencies cover 2025 into an April 2026 deadline (ref 1).","significance":"A state sanitary survey on Sept. 12, 2025 flagged two significant deficiencies (ref 1), and SDWIS lists two Tier 2 treatment technique violations (ref 4)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":15625,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOA average 8.1 ppt, range ND-16.2 ppt, in 2025 UCMR 5 testing (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"2025 average PFOA (town report)","value":8.1,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"UCMR 5 maximum PFOA","value":23.3,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Ongoing plant upgrades at the Big Elk Creek filter plant (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Elkton","role":"Owner"},{"name":"Inframark","role":"Contract operator"},{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Town of Elkton Administration Office, 410-398-0970","corrective_actions":["Gravity filter media replenishment and remote alarms at the filter plant (ref 1)","Ongoing plant system upgrades (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Town of Elkton 2025 Annual Drinking Water Quality Report","publisher":"Town of Elkton (hosted by MDE)","date":null,"url":"https://mde.maryland.gov/programs/water/water_supply/ConsumerConfidenceReports/Documents/CCR/Cecil/0070011-Town-of-Elkton.pdf","basis":"Utility record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record MD0070011 (Town of Elkton)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MD/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ELKTON/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Maryland primacy","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/MD/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:9999/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, MD","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_24.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (4). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MD-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-MD-CECIL-GORE-PFAS-WELLS-2024"]},{"id":"US-MD-NORTH-EAST-HAA5-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Town of North East: repeated haloacetic acid MCL violations, up to 106.4 ppb","description":"The Town of North East in Cecil County reported haloacetic acid (HAA5) locational running annual averages above the 60 ppb limit in three quarters of 2025, with averages of 64 to 80 ppb by site and single results up to 106.4 ppb. It also had a total organic carbon removal violation in early 2025. EPA records show earlier TTHM violations in 2024 and a further HAA5 violation in early 2026.","location":{"name":"Town of North East","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MD","states":["MD"],"detail":"Leslie and Rolling Mill filter plants on North East Creek, Cecil County","coordinates":{"lat":39.608037,"lon":-75.941655,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Cecil"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MD0070016"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Disinfection byproducts formed in treated surface water are the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The 2025 town report (ref 1) shows HAA5 LRAAs of 64, 72 and 80 ppb at three sites against a 60 ppb MCL, with results to 106.4 ppb.","service":"The town reported the violations with required health-effects notices to customers (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 8,600 people served (ref 2).","duration":"SDWIS lists TTHM violations from January 2024 and HAA5 violations through the January-March 2026 period (ref 3).","significance":"The town lists four MCL or treatment technique violations in 2025 (ref 1), formal Tier 2 violations in SDWIS (ref 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":8600,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Red Toad Road HAA5 LRAA 80 ppb vs. 60 ppb MCL in 2025 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest HAA5 LRAA, 2025","value":80,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Red Toad Road site (ref 1)."},{"name":"Highest single HAA5 result, 2025","value":106.4,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Highest single TTHM result, 2025","value":169,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"SDWIS HAA5 measures rose from 64 ppb (Q2 2025) to 80 ppb (Q4 2025) before 68 ppb (Q1 2026) (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of North East","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Town of North East Water Department","corrective_actions":[],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Town of North East 2025 Annual Water Quality Report","publisher":"Town of North East (hosted by MDE)","date":"2026-06-17","url":"https://mde.maryland.gov/programs/water/water_supply/ConsumerConfidenceReports/Documents/CCR/Cecil/0070016-Town-of-North-East.pdf","basis":"Utility record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record MD0070016 (Town of North East)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MD0070016/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Maryland primacy","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/MD/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:9999/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, MD","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_24.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["corrective_actions"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MD-PERRYVILLE-TTHM-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Perryville TTHM annual average 87 ppb in 2025, four quarterly MCL violations","description":"Perryville, which treats Susquehanna River water, reported a 2025 total trihalomethane annual average of 87 ppb against the 80 ppb limit, with results up to 128.9 ppb. EPA records list TTHM MCL violations for each quarter from April 2025 to March 2026. The town's 2025 report says its water is safe and lists the TTHM result as a violation.","location":{"name":"Town of Perryville","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MD","states":["MD"],"detail":"Susquehanna River surface supply, Cecil County","coordinates":{"lat":39.572968,"lon":-76.064923,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Cecil"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MD0070018"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Disinfection byproducts formed in chlorinated river water are the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The town report (ref 1) lists a 2025 TTHM annual average of 87 ppb and a range of 18.9-128.9 ppb against the 80 ppb MCL.","service":"The violations carry Tier 2 public notice requirements (ref 3); no use restriction was issued (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 4,413 people served (ref 2).","duration":"SDWIS lists four consecutive quarterly TTHM violations from April 2025 through March 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"The violations are formal MCL violations recorded by the state in SDWIS (ref 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":4413,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM annual average 87 ppb, range 18.9-128.9 ppb, violation: yes (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"2025 TTHM annual average","value":87,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Highest SDWIS TTHM violation measure","value":89,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"January-March 2026 period (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"SDWIS measures went 83, 87, 85 and 89 ppb over four quarters (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Perryville","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Perryville Town Hall, 410-378-3883","corrective_actions":[],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Town of Perryville Annual Drinking Water Quality Report for 2025","publisher":"Town of Perryville (hosted by MDE)","date":"2026-06-17","url":"https://mde.maryland.gov/programs/water/water_supply/ConsumerConfidenceReports/Documents/CCR/Cecil/0070018-Town-of-Perryville.pdf","basis":"Utility record"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record MD0070018 (Town of Perryville)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MD/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PERRYVILLE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Maryland primacy","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/MD/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:9999/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, MD","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_24.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["corrective_actions"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MD-MANCHESTER-PFAS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Manchester plans $5.4 million plant for five wells above PFAS limits","description":"A June 2024 engineering report for the Town of Manchester in Carroll County found five wells with PFOS or PFOA above the 4 ppt federal limit, including Park Ridge wells at 9.5 ppt PFOS and 11 ppt PFOA and the Patricia Court well at 8.45 ppt PFOA. It recommends a central GAC plant with iron and manganese pretreatment at about $5.43 million. MDE's funding list shows construction targeted to finish by the end of 2027.","location":{"name":"Town of Manchester","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MD","states":["MD"],"detail":"Patricia Court, Manchester Farms and Park Ridge wells, Carroll County","coordinates":{"lat":39.653159,"lon":-76.886735,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Carroll"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MD0060006"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminant levels in delivered drinking water are the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The engineering report (ref 1) lists Park Ridge wells at 9.5 ppt PFOS and 11 ppt PFOA, above limits enforceable from 2029.","service":"No well closures or restrictions are described in the cited sources (refs 1, 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 4,954 people served (ref 3).","duration":"PFAS was documented in 2024 and MDE's list shows treatment targeted for completion by December 2027 (ref 2).","significance":"MDE ranked the $6.5 million PFAS project on its 2024 drinking water funding priority list (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":4954,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Five wells with PFOS/PFOA above 4 ppt; Park Ridge wells at 9.5 ppt PFOS and 11 ppt PFOA (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Park Ridge wells PFOA","value":11,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Recommended treatment construction cost","value":5.43,"unit":"million USD","status":"Estimated","note":"Engineer's estimate (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["About $5.4 million capital cost for a town of about 5,000 (refs 1, 3)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Manchester","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Town of Manchester Town Hall","corrective_actions":["Central GAC PFAS treatment plant with Fe/Mn pretreatment at Manchester Farms (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Manchester Water Treatment Improvements: Consolidated PFAS Treatment Preliminary Engineering Report","publisher":"Town of Manchester (George, Miles & Buhr)","date":"2024-06-01","url":"https://manchestermd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Manchester-Water-Treatment-Improvements-Consolidated-PFAS-Treatment-PER.pdf","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Maryland final project priority list, FFY2024 and SFY2026 drinking water funds","publisher":"Maryland Department of the Environment","date":"2024-08-08","url":"https://mde.maryland.gov/programs/water/WQFA/Documents/FFY24%20SFY26%20DW%20PPL%20FINAL.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record MD0060006 (Town of Manchester)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MD/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MANCHESTER/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, MD","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_24.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MD-MOUNT-AIRY-PFAS-2025"]},{"id":"US-MULTI-POTOMAC-WMA-DROUGHT-WATCH-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Washington metro Potomac drought watches, 2024-2025 and 2026","description":"The Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments declared a regional Drought Watch in July 2024, the first since 2010, and lifted it on June 20, 2025. A new Drought Watch took effect June 3, 2026 for nearly six million people in D.C., suburban Maryland and Northern Virginia after the Potomac reached its lowest March-April level in 130 years of data; ICPRB reported it still in effect on October 8, 2026, with backup reservoirs near full and no releases needed so far.","location":{"name":"Potomac River, Washington metropolitan area","type":"Interstate river basin water supply","state":"MD","states":["MD","DC","VA"],"detail":"Potomac River intakes above Little Falls serving WSSC Water (Montgomery and Prince George's), the Washington Aqueduct (D.C., Arlington) and Fairfax Water; upstream Jennings Randolph and Little Seneca reservoirs.","coordinates":{"lat":38.9496,"lon":-77.1275,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":3},"counties":["Montgomery","Prince George's"],"extent":"multi_state"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is low river flow and supply availability, not infrastructure failure.","secondary_drivers":["Multi-year precipitation deficit","Record-low spring streamflow"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"COG (ref 2) reports the Potomac hit its lowest March-April level in 130 years of data with a nearly 8-inch two-year rainfall deficit; no supply shortfall has occurred, so harm is potential.","service":"Both watches asked residents for voluntary conservation only (refs 1, 2); the region has never reached the Warning stage where restrictions would be encouraged.","scale":"The June 2026 watch covers nearly six million residents of D.C., suburban Maryland and Northern Virginia (ref 2).","duration":"The first watch ran from July 2024 to June 20, 2025 (ref 1), and the second, declared June 3, 2026, remained in effect on October 8, 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"The watches are formal declarations under the COG Regional Drought Response Plan (ref 2), one stage below Warning and two below the mandatory Emergency stage."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":6000000,"status":"Estimated","note":"COG (ref 2) states the watch covers nearly six million residents; rounded to 6,000,000."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Between March and April 2026 the Potomac reached its lowest level in 130 years of data; a regional Drought Watch remains in effect as of October 8, 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"Two-year precipitation deficit (region)","value":8,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"COG (ref 2) says 'almost 8 inches'."},{"name":"12-month precipitation departure, Potomac basin above D.C. (to Oct 1, 2026)","value":-5.6,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"ICPRB Water Supply Outlook (ref 3)."},{"name":"Basin share in moderate drought (D1), Oct 6, 2026","value":23,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"ICPRB (ref 3)."},{"name":"Share of regional drinking water from the Potomac","value":78,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"COG (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Watches in 2024-2025 and again from June 2026; ICPRB (ref 3) reports streamflow near normal in early October 2026 but daily drought monitoring began Oct 5 when Point of Rocks flow fell below 2,000 cfs."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments, Drought Coordination Committee","role":"Declares regional drought stages"},{"name":"Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin (CO-OP)","role":"Coordinates drought water-supply operations and reservoir releases"},{"name":"WSSC Water; Washington Aqueduct; Fairfax Water","role":"Potomac water suppliers"}],"public_contact":"ICPRB CO-OP, 301-274-8120 (Rockville, MD)","corrective_actions":["Voluntary conservation requested under the Regional Drought Response Plan (ref 2).","ICPRB began daily drought monitoring on October 5, 2026 and stands ready to recommend releases from Jennings Randolph and Little Seneca reservoirs (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"News Release: Drought Watch Lifted for the D.C. Metro Area","publisher":"Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin","date":"2025-06-20","url":"https://www.potomacriver.org/news/news-release-drought-watch-lifted-for-the-d-c-metro-area/","basis":"Interstate agency record"},{"ref":2,"title":"COG declares regional Drought Watch, encourages wise water use","publisher":"Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments","date":"2026-06-03","url":"https://www.mwcog.org/newsroom/2026/06/02/cog-declares-regional-drought-watch-encourages-wise-water-use/","basis":"Regional government record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Water Supply Outlook, October 8, 2026","publisher":"Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin (CO-OP)","date":null,"url":"https://www.potomacriver.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/WSO.Oct_.26.pdf","basis":"Interstate agency record","accessed":"2026-10-08"},{"ref":4,"title":"New drought watch amplifies concerns about long-term future of Potomac River flows","publisher":"FFXnow","date":"2026-06-03","url":"https://www.ffxnow.com/2026/06/03/new-drought-watch-amplifies-concerns-about-long-term-future-of-potomac-river-flows/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Lifting date of the 2026 watch, if any"],"related_ids":["US-VA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-WATER-RESTRICTIONS-2026","US-MULTI-POTOMAC-WMA-SUPPLY-SHORTAGE-RISK-2025","US-MD-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-WARNINGS-2026"]},{"id":"US-MULTI-POTOMAC-WMA-SUPPLY-SHORTAGE-RISK-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"ICPRB study finds Washington-area water shortages possible by 2030","description":"ICPRB's 2025 Washington Metropolitan Area Water Supply Study, commissioned by Fairfax Water, WSSC Water and the Washington Aqueduct and released in December 2025, put shortage risk at about 1% by 2030 rising to as much as 5% by 2050. In four of nine modeled scenarios the upstream Jennings Randolph and Little Seneca reservoirs run dry during an extreme drought as early as 2030; demand is projected to rise 17% by 2050 and data centers could use up to 80 million gallons on peak days.","location":{"name":"Washington metropolitan area Potomac supply","type":"Interstate regional water supply system","state":"MD","states":["MD","DC","VA"],"detail":"Shared Potomac River supply and jointly funded upstream reservoirs (Jennings Randolph, Little Seneca) used by WSSC Water, the Washington Aqueduct and Fairfax Water.","coordinates":{"lat":38.9496,"lon":-77.1275,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Montgomery","Prince George's"],"extent":"multi_state"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The study concerns future supply adequacy against rising demand and drought, a quantity issue.","secondary_drivers":["Population and data-center demand growth","Hotter droughts reducing flow"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Four of nine modeled scenarios show the upstream reservoirs running out during an extreme drought as early as 2030 (ref 1); this is a modeled risk, not an observed shortage.","service":"No restrictions or outages flow from the study itself; it is a planning assessment (ref 1).","scale":"The Potomac supplies drinking water to more than 5 million people in the Washington metropolitan area (ref 3).","duration":"The risk horizon runs from 2030 to 2050 and is described as structural, driven by a projected 17% demand increase by 2050 (ref 1).","significance":"A formal study commissioned by the three largest Potomac suppliers (ref 1); Fairfax Water's general manager called a Potomac disruption 'a matter of when, not if' (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":5000000,"status":"Estimated","note":"ICPRB (ref 3) says the Potomac serves more than 5 million people in the metro area; lower bound used."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Shortage risk about 1% by 2030, rising to up to 5% by 2050; reservoirs could run out as early as 2030 in four of nine extreme-drought scenarios."},"measures":[{"name":"Projected increase in water use by 2050","value":17,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Possible peak-day data center water use by 2050","value":80,"unit":"million gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1, first time data centers were evaluated."},{"name":"Shortage risk by 2050 (upper)","value":5,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The study (ref 1) finds shortage risk rising over time with demand growth and higher temperatures that reduce flows."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin","role":"Study author and drought operations coordinator"},{"name":"WSSC Water; Washington Aqueduct; Fairfax Water","role":"Study sponsors and water suppliers"}],"public_contact":"ICPRB CO-OP, 301-274-8120 (Rockville, MD)","corrective_actions":["Study recommends short-term reliability measures and better transparency on data center water use (ref 1).","Fairfax Water plans to convert Lorton quarries into the Edgemon Reservoir, expected by 2040 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Report flags rising risk of Potomac River water shortages","publisher":"FFXnow","date":"2025-12-09","url":"https://www.ffxnow.com/2025/12/09/report-flags-rising-risk-of-water-shortages-in-d-c-region-amid-growth-and-climate-change/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"New drought watch amplifies concerns about long-term future of Potomac River flows","publisher":"FFXnow","date":"2026-06-03","url":"https://www.ffxnow.com/2026/06/03/new-drought-watch-amplifies-concerns-about-long-term-future-of-potomac-river-flows/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"News Release: Drought Watch Lifted for the D.C. Metro Area","publisher":"Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin","date":"2025-06-20","url":"https://www.potomacriver.org/news/news-release-drought-watch-lifted-for-the-d-c-metro-area/","basis":"Interstate agency record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Direct copy of the ICPRB study PDF could not be downloaded; figures are as reported in ref 1"],"related_ids":["US-MULTI-POTOMAC-WMA-DROUGHT-WATCH-2026","US-VA-DATA-CENTER-WATER-DEMAND-2026","US-DC-WASHINGTON-AQUEDUCT-NO-BACKUP-SUPPLY-2025"]},{"id":"US-MD-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-WARNINGS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Maryland drought watches and warnings, 2024-2026","description":"MDE has kept much of Maryland under drought watches or warnings since 2024: eastern counties went to a watch in mid-2024, Eastern and Southern Maryland reached warning in November 2024, most of the state was under warning in April 2025, and Western, Central and Eastern Maryland were placed under warning on May 14, 2026 after three consecutive dry years. As of September 30, 2026, MDE rated Central Maryland groundwater at the Emergency level and the region's overall status at Warning; no statewide mandatory restrictions have been imposed.","location":{"name":"Maryland statewide","type":"Statewide drought area","state":"MD","states":["MD"],"detail":"MDE drought regions: Western, Central, Eastern and Southern Maryland; groundwater most affected in Carroll and Frederick counties.","coordinates":{"lat":39.05,"lon":-76.64,"precision":"state","source_ref":3},"counties":["Carroll","Frederick","Washington","Garrett"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Below-normal rainfall, streamflow and groundwater are quantity conditions.","secondary_drivers":["Three consecutive dry years"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"MDE's September 30, 2026 indicators (ref 5) rate Central Maryland groundwater at Emergency and Eastern groundwater at Warning; MDE says shallow domestic wells could be affected (ref 2).","service":"No statewide mandatory restrictions (ref 3), but local measures followed, including Oakland's outdoor-watering ban (ref 1) and Middletown's lawn-watering prohibition (refs 2, 3).","scale":"Warnings cover Western, Central and Eastern Maryland and a watch covers Southern Maryland (ref 3), effectively the whole state.","duration":"Watches or warnings have been in place from November 2024 (ref 1) through September 30, 2026 (ref 5), with a break only in parts of the state in mid-2025.","significance":"MDE drought warnings are formal stages one step below Drought Emergency; no emergency has been declared (ref 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"MDE does not report a population for the drought regions."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"September 30, 2026: Central Maryland groundwater at Emergency level, overall Warning; water-year rainfall 84-89% of normal across regions."},"measures":[{"name":"Recent average monthly rainfall vs normal (May 2026)","value":3,"unit":"inches per month","status":"Reported","note":"Versus 4 inches normal (ref 3)."},{"name":"Eastern region rainfall since July 31, 2025 (as of Jul 14, 2026)","value":69,"unit":"percent of normal","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."},{"name":"Southern region water-year rainfall (as of Sep 30, 2026)","value":84,"unit":"percent of normal","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 5."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Rainfall returned to near normal in summer 2026 (ref 5), but groundwater in Central Maryland remained at Emergency level."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment, Water and Science Administration","role":"State drought monitoring and response"},{"name":"Local water suppliers","role":"Local conservation measures"}],"public_contact":"Maryland Department of the Environment, 410-537-3000","corrective_actions":["MDE weekly hydrologic indicator reports and coordination with water suppliers under warning stage (refs 3, 5).","Voluntary conservation urged statewide, especially for shallow private wells (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Maryland Department of the Environment expands drought watches and warnings across the state","publisher":"Maryland Department of the Environment","date":"2024-11-18","url":"https://news.maryland.gov/mde/2024/11/18/maryland-department-of-environment-expands-drought-watches-and-warnings-across-the-state","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Maryland Department of the Environment provides update on drought conditions and water conservation efforts","publisher":"Maryland Department of the Environment","date":"2025-04-03","url":"https://news.maryland.gov/mde/2025/04/03/maryland-department-of-environment-provides-update-on-drought-conditions-and-water-conservation-efforts/","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Maryland Department of the Environment issues drought warning for large areas of the state due to persistent rainfall deficits","publisher":"Maryland Department of the Environment","date":"2026-05-14","url":"https://news.maryland.gov/mde/2026/05/14/maryland-department-of-the-environment-issues-drought-warning-for-large-areas-of-the-state-due-to-persistent-rainfall-deficits/","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Summary of Hydrologic Indicators for July 14, 2026","publisher":"Maryland Department of the Environment","date":"2026-07-14","url":"https://mde.maryland.gov/programs/water/droughtinformation/Currentconditions/Documents/Drought-Indicators-2026-7-14.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"Summary of Hydrologic Indicators for September 30, 2026","publisher":"Maryland Department of the Environment","date":"2026-09-30","url":"https://mde.maryland.gov/programs/water/droughtinformation/Currentconditions/Documents/Drought-Indicators-2026-9-30.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MULTI-POTOMAC-WMA-DROUGHT-WATCH-2026","US-MD-BALTIMORE-RESERVOIR-DROUGHT-SUSQUEHANNA-2026","US-MD-MIDDLETOWN-LAWN-WATERING-BAN-2026","US-MD-OAKLAND-BROADFORD-LAKE-CONSERVATION-2025"]},{"id":"US-MD-BALTIMORE-RESERVOIR-DROUGHT-SUSQUEHANNA-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Baltimore reservoirs low; regional restrictions and Susquehanna intake activated","description":"Baltimore DPW issued regional voluntary water restrictions in May 2025, when Liberty Reservoir hit a 20-year low, and again on May 14, 2026, with Prettyboy six feet and Liberty two feet below normal. With reservoirs still declining, DPW began drawing about 30 million gallons per day from the Susquehanna River at its Deer Creek Pump Station on October 5, 2026, the first use since March 2008, for a system serving about 1.8 million people.","location":{"name":"City of Baltimore regional water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MD","states":["MD"],"detail":"Liberty, Loch Raven and Prettyboy reservoirs serving Baltimore City and parts of Baltimore, Howard, Carroll, Harford and Anne Arundel counties; Deer Creek Pump Station in northern Harford County.","coordinates":{"lat":39.2904,"lon":-76.6122,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Baltimore City","Baltimore","Howard","Carroll","Harford"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"MD0300002"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Reservoir storage loss from drought is a supply-quantity issue.","secondary_drivers":["Two to three years of below-normal rainfall"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Prettyboy was six feet and Liberty two feet below normal in May 2026 (ref 1); river water used from October 2026 carries more sediment and organic material (ref 4), but no unsafe water has been reported.","service":"Voluntary restrictions asked customers to stop lawn watering and car washing in 2025 (ref 2) and from May 14, 2026 (ref 1); mandatory limits remain possible (ref 5).","scale":"The three reservoirs supply about 1.8 million people across Baltimore City and four counties (ref 1); SDWIS lists 1,600,000 served (ref 7).","duration":"Restrictions ran May 8 to June 30, 2025 (ref 3) and again from May 14, 2026 into October 2026 (ref 5).","significance":"Formal utility restriction notices plus activation of the drought-only Susquehanna supply, last used in March 2008 (ref 4)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":1600000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 7); DPW cites about 1.8 million people across the region (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Beginning Oct. 5, 2026, DPW is withdrawing approximately 30 MGD from the Susquehanna River, expected to make up 20% to 40% of the blended supply."},"measures":[{"name":"Prettyboy Reservoir below normal (May 2026)","value":6,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Liberty Reservoir below normal (May 2026)","value":2,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Susquehanna withdrawal","value":30,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 5."},{"name":"Baltimore-region rainfall to date (Sept 2026)","value":27.21,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"Versus 32.86-inch norm (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Restrictions recurred in 2026 after recovery in June 2025 (ref 3), and reservoirs kept declining until the Susquehanna intake was activated (ref 5)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Baltimore City Department of Public Works","role":"Water supplier and reservoir operator"},{"name":"Baltimore, Howard, Carroll and Harford counties","role":"Regional system partners"},{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment","role":"Primacy regulator and drought coordination"}],"public_contact":"Baltimore City 311 (baltimorecity.gov/311services)","corrective_actions":["Reduced withdrawals from Liberty and increased use of Loch Raven (ref 2).","Regional voluntary restrictions since May 14, 2026 (ref 1).","Susquehanna River blending via Deer Creek Pump Station from Oct. 5, 2026 (ref 5)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Baltimore City DPW issues regional voluntary water restrictions amid low reservoir levels and ongoing drought conditions","publisher":"Baltimore City Department of Public Works","date":"2026-05-14","url":"https://www.baltimorecity.gov/publicworks/news/baltimore-city-dpw-issues-regional-voluntary-water-restrictions-amid-low-reservoir-levels-and-ongoing-drought-conditions","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Baltimore-area residents asked to conserve water due to reservoir's 20-year low level","publisher":"CBS News Baltimore","date":"2025-05-08","url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/baltimore-liberty-conserve-reservoirs-dpw-maryland","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Voluntary water restrictions lifted","publisher":"Carroll County Government","date":"2025-06-30","url":"https://ccgprod1.carrollcountymd.gov/residents/county-news-releases/voluntary-water-restrictions-lifted","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Baltimore will blend water from Susquehanna River with reservoir water as supply falls","publisher":"The Baltimore Banner","date":"2026-09-22","url":"https://www.thebanner.com/community/climate-environment/water-drought-susquehanna-river-reservoirs-HCOGYYBRHFAD5ERWW6KYRB2IUY/","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"Baltimore activates Susquehanna River intake to supplement drought-stricken reservoirs","publisher":"WaterWorld","date":"2026-10-07","url":"https://www.waterworld.com/drinking-water-treatment/news/55410243/baltimore-activates-susquehanna-river-intake-to-supplement-drought-stricken-reservoirs","basis":"Trade news"},{"ref":6,"title":"Voluntary water restrictions in effect: Carroll, Baltimore, Baltimore City, Howard and Harford counties advised to limit non-essential water use","publisher":"Carroll County Government","date":"2026-05-14","url":"https://ccgprod1.carrollcountymd.gov/residents/county-news-releases/voluntary-water-restrictions-in-effect-carroll-baltimore-baltimore-city-howard-and-harford-counties-advised-to-limit-non-essential-water-use/","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":7,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record (BALTIMORE)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MD/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BALTIMORE/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MD-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-WARNINGS-2026"]},{"id":"US-MD-OAKLAND-BROADFORD-LAKE-CONSERVATION-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Oakland water restrictions as Broadford Lake reservoir falls critically low","description":"The Town of Oakland in Garrett County banned outdoor watering and home car washing on November 7, 2024 after drought left Broadford Lake, its primary reservoir, critically low and its backup source, the Youghiogheny River, dangerously low. Conservation measures returned on November 18, 2025 and were lifted on December 5, 2025 after operational changes and precipitation stabilized the lake.","location":{"name":"Town of Oakland water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MD","states":["MD"],"detail":"Oakland, Garrett County; Broadford Lake reservoir with Youghiogheny River backup.","coordinates":{"lat":39.4079,"lon":-79.4067,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Garrett"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MD0110008"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Reservoir drawdown during drought is a supply-quantity issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The town said Broadford Lake reached 'critically low levels' and the Youghiogheny backup was 'dangerously low' in November 2024 (ref 1).","service":"The November 2024 notice prohibited outside watering of lawns and gardens and home vehicle washing (ref 1).","scale":"One municipal system serving 1,850 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Low-reservoir conservation recurred in two consecutive autumns, November 2024 and November 18 to December 5, 2025 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Town-issued mandatory use restrictions; MDE cited Oakland as the one local area with restrictions in November 2024 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":1850,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Broadford Lake, our primary water reservoir, has reached critically low levels (Nov. 2024); restrictions lifted Dec. 5, 2025."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Restrictions imposed and lifted in both 2024 and 2025 (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Oakland","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Oakland Town Hall, 301-334-2691","corrective_actions":["Outdoor watering ban and conservation request (ref 1).","Operational changes to stabilize Broadford Lake (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water Conservation Warning for All Oakland Water Customers","publisher":"Town of Oakland, Maryland","date":"2024-11-07","url":"https://www.oaklandmd.gov/news/water-conservation-warning-for-all-oakland-water-customers","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Water Conservation Warning Lifted","publisher":"Town of Oakland, Maryland","date":"2025-12-05","url":"https://www.oaklandmd.gov/news/water-conservation-warning-lifted-2025-12-05","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"Maryland Department of the Environment expands drought watches and warnings across the state","publisher":"Maryland Department of the Environment","date":"2024-11-18","url":"https://news.maryland.gov/mde/2024/11/18/maryland-department-of-environment-expands-drought-watches-and-warnings-across-the-state","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record (OAKLAND)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MD/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/OAKLAND/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Lifting date of the 2024 restrictions","Broadford Lake level measurements"],"related_ids":["US-MD-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-WARNINGS-2026"]},{"id":"US-MD-MIDDLETOWN-LAWN-WATERING-BAN-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Middletown prohibits lawn watering as Frederick County groundwater stays low","description":"The Town of Middletown in Frederick County, which relies on groundwater, prohibited lawn watering because of groundwater conditions; MDE reported the ban in April 2025 and again in May 2026. MDE said groundwater was below normal especially in Carroll and Frederick counties, and its September 30, 2026 indicators still rated Central Maryland groundwater at the Emergency level.","location":{"name":"Town of Middletown water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MD","states":["MD"],"detail":"Middletown, Frederick County (Central Maryland drought region).","coordinates":{"lat":39.4437,"lon":-77.5447,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Frederick"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MD0100018"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Low well-field groundwater limits supply quantity.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"MDE (ref 1) reported groundwater below normal especially in Carroll and Frederick counties; Central Maryland groundwater was at Emergency level on September 30, 2026 (ref 4).","service":"Lawn watering is prohibited in Middletown (refs 1, 2), a mandatory outdoor-use limit for town customers.","scale":"A single town system serving 5,132 people per SDWIS (ref 5).","duration":"The ban was reported in April 2025 (ref 1) and again in May 2026 (refs 2, 3), more than a year apart.","significance":"A town-imposed restriction cited in MDE drought notices (refs 1, 2); no state order."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":5132,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Citing groundwater conditions, the Town of Middletown has prohibited lawn watering and called for voluntary water conservation (May 2026)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Restriction reported in both 2025 and 2026; current status after May 2026 was not confirmed on the town website."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Middletown","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Middletown Town Office, 301-371-6171","corrective_actions":["Lawn-watering prohibition and voluntary conservation (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Maryland Department of the Environment provides update on drought conditions and water conservation efforts","publisher":"Maryland Department of the Environment","date":"2025-04-03","url":"https://news.maryland.gov/mde/2025/04/03/maryland-department-of-environment-provides-update-on-drought-conditions-and-water-conservation-efforts/","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Maryland Department of the Environment issues drought warning for large areas of the state due to persistent rainfall deficits","publisher":"Maryland Department of the Environment","date":"2026-05-14","url":"https://news.maryland.gov/mde/2026/05/14/maryland-department-of-the-environment-issues-drought-warning-for-large-areas-of-the-state-due-to-persistent-rainfall-deficits/","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Millions in Baltimore Should Reduce Showers as Drinking-Water Levels Plunge","publisher":"Newsweek","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.newsweek.com/drinking-water-supply-warning-baltimore-maryland-drought-11963929","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Summary of Hydrologic Indicators for September 30, 2026","publisher":"Maryland Department of the Environment","date":"2026-09-30","url":"https://mde.maryland.gov/programs/water/droughtinformation/Currentconditions/Documents/Drought-Indicators-2026-9-30.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record (MIDDLETOWN)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MD/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MIDDLETOWN/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Start date of the ban and whether it continued after May 2026","Well-level data"],"related_ids":["US-MD-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-WARNINGS-2026"]},{"id":"US-MD-CHARLES-COUNTY-GROUNDWATER-SUPPLY-LIMITS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Charles County groundwater nears permit limits; Waldorf demand to exceed capacity","description":"Charles County, which relies mainly on Coastal Plain aquifers, told commissioners in October 2024 that demand in the Waldorf systems will exceed capacity before 2030, and that it may draw only 20% of available aquifer water under MDE limits. The county is building a Route 301 interconnection to buy up to 5 million gallons a day from WSSC Water (completion now set for 2030, $90.4 million) and planning a Potomac River intake; in 2023 a county planner told the New York Times the county could run out of groundwater within a decade.","location":{"name":"Waldorf water system (Charles County DPW)","type":"County utility service area","state":"MD","states":["MD"],"detail":"Northern Charles County (Waldorf, St. Charles) supplied by Coastal Plain aquifer wells and a WSSC connection.","coordinates":{"lat":38.6246,"lon":-76.9391,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Charles"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MD0080049"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Aquifer allocation limits and growth-driven demand are a supply-quantity issue.","secondary_drivers":["Population growth","Coastal Plain aquifer drawdown"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"MDE's Lee Currey acknowledged Charles County has seen greater groundwater decline than other parts of the state (ref 3); no supply failure has been reported.","service":"No restrictions on customers are reported; the county is adding supply before Waldorf demand exceeds capacity (ref 1).","scale":"The Waldorf system serves 84,296 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"A long-running constraint: concern documented in 2023 (ref 3), capacity shortfall projected before 2030 (ref 1), and the WSSC pipeline now not due until 2030 (ref 2).","significance":"The county is bound by MDE appropriation permits allowing about 20% of available aquifer water (ref 2) and is seeking an additional permit."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":84296,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the Waldorf system per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Charles County needs more water before 2030 when demand in Waldorf's systems will exceed capacity."},"measures":[{"name":"Current WSSC purchase capacity","value":1.4,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Planned Route 301 interconnection capacity","value":5,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Route 301 project cost through FY2030","value":90.4,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Potomac intake cost estimate FY2025-FY2030+","value":181,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Capital needs of $59.1 million for the pipeline (FY2025-27 estimate) and $181 million for a Potomac intake were presented to commissioners (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The pipeline completion date slipped from 2027 (ref 1) to 2030 (ref 2) while demand grows."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Charles County Department of Planning and Growth Management","role":"Water supply planning"},{"name":"Charles County Department of Public Works","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment","role":"Water appropriation permits"},{"name":"WSSC Water","role":"Wholesale supplier"}],"public_contact":"Charles County Public Water Supply Program, via charlescountymd.gov","corrective_actions":["Route 301 interconnection with WSSC (design phase, completion 2030) (ref 2).","Upper Potomac River Project intake off Marshall Hall, up to 10 MGD, in preliminary planning (ref 2).","Additional MDE water appropriation permit sought (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water supply in county carries high demand","publisher":"Southern Maryland News (Maryland Independent)","date":"2024-10-16","url":"https://www.somdnews.com/independent/news/local/water-supply-in-county-carries-high-demand/article_d4572032-8bcd-11ef-a952-eb2dec845d48.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Projects in the pipeline to increase water supply in Charles","publisher":"Southern Maryland News (Maryland Independent)","date":"2025-11-03","url":"https://www.somdnews.com/independent/news/local/projects-in-the-pipeline-to-increase-water-supply-in-charles/article_25b5de63-b560-4bd2-8a5a-1f641c702948.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Is Maryland 'squandering' its groundwater supply? Officials, experts say no.","publisher":"The Baltimore Banner","date":"2023-09-08","url":"https://www.thebanner.com/community/climate-environment/maryland-groundwater-new-york-times-investigation-XO3WGIEBBBDGVNW6SCYYVI5ZCE/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record (WALDORF)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MD/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WALDORF/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MD-COASTAL-PLAIN-AQUIFER-DRAWDOWN-SALTWATER-2024"]},{"id":"US-MD-COASTAL-PLAIN-AQUIFER-DRAWDOWN-SALTWATER-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Maryland Coastal Plain aquifer drawdown and saltwater intrusion","description":"Pumping has lowered confined Coastal Plain aquifers in Southern Maryland and the Eastern Shore, with cones of depression around Lexington Park, Solomons Island, Waldorf, Arnold, Crofton and other well fields, and the 2019 survey measured Patuxent levels as low as 184 feet below sea level. The state's December 2024 saltwater intrusion plan documents intrusion in Anne Arundel, Charles, Harford, Dorchester, Queen Anne's, Somerset and St. Mary's counties and in Baltimore and Ocean City; MDE manages Kent Island, Indian Head, Annapolis Neck-Mayo and West Ocean City as saltwater-intrusion strategy areas.","location":{"name":"Maryland Coastal Plain confined aquifers","type":"Regional aquifer system","state":"MD","states":["MD"],"detail":"Aquia, Magothy, Upper and Lower Patapsco and Patuxent aquifers east of I-95 in Southern Maryland, Anne Arundel County and the Eastern Shore.","coordinates":{"lat":38.6,"lon":-76.4,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Anne Arundel","Charles","St. Mary's","Calvert","Queen Anne's","Talbot","Worcester","Somerset","Dorchester"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Aquifer head decline and salinization affect groundwater quantity and usability.","secondary_drivers":["Groundwater withdrawals","Sea level rise"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The 2024 plan (ref 1) lists documented intrusion in seven counties plus Baltimore and Ocean City, including chloride rising over time at Ocean City; adaptation has kept supplied water within standards.","service":"No outages are reported; suppliers at Kent Island, Annapolis Neck and Ocean City adapted by shifting withdrawals to deeper aquifers (ref 1).","scale":"About 2 million Marylanders get drinking water from groundwater, mostly in the Coastal Plain east of I-95 (ref 4).","duration":"Declines date back decades, up to 113 feet in the Aquia since 1982 by 2013 (ref 3), with cones of depression still mapped in 2019 (ref 2).","significance":"MDE designates water management strategy areas that limit or redirect withdrawals, and state law requires the plan to be updated every five years (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":2000000,"status":"Estimated","note":"Maryland Geological Survey figure for groundwater drinking-water users statewide, cited in ref 4; not all are in affected areas."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Documented saltwater intrusion in Anne Arundel, Charles, Harford, Dorchester, Queen Anne's, Somerset and St. Mary's counties and Baltimore and Ocean cities (2024 plan)."},"measures":[{"name":"Aquia aquifer decline since 1982 (to 2013)","value":113,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Lower Patapsco decline since 1990 (to 2013)","value":95,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Lowest Patuxent water level, fall 2019","value":-184,"unit":"feet relative to sea level","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Ocean City desalination cost estimate","value":25,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Upper estimate (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Successive survey editions (refs 2, 3) show continued decline; the 2024 plan (ref 1) says climate change is intensifying the intrusion threat."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment, Water Supply Program","role":"Water appropriation permits and strategy areas"},{"name":"Maryland Geological Survey","role":"Aquifer monitoring"},{"name":"Maryland Department of Planning","role":"Saltwater intrusion plan lead"}],"public_contact":"Maryland Department of the Environment, 410-537-3000","corrective_actions":["Withdrawal limits and redirection to deeper aquifers in MDE strategy areas (ref 1).","Ocean City chloride monitoring under its MDE permit and well spacing; usage 12% lower in 2019-2023 than 2014-2019 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Maryland's Plan to Adapt to Saltwater Intrusion and Salinization (2024 update)","publisher":"Maryland Department of Planning","date":"2024-12-01","url":"https://dlslibrary.state.md.us/publications/Exec/MDP/NR3-1012_2024.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Potentiometric surface maps of selected confined aquifers in Southern Maryland and Maryland's Eastern Shore, 2019 (OFR 20-02-01)","publisher":"Maryland Geological Survey","date":"2020-01-01","url":"https://www.mgs.md.gov/publications/report_pages/OFR_20-02-01.html","basis":"State scientific report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Potentiometric surface and water-level difference maps of selected confined aquifers in Southern Maryland and Maryland's Eastern Shore, 1975-2013","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","date":"2014-01-01","url":"https://www.usgs.gov/publications/potentiometric-surface-and-water-level-difference-maps-selected-confined-aquifers-1","basis":"Federal scientific report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Is Maryland 'squandering' its groundwater supply? Officials, experts say no.","publisher":"The Baltimore Banner","date":"2023-09-08","url":"https://www.thebanner.com/community/climate-environment/maryland-groundwater-new-york-times-investigation-XO3WGIEBBBDGVNW6SCYYVI5ZCE/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Post-2019 potentiometric survey results"],"related_ids":["US-MD-CHARLES-COUNTY-GROUNDWATER-SUPPLY-LIMITS-2025","US-DE-GROUNDWATER-COASTAL-SALTWATER-INTRUSION","US-VA-COASTAL-PLAIN-AQUIFER-DECLINE-SUBSIDENCE-2026"]},{"id":"US-MD-FREDERICK-DATA-CENTER-WATER-DEMAND-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Frederick County data center campus water demand could reach 7 MGD","description":"The 2,100-acre Quantum Frederick data center campus near Adamstown is projected to use about 1 million gallons a day of cooling water, a demand the county has already accounted for. In July 2025 a Frederick County Council member said newly proposed plans could raise that to about 7 million gallons a day and questioned whether the county can supply it in dry months, as the council weighed a bill capping data centers at about 4,200 acres.","location":{"name":"Quantum Frederick campus, Frederick County","type":"Industrial water demand (county)","state":"MD","states":["MD"],"detail":"Campus north of Adamstown, Frederick County; the bill would confine data centers to the former Alcoa Eastalco Works site there.","coordinates":{"lat":39.3104,"lon":-77.4711,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Frederick"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is growth in industrial demand on public supply, a quantity question.","secondary_drivers":["Data center growth"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No supply harm is documented; the concern raised in ref 1 is prospective capacity in drier months.","service":"No restrictions are tied to the campus (ref 1).","scale":"A county-level question about Frederick County's supply: WYPR reports a 2,100-acre campus and a bill allowing up to 4,200 acres of data centers (ref 1).","duration":"The data center bill was introduced in June 2025 and debated in July 2025 (ref 1), months of active deliberation.","significance":"Raised in County Council deliberation of a zoning bill (ref 1); a separate ICPRB study of the D.C. region put data center use at up to 80 million gallons on peak days by 2050 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The water system that would serve full buildout is not identified in the sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Quantum Frederick projected at about 1 million gallons per day; newly proposed plans could raise that to about 7 million gallons per day."},"measures":[{"name":"Projected campus water use (current plans)","value":1,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Possible use under newly proposed plans","value":7,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Council member estimate (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Demand projections are early and unconfirmed."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Frederick County Council","role":"Land use and data center zoning"},{"name":"Frederick County Division of Water and Sewer Utilities","role":"Public water supplier"}],"public_contact":"Frederick County Government, via frederickcountymd.gov","corrective_actions":["County Council considering a bill to cap data center land at about 1% of the county and raise residential setbacks (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Frederick bill could be 'Pandora's Box' of data centers opponents argue","publisher":"WYPR","date":"2025-07-17","url":"https://www.wypr.org/wypr-news/2025-07-17/frederick-bill-could-be-pandoras-box-of-data-centers-opponents-argue","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Report flags rising risk of Potomac River water shortages","publisher":"FFXnow","date":"2025-12-09","url":"https://www.ffxnow.com/2025/12/09/report-flags-rising-risk-of-water-shortages-in-d-c-region-amid-growth-and-climate-change/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Re-verification: opened WYPR (2025-07-17) and FFXnow (2025-12-09). WYPR confirms the 2,100-acre campus, the projected 1 million gallons a day already accounted for by the county, Council Member Steve McKay's statement that new plans could raise it to 7 million and his doubt about drier months, and the June 2025 bill (1% of county land, 4,200 acres, 500-foot setback). FFXnow covers the ICPRB study for the D.C. region (data centers up to 80 million gallons on peak days by 2050) and does not mention Frederick. Corrected: removed the unsupported claim that the campus is among the largest in the region, softened the site detail (WYPR places the bill's permitted area at the former Eastalco site north of Adamstown, not the campus itself), and scoped the ICPRB reference to the D.C. region. Confidence stays Low: the 7 MGD figure is one council member's estimate and no allocation or utility source was found."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["Official water allocation for the campus","Supplying water system and source"],"related_ids":["US-MULTI-POTOMAC-WMA-SUPPLY-SHORTAGE-RISK-2025","US-MD-QUANTUM-FREDERICK-DATA-CENTER-DISCHARGES-2024"]},{"id":"US-MD-BALTIMORE-SSO-CONSENT-DECREE-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Baltimore sanitary sewer overflow decree: overflows continue, deadline sought to move to 2046","description":"Baltimore operates under a 2002 federal-state sanitary sewer consent decree, modified to a December 2030 deadline after the city missed the original January 2016 date. The city's Department of Public Works reported 1,951,103 gallons of sewer overflows in the last quarter of 2025, including a 1,716,000-gallon release at 2200 Huntingdon Avenue, and has proposed a revised plan running construction to 2046. Advocates say five remaining overflow structures released more than 78 million gallons from 2023 to 2025.","location":{"name":"Baltimore City sanitary sewer system","type":"Municipal sanitary sewer collection system","detail":"Baltimore City Department of Public Works collection system; overflow structures on the lower Jones Falls and Herring Run.","coordinates":{"lat":39.2904,"lon":-76.6122,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Baltimore City"],"extent":"city","state":"MD","states":["MD"]},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Aging, undersized sewers (average pipe age 87 years per ref 2) overflow in wet weather and from blockages.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DPW's Q4 2025 report (ref 1) totals 1,951,103 gallons of overflows, including 1,716,000 gallons at 2200 Huntingdon Ave on Nov. 12, 2025.","service":"The quarterly report (ref 1) lists street and structure overflows but no interruption of sewer or water service.","scale":"The decree covers the city's entire collection system; DPW lists more than 200 environmentally sensitive areas such as schools and day care centers affected by noncompliance (ref 2).","duration":"Overflows have continued since the 2002 decree; the original Jan. 1, 2016 deadline was missed and DPW now projects completion in 2046 (refs 2, 3).","significance":"The city is bound by federal Consent Decree Civil Action No. JFM-02-1524 with EPA, MDE and the Justice Department (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No sewer service population is given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"DPW reported 1,951,103 gallons of sanitary sewer overflows in the quarter ending Dec. 31, 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"Overflow volume, Oct-Dec 2025","value":1951103,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1, Attachment 1 total; one ongoing overflow not yet included."},{"name":"Proposed construction cost 2030-2046","value":674000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Up to $674 million for 26 projects (ref 2)."},{"name":"Volume from five open overflow structures, 2023-2025","value":78000000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"More than 78 million gallons per DPW records cited in ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["DPW says ending all overflows would force the utility to take on debt (ref 2).","City sewer rate rose 18.06% this year, the highest on record (ref 3)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"DPW reports wet-weather overflow volume down 84% since 2002 (ref 2), but large overflows recur and the completion date has slipped 16 years."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Baltimore City Department of Public Works","role":"Sewer system owner and operator"},{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","role":"Consent decree plaintiff"},{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment","role":"Consent decree plaintiff and regulator"}],"public_contact":"Baltimore City 311","corrective_actions":["Revised Phase II plan with 26 projects scheduled 2030-2046","Stony Run Pump Station rehabilitation, 2026-2029, to close Jones Falls overflow structures by Dec. 31, 2030","Quarterly consent decree reporting to EPA and MDE"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Modified Consent Decree Calendar Quarterly Report No. 33, quarter ending Dec. 31, 2025","publisher":"Baltimore City Department of Public Works","date":"2026-01-28","url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/baltimorecity.gov.if-us-east-1/s3fs-public/2026-02/mcd_q_report_33_period_end_12-31-2025_.pdf","basis":"Utility compliance report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Scott administration seeks to push back the sewer consent decree deadline from 2030 to 2046","publisher":"Baltimore Brew","date":"2025-09-03","url":"https://blog.baltimorebrew.com/2025/09/03/scott-administration-seeks-to-push-back-the-sewer-consent-decree-deadline-from-2030-to-2046/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Another 16-year delay to end sewage overflows in Baltimore? Advocacy group says enough is enough","publisher":"Baltimore Brew","date":"2026-01-15","url":"https://blog.baltimorebrew.com/2026/01/15/another-16-year-delay-to-end-sewage-overflows-in-baltimore-advocacy-group-says-enough-is-enough/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Report No. 33 date is taken from PDF file metadata.","Court approval status of the 2046 schedule is not reported."],"related_ids":["US-MD-BALTIMORE-BACK-RIVER-PATAPSCO-WWTP-2026","US-MD-BALTIMORE-COUNTY-SSO-CONSENT-DECREE-2025"]},{"id":"US-MD-BALTIMORE-COUNTY-SSO-CONSENT-DECREE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Baltimore County misses 2020 sewer overflow decree deadline; $292,813 stipulated penalty","description":"Baltimore County's 2005 federal-state consent decree over raw sewage overflows was to be implemented by March 2020 but remains open. On March 28, 2025, MDE issued a $292,812.50 stipulated penalty for overflows from the county's collection system from 2016 through 2022, and the County Council approved a legal contract in July 2025 to negotiate a modification of the decree.","location":{"name":"Baltimore County sanitary sewer system","type":"County sanitary sewer collection system","detail":"Baltimore County Department of Public Works and Transportation; sewage flows to Baltimore City treatment plants.","coordinates":{"lat":39.4015,"lon":-76.6019,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Baltimore"],"extent":"county","state":"MD","states":["MD"]},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Sewer pipes and pump stations that admit too much stormwater overflow during heavy rain.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"MDE's penalty (ref 1) resolves sanitary sewer overflows from the county system from 2016 through 2022; volumes are not stated.","service":"None of the cited sources (refs 1-3) reports an interruption of sewer service.","scale":"The county system has more than 3,000 miles of sewer lines and 110 pumping stations (ref 2).","duration":"The decree entered in September 2005 was supposed to be implemented by March 2020 and is now being renegotiated (ref 3).","significance":"MDE assessed the $292,812.50 stipulated penalty under the consent decree among MDE, EPA and the county (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure is given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"On March 28, 2025, MDE issued a stipulated penalty of $292,812.50 to resolve sanitary sewer overflows from Baltimore County’s collection system from 2016 through 2022."},"measures":[{"name":"Stipulated penalty, 2016-2022 overflows","value":292812.5,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Sewer lines","value":3000,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"More than 3,000 miles (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Only one in-window penalty and a pending decree modification are documented."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Baltimore County Department of Public Works and Transportation","role":"Sewer system owner and operator"},{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment","role":"Consent decree plaintiff and regulator"},{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","role":"Consent decree plaintiff"}],"public_contact":"Baltimore County Department of Public Works and Transportation","corrective_actions":["Negotiation of a modified consent decree (County Council legal services contract, July 7, 2025)","$10 million, 3.7-mile Lake Roland sewer rehabilitation project"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Significant Enforcement Actions, January-March 2025","publisher":"Maryland Department of the Environment","date":"2025-03-28","url":"https://mde.maryland.gov/Pages/enf_comp_2025_1.aspx","basis":"State enforcement record"},{"ref":2,"title":"$1 Billion Clean-Up Settlements Reached with Baltimore Co. and Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission","publisher":"U.S. Department of Justice","date":"2005-07-26","url":"https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/2005/July/05_enrd_387.htm","basis":"Federal press release"},{"ref":3,"title":"Baltimore County 2005 Sanitary Sewer Overflow Consent Decree Compliance & Accountability (letter to DPWT Director)","publisher":"Friends of the Jones Falls","date":"2025-11-19","url":"https://thejonesfalls.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/baltimore-county-sanitary-sewer-consent-decree-compliance-letter-11-19-25.pdf","basis":"Community organization letter"},{"ref":4,"title":"Another 16-year delay to end sewage overflows in Baltimore? Advocacy group says enough is enough","publisher":"Baltimore Brew","date":"2026-01-15","url":"https://blog.baltimorebrew.com/2026/01/15/another-16-year-delay-to-end-sewage-overflows-in-baltimore-advocacy-group-says-enough-is-enough/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Overflow counts and volumes for the county in the window are not reported.","Status of the decree modification is not reported."],"related_ids":["US-MD-BALTIMORE-SSO-CONSENT-DECREE-2026"]},{"id":"US-MD-WSSC-WATER-MAIN-BREAKS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"WSSC Water main breaks peak; January 2026 essential-use request for 1.9 million customers","description":"WSSC Water recorded 2,259 water main breaks in fiscal 2025, its highest in a decade, against a 10-year average of 1,789, and 42% of its 5,958 miles of mains are more than 50 years old. During a January 2026 freeze it asked about 1.9 million customers in Montgomery and Prince George's counties to use water only for essential purposes from Jan. 27 to Feb. 2 while crews worked on nearly 190 breaks and leaks.","location":{"name":"WSSC Water distribution system","type":"Bi-county water utility service area","detail":"Montgomery and Prince George's counties; 1,000-square-mile service area.","coordinates":{"lat":39.0993,"lon":-76.8483,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Montgomery","Prince George's"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"MD0150005","state":"MD","states":["MD"]},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Aging water mains break at high rates, especially in freezing weather, straining supply and pressure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"WSSC (ref 2) said no boil water advisory was needed during the January 2026 event, but warned outages and low pressure could follow main shutdowns.","service":"WSSC issued an essential-water-use-only request from Jan. 27 to Feb. 2, 2026 (refs 2, 4).","scale":"The request covered about 1.9 million customers (ref 2); SDWIS lists 1,900,000 people served (ref 5).","duration":"WSSC's decade chart (ref 1) shows 1,552 to 2,317 breaks every fiscal year from FY16 to FY25.","significance":"The utility-wide conservation request (ref 2) was a formal public notice, not a government emergency declaration."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1900000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5); WSSC cites about 1.9 million customers (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"FY25 water main breaks: 2,259, against a yearly average of 1,789."},"measures":[{"name":"Water main breaks, FY25","value":2259,"unit":"breaks","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"FY25 break repair cost","value":33000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Mains older than 50 years","value":2485,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"42% of 5,958 miles (ref 1)."},{"name":"Breaks and leaks during Jan 27-Feb 2, 2026 request","value":190,"unit":"breaks and leaks","status":"Reported","note":"\"Nearly 190\" (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["FY25 break repairs cost $33 million (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"FY25 breaks (2,259) were the highest in the 10-year chart (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"WSSC Water","role":"Water utility owner and operator"},{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"WSSC Water Emergency Services Center, 301-206-4002","corrective_actions":["Water main replacement and large-diameter pipe inspection and monitoring","Emergency contractors and extra crews during cold-weather break surges"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Winter Ready: water main breaks and infrastructure facts","publisher":"WSSC Water","date":null,"url":"https://www.wsscwater.com/winterready","basis":"Utility data page","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"URGENT: Essential Water Use Only Request Issued for All WSSC Water Customers","publisher":"WSSC Water","date":"2026-01-27","url":"https://www.wsscwater.com/news/2026/january/urgent-essential-water-use-only-request-issued-all-wssc-water-customers-due","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"Update 1:50 p.m. Friday, January 30, 2026: Essential Water Use Only Request expected to continue","publisher":"WSSC Water","date":"2026-01-30","url":"https://www.wsscwater.com/news/2026/january/update-150-pm-friday-january-30-2026-essential-water-use-only-request-expected","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":4,"title":"WSSC essential water use request lifted (city notice)","publisher":"City of Greenbelt","date":"2026-02-02","url":"https://www.greenbeltmd.gov/CivicSend/ViewMessage/message/281995","basis":"Local government notice"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record, Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MD/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WASHINGTON%20SUBURBAN/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["The WSSC Winter Ready page is undated; it is cited with the access date.","The City of Greenbelt notice date is inferred from the stated lift time of Feb. 2, 2026."],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MD-WSSC-SEWER-OVERFLOW-CONSENT-DECREE-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"WSSC sewer overflow consent decree: 2024 stipulated penalties and 53-mile sewer rebuild","description":"WSSC Water's sewer collection system has been under a 2005 federal consent decree to eliminate sewage overflows into streams and backups into buildings, with the remedial deadline extended six years by a 2016 amendment. MDE issued $27,625 in stipulated penalties in April 2024 for sanitary sewer discharges in 2023 and a failure to report one, and the state's 2026 clean water priority list includes a $96.4 million WSSC project to reconstruct 53 miles of sewer under the decree.","location":{"name":"WSSC Water sewer collection system","type":"Bi-county sanitary sewer collection system","detail":"Montgomery and Prince George's counties; about 5,400 miles of sewer, much dating to the 1940s.","coordinates":{"lat":39.0993,"lon":-76.8483,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Montgomery","Prince George's"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"MD","states":["MD"]},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Aging sewer pipes and pump stations leak and overflow, requiring decree-driven rehabilitation.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"MDE's April 8, 2024 stipulated penalties (ref 1) cover sanitary sewer discharges from WSSC's system in 2023; volumes are not stated.","service":"The cited sources (refs 1-3) do not report a loss of sewer service.","scale":"The sewer rebuild project lists a benefiting population of 1,411,532 (ref 2).","duration":"The decree was entered in 2005 with a 14-year schedule and extended six years in 2016 (refs 3, 4); penalties were still assessed for 2023 events (ref 1).","significance":"WSSC operates under a federal consent decree, and MDE assessed stipulated penalties under it (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1411532,"status":"Reported","note":"Benefiting population for the sewer reconstruction project on the state priority list (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"On April 8, 2024, MDE issued $27,625 in stipulated penalties for sanitary sewer discharges from WSSC’s collection system and one failure to report in 2023."},"measures":[{"name":"Stipulated penalties for 2023 discharges","value":27625,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Sewer to be reconstructed","value":53,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Sewer reconstruction project cost","value":96435016,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"In-window data are limited to one penalty and a funded rebuild project."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"WSSC Water","role":"Sewer system owner and operator"},{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment","role":"Consent decree plaintiff and regulator"},{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","role":"Consent decree plaintiff"}],"public_contact":"WSSC Water Emergency Services Center, 301-206-4002","corrective_actions":["Reconstruct 53 miles of sewer and rebuild 1,186 manholes to reduce infiltration and overflows","Consent decree inspection, maintenance and reporting"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Significant Enforcement Actions, April-June 2024","publisher":"Maryland Department of the Environment","date":"2024-04-08","url":"https://mde.maryland.gov/Pages/enf_comp_2024_2.aspx","basis":"State enforcement record"},{"ref":2,"title":"FY 2026 Clean Water Project Priority List","publisher":"Maryland Water Infrastructure Financing Administration","date":"2026-08-07","url":"https://mde.maryland.gov/programs/water/WQFA/Documents/MWIFA%20CW%20PPL%20FFY2026_07Aug2026.pdf","basis":"State funding record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Sanitary Sewer Overflow consent decree","publisher":"WSSC Water","date":"2021-09-24","url":"https://www.wsscwater.com/what-we-do/major-projects/sewer-rehabilitation-replacement-and-repair/sanitary-sewer-overflow","basis":"Utility program page"},{"ref":4,"title":"$1 Billion Clean-Up Settlements Reached with Baltimore Co. and Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission","publisher":"U.S. Department of Justice","date":"2005-07-26","url":"https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/2005/July/05_enrd_387.htm","basis":"Federal press release"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Overflow counts and volumes in the window are not reported.","The current decree deadline after the 2016 extension is not stated in the cited sources."],"related_ids":["US-MD-WSSC-WATER-MAIN-BREAKS-2026"]},{"id":"US-MD-LA-PLATA-WWTP-LAWSUIT-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"La Plata sewage plant sued by state over permit violations into Port Tobacco Creek","description":"MDE documented 65 permit violations at the Town of La Plata wastewater treatment plant from July 2019 through July 2024, including nitrogen, ammonia, suspended solids and coliform problems, plus unauthorized discharges of up to 60,000 gallons in 2023. The State of Maryland sued the town on Sept. 25, 2025, and Potomac Riverkeeper Network moved to intervene over discharges to Port Tobacco Creek.","location":{"name":"La Plata Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","detail":"Town of La Plata, Charles County; discharges to a tributary of Port Tobacco Creek.","coordinates":{"lat":38.5293,"lon":-76.9753,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Charles"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MD0080025","state":"MD","states":["MD"]},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Storm inflow, plant reconfiguration during upgrades and aging clarifier and disinfection equipment caused violations (ref 1).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"MDE's review (ref 1) cites coliform bacteria issues from disinfection failures and four unauthorized discharges, the largest 60,000 gallons on Dec. 27, 2023.","service":"The town says its drinking water supply was never affected (ref 1).","scale":"The plant treats about 1.22 MGD for the town (ref 1); SDWIS lists 11,535 people on the town water system (ref 4).","duration":"MDE counted 65 violations over five years, July 2019 to July 2024 (ref 1); ECHO shows violations in 12 of 13 quarters since mid-2023 (ref 3).","significance":"The State of Maryland filed suit against the town on Sept. 25, 2025, and Riverkeeper sought to intervene (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":11535,"status":"Reported","note":"Town water system population per SDWIS (ref 4), used as a proxy for the sewered town."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"MDE documented 65 permit violations from July 2019 through July 2024."},"measures":[{"name":"Permit violations, Jul 2019-Jul 2024","value":65,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Largest unauthorized discharge, Dec. 27, 2023","value":60000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Permitted capacity","value":1.5,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Potential state penalties not yet determined (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The town says the plant now meets permit limits (ref 1), but ECHO lists significant noncompliance in 2026 quarters (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of La Plata","role":"Plant owner and operator"},{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment","role":"Permitting and enforcement agency"}],"public_contact":"Town of La Plata Public Works","corrective_actions":["CDM Smith technical assessment (April 2025)","Three operators hired June 2025 and 24/7 SCADA alarms","Consent order under negotiation with MDE","Capacity upgrade from 1.5 to 2.0 MGD"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Town of La Plata Addresses Wastewater Treatment Plant Compliance and Improvement Efforts","publisher":"Southern Maryland News Net","date":"2025-08-01","url":"https://smnewsnet.com/?p=549824","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Potomac Riverkeeper Network Sues Town of La Plata for Clean Water Act Violations","publisher":"Potomac Riverkeeper Network","date":"2025-11-25","url":"https://potomacriverkeepernetwork.org/?p=50344","basis":"Advocacy organization release"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report, La Plata WWTP (MD0020524)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?p_id=MD0020524&output=JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record, Town of La Plata","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MD/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LA%20PLATA/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Court and case number of the state lawsuit are not reported.","Penalty amount is not yet determined."],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MD-ST-MARYS-METCOM-SSO-CONSENT-DECREE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"St. Mary's MetCom sewage spills settled: $250,500 consent decree after oyster contamination","description":"St. Mary's County Metropolitan Commission (MetCom) discharged 2,170,876 gallons of sewage on 58 occasions from 2017 through October 2022, including a 2021 spill into St. George Creek linked to 27 illnesses from raw oysters. On Aug. 28, 2024, MDE, MetCom, Shore Thing Shellfish and Potomac Riverkeeper entered a consent decree over overflows and effluent violations at the Marlay-Taylor Water Reclamation Facility, with a $250,500 penalty and at least nine years of system repairs.","location":{"name":"MetCom sewer system and Marlay-Taylor WRF","type":"County sanitary sewer system and treatment plant","detail":"St. Mary's County Metropolitan Commission; Lexington Park area, discharging to Potomac River tributaries.","coordinates":{"lat":38.2668,"lon":-76.4538,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["St. Mary's"],"extent":"county","pwsid":"MD0180007","state":"MD","states":["MD"]},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Pump stations that flooded and failed caused repeated raw sewage spills.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"A 25,600-gallon spill into St. George Creek in 2021 preceded 27 reported illnesses from oysters harvested there (ref 3).","service":"The cited sources (refs 1-3) do not report sewer service interruptions.","scale":"MetCom's countywide sewer system serves the Lexington Park area; SDWIS lists 43,030 people on MetCom's Lexington Park water system (ref 4).","duration":"Spills recurred from 2017 through 2022 (ref 3), and the decree requires work over at least nine years (ref 2).","significance":"MDE and the private plaintiffs entered a consent decree on Aug. 28, 2024 with a $250,500 civil penalty (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":43030,"status":"Reported","note":"Lexington Park water system population per SDWIS (ref 4), a proxy for MetCom's core service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Consent decree civil penalty of $250,500, half to a supplemental environmental project."},"measures":[{"name":"Civil penalty","value":250500,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Sewage discharged 2017-Oct 2022","value":2170876,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"58 occasions (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The decree requires immediate pump station upgrades (ref 2); post-settlement overflow data are not reported."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"St. Mary's County Metropolitan Commission","role":"Sewer system owner and operator"},{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment","role":"Regulator and plaintiff"}],"public_contact":"St. Mary's County Metropolitan Commission","corrective_actions":["Immediate pump station upgrades","System-wide inspections, studies and repairs over at least nine years","Emergency response plan for public notice, cleanup and cause investigation","Oyster restoration project funded by half the penalty"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Significant Enforcement Actions, July-September 2024","publisher":"Maryland Department of the Environment","date":"2024-08-28","url":"https://mde.maryland.gov/Pages/enf_comp_2024_3.aspx","basis":"State enforcement record"},{"ref":2,"title":"PRKN and State of Maryland Succeed in Fight Over Raw Sewage Discharges","publisher":"Potomac Riverkeeper Network","date":"2024-08-02","url":"https://potomacriverkeepernetwork.org/prkn-md-succeed-in-fight-over-raw-sewage-discharges/","basis":"Advocacy organization release"},{"ref":3,"title":"Md. Sues Over Repeated St. Mary's Overflows That Tainted Oysters","publisher":"Chesapeake Bay Magazine","date":"2022-12-05","url":"https://www.chesapeakebaymagazine.com/md-sues-over-repeated-st-marys-overflows-that-tainted-oysters/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record, Lexington Park","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MD0180007/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Overflow data after the August 2024 settlement are not reported."],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MD-CUMBERLAND-CSO-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Cumberland combined sewer overflows: plant in significant noncompliance since late 2023","description":"Cumberland's John J. DiFonzo Water Reclamation Facility has been in EPA-listed significant noncompliance for compliance-schedule violations every quarter from October 2023 through June 2026. The city's long-term control plan under an MDE consent decree still lists a $71.3 million, 14,000-foot, 78-inch pipeline because Mill Race overflows are entering the Potomac River, with construction set for 2029.","location":{"name":"Cumberland combined sewer system","type":"Municipal combined sewer system and treatment plant","detail":"City of Cumberland, Allegany County; overflows to Wills Creek, Evitts Creek and the North Branch Potomac River.","coordinates":{"lat":39.6528,"lon":-78.7625,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Allegany"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"MD0010008","state":"MD","states":["MD"]},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Combined sewers lack capacity to carry wet-weather flow to the treatment plant.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The state priority list (ref 2) says Mill Race overflows are entering the Potomac River; volumes are not given.","service":"No sewer service interruption is reported in refs 1-3.","scale":"The Mill Race pipeline project lists a benefiting population of 39,490 (ref 2); SDWIS lists 27,039 on the city water system (ref 4).","duration":"ECHO lists significant noncompliance in 11 straight quarters from October 2023 to June 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"The National Park Service says the pipeline is needed to meet an MDE consent decree and EPA's 1994 CSO Policy (ref 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":39490,"status":"Reported","note":"Benefiting population listed for the Mill Race pipeline project (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Significant/Category I Noncompliance in every quarter from Oct. 2023 through June 2026 at the DiFonzo plant (NPDES MD0021598)."},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (Oct 2023-Jun 2026)","value":11,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Mill Race to CSO storage pipeline cost","value":71286575,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Large CSO capital needs relative to a small city (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Noncompliance has persisted every quarter since late 2023 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Mayor and City Council of Cumberland","role":"Sewer system owner and operator"},{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment","role":"Consent decree and permitting agency"}],"public_contact":"City of Cumberland Utilities","corrective_actions":["78-inch parallel pipeline from Mill Race to CSO storage (construction 2029)","Evitts Creek CSO Phase III sewer replacement under the CSX rail yard"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report, John J. DiFonzo Water Reclamation Facility (MD0021598)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?p_id=MD0021598&output=JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"FY 2026 Clean Water Project Priority List","publisher":"Maryland Water Infrastructure Financing Administration","date":"2026-08-07","url":"https://mde.maryland.gov/programs/water/WQFA/Documents/MWIFA%20CW%20PPL%20FFY2026_07Aug2026.pdf","basis":"State funding record"},{"ref":3,"title":"City of Cumberland Mill Race CSO","publisher":"National Park Service","date":null,"url":"https://parkplanning.nps.gov/cumberlandcso","basis":"Federal planning record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record, City of Cumberland","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MD/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CUMBERLAND/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["CSO volumes and event counts are not reported.","The NPS planning page is undated.","Date and case number of the MDE consent decree are not reported."],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MD-CRISFIELD-WWTP-CONSENT-ORDER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Crisfield sewage plant cannot meet nutrient limits; MDE consent order October 2025","description":"Crisfield's wastewater treatment plant, not upgraded since 2005, has equipment and process deficiencies that keep it from meeting enhanced nutrient removal limits, prompting an MDE consent order in October 2025. EPA records show permit violations every quarter since mid-2023 and an earlier November 2023 state consent order carrying a $62,000 penalty.","location":{"name":"Crisfield Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","detail":"City of Crisfield, Somerset County, lower Eastern Shore.","coordinates":{"lat":37.9835,"lon":-75.8538,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Somerset"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MD0190001","state":"MD","states":["MD"]},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Worn equipment and process deficiencies at an aging plant cause effluent violations.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The state priority list (ref 1) says the plant cannot meet enhanced nutrient removal limits; specific exceedance values are not given.","service":"No sewer service disruption is reported in refs 1-2.","scale":"The upgrade project lists a benefiting population of 5,280 (ref 1).","duration":"ECHO shows violations in all 13 quarters from July 2023 to October 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"MDE issued consent orders in November 2023 with a $62,000 penalty (ref 2) and in October 2025 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":5280,"status":"Reported","note":"Benefiting population for the plant upgrade project (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Equipment and process deficiencies keep the plant from meeting ENR limits, prompting an October 2025 consent order."},"measures":[{"name":"State consent order penalty, Nov. 10, 2023","value":62000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Reliability and compliance upgrade, project figure","value":1990000,"unit":"USD","status":"Estimated","note":"About $1.99 million as listed on the priority list (ref 1); column meaning not confirmed."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Small, disadvantaged community needing state funding for compliance upgrades (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Violations recur every quarter in the ECHO record (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Crisfield","role":"Plant owner and operator"},{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment","role":"Permitting and enforcement agency"}],"public_contact":"City of Crisfield","corrective_actions":["Basin cleaning and new blowers, filters and pumps (target April 2027)","Engineering study for nutrient compliance"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY 2026 Clean Water Project Priority List","publisher":"Maryland Water Infrastructure Financing Administration","date":"2026-08-07","url":"https://mde.maryland.gov/programs/water/WQFA/Documents/MWIFA%20CW%20PPL%20FFY2026_07Aug2026.pdf","basis":"State funding record"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report, Crisfield WWTP (MD0020001)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?p_id=110000761774&output=JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record, City of Crisfield","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MD/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CRISFIELD/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Terms of the October 2025 consent order are not reported.","No news coverage was found."],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MD-BALTIMORE-WATER-MAIN-BREAKS-2026","revision":4,"change_type":"changed","title":"Baltimore regional water system main breaks and slow leak repairs","description":"Baltimore City's Department of Public Works runs the regional water system serving the city and Baltimore County, where DPW says many mains are more than 100 years old. A July 18, 2025 break on York Road in Hunt Valley cut water pressure to businesses and a medical office, and in 2026 residents reported a leak on Frenchs Avenue in Essex surfacing for about seven months, with 16 DPW service requests since January 7.","location":{"name":"Baltimore City regional water system","type":"Municipal regional water utility service area","detail":"Baltimore City DPW system serving Baltimore City and much of Baltimore County.","coordinates":{"lat":39.2904,"lon":-76.6122,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Baltimore City","Baltimore"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"MD0300002","state":"MD","states":["MD"]},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Century-old water mains fail and leaks go unrepaired for long periods.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Neither cited report (refs 1-2) documents contamination or health harm from the breaks.","service":"The July 2025 Hunt Valley break cut water pressure at a medical office and businesses, and DPW asked residents north of Shawan Road to limit non-essential use (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 1,600,000 people served by the City of Baltimore system (ref 3).","duration":"DPW answered nearly a dozen breaks in one day in a January (year not stated, ref 1), the York Road break came in July 2025 (ref 1), and the Essex leak has surfaced since at least February 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"The cited sources describe no enforcement order or emergency declaration tied to the breaks (refs 1-2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":1600000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"DPW says many underground mains in the Baltimore area are over 100 years old."},"measures":[{"name":"Active water main breaks, Nov. 21, 2025","value":18,"unit":"breaks","status":"Reported","note":"WBAL-TV figure as cited in ref 2."},{"name":"DPW service requests on Essex leak","value":16,"unit":"requests","status":"Reported","note":"First on Jan. 7, 2026 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["S&P Global downgraded Baltimore water and wastewater debt, as reported in ref 2."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No system-wide break counts over time were found in the cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Baltimore City Department of Public Works","role":"Regional water utility owner and operator"},{"name":"Baltimore County Department of Public Works and Transportation","role":"County partner"},{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Baltimore City 311","corrective_actions":["Water main replacement project on York Road","DPW goal of inspecting 10 miles of water main a year","311 Reimagined complaint-system overhaul"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water main break expected to close Baltimore County road for 2 days, officials say (WJZ via CNN Newsource)","publisher":"ABC17 News / WJZ","date":"2025-07-19","url":"https://abc17news.com/news/2025/07/19/water-main-break-expected-to-close-baltimore-county-road-for-2-days-officials-say/","basis":"News report","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Essex Street Water Leak Persists as Residents Seek Answers","publisher":"Hoodline","date":"2026-09-06","url":"https://hoodline.com/2026/09/essex-street-water-leak-persists-as-residents-seek-answers/","basis":"News report","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record, City of Baltimore","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MD/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BALTIMORE/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Re-checked the Essex leak report (hoodline, updated September 9, 2026): residents report a leak flowing since February and repeated 311 closures. Confidence kept Low: the source is a secondary aggregator of local TV reporting."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Re-verification: opened ABC17/WJZ (2025-07-19), Hoodline (2026-09-06) and the SDWIS record (City of Baltimore, MD0300002, 1,600,000 served). Confirmed: York Road break in Hunt Valley on July 18, 2025, GBMC Health Partners office and a bagel shop affected, DPW request to limit non-essential use north of Shawan Road, mains over 100 years old, a York Road main project; Essex leak on Frenchs Avenue surfacing since at least February with 16 DPW service requests from January 7, 2026; 18 active breaks on November 21, 2025 (WBAL-TV per Hoodline). Corrections: no Sparrows Point break appears in either news source and was removed; the ABC17 article says 'nearly a dozen breaks in one day in January' without a year, and its request came from DPW (county not specified). Confidence stays Low: the 2026 material comes from an AI-assisted aggregator citing other outlets."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["System-wide annual main break counts were not found.","Hoodline content is AI-assisted aggregation of other outlets; figures it attributes to WBAL-TV and Baltimore Brew were not opened directly.","A Sparrows Point break reported in an earlier version is not in the cited sources."],"related_ids":["US-MD-BALTIMORE-SSO-CONSENT-DECREE-2026"]},{"id":"US-MD-ODENTON-PINEY-ORCHARD-WRF-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Piney Orchard sewage plant in Odenton: failing equipment, overflows, slated for closure","description":"Anne Arundel County's Piney Orchard Water Reclamation Facility in Odenton has old, failing equipment, including a 2025 switchgear explosion and five or more overflows, and cannot meet enhanced nutrient removal limits year-round, according to the state's 2026 clean water priority list. The county plans a new pump station and force main to send flow to the Patuxent plant and decommission Piney Orchard; MDE separately settled county sewer overflows from 2022-2023 for $65,726.","location":{"name":"Piney Orchard Water Reclamation Facility","type":"County wastewater treatment plant","detail":"Anne Arundel County Department of Public Works, 8791 Piney Orchard Parkway, Odenton.","coordinates":{"lat":39.084,"lon":-76.7,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Anne Arundel"],"extent":"system","state":"MD","states":["MD"]},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Aging electrical and treatment equipment fails and cannot be upgraded economically.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The state list (ref 1) cites five or more overflows and inability to meet ENR limits year-round; volumes are not stated.","service":"DPW said backup generators kept services running after the May 27, 2025 explosion (ref 2).","scale":"The replacement project lists a benefiting population of 14,979 (ref 1).","duration":"Problems span the May 2025 explosion and outage to repairs completed by mid-June 2025 (ref 2), with closure still pending in 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"MDE issued a $65,726 penalty settlement in December 2024 for Anne Arundel County sewer overflows in 2022 and 2023 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":14979,"status":"Reported","note":"Benefiting population for the replacement project (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Old, failing equipment (including a 2025 switchgear explosion and 5+ overflows) can’t meet ENR year-round."},"measures":[{"name":"County SSO penalty settlement, Dec. 10, 2024","value":65726,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Countywide overflows in 2022-2023 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Plant is slated for decommissioning; no trend data."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Anne Arundel County Department of Public Works","role":"Plant owner and operator"},{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment","role":"Permitting and enforcement agency"}],"public_contact":"Anne Arundel County Department of Public Works","corrective_actions":["New pump station and force main to the Patuxent WRF (construction from July 2026)","Decommission the Piney Orchard plant"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FY 2026 Clean Water Project Priority List","publisher":"Maryland Water Infrastructure Financing Administration","date":"2026-08-07","url":"https://mde.maryland.gov/programs/water/WQFA/Documents/MWIFA%20CW%20PPL%20FFY2026_07Aug2026.pdf","basis":"State funding record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Cause Of Explosion Revealed At Odenton Water Treatment Plant","publisher":"Patch","date":"2025-06-30","url":"https://patch.com/maryland/odenton/cause-explosion-revealed-odenton-water-treatment-plant","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Significant Enforcement Actions, October-December 2024","publisher":"Maryland Department of the Environment","date":"2024-12-10","url":"https://mde.maryland.gov/Pages/enf_comp_2024_4.aspx","basis":"State enforcement record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Dates and volumes of the overflows are not reported.","NPDES permit number for the plant was not confirmed."],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MD-CHESAPEAKE-BAY-TMDL-RESTORATION-GAP-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Maryland Chesapeake Bay TMDL: 2025 deadline passes with Bay-wide goals unmet","description":"Maryland reports it reached 100% of its 2025 phosphorus and sediment reduction goals and 99% of its nitrogen goal under the Chesapeake Bay TMDL, but EPA's 2025 assessment finds the partnership as a whole met only 57% of the interim nitrogen target and 90% of the phosphorus target. The Conowingo reductions shared by Maryland, New York and Pennsylvania are 3% complete for nitrogen, and the partnership has pushed new targets to 2030 with attainment by 2040.","location":{"name":"Maryland Chesapeake Bay watershed","type":"Multi-basin watershed","state":"MD","states":["MD"],"detail":"Maryland's tidal Chesapeake Bay, its tributaries and the Maryland share of the Bay TMDL","coordinates":{"lat":38.98,"lon":-76.38,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["agricultural","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nitrogen, phosphorus and sediment loads drive low dissolved oxygen and impairment in Maryland's Bay waters.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"MDE's 2025 fish kill summary (ref 3) reports Bay dissolved oxygen below average through most of late spring and summer 2025, with 28 low-oxygen kills; EPA (ref 1) says Bay-wide nitrogen and phosphorus targets are still unmet.","service":"No drinking-water outage or use restriction is tied to the Bay nutrient gap in the cited records (refs 1-2).","scale":"The gap covers Maryland's entire share of the Chesapeake watershed; EPA (ref 1) measures loads of 252.7 million pounds of nitrogen basin-wide in 2025.","duration":"The Bay TMDL was set in 2010 and its 2025 deadline has now passed; the partnership will keep working toward 2025 targets until 2030 and set 2040 goals (ref 2).","significance":"The federal Chesapeake Bay TMDL with EPA oversight assessment (ref 1) is a binding regulatory framework under the Clean Water Act."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure is reported for the Maryland Bay watershed in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Maryland achieved 100% of its sediment reduction goal, 100% of the phosphorus reduction goal and 99% of the nitrogen reduction goal from 2009 to 2025; Bay-wide, nitrogen met 57% of the interim target (refs 1-2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Maryland nitrogen reduced since 2009","value":11560000,"unit":"lb/yr","status":"Reported","note":"Governor's office table (ref 2); 99% of goal."},{"name":"Bay-wide interim nitrogen target met","value":57,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"EPA 2025 assessment (ref 1)."},{"name":"Conowingo WIP nitrogen target met","value":3,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Shared MD/NY/PA Conowingo reductions (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Remaining reductions fall mostly on agriculture and developed land, which EPA calls harder to control (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Maryland's modeled loads are near its 2025 targets (ref 2), but Bay-wide nitrogen remains far short and the Conowingo gap is largely unaddressed (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment","role":"State TMDL and Watershed Implementation Plan lead"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Chesapeake Bay Program","role":"Federal TMDL oversight"},{"name":"Maryland Department of Agriculture","role":"Agricultural best-practice programs"}],"public_contact":"Maryland Department of the Environment, 410-537-3000","corrective_actions":["Phase III Watershed Implementation Plan practices continue to 2030 under the revised 2025 Chesapeake Bay Watershed Agreement (refs 1-2).","Whole Watershed Act projects in five selected watersheds and new oyster sanctuaries (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2025 Assessment of the Chesapeake Bay Program partnership's progress toward the 2025 Water Quality Goal","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-08-13","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2026-09/2025-assessment_final_0.pdf","basis":"Federal watershed progress assessment"},{"ref":2,"title":"Governor Moore announces Maryland achieves nearly all 2025 Chesapeake Bay restoration goals","publisher":"Office of Governor Wes Moore","date":"2026-08-11","url":"https://governor.maryland.gov/news/press-releases/governor-moore-announces-maryland-achieves-nearly-all-2025-chesapeake-bay-restoration-goals","basis":"State press release"},{"ref":3,"title":"2025 Fish Kill Summary","publisher":"Maryland Department of the Environment","date":"2026-02-18","url":"https://mde.maryland.gov/programs/water/FishandShellfish/Documents/Fish_Kill_Reports/2025FishKillReportFINAL.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Maryland water-quality standards attainment percentage","Population affected"],"related_ids":["US-PA-CHESAPEAKE-NUTRIENT-SEDIMENT-GAP-2024","US-VA-CHESAPEAKE-BAY-NUTRIENT-RESTORATION-GAP-2026","US-MD-CONOWINGO-DAM-LICENSE-SEDIMENT-2025","US-MD-BALTIMORE-BACK-RIVER-PATAPSCO-WWTP-2026"]},{"id":"US-MD-ALLEGANY-GARRETT-MAY-FLOOD-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"May 2025 Western Maryland flood: Westernport, Lonaconing hit; federal aid denied","description":"Storms on May 13, 2025 brought more than 5 inches of rain to parts of Allegany and Garrett counties, with major flooding in Westernport, Lonaconing and the Georges Creek area, school evacuations and damaged drinking water systems. FEMA validated more than $33.7 million in damages but denied a federal major disaster declaration and then the state's appeal, leaving no Hazard Mitigation Grant Program funding.","location":{"name":"Allegany and Garrett counties (Georges Creek valley)","type":"Flood-affected river valley communities","state":"MD","states":["MD"],"detail":"Westernport, Lonaconing and Georges Creek communities, Allegany County, plus Garrett County","coordinates":{"lat":39.4851,"lon":-79.0447,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Allegany","Garrett"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Extreme rainfall overwhelmed creeks and damaged roads and water systems, and the denied federal aid shifts repair costs to local governments.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"MDEM (ref 1) reports structures damaged, gas lines washed out and drinking water systems damaged; FEMA validated $33.7 million in damages (ref 2).","service":"In Lonaconing, water service was suspended after a roadway washout and pipe damage (ref 1).","scale":"Two rural counties were affected; the Midland-Lonaconing water system serves 5,000 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Flooding struck May 12-14, 2025 (ref 3); recovery financing was still unresolved when the appeal was denied in October 2025 (ref 2).","significance":"Governor Moore declared a State of Emergency (ref 1); FEMA denied the major disaster declaration on July 22, 2025 and the appeal later (refs 2-3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No total affected population reported; Midland-Lonaconing system serves 5,000 per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"FEMA validated more than $33.7 million in damages, nearly three times the state's qualifying threshold, yet denied Maryland's appeal for a Major Disaster Declaration (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Validated damages","value":33.7,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Rainfall","value":5,"unit":"inches (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Several communities, ref 1."},{"name":"State Disaster Recovery Fund aid","value":459375,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Allegany County says it cannot absorb the full cost of recovery without federal aid (ref 3)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event; no federal recovery funding is available (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Maryland Department of Emergency Management","role":"State response and recovery lead"},{"name":"FEMA","role":"Denied federal disaster declaration"},{"name":"Allegany County and Garrett County governments","role":"Local recovery"}],"public_contact":"Maryland Department of Emergency Management, 410-517-3600","corrective_actions":["State Disaster Recovery Fund paid $459,375 and $1 million in LIHEAP funds went to families in both counties (ref 2).","Debris removal and assistance for contaminated heating-oil tanks (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"title":"Governor Moore declares State of Emergency in response to historic flooding in Western Maryland","publisher":"Maryland Department of Emergency Management","date":"2025-05-15","url":"https://news.maryland.gov/mdem/2025/05/16/governor-moore-declares-state-of-emergency-in-response-to-historic-flooding-in-western-maryland/","basis":"State record","ref":1},{"title":"Western Maryland flood survivors left without federal disaster aid after Trump administration denies appeal","publisher":"Office of Governor Wes Moore","date":"2025-10-23","url":"https://governor.maryland.gov/news/press/pages/Western-Maryland-Flood-Survivors-Left-Without-Federal-Disaster-Aid-After-Trump-Administration-Denies-Appeal.aspx","basis":"State press release","ref":2},{"title":"Gov. Wes Moore appeals denial of Western Maryland Disaster Declaration","publisher":"FOX45 Baltimore","date":"2025-08-19","url":"https://foxbaltimore.com/news/local/flooding-fema-gov-wes-moore-appeals-denial-western-maryland-disaster-declaration","basis":"News","ref":3},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Midland-Lonaconing (MD0010018)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MD/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LONACONING/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Number of homes damaged","Duration of Lonaconing water outage"],"related_ids":[],"conflicts":["The MDEM release says the State of Emergency was declared May 15, 2025; the governor's October release gives May 16, 2025."]},{"id":"US-MD-ELLICOTT-CITY-FLOOD-MITIGATION-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Ellicott City Safe and Sound flood plan: North Tunnel under construction to 2027","description":"After deadly floods in 2016 and 2018 and an earlier 2011 flood, Howard County is building the Ellicott City Safe and Sound plan, whose largest piece is a one-mile, 18-foot North Tunnel to carry up to 26,000 gallons of stormwater per second to the Patapsco River. Construction began in June 2024 with substantial completion targeted for fall 2027; three retention ponds are finished.","location":{"name":"Old Ellicott City (Tiber-Hudson watershed)","type":"Historic town flood channel","state":"MD","states":["MD"],"detail":"Historic Ellicott City, Howard County, draining to the Patapsco River","coordinates":{"lat":39.2673,"lon":-76.7983,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Howard"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Flash flooding through a narrow historic main street is being addressed with tunnels, ponds and building removal.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"CBS Baltimore (ref 2) cites the governor's office that the 2016 flood cost 151 jobs and over $67 million in economic losses; no new damaging flood is reported in the window.","service":"No water-service disruption is tied to the mitigation program in the cited sources (refs 1-2).","scale":"The flood risk is concentrated in the historic Ellicott City main street district (ref 1).","duration":"Floods recurred in 2011, 2016 and 2018 (ref 2) and the North Tunnel is not due for substantial completion until fall 2027 (ref 1).","significance":"The Board of Public Works approved a $17.2 million state revolving loan and $1 million grant in October 2025 (ref 2) on top of a $75 million EPA WIFIA loan (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Once complete, the North Tunnel will collect nearly 26,000 gallons of stormwater per second (refs 1-2)."},"measures":[{"name":"North Tunnel capacity","value":26000,"unit":"gallons per second","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1-2."},{"name":"Funding secured","value":300,"unit":"million USD (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Federal, state and local sources (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"H-7, Quaker Mill and H-4 ponds are complete (ref 1); the tunnel is under construction."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Howard County Government","role":"Project owner"},{"name":"Maryland Board of Public Works / MDE Water Quality Revolving Loan Fund","role":"State funder"}],"public_contact":"Howard County Government, 410-313-2000","corrective_actions":["North Tunnel construction since June 2024, substantial completion targeted fall 2027 (ref 1).","H-7 (2022), Quaker Mill (2023) and H-4 (September 2025) retention ponds completed (ref 1).","Lower Main Street building removal began January 2024 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"title":"Howard County Executive Ball unveils return of iconic Old Ellicott City clock","publisher":"Howard County Government","date":"2026-04-13","url":"https://www.howardcountymd.gov/News041326","basis":"Local government","ref":1},{"title":"$18.2 million in funds allocated to Howard County flood mitigation project","publisher":"CBS News Baltimore","date":"2025-10-23","url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/howard-county-ellicott-city-flood-mitigation-funding","basis":"News","ref":2}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Total Safe and Sound plan cost in current sources"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MD-ANNAPOLIS-CITY-DOCK-TIDAL-FLOODING-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Annapolis City Dock recurring tidal flooding; $88M resilience project begins","description":"Downtown Annapolis floods repeatedly at City Dock: water reached 5.1 feet above normal in January 2024 and about 4 feet during an October 30, 2025 coastal storm, closing Dock and Compromise streets. The city broke ground on an $88 million City Dock resiliency project on November 3, 2025 while still awaiting a $33 million FEMA hazard mitigation grant.","location":{"name":"Annapolis City Dock","type":"Tidal waterfront district","state":"MD","states":["MD"],"detail":"Downtown Annapolis waterfront, Anne Arundel County","coordinates":{"lat":38.9776,"lon":-76.4867,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Anne Arundel"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Rising tides and storm surge back up through outfalls and over bulkheads, and the city is building raised park, barriers and outfall controls.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Storm Brothers' owner reports Dock Street businesses closed well over 100 times in three years because of flooding (ref 1).","service":"Compromise and Dock streets were closed by floodwater, including in June 2025 (ref 2) and for hours on October 30, 2025 (ref 1).","scale":"Flooding affects the downtown Annapolis waterfront business district (refs 1-3).","duration":"A city spokesperson said 2024 flooding exceeded the previous five years and City Dock now floods far more than once or twice a year (ref 3); the project will take three years (ref 1).","significance":"The $88 million City Dock Resiliency and Revitalization Project broke ground November 3, 2025, with a $33 million FEMA grant pending (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"On October 30, 2025, a coastal storm brought about 4 feet of water to City Dock and closed streets for hours (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak water level, January 2024","value":5.1,"unit":"feet above normal","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Project cost","value":88,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"At groundbreaking (ref 1); CBS reported $100 million (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Reported nuisance flood days rose from 3.8 in 1969 to 52 in 2019 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Annapolis","role":"Project owner"},{"name":"FEMA","role":"Hazard mitigation grant pending"}],"public_contact":"City of Annapolis, 410-263-7997","corrective_actions":["City Dock resiliency project with raised park, floodgates, deployable barriers and outfall capping, groundbreaking November 3, 2025 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"title":"Annapolis breaks ground on City Dock resiliency project after opposition delays","publisher":"Chesapeake Bay Magazine","date":"2025-11-04","url":"https://www.chesapeakebaymagazine.com/annapolis-breaks-ground-on-city-dock-resiliency-project-after-opposition-delays/","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"City Dock streets in Annapolis back open after flooding","publisher":"CBS News Baltimore","date":"2025-06-18","url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/annapolis-city-dock-flooding-streets","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"Annapolis City Dock project delayed as frequent flooding worsens","publisher":"Chesapeake Bay Magazine","date":"2024-04-16","url":"https://www.chesapeakebaymagazine.com/annapolis-city-dock-project-delayed-as-frequent-flooding-worsens/","basis":"News","ref":3}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Official count of flood days in 2024-2025"],"related_ids":[],"conflicts":["Project cost is reported as $88 million at groundbreaking (ref 1) and $100 million by CBS in June 2025 (ref 2)."]},{"id":"US-MD-CONOWINGO-DAM-LICENSE-SEDIMENT-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Conowingo Dam: revised water quality certification and $340M deal, now challenged","description":"The Conowingo Reservoir on the lower Susquehanna has reached sediment-trapping capacity, adding nutrient loads to the Bay; EPA reports the shared Conowingo cleanup plan is 3% complete for nitrogen. After the D.C. Circuit vacated the dam's 50-year license in 2022, MDE issued a revised Clean Water Act water quality certification on October 2, 2025 with Constellation commitments valued at more than $340 million, which Eastern Shore counties have appealed.","location":{"name":"Conowingo Dam and Reservoir, Susquehanna River","type":"Hydroelectric dam and reservoir","state":"MD","states":["MD"],"detail":"Lower Susquehanna River between Cecil and Harford counties","coordinates":{"lat":39.6587,"lon":-76.1738,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Cecil","Harford"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["water-rights","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Sediment and nutrients that the full reservoir no longer traps flow into the Bay, and the state's Clean Water Act authority over the federal license is contested.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA (ref 1) says the reservoir reached trapping capacity in 2021, requiring added reductions; Inside Climate News (ref 4) cites about 6 million pounds of nitrogen added from behind the dam.","service":"No drinking-water or service disruption is attributed to the dam in the cited sources (refs 1-4).","scale":"Loads from the Susquehanna affect the main stem Chesapeake Bay; Conowingo reductions are shared by Maryland, New York and Pennsylvania (ref 1).","duration":"The license was vacated in 2022 and FERC has allowed operation through one-year extensions (ref 3); the new commitments span a 50-year term (ref 2).","significance":"MDE issued a revised Section 401 certification (ref 2) after a D.C. Circuit vacatur; the Clean Chesapeake Coalition appealed and notified FERC (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Practices are in place to address 25% of the Conowingo reductions; the Conowingo plan stands at 3% of its nitrogen target, 1% phosphorus and 0% sediment (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Constellation commitments","value":340,"unit":"million USD (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 2-3."},{"name":"Dredging studies funding","value":18.7,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Conowingo WIP nitrogen target met","value":3,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Dredging studies found removal very expensive, costing billions over decades (ref 4)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"New commitments were signed in October 2025 (ref 2), but the certification is under appeal and the FERC license is pending (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment","role":"Clean Water Act Section 401 certifying agency"},{"name":"Constellation Energy","role":"Dam owner and operator"},{"name":"Federal Energy Regulatory Commission","role":"Licensing agency"}],"public_contact":"Maryland Department of the Environment, 410-537-3000","corrective_actions":["Revised water quality certification 17-WQC-02(R1) and settlement: $87.6 million pollution reduction, $77.8 million debris removal, $28 million fish and eel passage, $23.3 million mussel hatchery, $18.7 million dredging studies (refs 2, 4).","Army Corps dredging feasibility study expected within two years (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2025 Assessment of the Chesapeake Bay Program partnership's progress toward the 2025 Water Quality Goal","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-08-13","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2026-09/2025-assessment_final_0.pdf","basis":"Federal watershed progress assessment"},{"title":"Governor Moore announces historic Conowingo Dam agreement to promote landmark Chesapeake Bay restoration efforts","publisher":"Maryland Department of the Environment","date":"2025-10-02","url":"https://news.maryland.gov/mde/2025/10/02/governor-moore-announces-historic-conowingo-dam-agreement-to-promote-landmark-chesapeake-bay-restoration-efforts-and-supercharge-3-2-billion-bay-economy/","basis":"State press release","ref":2},{"title":"Maryland Eastern Shore counties challenge Conowingo Dam agreement","publisher":"Bay Journal","date":"2025-12-08","url":"https://www.bayjournal.com/news/fisheries/maryland-eastern-shore-counties-challenge-conowingo-dam-agreement/article_4941ca32-d454-4afd-88b7-ac03eda14afc.html","basis":"News","ref":3},{"title":"Maryland's Conowingo Dam settlement reasserts state's Clean Water Act authority but revives dredging debate","publisher":"Inside Climate News","date":"2025-10-11","url":"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/11102025/conowingo-dam-settlement/","basis":"News","ref":4}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["FERC license reissuance date","Outcome of Clean Chesapeake Coalition appeal"],"related_ids":["US-MD-CHESAPEAKE-BAY-TMDL-RESTORATION-GAP-2025","US-PA-CHESAPEAKE-NUTRIENT-SEDIMENT-GAP-2024"],"conflicts":["Bay Journal and MDE date the license vacatur to 2022; Inside Climate News refers to a 2023 ruling."]},{"id":"US-MD-BALTIMORE-INNER-HARBOR-FISH-KILLS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Baltimore Inner Harbor 'Pistachio Tide' fish kills kill over 216,000 organisms","description":"From July to September 2025 a low-oxygen 'Pistachio Tide' bloom in the Inner Harbor and West Channel of the Patapsco River killed about 216,080 Atlantic menhaden plus striped bass and 470 blue crabs, including a 120,005-fish kill on August 27. Statewide, MDE logged about 273,353 dead fish in 2025, and another harbor die-off of about 1,000 menhaden and 126 crabs followed in July 2026.","location":{"name":"Baltimore Inner Harbor and Patapsco River West Channel","type":"Tidal harbor","state":"MD","states":["MD"],"detail":"Inner Harbor, Fells Point and Canton waterfront, Baltimore City","coordinates":{"lat":39.2848,"lon":-76.6094,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Baltimore City"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Stratified, warm harbor water with decomposing blooms and sulfur bacteria drops dissolved oxygen to lethal levels.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"MDE (ref 1) counted about 216,573 dead organisms in the 2025 Pistachio Tide series, with the largest single kill of 120,005 menhaden on August 27.","service":"No drinking-water or recreation closure is reported for the harbor kills (refs 1-2).","scale":"Kills spread along the Patapsco from the Inner Harbor to Canton (ref 1), a single urban harbor.","duration":"The 2025 bloom persisted about two months from July 4 (ref 1), and a new Pistachio Tide kill occurred July 8, 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"MDE classed these kills as natural low-oxygen events (ref 1); no enforcement action applies."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not applicable."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A total of approximately 216,573 dead organisms (216,080 Atlantic menhaden, 13 striped bass, seven unidentified fish, two gizzard shad, one American eel, and 470 blue crabs) were observed (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Statewide fish mortality 2025","value":273353,"unit":"fish","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Largest single kill","value":120005,"unit":"fish","status":"Reported","note":"August 27, 2025, ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"MDE says statewide report counts are below average over ten years (ref 1), but large harbor kills recurred in 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment Fish Kill Investigation Section","role":"Investigating agency"}],"public_contact":"Maryland Department of the Environment, 410-537-3000","corrective_actions":["MDE fish kill investigations and DNR Eyes on the Bay monitoring (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2025 Fish Kill Summary","publisher":"Maryland Department of the Environment","date":"2026-02-18","url":"https://mde.maryland.gov/programs/water/FishandShellfish/Documents/Fish_Kill_Reports/2025FishKillReportFINAL.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"title":"Maryland environment officials say low oxygen, 'Pistachio Tide' caused Baltimore fish kill","publisher":"FOX45 Baltimore","date":"2026-07-08","url":"https://foxbaltimore.com/news/local/dead-fish-spotted-floating-fells-point-baltimore-maryland","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"Rotten stench in Fells Point as heat leaves harbor choked with dead fish","publisher":"Hoodline","date":"2026-07-08","url":"https://hoodline.com/2026/07/rotten-stench-in-fells-point-as-heat-leaves-harbor-choked-with-dead-fish/","basis":"News","ref":3}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MD-CHESAPEAKE-BAY-TMDL-RESTORATION-GAP-2025","US-MD-BALTIMORE-BACK-RIVER-PATAPSCO-WWTP-2026"]},{"id":"US-MD-CECIL-BASIN-RUN-DAIRY-MANURE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Basin Run dairy manure discharges: 11,000-fish kill, MDE suit and contempt bid","description":"Repeated manure releases from Kilby Farms, a dairy in Colora, Cecil County, have fouled Basin Run, a tributary of Octoraro Creek and the Susquehanna. MDE settled with the farm in August 2025 for a $50,000 penalty, sued in 2026 alleging near-continual violations, won a June 2026 court order to stop discharges, and now seeks contempt after a late-September 2026 lagoon overflow killed nearly 11,000 fish of 25 species.","location":{"name":"Basin Run, Colora","type":"Stream segment","state":"MD","states":["MD"],"detail":"Basin Run downstream of Kilby Farms near Colora, Cecil County, flowing to Octoraro Creek","coordinates":{"lat":39.68,"lon":-76.09,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Cecil"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Manure lagoon overflows and runoff from a dairy operation discharge directly into a freshwater stream.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"MDE inspectors estimate nearly 11,000 fish of 25 species died, with preliminary findings pointing to a Kilby Farms manure lagoon overflow (ref 1); MDE also logged an August 31, 2025 manure-spill kill in Basin Run (ref 3).","service":"No public water supply interruption is reported (refs 1-3).","scale":"Impacts are confined to Basin Run, a stretch neighbors put at more than four miles to Octoraro Creek (ref 1).","duration":"Incidents run from a December 2024 spill through the late-September 2026 kill (refs 1-2).","significance":"MDE sued, a judge ordered discharges stopped in June 2026, and MDE seeks civil contempt with fines up to $10,000 per day (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not applicable."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Inspectors estimate nearly 11,000 fish died across 25 species (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Fish killed, September 2026","value":11000,"unit":"fish (nearly)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"2025 settlement penalty","value":50000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"MDE alleges violations nearly continual since the 2025 settlement (ref 2), followed by the largest kill yet (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment","role":"Enforcing agency"},{"name":"Kilby Farms and Hartland Holdings","role":"Operator and property owner named by MDE"}],"public_contact":"Maryland Department of the Environment, 410-537-3000","corrective_actions":["Preliminary injunction barring discharges (ref 1); civil contempt hearing set for October 13, 2026 in Cecil County Circuit Court (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"title":"Nearly 11,000 fish die downstream from embattled Maryland dairy farm","publisher":"The Baltimore Banner","date":"2026-10-03","url":"https://www.thebanner.com/community/climate-environment/dairy-farm-fish-kill-4OMP7XEHPZBVBBMLRXSC7Z6E3A/","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"A farmer won't stop dumping cow manure into a beloved stream, the state says","publisher":"The Baltimore Banner","date":"2026-09-21","url":"https://www.thebanner.com/community/climate-environment/basin-run-kilby-farms-cows-pollution-W4ZLJMPDPFHZJJIYPNADJ7JVWU/","basis":"News","ref":2},{"ref":3,"title":"2025 Fish Kill Summary","publisher":"Maryland Department of the Environment","date":"2026-02-18","url":"https://mde.maryland.gov/programs/water/FishandShellfish/Documents/Fish_Kill_Reports/2025FishKillReportFINAL.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Outcome of October 2026 contempt hearing"],"related_ids":["US-MD-AFO-GENERAL-DISCHARGE-PERMIT-POULTRY-2025"]},{"id":"US-MD-AFO-GENERAL-DISCHARGE-PERMIT-POULTRY-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Maryland animal feeding operation discharge permit expires; poultry manure concerns","description":"Maryland's general discharge permit for animal feeding operations (19AF) expired July 7, 2025, and existing CAFOs and poultry operations have continued under it while MDE proposes a renewed 25AF permit it describes as mostly editorial changes. Environmental groups cite about 36 million broiler chickens and 548 million pounds of broiler waste a year, concentrated on the Eastern Shore, and are pressing for monitoring and tighter manure controls.","location":{"name":"Maryland animal feeding operations (statewide)","type":"State permit program","state":"MD","states":["MD"],"detail":"Statewide CAFO/MAFO permit; broiler density highest on the Eastern Shore including Caroline and Somerset counties","coordinates":{"lat":38.75,"lon":-75.85,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Caroline","Somerset","Wicomico","Worcester","Dorchester","Talbot","Queen Anne's","Kent","Cecil"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Manure from confined poultry and livestock is a leading nutrient source to Bay tributaries, governed by a general NPDES permit.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Food & Water Watch (ref 2) reports Maryland broiler farms produce 548 million pounds of waste a year and calls agriculture the leading human-caused nutrient source to the Bay; no site-specific harm is documented in this record.","service":"No drinking-water service effect is reported (refs 1-2).","scale":"The permit governs all CAFOs and MAFOs statewide (ref 1); eight of nine Eastern Shore counties have high to extremely high broiler density (ref 2).","duration":"The 19AF permit expired July 7, 2025 and continues in force until the 25AF permit is issued; comments closed November 2, 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"MDE issued a formal tentative determination to reissue NPDES general permit MDG01 (25AF) with public hearings in October 2025 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not applicable."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The expired 19AF Permit continued in full force and effect until the issuance of the 25AF Permit (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Broiler chickens on Maryland farms (2022 point count)","value":36000000,"unit":"birds (about)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Broiler waste","value":548000000,"unit":"lb/yr","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Permit renewal is pending; MDE says the draft is at least as stringent as the expired permit (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment, Land and Materials Administration","role":"Permitting agency"},{"name":"Maryland Department of Agriculture","role":"Nutrient management program"}],"public_contact":"MDE Animal Feeding Operations Division, 443-827-0476","corrective_actions":["Draft 25AF permit adds winter land-application requirements and expands new-source design criteria to all animal types (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"title":"Tentative determination to re-issue General Discharge Permit for Animal Feeding Operations (25AF, MDG01)","publisher":"Maryland Department of the Environment","date":"2025-10-03","url":"https://mde.maryland.gov/programs/land/RecyclingandOperationsprogram/Documents/04_2025_Tentative%20Determination.pdf","basis":"State record","ref":1},{"title":"As key MD factory farm permit expires, research details industry harms","publisher":"Food & Water Watch","date":"2025-07-07","url":"https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/2025/07/07/as-key-md-factory-farm-permit-expires-research-details-industry-harms/","basis":"Advocacy research","ref":2}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Final 25AF issuance date","Number of permitted operations"],"related_ids":["US-MD-CECIL-BASIN-RUN-DAIRY-MANURE-2025","US-MD-CHESAPEAKE-BAY-TMDL-RESTORATION-GAP-2025"]},{"id":"US-MD-BALTIMORE-REGIONAL-WATER-GOVERNANCE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Baltimore regional water system governance: state workgroup weighs regional authority","description":"Baltimore City owns and runs the regional water and sewer system serving about 1.8 million people, while surrounding counties pay through cost-sharing agreements. After a 2023 task force recommended only further study, 2025 state legislation created a 13-member Regional Water Governance Model Workgroup, chaired by Comptroller Bill Henry, which began meeting in January 2026 to assess a regional authority.","location":{"name":"Baltimore regional water and wastewater system","type":"Regional utility system","state":"MD","states":["MD"],"detail":"Owned and operated by Baltimore City; surrounding county ratepayers share costs","coordinates":{"lat":39.2904,"lon":-76.6122,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Baltimore City","Baltimore"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"MD0300002"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The question is who owns, governs and pays for a shared regional water system with aging assets.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The Banner (ref 1) links aging infrastructure to failures including the 2022 state takeover of the city's largest wastewater plant.","service":"No service interruption is attributed to the governance question itself (refs 1-2).","scale":"The system serves about 1.8 million people (ref 1); SDWIS lists 1,600,000 for the city water system (ref 3).","duration":"A 2023 task force recommended more study (ref 1) and the new workgroup's report is not due until December 31, 2026 (ref 2) or June 30, 2027 (ref 1).","significance":"The workgroup was established by state legislation (refs 1-2); it is advisory, not an enforcement action."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":1800000,"status":"Reported","note":"People served by the regional system per The Banner (ref 1); SDWIS lists 1,600,000 for MD0300002 (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Baltimore City owns and operates the regional drinking and sewage system, which serves about 1.8 million people (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["City population has declined for decades while Baltimore County now has more residents (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Workgroup has met four times through September 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Baltimore City Department of Public Works","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Baltimore County","role":"Cost-sharing jurisdiction"},{"name":"Regional Water Governance Model Workgroup","role":"State-created study body"}],"public_contact":"Baltimore City Comptroller's Office, 410-396-4755","corrective_actions":["Workgroup assessing the 'Option E' special district/authority and a City-County rate board (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"title":"Is it finally time to create a regional water authority for Baltimore?","publisher":"The Baltimore Banner","date":"2026-01-07","url":"https://www.thebanner.com/community/climate-environment/regional-water-authority-baltimore-county-city-Z2J5E6XFXFGLPMIM6TUJH5YL2Q/","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"Regional Water Governance Model Work Group","publisher":"Baltimore City Office of the Mayor","date":null,"url":"https://www.baltimorecity.gov/mayor/our-work/boards-commissions/boards/regional-water-governance-model-work-group","basis":"Local government","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: City of Baltimore (MD0300002)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MD/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BALTIMORE/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MD-BALTIMORE-WATER-SEWER-RATE-INCREASES-2025","US-MD-BALTIMORE-BACK-RIVER-PATAPSCO-WWTP-2026"],"conflicts":["The city workgroup page lists a report deadline of December 31, 2026; The Banner reports June 30, 2027."]},{"id":"US-MD-BALTIMORE-WATER-SEWER-RATE-INCREASES-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Baltimore water and sewer bills rise 29% over 17 months amid $319M delinquencies","description":"Baltimore's Board of Estimates approved three utility rate increases in January 2025 over the objections of every witness: a 15% sewer and 3% water and stormwater increase on February 1, 2025, then about 8.4% increases on July 1, 2025 and July 1, 2026. A four-person household's average bill rises from $130 to $168 a month, while the inspector general reported $319 million in delinquent water accounts as of May 2023.","location":{"name":"Baltimore City water and sewer utility","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MD","states":["MD"],"detail":"Baltimore City Department of Public Works customers","coordinates":{"lat":39.2904,"lon":-76.6122,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Baltimore City"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MD0300002"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Rising rates for aging infrastructure collide with large unpaid balances and household affordability.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Baltimore Brew (ref 1) reports the average four-person bill rising from $130 to $168 a month, a 29.2% increase over 17 months.","service":"No shutoff wave or service loss is documented in the cited sources (refs 1-2).","scale":"Rates apply across the city water system, which SDWIS lists as serving 1,600,000 people (ref 3).","duration":"Increases take effect February 2025, July 2025 and July 2026 (ref 1); a 2022 audit found no procedures for collecting delinquent accounts (ref 2).","significance":"The Board of Estimates formally approved the multi-year schedule on January 22, 2025 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":1600000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS for MD0300002 (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A four-person household's average utility bill goes from $130 to $168 a month, a 29.2% increase over 17 months (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Delinquent water accounts (May 2023)","value":319,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Inspector general figure cited in ref 1."},{"name":"FY2026 average increase","value":8.4,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1-2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["$319 million in delinquent water accounts (ref 1).","2022 audit found billing and collection problems (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Third scheduled increase took effect July 1, 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Baltimore City Department of Public Works","role":"Utility operator"},{"name":"Baltimore City Board of Estimates","role":"Rate-setting body"}],"public_contact":"Baltimore City 311","corrective_actions":["Water4All income-based assistance and PromisePay payment plans (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"title":"After thanking residents for testifying, Board of Estimates approves utility rate increases that every witness opposed","publisher":"Baltimore Brew","date":"2025-01-22","url":"https://v01.baltimorebrew.com/2025/01/22/after-thanking-residents-for-testifying-board-of-estimates-approves-utility-rate-increases-that-every-witness-opposed","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"Baltimore City DPW proposes multi-year increase in water, sewer utility rates","publisher":"CBS News Baltimore","date":"2024-12-12","url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/maryland-water-sewer-utility-rates-price-homeowners","basis":"News","ref":2},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: City of Baltimore (MD0300002)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MD/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BALTIMORE/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Water4All enrollment","Current delinquency total"],"related_ids":["US-MD-BALTIMORE-REGIONAL-WATER-GOVERNANCE-2026"]},{"id":"US-MD-WSSC-RATE-INCREASES-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"WSSC Water 9.5% FY2026 rate increase; FY2027 proposal adds 5%","description":"WSSC Water's $1.8 billion fiscal 2026 budget took effect July 1, 2025 with a 9.5% average rate increase, adding $25.60 a quarter for a typical family of three. For fiscal 2027 WSSC proposed a further 5% increase, putting the average quarterly residential bill at about $309.80, and it reported $8.8 million in assistance for income-constrained customers in FY2026.","location":{"name":"WSSC Water service area","type":"Regional utility service area","state":"MD","states":["MD"],"detail":"Montgomery and Prince George's counties","coordinates":{"lat":39.0993,"lon":-76.8483,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Montgomery","Prince George's"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MD0150005"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Successive rate increases fund capital programs and debt service for a large suburban utility.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"WSSC's customer newsletter (ref 1) reports a $25.60 quarterly increase for a typical family of three from the 9.5% FY2026 increase; WSSC puts the average bill near 1.0% of median household income (ref 2).","service":"No shutoff or service loss is tied to the rate changes in the cited sources (refs 1-2).","scale":"WSSC serves 1,900,000 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"The FY2026 increase took effect July 1, 2025 and a further FY2027 increase was proposed in January 2026 (refs 1-2).","significance":"Rates are set through the formal bi-county spending affordability and budget approval process (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":1900000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS for MD0150005 (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The FY2026 budget is supported by a 9.5 percent average rate increase; a typical customer with a family of three will see a quarterly increase of $25.60 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"FY2026 average rate increase","value":9.5,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Proposed FY2027 average rate increase","value":5,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Customer assistance FY2026","value":8.8,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["56% of costs are due to non-discretionary debt service and PAYGO (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Proposed FY2027 increase (5%) is smaller than FY2026 (9.5%) (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"WSSC Water","role":"Utility"},{"name":"Montgomery and Prince George's county councils","role":"Budget approval"}],"public_contact":"WSSC Water Customer Service, 301-206-4001","corrective_actions":["Customer Assistance Program, Water Fund and $2.4 million one-time relief of up to $750 per eligible past-due account (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"title":"Customer Pipeline, July-September 2025","publisher":"WSSC Water","date":"2025-07-01","url":"https://www.wsscwater.com/sites/default/files/2025-06/July-Sept%202025%20Cust%20Pipe%20Digital.pdf","basis":"Utility notice","ref":1},{"title":"FY2027 Preliminary Proposed Budget public hearings presentation","publisher":"WSSC Water","date":"2026-01-28","url":"https://www.wsscwater.com/sites/default/files/2026-02/WSSC_Water_FY27_Prelim_Prpsd_Budget_Pub_Hearings_Presentation.pdf","basis":"Utility record","ref":2},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission (MD0150005)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MD/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SUBURBAN/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Final approved FY2027 rate"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MD-SHA-MS4-STORMWATER-PERMIT-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Maryland highway stormwater permit lowers restoration target to 15%","description":"MDE reissued the State Highway Administration's municipal stormwater (MS4) permit on August 22, 2025, nearly two years after the prior permit expired in October 2023. It requires treatment of 15% of untreated impervious surface (4,092 acres), down from 20% in the previous permit, and advocates say it lacks numeric standards and relies on outdated rainfall data as storms intensify.","location":{"name":"MDOT State Highway Administration storm drain system","type":"State MS4 permit area","state":"MD","states":["MD"],"detail":"Statewide highway network, about 15,000 lane miles and 2,600 bridges","coordinates":{"lat":39.05,"lon":-76.64,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Runoff from highways carries pollutants to Bay tributaries and adds to flood volume; the permit sets restoration duties.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Inside Climate News (ref 1) reports runoff is the fastest-growing threat to the Bay and advocates say overburdened, flood-prone communities get few protections.","service":"No service disruption is tied to the permit (refs 1-2).","scale":"The permit covers nearly 15,000 lane miles and about 2,600 bridges statewide (ref 1).","duration":"The prior permit expired in October 2023 and the new one was not final until August 22, 2025 (refs 1-2).","significance":"MDE issued a final NPDES permit determination; judicial review requests were due September 22, 2025 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not applicable."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The new permit requires action on 15% of hard impervious surfaces, down from 20% in the previous permit; the new target is 4,092 acres (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Impervious restoration target","value":4092,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Restoration investment","value":216,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"MDE says acreage rises from the draft, while the percentage falls from the prior permit (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment","role":"Permitting agency"},{"name":"MDOT State Highway Administration","role":"Permittee"}],"public_contact":"Maryland Department of the Environment, 410-537-3000","corrective_actions":["Permit requires SHA to evaluate stormwater opportunities in overburdened communities (ref 1).","MDE acknowledges its stormwater design manual is due for an update (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"title":"Experts, officials clash over Maryland's latest stormwater permit","publisher":"Inside Climate News","date":"2025-09-06","url":"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/06092025/maryland-stormwater-permit-environmental-justice/","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"Maryland's NPDES Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4) Permits","publisher":"Maryland Department of the Environment","date":null,"url":"https://mde.maryland.gov/programs/Water/StormwaterManagementProgram/Pages/storm_gen_permit.aspx","basis":"State record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Whether judicial review was requested"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MD-QUANTUM-FREDERICK-DATA-CENTER-DISCHARGES-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Quantum Frederick data center campus: drilling-mud and sediment discharges to streams","description":"Construction of the 2,100-acre Quantum Frederick data center campus and its QLoop fiber line has drawn repeated MDE violations, including four unauthorized releases of bore mud and drilling additives and a March 2024 frac-out that sent sediment-laden water toward the Monocacy River. MDE withdrew a proposed $130,000 settlement in 2024 and referred the case to the Attorney General; a 2026 review counts at least 67 MDE inspections finding noncompliance.","location":{"name":"Quantum Frederick campus (former Eastalco site)","type":"Industrial data center campus","state":"MD","states":["MD"],"detail":"Former Alcoa Eastalco Works, Manor Road, near Frederick, Frederick County; Tuscarora Creek and Monocacy River tributaries","coordinates":{"lat":39.33,"lon":-77.46,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Frederick"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Construction dewatering, drilling fluid and sediment from a data center build reach Potomac tributaries.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Bay Journal (ref 1) reports a March 30, 2024 set of frac-outs released sediment-laden water near the Monocacy River, and an April 2023 hose failure sent sediment-laden groundwater into Tuscarora Creek.","service":"No public water supply effect is reported (refs 1-3).","scale":"Violations are tied to a single construction campus and its fiber route (ref 1).","duration":"Inspections from August 2022 onward (ref 2), with concrete wash water discharges found again in 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"MDE rescinded its settlement offer and referred the violations to the Attorney General for formal enforcement (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not applicable."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Twenty-five inspections found problems including four unauthorized discharges of bore mud and drilling additives (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Withdrawn proposed settlement","value":130000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1-2."},{"name":"Campus size","value":2100,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 3."},{"name":"Expected combined power demand","value":2400,"unit":"MW (about)","status":"Reported","note":"Advocacy estimate, ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"New concrete wash water discharges were found in 2026 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment","role":"Enforcing agency"},{"name":"Maryland Office of the Attorney General","role":"Enforcement referral"},{"name":"Quantum Loophole / Quantum Frederick","role":"Developer"}],"public_contact":"Maryland Department of the Environment, 410-537-3000","corrective_actions":["Matter referred to the Attorney General for formal enforcement (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"title":"Frustrations mount with developer of Maryland data center complex","publisher":"Bay Journal","date":"2024-06-05","url":"https://www.bayjournal.com/news/energy/frustrations-mount-with-developer-of-maryland-data-center-complex/article_3af1522a-1d2b-11ef-bbbf-c727c4493083.html","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"Maryland Environment Dept. rescinds Quantum Loophole settlement","publisher":"Inside Towers","date":"2024-07-19","url":"https://insidetowers.com/?p=60864","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"Quantum Frederick, Frederick County, MD: Maryland Data Center Series, Pt. 3","publisher":"Nature Forward","date":"2026-06-26","url":"https://natureforward.org/?p=21213","basis":"Advocacy research","ref":3}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":4,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Final penalty or consent order","Campus water use"],"related_ids":["US-MD-FREDERICK-DATA-CENTER-WATER-DEMAND-2025"]},{"id":"US-MD-STATEWIDE-COAL-ASH-LEGACY-SITES-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Maryland's 70 coal ash disposal sites; 2025 cleanup bill stalls","description":"Maryland's Power Plant Research Program has identified 70 coal ash disposal sites holding over 50 million tons of ash, and a 2013 MDE consent order over GenOn's Brandywine, Faulkner and Westland landfills followed evidence of contaminated groundwater and private wells. Advocates say virtually no remediation has occurred at Faulkner and Brandywine, and a 2025 bill to write the 2024 federal legacy coal ash rules into state law and raise fees was held in the House.","location":{"name":"Maryland coal ash disposal sites (statewide)","type":"Coal combustion residual disposal sites","state":"MD","states":["MD"],"detail":"Includes Brandywine (Prince George's), Faulkner (Charles) and Westland (Montgomery) landfills","coordinates":{"lat":38.69,"lon":-76.85,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Prince George's","Charles","Montgomery"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Metals leach from coal ash landfills and ponds into groundwater and tributaries of the Potomac and Patuxent.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Potomac Riverkeeper (ref 1) says the 2013 consent order followed evidence of toxic chemicals leaching into groundwater and contaminating private drinking wells near GenOn landfills.","service":"No public water system outage is reported (refs 1-2).","scale":"The state Power Plant Research Program counts 70 disposal sites with over 50 million tons of ash (ref 1).","duration":"The consent order dates to 2013 and, as of February 2025, remediation at Faulkner and Brandywine was described as virtually absent (ref 1).","significance":"MDE's 2013 consent order governs the GenOn landfills (ref 1); HB0902 was placed on special order until the next session on April 7, 2025 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The Maryland Power Plant Research Program has identified 70 coal ash disposal sites across the state, amounting to over 50 million tons of coal ash waste (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Coal ash disposal sites","value":70,"unit":"sites","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Coal ash stored","value":50,"unit":"million tons (over)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"State codification bill did not pass in 2025 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment","role":"Solid waste and water regulator"},{"name":"GenOn","role":"Operator of Brandywine, Faulkner and Westland landfills under 2013 consent order"},{"name":"Maryland Power Plant Research Program (DNR)","role":"Site inventory"}],"public_contact":"Maryland Department of the Environment, 410-537-3000","corrective_actions":["2013 MDE consent order for GenOn landfills (ref 1).","HB0902/SB0425 (2025) proposed a $2.30-per-ton base fee and a statewide coordinating committee (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"title":"Cleaning Up Maryland's Coal Ash: HB0902/SB0425 fact sheet","publisher":"Potomac Riverkeeper Network","date":"2025-02-01","url":"https://potomacriverkeepernetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/SB245_HB902-Factsheet-Coal-Ash-Clean-up.docx-1.pdf","basis":"Advocacy fact sheet","ref":1},{"title":"HB0902 (2025 RS): Environment - Coal Combustion By-Products - Fees, Coordinating Committee, and Regulations","publisher":"Maryland General Assembly","date":"2025-04-07","url":"https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/mgawebsite/Legislation/Details/hb0902?ys=2025RS","basis":"State legislative record","ref":2}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (MD in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Current groundwater monitoring results by site","MDE enforcement status since 2013"],"related_ids":["US-MULTI-COAL-ASH-CCR-RULE-ROLLBACKS-2026","US-MULTI-STEAM-ELECTRIC-ELG-DELAY-2025"]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (DC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Re-verified. Added June 2026 emergency rehabilitation of 1,700 feet of the interceptor at Muddy Branch and August 2026 DC Water update: river testing moved to twice weekly through September 10, Montgomery County lifted remaining shoreline advisories, and an interim CEO now leads DC Water."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-DC-CLEAN-RIVERS-CSO-CONSENT-DECREE-2023"],"id":"US-MULTI-POTOMAC-INTERCEPTOR-SEWAGE-SPILL-2026","title":"Potomac Interceptor collapse sends more than 200 million gallons of raw sewage into the Potomac","description":"On January 19, 2026 a 72-inch section of DC Water's Potomac Interceptor, a sewer more than 60 years old that carries up to about 60 million gallons a day from Northern Virginia, Maryland and the District to DC Water's Potomac Pump Station, collapsed beside the C&O Canal near Lock 12 in Cabin John, Montgomery County, Maryland. DC Water estimates more than 240 million gallons of raw sewage reached the Potomac before a bypass stopped the flow on February 8; Virginia issued a 72.5-mile recreational water advisory, and the U.S. Justice Department and Maryland both sued DC Water on April 20, 2026.","location":{"name":"Potomac Interceptor at Cabin John (C&O Canal Lock 12)","type":"Regional sewer interceptor and receiving river segment","state":"DC","states":["DC","MD","VA"],"detail":"Collapse site in Cabin John, Montgomery County, Maryland, on DC Water's interceptor serving Loudoun and Fairfax counties (VA), Montgomery County (MD) and the District; advisory reach extended to Prince William, Stafford and King George counties, VA.","coordinates":{"lat":38.97,"lon":-77.149,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Montgomery","District of Columbia","Fairfax","Prince William","Stafford","King George"],"extent":"multi_state"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Structural failure of an aging, corroded interceptor (infrastructure) caused a raw-sewage discharge that degraded Potomac River water quality.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DOJ (ref 1) says more than 200 million gallons of untreated sewage entered the Potomac; Riverkeeper readings cited by NPR (ref 2) reached 12,000 times the recreational safety level.","service":"Drinking water was not affected (ref 3), but Virginia's health department advised against all body contact on 72.5 miles of river and restricted shellfish harvest (ref 5).","scale":"The failed line carries up to about 60 million gallons a day from three jurisdictions (ref 1), and the Virginia advisory alone ran from Fairfax to King George County (ref 5).","duration":"Discharge ran from January 19 until the February 8 bypass (ref 6); the D.C. contact advisory lifted in early March, with long-term repairs put at 9 to 10 months (ref 3).","significance":"Federal Clean Water Act complaint (ref 1) and Maryland gross-negligence suit in Montgomery County Circuit Court (ref 4), plus a D.C. public emergency and FEMA emergency declaration (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source counts people affected; the advisory covered river users rather than a service population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"DC Water estimates more than 240 million gallons of raw sewage flowed into the river, most of it in the first five days (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Estimated raw sewage discharged (DC Water estimate)","value":240000000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"NPR (ref 2) and Maryland AG (ref 4); DOJ states more than 200 million (ref 1)."},{"name":"Typical interceptor flow","value":60,"unit":"million gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"DOJ (ref 1)."},{"name":"Secondary discharge after pump clogging","value":500000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"DOJ reports 500,000 gallons on February 8 (ref 1); Potomac Local reports about 600,000 gallons on February 7 (ref 5)."},{"name":"Virginia recreational advisory reach","value":72.5,"unit":"river miles","status":"Reported","note":"ref 5"},{"name":"Planned 10-year interceptor rehabilitation budget","value":625,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"DC Water Capital Improvement Plan, per Bond Buyer (ref 6)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["chronic operating deficits: Unknown","liquidity or default stress: Unknown","capital need exceeds revenue capacity: Unknown","deferred maintenance or underinvestment: Yes","rates structurally low: Unknown","affordability disparity: Unknown","arrears shutoffs or billing failure: Unknown","customer base or demand volatility: Unknown","governance or management capacity: Unknown","temporary support dependence: Yes","unfunded contaminant costs: Unknown","consolidation pressure: Unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Flow was restored to the repaired section and recreational advisories were lifted by March 2026 (refs 3, 6); litigation and long-term reconstruction continue."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"DC Water (District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority)","role":"Owner and operator of the Potomac Interceptor"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 3 and U.S. Department of Justice","role":"Federal Clean Water Act enforcement (plaintiff)"},{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment and Maryland Attorney General","role":"State enforcement (plaintiff)"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Health","role":"Recreational water advisory authority in Virginia waters"}],"public_contact":"DC Water Customer Care, (202) 354-3600 (weekdays); 24-hour Emergency Command Center, (202) 612-3400","corrective_actions":["Diversion pumps installed January 21-24 and a bypass through part of the C&O Canal used until flow was stopped on February 8 (refs 1, 6).","Cleaning and repair of the collapsed section completed to restore flow (ref 6); longer-term reconstruction estimated at 9 to 10 months (ref 3).","DOJ complaint seeks penalties, sewer assessment and rehabilitation, mitigation, and an Enhanced Operations and Maintenance Plan for all DC Water sewers (ref 1).","Emergency rehabilitation of 1,700 linear feet of the Potomac Interceptor at Muddy Branch began June 15, 2026 after inspections found corrosion and exposed rebar (ref 7).","Daily river testing moved to twice weekly through September 10, 2026; Montgomery County lifted remaining shoreline and sediment advisories (ref 8)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Justice Department Files Clean Water Act Complaint Against DC Water Over Potomac Interceptor Collapse","publisher":"U.S. Department of Justice","date":"2026-04-20","url":"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-files-clean-water-act-complaint-against-dc-water-potomac-interceptor","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"How more than 240 million gallons of sewage flowed into the Potomac River","publisher":"NPR (via WFAE)","date":"2026-02-20","url":"https://www.wfae.org/science-environment/2026-02-20/how-more-than-240-million-gallons-of-sewage-flowed-into-the-potomac-river","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Class action lawsuit filed after the Potomac sewage spill","publisher":"WAMC / NPR","date":"2026-03-13","url":"https://www.wamc.org/2026-03-13/class-action-lawsuit-filed-after-the-potomac-sewage-spill","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Attorney General Brown Files Lawsuit Against DC Water Over Potomac Interceptor Collapse","publisher":"Maryland Office of the Attorney General","date":"2026-04-20","url":"https://oag.maryland.gov/News/Pages/-Attorney-General-Brown-Files-Lawsuit-Against-DC-Water-Over-Potomac-Interceptor-Collapse-.aspx","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"Sewage Spill Reaches Woodbridge, Stafford","publisher":"Potomac Local News","date":"2026-02-15","url":"https://www.potomaclocal.com/2026/02/15/sewage-spill-reaches-woodbridge-stafford/","basis":"News"},{"ref":6,"title":"A sewer repair bill battle in Washington","publisher":"The Bond Buyer","date":"2026-05-06","url":"https://www.bondbuyer.com/news/a-sewer-repair-bill-battle-in-washington","basis":"News"},{"ref":7,"title":"DC Water to start emergency repairs on Potomac Interceptor to protect local drinking water supply","publisher":"Bethesda Magazine (WTOP)","date":"2026-06-11","accessed":"2026-10-11","url":"https://bethesdamagazine.com/2026/06/11/dc-water-emergency-repairs-potomac-interceptor/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":8,"title":"DC Water Transitions Potomac River Water Quality Testing to Twice a Week","publisher":"DC Water","date":"2026-08-07","accessed":"2026-10-11","url":"https://www.dcwater.com/about-dc-water/media/news/dc-water-transitions-potomac-river-water-quality-testing-twice-week","basis":"Utility record"}]},{"revision":3,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (DC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Re-verified: cited sources were reopened and the headline figures and dates match the source pages (a few sites blocked automated access; their figures were confirmed in other cited sources). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MULTI-LEAD-COPPER-RULE-IMPROVEMENTS-2024"],"id":"US-DC-DC-WATER-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2025","title":"DC Water still has about 31,000 lead service lines as 2030 goal gives way to FY2037 schedule","description":"DC Water replaced 3,159 lead service lines in fiscal 2025, bringing its Lead Free DC total to 10,141, but reported 31,016 still remaining on September 30, 2025, out of an estimated 42,000. The 2021 plan aimed to remove all lead lines by 2030; the FY2025 plan now charts replacement goals through FY2037, estimates the program at about $1.8 billion, and reports a $152.9 million funding gap. Lead in DC Water's 2025 compliance sampling stayed well below the federal action level.","location":{"name":"DC Water service area","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"DC","states":["DC"],"detail":"District of Columbia, all eight wards; largest remaining counts in Wards 5 and 4.","coordinates":{"lat":38.9072,"lon":-77.0369,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["District of Columbia"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"DC0000002"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead service pipes are infrastructure whose presence creates a drinking-water lead exposure risk.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"July-December 2025 compliance sampling put the 90th-percentile first-draw lead at 0.002 mg/L across 106 homes (ref 4), below the action level, so lead exposure is a potential rather than documented system-wide harm.","service":"No supply restriction is tied to lead service lines; replacements are done block by block while service continues (ref 1).","scale":"DC Water serves 632,323 people per SDWIS (ref 5), and remaining lead lines are spread across all eight wards, from 1,948 in Ward 8 to 5,697 in Ward 5 (ref 1).","duration":"Lead Free DC began in 2019 (ref 1); the 2021 plan's 2030 target (ref 3) has been replaced by replacement goals running through FY2037 (ref 1).","significance":"Replacement is now framed against the federal Lead and Copper Rule Improvements deadline of 2037 (ref 1), a formal regulatory requirement rather than an enforcement action."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":632323,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by DC Water per SDWIS (ref 5); the number of residents on lead lines is not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Total remaining as of September 30, 2025: 31,016; total replaced at the end of FY 2025: 10,141 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Lead service lines remaining","value":31016,"unit":"service lines","status":"Reported","note":"As of 2025-09-30 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Lead service lines replaced in FY2025","value":3159,"unit":"service lines","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1; DC Water describes this as a 43% increase over FY2024 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Estimated total program cost","value":1.8,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Program funding gap","value":152.9,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"90th percentile lead, Jul-Dec 2025","value":0.002,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"106 samples (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["chronic operating deficits: Unknown","liquidity or default stress: Unknown","capital need exceeds revenue capacity: Yes","deferred maintenance or underinvestment: Unknown","rates structurally low: Unknown","affordability disparity: Unknown","arrears shutoffs or billing failure: Unknown","customer base or demand volatility: Unknown","governance or management capacity: Unknown","temporary support dependence: Unknown","unfunded contaminant costs: Unknown","consolidation pressure: Unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Annual replacements rose from about 2,200 in FY2024 to 3,159 in FY2025 (refs 1, 2), but the estimated lead inventory grew to 42,000 and the completion horizon moved past 2030 (refs 1, 6)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"DC Water (District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority)","role":"Utility; runs Lead Free DC"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 3","role":"Primacy regulator for District public water systems"},{"name":"District Department of Energy and Environment (DOEE)","role":"Funds private-side replacements through the Lead Pipe Replacement Assistance Program"}],"public_contact":"DC Water Customer Care, (202) 354-3600 (weekdays); 24-hour Emergency Command Center, (202) 612-3400","corrective_actions":["Block-by-Block, small-diameter main, emergency-repair and assistance programs replace lead lines at no cost to most owners (ref 1).","7,581 service-line materials verified in FY2025 to refine the inventory (ref 1).","DC Water seeking federal reallocations and private grants to close the $152.9 million gap (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DC Water's Lead Service Line Replacement Plan, Fiscal Year 2025 Summary","publisher":"DC Water","date":"2025-10-01","url":"https://www.dcwater.com/sites/default/files/Lead-Testing/LFDC%20FY25%20Summary%20Final.pdf","basis":"Utility record"},{"ref":2,"title":"DC Water Lead Service Line Replacements Jumped More Than 40% in FY25","publisher":"DC Water","date":"2026-05-15","url":"https://www.dcwater.com/about-dc-water/media/news/dc-water-lead-service-line-replacements-jumped-more-40-fy25","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"DC Water releases plan to remove all lead service lines in the District by 2030","publisher":"DC Water","date":"2021-06-07","url":"https://dcwater.com/whats-going-on/news/dc-water-releases-plan-remove-all-lead-service-lines-district-2030","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":4,"title":"Lead and Copper Compliance Report, July through December 2025","publisher":"DC Water","date":"2025-12-31","url":"https://www.dcwater.com/sites/default/files/water_quality/LCR/2025/LCR_report_Jul-Dec_2025.pdf","basis":"Utility record"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: D.C. Water and Sewer Authority (DC0000002)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/DC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SEWER/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"Lead Free DC presentation to ANC 3F","publisher":"DC Water / Advisory Neighborhood Commission 3F","date":"2025-09-16","url":"https://anc3f.dc.gov/sites/default/files/2026-03/2025%20DC%20Water%20Presentation.pdf","basis":"Local government record"}]},{"revision":3,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (DC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Re-verified: cited sources were reopened and the headline figures and dates match the source pages (a few sites blocked automated access; their figures were confirmed in other cited sources). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-DC-WASHINGTON-AQUEDUCT-NO-BACKUP-SUPPLY-2025"],"id":"US-DC-WASHINGTON-AQUEDUCT-BOIL-WATER-ADVISORY-2024","title":"Districtwide boil-water advisory after algae-driven turbidity cut Washington Aqueduct output","description":"On July 3, 2024 DC Water issued a precautionary boil-water advisory for all District customers, the Pentagon, Arlington National Cemetery and Reagan National Airport after the Army Corps of Engineers' Washington Aqueduct reduced production at its Dalecarlia plant because algae blooms raised turbidity. The advisory was lifted early on July 4 after testing; officials said the water never deviated from EPA standards.","location":{"name":"DC Water service area (Washington Aqueduct supply)","type":"Municipal utility service area supplied by federal wholesale treatment plants","state":"DC","states":["DC"],"detail":"All of the District plus federal facilities in Arlington County, VA; Arlington County issued a separate advisory for parts of its system.","coordinates":{"lat":38.9072,"lon":-77.0369,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["District of Columbia"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"DC0000002"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Algae-driven turbidity in source water reduced treated-water supply and created water of unknown quality.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DC Water said it had no information the water was contaminated (ref 1) and officials later said Aqueduct water never deviated from EPA standards (ref 2), so harm was only potential.","service":"Customers were told to boil water for drinking and to discard beverages and ice made after 9 p.m. on July 3 (ref 1).","scale":"The advisory covered every DC Water customer, a system of 632,323 people per SDWIS (ref 3), plus the Pentagon, Arlington National Cemetery and Reagan National Airport (ref 1).","duration":"Issued July 3, 2024 and lifted early on July 4 (ref 2), less than a day.","significance":"A formal utility boil-water advisory under drinking-water notice rules (ref 1); no enforcement action is reported."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":632323,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by DC Water per SDWIS (ref 3); federal facilities and Arlington customers are additional."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"This is a precautionary notice to all customers to boil water that may be ingested due to water of unknown quality (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Advisory duration","value":1,"unit":"days","status":"Estimated","note":"Issued the evening of July 3 and lifted early July 4, 2024 (refs 1, 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["chronic operating deficits: Unknown","liquidity or default stress: Unknown","capital need exceeds revenue capacity: Unknown","deferred maintenance or underinvestment: Unknown","rates structurally low: Unknown","affordability disparity: Unknown","arrears shutoffs or billing failure: Unknown","customer base or demand volatility: Unknown","governance or management capacity: Unknown","temporary support dependence: Unknown","unfunded contaminant costs: Unknown","consolidation pressure: Unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Single event; lifted after follow-up testing (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington Aqueduct","role":"Wholesale treatment (Dalecarlia and McMillan plants)"},{"name":"DC Water (District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority)","role":"Retail utility; issued the advisory"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 3","role":"Primacy regulator for District public water systems"}],"public_contact":"DC Water Customer Care, (202) 354-3600 (weekdays); 24-hour Emergency Command Center, (202) 612-3400","corrective_actions":["Treatment shifted to the McMillan plant and Dalecarlia pumping resumed on the evening of July 3 to maintain fire-flow supply (ref 1).","Follow-up testing confirmed safety and the advisory was lifted July 4 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drinking Water Advisory: DC Water issues Boil Water Advisory for all customers","publisher":"DC Water","date":"2024-07-03","url":"https://dcwater.com/about-dc-water/media/news/drinking-water-advisory-dc-water-issues-boil-water-advisory-all-customers","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"A boil water advisory has been lifted for D.C. and Arlington ahead of July 4 influx","publisher":"NPR (via KUAF)","date":"2024-07-04","url":"https://www.kuaf.com/npr-news/2024-07-04/a-boil-water-advisory-has-been-lifted-for-d-c-and-arlington-ahead-of-july-4-influx","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: D.C. Water and Sewer Authority (DC0000002)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/DC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SEWER/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}]},{"revision":3,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (DC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Re-verified: cited sources were reopened and the headline figures and dates match the source pages (a few sites blocked automated access; their figures were confirmed in other cited sources). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-DC-WASHINGTON-AQUEDUCT-BOIL-WATER-ADVISORY-2024","US-MULTI-POTOMAC-INTERCEPTOR-SEWAGE-SPILL-2026","US-MULTI-POTOMAC-WMA-SUPPLY-SHORTAGE-RISK-2025"],"id":"US-DC-WASHINGTON-AQUEDUCT-NO-BACKUP-SUPPLY-2025","title":"Washington Aqueduct customers in D.C. and Arlington have no backup to the Potomac","description":"The Washington Aqueduct, the Army Corps-run plant system that supplies D.C., Arlington County and Falls Church, draws only from the Potomac and has been reported to hold 24 to 48 hours of supply, with no backup source if the river became unusable. An Army Corps feasibility study began in September 2024, and in June 2026 the Aqueduct, WSSC Water and Fairfax Water launched a two-year, $25 million 'Secure the Source' study of quarries, reuse and interconnections.","location":{"name":"Washington Aqueduct (Dalecarlia and McMillan plants)","type":"Federal wholesale drinking-water system","state":"DC","states":["DC"],"detail":"District of Columbia; wholesale customers also include Arlington County and Falls Church, VA.","coordinates":{"lat":38.942,"lon":-77.108,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["District of Columbia"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"DC0000001"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Lack of off-river storage or an alternate source is a structural supply-resilience gap.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ICPRB's director called D.C. and Arlington 'the most vulnerable cities' in the U.S. to a drinking-water cutoff (ref 1); the risk is potential, with no supply loss yet.","service":"No outage is attributed to the gap; WTOP (ref 2) reports backup in some cases is only about a day's worth of water.","scale":"The Aqueduct serves over 1 million customers (ref 1) within a region of over 5 million Potomac-dependent residents (ref 2).","duration":"WTOP first reported the 24-to-48-hour limit in 2016 (ref 1) and the gap remained the subject of a new two-year study in June 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"The Army Corps opened a formal three-year, $3 million feasibility study in September 2024 (ref 1); no order or mandate applies."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":1000000,"status":"Reported","note":"'Over 1 million customers' served by the Aqueduct (ref 1); SDWIS lists the wholesale system with a served population of 0 (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The Washington Aqueduct had only 24 to 48 hours of water supply available (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Stored supply if Potomac unusable","value":48,"unit":"hours (upper end of 24-48)","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Secure the Source study cost","value":25,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"},{"name":"Army Corps feasibility study cost","value":3,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["chronic operating deficits: Unknown","liquidity or default stress: Unknown","capital need exceeds revenue capacity: Unknown","deferred maintenance or underinvestment: Unknown","rates structurally low: Unknown","affordability disparity: Unknown","arrears shutoffs or billing failure: Unknown","customer base or demand volatility: Unknown","governance or management capacity: Unknown","temporary support dependence: Unknown","unfunded contaminant costs: Unknown","consolidation pressure: Unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"The Corps' near-term Dalecarlia Reservoir expansion would add only hours of storage (ref 2); a long-term option is still at study stage."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington Aqueduct","role":"Owner and operator of the wholesale system"},{"name":"Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin","role":"Regional water-supply coordination"},{"name":"DC Water (District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority)","role":"Largest wholesale customer"}],"public_contact":"DC Water Customer Care, (202) 354-3600 (weekdays); 24-hour Emergency Command Center, (202) 612-3400","corrective_actions":["Army Corps resilience feasibility study begun September 2024 (ref 1).","Two-year, $25 million 'Secure the Source' study by WSSC Water, the Washington Aqueduct and Fairfax Water, evaluating quarries, advanced wastewater reuse and interconnections (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drought concerns highlight lack of backup water supply in DC, Arlington","publisher":"WTOP","date":"2025-05-09","url":"https://wtop.com/local/2025/05/drought-concerns-highlight-lack-of-backup-water-supply-in-dc-arlington/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"New $25M regional study aims to secure backup water supply beyond the Potomac River","publisher":"WTOP","date":"2026-06-11","url":"https://wtop.com/local/2026/06/new-25m-regional-study-aims-to-secure-backup-water-supply-beyond-the-potomac-river/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Washington Aqueduct Division (DC0000001)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/DC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/AQUEDUCT/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (DC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Re-verified: cited sources were reopened and the headline figures and dates match the source pages (a few sites blocked automated access; their figures were confirmed in other cited sources). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MULTI-POTOMAC-INTERCEPTOR-SEWAGE-SPILL-2026","US-DC-POTOMAC-ANACOSTIA-SWIMMING-BAN-2024"],"id":"US-DC-CLEAN-RIVERS-CSO-CONSENT-DECREE-2023","title":"Combined sewer overflows to the Potomac continue until 2030 consent-decree tunnel","description":"Under a 2005 federal consent decree, DC Water's Clean Rivers Project must cut combined sewer overflows to the Anacostia, Potomac and Rock Creek by March 23, 2030. The Northeast Boundary Tunnel entered service in September 2023, but about 654 million gallons a year still overflow to the Potomac in an average year; the 5.5-mile, $819 million Potomac River Tunnel, under construction since 2024, is meant to cut that by 93 percent.","location":{"name":"DC Water combined sewer system (Potomac outfalls)","type":"Combined sewer system and receiving river segments","state":"DC","states":["DC"],"detail":"District of Columbia; Potomac River Tunnel construction site in West Potomac Park.","coordinates":{"lat":38.885,"lon":-77.045,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["District of Columbia"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Undersized combined sewers (infrastructure) discharge untreated sewage and stormwater to rivers during rain.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"About 654 million gallons of combined sewage overflow to the Potomac in an average rainfall year (refs 1, 2), in roughly 74 events a year (ref 1).","service":"Overflows do not interrupt water or sewer service to customers; neither source reports service restrictions.","scale":"The program spans roughly 18 miles of deep tunnels serving the District's combined system and three receiving waters (ref 1).","duration":"The decree dates to 2005 and Potomac overflows persist until the tunnel is finished in 2030 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Required by a 2005 consent decree among DC Water, EPA, the Justice Department and the District with a March 23, 2030 deadline (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources do not give a population for the combined sewer area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 654 million gallons per year of combined sewer overflows enter the Potomac in an average rainfall year (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Potomac CSO volume, average year","value":654,"unit":"million gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"refs 1, 2"},{"name":"Potomac CSO events, average year (before tunnel)","value":74,"unit":"events per year","status":"Reported","note":"Expected to fall to 4 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Systemwide CSO reduction achieved","value":77,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"As of November 2023, projected 96% by 2030 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Potomac River Tunnel contract","value":819,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["chronic operating deficits: Unknown","liquidity or default stress: Unknown","capital need exceeds revenue capacity: Unknown","deferred maintenance or underinvestment: Unknown","rates structurally low: Unknown","affordability disparity: Unknown","arrears shutoffs or billing failure: Unknown","customer base or demand volatility: Unknown","governance or management capacity: Unknown","temporary support dependence: Unknown","unfunded contaminant costs: Unknown","consolidation pressure: Unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Anacostia overflow volume was cut 91% by the first tunnel phase, with 98% expected after the Northeast Boundary Tunnel (ref 1); Potomac reductions await the 2030 tunnel."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"DC Water (District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority)","role":"Sewer utility; consent-decree defendant"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 3 and U.S. Department of Justice","role":"Consent-decree enforcement"},{"name":"District of Columbia","role":"Consent-decree party"}],"public_contact":"DC Water Customer Care, (202) 354-3600 (weekdays); 24-hour Emergency Command Center, (202) 612-3400","corrective_actions":["Northeast Boundary Tunnel (5.1 miles, 90 million gallons storage) in service September 15, 2023 (ref 1).","Potomac River Tunnel (5.5 miles, 18-foot diameter) under construction with two boring machines, completion required by 2030 (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"$819 million contract awarded for DC Water's final CSO tunnel","publisher":"ASCE Civil Engineering Source","date":"2023-11-16","url":"https://www.asce.org/publications-and-news/civil-engineering-source/civil-engineering-magazine/article/2023/11/819-million-contract-awarded-for-dc-waters-final-cso-tunnel","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"DC Water continues progress on Potomac River Tunnel Project","publisher":"Underground Infrastructure","date":"2024-11-22","url":"https://undergroundinfrastructure.com/news/2024/november/dc-water-continues-progress-on-potomac-river-tunnel-project","basis":"News"}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (DC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Re-verified: cited sources were reopened and the headline figures and dates match the source pages (a few sites blocked automated access; their figures were confirmed in other cited sources). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"id":"US-DC-ANACOSTIA-FORCE-MAIN-COLLAPSE-2025","title":"108-inch Anacostia Force Main collapse spills sewage near Kenilworth Aquatic Gardens","description":"DC Water's 108-inch Anacostia Force Main, which carries wastewater from WSSC Water's Maryland service area and the District to Blue Plains, failed on July 20, 2025 at Anacostia Avenue and Ponds Street NE, opening a sinkhole and spilling about 6,200 gallons of diluted untreated wastewater. A second roughly 6,200-gallon overflow during repairs on August 16 reached a storm drain to the Anacostia River, prompting a no-contact advisory.","location":{"name":"Anacostia Force Main at Anacostia Ave NE","type":"Sanitary sewer force main","state":"DC","states":["DC"],"detail":"Northeast D.C. at the entrance to Kenilworth Park and Aquatic Gardens; carries flow from WSSC Water's Anacostia pumping station in Capitol Heights, MD.","coordinates":{"lat":38.9126,"lon":-76.9425,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["District of Columbia"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A structural failure of a major sewer force main caused overflows and a sinkhole.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"About 6,200 gallons overflowed after the July collapse (ref 1) and a similar volume on August 16 entered a storm drain leading to the Anacostia (ref 2), a limited discharge.","service":"DC Water closed the 1500 block of Anacostia Ave and a park entrance (ref 1); WTOP reports a no-fishing, swimming or boating advisory (ref 4).","scale":"The force main normally carries 60 to 65 million gallons a day from WSSC Water's Anacostia station (ref 3), but discharges were confined to one Northeast D.C. site.","duration":"Failure on July 20 with repairs still ongoing at the August 16 overflow (refs 1, 2), a period of months.","significance":"DC Water issued formal public notices of sanitary sewer overflows (refs 1, 2) and planned a possible controlled emergency overflow to Beaverdam Creek with WSSC Water (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population is reported for the affected area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Approximately 6,200 gallons of sewer overflow so far, with wastewater continuing to overflow periodically (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Force main diameter","value":108,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Overflow after July 20 collapse","value":6200,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Overflow on August 16 during repairs","value":6200,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"},{"name":"Normal flow from WSSC Anacostia station","value":65,"unit":"million gallons per day (upper end of 60-65)","status":"Reported","note":"ref 3"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["chronic operating deficits: Unknown","liquidity or default stress: Unknown","capital need exceeds revenue capacity: Unknown","deferred maintenance or underinvestment: Unknown","rates structurally low: Unknown","affordability disparity: Unknown","arrears shutoffs or billing failure: Unknown","customer base or demand volatility: Unknown","governance or management capacity: Unknown","temporary support dependence: Unknown","unfunded contaminant costs: Unknown","consolidation pressure: Unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No completion date for the repair was reported in the sources opened (refs 2, 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"DC Water (District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority)","role":"Owner and operator of the force main"},{"name":"WSSC Water","role":"Upstream wholesale customer; flow restrictions during repair"},{"name":"National Park Service and District Department of Transportation","role":"Site access and road closures"}],"public_contact":"DC Water Customer Care, (202) 354-3600 (weekdays); 24-hour Emergency Command Center, (202) 612-3400","corrective_actions":["Pumps diverting flow to alternate sewers and containment walls around the pipe (refs 1, 3).","Overnight flow restrictions coordinated with WSSC Water and a review of procedures to prevent dry-weather surges (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Public Notice: DC Water Advises Public of Sewer Overflow in Northeast DC","publisher":"DC Water","date":"2025-07-21","url":"https://www.dcwater.com/about-dc-water/media/news/public-notice-dc-water-advises-public-sewer-overflow-northeast-dc","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"DC Water Advises Public of Unexpected Sewer Overflow from Anacostia Force Main Under Repair","publisher":"DC Water","date":"2025-08-16","url":"https://dcwater.com/about-dc-water/media/news/dc-water-advises-public-unexpected-sewer-overflow-anacostia-force-main","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"DC Water and WSSC Water monitoring forecasted heavy rainfall and taking proactive measures","publisher":"DC Water","date":"2025-07-31","url":"https://www.dcwater.com/about-dc-water/media/news/dc-water-and-wssc-water-monitoring-forecasted-heavy-rainfall-and-taking","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":4,"title":"Over 6,000 gallons' worth of wastewater spills into Northeast DC, cleanup efforts underway","publisher":"WTOP","date":"2025-08-17","url":"https://wtop.com/dc/2025/08/dc-water-advises-residents-after-unexpected-sewer-overflow-into-anacostia/","basis":"News"}]},{"id":"US-DC-ANACOSTIA-RIVER-PCB-SEDIMENT-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Anacostia River PCB sediment cleanup and District suit against the federal government","description":"DC's Department of Energy and Environment (DOEE) issued an Interim Record of Decision in 2020 for 11 PCB 'hot spots' covering about 77 acres of the Anacostia River, Kingman Lake and Washington Channel, at an estimated $35.5 million. DOEE released the 90-percent design for public comment in December 2024. In January 2025 the District sued the United States under the federal Superfund law (CERCLA), alleging that federal facilities released PCBs, pesticides and heavy metals into the river. The complaint says the District had spent over $46 million on investigation.","location":{"state":"DC","states":["DC"],"counties":["District of Columbia"],"name":"Anacostia River (tidal), Kingman Lake, Washington Channel","type":"Tidal river segment and contaminated sediment cleanup area","detail":"Nine-mile tidal Anacostia River, Kingman Lake and Washington Channel, Washington, DC","coordinates":{"lat":38.8975,"lon":-76.9645,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":2},"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legacy PCB and other toxic contamination in river sediment is the direct problem; the cleanup and cost recovery are the response.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DOEE's 2020 decision (ref 1) targets PCBs in sediment and estimates the hot-spot work will cut human health risk from PCBs by about 90%, documenting current contamination harm.","service":"The District's complaint (ref 4) says the contamination contributed to a decades-long 'No Swimming' ban and continuous fishing advisories on the river.","scale":"The project spans the nine-mile tidal Anacostia, Washington Channel and Kingman Lake (ref 2), with about 77 acres slated for dredging or capping (ref 1).","duration":"DOEE began the sediment project in 2014 and issued the interim decision in 2020 (ref 2), and the 90-percent design was still out for comment in December 2024-January 2025.","significance":"The District filed a CERCLA cost-recovery suit against the United States in federal district court in January 2025 (refs 3, 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported; the river runs through Washington, DC, and the complaint says residents along and east of the river historically relied on subsistence fishing (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 77 acres across 11 early action 'hot spots' to be cleaned up at an estimated cost of $35.5 million (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Early action cleanup area","value":77,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"About 50 acres dredged and capped in the Anacostia and Kingman Lake, about 27 acres capped in Washington Channel (ref 1)."},{"name":"Estimated interim cleanup cost","value":35.5,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Interim Record of Decision estimate (ref 1)."},{"name":"District investigative costs to date","value":46,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Complaint states 'over $46 million' (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Cleanup cost recovery: Pepco agreed to pay the District's interim response costs, estimated at $47 million (ref 4); the District is seeking the federal share in court."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Design has advanced to 90 percent (ref 2), but construction had not been confirmed in cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"DC Department of Energy and Environment (DOEE)","role":"Lead agency for the Anacostia River Sediment Project"},{"name":"Office of the Attorney General for the District of Columbia","role":"Plaintiff in CERCLA cost-recovery suit"},{"name":"United States (Navy and other federal agencies)","role":"Defendant alleged responsible party"}],"public_contact":"DOEE, via doee.dc.gov or DC 311","corrective_actions":["Interim Record of Decision (2020) selecting dredging and capping of 11 early action areas.","90-percent Design Report released for public comment, December 3, 2024 to January 2, 2025.","CERCLA and Brownfield Act suit filed against the United States, January 2025."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Bowser Administration Announces Plan of Action for Cleanup of Anacostia River","publisher":"DC Department of Energy and Environment","date":"2020-09-30","url":"https://doee.dc.gov/release/bowser-administration-announces-plan-action-cleanup-anacostia-river","basis":"State agency release"},{"ref":2,"title":"Anacostia River Sediment Project 90-percent Design Report","publisher":"DC Department of Energy and Environment","date":"2024-12-12","url":"https://doee.dc.gov/node/1756271","basis":"State agency notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"DC lawsuit claims US Government polluted Anacostia River for 150 years","publisher":"FOX 5 DC","date":"2025-01-10","url":"https://www.fox5dc.com/news/dc-sues-federal-government-over-decades-anacostia-river-pollution","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Complaint, District of Columbia v. United States of America (Anacostia River)","publisher":"U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia (via State Impact Center)","date":"2025-01-10","url":"https://stateimpactcenter.org/files/AG_Action_DC_Anacostia_River_Complaint_1.10.2025.pdf","basis":"Court record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New record (DC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Re-verified: cited sources were reopened and the headline figures and dates match the source pages (a few sites blocked automated access; their figures were confirmed in other cited sources). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-DC-PEPCO-BENNING-ROAD-PCB-CLEANUP-2024","US-DC-WASHINGTON-NAVY-YARD-SEDIMENT-2026","US-DC-FISH-CONSUMPTION-ADVISORY-PFAS-2024"]},{"id":"US-DC-FISH-CONSUMPTION-ADVISORY-PFAS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"DC fish advisory adds PFAS, tells anglers not to eat four Potomac and Anacostia species","description":"In December 2024 DOEE updated its fish consumption advisory after a tissue study that tested fish from DC's Potomac and Anacostia rivers for PFAS for the first time. Most tested species contained PFAS, and PCBs remain a chemical of concern. DOEE now advises people not to eat eel, carp, striped bass or largemouth bass, and to limit most other species to one serving a month. The advisory is preliminary pending final EPA guidance.","location":{"state":"DC","states":["DC"],"counties":["District of Columbia"],"name":"Potomac and Anacostia rivers in DC","type":"River segments under recreational fish consumption advisory","detail":"All DC waters; study results for the Potomac and Anacostia rivers, Washington, DC","coordinates":{"lat":38.87,"lon":-77.02,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminants accumulating in fish tissue are a water-quality condition affecting recreational and subsistence anglers.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DOEE's 2024 tissue study (ref 1) found PFAS in the majority of fish species tested, and PCBs remain a chemical of concern in fish tissue.","service":"The update (ref 1) moves largemouth bass onto a do-not-eat list with eel, carp and striped bass, and caps most other species at one serving per month.","scale":"The general advisory applies to fish from all DC waters, with results for both the Potomac and the Anacostia (ref 1).","duration":"The District's 2025 complaint (ref 2) describes 'continuous fishing advisories' on the Anacostia, and a 2016 advisory preceded this update (ref 3).","significance":"DOEE issued a formal public health advisory (ref 1); it is a recommendation, not a regulation."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported; the advisory covers recreational anglers on all DC waters."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Do not eat: eel, carp, striped bass, largemouth bass; most other species limited to one serving per month (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Species on do-not-eat list","value":4,"unit":"species","status":"Reported","note":"Eel, carp, striped bass, largemouth bass (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The 2024 update tightened advice compared with the 2016 advisory (refs 1, 3), largely by adding PFAS testing."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"DC Department of Energy and Environment (DOEE)","role":"Issues fish consumption advisory"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"PFAS fish tissue guidance pending"}],"public_contact":"DOEE, via doee.dc.gov or DC 311","corrective_actions":["Preliminary advisory issued December 18, 2024; DOEE will issue new recommendations once EPA finalizes PFAS fish-tissue guidance.","Anacostia River Sediment Project targets PCB hot spots that drive fish risk."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DOEE Provides Fish Consumption Advisory Update","publisher":"DC Department of Energy and Environment","date":"2024-12-18","url":"https://doee.dc.gov/node/1758666","basis":"State agency release"},{"ref":2,"title":"Complaint, District of Columbia v. United States of America (Anacostia River)","publisher":"U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia (via State Impact Center)","date":"2025-01-10","url":"https://stateimpactcenter.org/files/AG_Action_DC_Anacostia_River_Complaint_1.10.2025.pdf","basis":"Court record"},{"ref":3,"title":"DOEE Issues 2016 Fish Consumption Advisory","publisher":"DC Department of Energy and Environment","date":"2016-02-10","url":"https://doee.dc.gov/release/doee-issues-2016-fish-consumption-advisory","basis":"State agency release"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (DC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Re-verified: cited sources were reopened and the headline figures and dates match the source pages (a few sites blocked automated access; their figures were confirmed in other cited sources). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-DC-ANACOSTIA-RIVER-PCB-SEDIMENT-2025","US-MULTI-PFAS-DRINKING-WATER-RULE-ROLLBACK-2026"]},{"id":"US-DC-PEPCO-BENNING-ROAD-PCB-CLEANUP-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Pepco Benning Road and Buzzard Point PCB releases: $57M settlement and river Cove cleanup","description":"In October 2023 Pepco agreed to pay over $57 million, including $47 million for the District's Anacostia cleanup and $10 million in civil penalties, over PCB and petroleum releases from its Benning Road and Buzzard Point facilities and pumping of PCB-contaminated water from transformer vaults into storm sewers. DOEE approved Pepco's landside feasibility study for Benning Road in March 2024. In June 2024 Pepco proposed treating the 3.7-acre river Cove next to the site with activated carbon, estimated at $6.17 million.","location":{"state":"DC","states":["DC"],"counties":["District of Columbia"],"name":"Pepco Benning Road Facility and adjacent Anacostia Cove","type":"Former power plant site and adjacent river sediment","detail":"3400 Benning Road NE, near River Terrace and Parkside, Washington, DC; also Buzzard Point facility","coordinates":{"lat":38.8964,"lon":-76.9586,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Releases from a utility power-station site contaminated soil, groundwater and river sediment.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The Attorney General's office (ref 1) says the investigation found PCBs, petroleum and other hazardous substances in soil, groundwater and river sediment near Benning Road outfalls.","service":"No water-service disruption is tied to the site; Pepco's risk assessment (ref 2) found potential unacceptable risk from eating river fish but not from contact with the water.","scale":"Pepco's study area (ref 2) borders the River Terrace and Parkside communities, and the targeted Cove covers 3.7 acres.","duration":"Pepco's remedial investigation work plan was approved in December 2012 and the waterside study was still in public comment through August 2024 (ref 2).","significance":"Pepco's October 2023 agreements with the District (ref 1) include a partial consent decree, an addendum to the Benning Road consent decree and $10 million in civil penalties."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported; the communities next to the site are River Terrace and Parkside (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Over $57 million settlement: $47 million for Anacostia cleanup and $10 million civil penalties (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Settlement total","value":57,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Cove early action area","value":3.7,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"All Cove sediment exceeds the 600 ug/kg total PCB action level (ref 2)."},{"name":"Preferred Cove remedy estimated cost","value":6.17,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Alternative WIA-3, subject to public comment and DOEE approval (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The Attorney General's office said it would monitor Pepco so it does not pass cleanup costs to ratepayers (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The landside study was approved in March 2024 and the waterside remedy was proposed in 2024 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Potomac Electric Power Company (Pepco)","role":"Responsible party"},{"name":"DC Department of Energy and Environment (DOEE)","role":"Oversight agency"},{"name":"Office of the Attorney General for the District of Columbia","role":"Enforcement"}],"public_contact":"DOEE, via doee.dc.gov or DC 311; project documents at benningservicecenter.com","corrective_actions":["October 2023 partial consent decree, Benning Road consent decree addendum and Buzzard Point/transformer vault consent order.","Landside feasibility study approved March 2024.","Waterside Focused Feasibility Study released June 20, 2024, with comment through August 30, 2024; preferred option is activated-carbon treatment plus selective dredging and capping."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Attorney General Schwalb Secures $57 Million from Pepco","publisher":"Office of the Attorney General for the District of Columbia","date":"2023-10-03","url":"https://oag.dc.gov/release/attorney-general-schwalb-secures-57-million-pepco","basis":"State enforcement release"},{"ref":2,"title":"Benning Road Facility RI/FS Project: Waterside Feasibility Study Update","publisher":"Pepco / AECOM","date":"2024-07-24","url":"https://benningservicecenter.com/library/documents/Benning_Waterside_FFS_Update_Public_Meeting_7-24-24.pdf","basis":"Responsible-party public meeting record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (DC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Re-verified: cited sources were reopened and the headline figures and dates match the source pages (a few sites blocked automated access; their figures were confirmed in other cited sources). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-DC-ANACOSTIA-RIVER-PCB-SEDIMENT-2025"]},{"id":"US-DC-WASHINGTON-NAVY-YARD-SEDIMENT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Washington Navy Yard Superfund: proposed plan for PCB-contaminated Anacostia sediment","description":"In July 2026 the Navy, EPA and DOEE proposed a cleanup for about 15.6 acres of Anacostia River sediment next to and downstream of the Washington Navy Yard. PCBs there pose potential health risks to people who eat river fish, and PAHs and lead pose risks to bottom-dwelling organisms. The preferred option is an activated-carbon thin-layer sand cap with long-term monitoring. The public comment period ran to September 14, 2026. The District's January 2025 lawsuit names the Navy Yard as a source of PCBs to the river.","location":{"state":"DC","states":["DC"],"counties":["District of Columbia"],"name":"Washington Navy Yard, Operable Unit 2 (Anacostia sediment)","type":"Federal facility Superfund site, river sediment unit","detail":"Anacostia River adjacent to and downstream of the Washington Navy Yard, Southeast Washington, DC","coordinates":{"lat":38.8732,"lon":-76.995,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Historical naval industrial operations left PCBs, PAHs and lead in adjacent river sediment.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The agencies' notice (ref 1) states PCBs in the sediment pose potential health risks to people eating river fish, and PAHs and lead pose risks to sediment organisms.","service":"No drinking-water or service disruption is associated with this sediment unit in the cited notice (ref 1).","scale":"The unit covers about 15.6 acres of sediment beside the Navy Yard (ref 1).","duration":"The District's complaint (ref 2) ties the Navy Yard's PCB releases to decades of shipbuilding and munitions work, and a final remedy was still pending after the comment period closed in September 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"The cleanup is a CERCLA action led by the Navy with EPA Region III and DOEE (ref 1), and the site is named in the District's federal lawsuit (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 15.6 acres of Anacostia sediment; preferred remedy is enhanced natural recovery with an activated-carbon-amended thin-layer sand cap (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Sediment unit area","value":15.6,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Proposed plan stage; no final decision in cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Department of the Navy (NAVFAC Washington)","role":"Lead agency and responsible party"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region III","role":"Superfund oversight"},{"name":"DC Department of Energy and Environment (DOEE)","role":"District regulator"}],"public_contact":"NAVFAC Washington environmental restoration program (Washington Navy Yard page); DOEE via DC 311","corrective_actions":["Proposed Plan for Operable Unit 2 issued July 2026; public meetings July 23 and August 27, 2026; comments through September 14, 2026."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Extended Public Comment Period and Public Meeting on Proposed Plan for Operable Unit 2, Washington Navy Yard","publisher":"DC Department of Energy and Environment","date":"2026-08-18","url":"https://doee.dc.gov/node/1843116","basis":"State agency notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Complaint, District of Columbia v. United States of America (Anacostia River)","publisher":"U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia (via State Impact Center)","date":"2025-01-10","url":"https://stateimpactcenter.org/files/AG_Action_DC_Anacostia_River_Complaint_1.10.2025.pdf","basis":"Court record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (DC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Re-verified: cited sources were reopened and the headline figures and dates match the source pages (a few sites blocked automated access; their figures were confirmed in other cited sources). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-DC-ANACOSTIA-RIVER-PCB-SEDIMENT-2025"]},{"id":"US-DC-DC-WATER-RATES-CRIAC-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"DC Water approves FY2027-28 rate increases; Clean Rivers charge and stormwater fee climb","description":"DC Water's board voted on September 3, 2026 on rates for FY2027 and FY2028. The average residential bill rises from $147.16 a month in FY2026 to $155.88 in FY2027 and $164.15 in FY2028. The Clean Rivers Impervious Area Charge, which pays for the $3.27 billion Clean Rivers Project, goes from $21.23 per ERU in FY2025 to $27.22 in FY2028, and the District stormwater fee collected on the bill rises from $2.67 to $4.03 per ERU. In January 2026 DC Water paused new impervious-area measurements until at least FY2029 over bill-impact concerns.","location":{"state":"DC","states":["DC"],"counties":["District of Columbia"],"name":"DC Water service area","type":"Municipal water and sewer authority service area","detail":"District of Columbia","coordinates":{"lat":38.9072,"lon":-77.0369,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"extent":"system","pwsid":"DC0000002"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Rate and fee increases to fund federally mandated and aging-infrastructure capital affect household affordability.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health or environmental harm is involved; the issue is bill affordability, with the average bill up $8.72 a month in FY2027 (ref 1).","service":"Service is not disrupted by the rate action itself (ref 1).","scale":"DC Water serves 632,323 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Increases are approved for two consecutive years after a FY2026 CRIAC rise from $21.23 to $24.23 per ERU (refs 1, 2), the sixth multi-year proposal.","significance":"The board took a formal rate vote on September 3, 2026, after a June 23 public hearing (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":632323,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Average residential bill: $147.16 (FY2026) to $155.88 (FY2027) to $164.15 (FY2028) per month (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"CRIAC per ERU, FY2028","value":27.22,"unit":"USD/month","status":"Reported","note":"Up from $21.23 in FY2025 and $24.23 in FY2026 (refs 1, 2)."},{"name":"Stormwater fee per ERU, FY2027","value":4.03,"unit":"USD/month","status":"Reported","note":"Up from $2.67 in FY2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Customer assistance discount range","value":null,"unit":"USD/year","status":"Not reported","note":"DC Water states annual CAP discounts of $218 to $1,572 (ref 5); not a single value."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Bills rising about $8-9 a month per year to fund Clean Rivers, Lead Free DC and aging infrastructure (refs 1, 3).","CRIAC ERU re-measurement paused over bill-impact concerns (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Average bill rises each year FY2026-FY2028 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"DC Water (District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority) Board of Directors","role":"Sets rates"},{"name":"DC Department of Energy and Environment (DOEE)","role":"Stormwater fee and CAP income verification"}],"public_contact":"DC Water customer service via dcwater.com; CAP eligibility through DOEE, 202-350-9649","corrective_actions":["Customer Assistance Programs (CAP+, CAP1, CAP2, CAP3) with CRIAC reductions of 50-75% (ref 5).","Pause on new CRIAC ERU measurements until no earlier than October 1, 2028 (ref 2).","Payment Plan Incentive credit for customers with balances of $500 or more (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Approved FY 2027 & FY 2028 Rates","publisher":"DC Water","date":"2026-09-03","url":"https://www.dcwater.com/proposed-rates","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Impervious Area FAQs","publisher":"DC Water","date":null,"url":"https://www.dcwater.com/customer-center/rates-and-fees/impervious-area-faqs","basis":"Utility notice","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"DC Water proposed rate hike met with collective shrug","publisher":"WTOP News","date":"2026-05-29","url":"https://dev.wtop.com/dc/2026/05/few-show-up-at-a-dc-water-town-hall-to-talk-about-rate-hikes/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: D.C. Water and Sewer Authority (DC0000002)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/DC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SEWER/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"Customer Assistance Programs","publisher":"DC Water","date":null,"url":"https://www.dcwater.com/customer-assistance","basis":"Utility notice","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (DC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Re-verified: cited sources were reopened and the headline figures and dates match the source pages (a few sites blocked automated access; their figures were confirmed in other cited sources). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-DC-DC-WATER-MULTIFAMILY-DISCONNECTIONS-2025"]},{"id":"US-DC-DC-WATER-MULTIFAMILY-DISCONNECTIONS-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"DC Water shutoffs at small apartment buildings over landlord arrears prompt Council action","description":"Starting in March 2025 DC Water sent disconnection notices to multifamily buildings whose owners had unpaid water bills. By May 21, 2025, 331 properties had received notices and 42 were disconnected, often affecting tenants who had paid rent. The utility ended FY2025 with $33.3 million in unpaid bills. The DC Council passed emergency and temporary laws requiring monthly disconnection reports and clarifying late fees, renewed them in 2026, and is considering a bill to let tenants open their own accounts.","location":{"state":"DC","states":["DC"],"counties":["District of Columbia"],"name":"DC Water service area (multifamily buildings)","type":"Municipal water and sewer authority service area","detail":"Small multi-unit apartment buildings across the District of Columbia","coordinates":{"lat":38.9072,"lon":-77.0369,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"extent":"system","pwsid":"DC0000002"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Utility debt collection and master-metered billing put tenants at risk of losing water service for landlord nonpayment.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The Council resolution (ref 1) warns DC Water may not know whether disconnected units house seniors, children or people with disabilities, groups especially vulnerable during shutoffs.","service":"Of 331 properties noticed by May 21, 2025, 42 had water service disconnected and 24 were still off on May 30, 2025 (ref 1).","scale":"Notices went mostly to 327 small multi-unit buildings of about 4 to 6 units plus 4 larger apartment buildings (ref 1).","duration":"The collection campaign began in March 2025, and the Council was renewing the protections in 2026 because the temporary law expired May 14, 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"The Council passed emergency legislation on June 14, 2025 and a new emergency declaration resolution in 2026 (ref 1); a permanent bill was introduced in October 2025 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported; 42 buildings were disconnected but tenant counts were not given (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"331 properties noticed and 42 disconnected as of May 2025; $33.3 million in unpaid water bills at the end of FY2025 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Properties disconnected (as of May 21, 2025)","value":42,"unit":"properties","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Unpaid water bills, end of FY2025","value":33.3,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; the Washington Informer reported more than $35 million (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["$33.3 million in unpaid bills at FY2025 year-end (ref 1).","Legal dispute over DC Water's authority to charge late fees on water arrears (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Disconnections continued into mid-2025 while Council protections were added and renewed (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"DC Water (District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority)","role":"Utility conducting collections and disconnections"},{"name":"Council of the District of Columbia","role":"Legislative oversight"},{"name":"Office of the Tenant Advocate; Office of the Attorney General","role":"Receive monthly disconnection reports"}],"public_contact":"DC Water customer service via dcwater.com; Office of the Tenant Advocate via DC 311","corrective_actions":["DC Water and Sewer Authority Billing and Disconnection Clarification Emergency Amendment Act of 2025 (effective August 1, 2025) and Temporary Act (effective October 1, 2025).","2026 emergency declaration resolution to continue monthly reporting and notice rules.","D.C. Water Billing and Disconnection Modernization Amendment Act of 2025 introduced October 2025."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DC Water and Sewer Authority Billing and Disconnection Clarification Emergency Declaration Resolution (proposed, Councilmember Allen)","publisher":"Council of the District of Columbia","date":"2026-04-17","url":"https://dccouncil.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/WASA-Billing-and-Disconnection-Clarification-Emergency-Declaration-Resolution-of-2026.pdf","basis":"Legislative record"},{"ref":2,"title":"D.C. Lawmaker Introduces Bill to Regulate Water Disconnections","publisher":"The Washington Informer","date":"2025-10-21","url":"https://www.washingtoninformer.com/?p=1239289","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: D.C. Water and Sewer Authority (DC0000002)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/DC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SEWER/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (DC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Re-verified: cited sources were reopened and the headline figures and dates match the source pages (a few sites blocked automated access; their figures were confirmed in other cited sources). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-DC-DC-WATER-RATES-CRIAC-2026"]},{"id":"US-DC-WATTS-BRANCH-FLOODPLAIN-REMAP-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Watts Branch floodplain remapped: 75 buildings newly placed in the regulatory floodway","description":"A FEMA Letter of Map Revision that took effect October 29, 2024 redrew flood zones along Watts Branch in Northeast DC, from near Kenilworth Park (Mayfair) to near Marvin Gaye Recreation Center (Grant Park). The floodway now holds 77 buildings, up from 5, with 75 added; the 1% annual-chance floodplain fell from 452 to 209 buildings. Newly mapped buildings face lender flood-insurance requirements and DOEE floodplain building rules. The remap was one of the DC Flood Task Force's 2022 actions.","location":{"state":"DC","states":["DC"],"counties":["District of Columbia"],"name":"Watts Branch watershed (Mayfair to Grant Park)","type":"Urban stream floodplain","detail":"Watts Branch from near Kenilworth Park to near Marvin Gaye Recreation Center, Northeast Washington, DC","coordinates":{"lat":38.8985,"lon":-76.938,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Riverine flood hazard along an urban stream, revised with newer topographic and hydraulic data.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DOEE's revised maps (ref 1) place 77 buildings in the Watts Branch floodway, the highest-hazard zone, documenting potential flood exposure rather than a specific loss event.","service":"Buildings newly mapped into the floodway or 1% floodplain become subject to lender flood-insurance requirements and DOEE floodplain building rules (ref 1).","scale":"The revision covers Watts Branch neighborhoods including Mayfair and Grant Park, with 209 buildings in the 1% floodplain and 365 in the 0.2% area (ref 1).","duration":"The DC Flood Task Force planned the Watts Branch remap in 2022 (ref 2), and the floodway designation is a standing hazard designation.","significance":"FEMA issued a formal Letter of Map Revision, with an initial determination June 17, 2024 and effect on October 29, 2024 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported; building counts are given instead of population (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Floodway buildings: 5 under the 2010 map to 77 under the 2024 LOMR (75 added, 3 removed) (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Buildings in floodway (2024 LOMR)","value":77,"unit":"buildings","status":"Reported","note":"Up from 5 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Buildings in 1% annual chance floodplain (2024 LOMR)","value":209,"unit":"buildings","status":"Reported","note":"Down from 452; 261 removed, 18 added (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"A single map revision; mixed effect (floodway grew, 1% floodplain shrank) (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"DC Department of Energy and Environment (DOEE), Watershed Protection Division","role":"Floodplain manager"},{"name":"FEMA","role":"Flood map authority"},{"name":"DC Flood Task Force","role":"Interagency flood resilience planning"}],"public_contact":"DOEE Watershed Protection Division, via doee.dc.gov or DC 311","corrective_actions":["Letter of Map Revision effective October 29, 2024.","DC Flood Task Force action plans (2022) include FloodSmart Homes for about 1,000 residential structures and a parallel Oxon Run map update (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Floodplain Maps for Watts Branch Changing in 2024","publisher":"DC Department of Energy and Environment","date":"2024-10-29","url":"https://doee.dc.gov/node/1709356","basis":"State agency notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"DC Flood Task Force Releases Plans to Increase Resilience of more than 1,000 District Homes","publisher":"DC Water","date":"2022-08-02","url":"https://www.dcwater.com/node/30273","basis":"Utility and interagency release"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (DC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Re-verified: cited sources were reopened and the headline figures and dates match the source pages (a few sites blocked automated access; their figures were confirmed in other cited sources). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-DC-POTOMAC-ANACOSTIA-SWIMMING-BAN-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"DC swimming ban on the Potomac and Anacostia persists as bacteria cancel swim events","description":"DC has banned swimming in its rivers since 1971, allowing only permitted special events whose organizers show E. coli and other levels are likely to be safe. The Anacostia River Splash at Kingman Island was called off in 2023 after a storm caused a sewage overflow, and AP reported in June 2024 that E. coli still tests above the safe threshold and that the river got a failing grade in 2023. DOEE has said it aims to update its standards to allow swimming but has given no timeline.","location":{"state":"DC","states":["DC"],"counties":["District of Columbia"],"name":"Potomac and Anacostia rivers in DC","type":"River segments with primary-contact recreation ban","detail":"Potomac and Anacostia rivers within District limits, including Kingman Island, Washington, DC","coordinates":{"lat":38.8995,"lon":-76.966,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":2},"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Bacteria from stormwater and sewer overflows keep DC rivers below the swimmable (Class A) use.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"AP (ref 1) reports E. coli in the Anacostia tests above the threshold considered safe for human exposure, a potential rather than documented illness risk.","service":"Swimming is prohibited except at permitted events (refs 1, 3), and the 2023 Anacostia River Splash was cancelled after a storm-driven overflow (ref 2).","scale":"The prohibition covers the Potomac and Anacostia rivers across the District (ref 4).","duration":"DC prohibited swimming in all its waterways in 1971 (ref 1), and the Anacostia earned its third failing grade in six years in 2023 (ref 1).","significance":"The ban is in DC regulations and DOEE requires a monitoring plan, contingency plan and $1,000 fee for each swim-event exception (ref 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Swimming prohibited since 1971; Anacostia given a failing grade in 2023, its third in six years (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Advocates' volunteer data show improvement at some Potomac sites (ref 4), but cited sources show no lifting of the ban."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"DC Department of Energy and Environment (DOEE), Water Quality Division","role":"Water quality standards and swim-event approvals"},{"name":"National Park Service; Metropolitan Police Department","role":"Event permissions"}],"public_contact":"DOEE, via doee.dc.gov or DC 311","corrective_actions":["Special-event exceptions under 21 DCMR 1108 (Potomac since 2012, Anacostia since 2018 per DOEE).","DOEE stated plans to update water quality standards and add public alerts for unsafe contact recreation (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Tide turns as Anacostia River begins to recover after decades of pollution","publisher":"Associated Press (via WBFF Fox Baltimore)","date":"2024-06-07","url":"https://foxbaltimore.com/newsletter-daily/anacostia-river-cleans-up-washington-dc-forgetten-river-pollution-neglect-ecoli-water-safety-health-anacostia-watershed-society","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Anacostia Swim Event Canceled Due to Sewage Overflow","publisher":"Chesapeake Bay Magazine","date":"2023-07-11","url":"https://chesapeakebaymagazine.com/anacostia-swim-event-canceled-due-to-sewage-overflow","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"How to Obtain Approval of a Swim Event in the Potomac River and Anacostia River","publisher":"DC Department of Energy and Environment","date":"2022-07-22","url":"https://doee.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/ddoe/publication/attachments/How%20to%20Obtain%20Approval%20of%20a%20Swim%20Event%20in%20the%20Potomac%20River%20or%20Anacostia%20River%20WQD%2007-27-2022.pdf","basis":"State agency guidance"},{"ref":4,"title":"Could the Potomac River be swimmable by summer?","publisher":"E&E News","date":"2022-04-22","url":"https://eenews.net/articles/could-the-potomac-river-be-swimmable-by-summer","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (DC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Re-verified: cited sources were reopened and the headline figures and dates match the source pages (a few sites blocked automated access; their figures were confirmed in other cited sources). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-DC-ANACOSTIA-RIVER-PCB-SEDIMENT-2025","US-DC-CLEAN-RIVERS-CSO-CONSENT-DECREE-2023"]},{"id":"US-WV-PADEN-CITY-PCE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Paden City PCE-contaminated wells and EPA Safe Drinking Water Act order","description":"Paden City's public water wells are contaminated with tetrachloroethylene (PCE) from former dry cleaners, and the town relies on an air stripper to meet the 5 ppb limit. EPA records show PCE maximum contaminant level violations from July 2023 through mid-2024, and in April 2026 EPA issued a consent order citing poor air-stripper maintenance, no backup power for the stripper until 2025 and gaps in continuous disinfection.","location":{"name":"Paden City municipal water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"WV","states":["WV"],"detail":"Paden City, Wetzel and Tyler counties, on the Ohio River; groundwater wells within the Paden City Groundwater Superfund site","coordinates":{"lat":39.603,"lon":-80.934,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Wetzel","Tyler"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WV3305204"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A contaminated aquifer (quality) depends on treatment equipment the utility failed to maintain (infrastructure).","secondary_drivers":["Legacy dry-cleaner contamination","Treatment equipment maintenance"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA's order (ref 1) records a July 19, 2023 finished-water sample of 0.0303 mg/L PCE against the 0.005 mg/L limit, and SDWIS (ref 3) lists PCE MCL violations for periods from July 2023 through April 2024.","service":"The air stripper was bypassed during a power outage and the city issued a Do Not Consume notice on Aug. 16, 2023 (ref 1); no new use restriction is documented after that.","scale":"SDWIS lists the Paden City system at 3,291 people (ref 4); EPA's order counts about 2,985 residents on 1,293 connections (ref 1).","duration":"PCE MCL exceedances date to late 2018 and the well field was added to the Superfund National Priorities List in March 2022 (ref 1), so the problem has run for years.","significance":"EPA Region 3 issued Administrative Order on Consent SDWA-03-2026-0016DS on April 16, 2026 after a 2025 notice of violation and state orders EE-20-01 and EE-23-10 A-1 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":3291,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Finished water sample on July 19, 2023 showed 0.0303 mg/L PCE; the MCL is 0.005 mg/L."},"measures":[{"name":"PCE in finished water, July 19, 2023","value":0.0303,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"EPA order (ref 1); MCL 0.005 mg/L."},{"name":"Highest PCE level recorded","value":21,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"WVPB (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["PSC proceeding on whether the city's water and sewer utilities are distressed or failing (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 3","role":"Federal enforcement (SDWA order) and Superfund lead"},{"name":"West Virginia Department of Health, Office of Environmental Health Services","role":"Primacy drinking-water regulator"},{"name":"Public Service Commission of West Virginia","role":"Utility regulator"},{"name":"City of Paden City","role":"System owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"City of Paden City Water Works, 208 W Main Street, Paden City, WV 26159; 304-337-8004","corrective_actions":["Air stripper installed in May 2020 under state order EE-20-01 (ref 1).","Air stripper connected to the emergency generator, per an Oct. 15, 2025 invoice (ref 1).","Chlorine automatic switchover installed by January 2026; chlorine analyzer not yet fully installed (ref 1).","EPA Superfund remedial investigation of the Paden City Groundwater site (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"In the Matter of City of Paden City Public Water System, Administrative Order on Consent, Dkt. No. SDWA-03-2026-0016DS","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 3","date":"2026-04-16","url":"https://yosemite.epa.gov/OA/rhc/EPAAdmin.nsf/Filings/2901CEC7A106A35285258DDB00689793/$File/City%20of%20Paden%20City%20Public%20Water%20System_SDWA%20AOC_April%2016%202026.pdf","basis":"Federal enforcement order"},{"ref":2,"title":"Hearings Set To Determine If Paden City Utility Are Distressed Or Failing","publisher":"West Virginia Public Broadcasting","date":"2023-12-27","url":"https://wvpublic.org/hearings-set-to-determine-if-paden-city-utility-are-distressed-or-failing/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS violation records: Paden City (WV3305204)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS Federal Reporting Services)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/WV3305204/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Paden City","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS Federal Reporting Services)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WV/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PADEN/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (WV in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WV-MINGO-PSD-OUTAGES-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Mingo County PSD outages, byproduct violations and PSC corrective order","description":"In January 2025 failures at the Mingo County Public Service District's Naugatuck plant sediment basins, worsened by cold weather, left about 2,100 customers in Mingo County without water and prompted state bottled-water deliveries. The Public Service Commission opened a general investigation and in November 2025 ordered a 10-point corrective action plan with quarterly reports; EPA records show the Naugatuck system also exceeded disinfection byproduct limits through 2025.","location":{"name":"Mingo County PSD (Naugatuck plant)","type":"Public service district service area","state":"WV","states":["WV"],"detail":"Naugatuck treatment plant drawing from the Tug Fork; serves communities across Mingo County including Crum","coordinates":{"lat":37.785,"lon":-82.343,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Mingo"],"extent":"county","pwsid":"WV3303029"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Neglected sediment basins and equipment (infrastructure) caused outages and inadequate treatment (quality).","secondary_drivers":["Deferred maintenance","Staffing shortages","Cold weather"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 2) records total trihalomethane MCL violations of 95, 91 and 100 ug/L in 2025 periods and haloacetic acid results of 70 and 61 ug/L at the Naugatuck system.","service":"The state health department reported about 2,100 Mingo County customers without water as of Jan. 25, 2025 and delivered pallets of bottled water (ref 3).","scale":"WCHS reports the district serves 4,289 customers (ref 5); the Naugatuck system alone serves 2,159 people per SDWIS (ref 1).","duration":"A resident told WSAZ service had been cutting out regularly over the past year (ref 4), and byproduct violations continued into late 2025 (ref 2).","significance":"The PSC opened a general investigation in January 2025 (ref 4) and on Nov. 4, 2025 ordered a corrective action plan with quarterly status reports (ref 5)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":2159,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the Naugatuck system per SDWIS (ref 1); about 2,100 customers countywide lost water in January 2025 (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Approximately 2,100 customers across Mingo County without water (as of Jan. 25, 2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"Customers without water, Jan. 25, 2025","value":2100,"unit":"customers","status":"Reported","note":"WV Department of Health (ref 3)."},{"name":"TTHM running annual average, Oct. 2025 period","value":100,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 2); MCL 80 ug/L."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Mingo County Commission rejected the district's proposed rate increase in January 2025 (ref 5)","PSC ordered the district to seek immediate and long-term funding (ref 5)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"West Virginia Department of Health, Office of Environmental Health Services","role":"Primacy drinking-water regulator"},{"name":"Public Service Commission of West Virginia","role":"Utility regulator"},{"name":"Mingo County Public Service District","role":"System owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"Mingo County Public Service District, P.O. Box 2155, Williamson, WV; 304-235-1626","corrective_actions":["PSC order of Nov. 4, 2025 requires a 10-point corrective action plan covering staffing, failed equipment, regulatory violations, redundancy, safety, tank telemetry and an asset management plan (ref 5).","Quarterly status reports to the PSC (ref 5).","Bureau for Public Health technical assistance during the January 2025 outage (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Mingo County PSD","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS Federal Reporting Services)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WV/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MINGO/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS violation records: Mingo County PSD - Naugatuck (WV3303029)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS Federal Reporting Services)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/WV3303029/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"West Virginia Department of Health and Department of Homeland Security offer support to restore water","publisher":"West Virginia Department of Health","date":"2025-01-27","url":"https://health.wv.gov/article/west-virginia-department-health-department-homeland-security-offer-support-restore-water","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"West Virginia Public Service Commission takes aim at Mingo Water issues","publisher":"WSAZ","date":"2025-01-24","url":"https://www.wsaz.com/2025/01/24/west-virginia-public-service-commission-takes-aim-mingo-water-issues","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"State regulators order action plan to address troubled Mingo County water system's issues","publisher":"WCHS","date":"2025-11-05","url":"https://www.wchstv.com/news/local/state-regulators-order-action-plan-to-address-troubled-mingo-county-water-systems-issues","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New record (WV in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WV-GARY-DISTRESSED-WATER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Gary (McDowell County) water system found distressed; 90-94% water loss","description":"The Public Service Commission found in February 2026 that the City of Gary's water works meets the criteria of a distressed utility, citing aging treatment, too few certified operators, quality concerns at the Grapevine well and severe water loss. Annual reports show 90 to 94 percent of treated water is lost, and customers have faced dirty water and recurring boil advisories; in April 2026 the PSC approved the McDowell County PSD taking over day-to-day operation.","location":{"name":"City of Gary Municipal Water Works","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"WV","states":["WV"],"detail":"Gary, McDowell County, southern coalfields","coordinates":{"lat":37.364,"lon":-81.548,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["McDowell"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WV3302420"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Leaking mains, aging treatment and thin staffing are the root problems.","secondary_drivers":["Water loss","Operator shortage","Small-system capacity"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The PSC flagged water quality concerns at the primary Grapevine well (ref 3), a resident described the water as looking like coal dirt (ref 4), and SDWIS lists 24 health-based groundwater rule violations dated Nov. 8, 2024 (ref 2).","service":"WVNS reports customers have had persistent boil water advisories (ref 5), and the state consumer advocate said the water serves only for flushing toilets (ref 4).","scale":"SDWIS lists the Gary system at 1,633 people (ref 1).","duration":"Customers have had poor water quality for many years, per the PSC case coverage (ref 5).","significance":"The PSC found the system meets distressed-utility criteria in February 2026 (ref 3) and on April 20, 2026 adopted an order placing operations with the McDowell County PSD (ref 5)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1633,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Gary's annual reports show water loss of 90 to 94 percent of water produced."},"measures":[{"name":"Water loss","value":94,"unit":"percent of treated water","status":"Reported","note":"WCHS (ref 4); annual reports range 90-94% (ref 5)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Distressed-utility determination (ref 3)","Rates adopted in October 2024 never took effect (ref 3)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Public Service Commission of West Virginia","role":"Utility regulator"},{"name":"West Virginia Department of Health, Office of Environmental Health Services","role":"Primacy drinking-water regulator"},{"name":"McDowell County Public Service District","role":"Contract operator"},{"name":"City of Gary","role":"System owner"}],"public_contact":"City of Gary, PO Box 310, Gary, WV; 304-448-2209","corrective_actions":["McDowell County PSD operates the water system under a PSC-approved agreement, with progress reports every 60 days (ref 5).","PSC staff recommended evaluating a new water source, a systemwide water loss study, replacing flow meters and recruiting certified operators (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Gary","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS Federal Reporting Services)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WV/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/GARY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS violation records: Gary (WV3302420)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS Federal Reporting Services)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/WV3302420/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"PSC recommends changes after finding deficiencies in Gary water system","publisher":"WVVA","date":"2026-02-06","url":"https://www.wvva.com/2026/02/06/public-service-commission-determines-garys-water-system-is-distressed-utility/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"W.Va. PSC holds hearing regarding Gary utility system amid ongoing water crisis","publisher":"WCHS","date":"2026-03-19","url":"https://www.wchstv.com/news/local/wva-psc-holds-hearing-regarding-gary-utility-system-amid-ongoing-water-crisis","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"Operation and maintenance agreement approved between Gary and the McDowell County Public Service District","publisher":"WVNS","date":"2026-04-20","url":"https://www.wvnstv.com/news/west-virginia-news/mcdowell-county/operation-and-maintenance-agreement-approved-between-gary-and-the-mcdowell-county-public-service-district/amp/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (WV in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["sources[5].date approximated to the April 20, 2026 ruling date; the page shows only a relative publication date"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WV-WILLIAMSTOWN-PFAS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Williamstown water PFOA at 20-32 ppt with no treatment yet reported","description":"Williamstown Water Department's treated groundwater measured 20.2 and 32 parts per trillion of PFOA in 2023 federal UCMR 5 sampling, above the 4 ppt federal limit. In April 2024 the mayor said the city was weighing options and aimed to have filtration before the federal deadline, but no design, cost or schedule has been reported.","location":{"name":"Williamstown Water Department","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"WV","states":["WV"],"detail":"Williamstown, Wood County, on the Ohio River across from Marietta, Ohio","coordinates":{"lat":39.4,"lon":-81.448,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Wood"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WV3305412"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOA in the city's well water is a contaminant problem awaiting treatment.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","Federal PFAS rule"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 entry-point results were 0.0202 ug/L (May 16, 2023) and 0.032 ug/L (Nov. 14, 2023) PFOA, well above the 4 ppt MCL value (ref 2).","service":"No use restriction or advisory has been reported for Williamstown customers (refs 2, 3).","scale":"SDWIS lists 3,469 people on 1,567 connections (ref 1).","duration":"PFOA appeared in both 2023 sampling rounds and the mayor said in April 2024 that 'We just can't do it tomorrow' (ref 3), so exposure continues.","significance":"The results exceed the federal PFOA standard adopted in 2024, but no state or federal enforcement action has been reported (ref 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":3469,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOA 0.032 ug/L (32 ppt) at the entry point after treatment, Nov. 14, 2023 (UCMR 5)."},"measures":[{"name":"Mean PFOA, UCMR 5","value":26.1,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Average of two 2023 entry-point results (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"West Virginia Department of Health, Office of Environmental Health Services","role":"Primacy drinking-water regulator"},{"name":"City of Williamstown","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Federal PFAS rule"}],"public_contact":"Williamstown Water Department, 100 West 5th Street, Williamstown, WV 26187; 304-375-7761","corrective_actions":["City says it is considering options and will keep testing and planning toward filtration before the federal deadline (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Williamstown Water Dept","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS Federal Reporting Services)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WV/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WILLIAMSTOWN/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (UCMR5_All.txt), Williamstown Water Dept WV3305412","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Some Mid-Ohio Valley systems already preparing for new PFAS standards (Parkersburg News and Sentinel, reprinted)","publisher":"Parkersburg News and Sentinel","date":"2024-04-11","url":"https://www.capito.senate.gov/news/in-the-news/some-mid-ohio-valley-systems-already-preparing-for-new-pfas-standards","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (WV in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-WV-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-WV-PARKERSBURG-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-MULTI-CHEMOURS-PFAS-2026"]},{"id":"US-WV-WAYNE-OIL-DO-NOT-CONSUME-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Town of Wayne do-not-consume order after transformer oil reached intake","description":"After vandalism on Jan. 13, 2026 released about 5,000 gallons of transformer oil from an Appalachian Power substation at East Lynn into creeks feeding the Town of Wayne's intake, a do-not-consume order was issued on Jan. 16. Residents relied on bottled water and shower sites for about three weeks until the order was eased on Feb. 5 and lifted on Feb. 6; testing found no PCBs in finished water, and a separate boil notice for low tank levels ran Feb. 10-13.","location":{"name":"Town of Wayne water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"WV","states":["WV"],"detail":"Wayne, Wayne County; intake downstream of the East Lynn substation","coordinates":{"lat":38.221,"lon":-82.442,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Wayne"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WV3305007"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Source-water contamination made tap water unusable for drinking.","secondary_drivers":["Source-water spill","Vandalism"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The town reported transformer oil found in its water plant on Jan. 30 (ref 3), but state testing found no PCBs in finished water (ref 4).","service":"The state health department's do-not-consume order from Jan. 16 left residents without usable tap water for drinking until Feb. 6 (refs 2, 5).","scale":"SDWIS lists the Wayne system at 5,519 people (ref 1); WVPB puts the town's served population at roughly 5,700 (ref 2).","duration":"The crisis lasted a little over three weeks, Jan. 16 to Feb. 6, 2026 (ref 5), plus a Feb. 10-13 boil notice (ref 6).","significance":"The order was a formal state health action, and WVDEP and the health department ran joint testing (ref 4); the governor funded an evaluation of the plant (ref 2)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":5519,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 5,000 gallons of transformer oil leaked into a nearby creek where the town draws its water supply."},"measures":[{"name":"Transformer oil released","value":5000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"WVPB (ref 2); other reports give about 4,900 gallons."},{"name":"Do-not-consume/do-not-drink duration","value":21,"unit":"days","status":"Estimated","note":"Jan. 16 to Feb. 6, 2026 (refs 2, 5)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Order lifted Feb. 6, 2026 (ref 5); follow-up boil notice lifted Feb. 13 (ref 6)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"West Virginia Department of Health, Office of Environmental Health Services","role":"Primacy drinking-water regulator"},{"name":"West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"},{"name":"Town of Wayne","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Appalachian Power","role":"Substation owner"}],"public_contact":"Town of Wayne water, PO Box 25, Wayne, WV; 304-272-3231","corrective_actions":["Residential line flushing and filter replacement before resuming use (ref 4).","Gov. Morrisey approved funding to evaluate the water plant's operations and needed upgrades (ref 2).","WVDEP and health department sampling of the watershed and finished water (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Wayne Water Town of","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS Federal Reporting Services)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WV/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WAYNE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Wayne Water To Resume Service Soon","publisher":"West Virginia Public Broadcasting","date":"2026-01-30","url":"https://wvpublic.org/story/health-science/wayne-water-to-resume-service-soon/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"WSAZ Investigates | Two weeks without water in Wayne, as transformer oil still found in waterways","publisher":"WSAZ","date":"2026-01-30","url":"https://www.wsaz.com/2026/01/31/wsaz-investigates-two-weeks-without-water-wayne-transformer-oil-still-found-waterways","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Wayne County Water Update - Mayor of Wayne Modifies \"Do Not Consume\" Order","publisher":"West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2026-02-05","url":"https://dep.wv.gov/news/Pages/Wayne-County-Water-Update---Mayor-of-Wayne-Modifies-“Do-Not-Consume”-Order.aspx","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"Wayne water cleared for use","publisher":"WV MetroNews","date":"2026-02-07","url":"https://wvmetronews.com/2026/02/07/wayne-water-cleared-for-use/","basis":"News"},{"ref":6,"title":"Boil water notice lifted for Wayne water customers","publisher":"WCHS","date":"2026-02-13","url":"https://wchstv.com/news/local/boil-water-notice-issued-for-wayne-water-customers","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (WV in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WV-WEIRTON-MAIN-BREAKS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Weirton main breaks, citywide boil order and PSC corrective order","description":"Several dozen water line breaks in winter 2024-25 led the Weirton Area Water Board to impose a citywide mandatory conservation order from Dec. 18, 2024 to March 12, 2025, with a citywide boil order Dec. 27 to Jan. 3 and a Weirton Heights boil order Jan. 23 to Feb. 6. After a five-month investigation the PSC found 40 percent of lines lie above the frost line and in July 2025 ordered plans to replace cast iron and galvanized pipe over five years and cut water loss to 15 percent or less.","location":{"name":"Weirton Area Water Board","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"WV","states":["WV"],"detail":"Weirton, Hancock and Brooke counties","coordinates":{"lat":40.419,"lon":-80.589,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Hancock","Brooke"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WV3300516"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Shallow, aging cast iron and galvanized mains failed in cold weather.","secondary_drivers":["Aging mains","Shallow pipe depth","Cold weather"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Boil orders covered the whole city Dec. 27-Jan. 3 and Weirton Heights Jan. 23-Feb. 6 (ref 2), indicating possible contamination after pressure loss.","service":"The water board said about 140 customers lost service outright (ref 3), while all customers were under a mandatory conservation order for nearly three months (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 19,676 people on 9,385 connections (ref 1).","duration":"Conservation orders ran Dec. 18, 2024 through March 12, 2025 (ref 4), roughly three months.","significance":"The PSC investigated for five months and in July 2025 ordered six action plans within 90 days (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":19676,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Commission staff found that 40% of the system's water lines are buried above the frost line."},"measures":[{"name":"Lines above frost line","value":40,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"PSC staff finding (refs 3, 4)."},{"name":"Cast iron and galvanized line to replace","value":147500,"unit":"linear feet","status":"Reported","note":"Scope of Thrasher preliminary engineering report (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Public Service Commission of West Virginia","role":"Utility regulator"},{"name":"West Virginia Department of Health, Office of Environmental Health Services","role":"Primacy drinking-water regulator"},{"name":"Weirton Area Water Board","role":"System owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"Weirton Area Water Board, 200 Municipal Plaza, Weirton, WV","corrective_actions":["PSC order requires a five-year cast iron and galvanized pipe replacement plan, leak detection, a path to 15% water loss, resolution of Bureau for Public Health violations, an alternate supply study and text/email outage alerts (ref 3).","Board hired Thrasher Engineering for a preliminary engineering report on replacing 147,500 feet of line (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Weirton Area Water Board","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS Federal Reporting Services)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WV/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WEIRTON/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"PSC comes to Weirton to hear about water concerns","publisher":"Weirton Daily Times (via West Virginia Press Association)","date":"2025-04-24","url":"https://wvpress.org/breaking-news/psc-comes-to-weirton-to-hear-about-water-concerns/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"PSC Orders Plans For Weirton Water Service Improvements","publisher":"West Virginia Public Broadcasting","date":"2025-07-28","url":"https://wvpublic.org/story/health-science/psc-orders-plans-for-weirton-water-service-improvements","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Water Board developing line replacement plan","publisher":"Weirton Daily Times","date":"2025-08-15","url":"https://www.weirtondailytimes.com/news/local-news/2025/08/water-board-developing-line-replacement-plan/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (WV in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WV-CLARKSBURG-LEAD-LINES-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Clarksburg lead service line replacement after child lead exposures","description":"Clarksburg Water Board is replacing about 4,000 lead service lines under a corrective plan that followed elevated blood lead levels in several area children in 2021 and state and EPA administrative orders. Phase 3A work was under way in 2024, and in October 2025 the state committed $19 million toward the roughly $50 million final phase, which covers about 2,400 lead lines with construction expected to take three to four years.","location":{"name":"Clarksburg Water Board","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"WV","states":["WV"],"detail":"Clarksburg, Harrison County, including Northview, Stealey and Rosebud neighborhoods","coordinates":{"lat":39.281,"lon":-80.344,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Harrison"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WV3301705"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Corroding lead service lines (infrastructure) caused lead exposure in tap water (quality).","secondary_drivers":["Lead service lines","Corrosion"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Testing found elevated blood lead levels in several Clarksburg-area children, attributed to eroding service lines (ref 4).","service":"No outage or use restriction is reported; the work is replacement construction (refs 2, 3).","scale":"SDWIS lists 19,072 people served (ref 1); the board serves about 7,800 households plus wholesale customers (ref 4).","duration":"The program began in 2021 and the final phase is expected to run three to four years from mid-2026 (ref 4).","significance":"The water board received administrative orders from the state health department and U.S. EPA in 2021 requiring a corrective action plan (ref 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":19072,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 4,000 lead-based service lines are being replaced."},"measures":[{"name":"Lead service lines in replacement program","value":4000,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"WDTV (ref 2)."},{"name":"Lead lines in Phase 3B","value":2400,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."},{"name":"State commitment, October 2025","value":19,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 3, 4."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"West Virginia Department of Health, Office of Environmental Health Services","role":"Primacy drinking-water regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 3","role":"Federal enforcement (2021 order)"},{"name":"Clarksburg Water Board","role":"System owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"Clarksburg Water Board, Clarksburg, WV","corrective_actions":["Phase 3A service line potholing and replacement in Northview, Stealey and Rosebud (ref 2).","$19 million state grant for Phase 3B; bids expected early 2026 and construction from about June 2026 (refs 3, 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Clarksburg Water Board","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS Federal Reporting Services)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WV/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CLARKSBURG/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Clarksburg Water Board begins 'potholing' lead service lines","publisher":"WDTV","date":"2024-02-14","url":"https://www.wdtv.com/2024/02/14/clarksburg-water-board-begins-potholing-lead-service-lines","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Gov. Morrisey announces $19 million for Clarksburg water upgrades","publisher":"WBOY","date":"2025-10-20","url":"https://digital-release.wboy.com/news/harrison/gov-morrisey-announces-19-million-for-clarksburg-water-upgrades/amp/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"State funds accelerate Clarksburg's $50M lead pipe replacements","publisher":"Strategic Partnerships Inc. (Mary Scott Nabers)","date":"2025-10-27","url":"https://maryscottnabers.com/?p=15291","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (WV in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["sources[3].date and sources[4].date approximate (late October 2025 announcement)"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WV-WHEELING-WWTP-SNC-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Wheeling sewage plant in significant noncompliance; $46M upgrade","description":"EPA ECHO lists the City of Wheeling's Centre Wheeling wastewater plant on the Ohio River in significant noncompliance, with violations in 10 of the last 12 quarters and effluent exceedances for fecal coliform, BOD and suspended solids. In January 2026 the city approved a $46 million sewer project, including $31 million for the plant, to meet WVDEP requirements and curb overflows of raw sewage to the river.","location":{"name":"Wheeling Water Pollution Control Division plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"WV","states":["WV"],"detail":"2516 Main Street, Centre Wheeling, Ohio County; NPDES WV0023230; discharges to the Ohio River","coordinates":{"lat":40.0572,"lon":-80.7292,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Ohio"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"An outdated plant and combined sewers (infrastructure) produce effluent violations and overflows (quality).","secondary_drivers":["Combined sewers","Aging treatment plant"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO lists 42 effluent exceedances in the past year for parameters including fecal coliform, BOD and total suspended solids (ref 1), and the mayor described raw sewage overflowing to the river (ref 2).","service":"No sewer service disruption to customers is reported (refs 2, 3).","scale":"The plant serves the City of Wheeling, whose water system serves 29,899 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"ECHO shows violations in 10 of 12 quarters since July 2023, with significant noncompliance in five (ref 1).","significance":"The facility's current ECHO status is Significant/Category I Noncompliance, with no formal enforcement action listed (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sewer service population not published; Wheeling's water system serves 29,899 people (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$31 million is allocated to update the Centre Wheeling facility to meet WVDEP's new guidelines."},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters in noncompliance (3 years)","value":10,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO (ref 1)."},{"name":"Sewer project approved January 2026","value":46,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"WTOV (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["City raised water and sewer rates 38% (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 3","role":"Federal Clean Water Act oversight"},{"name":"City of Wheeling","role":"Plant owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"City of Wheeling Water Pollution Control Division, 2516 Main Street, Wheeling, WV","corrective_actions":["$46 million phased sewer project approved January 2026, with plant upgrades and sewer separation; work began in March 2026 (refs 2, 3).","$1.4 million for digester scrubbing and repairs (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: City of Wheeling - Water Pollution Control Division (WV0023230)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=WV0023230","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Wheeling commits $46M to major wastewater upgrade","publisher":"WTOV","date":"2026-01-21","url":"https://www.wtov9.com/news/local/wheeling-approves-46-million-wastewater-treatment-upgrade-wheeling-wastewater-treatment-upgrade-sewer-environmental-overflow-infrastructure","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Wheeling's Wastewater Treatment Plant Addressing Odor, Illegal Discharges","publisher":"LEDE News","date":"2026-07-31","url":"https://ledenews.com/wheelings-wastewater-treatment-plant-addressing-odor-illegal-discharges/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Wheeling","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS Federal Reporting Services)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WV/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WHEELING/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (WV in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-WV-WHEELING-FLASH-FLOOD-2025"]},{"id":"US-WV-HUNTINGTON-WWTP-ORDER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Huntington Sanitary Board plant under WVDEP consent orders during upgrades","description":"The Huntington Sanitary Board's wastewater plant has been under WVDEP Administrative Consent Order No. 8753 since January 2022, with a $15,000 penalty, and a plan of corrective action that includes plant upgrades. An April 2026 consent order relaxes the fecal coliform limit to 2,000 counts/100 mL while a chlorine contact tank is offline for UV disinfection construction through May 2028, and EPA ECHO lists the plant in significant noncompliance.","location":{"name":"Huntington Sanitary Board wastewater plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"WV","states":["WV"],"detail":"Huntington, Cabell and Wayne counties; NPDES WV0023159; discharges to the Ohio River","coordinates":{"lat":38.426951,"lon":-82.43265,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Cabell","Wayne"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Plant upgrades under enforcement (infrastructure) are tied to effluent limit violations (quality).","secondary_drivers":["Treatment plant upgrades"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO lists 27 effluent exceedances in the past year for ammonia, BOD, cyanide and suspended solids (ref 2), and the order allows reduced disinfection during high flows (ref 1).","service":"No customer sewer disruption is reported in the order (ref 1).","scale":"The plant serves the city of Huntington's collection system (ref 1); service population is not stated.","duration":"Enforcement began with Consent Order No. 8753 on Jan. 4, 2022, and interim limits may run until May 31, 2028 (ref 1).","significance":"WVDEP Consent Order No. 10426 of April 10, 2026 follows Order No. 8753, which carried a $15,000 penalty per ECHO (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sewer service population not stated in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Interim fecal coliform average monthly limit of 2,000 counts/100 mL at Outlet 001 until UV disinfection is completed or May 31, 2028."},"measures":[{"name":"Interim fecal coliform monthly limit","value":2000,"unit":"counts/100 mL","status":"Reported","note":"WVDEP Order 10426 (ref 1)."},{"name":"State penalty, 2022 order","value":15000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"},{"name":"Huntington Sanitary Board","role":"Plant owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"Huntington Sanitary Board, 555 7th Ave, Huntington, WV 25701","corrective_actions":["Plant upgrades under the 2022 plan of corrective action, including a UV disinfection structure and effluent metering and pumping station scheduled for May 2028 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Consent Order No. 10426, City of Huntington / Huntington Sanitary Board","publisher":"West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2026-04-10","url":"https://dep.wv.gov/pio/Documents/10426%20HUNTINGTON%20SIGNED%20ORDER.pdf","basis":"State enforcement order"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: City of Huntington / Huntington Sanitary Board (WV0023159)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=WV0023159","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (WV in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WV-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"2024 West Virginia drought state of emergency in all 55 counties","description":"Gov. Jim Justice declared a state of emergency for all 55 counties on July 26, 2024 as the U.S. Drought Monitor showed extreme, severe and moderate drought statewide. By mid-September parts of nine counties were in exceptional drought and Richwood in Nicholas County had enacted water conservation because its Cherry River source could run dry.","location":{"name":"West Virginia (statewide)","type":"State","state":"WV","states":["WV"],"detail":"All 55 counties; exceptional drought in parts of Braxton, Cabell, Calhoun, Clay, Jackson, Mason, Putnam, Roane and Wirt","coordinates":{"lat":38.64,"lon":-80.62,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Braxton","Cabell","Calhoun","Clay","Jackson","Mason","Putnam","Roane","Wirt","Nicholas"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Rainfall shortage reduced streamflow and water supplies.","secondary_drivers":["Rainfall deficit","Heat"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The governor said the drought put farmers at risk of losing everything (ref 1), and Richwood's Cherry River source was at risk of running dry (ref 2).","service":"Richwood (2,480 people per SDWIS, ref 3) enacted water conservation measures in September 2024 (ref 2).","scale":"The emergency covered all 55 counties (ref 1).","duration":"Drought ran from the July 2024 declaration into mid-September, when most of the state remained in extreme drought (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Gov. Justice issued a statewide State of Emergency proclamation activating the Emergency Operations Plan (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide event; no affected-population figure published."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Parts of nine counties in exceptional drought; most of the rest of the state in extreme drought (Sept. 12, 2024)."},"measures":[{"name":"Counties under state of emergency","value":55,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Counties with exceptional drought","value":9,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Office of the Governor of West Virginia","role":"Emergency declaration"},{"name":"West Virginia Emergency Management Division","role":"Emergency response and disaster assistance"},{"name":"City of Richwood","role":"Water utility enacting conservation"}],"public_contact":"West Virginia Emergency Management Division, Charleston, WV","corrective_actions":["Emergency Operations Plan activated; Emergency Management Division seeking disaster assistance (ref 1).","Richwood water conservation measures (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Gov. Justice announces State of Emergency due to dangerous drought conditions","publisher":"WSAZ","date":"2024-07-26","url":"https://www.wsaz.com/2024/07/26/gov-justice-announces-state-emergency-due-dangerous-drought-conditions/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Nine W.Va. Counties Currently Face 'Exceptional' Drought","publisher":"West Virginia Public Broadcasting","date":"2024-09-12","url":"https://wvpublic.org/story/energy-environment/nine-w-va-counties-currently-face-exceptional-drought/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Richwood Water Dept","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS Federal Reporting Services)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WV/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/RICHWOOD/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (WV in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","secondary_categories":[],"secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"id":"US-WV-SOUTHERN-COALFIELDS-FLOOD-2025","title":"February 2025 southern West Virginia floods (FEMA DR-4861)","description":"Severe storms from February 15 to 18, 2025 caused flooding, landslides and mudslides across the southern coalfields. FEMA declared a major disaster on February 26, 2025, with Individual Assistance first approved for McDowell, Mercer, Mingo and Wyoming counties; three deaths were reported. FEMA later reported $41.7 million approved for households and $34.1 million in Public Assistance obligated.","location":{"name":"Southern West Virginia coalfield counties","type":"Multi-county disaster area","state":"WV","states":["WV"],"detail":"McDowell, Mercer, Mingo and Wyoming counties designated for Individual Assistance at declaration; statewide Hazard Mitigation eligibility","coordinates":{"lat":37.43,"lon":-81.58,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["McDowell","Mercer","Mingo","Wyoming"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Floodwater damaged homes and public facilities and required emergency and permanent public works repairs.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"WBOY reporting (ref 3) states three people were killed in the southern coalfield floods.","service":"FEMA (ref 2) reports $5.37 million obligated for emergency work (debris removal and protective measures), showing disrupted public services in the designated counties.","scale":"FEMA approved 3,986 household assistance applications (ref 2) across a multi-county region, with Hazard Mitigation available statewide (ref 1).","duration":"Recovery ran for months: FEMA's disaster page (ref 2) shows $26.6 million in permanent-work obligations, last updated July 14, 2026.","significance":"A presidential major disaster declaration, FEMA-4861-DR, was issued February 26, 2025 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"FEMA reports 3,986 approved household applications (ref 2); no total population affected is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Total Individuals & Households Program approved: $41,676,060.92 (ref 2)"},"measures":[{"name":"Individuals and Households Program approved","value":41676060.92,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"FEMA DR-4861 page (ref 2)"},{"name":"Public Assistance obligated","value":34096066.56,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"FEMA DR-4861 page (ref 2)"},{"name":"Approved household applications","value":3986,"unit":"applications","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"},{"name":"Deaths","value":3,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"WBOY (ref 3)"}],"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","role":"Federal disaster assistance"},{"name":"West Virginia Emergency Management Division","role":"State emergency management"}],"public_contact":"FEMA Helpline 1-800-621-3362","corrective_actions":["Individual Assistance for housing and other needs in designated counties (ref 1, ref 2)","Public Assistance for emergency and permanent work (ref 2)","Hazard Mitigation Grant Program available statewide (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"West Virginia; Major Disaster and Related Determinations (FEMA-4861-DR) initial notice","publisher":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","date":"2025-02-26","url":"https://fema.gov/node/692832","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"West Virginia Severe Storm, Straight-line Winds, Flooding, Landslides, and Mudslides (DR-4861-WV)","publisher":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","date":"2026-07-14","url":"https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4861","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"West Virginia receives Major Disaster Declaration for southern floods","publisher":"WBOY (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-02-27","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/west-virginia-receives-major-disaster-005207425.html","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (WV in-depth pass)."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_categories":[],"secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-WV-WHEELING-WWTP-SNC-2026"],"id":"US-WV-WHEELING-FLASH-FLOOD-2025","title":"June 2025 Ohio County and Marion County flash floods (FEMA DR-4884)","description":"About three inches of rain in roughly 30 minutes on June 14, 2025 sent flash floods through communities upstream of Wheeling, washing out roads and bridges; nine people died in Ohio County. Flash flooding in Fairmont on June 15 partially collapsed an apartment building. FEMA declared a major disaster for Ohio and Marion counties on July 22, 2025.","location":{"name":"Ohio County and Marion County","type":"Multi-county disaster area","state":"WV","states":["WV"],"detail":"Wheeling Creek valley upstream of Wheeling (Ohio County, including Valley Grove) and Fairmont (Marion County)","coordinates":{"lat":40.064,"lon":-80.721,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Ohio","Marion"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"An extreme short-duration rainfall event overwhelmed creeks and destroyed roads, bridges and a village water system.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"West Virginia Public Broadcasting (ref 2) reports nine residents died in the flooding near Wheeling.","service":"WVPB (ref 1) reports the Valley Grove water system was inoperable from flood damage, with water distributed at the fire department, and about 4,000 people lost power.","scale":"FEMA designated two counties, Ohio and Marion (ref 4), and approved 915 household applications (ref 3).","duration":"Recovery spanned months: FEMA's page (ref 3) shows $5.77 million in permanent-work obligations as of July 2026.","significance":"A state disaster declaration on June 20, 2025 (ref 2) was followed by federal major disaster declaration FEMA-4884-DR on July 22, 2025 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"FEMA reports 915 approved household applications (ref 3); no total population affected is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Nine residents died in the flooding near Wheeling (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Deaths","value":9,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"WVPB (ref 2)"},{"name":"Individuals and Households Program approved","value":11884128.37,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"FEMA DR-4884 page (ref 3)"},{"name":"Public Assistance obligated","value":9808990.35,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"FEMA DR-4884 page (ref 3)"},{"name":"Swift water rescues","value":19,"unit":"rescues","status":"Reported","note":"At least 19 (ref 1)"},{"name":"Valley Grove Water Dept population served","value":610,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS WV3303513 (ref 5)"}],"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","role":"Federal disaster assistance"},{"name":"West Virginia Emergency Management Division","role":"State emergency management"},{"name":"Ohio County Emergency Management","role":"Local emergency response"}],"public_contact":"FEMA Helpline 1-800-621-3362","corrective_actions":["Individual Assistance for Ohio and Marion county households (ref 3, ref 4)","Public Assistance for emergency and permanent work (ref 3)","Governor submitted additional public assistance requests and amendments (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"At least five dead, four missing from Wheeling area after flash flood Saturday night","publisher":"West Virginia Public Broadcasting","date":"2025-06-16","url":"https://wvpublic.org/story/health-science/at-least-five-dead-four-missing-from-wheeling-area-after-flash-flood-saturday-night/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Marion, Ohio Counties Slated For $11.7M In Flood Recovery Aid; Morrisey Seeks Additional Support","publisher":"West Virginia Public Broadcasting","date":"2025-07-24","url":"https://wvpublic.org/story/government/marion-ohio-counties-slated-for-11-7m-in-flood-recovery-aid-morrisey-seeks-additional-support/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"West Virginia Severe Storms, Straight-line Winds, Flooding, Landslides, and Mudslides (DR-4884-WV)","publisher":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","date":"2026-07-11","url":"https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4884","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"President Donald J. Trump Approves Major Disaster Declaration for West Virginia","publisher":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","date":"2025-07-23","url":"https://www.fema.gov/print/txt/node/702173","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system search: Valley Grove (WV)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WV/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/VALLEY%20GROVE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (WV in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_categories":[],"secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Rate increase supports over $239 million in water and wastewater investments (ref 2)","DSIC and WSIC surcharges approved March 11, 2026 add about $2 per month each (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Average bills rose from $29.54 (2005) to $65.99 (2022) per the Consumer Advocate Division (ref 1), before the 2026 increase."},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"id":"US-WV-WVAWC-RATE-CASE-2026","title":"West Virginia American Water 2025-2026 rate case and surcharges","description":"West Virginia American Water asked in May 2025 for a 27.9% increase worth $60.5 million a year. The Public Service Commission approved about $28.1 million for water and $4.5 million for wastewater, with new rates effective March 1, 2026, adding about $6 a month to a typical water bill and about $7 to a wastewater bill, plus new infrastructure surcharges of about $2 each.","location":{"name":"West Virginia American Water service area","type":"Investor-owned utility service area","state":"WV","states":["WV"],"detail":"Statewide regulated water and wastewater utility; largest system is the Kanawha Valley District in Charleston (Kanawha County)","coordinates":{"lat":38.35,"lon":-81.63,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Kanawha","Cabell"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"WV3302016"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is the cost of service and bill increases set through utility rate regulation.","severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health or environmental harm is tied to the rate order in the cited coverage (ref 1, ref 2).","service":"Service is not interrupted; the change is to bills of about $6 water and $7 wastewater per month at 3,000 gallons (ref 2).","scale":"The utility had 171,799 active customers in 2024 (ref 1); its Kanawha Valley District alone serves 209,283 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Bills have risen for years: the Consumer Advocate Division figures in ref 1 show the average bill rose from $29.54 in 2005 to $65.99 in 2022.","significance":"A formal PSC rate order (orders of February 27 and March 5, 2026) set the new revenue requirement and a 9.8% return on equity (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":171799,"status":"Reported","note":"Active customer accounts in 2024 (ref 1); accounts, not persons."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The PSC approved $28.1 million and $4.5 million revenue increase requirements for water and wastewater, versus a requested $60.5 million (27.9%) (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Requested revenue increase","value":60.5,"unit":"million USD per year","status":"Reported","note":"May 2025 request, 27.9% (ref 1)"},{"name":"Approved water revenue increase","value":28.1,"unit":"million USD per year","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Approved wastewater revenue increase","value":4.5,"unit":"million USD per year","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Typical residential water bill increase","value":6,"unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","note":"3,000 gallons per month (ref 2)"},{"name":"Typical residential wastewater bill increase","value":7,"unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"},{"name":"Approved return on equity","value":9.8,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"10.75% requested (ref 1)"}],"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Public Service Commission of West Virginia","role":"Rate regulator"},{"name":"West Virginia American Water","role":"Utility"},{"name":"Consumer Advocate Division","role":"Ratepayer advocate"}],"public_contact":"Public Service Commission of West Virginia, 201 Brooks Street, Charleston, WV 25301","corrective_actions":["PSC approved less than half the requested increase and reset the DSIC to zero before a separate surcharge case (ref 1)","2026 infrastructure replacement program of about $35.7 million water and $6.1 million wastewater (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"WVAW bills going up after PSC approves eight-figure revenue increase for company","publisher":"The Herald-Dispatch","date":"2026-03-24","url":"https://www.herald-dispatch.com/news/wvaw-bills-going-up-after-psc-approves-eight-figure-revenue-increase-for-company/article_40733c91-4a7b-40b8-b0f8-99c7a75ea578.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Your Water and Wastewater Rates","publisher":"West Virginia American Water","date":null,"url":"https://www.amwater.com/wvaw/customer-service-billing/your-water-and-wastewater-rates","basis":"Utility notice","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system search: Kanawha Valley (WV)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WV/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/KANAWHA%20VALLEY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (WV in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_categories":[],"secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Joint petition says the district faces considerable cost and expense to continue operating the assets (ref 1)","District dissolved and service transferred to investor-owned utility (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-WV-WVAWC-RATE-CASE-2026"],"id":"US-WV-LINCOLN-PSD-DISTRESSED-SALE-2026","title":"Lincoln PSD sold to West Virginia American Water as distressed utility","description":"The Public Service Commission approved on July 24, 2026 the $12.9 million sale of the financially distressed Lincoln Public Service District to West Virginia American Water, after the county commission concluded dissolving the district was in the public interest. The district serves 2,532 customers, and their rates will step up three times over two years to match other company customers. A 2025 law now requires the PSC to weigh alternatives before ordering acquisitions of distressed or failing utilities.","location":{"name":"Lincoln Public Service District","type":"Public service district service area","state":"WV","states":["WV"],"detail":"Lincoln County, with some customers in Kanawha and Boone counties; office at Alum Creek","coordinates":{"lat":38.28,"lon":-81.8,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Lincoln","Kanawha","Boone"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WV3302205"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"A small public utility that could not afford to keep operating its assets was transferred to an investor-owned utility.","severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"WSAZ (ref 1) does not report any water quality violation or health impact tied to the sale.","service":"No outage is reported; customers instead face three rate adjustments over two years to reach company rates (ref 1).","scale":"The district serves 2,532 customers (ref 1); SDWIS lists 6,398 people across its three systems (ref 3).","duration":"The joint petition was filed July 28, 2025 and approved July 24, 2026, a year-long process with rate transitions running two more years (ref 1).","significance":"The PSC approved the sale by formal order after a joint settlement filed July 22, 2026 (ref 1); HB 3179 (ref 2) changed the rules for ordered acquisitions."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":6398,"status":"Reported","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served for Lincoln PSD (3,981), Lincoln PSD - Route 3 (2,226) and Lincoln PSD - Lower Mud River (191) (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PSC approved the $12.9 million sale of the Lincoln Public Service District to West Virginia-American Water Co. (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Sale price","value":12.9,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Debts paid from proceeds","value":6.2,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Customers","value":2532,"unit":"customers","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"}],"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Public Service Commission of West Virginia","role":"Utility regulator"},{"name":"Lincoln County Commission","role":"District owner"},{"name":"West Virginia American Water","role":"Acquiring utility"}],"public_contact":"Public Service Commission of West Virginia, 201 Brooks Street, Charleston, WV 25301","corrective_actions":["Transfer of Lincoln PSD water service to West Virginia American Water (ref 1)","Phased rate alignment over two years (ref 1)","HB 3179 (effective July 9, 2025) bars ordered acquisitions whose capital costs exceed available grants and contributions (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PSC approves sale of Lincoln County water utility to West Virginia American Water Co.","publisher":"WSAZ","date":"2026-07-24","url":"https://www.wsaz.com/2026/07/24/psc-approves-sale-lincoln-county-water-utility-west-virginia-american-water-co/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Enrolled Committee Substitute for House Bill 3179 (2025 Regular Session)","publisher":"West Virginia Legislature","date":"2025-04-10","url":"https://code.wvlegislature.gov/signed_bills/2025/2025-RS-HB3179-SUB%20ENR_signed.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system search: Lincoln (WV)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WV/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LINCOLN/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (WV in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"A Record of Decision for OU-1 was signed in 2024 and a proposed remedy for OU-2 was issued in May 2026 (ref 1)."},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"id":"US-WV-MINDEN-PCB-SUPERFUND-2026","title":"Minden PCB contamination of Arbuckle Creek (Shaffer Equipment Superfund site)","description":"PCB-laden transformer oil released by the former Shaffer Equipment Company contaminated soil and Arbuckle Creek sediment in Minden, Fayette County. EPA's May 2026 proposed plan for the remaining soil and sediment calls for excavation and offsite disposal at an estimated $4.45 million, after a 2024 decision for the former plant property; the state secured a $2 million match in 2025. Residents have long linked the contamination to cancer and other illness.","location":{"name":"Minden, Arbuckle Creek","type":"Superfund site and stream","state":"WV","states":["WV"],"detail":"Minden, near Oak Hill, Fayette County; site in the Arbuckle Creek floodplain","coordinates":{"lat":37.977,"lon":-81.137,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Fayette"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"other","issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PCB contamination sits in creek sediment and floodplain soils that repeated floods can spread.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA (ref 1) reports PCBs up to 1,208.8 mg/kg beneath the cap and up to 50 mg/kg in sediment, with 13 residential and 15 floodplain samples above the 1 mg/kg screening level.","service":"No drinking water service disruption is described in the EPA proposed plan (ref 1).","scale":"Contamination affects the community of Minden, including residential yards and the Arbuckle Creek floodplain (ref 1).","duration":"Releases date to Shaffer's 1970-1983 operations, and cleanup remains in remedy selection in 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"The site has been on the National Priorities List since May 2019, with a July 8, 2024 Record of Decision for OU-1 and a May 2026 proposed plan for OU-2 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Neither source gives a population count for Minden."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Preferred Alternative 3: excavation and offsite disposal of soil and sediment above 1 mg/kg total PCBs; estimated capital cost $4,449,000 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Maximum PCB in soil below cap","value":1208.8,"unit":"mg/kg","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Maximum PCB in sediment (expanded site inspection)","value":50,"unit":"mg/kg","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Proposed PCB cleanup level","value":1,"unit":"mg/kg","status":"Reported","note":"Soil and sediment (ref 1)"},{"name":"State cost-share match","value":2,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"}],"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 3","role":"Lead agency (Superfund)"},{"name":"West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Support agency"}],"public_contact":"EPA Region 3 Community Involvement Coordinator, (215) 814-5433","corrective_actions":["July 8, 2024 Record of Decision for the former Shaffer property (OU-1) (ref 1)","Proposed excavation and offsite disposal for remaining soil and sediment (OU-2), comment period May 21 to June 20, 2026 (ref 1)","WVDEP-EPA contract finalized April 2025 with $2 million state match (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Proposed Remedial Action Plan, Shaffer Equipment / Arbuckle Creek Area Superfund Site, Operable Unit 2","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 3","date":"2026-05-21","url":"https://semspub.epa.gov/work/03/2501700.pdf","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"$2 million announced to clean up decades-old contamination site","publisher":"WVVA","date":"2025-05-19","url":"https://www.wvva.com/2025/05/19/2-million-announced-clean-up-decades-old-contamination-site","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (WV in-depth pass)."}]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["2021 legislative audit: bonds cover less than 10% of cleanup costs and at least five major companies at risk (ref 1)","WVDEP warned in 2020 that ERP's bankruptcy would overwhelm the fund (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"The fund balance was about $15 million in 2023 (ref 1) and $16.0 million at September 30, 2025 (ref 3)."},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"id":"US-WV-STATEWIDE-MINE-RECLAMATION-FUND-2025","title":"West Virginia mine reclamation and water treatment fund shortfall risk","description":"West Virginia's Special Reclamation Fund, which pays to reclaim forfeited coal mines and treat their polluted discharges, held about $15 million in late 2023, its lowest in more than 20 years, against actuarial liabilities of $565 million; a 2021 legislative audit found bonds cover less than 10% of cleanup costs. Federal regulators in 2025 approved a state law requiring a database of reclamation and water treatment liabilities to assess the fund's solvency.","location":{"name":"West Virginia coal mining regions","type":"State reclamation program","state":"WV","states":["WV"],"detail":"Statewide; forfeited coal permits including ERP Environmental Fund sites such as the Martinka mine (Marion County)","coordinates":{"lat":38.6,"lon":-80.6,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The risk is that forfeiture bonds and the state fund cannot pay for long-term treatment of mine drainage.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ProPublica (ref 1) reports the water trust fund was projected in 2022 to lose half its balance in 10 years, putting treatment of contaminated mine discharges at risk.","service":"No drinking water service interruption is attributed to the fund's condition in the cited sources (ref 1, ref 2).","scale":"The program covers coal permits statewide; an Appalachian Voices analysis cited in ref 1 estimates total cleanup costs near $3.6 billion.","duration":"Solvency concerns have persisted for decades, from a 1991 federal letter through a 2021 legislative audit (ref 1).","significance":"OSMRE approved a program amendment (ref 2) requiring WVDEP to track reclamation and water treatment liabilities to assess fund solvency."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The fund for restoring land stood at $15 million, its lowest level in more than 20 years; the 2022 actuarial report projected liabilities of $565 million (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Fund balance (late 2023)","value":15,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Actuarial liabilities (2022 report)","value":565,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Ending cash and investment balance, Special Reclamation Fund, quarter ended Sept. 30, 2025","value":16005275,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"WVDEP quarterly report (ref 3)"}],"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Special Reclamation Program administrator"},{"name":"Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement","role":"Federal oversight"}],"public_contact":"WVDEP Division of Mining and Reclamation, 601 57th Street SE, Charleston, WV 25304","corrective_actions":["HB 4758 (2022) liability-tracking database approved by OSMRE in 2025 (ref 2)","ERP Environmental Fund placed in state court receivership (ref 1)","Quarterly fund reports to the Governor and Legislature (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"West Virginians Could Get Stuck Cleaning Up the Coal Industry's Messes","publisher":"ProPublica and Mountain State Spotlight","date":"2023-12-01","url":"https://www.propublica.org/article/west-virginians-could-get-stuck-cleaning-up-coal-industry-messes","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"West Virginia Regulatory Program, final rule; approval of amendment (SATS No. WV-128-FOR)","publisher":"Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (Federal Register)","date":"2025-07-28","url":"https://public-inspection.federalregister.gov/2025-14193.pdf","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Special Reclamation Fund and Special Reclamation Water Trust Fund quarterly report, quarter ended September 30, 2025","publisher":"West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2026-06-26","url":"https://www.wvlegislature.gov/legisdocs/reports/agency/E05_FY_2026_27068.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (WV in-depth pass)."}]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Publicly known projects grew from at least four in 2025 (ref 2) to ten proposed by August 2026 (ref 1)."},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"id":"US-WV-STATEWIDE-DATA-CENTER-WATER-2026","title":"Proposed West Virginia data centers raise water demand and disclosure concerns","description":"At least ten data centers have been proposed in West Virginia, including gas-powered campuses in Tucker and Mingo counties, after a 2025 law exempted such projects from county and municipal zoning. Water sources for the projects are unclear, and the state collects peak water demand and source data during site certification without making it public. Advocates note hyperscale centers can use up to 5 million gallons a day.","location":{"name":"West Virginia proposed data center sites","type":"Statewide industrial water demand","state":"WV","states":["WV"],"detail":"Proposals in Tucker County (Thomas and Davis), Mingo County, Jefferson and Berkeley counties and Mason County","coordinates":{"lat":38.6,"lon":-80.6,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Tucker","Mingo","Jefferson","Berkeley","Mason"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Cooling demand could draw on local water sources and discharge water whose volume and source are not disclosed.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"A West Virginia Rivers Coalition scientist (ref 1) says hyperscale centers can use up to 5 million gallons per day; impacts are potential, not yet documented.","service":"No water restriction or outage tied to a data center is reported in refs 1 and 2.","scale":"Ten facilities have been proposed statewide (ref 1), across at least five counties (ref 2).","duration":"Proposals have been active since at least March 2025, when TransGas applied for air permits (ref 2), through August 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"No enforcement or formal water action exists; the concern rests on legislation and advocacy statements (ref 1, ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Hyperscale data centers can use up to 5 million gallons of water per day, depending on the site (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Proposed data center facilities","value":10,"unit":"facilities","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Potential hyperscale water use","value":5,"unit":"million gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Upper bound cited by WV Rivers Coalition (ref 1)"}],"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"West Virginia Department of Commerce","role":"Data center site certification"},{"name":"West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Permitting agency"},{"name":"West Virginia Legislature","role":"Power Generation and Consumption Act (HB 2014)"}],"public_contact":"West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection, 601 57th Street SE, Charleston, WV 25304","corrective_actions":["Advocates plan to seek water transparency measures in the 2027 legislative session (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Data center announcements in West Virginia spark concerns over water usage, transparency","publisher":"WCHS (via WCIV)","date":"2026-08-17","url":"https://abcnews4.com/news/nation-world/data-center-announcements-in-west-virginia-spark-concerns-over-water-usage-transparency","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"What's the big deal about data centers? Here's what West Virginians need to know.","publisher":"Mountain State Spotlight","date":"2025-07-17","url":"https://mountainstatespotlight.org/?p=28084","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (WV in-depth pass)."}]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Harrison arsenic SSLs have persisted across assessment monitoring events (ref 2)."},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MULTI-COAL-ASH-CCR-RULE-ROLLBACKS-2026"],"id":"US-WV-STATEWIDE-COAL-ASH-GROUNDWATER-2025","title":"Groundwater contamination at West Virginia coal ash sites","description":"Industry groundwater data compiled by Earthjustice show contamination above federal drinking water standards at every West Virginia coal plant that has monitored, including John Amos, Mitchell, Mountaineer, Mt. Storm, Fort Martin, Harrison and Pleasants. FirstEnergy's 2025 report for the Harrison landfill confirms arsenic at statistically significant levels above its groundwater protection standard and a corrective remedy still being selected. Owners must also report on an estimated 48 older ash dumps for the first time.","location":{"name":"West Virginia coal-fired power plant ash sites","type":"Coal ash ponds and landfills","state":"WV","states":["WV"],"detail":"16 plant sites statewide, including Harrison Power Station (Harrison County), John E. Amos (Putnam County) and Mitchell (Marshall County)","coordinates":{"lat":38.6,"lon":-80.6,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Harrison","Putnam","Marshall","Monongalia","Grant","Mason","Pleasants"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Leaching from ash ponds and landfills has raised metals in groundwater beneath the plants.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Earthjustice (ref 1) lists exceedances such as radium 226+228 at Pleasants (9 measures) and cobalt at Mt. Storm (8), and FirstEnergy (ref 2) reports arsenic SSLs at Harrison well MW-20.","service":"No drinking water service disruption from the ash sites is reported (ref 1, ref 2).","scale":"Earthjustice (ref 1) counts 16 coal plant sites statewide, with 14 newly reported dumps holding over 163 million cubic yards of ash.","duration":"Harrison has been in assessment monitoring since at least 2018, with arsenic SSLs regularly confirmed through sampling event AM-16 in 2025 (ref 2).","significance":"Federal CCR rule reporting requires an Assessment of Corrective Measures at Harrison, with remedy selection ongoing (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"At all of the West Virginia plants that have conducted groundwater monitoring, industry data reveal groundwater contamination above federal safe drinking water standards (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Coal plant ash sites","value":16,"unit":"sites","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Older ash dumps newly reportable","value":48,"unit":"dumps","status":"Estimated","note":"Earthjustice estimate (ref 1)"},{"name":"Ash in 14 newly reported dumps","value":163,"unit":"million cubic yards","status":"Reported","note":"More than 163 million (ref 1)"}],"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection","role":"State environmental regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Federal CCR rule"},{"name":"FirstEnergy / Monongahela Power","role":"Plant owner"},{"name":"American Electric Power","role":"Plant owner"}],"public_contact":"West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection, 601 57th Street SE, Charleston, WV 25304","corrective_actions":["Harrison landfill Assessment of Corrective Measures with arsenic natural attenuation evaluation, to be revised to address lithium (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Coal Ash States: West Virginia","publisher":"Earthjustice","date":"2025-09-03","url":"https://earthjustice.org/feature/coal-ash-states/west-virginia","basis":"Advocacy analysis of industry data"},{"ref":2,"title":"2025 Annual CCR Rule Groundwater Monitoring and Corrective Action Report, Coal Combustion Byproduct Landfill, Harrison Power Station (January 2026)","publisher":"FirstEnergy (prepared by Tetra Tech)","date":"2026-01-01","url":"https://ccrdocs.firstenergycorp.com/files/CCR%20Landfills/Harrison%20Landfill/Groundwater%20Requirements/Annual%20Reports/Harrison%202025%20Annual%20GMCA%20Report.pdf","basis":"Utility compliance report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (WV in-depth pass)."}]},{"id":"US-OR-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"PFAS above federal MCLs at 55 Oregon public water systems","description":"Oregon Health Authority figures from May 2026 show 125 of 765 monitored community and non-transient systems with PFAS detections and 55 with at least one result over a federal maximum contaminant level, all for PFOS, PFOA or PFHxS. In EPA's UCMR 5 national survey, 11 of 127 Oregon systems had at least one PFOA or PFOS result at or above 4 ppt. OHA and DEQ are sampling about 910 small systems through July 2026 ahead of the 2027 monitoring and 2029 compliance deadlines.","location":{"name":"Oregon public water systems (statewide)","type":"Statewide public water systems","state":"OR","states":["OR"],"detail":"All 36 counties; PFAS detected in 23 counties per OHA","coordinates":{"lat":44.94,"lon":-123.03,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS contamination is a water-quality problem in source water reaching public systems.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","Emerging contaminant regulation"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"OHA's May 2026 update (ref 1) counts 55 systems with a PFAS result over an MCL, and 10 of them also exceed the PFHxS MCL.","service":"Neither OHA source (refs 1, 2) reports a statewide do-not-drink order tied to PFAS; systems have until April 2029 to reduce levels.","scale":"OHA (ref 1) reports PFAS detections at 125 systems across 23 of 36 Oregon counties.","duration":"Detections span UCMR 5 sampling from 2023 into 2026 (ref 3), and OHA (ref 2) says state PFAS testing began in 2021.","significance":"The 2024 federal PFAS rule sets MCLs that OHA is adopting, with initial monitoring due by April 26, 2027 (ref 1); no enforcement orders are cited yet."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"OHA (ref 1) reports counts of systems, not people served."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"55 PWSs with a PFAS detection over an MCL and may need to take steps to reduce PFAS levels by the April 2029 deadline (7.2%)"},"measures":[{"name":"Systems with PFAS over an MCL","value":55,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"OHA, May 20, 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Systems with any PFAS detection","value":125,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Of 765 that had monitored (ref 1)."},{"name":"UCMR 5 systems with PFOA or PFOS at or above 4 ppt","value":11,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Of 127 Oregon systems in EPA UCMR 5 data, computed from the EPA dataset (ref 3)."},{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFHxS result","value":33.4,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ruch Elementary SD 549, June 2024 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Detection counts rise as more systems are sampled under the OHA project (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Oregon Health Authority Drinking Water Services","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Oregon Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Sample collection for OHA PFAS Sampling Project"},{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","role":"Federal PFAS rule and UCMR 5"}],"public_contact":"Oregon Health Authority Drinking Water Services, 971-673-0405","corrective_actions":["OHA PFAS Sampling Project: DEQ collects first samples at about 910 small community and non-profit systems, August 2025 to July 2026 (ref 1).","Initial monitoring under the PFAS rule due April 26, 2027; compliance with MCLs by April 2029 (ref 1).","OHA directs systems with detections to emerging-contaminant funding (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PFAS Sampling Project Update & Data Online Overview","publisher":"Oregon Health Authority Drinking Water Services","date":"2026-05-20","url":"https://www.oregon.gov/oha/PH/HEALTHYENVIRONMENTS/DRINKINGWATER/PARTNERS/Documents/training/st2026/st-2026-pfas%20updates.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"After finding forever chemicals in its drinking water, this Eastern Oregon city stopped testing for them","publisher":"OPB","date":"2025-10-15","url":"https://www.opb.org/article/2025/10/14/hermiston-forever-chemicals-pfas-eastern-oregon-testing/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (UCMR5_All.txt), Oregon rows","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2015-09-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OR-HERMISTON-PFAS-2025","US-OR-RUCH-SCHOOL-PFAS-2024"]},{"id":"US-OR-HERMISTON-PFAS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hermiston wells above federal PFOS limit; $26M plan to shift supply","description":"Hermiston's 2024 water quality report showed its water consistently testing above the federal PFOS limit, and OHA said the city was one of 25 Oregon communities over an MCL for at least one PFAS. After a period of not retesting, the city council in August 2026 approved a $26 million plan to retire two wells, filter a third and draw more Columbia River water from a regional system.","location":{"name":"City of Hermiston water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"OR","states":["OR"],"detail":"Umatilla County, Eastern Oregon; groundwater wells plus regional Columbia River supply","coordinates":{"lat":45.84,"lon":-119.29,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Umatilla"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OR4100372"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOS in city groundwater wells is a water-quality problem that the city plans to solve by changing supply.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"OPB (ref 2) reports the 2024 report shows water consistently above the PFOS MCL; UCMR 5 data (ref 4) has a 12 ppt PFOS and a 12 ppt PFHxS result in June 2024.","service":"The city told OPB (ref 2) the water still meets current standards and no do-not-drink notice was issued.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 3) lists the Hermiston system at 20,000 people served.","duration":"PFAS were first found in 2023 testing and wells still tested positive in 2025 (refs 1, 2), more than two years.","significance":"The council adopted a $26 million remediation plan in August 2026 and the city joined a PFAS class action in April 2026 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":20000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Hermiston approves $26 million plan to rid drinking water of forever chemicals"},"measures":[{"name":"Remediation plan cost","value":26000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"City estimate (ref 1)."},{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOS result","value":12,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"June 10, 2024 sample (ref 4); MCL is 4.0 ppt."},{"name":"Wells with PFAS detected in 2025","value":3,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["$26 million capital plan; city applying for a forgivable OHA revolving-fund loan (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Detections persisted from 2023 through 2025 (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Hermiston","role":"Water system owner"},{"name":"Oregon Health Authority Drinking Water Services","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Hermiston Public Works, via hermiston.gov","corrective_actions":["Council approved a plan in August 2026 to decommission two wells, filter another and take more water from the regional Columbia River system (ref 1).","City applying to OHA's Safe Drinking Water Revolving Loan Fund (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Hermiston approves $26 million plan to rid drinking water of forever chemicals","publisher":"OPB","date":"2026-08-12","url":"https://www.opb.org/article/2026/08/12/eastern-oregon-hermiston-plan-drinking-water-forever-chemicals-pfas/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"After finding forever chemicals in its drinking water, this Eastern Oregon city stopped testing for them","publisher":"OPB","date":"2025-10-15","url":"https://www.opb.org/article/2025/10/14/hermiston-forever-chemicals-pfas-eastern-oregon-testing/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Hermiston","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/HERMISTON/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (UCMR5_All.txt), Hermiston rows","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2015-09-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OR-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-OR-RUCH-SCHOOL-PFAS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Ruch Elementary well water above PFAS MCLs for PFOA, PFOS and PFHxS","description":"Two 2024 compliance samples from the well entry point at Ruch Elementary in Jackson County each had three PFAS above federal MCLs, according to OHA's Data Online. PFHxS reached 33.4 ppt against a 10 ppt limit, with PFOA at 9.2 to 9.3 ppt and PFOS at 8.9 to 10.6 ppt against 4.0 ppt limits.","location":{"name":"Ruch Elementary SD 549 water system","type":"School water system (non-transient non-community)","state":"OR","states":["OR"],"detail":"Ruch, Jackson County; groundwater wells","coordinates":{"lat":42.23,"lon":-123.04,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Jackson"],"extent":"site","pwsid":"OR4191508"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in a school's well water is a drinking-water quality problem.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","Children's exposure"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"OHA Data Online (ref 1) shows PFHxS at 33.4 ppt and PFOS at 10.6 ppt on June 17, 2024, above the 10 and 4.0 ppt MCLs.","service":"OHA's records (ref 1) show no water advisory for the school system.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 2) lists 200 people served at this single school site.","duration":"Both the June and December 2024 samples exceeded MCLs (ref 1); no later clearance result is posted.","significance":"OHA marks both samples as usable for PFAS-rule compliance with three MCL exceedances each (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":200,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFHxS 33.40 ppt (MCL 10) in the June 17, 2024 entry point sample"},"measures":[{"name":"PFHxS, June 2024","value":33.4,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"PFOA, December 2024","value":9.3,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"PFOS, June 2024","value":10.6,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Ruch Elementary (School District 549 per SDWIS)","role":"Water system owner"},{"name":"Oregon Health Authority Drinking Water Services","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Oregon Health Authority Drinking Water Services, 971-673-0405","corrective_actions":["Systems over an MCL must reduce PFAS by 2029 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PFAS Sample Results: Ruch Elementary SD 549","publisher":"Oregon Health Authority Drinking Water Services","date":null,"url":"https://yourwater.oregon.gov/pfas.php?pwsno=91508","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Ruch Elementary SD 549","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/RUCH/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["corrective_actions detail"],"related_ids":["US-OR-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-OR-PORTLAND-CRYPTOSPORIDIUM-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Portland Bull Run Cryptosporidium detections pending filtration","description":"Portland's unfiltered Bull Run supply continues to test positive for Cryptosporidium: 55 positive samples with 86 oocysts in 2025 and 33 positives in 2024, with more detections in early 2026. Under a compliance agreement with the Oregon Health Authority, the city is building a $2.46 billion filtration plant; the city now lists September 30, 2029 as the date for delivering filtered water.","location":{"name":"Portland Water Bureau (Bull Run supply)","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"OR","states":["OR"],"detail":"Bull Run Watershed, Mount Hood National Forest; serves Portland and wholesale customers in Multnomah, Washington and Clackamas counties","coordinates":{"lat":45.52,"lon":-122.68,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Multnomah","Washington","Clackamas"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OR4100657"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A pathogen in source water is a quality problem that requires new treatment infrastructure.","secondary_drivers":["Cryptosporidium","Unfiltered surface supply"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The city's test table (ref 2) reports 55 positive Bull Run samples with 86 oocysts in 2025; no outbreak is documented.","service":"After March 2025 detections the bureau advised immunocompromised residents to take precautions (ref 3).","scale":"SDWIS (ref 4) lists 666,200 served and the city (ref 1) says about 840,000 people depend on the system.","duration":"Positive samples recur every year in the table from 2021 through May 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"A Bilateral Compliance Agreement with OHA sets the filtration deadline (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":666200,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4); the city cites about 840,000 including wholesale customers (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"2025: 194 samples, 55 positive, 86 oocysts"},"measures":[{"name":"Positive Cryptosporidium samples, 2025","value":55,"unit":"samples","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Positive Cryptosporidium samples, 2024","value":33,"unit":"samples","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Filtration project funding","value":2460000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"FY 2026-27 budget figure (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Filtration plant funding of $2.46 billion (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Positives were 59 in 2023, 33 in 2024 and 55 in 2025 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Portland Water Bureau","role":"Water system owner"},{"name":"Oregon Health Authority Drinking Water Services","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Portland Water Bureau, via portland.gov/water","corrective_actions":["Bull Run filtration facility under construction; filtered water by September 30, 2029 per the city (ref 1).","Ongoing source monitoring and watershed protection (refs 2, 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"About Bull Run Filtration","publisher":"City of Portland","date":"2026-10-03","url":"https://www.portland.gov/water/bullruntreatment/filtration/about-filtration","basis":"Local government","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Drinking water test results","publisher":"City of Portland","date":"2026-08-21","url":"https://www.portland.gov/water/drinking-water-quality/about-drinking-water-quality/test-results","basis":"Local government","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Portland Water Bureau detects Cryptosporidium in Bull Run watershed, advises vigilance for immunocompromised residents","publisher":"Hoodline","date":"2025-03-18","url":"https://hoodline.com/2025/03/portland-water-bureau-detects-cryptosporidium-in-bull-run-watershed-advises-vigilance-for-immunocompromised-residents/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Portland Water Bureau","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PORTLAND%20WATER%20BUREAU/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (2) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OR-PORTLAND-BULL-RUN-FILTRATION-2026","US-OR-PORTLAND-WATER-SEWER-RATES-2026"]},{"id":"US-OR-GOLF-MHP-NITRATE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Golf MHP in Malheur County under nitrate do-not-drink advisory since 2024","description":"Golf MHP, a 60-person mobile home park system in Malheur County, has had a do-not-drink advisory for infants since September 2024 because every nitrate result since then has exceeded the 10 mg/L MCL, ranging from 15.0 to 19.7 mg/L. SDWIS also records arsenic MCL violations at 0.025 mg/L in 2025 and 2026, and OHA says the system is working with a treatment vendor.","location":{"name":"Golf MHP water system","type":"Mobile home park water system","state":"OR","states":["OR"],"detail":"Malheur County; groundwater","coordinates":{"lat":43.19,"lon":-117.62,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Malheur"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OR4100588"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nitrate and arsenic in well water exceed drinking-water limits.","secondary_drivers":["Nitrate","Arsenic"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"OHA (ref 1) lists nitrate from 15.0 to 19.7 ppm between September 2024 and July 2026, all over the MCL.","service":"A system-wide do-not-drink advisory for infants under six months has been open since September 13, 2024 (ref 1).","scale":"OHA and SDWIS (refs 1, 3) show 60 residents on 16 connections.","duration":"The advisory has stayed open for about two years, and SDWIS (ref 2) logs 22 health-based violations from February 2024 to April 2026.","significance":"SDWIS (ref 2) records 17 nitrate and 5 arsenic MCL violations in the window, with public notices issued (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":60,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Nitrate results received since Sept 2024 have all been over the MCL for nitrate."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest nitrate result","value":19.7,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"March 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Health-based violations since Oct 2023","value":22,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Counted from SDWIS violation data (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Results have stayed between 12 and 20 mg/L (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Golf MHP owner","role":"Water system owner"},{"name":"Oregon Health Authority Drinking Water Services","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Oregon Health Authority Drinking Water Services, 971-673-0405","corrective_actions":["Public notices distributed; system working with a treatment vendor (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water Advisory Details: Golf MHP","publisher":"Oregon Health Authority Drinking Water Services","date":null,"url":"https://yourwater.oregon.gov/advisorydetails.php?ISN=20037","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Oregon","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/OR/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:5000/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Golf MHP","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/OR4100588/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OR-SUNRIDGE-NITRATE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Sunridge Water Inc. in Umatilla County: nitrate over MCL, do-not-drink for infants","description":"Sunridge Water Inc., a 200-person community system in Umatilla County, issued a do-not-drink advisory for infants in July 2026 after a 10.7 mg/L nitrate result. SDWIS shows an earlier nitrate MCL violation in July 2025 at 11 mg/L, and OHA has asked for a corrective action plan.","location":{"name":"Sunridge Water Inc. water system","type":"Private community water system","state":"OR","states":["OR"],"detail":"Umatilla County; groundwater","coordinates":{"lat":45.59,"lon":-118.74,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Umatilla"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OR4105798"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nitrate in groundwater exceeds the drinking-water MCL.","secondary_drivers":["Nitrate"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"OHA (ref 1) reports a 10.7 mg/L nitrate result from July 15, 2026, above the 10 mg/L MCL.","service":"A system-wide do-not-drink advisory for infants under six months opened July 20, 2026 (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS (ref 3) lists 200 people served on 33 connections (ref 4).","duration":"SDWIS (ref 2) logs a nitrate MCL violation at 11 mg/L for July 2025, a year before the 2026 exceedance.","significance":"OHA required public notice and discussed a corrective action plan (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":200,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"nitrate result of 10.7 mg/L from a sample collected on 7/15/26. This exceeds the MCL"},"measures":[{"name":"Nitrate result, July 2026","value":10.7,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Nitrate violation level, July 2025","value":11,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Sunridge Water Inc.","role":"Water system owner"},{"name":"Oregon Health Authority Drinking Water Services","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Oregon Health Authority Drinking Water Services, 971-673-0405","corrective_actions":["Public notice distributed July 21, 2026; corrective action plan requested (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water Advisory Details: Sunridge Water Inc","publisher":"Oregon Health Authority Drinking Water Services","date":null,"url":"https://yourwater.oregon.gov/advisorydetails.php?ISN=26771","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Oregon","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/OR/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:5000/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Sunridge Water Inc","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/OR4105798/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"Inventory Detail: Sunridge Water Inc","publisher":"Oregon Health Authority Drinking Water Services","date":null,"url":"https://yourwater.oregon.gov/inventory.php?pwsno=05798","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (4). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OR-LOWER-UMATILLA-NITRATE-2026"]},{"id":"US-OR-MCKEE-BRIDGE-ARSENIC-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"McKee Bridge Mobile Home Park: arsenic over MCL, do-not-drink since 2025","description":"McKee Bridge Mobile Home Park in Jackson County has been under a do-not-drink advisory since June 2025 while it replaces its storage tank and treatment system, leaving residents on untreated water for bathing and flushing only. SDWIS records arsenic running-average violations rising to 0.024 mg/L in January 2026, against the 0.010 mg/L MCL.","location":{"name":"McKee Bridge Mobile Home Park water system","type":"Mobile home park water system","state":"OR","states":["OR"],"detail":"Jackson County; groundwater","coordinates":{"lat":42.43,"lon":-122.73,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Jackson"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OR4101165"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Arsenic exceedances coincide with removal of the park's storage and treatment equipment.","secondary_drivers":["Arsenic","Treatment replacement"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 2) logs arsenic at 0.020 mg/L in October 2025 and 0.024 mg/L in January 2026, over the 0.010 MCL.","service":"OHA (ref 1) says residents were told not to drink the untreated water, with use limited to bathing and flushing.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 3) lists 40 people served.","duration":"The do-not-drink advisory has been open since June 12, 2025 (ref 1), and arsenic violations date back to 2022 (ref 2).","significance":"SDWIS (ref 2) records 11 health-based violations since November 2023, including groundwater-rule treatment-technique violations."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":40,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"There is no treatment in use currently."},"measures":[{"name":"Arsenic running average, Jan 2026","value":0.024,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Health-based violations since Oct 2023","value":11,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Arsenic averages rose from 0.020 to 0.024 mg/L (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"McKee Bridge Mobile Home Park owner","role":"Water system owner"},{"name":"Jackson County Environmental Public Health","role":"Regulating agency for OHA"}],"public_contact":"Jackson County Environmental Public Health, via jacksoncountyor.gov","corrective_actions":["Original steel tank and treatment removed; replacement storage and treatment being installed (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water Advisory Details: McKee Bridge Mobile Home Park","publisher":"Oregon Health Authority Drinking Water Services","date":null,"url":"https://yourwater.oregon.gov/advisorydetails.php?ISN=21292","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Oregon","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/OR/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:5000/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: McKee Bridge Mobile Home Park","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/OR4101165/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OR-DEXTER-OAKS-ARSENIC-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Dexter Oaks Co-op: arsenic removal fails, do-not-drink order","description":"Dexter Oaks Co-op in Lane County told its 75 residents not to drink or irrigate with its water in July 2026 after its chlorination and arsenic removal systems stopped working. An October 2026 update said the latest arsenic test was several times the MCL. SDWIS shows the system had arsenic MCL violations every quarter from 2021 into 2023.","location":{"name":"Dexter Oaks Co-op water system","type":"Cooperative community water system","state":"OR","states":["OR"],"detail":"Dexter, Lane County; groundwater","coordinates":{"lat":43.91,"lon":-122.81,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lane"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OR4100998"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Treatment equipment failure let naturally high arsenic reach the tap.","secondary_drivers":["Arsenic","Treatment failure"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The October 2, 2026 update (ref 1) says the latest arsenic test was several times the MCL.","service":"The operator went door to door and posted signs telling residents not to drink the water (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS (ref 3) lists 75 people served.","duration":"SDWIS (ref 2) records arsenic MCL violations from 0.013 to 0.034 mg/L across 2021 to 2023, and the advisory has been open since July 7, 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"The system is under an open do-not-drink advisory overseen by Lane County for OHA (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":75,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The most recent Arsenic test was several times the MCL the water is still not safe for drinking."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest arsenic violation level, 2021-2023","value":0.034,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Treatment failed in 2026 after earlier violations had stopped in 2023 (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Dexter Oaks Co-op","role":"Water system owner"},{"name":"Lane County Environmental Health","role":"Regulating agency for OHA"}],"public_contact":"Lane County Environmental Health, via lanecountyor.gov","corrective_actions":["Corrective maintenance on chlorination and arsenic removal systems (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water Advisory Details: Dexter Oaks Co-op","publisher":"Oregon Health Authority Drinking Water Services","date":"2026-10-02","url":"https://yourwater.oregon.gov/advisorydetails.php?ISN=26982","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Oregon","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/OR/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:5000/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Dexter Oaks Co-op","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/DEXTER%20OAKS/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OR-LONDON-WATER-TURBIDITY-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"London Water Co-op: 43 turbidity violations, boil-water notice since 2025","description":"London Water Co-op, which filters Beaver Creek for 63 people in the Cottage Grove area, has been under a system-wide boil-water advisory since September 2025 after heavy rain pushed high-turbidity water into distribution. SDWIS records 43 turbidity treatment violations from November 2023 to April 2026. By January 2026 the co-op had installed a new treatment plant and was readying it before lifting the advisory.","location":{"name":"London Water Co-op water system","type":"Cooperative community water system","state":"OR","states":["OR"],"detail":"Shoestring Road, Cottage Grove address, Lane County; Beaver Creek surface water","coordinates":{"lat":43.8,"lon":-123.06,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lane"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OR4100239"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Filtration failures on a surface source let turbid water into the system.","secondary_drivers":["Turbidity","Small-system treatment capacity"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"OHA (ref 1) reports high turbidity in finished water after heavy rain, a pathogen risk; no illness is reported.","service":"A system-wide boil-water advisory has been in effect since September 14, 2025 (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS (ref 3) lists 63 people on 24 connections (ref 4).","duration":"SDWIS (ref 2) logs turbidity violations from November 2023 through April 2026, and the advisory remains open (ref 4).","significance":"The 43 health-based turbidity violations in the window (ref 2) led to public notice (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":63,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Water system issued boil advisory after heavy rain caused high turbidity in finished water entering the distribution."},"measures":[{"name":"Turbidity violations since Oct 2023","value":43,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Counted from SDWIS (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"New treatment plant installed by January 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"London Water Co-op","role":"Water system owner"},{"name":"Oregon Health Authority Drinking Water Services","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Oregon Health Authority Drinking Water Services, 971-673-0405","corrective_actions":["New water treatment plant installed with power connected; testing before the advisory is lifted (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water Advisory Details: London Water Co-op","publisher":"Oregon Health Authority Drinking Water Services","date":"2026-01-28","url":"https://yourwater.oregon.gov/advisorydetails.php?ISN=23017","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Oregon","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/OR/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:5000/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: London Water Co-op","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LONDON%20WATER/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"Inventory Detail: London Water Co-op","publisher":"Oregon Health Authority Drinking Water Services","date":null,"url":"https://yourwater.oregon.gov/inventory.php?pwsno=00239","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OR-GARDEN-VALLEY-TURBIDITY-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Garden Valley Water Association: intake crack, turbidity and boil notice","description":"Garden Valley Water Association near Coos Bay issued a system-wide boil-water notice in August 2026 after a cracked intake line let debris into its surface-water treatment. Turbidity exceeded the 1.49 NTU limit on July 3-7 and July 28, and disinfection contact time fell short. SDWIS lists 21 health-based violations from December 2023 to June 2026.","location":{"name":"Garden Valley Water Association system","type":"Water association service area","state":"OR","states":["OR"],"detail":"Near Coos Bay, Coos County; surface water from an intake pond","coordinates":{"lat":43.37,"lon":-124.22,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Coos"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OR4100214"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A damaged intake overwhelmed treatment and degraded water quality.","secondary_drivers":["Turbidity","Intake damage"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"OHA (ref 1) reports turbidity above 1.49 NTU and failure to meet minimum chlorine CT in July 2026.","service":"A system-wide boil-water advisory has been open since August 5, 2026 (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS (ref 3) lists 84 people served.","duration":"SDWIS (ref 2) shows treatment-technique and turbidity violations recurring from December 2023 to June 2026.","significance":"SDWIS (ref 2) records 21 health-based violations in the window."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":84,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"multiple violations of the maximum allowable turbidity limit of 1.49 NTU between July 3-7 and again on July 28"},"measures":[{"name":"Health-based violations since Oct 2023","value":21,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Violations became monthly from November 2025 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Garden Valley Water Association","role":"Water system owner"},{"name":"Oregon Health Authority Drinking Water Services","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Oregon Health Authority Drinking Water Services, 971-673-0405","corrective_actions":["Boil notice stays until the damaged intake line is repaired or replaced (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water Advisory Details: Garden Valley Water Association","publisher":"Oregon Health Authority Drinking Water Services","date":null,"url":"https://yourwater.oregon.gov/advisorydetails.php?ISN=26937","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Oregon","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/OR/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:5000/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Garden Valley Water Association","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/GARDEN%20VALLEY%20WATER/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OR-WOLF-CREEK-JOB-CORPS-LEAD-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Wolf Creek Job Corps exceeds lead action level; corrosion control ordered","description":"OHA notified the U.S. Forest Service's Wolf Creek Job Corps campus in Douglas County in September 2025 that its tap samples exceeded the 0.015 mg/L lead action level. The letter required public notice, lead education, water quality sampling and, by 2027 and 2028, corrosion control treatment plans and installation.","location":{"name":"USFS Wolf Creek Job Corps water system","type":"Federal residential campus water system","state":"OR","states":["OR"],"detail":"Douglas County; SDWIS city Roseburg","coordinates":{"lat":43.22,"lon":-123.34,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Douglas"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OR4101095"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Lead leaching from plumbing is a drinking-water quality problem.","secondary_drivers":["Lead","Corrosion control"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"OHA's letter (ref 1) states recent samples exceeded the 0.015 mg/L lead action level; no blood-lead cases are reported.","service":"OHA (ref 1) required public notice to all consumers within 24 hours and a lead brochure.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 2) lists 291 people served at the campus.","duration":"The letter's schedule runs from September 2025 to corrosion control installation by March 31, 2028 (ref 1).","significance":"The action level exceedance letter (ref 1) sets binding deadlines under OAR 333-061."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":291,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Recent samples exceeded the action level of 0.015 mg/L for lead."},"measures":[{"name":"Lead action level","value":0.015,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Threshold exceeded (ref 1); 90th percentile value not given."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Forest Service, Wolf Creek Job Corps","role":"Water system owner"},{"name":"Oregon Health Authority Drinking Water Services","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Oregon Health Authority Drinking Water Services, 971-673-0405","corrective_actions":["Public notice and lead education (ref 1).","Corrosion control plans due September 30, 2027; installation by March 31, 2028 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lead Action Level Exceedance at USFS Wolf Creek Job Corps, OR4101095","publisher":"Oregon Health Authority Drinking Water Services","date":"2025-09-17","url":"https://yourwater.oregon.gov/docs/enforcements/01095_20250917_LCRR.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: USFS Wolf Creek Job Corps","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WOLF%20CREEK/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["90th percentile lead value"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OR-NORTH-SANTIAM-CYANOTOXIN-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"North Santiam cyanotoxins at Salem, Stayton and Gates intakes in 2024","description":"In summer 2024 microcystins in the North Santiam River at drinking-water intakes reached 18.9 ug/L at Salem, 18.3 ug/L at Stayton and 16.2 ug/L at Gates. Gates' treated water hit 0.54 ug/L on August 7, above the 0.3 ug/L advisory level for vulnerable people. OHA issued a recreational advisory for the river in July 2024, and low-level detections returned in June 2026.","location":{"name":"North Santiam River drinking-water intakes","type":"River segment (drinking-water source)","state":"OR","states":["OR"],"detail":"Detroit Lake to Jefferson; intakes for Salem, Stayton, Gates, Lyons-Mehama and Jefferson; Marion and Linn counties","coordinates":{"lat":44.75,"lon":-122.55,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Marion","Linn"],"extent":"watershed","pwsid":"OR4100731"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Cyanobacterial toxins in a river source threaten treated drinking water.","secondary_drivers":["Harmful algal blooms","Cyanotoxins"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"OHA data (ref 1) show Gates' entry-point sample at 0.54 ug/L total microcystins on August 7, 2024, above the 0.3 ug/L vulnerable-population level.","service":"The OHA and news sources opened (refs 1, 2, 3) document no drinking-water advisory for Salem in 2024.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 4) lists Salem Public Works at 199,820 people; four other systems share the river source (ref 1).","duration":"Raw-water microcystins stayed above 0.3 ug/L from early June to early September 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"OHA issued a recreational use health advisory for the North Santiam on July 16, 2024 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":199820,"status":"Reported","note":"Salem Public Works population per SDWIS (ref 4); other intake systems not summed."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Salem raw-water total microcystins 18.854 ug/L on July 16, 2024"},"measures":[{"name":"Peak raw-water microcystins, Salem","value":18.854,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Gates finished-water microcystins","value":0.54,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"August 7, 2024 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Levels in June 2026 were 0.3-0.34 ug/L, far below 2024 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Oregon Health Authority Drinking Water Services","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"City of Salem Public Works","role":"Largest intake system"}],"public_contact":"Oregon Health Authority Drinking Water Services, 971-673-0405","corrective_actions":["Seasonal raw and finished-water cyanotoxin monitoring by OHA and systems (refs 1, 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Cyanotoxin Sample Results","publisher":"Oregon Health Authority Drinking Water Services","date":null,"url":"https://yourwater.oregon.gov/cyanocounty.php","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Toxic bloom advisories from Jefferson up to Detroit","publisher":"The Canyon Weekly","date":"2024-07-21","url":"https://www.canyonweekly.com/2024/07/21/toxic-bloom-advisories-from-jefferson-up-to-detroit/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Contact Reports: City of Gates","publisher":"Oregon Health Authority Drinking Water Services","date":null,"url":"https://yourwater.oregon.gov/cr-pws.php?pwsno=00317","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Salem Public Works","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SALEM%20PUBLIC/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OR-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-EMERGENCY-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Oregon drought emergencies cover 22 of 36 counties after record-low 2026 snowpack","description":"Gov. Tina Kotek issued a series of 2026 drought executive orders, starting with Baker, Deschutes and Umatilla counties in March (EO 26-05); by September 11 (EO 26-25, Hood River) OWRD's declaration report listed 22 counties. State releases say drought is expected to affect drinking water availability, farms and ranches and fish habitat, and the National Weather Service reported extreme drought in eastern Lane and southeastern Linn counties in August.","location":{"name":"Oregon (22 drought-declared counties)","type":"Statewide drought emergency area","state":"OR","states":["OR"],"detail":"Counties under 2026 governor drought declarations, from Baker and Umatilla in the northeast to Curry and Josephine in the southwest","coordinates":{"lat":44,"lon":-120.5,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Baker","Coos","Crook","Curry","Deschutes","Douglas","Gilliam","Grant","Harney","Hood River","Jackson","Jefferson","Josephine","Klamath","Lake","Malheur","Morrow","Umatilla","Union","Wallowa","Wasco","Wheeler"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is a shortage of water supply caused by low snowpack, precipitation and streamflow.","secondary_drivers":["Record-low snowpack","Climate (warm winter)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The June 10, 2026 order (ref 2) warns that extreme dryness will decrease water supplies and raise wildfire risk; no health harm is documented, so harm is scored as potential.","service":"The July 13 Curry and Union release (ref 3) says drought will affect drinking water availability, and the NWS statement (ref 4) reports much-below-normal Willamette and Sandy streamflow; local curtailments followed, so service is scored 1.","scale":"OWRD's declaration status report (ref 1) lists 22 Oregon counties with 2026 governor declarations, a statewide-scale event.","duration":"The same OWRD report (ref 1) shows declarations in 2023 (13 counties), 2024 (4), 2025 (8) and 2026 (22), a recurring multi-year pattern.","significance":"Each county was added by governor executive order, from EO 26-05 on March 26 to EO 26-25 on September 11, 2026 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source gives the population of the 22 declared counties."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"22 of 36 Oregon counties under 2026 governor drought declarations (OWRD declaration status report)."},"measures":[{"name":"Counties with 2026 drought declarations","value":22,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"OWRD declaration status report (ref 1)."},{"name":"Oregon July 2026 precipitation","value":45,"unit":"percent of average","status":"Reported","note":"NWS Portland drought statement (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"County declarations rose from 8 in 2025 to 22 in 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Office of Governor Tina Kotek","role":"Issues drought executive orders"},{"name":"Oregon Water Resources Department","role":"State water-rights and groundwater regulator"},{"name":"Oregon Drought Readiness Council","role":"Recommends declarations"}],"public_contact":"Oregon Water Resources Department, 503-986-0900","corrective_actions":["Governor drought executive orders EO 26-05, 26-07, 26-08, 26-09, 26-11, 26-12 and 26-25 (ref 1).","Declarations allow OWRD to expedite emergency water-use reviews and assist local water users (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drought Declaration Status Report","publisher":"Oregon Water Resources Department","date":null,"url":"https://apps.wrd.state.or.us/apps/wr/wr_drought/declaration_status_report.aspx","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Governor Kotek Declares Drought Emergency in Douglas, Gilliam, Harney, Lake and Malheur Counties","publisher":"Office of the Governor (Oregon Newsroom)","date":"2026-06-10","url":"https://apps.oregon.gov/oregon-newsroom/OR/GOV/Posts/Post/Governor-Kotek-Declares-Drought-Emergency-in-Douglas-Gilliam-Harney-Lake-and-Malheur-Counties","basis":"State press release"},{"ref":3,"title":"Gov. Kotek declares drought emergency in Curry and Union counties, bringing total to 21","publisher":"KMTR NBC16","date":"2026-07-13","url":"https://nbc16.com/news/local/gov-kotek-declares-drought-emergency-in-curry-and-union-counties-bringing-total-to-21","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Drought Information Statement for NW Oregon and SW Washington (valid Aug. 14, 2026)","publisher":"National Weather Service Portland","date":"2026-08-14","url":"https://www.weather.gov/media/pqr/DGT_PQR_08142026.pdf","basis":"Federal agency statement"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OR-CA-KLAMATH-AG-ALLOCATION-2026","US-OR-HARNEY-BASIN-CRITICAL-GROUNDWATER-2025","US-OR-ASHLAND-SNOW-DROUGHT-SUPPLY-2026","US-OR-THE-DALLES-WATERSHED-SUPPLY-2026"]},{"id":"US-OR-HARNEY-BASIN-CRITICAL-GROUNDWATER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Harney Basin declared Oregon critical groundwater area after steep aquifer declines","description":"On December 11, 2025 the Oregon Water Resources Commission adopted rules designating the Harney Basin a Critical Groundwater Area and a Serious Water Management Problem Area, effective January 14, 2026. OPB reports groundwater pumped for irrigation tripled from 1991 to 2018, levels in one area fell more than 100 feet, and about 70 residential and livestock wells have gone dry. Cutbacks of up to 70% in some areas begin in 2028 and phase in over about 30 years.","location":{"name":"Harney Basin groundwater reservoir","type":"Groundwater basin (critical groundwater area)","state":"OR","states":["OR"],"detail":"Malheur Lake administrative basin around Burns and Hines, Harney County","coordinates":{"lat":43.59,"lon":-119.05,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":2},"counties":["Harney"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is aquifer depletion from irrigation pumping, a water quantity problem.","secondary_drivers":["Irrigation pumping","Over-allocation of groundwater rights"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"OPB (ref 1) reports about 70 residential and livestock wells have gone dry and levels in one area have fallen more than 100 feet, up to 8 feet a year.","service":"Dry wells forced owners to drill deeper at their own cost (ref 1); there is no system-wide outage, so service is 1.","scale":"The critical area covers the Harney Basin groundwater reservoir in one rural county (refs 2, 3), a regional but sparsely populated area.","duration":"OPB (ref 1) reports pumping tripled from 1991 to 2018 and new groundwater rights have been paused since 2016, a decades-long decline.","significance":"The Water Resources Commission adopted the designation on December 11, 2025, with rules effective January 14, 2026 (ref 2), a formal regulatory action."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources do not give the number of people relying on the aquifer."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Groundwater levels in one area of the basin have fallen more than 100 feet and are dropping by as much as eight feet per year (OPB)."},"measures":[{"name":"Wells gone dry (residential and livestock)","value":70,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"About 70, per OPB (ref 1)."},{"name":"Maximum planned pumping reduction in some subareas","value":70,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Phased over 30 years starting 2028 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Estimated cost to local agriculture at full implementation","value":41,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"OPB (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"OPB (ref 1) reports levels still falling up to 8 feet per year; cutbacks do not start until 2028 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Oregon Water Resources Department","role":"State water-rights and groundwater regulator"},{"name":"Oregon Water Resources Commission","role":"Adopted the critical groundwater area rules"}],"public_contact":"Oregon Water Resources Department, 503-986-0900","corrective_actions":["Critical Groundwater Area and Serious Water Management Problem Area designation under OAR 690-512, effective January 14, 2026 (ref 2).","Seven subareas with permissible total withdrawals and reductions every six years over 24 years; target is zero median decline (ref 4).","Measurement and reporting of groundwater use required (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Irrigators, tribes and local officials push back against state proposal to curb groundwater crisis in Harney Basin","publisher":"OPB","date":"2025-09-29","url":"https://www.opb.org/article/2025/09/29/harney-basin-curb-groundwater-crisis/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Division 512 Rulemaking","publisher":"Oregon Water Resources Department","date":null,"url":"https://www.oregon.gov/owrd/programs/policylawandrules/OARS/Pages/Division-512-Rulemaking.aspx","basis":"State regulatory record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Oregon's Harney Basin is now a critical groundwater area. Here's what that means","publisher":"OPB","date":"2025-12-12","url":"https://www.opb.org/article/2025/12/12/oregon-harney-basion-now-critical-groundwater-area/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Critical Groundwater Area Rule Language Explainer","publisher":"Oregon Water Resources Department","date":"2025-03-20","url":"https://www.oregon.gov/owrd/Documents/CGWA%20Rule%20Language%20Explainer.pdf","basis":"State regulatory record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OR-STATEWIDE-GROUNDWATER-ALLOCATION-RULES-2024"]},{"id":"US-OR-DESCHUTES-DOMESTIC-WELLS-DRY-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Central Oregon aquifer decline leaves 200-plus Deschutes County domestic wells dry","description":"Deschutes Basin groundwater near Bend and Redmond has fallen 35 to 40 feet since 1993, with recent declines up to 2 feet a year, according to OWRD hydrologists. More than 200 rural domestic wells went dry in 2022-2023, and OWRD projects more than 3,500 domestic wells could fail with further decline. About 35,000 county residents rely on private wells.","location":{"name":"Deschutes Basin aquifer (Bend-Redmond area)","type":"Regional aquifer and exempt domestic wells","state":"OR","states":["OR"],"detail":"Rural Deschutes County around Bend and Redmond","coordinates":{"lat":44.06,"lon":-121.31,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Deschutes"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Falling aquifer levels are leaving household wells without water, a supply-quantity issue.","secondary_drivers":["Drought","Canal piping reducing recharge","Exempt well pumping"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"No health harm is reported; Bend Bulletin (ref 1) cites Metolius headwaters discharge down 55% in six years as an environmental warning, scored as potential harm.","service":"Commissioner Phil Chang (ref 1) says more than 200 domestic wells went dry, and Source Weekly (ref 2) reports at least 200 households lost well water in 2022-2023, a total loss of supply for those homes.","scale":"About 35,000 Deschutes County residents rely on private wells (ref 2), one county.","duration":"OWRD hydrologists (ref 1) report the aquifer has declined about a foot a year since the 1990s, a chronic trend.","significance":"No emergency order or enforcement covers the domestic wells; OWRD offers repair assistance and over 130 Central Oregonians sought help (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":35000,"status":"Reported","note":"Deschutes County residents relying on private wells, per Source Weekly (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"If levels drop another 5 feet, more than 3,500 domestic wells could fail, according to OWRD (Source Weekly)."},"measures":[{"name":"Domestic wells gone dry, 2022-2023","value":200,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"At least 200 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Domestic wells at risk","value":3500,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"OWRD projection cited in ref 2."},{"name":"Groundwater decline near Bend and Redmond since 1993","value":40,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"35 to 40 feet, OWRD hydrologist (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Declines accelerated to up to 2 feet per year in the last five years (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Oregon Water Resources Department","role":"State water-rights and groundwater regulator"},{"name":"Deschutes County Board of Commissioners","role":"Local government"}],"public_contact":"Oregon Water Resources Department, 503-986-0900","corrective_actions":["OWRD well repair and replacement financial assistance; 114 Deschutes County applicants (ref 1).","OWRD proposed rules limiting new wells where groundwater is not stable (ref 1); statewide rules adopted 2024 (see related record).","House Bill 3419 on water measurement did not get a vote in 2025 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Declining aquifer levels raise alarm among hydrologists, officials","publisher":"The Bulletin (Bend)","date":"2024-04-13","url":"https://bendbulletin.com/?p=439337","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Source Weekly: When Wells Run Dry","publisher":"Source Weekly (republished by Deschutes River Conservancy)","date":"2025-07-09","url":"https://www.deschutesriver.org/in-the-media/source-weekly-when-wells-run-dry","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OR-STATEWIDE-GROUNDWATER-ALLOCATION-RULES-2024","US-OR-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-EMERGENCY-2026"]},{"id":"US-OR-STATEWIDE-GROUNDWATER-ALLOCATION-RULES-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Oregon tightens new groundwater permits as 1,200-plus wells go dry statewide","description":"On September 12, 2024 the Oregon Water Resources Commission unanimously adopted rules that allow new groundwater rights only where levels are reasonably stable and the aquifer can supply the full amount. OPB reported more than 1,200 wells went dry in less than three years and that declines could dry up roughly 40,000 home wells statewide. The rules do not cover existing rights or exempt domestic wells.","location":{"name":"Oregon groundwater aquifers","type":"Statewide groundwater program","state":"OR","states":["OR"],"detail":"Statewide; declines concentrated in Harney, Deschutes, Klamath and Umatilla basins","coordinates":{"lat":44,"lon":-120.5,"precision":"state","source_ref":2},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The record concerns the state's groundwater allocation rules responding to widespread aquifer decline.","secondary_drivers":["Over-allocation of groundwater rights","Drought"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"OPB (ref 2) reports declines could dry up about 40,000 home wells; this is a projected rather than documented harm.","service":"OPB Think Out Loud (ref 1) cites more than 1,200 wells going dry in under three years, a partial loss of household supply.","scale":"The rules apply to new groundwater rights statewide (ref 3).","duration":"The Nature Conservancy, quoted by OPB (ref 2), says water levels have been dropping for decades in thousands of wells.","significance":"A formal rule adopted by unanimous commission vote (ref 2); it is a regulatory change, not an enforcement order."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source gives a population for affected well users."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than 1,200 wells have gone dry in less than three years (OPB, May 2024)."},"measures":[{"name":"Wells gone dry statewide","value":1200,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"In under three years, per ref 1."},{"name":"Home wells at risk","value":40000,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Roughly 40,000, per ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"OWRD (ref 3) expects depletion to increase with a warming climate."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Oregon Water Resources Department","role":"State water-rights and groundwater regulator"},{"name":"Oregon Water Resources Commission","role":"Adopted the rules"}],"public_contact":"Oregon Water Resources Department, 503-986-0900","corrective_actions":["Groundwater allocation rules adopted September 12, 2024 requiring reasonably stable water levels for new permits (refs 2, 3).","Applications lacking site-specific data are denied (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Oregon groundwater is declining. New rules aim to slow the loss (Think Out Loud)","publisher":"OPB","date":"2024-05-07","url":"https://opb.org/article/2024/05/06/oregon-groundwater-declining","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Groundwater rights in Oregon just got even more valuable. Here's why","publisher":"OPB","date":"2024-09-12","url":"https://www.opb.org/article/2024/09/12/groundwater-rights-in-oregon-just-got-even-more-valuable-heres-why/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Oregon's Updated Rules for Groundwater Allocation (backgrounder)","publisher":"Oregon Water Resources Department","date":"2024-09-10","url":"https://oregon.gov/owrd/Documents/Backgrounder%20GWA%20Rules.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OR-HARNEY-BASIN-CRITICAL-GROUNDWATER-2025","US-OR-DESCHUTES-DOMESTIC-WELLS-DRY-2025"]},{"id":"US-OR-SILETZ-RIVER-LOW-FLOW-CURTAILMENT-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Record-low Siletz River forces emergency water curtailment in Siletz, Lincoln County","description":"The City of Siletz declared a level-three emergency water curtailment on July 18, 2025, capping households at 10,000 gallons a month, as its source, the Siletz River, ran at what the mayor called a 130-year low. Lincoln County declared a drought emergency on July 2 and the governor followed on July 10 (EO 25-13); Toledo, which also draws on the Siletz, and Seal Rock Water District asked customers to conserve, and Georgia-Pacific's Toledo mill stopped pumping from the river.","location":{"name":"City of Siletz water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"OR","states":["OR"],"detail":"Siletz and the Siletz River, Lincoln County, central Oregon coast","coordinates":{"lat":44.72,"lon":-123.92,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lincoln"],"extent":"county","pwsid":"OR4100821"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The curtailment stemmed from record-low river flow in a drinking-water source.","secondary_drivers":["Drought","Low streamflow"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"KLCC (ref 1) reports no health or water-quality impact, only reduced river flow.","service":"Siletz banned lawn watering and capped households at 10,000 gallons a month under level-three curtailment (ref 1).","scale":"Siletz serves 1,235 people (ref 3); Toledo (3,645, ref 4) and Seal Rock's 5,500 customers were asked to conserve (ref 1).","duration":"Lincoln County was also under governor drought orders in 2023 and 2025 (ref 2), and the 2025 restrictions ran through the summer.","significance":"Lincoln County commissioners declared a drought emergency July 2, 2025, and the governor issued EO 25-13 on July 10 (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":1235,"status":"Reported","note":"City of Siletz population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The Siletz River is \"at a 130-year low,\" Mayor Willie Worman said (KLCC)."},"measures":[{"name":"Household monthly water cap","value":10000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Siletz level-three curtailment (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Lincoln County drought declarations in 2023 and 2025 but not 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Siletz","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Lincoln County Board of Commissioners","role":"Declared local drought emergency"},{"name":"Oregon Health Authority Drinking Water Services","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Siletz water system, 541-444-2521 (contact listed in SDWIS)","corrective_actions":["Level-three emergency curtailment with fines for violations (ref 1).","Governor drought declaration EO 25-13 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Siletz first in Lincoln County to restrict water use due to drought conditions and river levels","publisher":"KLCC","date":"2025-07-22","url":"https://www.klcc.org/environment/2025-07-22/city-of-siletz-first-in-lincoln-county-to-restrict-water-use-due-to-drought-conditions-and-river-levels","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Drought Declaration Status Report","publisher":"Oregon Water Resources Department","date":null,"url":"https://apps.wrd.state.or.us/apps/wr/wr_drought/declaration_status_report.aspx","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: SILETZ","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SILETZ/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: TOLEDO","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/TOLEDO/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Date curtailment lifted"],"related_ids":["US-OR-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-EMERGENCY-2026"]},{"id":"US-OR-THE-DALLES-WATERSHED-SUPPLY-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"The Dalles asks for water cuts after record-low snowpack and fire at its watershed edge","description":"The Dalles began a voluntary Stage 1 water restriction advisory on September 8, 2026 after its municipal watershed started the year with record-low snowpack; the watershed and Crow Creek Reservoir supply 70-80% of the city's water. In August the Grasshopper Fire reached the watershed boundary, and city officials warned burned slopes can wash sediment into streams and raise treatment costs. Congress is considering H.R. 655 to transfer 150 acres around the reservoir to the city so it can expand storage.","location":{"name":"City of The Dalles water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"OR","states":["OR"],"detail":"The Dalles, Wasco County; Crow Creek Reservoir and South Fork Mill Creek watershed","coordinates":{"lat":45.6,"lon":-121.18,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Wasco"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OR4100869"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Low snowpack reduced the surface supply while wildfire threatened source-water quality.","secondary_drivers":["Record-low snowpack","Wildfire"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Public Works Director Dale McCabe said the Grasshopper Fire was 'right at the boundary' of the watershed (ref 2); sediment risk is potential, not documented.","service":"A voluntary Stage 1 advisory began September 8, 2026 (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 13,010 people served (ref 4); Rep. Bentz's office cites about 16,000 residents (ref 3).","duration":"The advisory was expected to last until fall rains in mid-October (ref 1), a season-long event.","significance":"Wasco County is under governor drought order EO 26-11 (OWRD report, ref 5)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":13010,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The Dalles Municipal Watershed \"started 2026 with a record low snowpack\" (Columbia Community Connection)."},"measures":[{"name":"Share of annual supply from watershed surface sources","value":80,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"70-80% per ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Record-low snowpack plus wildfire at the watershed edge in 2026 (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of The Dalles Public Works","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Oregon Health Authority Drinking Water Services","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. Forest Service, Mt. Hood National Forest","role":"Watershed land manager"}],"public_contact":"City of The Dalles water system, 541-298-2248 (contact listed in SDWIS)","corrective_actions":["Stage 1 voluntary water restriction advisory (ref 1).","H.R. 655 passed the U.S. House on December 9, 2025 to transfer watershed land for reservoir expansion (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Voluntary Water Restrictions Start September 8, 2026","publisher":"Columbia Community Connection","date":"2026-09-08","url":"https://columbiacommunityconnection.com/the-dalles/voluntary-water-restrictions-start-september-8-2026","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Grasshopper Fire Update Aug. 5, 3:30 p.m.: Fire close to The Dalles Municipal Watershed","publisher":"Columbia Community Connection","date":"2026-08-05","url":"https://columbiacommunityconnection.com/the-dalles/grasshopper-fire-reaches-bennett-pass-new-forest-service-closures-issued-as-blaze-tops-39000-acres","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Congressman Bentz's bill to expand the City of The Dalles' water passed in U.S. House of Representatives","publisher":"Office of Rep. Cliff Bentz","date":"2025-12-09","url":"https://bentz.house.gov/media/press-releases/congressman-bentz-s-bill-to-expand-the-city-of-the-dalles-water-passed-in-us-house-of-representatives","basis":"Federal official release"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: DALLES","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/DALLES/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"Drought Declaration Status Report","publisher":"Oregon Water Resources Department","date":null,"url":"https://apps.wrd.state.or.us/apps/wr/wr_drought/declaration_status_report.aspx","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OR-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-EMERGENCY-2026"]},{"id":"US-OR-EUGENE-SINGLE-SOURCE-RISK-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Eugene relies on one river and one plant; EWEB plans $392M-plus Willamette backup","description":"Eugene Water & Electric Board draws all of its drinking water from the McKenzie River through the 1950-era Hayden Bridge plant, which EWEB says leaves taps vulnerable to a chemical spill, algae bloom, plant failure or a Cascadia earthquake. In July 2026 the board gave preliminary direction for a 30-million-gallon-a-day plant on the Willamette, estimated at about $392 million; EWEB's project page cites a later $431 million estimate.","location":{"name":"Eugene Water & Electric Board water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"OR","states":["OR"],"detail":"Eugene, Lane County; McKenzie River source, planned Willamette intake near Glenwood","coordinates":{"lat":44.05,"lon":-123.09,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lane"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OR4100287"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A single source and single treatment plant create supply-resilience risk that EWEB is addressing with new infrastructure.","secondary_drivers":["Single-source dependence","Seismic risk","Wildfire and spill risk"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"KVAL (ref 1) lists fuel spills that threatened McKenzie River quality, but no contamination of the supply is documented.","service":"No outage has occurred; during the 2024 ice storm Hayden Bridge ran on backup generators for the first time (ref 1).","scale":"EWEB serves about 200,000 people (ref 1); SDWIS lists 176,000 (ref 3).","duration":"EWEB says Eugene has relied solely on the McKenzie and Hayden Bridge for over 75 years (ref 2), a long-standing vulnerability.","significance":"The project is a voluntary utility capital plan with no regulatory order (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":176000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3); KVAL reports about 200,000 (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Proposed 30 million-gallon-per-day Willamette plant estimated at about $392 million, EWEB's largest water project since 1950 (KVAL)."},"measures":[{"name":"Proposed second plant capacity","value":30,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Estimated cost","value":392,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; EWEB page cites a Register-Guard estimate of $431M (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Rate impacts of a $392M-$431M project under review (refs 1, 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Planning and design ongoing; Willamette water rights must be put to use by 2033 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Eugene Water & Electric Board","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Oregon Health Authority Drinking Water Services","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Eugene Water & Electric Board, 541-685-7549 (contact listed in SDWIS)","corrective_actions":["Joint Permit Application filed with the Army Corps and Oregon DSL in September 2024 (ref 2).","Board preliminary direction on a 30 MGD plant in July 2026; financial plan and rate review in August 2026 (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EWEB moves forward with plans for second water treatment plant","publisher":"KVAL","date":"2026-07-09","url":"https://kval.com/news/local/eweb-moves-forward-with-plans-for-second-water-treatment-plant-eugene-water-electric-board-oregon-energy-willamette-river-emergency-preparedness","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Willamette Water Treatment Plant project","publisher":"Eugene Water & Electric Board","date":null,"url":"https://www.eweb.org/projects/willamette-water-treatment-plant","basis":"Primary utility","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: EUGENE","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/EUGENE/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OR-JUNCTION-CITY-WELL-OUTPUT-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Junction City well output collapse forces mandatory 30% water cuts","description":"Junction City's four wells fell from a typical 2,200 gallons per minute to a little over 600, leading the city to impose a Stage 2 emergency curtailment requiring a 30% cut in use from July until October 30, 2023. The city planned two new wells and repairs to the older ones; it had also curtailed use in 2022.","location":{"name":"Junction City Water Utilities","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"OR","states":["OR"],"detail":"Junction City, Lane County","coordinates":{"lat":44.22,"lon":-123.21,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lane"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OR4100418"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Underproducing wells (infrastructure) cut the volume of water the city could supply.","secondary_drivers":["Aging wells","Summer demand"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"KEZI (ref 1) describes only reduced well output and tank levels; no water-quality harm is reported.","service":"Residents were required to cut use 30% under a Stage 2 Moderate Emergency Curtailment (ref 1).","scale":"Junction City Water Utilities serves 7,000 people (ref 3).","duration":"The 2023 curtailment ran from July to October 30 (ref 1), after a 2022 Alert Stage 2 curtailment (ref 2), so it recurred across years.","significance":"The city declared a mandatory emergency curtailment stage (ref 1), a formal notice to customers."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":7000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Combined well output fell from about 2,200 gallons per minute to a little over 600 (KEZI)."},"measures":[{"name":"Well output during shortage","value":600,"unit":"gpm","status":"Reported","note":"Down from about 2,200 gpm (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The curtailment was lifted October 30, 2023 and new wells were planned (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Junction City Public Works","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Oregon Health Authority Drinking Water Services","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Junction City Water Utilities, 541-998-3125 (contact listed in SDWIS)","corrective_actions":["Two new wells planned and older wells to be inspected and repaired (ref 1).","Stage 2 curtailment lifted October 30, 2023 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Junction City officials announce end to water emergency; normal water use can now resume","publisher":"KEZI","date":"2023-10-30","url":"https://www.kezi.com/news/junction-city-officials-announce-end-to-water-emergency-normal-water-use-can-now-resume/article_31cb7b6e-7775-11ee-9a58-e360fb994eac.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Junction City reduces water curtailment level","publisher":"KVAL","date":"2022-08-12","url":"https://kval.com/news/local/junction-city-reduces-water-curtailment-level","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: JUNCTION CITY","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/JUNCTION%20CITY/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Commissioning date of new wells"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OR-CLACKAMAS-SOUTH-FORK-CURTAILMENT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Low Clackamas River flow triggers Stage 2 curtailment for Oregon City and West Linn","description":"South Fork Water Board, Oregon City and West Linn issued a Stage 2 water curtailment alert on August 6, 2026 after flow at the mouth of the Clackamas River fell below the 650 cubic feet per second threshold. Residents were asked to irrigate only between 8 p.m. and 8 a.m., and the cities halted line flushing and street washing; West Linn reported the alert lifted by September 8.","location":{"name":"South Fork Water Board (Clackamas River)","type":"Wholesale water supplier service area","state":"OR","states":["OR"],"detail":"Oregon City and West Linn, Clackamas County","coordinates":{"lat":45.36,"lon":-122.61,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Clackamas"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"OR4100591"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Low river flow in the cities' source triggered supply-side curtailment to protect fish.","secondary_drivers":["Drought","Low streamflow"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The South Fork alert (ref 1) says drinking water systems remained safe and fully operational.","service":"West Linn (ref 2) limited park irrigation to night hours and banned street washing, and residents were asked to curb landscape watering.","scale":"Oregon City (33,940, ref 3) and West Linn (28,000, ref 4) together serve about 62,000 people per SDWIS.","duration":"The alert began August 6, 2026 and West Linn reported it no longer in effect by September 8 (ref 2), about a month.","significance":"A formal Stage 2 curtailment alert under the water management and conservation plan (ref 2)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":61940,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS populations for Oregon City (33,940, ref 3) and West Linn (28,000, ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Water flow at the mouth of the Clackamas River dropped below the 650 cubic feet per second curtailment threshold (City of West Linn)."},"measures":[{"name":"Curtailment flow threshold","value":650,"unit":"cfs","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Alert lifted by September 8, 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"South Fork Water Board","role":"Wholesale water supplier"},{"name":"City of West Linn","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"City of Oregon City","role":"Water utility"}],"public_contact":"South Fork Water Board, info@sfwbor.gov","corrective_actions":["Stage 2 curtailment measures (refs 1, 2).","Alert lifted by September 8, 2026 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water Curtailment Alert","publisher":"South Fork Water Board","date":"2026-08-06","url":"https://sfwbor.gov/alert/index.php","basis":"Primary utility"},{"ref":2,"title":"Summer Water Conservation","publisher":"City of West Linn","date":"2026-09-08","url":"https://westlinnoregon.gov/publicworks/summer-water-conservation","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: OREGON CITY","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/OREGON%20CITY/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: WEST LINN","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WEST%20LINN/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OR-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-EMERGENCY-2026"]},{"id":"US-OR-ASHLAND-SNOW-DROUGHT-SUPPLY-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Ashland's Reeder Reservoir faces summer with snowpack at 2% of average","description":"In April 2026 the snowpack feeding Ashland's Reeder Reservoir was at 2% of its 30-year average, which the city said would slow summer inflows. Ashland planned to draw on Medford Water's Talent-Ashland-Phoenix (TAP) line and irrigation water to conserve the reservoir through fire season and to ask residents to cut use voluntarily from June or July. Jackson County is under governor drought order EO 26-07.","location":{"name":"Ashland Water Department","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"OR","states":["OR"],"detail":"Ashland, Jackson County; Reeder Reservoir on Ashland Creek","coordinates":{"lat":42.19,"lon":-122.71,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Jackson"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OR4100047"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A snow drought is reducing inflow to the city's primary reservoir.","secondary_drivers":["Record-low snowpack"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"KOBI (ref 1) reports Reeder Reservoir was 86.7% full in April with no water-quality concern.","service":"The city planned voluntary use cuts from June or July and supplementing supply via the TAP line (ref 1).","scale":"Ashland Water Department serves 20,946 people (ref 2).","duration":"The supply strain spans the 2026 dry season through the end of fire season (ref 1).","significance":"Jackson County is under governor drought executive order EO 26-07, April 21, 2026 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":20946,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Snowpack feeding Reeder Reservoir is at 2% of its 30-year average (KOBI, April 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Snowpack vs 30-year average","value":2,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Reeder Reservoir storage (April 2026)","value":86.7,"unit":"percent full","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Ashland Public Works","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Medford Water","role":"TAP intertie supplier"}],"public_contact":"Ashland Water Department, 541-552-2325 (contact listed in SDWIS)","corrective_actions":["Supplement Reeder Reservoir with TAP intertie water and irrigation water (ref 1).","Voluntary conservation request (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Ashland to request residents limit water use over the summer","publisher":"KOBI-TV NBC5","date":"2026-04-22","url":"https://kobi5.com/?p=306322","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: ASHLAND","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ASHLAND/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Drought Declaration Status Report","publisher":"Oregon Water Resources Department","date":null,"url":"https://apps.wrd.state.or.us/apps/wr/wr_drought/declaration_status_report.aspx","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Whether a curtailment stage was declared"],"related_ids":["US-OR-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-EMERGENCY-2026"]},{"id":"US-OR-PORTLAND-BULL-RUN-FILTRATION-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Portland Bull Run filtration plant cost rises to $2.56B as deadline slips","description":"Portland's Bull Run Filtration Project, required by the Oregon Health Authority to treat the unfiltered Bull Run supply, was re-estimated at $2.56 billion in February 2026, a $450 million increase the city tied to land-use permitting delays. The city asked OHA for a 24-month extension past the September 2027 deadline to serve filtered water, while interim public health measures under a bilateral compliance agreement continue. City finance staff project close to 10% annual rate increases into the early 2030s.","location":{"name":"Portland Water Bureau (Bull Run supply)","type":"Municipal water utility service area","state":"OR","states":["OR"],"detail":"Bull Run watershed supply serving Portland, Multnomah County, and wholesale customers","coordinates":{"lat":45.5152,"lon":-122.6784,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Multnomah","Clackamas","Washington"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OR4100657"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A treatment-plant construction program driven by a source-water quality requirement, with large rate consequences.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The city release (ref 1) says interim public health measures required by OHA remain in place to protect the supply until filtration is online; no illness is cited.","service":"No outage or restriction is reported; refs 1 and 2 describe cost and schedule, not service loss.","scale":"SDWIS lists Portland Water Bureau serving 666,200 people (ref 3), well over the 100k threshold.","duration":"KATU (ref 2) traces estimates from $500 million at 2017 approval to about $2.56 billion in 2026; the requested extension runs two years past September 2027 (ref 1).","significance":"The project operates under a Bilateral Compliance Agreement with OHA and the city has requested a formal 24-month deadline extension (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":666200,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Portland Water Bureau per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The revised estimate of $2.56 billion reflects a $450 million increase associated with delays in the permitting process."},"measures":[{"name":"Revised project cost estimate","value":2.56,"unit":"USD billion","status":"Reported","note":"City of Portland, Feb. 19, 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Cost increase from permitting delays","value":450,"unit":"USD million","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Requested deadline extension","value":24,"unit":"months","status":"Reported","note":"Past the September 2027 OHA deadline (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Cost estimate rose from $500 million (2017) to about $2.56 billion (2026) (ref 2)","City finance team projects nearly 10% annual rate increases into the early 2030s (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Cost estimates rose in each update from 2017 to 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Portland Water Bureau","role":"Utility owner and project sponsor"},{"name":"Oregon Health Authority Drinking Water Services","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Portland Water Bureau, portland.gov/water","corrective_actions":["Construction of the filtration plant and pipelines is underway after LUBA affirmed land-use permits (ref 1).","City requested a 24-month extension from OHA and secured two WIFIA loans to smooth rate impacts (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Land use process primary driver of Filtration Project cost increase, timeline extension","publisher":"City of Portland","date":"2026-02-19","url":"https://www.portland.gov/water/bullruntreatment/filtration/news/2026/2/19/land-use-process-primary-driver-filtration-project","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Portland water rates could double within a decade due to Bull Run Filtration site","publisher":"KATU","date":"2026-04-27","url":"https://katu.com/news/investigations/bull-run-filtration-site-could-cause-portland-water-rates-double-within-a-decade-money-bills-residents-multnomah-county-money-families-expenses-local","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Portland Water Bureau","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PORTLAND/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OR-PORTLAND-CRYPTOSPORIDIUM-2025","US-OR-PORTLAND-WATER-SEWER-RATES-2026"]},{"id":"US-OR-PORTLAND-WILLAMETTE-CROSSING-SEISMIC-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Portland's seismic Willamette River water crossing paused; west side at risk","description":"Portland Water Bureau's mains under the Willamette River are more than 50 years old and, per the bureau, will probably not work after a major earthquake, leaving over 360,000 west-side residents without reliable water for six months or longer. The earthquake-resilient replacement crossing was paused in January 2023 after drilling problems and route changes, and construction is now tentatively planned for fiscal year 2027-28.","location":{"name":"Portland Water Bureau Willamette River crossing","type":"Water transmission main river crossing","state":"OR","states":["OR"],"detail":"Willamette River crossing near the Marquam Bridge and South Waterfront, Portland, Multnomah County","coordinates":{"lat":45.505,"lon":-122.67,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Multnomah"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OR4100657"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Seismic vulnerability of aging transmission mains that carry water to the west side of the city.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"The bureau's FAQ (ref 2) warns that losing water after a quake could create dangerous fire and health conditions; this is a modeled risk, not an event.","service":"No current outage; refs 1 and 2 describe a potential six-to-twelve-month west-side outage only after a major earthquake.","scale":"Ref 2 puts over 360,000 west-side residents at risk; SDWIS lists 666,200 served by the utility (ref 4).","duration":"OPB (ref 3) reported a 2022 finish target in 2019; the project paused in January 2023 and construction is now tentatively set for FY2027-28 (ref 1).","significance":"No regulatory order applies; the project is a utility capital decision documented on city pages (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":360000,"status":"Reported","note":"West-side residents the Water Bureau says would lack reliable water after a major quake (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Without the crossing, over 360,000 west-side residents could be without reliable water for six months or longer after a major earthquake."},"measures":[{"name":"West-side residents at risk","value":360000,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Age of existing river-crossing mains","value":50,"unit":"years (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Project is funded by revenue bonds repaid by ratepayers (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Portland Water Bureau","role":"Utility owner"}],"public_contact":"Portland Water Bureau, portland.gov/water","corrective_actions":["Bureau plans to resume the project with construction tentatively in FY2027-28 (ref 1).","Route and drilling method were changed in 2021 after a 2020 pilot bore collapsed (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Willamette River Crossing project","publisher":"City of Portland","date":null,"url":"https://www.portland.gov/water/improvements/willamette-river-crossing/wrx","basis":"Local government record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Willamette River Crossing frequently asked questions","publisher":"City of Portland","date":null,"url":"https://www.portland.gov/water/improvements/willamette-river-crossing/wrx-faq","basis":"Local government record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Portland Water Bureau Warns Earthquake Could Leave City With Major Shortages","publisher":"OPB","date":"2019-09-24","url":"https://opb.org/news/article/portland-oregon-water-bureau-cascadia-earthquake-warning","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Portland Water Bureau","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PORTLAND/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OR-PORTLAND-BULL-RUN-FILTRATION-2026"]},{"id":"US-OR-PORTLAND-CSO-WILLAMETTE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Portland combined sewer overflows to the Willamette River during heavy rain","description":"Portland's Bureau of Environmental Services issued combined sewer overflow advisories for the Willamette River downstream of the Ross Island Bridge in 2025, including an estimated 28 million gallon overflow on February 23 and an overflow lasting about 11 hours and 45 minutes on December 9. The Big Pipe program, a 20-year, $1.4 billion effort completed in 2011, cut Willamette overflows by 94%, but they still average about four per winter.","location":{"name":"Willamette River below Ross Island Bridge","type":"River segment receiving combined sewer overflows","state":"OR","states":["OR"],"detail":"Willamette River through downtown and north Portland, Multnomah County","coordinates":{"lat":45.52,"lon":-122.67,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Multnomah"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Combined sewer capacity is exceeded in heavy rain, sending sewage-laden stormwater to the river.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"BES (ref 1) describes the overflow as about 20% sewage with increased bacteria; no illness or fish kill is reported.","service":"The public was told to avoid river contact during and for 48 hours after each overflow (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The advisory area covers the Willamette through Portland downstream of the Ross Island Bridge, a regional recreation reach (ref 1).","duration":"BES (ref 1) says overflows still average four per winter season; advisories recurred in February and December 2025 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Each event triggered a formal public advisory from the city (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"River users downstream of the Ross Island Bridge; no count is given."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Heavy rains led the Big Pipe system to reach capacity; estimated overflow volume 28 million gallons (Feb. 23, 2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"Estimated overflow volume, Feb. 23, 2025","value":28,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Overflow duration, Dec. 9, 2025","value":11.75,"unit":"hours","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Reduction in Willamette CSOs since Big Pipe","value":94,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Overflows average about four per winter since 2011 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Portland Bureau of Environmental Services","role":"Sewer utility"},{"name":"Oregon Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Clean Water Act permitting authority"}],"public_contact":"Portland Bureau of Environmental Services, portland.gov/bes","corrective_actions":["Big Pipe CSO control program completed in 2011 at a cost of $1.4 billion (ref 1).","City issues public advisories for each overflow (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"CSO advisory: atmospheric river leads to combined sewer overflow to Willamette River","publisher":"City of Portland Bureau of Environmental Services","date":"2025-02-23","url":"https://www.portland.gov/bes/news/2025/2/23/cso-advisory-atmospheric-river-leads-combined-sewer-overflow-willamette-river","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"CSO advisory: atmospheric river leads to combined sewer overflow to Willamette River","publisher":"City of Portland Bureau of Environmental Services","date":"2025-12-09","url":"https://www.portland.gov/bes/news/2025/12/9/cso-advisory-atmospheric-river-leads-combined-sewer-overflow-willamette-river","basis":"Local government record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OR-SANDY-WASTEWATER-CONSENT-DECREE-2023","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Sandy wastewater consent decree brings $500,000 penalty and sewer moratorium","description":"The City of Sandy settled Clean Water Act violations at its wastewater plant, including prohibited bypasses and effluent limit exceedances, in a federal consent decree with EPA and Oregon DEQ entered September 11, 2023, with $500,000 in civil penalties split between the U.S. and Oregon. The decree limits new sewer connections, and the city told legislators in 2025 that it is under a development moratorium, that required upgrades exceed $200 million, and that wastewater rates have risen over 250% since 2019.","location":{"name":"City of Sandy wastewater system","type":"Municipal wastewater collection and treatment system","state":"OR","states":["OR"],"detail":"Sandy, Clackamas County; discharge to Tickle Creek, a Clackamas River tributary","coordinates":{"lat":45.3973,"lon":-122.2612,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Clackamas"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"An undersized and aging treatment plant violated its permit, triggering a consent decree with large capital and rate consequences.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA (ref 1) lists prohibited bypasses and effluent limit exceedances at the plant discharging to Tickle Creek, in a basin supplying drinking water to 300,000 people (ref 2).","service":"The decree limits new sewer connections and the city reports a development moratorium on new applications (refs 1, 2).","scale":"EPA says the plant serves approximately 12,000 people (ref 1).","duration":"Violations date to 2017; the facilities plan allows up to 15 years for final completion and the city expects the Gresham pipeline to take over five years (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Federal consent decree entered Sept. 11, 2023 with $500,000 in civil penalties (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":12000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the treatment plant per EPA (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Sandy agreed to pay $500,000 in civil penalties ($250,000 to the U.S. and $250,000 to Oregon) and to limit new sewer connections."},"measures":[{"name":"Consent decree civil penalty","value":500000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Estimated cost of Sandy Clean Waters program","value":200,"unit":"USD million (over)","status":"Reported","note":"City of Sandy, 2025 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Wastewater rate increase since 2019","value":250,"unit":"percent (over)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["City projects eight more years of double-digit rate increases (ref 2)","Cost burden of over $40,000 per ratepayer (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Sandy","role":"Permittee and sewer utility"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 10","role":"Federal enforcement lead"},{"name":"Oregon Department of Environmental Quality","role":"State co-plaintiff and permitting authority"}],"public_contact":"City of Sandy Public Works","corrective_actions":["Capacity assurance program and limits on new connections (ref 1).","Planned 14-mile force main to the Gresham treatment plant and interim UV disinfection upgrades (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Sandy Clean Water Settlement","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2023-09-11","url":"https://epa.gov/enforcement/city-sandy-clean-water-settlement","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"City of Sandy Wastewater Improvements: Funding Request $14 Million (legislative testimony)","publisher":"Oregon Legislature (City of Sandy submission)","date":"2025-01-16","url":"https://apps.oregonlegislature.gov/liz/2025R1/Downloads/PublicTestimonyDocument/146433","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":3,"title":"City of Sandy considers dumping treated wastewater into Sandy River","publisher":"Columbia Insight","date":"2021-11-18","url":"https://columbiainsight.org/?p=17723","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OR-SWEET-HOME-SEWAGE-AMES-CREEK-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Sweet Home sewage plant fined after untreated sewage reached Ames Creek","description":"Oregon DEQ assessed the City of Sweet Home a $17,725 civil penalty in September 2025 for exceeding wastewater permit limits for suspended solids, CBOD and pH, missing required monitoring, starting construction without DEQ approval, and discharging untreated sewage to Ames Creek on eight occasions. DEQ called it the fifth enforcement action against the city in recent years and ordered final design plans and an inflow and infiltration study.","location":{"name":"Sweet Home Sewage Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"OR","states":["OR"],"detail":"1357 Pleasant Valley Road, Sweet Home, Linn County; discharges to the South Santiam River","coordinates":{"lat":44.3976,"lon":-122.7362,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Linn"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Treatment and collection system shortfalls caused permit exceedances and untreated sewage releases.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ (ref 1) found the city discharged untreated sewage to Ames Creek on eight occasions and exceeded TSS, CBOD and pH limits.","service":"No drinking-water or sewer service disruption is described in refs 1 or 2.","scale":"The plant serves the City of Sweet Home, whose water system serves 10,322 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"The penalty covers CBOD violations from October 2022 to January 2024, and DEQ cites four prior cases since 2016 (ref 1).","significance":"DEQ Notice of Civil Penalty Assessment and Order, Case WQ-M-WR-2024-062, with a $17,725 penalty and corrective order (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":10322,"status":"Estimated","note":"Proxy: population served by the City of Sweet Home water system per SDWIS (ref 3); sewer population is not stated."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The City violated state water quality standards by discharging untreated sewage to Ames Creek on eight occasions."},"measures":[{"name":"DEQ civil penalty","value":17725,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Sept. 18, 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Untreated sewage discharges to Ames Creek","value":8,"unit":"occasions","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"DEQ notes repeated enforcement since 2016 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Sweet Home","role":"Permittee"},{"name":"Oregon Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Clean Water Act permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"Oregon DEQ Office of Compliance and Enforcement, 503-229-5696","corrective_actions":["DEQ order requires final redline design plans within 30 days and an inflow and infiltration study with a schedule for priority 1 projects within one year (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Notice of Civil Penalty Assessment and Order, City of Sweet Home, Case No. WQ-M-WR-2024-062","publisher":"Oregon Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-09-18","url":"https://www.oregon.gov/deq/nr/202509SweetHome.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"DEQ issues 14 penalties in September for environmental violations","publisher":"Oregon Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-11-24","url":"https://apps.oregon.gov/oregon-newsroom/OR/DEQ/Posts/Post/deq-issues-14-penalties-in-sept-2025","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: City of Sweet Home","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SWEET%20HOME/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OR-HOOD-RIVER-WWTP-VIOLATIONS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hood River wastewater plant hit with eighth DEQ enforcement action","description":"Oregon DEQ fined the City of Hood River $26,400 in September 2025 for exceeding its wastewater permit limits for total suspended solids, BOD and E. coli and for missing monitoring and quality-control requirements in 2024 and 2025. DEQ said it was the eighth enforcement action against the city in recent years, with prior cases from 2016 through 2023.","location":{"name":"Hood River Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"OR","states":["OR"],"detail":"City of Hood River, Hood River County; discharges to the Columbia River","coordinates":{"lat":45.7054,"lon":-121.5215,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Hood River"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Repeated effluent limit exceedances at a municipal treatment plant discharging to the Columbia River.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ (ref 1) lists a BOD daily loading of 2,673.3 lb/day on Aug. 6, 2024 (305% over the limit) and E. coli exceedances at the plant's outfall.","service":"Refs 1 and 2 describe no interruption of sewer or water service.","scale":"The plant serves the City of Hood River; its water system serves 8,577 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"DEQ cites seven prior cases from 2016 to 2023 and violations in both 2024 and 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"DEQ Notice of Civil Penalty Assessment and Order, Case WQ-M-ER-2025-003, $26,400 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":8577,"status":"Estimated","note":"Proxy: population served by the City of Hood River water system per SDWIS (ref 3); sewer population is not stated."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"This is the eighth enforcement action the City has been the subject of in recent years."},"measures":[{"name":"DEQ civil penalty","value":26400,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Sept. 25, 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Prior DEQ enforcement cases cited","value":7,"unit":"cases","status":"Reported","note":"2016-2023 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Enforcement has recurred almost yearly since 2016 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Hood River","role":"Permittee"},{"name":"Oregon Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Clean Water Act permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"Oregon DEQ Office of Compliance and Enforcement, 503-229-5696","corrective_actions":["City must pay or appeal the penalty; DEQ allows a supplemental environmental project to offset part of it (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Notice of Civil Penalty Assessment and Order, City of Hood River, Case No. WQ-M-ER-2025-003","publisher":"Oregon Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-09-25","url":"https://www.oregon.gov/deq/nr/202509HoodRiver.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"DEQ issues 14 penalties in September for environmental violations","publisher":"Oregon Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-11-24","url":"https://apps.oregon.gov/oregon-newsroom/OR/DEQ/Posts/Post/deq-issues-14-penalties-in-sept-2025","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: City of Hood River","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/HOOD%20RIVER/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OR-ESTACADA-WWTP-PENALTY-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Estacada wastewater plant fined for ammonia, BOD and solids violations","description":"Oregon DEQ issued the City of Estacada an $11,250 civil penalty in September 2025 for violating the ammonia, biochemical oxygen demand and total suspended solids limits in its wastewater discharge permit. DEQ said exceeding these limits created a risk of harm to human health and the environment.","location":{"name":"Estacada Sewage Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"OR","states":["OR"],"detail":"City of Estacada, Clackamas County; Clackamas River basin","coordinates":{"lat":45.2898,"lon":-122.3337,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Clackamas"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Effluent limit violations at a small municipal treatment plant.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ (ref 1) says the ammonia, BOD and TSS exceedances created a risk of harm; no specific environmental damage is documented.","service":"The penalty letter (ref 1) and DEQ roundup (ref 2) report no service disruption.","scale":"The plant serves Estacada, whose city water system serves 5,750 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"DEQ case WQ/M-NWR-2024-085 was opened in 2024 and penalized in September 2025 (ref 1), spanning months.","significance":"Formal DEQ Notice of Civil Penalty Assessment and Order for $11,250 (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":5750,"status":"Estimated","note":"Proxy: population served by the City of Estacada water system per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Civil penalty of $11,250 for violating the ammonia, biochemical oxygen demand and total suspended solids limits."},"measures":[{"name":"DEQ civil penalty","value":11250,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Sept. 23, 2025 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Estacada","role":"Permittee"},{"name":"Oregon Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Clean Water Act permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"Oregon DEQ Office of Compliance and Enforcement, 503-229-5696","corrective_actions":["City must pay or appeal; a supplemental environmental project may offset part of the penalty (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Notice of Civil Penalty Assessment and Order, City of Estacada, Case No. WQ/M-NWR-2024-085","publisher":"Oregon Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-09-23","url":"https://www.oregon.gov/deq/nr/202509Estacada.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"DEQ issues 14 penalties in September for environmental violations","publisher":"Oregon Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-11-24","url":"https://apps.oregon.gov/oregon-newsroom/OR/DEQ/Posts/Post/deq-issues-14-penalties-in-sept-2025","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: City of Estacada","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ESTACADA/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OR-PORT-ORFORD-WWTP-PENALTY-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Port Orford sewage plant fined for bacteria and solids limit violations","description":"Oregon DEQ fined the City of Port Orford $6,300 in October 2025 for violating its wastewater plant's NPDES permit, including exceedances of total suspended solids, pH, fecal coliform and Enterococci bacteria limits. The city also failed to submit required monitoring data and complete discharge monitoring reports and did not report the noncompliance.","location":{"name":"Port Orford Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"OR","states":["OR"],"detail":"City of Port Orford, Curry County, southern Oregon coast","coordinates":{"lat":42.7457,"lon":-124.4973,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Curry"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Bacteria and solids limit exceedances plus reporting failures at a small coastal plant.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ (ref 1) cites fecal coliform and Enterococci exceedances, indicating inadequately disinfected effluent; no illness is reported.","service":"Neither the penalty letter (ref 1) nor the October roundup (ref 2) reports service loss or advisories.","scale":"Port Orford's city water system serves 1,200 people per SDWIS (ref 3), a single small community.","duration":"DEQ case WQ-M-WR-2024-055 opened in 2024 and was penalized in October 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"Formal DEQ Notice of Civil Penalty Assessment and Order for $6,300 (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1200,"status":"Estimated","note":"Proxy: population served by the City of Port Orford water system per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Exceeded effluent limitations for TSS, pH, fecal coliform bacteria and Enterococci bacteria; failed to submit required monitoring data."},"measures":[{"name":"DEQ civil penalty","value":6300,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Oct. 28, 2025 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Port Orford","role":"Permittee"},{"name":"Oregon Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Clean Water Act permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"Oregon DEQ Office of Compliance and Enforcement, 503-229-5696","corrective_actions":["City must pay or appeal the penalty (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Notice of Civil Penalty Assessment and Order, City of Port Orford, Case No. WQ-M-WR-2024-055","publisher":"Oregon Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-10-28","url":"https://www.oregon.gov/deq/nr/202510PortOrford.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"DEQ issues 10 enforcement actions in October for environmental violations","publisher":"Oregon Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-12-19","url":"https://apps.oregon.gov/oregon-newsroom/OR/DEQ/Posts/Post/deq-issues-10-penalties-in-october2025","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: City of Port Orford","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PORT%20ORFORD/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OR-JUNCTION-CITY-SEWER-MAO-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Junction City sewage plant under DEQ order with limits on new connections","description":"Under a December 2024 Mutual Agreement and Order, Oregon DEQ penalized Junction City $5,050 for ammonia exceedances and for discharging wastewater to Flat Creek in June 2024, when its permit bars summer discharge. The order replaces a 2013 order for a plant DEQ said could not consistently meet permit limits, prohibits most new sewer connections, and requires collection-system testing and an inflow and infiltration plan, under a permit compliance schedule that runs to January 1, 2034.","location":{"name":"Junction City Sewage Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"OR","states":["OR"],"detail":"Junction City, Lane County; discharges to Flat Creek","coordinates":{"lat":44.2193,"lon":-123.2045,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lane"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"An undersized plant and leaky collection system keep the city out of compliance and restrict growth.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The MAO (ref 1) cites ammonia up to 13 mg/L against a 10 mg/L interim daily limit and Class I unpermitted discharges to Flat Creek from June 1-18, 2024.","service":"Paragraph 16.D of the MAO (ref 1) prohibits new connections to the sewer system except as the order allows.","scale":"Junction City's water system serves 7,000 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"The plant has been under DEQ orders since March 1, 2013, and the permit compliance schedule ends January 1, 2034 (ref 1).","significance":"Mutual Agreement and Order No. WQ/M-WR-2024-052 with a $5,050 civil penalty (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":7000,"status":"Estimated","note":"Proxy: population served by Junction City Water Utilities per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Permittee discharged wastewater effluent to Flat Creek from June 1 to June 18, 2024 in violation of ORS 468B.050(1)(a)."},"measures":[{"name":"MAO civil penalty","value":5050,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Peak ammonia, Jan. 3, 2024","value":13,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Interim daily maximum 10 mg/L (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["New sewer connections restricted under the order (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Junction City","role":"Permittee"},{"name":"Oregon Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Clean Water Act permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"Oregon DEQ Office of Compliance and Enforcement, 503-229-5696","corrective_actions":["Smoke testing, mapping and flow monitoring of the collection system and an inflow improvement plan by Jan. 1, 2026 (ref 1).","Video inspection by Jan. 1, 2028 and a Priority 1 infiltration elimination plan by April 30, 2028 (ref 1).","Industrial slug-load source report by Aug. 31, 2025 and permits by Sept. 30, 2026 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Mutual Agreement and Order No. WQ/M-WR-2024-052, City of Junction City","publisher":"Oregon Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2024-12-02","url":"https://www.oregon.gov/deq/nr/202412JunctionCity.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Junction City Water Utilities","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/JUNCTION/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO detailed facility report: Junction City STP (OR0026565)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=OR0026565","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OR-NORTH-SANTIAM-SEWER-WILDFIRE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Post-wildfire North Santiam sewer plant for Mill City and Gates races ARPA deadline","description":"Mill City and Gates, still recovering from the 2020 wildfires, are building a new regional sewage treatment plant with $50 million in state ARPA money that must be spent by December 2026. Mill City's mayor told legislators in March 2025 that the city's current plant is at the end of its useful life and does not meet Clean Water Act standards, and SB 1189 was sought to let construction start while DEQ resolves a conflict between the Three Basin Rule and the Supreme Court's Maui decision.","location":{"name":"Mill City Water Pollution Control Facility","type":"Regional wastewater treatment project","state":"OR","states":["OR"],"detail":"Mill City and Gates, North Santiam Canyon, Marion and Linn counties","coordinates":{"lat":44.754,"lon":-122.4776,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Marion","Linn"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A wildfire-affected canyon is replacing a failing sewer plant on a hard federal-funding deadline.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Mill City's mayor testified (ref 1) that the existing plant does not meet current Clean Water Act standards; no specific discharge harm is cited.","service":"Neither ref 1 nor ref 2 reports a sewer outage or connection ban.","scale":"Two small cities; the Mill City water system serves 1,830 people and Gates 458 per SDWIS (refs 3, 4).","duration":"Recovery dates to the 2020 fires and the plant completion target is November 1, 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Required special legislation (SB 1189) and a congressional funding request for FY2026 (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":2288,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS populations for Mill City (1,830) and Gates (458) water systems (refs 3, 4) as a proxy for the sewered area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Mill City's current sewer plant is at the end of its useful life, outdated, does not meet current Clean Water Act standards."},"measures":[{"name":"State ARPA funding for new sewer facilities","value":50,"unit":"USD million","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Mill City (1,600 people) says it cannot afford replacement without support (ref 1)","ARPA funds expire December 2026 (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Marion County","role":"Project sponsor"},{"name":"City of Mill City","role":"Future plant operator"},{"name":"Oregon Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Permitting authority"}],"public_contact":"Marion County Board of Commissioners","corrective_actions":["Construction start targeted June 1, 2025, process testing May 15, 2026 and completion Nov. 1, 2026 (ref 1).","Federal FY2026 funding requested for the Mill City Water Pollution Control Facility (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Testimony of Mill City Mayor Tim Kirsch on SB 1189","publisher":"Oregon Legislature","date":"2025-03-25","url":"https://apps.oregonlegislature.gov/liz/2025R1/Downloads/PublicTestimonyDocument/168597","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Marion County North Santiam Sewer Project federal nexus and financial disclosure","publisher":"Office of Rep. Janelle Bynum","date":"2025-05-02","url":"https://bynum.house.gov/sites/evo-subsites/bynum.house.gov/files/evo-media-document/marion-county-north-santiam-sewer-project-federal-nexus-financial-disclosure.pdf","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Mill City Water Department","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MILL%20CITY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: City of Gates","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/GATES/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OR-CANNON-BEACH-SEWAGE-SPILL-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Cannon Beach pump station spills 80,000 gallons of sewage near Gower Creek","description":"An estimated 80,000 gallons of sewage spilled from the Pacific Pump Station in Cannon Beach on October 27, 2025, near the Gower Street beach access and Gower Creek. The Oregon Health Authority warned of increased risk of exposure to fecal bacteria and lifted the alert two days later after lab results showed low risk.","location":{"name":"Cannon Beach Pacific Pump Station","type":"Municipal sewage pump station","state":"OR","states":["OR"],"detail":"1200 Pacific Avenue, Cannon Beach, Clatsop County; Gower Creek outfall","coordinates":{"lat":45.8879,"lon":-123.9615,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Clatsop"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A sewage pump station failure released raw sewage near a beach creek outfall.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"KPTV (ref 1) reports 80,000 gallons of sewage and an OHA warning of increased fecal bacteria exposure risk; follow-up tests showed low risk.","service":"OHA issued a public health alert for ocean contact near the spill (ref 1).","scale":"The spill affected one beach area near Gower Creek in Cannon Beach (ref 1).","duration":"The alert was issued Monday and lifted Wednesday after lab results (ref 1).","significance":"A state public health alert was issued by OHA (ref 1); no enforcement is reported."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Beach users near Gower Creek; no count reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"An estimated 80,000 gallons of sewage spilled from the Pacific Pump Station."},"measures":[{"name":"Sewage spilled","value":80000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Cannon Beach","role":"Sewer utility"},{"name":"Oregon Health Authority","role":"Beach health advisory authority"}],"public_contact":"Oregon Health Authority Beach Monitoring Program","corrective_actions":["OHA lifted the alert after Gower Creek outfall samples showed low risk (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Health alert lifted after fecal bacteria exposure concerns from sewage spill in Cannon Beach","publisher":"KPTV","date":"2025-10-27","url":"https://www.kptv.com/2025/10/28/health-officials-warn-fecal-bacteria-exposure-sewage-spill-cannon-beach","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OR-LOWER-UMATILLA-NITRATE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lower Umatilla Basin groundwater nitrate from farms and Port of Morrow wastewater","description":"Groundwater in the Lower Umatilla Basin Groundwater Management Area of Morrow and Umatilla counties carries nitrate above the federal 10 mg/L drinking-water standard in about 40% of DEQ's monitored wells, and DEQ's 2025 trend analysis found concentrations still increasing. Irrigated agriculture is estimated to supply about 70% of the nitrate; DEQ has repeatedly fined the Port of Morrow for land-applying nitrogen-rich wastewater in winter, and the Oregon Department of Agriculture adopted first-of-its-kind nitrogen management rules for basin farms in March 2026.","location":{"name":"Lower Umatilla Basin Groundwater Management Area","type":"Groundwater management area","detail":"About 550 square miles of northern Morrow and northwestern Umatilla counties, including Hermiston, Boardman, Irrigon, Stanfield and Echo.","coordinates":{"lat":45.79,"lon":-119.55,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":3},"counties":["Morrow","Umatilla"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"OR","states":["OR"]},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["groundwater","industrial-energy","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Fertilizer, manure and food-processing wastewater have degraded the aquifer that private wells draw from.","secondary_drivers":["Irrigated agriculture nitrogen loading","Industrial wastewater land application","Private domestic well reliance"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ's January 2025 trend analysis of 33 monitored wells found about 40% recently above the 10 mg/L federal nitrate standard, with concentrations increasing overall (ref 3); OPB reports some wells at 10 times the standard (ref 4).","service":"About 32% of the 2,119 private domestic wells OHA has tested exceed 10 mg/L, so those households cannot safely drink untreated well water (ref 4).","scale":"The management area spans 550 square miles of two rural counties where many residents rely on private wells (refs 3, 4); a community-scale rather than 100k-plus population.","duration":"The area was designated in 1990 and residents have faced polluted well water for at least three decades, with no improving trend through 2025 (refs 3, 4).","significance":"DEQ fined the Port of Morrow $727,000 in 2024 for more than 880 permit violations and again in September 2025, after a $2.4 million settlement in 2023 (refs 1, 2); ODA adopted enforceable nitrogen rules on March 13, 2026 (ref 4)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources give well counts (2,119 domestic wells tested, about 1,181 untested) but no resident total (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 40% of wells recently have exceeded the federal nitrate concentration drinking water standard of 10 milligrams per liter (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Monitored wells recently above 10 mg/L nitrate","value":40,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"DEQ 2025 trend analysis, 33 wells (ref 3)."},{"name":"Domestic wells tested by OHA","value":2119,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"About 32% exceed 10 mg/L (ref 4)."},{"name":"Port of Morrow permit violations since 2015","value":2000,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"More than 2,000, per DEQ spokesperson (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Port of Morrow reports a $500 million wastewater upgrade (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"DEQ found groundwater nitrate concentrations increasing over the 32-year record (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Oregon Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Groundwater management area lead and wastewater permit regulator"},{"name":"Oregon Department of Agriculture","role":"Agricultural water quality rules"},{"name":"Oregon Health Authority","role":"Domestic well testing and public health"},{"name":"Port of Morrow","role":"Wastewater land-application permittee"}],"public_contact":"Oregon DEQ media contact Antony Sparrow, antony.sparrow@deq.oregon.gov (as listed in the state's January 2026 LUBGWMA release)","corrective_actions":["State Nitrate Reduction Plan (2024) targeting groundwater below 7 mg/L, first annual progress report January 2026 (ref 5).","ODA permanent rules effective March 13, 2026 require certified nitrogen management plans, soil nitrate testing and records; farms over 1,000 acres submit by May 2027 (ref 4).","Port of Morrow adding two storage lagoons (about 1.5 billion gallons) to end winter land application (ref 2).","OWRD backflow inspections at 660 sites with chemigation systems (ref 5)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Port of Morrow nitrate pollution in Lower Umatilla Basin drinking water","publisher":"OPB","date":"2024-04-05","url":"https://opb.org/article/2024/04/05/port-of-morrow-nitrate-pollution-lower-umatilla-basin-drinking-water-oregon","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Oregon DEQ again fines Port of Morrow for wastewater violations","publisher":"OPB","date":"2025-09-30","url":"https://www.opb.org/article/2025/09/30/oregon-port-of-morrow-deq-department-environmental-quality-wastewater-nitrate-nitrates/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Oregon DEQ releases updated well nitrate trend analysis for LUBGWMA","publisher":"Hermiston Herald","date":"2025-01-24","url":"https://hermistonherald.com/?p=21733","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Oregon agriculture regulators adopt nitrate monitoring rules for Lower Umatilla Basin","publisher":"OPB","date":"2026-03-19","url":"https://www.opb.org/article/2026/03/19/lower-umatilla-nitrate-monitoring-rules/","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"State of Oregon releases first annual progress report for LUBGWMA Nitrate Reduction Plan","publisher":"Oregon Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2026-01-30","url":"https://apps.oregon.gov/oregon-newsroom/OR/DEQ/Posts/Post/state-of-oregon-releases-first-annual-progress-report-for-lubgwma-nitrate-reduction-plan","basis":"State record"},{"ref":6,"title":"Progress and Impact Mid-Biennium Report: Domestic Well Safety/LUBGWMA (2025-2027)","publisher":"Oregon Health Authority","date":"2026-08-12","url":"https://www.oregon.gov/oha/FOD/Documents/LUBGWMA.pdf","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":7,"title":"Oregon's nitrate ground pollution became notably worse in past 10 years, report finds","publisher":"OPB","date":"2025-01-23","url":"https://www.opb.org/article/2025/01/23/oregons-nitrate-ground-pollution-became-notably-worse-in-past-10-years-report-finds/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OR-SUNRIDGE-NITRATE-2026"],"conflicts":[{"field":"severity","values":["8 (Ongoing Major Issue)","9 (Ongoing Major Issue)"],"note":"A parallel review of the same issue scored it 9 with status \"Ongoing Major Issue\"; this record keeps 8. Sources from that review were added."}]},{"id":"US-OR-THE-DALLES-DATA-CENTER-WATER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"The Dalles water demand from Google data centers drives Mount Hood reservoir push","description":"Google's three data center sites used roughly a third of The Dalles' water by 2024, up from 12% in 2012, according to OPB. The city plans to triple its Dog River reservoir in the Mount Hood National Forest and is seeking a federal land transfer (H.R. 655) that would avoid a full federal environmental review, while its water plan projects rates rising 99% by 2036.","location":{"name":"City of The Dalles water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Wasco County; supply mainly from the Dog River in Mount Hood National Forest plus groundwater.","coordinates":{"lat":45.5946,"lon":-121.1787,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Wasco"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OR4100869","state":"OR","states":["OR"]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["water-rights","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Data center cooling demand is driving new supply infrastructure and rate increases for a small city system.","secondary_drivers":["Data center cooling demand","Reservoir expansion on national forest land"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"OPB notes the Dog River basin holds ESA-threatened coho, Chinook and steelhead and the city's minimum flow is only 0.5 cfs; impact is a potential risk, not documented harm (ref 1).","service":"No outage or restriction is reported for The Dalles customers; the issue is future supply and cost (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The Dalles system serves 13,010 people per SDWIS (ref 3); OPB puts city population near 16,200 (ref 1).","duration":"Google's share grew from 12% of city water in 2012 to about one-third by 2024, with reservoir work aimed at roughly 2040 (ref 1).","significance":"H.R. 655 to transfer forest land to the city has passed the House and sits in a Senate committee; WaterWatch disputes the city's account of Google's role (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":13010,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"By 2024, roughly one-third of the city's water went to Google's three local data center sites (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Google share of city water, 2024","value":33,"unit":"percent","status":"Estimated","note":"OPB reports 'roughly one-third' (ref 1)."},{"name":"Google groundwater rights transferred to city","value":3.88,"unit":"million gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Planned reservoir capacity","value":3000,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"Up from 900 acre-feet (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Water plan projects about $260 million in upgrades over 20 years and rates up 99% by 2036 (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Data center share of city water rose from 12% in 2012 to about a third in 2024 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of The Dalles","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Google","role":"Large industrial water customer"},{"name":"U.S. Forest Service","role":"Federal land manager, Mount Hood National Forest"}],"public_contact":"City of The Dalles Public Works Department, through the city's published general contact channels","corrective_actions":["City pursuing Dog River reservoir expansion from 900 to about 3,000 acre-feet (ref 1).","H.R. 655 land transfer bill passed the House; pending in Senate committee (ref 1).","2021 agreements: Google transferred about $28.5 million in water infrastructure to the city (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"As Google's water demands grow, The Dalles aims to pull more from Mount Hood forest","publisher":"OPB","date":"2026-01-15","url":"https://opb.org/article/2026/01/15/as-googles-water-demands-grow-the-dalles-aims-to-pull-more-from-mount-hood-forest","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"The Dalles' Mayor Called OPB's Data Center Story Inaccurate: Here Are the Facts","publisher":"WaterWatch of Oregon (reposting OPB)","date":"2026-01-23","url":"https://waterwatch.org/the-dalles-mayor-called-opbs-data-center-story-inaccurate-here-are-the-facts/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: The Dalles, City of (OR4100869)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/DALLES/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OR-PRINEVILLE-DATA-CENTER-WATER-2024"]},{"id":"US-OR-PRINEVILLE-DATA-CENTER-WATER-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Prineville relies on Apple- and Meta-funded aquifer storage to meet data center demand","description":"Prineville, home to Apple and Meta data centers, stores winter water underground through an aquifer storage and recovery system whose first well was funded with an $8.7 million Apple grant and whose second well Meta is paying for. The city cannot draw directly from the Crooked River under its water rights, data centers use about 10% of city water on peak days, and observation wells showed groundwater declines of 1 to 2 feet a year from 2019 to 2022.","location":{"name":"City of Prineville water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Crook County, Central Oregon; groundwater wells beneath the Crooked River valley.","coordinates":{"lat":44.2999,"lon":-120.8345,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Crook"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OR4100682","state":"OR","states":["OR"]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Data center cooling adds demand to a groundwater-dependent city whose surface-water rights are constrained.","secondary_drivers":["Data center cooling demand","Crooked River water-rights limits"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Observation wells declined 1 to 2 feet per year from 2019 to 2022, though OWRD said the storage system was not necessarily the cause, and an ODFW biologist warned of reduced spring and stream flows (ref 1).","service":"The Bulletin reports no restrictions on Prineville customers; data centers draw about 10% of city water on peak days (ref 1).","scale":"Prineville's system serves 11,000 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"The storage program began with a 2019 well and the second well was slated for late 2024, reflecting multi-year demand management (ref 1).","significance":"No enforcement or legal action is reported; the response is voluntary corporate-funded infrastructure (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":11000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Meta's water withdrawal fell from 117.5 million gallons in 2020 to 68.4 million gallons in 2022 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Aquifer storage capacity with second well","value":300,"unit":"million gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"Almost half of annual city demand (ref 1)."},{"name":"Data center share of city water on peak days","value":10,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Meta withdrawals fell 2020-2022 while groundwater levels declined (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Prineville","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Oregon Water Resources Department","role":"Water-rights and groundwater regulator"},{"name":"Meta and Apple","role":"Data center operators funding storage wells"}],"public_contact":"City of Prineville Public Works, through the city's published general contact channels","corrective_actions":["Second Meta-funded injection well to roughly double aquifer storage (ref 1).","5,100 acre-feet stored in Prineville Reservoir to protect winter Crooked River flows (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Prineville doubles down on water conservation with tech giant-backed project","publisher":"The Bulletin (Bend)","date":"2024-05-09","url":"https://bendbulletin.com/?p=441241","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Prineville, City of (OR4100682)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PRINEVILLE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OR-THE-DALLES-DATA-CENTER-WATER-2026"]},{"id":"US-OR-WILLAMETTE-DAM-DRAWDOWN-TURBIDITY-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Court-ordered Willamette dam drawdowns for salmon spark drinking-water lawsuits","description":"Under a 2021 federal court order, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is deepening reservoir drawdowns at Willamette basin dams to pass ESA-listed spring Chinook and winter steelhead. A 2023 Green Peter drawdown sent turbidity downstream that Albany and Millersburg say damaged their treatment plant, and Salem, Stayton, Marion County, Albany and Millersburg have sued to stop or delay a record Detroit Lake drawdown planned for fall 2026 that would affect North Santiam supplies.","location":{"name":"Detroit Lake and Green Peter reservoirs, Willamette basin","type":"Reservoir and river segment","detail":"North Santiam River (Detroit Dam, Marion and Linn counties) and Middle Santiam (Green Peter Dam, Linn County), supplying Salem, Stayton, Albany and Millersburg.","coordinates":{"lat":44.7212,"lon":-122.2496,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Marion","Linn"],"extent":"watershed","pwsid":"OR4100731","state":"OR","states":["OR"]},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Reservoir drawdowns mobilize sediment that raises turbidity at downstream drinking-water intakes.","secondary_drivers":["ESA salmon recovery operations","Sediment mobilization"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Albany and Millersburg say the late-2023 Green Peter drawdown produced turbidity far above state limits and thousands of kokanee died passing through the dam (refs 1, 2).","service":"The cities report about $50,000 in treatment damage from the 2023 drawdown and say $31 million in upgrades is needed to treat muddy water; no outage is reported (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The lawsuits involve systems serving more than 250,000 Willamette Valley residents; Salem Public Works alone serves 199,820 per SDWIS (refs 1, 4).","duration":"Drawdowns have run under court order since 2021 and the Detroit drawdown is to be spread over several years starting fall 2026 (refs 2, 3).","significance":"Salem's suit (6:26-cv-01381) is consolidated with Marion County's in the U.S. District Court for Oregon, with preliminary injunction motions heard October 7, 2026 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":250000,"status":"Reported","note":"More than 250,000 residents served by the plaintiff systems (ref 1); Salem Public Works serves 199,820 per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The Corps plans to draw Detroit Lake down to its lowest level in history, starting in fall 2026 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Albany-Millersburg treatment upgrade need","value":31,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 2."},{"name":"Population relying on North Santiam (Salem, Stayton)","value":220000,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Cities seek damages and cite $31 million in treatment upgrades (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Drawdowns are expanding from Green Peter to Detroit Lake in 2026 (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District","role":"Dam operator"},{"name":"National Marine Fisheries Service","role":"ESA consulting agency"},{"name":"City of Salem","role":"Water utility and plaintiff"},{"name":"Marion County","role":"Plaintiff"}],"public_contact":"City of Salem Public Works customer service, through the city's published general contact channels","corrective_actions":["Corps issued a final supplemental EIS in May 2026 acknowledging adverse effects on water supply and treatment (ref 2).","Plaintiffs seek a pause until the Corps completes a congressionally required turbidity report (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"In 2 lawsuits, Oregon communities say plan to help fish could harm drinking water","publisher":"OPB via KLCC","date":"2026-05-14","url":"https://www.klcc.org/environment/2026-05-14/in-2-lawsuits-oregon-communities-say-plan-to-help-fish-could-harm-drinking-water","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"County, cities seek to stop or delay dam drawdowns","publisher":"Smoke Signals (Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde)","date":"2026-06-12","url":"https://www.smokesignals.org/articles/2026/06/12/county-cities-seek-to-stop-or-delay-dam-drawdowns/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Case: City of Salem v. United States of America","publisher":"Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse","date":"2026-09-27","url":"https://clearinghouse.net/case/48355/","basis":"Court record"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Salem Public Works (OR4100731)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SALEM/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"Battle over drinking water, fish protections and Detroit Lake reaches federal court","publisher":"OPB","date":"2026-10-07","url":"https://www.opb.org/article/2026/10/06/detroit-lake-reservoir-drinking-water-chinook-salmon/","basis":"News"},{"ref":6,"title":"Marion County files lawsuit over Detroit Lake drawdown","publisher":"Canyon Weekly","date":"2026-05-14","url":"https://www.canyonweekly.com/2026/05/14/marion-county-files-lawsuit-over-detroit-lake-drawdown/","basis":"News"},{"ref":7,"title":"City of Salem sues to pause Army Corps plan to drain Detroit Lake","publisher":"KPTV","date":"2026-07-08","url":"https://www.kptv.com/2026/07/09/city-salem-sues-pause-army-corps-plan-drain-detroit-lake/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"conflicts":[{"field":"severity","values":["9 (Ongoing Major Issue)","7 (Ongoing Major Issue)"],"note":"A parallel review of the same issue scored it 7 with status \"Ongoing Major Issue\"; this record keeps 9. Sources from that review were added."}]},{"id":"US-OR-PORTLAND-HARBOR-SUPERFUND-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Portland Harbor Superfund cleanup of 10 miles of Willamette River still in design","description":"The Portland Harbor Superfund Site covers about 10 miles of the lower Willamette River, where EPA's 2017 cleanup plan addresses contaminated sediment, water and groundwater that pose unacceptable risk. As of March 2026 all active in-water cleanup areas were in remedial design, with in-water construction targeted for 2028; EPA's 2017 cost estimate of about $1 billion is now put at $4 billion to $7 billion by one responsible party.","location":{"name":"Portland Harbor, lower Willamette River","type":"River segment (Superfund site)","detail":"Willamette River from about the Broadway Bridge toward the Columbia confluence, Portland, Multnomah County.","coordinates":{"lat":45.58,"lon":-122.76,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Multnomah"],"extent":"site","state":"OR","states":["OR"]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legacy industrial contamination in river sediment is the core problem.","secondary_drivers":["Legacy industrial pollution","Sediment contamination"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA's Record of Decision found contamination in sediment, water and groundwater that poses an unacceptable risk to human health and the environment (ref 1).","service":"No drinking-water service disruption is reported; the impact is on river use and cleanup cost (refs 1, 2).","scale":"About 10 river miles through Portland with more than 150 responsible parties, including the state, city and Port of Portland (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Cleanup plan dates to January 2017 and in-water construction is not expected until 2028 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"EPA oversees cleanup through signed agreements and orders for remedial design with working parties such as NW Natural, Bayer and Arkema (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources do not quantify an exposed population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"All of the acres designated for active in-water remediation at the Site are now in remedial design (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Contaminated sediment volume","value":3,"unit":"million cubic yards","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Upland source-control sites completed","value":119,"unit":"of 175 sites","status":"Reported","note":"DEQ work, with 49 more in progress (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Vigor Industrial estimates $4 billion to $7 billion cleanup cost; public may pay through taxes and water rates (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"All active cleanup areas have moved into design, but construction has not begun (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10","role":"Superfund lead"},{"name":"Oregon Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Upland source control"},{"name":"City of Portland","role":"Responsible party"},{"name":"Port of Portland","role":"Responsible party"}],"public_contact":"EPA Community Involvement Coordinator Laura Knudsen, 206-553-1838 (as listed on EPA's March 2026 update)","corrective_actions":["Remedial design under way across all active areas; remedial action agreements targeted for 2027 and in-water construction 2028 (refs 1, 2).","State weighing burial of nonhazardous sediment in Ross Island Lagoon (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Portland Harbor Superfund Site Updates and Remedial Design Status, March 2026","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 10","date":"2026-03-04","url":"https://semspub.epa.gov/work/10/100693158.pdf","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"An elegant solution emerges for the Portland Harbor Superfund site and a troubled tycoon","publisher":"Willamette Week","date":"2026-03-24","url":"https://www.wweek.com/news/environment/2026/03/24/an-elegant-solution-emerges-for-the-portland-harbor-superfund-site-and-a-troubled-tycoon/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OR-PORTLAND-WATER-SEWER-RATES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Portland water and sewer bills climb with $2.58B Bull Run filtration plant","description":"Portland raised water rates 8.1% and sewer and stormwater rates 5.15% on July 1, 2026, about $10.20 a month more for a typical single-family bill, after the largest increase in more than a decade in 2025. The Bull Run filtration project now costs $2.58 billion, about 40% of planned water rate increases fund it, and the Water Bureau projects increases just under 10% a year as Gresham, Rockwood and Tualatin Valley Water District leave the wholesale customer base.","location":{"name":"Portland Water Bureau service area","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"City of Portland, Multnomah County, plus wholesale customers in the metro area.","coordinates":{"lat":45.5152,"lon":-122.6784,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Multnomah"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OR4100657","state":"OR","states":["OR"]},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Capital costs and lost wholesale revenue are shifting onto retail ratepayers.","secondary_drivers":["Bull Run filtration capital cost","Wholesale customer departures"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health or environmental harm is at issue; the finding concerns cost burden on customers (refs 1, 2).","service":"Service continues normally; the city offers income-qualified discounts and crisis credits up to $500 (ref 2).","scale":"Portland's system serves about 840,000 people (ref 1); SDWIS lists 666,200 for the Portland Water Bureau (ref 3).","duration":"Increases came in 2025 and 2026 and the Water Bureau projects just under 10% a year for several more years (refs 1, 4).","significance":"City Council approved the rates; three councilors opposed authorizing more Bull Run debt (refs 1, 4)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":666200,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3); the Water Bureau cites about 840,000 including wholesale (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Together, these changes will increase the typical single-family residential customer's bill by 6.36 percent, or about $10.20 per month (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Bull Run Filtration Project cost","value":2.58,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"Completion expected 2029 (ref 1)."},{"name":"FY2026-27 water rate increase","value":8.1,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Tualatin Valley Water District residents leaving Portland supply","value":166000,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Loss of largest wholesale customers (ref 1)","Projected near-10% annual increases (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Annual increases are projected to accelerate toward 10% (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Portland Water Bureau","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Portland Bureau of Environmental Services","role":"Sewer and stormwater utility"},{"name":"Portland City Council","role":"Rate-setting body"}],"public_contact":"Portland Water Bureau customer service, 503-823-7770","corrective_actions":["Income-qualified bill discounts, crisis credits up to $500 and payment plans (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Portland water rates will climb as the city's largest wholesale customers disconnect from Bull Run reservoir","publisher":"Willamette Week","date":"2026-09-02","url":"https://wweek.com/news/2026/09/02/portland-water-rates-will-climb-as-the-citys-largest-wholesale-customers-disconnect-from-bull-run-reservoir/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Portland sewer, stormwater and water rates increase July 1","publisher":"City of Portland","date":"2026-06-24","url":"https://www.portland.gov/water/customer-service/news/2026/6/24/portland-sewer-stormwater-and-water-rates-increase-july-1","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Portland Water Bureau (OR4100657)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PORTLAND/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"Portland approves biggest water, sewer rate increase in more than a decade","publisher":"OPB","date":"2025-05-21","url":"https://www.opb.org/article/2025/05/21/portland-approves-biggest-water-sewer-rate-increase-in-more-than-a-decade/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OR-PORTLAND-COLUMBIA-LEVEES-2026","US-OR-PORTLAND-CRYPTOSPORIDIUM-2025","US-OR-PORTLAND-BULL-RUN-FILTRATION-2026"]},{"id":"US-OR-UPPER-DESCHUTES-HCP-FLOWS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Upper Deschutes winter flows remain far below Habitat Conservation Plan targets","description":"Under the 2020 Deschutes Basin Habitat Conservation Plan, eight irrigation districts and Prineville must raise winter releases from Wickiup Dam to 300 cfs by the end of 2028 and 400 cfs by 2033 to restore habitat for the threatened Oregon spotted frog. The districts' January 2026 report shows a winter target of 105 cfs after the October 2025 ramp-down, while canal piping that frees water for the river is still under way and conservation groups say released flows are not permanently protected instream.","location":{"name":"Upper Deschutes River below Wickiup Dam","type":"River segment","detail":"Deschutes River from Wickiup Reservoir through Bend; irrigation districts in Deschutes, Jefferson and Crook counties.","coordinates":{"lat":43.6835,"lon":-121.688,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Deschutes","Jefferson","Crook"],"extent":"watershed","state":"OR","states":["OR"]},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["surface-water","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Storage and diversion under irrigation rights reshape river flows and habitat.","secondary_drivers":["Irrigation storage operations","Endangered Species Act obligations","Canal seepage losses"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Altered Wickiup flows widened the channel and destroyed frog habitat; the Center for Biological Diversity says frog sites are dewatered below roughly 500 cfs (ref 1).","service":"Raising winter flows to 100 cfs, combined with drought, has caused water shortages in most irrigation districts (ref 1).","scale":"Eight irrigation districts and the city of Prineville across a Central Oregon basin are bound by the plan (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Winter flows sat at 25 cfs for decades; the 30-year plan runs from December 2020 with key targets in 2028 and 2033 (ref 1).","significance":"Districts operate under federal Incidental Take Permit TE89773D-0 and file annual compliance reports to FWS (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources describe districts and species, not a population figure."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"October 26 [2025]: Target flow of 105 cfs at WICO, versus a 300 cfs winter requirement by end of 2028 (refs 1, 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Winter target flow below Wickiup, Oct 2025","value":105,"unit":"cfs","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Required winter flow by end of 2028","value":300,"unit":"cfs","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Canal seepage loss","value":50,"unit":"percent (upper estimate)","status":"Reported","note":"30-50% of water lost to seepage (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Winter flows rose from 25 cfs to about 100-105 cfs and piping projects continue, but remain well below targets (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","role":"ESA permitting agency"},{"name":"North Unit Irrigation District","role":"Wickiup Dam operator"},{"name":"Central Oregon Irrigation District and other HCP permittees","role":"Irrigation districts"},{"name":"Oregon Water Resources Department","role":"Water-rights administrator"}],"public_contact":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Bend Fish and Wildlife Office, 63095 Deschutes Market Road, Bend, OR 97701","corrective_actions":["Canal piping: COID project conserving 30 cfs completed 2022; Arnold ID project saving 32.5 cfs due 2026 (ref 1).","Annual HCP compliance monitoring and reporting to FWS (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"30-year plan to save fish, frog in Deschutes Basin has made gains but challenges remain","publisher":"The Bulletin (Bend), reposted by Deschutes River Conservancy","date":"2024-07-12","url":"https://www.deschutesriver.org/in-the-media/30-year-plan-to-save-fish-frog","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Deschutes Basin HCP 2025 Annual Report","publisher":"Deschutes Basin Board of Control permittees, submitted to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","date":"2026-01-01","url":"https://www.fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2026-02/dbhcp-annual-report-wy-2025.pdf","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OR-DECEMBER-ATMOSPHERIC-RIVER-FLOODS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"December 2025 atmospheric river floods bring federal disaster DR-4907 to nine counties","description":"An atmospheric river from December 15 to 21, 2025 brought record rainfall, widespread flooding, landslides and mudslides to Oregon, left more than 300,000 people without power and was linked to one death in Yamhill County. A preliminary assessment validated more than $15.4 million in eligible public damage, and the President approved major disaster declaration DR-4907 in April 2026 for nine counties.","location":{"name":"Western and northeastern Oregon flood counties","type":"Multi-county disaster area","detail":"Clackamas, Hood River, Lane, Lincoln, Linn, Polk, Tillamook, Union and Yamhill counties; Tillamook had the highest per-capita damage.","coordinates":{"lat":45.4562,"lon":-123.844,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Clackamas","Hood River","Lane","Lincoln","Linn","Polk","Tillamook","Union","Yamhill"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"OR","states":["OR"]},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Extreme rainfall caused flooding and damaged public infrastructure.","secondary_drivers":["Atmospheric river","Landslides"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"OEM reports one fatality in Yamhill County and widespread flooding, landslides and mudslides (refs 1, 2).","service":"More than 300,000 Oregonians lost power at the peak and numerous highways and interstates closed, including Highway 229 near Siletz (refs 1, 3).","scale":"Nine counties qualified for Public Assistance, with statewide hazard mitigation requested (refs 1, 2).","duration":"The storm lasted December 15-21, 2025, with federal recovery assistance approved in April 2026 (refs 1, 3).","significance":"President approved major disaster declaration DR-4907 on April 14, 2026 (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":300000,"status":"Reported","note":"People without power at the peak (ref 1); flood-exposed population not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A joint preliminary damage assessment documented more than $15.4 million in eligible damages (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Eligible public damage","value":15.4,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Tillamook County per-capita damage","value":154.29,"unit":"USD per person","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event record."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Oregon Department of Emergency Management","role":"State emergency management"},{"name":"FEMA","role":"Federal disaster assistance"}],"public_contact":"Oregon Department of Emergency Management public information, 503-394-3310","corrective_actions":["FEMA Public Assistance for roads, bridges, utilities and public infrastructure in nine counties (ref 1).","Hazard Mitigation Grant Program request under federal review (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DR-4907 December flood disaster declaration","publisher":"Oregon Department of Emergency Management","date":"2026-04-14","url":"https://apps.oregon.gov/oregon-newsroom/OR/OEM/Posts/Post/dr4907-december-flood-disaster-declaration","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Federal disaster request submitted for December 2025 storms","publisher":"Oregon Department of Emergency Management","date":"2026-02-19","url":"https://apps.oregon.gov/oregon-newsroom/OR/OEM/Posts/Post/federal-disaster-request-submitted-december-25-storms","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Federal disaster declaration approved for Oregon after December storms","publisher":"KPTV","date":"2026-04-14","url":"https://www.kptv.com/2026/04/14/federal-disaster-declaration-approved-oregon-after-december-storms/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OR-LEBANON-FLUORIDE-REMOVAL-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lebanon voters end water fluoridation; Hillsboro rejects starting it","description":"In November 2024 about 52% of Lebanon voters rejected a measure to continue fluoridating the city's water, which it had done since 2001, while about 58% of Hillsboro voters rejected starting fluoridation. Only about 26% of Oregonians on community water systems receive fluoridated water, and Portland remains the largest U.S. city without it.","location":{"name":"City of Lebanon water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Linn County; related Hillsboro advisory vote in Washington County.","coordinates":{"lat":44.5365,"lon":-122.907,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Linn","Washington"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OR4100473","state":"OR","states":["OR"]},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"A voter decision changed public-health treatment policy for a municipal system.","secondary_drivers":["Fluoridation policy change"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"A Hillsboro pediatrician quoted by OPB called removing fluoride a 'very dangerous move'; no measured health outcome is reported yet (ref 1).","service":"Water service is unaffected; only the fluoride additive is at stake (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Lebanon's system serves 18,945 people per SDWIS (ref 3), a town the Globe puts near 20,000 (ref 2).","duration":"The policy change followed the November 2024 election and ends fluoridation that began in 2001 (ref 1).","significance":"Decided by a formal city ballot measure; Hillsboro's companion vote was advisory (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":18945,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 52% of voters rejected a measure that would have continued the city's fluoridation, which began in 2001 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Oregonians on community systems with fluoridated water","value":26,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"CDC figure cited by ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Lebanon","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Oregon Health Authority","role":"Primacy drinking-water agency"}],"public_contact":"City of Lebanon Public Works, through the city's published general contact channels","corrective_actions":[],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2 Oregon ballot measures tied to fluoride in drinking water fail","publisher":"OPB","date":"2024-11-07","url":"https://opb.org/article/2024/11/07/oregon-ballot-measures-flouride-fail","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"RFK Jr. wants fluoride out of drinking water. Oregon shows what's coming","publisher":"Boston Globe","date":"2024-11-21","url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/2024/11/21/nation/rfk-jr-wants-fluoride-out-drinking-water-oregon-shows-whats-coming","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Lebanon, City of (OR4100473)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LEBANON/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Date fluoridation actually stopped"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OR-PORTLAND-WILLAMETTE-CYANOBACTERIA-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Toxic algae advisory covers Willamette River from Ross Island to the Columbia","description":"In August 2025 the Oregon Health Authority expanded a cyanobacteria recreational use advisory on the Willamette River in Portland from the Ross Island Bridge downstream to the Columbia River, warning that toxins cannot be removed by boiling or camp filters. OHA also began issuing pre-emptive warnings in April 2025 when dog illnesses or deaths may be linked to cyanotoxins, since toxin results take about two weeks.","location":{"name":"Willamette River, Ross Island to Columbia River","type":"River segment","detail":"Lower Willamette River and Ross Island Lagoon, Portland, Multnomah County.","coordinates":{"lat":45.4925,"lon":-122.6637,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Multnomah"],"extent":"watershed","state":"OR","states":["OR"]},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A cyanobacteria bloom degraded recreational water quality.","secondary_drivers":["Harmful algal bloom"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"KPTV reports OHA warned of cyanotoxins and that dogs can become extremely ill or die within minutes to hours of exposure; specific toxin results were pending (ref 1).","service":"OHA advised against swimming and high-speed water sports and told people drawing in-home water from the area to use another source (ref 1).","scale":"The advisory ran from the Ross Island Bridge to the Columbia River through the state's largest city (ref 1).","duration":"Blooms monitored in August 2025 were expected to last weeks to months, per the advisory reporting (ref 1).","significance":"A formal OHA recreational use advisory, under an April 2025 policy of pre-emptive warnings (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Recreational users not quantified."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The recreational use advisory was expanded from the Ross Island Bridge downriver to the Columbia River (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Oregon Health Authority","role":"Harmful algae bloom advisories"},{"name":"Oregon Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Bloom sampling"}],"public_contact":"Oregon Health Authority harmful algae line, 1-877-290-6767","corrective_actions":["DEQ sampling to confirm or lift the advisory (ref 1).","Pre-emptive warnings when dog illnesses or deaths are reported (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Toxic algae bloom warning issued for Willamette River from Ross Island to Columbia River","publisher":"KPTV","date":"2025-08-14","url":"https://www.kptv.com/2025/08/13/willamette-river-algae-bloom-warning-expands-ross-island-columbia-river/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"OHA to issue algae warnings when dog deaths reported","publisher":"Oregon Health Authority","date":"2025-04-17","url":"https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/ORHA/bulletins/3dc79eb","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OR-PACIFIC-SEAFOOD-DISCHARGE-PENALTIES-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"DEQ fines Pacific Seafood $3.2M for fish-waste and chlorine discharges","description":"On April 23, 2026 Oregon DEQ fined three Pacific Seafood processing plants about $3.2 million for discharging fish parts, chlorine, oil and grease into the Pacific Ocean, the Columbia River and the Chetco River, with some violations dating to 2017. The $2.9 million Charleston penalty, for missing an April 2023 deadline to install wastewater treatment, is DEQ's second-largest ever; the company calls the requirements unreasonable and may appeal.","location":{"name":"Pacific Seafood plants: Charleston, Warrenton, Brookings","type":"Industrial dischargers (seafood processing)","detail":"Charleston near Coos Bay (Coos County), Warrenton (Clatsop County) on the Columbia, Brookings (Curry County) on the Chetco River.","coordinates":{"lat":43.345,"lon":-124.33,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Coos","Clatsop","Curry"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"OR","states":["OR"]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Industrial wastewater discharges exceeded Clean Water Act permit limits.","secondary_drivers":["Seafood processing wastewater"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ found the Brookings plant exceeded E. coli, ammonia and chlorine limits and Warrenton exceeded chlorine limits, while Charleston keeps releasing fish parts to the ocean (ref 1).","service":"No drinking-water or service disruption is reported (ref 1).","scale":"Three coastal plants discharging to the ocean and two rivers (ref 1).","duration":"Some violations date back to 2017 and Charleston missed an April 2023 treatment deadline (ref 1).","significance":"DEQ civil penalties totaling about $3.2 million; a separate nonprofit lawsuit alleges 6,180 NPDES violations at the Warrenton subsidiary (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No exposed population reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"DEQ fined three Pacific Seafood plants about $3.2 million, including $2.9 million at Charleston (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Charleston penalty","value":2.9,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"About $2.4 million based on economic benefit (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Oregon Department of Environmental Quality","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement"},{"name":"Pacific Seafood","role":"Permittee"}],"public_contact":"Oregon DEQ Office of Compliance and Enforcement, through DEQ's published general contact channels","corrective_actions":["Enforcement orders require compliance; company may appeal within 20 days (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Oregon DEQ fines Pacific Seafood $3.2 million for water pollution violations","publisher":"OPB","date":"2026-04-23","url":"https://www.opb.org/article/2026/04/23/oregon-deq-pacific-seafood-3-million-fine-water-pollution/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["DEQ primary enforcement order"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OR-COLUMBIA-SNAKE-SALMON-LITIGATION-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Columbia-Snake dam salmon litigation revived after U.S. exits $1B basin agreement","description":"In June 2025 the White House withdrew from the $1 billion Resilient Columbia Basin Agreement that Oregon, Washington and four tribal nations reached in late 2023 to pause litigation over federal dam operations. U.S. District Judge Michael Simon lifted the stay on the long-running case in September 2025 at the request of the states, tribes and conservation groups, who planned to seek a preliminary injunction on dam operations to protect ESA-listed salmon and steelhead.","location":{"name":"Columbia and lower Snake River federal dams","type":"River system (federal hydropower)","detail":"Federal Columbia River Power System dams on the Columbia (Oregon-Washington border) and lower Snake rivers.","coordinates":{"lat":45.6,"lon":-121.2,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"states":["OR","WA","ID"],"extent":"multi_state","state":"OR"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Dam operations alter river flow and temperature affecting listed salmon.","secondary_drivers":["Hydropower operations","Endangered Species Act"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Plaintiffs including the Sierra Club say the four lower Snake dams continue to harm ESA-listed salmon and steelhead (ref 2).","service":"The dispute concerns hydropower operations and fish passage, and no water-supply disruption is reported (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The settled lawsuit covered 14 Pacific Northwest dams, with Oregon, Washington and four tribal nations as parties (ref 1).","duration":"The underlying lawsuit spans decades; the 2023 pause was ended by the June 2025 withdrawal (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Judge Simon granted the joint motion to lift the stay in September 2025, returning the federal ESA case to active litigation (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A June 2025 memorandum directed withdrawal from the $1 billion Resilient Columbia Basin Agreement (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Negotiated settlement replaced by renewed litigation (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Bureau of Reclamation and Bonneville Power Administration","role":"Federal dam operators"},{"name":"State of Oregon","role":"Plaintiff"},{"name":"U.S. District Court for the District of Oregon","role":"Court"}],"public_contact":"Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, through the agency's published general contact channels","corrective_actions":["Plaintiffs announced a preliminary injunction motion on dam operations (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Trump ends Columbia River deal years in the making","publisher":"E&E News","date":"2025-06-13","url":"https://www.eenews.net/articles/trump-ends-columbia-river-deal-years-in-the-making/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"States, tribes revive lawsuit after Trump nixes fish deal","publisher":"Courthouse News Service, reposted by Save Our Wild Salmon","date":"2025-09-11","url":"https://www.wildsalmon.org/news-and-media/news/states-tribes-revive-lawsuit-after-trump-nixes-fish-deal.html","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OR-PORTLAND-COLUMBIA-LEVEES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Columbia River levees protecting Portland airport and well field need federal upgrades","description":"The 27-mile levee system along the Columbia River from North Portland to the Sandy River no longer meets federal standards, and Multnomah County voters approved a $150 million bond in 2024 to match nearly $100 million in federal funds for levee raising and seven pump station upgrades. The levees protect 13,000 acres including Portland International Airport and the Columbia South Shore Well Field, and Portland began a new Flood Safety Benefit Fee on utility bills on July 1, 2026.","location":{"name":"Columbia Corridor levees (UFSWQD)","type":"Flood control district","detail":"Urban Flood Safety and Water Quality District, North Portland to Sandy River, Multnomah County.","coordinates":{"lat":45.57,"lon":-122.58,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Multnomah"],"extent":"site","state":"OR","states":["OR"]},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Aging flood infrastructure requires new public funding.","secondary_drivers":["Aging levees","Federal standards"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The county says the levee system no longer meets federal standards, a flood risk to homes, the airport and a drinking-water well field (refs 1, 2).","service":"No flooding or outage reported; customers now pay about $1.20 a month in a new fee (ref 2).","scale":"13,000 acres including Portland International Airport, I-5, I-205 and Portland's secondary drinking-water source (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Funding has been building since the 2019 district law, the 2024 bond and the 2026 fee (ref 2).","significance":"Voter-approved general obligation bond (Measure 26-243) and City Ordinance 192113 (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"County gives acreage, not population (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Up to $150,000,000 in general obligation bonds, matching nearly $100,000,000 in federal funds (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Levee length","value":27,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Funding approved; construction pending."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Urban Flood Safety and Water Quality District","role":"Levee operator"},{"name":"City of Portland","role":"Fee collector"}],"public_contact":"Multnomah County General Information Line, 503-823-4000","corrective_actions":["Levee and floodwall raising, seven pump station upgrades, about $27 million for floodplain restoration (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Ballot Measure 26-243: Urban Flood Safety and Water Quality District","publisher":"Multnomah County","date":"2024-03-29","url":"https://multco.us/info/ballot-measure-26-243-urban-flood-safety-and-water-quality-district","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":2,"title":"Flood Safety Benefit Fee","publisher":"City of Portland","date":"2026-06-24","url":"https://www.portland.gov/water/customer-service/pay-your-utility-bill/flood-safety-benefit-fee","basis":"Local government","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OR-PORTLAND-WATER-SEWER-RATES-2026"]},{"id":"US-OR-SHERIDAN-STELLA-JONES-PCP-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Stella-Jones wood treater in Sheridan fined $1.06M for South Yamhill River pollution","description":"Oregon DEQ fined Stella-Jones $1,055,825 in September 2025 for 23 water quality, hazardous waste and spill violations at its Sheridan wood-treating plant, a Superfund site, including overflows of polluted stormwater to the South Yamhill River, which supplies drinking water to nearly 6,000 Sheridan residents. The company also pleaded guilty to 10 misdemeanor counts of unlawful water pollution and settled with EPA for $98,000; DEQ left its discharge permit in place and ordered stormwater treatment upgrades.","location":{"name":"Stella-Jones wood treating plant, Sheridan","type":"Industrial facility (Superfund site)","detail":"Sheridan, Yamhill County, on the South Yamhill River; Grand Ronde reservation lies a few miles upstream.","coordinates":{"lat":45.0993,"lon":-123.3948,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Yamhill"],"extent":"site","state":"OR","states":["OR"]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Wood-preservative contaminated stormwater and waste handling at an industrial site degraded a river used for drinking water.","secondary_drivers":["Wood preservative (pentachlorophenol) contamination","Stormwater treatment overflows"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ found the stormwater releases to the South Yamhill River had a significant adverse impact on human health or the environment; pentachlorophenol is the central contaminant (ref 2).","service":"No interruption of Sheridan's river-sourced drinking water is reported by DEQ or InvestigateWest (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The South Yamhill River is the drinking water source for nearly 6,000 Sheridan residents (ref 2).","duration":"Violations date to 2022, follow a 2023 DEQ corrective order and three pre-enforcement notices, at a site on the Superfund list since 2001 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"DEQ civil penalty of $1,055,825, a guilty plea to 10 criminal water pollution counts and a $98,000 EPA Clean Water Act settlement (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":6000,"status":"Reported","note":"Nearly 6,000 Sheridan residents rely on the South Yamhill River for drinking water (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"DEQ issued a civil penalty of $1,055,825 for 23 violations, $877,225 of it for economic benefit (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"DEQ civil penalty","value":1055825,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Criminal fine","value":250000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"A later InvestigateWest item reports the company is appealing (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Oregon Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Water quality and hazardous waste regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 10","role":"Superfund and Clean Water Act"},{"name":"Stella-Jones Corp.","role":"Facility operator"}],"public_contact":"DEQ Communications and Outreach (Western Region), Dylan Darling, 541-600-6119","corrective_actions":["DEQ order requires a revised operations plan, more chemical monitoring and stormwater treatment upgrades (ref 1).","EPA phased ban on pentachlorophenol, complete by February 2027 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DEQ issues penalty to Stella-Jones Corp. in Sheridan","publisher":"Oregon Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-09-08","url":"https://apps.oregon.gov/oregon-newsroom/OR/DEQ/Posts/Post/Stella-Jones-Sheridan-enforcement-action-2025-0908","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Oregon regulators fine polluting wood treater $1 million, allow it to keep operating","publisher":"InvestigateWest","date":"2025-09-09","url":"https://www.investigatewest.org/oregon-fine-polluting-wood-treater-1-million/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (OR in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NV-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"PFAS found above federal MCLs in several Nevada public water systems","description":"Nevada reported no PFAS detections in public drinking water before August 2023, but EPA UCMR 5 monitoring and NDEP's own sampling of public water systems in 2023-2026 found PFOS, PFOA or PFHxS above the 2024 federal MCLs at wells in Fernley, Carson City, Laughlin, Topaz Lake and other systems. NDEP says Nevada will follow EPA's PFAS drinking-water regulation and has postponed adopting the 2024 rule while EPA revises it.","location":{"name":"Nevada public water systems","type":"Statewide drinking-water monitoring program","state":"NV","states":["NV"],"detail":"Statewide; highest results in Lyon, Carson City, Clark and Douglas counties","coordinates":{"lat":39.3,"lon":-116.6,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lyon","Carson City","Clark","Douglas"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is chemical contamination of groundwater-sourced drinking water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"NDEP's all-PWS sampling table (ref 2) shows Riverside Resort well W04 at 89.1 ng/L PFHxS (Hazard Index 8.9) and Carson City well W16 at 25-28.6 ng/L PFHxS, above the 10 ng/L MCL.","service":"None of the cited NDEP pages (refs 1-2) reports a do-not-drink order or loss of service tied to the PFAS results.","scale":"NDEP sampled about 69 public water systems statewide in 2025-2026 (ref 2) and exceedances span systems from Fernley to Laughlin, a statewide footprint.","duration":"Exceedances recur across repeated NDEP sampling rounds from May 2025 to March 2026 (ref 2), after first detections in late 2023 (ref 3).","significance":"NDEP has postponed adopting the April 2024 federal PFAS rule pending EPA revisions (ref 1); results are monitoring data, not yet enforceable violations."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No statewide count of people served by affected wells is published."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Riverside Resort (NV0001042) well W04: PFHxS 89.1 ng/L, Hazard Index 8.91, sampled 2025-06-03 (NDEP all-PWS sampling table)."},"measures":[{"name":"Public water systems sampled in NDEP all-PWS effort","value":69,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Count of distinct PWSIDs in NDEP results table (ref 2)."},{"name":"Max PFHxS, Riverside Resort well W04","value":89.1,"unit":"ng/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2, sampled 2025-06-03."},{"name":"Max PFOS, Fernley Public Works well W05","value":11.3,"unit":"ng/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2, sampled 2025-05-27."},{"name":"Max PFHxS, Carson City Public Works well W16","value":28.6,"unit":"ng/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2, sampled 2025-08-19."},{"name":"Max PFOS, Canyon GID Well 2","value":20,"unit":"ng/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3, sampled 2023-11-06."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Statewide PFAS sampling began in late 2023."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Nevada Division of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Federal PFAS rule and UCMR 5"}],"public_contact":"NDEP Bureau of Safe Drinking Water, 901 S. Stewart Street, Suite 4001, Carson City, NV 89701; 775-687-4670","corrective_actions":["NDEP sampled all public water systems for PFAS under an April 2025 QAPP and publishes results and a web map (ref 1).","NDEP lists State Revolving Fund and Emerging Contaminants grant funding for PFAS treatment (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PFAS in Nevada","publisher":"Nevada Division of Environmental Protection","date":null,"url":"https://ndep.nv.gov/air/pfas-in-nevada","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"All PWS PFAS Sampling Effort: results table (8-7-2026)","publisher":"Nevada Division of Environmental Protection","date":"2026-08-07","url":"https://ndep.nv.gov/uploads/water-pfas/2nd_Contract_Results_Table_8-7-2026.xlsx","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Drinking Water PFAS Sample Results Summary (9-4-2024)","publisher":"Nevada Division of Environmental Protection","date":"2024-09-04","url":"https://ndep.nv.gov/uploads/water-pfas/Copy_of_Drinking_Water_PFAS_Sample_Results_Summary_%289-4-2024%29_1.xlsx","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Nevada joins federal EPA to reduce forever chemicals in water","publisher":"KOLO 8 News Now","date":"2024-04-12","url":"https://www.kolotv.com/2024/04/13/nevada-joins-federal-epa-reduce-forever-chemicals-water","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"Fifth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 5) data finder","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2023-09-26","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/fifth-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule-data-finder","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (NV in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NV-FERNLEY-PFAS-2025"]},{"id":"US-NV-FERNLEY-PFAS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Fernley municipal wells test above 4 ppt PFOS limit","description":"NDEP sampling in 2025-2026 found PFOS between 4.17 and 11.3 ng/L at all five sampled Fernley Public Works wells, above the 4 ng/L federal MCL, and EPA UCMR 5 data show a mean PFOS of 5.0 ppt. The city's utilities director told the council PFAS at two well locations exceeded 4 ppt, and in October 2025 the council retained a law firm to pursue claims from the 3M and DuPont PFAS settlements.","location":{"name":"Fernley Public Works","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NV","states":["NV"],"detail":"City of Fernley, Lyon County","coordinates":{"lat":39.608,"lon":-119.252,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Lyon"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NV0000062"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOS contamination of the city's groundwater wells affects drinking-water quality.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Fernley well W05 measured 11.3 ng/L PFOS on 2025-05-27 and 9.12 ng/L on 2025-10-30 (ref 1), above the 4 ng/L federal MCL.","service":"The Fernley Reporter (ref 2) quotes the settlement attorney that there is no compliance issue today; no notice or restriction is reported.","scale":"Fernley Public Works serves 23,064 people per SDWIS (ref 4), a single community system.","duration":"PFOS stayed above 4 ng/L in four NDEP rounds from May 2025 to January 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"The city council voted unanimously on Oct. 15, 2025 to retain SL Environmental Law Group for PFAS settlement claims (ref 2); no enforcement yet."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":23064,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Fernley well W05: PFOS 11.3 ng/L (2025-05-27); 8.99 ng/L (2026-01-14) per NDEP all-PWS sampling table."},"measures":[{"name":"Max PFOS, well W05","value":11.3,"unit":"ng/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOS","value":5,"unit":"ng/L","status":"Reported","note":"EPA UCMR 5 extract (ref 3), 2 samples."},{"name":"Truckee River PFAS (future source)","value":5.7,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Utilities director, ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"PFOS at W05 ranged 8.95-11.3 ng/L across four rounds (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Fernley Public Works","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Nevada Division of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"NDEP Bureau of Safe Drinking Water, 901 S. Stewart Street, Suite 4001, Carson City, NV 89701; 775-687-4670","corrective_actions":["Council retained SL Environmental Law Group on contingency to pursue 3M and DuPont settlement funds, usable for PFAS mitigation (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"All PWS PFAS Sampling Effort: results table (8-7-2026)","publisher":"Nevada Division of Environmental Protection","date":"2026-08-07","url":"https://ndep.nv.gov/uploads/water-pfas/2nd_Contract_Results_Table_8-7-2026.xlsx","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Council retains legal firm to pursue PFAS settlement funds","publisher":"Fernley Reporter","date":"2025-10-23","url":"https://www.fernleyreporter.com/article/5101,council-retains-legal-firm-to-pursue-pfas-settlement-funds","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Fifth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 5) data finder","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2023-09-26","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/fifth-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule-data-finder","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: FERNLEY","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NV/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/FERNLEY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (NV in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NV-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-NV-WASHOE-ROSEMOUNT-URANIUM-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Rosemount Water Co. uranium above MCL for more than a decade","description":"Rosemount Water Co., a small community system near Reno, has been on NDEP's non-compliance list for uranium in every cited quarter from 2024 to 2026, with running annual averages up to 0.065 mg/L against the 0.030 mg/L MCL. EPA's SDWIS lists 94 health-based uranium violations for the system since 2010.","location":{"name":"Rosemount Water Co.","type":"Community water system","state":"NV","states":["NV"],"detail":"Washoe County, near Reno","coordinates":{"lat":39.53,"lon":-119.81,"precision":"county","source_ref":2},"counties":["Washoe"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NV0000767"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Naturally occurring uranium in source groundwater exceeds the drinking-water MCL.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"NDEP's June 2026 list (ref 1) shows a uranium RAA of 0.065 mg/L, more than double the 0.030 mg/L MCL.","service":"The NDEP summaries (refs 1-3) list MCL violations only and report no do-not-drink order.","scale":"The system serves 54 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"SDWIS (ref 5) records 94 uranium violations from October 2010 through April 2026; NDEP listed it in June 2024, November 2025 and June 2026 (refs 1-3).","significance":"Each listing is a formal MCL violation tracked by NDEP (refs 1-3); no enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":54,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Uranium RAA 0.065 mg/L vs 0.030 mg/L MCL (NDEP, June 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Uranium running annual average","value":0.065,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"SDWIS uranium violations since 2010","value":94,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 5."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Listed out of compliance in 2024, 2025 and 2026 (refs 1-3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Rosemount Water Co.","role":"Water system owner"},{"name":"Nevada Division of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"NDEP Bureau of Safe Drinking Water, 901 S. Stewart Street, Suite 4001, Carson City, NV 89701; 775-687-4670","corrective_actions":["No treatment or consolidation plan was found in the cited sources."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Nevada Public Water Systems in Non-Compliance with Primary Drinking Water Standards (2026 Q1, June 2026)","publisher":"Nevada Division of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://www.ndep.nv.gov/uploads/water-drinking-pws-docs/2026Q1_PWS_Non-Compliance_Summary_Final.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Nevada Public Water Systems in Non-Compliance with Primary Drinking Water Standards (2025 Q3, November 2025)","publisher":"Nevada Division of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water","date":"2025-11-01","url":"https://www.ndep.nv.gov/uploads/water-drinking-pws-docs/2025Q3_PWS_Non-Compliance_Summary_Final.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Nevada Public Water Systems in Non-Compliance with Primary Drinking Water Standards (2024 Q1, June 2024)","publisher":"Nevada Division of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water","date":"2024-06-01","url":"https://ndep.nv.gov/uploads/water-drinking-consumers-wells-docs/2024Q1_PWS_Non-Compliance_Summary_FINAL..pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: ROSEMOUNT","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NV/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ROSEMOUNT/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Nevada primacy agency","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/NV/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:5000/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (NV in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["corrective_actions"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NV-STATEWIDE-ARSENIC-SMALL-SYSTEMS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Eight small Nevada water systems exceed the arsenic MCL","description":"NDEP's June 2026 non-compliance list shows eight public water systems over the 0.010 mg/L arsenic MCL, including Silver Knolls Mutual Water Company and Sutcliffe Mobile Park in Washoe County, Amargosa Elementary School in Nye County and two Nevada Gold Mines sites. Several of these systems have appeared on NDEP's arsenic list since at least 2024.","location":{"name":"Small public water systems (arsenic)","type":"Multiple small public water systems","state":"NV","states":["NV"],"detail":"Washoe, Nye, Elko, Eureka and Clark counties","coordinates":{"lat":39.3,"lon":-116.6,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Washoe","Nye","Elko","Eureka","Clark"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Naturally occurring arsenic in groundwater sources exceeds the drinking-water standard.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"NDEP (ref 1) lists arsenic RAAs up to 0.029 mg/L at Nevada Gold Mines Carlin Leeville and 0.022 mg/L at Springwood Equestrian Center, versus the 0.010 mg/L MCL.","service":"The NDEP lists (refs 1-3) report MCL exceedances without any boil or do-not-drink order.","scale":"The eight listed systems (ref 1) serve from 60 to 772 people each, a combined population of a few thousand across several counties.","duration":"Silver Knolls, Sutcliffe Mobile Park and Amargosa Elementary appear on NDEP arsenic lists in June 2024 (ref 3), November 2025 (ref 2) and June 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"NDEP records these as MCL violations; Silver Knolls also carried a treatment technique violation in 2024 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":2362,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of populations NDEP lists for the eight arsenic systems in June 2026 (ref 1): 200+772+550+300+60+120+235+175."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Eight (8) water systems are out of compliance with the Arsenic MCL (0.010 mg/L, RAA) (NDEP, June 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems over arsenic MCL","value":8,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Highest listed arsenic RAA (Shoshone Estates, 2024)","value":0.062,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3, Nye County."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"NDEP listed five arsenic systems in June 2024 (ref 3), seven in November 2025 (ref 2) and eight in June 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Nevada Division of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"NDEP Bureau of Safe Drinking Water, 901 S. Stewart Street, Suite 4001, Carson City, NV 89701; 775-687-4670","corrective_actions":["NDEP publishes quarterly non-compliance lists; no system-specific treatment schedules are given in the cited lists."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Nevada Public Water Systems in Non-Compliance with Primary Drinking Water Standards (2026 Q1, June 2026)","publisher":"Nevada Division of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://www.ndep.nv.gov/uploads/water-drinking-pws-docs/2026Q1_PWS_Non-Compliance_Summary_Final.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Nevada Public Water Systems in Non-Compliance with Primary Drinking Water Standards (2025 Q3, November 2025)","publisher":"Nevada Division of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water","date":"2025-11-01","url":"https://www.ndep.nv.gov/uploads/water-drinking-pws-docs/2025Q3_PWS_Non-Compliance_Summary_Final.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Nevada Public Water Systems in Non-Compliance with Primary Drinking Water Standards (2024 Q1, June 2024)","publisher":"Nevada Division of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water","date":"2024-06-01","url":"https://ndep.nv.gov/uploads/water-drinking-consumers-wells-docs/2024Q1_PWS_Non-Compliance_Summary_FINAL..pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: SILVER%20KNOLLS","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NV/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SILVER%20KNOLLS/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Nevada primacy agency","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/NV/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:5000/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (NV in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NV-STATEWIDE-LEAD-ACTION-LEVEL-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Nevada water systems above the lead action level, including Edgewood Water Co.","description":"NDEP's June 2026 list shows four public water systems above the 0.015 mg/L lead action level, led by Kennametal Inc. in Churchill County at 0.34 mg/L and Edgewood Water Company at Stateline, which SDWIS lists as serving 3,800 people. Separately, NDEP closed its voluntary lead testing of more than 750 schools and child care facilities in October 2025, with fixtures replaced where lead was found.","location":{"name":"Public water systems (lead)","type":"Multiple public water systems","state":"NV","states":["NV"],"detail":"Douglas, Nye, Churchill and Mineral counties","coordinates":{"lat":39.3,"lon":-116.6,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Douglas","Nye","Churchill","Mineral"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead leaches from plumbing and service materials into drinking water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"NDEP (ref 1) lists a 90th-percentile lead result of 0.34 mg/L at Kennametal Inc., more than 20 times the 0.015 mg/L action level.","service":"The NDEP lists (refs 1-2) require follow-up action but report no service restriction.","scale":"Edgewood Water Company serves 3,800 people per SDWIS (ref 4); the other three listed systems serve 75-200 each (ref 1).","duration":"Edgewood, Escapee Co-op and Kennametal were above the lead action level in both November 2025 (ref 2) and June 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"An action-level exceedance triggers required follow-up under the lead rule (ref 1); no enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":4165,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of populations NDEP lists in June 2026 (ref 1): 3,800 + 200 + 75 + 90."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Four (4) water systems are out of compliance with the Lead Action Level (0.015 mg/L, 90th percentile) (NDEP, June 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems above lead action level","value":4,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Edgewood Water Co. lead 90th percentile","value":0.018,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"School and child care facilities tested","value":750,"unit":"facilities","status":"Reported","note":"More than 750, ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Nevada Division of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Edgewood Water Company","role":"Water system operator (NV0000235)"}],"public_contact":"NDEP Bureau of Safe Drinking Water, 901 S. Stewart Street, Suite 4001, Carson City, NV 89701; 775-687-4670","corrective_actions":["Systems above the action level must investigate and act (ref 1).","NDEP's school and child care program replaced fixtures and re-tested where lead was found (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Nevada Public Water Systems in Non-Compliance with Primary Drinking Water Standards (2026 Q1, June 2026)","publisher":"Nevada Division of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://www.ndep.nv.gov/uploads/water-drinking-pws-docs/2026Q1_PWS_Non-Compliance_Summary_Final.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Nevada Public Water Systems in Non-Compliance with Primary Drinking Water Standards (2025 Q3, November 2025)","publisher":"Nevada Division of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water","date":"2025-11-01","url":"https://www.ndep.nv.gov/uploads/water-drinking-pws-docs/2025Q3_PWS_Non-Compliance_Summary_Final.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"NDEP Wraps up Lead Testing in Nevada Schools","publisher":"Nevada Division of Environmental Protection","date":"2025-10-22","url":"https://ndep.nv.gov/posts/ndep-wraps-up-lead-testing-in-nevada-schools","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: EDGEWOOD","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NV/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/EDGEWOOD/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (NV in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NV-LAS-VEGAS-HOTEL-LEGIONELLA-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Legionnaires' outbreaks linked to Las Vegas hotel water systems","description":"In May 2025 the Southern Nevada Health District investigated unrelated Legionnaires' disease outbreaks at The Grandview and the South Point Hotel after multiple water samples at each tested positive for Legionella. By June 2025 the district counted three confirmed and one probable Legionnaires' case plus six probable Pontiac fever cases at The Grandview, and two confirmed, two probable and 25 probable Pontiac fever cases at South Point; both properties remediated their water systems.","location":{"name":"Las Vegas hotel water systems","type":"Premise plumbing in hotel properties","state":"NV","states":["NV"],"detail":"Two hotel properties in the southwest Las Vegas Valley, Clark County","coordinates":{"lat":36.17,"lon":-115.14,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Clark"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legionella grew in building water systems and caused illness among guests.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SNHD's release (ref 1) says all three Grandview cases were hospitalized; board minutes (ref 2) list five confirmed Legionnaires' cases and 31 probable Pontiac fever cases across both hotels.","service":"Both hotels carried out water system remediation and guest notifications after positive Legionella samples (ref 1).","scale":"SNHD received over 100 guest surveys (ref 2) for two large hotel properties.","duration":"Cases spanned stays from August 2024 to April 2025 (refs 1, 3), and investigations were still open at the June 26, 2025 board meeting (ref 2).","significance":"SNHD declared both properties outbreaks internally on May 15, 2025 and issued a health alert to providers (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Guest exposure population not published."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The Grandview: 3 confirmed Legionnaires' cases, 1 probable, 6 probable Pontiac fever; South Point: 2 confirmed, 2 probable, 25 probable Pontiac fever (SNHD Board of Health, June 26, 2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"Confirmed Legionnaires' cases (both hotels)","value":5,"unit":"cases","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Probable Pontiac fever cases (both hotels)","value":31,"unit":"cases","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Southern Nevada Health District","role":"Local public health authority"}],"public_contact":"Southern Nevada Health District Helpline, (702) 759-4636","corrective_actions":["Both hotels conducted water system remediation and follow-up testing (ref 1).","SNHD issued a health alert to providers and surveyed guests (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Southern Nevada Health District conducting Legionnaires' disease investigation at The Grandview","publisher":"Southern Nevada Health District","date":"2025-05-22","url":"https://www.southernnevadahealthdistrict.org/news-release/southern-nevada-health-district-conducting-legionnaires-disease-investigation-at-the-grandview/","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Minutes, Southern Nevada District Board of Health meeting, June 26, 2025","publisher":"Southern Nevada Health District","date":"2025-06-26","url":"https://media.southernnevadahealthdistrict.org/download/boh25/20250626/mins.pdf","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Las Vegas: Legionnaires' disease investigations at The Grandview and the South Point Hotel","publisher":"Outbreak News Today","date":"2025-05-23","url":"https://outbreaknewstoday.substack.com/p/las-vegas-legionnaires-disease-investigations","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (NV in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NV-STATEWIDE-GWR-SANITARY-DEFICIENCIES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"23 Nevada water systems fail to fix sanitary survey deficiencies","description":"NDEP's June 2026 list shows 23 public water systems out of compliance with the Ground Water Rule for failing to complete required repairs after sanitary surveys, up from six in June 2024. The largest include City Center Hotels (17,739 people), Primm Valley Casino Resorts (7,000), M Resort Spa and Casino (3,550) and Blue Diamond Rainbow SW Plaza Water (1,871) in Clark County.","location":{"name":"Groundwater-sourced public water systems","type":"Multiple public water systems","state":"NV","states":["NV"],"detail":"Mostly Clark County, plus Elko, Nye, Eureka, Humboldt and Washoe","coordinates":{"lat":36.17,"lon":-115.14,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Clark","Elko","Nye","Eureka","Humboldt","Washoe"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The violations are uncorrected physical and operational defects in water system infrastructure found during inspections.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"NDEP (ref 1) says unaddressed significant deficiencies 'have a potential to affect public health'; no contamination is reported.","service":"The June 2026 NDEP list (ref 1) reports treatment technique violations, not service restrictions.","scale":"Listed systems include City Center Hotels at 17,739 people and Primm Valley Casino Resorts at 7,000 (ref 1).","duration":"SDWIS (ref 3) records 12 Ground Water Rule violations at Primm Valley Casino Resorts in 2025, and the count of listed systems grew from six in June 2024 (ref 2).","significance":"Each listing is a formal Ground Water Rule treatment technique violation (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"NDEP lists population per system; no statewide total is published."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Twenty-three (23) water systems are out of compliance with the Ground Water Rule treatment technique requirements (NDEP, June 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems with GWR significant-deficiency violations","value":23,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; six in June 2024 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Six systems in June 2024 (ref 2), six in November 2025 (ref 4), 23 in June 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Nevada Division of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"NDEP Bureau of Safe Drinking Water, 901 S. Stewart Street, Suite 4001, Carson City, NV 89701; 775-687-4670","corrective_actions":["Systems must complete repairs identified in NDEP sanitary surveys (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Nevada Public Water Systems in Non-Compliance with Primary Drinking Water Standards (2026 Q1, June 2026)","publisher":"Nevada Division of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://www.ndep.nv.gov/uploads/water-drinking-pws-docs/2026Q1_PWS_Non-Compliance_Summary_Final.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Nevada Public Water Systems in Non-Compliance with Primary Drinking Water Standards (2024 Q1, June 2024)","publisher":"Nevada Division of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water","date":"2024-06-01","url":"https://ndep.nv.gov/uploads/water-drinking-consumers-wells-docs/2024Q1_PWS_Non-Compliance_Summary_FINAL..pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Nevada primacy agency","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/NV/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:5000/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"Nevada Public Water Systems in Non-Compliance with Primary Drinking Water Standards (2025 Q3, November 2025)","publisher":"Nevada Division of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water","date":"2025-11-01","url":"https://www.ndep.nv.gov/uploads/water-drinking-pws-docs/2025Q3_PWS_Non-Compliance_Summary_Final.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: PRIMM%20VALLEY","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NV/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PRIMM%20VALLEY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"SDWIS water system record: CITY%20CENTER","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NV/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CITY%20CENTER/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":4,"note":"New record (NV in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NV-SPARKS-SEWAGE-SPILL-TRUCKEE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Unreported Sparks sewer cross-connection to storm drain leads to NDEP penalty","description":"A sewer line at the Atrium Apartments in Sparks was mistakenly connected to a city storm drain that discharges to the Truckee River, and the discharge was not reported to the state until a TV station alerted NDEP in September 2024. NDEP found that developer Silverwing and the City of Sparks both failed to report it; Silverwing agreed to pay $33,000, and Sparks appealed its notice of violation. Volume estimates range from 2.5 million gallons (initial city figure) to about 214,000 gallons (developer study).","location":{"name":"Atrium Apartments storm drain, Sparks","type":"Sewer and storm drain system discharging to river","state":"NV","states":["NV"],"detail":"City of Sparks, Washoe County; Truckee River at the Larkin Circle outlet","coordinates":{"lat":39.535,"lon":-119.753,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Washoe"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A plumbing error in sewer infrastructure sent raw sewage toward the Truckee River.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Officials first estimated 2.5 million gallons of raw sewage entered the river (ref 1), but the developer says about 214,000 gallons and no evidence it reached the river (ref 2).","service":"No drinking-water or sewer service disruption is reported in refs 1-2.","scale":"The Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe downstream was not notified (ref 1), and the river reach lies below the water treatment plant.","duration":"The cross-connection began with 2022 construction (ref 2), was repaired in late 2023 (ref 1), and the case remained under appeal in November 2025 (ref 2).","significance":"NDEP issued notices of violation to both parties and settled with Silverwing for $33,000 (ref 2); SB 276 on spill notification followed (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Silverwing will pay the state $33,000; maximum discharge estimates range from 2.5 million to about 214,000 gallons."},"measures":[{"name":"Settlement paid by developer","value":33000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Initial maximum discharge estimate","value":2500000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"City of Sparks estimate, refs 1-2; disputed."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Line repaired in late 2023 (ref 1); settlement funds go to Truckee River projects (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Nevada Division of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Water Pollution Control","role":"Clean Water Act permitting and enforcement authority"},{"name":"City of Sparks","role":"Storm drain owner; NOV recipient (under appeal)"}],"public_contact":"NDEP Bureau of Water Pollution Control, 901 S. Stewart Street, Suite 4001, Carson City, NV 89701; 775-687-4670","corrective_actions":["Sewer line repaired in late 2023 (ref 1).","Silverwing settlement of $33,000 to fund Truckee River watershed projects (ref 2).","SB 276 (2025) introduced to require downstream spill notification (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Eleven months later NDEP issues findings in Sparks sewer spill probe","publisher":"KRNV News 4","date":"2025-08-12","url":"https://www.mynews4.com/on-your-side/ask-joe/11-months-later-ndep-issues-findings-in-sparks-sewer-spill-probe","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Ask Joe: developer to pay $33,000 to settle Sparks sewer case","publisher":"KRNV News 4","date":"2025-10-28","url":"https://mynews4.com/news/local/ask-joe-developer-to-pay-33000-to-settle-sparks-sewer-case","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"News 4 story prompts lawmakers to step in after raw sewage spill goes unreported in river","publisher":"Water Education Foundation (Aquafornia, citing KRNV)","date":"2025-04-03","url":"https://watereducation.org/aquafornia-news/news-4-story-prompts-lawmakers-step-after-raw-sewage-spill-goes-unreported-river","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (NV in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NV-RENO-SEWER-CAPITAL-RATES-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Reno raises sewer rates to fund $964 million wastewater capital program","description":"Reno staff told the council that rising capital and treatment costs, including work at the Truckee Meadows Water Reclamation Facility and a planned Advanced Purified Water Facility, would leave the sewer fund short of solvency and reserve requirements by FY2028. After postponing an 8% plan in October 2025, the council voted 6-1 in April 2026 for $3-per-month annual increases for three years from July 2026, raising the single-family rate from $59.73 to $68.73.","location":{"name":"City of Reno sewer utility","type":"Municipal sewer utility service area","state":"NV","states":["NV"],"detail":"City of Reno, Washoe County; Truckee Meadows Water Reclamation Facility","coordinates":{"lat":39.53,"lon":-119.81,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Washoe"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is funding a large wastewater capital program through ratepayer increases.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"KOLO's coverage (refs 1-2) reports no treatment failure or environmental harm; the driver is capital cost.","service":"No sewer service disruption is reported in refs 1-2.","scale":"The rate change applies to all Reno sewer customers, a city of more than 100,000, and the capital program totals $964 million over 20 years (ref 1).","duration":"Increases run three years through FY2029 under a 20-year capital program (ref 1).","significance":"The council adopted the increase by a 6-1 vote on April 8, 2026 after delaying a decision in October 2025 (refs 1-2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Customer count not given in the cited coverage."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Single-family sewer rate rises from $59.73 to $68.73 per month by FY2029 to fund a 20-year, $964 million capital program."},"measures":[{"name":"20-year sewer capital program","value":964,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Single-family monthly rate, FY2029","value":68.73,"unit":"USD/month","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Staff projected the sewer fund would miss solvency and reserve requirements by FY2028 without increases (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Reno","role":"Sewer utility owner and rate-setting body"}],"public_contact":"NDEP Bureau of Water Pollution Control, 901 S. Stewart Street, Suite 4001, Carson City, NV 89701; 775-687-4670","corrective_actions":["$3 per month annual increases for three years from July 1, 2026 (ref 1).","Advanced Purified Water Facility costs shifted to 70% connection fees; rebate program budget raised to $200,000 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Reno City Council approves sewer rate increase","publisher":"KOLO 8 News Now","date":"2026-04-08","url":"https://www.kolotv.com/2026/04/08/reno-city-council-consider-sewer-rate-increase/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Reno City Council delays decision on increasing sewer rates","publisher":"KOLO 8 News Now","date":"2025-10-09","url":"https://www.kolotv.com/2025/10/09/reno-city-council-delays-decision-increasing-sewer-rates","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (NV in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NV-INCLINE-VILLAGE-EFFLUENT-PIPELINE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Incline Village replaces corroding Tahoe effluent export pipeline","description":"Incline Village General Improvement District's 20.5-mile pipeline carries all treated wastewater out of the Lake Tahoe Basin; its original line was over 50 years old and corrosion caused failures at multiple locations. IVGID finished the final six miles of replacement in August 2025, a year ahead of the September 2026 schedule, with a $52 million State Revolving Fund loan plus Army Corps and EPA grants.","location":{"name":"IVGID effluent export pipeline","type":"Wastewater effluent export pipeline","state":"NV","states":["NV"],"detail":"Incline Village, Washoe County; Lake Tahoe Basin along State Route 28","coordinates":{"lat":39.25,"lon":-119.95,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Washoe"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The issue was an aging, corroding wastewater pipeline and its replacement.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"IVGID (ref 1) says ongoing corrosion caused pipeline failures at multiple locations in recent years, a risk to Lake Tahoe water quality.","service":"IVGID (ref 1) reports SR 28 lane closures with delays up to 30 minutes, not any loss of sewer service.","scale":"The WRRF exports roughly 0.8 to 1.5 million gallons per day of effluent for the Incline Village community (ref 1).","duration":"Phase 2 replacement ran from 2023 to the final tie-in on August 26, 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"Ref 1 cites no enforcement; the work was a planned capital project financed by a State Revolving Fund loan."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":9313,"status":"Reported","note":"IVGID water system population per SDWIS (ref 3), used as a proxy for the sewer service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Final tie-in of the replaced 20.5-mile effluent export pipeline completed August 26, 2025, one year ahead of schedule."},"measures":[{"name":"State Revolving Fund loan","value":52,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Pipeline length","value":20.5,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Replacement completed in 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Incline Village General Improvement District","role":"Wastewater utility owner"},{"name":"Nevada Division of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Water Pollution Control","role":"Clean Water Act permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"NDEP Bureau of Water Pollution Control, 901 S. Stewart Street, Suite 4001, Carson City, NV 89701; 775-687-4670","corrective_actions":["Phase 1 (2003-2013) and Phase 2 (2023-2025) replaced the remaining corroded segments (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Effluent Export Pipeline Project","publisher":"Incline Village General Improvement District","date":"2025-09-22","url":"https://www.yourtahoeplace.com/news/effluent-pipeline-project/","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: INCLINE","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NV/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/INCLINE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"New record (NV in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NV-DIAMOND-VALLEY-GROUNDWATER-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Diamond Valley: overdrawn aquifer under Nevada's first groundwater management plan","description":"Diamond Valley in Eureka County, Nevada's first critical management area, has an aquifer that the State Engineer says has declined about 2 feet a year since 1960. A court-upheld groundwater management plan cut allocations by 33% and then about 3% a year, aiming to bring pumping from 76,000 acre-feet a year to 34,200 by 2056 against a 30,000 acre-foot perennial yield. Pumping was 55,444 acre-feet in 2024 and about 55,000 in 2025.","location":{"name":"Diamond Valley groundwater basin","type":"Groundwater basin (critical management area)","state":"NV","states":["NV"],"detail":"Southern Eureka County, north of the town of Eureka, with nearly 26,000 irrigated acres","coordinates":{"lat":39.85,"lon":-115.95,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Eureka"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Long-term pumping above perennial yield has drawn down the aquifer, a groundwater quantity problem.","secondary_drivers":["Irrigated alfalfa and hay","Water banking and share trading"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The Eureka Sentinel (ref 1) reports the State Engineer's finding of roughly 2 feet a year of aquifer decline since 1960.","service":"Irrigators' allocations were cut 33% in year one and continue to fall about 3% a year (ref 1).","scale":"The basin supports nearly 26,000 irrigated acres in one valley of Eureka County (ref 1).","duration":"The plan runs to 2056 and 2025 pumping of about 55,000 acre-feet remained above the 30,000 acre-foot perennial yield (ref 1).","significance":"The State Engineer designated the valley a critical management area in 2015, and the plan took effect after the Nevada Supreme Court upheld it (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Ref 1 reports irrigated acreage, not population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Pumping in 2024 was 55,444 acre-feet, below the plan's 68,400 allowance; perennial yield is 30,000 acre-feet per year (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"2024 pumping","value":55444,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Perennial yield","value":30000,"unit":"acre-feet per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"2056 pumping target","value":34200,"unit":"acre-feet per year","status":"Reported","note":"Down from 76,000 acre-feet a year in 2016, ref 1."},{"name":"Rights retired with ARPA funds","value":11341,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"Central Nevada Water Authority paid $850 an acre-foot and removed 26 wells, ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Growers face falling allocations and are shifting crops and irrigation methods (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Pumping fell to about 55,000 acre-feet in 2024 and 2025, below the plan allowance but still well above perennial yield (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Nevada Division of Water Resources (State Engineer)","role":"Groundwater regulator"},{"name":"Eureka County","role":"Local government"},{"name":"Central Nevada Water Authority","role":"Water-right retirement program"}],"public_contact":"Nevada Division of Water Resources (State Engineer), water.nv.gov","corrective_actions":["Groundwater management plan with share-based allocations, banking and trading, phased to 2056 (ref 1).","ARPA-funded retirement of 11,341 acre-feet of rights and 26 wells (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Diamond Valley growers get creative as water limits tighten","publisher":"Eureka Sentinel","date":"2026-01-16","url":"https://eurekasentinel.com/2026/01/16/diamond-valley-growers-get-creative-as-water-limits-tighten/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NV in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NV-PAHRUMP-GROUNDWATER-OVERALLOCATION-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Pahrump basin groundwater over-allocation and limits on new domestic wells","description":"The Pahrump groundwater basin (Basin 162) in Nye County has far more committed water rights and domestic wells than its estimated perennial yield, and State Engineer Order 1293a requires valid water rights to be relinquished before new domestic wells are drilled. In 2024-2025 the Nye County Water District proposed extending a 2-to-1 relinquishment requirement to new subdivisions and commercial projects.","location":{"name":"Pahrump Valley groundwater basin (Basin 162)","type":"Groundwater basin","state":"NV","states":["NV"],"detail":"Pahrump, southern Nye County","coordinates":{"lat":36.21,"lon":-115.98,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Nye"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Committed rights and domestic well demand exceed the basin's estimated sustainable yield, a groundwater quantity issue.","secondary_drivers":["Domestic well growth","Residential subdivision"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The Pahrump Valley Times (ref 2) reported about 11,280 domestic wells and a potential commitment near 63,000 acre-feet against a 20,000 acre-foot perennial yield.","service":"Under Order 1293a, new domestic wells in Basin 162 require relinquishment of valid water rights (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The issue covers one basin and the Pahrump community in Nye County (refs 1, 2).","duration":"The well order dates to December 2017 (ref 2) and the county was still pursuing added relinquishment rules in April 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"Nye County Water District Bill 2024-01 asks county commissioners to require 2 acre-feet relinquished per acre-foot of new subdivision use (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The cited sources count wells (about 11,280 in 2017, ref 2), not residents."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Perennial yield of 20,000 acre-feet per year against a potential commitment of roughly 63,000 acre-feet per year including existing rights, current wells and possible new wells (ref 2, 2017 estimate)."},"measures":[{"name":"Perennial yield","value":20000,"unit":"acre-feet per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2 (2017)."},{"name":"Existing domestic wells","value":11280,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2 (2017)."},{"name":"Proposed relinquishment ratio for new development","value":2,"unit":"acre-feet relinquished per acre-foot of planned use","status":"Reported","note":"Nye County Water District Ordinance 001 (Bill 2024-01), ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No current water-level series was found in the cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Nevada Division of Water Resources (State Engineer)","role":"Groundwater regulator"},{"name":"Nye County Water District","role":"Local water planning"},{"name":"Nye County Board of Commissioners","role":"Land-use authority"}],"public_contact":"Nye County Water District, (775) 727-3487","corrective_actions":["State Engineer Order 1293a requires water-right relinquishment for new domestic wells (refs 1, 2).","Nye County Water District Bill 2024-01 proposes conservation plans and 2:1 relinquishment for new subdivisions, commercial and industrial projects; discussed April 10, 2025 pending county ratification (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Nye County Water District Agenda Information Form, Item 16: 2:1 relinquishment ordinance for Basin 162","publisher":"Nye County Water District","date":"2025-04-10","url":"https://www.nyecountynv.gov/DocumentCenter/View/48442/Item-16","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"New domestic wells could require water rights in Pahrump basin","publisher":"Pahrump Valley Times","date":"2017-12-22","url":"https://pvtimes.com/?p=51279","basis":"News report (background)"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (NV in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NV-LAS-VEGAS-NONFUNCTIONAL-TURF-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Las Vegas Valley nonfunctional turf ban takes effect Jan. 1, 2027, with new fines","description":"Nevada's AB 356 (2021) bars use of Colorado River water from Southern Nevada Water Authority members to irrigate nonfunctional decorative grass after 2026. In September 2026 the Las Vegas Valley Water District proposed treating such irrigation as water waste with fines up to $5,120, as Lake Mead hit a record low and a lawsuit challenged the turf mandate.","location":{"name":"Las Vegas Valley Water District service area","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NV","states":["NV"],"detail":"Las Vegas Valley, Clark County; rules cover commercial, multifamily, HOA common-area and government properties, not single-family yards","coordinates":{"lat":36.17,"lon":-115.14,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Clark"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NV0000090"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A mandatory conservation measure driven by Colorado River scarcity and Lake Mead decline.","secondary_drivers":["Colorado River shortage","Outdoor water use","Utility enforcement and fines"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No health or environmental harm from the turf rule is documented in refs 1-3.","service":"FOX5 (ref 1) reports proposed waste fines from $80 to $5,120 per violation and possible shutoff without notice for unrepaired leaks.","scale":"LVVWD serves 1,539,277 people per SDWIS (ref 4), and the rule covers shopping centers, business parks, multifamily and HOA areas valley-wide (ref 1).","duration":"AB 356 was enacted in 2021 with a Dec. 31, 2026 removal deadline (refs 1, 2), and rebates have run since 1999 (ref 2).","significance":"News 3 (ref 3) reports attorney Sam Castor is suing SNWA over the turf mandate and LVVWD over excessive-use charges."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1539277,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Las Vegas Valley Water District per SDWIS (ref 4); the turf rule applies to non-single-family properties only."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Irrigating non-functional decorative commercial turf would be classified as illegal water waste starting Jan. 1, 2027 (FOX5, ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Maximum proposed fine (meters 3 inches and larger, 5th violation)","value":5120,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Grass converted under Water Smart Landscapes since 1999","value":239000000,"unit":"square feet","status":"Reported","note":"As of January 2025, ref 2."},{"name":"Federal turf-rebate funding announced","value":60000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Bureau of Reclamation Inflation Reduction Act funds, ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Litigation over turf mandates and more than $100 million in excessive-use charges (ref 3)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Enforcement begins Jan. 1, 2027 if the board adopts the rules after a Dec. 1, 2026 hearing (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Las Vegas Valley Water District","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Southern Nevada Water Authority","role":"Regional wholesale water agency"}],"public_contact":"Las Vegas Valley Water District rule comments: LVVWD-BIS@lvvwd.com (per ref 1)","corrective_actions":["Water Smart Landscapes rebates of $2 per square foot for the first 10,000 square feet of decorative commercial, HOA and multifamily grass, then $1 (ref 2).","LVVWD service-rule amendments: business-impact comments due Oct. 26, 2026, board review Nov. 3, public hearing Dec. 1 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Las Vegas Valley Water District proposes fines, strict rules on non-functional turf","publisher":"FOX5 Vegas (KVVU)","date":"2026-09-30","url":"https://www.fox5vegas.com/2026/09/30/las-vegas-valley-water-district-proposes-fines-strict-rules-non-functional-turf/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Millions for SNWA's turf-rebate program in Las Vegas, but $5 rate is gone","publisher":"KLAS 8 News Now (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-01-10","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/millions-snwa-turf-rebate-program-234419448.html","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Lake Mead hits record low as Nevada water agencies face lawsuits over conservation","publisher":"KSNV News 3 Las Vegas","date":"2026-08-11","url":"https://news3lv.com/news/local/lake-mead-hits-record-low-as-nevada-water-agencies-face-lawsuits-over-conservation","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Las Vegas Valley Water District (NV0000090)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NV/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LAS%20VEGAS/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NV in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CO-RIVER-SHORTAGE-2026","US-AZ-COLORADO-POST2026-ALLOCATION-2026","US-NV-LAKE-MEAD-SNWA-SUPPLY-2026"]},{"id":"US-NV-LAKE-MEAD-SNWA-SUPPLY-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lake Mead at record low; Southern Nevada supply relies on deep Intake 3","description":"Lake Mead, the source of Southern Nevada's Colorado River supply, stood at 1,042.8 feet (28% of capacity) in July 2026 and reached a record low in August 2026, with Reclamation forecasting about 1,036 feet by year-end. The Southern Nevada Water Authority relies on its Intake 3 and $522 million Low Lake Level Pumping Station to keep drawing water as the lake falls toward the 895-foot dead pool.","location":{"name":"Southern Nevada Water Authority system (Lake Mead)","type":"Regional wholesale water system","state":"NV","states":["NV"],"detail":"Las Vegas Valley, Clark County; SNWA intakes on Lake Mead serve Las Vegas, Henderson and North Las Vegas utilities","coordinates":{"lat":36.17,"lon":-115.14,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Clark"],"extent":"county","pwsid":"NV0000090"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Falling reservoir levels threaten source-water access, met with deep-intake infrastructure.","secondary_drivers":["Colorado River shortage","Low Upper Basin snowpack"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"CRC Nevada (ref 1) reports 2026 Lake Powell inflow forecast at 36% of average and Lake Mead storage at 28%, a supply risk rather than documented harm.","service":"SNWA (ref 3) says Intake 3 and the pumping station keep water flowing below dead pool, and News 3 (ref 4) reports SNWA calls coming cuts inconsequential; no outage is documented.","scale":"The three largest SNWA member utilities serve about 2.25 million people per SDWIS (refs 2, 5).","duration":"SNWA (ref 3) says Lake Mead has fallen about 160 feet since 2000, and the lake hit a new record low in August 2026 (ref 4).","significance":"CRC Nevada (ref 1) reports Nevada's 2026 use is reduced 13,000 acre-feet under the Level 1 shortage plus an 8,000 acre-foot DCP contribution."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":2252326,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS populations for Las Vegas Valley Water District (1,539,277) and North Las Vegas Utilities (376,515), ref 2, and City of Henderson (336,534), ref 5; excludes Boulder City and smaller systems."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"As of July 12, 2026, Lake Mead is at an elevation of 1,042.8 feet and has about 7.2 million acre-feet in storage (28% capacity) (CRC Nevada, ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Lake Mead elevation, July 12, 2026","value":1042.8,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Reclamation end-2026 forecast (low end)","value":1035.6,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"June 24-Month Study, ref 1."},{"name":"Southern Nevada consumptive use, Jan-May 2026","value":66198,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"Preliminary, ref 1."},{"name":"Low Lake Level Pumping Station capacity","value":900,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Lake Mead fell to a record low in August 2026 (ref 4) and is forecast to fall further by year-end (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Southern Nevada Water Authority","role":"Regional wholesale water agency"},{"name":"Colorado River Commission of Nevada","role":"State Colorado River agency"},{"name":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","role":"Lake Mead operator"}],"public_contact":"Southern Nevada Water Authority, snwa.com","corrective_actions":["Intake 3 (in service September 2015) and the Low Lake Level Pumping Station (operating April 2022) allow withdrawals below dead pool (ref 3).","SNWA reports more than 2.2 million acre-feet banked in Arizona and California and local use below 200,000 acre-feet (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Hydrology Report - July 2026","publisher":"Colorado River Commission of Nevada","date":"2026-07-14","url":"https://www.crc.nv.gov/siteassets/documents/2026-07-14-crc-hydrology-report.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Las Vegas Valley Water District (NV0000090)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NV/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LAS%20VEGAS/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Intake 3 and Low Lake Level Pumping Station","publisher":"Southern Nevada Water Authority","date":null,"url":"https://www.snwa.com/infrastructure-improvements/intake3-pumping-station/index.html","basis":"Utility web page (undated; accessed date)","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"Lake Mead hits record low as Nevada water agencies face lawsuits over conservation","publisher":"KSNV News 3 Las Vegas","date":"2026-08-11","url":"https://news3lv.com/news/local/lake-mead-hits-record-low-as-nevada-water-agencies-face-lawsuits-over-conservation","basis":"News report"},{"ref":5,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: City of Henderson (NV0000076)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NV/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/HENDERSON/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (NV in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CO-RIVER-SHORTAGE-2026","US-AZ-COLORADO-POST2026-ALLOCATION-2026","US-NV-LAS-VEGAS-NONFUNCTIONAL-TURF-2026"]},{"id":"US-NV-EASTERN-NV-DROUGHT-DISASTER-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"USDA drought disaster designations cover Elko, White Pine, Lincoln and other NV counties","description":"In April 2026 USDA designated Elko, White Pine and Lincoln counties as primary natural disaster areas for severe-to-extreme drought, and named Clark, Esmeralda and Nye counties as contiguous areas under a separate Inyo County, California designation. Producers in the designated counties can apply for emergency loans through December 2026.","location":{"name":"Eastern and southern Nevada drought counties","type":"Multi-county drought disaster area","state":"NV","states":["NV"],"detail":"Primary: Elko, White Pine and Lincoln counties (April 22, 2026); contiguous to Inyo County, CA: Clark, Esmeralda and Nye counties (April 8, 2026)","coordinates":{"lat":39.25,"lon":-114.89,"precision":"county","source_ref":2},"counties":["Elko","White Pine","Lincoln","Clark","Esmeralda","Nye"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A federal drought disaster designation reflecting prolonged severe-to-extreme dryness.","secondary_drivers":["Ranching and hay production","Low 2026 snowpack"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Western Water (ref 2) says USDA loans can cover up to 100 percent of producers' actual losses, up to $500,000, indicating drought crop and range losses.","service":"Refs 1 and 2 describe agricultural assistance only; no drinking-water restriction is reported.","scale":"Six Nevada counties are named as primary or contiguous disaster areas across eastern and southern Nevada (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Designation required D2 drought for 8 consecutive weeks or D3/D4 conditions in the growing season, with loan applications open into December 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"USDA issued formal secretarial natural disaster designations on April 8 and April 22, 2026 (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The cited sources list counties, not affected population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"USDA designated Elko, White Pine and Lincoln counties as primary natural disaster areas on April 22, 2026, after severe (D2) drought for at least eight consecutive weeks or extreme (D3) or exceptional (D4) drought (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Nevada counties named in 2026 USDA drought designations","value":6,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"Elko, White Pine, Lincoln as primary (ref 2); Clark, Esmeralda, Nye as contiguous (ref 1)."},{"name":"Maximum emergency loan","value":500000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single-season designation; refs 1 and 2 give no multi-year comparison."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture Farm Service Agency","role":"Disaster designation and emergency loans"}],"public_contact":"USDA Farm Service Agency, Nevada county service centers (fsa.usda.gov)","corrective_actions":["FSA emergency loans for producers in primary and contiguous counties, applications due Dec. 7 and Dec. 10, 2026 (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"USDA declares extreme drought in Inyo County, 3 Nevada counties","publisher":"KOLO 8 News Now","date":"2026-04-08","url":"https://www.kolotv.com/2026/04/08/usda-declares-extreme-drought-inyo-county-3-nevada-counties","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"USDA drought aid expands; natural disaster areas identified","publisher":"Western Water","date":"2026-04-23","url":"https://www.western-water.com/2026/04/23/usda-drought-aid-expands-natural-disaster-areas-identified/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (NV in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NV-LWRFS-CONJUNCTIVE-MGMT-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lower White River Flow System pumping cap upheld in Sullivan v. Lincoln County","description":"In January 2024 the Nevada Supreme Court unanimously reversed a 2022 district court ruling and upheld State Engineer Order 1309, which manages seven groundwater basins feeding the Muddy River as one Lower White River Flow System. The order found only about 8,000 acre-feet available for pumping against roughly 30,000 acre-feet of permitted rights; the case returned to district court for review of the evidence.","location":{"name":"Lower White River Flow System (Muddy River)","type":"Multi-basin groundwater management area","state":"NV","states":["NV"],"detail":"Seven hydrographic basins in southern Lincoln County and eastern Clark County that feed the Muddy River springs near Moapa, a Lake Mead tributary","coordinates":{"lat":36.71,"lon":-114.71,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":2},"counties":["Clark","Lincoln"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["groundwater","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The ruling decides how much groundwater can be pumped from basins whose flow sustains senior Muddy River rights and spring habitat.","secondary_drivers":["groundwater","surface-water"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Order 1309 followed a Coyote Springs pump test that was ended early after springs declined, and its pumping cap is meant to protect Muddy River flows and the endangered Moapa dace (ref 3).","service":"No interruption of drinking-water or irrigation deliveries is reported; the dispute concerns how much of the permitted pumping may be exercised (refs 1-3).","scale":"The flow system spans seven basins, and up to 17 parties litigated, including the Southern Nevada Water Authority, Coyote Springs, NV Energy and Moapa Valley Water District (refs 2, 3).","duration":"Order 1309 dates from 2020; after the January 2024 reversal the matter went back to district court, so the management dispute has run more than five years (refs 1, 2).","significance":"A unanimous Nevada Supreme Court opinion (Sullivan v. Lincoln Co. Water Dist., 140 Nev. Adv. Op. 4, Jan. 25, 2024) set statewide precedent for conjunctive management (refs 1, 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population figure was reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Order 1309 estimated about 8,000 acre-feet available for pumping, far below the roughly 30,000 acre-feet in permitted rights (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Water available for pumping under Order 1309","value":8000,"unit":"acre-feet per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Permitted groundwater rights in the flow system","value":30000,"unit":"acre-feet per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2 says roughly 30,000."},{"name":"Basins managed as one unit","value":7,"unit":"basins","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"The Supreme Court upheld the order; remaining questions of substantial evidence went back to district court (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Nevada State Engineer, Nevada Division of Water Resources","role":"Water-rights regulator; issued Order 1309"},{"name":"Nevada Supreme Court","role":"Court of last resort"},{"name":"Southern Nevada Water Authority","role":"Rights holder and litigant"}],"public_contact":"Nevada Division of Water Resources, water.nv.gov","corrective_actions":["Order 1309 (2020) caps pumping across the seven-basin flow system","Nevada Supreme Court reversed the district court on January 25, 2024","Case remanded to district court for substantial-evidence review"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"NV Supreme Court Decision: State Engineer Authorities for Conjunctive Management (presentation to Joint Interim Committee on Natural Resources)","publisher":"Nevada Division of Water Resources","date":"2024-02-29","url":"https://water.nv.gov/uploads/bulletin-board-docs/2-29-24_NatRam_NV_Supreme_Court.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Nevada Supreme Court Issues Major Water Ruling","publisher":"Barn Raiser (republished from Sierra Nevada Ally; Daniel Rothberg)","date":"2024-02-08","url":"https://barnraisingmedia.com/nevada-supreme-court-issues-major-water-ruling-coyote-springs-colorado-river/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"A new era of Nevada groundwater management has begun. Here's what it could mean for the Amargosa River.","publisher":"Amargosa Conservancy","date":"2024-02-12","url":"https://www.amargosaconservancy.org/a-new-era-of-nevada-groundwater-management-has-begun-heres-what-it-could-mean-for-the-amargosa-river/","basis":"Advocacy analysis"},{"ref":4,"title":"'It was a shock': Nevada water regulator speaks on why he was fired","publisher":"The Nevada Independent","date":"2025-12-19","url":"https://thenevadaindependent.com/article/it-was-a-shock-nevada-water-regulator-speaks-on-why-he-was-fired","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"Lower White River Flow System: Management Phase Public Meeting","publisher":"Nevada Division of Water Resources","date":"2026-02-25","url":"https://tools.water.nv.gov/Hearings/past/LWRFS%20Designation%20Hearing%2002.25.2026/LWRFS%20Stakeholders%20Hearing%20Presentation%2002-25-2026.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":6,"title":"Environmentalists See Nevada Supreme Court Ruling Bringing State's Water Management 'Into the 21st Century'","publisher":"Inside Climate News","date":"2024-01-31","url":"https://insideclimatenews.org/?p=77620","basis":"News report"},{"ref":7,"title":"Nevada Supreme Court Affirms Protecting Water for Wildlife","publisher":"Center for Biological Diversity","date":"2024-01-25","url":"https://biologicaldiversity.org/w/news/press-releases/nevada-supreme-court-affirms-protecting-water-for-wildlife-2024-01-25/","basis":"Advocacy press release"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NV in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["District court outcome on remand","Affected population"],"related_ids":["US-NV-HUMBOLDT-CURTAILMENT-2026","US-CO-RIVER-SHORTAGE-2026"],"conflicts":[{"field":"severity","values":["7 (Corrective Action Underway)","8 (Ongoing Major Issue)"],"note":"A parallel review of the same issue scored it 8 with status \"Ongoing Major Issue\"; this record keeps 7. Sources from that review were added."}]},{"id":"US-NV-HUMBOLDT-CURTAILMENT-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Humboldt River Basin groundwater curtailment shelved after State Engineer firing","description":"Nevada's first large-scale conjunctive-management order, a draft curtailing groundwater rights junior to 1938 in the overappropriated Humboldt River Basin, was put on hold in 2026 with no release date. State Engineer Adam Sullivan was fired in December 2025 after mining companies, including Nevada Gold Mines, complained to the governor's office about the draft; surface-water irrigators in Pershing County face a quarter-acre-foot allocation in a record-low snow year.","location":{"name":"Humboldt River Basin","type":"River basin and groundwater management area","state":"NV","states":["NV"],"detail":"Nearly 17,000-square-mile basin in Northern Nevada from Elko County to Rye Patch Reservoir and Lovelock in Pershing County","coordinates":{"lat":40.97,"lon":-117.74,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Elko","Eureka","Lander","Humboldt","Pershing"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","groundwater","agricultural","industrial-energy","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is whether the state will enforce priority between groundwater pumpers, including mines, and senior river rights, and how political pressure shaped that decision.","secondary_drivers":["groundwater","governance-affordability-equity"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Ref 1 calls the basin overappropriated and reports Rye Patch Reservoir at 25,100 acre-feet in late April 2026, just over 10% of capacity.","service":"Pershing County Water Conservation District surface-water irrigators were to get 1/4 acre-foot in 2026 versus the usual 3 acre-feet, and about 100 got none in 2022 (ref 1).","scale":"The Humboldt system covers nearly 17,000 square miles, and Nevada Gold Mines, a leading critic of the draft, runs 22 mines in Northern Nevada with more than 7,000 employees (refs 1, 3).","duration":"The Pershing County district sued the State Engineer in 2015 over pumping impacts, and the curtailment remained unissued as of May 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"The 2015 lawsuit drove the modeling behind the draft order, and the State Engineer was dismissed, the first such firing since 1981 (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population figure was reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The draft would cut groundwater rights junior to 1938 in the capture management zone; DCNR said it is 'on hold at this time, and no new release date has been set' (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"2026 surface-water allocation, Pershing County Water Conservation District","value":0.25,"unit":"acre-feet per acre","status":"Reported","note":"Versus a usual 3 acre-feet (ref 1)."},{"name":"Rye Patch Reservoir storage, late April 2026","value":25100,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"Just over 10% of capacity (ref 1)."},{"name":"Upper Humboldt snowpack near April 1, 2026","value":7,"unit":"% of median","status":"Reported","note":"Lower basin 1% (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Record-low 2026 snowpack and a shelved curtailment leave overappropriation unaddressed (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Nevada State Engineer, Nevada Division of Water Resources","role":"Water-rights regulator"},{"name":"Nevada Department of Conservation and Natural Resources","role":"Parent department; dismissed the State Engineer"},{"name":"Pershing County Water Conservation District","role":"Senior surface-water irrigation district and litigant"}],"public_contact":"Nevada Division of Water Resources, water.nv.gov","corrective_actions":["Draft curtailment of post-1938 groundwater rights in the capture management zone prepared, now on hold","USGS and Desert Research Institute capture models under development and validation","New State Engineer Joe Cacioppo appointed"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"State punts plan to curtail water in Nevada's largest river basin amid severe drought","publisher":"The Nevada Independent","date":"2026-05-13","url":"https://thenevadaindependent.com/article/state-punts-plan-to-curtail-water-in-nevadas-largest-river-basin-amid-severe-drought","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"'It was a shock': Nevada water regulator speaks on why he was fired","publisher":"The Nevada Independent","date":"2025-12-19","url":"https://thenevadaindependent.com/article/it-was-a-shock-nevada-water-regulator-speaks-on-why-he-was-fired","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Mining industry privately griped to Lombardo about top Nevada water regulator before firing","publisher":"Carson Now (republished from The Nevada Independent)","date":"2026-04-15","url":"https://www.carsonnow.org/?p=213457","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Mining industry privately griped to Lombardo about top Nevada water regulator before firing","publisher":"The Nevada Independent","date":"2026-04-15","url":"https://thenevadaindependent.com/article/mining-industry-privately-griped-to-lombardo-about-top-nevada-water-regulator-before-firing","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"Draft Order: Curtailing the Use of Groundwater Rights that Conflict with Priority Decreed Stream Rights within the Humboldt River Region (outline)","publisher":"Nevada Division of Water Resources","date":"2025-09-23","url":"https://water.nv.gov/uploads/humboldt-docs/7_Humboldt_Draft_Curtailment_Order_Outline.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (NV in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Volume of groundwater rights subject to curtailment","Affected population"],"related_ids":["US-NV-LWRFS-CONJUNCTIVE-MGMT-2024"],"conflicts":[{"field":"severity","values":["8 (Ongoing Major Issue)","7 (Ongoing Major Issue)"],"note":"A parallel review of the same issue scored it 7 with status \"Ongoing Major Issue\"; this record keeps 8. Sources from that review were added."}]},{"id":"US-NV-THACKER-PASS-WATER-RIGHTS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Thacker Pass lithium mine water permits reversed, pumping halted, then settled","description":"In April 2025 a Nevada district court returned two of Lithium Americas' Quinn River Valley water permits to application status, finding the State Engineer had assumed rather than shown that a rancher's senior rights would not be harmed. The state issued a cease-and-desist letter in June 2025 after the company kept pumping; the company bought the rancher's rights in a July 2025 settlement. The mine needs about 2,600 acre-feet a year in production.","location":{"name":"Thacker Pass lithium mine, Quinn River Valley","type":"Mine water supply and groundwater basin","state":"NV","states":["NV"],"detail":"Northwest of Winnemucca near Orovada, Humboldt County","coordinates":{"lat":41.71,"lon":-118.06,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Humboldt"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["water-rights","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The dispute concerned whether mine pumping in a fully allocated valley would impair senior ranching water rights.","secondary_drivers":["water-rights"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The court found the State Engineer's no-conflict finding for two of five claims 'is not rooted in scientific fact', leaving potential impairment of the Bartell ranch unassessed (ref 1).","service":"No public water service was affected; the cease-and-desist applied only to the Quinn #1 and Quinn #2 mine wells (ref 1).","scale":"One mine and one ranch were directly involved, though the project is described as the world's largest known lithium resource with a $2.26 billion federal loan (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Bartell protested the 2020 change application and petitioned for review in March 2023; the case was dismissed only in August 2025 (refs 2, 3).","significance":"The Sixth Judicial District Court reversed two permits on April 10, 2025, and the State Engineer ordered the company on June 20, 2025 to cease and desist pumping (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population figure was reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Lithium Americas needs about 200 acre-feet a year during construction and about 2,600 acre-feet a year once in production (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Production water demand","value":2600,"unit":"acre-feet per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Construction water demand through 2027","value":200,"unit":"acre-feet per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Water permits returned to application status","value":2,"unit":"permits","status":"Reported","note":"Two of five contested claims (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The July 31, 2025 settlement ended litigation; the company bought two vested Bartell rights and Bartell's western rights were subordinated (refs 2, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Nevada State Engineer, Nevada Division of Water Resources","role":"Water-rights regulator"},{"name":"Lithium Americas / Lithium Nevada Corp.","role":"Mine operator and permit holder"},{"name":"Nevada Sixth Judicial District Court","role":"Reviewing court"}],"public_contact":"Nevada Division of Water Resources, water.nv.gov","corrective_actions":["State Engineer cease-and-desist letter for Quinn #1 well (June 20, 2025)","Settlement: company purchased two vested water rights from Bartell Ranch","District court and Nevada Supreme Court dismissed the cases (August 2025)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Questions over water rights could halt construction at Thacker Pass lithium mine","publisher":"The Nevada Independent","date":"2025-06-30","url":"https://thenevadaindependent.com/article/questions-over-water-rights-could-halt-construction-at-thacker-pass-lithium-mine","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Settlement reached in messy Thacker Pass water dispute","publisher":"The Nevada Independent","date":"2025-08-15","url":"https://thenevadaindependent.com/article/settlement-reached-in-messy-thacker-pass-water-dispute","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Lithium water dispute ends in settlement","publisher":"Western Water","date":"2025-08-19","url":"https://www.western-water.com/2025/08/19/lithium-water-dispute-ends-in-settlement/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New record (NV in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Groundwater drawdown monitoring results","Affected population"],"related_ids":["US-NV-CLAYTON-VALLEY-LITHIUM-WATER-2024"]},{"id":"US-NV-CLAYTON-VALLEY-LITHIUM-WATER-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Clayton Valley lithium brine pumping draws down aquifer as firms fight over rights","description":"Albemarle's Silver Peak mine, the only active U.S. lithium mine, holds rights to nearly all Clayton Valley groundwater, and newer lithium firms and Esmeralda County have contested its unused rights and new applications before state regulators. Federal wildlife officials report that the basin has been permanently losing storage to lithium brine evaporation, with some wells drying completely.","location":{"name":"Clayton Valley groundwater basin","type":"Groundwater basin (lithium brine)","state":"NV","states":["NV"],"detail":"Silver Peak, Esmeralda County","coordinates":{"lat":37.76,"lon":-117.63,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Esmeralda"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["water-rights","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Lithium brine extraction removes groundwater from a closed desert basin faster than it recharges.","secondary_drivers":["groundwater","water-rights"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The 2025 federal proposed rule states lithium operations have caused Clayton Valley water levels to decline, with some wells drying completely (ref 3).","service":"No public supply outage is reported; the conflict is among mining rights holders and the county (refs 1, 3).","scale":"One basin around the town of Silver Peak, with Esmeralda County protesting on behalf of the community's supply (ref 1).","duration":"Albemarle has received more than 20 extensions of time since the 1980s, and the basin has been losing storage over decades of brine pumping (refs 1, 3).","significance":"Esmeralda County filed formal protests with state regulators, and a contested state regulatory hearing was pending in April 2024 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population figure was reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Silver Peak has not used more than 70 percent of its water rights since 2022, yet Albemarle claims rights to nearly all Clayton Valley groundwater (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Extensions of time granted to Albemarle since the 1980s","value":20,"unit":"extensions (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Lithium projects tracked in Nevada","value":83,"unit":"projects (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Center for Biological Diversity count cited in ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Ref 3 notes additional lithium claims in Clayton Valley, Fish Lake Valley and Columbus Salt Marsh, so demand is likely to expand."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Nevada State Engineer, Nevada Division of Water Resources","role":"Water-rights regulator"},{"name":"Albemarle (Silver Peak mine)","role":"Majority rights holder and operator"},{"name":"Esmeralda County","role":"Protestant"}],"public_contact":"Nevada Division of Water Resources, water.nv.gov","corrective_actions":["State hearing on competing lithium water applications (pending as of April 2024)","2017 state law change allowing a small amount of water for exploration in Clayton Valley"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lithium Companies Fight Over Water in the Arid Great Basin","publisher":"Inside Climate News","date":"2024-04-08","url":"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/08042024/nevada-great-basin-lithium-fight-over-water/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"A battle for water rights unfolds in Nevada's lithium mining area","publisher":"Environmental Health News","date":"2024-04-08","url":"https://www.ehn.org/a-battle-for-water-rights-unfolds-in-nevada-s-lithium-mining-area-2667720387.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Endangered Species Status for Fish Lake Valley Tui Chub (proposed rule)","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Federal Register 90 FR 21720","date":"2025-05-21","url":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2025-05-21/html/2025-09127.htm","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (NV in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["Basin perennial yield and committed rights","State Engineer decision on pending applications","Affected population"],"related_ids":["US-NV-THACKER-PASS-WATER-RIGHTS-2025","US-NV-FISH-LAKE-VALLEY-ALFALFA-2025"]},{"id":"US-NV-TRIC-WATER-SHORTFALL-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Tahoe-Reno Industrial Center water district sues developer over supply shortfalls","description":"The water district serving the Tahoe-Reno Industrial Center, home to Tesla's Gigafactory and Switch, Google and Microsoft data center sites, is suing the park's developer, alleging three domestic-water shortfalls and an inadequate industrial supply as the park builds out; a jury trial is set for spring 2027. The district holds rights to more than 4 billion gallons a year and can draw up to 325 million gallons a year from the Truckee River.","location":{"name":"Tahoe-Reno Industrial Center (TRI GID)","type":"Industrial park water district","state":"NV","states":["NV"],"detail":"McCarran area east of Reno and Sparks, Storey County, along the Truckee River","coordinates":{"lat":39.55,"lon":-119.47,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Storey"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The dispute is over contractual responsibility for supplying water to a fast-growing data center and manufacturing hub.","secondary_drivers":["water-rights","governance-affordability-equity"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No health or environmental harm is documented; the Pyramid Lake Paiute chairman warned that any river draw is water that does not reach Pyramid Lake (ref 2).","service":"TRIGID says it notified the developer of three shortfalls and that its stopgaps are unsustainable, which could force cutbacks in allocations to tenants (ref 1).","scale":"One industrial park, though about half its developable land is untouched and Nevada has more than 70 data centers operating or planned (refs 1, 3).","duration":"Ref 1 (August 2026) describes nearly two years of lawsuit and countersuit, with trial set for the following May.","significance":"A lawsuit by the quasi-municipal TRIGID seeks damages and an order compelling the developer to supply water (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population figure was reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The TRI General Improvement District holds rights to more than 4 billion gallons a year and can draw up to 325 million gallons a year from the Truckee River (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"TRI GID water rights","value":4000000000,"unit":"gallons per year (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Mostly groundwater and treated wastewater (ref 2)."},{"name":"Maximum Truckee River draw","value":325000000,"unit":"gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Shortfalls notified by the district","value":3,"unit":"notices","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Google Storey County data center water use, 2024","value":1500000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["District staffing budget is 1/38th the size of the Reno-area water authority's (ref 1)","Developer-district dispute over who must cover future shortfalls (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"A district-commissioned study found domestic water use rising and supply insufficient at full buildout (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Tahoe-Reno Industrial General Improvement District (TRIGID)","role":"Water provider and plaintiff"},{"name":"TRI Center master developer","role":"Defendant; water-rights supplier under 2020 agreement"},{"name":"Storey County Board of Commissioners","role":"Sits as TRIGID board"}],"public_contact":"Storey County Board of Commissioners, storeycounty.org","corrective_actions":["TRIGID lawsuit seeking damages and replacement supply (jury trial set for May 2027)","Effluent-reuse arrangement with Reno and Sparks supplies about 40% of process water (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Could Nevada's tech epicenter run out of water? That's the big question in an ongoing suit","publisher":"The Nevada Independent","date":"2026-08-09","url":"https://thenevadaindependent.com/article/could-nevadas-tech-epicenter-run-out-of-water-thats-the-big-question-in-an-ongoing-suit","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"As AI data centers multiply across the Mountain West, so do fears over water use","publisher":"KJZZ / KUNR (Mountain West News Bureau)","date":"2025-10-14","url":"https://www.kjzz.org/business/2025-10-14/as-ai-data-centers-multiply-across-the-mountain-west-so-do-fears-over-water-use","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"How much water and power do data centers really use?","publisher":"The Nevada Independent","date":"2026-09-16","url":"https://thenevadaindependent.com/article/how-much-water-and-power-do-data-centers-really-use","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (NV in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["EPA PWSID for TRIGID (no matching system found in SDWIS)","Shortfall volumes","Affected population"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NV-FISH-LAKE-VALLEY-ALFALFA-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Fish Lake Valley alfalfa pumping overdraws basin, pushing tui chub toward listing","description":"Federal wildlife officials proposed listing the Fish Lake Valley tui chub as endangered in May 2025, citing groundwater pumping for alfalfa that has lowered water levels more than 75 feet and dried the lake and several springs. The State Engineer assessed the basin as overappropriated by 150 to 250 percent of perennial yield, and the nearby Rhyolite Ridge lithium mine seeks to convert farm rights for up to 4,032 acre-feet a year.","location":{"name":"Fish Lake Valley groundwater basin","type":"Agricultural groundwater basin","state":"NV","states":["NV","CA"],"detail":"Dyer area, Esmeralda County, on the California border; McNett spring system on a private ranch","coordinates":{"lat":37.68,"lon":-118.07,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Esmeralda"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["groundwater","industrial-energy","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Irrigation pumping exceeds the basin's recharge and has dried springs that support an endemic fish.","secondary_drivers":["groundwater","industrial-energy"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Ref 1 documents over 75 feet of drawdown and springs that once held tui chub drying up between the mid-1980s and early 2000s.","service":"No drinking-water disruption is reported; 99 percent of pumped groundwater irrigates crops (ref 1).","scale":"A single rural basin in Esmeralda County where alfalfa acreage grew from 4,509 to 11,142 acres between 2008 and 2023 (ref 1).","duration":"Drawdown of up to 2 feet a year has continued since the late 1960s (refs 1, 2).","significance":"The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service issued a proposed endangered listing on May 21, 2025, after a 2023 Center for Biological Diversity lawsuit (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population figure was reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"In 2023 the Nevada State Engineer's Office assessed the Fish Lake Valley basin as overappropriated by 150 to 250 percent of perennial yield (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Basin perennial yield","value":30000,"unit":"acre-feet per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2, citing state documents."},{"name":"Groundwater drawdown since the late 1960s","value":75,"unit":"feet (over)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Alfalfa acreage, 2023","value":11142,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Up nearly 250% from 4,509 acres in 2008 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Rhyolite Ridge proposed water use","value":4032,"unit":"acre-feet per year","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Alfalfa acreage more than doubled from 2008 to 2023 and new lithium demand is proposed (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Nevada State Engineer, Nevada Division of Water Resources","role":"Water-rights regulator; pending ioneer change application"},{"name":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","role":"Proposed ESA listing"},{"name":"Nevada Department of Wildlife","role":"Population monitoring"}],"public_contact":"Nevada Division of Water Resources, water.nv.gov","corrective_actions":["Proposed endangered listing published May 21, 2025 (docket FWS-R8-ES-2024-0207)","ioneer application to change purchased farm rights to industrial use pending before the State Engineer"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Endangered Species Status for Fish Lake Valley Tui Chub (proposed rule)","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Federal Register 90 FR 21720","date":"2025-05-21","url":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2025-05-21/html/2025-09127.htm","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Fish Threatened By Farms and Mining Set to Be First Species Listed As Endangered in Second Trump Term","publisher":"Inside Climate News","date":"2025-05-21","url":"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/21052025/nevada-fish-lake-valley-tui-chub-threatened/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Water and Wildlife Battle in Esmeralda County Leads to Uncertain Future for Farms and Ranches","publisher":"The Fallon Post","date":"2025-09-15","url":"https://www.thefallonpost.org/article/9436,water-and-wildlife-battle-in-esmeralda-county-leads-to-uncertain-future-for-farms-and-ranches","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (NV in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Final listing decision","Affected population"],"related_ids":["US-NV-CLAYTON-VALLEY-LITHIUM-WATER-2024"]},{"id":"US-NV-CARSON-RIVER-MERCURY-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Carson River Mercury Superfund Site: fish advisory and residential soil sampling","description":"Mercury from 1800s Comstock Lode ore processing contaminates the Carson River, its floodplain and Lahontan Valley waters, where the state advises against eating fish below Dayton. EPA's interim remedy for the river unit has been pending since its 2021 proposed plan, while EPA and the Nevada Division of Environmental Protection run free residential soil sampling and yard cleanups that continued into fall 2026.","location":{"name":"Carson River Mercury Superfund Site","type":"Superfund site and river segment","state":"NV","states":["NV"],"detail":"Carson River from Mexican Dam to the terminal wetlands, Gold and Six Mile Canyons and Washoe Lake; Dayton to Lahontan Reservoir and the Lahontan Valley","coordinates":{"lat":39.24,"lon":-119.59,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Carson City","Lyon","Storey","Churchill","Washoe"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legacy mercury in river sediment, floodplain soil and fish is the hazard.","secondary_drivers":["other"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA identifies mercury as the contaminant of concern in the river unit and says it is not safe to eat most fish caught in the area (ref 2).","service":"A state health advisory recommends no fish consumption from the Carson River between Dayton and Lahontan Dam and from all Lahontan Valley waters (ref 2).","scale":"Contamination covers five counties, 330 square miles and more than 130 river miles (ref 6).","duration":"Listed on the National Priorities List in 1990; EPA still announced new residential soil sampling for October 2026 (refs 1, 6).","significance":"Federal Superfund listing with EPA-funded sampling and cleanup; the river-unit interim record of decision anticipated for early 2023 is not shown as signed (refs 2, 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population figure was reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"EPA's river and floodplain unit remains under an interim plan proposed in September 2021; the record of decision expected in early 2023 is not shown as signed (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"River miles in site","value":130,"unit":"river miles (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 6."},{"name":"Site area","value":330,"unit":"square miles","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 6."},{"name":"Share of incoming mercury trapped by Lahontan Reservoir","value":92,"unit":"% (up to)","status":"Reported","note":"USGS studies cited in ref 6."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Residential sampling began in summer 2023 and continued into October 2026; no final river remedy is reported (refs 1, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 9","role":"Superfund lead agency"},{"name":"Nevada Division of Environmental Protection","role":"State partner; residential soil program"},{"name":"Nevada Division of Public and Behavioral Health","role":"Fish consumption advisory"}],"public_contact":"NDEP Carson River Mercury Site program, (775) 687-9368","corrective_actions":["Free voluntary residential soil sampling (EPA and NDEP, since 2023)","EPA-funded residential yard cleanup where results warrant (January 2026 fact sheet)","Interim river-unit remedy based on land use controls and monitoring proposed in 2021"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Carson River Mercury Site, Dayton, NV: site overview and updates","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 9","date":"2026-09-30","url":"https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0903020","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Carson River Mercury Site: Cleanup activities","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 9","date":null,"url":"https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/SiteProfiles/index.cfm?fuseaction=second.cleanup&id=0903020","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Carson River Mercury Superfund Site Residential Soil Sampling Program: Site Update","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 9","date":"2023-11-01","url":"https://semspub.epa.gov/work/09/100038709.pdf","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Carson River Mercury Superfund Site: Understanding the Residential Soil Cleanup Process","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 9","date":"2026-01-01","url":"https://semspub.epa.gov/work/09/100046359.pdf","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":5,"title":"NDEP offering FREE, voluntary soil testing for homeowners in the Carson River Superfund Site","publisher":"Nevada Department of Conservation and Natural Resources","date":"2023-04-21","url":"https://dcnr.nv.gov/news/ndep-offering-free-voluntary-soil-testing-for-homeowners-in-the-carson-river-superfund-site","basis":"State record"},{"ref":6,"title":"Local Officials Comment on EPA Proposal","publisher":"The Fallon Post","date":"2021-12-31","url":"https://www.thefallonpost.org/article/3699,local-officials-comment-on-epa-proposal","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New record (NV in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Number of properties sampled or cleaned up","Affected population","Interim ROD signature date"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NV-LAKE-TAHOE-INVASIVES-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lake Tahoe invasive species: mudsnails established, golden mussels intercepted","description":"Divers found invasive New Zealand mudsnails in Lake Tahoe for the first time in September 2023 off the South Shore. After golden mussels spread through California in 2024, Tahoe agencies made decontamination mandatory for visiting motorized boats in 2025 and intercepted the first golden-mussel-fouled vessel on May 30, 2025; 72 boats carrying invasive species were stopped that season.","location":{"name":"Lake Tahoe","type":"Interstate lake","state":"NV","states":["NV","CA"],"detail":"Lake Tahoe Basin, including Fallen Leaf and Echo lakes; Nevada shore in Douglas and Washoe counties and Carson City","coordinates":{"lat":39.09,"lon":-120.03,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Douglas","Washoe","Carson City"],"extent":"multi_state"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Invasive mollusks threaten the lake's native ecosystem and water quality.","secondary_drivers":["other"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Mudsnails confirmed by DNA can outcompete native species (ref 1); TRPA calls golden mussels an 'extreme threat', though none are reported established in the lake (ref 2).","service":"Since 2025 every visiting motorized boat entering Lake Tahoe, Fallen Leaf Lake or Echo Lake must be decontaminated (ref 2).","scale":"The lake is a two-state regional water body; inspectors performed more than 4,700 decontaminations in 2025 (ref 3).","duration":"The mudsnail infestation found in September 2023 led to lake-wide surveys, and interceptions continued through the 2025 season (refs 1, 3).","significance":"TRPA convened an incident team under the federally approved Lake Tahoe Aquatic Invasive Species Management Plan and changed inspection rules in March 2025 (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population figure was reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Inspectors intercepted 72 watercraft carrying aquatic invasive species in 2025, 14 of them with invasive mussels aboard (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Watercraft intercepted with invasive species, 2025","value":72,"unit":"vessels","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Vessels with invasive mussels aboard, 2025","value":14,"unit":"vessels","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Decontaminations, 2025","value":4700,"unit":"decontaminations (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Up 60% over 2024 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Golden mussels spread from the Delta in October 2024 to Silverwood Lake by 2025, and Tahoe interceptions rose (refs 2, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Tahoe Regional Planning Agency","role":"Bistate regulator; AIS program lead"},{"name":"Tahoe Resource Conservation District","role":"Watercraft inspection operator"}],"public_contact":"Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, (775) 589-5278","corrective_actions":["Mudsnail incident team and lake-wide dive surveys (2023)","Mandatory decontamination for visiting motorized watercraft (March 2025)","Added roving inspectors and Tahoe Keepers training"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Invasive New Zealand mudsnails discovered in Lake Tahoe","publisher":"Tahoe Regional Planning Agency","date":"2023-09-21","url":"https://www.trpa.gov/invasive-new-zealand-mudsnails-discovered-in-lake-tahoe/","basis":"Regional agency record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Lake Tahoe inspectors intercept vessel with golden mussels","publisher":"Tahoe Regional Planning Agency","date":"2025-05-31","url":"https://www.trpa.gov/lake-tahoe-inspectors-intercept-vessel-with-golden-mussels/","basis":"Regional agency record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Lake Tahoe Sees Record Watercraft Inspections to Block Invasive Golden Mussels","publisher":"Active NorCal","date":"2025-10-19","url":"https://www.activenorcal.com/lake-tahoe-sees-record-watercraft-inspections-to-block-invasive-golden-mussels/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (NV in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Extent of mudsnail infestation from surveys","Affected population"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NV-HIDDEN-VALLEY-FLASH-FLOOD-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Hidden Valley flash floods hit about 100 homes in 2024 and again in 2026","description":"A July 21, 2024 cloudburst equivalent to a 200-year storm sent mud and debris through Reno's Hidden Valley neighborhood, affecting about 100 homes and closing the regional park; crews hauled about 16,000 cubic yards of mud. On June 19, 2026 flash flooding again impacted nearly 100 homes there, leaving about six uninhabitable and displacing their households.","location":{"name":"Hidden Valley, Washoe County","type":"Neighborhood and drainage area","state":"NV","states":["NV"],"detail":"Southeast Reno at the base of two drainages; Hidden Valley Regional Park","coordinates":{"lat":39.49,"lon":-119.71,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Washoe"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Intense rainfall overwhelmed drainages above the neighborhood and sent debris flows through streets and homes.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The June 2026 flood left about six homes uninhabitable among nearly 100 impacted (ref 4); the 2024 event damaged about 100 homes (ref 1).","service":"Hidden Valley Regional Park was damaged and closed in 2024, and the Red Cross opened a shelter on Longley Lane in 2026 (refs 2, 4).","scale":"One neighborhood of roughly 100 affected homes in each event (refs 1, 4).","duration":"The neighborhood flooded in July 2024 and again in June 2026, a recurring hazard (refs 1, 4).","significance":"Washoe County activated its Regional Emergency Operations Center at Level 2 in 2024 (ref 1), and the state insurance division issued a flood-risk advisory after the 2026 flood (ref 5)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources count about 100 affected homes per event (refs 1, 4) but give no resident count."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A home weather station recorded 1.3 inches of rain in 45 minutes on July 21, 2024, which the National Weather Service confirmed as a 200-year event (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Homes affected, July 2024","value":100,"unit":"homes (approx.)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Homes impacted, June 2026","value":100,"unit":"homes (nearly)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."},{"name":"Homes uninhabitable, June 2026","value":6,"unit":"homes (approx.)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."},{"name":"Mud and debris removed from neighborhood, 2024","value":16000,"unit":"cubic yards (nearly)","status":"Reported","note":"Plus 10,800 cubic yards from the park (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Two damaging flash floods two years apart in the same neighborhood (refs 1, 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Washoe County Community Services Department","role":"Road and debris cleanup"},{"name":"Washoe County Emergency Management","role":"Incident management"},{"name":"Nevada Division of Insurance","role":"Flood insurance guidance"}],"public_contact":"Washoe County Emergency Management, Emergency Washoe website","corrective_actions":["County mud and debris removal and park restoration (2024)","Red Cross damage assessments and shelter","State advisory urging flood insurance (June 2026)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Hidden Valley flood cleanup underway but could take weeks","publisher":"Washoe County","date":"2024-07-25","url":"https://washoelife.washoecounty.gov/washoe-county/hidden-valley-flood-cleanup-underway-but-could-take-weeks/","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Hidden Valley Regional Park to reopen in stages as neighborhood cleanup is completed","publisher":"Washoe County","date":"2024-08-08","url":"https://washoelife.washoecounty.gov/?p=19479","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Cleanup in Hidden Valley continues following record downpour","publisher":"KOLO 8","date":"2024-07-25","url":"https://www.kolotv.com/2024/07/25/cleanup-hidden-valley-continues-following-record-downpour","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Flooding hits Hidden Valley after heavy rain, with water in homes and mud-covered streets","publisher":"News 4 (KRNV)","date":"2026-06-19","url":"https://www.mynews4.com/news/local/heavy-rain-overwhelms-drainage-flooding-i-80-near-vista-blvd","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"Nevadans urged to evaluate flood risk and explore flood insurance options following recent flash flood","publisher":"Nevada Division of Insurance","date":"2026-06-26","url":"https://www.business.nv.gov/news-media/press-releases/2026/division-of-insurance/nevadans-urged-to-evaluate-flood-risk-and-explore-flood-insurance-options-following-recent-flash-flood/","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (NV in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Damage cost","Drainage improvement plans","Affected population"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NV-WALKER-LAKE-RIGHTS-BUYBACK-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Walker Lake collapse: water-rights buyback has secured 57.5% of restoration flow","description":"Upstream agricultural diversions have dropped Walker Lake about 150 feet since 1882 and left it with no fish life since the last Lahontan cutthroat trout was caught in 2009. Record 2023 runoff raised the lake 16.5 feet, and the Walker Basin Conservancy reported in June 2024 that it had acquired 57.5% of the water needed, but the lake must rise about 23 more feet to sustain trout.","location":{"name":"Walker Lake and lower Walker River","type":"Terminal lake and river segment","state":"NV","states":["NV"],"detail":"Near Hawthorne, Mineral County, below Mason and Smith valleys and the Walker River Paiute Reservation","coordinates":{"lat":38.7,"lon":-118.72,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Mineral","Lyon","Douglas"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["surface-water","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Decreed irrigation diversions leave too little inflow to keep the terminal lake fresh enough for fish.","secondary_drivers":["surface-water","agricultural"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The conservancy CEO describes the lake and lower river as in 'complete ecological collapse' with no fish life, and dissolved solids rose from 2,500 to 16,000 mg/L since 1882 (ref 1).","service":"No drinking-water service loss is reported; the impact is ecological and on lake recreation (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The Walker River Basin spans nearly 2.6 million acres across Mono County, Calif., the Walker River Paiute Reservation and Mineral, Douglas and Lyon counties (ref 2).","duration":"The decline spans more than a century, and the lake still needed about 23 more feet of rise in June 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"A 2014-15 state order limiting junior groundwater users to 50% of permitted volume was struck down by a court, per the conservancy CEO (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population figure was reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"57.5% of the water needed to restore Walker Lake has been acquired; the lake must rise about 23 more feet to reach its 2000-level target (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Share of restoration water acquired","value":57.5,"unit":"%","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Lake rise since start of 2023","value":16.5,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Additional rise needed for target salinity","value":23,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Groundwater rights retired in past decade","value":11000,"unit":"acre-feet (over)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Wet 2023 runoff and permanent rights purchases raised the lake, though it remains far below target (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Walker Basin Conservancy","role":"Water-rights acquisition program"},{"name":"Nevada State Engineer, Nevada Division of Water Resources","role":"Water-rights regulator"},{"name":"Walker River Paiute Tribe","role":"Tribal rights holder"}],"public_contact":"Walker Basin Conservancy, walkerbasin.org","corrective_actions":["24 permanent water-rights transactions and leases with 156 farmers and ranchers","State-funded groundwater retirement pilot (about $4 million)","Ten-year goal of about 50,000 acre-feet a year of added flow"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Restoring Hope Amid Ecological Collapse","publisher":"Sierra Nevada Ally","date":"2024-06-20","url":"https://sierranevadaally.org/2024/06/20/restoring-hope-amid-ecological-collapse/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Walker Lake is on the brink of collapse. Is this the year it starts rebounding?","publisher":"The Nevada Independent","date":"2023-06-25","url":"https://thenevadaindependent.com/article/walker-lake-is-on-the-brink-of-collapse-is-this-the-year-it-starts-rebounding","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NV in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Current lake elevation and salinity (2025-2026)","Status of Mineral County public trust litigation","Affected population"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PR-SAN-JUAN-METROPOLITANO-TURBIDITY-TTHM-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Metropolitano system (Sergio Cuevas): repeated turbidity and TTHM violations","description":"Puerto Rico's largest water system, Metropolitano, recorded filtered-water turbidity violations in 2024 and 2025, and the Health Department listed it among PRASA systems that exceeded the trihalomethane (TTHM) limit in both years. EPA's SDWIS lists 18 health-based turbidity violations for the system from October 2023 to April 2026. The AAA president said the Sergio Cuevas filter plant has had four filters out of service since late 2020.","location":{"name":"Metropolitano public water system (PRASA)","type":"Public water system (PRASA)","state":"PR","states":["PR"],"detail":"PRASA's Metro-region surface-water system serving the San Juan metropolitan area, including the Sergio Cuevas filter plant","coordinates":{"lat":18.4655,"lon":-66.1057,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["San Juan"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"PR0002591"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Treatment-plant capacity problems (filters out of service) coincide with turbidity and disinfection-byproduct limits being exceeded.","secondary_drivers":["Aging filtration infrastructure","Surface-water source variability"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The 2024 report (ref 1) lists Metropolitano (2591) among eight PRASA systems that broke the 0.080 mg/L TTHM MCL, and the 2025 report (ref 2) lists it again.","service":"For the 2024 turbidity violations at Metro, Juncos Urbano and Guzmán Arriba, the Health Department required the AAA to issue public notification and submit evidence of it (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS records a population served of 1,084,637 for PR0002591 (ref 4).","duration":"SDWIS (ref 3) lists turbidity violations from October 2023 through April 2026; the AAA said the four Sergio Cuevas filters have been down since late 2020 (ref 5).","significance":"Per refs 1 and 2, the turbidity and TTHM violations fall under the Amended Settlement Agreement (ATE, Civil KPE 2006-0858) approved by the San Juan court of first instance, with corrective plans required."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":1084637,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Se registraron 17 violaciones en 3 sistemas PRASA, a saber: Metro (2591), Juncos Urbano (5166) y Guzmán Arriba (5356) (0.3 NTU in 95% of monthly readings, 2024)."},"measures":[{"name":"SDWIS health-based turbidity violations (codes 43/44), Oct 2023 to Apr 2026","value":18,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Count of SDWIS records for PR0002591 with compliance periods starting on or after 2023-10-01 (ref 3); the February and April 2026 entries show no return-to-compliance date."},{"name":"Sergio Cuevas filters out of service","value":4,"unit":"filters","status":"Reported","note":"AAA president Luis González, July 2025 (ref 5)."},{"name":"PRASA TTHM MCL violations, 2024 (all systems)","value":21,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"21 violations in 8 systems including Metropolitano (ref 1). EPA's SDWIS federal data shows no 2024-2025 TTHM MCL violations for this system, which differs from the state report."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Governor said the Sergio Cuevas plant should be replaced but no site or process has been defined (ref 5)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Turbidity violations dropped from 17 (95th-percentile rule, three systems) in 2024 to 2 in 2025 (refs 1, 2), but Metro still appears in both years and SDWIS shows new 2026 violations (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority (AAA/PRASA)","role":"System operator"},{"name":"Puerto Rico Department of Health (Departamento de Salud), Sección de Agua Potable","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 2","role":"Federal oversight"}],"public_contact":"Departamento de Salud, Sección de Agua Potable, Nacional Plaza #431, Ave. Ponce de León, suite 903, Hato Rey; 787-765-2929 ext. 7845","corrective_actions":["Mitigation measures required by the Health Department under the Amended Settlement Agreement (ATE) (refs 1, 2).","Corrective Action Plan for TTHM MCL violations under the ATE (refs 1, 2).","Governor said the Sergio Cuevas plant should be replaced; no site or process defined as of July 2025 (ref 5)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Informe Anual de Violaciones 2024: Sistemas Públicos de Agua Potable de Puerto Rico","publisher":"Departamento de Salud de Puerto Rico, Sección de Agua Potable","date":"2025-07-01","url":"https://www.salud.pr.gov/CMS/DOWNLOAD/9071","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Informe Anual de Violaciones 2025: Sistemas Públicos de Agua Potable de Puerto Rico","publisher":"Departamento de Salud de Puerto Rico, Sección de Agua Potable","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://www.salud.pr.gov/CMS/DOWNLOAD/10747","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Puerto Rico (Federal data query)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/PR/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:9999/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: METROPOLITANO","publisher":"U.S. EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/PR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/METROPOLITANO/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"Aún quedan sobre 7 mil abonados sin servicio de agua potable en la zona metropolitana","publisher":"Metro Puerto Rico","date":"2025-07-31","url":"https://www.metro.pr/noticias/2025/07/31/aun-quedan-sobre-7-mil-abonados-sin-servicio-de-agua-potable-en-la-zona-metropolitana/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"New record (PR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-PR-STATEWIDE-PRASA-DBP-MCL-2025","US-PR-PRASA-FILTER-PLANT-TURBIDITY-2025"]},{"id":"US-PR-STATEWIDE-PRASA-DBP-MCL-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Disinfection byproduct (TTHM, HAA5) limit violations at a dozen PRASA systems","description":"The Puerto Rico Health Department reported 21 TTHM and 2 HAA5 maximum-contaminant-level violations at PRASA systems in 2024, and 12 TTHM and 11 HAA5 violations in 2025. Río Blanco (serving Naguabo, Vieques and Culebra), Cabo Rojo, Coto Sur and Duey were among the systems still listed in 2025. Three non-PRASA industrial systems in Las Piedras and Caguas also exceeded the HAA5 or TTHM limits.","location":{"name":"PRASA systems with TTHM/HAA5 violations","type":"Multiple public water systems","state":"PR","states":["PR"],"detail":"Systems named by the Health Department: Sabana Grande, Las Marías, Ponce de León (Mayagüez), Coto Laurel (Ponce), Cayey Urbano, Toa Vaca, Río Blanco, Cabo Rojo, Jayuya Urbano, Coto Sur, Manatí East, Duey (Yauco), Metropolitano","coordinates":{"lat":18.22,"lon":-66.59,"precision":"state","source_ref":3},"counties":["Utuado","Las Marías","Mayagüez","Ponce","Cayey","Villalba","Naguabo","Vieques","Culebra","Cabo Rojo","Jayuya","Manatí","Yauco"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsids":["PR0003333","PR0003363","PR0003643","PR0004524","PR0004635","PR0004664","PR0005386","PR0003373","PR0002712","PR0002962","PR0003262","PR0004234","PR0644096","PR0613396"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Chlorination of organic-rich surface water forms regulated byproducts above federal limits.","secondary_drivers":["Organic precursors in surface water","Treatment optimization"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Health Department tables (refs 1, 2) count MCL violations of TTHM (0.080 mg/L) and HAA5 (0.060 mg/L), which it describes as potential carcinogens.","service":"The cited reports describe no outage or drinking restriction tied to the byproduct violations (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Systems named in 2025 include Río Blanco (79,822 served), Toa Vaca (34,259) and Sabana Grande (25,832) per SDWIS (ref 3), well above 100,000 combined.","duration":"Sabana Grande, Cayey Urbano, Toa Vaca, Río Blanco, Jayuya Urbano and Coto Sur appear in both the 2024 and 2025 violation lists (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Systems with MCL violations are under a Corrective Action Plan under the court-approved Amended Settlement Agreement (ATE) (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No combined population is published; SDWIS populations for the individual systems are in ref 3."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Los sistemas PRASA en incumplimiento con el MCL de TTHM durante el 2025 fueron: Sabana Grande (3333), Cabo Rojo (3373), Cayey Urbano (4635), Toa Vaca (4664), Río Blanco (5386) y Metropolitano (2591)."},"measures":[{"name":"PRASA TTHM MCL violations, 2024","value":21,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"8 systems (ref 1)."},{"name":"PRASA HAA5 MCL violations, 2024","value":2,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Jayuya Urbano and Coto Sur (ref 1)."},{"name":"PRASA TTHM MCL violations, 2025","value":12,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"6 systems (ref 2)."},{"name":"PRASA HAA5 MCL violations, 2025","value":11,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Jayuya Urbano, Coto Sur, Manatí East, Duey (ref 2)."},{"name":"Non-PRASA HAA5 MCL violations, 2025","value":5,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"McNeil (644096) and Neolpharma (613396) (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"TTHM violations fell from 21 to 12 between 2024 and 2025 while HAA5 violations rose from 2 to 11; five systems returned to compliance (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority (AAA/PRASA)","role":"System operator"},{"name":"Puerto Rico Department of Health (Departamento de Salud), Sección de Agua Potable","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Departamento de Salud, Sección de Agua Potable, Nacional Plaza #431, Ave. Ponce de León, suite 903, Hato Rey; 787-765-2929 ext. 7845","corrective_actions":["Corrective Action Plan under the Amended Settlement Agreement (ATE) for PRASA systems with MCL violations (refs 1, 2).","Notices of violation and required corrective action for non-PRASA systems McNeil and Neolpharma (ref 2).","Sabana Grande, Cayey Urbano, Toa Vaca, Jayuya and Manatí East returned to compliance in 2025 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Informe Anual de Violaciones 2024: Sistemas Públicos de Agua Potable de Puerto Rico","publisher":"Departamento de Salud de Puerto Rico, Sección de Agua Potable","date":"2025-07-01","url":"https://www.salud.pr.gov/CMS/DOWNLOAD/9071","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Informe Anual de Violaciones 2025: Sistemas Públicos de Agua Potable de Puerto Rico","publisher":"Departamento de Salud de Puerto Rico, Sección de Agua Potable","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://www.salud.pr.gov/CMS/DOWNLOAD/10747","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system inventory, Puerto Rico (population served)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/PR/ROWS/0:9999/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (PR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-PR-SAN-JUAN-METROPOLITANO-TURBIDITY-TTHM-2026"]},{"id":"US-PR-PRASA-FILTER-PLANT-TURBIDITY-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"PRASA filter plants in Juncos, Guzmán Arriba, Coto Laurel and El Yunque break turbidity rules","description":"Outside the Metropolitano system, the Health Department cited Juncos Urbano and Guzmán Arriba for turbidity treatment violations in 2024, and Coto Laurel (Ponce) and El Yunque (Río Grande) in 2025. SDWIS lists 11 health-based turbidity violations at Guzmán Arriba between December 2023 and October 2024. Turbidity has no direct health effect but can interfere with disinfection.","location":{"name":"Juncos-Ceiba Sur, Guzmán Arriba, Coto Laurel, El Yunque","type":"Multiple public water systems (PRASA)","state":"PR","states":["PR"],"detail":"PRASA surface-water systems in Juncos, Río Grande and Ponce","coordinates":{"lat":18.2275,"lon":-65.921,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Juncos","Río Grande","Ponce"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsids":["PR0005166","PR0005356","PR0004524","PR0005296"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Filter performance at treatment plants determines whether turbidity limits that protect disinfection are met.","secondary_drivers":["Filtration performance","Storm-driven raw-water turbidity"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The Health Department says turbidity has no direct health effects but can interfere with disinfection and shelter pathogens (ref 1); no illness is reported.","service":"In 2025 the system issued public notices for the 1.49 NTU exceedances at Metro, Coto Laurel and El Yunque (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS populations: El Yunque 68,114, Juncos-Ceiba Sur 36,835, Coto Laurel 12,979, Guzmán Arriba 2,662 (refs 4-7), about 120,600 combined.","duration":"Guzmán Arriba has SDWIS turbidity violations in ten separate months from December 2023 to October 2024 (ref 3), and the 2025 report adds Coto Laurel and El Yunque (ref 2).","significance":"The Health Department says these violations are covered by the Amended Settlement Agreement (ATE) and mitigation measures were required (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":120590,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS populations served for the four systems (refs 4-7)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Las seis (6) excedencias al nivel de turbiedad individual de 1.49 NTU fueron registradas en tres (3) sistemas PRASA, a saber: Metro (2591), Coto Laurel (4524) y El Yunque (5296) (2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"SDWIS turbidity violations at Guzmán Arriba (PR0005356), Dec 2023 to Oct 2024","value":11,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"SDWIS turbidity violations at Juncos-Ceiba Sur (PR0005166), Oct 2023 to May 2024","value":3,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"PRASA single-reading turbidity exceedances (>1.49 NTU), 2024","value":10,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"6 systems (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Islandwide PRASA turbidity treatment violations fell from 27 in 2024 to 8 in 2025 (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority (AAA/PRASA)","role":"System operator"},{"name":"Puerto Rico Department of Health (Departamento de Salud), Sección de Agua Potable","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Departamento de Salud, Sección de Agua Potable, Nacional Plaza #431, Ave. Ponce de León, suite 903, Hato Rey; 787-765-2929 ext. 7845","corrective_actions":["Notices of violation and required public notification (refs 1, 2).","Mitigation measures required and implemented under the Amended Settlement Agreement (ATE) (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Informe Anual de Violaciones 2024: Sistemas Públicos de Agua Potable de Puerto Rico","publisher":"Departamento de Salud de Puerto Rico, Sección de Agua Potable","date":"2025-07-01","url":"https://www.salud.pr.gov/CMS/DOWNLOAD/9071","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Informe Anual de Violaciones 2025: Sistemas Públicos de Agua Potable de Puerto Rico","publisher":"Departamento de Salud de Puerto Rico, Sección de Agua Potable","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://www.salud.pr.gov/CMS/DOWNLOAD/10747","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Puerto Rico (Federal data query)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/PR/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:9999/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: JUNCOS - CEIBA SUR","publisher":"U.S. EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/PR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/JUNCOS%20-%20CEIBA%20SUR/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: GUZMAN ARRIBA","publisher":"U.S. EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/PR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/GUZMAN%20ARRIBA/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"SDWIS water system record: COTTO LAUREL","publisher":"U.S. EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/PR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/COTTO%20LAUREL/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":7,"title":"SDWIS water system record: EL YUNQUE","publisher":"U.S. EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/PR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/EL%20YUNQUE/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (PR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 5 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (5). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-PR-SAN-JUAN-METROPOLITANO-TURBIDITY-TTHM-2026","US-PR-PRASA-LT2-CRYPTOSPORIDIUM-TREATMENT-2025"]},{"id":"US-PR-PRASA-LT2-CRYPTOSPORIDIUM-TREATMENT-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Luquillo and other PRASA plants miss Cryptosporidium (LT2) treatment requirements","description":"The Health Department recorded nine LT2 treatment-technique violations at six PRASA systems in 2024 (Luquillo, Sanamuerto, Duey-Río Prieto, Malpaso, Barranquitas and Aguas Buenas) and three in 2025 (Río Prieto, Luquillo and Esperanza). The plants did not meet the stricter filter turbidity levels or UV operating conditions that their Cryptosporidium treatment credit requires. SDWIS lists five such violations at Luquillo Urbano from October 2023 to January 2025.","location":{"name":"Luquillo Urbano and other PRASA LT2 systems","type":"Multiple public water systems (PRASA)","state":"PR","states":["PR"],"detail":"Luquillo; Sanamuerto (Morovis); Duey-Río Prieto (Yauco); Malpaso (Peñuelas); Barranquitas; Aguas Buenas; Esperanza (Arecibo)","coordinates":{"lat":18.3725,"lon":-65.7166,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Luquillo","Morovis","Yauco","Peñuelas","Barranquitas","Aguas Buenas","Arecibo"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsids":["PR0005316","PR0003022","PR0004234","PR0004464","PR0004605","PR0005046","PR0002792"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Filter and UV performance at small plants decides whether the extra Cryptosporidium treatment is delivered.","secondary_drivers":["Filter performance","UV system operation"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The violations mean the treatment needed for the plants' Cryptosporidium bin classification was not maintained (refs 1, 2); no illness was reported.","service":"Neither annual report describes outages or boil orders at these plants; it records two PRASA public-notification violations under the LT2 rule in 2024 (ref 1).","scale":"The seven systems serve about 32,700 people per SDWIS, Luquillo Urbano alone 9,001 (refs 3, 4).","duration":"Luquillo is named in both the 2024 and 2025 reports (refs 1, 2), and SDWIS shows a further microbial treatment violation at Esperanza in February 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"Each case is a formal treatment-technique violation (code 42) recorded by the Health Department (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":32706,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS populations for the seven systems named (refs 3, 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Se registraron nueve (9) violaciones a la técnica de tratamiento (violación 42) al no alcanzar cumplimiento con el nivel de turbidez requerido de ≤ 0.15 NTU en el 95% de las muestras (2024)."},"measures":[{"name":"LT2 treatment-technique violations, PRASA, 2024","value":9,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"6 systems (ref 1)."},{"name":"LT2 treatment-technique violations, PRASA, 2025","value":3,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Río Prieto, Luquillo, Esperanza (ref 2)."},{"name":"SDWIS LT2 violations at Luquillo Urbano, Oct 2023 to Jan 2025","value":5,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"LT2 treatment violations fell from 9 in 2024 to 3 in 2025 (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority (AAA/PRASA)","role":"System operator"},{"name":"Puerto Rico Department of Health (Departamento de Salud), Sección de Agua Potable","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Departamento de Salud, Sección de Agua Potable, Nacional Plaza #431, Ave. Ponce de León, suite 903, Hato Rey; 787-765-2929 ext. 7845","corrective_actions":["Notices of violation issued by the Health Department (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Informe Anual de Violaciones 2024: Sistemas Públicos de Agua Potable de Puerto Rico","publisher":"Departamento de Salud de Puerto Rico, Sección de Agua Potable","date":"2025-07-01","url":"https://www.salud.pr.gov/CMS/DOWNLOAD/9071","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Informe Anual de Violaciones 2025: Sistemas Públicos de Agua Potable de Puerto Rico","publisher":"Departamento de Salud de Puerto Rico, Sección de Agua Potable","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://www.salud.pr.gov/CMS/DOWNLOAD/10747","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system inventory, Puerto Rico (population served)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/PR/ROWS/0:9999/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: LUQUILLO URBANO","publisher":"U.S. EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/PR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LUQUILLO%20URBANO/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (PR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-PR-PRASA-FILTER-PLANT-TURBIDITY-2025"]},{"id":"US-PR-STATEWIDE-NON-PRASA-COMMUNITY-SYSTEMS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Non-PRASA community water systems: E. coli violations, untreated water and boil orders","description":"Puerto Rico has 241 community water systems run by the communities themselves rather than the AAA, serving about 86,700 people, and 61 of them provided no disinfection as of September 2025. The Health Department recorded E. coli MCL violations at four systems in 2024 and two in 2025, along with more than 1,200 bacteriological sampling violations each year. Most are under its administrative orders, and noncompliant systems receive boil-water orders.","location":{"name":"Non-PRASA community water systems","type":"Community-run public water systems","state":"PR","states":["PR"],"detail":"E. coli MCL systems: Quebrada Larga (Aguada), Comunidad Río Piedras and Periche (San Germán), Acueducto Rural de Tejas (Yabucoa), Brisas del Torito 1 (Cayey), Comunidad Las Cuarenta (Lares)","coordinates":{"lat":18.22,"lon":-66.59,"precision":"state","source_ref":5},"counties":["Aguada","San Germán","Yabucoa","Cayey","Lares"],"extent":"statewide","pwsids":["PR0302033","PR0364043","PR0364013","PR0677016","PR0518145","PR0242122"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Small community systems lack treatment, operators and money to sample, which leads to bacterial contamination and monitoring failures.","secondary_drivers":["Lack of disinfection and filtration","Limited technical, managerial and financial capacity","Rural surface-water sources"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"E. coli MCL violations at Quebrada Larga, Comunidad Río Piedras, Periche and Tejas in 2024 (ref 1), and at Brisas del Torito 1 and Comunidad Las Cuarenta in 2025 (ref 2).","service":"The Health Department says non-PRASA systems that fail disinfection or sampling requirements receive notices of violation and boil-water orders (refs 1, 2).","scale":"241 community systems serving 86,734 people across the island, 61 (25%) without treatment (ref 2).","duration":"The Health Department recorded 1,255 coliform sampling violations at community systems in 2024 and 1,231 in 2025 (refs 1, 2); untreated systems remain a priority.","significance":"Most community systems are under Health Department administrative orders (SAO), and unfiltered surface systems are under federal EPA enforcement actions (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":86734,"status":"Reported","note":"Population of non-PRASA community systems as of September 2025 (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Comunales: 241 sistemas, 86,734 población, 180 (75%) con tratamiento, 61 (25%) sin tratamiento (septiembre de 2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"Non-PRASA community systems without disinfection","value":61,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"September 2025 (ref 2)."},{"name":"E. coli MCL violations, non-PRASA, 2024","value":4,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"E. coli MCL violations, non-PRASA, 2025","value":2,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Coliform sampling (M/R) violations, community systems, 2025","value":1231,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"113 systems (ref 2)."},{"name":"Failures to complete Level 1/2 assessments, non-PRASA, 2025","value":5,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"4 systems (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Health Department: sampling violations are mostly due to the community systems' lack of financial capacity (ref 2).","Section director: systems not run by the AAA lack administrative, technical and financial capacity (ref 4)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Sampling violations at community systems fell slightly (1,255 to 1,231) and untreated systems rose from 59 to 61 between the 2024 and 2025 reports (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Community water system operators (non-PRASA)","role":"System operators"},{"name":"Puerto Rico Department of Health (Departamento de Salud), Sección de Agua Potable","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 2","role":"Federal oversight"}],"public_contact":"Departamento de Salud, Sección de Agua Potable, Nacional Plaza #431, Ave. Ponce de León, suite 903, Hato Rey; 787-765-2929 ext. 7845","corrective_actions":["Health Department administrative orders (SAO) for most community systems (refs 1, 2).","Technical assistance from the Health Department, nonprofits and Supplemental Environmental Projects (SEP) (ref 2).","Circuit-rider sampling project credited with reducing sampling violations (ref 2).","Planned elimination of unfiltered surface systems by connection to PRASA or installing filtration (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Informe Anual de Violaciones 2024: Sistemas Públicos de Agua Potable de Puerto Rico","publisher":"Departamento de Salud de Puerto Rico, Sección de Agua Potable","date":"2025-07-01","url":"https://www.salud.pr.gov/CMS/DOWNLOAD/9071","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Informe Anual de Violaciones 2025: Sistemas Públicos de Agua Potable de Puerto Rico","publisher":"Departamento de Salud de Puerto Rico, Sección de Agua Potable","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://www.salud.pr.gov/CMS/DOWNLOAD/10747","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Programa de Supervisión de Sistemas Públicos de Agua Potable","publisher":"Departamento de Salud de Puerto Rico","date":null,"url":"https://www.salud.pr.gov/CMS/612","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-08"},{"ref":4,"title":"Recomendaciones para tratar agua turbia tras restablecimiento de servicio","publisher":"Metro Puerto Rico","date":"2025-08-01","url":"https://www.metro.pr/estilo-vida/2025/08/01/recomendaciones-para-tratar-agua-turbia-tras-restablecimiento-de-servicio/","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system inventory, Puerto Rico (population served)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/PR/ROWS/0:9999/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"New record (PR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-PR-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINE-INVENTORY-2024"]},{"id":"US-PR-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINE-INVENTORY-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lead service lines: 258 Puerto Rico systems cited after 2024 inventory deadline","description":"EPA's SDWIS lists 258 Lead and Copper Rule Revisions treatment-technique violations at Puerto Rico water systems, all dated October 17, 2024, the day after the federal deadline for initial lead service line inventories; 236 remain open. The AAA began counting lead service connections in 2024, and Primera Hora reported in May 2026 that about 500,000 AAA subscribers receive water through such lines. Puerto Rico received $27.46 million in federal funds to find and replace them.","location":{"name":"Puerto Rico public water systems","type":"Statewide drinking-water program","state":"PR","states":["PR"],"detail":"Of the 258 systems cited, SDWIS lists 223 as privately owned and 35 as government-owned; the AAA inventory covers its island-wide network","coordinates":{"lat":18.22,"lon":-66.59,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead in pipes and fixtures is an infrastructure problem that becomes a water-quality exposure.","secondary_drivers":["Lead service lines in older urban areas","Small-system compliance capacity"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No PRASA system exceeded the lead action level in 2024 or 2025, but three non-community and one community non-PRASA system exceeded the lead 90th percentile in 2025 (ref 4).","service":"None of the cited sources reports a do-not-drink order or service restriction tied to lead.","scale":"Primera Hora reports about 500,000 AAA subscribers receive water through lead lines (ref 3), and the 258 cited systems serve 104,627 people per SDWIS (ref 1).","duration":"236 of the October 17, 2024 SDWIS violations show no return to compliance as of October 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Each SDWIS entry is a formal treatment-technique violation under rule code 351 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":104627,"status":"Reported","note":"Combined SDWIS population of the 258 systems cited on 2024-10-17 (ref 1); the separate estimate of about 500,000 AAA subscribers on lead lines is in ref 3."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"258 SDWIS treatment-technique violations under the Lead and Copper Rule Revisions, all with a compliance period beginning 2024-10-17; 236 open."},"measures":[{"name":"LCRR violations dated 2024-10-17","value":258,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1 (rule code 351, contaminant code 5200)."},{"name":"Of which still open","value":236,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Compliance status 'O' in SDWIS (ref 1)."},{"name":"AAA subscribers served by lead service lines","value":500000,"unit":"subscribers","status":"Estimated","note":"AAA estimate when its 2024 inspection began, as reported by Primera Hora (ref 3)."},{"name":"Federal lead line replacement allocation for Puerto Rico","value":27456000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Via the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund, May 2026 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority (AAA/PRASA)","role":"System operator"},{"name":"Puerto Rico Department of Health (Departamento de Salud), Sección de Agua Potable","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 2","role":"Federal oversight"}],"public_contact":"Departamento de Salud, Sección de Agua Potable, Nacional Plaza #431, Ave. Ponce de León, suite 903, Hato Rey; 787-765-2929 ext. 7845","corrective_actions":["AAA inventory of lead service connections starting January 2024, with field excavation sampling of pre-1970 homes planned (ref 2).","AAA to submit a removal plan for all identified lead lines after the inventory (ref 2).","$27,456,000 DWSRF allocation to identify and replace lead service lines (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Puerto Rico (Federal data query)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/PR/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:9999/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"AAA realizará inventario de las tuberías de plomo en la isla","publisher":"Metro Puerto Rico","date":"2023-12-04","url":"https://www.metro.pr/noticias/2023/12/01/aaa-realizara-inventario-de-las-tuberias-de-plomo-en-la-isla/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Asignan $27.4 millones para el reemplazo de tuberías de plomo en los sistemas de agua potable en la Isla","publisher":"Primera Hora","date":"2026-05-20","url":"https://www.primerahora.com/noticias/puerto-rico/notas/asignan-274-millones-para-el-reemplazo-de-tuberias-de-plomo-en-los-sistemas-de-agua-potable-en-la-isla/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Informe Anual de Violaciones 2025: Sistemas Públicos de Agua Potable de Puerto Rico","publisher":"Departamento de Salud de Puerto Rico, Sección de Agua Potable","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://www.salud.pr.gov/CMS/DOWNLOAD/10747","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (PR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Count of confirmed lead and unknown-material service lines in Puerto Rico"],"related_ids":["US-PR-STATEWIDE-NON-PRASA-COMMUNITY-SYSTEMS-2025"]},{"id":"US-PR-DORADO-PCE-TCE-WELLS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Dorado public supply wells contaminated with PCE and TCE; source still unknown","description":"Groundwater under Dorado is contaminated with the solvents tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE), which have reached wells in PRASA's Maguayo and Dorado Urbano systems. Those systems serve more than 67,000 people. ATSDR's June 2026 summary finds residents unlikely to be harmed by the low levels now in the water, but says the source of contamination is still unidentified and recommends that EPA and the DNER keep searching for it.","location":{"name":"Maguayo and Dorado Urbano systems (Dorado)","type":"Public water systems (PRASA groundwater)","state":"PR","states":["PR"],"detail":"Dorado Groundwater Contamination Superfund site, Dorado municipality","coordinates":{"lat":18.4589,"lon":-66.2677,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Dorado"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"PR0005597","pwsids":["PR0005597","PR0005607"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Industrial solvents in the aquifer reduce the usable well supply and require monitoring of delivered water.","secondary_drivers":["Industrial solvent contamination of the North Coast Limestone aquifer"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"PCE reached 15 ppb in Maguayo 4 in 2019, three times EPA's 5 ppb standard, and about 10% of 2008-2015 samples were above 5 ppb (ref 2).","service":"Contaminated wells contributing to the systems were closed, some temporarily and others permanently (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The Dorado well systems supply more than 67,000 people (ref 2); SDWIS lists 30,235 for Maguayo and 37,244 for Dorado Urbano (refs 3, 4).","duration":"ATSDR reports VOCs detected at low levels in the well system since the 1980s, and the source is still unknown in 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"EPA listed the Dorado Groundwater Contamination site on the National Priorities List on April 7, 2016 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":67479,"status":"Reported","note":"Sum of SDWIS populations for Maguayo (30,235) and Dorado Urbano (37,244) (refs 3, 4); ATSDR cites more than 67,000 (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PCE levels ranged from non-detected to 15 ppb; the highest level (15 ppb) was recorded in 2019 from the Maguayo 4 well."},"measures":[{"name":"Maximum PCE in Dorado supply wells","value":15,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Maguayo 4, 2019 (ref 2). MCL 5 ppb."},{"name":"Maximum TCE in Dorado supply wells","value":6.4,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Maguayo 3, February 2006 (ref 2). MCL 5 ppb."},{"name":"Water samples reviewed by ATSDR","value":1500,"unit":"samples","status":"Reported","note":"Collected 2002-2019 by EPA Region 2 and PRASA (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"ATSDR finds current levels in delivered water low (ref 1); contamination source not yet identified."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 2","role":"Federal oversight"},{"name":"Puerto Rico Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DNER/DRNA)","role":"State environmental agency"},{"name":"Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority (AAA/PRASA)","role":"System operator"},{"name":"Puerto Rico Department of Health (Departamento de Salud), Sección de Agua Potable","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry","role":"Federal health assessment"}],"public_contact":"ATSDR Region 2 toxicologist, (732) 906-6933 (per ATSDR fact sheet)","corrective_actions":["Contaminated wells closed by EPA in 1990; Superaqueduct connected in 2001 to supplement supply (ref 1).","ATSDR recommends EPA and DNER continue identifying the source and collect additional samples (ref 1).","Health Department to continue routine Safe Drinking Water Act monitoring with EPA assistance (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Summary of ATSDR's Public Health Assessment: Evaluation of Chemicals in Public Drinking Water, Dorado, Puerto Rico","publisher":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (CDC)","date":"2026-06-22","url":"https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HAC/pha/Dorado/FS-Dorado-508.pdf","basis":"Federal health agency report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Public Health Assessment, Dorado Well Groundwater Contamination Site (public comment release)","publisher":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (CDC)","date":"2023-06-14","url":"https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HAC/pha/Dorado/DoradoNPL-PHA-508.pdf","basis":"Federal health agency report"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: MAGUAYO","publisher":"U.S. EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/PR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MAGUAYO/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: DORADO URBANO","publisher":"U.S. EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/PR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/DORADO%20URBANO/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (PR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PR-STATEWIDE-LEPTOSPIROSIS-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Leptospirosis: 371 cases and 14 deaths in 2024, peaking in the rainy season","description":"The Puerto Rico Health Department counted 371 probable or confirmed leptospirosis cases in 2024 in 68 municipalities, with fourteen associated deaths. Incidence peaked in September and October, the months of heaviest rain. The department issued health alerts in May for a rain event and in August ahead of Tropical Storm Ernesto. In February 2024 it was investigating about 25 deaths since January 2023 as possible leptospirosis cases.","location":{"name":"Puerto Rico (islandwide)","type":"Territory-wide disease surveillance","state":"PR","states":["PR"],"detail":"Cases in 68 municipalities; Caguas and Ponce health regions had the most cases in 2024","coordinates":{"lat":18.22,"lon":-66.59,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","surface-water","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Infection follows contact with floodwater, rivers or soil contaminated by infected animal urine.","secondary_drivers":["Floodwater and freshwater exposure","Heavy rain and tropical storms"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The December 2024 surveillance report records fourteen deaths associated with leptospirosis among 2024 cases (ref 1).","service":"Leptospirosis spreads through contact with contaminated water and soil; the cited sources report no water-service disruption.","scale":"2024 cases came from 68 municipalities in every health region of Puerto Rico (ref 1).","duration":"652 cases met the case definition across 2023 and 2024, with rainy-season peaks in both years (ref 1); the disease is endemic.","significance":"The Health Department issued PRHAN health alerts in May 2024 and August 2024 (Tropical Storm Ernesto) (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":371,"status":"Reported","note":"Probable and confirmed cases in 2024 (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Se identificaron 371 que cumplieron con la definición de caso: 48 casos confirmados y 323 casos probables (2024)."},"measures":[{"name":"Leptospirosis cases, 2024","value":371,"unit":"cases","status":"Reported","note":"48 confirmed, 323 probable (ref 1)."},{"name":"Leptospirosis cases, 2023","value":281,"unit":"cases","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Deaths associated with leptospirosis, 2024","value":14,"unit":"deaths","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Deaths under investigation, Jan 2023 to Feb 2024","value":25,"unit":"deaths","status":"Reported","note":"About 25, per Primera Hora (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Cases rose from 281 in 2023 to 371 in 2024 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Puerto Rico Department of Health, División de Epidemiología e Investigación","role":"Disease surveillance"}],"public_contact":"Departamento de Salud de Puerto Rico, División de Epidemiología e Investigación (salud.pr.gov)","corrective_actions":["PRHAN alerts to health providers in May and August 2024 (ref 1).","Public guidance to avoid floodwater, cover wounds and drink safe (preferably bottled) water after storms (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Informe Vigilancia de Leptospirosis, Diciembre 2024","publisher":"Departamento de Salud de Puerto Rico, División de Epidemiología e Investigación","date":"2025-01-09","url":"https://covid19datos.salud.pr.gov/CMS/DOWNLOAD/9670","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Salud investiga 25 defunciones como posibles casos de leptospirosis","publisher":"Primera Hora","date":"2024-02-27","url":"https://www.primerahora.com/noticias/gobierno-politica/notas/salud-investiga-25-defunciones-como-posibles-casos-de-leptospirosis","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (PR in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-PR-ERNESTO-FLOODING-DISASTER-2024"]},{"id":"US-PR-CANOVANAS-INTAKE-OIL-CONTAMINATION-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Oil and grease at Loíza Valley intake shut Canóvanas filter plant for days","description":"On June 27, 2026 the AAA found an oily substance at the Loíza Valley raw-water intake and pump station and shut down the Canóvanas filter plant. Laboratories confirmed oil and grease contamination, and about 10,000 to 11,000 customers in Canóvanas and Loíza lost water service. The Health Department endorsed a restart on June 30 after additional filter cleaning, and the source was still under investigation by the AAA and DNER.","location":{"name":"Canóvanas filter plant / Loíza Valley intake","type":"Water treatment plant and raw-water intake (PRASA)","state":"PR","states":["PR"],"detail":"Serves communities in Canóvanas and Loíza","coordinates":{"lat":18.3791,"lon":-65.9013,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Canóvanas","Loíza"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Contamination of the raw-water source forced the treatment plant offline.","secondary_drivers":["Source-water contamination (oil and grease)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Laboratories confirmed oil and grease in the system; the plant was kept offline so no contaminated water was reported delivered (ref 2).","service":"The AAA president estimated 10,000 to 11,000 customers without drinking water (ref 1); tanker trucks supplied both municipalities (ref 3).","scale":"The outage affected communities in two municipalities, Canóvanas and Loíza (refs 1, 3).","duration":"Service was cut from Saturday, June 27, 2026, and the Health Department endorsed restart around June 30 (ref 3).","significance":"Restart required a formal Health Department endorsement based on new sample results (ref 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":11000,"status":"Reported","note":"Upper end of the AAA president's estimate of 10,000-11,000 customers (accounts, not people) without service (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"AAA president estimated between 10,000 and 11,000 customers without drinking water service after oil and grease were found at the Loíza Valley intake."},"measures":[{"name":"Customers without service","value":11000,"unit":"customers","status":"Reported","note":"Estimate of 10,000-11,000 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority (AAA/PRASA)","role":"System operator"},{"name":"Puerto Rico Department of Health (Departamento de Salud), Sección de Agua Potable","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Puerto Rico Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DNER/DRNA)","role":"Source investigation"}],"public_contact":"Departamento de Salud, Sección de Agua Potable, Nacional Plaza #431, Ave. Ponce de León, suite 903, Hato Rey; 787-765-2929 ext. 7845","corrective_actions":["Specialized contractor mobilized to remove the oily material from the water surface, followed by new sampling (ref 2).","Additional filter cleaning before Health Department endorsed restart (ref 3).","AAA and DNER inspection to identify the source (refs 2, 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"AAA espera por resultados de laboratorios para determinar procedencia de sustancia en estación de bombas en Canóvanas","publisher":"El Nuevo Día","date":"2026-06-27","url":"https://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/locales/notas/aaa-espera-por-resultados-de-laboratorios-para-determinar-procedencia-de-sustancia-en-estacion-de-bombas-en-canovanas/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Laboratorios confirman contaminación con aceites y grasas en sistema de la AAA","publisher":"Primera Hora","date":"2026-06-28","url":"https://www.primerahora.com/noticias/gobierno-politica/notas/laboratorios-confirman-contaminacion-con-aceites-y-grasas-en-sistema-de-la-aaa/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Salud da luz verde al reinicio de operaciones de la planta de filtros de Canóvanas","publisher":"Primera Hora","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://www.primerahora.com/noticias/gobierno-politica/notas/salud-da-luz-verde-al-reinicio-de-operaciones-de-la-planta-de-filtros-de-canovanas/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (PR in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["location.pwsid (EPA system ID for the Canóvanas plant's service area not identified)","Source of the contamination"],"related_ids":["US-PR-RIO-GRANDE-CANOVANAS-RATIONING-2026"]},{"id":"US-PR-CARRAIZO-RATIONING-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Carraízo reservoir drought triggers 48-hour water rationing in seven municipalities","description":"After the driest July on record, the Carraízo reservoir in Trujillo Alto fell to the AAA's operational-adjustments level and the AAA began 48-hour scheduled water cuts in early August 2026 for about 183,000 accounts in San Juan, Trujillo Alto, Carolina, Canóvanas, Loíza, Gurabo and Juncos, roughly half a million people. The AAA suspended the plan on September 1 after tropical-storm runoff raised the reservoir, and as of September 2 had not set a restart date.","location":{"name":"Carraízo reservoir service area (Sergio Cuevas plant)","type":"Reservoir-fed municipal utility service area","state":"PR","states":["PR"],"detail":"Lago Loíza (Carraízo) in Trujillo Alto feeds the Sergio Cuevas filter plant serving parts of the San Juan metro area (AAA Metropolitano system).","coordinates":{"lat":18.35,"lon":-66.01,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["San Juan","Trujillo Alto","Carolina","Canóvanas","Loíza","Gurabo","Juncos"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"PR0002591"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Drought-driven loss of reservoir storage forced scheduled cuts in drinking-water service.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Euronews (ref 1) reports dead fish appearing on the Carraízo shoreline as the reservoir dropped below 38 meters; no drinking-water health harm is documented.","service":"The AAA cut service to rationed zones in alternating 48-hour shifts starting the Friday after the August 4 announcement (refs 1, 2).","scale":"About 183,000 subscriber households and businesses in seven municipalities, roughly 500,000 people, were in the rationing zones (ref 1).","duration":"Rationing ran from about August 7 until the AAA suspended it on the afternoon of September 1, 2026, with restart undetermined (refs 1, 4).","significance":"Governor González declared a drought state of emergency on July 31, 2026 (ref 5), and the AAA board president resigned over the rationing decision (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":500000,"status":"Reported","note":"Euronews (ref 1) puts the rationing zones at about 183,000 accounts, roughly half a million people. SDWIS lists the whole Metropolitano system at 1,084,637 (ref 7)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 183,000 households and businesses (roughly 500,000 people) placed on 48-hour rotating water cuts (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Accounts in rationing zones","value":183000,"unit":"accounts","status":"Reported","note":"Euronews (ref 1)."},{"name":"Carraízo reservoir level at start of rationing","value":38,"unit":"meters (below)","status":"Reported","note":"Euronews (ref 1): below 38 m; normal-operation minimum about 30 m per the same source."},{"name":"July 2026 rainfall","value":0.54,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"About 9% of normal, lowest monthly total on record since 1899 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["AAA promised bill credits for days without service and paused disconnections in rationed zones (ref 6)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Plan suspended September 1 after runoff from Tropical Storm Dolly remnants; restart undetermined as of September 2 (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Autoridad de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (AAA / PRASA)","role":"Operating utility"},{"name":"Puerto Rico Department of Health (Departamento de Salud)","role":"Primacy regulator for drinking water"},{"name":"Office of the Governor of Puerto Rico (La Fortaleza)","role":"Emergency declarations"}],"public_contact":"AAA customer notices and schedules are posted on the AAA's official platforms and social media accounts.","corrective_actions":["48-hour alternating scheduled interruptions by zone (ref 1).","35 water distribution points ('oasis') opened in San Juan, Carolina, Trujillo Alto, Loíza and Canóvanas (ref 1).","Bill credits for days without service and a pause on disconnections in rationed zones (ref 6).","Plan suspended September 1, 2026 pending reservoir recovery (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Puerto Rico raciona el agua a 500.000 personas por la peor sequía desde 2015","publisher":"Euronews","date":"2026-08-08","url":"https://es.euronews.com/2026/08/08/puerto-rico-raciona-el-agua-a-500000-personas-por-la-peor-sequia-desde-2015","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Anuncio desde La Fortaleza: Jenniffer González revela plan de racionamiento para abonados de Carraízo","publisher":"El Nuevo Día","date":"2026-08-04","url":"https://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/gobierno/notas/anuncio-desde-la-fortaleza-jenniffer-gonzalez-revela-plan-de-racionamiento-para-abonados-de-carraizo/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Renuncia el presidente de la Junta de la AAA: denuncia que el racionamiento nunca se discutió","publisher":"Metro Puerto Rico","date":"2026-08-06","url":"https://www.metro.pr/noticias/2026/08/06/renuncia-el-presidente-de-la-junta-de-la-aaa-denuncia-que-el-racionamiento-nunca-se-discutio/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Está por definirse: AAA aún sin fecha para reanudar racionamiento de agua en Carraízo","publisher":"El Nuevo Día","date":"2026-09-02","url":"https://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/locales/notas/esta-por-definirse-aaa-aun-sin-fecha-para-reanudar-racionamiento-de-agua-en-carraizo/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":5,"title":"Jenniffer González decreta estado de emergencia por la sequía que atraviesa Puerto Rico","publisher":"El Nuevo Día","date":"2026-07-31","url":"https://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/gobierno/notas/jenniffer-gonzalez-decreta-estado-de-emergencia-por-la-sequia-que-atraviesa-puerto-rico/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":6,"title":"AAA dará créditos en la factura y frena cortes de servicio","publisher":"Metro Puerto Rico","date":"2026-08-18","url":"https://www.metro.pr/noticias/2026/08/18/aaa-dara-creditos-en-la-factura-y-frena-cortes-de-servicio/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":7,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: METROPOLITANO (PR0002591)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/PR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/METRO/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (PR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NATIONAL-DROUGHT-2026-10","US-PR-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-EMERGENCY-2026","US-PR-CARRAIZO-SEDIMENTATION-2026"]},{"id":"US-PR-RIO-GRANDE-CANOVANAS-RATIONING-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Río Grande and Canóvanas placed on 48-hour water rationing under local emergency","description":"Drought cut raw-water supply to the Guzmán Arriba filter plant, and the AAA began alternating 48-hour water cuts on July 6, 2026 for sectors of Río Grande and Canóvanas. The governor declared a state of emergency in both municipalities and activated the National Guard; the plan paused briefly after rain on July 8, resumed July 17, and was in its ninth day on July 25 with no end date, while the Río Grande mayor reported some areas losing service beyond 48 hours.","location":{"name":"Guzmán Arriba filter plant service area","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"PR","states":["PR"],"detail":"Rationed sectors in Río Grande (Guzmán Arriba, El Rayo, Los Piza, Malpica Final, Los Márquez) and Canóvanas (Palmasola, Peniel, El Hoyo, Las Magas, Las Vegas).","coordinates":{"lat":18.38,"lon":-65.83,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Río Grande","Canóvanas"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"PR0005356"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Low river flow at the plant intake reduced treated-water production and forced scheduled cuts.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No health harm reported; residents of named sectors in two municipalities went 48 hours or more without tap water (refs 1, 4).","service":"Zones A (Río Grande) and B (Canóvanas) alternated 48-hour interruptions from 6:00 a.m. on July 6, 2026 (ref 1).","scale":"Ten named sectors across two municipalities served by the Guzmán Arriba plant; SDWIS lists the system at 2,662 people (refs 1, 6).","duration":"Cuts began July 6, paused July 8, resumed July 17 (ref 3), and had no end estimate at day nine on July 25 (ref 4).","significance":"The governor declared a state of emergency in Río Grande and Canóvanas and authorized the National Guard on July 6-7, 2026 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":2662,"status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS population for Guzmán Arriba (ref 6). The AAA gave no account count; rationed Canóvanas sectors may be served from other plants, so the total may be higher."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Alternating 48-hour water cuts for two zones in Río Grande and Canóvanas from July 6, 2026 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Days of rationing by July 25, 2026","value":9,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"El Nuevo Día (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Paused after rain July 8, resumed July 17; status after July 25 not confirmed in sources opened."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Autoridad de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (AAA / PRASA)","role":"Operating utility"},{"name":"Puerto Rico Department of Health (Departamento de Salud)","role":"Primacy regulator for drinking water"},{"name":"Office of the Governor of Puerto Rico (La Fortaleza)","role":"Emergency declarations"}],"public_contact":"AAA customer notices and schedules are posted on the AAA's official platforms and social media accounts.","corrective_actions":["Alternating 48-hour zone interruptions (ref 1).","State of emergency and National Guard activation (ref 2).","Plan paused after rain, then resumed 6:00 a.m. July 17, 2026 (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Abonados de Río Grande y Canóvanas comienzan racionamiento de agua de 48 horas","publisher":"Metro Puerto Rico","date":"2026-07-05","url":"https://www.metro.pr/noticias/2026/07/06/abonados-de-rio-grande-y-canovanas-comienzan-racionamiento-de-agua-de-48-horas/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Gobernadora declara estado de emergencia en Río Grande y Canóvanas por racionamiento de agua","publisher":"El Nuevo Día","date":"2026-07-07","url":"https://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/gobierno/notas/gobernadora-declara-estado-de-emergencia-en-rio-grande-y-canovanas-por-racionamiento-de-agua/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"AAA anuncia interrupción de 48 horas en el servicio de agua para Canóvanas y Río Grande","publisher":"Metro Puerto Rico","date":"2026-07-16","url":"https://www.metro.pr/noticias/2026/07/16/aaa-anuncia-interrupcion-de-48-horas-en-el-servicio-de-agua-para-canovanas-y-rio-grande/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Sin fin a la vista el racionamiento de agua en Río Grande y Canóvanas","publisher":"El Nuevo Día","date":"2026-07-25","url":"https://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/locales/notas/sin-fin-a-la-vista-el-racionamiento-de-agua-en-rio-grande-y-canovanas/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":5,"title":"Seis municipios podrían entrar en plan de racionamiento por la sequía","publisher":"Metro Puerto Rico","date":"2026-07-14","url":"https://www.metro.pr/noticias/2026/07/14/seis-municipios-podrian-entrar-en-plan-de-racionamiento-por-la-sequia/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":6,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: GUZMAN ARRIBA (PR0005356)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/PR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/GUZMAN/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (PR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NATIONAL-DROUGHT-2026-10","US-PR-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-EMERGENCY-2026"]},{"id":"US-PR-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-EMERGENCY-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Puerto Rico declares drought emergency as reservoirs fall in record-dry 2026","description":"Governor Jenniffer González declared an island-wide drought state of emergency on July 31, 2026, ordering the AAA and DRNA to prioritize regions with the most critical water conditions. July 2026 brought 0.54 inches of rain, the driest month since records began in 1899, and by August drought covered about 80% of the island; the Cidra (August 2) and La Plata (August 29) reservoirs joined Carraízo at the AAA's operational-adjustments level, with water pressure reductions at La Plata since May.","location":{"name":"Puerto Rico (AAA reservoir system)","type":"Territory-wide reservoir and supply system","state":"PR","states":["PR"],"detail":"19 AAA-monitored reservoirs, including Carraízo (Trujillo Alto), La Plata (Comerío/Toa Alta) and Cidra.","coordinates":{"lat":18.22,"lon":-66.47,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Rainfall deficits drew down surface reservoirs that supply most of the island's drinking water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Euronews (ref 2) reports dead fish on the Carraízo shoreline and several reservoirs losing centimeters a day; no public-health harm is documented.","service":"Scheduled 48-hour cuts hit Carraízo customers in seven municipalities, and La Plata customers had reduced water pressure since May (refs 2, 4).","scale":"Drought covered about 80% of Puerto Rico in August (ref 2); Metro cited 2,739,950 people in drought-affected areas in July (ref 5).","duration":"Cidra was in observation from April 24 and La Plata adjustments began in May; the emergency was declared July 31, 2026 (refs 3, 4, 1).","significance":"Executive orders signed July 31, 2026 declared a territory-wide drought state of emergency (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":2739950,"status":"Reported","note":"People in drought-affected areas per the U.S. Drought Monitor, as cited by Metro Puerto Rico on July 14, 2026 (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"July 2026 rainfall of 0.54 inches, about 9% of normal and the lowest monthly total since 1899 (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Share of Puerto Rico in drought","value":80,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate, August 2026 (ref 2)."},{"name":"AAA reservoirs dropping in level","value":14,"unit":"of 19 reservoirs","status":"Reported","note":"Metro, July 14, 2026 (ref 5)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Reservoirs moved down AAA management levels from April through late August 2026 (refs 3, 4); later recovery not confirmed in sources opened."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Office of the Governor of Puerto Rico (La Fortaleza)","role":"Emergency declarations"},{"name":"Autoridad de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (AAA / PRASA)","role":"Operating utility"},{"name":"Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambientales (DRNA)","role":"Water resources and well-permit authority"},{"name":"Puerto Rico Department of Health (Departamento de Salud)","role":"Primacy regulator for drinking water"}],"public_contact":"AAA customer notices and schedules are posted on the AAA's official platforms and social media accounts.","corrective_actions":["Drought state-of-emergency executive orders (ref 1).","AAA operational adjustments: pressure and flow controls, reduced tank reserves (refs 3, 4).","Rationing for Carraízo customers and for Río Grande and Canóvanas (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Jenniffer González decreta estado de emergencia por la sequía que atraviesa Puerto Rico","publisher":"El Nuevo Día","date":"2026-07-31","url":"https://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/gobierno/notas/jenniffer-gonzalez-decreta-estado-de-emergencia-por-la-sequia-que-atraviesa-puerto-rico/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Puerto Rico raciona el agua a 500.000 personas por la peor sequía desde 2015","publisher":"Euronews","date":"2026-08-08","url":"https://es.euronews.com/2026/08/08/puerto-rico-raciona-el-agua-a-500000-personas-por-la-peor-sequia-desde-2015","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Embalse Carraízo registra reducción significativa y embalse de Cidra entra en fase ajustes operacionales","publisher":"Metro Puerto Rico","date":"2026-08-02","url":"https://www.metro.pr/noticias/2026/08/02/embalse-carraizo-registra-reduccion-significativa-y-embalse-de-cidra-entra-en-fase-ajustes-operacionales/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"AAA no prevé racionamiento para los abonados de La Plata","publisher":"Primera Hora","date":"2026-08-29","url":"https://www.primerahora.com/noticias/gobierno-politica/notas/aaa-no-preve-racionamiento-para-los-abonados-de-la-plata/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":5,"title":"Seis municipios podrían entrar en plan de racionamiento por la sequía","publisher":"Metro Puerto Rico","date":"2026-07-14","url":"https://www.metro.pr/noticias/2026/07/14/seis-municipios-podrian-entrar-en-plan-de-racionamiento-por-la-sequia/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":6,"title":"Monitoreo diario: 12 embalses vuelven a bajar sus niveles en medio de la sequía en Puerto Rico","publisher":"El Nuevo Día","date":"2026-08-08","url":"https://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/locales/notas/monitoreo-diario-12-embalses-vuelven-a-bajar-sus-niveles-en-medio-de-la-sequia-en-puerto-rico/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (PR in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NATIONAL-DROUGHT-2026-10","US-PR-CARRAIZO-RATIONING-2026","US-PR-RIO-GRANDE-CANOVANAS-RATIONING-2026","US-PR-SOUTH-COAST-AQUIFER-2026"]},{"id":"US-PR-CARRAIZO-SEDIMENTATION-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Carraízo reservoir lost 44% of storage to sediment; dredging recovers part","description":"Bathymetry cited by Metro shows the Carraízo reservoir's capacity fell from 26.8 million cubic meters when built in 1953 to 15.06 million in 2019, including 4.29 million lost after the 1999 dredging. A $106.9 million FEMA, CDBG-DR and AAA dredging project, begun June 2024 and finished March 2026, recovered about 2 million cubic meters, under half the post-1999 loss; a sediment-control phase is not projected to start construction until 2030.","location":{"name":"Carraízo reservoir (Lago Loíza)","type":"Water supply reservoir","state":"PR","states":["PR"],"detail":"Trujillo Alto; feeds the Sergio Cuevas filter plant serving 171,387 families in seven municipalities (AAA Metropolitano system).","coordinates":{"lat":18.33,"lon":-66.01,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Trujillo Alto","San Juan","Carolina","Canóvanas","Loíza","Gurabo","Juncos"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"PR0002591"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Sediment accumulation in the reservoir cuts the stored supply available in drought.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Storage fell 22% between 1999 and 2019 bathymetry (ref 2), shrinking the drought reserve before the 2026 rationing.","service":"Repair and cleaning work at Carraízo and Sergio Cuevas left about 150,000 customers without water in July 2026 (ref 3).","scale":"The reservoir supplies 171,387 families in San Juan, Carolina, Canóvanas, Trujillo Alto, Gurabo, Loíza and Juncos (ref 1).","duration":"Capacity loss spans decades, with 27 years between dredgings per the governor (ref 1) and sediment control not due until 2030.","significance":"No regulatory order applies; the work is a voluntary capital project with about $88 million obligated by FEMA (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Metro reports 171,387 families served (ref 1); SDWIS lists the whole Metropolitano system at 1,084,637 (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Capacity 15.06 million cubic meters in 2019 versus 26.8 million at construction in 1953 (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Original capacity (1953)","value":26.8,"unit":"million m3","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Capacity per 2019 bathymetry","value":15.06,"unit":"million m3","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Capacity recovered by 2024-2026 dredging","value":2,"unit":"million m3","status":"Reported","note":"About 550 million gallons, per the AAA (ref 1)."},{"name":"Dredging cost","value":106861573.89,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"FEMA, CDBG-DR and AAA funds (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Dredging finished March 2026 (ref 1), but it addresses about 38% of post-1999 loss (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Autoridad de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (AAA / PRASA)","role":"Operating utility"},{"name":"FEMA","role":"Federal funder"},{"name":"Central Office for Recovery, Reconstruction and Resiliency (COR3)","role":"Recovery program oversight"}],"public_contact":"AAA customer notices and schedules are posted on the AAA's official platforms and social media accounts.","corrective_actions":["Dredging June 2024 to March 2026 recovered about 2 million cubic meters (ref 1).","Second phase for sediment control: $3,373,131.55 advanced for studies and design; total up to about $86.7 million, construction projected January 2030 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Anuncia culminación del dragado de Carraízo","publisher":"Metro Puerto Rico","date":"2026-03-14","url":"https://www.metro.pr/noticias/2026/03/14/anuncia-culminacion-del-dragado-de-carraizo/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Dragado de Carraízo atenderá menos del 50 % de la pérdida de capacidad desde los '90","publisher":"Metro Puerto Rico","date":"2023-06-01","url":"https://www.metro.pr/noticias/2023/06/01/dragado-de-carraizo-atendera-menos-del-50-de-la-perdida-de-capacidad-desde-los-90/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Vuelve el agua para miles, pero más de 17 mil abonados siguen sin servicio","publisher":"Metro Puerto Rico","date":"2026-07-09","url":"https://www.metro.pr/noticias/2026/07/09/vuelve-el-agua-para-miles-pero-mas-de-17-mil-abonados-siguen-sin-servicio/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Puerto Rico raciona el agua a 500.000 personas por la peor sequía desde 2015","publisher":"Euronews","date":"2026-08-08","url":"https://es.euronews.com/2026/08/08/puerto-rico-raciona-el-agua-a-500000-personas-por-la-peor-sequia-desde-2015","basis":"News report"},{"ref":5,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: METROPOLITANO (PR0002591)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/PR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/METRO/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (PR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-PR-CARRAIZO-RATIONING-2026"]},{"id":"US-PR-SUPERACUEDUCTO-BREAKS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Repeated Superacueducto main breaks cut water to 110,000-168,000 accounts","description":"A failure of the Superacueducto del Norte's 72-inch pipe near Manatí in October 2025 left 165,000 to 168,000 AAA accounts in a dozen municipalities without water. In June 2026, repairs on the same 72-inch line uncovered another break caused by a leak that loosened joints, leaving about 110,000 metro-area customers without service; the governor said a study is needed to replace the metro area's valve system.","location":{"name":"Superacueducto del Norte","type":"Regional transmission main","state":"PR","states":["PR"],"detail":"Bulk-water main from Arecibo east to the San Juan metro area; October 2025 failure in the Manatí area.","coordinates":{"lat":18.43,"lon":-66.49,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Manatí","Vega Baja","Barceloneta","Morovis","Bayamón","Guaynabo","San Juan","Carolina","Trujillo Alto","Caguas","Gurabo","Juncos","Loíza","Aguas Buenas"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"PR0002000"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Failures of a single large transmission main caused the service losses.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"No illness reported; the AAA set up 105 potable-water 'oasis' points during the October 2025 outage (ref 1).","service":"More than 160,000 accounts lost potable water in October 2025 (ref 1) and about 110,000 in June 2026 (ref 2).","scale":"The October 2025 break hit Manatí, Vega Baja, Barceloneta, Morovis, Caguas, Bayamón, Guaynabo and other municipalities (ref 1).","duration":"Two major failures on the 72-inch line in eight months, October 2025 and June 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"No enforcement or emergency order found; the governor called for a valve-system replacement study (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Accounts, not people: 165,000-168,000 accounts in October 2025 (ref 1); about 110,000 customers in June 2026 (ref 2). SDWIS lists Superacueducto as a wholesale-type system with population 25 (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"165,000 to 168,000 AAA accounts without water after the October 2025 72-inch pipe failure (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Accounts without water, October 2025","value":168000,"unit":"accounts","status":"Reported","note":"Upper end of 165,000-168,000 range (ref 1)."},{"name":"Customers without water, June 2026","value":110000,"unit":"customers","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Service restored after each break; underlying valve and joint condition unresolved (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Autoridad de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (AAA / PRASA)","role":"Operating utility"},{"name":"Puerto Rico Department of Health (Departamento de Salud)","role":"Primacy regulator for drinking water"}],"public_contact":"AAA customer notices and schedules are posted on the AAA's official platforms and social media accounts.","corrective_actions":["Emergency repairs to the 72-inch line (refs 1, 2).","105 water distribution points in October 2025 (ref 1).","Governor called for a study to replace the metro valve system (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"¿Cuántos clientes de la AAA están sin agua tras avería en el superacueducto del norte?","publisher":"Metro Puerto Rico","date":"2025-10-21","url":"https://www.metro.pr/noticias/2025/10/21/cuantos-clientes-de-la-aaa-estan-sin-agua-tras-averia-en-el-superacueducto-del-norte/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"'Me atrevo a decir que en menos de 24 horas, más del 50% de los clientes van a tener agua', aseguró presidente de la AAA","publisher":"Metro Puerto Rico","date":"2026-06-13","url":"https://www.metro.pr/noticias/2026/06/13/me-atrevo-a-decir-que-en-menos-de-24-horas-mas-del-50-de-los-clientes-van-a-tener-agua-aseguro-presidente-de-la-aaa/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: SUPERACUEDUCTO (PR0002000)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/PR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SUPER/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (PR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PR-STATEWIDE-BLACKOUT-WATER-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Island-wide power failures knock out water for hundreds of thousands of AAA customers","description":"The April 16, 2025 island-wide blackout left about 328,000 AAA customers without water by the AAA's count (AP reported more than 400,000), with La Plata reservoir pumping out of operation and other plants on emergency generators. A June 12, 2024 outage had cut water to about 110,000 customers, and the AAA said outages had tripled its diesel spending; in March 2026 the government funded $35.2 million in generators for the La Plata raw-water station.","location":{"name":"Puerto Rico AAA systems","type":"Territory-wide utility network","state":"PR","states":["PR"],"detail":"Filtration plants and pumping stations dependent on LUMA grid power, including La Plata (Toa Alta), Enrique Ortega, PAS, Puerto Nuevo, Carolina and Bayamón.","coordinates":{"lat":18.22,"lon":-66.47,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Water treatment and pumping lacked backup power when the electric grid failed.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"AP reported several hospitals among those hit by the April 16, 2025 blackout (ref 2); no waterborne illness was reported in sources opened.","service":"The AAA said it could serve only 75% of customers on April 16, 2025, with about 328,000 out (ref 1).","scale":"AP reported more than 400,000 without water and 1.4 million without power (ref 2).","duration":"Grid-driven water outages recurred in June 2024 (ref 3) and April 2025 (ref 1); generator work at La Plata was only funded in March 2026 (ref 4).","significance":"No regulatory order found; the response is a $35.2 million government-funded generator project (ref 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Customer counts, not people: about 328,000 AAA customers (ref 1) or more than 400,000 (ref 2) in April 2025; about 110,000 in June 2024 (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 328,000 AAA customers without water; service at 75% capacity on April 16, 2025 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"AAA customers without water, April 16, 2025","value":328000,"unit":"customers","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Customers with water restored by April 17 morning","value":83,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"AP (ref 2)."},{"name":"Customers without water, June 12-13, 2024","value":110000,"unit":"customers","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"La Plata generator project","value":35.2,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Four 2,250 kW generators (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["AAA diesel spending tripled in 2024 due to outages (ref 3)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Backup generation being added at La Plata (ref 4); grid reliability remains outside AAA control."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Autoridad de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (AAA / PRASA)","role":"Operating utility"},{"name":"LUMA Energy","role":"Electric transmission and distribution operator"},{"name":"Genera PR","role":"Generation operator"}],"public_contact":"AAA customer notices and schedules are posted on the AAA's official platforms and social media accounts.","corrective_actions":["Emergency generators at major plants during outages (ref 1).","$35.2 million for four generators at the La Plata raw-water pumping station serving more than 100,000 subscribers (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Más de 300 mil sin agua ante apagón masivo","publisher":"Metro Puerto Rico","date":"2025-04-16","url":"https://www.metro.pr/noticias/2025/04/16/mas-de-300-mil-sin-agua-ante-apagon-masivo/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Blackout across Puerto Rico affects 1.4 million customers, including the airport, several hospitals and tourist hotels","publisher":"Associated Press via Anchorage Daily News","date":"2025-04-17","url":"https://www.adn.com/nation-world/2025/04/17/blackout-across-puerto-rico-affects-14-million-customers-including-the-airport-several-hospitals-and-tourist-hotels/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Además de dejar clientes sin servicio de agua potable, los apagones multiplican los gastos de la AAA","publisher":"El Nuevo Día","date":"2024-06-13","url":"https://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/locales/notas/ademas-de-dejar-clientes-sin-servicio-de-agua-potable-los-apagones-multiplican-los-gastos-de-la-aaa/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Gobernadora anuncia $35 millones para mejoras a la planta de filtración de La Plata","publisher":"Metro Puerto Rico","date":"2026-03-11","url":"https://www.metro.pr/noticias/2026/03/11/gobernadora-anuncia-35-millones-para-mejoras-a-la-planta-de-filtracion-de-la-plata/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (PR in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"conflicts":[{"field":"population_affected","values":["about 328,000 AAA customers without water (Metro)","more than 400,000 (AP)"],"note":"Sources give different counts for the April 16, 2025 blackout; both are customer accounts, not people."}]},{"id":"US-PR-SOUTH-COAST-AQUIFER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"South Coast aquifer sentinel wells at critical levels in 2026 drought","description":"In September 2026, two of five sentinel wells in Puerto Rico's South Coast aquifer, which supplies about 130,000 people from Ponce to Arroyo, were at critical levels and one was under operational adjustments; DRNA warned it would order some well permits shut if levels kept falling. USGS mapping of the Santa Isabel area found cones of depression below sea level and warned that persistent conditions could cause seawater intrusion.","location":{"name":"South Coast aquifer (Ponce to Arroyo)","type":"Coastal alluvial aquifer","state":"PR","states":["PR"],"detail":"Groundwater supply for Ponce, Juana Díaz, Santa Isabel, Coamo, Salinas, Guayama and Arroyo; Santa Isabel Urbano is the largest groundwater-sourced AAA system.","coordinates":{"lat":17.97,"lon":-66.4,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Ponce","Juana Díaz","Santa Isabel","Coamo","Salinas","Guayama","Arroyo"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"PR0003904"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Drought and pumping have drawn groundwater levels down, risking seawater intrusion.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"USGS (ref 2) found Santa Isabel-area groundwater below mean sea level, which could raise dissolved solids through seawater intrusion.","service":"DRNA warned in September 2026 it would order some well permits shut if levels continued to decline (ref 1).","scale":"The aquifer supplies nearly 130,000 people in seven southern municipalities (ref 1).","duration":"Below-sea-level cones were mapped in a 2014 survey (ref 2) and two sentinel wells were critical in September 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"DRNA, the well-permit authority, issued a public warning of permit shutdowns (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":130000,"status":"Reported","note":"El Nuevo Día (ref 1): nearly 130,000 people. Santa Isabel Urbano serves 39,925 and Salinas Urbano 8,977 per SDWIS (refs 3, 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Two of five sentinel wells at critical level, one under operational adjustments, in September 2026 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Sentinel wells at critical level","value":2,"unit":"of 5 wells","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Lowest groundwater level, 2014 synoptic survey","value":-22.8,"unit":"feet relative to mean sea level","status":"Reported","note":"55 wells measured (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Levels declining in the 2026 drought (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambientales (DRNA)","role":"Water resources and well-permit authority"},{"name":"Autoridad de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (AAA / PRASA)","role":"Operating utility"},{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","role":"Groundwater monitoring"}],"public_contact":"AAA customer notices and schedules are posted on the AAA's official platforms and social media accounts.","corrective_actions":["DRNA sentinel-well monitoring and threatened permit shutdowns (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Extreme drought in Puerto Rico puts southern aquifer at risk","publisher":"El Nuevo Día","date":"2026-09-03","url":"https://elnuevodia.com/english/news/story/extreme-drought-in-puerto-rico-puts-southern-aquifer-at-risk","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Potentiometric surface and hydrologic conditions of the South Coast aquifer, Santa Isabel area, Puerto Rico, March-April, 2014 (SIM 3455)","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","date":"2020-04-21","url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sim3455","basis":"Federal scientific report"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: SANTA ISABEL URBANO (PR0003904)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/PR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SANTA%20ISABEL/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: SALINAS URBANO (PR0004885)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/PR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SALINAS/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (PR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NATIONAL-DROUGHT-2026-10","US-PR-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-EMERGENCY-2026"]},{"id":"US-PR-STATEWIDE-PRASA-CWA-CONSENT-DECREE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"PRASA Clean Water Act consent decree modified with 17 new wastewater projects","description":"PRASA operates its sewage plants, pump stations and the Puerto Nuevo sewer system under a 2016 Clean Water Act consent decree with EPA and the Justice Department (No. 3:15-CV-02283). A First Modification lodged in June 2023, recorded by EPA as settled on March 22, 2024, gives PRASA two to eight more years on overdue projects after hurricanes Irma and Maria. It adds 17 wastewater projects estimated at about $530 to $535 million with deadlines through December 31, 2030, and requires public reporting of combined sewer overflows in the Puerto Nuevo system.","location":{"name":"PRASA wastewater system (islandwide)","type":"Islandwide public utility wastewater system","state":"PR","states":["PR"],"detail":"Islandwide; 52 wastewater treatment plants, 768 wastewater pump stations and the Puerto Nuevo Regional WWTP sewer system serving San Juan (Puerto Nuevo NPDES PR0021555)","coordinates":{"lat":18.430087,"lon":-66.084137,"precision":"facility","source_ref":4},"counties":["San Juan"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The decree governs physical sewage treatment, collection and overflow control assets that missed earlier compliance deadlines.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The decree resolves a 2015 federal complaint over Clean Water Act violations at PRASA wastewater and water plants, and the modification still requires CSO discharge reporting for the Puerto Nuevo sewer system (ref 1).","service":"No customer service interruption is tied to the decree in the cited filings; it concerns treatment, collection and overflow compliance (ref 1).","scale":"The decree covers 52 wastewater plants, 768 wastewater pump stations and 119 water treatment plants islandwide (ref 1).","duration":"Projects originally due 2015-2020 were extended to deadlines as late as December 31, 2028, with new projects running to December 31, 2030 (ref 1).","significance":"This is a federal court consent decree in the District of Puerto Rico; ECHO records the modification settlement on March 22, 2024 (refs 1, 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The filings do not give a population served by the covered wastewater systems."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PRASA must implement 17 new wastewater projects at a total estimated cost of about $530 million, with deadlines from December 31, 2024 to December 31, 2030 (Federal Register notice)."},"measures":[{"name":"New wastewater projects added by First Modification","value":17,"unit":"projects","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Estimated cost of new projects","value":530000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Federal Register gives about $530 million (ref 1); EPA notice gives about $535 million (ref 3); news release coverage gives $534 million (ref 2)."},{"name":"Original sanitary projects completed of 17 required","value":10,"unit":"projects","status":"Reported","note":"Seven received extensions (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["EPA and DOJ cite PRASA's financial circumstances as a basis for extended deadlines (ref 3)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Deadlines were extended again, while new projects and CSO reporting duties were added."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority (PRASA / AAA)","role":"Utility owner and operator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 2, Caribbean Environmental Protection Division","role":"NPDES permitting and Clean Water Act enforcement authority"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Justice, Environment and Natural Resources Division","role":"Plaintiff's counsel in U.S. v. PRASA"},{"name":"U.S. District Court for the District of Puerto Rico","role":"Court overseeing the consent decree"}],"public_contact":"PRASA (AAA) customer service line 787-620-2482 and the agency website acueductospr.com","corrective_actions":["Decommission the Arecibo and Camuy WWTPs and divert flows to the secondary-treatment Barceloneta WWTP (ref 3).","Build a new trunk sewer for the Dorado WWTP and complete the Aguas Buenas/Caguas trunk sewer and Ponce trunk sewer rehabilitation (ref 3).","Deliver a calibrated and validated Puerto Nuevo sewer system model by May 31, 2025, then report location, time and estimated volume of each CSO (ref 1).","Post SSO and CSO information tables on PRASA's website (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Notice of Lodging of Proposed First Modification of Consent Decree Under the Clean Water Act (U.S. v. PRASA)","publisher":"Federal Register / U.S. Department of Justice","date":"2023-07-06","url":"https://govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2023-07-06/html/2023-14263.htm","basis":"Federal court filing notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA requires PRASA to upgrade sewage infrastructure","publisher":"News is my Business","date":"2023-07-11","url":"https://newsismybusiness.com/epa-requires-prasa-to-upgrade-sewage-infrastructure","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Notificación Pública: Propuesta de Modificación de Acuerdo Judicial con la AAA","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 2","date":"2023-07-06","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2023-07/Regional%20Public%20Notice%20on%20PRASA%20CD%20mod%207-5-2023_2.pdf","basis":"Federal enforcement notice"},{"ref":4,"title":"Detailed Facility Report: PRASA Puerto Nuevo WWTP (NPDES PR0021555)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echo.epa.gov/detailed-facility-report?fid=PR0021555","basis":"Federal compliance database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (PR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-PR-PONCE-RWWTP-SSO-ORDER-2025","US-PR-SAN-JUAN-CONDADO-LAGOON-SEWAGE-2026","US-PR-SANJUAN-CANO-MARTIN-PENA-2026"]},{"id":"US-PR-PONCE-RWWTP-SSO-ORDER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Ponce regional sewage plant pump failures and La Playa overflows draw EPA order","description":"EPA inspections in October and December 2024 found all four influent pumps at PRASA's Ponce Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant out of service, two for more than two years, with rental pumps unable to handle flows and sewage overflowing from manholes in the Playa ward. EPA issued an administrative compliance order on May 1, 2025 (CWA-02-2025-3104) requiring repairs and an inflow and infiltration study. The same neighborhood is the subject of a 2024 federal consent decree with the Municipality of Ponce and a 2024 EPA order to the Puerto Rico transportation department over storm sewers mixing with untreated sewage.","location":{"name":"Ponce Regional WWTP and Playa ward sewer system","type":"Regional wastewater treatment plant and collection system","state":"PR","states":["PR"],"detail":"Ponce municipio; plant also receives sewage from Villalba and Juana Díaz; NPDES PR0021563; discharge to the Caribbean Sea","coordinates":{"lat":17.983045,"lon":-66.639913,"precision":"facility","source_ref":5},"counties":["Ponce","Juana Díaz","Villalba"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Overflows trace to failed influent pumps, an out-of-service degritter and inflow from storm sewers, all physical system failures.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"PRASA reported SSOs on November 7, 8 and 12, 2024 at Puerto Viejo manholes that reached Ponce's storm sewer system, and EPA's inspector witnessed them (ref 1).","service":"PRASA reported SSOs and partial treatment between October 2, 2024 and November 15, 2024 while running on rental bypass pumps (ref 1).","scale":"The plant takes about 22 MGD in dry weather and more than 28 MGD in rain, from Ponce, Villalba and Juana Díaz (ref 1).","duration":"Facility records showed two of four influent pumps and the degritter out of service for more than two years at the October 2024 inspection (ref 1).","significance":"EPA issued a Clean Water Act Section 309 administrative compliance order on May 1, 2025; DOJ filed a CWA complaint and consent decree against Ponce on October 15, 2024 for the same area (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The order gives flows, not a population served."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"All four influent pumps were out of service at the October 23, 2024 inspection; two had been out for more than two years (EPA order CWA-02-2025-3104)."},"measures":[{"name":"Dry-weather influent flow","value":22,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Wet-weather influent flow","value":28,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Greater than 28 MGD during rain events (ref 1)."},{"name":"PRASA funds for plant rehabilitation","value":16500000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; separate $7 million allocated for an I/I study."},{"name":"Compliance action cost recorded for the order","value":8272794,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"EPA ECHO case record (ref 5)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"PRASA reported repairing influent pumps between January and April 2025, but ECHO marks the plant in violation in the July-October 2026 quarter (refs 1, 5)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority (PRASA / AAA)","role":"Utility owner and operator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 2, Caribbean Environmental Protection Division","role":"NPDES permitting and Clean Water Act enforcement authority"},{"name":"Municipality of Ponce","role":"MS4 storm sewer owner under federal consent decree"},{"name":"Puerto Rico Department of Transportation and Public Works (DTOP)","role":"MS4 storm sewer owner under EPA order"}],"public_contact":"PRASA (AAA) customer service line 787-620-2482 and the agency website acueductospr.com","corrective_actions":["Resolve all other findings of the October and December 2024 inspections by March 30, 2026 (ref 1).","Carry out a phased inflow and infiltration study of the Playa ward collection system, with implementation within 24 months of the order (ref 1).","Ponce must map its storm sewers, find and remove illicit sewage connections, and post warning signs where ammonia reaches 3 mg/L (ref 2).","DTOP must investigate connections to PRASA's sanitary sewers on PR-123 and PR-585 and monitor outfalls for enterococci and fecal coliform (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Administrative Compliance Order, Ponce Regional WWTP, Docket CWA-02-2025-3104 (copy hosted by ToxicDocs)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 2","date":"2025-05-01","url":"https://cdn.toxicdocs.org/5L/5LYw6DxMoyxx900YyggjymmD0/5LYw6DxMoyxx900YyggjymmD0.pdf","basis":"Federal enforcement order"},{"ref":2,"title":"Hoja informativa: Decreto de Consentimiento del Municipio de Ponce, Acción Civil 3:24-cv-01478","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2025-04-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2025-04/hoja-informativa-sobre-decreto-de-consentimiento-ponce-playa-esp.pdf","basis":"Federal consent decree fact sheet"},{"ref":3,"title":"La EPA ordena al Departamento de Transportación de Puerto Rico cumplir con la Ley de Agua Limpia en Ponce","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2024-10-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/la-epa-ordena-al-departamento-de-transportacion-de-puerto-rico-cumplir-con-la-ley-de","basis":"Federal enforcement release"},{"ref":4,"title":"Federal Register notice on PRASA consent decree modification (Ponce trunk sewer extension context)","publisher":"Federal Register","date":"2023-07-06","url":"https://govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2023-07-06/html/2023-14263.htm","basis":"Federal court filing notice"},{"ref":5,"title":"Detailed Facility Report: PRASA Ponce WWTP (NPDES PR0021563)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echo.epa.gov/detailed-facility-report?fid=PR0021563","basis":"Federal compliance database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (PR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-PR-STATEWIDE-PRASA-CWA-CONSENT-DECREE-2024"]},{"id":"US-PR-SAN-JUAN-CONDADO-LAGOON-SEWAGE-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Recurring sewage overflows and enterococci exceedances at Condado Lagoon","description":"A March 21, 2023 sanitary pump failure sent sewage into Condado streets and the Laguna del Condado Estuarine Reserve, and residents say discharges continue. On April 16, 2026 the San Juan Bay Estuary Program reported enterococci above EPA's beach action value of 70 CFU/100 mL at several lagoon stations. In May 2026 Puerto Rico senators filed Senate Resolution 502 to investigate discharges and PRASA's and DRNA's compliance.","location":{"name":"Laguna del Condado","type":"Estuarine lagoon and coastal sewer collection area","state":"PR","states":["PR"],"detail":"Condado sector, San Juan municipio; within the Puerto Nuevo sewer system area","coordinates":{"lat":18.457,"lon":-66.083,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["San Juan"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Sewer and pump failures cause bacterial contamination of a recreational estuary.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The Estuary reported enterococci above the 70 CFU/100 mL beach action value at several Condado Lagoon stations on April 16, 2026 (ref 1).","service":"Under the beach action value the area is unfit for bathing and contact recreation; a senator urged people to stay out until tests are safe (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The issue affects one urban lagoon and beach area in San Juan's Condado tourist district (ref 1).","duration":"The resolution describes recurring discharges over years, with a documented overflow on March 21, 2023 still continuing per a community leader in 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Senate Resolution 502 of May 11, 2026 orders a formal legislative investigation of PRASA and DRNA compliance (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No exposed or affected population figure is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"On April 16, 2026, several Condado Lagoon stations exceeded the enterococci beach action value of 70 CFU/100 mL (cited in Senate Resolution 502)."},"measures":[{"name":"Enterococci beach action value exceeded","value":70,"unit":"CFU/100 mL","status":"Reported","note":"Threshold exceeded at several stations on 2026-04-16 (ref 1); measured values not given."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Legislators describe recurring incidents since at least 2023 with a new exceedance in April 2026 (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority (PRASA / AAA)","role":"Utility owner and operator"},{"name":"Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources (DRNA)","role":"Manager of the Laguna del Condado Estuarine Reserve and environmental regulator"},{"name":"Senate of Puerto Rico, Commission on Tourism, Natural Resources and Environment","role":"Investigating body"}],"public_contact":"PRASA (AAA) customer service line 787-620-2482 and the agency website acueductospr.com","corrective_actions":["Senate Resolution 502 orders an investigation of sanitary and storm infrastructure, PRASA and DRNA compliance, and health risks (ref 1).","PRASA's Puerto Nuevo sewer obligations under the federal consent decree require overflow reporting and sewer repairs (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"R. del S. 502 (investigación sobre descargas de aguas sanitarias hacia la Laguna del Condado)","publisher":"Senado de Puerto Rico","date":"2026-05-11","url":"https://senado.pr.gov/document_vault/medidas_legislativas/rs0502-26.pdf","basis":"Legislative record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Reclaman investigación por descarga de aguas residuales en El Condado","publisher":"Metro Puerto Rico","date":"2026-05-02","url":"https://www.metro.pr/noticias/2026/05/02/reclaman-investigacion-por-descarga-de-aguas-residuales-en-el-condado/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Federal Register notice on PRASA consent decree modification (Puerto Nuevo sewer system)","publisher":"Federal Register","date":"2023-07-06","url":"https://govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2023-07-06/html/2023-14263.htm","basis":"Federal court filing notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (PR in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected","coordinates (approximate lagoon centroid)"],"related_ids":["US-PR-STATEWIDE-PRASA-CWA-CONSENT-DECREE-2024"]},{"id":"US-PR-GUAJATACA-DAM-REPAIR-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Guajataca Dam awaits $509 million permanent repair after Hurricane Maria damage","description":"The Guajataca Dam in northwest Puerto Rico, damaged by Hurricane Maria in 2017, supplies water to about 300,000 residents of San Sebastián, Quebradillas, Isabela, Moca, Aguada and Aguadilla. PREPA and the Army Corps signed a first work order of more than $50 million in September 2023 for engineering and risk studies, soil sampling continued in 2025, and in August 2026 FEMA obligated $509,477,018.40 for permanent repairs to be carried out by the Corps.","location":{"name":"Guajataca Dam and Lake","type":"Water supply dam and reservoir","state":"PR","states":["PR"],"detail":"Isabela and Quebradillas area, northwest Puerto Rico; SDWIS LAGO GUAJATACA system PR0003772","coordinates":{"lat":18.4,"lon":-66.92,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Isabela","Quebradillas","San Sebastián"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"PR0003772"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A hurricane-damaged supply dam needs structural repair to protect downstream areas and regional supply.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Hurricane Maria damage requires permanent repair and upgrades to current codes; the cited sources document risk, not a failure (ref 1).","service":"None of the cited 2023-2026 sources reports a current supply interruption from the dam (refs 1-3).","scale":"Metro reported that close to 300,000 residents in six municipalities depend on the reservoir (ref 1).","duration":"The damage dates to September 2017, and the permanent repair was only funded in August 2026 (refs 1, 3).","significance":"FEMA obligated $509.5 million under its Public Assistance program for the repair (ref 3); no enforcement or emergency order is cited."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":300000,"status":"Reported","note":"Close to 300,000 residents of six municipalities depend on the reservoir (ref 1). SDWIS lists the LAGO GUAJATACA system alone at 10,018 (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"FEMA obligated $509,477,018.40 for permanent repairs to the Guajataca Dam (La Fortaleza, August 10, 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"FEMA obligation for permanent repairs","value":509477018.4,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"First USACE work order","value":50000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"More than $50 million (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Studies and soil sampling moved to a funded permanent repair in 2026 (refs 2, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA / AEE)","role":"Dam owner"},{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","role":"Design and construction under PREPA agreement"},{"name":"FEMA","role":"Public Assistance funding"},{"name":"Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority (PRASA / AAA)","role":"Utility owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"PREPA (AEE) public communications office; USACE Jacksonville District public affairs","corrective_actions":["USACE engineering and risk analysis studies under the September 2023 work order (ref 1).","Soil characterization on PR-119 and PR-476 in Isabela, spring 2025 (ref 2).","Permanent repair funded by FEMA and executed by USACE (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Firman primera orden de trabajo para reparación permanente de la represa Guajataca","publisher":"Metro Puerto Rico","date":"2023-09-13","url":"https://www.metro.pr/noticias/2023/09/13/firman-primera-orden-de-trabajo-para-reparacion-permanente-de-la-represa-guajataca","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"AEE anuncia cierre de carreteras en Isabela por trabajos en represa Guajataca","publisher":"Primera Hora","date":"2025-04-23","url":"https://www.primerahora.com/noticias/puerto-rico/notas/aee-anuncia-cierre-de-carreteras-en-isabela-por-trabajos-en-represa-guajataca/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Governor announces more than $513 million in FEMA funds to continue Puerto Rico's recovery and reconstruction","publisher":"Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration","date":"2026-08-10","url":"https://www.prfaa.pr.gov/recent-press-releases/governor-announces-more-than-513-million-in-fema-funds-to-continue-puerto-ricos-recovery-and-reconstruction","basis":"Territorial government release"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: LAGO GUAJATACA","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/PR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/GUAJATACA/JSON","basis":"Federal drinking water database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (PR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PR-METRO-CARRAIZO-INTAKE-EMERGENCY-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Carraízo intake pipe failure leaves San Juan metro without water, emergency declared","description":"In late July 2025 a failure in a pipe at the Carraízo reservoir raw-water intake cut water to parts of the San Juan metropolitan area. The governor declared a state of emergency over PRASA's infrastructure (OE-2025-044) and activated the National Guard to haul water. About 183,000 customers were initially affected, and the governor cited pipe breaks, lack of maintenance and private contractor errors. The Carraízo reservoir supplies the Sergio Cuevas filtration plant, which serves 171,387 families; its first dredging in 27 years finished in March 2026.","location":{"name":"Carraízo reservoir and Sergio Cuevas plant","type":"Raw-water intake and regional filtration plant","state":"PR","states":["PR"],"detail":"Trujillo Alto; serves San Juan, Carolina, Canóvanas, Trujillo Alto, Gurabo, Loíza and Juncos; SDWIS METROPOLITANO system PR0002591","coordinates":{"lat":18.371307,"lon":-66.022378,"precision":"facility","source_ref":5},"counties":["Trujillo Alto","San Juan","Carolina","Canóvanas","Loíza"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"PR0002591"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A raw-water intake pipe failure and poorly maintained mains caused the outage.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The governor cited pipe breaks, lack of maintenance and two private contractors blamed for recent breaks; no health harm is reported (ref 1).","service":"About 183,000 customers initially lost service, and PRASA set up water stations in San Juan, Carolina, Trujillo Alto and Canóvanas (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The outage hit the metro area and mountain towns; Carraízo feeds the Sergio Cuevas plant serving 171,387 families (refs 1, 5).","duration":"Service gaps ran from late July into August 2025, with Carolina at 95 percent restored on August 3 (ref 4).","significance":"Executive Order OE-2025-044 of July 30, 2025 declared a state of emergency over PRASA infrastructure and activated the National Guard (refs 2, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":183000,"status":"Reported","note":"Customers (accounts) initially affected (ref 1). SDWIS lists the METROPOLITANO system at 1,084,637 people (ref 6); the sources do not say which SDWIS systems the outage covered."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Initially 183,000 customers were affected; the governor declared an emergency over PRASA infrastructure on July 30, 2025 (OE-2025-044)."},"measures":[{"name":"Customers initially without service","value":183000,"unit":"customers","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Carraízo dredging cost","value":106861573.89,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"FEMA, CDBG-DR and PRASA funds; about 2 million cubic meters of storage recovered (ref 5)."},{"name":"Families served via Sergio Cuevas plant","value":171387,"unit":"families","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 5."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Service was largely restored by August 2025 and dredging restored storage by March 2026, but the PRASA metro region remained under interim leadership in October 2025 (refs 4, 5)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority (PRASA / AAA)","role":"Utility owner and operator"},{"name":"Office of the Governor of Puerto Rico","role":"Emergency declaration (OE-2025-044, OE-2025-045)"},{"name":"Puerto Rico National Guard","role":"Water distribution support"}],"public_contact":"PRASA (AAA) customer service line 787-620-2482 and the agency website acueductospr.com","corrective_actions":["Emergency procurement for repairs without the regular bid process (ref 1).","National Guard water hauling, ended by OE-2025-045 effective August 5, 2025 (ref 3).","Carraízo dredging completed in March 2026; a sediment-control second phase estimated at about $86.7 million is in planning (ref 5)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Gobernadora no descarta activar la Guardia Nacional para atender crisis de agua potable","publisher":"Metro Puerto Rico","date":"2025-07-29","url":"https://www.metro.pr/noticias/2025/07/29/gobernadora-no-descarta-activar-la-guardia-nacional-para-atender-crisis-de-agua-potable/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Gobernadora de Puerto Rico activa la Guardia Nacional por crisis en el suministro de agua","publisher":"El Diario NY (EFE)","date":"2025-07-31","url":"https://eldiariony.com/2025/07/31/gobernadora-de-puerto-rico-activa-la-guardia-nacional-por-crisis-en-el-suministro-de-agua/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Boletín Administrativo OE-2025-045 (concluding military activation under OE-2025-044)","publisher":"La Fortaleza, Gobierno de Puerto Rico","date":"2025-08-05","url":"https://docs.pr.gov/files/Estado/OrdenesEjecutivas/2025/OE-2025-045.pdf","basis":"Executive order"},{"ref":4,"title":"Gobierno asegura que 99.9% de los clientes de la AAA en la zona metro ya tienen agua potable","publisher":"Metro Puerto Rico","date":"2025-08-03","url":"https://www.metro.pr/noticias/2025/08/03/gobierno-asegura-que-999-de-los-clientes-de-la-aaa-en-la-zona-metro-ya-tienen-agua-potable/","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"Anuncia culminación del dragado de Carraízo","publisher":"Metro Puerto Rico","date":"2026-03-14","url":"https://www.metro.pr/noticias/2026/03/14/anuncia-culminacion-del-dragado-de-carraizo/","basis":"News"},{"ref":6,"title":"SDWIS water system record: METROPOLITANO","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/PR/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/METRO/JSON","basis":"Federal drinking water database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (PR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-PR-STATEWIDE-PRASA-WATER-LOSS-2025","US-PR-STATEWIDE-PRASA-FEMA-RECOVERY-2025"]},{"id":"US-PR-STATEWIDE-PRASA-WATER-LOSS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"PRASA loses about two-thirds of water produced to leaks, breaks and theft","description":"Citing PRASA data reported to the Financial Oversight and Management Board, Puerto Rico Senate resolutions state that 66 percent of the 513.16 million gallons of drinking water PRASA produced daily in fiscal year 2024 generated no revenue, mostly because of leaks, breaks, faulty equipment and theft. The 2026 resolution compares this with 59 percent in ASCE's 2019 report card and about 16 percent nationally. Residents of Corozal, Morovis, San Juan, Loíza, Carolina, Caguas and other towns reported weeks-long service interruptions in 2025.","location":{"name":"PRASA water distribution system (islandwide)","type":"Islandwide public water utility","state":"PR","states":["PR"],"detail":"Islandwide; PRASA operates most public water systems in Puerto Rico","coordinates":{"lat":18.4655,"lon":-66.1057,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Leaking, aging mains drive both the volume loss and the service interruptions.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The 2025 resolution warns of a potential public health crisis from weeks-long outages affecting children, older adults and the sick (ref 2).","service":"Residents and businesses in Corozal, Morovis, San Juan, Loíza, Carolina, Caguas, Cayey, Barceloneta, Vega Baja and Hatillo suffered interruptions lasting weeks (ref 2).","scale":"The 66 percent loss applies to PRASA's islandwide production of 513.16 million gallons per day (ref 1).","duration":"Losses rose from 59 percent in ASCE's 2019 report card to 66 percent in fiscal 2024; PRASA had identified about 55,000 hidden leaks by 2021 (ref 1).","significance":"Two Senate resolutions (R. del S. 263 of 2025 and R. del S. 573 of 2026) order hearings and an investigation (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No count of customers affected by losses is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"During fiscal year 2024, 66% of the 513.16 million gallons of drinking water PRASA produced daily generated no revenue (R. del S. 573, citing Oversight Board data)."},"measures":[{"name":"Non-revenue water share, FY2024","value":66,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; R. del S. 263 (ref 2) gives the same 66 percent but prints the production volume as 51.16 million gallons, apparently a typo."},{"name":"Daily drinking water production","value":513.16,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Hidden leaks identified by 2021","value":55000,"unit":"leaks","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Two-thirds of produced water earns no revenue (ref 1).","The oversight board flagged PRASA's plan as lacking a clear loss-reduction strategy (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Loss share rose from 59 percent (2019) to 66 percent (FY2024) per ref 1."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority (PRASA / AAA)","role":"Utility owner and operator"},{"name":"Financial Oversight and Management Board for Puerto Rico","role":"Fiscal plan oversight"},{"name":"Senate of Puerto Rico","role":"Legislative investigation"}],"public_contact":"PRASA (AAA) customer service line 787-620-2482 and the agency website acueductospr.com","corrective_actions":["Senate investigation of loss-reduction plans, costs and leak-detection crews (ref 1).","PRASA is installing advanced metering and plans flow meters on the Superacueducto between Arecibo and Bayamón (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"R. del S. 573 (investigación sobre pérdida de agua de la AAA)","publisher":"Senado de Puerto Rico","date":"2026-08-13","url":"https://senado.pr.gov/document_vault/medidas_legislativas/rs0573-26.pdf","basis":"Legislative record"},{"ref":2,"title":"R. del S. 263 (interpelación al presidente de la AAA sobre la crisis de suministro)","publisher":"Senado de Puerto Rico","date":"2025-08-11","url":"https://senado.pr.gov/document_vault/medidas_legislativas/rs0263-25.pdf","basis":"Legislative record"},{"ref":3,"title":"AAA advierte reto con fondos de FEMA que vencen en 2027 y busca nuevo director para Región Metro","publisher":"Metro Puerto Rico","date":"2025-10-07","url":"https://www.metro.pr/noticias/2025/10/07/aaa-advierte-reto-con-fondos-de-fema-que-vencen-en-2027-y-busca-nuevo-director-para-region-metro/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (PR in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected","pwsid (islandwide utility spans many SDWIS systems)"],"related_ids":["US-PR-METRO-CARRAIZO-INTAKE-EMERGENCY-2025","US-NATIONAL-DROUGHT-2026-10"]},{"id":"US-PR-STATEWIDE-PRASA-FEMA-RECOVERY-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"PRASA's $4 billion in FEMA hurricane repair funds about 1 percent complete","description":"Through FEMA's accelerated FAASt strategy, PRASA has more than $3.6 billion to repair water and sewer infrastructure damaged by Hurricane Maria (DR-4339). In October 2025 PRASA's president said that more than $4 billion in assigned FEMA funds was only 1 percent complete, with 59 percent of projects in design. He said the funding window runs to 2027, while the governor's water coordinator cited 2038. Projects include pipe replacement to cut chronic leaks in the metro region and a $12.5 million rebuild of the Jagüeyes sewage plant in Villalba.","location":{"name":"PRASA water and wastewater system (islandwide)","type":"Islandwide public water and sewer utility","state":"PR","states":["PR"],"detail":"Islandwide; Hurricane Maria disaster DR-4339","coordinates":{"lat":18.4655,"lon":-66.1057,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Slow use of obligated federal recovery funds and limited contractor capacity delay physical repairs.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"FEMA describes hurricane damage causing continuous leaks and high pressure in metro pipes (ref 1).","service":"The FEMA-funded metro pipe project targets leaks and unstable service for about 4,900 families (ref 1).","scale":"PRASA holds more than $3.6 billion in FAASt funds for islandwide infrastructure (ref 1).","duration":"Eight years after Maria, PRASA reported only 1 percent of more than $4 billion completed in October 2025 (ref 2).","significance":"Funding flows under the federal major disaster declaration DR-4339 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No islandwide affected population is given."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Of more than $4,000 million in FEMA funds assigned to PRASA, only 1% was complete; 59% was in design, 22% in construction, 10% in planning and 8% in bidding (Metro, October 7, 2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"FEMA FAASt funds available to PRASA","value":3600000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"More than $3.6 billion (ref 1)."},{"name":"Share of FEMA-funded work complete","value":1,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Projects completed as of July 2024","value":113,"unit":"projects","status":"Reported","note":"$58 million; another 131 in reconstruction with obligations over $1.4 billion (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The Pesquera report cites a $275 million funding gap by 2030 (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Completion data are from two points in time with different scopes (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority (PRASA / AAA)","role":"Utility owner and operator"},{"name":"FEMA","role":"Public Assistance funder"},{"name":"Central Office for Recovery, Reconstruction and Resiliency (COR3)","role":"Territorial recovery grantee"}],"public_contact":"PRASA (AAA) customer service line 787-620-2482 and the agency website acueductospr.com","corrective_actions":["Metro pipe replacement in Canóvanas, Carolina, San Juan and Guaynabo, first phase about $10.1 million (ref 1).","Rebuild of the Jagüeyes wastewater plant in Villalba, over $12.5 million (ref 1).","PRASA and the governor asked FEMA to extend deadlines (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Fondos adicionales de FEMA para infraestructura esencial de la AAA","publisher":"FEMA","date":"2024-07-28","url":"https://fema.gov/es/print/pdf/node/681152","basis":"Federal agency release"},{"ref":2,"title":"AAA advierte reto con fondos de FEMA que vencen en 2027 y busca nuevo director para Región Metro","publisher":"Metro Puerto Rico","date":"2025-10-07","url":"https://www.metro.pr/noticias/2025/10/07/aaa-advierte-reto-con-fondos-de-fema-que-vencen-en-2027-y-busca-nuevo-director-para-region-metro/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (PR in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected","pwsid (islandwide utility spans many SDWIS systems)"],"related_ids":["US-PR-STATEWIDE-PRASA-WATER-LOSS-2025","US-PR-STATEWIDE-PRASA-CWA-CONSENT-DECREE-2024"]},{"id":"US-PR-ERNESTO-FLOODING-DISASTER-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Tropical Storm Ernesto flooding: federal major disaster declaration (DR-4850)","description":"Tropical Storm Ernesto (August 13-16, 2024) overflowed at least three major rivers in Puerto Rico, blocked roads in Cidra, Jayuya, Guayama and Toa Baja, and left about 120,000 water customers without service. The President approved an emergency declaration during the storm and a major disaster declaration on November 27, 2024, opening Public Assistance to 26 municipalities and hazard mitigation funding across the island.","location":{"name":"Puerto Rico (26 municipalities, Ernesto)","type":"Territory-wide disaster area","state":"PR","states":["PR"],"detail":"Public Assistance designated for 26 municipalities including Mayagüez, Loíza, Barranquitas, Vega Alta, Vieques and Yabucoa; mitigation funding island-wide.","counties":["Aguas Buenas","Aibonito","Añasco","Barranquitas","Canóvanas","Ceiba","Coamo","Comerío","Corozal","Hormigueros","Jayuya","Las Marías","Loíza","Manatí","Maricao","Maunabo","Mayagüez","Naguabo","Orocovis","San Lorenzo","San Sebastián","Santa Isabel","Vega Alta","Vieques","Villalba","Yabucoa"],"extent":"statewide","coordinates":{"lat":18.22,"lon":-66.59,"precision":"state","source_ref":1}},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Riverine flooding damaged public facilities and interrupted water service to about 120,000 customers.","secondary_drivers":["Tropical storm rainfall","Power outages affecting water pumping"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"NBC News (ref 2) reports at least three major rivers overflowed and Toa Baja residents were told to evacuate; no storm deaths were reported, so harm is scored as limited.","service":"About 120,000 customers lacked water as of 11:15 a.m. AST on August 14, 2024, while roughly 730,000 of 1.4 million power customers were out (ref 2).","scale":"The FEMA declaration (ref 1) designates 26 municipalities for Public Assistance and makes the whole island eligible for hazard mitigation.","duration":"The declared incident period runs only from August 13 to August 16, 2024 (ref 1), so the event itself lasted days.","significance":"A presidential major disaster declaration was approved on November 27, 2024 (ref 1), following an emergency declaration during the storm (ref 2); OpenFEMA lists it as DR-4850 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources give customer counts (120,000 without water) but no total population for the designated area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 120,000 customers lacked water as of 11:15 a.m. AST on August 14, 2024."},"measures":[{"name":"Water customers without service","value":120000,"unit":"customers","status":"Reported","note":"NBC News, August 14, 2024 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Rainfall near Barranquitas","value":10,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"National Weather Service estimate quoted by NBC News (ref 2)."},{"name":"Municipalities designated for Public Assistance","value":26,"unit":"municipalities","status":"Reported","note":"FEMA release (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"FEMA","role":"Federal disaster recovery (Public Assistance, Hazard Mitigation)"},{"name":"Government of Puerto Rico","role":"Recipient and cost-share partner"}],"public_contact":"FEMA disaster assistance, fema.gov","corrective_actions":["Public Assistance cost-share funding for emergency work and repair of damaged facilities in 26 municipalities.","Hazard mitigation cost-share funding available island-wide.","Federal Coordinating Officer David Miller, Jr. appointed to lead federal recovery operations."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"President Joseph R. Biden, Jr. Approves Major Disaster Declaration for the Government of Puerto Rico","publisher":"FEMA","date":"2024-11-27","url":"https://fema.gov/press-release/20241127/president-joseph-r-biden-jr-approves-major-disaster-declaration-government","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Thousands in Puerto Rico without power and under flood threats as Ernesto turns into a hurricane","publisher":"NBC News","date":"2024-08-14","url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/thousands-puerto-rico-power-flood-threats-ernesto-turns-hurricane-rcna166559","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, Puerto Rico, fiscal year 2024 onward","publisher":"FEMA","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v2/DisasterDeclarationsSummaries?$filter=state%20eq%20'PR'%20and%20fyDeclared%20ge%202024","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (PR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-PR-SW-STORMS-FLOODING-DISASTER-2024"]},{"id":"US-PR-SW-STORMS-FLOODING-DISASTER-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Spring 2024 storms, flooding and landslides: major disaster in 13 municipalities","description":"Severe storms, flooding, landslides and mudslides between April 29 and May 10, 2024 led to a presidential major disaster declaration for Puerto Rico on July 23, 2024. Public Assistance covers 13 municipalities, mostly in the west, southwest and central mountains, and hazard mitigation funding is available island-wide.","location":{"name":"13 municipalities (Apr-May 2024 storms)","type":"Multi-municipality disaster area","state":"PR","states":["PR"],"detail":"Adjuntas, Guánica, Lajas, Las Marías, Luquillo, Maricao, Naranjito, Orocovis, Sabana Grande, San Sebastián, Toa Alta, Utuado and Yauco.","counties":["Adjuntas","Guánica","Lajas","Las Marías","Luquillo","Maricao","Naranjito","Orocovis","Sabana Grande","San Sebastián","Toa Alta","Utuado","Yauco"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The declaration funds repair of public facilities damaged by flooding and landslides.","secondary_drivers":["Heavy rainfall","Landslides"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The White House notice (ref 1) and FEMA release (ref 2) describe flood and landslide damage to public facilities; no injuries or contamination are cited.","service":"Neither declaration notice reports interruption of drinking-water or sewer service.","scale":"Thirteen municipalities across western, southwestern and central Puerto Rico are designated for Public Assistance (refs 1, 2).","duration":"The incident period ran April 29 to May 10, 2024, about twelve days (ref 2).","significance":"Presidential major disaster declaration approved July 23, 2024 (ref 1); OpenFEMA records it as DR-4805, incident type Flood (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected-population figure in the declaration notices."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Major disaster declared for severe storms, flooding, landslides and mudslides from April 29 to May 10, 2024 in 13 municipalities."},"measures":[{"name":"Municipalities designated for Public Assistance","value":13,"unit":"municipalities","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1 and 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"FEMA","role":"Federal disaster recovery"},{"name":"Government of Puerto Rico","role":"Recipient and cost-share partner"}],"public_contact":"FEMA disaster assistance, fema.gov","corrective_actions":["Public Assistance cost-share funding for emergency work and facility repair in 13 municipalities.","Hazard mitigation funding available island-wide.","Robert Little III named Federal Coordinating Officer."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"President Joseph R. Biden, Jr. Approves Puerto Rico Disaster Declaration","publisher":"The White House","date":"2024-07-23","url":"https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2024/07/23/president-joseph-r-biden-jr-approves-puerto-rico-disaster-declaration-3/","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Presidente Joseph R. Biden, Jr. aprueba declaración de desastre mayor para Puerto Rico","publisher":"FEMA","date":"2024-07-24","url":"https://fema.gov/es/print/pdf/node/680776","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, Puerto Rico, fiscal year 2024 onward","publisher":"FEMA","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v2/DisasterDeclarationsSummaries?$filter=state%20eq%20'PR'%20and%20fyDeclared%20ge%202024","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (PR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-PR-ERNESTO-FLOODING-DISASTER-2024"]},{"id":"US-PR-SANJUAN-CANO-MARTIN-PENA-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Caño Martín Peña: dredging begins after decades of flooding in eight San Juan communities","description":"The Caño Martín Peña tidal channel in San Juan lost its connection between San José Lagoon and San Juan Bay, and recurring floods have harmed the health of the eight surrounding communities (G-8). Congress authorized the USACE ecosystem restoration in 2007; a $57.4 million first phase of the final dredging contract began in May 2026 and is expected to run to 2029, while ENLACE continues relocating families from the project footprint.","location":{"name":"Caño Martín Peña, San Juan","type":"Tidal channel and surrounding communities","state":"PR","states":["PR"],"detail":"Channel between San Juan Bay and San José Lagoon, San Juan; eight communities of the G-8.","counties":["San Juan"],"extent":"site","coordinates":{"lat":18.44,"lon":-66.05,"precision":"city","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["surface-water","governance-affordability-equity","wastewater-sewer","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Channel restoration (infrastructure) addresses flooding and degraded water flow in the lagoon system.","secondary_drivers":["Channel obstruction and sedimentation","Informal settlement in flood zone"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"NotiCel (ref 2) quotes the ENLACE board president that recurring floods had deteriorated community health; no measured health data is cited.","service":"No interruption of water or sewer service is reported in the cited coverage of the dredging project.","scale":"The project serves the eight communities around the channel (ref 1); no resident count is given.","duration":"Communities have waited since 2000 (ref 2); the project was authorized in 2007 and dredging is expected to last until 2029 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"USACE awarded a $57.4 million federal contract in May 2026 under a 2007 WRDA authorization (ref 1); a $14.7 million bridge-protection contract followed in 2024 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources name eight communities but give no population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$57.4 million first phase of Contract 3 to dredge and channelize from the channel mouth to the Barbosa bridge."},"measures":[{"name":"Contract 3 phase 1 value","value":57.4,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Novel Construction LLC, USACE (refs 1, 2)."},{"name":"Debris removed from channel banks (2023)","value":18800,"unit":"tons","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1 and 2."},{"name":"Contract 2 bridge protection value","value":14.7,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Awarded September 6, 2024 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Dredging under way since May 2026 after vegetation and debris removal in 2023 (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Caribbean District","role":"Federal project lead"},{"name":"Corporación del Proyecto ENLACE del Caño Martín Peña","role":"Non-federal sponsor"},{"name":"G-8, Inc.","role":"Community organization"}],"public_contact":"Corporación del Proyecto ENLACE del Caño Martín Peña, San Juan","corrective_actions":["Contract 3 phase 1 dredging and channelization from the mouth to the Barbosa bridge (2026-2029).","Scour protection at the Martín Peña, Tren Urbano and Luis Muñoz Rivera bridges (Contract 2).","Relocation of families from the project footprint to safe housing."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"$57.4M contract advances Caño Martín Peña dredging","publisher":"News is my Business","date":"2026-05-14","url":"https://newsismybusiness.com/57-4m-contract-advances-cano-martin-pena-dredging/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Comienza el dragado y la canalización del Caño Martín Peña","publisher":"NotiCel","date":"2026-05-15","url":"https://noticel.com/en/noticias/20260515/comienza-el-dragado-y-la-canalizacion-del-cano-martin-pena/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"USACE awards $14.7M contract for Caño Martín Peña project","publisher":"News is my Business","date":"2024-09-26","url":"https://newsismybusiness.com/usace-awards-14-7m-contract-for-cano-martin-pena-project","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Program Updates: Caño Martín Peña (Urban Waters Federal Partnership)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (January 19, 2025 web snapshot)","date":"2024-06-03","url":"https://19january2025snapshot.epa.gov/urbanwaterspartners/program-updates-cano-martin-pena","basis":"Federal agency program page"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (PR in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[],"conflicts":[{"field":"severity","values":["5 (flooding and dredging framing)","8 (missing sewer service framing)"],"note":"Two research passes scored this place differently; the kept record scores the flooding and dredging issue. The communities' lack of sanitary sewers is documented in the added sources."}]},{"id":"US-PR-SANJUAN-RIO-PUERTO-NUEVO-FLOOD-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Río Puerto Nuevo flood control: $1.08 billion Río Piedras channel contract","description":"USACE awarded Ferrovial a contract of about $1.08 billion in June 2026 to widen a section of the Río Piedras channel in San Juan from 80 feet to more than 160 feet, its second contract under the Río Puerto Nuevo flood control project. The work is meant to reduce flood and landslide risk near densely populated parts of San Juan; the broader program is expected to take about six years.","location":{"name":"Río Piedras channel, San Juan","type":"Urban river channel (flood control project)","state":"PR","states":["PR"],"detail":"Río Puerto Nuevo / Río Piedras basin, San Juan.","counties":["San Juan"],"extent":"watershed","coordinates":{"lat":18.4,"lon":-66.06,"precision":"city","source_ref":1}},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The finding is a federal channel-widening project to reduce urban flood risk.","secondary_drivers":["Undersized urban channel","Heavy rainfall"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Ferrovial's release (ref 1) describes flood and landslide risk to nearby neighborhoods but cites no recent damage figures.","service":"The contract announcement reports no water or sewer service disruption.","scale":"The release (ref 1) says the canal runs near densely populated areas of San Juan; no protected-population number is given.","duration":"The Puerto Nuevo program is expected to span about six years (refs 1, 2).","significance":"A federal USACE construction contract of about $1.079 billion was awarded (refs 1, 2); no enforcement or emergency action is involved."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No protected-population figure in the cited release."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"USACE contract of about $1.079 billion to widen a Río Piedras channel section from 80 feet to more than 160 feet."},"measures":[{"name":"Contract value","value":1079,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Release text prints \"$1,079 billion\"; headline says nearly $1.1 billion (refs 1, 2)."},{"name":"Channel width after widening","value":160,"unit":"feet (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"From 80 feet (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","role":"Federal project lead"},{"name":"Government of Puerto Rico","role":"Non-federal sponsor"}],"public_contact":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville District, Caribbean office","corrective_actions":["Widen and deepen the Río Piedras channel section with deep-pile reinforced walls (Ferrovial contract).","Continue the six-year Puerto Nuevo flood control program."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Ferrovial to build new flood control canal section in San Juan, Puerto Rico","publisher":"MarketScreener (Ferrovial press release)","date":"2026-06-08","url":"https://www.marketscreener.com/news/ferrovial-n-to-build-new-flood-control-canal-section-in-san-juan-puerto-rico-ce7f5dd3d88afe2d","basis":"Company release"},{"ref":2,"title":"Ferrovial to build new flood control canal section in San Juan, Puerto Rico","publisher":"Spain-US Chamber of Commerce","date":"2026-06-24","url":"https://spainuscc.org/?p=70285","basis":"Company release"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (PR in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PR-RINCON-COASTAL-EROSION-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Rincón coastal erosion: USACE recommends buyout and removal of about 69 parcels","description":"A U.S. Army Corps of Engineers coastal storm risk study for Rincón found coastal flooding, wave attack, severe erosion and sea-level rise, and recommended acquiring and removing about 69 beachfront parcels and their armoring in a managed retreat, since no structural option was economically justified. A 2026 USGS-funded study of 11 north and west coast municipalities including Rincón found erosion at 75% of beach transects analyzed.","location":{"name":"Rincón shoreline (Stella area)","type":"Coastal shoreline","state":"PR","states":["PR"],"detail":"Rincón municipality, west coast of Puerto Rico; study area includes Stella.","counties":["Rincón"],"extent":"site","coordinates":{"lat":18.34,"lon":-67.25,"precision":"city","source_ref":1}},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Shoreline erosion and coastal flooding from waves and sea-level rise threaten beachfront structures.","secondary_drivers":["Sea-level rise","Winter swells","Shoreline armoring"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"USACE (ref 1) projects condemnation of about 69 seaward parcels without a project, with second-row condemnations as early as 14 years under mid erosion rates.","service":"No drinking-water or sewer service loss is documented for the Rincón study area.","scale":"The recommended plan covers about 69 parcels in one community (ref 1); the USGS study spans 11 municipalities (ref 2).","duration":"Erosion is a long-term trend: the USGS study measured 2018 to 2022/2023 change and USACE models erosion over decades (refs 1, 2).","significance":"USACE study recommended acquisition (Alternative 4) under an exception request, a formal federal planning decision (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources count parcels, not residents."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Recommended plan: acquisition and removal of about 69 parcels (structures and armor) in Rincón."},"measures":[{"name":"Parcels in recommended acquisition","value":69,"unit":"parcels (approx.)","status":"Reported","note":"USACE presentation, February 5, 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Beach transects showing erosion (11 municipalities)","value":75,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"USGS-funded CoRePI-PR study, 2018-2022/23 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"75% of transects eroding in the 2018-2022/23 USGS study (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville District","role":"Federal coastal storm risk study lead"},{"name":"Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources (DRNA)","role":"Coastal zone manager"},{"name":"Municipality of Rincón","role":"Local government"}],"public_contact":"Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources (DRNA), 787-999-2200","corrective_actions":["USACE recommended managed retreat: acquisition, relocation assistance, structure removal and native vegetation planting, in a single phase.","USGS and UPR CoRePI-PR shoreline monitoring to inform territorial planning."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Managed Coastal Retreat Recommended through Consideration of Comprehensive Benefits (Ocean Park and Rincón)","publisher":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville District (FSBPA conference)","date":"2025-02-05","url":"https://www.fsbpa.com/2025TechPresentations/7%20S%20Roth.pdf","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Publican estudio que evidencia el avance de la erosión en las costas de Puerto Rico","publisher":"Metro Puerto Rico","date":"2026-07-15","url":"https://www.metro.pr/noticias/2026/07/15/publican-estudio-que-evidencia-el-avance-de-la-erosion-en-las-costas-de-puerto-rico/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (PR in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PR-BEACHES-ENTEROCOCCI-ADVISORIES-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Recurring enterococci advisories at Puerto Rico beaches, incl. Playita del Condado","description":"The DRNA Beach Monitoring and Public Notification Program repeatedly declares beaches unsuitable for swimming when enterococci exceed the Beach Action Value of 70 colonies per 100 mL. Playita del Condado (San Juan), Playa Guayanés (Yabucoa) and Muelle de Arecibo were on the list in both August 2024 and July 2025, alongside beaches in Toa Baja, Patillas, Humacao and Naguabo.","location":{"name":"Puerto Rico monitored beaches","type":"Coastal recreational waters","state":"PR","states":["PR"],"detail":"Beaches in San Juan, Toa Baja, Yabucoa, Arecibo, Patillas, Humacao and Naguabo flagged in 2024-2025 advisories.","counties":["San Juan","Toa Baja","Yabucoa","Arecibo","Patillas","Humacao","Naguabo"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Bacterial contamination of recreational coastal water.","secondary_drivers":["Rainfall runoff","Sewage and stormwater discharges"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Enterococci above the 70 colonies/100 mL Beach Action Value at four beaches sampled July 21-22, 2025 (ref 1); no illness reports are cited.","service":"DRNA declared the beaches not suitable for bathers, a swimming advisory rather than a closure (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Advisories span at least seven municipalities on the north, east and south coasts (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Playita del Condado, Playa Guayanés and Muelle de Arecibo were flagged in both the August 2024 (ref 2) and July 2025 (ref 1) samples.","significance":"Formal public notifications under the DRNA beach monitoring program (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Recreational exposure; no population figure."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Enterococci exceed the Beach Action Value when results are above 70 colonies per 100 mL; four beaches exceeded it in July 21-22, 2025 samples."},"measures":[{"name":"Beaches not suitable (July 2025 samples)","value":4,"unit":"beaches","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Beaches not suitable (August 2024 samples)","value":6,"unit":"beaches","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Enterococci Beach Action Value","value":70,"unit":"colonies/100 mL","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Same beaches recur across 2024 and 2025 advisories."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources (DRNA)","role":"Beach monitoring and public notification"}],"public_contact":"DRNA Cuerpo de Vigilantes, 787-999-2200 ext. 2911","corrective_actions":["Weekly sampling and public notification under the DRNA Beach Monitoring program.","DRNA advises waiting 24 hours after continuous rain before entering water bodies."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"¡No te metas! Estas playas no aptas para bañistas por presencia de bacterias","publisher":"Metro Puerto Rico","date":"2025-07-25","url":"https://www.metro.pr/noticias/2025/07/25/drna-advierte-sobre-playas-no-aptas-para-banistas-por-presencia-de-bacterias/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"DRNA informa que seis playas no están aptas para bañistas","publisher":"Metro Puerto Rico","date":"2024-08-24","url":"https://www.metro.pr/noticias/2024/08/24/drna-informa-que-seis-playas-no-estan-aptas-para-banistas/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (PR in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PR-GUAYAMA-AES-COAL-ASH-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"AES Guayama coal ash: EPA settlement over groundwater monitoring violations","description":"EPA settled with AES Puerto Rico in October 2024 over coal ash (CCR) rule violations at its Guayama coal plant: late groundwater statistical analyses, failure to post notices of significant groundwater protection standard exceedances, and missed well monitoring. AES paid $71,845 and must monitor nine more wells, publish all groundwater data and retroactively notify the public of exceedances; its own 2021 monitoring found arsenic above twice the federal drinking water standard on site.","location":{"name":"AES Puerto Rico coal plant, Guayama","type":"Coal-fired power plant and ash landfill","state":"PR","states":["PR"],"detail":"Barrio Jobos, Guayama, southern coast; ash concerns also raised in Salinas.","counties":["Guayama","Salinas"],"extent":"site","coordinates":{"lat":17.98,"lon":-66.11,"precision":"city","source_ref":1}},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Coal ash leachate affects groundwater under and near the plant.","secondary_drivers":["Coal combustion residuals","Unlined ash storage"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"AES's 2021 groundwater monitoring found arsenic at more than twice the federal drinking water standard (ref 2), and EPA cites statistically significant groundwater protection standard exceedances (ref 1).","service":"No public water system outage or advisory is tied to the ash in the cited sources.","scale":"Concerns center on Guayama, Salinas and nearby southern-coast communities (ref 2); EPA data indicates contamination stays on the plant site (ref 2).","duration":"AES's PREPA contract runs to 2027 (ref 2), and amended monitoring reports reach back to 2017 (ref 1); bills to end coal burning were still pending in January 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"EPA enforcement settlement with a $71,845 civil penalty and required corrective steps (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected-population figure in the sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$71,845 civil penalty; AES must monitor nine additional wells twice a year and retroactively notify the public of groundwater exceedances."},"measures":[{"name":"Civil penalty","value":71845,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"EPA, October 17, 2024 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Additional monitoring wells","value":9,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Installed 2019 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Coal ash produced","value":800,"unit":"tons per day (approx.)","status":"Reported","note":"Canary Media, 2023 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Power purchase contract with PREPA runs to 2027 (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 2","role":"Federal CCR enforcement"},{"name":"AES Puerto Rico, L.P.","role":"Facility operator"},{"name":"Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources (DRNA)","role":"Territorial environmental regulator"}],"public_contact":"EPA Region 2 press office, 787-977-5869","corrective_actions":["Monitor nine additional wells twice a year and publish all groundwater data.","Amend 2017-2022 groundwater reports and post them on the CCR website.","Retroactively notify the public of statistically significant exceedances.","EPA continues to assess the facility (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA Settlement with AES Puerto Rico L.P. Requires Action to Comply with Coal Ash Regulations","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2024-10-17","url":"https://19january2025snapshot.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-settlement-aes-puerto-rico-lp-requires-action-comply-coal-ash-regulations","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA promises action on Puerto Rico coal ash, but residents are tired of waiting","publisher":"Canary Media","date":"2023-05-08","url":"https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/enn/epa-promises-action-on-puerto-rico-coal-ash-but-residents-are-tired-of-waiting","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"A terminar la quema de carbón (opinion, Denis Márquez)","publisher":"Metro Puerto Rico","date":"2026-01-29","url":"https://www.metro.pr/opinion/2026/01/29/a-terminar-la-quema-de-carbon/","basis":"Opinion"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (PR in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PR-VIEQUES-NAVY-MUNITIONS-CLEANUP-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Vieques former Navy range: underwater munitions cleanup to continue about 15 years","description":"Decades of Navy training left munitions and hazardous substances on Vieques and in its surrounding waters; the island has been on the Superfund National Priorities List since 2005. In May 2025 the Navy said it had cleared 4,600 acres, 19 miles of roads and 12 miles of beaches, but expects about 10 more years of munitions removal on land and about 15 underwater, longer than GAO's 2021 estimate of fiscal 2032 for Vieques and Culebra.","location":{"name":"Vieques (former Navy training range)","type":"Superfund site and coastal waters","state":"PR","states":["PR"],"detail":"Former Naval Ammunition Support Detachment and Vieques Naval Training Range, island municipality of Vieques.","counties":["Vieques"],"extent":"site","coordinates":{"lat":18.12,"lon":-65.44,"precision":"city","source_ref":1}},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Unexploded munitions and contaminants remain on land and on the sea floor around Vieques.","secondary_drivers":["Military contamination","Unexploded ordnance"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"GAO (ref 2) documents munitions, hazardous substances and other contaminants on the islands and in surrounding waters; the Navy has removed 137,000 munitions items (ref 1).","service":"No drinking-water service effect is cited; the restriction is on public access to the former Live Impact Area (ref 1).","scale":"One island municipality (Vieques), with related Army Corps cleanup on Culebra (ref 2).","duration":"Navy projects about 10 more years on land and 15 underwater as of May 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"CERCLA cleanup at a National Priorities List site with EPA oversight since 2005 (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure in the sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Navy will continue active removal of UXO for about 10 more years on land and about 15 years underwater."},"measures":[{"name":"Acres cleared of munitions (surface)","value":4600,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Navy, May 21, 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Munitions items removed","value":137000,"unit":"items","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Prior plus planned cleanup cost, Vieques and Culebra","value":800,"unit":"million USD (nearly)","status":"Reported","note":"GAO-21-268 through FY2032 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Cleanup progressing but timeline extended beyond the 2021 GAO estimate."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Navy (NAVFAC Atlantic)","role":"Lead agency for Vieques cleanup"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 2","role":"CERCLA oversight"},{"name":"Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources (DRNA)","role":"Territorial partner"}],"public_contact":"NAVFAC Atlantic Vieques Restoration Program","corrective_actions":["Continued surface and subsurface munitions clearance on land.","Underwater munitions detection and removal, with long-term management afterward.","UXO safety messaging and marked restricted areas."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Vieques Cleanup Status and Explosives Safety (Caribbean Regional Response Team meeting)","publisher":"NAVFAC Atlantic, U.S. Navy","date":"2025-05-21","url":"https://nrt.response.epa.gov/sites/178/files/13-Vieques%20Status%20and%20Explosives%20Safety%20Dan%20Wadill.pdf","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Defense Cleanup: Efforts at Former Military Sites on Vieques and Culebra, Puerto Rico, Are Expected to Continue through 2032 (GAO-21-268 Highlights)","publisher":"U.S. Government Accountability Office","date":"2021-03-01","url":"https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-21-268-highlights.pdf","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (PR in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-PR-LAJAS-VALLEY-IRRIGATION-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lajas Valley irrigation district: underfunding and Laguna de Guánica restoration dispute","description":"Farmers told a Puerto Rico Senate commission in June 2025 that the Lajas Valley irrigation district, which supplies 3,150 million gallons a year to farms and about 4,000 million gallons to PRASA for Yauco, Sabana Grande, Lajas and Cabo Rojo, lacks maintenance resources. They also opposed a proposal to restore the drained Laguna de Guánica, warning it could collapse the irrigation and drainage system.","location":{"name":"Lajas Valley Irrigation District","type":"Irrigation district and agricultural reserve","state":"PR","states":["PR"],"detail":"Lajas Valley Agricultural Reserve; canals serve Yauco, Sabana Grande, Lajas and Cabo Rojo.","counties":["Lajas","Cabo Rojo","Sabana Grande","Yauco"],"extent":"multi_county","coordinates":{"lat":18.05,"lon":-67.06,"precision":"city","source_ref":1}},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Aging canal infrastructure and a competing wetland-restoration proposal affect water allocation for farms and public supply.","secondary_drivers":["Underfunded maintenance","Competing land and water uses"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"RiceTec's testimony (ref 2) warns inefficient drainage exposes soils to salinization, erosion and floods; no realized damage is documented.","service":"No current irrigation or drinking-water cutoff is reported in the June 2025 testimony.","scale":"The canals serve farms and public supply in four municipalities (ref 1).","duration":"The funding and restoration dispute was raised at June 2025 Senate hearings (refs 1, 2); its resolution is not reported.","significance":"Testimony before the Senate Comisión Total Especial for the Mayagüez district, a formal legislative proceeding (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure in testimony."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The irrigation system serves farmers 3,150 million gallons a year and supplies about 4,000 million gallons a year to PRASA."},"measures":[{"name":"Irrigation deliveries to farmers","value":3150,"unit":"million gallons/year","status":"Reported","note":"Senate testimony, June 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Deliveries to PRASA for potable use","value":4000,"unit":"million gallons/year (approx.)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Valley agricultural output","value":100,"unit":"million USD/year (over)","status":"Reported","note":"As stated in testimony (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Lajas Valley Irrigation District (Distrito de Riego del Valle de Lajas)","role":"Irrigation system operator"},{"name":"Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources (DRNA)","role":"Natural resources agency reviewing restoration proposal"},{"name":"Senate of Puerto Rico","role":"Legislative oversight"}],"public_contact":"Senate of Puerto Rico, Comisión Total Especial Distrito de Mayagüez","corrective_actions":["Farmers asked the Senate to fund maintenance and modernization of canals and gates.","Farmers asked for a rigorous agricultural impact analysis of any Laguna de Guánica restoration."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Ponencia de Javier Otero Torres, agricultor, ante el Senado de Puerto Rico","publisher":"Senado de Puerto Rico","date":"2025-06-17","url":"https://senado.pr.gov/document_vault/iniciativas_interes/Ponencia%20Sr.%20Javier%20Otero%20Torres,%20agricultor.pdf","basis":"Legislative record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Temas relevantes del sector agrícola que impactan el Valle de Lajas (ponencia RiceTec ante la Comisión Total Especial)","publisher":"Senado de Puerto Rico","date":"2025-06-09","url":"https://senado.pr.gov/document_vault/iniciativas_interes/Ponencia%20RiceTec%20ComisionTotal%20SenadoPR.pdf","basis":"Legislative record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (PR in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-NATIONAL-DROUGHT-2026-10"]},{"id":"US-PR-PRASA-ANNUAL-RATE-INCREASES-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"PRASA water bills rise every July under fiscal plan through 2039","description":"Puerto Rico's water and sewer authority (AAA/PRASA) raised bills again on July 1, 2026, by about 2%, amid a water service crisis. The FOMB-certified fiscal plan schedules annual increases from fiscal 2022 to 2039; for fiscal 2024 onward it projects annual adjustments of 2% to 5% with a 30% cumulative cap.","location":{"name":"PRASA (AAA) service area","type":"Territory-wide public water and sewer utility","state":"PR","states":["PR"],"detail":"Island-wide service by the Autoridad de Acueductos y Alcantarillados.","counties":[],"extent":"statewide","coordinates":{"lat":18.22,"lon":-66.59,"precision":"state","source_ref":1}},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Rate increases are set by the utility's fiscal plan under federal fiscal oversight.","secondary_drivers":["Fiscal plan under oversight board","Energy and chemical costs"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The cited articles describe bill increases only; no health or environmental harm is involved.","service":"The articles report no shutoffs linked to the increases.","scale":"The increase applies to AAA customers island-wide (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Increases recur every July under a plan scheduling them from fiscal 2022 through 2039 (ref 1).","significance":"Adjustments follow the AAA fiscal plan certified by the Financial Oversight and Management Board (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Customer count not given in the cited articles."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 2% increase effective July 1, 2026, roughly 60 cents to $1 a month, per AAA estimates."},"measures":[{"name":"July 2026 increase","value":2,"unit":"percent (approx.)","status":"Reported","note":"El Nuevo Día (ref 1)."},{"name":"Fiscal plan annual adjustment range, FY2024 onward","value":5,"unit":"percent (upper bound; range 2-5%)","status":"Reported","note":"Fiscal plan section 3.1.1.1 quoted by Metro (ref 2)."},{"name":"Cumulative cap on adjustments","value":30,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"FY2023 increase, residential 10 m3 bill","value":1.33,"unit":"USD/month","status":"Reported","note":"Bill to $28.15 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Utility operates under a fiscal plan certified by the Financial Oversight and Management Board (refs 1, 3).","Annual rate increases scheduled through 2039 (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Bills have risen each July since fiscal 2023 (refs 1-3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Autoridad de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (PRASA)","role":"Utility and rate setter (Governing Board)"},{"name":"Financial Oversight and Management Board for Puerto Rico","role":"Certifies the AAA fiscal plan"}],"public_contact":"Autoridad de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (AAA) customer service","corrective_actions":["Annual rate adjustments under the certified fiscal plan.","AAA states added revenue supports preventive maintenance and access to federal funds (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"En medio de crisis del agua, aumenta desde hoy la factura de la AAA","publisher":"El Nuevo Día","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/locales/notas/en-medio-de-crisis-del-agua-aumenta-desde-hoy-la-factura-de-la-aaa/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Viene otro aumento en la factura del agua","publisher":"Metro Puerto Rico","date":"2024-06-10","url":"https://www.metro.pr/noticias/2024/06/10/viene-otro-aumento-en-la-factura-del-agua/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Junta de Supervisión Fiscal da paso al aumento de la tarifa del agua por petición de la AAA","publisher":"Primera Hora","date":"2022-05-20","url":"https://www.primerahora.com/noticias/gobierno-politica/notas/junta-de-supervision-fiscal-da-paso-al-aumento-de-la-tarifa-del-agua-por-peticion-de-la-aaa/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (PR in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-PR-PRASA-GOVERNANCE-STAFFING-2026"]},{"id":"US-PR-PRASA-GOVERNANCE-STAFFING-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"PRASA leadership and staffing strain during 2026 metro water crisis","description":"During a weeks-long 2026 service crisis in San Juan, Guaynabo, Carolina, Trujillo Alto and other metro towns, La Fortaleza said in June it would make administrative changes at PRASA (AAA). In August mayors' groups and governing board members complained of poor communication from the executive president, key vacancies and a leaderless board, and in September the AAA said it was hiring private companies for leak and pipe repairs because of recruitment problems and a union strike threat.","location":{"name":"PRASA (AAA) metro region","type":"Territory-wide public water and sewer utility","state":"PR","states":["PR"],"detail":"Metro San Juan service area (San Juan, Guaynabo, Carolina, Trujillo Alto) and island-wide governance.","counties":["San Juan","Guaynabo","Carolina","Trujillo Alto"],"extent":"statewide","coordinates":{"lat":18.4,"lon":-66.06,"precision":"city","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Management vacancies, board dysfunction and workforce shortages limit the utility's response to outages.","secondary_drivers":["Workforce shortages","Drought"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"None of the governance reporting cites a contamination or health event.","service":"Metro (ref 2) describes weeks of water service interruptions across several metro municipalities in June 2026.","scale":"AAA serves the whole island and the crisis spanned San Juan, Guaynabo, Carolina and Trujillo Alto (ref 2).","duration":"Complaints and changes span June to September 2026 (refs 1-3).","significance":"Issues were raised at a meeting with the governor and at a House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee hearing (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No customer count in the cited articles."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Board members and mayors cited lack of communication, key vacancies and a leaderless governing board (August 2026)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Key leadership posts vacant (ref 1).","Repairs outsourced to private firms due to recruitment problems; spending not disclosed (ref 3).","Union strike threat (ref 3)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Complaints escalated from June to September 2026 (refs 1-3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Autoridad de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (PRASA)","role":"Utility"},{"name":"Office of the Governor of Puerto Rico","role":"Appoints leadership; convenes Drought Committee"},{"name":"Puerto Rico House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee","role":"Legislative oversight"}],"public_contact":"Autoridad de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (AAA) customer service","corrective_actions":["Governor added a governing board member to weekly Drought Committee meetings and invited former AAA presidents (ref 1).","AAA contracting private companies for leak and pipe repairs (ref 3).","Announced administrative changes at AAA (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Miembros de la Junta de Gobierno de la AAA denuncian falta de comunicación del presidente de la corporación pública","publisher":"El Nuevo Día","date":"2026-08-12","url":"https://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/gobierno/notas/miembros-de-la-junta-de-gobierno-de-la-aaa-denuncian-falta-de-comunicacion-del-presidente-de-la-corporacion-publica/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"¿Se avecina una limpieza en la AAA? Fortaleza adelanta posibles cambios administrativos","publisher":"Metro Puerto Rico","date":"2026-06-11","url":"https://www.metro.pr/noticias/2026/06/11/se-avecina-una-limpieza-en-la-aaa-fortaleza-adelanta-posibles-cambios-administrativos/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"AAA turns to private companies amid ongoing recruitment challenges","publisher":"El Nuevo Día (English)","date":"2026-09-01","url":"https://elnuevodia.com/english/news/story/aaa-turns-to-private-companies-amid-ongoing-recruitment-challenges","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (PR in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-NATIONAL-DROUGHT-2026-10","US-PR-PRASA-ANNUAL-RATE-INCREASES-2026"]},{"id":"US-VI-STX-WAPA-LEAD-COPPER-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"St. Croix lead and copper scare: island-wide no-drink advisory on WAPA water","description":"EPA samples taken Sept. 30, 2023 and returned Oct. 13 showed lead and copper above safe levels at 35 of 66 St. Croix sites, prompting a no-drink advisory, a territorial emergency declaration and bottled-water vouchers. EPA follow-up sampling at household taps found no system-wide contamination; the initial results were attributed to sampling at the meter, and the advisory was lifted in January 2024. A class action against WAPA and Seven Seas Water continued in V.I. Superior Court, and officials tied lingering discolored water to aging ductile iron pipes.","location":{"name":"WAPA St. Croix potable water system","type":"Territorial utility service area","state":"VI","states":["VI"],"detail":"St. Croix island-wide distribution system served by the Richmond seawater reverse-osmosis plant","coordinates":{"lat":17.746,"lon":-64.703,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["St. Croix Island"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"VI0000097"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"The advisory came from water-quality test results, and officials linked the residual problem to aging distribution pipes.","secondary_drivers":["Aging ductile iron pipes and fittings","Sampling methodology error","Water stagnation from low customer use"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Initial EPA results showed lead at one site over 1,340 times the threshold (ref 1), but later tap sampling found no system-wide contamination (ref 3), and 550 children tested had blood lead results negative or below the level of concern (ref 2).","service":"Government House advised against drinking WAPA water island-wide, and residents received bottled-water vouchers (refs 1, 4).","scale":"The St. Croix WAPA system serves 35,000 people per SDWIS (ref 7), and AP said tens of thousands relied on bottled water (ref 4).","duration":"The advisory ran from October 2023 until Governor Bryan lifted it in his January 2024 State of the Territory address (ref 6).","significance":"Governor Bryan declared a territorial state of emergency, President Biden issued a federal emergency declaration (refs 1, 4), and a class action is pending in V.I. Superior Court (ref 5)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":35000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by WAPA St. Croix (VI0000097) per SDWIS (ref 7)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Lead and copper exceeded safe levels at 35 of 66 sites in EPA samples taken Sept. 30, 2023 (ref 1); later EPA tap sampling found no system-wide contamination (ref 6)."},"measures":[{"name":"Sites above lead/copper levels, initial EPA sampling","value":35,"unit":"of 66 sites","status":"Reported","note":"Samples taken at meters Sept. 30, 2023 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Children given blood lead tests","value":550,"unit":"children","status":"Reported","note":"All results negative or below level of concern as of Nov. 27, 2023 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Named plaintiffs in class action","value":19,"unit":"plaintiffs","status":"Reported","note":"Amended complaint added Seven Seas Water Corporation (ref 5)."},{"name":"FEMA St. Croix potable distribution replacement obligation","value":1.25,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"Obligated October 2024 (ref 8)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Class action seeks lead service line replacement at no cost to customers (ref 4)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Advisory lifted January 2024 after follow-up sampling (ref 6); pipe replacement is a multi-year program (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"V.I. Water and Power Authority (WAPA)","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"V.I. Department of Planning and Natural Resources (DPNR)","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 2","role":"Federal sampling and oversight"},{"name":"Seven Seas Water Corporation (USVI)","role":"Contract water producer; co-defendant"}],"public_contact":"V.I. Water and Power Authority customer service, viwapa.vi; leak reports 340-773-2250 ext. 3065","corrective_actions":["EPA sequential tap sampling in early November 2023 (ref 3)","No-drink advisory lifted January 2024 (ref 6)","Waterline rehabilitation in Clifton Hill, Estate Campo Rico and Hannah's Rest (ref 6)","FEMA-funded St. Croix distribution system replacement, $1.25 billion obligated (ref 8)"],"sources":[{"title":"St. Croix Water Crisis a Confluence of Unfortunate Events, Officials Say","publisher":"St. Croix Source","date":"2023-11-02","url":"https://stcroixsource.com/?p=389835","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"Government House Briefing Reveals EPA Sequential Sampling Results, Data Anomalies Detected","publisher":"Government of the U.S. Virgin Islands (Government House)","date":"2023-11-27","url":"https://www.vi.gov/government-house-briefing-reveals-epa-sequential-sampling-results-data-anomalies-detected/","basis":"Territorial government release","ref":2},{"title":"St. Croix's Lead Water Crisis Overblown as New EPA Tests Show Promising Results","publisher":"The Virgin Islands Consortium","date":"2023-11-25","url":"https://viconsortium.com/vi-health/virgin-islands-st--croix-s-lead-water-crisis-overblown-as-new-epa-tests-show-promising-results","basis":"News","ref":3},{"title":"Residents in St. Croix sue government over water contaminated with lead and copper (AP)","publisher":"KSAT / Associated Press","date":"2023-11-29","url":"https://www.ksat.com/health/2023/11/29/residents-in-st-croix-sue-government-over-water-contaminated-with-lead-and-copper/","basis":"News","ref":4},{"title":"WAPA Files Motion to Dismiss Suit Over Lead in St. Croix Water","publisher":"St. Croix Source","date":"2024-02-27","url":"https://stcroixsource.com/?p=400290","basis":"News","ref":5},{"title":"Governor Bryan Lifts \"No Drink Advisory\" for St. Croix Public Water System","publisher":"Government of the U.S. Virgin Islands (Government House)","date":"2024-01-22","url":"https://www.vi.gov/governor-bryan-lifts-no-drink-advisory-for-st-croix-public-water-system/","basis":"Territorial government release","ref":6},{"title":"SDWIS water system record: Water And Power Authority - STX (VI0000097), population served 35,000","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/Water%20And%20Power/JSON","basis":"Federal compliance database","ref":7,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"FEMA Commits Additional $3.2 Billion for Utility, Road Paving, Education Projects in USVI","publisher":"St. Thomas Source","date":"2024-10-08","url":"https://stthomassource.com/content/2024/10/08/fema-commits-additional-3-2-billion-for-utility-road-paving-education-projects-in-usvi/","basis":"News","ref":8}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (VI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Outcome of WAPA's February 2024 motion to dismiss not located"],"related_ids":["US-VI-STX-WAPA-WATER-SHORTAGE-2026","US-VI-WAPA-WATER-LINE-LOSS-2024"]},{"id":"US-VI-STX-WAPA-WATER-SHORTAGE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"St. Croix drought water shortage, E. coli boil advisory and emergency order (2026)","description":"Extreme drought from July 2026 emptied household cisterns and pushed demand on WAPA's St. Croix system near the Seven Seas reverse-osmosis plant's capacity, while main breaks drained storage and left western and high-elevation areas with low or no pressure. In late August, E. coli at the Frederiksted Dock sample point triggered a boil-water advisory, and a ruptured sewage force main forced a pause in Richmond plant production. Governor Bryan declared a St. Croix state of emergency effective Aug. 30. The advisory was lifted Sept. 21, and WAPA reported easing demand.","location":{"name":"WAPA St. Croix potable water system","type":"Territorial utility service area","state":"VI","states":["VI"],"detail":"St. Croix; worst effects in Frederiksted and the west end","coordinates":{"lat":17.713,"lon":-64.882,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["St. Croix Island"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"VI0000097"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Drought-driven demand collided with leaking mains and a sewage force main failure that halted production.","secondary_drivers":["Extreme (D3) drought since July 14, 2026","Cistern depletion","Distribution main breaks","Sewage force main rupture near the Richmond intake"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Routine and repeat samples on Aug. 24 and Aug. 26 at the Frederiksted Dock were positive for total coliform and E. coli (ref 4).","service":"WAPA told customers islandwide to expect low to no water pressure (ref 4), and private haulers delivered non-potable water to Frederiksted residents (ref 5).","scale":"The affected WAPA St. Croix system serves 35,000 people per SDWIS (ref 7).","duration":"Standpipe sales surged from March and the drought held from July 14 (refs 2, 6); the boil advisory lasted until Sept. 21, 2026 (ref 6).","significance":"Executive Order No. 548-2026 declared a state of emergency for the District of St. Croix effective Aug. 30, 2026 (ref 5)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":35000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by WAPA St. Croix (VI0000097) per SDWIS (ref 7); cistern users who turned to haulers and standpipes are not counted."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"State of emergency for St. Croix effective Aug. 30, 2026 (Executive Order No. 548-2026) after drought, leaks and a force main rupture cut water inventory (ref 5)."},"measures":[{"name":"Main leaks within about 24 hours","value":4,"unit":"leaks","status":"Reported","note":"WAPA CEO Karl Knight, quoted at the August board meeting (ref 3)."},{"name":"St. Croix line loss, 2024","value":72.5,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Up from 69% (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Demand near Seven Seas maximum production (ref 1)","Decades of deferred distribution maintenance (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Standpipe sales fell in August for the first time since March, and the boil advisory was lifted Sept. 21, 2026 (ref 6)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"V.I. Water and Power Authority (WAPA)","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Seven Seas Water Group","role":"Contract reverse-osmosis water producer"},{"name":"V.I. Department of Planning and Natural Resources (DPNR)","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"V.I. Territorial Emergency Management Agency (VITEMA)","role":"Emergency coordination"},{"name":"V.I. Department of Health","role":"Incident command under EO 548-2026"}],"public_contact":"V.I. Water and Power Authority customer service, viwapa.vi; leak reports 340-773-2250 ext. 3065","corrective_actions":["Seven Seas production held at maximum; standpipe hours extended to weekends (ref 2)","Main repairs in Estate Mountain, Mount Pleasant and other areas (ref 8)","Emergency Operations Center activated; National Guard and police assisting water distribution (ref 5)","Boil-water advisory lifted Sept. 21, 2026 (ref 6)"],"sources":[{"title":"Failing infrastructure leaves thousands without reliable power, water","publisher":"The Virgin Islands Daily News","date":"2026-08-25","url":"https://www.virginislandsdailynews.com/news/failing-infrastructure-leaves-thousands-without-reliable-power-water/article_b6838bbd-77a1-45f5-84d1-14293c760786.html","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"WAPA Addresses Water Interruptions, Takes Steps to Stabilize Water Service Amid Drought","publisher":"St. Thomas Source","date":"2026-08-12","url":"https://stthomassource.com/content/2026/08/12/wapa-addresses-water-interruptions-takes-steps-to-stabilize-water-service-amid-drought/","basis":"News (utility statement)","ref":2},{"title":"WAPA Board Updated on Drought and Water Shortages, Extends Several Contracts","publisher":"St. Thomas Source","date":"2026-08-28","url":"https://stthomassource.com/content/2026/08/28/wapa-board-updated-on-drought-and-water-shortages-extends-several-contracts/","basis":"News","ref":3},{"title":"St. Croix Water Supply Strained as E. Coli Advisory, Production Shutdown Compound Shortages","publisher":"St. Thomas Source","date":"2026-08-30","url":"https://stthomassource.com/content/2026/08/30/st-croix-water-supply-strained-as-e-coli-advisory-production-shutdown-compound-shortages/","basis":"News","ref":4},{"title":"Governor Bryan Issues Executive Order to Sustain Coordinated St. Croix Water Response","publisher":"Government of the U.S. Virgin Islands (Government House)","date":"2026-08-31","url":"https://www.vi.gov/governor-bryan-issues-executive-order-to-sustain-coordinated-st-croix-water-response/","basis":"Territorial government release","ref":5},{"title":"WAPA Board Updated on STX Water Supply, White House Visit","publisher":"St. Thomas Source","date":"2026-09-24","url":"https://stthomassource.com/content/2026/09/24/wapa-board-updated-on-stx-water-supply-white-house-visit/","basis":"News","ref":6},{"title":"SDWIS water system record: Water And Power Authority - STX (VI0000097), population served 35,000","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/Water%20And%20Power/JSON","basis":"Federal compliance database","ref":7,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"Residents Urged to Limit Water Use Amid Drought, Leaks","publisher":"St. Croix Source","date":"2026-08-24","url":"https://stcroixsource.com/2026/08/24/residents-urged-to-limit-water-use-amid-drought-leaks/","basis":"News","ref":8}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (VI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Daily production and demand volumes not reported"],"related_ids":["US-NATIONAL-DROUGHT-2026-10","US-VI-STX-VIWMA-SEWER-OVERFLOWS-2026","US-VI-WAPA-WATER-LINE-LOSS-2024"]},{"id":"US-VI-WAPA-WATER-LINE-LOSS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"WAPA water distribution losses: St. Croix line loss reaches 72.5%","description":"WAPA's St. Croix water district lost 72.5% of produced water to leaks in 2024, up from 69%, while the St. Thomas-St. John district fell to 27.8%. EPA's Inspector General reports parts of the distribution network date to the 1940s and that a January 2025 consultant report found WAPA operating in the zone of insolvency. FEMA has obligated $1.25 billion to replace St. Croix's distribution system, and EPA OIG says engineering vacancies are slowing projects.","location":{"name":"WAPA water distribution systems","type":"Territorial utility service area","state":"VI","states":["VI"],"detail":"St. Croix and St. Thomas-St. John water districts","coordinates":{"lat":17.746,"lon":-64.703,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["St. Croix Island","St. Thomas Island"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"VI0000097"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Chronic leakage from aged pipes and a financially distressed utility limit how fast replacement can proceed.","secondary_drivers":["Pipes dating to the 1940s","Deferred maintenance","Engineering staff vacancies","Utility financial distress"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Officials attributed discolored water in parts of St. Croix to aging, deteriorating ductile iron pipes (ref 5).","service":"WAPA's CEO said leaks lowered pressure, hitting the west end and higher elevations hardest in August 2026 (ref 4).","scale":"The St. Croix district, where losses are highest, serves 35,000 people per SDWIS (ref 6).","duration":"Daily News reports decades of deferred distribution maintenance and a 2024 loss rate that rose from 69% (ref 1).","significance":"EPA OIG Report 26-E-0010 cites a January 2025 consultant finding that WAPA was in the zone of insolvency (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":35000,"status":"Reported","note":"St. Croix system population per SDWIS (ref 6); the St. Thomas system (VI0000443) serves another 34,000."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Line loss on St. Croix rose from 69% to 72.5% in 2024; the St. Thomas-St. John district fell from 32.5% to 27.8% (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"St. Croix line loss, 2024","value":72.5,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Up from 69% (ref 1)."},{"name":"St. Thomas-St. John line loss, 2024","value":27.8,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Down from 32.5% (ref 1)."},{"name":"FEMA St. Croix distribution replacement","value":1.25,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"Pump stations, tanks, piping and hydrants (ref 3)."},{"name":"WAPA water customers","value":13000,"unit":"customers","status":"Reported","note":"\"almost 13,000 customers\" per EPA OIG (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["January 2025 consultant report: operating in the zone of insolvency (ref 2)","Engineering manager and two of four engineering posts vacant (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"St. Croix losses rose while St. Thomas-St. John losses fell in 2024 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"V.I. Water and Power Authority (WAPA)","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)","role":"Funder of prudent replacement"},{"name":"V.I. Department of Planning and Natural Resources (DPNR)","role":"SRF grant administrator and primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"V.I. Water and Power Authority customer service, viwapa.vi; leak reports 340-773-2250 ext. 3065","corrective_actions":["FEMA approved prudent replacement plans for St. Thomas and St. Croix in September 2024 (ref 2)","$1.25 billion St. Croix distribution replacement and $2.5 million Richmond intake screens obligated (ref 3)","Mahogany Road waterline replacement approved September 2026 (ref 7)"],"sources":[{"title":"Failing infrastructure leaves thousands without reliable power, water","publisher":"The Virgin Islands Daily News","date":"2026-08-25","url":"https://www.virginislandsdailynews.com/news/failing-infrastructure-leaves-thousands-without-reliable-power-water/article_b6838bbd-77a1-45f5-84d1-14293c760786.html","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"Evaluation of the U.S. Virgin Islands' Capacity to Manage and Use IIJA Funds for Clean Water and Drinking Water Infrastructure Improvements (Report No. 26-E-0010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Office of Inspector General","date":"2026-01-14","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2026-01/_epaoig_20260114-26-e-0010_cert.pdf","basis":"Federal oversight report","ref":2},{"title":"FEMA Commits Additional $3.2 Billion for Utility, Road Paving, Education Projects in USVI","publisher":"St. Thomas Source","date":"2024-10-08","url":"https://stthomassource.com/content/2024/10/08/fema-commits-additional-3-2-billion-for-utility-road-paving-education-projects-in-usvi/","basis":"News","ref":3},{"title":"WAPA Board Updated on Drought and Water Shortages, Extends Several Contracts","publisher":"St. Thomas Source","date":"2026-08-28","url":"https://stthomassource.com/content/2026/08/28/wapa-board-updated-on-drought-and-water-shortages-extends-several-contracts/","basis":"News","ref":4},{"title":"Government House Briefing Reveals EPA Sequential Sampling Results, Data Anomalies Detected","publisher":"Government of the U.S. Virgin Islands (Government House)","date":"2023-11-27","url":"https://www.vi.gov/government-house-briefing-reveals-epa-sequential-sampling-results-data-anomalies-detected/","basis":"Territorial government release","ref":5},{"title":"SDWIS water system record: Water And Power Authority - STX (VI0000097), population served 35,000","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/Water%20And%20Power/JSON","basis":"Federal compliance database","ref":6,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"WAPA Board Updated on STX Water Supply, White House Visit","publisher":"St. Thomas Source","date":"2026-09-24","url":"https://stthomassource.com/content/2026/09/24/wapa-board-updated-on-stx-water-supply-white-house-visit/","basis":"News","ref":7}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (VI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-VI-STX-WAPA-LEAD-COPPER-2023","US-VI-STX-WAPA-WATER-SHORTAGE-2026"]},{"id":"US-VI-STT-MANGROVE-LAGOON-WWTP-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Mangrove Lagoon sewage plant on St. Thomas in significant noncompliance","description":"EPA's ECHO system lists the VIWMA Mangrove Lagoon wastewater plant at Estate Bovoni in significant noncompliance in every quarter from July 2023 through June 2026, with effluent bacteria, BOD and phosphorus far above permit limits in early 2026. EPA issued a Clean Water Act compliance order to the Waste Management Authority in June 2023. In September 2025 VIWMA diverted septage and sludge to the Cancryn Pump Station because of technical issues at the plant.","location":{"name":"Mangrove Lagoon Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"VI","states":["VI"],"detail":"Estate Bovoni, St. Thomas; discharges near Mangrove Lagoon / Benner Bay","coordinates":{"lat":18.31,"lon":-64.925,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["St. Thomas Island"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Plant treatment failures produce effluent violations in a coastal lagoon.","secondary_drivers":["Plant technical failures","Utility underfunding"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO shows fecal coliform at 192,043% and Enterococci at 39,900% over permit limits in January-March 2026 (ref 1).","service":"VIWMA moved sludge, septage and gray water receiving to the Cancryn Pump Station, open four days a week, due to plant issues (ref 2).","scale":"One of five St. Thomas sewage plants in a system serving 30 to 60 percent of the territory's population (ref 3).","duration":"ECHO lists significant noncompliance in every quarter from July 2023 through June 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"EPA issued a CWA Section 309(a) administrative order for compliance (case 02-2023-3111) on June 22, 2023 (ref 1); VIWMA plants also run under the 1985 federal consent decree (ref 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sewered population for the plant not published in cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Significant/Category I noncompliance in 12 of 13 quarters, July 2023 to October 2026 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (Jul 2023-Oct 2026)","value":12,"unit":"of 13 quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO three-year compliance history (ref 1)."},{"name":"Peak fecal coliform exceedance, Q1 2026","value":192043,"unit":"percent over limit","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO effluent compliance (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["VIWMA underfunded by about $5 million and has trouble paying bills (ref 3)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Noncompliance persisted across the three-year ECHO window (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"V.I. Waste Management Authority (VIWMA)","role":"Plant owner and operator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 2","role":"NPDES enforcement"},{"name":"V.I. Department of Planning and Natural Resources (DPNR)","role":"Territorial water quality regulator"}],"public_contact":"V.I. Waste Management Authority Division of Wastewater, (340) 715-9151","corrective_actions":["EPA 309(a) compliance order June 22, 2023 (ref 1)","Temporary septage receiving at Cancryn Pump Station (ref 2)","FEMA obligated $2.1 billion for St. Thomas wastewater replacement (ref 4)"],"sources":[{"title":"ECHO detailed facility report: Mangrove Lagoon (NPDES VI0002003)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=VI0002003","basis":"Federal compliance database","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"VIWMA Temporarily Accepting Sludge and Other Wastewater","publisher":"St. Thomas Source","date":"2025-09-27","url":"https://stthomassource.com/content/2025/09/27/viwma-temporarily-accepting-sludge-and-other-wastewater/","basis":"News (agency notice)","ref":2},{"title":"Evaluation of the U.S. Virgin Islands' Capacity to Manage and Use IIJA Funds for Clean Water and Drinking Water Infrastructure Improvements (Report No. 26-E-0010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Office of Inspector General","date":"2026-01-14","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2026-01/_epaoig_20260114-26-e-0010_cert.pdf","basis":"Federal oversight report","ref":3},{"title":"Sewage Spills, Blocked Drains, and Deteriorating Pipes: WMA Calls for Major Overhaul of St. Thomas Wastewater System","publisher":"The Virgin Islands Consortium","date":"2025-07-08","url":"https://viconsortium.com/vi-development/virgin-islands-sewage-spills--blocked-drains--and-deteriorating-pipes--wma-calls-for-major-overhaul-of-st--thomas-wastewater-system","basis":"News","ref":4}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (VI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Nature of the 2025 technical issues not described","Plant latitude estimated from ECHO longitude and Estate Bovoni address"],"related_ids":["US-VI-STT-VIWMA-SEWER-COLLAPSE-2025"]},{"id":"US-VI-STX-VIWMA-SEWER-OVERFLOWS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"St. Croix sewer failures: LBJ force main rupture and Anguilla plant noncompliance","description":"In August 2026 the VIWMA LBJ pump station's force main broke, spilling wastewater in Orange Grove, JFK Terrace and downtown Christiansted; because the spill was near the Richmond seawater intake, WAPA paused drinking-water production during a drought. ECHO lists the island's only sewage plant, Anguilla, in violation every quarter since mid-2023 and in significant noncompliance for five straight quarters in 2025-26, and DPNR issued a corrective action order on the Fig Tree pump station in December 2024. FEMA funding is in place to replace most St. Croix sewer lines and 14 pump stations.","location":{"name":"VIWMA St. Croix sewer system","type":"Municipal sewer system","state":"VI","states":["VI"],"detail":"LBJ pump station (Christiansted) and Anguilla WWTP (Kingshill), St. Croix","coordinates":{"lat":17.7253,"lon":-64.78407,"precision":"facility","source_ref":4},"counties":["St. Croix Island"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Pump station and force main failures caused overflows and threatened the drinking water intake.","secondary_drivers":["Aging pump stations and force mains","Utility underfunding"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Wastewater overflowed near the One Love station in Orange Grove and JFK Terrace in Christiansted (ref 1) and into downtown Christiansted and Condo Row (ref 2).","service":"Because the spill was near the Richmond intake, WAPA suspended full potable production and cut system pressure to minimum (ref 2); the sewer outage itself was repaired within days (ref 3).","scale":"EPA OIG lists one sewage treatment plant on St. Croix, so the Anguilla plant handles the island's sewered flow (refs 4, 5).","duration":"ECHO reports Anguilla in violation from July 2023 through October 2026 and in significant noncompliance from January 2025 to March 2026 (ref 4).","significance":"The force main rupture is cited in emergency Executive Order No. 548-2026 (ref 3); DPNR issued a corrective action order for the Fig Tree Pump Station on Dec. 5, 2024 (ref 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sewered population for St. Croix not published in cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"LBJ Pump Station \"currently offline due to a broken force main pipe, resulting in wastewater overflow\" (VIWMA, quoted in ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Consecutive quarters in significant noncompliance, Anguilla WWTP","value":5,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"January 2025 to March 2026 (ref 4)."},{"name":"Peak TSS percent-removal exceedance, Anguilla, Q4 2025","value":1033,"unit":"percent over limit","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO effluent compliance (ref 4)."},{"name":"St. Croix pump stations funded for replacement","value":14,"unit":"pump stations","status":"Reported","note":"FEMA obligation July 2024 (ref 5)."},{"name":"FEMA St. Croix wastewater obligation","value":1,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"Obligated October 2024 to January 2025 (ref 6)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["VIWMA underfunded by about $5 million (ref 5)","USVI OIG found VIWMA paid contractors late (ref 5)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"LBJ repairs finished Aug. 30, 2026 (ref 3); Anguilla moved from significant noncompliance to violation status in Q2 2026 (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"V.I. Waste Management Authority (VIWMA)","role":"Sewer system owner and operator"},{"name":"V.I. Department of Planning and Natural Resources (DPNR)","role":"Territorial regulator (Fig Tree order)"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 2","role":"NPDES enforcement"}],"public_contact":"V.I. Waste Management Authority Division of Wastewater, (340) 715-9151","corrective_actions":["LBJ force main repaired Aug. 30, 2026 (ref 3)","DPNR corrective action order, Fig Tree Pump Station, Dec. 5, 2024 (ref 4)","FEMA-funded replacement of most St. Croix sewer lines and 14 pump stations (ref 5)","First phase of St. Croix pump replacements planned from June 2025 (ref 7)"],"sources":[{"title":"Failing infrastructure leaves thousands without reliable power, water","publisher":"The Virgin Islands Daily News","date":"2026-08-25","url":"https://www.virginislandsdailynews.com/news/failing-infrastructure-leaves-thousands-without-reliable-power-water/article_b6838bbd-77a1-45f5-84d1-14293c760786.html","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"St. Croix Water Supply Strained as E. Coli Advisory, Production Shutdown Compound Shortages","publisher":"St. Thomas Source","date":"2026-08-30","url":"https://stthomassource.com/content/2026/08/30/st-croix-water-supply-strained-as-e-coli-advisory-production-shutdown-compound-shortages/","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"Governor Bryan Issues Executive Order to Sustain Coordinated St. Croix Water Response","publisher":"Government of the U.S. Virgin Islands (Government House)","date":"2026-08-31","url":"https://www.vi.gov/governor-bryan-issues-executive-order-to-sustain-coordinated-st-croix-water-response/","basis":"Territorial government release","ref":3},{"title":"ECHO detailed facility report: Anguilla Wastewater Treatment Facility (NPDES VI0020036)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=VI0020036","basis":"Federal compliance database","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"Evaluation of the U.S. Virgin Islands' Capacity to Manage and Use IIJA Funds for Clean Water and Drinking Water Infrastructure Improvements (Report No. 26-E-0010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Office of Inspector General","date":"2026-01-14","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2026-01/_epaoig_20260114-26-e-0010_cert.pdf","basis":"Federal oversight report","ref":5},{"title":"Sewage Spills, Blocked Drains, and Deteriorating Pipes: WMA Calls for Major Overhaul of St. Thomas Wastewater System","publisher":"The Virgin Islands Consortium","date":"2025-07-08","url":"https://viconsortium.com/vi-development/virgin-islands-sewage-spills--blocked-drains--and-deteriorating-pipes--wma-calls-for-major-overhaul-of-st--thomas-wastewater-system","basis":"News","ref":6},{"title":"VIWMA Details $3B Sewer System Overhaul as Payment Dispute With Contractor Comes to a Head","publisher":"St. Thomas Source","date":"2025-05-23","url":"https://stthomassource.com/content/2025/05/23/viwma-details-3b-sewer-system-overhaul-as-payment-dispute-with-contractor-comes-to-a-head/","basis":"News","ref":7}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (VI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Overflow volume not reported"],"related_ids":["US-VI-STX-WAPA-WATER-SHORTAGE-2026","US-VI-STT-VIWMA-SEWER-COLLAPSE-2025"]},{"id":"US-VI-STT-VIWMA-SEWER-COLLAPSE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"St. Thomas sewer system failing: 150+ overflows in 2025, consent decree, unpaid bypass contractor","description":"VIWMA said in July 2025 it had addressed more than 150 sanitary overflows that year on St. Thomas, with over 10 catastrophic line failures each costing more than $100,000 and a worsening line failure under Veterans Drive. In May 2025 its main contractor threatened to remove rented bypass pumps over $6.1 million in unpaid invoices. VIWMA runs the territory's plants under a 1985 federal consent decree, and FEMA has obligated $2.1 billion to replace the St. Thomas system.","location":{"name":"VIWMA St. Thomas sewer system","type":"Municipal sewer system","state":"VI","states":["VI"],"detail":"Charlotte Amalie and St. Thomas collection system","coordinates":{"lat":18.3419,"lon":-64.9307,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["St. Thomas Island"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Collapsing collection lines cause recurring sewage overflows, and payment delays threaten emergency bypass operations.","secondary_drivers":["Lines past useful life","Deferred maintenance","Late contractor payments","Stormwater entering sewers"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"VIWMA reported more than 150 sanitary overflows addressed on St. Thomas in 2025 as of early July (ref 1).","service":"SD&C Inc. threatened to pull rented bypass pumps from active St. Thomas sites over $6.1 million owed (ref 2).","scale":"VIWMA serves between 30 and 60 percent of the territory's population, and St. Thomas has five of its eight plants (ref 3).","duration":"Over 10 catastrophic failures and a worsening Veterans Drive line failure show chronic deterioration; the interim director called lines past their useful life (ref 1).","significance":"VIWMA operates under the federal consent decree in United States v. Government of the Virgin Islands, Case No. 84-104, approved Nov. 17, 1985 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sewered population for St. Thomas not published in cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Over 150 sanitary overflows addressed in 2025 and over 10 catastrophic failures costing more than $100,000 each (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Sanitary overflows addressed, 2025 to early July","value":150,"unit":"overflows (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Unpaid contractor invoices","value":6.1,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"SD&C Inc., May 2025 (ref 2)."},{"name":"FEMA St. Thomas wastewater obligation","value":2.1,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"Obligated October 2024 to January 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Unfunded private lateral connections","value":600,"unit":"million USD (low estimate; up to 800)","status":"Estimated","note":"VIWMA estimate of $600-800 million (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Underfunded by about $5 million and needs to raise prices (ref 3)","$6.1 million in unpaid contractor invoices (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Federal replacement funding is obligated but construction has not begun at scale (refs 1, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"V.I. Waste Management Authority (VIWMA)","role":"Sewer system owner and operator"},{"name":"U.S. District Court for the District of the Virgin Islands","role":"Consent decree court"},{"name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)","role":"Funder of prudent replacement"}],"public_contact":"V.I. Waste Management Authority Division of Wastewater, (340) 715-9151","corrective_actions":["FEMA obligated $2.1 billion for St. Thomas and $83.6 million for St. John wastewater (ref 1)","St. Thomas pump inventory ahead of request for proposals; one-dig coordination with WAPA and Public Works (ref 2)","Partial contractor payment committed by VIWMA board chair (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"title":"Sewage Spills, Blocked Drains, and Deteriorating Pipes: WMA Calls for Major Overhaul of St. Thomas Wastewater System","publisher":"The Virgin Islands Consortium","date":"2025-07-08","url":"https://viconsortium.com/vi-development/virgin-islands-sewage-spills--blocked-drains--and-deteriorating-pipes--wma-calls-for-major-overhaul-of-st--thomas-wastewater-system","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"VIWMA Details $3B Sewer System Overhaul as Payment Dispute With Contractor Comes to a Head","publisher":"St. Thomas Source","date":"2025-05-23","url":"https://stthomassource.com/content/2025/05/23/viwma-details-3b-sewer-system-overhaul-as-payment-dispute-with-contractor-comes-to-a-head/","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"Evaluation of the U.S. Virgin Islands' Capacity to Manage and Use IIJA Funds for Clean Water and Drinking Water Infrastructure Improvements (Report No. 26-E-0010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Office of Inspector General","date":"2026-01-14","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2026-01/_epaoig_20260114-26-e-0010_cert.pdf","basis":"Federal oversight report","ref":3},{"title":"Failing infrastructure leaves thousands without reliable power, water","publisher":"The Virgin Islands Daily News","date":"2026-08-25","url":"https://www.virginislandsdailynews.com/news/failing-infrastructure-leaves-thousands-without-reliable-power-water/article_b6838bbd-77a1-45f5-84d1-14293c760786.html","basis":"News","ref":4}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (VI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Overflow volumes and receiving waters not reported"],"related_ids":["US-VI-STT-MANGROVE-LAGOON-WWTP-2025","US-VI-STX-VIWMA-SEWER-OVERFLOWS-2026"]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (VI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["audited 2025 financial statements","water-specific arrears or shutoff data"],"related_ids":[],"id":"US-VI-WAPA-FINANCIAL-CRISIS-2024","title":"Water and Power Authority debt crisis: 2024 emergency, $1B+ liabilities","description":"Governor Albert Bryan Jr. declared a local state of emergency on April 22, 2024 to stabilize the territory's electrical system and pay Water and Power Authority (WAPA) debts, after rotating outages began April 12 because of WAPA's cash shortage. Unaudited figures then showed $1.081 billion in total liabilities. In October 2025 a senator said WAPA owed vendors about $400 million and proposed a Chapter 9 restructuring or a federal takeover of its St. Thomas operations; WAPA also runs the territory's public potable-water systems.","location":{"name":"Virgin Islands Water and Power Authority","type":"Territorial water and electric utility service area","state":"VI","states":["VI"],"detail":"Public potable-water systems on St. Croix (VI0000097) and St. Thomas (VI0000443); electric service territory-wide","coordinates":{"lat":18.3419,"lon":-64.9307,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["St. Thomas","St. Croix","St. John"],"extent":"statewide","pwsid":"VI0000443"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The documented problem is the utility's insolvency risk, unpaid vendor and fuel debt and the emergency financing needed to keep it operating.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Bond Buyer (ref 1) reports a $2.3 million immediate debt to generator supplier Aggreko and about $15 million under negotiation with fuel supplier Vitol, putting supply at risk; no water-quality harm is documented.","service":"Rotating power outages began April 12, 2024 because of WAPA's cash shortage, according to the governor (ref 1).","scale":"WAPA's two active potable-water systems serve 69,000 people per SDWIS (ref 3), and its power system serves all three main islands.","duration":"The crisis ran from the April 2024 emergency (ref 1) to an October 2025 call for bankruptcy or federal takeover citing about $400 million in vendor debt (ref 2).","significance":"The governor declared a local state of emergency on April 22, 2024 to use the rainy-day fund to pay WAPA's creditors (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":69000,"status":"Reported","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served for WAPA - STX (VI0000097, 35,000) and WAPA - STT (VI0000443, 34,000), ref 3. The inactive St. John system (VI0000554) is excluded."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Unaudited total liabilities of $1.081 billion (ref 1); about $400 million owed to vendors as of October 2025 (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Total liabilities (unaudited)","value":1081000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"As of the prior September, per Bond Buyer April 22, 2024 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Total long-term debt","value":284000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Vendor debt","value":400000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate figure cited by Sen. Ray Fonseca, October 2025 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Deferred maintenance need","value":27000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"At least $27 million, per ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Severe","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["emergency use of the government rainy-day fund to pay creditors (ref 1)","liabilities above $1 billion (refs 1, 2)","vendor arrears of about $400 million (ref 2)","proposal for Chapter 9 restructuring or federal takeover (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Vendor debt cited at about $400 million in October 2025 (ref 2), against $470 million in current liabilities in the earlier unaudited figures (ref 1); no audited 2025-2026 figures were found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Virgin Islands Water and Power Authority","role":"Utility operator"},{"name":"Office of the Governor, U.S. Virgin Islands","role":"Emergency declaration and financing"},{"name":"Legislature of the Virgin Islands","role":"Oversight and appropriations"}],"public_contact":"Virgin Islands Water and Power Authority customer service","corrective_actions":["Emergency payments from the central government's rainy-day fund to bondholders, Vitol and Aggreko (ref 1).","Task force on WAPA's short- and medium-term payments; completion of the Wärtsilä propane transition; expedited permits for renewable energy (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Virgin Islands governor declares emergency to pay WAPA debt","publisher":"The Bond Buyer","date":"2024-04-22","url":"https://www.bondbuyer.com/news/virgin-islands-governor-declares-emergency-to-pay-water-power-debts","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Senator Calls for Federal Takeover or Bankruptcy to End WAPA's Financial and Operational Collapse","publisher":"The Virgin Islands Consortium","date":"2025-10-22","url":"https://viconsortium.com/vi-wapa/virgin-islands-senator-calls-for-federal-takeover-or-bankruptcy-to-end-wapa-s-financial-and-operational-collapse","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system records: Water and Power Authority systems, Virgin Islands","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WATER%20AND%20POWER/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","secondary_drivers":[],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (VI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["TPDES permit decision","effluent sampling results from June 2024 inspection"],"related_ids":[],"id":"US-VI-STCROIX-REFINERY-DISCHARGE-PERMIT-2023","title":"St. Croix refinery and terminal discharging without current TPDES permit","description":"EPA issued Clean Water Act compliance orders on July 21, 2023 requiring Port Hamilton Refining and Transportation, West Indies Petroleum and Ocean Point Terminals to apply for territorial discharge permits; the order found pollutants were being discharged to Limetree Bay, Krause Lagoon and Cane Garden Bay while the HOVENSA-era permit had expired. Port Hamilton submitted a permit application in June 2024, EPA inspected discharges that month, and an August 2024 consent order required removal of more chemicals. The owner said in May 2026 it will restart the idle refinery.","location":{"name":"St. Croix refinery and Ocean Point terminal","type":"Petroleum refinery and bulk fuel terminal","state":"VI","states":["VI"],"detail":"South shore of St. Croix; outfalls to Limetree Bay (via Hess Harbor), Krause Lagoon and Cane Garden Bay","coordinates":{"lat":17.698,"lon":-64.753,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["St. Croix"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns industrial process wastewater and stormwater discharges to coastal waters without a current discharge permit.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA's order (ref 2) cites DMRs from May 2021 to February 2023 showing pollutants discharged to Limetree Bay, Krause Lagoon and Cane Garden Bay, and uncontrolled stormwater outfalls found in 2021.","service":"No drinking-water service disruption is tied to these discharges in the cited sources (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Three south-shore St. Croix receiving waters are affected by at least 10 facility outfalls (ref 2).","duration":"The HOVENSA permit expired in 2013 (ref 2); a permit application followed only in June 2024 (ref 1), and a restart is planned as of May 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"EPA administrative compliance orders CWA-02-2023-3113 and CWA-02-2023-3104 (ref 2) plus an August 23, 2024 order on consent (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is reported for the coastal discharges."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"\"DPNR has not issued a TPDES permit to Respondent\" (EPA order, ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Facility outfalls to receiving waters","value":10,"unit":"outfalls (at least)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Permitted gas-turbine capacity cited for restart","value":100,"unit":"MW (nearly)","status":"Reported","note":"Port Hamilton director, ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["prior owner Limetree Bay filed for bankruptcy in 2021 (ref 2 history)","refinery idle; restart depends on financing and compliance (ref 3)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Chemical removal is complete per EPA (ref 1), but the TPDES permit outcome is not shown in the cited sources and a restart is planned (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 2","role":"Clean Water Act enforcement"},{"name":"V.I. Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection","role":"TPDES permitting authority"},{"name":"Port Hamilton Refining and Transportation","role":"Refinery owner"},{"name":"Ocean Point Terminals","role":"Terminal operator"}],"public_contact":"EPA Region 2 St. Croix refinery page (epa.gov/vi/st-croix-refinery)","corrective_actions":["PHRT submitted a TPDES permit application to the USVI Division of Environmental Protection on June 7, 2024 (ref 1).","EPA, with DPNR, conducted compliance evaluation inspections with wastewater and seawater-intake sampling on June 10-14, 2024 (ref 1).","EPA reports removal of ammonia, amines and LPG from the refinery completed (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Refinery on St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 2","date":"2026-04-13","url":"https://www.epa.gov/vi/st-croix-refinery","basis":"Federal enforcement page"},{"ref":2,"title":"Administrative Compliance Order, Ocean Point Terminal, LLC, Docket CWA-02-2023-3113","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 2","date":"2023-07-21","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2023-08/OPT%20Clean%20Water%20Act%20Order%20(July%2021,%202023).pdf","basis":"Federal enforcement order"},{"ref":3,"title":"Port Hamilton Director Says St. Croix Refinery Will Restart, Citing Power Generation, Investor Interest and Federal Support","publisher":"The Virgin Islands Consortium","date":"2026-05-23","url":"https://viconsortium.com/vi-economy/virgin-islands-port-hamilton-director-says-st--croix-refinery-will-restart--citing-power-generation--investor-interest-and-federal-support","basis":"News report"}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (VI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Enterococci concentrations","pollution source attribution per beach"],"related_ids":[],"id":"US-VI-TERRITORY-BEACH-ENTEROCOCCI-2025","title":"Recurring Enterococci advisories at Virgin Islands swimming beaches","description":"DPNR's weekly Beach Water Quality Monitoring Program repeatedly found popular beaches on St. Thomas, St. Croix, St. John and Water Island above the Enterococci threshold and declared them unsafe for swimming or fishing through 2025 and 2026. Five St. Thomas beaches failed in the week ending October 31, 2025, when DPNR also sampled Prosperity Beach after an effluent run-off; Frenchman's Bay and Princess (Condo Row) failed in the week ending October 9, 2026. Many beaches go unsampled in a given week, so their status is unknown.","location":{"name":"Designated swimming beaches, U.S. Virgin Islands","type":"Coastal recreational waters","state":"VI","states":["VI"],"detail":"Beaches on St. Thomas, St. Croix, St. John and Water Island monitored weekly by DPNR","coordinates":{"lat":18.05,"lon":-64.83,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["St. Thomas","St. Croix","St. John"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is bacterial contamination of coastal recreational water, which DPNR links to sewage, stormwater runoff from guts and heavy sargassum.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Bluebeard's, Bolongo Bay, Coki Point, Sapphire and Vessup beaches exceeded the Enterococci threshold in late October 2025 (ref 1); no illnesses are reported.","service":"DPNR declared failing beaches unsafe for swimming or fishing each affected week, e.g. Cane Bay on August 14, 2026 (ref 4).","scale":"Exceedances recur at a set of named beaches out of 23 to 37 sampled per week (refs 1-5), not across the whole coastline.","duration":"Failures appear in advisories from August 2025 (ref 3) through October 9, 2026 (ref 5), more than a year of recurrence.","significance":"Each failure is a formal DPNR public advisory under its Beach Water Quality Monitoring Program (refs 1-5)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Beach users are not counted in the advisories."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Five St. Thomas beaches \"exceed the established Enterococci bacteria threshold and are therefore considered unsafe for swimming or fishing\" (week of October 27-31, 2025, ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Beaches failing Enterococci threshold, week ending 2025-10-31","value":5,"unit":"beaches","status":"Reported","note":"Of 24 sampled (ref 1)."},{"name":"Beaches failing, week ending 2025-10-17","value":4,"unit":"beaches","status":"Reported","note":"Of 36 sampled (ref 2)."},{"name":"Beaches failing, week ending 2026-10-09","value":2,"unit":"beaches","status":"Reported","note":"Of 23 sampled; 10 locations including all St. John beaches not sampled (ref 5)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"The number of failing beaches varies week to week (refs 1-5), and gaps in sampling limit comparison."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"V.I. Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection","role":"Beach water quality monitoring"}],"public_contact":"DPNR Division of Environmental Protection: 773-1082 (St. Croix), 774-3320 (St. Thomas)","corrective_actions":["Weekly sampling for Enterococci and turbidity, with public advisories (refs 1-5).","Targeted sampling at Prosperity Beach after an effluent run-off in October 2025 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Beach Advisory (October 31, 2025)","publisher":"V.I. Department of Planning and Natural Resources","date":"2025-10-31","url":"https://dpnr.vi.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Beach-Advisory-10.31.25.pdf","basis":"Territorial agency advisory"},{"ref":2,"title":"Beach Advisory (October 17, 2025)","publisher":"V.I. Department of Planning and Natural Resources","date":"2025-10-17","url":"https://dpnr.vi.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Beach-Advisory-10.17.25.pdf","basis":"Territorial agency advisory"},{"ref":3,"title":"Beach Advisory (August 8, 2025)","publisher":"V.I. Department of Planning and Natural Resources","date":"2025-08-08","url":"https://dpnr.vi.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/Beach-Advisory-8.8.25.pdf","basis":"Territorial agency advisory"},{"ref":4,"title":"Beach Advisory (August 14, 2026)","publisher":"V.I. Department of Planning and Natural Resources","date":"2026-08-14","url":"https://dpnr.vi.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Beach-Advisory-8.14.26.pdf","basis":"Territorial agency advisory"},{"ref":5,"title":"Beach Advisory (October 9, 2026)","publisher":"V.I. Department of Planning and Natural Resources","date":"2026-10-09","url":"https://dpnr.vi.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/Beach-Advisory-10.9.26.pdf","basis":"Territorial agency advisory","accessed":"2026-10-09"}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (VI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["rainfall totals","flood damage estimate"],"related_ids":[],"id":"US-VI-TERRITORY-ERNESTO-FLOODING-2024","title":"Tropical Storm Ernesto flooding and federal major disaster declaration","description":"Tropical Storm Ernesto (August 13-16, 2024) brought runoff and sporadic flooding to all three islands; WAPA said extreme flooding knocked out generation at the Richmond Power Plant, causing an island-wide St. Croix outage, and its water crews later handled leaks and low pressure. The President approved an emergency declaration on August 18, 2024 and a major disaster declaration (DR-4841) on October 25, 2024; FEMA reports $3.34 million in Public Assistance obligated.","location":{"name":"U.S. Virgin Islands (St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John)","type":"Territory-wide disaster area","state":"VI","states":["VI"],"detail":"FEMA designated St. Croix, St. Thomas and St. John; Richmond Power Plant, St. Croix, flooded","coordinates":{"lat":18.05,"lon":-64.83,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["St. Thomas","St. Croix","St. John"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Storm runoff and flooding (water quantity) damaged utility infrastructure, triggering federal disaster aid.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The governor described water coming off the hills with sporadic flooding, but officials reported no major damage (ref 4).","service":"Flooding cut Richmond plant generation for an island-wide St. Croix outage (ref 4); WAPA water crews then worked a Strawberry Hill leak that left nearby areas with little or no pressure (ref 5).","scale":"The declarations cover St. Croix, St. John and St. Thomas, the whole territory (refs 1, 3).","duration":"FEMA lists the incident period as August 13-16, 2024 (refs 1, 2), a matter of days.","significance":"Federal emergency declaration EM-3611 on August 18, 2024 (ref 3) and major disaster declaration DR-4841 on October 25, 2024 (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No count of flood-affected residents was reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"DR-4841-VI: total Public Assistance grants obligated $3,344,685.78, including $3,191,576.14 for emergency work (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Public Assistance obligated (DR-4841)","value":3344685.78,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"FEMA page last updated July 21, 2026 (ref 2)."},{"name":"St. Thomas customers without power, Aug 18, 2024","value":2654,"unit":"customers","status":"Reported","note":"WAPA update (ref 5)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Power was 93-98 percent restored by August 18, 2024 (ref 5); federal reimbursement continues (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","role":"Federal disaster assistance"},{"name":"Virgin Islands Territorial Emergency Management Agency","role":"Territorial emergency management"},{"name":"Virgin Islands Water and Power Authority","role":"Utility restoration"}],"public_contact":"FEMA disaster page for DR-4841-VI (fema.gov/disaster/4841)","corrective_actions":["FEMA Public Assistance for emergency protective measures and other work (refs 1, 2).","WAPA restoration of power feeders and repairs of water leaks (ref 5)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, Virgin Islands, declarations since October 2023","publisher":"FEMA","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v2/DisasterDeclarationsSummaries?$filter=state%20eq%20'VI'%20and%20declarationDate%20ge%20'2023-10-01T00:00:00.000Z'","basis":"Federal declaration record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Virgin Islands Tropical Storm Ernesto (DR-4841-VI)","publisher":"FEMA","date":"2026-07-21","url":"https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4841","basis":"Federal declaration record"},{"ref":3,"title":"President Joseph R. Biden, Jr. Approves U.S. Virgin Islands Emergency Declaration","publisher":"The White House (archived)","date":"2024-08-18","url":"https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2024/08/18/president-joseph-r-biden-jr-approves-u-s-virgin-islands-emergency-declaration-3/","basis":"Federal declaration"},{"ref":4,"title":"Tropical Storm Ernesto hits STT/STJ hard before becoming a hurricane north of Puerto Rico","publisher":"WTJX","date":"2024-08-14","url":"https://newsfeed.wtjx.org/2024-08-14/tropical-storm-ernesto-hits-stt-stj-hard-before-becoming-a-hurricane-north-of-puerto-rico","basis":"News report"},{"ref":5,"title":"WAPA's Restoration Push Continues on Day 5","publisher":"USVI Office of Disaster Recovery","date":"2024-08-18","url":"https://www.usviodr.com/?p=10525","basis":"Territorial government update"}]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","secondary_drivers":[],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (VI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["USDA designation date and number","farm losses"],"related_ids":["US-NATIONAL-DROUGHT-2026-10"],"id":"US-VI-STCROIX-FARM-WATER-DROUGHT-2026","title":"Farm water shortfalls and USDA drought disaster designation for all three islands","description":"The V.I. Department of Agriculture told senators in October 2024 that providing a consistent water supply to farmers remains a challenge, outlining cisterns, well renovations and a USDA-backed Bordeaux watershed project with more than $2 million in federal funds. By September 2026 all three islands were in Extreme Drought (D3), and USDA had designated St. Croix, St. Thomas and St. John primary natural disaster areas after the governor cited impacts on livestock producers, opening emergency loans through April 23, 2027.","location":{"name":"St. Croix farms and Department of Agriculture water supply","type":"Agricultural water supply program","state":"VI","states":["VI"],"detail":"Estate Bordeaux, Estate Lower Love community gardens and Estate Dorothea projects; USDA designation covers all three islands","coordinates":{"lat":17.73,"lon":-64.78,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["St. Croix","St. Thomas","St. John"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Farmers lack a reliable irrigation and livestock water supply as drought depletes groundwater and storage.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The governor sought federal help over mounting impacts on agriculture, particularly livestock producers (ref 2); no crop-loss totals are given.","service":"VIDA's commissioner said a consistent water supply to farmers remains a challenge and proposed bulk water-tank purchases (ref 1).","scale":"USDA designated St. Croix, St. Thomas and St. John as primary natural disaster areas (ref 2).","duration":"Supply problems were described in October 2024 (ref 1) and the territory remained in D3 Extreme Drought in September 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"A USDA primary natural disaster designation opened federal emergency farm loans with an April 23, 2027 deadline (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The number of affected farmers is not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Adventure 28 well on St. Croix at 24.64 feet below land surface on Sept. 1, 2026, versus 18.38 feet a year earlier (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Federal funds allotted to Bordeaux Watershed Improvement Project","value":2000000,"unit":"USD (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Planned cisterns in Estate Bordeaux","value":2,"unit":"100,000-gallon cisterns","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Adventure 28 well depth to water, 2026-09-01","value":24.64,"unit":"feet below land surface","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["dependence on federal grants and loans for farm water (refs 1, 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Groundwater at the Adventure 28 well is about 6 feet deeper than a year earlier (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"V.I. Department of Agriculture","role":"Farm water supply"},{"name":"USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Caribbean Area","role":"Bordeaux watershed project partner"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","role":"Disaster designation and emergency loans"}],"public_contact":"V.I. Department of Agriculture; local USDA Farm Service Agency office for emergency loans","corrective_actions":["Two 100,000-gallon cisterns in Estate Bordeaux, renovation of a cistern in Estate Dorothea and a well expansion at the Lower Love community gardens (ref 1).","Bordeaux Watershed Improvement Project with USDA NRCS to rehabilitate ponds and expand distribution (ref 1).","USDA emergency loans for eligible producers (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water Supply Improvement Projects in the Pipeline for Bordeaux and Lower Love, Reports VIDA","publisher":"The Virgin Islands Consortium","date":"2024-10-10","url":"https://viconsortium.com/news/download-as-pdf/12406","basis":"News report of legislative testimony"},{"ref":2,"title":"Dolly Brought Rain to St. Croix, But Extreme Drought Persists Across All Three Islands","publisher":"The Virgin Islands Consortium","date":"2026-09-04","url":"https://viconsortium.com/news/download-as-pdf/16572","basis":"News report"}]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","secondary_drivers":[],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (VI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["local landed volumes","effects on desalination intakes in 2026"],"related_ids":["US-VI-TERRITORY-BEACH-ENTEROCOCCI-2025"],"id":"US-VI-TERRITORY-SARGASSUM-2026","title":"Record sargassum forecast for Virgin Islands shorelines in 2026","description":"DPNR warned in January and March 2026 that Virgin Islands shorelines should prepare for another record sargassum year, citing University of South Florida data showing Caribbean sargassum rising from 0.45 million tons in December 2025 to 1.7 million tons in January 2026. Decomposing sargassum on shore releases hydrogen sulfide that irritates eyes and airways, and DPNR beach advisories tell the public to avoid waters with large amounts of sargassum.","location":{"name":"U.S. Virgin Islands coastline","type":"Coastal waters and beaches","state":"VI","states":["VI"],"detail":"Shorelines of St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John and Water Island","coordinates":{"lat":18.05,"lon":-64.83,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["St. Thomas","St. Croix","St. John"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Mass sargassum influxes degrade nearshore water and air quality as the algae decomposes on beaches.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DPNR says beached, decomposing sargassum releases hydrogen sulfide that irritates eyes, nose, throat and airways, worse for people with asthma (ref 1).","service":"No water-service disruption is reported in the 2026 DPNR notices (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Caribbean sargassum reached 1.7 million tons in January 2026 with record-high levels region-wide (ref 1).","duration":"DPNR notes repeated large-scale accumulations since 2011 and expects 2026 to be another major year (refs 1, 2).","significance":"DPNR issued formal public warnings in January 2026 (ref 2) and monthly updates such as March 5, 2026 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Caribbean sargassum rose \"from 0.45 million tons in December 2025 to 1.7 million tons in January 2026\" (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Caribbean sargassum, January 2026","value":1.7,"unit":"million tons","status":"Reported","note":"USF Optical Oceanography Lab, via DPNR (ref 1)."},{"name":"Caribbean sargassum, December 2025","value":0.45,"unit":"million tons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Amounts more than tripled within four weeks to a January 2026 record (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"V.I. Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Fish and Wildlife","role":"Sargassum monitoring and removal permits"},{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","role":"Permits for containment booms"}],"public_contact":"DPNR Division of Fish and Wildlife: (340) 773-1082 St. Croix, (340) 775-6762 St. Thomas","corrective_actions":["Monthly DPNR sargassum updates (refs 1, 2).","Permits and mandatory training for mechanical removal by beachfront businesses (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DPNR Issues Monthly Sargassum Update","publisher":"V.I. Department of Planning and Natural Resources","date":"2026-03-05","url":"https://dpnr.vi.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Monthly-sargassum-update-March-2026.pdf","basis":"Territorial agency press release"},{"ref":2,"title":"Fish & Wildlife Warns Public of Expected High Sargassum in 2026","publisher":"V.I. Department of Planning and Natural Resources","date":"2026-01-16","url":"https://dpnr.vi.gov/press_releases/fish-wildlife-warns-public-of-expected-high-sargassum-in-2026/","basis":"Territorial agency press release"}]},{"id":"US-LA-SHREVEPORT-TTHM-ORDER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Shreveport water system under LDH administrative order and over the TTHM limit","description":"The Louisiana Department of Health issued Shreveport an administrative order on January 31, 2025 over storage tank and emergency generator deficiencies first cited after a 2021 sanitary survey. EPA records show the system's running annual average for total trihalomethanes stayed above the 0.080 mg/L limit for four straight quarters from April 2025 to March 2026, which the city traces to a two-week chemical feed pump malfunction at a treatment plant in June 2025. LDH graded the system an F (45 of 100) for 2025. The city says more than $10 million is allocated for the order's tank and generator work, with tower refurbishments running to 2027, and in March 2026 it was also repairing a break on a 42-inch transmission line (refs 2, 8, 9, 10, 11).","location":{"name":"City of Shreveport Water System","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Caddo Parish; Shreveport, served by the T.L. Amiss Water Treatment Plant.","coordinates":{"lat":32.5252,"lon":-93.7502,"precision":"city","source_ref":6},"counties":["Caddo"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"LA1017031","state":"LA","states":["LA"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A disinfection byproduct MCL exceedance (quality) coincides with an order over tanks and generators (infrastructure).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 7) lists TTHM running averages of 0.144, 0.143, 0.157 and 0.14 mg/L for the quarters from April 2025 to March 2026, against a 0.08 mg/L MCL.","service":"Customers received mailed TTHM violation notices tied to the June 2025 pump malfunction, the latest reported in May 2026 (ref 4); no loss of service is documented for this issue.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 6) gives the system a population served of 192,378.","duration":"Deficiencies date to a September 2021 sanitary survey and a 2021 notice of violation, and the extension expired in June 2024 (ref 1); March 2026 coverage says tank repairs were still due by April (ref 2).","significance":"LDH issued an Administrative Order on January 31, 2025 (ref 1), and the system's 2025 state grade was an F at 45/100 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":192378,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 6)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Running annual average TTHM of 0.157 mg/L for October-December 2025, versus the 0.08 mg/L MCL (ref 7)."},"measures":[{"name":"TTHM running annual average, Oct-Dec 2025","value":0.157,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 7); MCL 0.08 mg/L."},{"name":"LDH 2025 water system grade score","value":45,"unit":"points of 100","status":"Reported","note":"Grade F (ref 3)."},{"name":"Funding allocated to 2021 survey deficiencies","value":10,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"More than $10 million, per the city (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The city reports more than $10 million allocated to the 2021 deficiencies plus $40 million in 2024 bond projects (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Grade fell 20 points from a revised D in 2024 to an F in 2025 (ref 3); a 42-inch transmission main broke in March 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Louisiana Department of Health, Office of Public Health","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"City of Shreveport Department of Water and Sewerage","role":"System owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"City of Shreveport Department of Water and Sewerage, via shreveportla.gov","corrective_actions":["Water Tank Improvement Project repairing all active elevated tanks (ref 1).","FEMA-funded emergency generators for pump stations (ref 1).","Planned roughly $4 million valve replacement on the 24-inch transmission main at the Amiss plant (ref 2).","Storage tank and generator work funded at more than $10 million, with tower refurbishments through 2027 (refs 2, 8, 9, 10, 11)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Shreveport officials respond to orders from state health department to repair water system","publisher":"KSLA","date":"2025-02-05","url":"https://www.ksla.com/2025/02/05/shreveport-officials-respond-orders-state-health-department-repair-water-system","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Shreveport water system under state order to fix infrastructure deficiencies as city grapples with transmission main break","publisher":"KSLA","date":"2026-03-02","url":"https://www.ksla.com/2026/03/02/shreveport-water-system-under-state-order-fix-infrastructure-deficiencies-city-grapples-with-transmission-main-break/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Shreveport water system failing grade","publisher":"The Shreveport-Bossier City Advocate","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://www.shreveportbossieradvocate.com/news/shreveport-water-system-failing-grade/article_d3c9c8f8-45cb-4f5d-9745-0109d5b7c25e.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Shreveport water safety notice (TTHM)","publisher":"KTAL/KMSS","date":"2026-05-22","url":"https://www.ktalnews.com/news/local-news/shreveport-water-safety-notice/amp/","basis":"News"},{"ref":6,"title":"SDWIS water system record LA1017031 (City of Shreveport Water System)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/LA1017031/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":7,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for LA1017031 (City of Shreveport Water System)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/LA1017031/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":8,"title":"City Responds to Administrative Order from Louisiana Department of Health","publisher":"City of Shreveport","date":"2025-02-05","url":"https://www.shreveportla.gov/DocumentCenter/View/26786/02052025---NEWS-RELEASE-WS--Responds-to-Administrative-Order-from-Louisiana-Department-of-Health","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":9,"title":"Shreveport officials hold news conference on city's latest water grade","publisher":"KSLA","date":"2026-05-04","url":"https://ksla.com/2026/05/04/shreveport-officials-hold-news-conference-citys-latest-water-grade/","basis":"News"},{"ref":10,"title":"SDWIS water system record: City of Shreveport Water System (LA1017031)","publisher":"US EPA SDWIS","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/LA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SHREVEPORT/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":11,"title":"Shreveport seeks 20-year extension on federal consent decree","publisher":"KTBS","date":"2025-12-04","url":"https://www.ktbs.com/news/shreveport-seeks-20-year-extension-on-federal-consent-decree/article_b04c255a-81b5-4fd7-93a1-e0613246d1f1.html","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New record (LA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-LA-TALLULAH-WATER-EMERGENCY-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Tallulah water system placed under state management and emergency declaration","description":"Tallulah's water system went under state management on January 10, 2025 because of low-grade water and frequent outages, and the governor then declared a state of emergency, with LDH appointing Magnolia Water to operate it. A citywide boil advisory followed an aerator failure in February 2026 that left customers with low or no pressure. LDH graded the system an F (37 of 100) for 2025, and EPA records show a TTHM running average above the limit in 2026. Bids to rehabilitate the system came back too costly, the state Water Sector Program flags Tallulah's grant project as high risk because construction had not started, Magnolia sent a termination letter in July 2026 saying it is owed $4 million, and in October 2026 the city obtained a state fiscal administrator to reach emergency funds (refs 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11).","location":{"name":"City of Tallulah Water System","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Madison Parish; city of Tallulah.","coordinates":{"lat":32.4085,"lon":-91.1868,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Madison"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"LA1065003","state":"LA","states":["LA"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Chronic outages and treatment problems put both the plant and water quality at issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 5) shows TTHM running averages of 0.083 and 0.112 mg/L for the first two quarters of 2026, above the 0.08 mg/L MCL.","service":"An aerator failure left all customers with low to no pressure and triggered a citywide boil advisory in February 2026 (ref 2).","scale":"The system serves 8,601 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"State management began January 10, 2025 (ref 1), and outages and a failing grade continued into 2026 (refs 2, 3).","significance":"Gov. Landry declared a state of emergency for the system, and LDH appointed an outside operator paid by GOHSEP (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":8601,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"LDH's 2025 grade for the Tallulah Water System was 37, an F (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"LDH 2025 water system grade score","value":37,"unit":"points of 100","status":"Reported","note":"Up 8 points from 2024 (ref 3)."},{"name":"TTHM running annual average, Apr-Jun 2026","value":0.112,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 5); MCL 0.08 mg/L."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Emergency operator costs are paid by GOHSEP rather than the city (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Score rose 8 points in 2025 (ref 3) but a citywide outage and boil advisory followed in February 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Louisiana Department of Health, Office of Public Health","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"City of Tallulah","role":"System owner"},{"name":"Magnolia Water Utility Operating Company, LLC","role":"Emergency operator appointed by LDH"},{"name":"Governor's Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness","role":"Pays emergency management costs"}],"public_contact":"Tallulah City Hall, (318) 574-0964","corrective_actions":["90-day evaluation by Bonton and Associates for LDH (ref 1).","Magnolia Water appointed to operate the system during the emergency (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Governor Jeff Landry declares State of Emergency for Tallulah Water System","publisher":"KNOE","date":"2025-02-14","url":"https://www.knoe.com/2025/02/14/governor-jeff-landry-declares-state-emergency-tallulah-water-system/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"City of Tallulah under boil advisory after major plant aerator failure","publisher":"KTVE (myarklamiss.com)","date":"2026-02-20","url":"https://www.myarklamiss.com/news/city-of-tallulah-under-boil-advisory-after-major-plant-aerator-failure/amp/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"How good is your water? Louisiana water grades released for 2025","publisher":"KNOE","date":"2026-05-04","url":"https://www.knoe.com/2026/05/05/how-good-is-your-water-louisiana-water-grades-released-2025/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record LA1065003 (City of Tallulah Water System)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/LA1065003/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for LA1065003 (City of Tallulah Water System)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/LA1065003/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"City of Tallulah Water System now under state management","publisher":"KNOE","date":"2025-01-10","url":"https://www.knoe.com/2025/01/11/city-tallulah-water-system-now-under-state-management","basis":"News"},{"ref":7,"title":"Tallulah obtains fiscal administrator for water system","publisher":"KNOE","date":"2026-10-10","url":"https://www.knoe.com/2026/10/10/tallulah-obtains-fiscal-administrator-water-system/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-09"},{"ref":8,"title":"Water Sector Program Report, April 2026","publisher":"Louisiana Office of Community Development","date":"2026-04-30","url":"https://ocd-backend.files.svdcdn.com/production/resources/LGA-Programs/Water-Sector-Program/Water-Sector-Program-Report-April-2026.pdf?dm=1778790534","basis":"State program report"},{"ref":9,"title":"SDWIS water system record: City of Tallulah Water System (LA1065003)","publisher":"US EPA SDWIS","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/LA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/TALLULAH/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"Tallulah mayor shares what's next for water system","publisher":"KNOE","date":"2026-07-17","url":"https://www.knoe.com/2026/07/18/tallulah-mayor-shares-whats-next-water-system/","ref":10,"basis":"News report"},{"title":"Tallulah partners with State AG's office to find expert to fix city water system","publisher":"KNOE","date":"2026-08-05","url":"https://www.knoe.com/2026/08/06/tallulah-partners-with-state-ags-office-find-expert-fix-city-water-system/","ref":11,"basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"New record (LA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-LA-WALNUT-BAYOU-PARAQUAT-2024"]},{"id":"US-LA-FRANKLIN-TURBIDITY-BOIL-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Franklin surface water plant turbidity violations keep boil advisory in place for months","description":"Franklin in St. Mary Parish was under a boil advisory from August 2024 after it failed to monitor treated-water turbidity continuously and did not report a turbidity reading above the limit to LDH. EPA records show monthly treatment-technique violations through April 2025 and haloacetic acid running averages above the limit in every quarter of 2024. LDH graded the system an F for 2025.","location":{"name":"City of Franklin Water Supply","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"St. Mary Parish; city of Franklin, surface water plant.","coordinates":{"lat":29.796,"lon":-91.5015,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["St. Mary"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"LA1101003","state":"LA","states":["LA"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 4) records HAA5 running averages of 0.063 to 0.069 mg/L across all four quarters of 2024, over the 0.06 mg/L MCL.","service":"The Daily Iberian (ref 1) reports Franklin had been under a boil water advisory since August 2024 and it would stay until treatment met LDH requirements.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 3) lists 8,325 people served.","duration":"SDWIS (ref 4) shows surface water treatment violations in nearly every month from January 2024 to April 2025.","significance":"The city was cited for October 2024 turbidity monitoring and reporting failures (ref 1), and LDH graded the system F for 2025 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":8325,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A turbidity level above the maximum allowable limit of 1.499 was not reported to LDH during the October 2024 compliance period (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"HAA5 running annual average, Jul-Sep 2024","value":0.069,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 4); MCL 0.06 mg/L."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The city says continuous turbidity monitoring resumed in August 2024 (ref 1); SDWIS still lists a treatment violation for April 2025 (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Louisiana Department of Health, Office of Public Health","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"City of Franklin","role":"System owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"City of Franklin water department, Franklin City Hall","corrective_actions":["Continuous turbidity monitoring with daily reporting to LDH and a local engineering firm since October 2024 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Franklin's water woes continue","publisher":"The Daily Iberian","date":"2024-11-26","url":"https://thedailyiberian.com/?p=215237","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"LDH releases 2025 water system report card; only 5 capital area systems receive D and F ratings","publisher":"WBRZ","date":"2026-05-05","url":"https://content.wbrz.com/news/ldh-releases-2025-water-system-report-card-only-5-capital-area-systems-receive-d-and-f-ratings","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record LA1101003 (City of Franklin Water Supply)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/LA1101003/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for LA1101003 (City of Franklin Water Supply)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/LA1101003/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (LA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-LA-PORT-SULPHUR-DBP-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Port Sulphur Water District repeatedly exceeds disinfection byproduct limits","description":"The Port Sulphur Water District's 2024 water quality report lists TTHM and HAA5 MCL violations, with TTHM running averages of 230 and 213 ppb at two monitoring sites against an 80 ppb limit. EPA records show TTHM violations continuing in most quarters through June 2026, unresolved. The district draws Mississippi River water and has been hit by saltwater intrusion.","location":{"name":"Port Sulphur Water District","type":"Parish water district service area","detail":"Plaquemines Parish; lower river communities served from the Port Sulphur and Boothville-Venice intakes.","coordinates":{"lat":29.4805,"lon":-89.6939,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Plaquemines"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"LA1075006","state":"LA","states":["LA"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Disinfection byproducts above federal limits are a treated-water quality problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The 2024 report (ref 1) gives a TTHM running average of 230 ppb at the Shell Heliport site, almost three times the 80 ppb MCL.","service":"The district's report (ref 1) carries the required long-term health warning for THMs and HAA5s; no outage is tied to this issue.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 2) lists 10,308 people served.","duration":"SDWIS (ref 3) shows TTHM MCL violations from early 2024 through the April-June 2026 quarter, still listed as unresolved.","significance":"The report (ref 1) lists formal MCL violations plus a linked public notice violation for early 2024."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":10308,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM running annual average of 230 ppb at Shell Heliport in 2023-2024, against an 80 ppb MCL (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"TTHM running annual average, Shell Heliport","value":230,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"2023-2024 (ref 1)."},{"name":"HAA5 running annual average, Shell Heliport","value":89,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"MCL 60 ppb (ref 1)."},{"name":"TTHM running annual average, Apr-Jun 2026","value":0.119,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"SDWIS (ref 3) shows exceedances in 2024, 2025 and 2026 without a return to compliance."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Louisiana Department of Health, Office of Public Health","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Port Sulphur Water District","role":"System operator"}],"public_contact":"Port Sulphur Water District, 504-934-6330","corrective_actions":[],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"The Water We Drink: Port Sulphur Water District annual water quality report for 2024","publisher":"Plaquemines Parish Government","date":"2025-05-27","url":"https://www.plaqueminesparish.gov/Archive.aspx?ADID=161","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record LA1075006 (Port Sulphur Water District)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/LA1075006/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for LA1075006 (Port Sulphur Water District)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/LA1075006/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (LA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["corrective_actions"],"related_ids":["US-LA-PLAQUEMINES-SALTWATER-WEDGE-2023"]},{"id":"US-LA-NEW-ORLEANS-LEAD-LINES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"New Orleans lead service line replacement unfunded and delayed as testing finds lead","description":"The Sewerage and Water Board of New Orleans expects 50% to 60% of its 150,000 metered service lines to need some replacement, at a cost of about $1 billion, and in December 2025 told the City Council the program lacked funding. Its free testing program found lead in about 70% of more than 1,100 participating households, and the replacement contract was set for re-solicitation after a bid protest, pushing construction to late 2027.","location":{"name":"New Orleans (Sewerage and Water Board)","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Orleans Parish; East Bank (Carrollton) system.","coordinates":{"lat":29.9511,"lon":-90.0715,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Orleans"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"LA1071009","state":"LA","states":["LA"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead pipes are infrastructure whose corrosion affects tap water quality.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"S&WB's 2022-2025 testing (ref 1) found lead in about 70% of more than 1,100 households, with a worst result 100 times the federal action level.","service":"No service interruption or do-not-drink order is reported; the risk is exposure at the tap (ref 1).","scale":"The Carrollton system serves 334,903 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"All lead lines must go by 2037 (ref 2), and construction of the citywide program was pushed to late 2027 (ref 1).","significance":"The federal Lead and Copper Rule Improvements set the 2037 removal deadline cited to the council (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":334903,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the East Bank system per SDWIS (ref 3); the West Bank system is separate."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"S&WB predicts 50% to 60% of its 150,000 metered service lines will need some portion replaced (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Estimated cost to replace all lead lines","value":1,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Residences with lines replaced in 2025","value":144,"unit":"residences","status":"Reported","note":"Plus 14 schools (ref 1)."},{"name":"State revolving loan funds secured","value":152,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The about $1 billion program currently lacks funding (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Replacement began on a small scale in 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Sewerage and Water Board of New Orleans","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Louisiana Department of Health, Office of Public Health","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"New Orleans City Council Public Works Committee","role":"Oversight"}],"public_contact":"Sewerage and Water Board of New Orleans, swbno.org","corrective_actions":["Service line inventory and inspections (more than 350 inspections) (ref 1).","Replacements at 14 schools and 144 residences in 2025 (ref 1).","Program management contract to be re-advertised in Q1 2026 and awarded by Q3 2026 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Toxic Tap: Lead detected in 7 of 10 New Orleans homes amid delayed pipe replacement","publisher":"Verite News via USC Center for Health Journalism","date":"2026-02-19","url":"https://centerforhealthjournalism.org/our-work/reporting/toxic-tap-lead-detected-7-10-new-orleans-homes-amid-delayed-pipe-replacement","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Public Works Committee meeting summary (December 17, 2025)","publisher":"New Orleans City Council","date":"2025-12-17","url":"https://council.nola.gov/news/december-2025/public-works-committee-meeting-summary/","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record LA1071009 (New Orleans Carrollton Water Works)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/LA1071009/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (LA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-LA-WALNUT-BAYOU-PARAQUAT-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Paraquat backflow prompts LDH 'do not use' advisory for Walnut Bayou Water System","description":"LDH issued a 'do not use' advisory on August 15, 2024 for part of the Walnut Bayou Water System in Madison Parish after a line break on Highway 603 let the herbicide paraquat flow back from a tank a farmer was filling. Paraquat was still found at the end of the system on August 21, and the advisory was lifted on August 22 after flushing. EPA records list open treatment-technique violations at the system since August 2025.","location":{"name":"Walnut Bayou Water Association","type":"Rural water association service area","detail":"Madison Parish; area near Highway 603 and Verhagen Road.","coordinates":{"lat":32.37,"lon":-91.24,"precision":"county","source_ref":2},"counties":["Madison"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"LA1065004","state":"LA","states":["LA"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A chemical contamination event in treated water, caused by a line break and backflow.","secondary_drivers":["Backflow from agricultural chemical tank"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Paraquat, a toxic herbicide, entered the drinking water and was still detected at the system end point on August 21, 2024 (ref 1).","service":"LDH told customers in the affected area not to use the water at all from August 15 to 22, 2024 (ref 1).","scale":"The association serves 3,531 people per SDWIS (ref 2); the advisory covered only the shaded area (ref 1).","duration":"The do-not-use advisory lasted seven days before it was lifted on August 22, 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"LDH itself issued and later lifted the advisory and set flushing requirements (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No customer count for the advisory area was given (ref 1); the whole system serves 3,531 (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"LDH lifted the advisory on August 22, 2024 after tests showed no remaining paraquat (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Paraquat was cleared after extensive flushing (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Louisiana Department of Health, Office of Public Health","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Walnut Bayou Water Association","role":"System operator"}],"public_contact":"Walnut Bayou Water Association, Tallulah","corrective_actions":["Extensive line flushing and household flushing instructions (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"LDH lifts 'do not use' water advisory for Walnut Bayou Water System customers","publisher":"KNOE","date":"2024-08-22","url":"https://www.knoe.com/2024/08/15/ldh-issues-do-not-use-water-advisory-madison-parish-residents/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record LA1065004 (Walnut Bayou Water Association)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/LA1065004/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for LA1065004 (Walnut Bayou Water Association)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/LA1065004/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New record (LA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-LA-TALLULAH-WATER-EMERGENCY-2025"]},{"id":"US-LA-UNION-PARISH-TTHM-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Union Parish water systems post widespread TTHM violations and failing state grades","description":"EPA records list 132 total trihalomethane MCL violations at 16 Union Parish water systems for compliance periods from January 2024 to June 2026, with running averages as high as 0.324 mg/L, four times the limit. Ten Union Parish systems, including Farmerville, received F grades from LDH for 2025.","location":{"name":"Union Parish rural and town water systems","type":"Parish-wide group of community water systems","detail":"Union Parish, including Farmerville, Marion, Bernice and rural water systems.","coordinates":{"lat":32.83,"lon":-92.37,"precision":"county","source_ref":2},"counties":["Union"],"extent":"county","pwsid":"LA1111005","state":"LA","states":["LA"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Disinfection byproducts above federal limits across many small systems.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 2) shows a TTHM running average of 0.324 mg/L at Litroe Water System in April-June 2025 and 0.261 mg/L at Farmerville in 2024, against 0.08 mg/L.","service":"No outage or do-not-drink order is tied to these DBP violations in the cited sources (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The 16 systems with violations together list 27,921 people served in SDWIS (refs 2, 3).","duration":"Violations recur in compliance periods from January 2024 through June 2026, and 120 of 132 are not marked returned to compliance (ref 2).","significance":"Ten Union Parish systems received F grades from LDH for 2025 (ref 1), on top of the formal MCL violations (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":27921,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS populations of the 16 systems with TTHM violations (refs 2, 3); may double-count consecutive systems."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Ten of the 22 northeast Louisiana systems graded F for 2025 are in Union Parish (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"TTHM MCL violations, Jan 2024-Jun 2026","value":132,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"16 systems (ref 2)."},{"name":"Highest TTHM running annual average","value":0.324,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Litroe Water System, Apr-Jun 2025 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Union Parish systems graded F for 2025","value":10,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Some systems improved their grades (Wards Chapel rose from 19 to 41) but remained F (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Louisiana Department of Health, Office of Public Health","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Union Parish town and rural water systems","role":"System operators"}],"public_contact":"Louisiana Department of Health, Office of Public Health, Safe Drinking Water Program","corrective_actions":[],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"How good is your water? Louisiana water grades released for 2025","publisher":"KNOE","date":"2026-05-04","url":"https://www.knoe.com/2026/05/05/how-good-is-your-water-louisiana-water-grades-released-2025/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Louisiana (rows 5000-9999)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/LA/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/5000:9999/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record LA1111005 (Town of Farmerville Water System)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/LA1111005/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (LA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["corrective_actions"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-LA-BOGALUSA-MAIN-BREAKS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Bogalusa main breaks cut water to hospital and paper mill, boil advisory follows","description":"Multiple water main breaks in Bogalusa in March 2025 cut water to a hospital, major businesses, the paper mill, residents and City Hall, and the city issued a boil advisory that was lifted on March 11. EPA records list 11 Ground Water Rule treatment-technique violations at the system dated March 3, 2025, still open.","location":{"name":"City of Bogalusa Water System","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Washington Parish; city of Bogalusa.","coordinates":{"lat":30.791,"lon":-89.8487,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Washington"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"LA1117001","state":"LA","states":["LA"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Main failures caused loss of service and a boil advisory.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Loss of pressure during the March 2025 breaks required boiling until samples tested safe (ref 1); no contamination result is reported.","service":"The breaks cut water service to a local hospital, the paper mill, residents and City Hall (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS (ref 2) lists 14,000 people served.","duration":"The advisory ran until March 11, 2025 (ref 1), while 11 related Ground Water Rule violations remain open in SDWIS (ref 3).","significance":"SDWIS (ref 3) records 11 health-based treatment-technique violations dated March 3, 2025."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":14000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Main breaks cut water to a local hospital, major businesses, the paper mill, residents and City Hall (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Open Ground Water Rule violations dated March 3, 2025","value":11,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Louisiana Department of Health, Office of Public Health","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"City of Bogalusa","role":"System owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"City of Bogalusa, City Hall","corrective_actions":["Main break repairs completed and advisory lifted March 11, 2025 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Boil water advisory lifted in Bogalusa after water main breaks","publisher":"WGNO via Yahoo News","date":"2025-03-07","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/bogalusa-under-boil-advisory-water-193424841.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record LA1117001 (City of Bogalusa Water System)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/LA1117001/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for LA1117001 (City of Bogalusa Water System)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/LA1117001/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (LA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-LA-KILLIAN-WATER-FAILURE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Killian water system failures leave the village without safe water in 2024 and 2026","description":"In April 2024 Killian's well failed, brown water appeared, a town-wide boil advisory was issued and coliform bacteria were found in the well, and LDH ordered the well restored by May 17 or face $333 a day in fines while the parish spent $30,000 a day hauling water. The system, now operated by Magnolia Water, failed again in July 2026, leaving the village without water and prompting a parish emergency declaration. The state handed out nearly 40 pallets of bottled water in 2024, the system was later placed in receivership and bought by Magnolia Water in December 2025, and the July 4, 2026 failure was an electrical fault at the well (refs 4, 5, 6, 7, 8).","location":{"name":"Magnolia - Killian water system","type":"Village water system (investor-owned operator)","detail":"Livingston Parish; village of Killian.","coordinates":{"lat":30.3591,"lon":-90.5865,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Livingston"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"LA1063030","state":"LA","states":["LA"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Well and treatment failures caused outages and water quality problems.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"A Killian well sample was positive for total coliform in May 2024, though LDH linked it to an open sanitary seal (ref 1); long-standing iron and manganese discolor the water (ref 1).","service":"The village was completely without water service after the July 2026 failure (ref 3), and the parish trucked in water in 2024 (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS (ref 4) lists 999 people served.","duration":"Failures recurred from April 2024 (ref 1) to July 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"LDH ordered compliance under threat of $333 daily fines (ref 2), and Livingston Parish declared an emergency in July 2026 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":999,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"LDH ordered Killian to restore the well by May 17, 2024 or face fines of $333 per day (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Parish spending on hauled water, 2024","value":30000,"unit":"USD per day","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Monthly bill cited by a resident after operator change","value":66.86,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Up from $28 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Officials said the town could not afford repairs in 2024 (ref 2).","A resident reports bills rising from $28 to $66.86 (ref 3)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Service was restored in May 2024 (ref 2) but the system failed again in July 2026 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Louisiana Department of Health, Office of Public Health","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Magnolia Water","role":"System operator"},{"name":"Livingston Parish Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness","role":"Emergency response"},{"name":"Village of Killian","role":"Former system owner"}],"public_contact":"Livingston Parish Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness","corrective_actions":["New tanks and iron and manganese filters being installed (ref 3).","GOHSEP delivered bottled water in 2024 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"State and Local Leaders Continue Support for Killian Water System","publisher":"Governor's Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness","date":"2024-05-10","url":"https://gohsep.la.gov/about/news/state-and-local-leaders-continue-support-for-killian-water-system","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Killian beats the deadline and has water well back up and running","publisher":"WBRZ","date":"2024-05-17","url":"https://www.wbrz.com/news/killian-beats-the-deadline-and-has-water-well-back-up-and-running","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Emergency declaration due to water issues in Killian will remain in place until at least Tuesday evening","publisher":"WAFB","date":"2026-07-04","url":"https://www.wafb.com/2026/07/06/emergency-declaration-due-water-issues-killian-will-remain-place-until-least-tuesday-evening/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record LA1063030 (Magnolia - Killian)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/LA1063030/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"State and Livingston Parish leaders continue efforts to resolve issues related to Killian water system","publisher":"Governor's Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness","date":"2024-05-14","url":"https://gohsep.la.gov/about/news/state-and-livingston-parish-leaders-continue-efforts-to-resolve-issues-related-to-killian-water-system/","basis":"State agency release","ref":5},{"title":"State gives update on efforts to resolve issues with Killian water system","publisher":"WAFB","date":"2024-05-14","url":"https://www.wafb.com/2024/05/14/state-gives-update-efforts-resolve-issues-with-killian-water-system","ref":6,"basis":"News report"},{"title":"Residents in Killian receive emergency assistance as water system failure continues","publisher":"WBRZ","date":"2026-07-05","url":"https://content.wbrz.com/news/residents-in-killian-receive-emergency-assistance-as-water-system-failure-continues","ref":7,"basis":"News report"},{"title":"Killian water system upgrades aim to fix longstanding water problems","publisher":"Talk 107.3","date":"2026-05-06","url":"https://talk1073.com/2026/05/06/killian-water-system-upgrades-aim-to-fix-longstanding-water-problems/","ref":8,"basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (LA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-LA-BATON-ROUGE-SOUTHERN-HILLS-SALTWATER-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Saltwater moving into the Southern Hills aquifer sands that supply Baton Rouge","description":"A 2024 USGS study of 161 wells found saltwater intrusion, to varying degrees, in most of the 10 sands of the Southern Hills aquifer system under the Baton Rouge area, including a northward-moving plume in the 1,500-foot sand approaching the Lula Street and Government Street public-supply pumping stations. Groundwater pumping, led by public supply and industry, has drawn saline water across the Baton Rouge fault. A 2019 Legislative Auditor review found the Capital Area Ground Water Conservation Commission did not effectively regulate withdrawals to manage the encroachment.","location":{"name":"Southern Hills aquifer system, Baton Rouge area","type":"Aquifer system and groundwater conservation district","state":"LA","states":["LA"],"detail":"Capital Area Ground Water Conservation District: East Baton Rouge, West Baton Rouge, East Feliciana, West Feliciana, Pointe Coupee and Ascension parishes; plumes lie north of the Baton Rouge fault.","coordinates":{"lat":30.45,"lon":-91.19,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["East Baton Rouge","West Baton Rouge","Ascension","East Feliciana","West Feliciana","Pointe Coupee"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"LA1033005"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Pumping-driven saltwater encroachment degrades the fresh groundwater that public and industrial wells depend on.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Nine of the 2021-22 samples exceeded the 250 mg/L secondary chloride standard, and EB-805 in the 1,000-foot sand held 10,400 mg/L (ref 1); no health effects are reported.","service":"No tap-water outage or restriction is reported; the Water Institute says salt water is not about to reach taps in the near term (ref 2).","scale":"Baton Rouge Water Company, the largest user of the aquifer (ref 3), serves 596,844 people per SDWIS (ref 5).","duration":"Intrusion has been tracked for decades; 1,500-foot sand plume samples date to 1996 and several wells were still rising in 2022-23 (ref 1).","significance":"The Legislative Auditor's May 2019 performance audit found the commission does not effectively regulate withdrawals to manage saltwater encroachment (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":596844,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Baton Rouge Water Company per SDWIS (ref 5); the aquifer also supplies other parish systems and industry."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Of 161 wells sampled in 2021-22, 34 exceeded the 10 mg/L intrusion threshold and nine exceeded the 250 mg/L secondary standard for chloride."},"measures":[{"name":"Wells sampled above 250 mg/L chloride, 2021-22","value":9,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Out of 161 wells in 10 aquifers (ref 1)."},{"name":"Highest chloride, 1,000-foot sand (EB-805)","value":10400,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Wells without pumping-capacity records","value":2255,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Of 2,600 wells in the commission database, per the 2019 audit (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"USGS reports rising chloride at several wells in the 1,500-, 2,000- and 2,800-foot sands through 2022-23 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Capital Area Ground Water Conservation Commission","role":"Groundwater regulator for the district"},{"name":"Louisiana Department of Conservation and Energy, Office of Conservation","role":"State groundwater authority"},{"name":"Baton Rouge Water Company","role":"Largest public-supply pumper"}],"public_contact":"Capital Area Ground Water Conservation Commission, through its published contact channels","corrective_actions":["Connector well EB-1293 recharges the 1,500-foot sand and diverts the plume (ref 1)","Scavenger well pair at Lula Street since 2005 removes saltwater from the base of the 1,500-foot sand (ref 1)","Monitoring well EB-10183Z completed in the 2,000-foot sand after a scavenger test hole proved unsuitable (ref 1)","Commission engaged the Water Institute for a long-term strategic plan in 2018 (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"title":"Chloride Concentrations in Groundwater From the Western Part of the Southern Hills Regional Aquifer System, Louisiana, 2021-22 (SIR 2024-5057)","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","date":"2024-09-05","url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20245057/full","basis":"Federal scientific report","ref":1},{"title":"Southern Hills Aquifer: Serving the Greater Baton Rouge Area","publisher":"The Water Institute","date":null,"url":"https://thewaterinstitute.org/groundwater","basis":"Research institute page","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"Capital Area Ground Water Conservation Commission: Regulation of Groundwater Resources (Report Highlights)","publisher":"Louisiana Legislative Auditor","date":"2019-05-01","url":"https://app.lla.la.gov/PublicReports.nsf/782AD0921011AF4E862583F60053DA0D/$FILE/summary0001CAA9.pdf","basis":"State audit","ref":3},{"title":"Office of Conservation, Capital Area Ground Water Conservation Commission set structure to coordinate efforts","publisher":"Louisiana Department of Conservation and Energy","date":"2013-04-11","url":"https://www.dce.louisiana.gov/news/office-of-conservation-capital-area-ground-water-conservation-commission-set-structure-to-coordinate-efforts","basis":"State agency release","ref":4},{"title":"SDWIS water system record: Baton Rouge Water Company","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/LA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BATON/JSON","basis":"Federal database","ref":5,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (LA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Current (2025-26) withdrawal limits and chloride data"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-LA-SPARTA-AQUIFER-DECLINE-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Sparta aquifer withdrawals in north Louisiana exceed natural recharge","description":"Portions of the Sparta aquifer around Monroe-West Monroe, Ruston and Jonesboro-Hodge have been state-designated areas of groundwater concern since 2005 because of water-level declines that threatened the aquifer's sustainability. A 2026 USGS data release prepared with the Sparta Groundwater Conservation District states that recent withdrawals have exceeded the Sparta's natural recharge. The state orders require monthly pumping reports but have not imposed withdrawal limits.","location":{"name":"Sparta aquifer, north-central Louisiana","type":"Aquifer and state areas of groundwater concern","state":"LA","states":["LA"],"detail":"Areas of groundwater concern in Ouachita (Monroe-West Monroe), Lincoln (Ruston), and Jackson and Bienville (Jonesboro-Hodge) parishes.","coordinates":{"lat":32.5,"lon":-92.4,"precision":"county","source_ref":3},"counties":["Ouachita","Lincoln","Jackson","Bienville"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Withdrawals beyond recharge lower aquifer levels relied on for public and industrial supply.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The 2005 state order cites water-level declines that threatened the aquifer's sustainability and urges study of saltwater encroachment (ref 2); no supply loss is documented.","service":"Neither the 2005 orders nor the 2026 USGS release report any service curtailment; withdrawal limits have not been imposed (refs 2-3).","scale":"Three areas of concern span four parishes including the Monroe-West Monroe and Ruston areas (ref 3).","duration":"The declines prompted state designations in 2005, and USGS said in April 2026 that recent withdrawals still exceed recharge (refs 1-2).","significance":"Commissioner's Order AGC-1-05 designated areas of groundwater concern and requires monthly pumping reports (ref 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source gives the population that depends on the Sparta aquifer."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"USGS states that recent withdrawals have exceeded the Sparta's natural recharge."},"measures":[{"name":"Non-industrial, non-public-supply Sparta withdrawals in Louisiana, 2022","value":1.63,"unit":"Mgal/d","status":"Reported","note":"Domestic, irrigation and livestock only (ref 1); public-supply and industrial use not included."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The cited sources give no recent water-level series."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Louisiana Department of Conservation and Energy, Office of Conservation","role":"State groundwater authority"},{"name":"Sparta Groundwater Conservation District","role":"Local groundwater district"}],"public_contact":"Louisiana Department of Conservation and Energy, Office of Conservation, through its published website contact channels","corrective_actions":["Monthly pumping and static water-level reporting required for non-domestic Sparta wells (ref 3)","State recommended pursuing alternative potable sources to reduce Sparta use (ref 3)","USGS water-use compilations with the Sparta Groundwater Conservation District (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"Aquaculture, domestic, irrigation, and livestock water withdrawals from the Sparta aquifer by parish in Louisiana, 2022","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","date":"2026-04-13","url":"https://www.usgs.gov/data/aquaculture-domestic-irrigation-and-livestock-water-withdrawals-sparta-aquifer-parish-1","basis":"Federal data release","ref":1},{"title":"Sparta aquifer determination issued by Conservation office","publisher":"Louisiana Department of Conservation and Energy","date":"2005-04-26","url":"https://www.dce.louisiana.gov/news/sparta-aquifer-determination-issued-by-conservation-office","basis":"State agency release","ref":2},{"title":"Conservation order addresses sustainability of Sparta aquifer","publisher":"Louisiana Department of Energy and Natural Resources","date":"2005-08-15","url":"https://denr.louisiana.gov/news/conservation-order-addresses-sustainability-of-sparta-aquifer","basis":"State agency release","ref":3}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (LA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["Current water levels","Population dependent on the aquifer"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-LA-WINTER-FREEZE-WATER-PRESSURE-LOSS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hard freezes in 2024 and 2025 drain Louisiana water systems of pressure","description":"Freezing weather in January 2024 left systems across Louisiana unable to keep pressure: Kinder shut off water overnight, Blanchard reported systemwide outages, DeSoto Water District 1 cut off bulk users, and Shreveport issued zone and citywide boil advisories. In January 2025 more than 12,000 Lafayette Utilities System customers lost pressure and went under a boil advisory, and West Baton Rouge storage fell to about 10% of capacity. Dripping faucets, line breaks and power loss drove the demand spikes.","location":{"name":"Louisiana public water systems (statewide)","type":"Statewide multi-system event","state":"LA","states":["LA"],"detail":"Affected systems included Shreveport (Caddo), Blanchard, Vivian, DeSoto Water District 1, Campti, Lake Charles, Lake Arthur, Kinder, Vinton, Basile, Lafayette Utilities System and West Baton Rouge Parish.","coordinates":{"lat":31,"lon":-92,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Caddo","DeSoto","Natchitoches","Calcasieu","Jefferson Davis","Allen","Lafayette","West Baton Rouge","Evangeline","Beauregard"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Freeze-driven demand and line breaks outran well and storage capacity, causing pressure loss and boil advisories.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Shreveport's notices recommended disinfecting water after widespread pressure loss (ref 3); no illness is reported.","service":"Kinder shut water off from 7 p.m. to 5 a.m. and some Blanchard residents had no water in January 2024 (refs 1-2).","scale":"Shreveport alone serves 192,378 people per SDWIS (ref 7), and its January 2024 advisory was expanded citywide (ref 4).","duration":"Each episode lasted days to about two weeks (Shreveport's West zone advisory was lifted Jan. 30, 2024, ref 4), recurring in consecutive winters (refs 5-6).","significance":"Boil advisories cleared with LDH approval, e.g. Shreveport's January 17 and 28, 2024 notices (ref 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":192378,"status":"Reported","note":"Shreveport's SDWIS population (ref 7) as the largest affected system; statewide total not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than 12,000 Lafayette Utilities System customers lost water pressure in January 2025; in January 2024 Kinder shut off its supply overnight."},"measures":[{"name":"LUS customers who lost pressure, January 2025","value":12000,"unit":"customers","status":"Reported","note":"\"More than 12,000\" (ref 5)."},{"name":"West Baton Rouge storage, January 23, 2025","value":10,"unit":"% of capacity","status":"Reported","note":"Target at least 60% (ref 6)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Freeze-related pressure losses occurred in both January 2024 and January 2025 (refs 1, 5)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Louisiana Department of Health","role":"Primacy regulator; clears boil advisories"},{"name":"City of Shreveport Department of Water and Sewerage","role":"Largest affected utility"},{"name":"Lafayette Utilities System","role":"Affected utility (2025)"}],"public_contact":"Louisiana Department of Health, Office of Public Health, through its published website contact channels","corrective_actions":["Conservation requests and overnight shutoffs to rebuild storage","Boil advisories until LDH-cleared sampling","Second wells brought online (Lake Arthur)"],"sources":[{"title":"Officials urge water conservation as many systems experience low pressure","publisher":"KPLC","date":"2024-01-16","url":"https://www.kplctv.com/2024/01/16/boil-advisories-effect-around-swla/","ref":1,"basis":"News report"},{"title":"Several communities in North Louisiana are having trouble supplying water","publisher":"News Radio 710 KEEL","date":"2024-01-17","url":"https://710keel.com/water-problems-in-louisiana/","ref":2,"basis":"News report"},{"title":"Boil Advisory Issued for Southeast Pressure Zone (news release)","publisher":"City of Shreveport","date":"2024-01-17","url":"https://www.shreveportla.gov/DocumentCenter/View/23674/01172024---NEWS-RELEASE-Voluntary-Boil-Advisory-Issued","basis":"Local government release","ref":3},{"title":"Voluntary boil water advisory lifted for Shreveport; others issued due to winter weather","publisher":"KSLA","date":"2024-01-16","url":"https://www.ksla.com/2024/01/16/boil-advisories-issued-arklatex-due-winter-weather","ref":4,"basis":"News report"},{"title":"Utilities handling Louisiana's historic winter storm well so far, but things could change","publisher":"WWNO / Louisiana Illuminator","date":"2025-01-22","url":"https://www.wwno.org/2025-01-22/utilities-handling-louisianas-historic-winter-storm-well-so-far-but-things-could-change","ref":5,"basis":"News report"},{"title":"Temperature drop causes water supply decrease in parts of Louisiana","publisher":"WAFB","date":"2025-01-23","url":"https://www.wafb.com/2025/01/23/temperature-drop-causes-water-supply-decrease-parts-louisiana/","ref":6,"basis":"News report"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record: City of Shreveport Water System","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/LA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SHREVEPORT/JSON","basis":"Federal database","ref":7,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (LA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-LA-KENTWOOD-WELL-FAILURE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Kentwood well malfunction leaves about 2,300 residents without running water","description":"In January 2024 a malfunction at a seven-year-old well left nearly 2,300 Kentwood residents with low or no water pressure; the mayor said a trap door at the bottom of the 17-foot well was not opening. Pressure returned on January 19, but the town stayed under a boil advisory and handed out drinking water at city hall.","location":{"name":"Town of Kentwood Water System","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"LA","states":["LA"],"detail":"Town of Kentwood, Tangipahoa Parish.","coordinates":{"lat":30.94,"lon":-90.51,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Tangipahoa"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"LA1105014"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A mechanical well failure stopped supply to the town.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Kentwood stayed on a boil advisory pending lab samples after the outage (ref 1); no contamination result is reported.","service":"Nearly 2,300 residents had no running water, and officials warned the outage could last days (ref 1).","scale":"The town system serves 2,205 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"Pressure was back by Friday, January 19, 2024, a day after officials warned the outage could last through the weekend (ref 1).","significance":"A town-wide boil advisory was in place (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":2205,"status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS population (ref 2); the news report cites nearly 2,300 residents (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Nearly 2,300 residents had no running water after a trap door at the bottom of a 17-foot well failed to open."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One documented event; the original well was still offline (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Kentwood","role":"System owner"},{"name":"Louisiana Department of Health","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Louisiana Department of Health, Office of Public Health, through its published website contact channels","corrective_actions":["Other wells repaired and pressure restored","Well refilled and sampled before clearing the boil advisory","Drinking water distributed at city hall"],"sources":[{"title":"Water returns to Kentwood; town still under boil advisory","publisher":"WBRZ","date":"2024-01-19","url":"https://www.wbrz.com/news/water-returns-to-kentwood-town-still-under-boil-advisory","ref":1,"basis":"News report"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record: Town of Kentwood Water System","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/LA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/KENTWOOD/JSON","basis":"Federal database","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (LA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Advisory lift date"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-LA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Louisiana drought reaches extreme levels across half the state in 2026","description":"Drought that began December 30, 2025 spread until, by mid-April 2026, nearly 90% of Louisiana was in drought and over 43% in extreme drought, the most since late 2023. USDA designated 25 parishes as natural disaster areas in April 2026, and after a brief wet spell dry conditions returned, with 22 parishes under burn bans by August 20, 2026. USDA issued further drought disaster designations for droughts beginning between November 2025 and April 2026, the largest covering 48 parishes, opening Farm Service Agency emergency loans with deadlines into January 2027 (refs 1, 4, 5).","location":{"name":"Louisiana (statewide)","type":"Statewide drought","state":"LA","states":["LA"],"detail":"USDA-designated parishes include Assumption, Avoyelles, Bienville, Caldwell, Catahoula, Concordia, DeSoto, Evangeline, Franklin, Grant, Jackson, Lafourche, LaSalle, Madison, Natchitoches, Pointe Coupee, Rapides, Red River, Sabine, St. Landry, St. Mary, Tensas, Terrebonne, West Feliciana and Winn.","coordinates":{"lat":31,"lon":-92,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Assumption","Avoyelles","Bienville","Caldwell","Catahoula","Concordia","DeSoto","Evangeline","Franklin","Grant","Jackson","LaSalle","Lafourche","Madison","Morehouse","Natchitoches","Ouachita","Pointe Coupee","Rapides","Red River","Sabine","St. Landry","St. Mary","Tensas","Terrebonne","Union","West Feliciana","Winn"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Prolonged rainfall deficits reduced soil moisture and water availability across the state.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The state climate office noted LSU AgCenter agents reporting dry conditions across 33 parishes in April 2026 (ref 2); no crop-loss total is given.","service":"None of the cited sources reports public water-system restrictions or outages from the drought (refs 1-3).","scale":"Nearly 90% of the state was in drought in mid-April 2026 (ref 2).","duration":"Drought began December 30, 2025 (ref 1) and dry conditions persisted into late August 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"USDA secretarial natural disaster designation for 25 parishes (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide; no affected population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The U.S. Drought Monitor showed nearly 90% of Louisiana in drought, including over 43% in extreme drought (D3), in mid-April 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"Share of state in drought, April 14, 2026","value":90,"unit":"%","status":"Reported","note":"\"Nearly 90%\" (ref 2)."},{"name":"Share in extreme drought (D3), April 14, 2026","value":43,"unit":"%","status":"Reported","note":"\"Over 43%\" (ref 2)."},{"name":"Parishes under burn bans, August 20, 2026","value":22,"unit":"parishes","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Spring drought eased before dry conditions returned in August 2026 (refs 2-3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","role":"Disaster designation"},{"name":"Louisiana Office of State Climatology (LSU)","role":"Drought monitoring"}],"public_contact":"Louisiana Office of State Climatology, through its published contact channels","corrective_actions":["USDA Farm Service Agency emergency loans for designated parishes (deadline December 10, 2026)","Parish burn bans"],"sources":[{"title":"Department of Agriculture designates 25 parishes as \"Natural Disaster Areas\" following monthlong drought","publisher":"KNOE","date":"2026-04-20","url":"https://www.knoe.com/2026/04/20/department-agriculture-designates-25-parishes-natural-disaster-areas-following-monthlong-drought/","ref":1,"basis":"News report"},{"title":"Louisiana Weekly Climate Summary, April 08-14, 2026","publisher":"Louisiana Office of State Climatology, LSU","date":"2026-04-16","url":"https://lsu.edu/state-climate-office/losc_reports/weekly_reports/losc-weeklysummary-08-14apr2026.pdf","basis":"State climate office report","ref":2},{"title":"Burn bans continue to increase across Louisiana; what this means as high temperatures persist","publisher":"WBRZ","date":"2026-08-20","url":"https://www.wbrz.com/news/burn-bans-continue-to-increase-across-louisiana-what-this-means/","ref":3,"basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Current USDA Natural Disaster Designation Areas in Louisiana","publisher":"Louisiana Department of Agriculture and Forestry","date":"2026-05-14","url":"https://www.ldaf.la.gov/about/news/article/current-usda-natural-disaster-designation-areas-in-louisiana","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"12 parishes in Louisiana designated as natural disaster areas due to the recent drought","publisher":"KEDM Public Radio","date":"2026-05-07","url":"https://www.kedm.org/louisiana-news/2026-05-07/12-parishes-in-louisiana-designated-as-natural-disaster-areas-due-to-the-recent-drought","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (LA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-LA-PLAQUEMINES-SALTWATER-WEDGE-2023"]},{"id":"US-LA-WEST-CENTRAL-BOSSIER-PRESSURE-LOSS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Storm power failure drops pressure across West Central Bossier water system","description":"On the night of June 23, 2026 a storm knocked out power at the West Central Bossier water system's main treatment plant, and a generator cycling between utility and backup power damaged electrical fuses. Pressure dropped twice across the network, and the Louisiana Department of Health ordered a boil advisory for all customers, including two Bossier Parish correctional facilities.","location":{"name":"West Central Bossier Water System","type":"Parish water system","state":"LA","states":["LA"],"detail":"Bossier Parish; customers include the Bossier Maximum and Medium Security facilities.","coordinates":{"lat":32.6,"lon":-93.75,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Bossier"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"LA1015048"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Loss of plant power and backup-power faults caused a systemwide pressure drop.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Pressure loss created a contamination risk that led to a precautionary advisory (ref 1); no positive samples are reported.","service":"Customers were told to use bottled or boiled water for drinking, cooking and ice (ref 1).","scale":"The system serves 1,771 people per SDWIS (ref 2), plus two correctional facilities named in ref 1.","duration":"The advisory began June 23-24, 2026 pending sample results (ref 1); a lift date is not reported.","significance":"LDH ordered the boil advisory for the entire customer base (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":1771,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The system lost pressure twice after generator cycling damaged electrical fuses at the main plant."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One documented event."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Bossier Parish Police Jury","role":"System owner"},{"name":"Louisiana Department of Health","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Bossier Parish Police Jury, through its published website contact channels","corrective_actions":["Crews restoring normal plant operation","Sampling before LDH lifts the advisory"],"sources":[{"title":"Boil advisory issued for West Central Bossier water system after storm power failure","publisher":"KTBS","date":"2026-06-24","url":"https://www.ktbs.com/news/boil-advisory-issued-for-west-central-bossier-water-system-after-storm-power-failure/article_6aa67b31-15f8-4dda-9c7d-83a91a5f4cb4.html","ref":1,"basis":"News report"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record: West Central Bossier Water System","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/LA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BOSSIER/JSON","basis":"Federal database","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (LA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Advisory lift date"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-LA-SHREVEPORT-SEWER-CONSENT-DECREE-2014","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Shreveport cannot meet 2026 sewer consent decree deadline, seeks 20 more years","description":"Shreveport's 2014 federal Clean Water Act consent decree, which followed more than 850 alleged sanitary sewer overflows, requires sewer system fixes within 12 years, and the mayor called the end-of-2026 deadline physically and financially impossible. The city has spent more than $450 million, projects costs near $1 billion and is asking regulators for a further 15 to 20 years. LDEQ issued compliance orders to its Lucas and North Regional treatment plants in November 2024, and EPA records show the Lucas plant in significant noncompliance for three quarters of 2024.","location":{"name":"Shreveport sewer system","type":"Municipal wastewater collection and treatment system","state":"LA","states":["LA"],"detail":"City of Shreveport, Caddo Parish; Lucas Wastewater Treatment Plant (LA0041394) and North Regional plant","coordinates":{"lat":32.399877,"lon":-93.691845,"precision":"facility","source_ref":5},"counties":["Caddo"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Aging sewer pipes and treatment plants cause overflows of untreated sewage, a structural and a water quality problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA's settlement summary (ref 1) says the complaint alleged over 850 sanitary sewer overflows of untreated sewage to US waters, and ECHO (ref 5) flags the Lucas plant in Significant/Category I Noncompliance from January to September 2024.","service":"None of the cited sources (refs 1-5) reports customers losing sewer service; the overflows are discharges to streets and waters rather than service cuts.","scale":"The city water system that serves the same city reports 192,378 people to SDWIS (ref 6), and the decree covers the whole collection system and both treatment plants (ref 1).","duration":"The decree dates to 2014 with a 12-year schedule (ref 3), and in December 2025 the city asked for 20 more years (ref 2), so the problem has run more than a decade.","significance":"A federal court consent decree with DOJ, EPA and Louisiana (ref 1), $17.7 million in federal penalties under negotiation (ref 3), and LDEQ compliance orders for the Lucas and North Regional plants in November 2024 (ref 4)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":192378,"status":"Estimated","note":"Population served by the City of Shreveport water system in SDWIS (ref 6), used as a proxy for the city sewer service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Mayor Tom Arceneaux called the end-of-2026 consent decree deadline \"physically and financially impossible\" and said the city hopes to get an additional 20 years (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Spent on decree work to date","value":450,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"More than $450 million (ref 3)."},{"name":"Projected total cost","value":1,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Federal penalties under negotiation","value":17.7,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Alleged sanitary sewer overflows in the original complaint","value":850,"unit":"overflows","status":"Reported","note":"Over 850 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Costs projected near $1 billion against $450 million spent (ref 3).","Sewer rates rose 177% between 2013 and 2022 (ref 3).","KTBS reported a recent credit rating downgrade while the city refinances about $190 million of water and sewer debt (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Costs have roughly doubled from the original estimate and the city expects to miss the 2026 deadline (refs 2, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Shreveport Water and Sewerage Department","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"US EPA Region 6 and US Department of Justice","role":"Federal consent decree plaintiffs"},{"name":"Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality","role":"State co-plaintiff and LPDES permitting authority"}],"public_contact":"City of Shreveport Water and Sewerage Department, via shreveportla.gov","corrective_actions":["Negotiating a modified consent decree that prioritizes the most critical repairs and extends the schedule by about 20 years (ref 2).","Refinancing about $190 million in existing water and sewer debt (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Shreveport Settlement","publisher":"US Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2026-09-04","url":"https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/city-shreveport-settlement","basis":"Federal enforcement record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Shreveport seeks 20-year extension on federal consent decree","publisher":"KTBS","date":"2025-12-04","url":"https://www.ktbs.com/news/shreveport-seeks-20-year-extension-on-federal-consent-decree/article_b04c255a-81b5-4fd7-93a1-e0613246d1f1.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Shreveport seeks extension as sewer system repairs near $1 billion cost","publisher":"Underground Infrastructure","date":"2026-03-30","url":"https://undergroundinfrastructure.com/news/2026/march/shreveport-seeks-extension-as-sewer-system-repairs-near-1-billion-cost","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"LDEQ enforcement actions issued, November 2024","publisher":"Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2024-11-12","url":"https://www.deq.louisiana.gov/assets/docs/About_LDEQ/Enforcement_Actions/2024/November2024.pdf","basis":"State enforcement list"},{"ref":5,"title":"ECHO detailed facility report: Lucas Wastewater Treatment Plant (LA0041394)","publisher":"US EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=LA0041394","basis":"Federal compliance database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"SDWIS water system record: City of Shreveport Water System (LA1017031)","publisher":"US EPA SDWIS","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/LA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SHREVEPORT/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (LA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Annual overflow counts since 2014","Outcome of the extension request"],"related_ids":["US-LA-SHREVEPORT-TTHM-ORDER-2025"]},{"id":"US-LA-NEW-ORLEANS-POWER-RELIABILITY-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"New Orleans water board power failures knock out potable pumps and pressure","description":"A power surge at the Carrollton Water Treatment Plant on January 26, 2025 dropped pressure below 20 psi and triggered a precautionary boil water advisory for the East Bank. In August 2025 Turbine 5 was out of service, and during Tropical Storm Arthur in June 2026 a problem in the 25-Hz power system took drainage pumps offline for 30 minutes to an hour and cut power to potable water pumps. The Sewerage and Water Board has adjusted settings on its new power complex and hired a third-party engineering firm to review it.","location":{"name":"New Orleans Carrollton Water Works","type":"Municipal water and drainage utility service area","state":"LA","states":["LA"],"detail":"Orleans Parish, East Bank of New Orleans; Carrollton Water Treatment Plant and power complex","coordinates":{"lat":29.9511,"lon":-90.0715,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Orleans"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"LA1071009"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Failures in the utility's self-generated and converted power supply interrupt pumping for drinking water and drainage.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The January 2025 pressure drop below 20 psi (ref 1) created a contamination risk, while SWBNO said the June 2026 event had no impact on water quality (ref 3).","service":"A precautionary boil water advisory covered the East Bank after the January 2025 surge (ref 1), and potable pumps lost power in June 2026 (ref 3).","scale":"Carrollton Water Works serves 334,903 people per SDWIS (ref 6).","duration":"Power problems recur from the January 2025 surge (ref 1) through the August 2025 turbine outage (ref 2) and the June-July 2026 power complex trips (refs 3, 4).","significance":"The boil advisory was issued in consultation with the Louisiana Department of Health (ref 1); the mayor publicly demanded an immediate fix (ref 5), but no enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":334903,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by New Orleans Carrollton Water Works per SDWIS (ref 6)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"On January 26, 2025 a power surge at the Carrollton Water Treatment Plant dropped pressure below 20 psi and triggered a precautionary boil water advisory for the East Bank (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Minimum pressure during January 2025 event","value":20,"unit":"psi (below)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Drainage pump outage during Tropical Storm Arthur","value":1,"unit":"hours (up to)","status":"Reported","note":"About 30 minutes to an hour (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"New power complex settings were loosened after Arthur and a third-party review is under way (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Sewerage & Water Board of New Orleans","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Entergy New Orleans","role":"Grid power supplier to the power complex"},{"name":"Louisiana Department of Health","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Sewerage & Water Board of New Orleans, 52-WATER / (504) 529-2837","corrective_actions":["Static frequency changer protective settings adjusted after Tropical Storm Arthur (ref 4).","Independent engineering firm jointly retained with Entergy to review settings and power trends (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Precautionary Boil Water Advisory Issued for the East Bank of New Orleans","publisher":"Sewerage & Water Board of New Orleans","date":"2025-01-26","url":"https://swbno.org/PressReleases/Details/4973","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"New Orleans Sewerage And Water Board Announces Turbine Down","publisher":"WRNO / iHeart","date":"2025-08-21","url":"https://wrno.iheart.com/content/2025-08-21-new-orleans-sewerage-and-water-board-announces-turbine-down","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SWBNO Responded to Power Issue that Affected Drainage and Potable Water Pumps","publisher":"Sewerage & Water Board of New Orleans","date":"2026-06-18","url":"https://swbno.org/PressReleases/Details/5092","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":4,"title":"SWBNO Clarifies Performance of the new Power Complex following Tropical Storm Arthur","publisher":"Sewerage & Water Board of New Orleans","date":"2026-07-02","url":"https://swbno.org/PressReleases/Details/5097","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":5,"title":"New Orleans avoids worst of Arthur as trees fall and Carrollton plant issue clears","publisher":"WAFB","date":"2026-06-18","url":"https://www.wafb.com/2026/06/18/new-orleans-fares-well-storms-mayor-moreno-says/","basis":"News"},{"ref":6,"title":"SDWIS water system record: New Orleans Carrollton Water Works (LA1071009)","publisher":"US EPA SDWIS","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/LA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/NEW%20ORLEANS/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (LA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Cause of the January 2025 surge","Findings of the third-party power review"],"related_ids":["US-LA-NEW-ORLEANS-DRAINAGE-OCT2026","US-LA-NEW-ORLEANS-WEST-BANK-MAIN-BREAK-2026"]},{"id":"US-LA-NEW-ORLEANS-WEST-BANK-MAIN-BREAK-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"New Orleans West Bank main break, outage and E. coli-positive samples","description":"A contractor damaged a water main near General DeGaulle Drive and Indiana Street on August 8, 2026, dropping pressure below 20 psi, causing an extended outage and a boil water advisory for the entire West Bank of New Orleans. Initial samples at two Memorial Park locations tested positive for E. coli, keeping that neighborhood under the advisory after the rest was lifted on August 10. Two weeks earlier, maintenance at the Algiers Water Plant had triggered another West Bank advisory. On July 25, 2026 pressure leaving the Algiers plant had fallen below 20 psi for about 18 minutes, putting the West Bank under an advisory until clean samples returned the next day; the Sewerage and Water Board later withdrew its first explanation and said it lacked the data to find the cause (refs 6, 7, 8).","location":{"name":"New Orleans Algiers Water Works (West Bank)","type":"Municipal water utility service area","state":"LA","states":["LA"],"detail":"Orleans Parish, West Bank (Algiers) of New Orleans; Memorial Park neighborhood","coordinates":{"lat":29.93,"lon":-90.03,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Orleans"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"LA1071001"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A damaged main and plant maintenance caused pressure loss, which led to bacterial positives in the distribution system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SWBNO reported that initial samples from two Memorial Park locations tested positive for E. coli and continued to test positive for coliform (ref 2).","service":"The advisory followed an extended water outage that began August 8, 2026 (ref 2), with pressure below 20 psi across the West Bank (ref 1).","scale":"The advisory covered the entire West Bank (ref 1), served by Algiers Water Works with 52,785 people per SDWIS (ref 5).","duration":"West Bank advisories were issued on July 25, 2026 (ref 3) and again on August 8, 2026, with Memorial Park still under advisory on August 10 (ref 2).","significance":"Boil water advisories issued with the Louisiana Department of Health (ref 1); no enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":52785,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by New Orleans Algiers Water Works per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Initial samples from two Memorial Park locations tested positive for E. coli and continued to test positive for coliform bacteria (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Pressure during main break","value":20,"unit":"psi (below)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Joint funding for four transmission main replacements","value":31.3,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"$19.3 million SWBNO plus $12 million city (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Two West Bank advisories within about two weeks in summer 2026 (refs 1, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Sewerage & Water Board of New Orleans","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Louisiana Department of Health","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Sewerage & Water Board of New Orleans, 52-WATER / (504) 529-2837","corrective_actions":["Break isolated and pressure restored; continued sampling in Memorial Park (ref 2).","Bid issued for four transmission main replacements identified in the water distribution immediate action plan (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Precautionary Boil Water Advisory Issued for the West Bank New Orleans","publisher":"Sewerage & Water Board of New Orleans","date":"2026-08-08","url":"https://swbno.org/PressReleases/Details/5109","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Precautionary Boil Water Advisory Lifted for the Majority of West Bank New Orleans","publisher":"Sewerage & Water Board of New Orleans","date":"2026-08-10","url":"https://swbno.org/PressReleases/Details/5115","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"Precautionary Boil Water Advisory Issued for the Westbank of New Orleans","publisher":"Sewerage & Water Board of New Orleans","date":"2026-07-25","url":"https://swbno.org/PressReleases/Details/5105","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":4,"title":"SWBNO Advances Critical Water Infrastructure Upgrades Through Joint Funding Partnership with the City of New Orleans","publisher":"Sewerage & Water Board of New Orleans","date":"2026-07-09","url":"https://swbno.org/PressReleases/Details/5098","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: New Orleans Algiers Water Works (LA1071001)","publisher":"US EPA SDWIS","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/LA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/NEW%20ORLEANS/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"Algiers water pressure mystery remains unsolved as SWBNO says it lacks data to fix it","publisher":"Fox 8 (WVUE)","date":"2026-08-09","url":"https://www.fox8live.com/2026/08/09/algiers-water-pressure-mystery-remains-unsolved-swbno-says-it-lacks-data-fix-it/","basis":"News"},{"ref":7,"title":"Boil Water Advisory Issued for New Orleans West Bank","publisher":"Hoodline","date":"2026-07-25","url":"https://hoodline.com/2026/07/algiers-water-work-sparks-west-bank-boil-alert-6993712/","basis":"News"},{"ref":8,"title":"SDWIS water system record LA1071001 (New Orleans Algiers Water Works)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/LA1071001/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (LA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Number of customers without water","Date Memorial Park advisory was cancelled"],"related_ids":["US-LA-NEW-ORLEANS-POWER-RELIABILITY-2025"],"conflicts":[{"field":"description","values":["July 25, 2026 advisory triggered by maintenance at the Algiers Water Plant","Sewerage and Water Board withdrew its first explanation and said it lacked data to find the cause"],"note":"Early reports gave plant maintenance as the cause; the later account from the utility says the cause is unknown. The record follows the later account."}]},{"id":"US-LA-NEW-ORLEANS-SEWER-CONSENT-DECREE-1998","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"New Orleans sewer system: consent decree, plant noncompliance, sewage pumped to ditches","description":"The Sewerage and Water Board of New Orleans has operated under a federal sewer consent decree since 1998, last modified in 2014, with a sewer rehabilitation program estimated at $600 million. EPA data show its East Bank wastewater plant in significant noncompliance for eight straight quarters from mid-2024 to mid-2026, and in May 2025 the utility pumped raw sewage from a broken main on Almonaster Avenue into roadside ditches that drain toward Lake Pontchartrain. LDEQ issued the utility a notice of violation for the East Bank plant in January 2025.","location":{"name":"SWBNO sewer system and East Bank WWTP","type":"Municipal wastewater collection and treatment system","state":"LA","states":["LA"],"detail":"Orleans Parish; East Bank Wastewater Treatment Plant (LA0038091); Almonaster Avenue, New Orleans East","coordinates":{"lat":29.974661,"lon":-89.998115,"precision":"facility","source_ref":4},"counties":["Orleans"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Broken mains and an aging collection system release untreated sewage, and the main plant is out of permit compliance.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"LDEQ records reported by the Louisiana Illuminator (ref 3) show thousands of gallons of raw sewage pumped into stormwater ditches draining to the Intracoastal Waterway and Lake Pontchartrain in May 2025.","service":"No cited source (refs 1-5) reports customers losing sewer service; the impacts are releases to streets and waterways.","scale":"The combined East Bank and West Bank water systems serve 387,688 people per SDWIS (ref 6), and the decree covers the citywide collection and treatment system (ref 1).","duration":"The consent decree has been in force since June 22, 1998 (ref 1), and ECHO (ref 4) shows the East Bank plant in significant noncompliance from July 2024 through June 2026.","significance":"Federal consent decree with EPA and DOJ (ref 1), plus an LDEQ notice of violation for the East Bank STP dated January 2, 2025 (ref 5)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":387688,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS populations for Carrollton (334,903) and Algiers (52,785) water works (ref 6), used as a proxy for the sewer service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"SWBNO pumped raw sewage from a broken Almonaster Avenue main into roadside ditches because an official said it was too much volume for vacuum trucks (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Sewer rehabilitation program estimate","value":600,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Over ten years (ref 2)."},{"name":"Consecutive quarters in significant noncompliance, East Bank plant","value":8,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"July 2024 to June 2026 (ref 4)."},{"name":"Fecal coliform at East Bank plant sampling after the spill","value":1000,"unit":"colonies per sample","status":"Reported","note":"Versus 200 considered a safe recreational maximum (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Plant compliance status moved from violations to significant noncompliance in mid-2024 and stayed there through June 2026 (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Sewerage & Water Board of New Orleans","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"US EPA Region 6 and US Department of Justice","role":"Consent decree parties"},{"name":"Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality","role":"LPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"Sewerage & Water Board of New Orleans, 52-WATER / (504) 529-2837","corrective_actions":["Sewer System Evaluation and Rehabilitation Program contracts under way, with status reports dated January 2026 (ref 2).","Quarterly and annual consent decree progress reports to EPA, latest covering April-June 2026 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Wastewater - Sewer Consent Decree","publisher":"Sewerage & Water Board of New Orleans","date":null,"url":"https://www.swbno.org/Wastewater/ConsentDecree","basis":"Utility record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Sewer System Evaluation & Rehabilitation (SSERP)","publisher":"Sewerage & Water Board of New Orleans","date":null,"url":"https://www.swbno.org/Projects/SSERP","basis":"Utility record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Raw sewage intentionally pumped into New Orleans storm drains, records show","publisher":"Louisiana Illuminator via WAFB","date":"2025-07-17","url":"https://www.wafb.com/2025/07/17/raw-sewage-intentionally-pumped-into-new-orleans-storm-drains-records-show/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"ECHO detailed facility report: SWBNO East Bank Wastewater Treatment Plant (LA0038091)","publisher":"US EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=LA0038091","basis":"Federal compliance database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"LDEQ enforcement actions issued, January 2025","publisher":"Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-01-02","url":"https://www.deq.louisiana.gov/assets/docs/About_LDEQ/Enforcement_Actions/2025/January2025.pdf","basis":"State enforcement list"},{"ref":6,"title":"SDWIS water system records: New Orleans Carrollton and Algiers Water Works","publisher":"US EPA SDWIS","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/LA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/NEW%20ORLEANS/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (LA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (4). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Volume of the May 2025 release","Consent decree completion date"],"related_ids":["US-LA-NEW-ORLEANS-POWER-RELIABILITY-2025"]},{"id":"US-LA-BATON-ROUGE-SEWER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Baton Rouge sewer system in consent decree monitoring as north plant slips","description":"Baton Rouge and East Baton Rouge Parish finished the 110 capital projects required by their early-2000s federal sewer overflow consent decree in December 2018 and are in a monitoring phase, but the debt is expected to total $2.7 billion and overflow complaints continued. EPA data show the north wastewater plant in significant noncompliance in three quarters of 2025, and in February 2025 LDEQ issued the city-parish a compliance order for its Shadow Oaks Subdivision sewer plant.","location":{"name":"Baton Rouge city-parish sewer system","type":"Municipal wastewater collection and treatment system","state":"LA","states":["LA"],"detail":"East Baton Rouge Parish; North Wastewater Treatment Plant (LA0036439) and South plant on Gardere Lane","coordinates":{"lat":30.53426,"lon":-91.20159,"precision":"facility","source_ref":4},"counties":["East Baton Rouge"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Rain infiltration overtaxes the collection system and plants, causing overflows and permit exceedances.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO (ref 4) lists the north plant in Significant/Category I Noncompliance for three quarters of 2025, and The Advocate (ref 2) reports continuing overflow complaints after the decree work.","service":"None of the cited sources (refs 1-5) describes sewer service cuts; the issue is discharges and plant compliance.","scale":"Baton Rouge Water Company serves 596,844 people per SDWIS (ref 5), and EPA said the settlement would cut untreated discharges by more than 1.2 billion gallons a year (ref 1).","duration":"The settlement was announced November 13, 2001 (ref 1), its projects ended in December 2018, and monitoring continues in 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"A federal consent decree (ref 1) and an LDEQ compliance order dated February 11, 2025 for the city-parish Shadow Oaks Subdivision #298 plant (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":596844,"status":"Estimated","note":"Population served by Baton Rouge Water Company per SDWIS (ref 5), used as a proxy for the city-parish sewer service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The 110 capital improvement projects under the consent decree were finished in December 2018 and the city-parish is now in a monitoring phase (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Capital work required by the decree","value":1.6,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Expected total sewer debt payoff with interest","value":2.7,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance, north plant, 2025","value":3,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Residents pay a 4% sewer fee increase each year to retire decree debt (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Overflows were sharply reduced after the decree work but plant compliance slipped in 2025 (refs 2, 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Baton Rouge / Parish of East Baton Rouge, Department of Environmental Services","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality","role":"LPDES permitting and enforcement authority"},{"name":"US EPA Region 6","role":"Federal consent decree party"}],"public_contact":"Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality, via deq.louisiana.gov","corrective_actions":["Decommissioned central plant flows routed to an expanded south plant with 168 million gallons of storm storage (ref 2).","Response to the February 2025 LDEQ compliance order for Shadow Oaks (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Baton Rouge and East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana, Sewer Overflow Settlement","publisher":"US Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2026-01-05","url":"https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/city-baton-rouge-and-east-baton-rough-parish-louisiana-sewer-overflow-settlement","basis":"Federal enforcement record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Why is Baton Rouge tearing down its old sewage plant? 'Eliminate the blight.'","publisher":"The Advocate","date":"2026-01-15","url":"https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/news/business/central-sewer-plant-in-baton-rouge-under-demolition/article_c967aa49-60b1-4f3c-8212-fb211e8310f4.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"LDEQ enforcement actions issued, February 2025","publisher":"Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-02-11","url":"https://www.deq.louisiana.gov/assets/docs/About_LDEQ/Enforcement_Actions/2025/February2025.pdf","basis":"State enforcement list"},{"ref":4,"title":"ECHO detailed facility report: Baton Rouge North WWTP (LA0036439)","publisher":"US EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=LA0036439","basis":"Federal compliance database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Baton Rouge Water Company (LA1033005)","publisher":"US EPA SDWIS","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/LA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BATON%20ROUGE/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (LA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Violations cited in the February 2025 LDEQ order","Recent annual overflow counts"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-LA-STATEWIDE-WATER-SECTOR-PROGRAM-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Louisiana Water Sector Program races ARPA deadline with $244M unspent","description":"Louisiana committed $750 million in federal ARPA money through its Water Sector Program to repair failing community water and sewer systems, plus $140 million in state Phase II funds for 2024-2026. The April 2026 program report shows $243.8 million of ARPA funds still undisbursed ahead of a September 1, 2026 expenditure deadline, 122 projects still in progress, and seven projects rated high risk, including Kenner, Slidell, Lake Charles and Tallulah.","location":{"name":"Louisiana community water and sewer systems","type":"Statewide infrastructure grant program","state":"LA","states":["LA"],"detail":"Statewide, Louisiana","coordinates":{"lat":30.9843,"lon":-91.9623,"precision":"state","source_ref":2},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns funding and delivery of repairs across hundreds of failing local systems.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The program reports (refs 1, 2) track spending and project status, not health or environmental outcomes, so no harm is scored.","service":"Neither the OCD report (ref 1) nor WBRZ (ref 3) documents a service disruption caused by the funding status.","scale":"The program spans 240 Phase 1 projects statewide (ref 1) and the program co-chair said no corner of the state is free of water and sewer rehab battles (ref 3).","duration":"Phase I money has flowed since 2022 and Phase II runs through FY 2025-2026 (ref 2), with ARPA spending due by December 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"OCD formally rates seven projects high risk of missing the federal expenditure deadline (ref 1); no enforcement action is involved."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The program reports do not total population served by funded systems."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"ARPA funds disbursed $523.2M; ARPA funds remaining $243.8M (31.8%); expenditure deadline September 1, 2026 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"ARPA funds remaining","value":243.8,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"April 2026 report (ref 1)."},{"name":"Phase 1 projects in progress","value":122,"unit":"projects","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"High-risk projects","value":7,"unit":"projects","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Phase II state appropriation FY2024-25 and FY2025-26","value":140,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"$70 million each year (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Many funded systems depend on grants to repair failing assets; seven projects risk losing federal money (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Spending status is reported monthly; outcome against the deadline is not yet reported."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Louisiana Office of Community Development, Division of Administration","role":"Program administrator"},{"name":"Water Sector Commission","role":"Approves guidance and awards"}],"public_contact":"Louisiana Office of Community Development, 225.219.9600","corrective_actions":["Phase II state-funded rounds for FY 2024-25, FY 2025-26 and guidance for FY 2026-27 (ref 2).","Emergency subfund of $5 million a year for urgent repairs (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water Sector Program Report, April 2026","publisher":"Louisiana Office of Community Development","date":"2026-04-30","url":"https://ocd-backend.files.svdcdn.com/production/resources/LGA-Programs/Water-Sector-Program/Water-Sector-Program-Report-April-2026.pdf?dm=1778790534","basis":"State program report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Water Sector Program","publisher":"Louisiana Office of Community Development","date":"2024-12-06","url":"https://locd.la.gov/local-government-assistance/water-sector-program","basis":"State agency","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Louisiana allocates $750M to fix failing water and sewer systems","publisher":"WBRZ","date":"2025-03-24","url":"https://www.wbrz.com/news/louisiana-allocates-750m-to-fix-failing-water-and-sewer-systems/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (LA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Final ARPA expenditure outcome after September 2026","Statewide needs estimate"],"related_ids":["US-LA-TALLULAH-WATER-EMERGENCY-2025"]},{"id":"US-LA-MAGNOLIA-WATER-SEWER-ENFORCEMENT-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Magnolia Water's Louisiana sewer plants face repeated LDEQ enforcement","description":"Magnolia Water Utility Operating Company, which has bought struggling private water and sewer systems in Louisiana since 2019 and serves more than 82,000 sewer customers, appears in at least a dozen LDEQ water enforcement actions issued from February 2025 to August 2026, including compliance orders, notices of potential penalty and expedited penalties at subdivision sewage plants in St. Tammany, Lafayette, Livingston, Lincoln, Tangipahoa and Iberia parishes. Customers pay the state's highest sewer rates, and regulators approved another three-year rate plan in 2026.","location":{"name":"Magnolia Water subdivision sewer systems","type":"Private regulated wastewater utility (multiple systems)","state":"LA","states":["LA"],"detail":"Subdivision sewage plants in St. Tammany, Lafayette, Livingston, Lincoln, Tangipahoa and Iberia parishes","coordinates":{"lat":30.2,"lon":-90,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["St. Tammany","Lafayette","Livingston","Lincoln","Tangipahoa","Iberia"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Small aging package plants owned by one private operator repeatedly breach permits while rates rise.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"LDEQ lists (refs 1-6) record water-permit enforcement at Magnolia plants such as Eden Isles and Guste Island; the lists do not state discharge volumes, so harm is scored as limited.","service":"No cited source (refs 1-7) reports sewer service loss for Magnolia customers.","scale":"LPSC records cited by The Current show Magnolia serves more than 82,000 sewer customers across the state (ref 7).","duration":"Actions run from a February 2025 compliance order at Hernandez Heights (ref 1) to August 2026 orders at Coteau Ridge and Eden Isles (ref 6).","significance":"Formal LDEQ compliance orders (refs 1, 3), consolidated compliance orders with notices of potential penalty (refs 2, 6) and expedited penalties (refs 4, 5)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":82000,"status":"Reported","note":"More than 82,000 sewer customers per LPSC records cited in ref 7 (customer accounts, not people)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"LDEQ issued Magnolia compliance orders for Eden Isles (June 2025) and Hernandez Heights (February 2025), and consolidated orders with notices of potential penalty for Coteau Ridge and Eden Isles in August 2026 (refs 1, 3, 6)."},"measures":[{"name":"LDEQ water actions naming Magnolia, Feb 2025-Aug 2026","value":12,"unit":"actions","status":"Estimated","note":"Count of entries in the LDEQ monthly lists cited (refs 1-6) naming Magnolia Water Utility Operating Company as facility or responsible party."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Magnolia's 2025 rate application listed over $37.5 million owed to its parent company (ref 7).","Typical sewer charges above $73 a month versus a state average near $56 (ref 7)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Enforcement entries continue into August 2026 (ref 6)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Magnolia Water Utility Operating Company LLC","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality","role":"LPDES permitting and enforcement authority"},{"name":"Louisiana Public Service Commission","role":"Rate regulator"}],"public_contact":"Louisiana Public Service Commission, via lpsc.louisiana.gov","corrective_actions":["LPSC approval of the 2026 rate plan requires an audit of Magnolia's operating company finances before another increase (ref 7)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"LDEQ enforcement actions issued, February 2025","publisher":"Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-02-21","url":"https://www.deq.louisiana.gov/assets/docs/About_LDEQ/Enforcement_Actions/2025/February2025.pdf","basis":"State enforcement list"},{"ref":2,"title":"LDEQ enforcement actions issued, March 2025","publisher":"Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-03-18","url":"https://www.deq.louisiana.gov/assets/docs/About_LDEQ/Enforcement_Actions/2025/March2025.pdf","basis":"State enforcement list"},{"ref":3,"title":"LDEQ enforcement actions issued, June 2025","publisher":"Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-06-27","url":"https://www.deq.louisiana.gov/assets/docs/About_LDEQ/Enforcement_Actions/2025/June2025.pdf","basis":"State enforcement list"},{"ref":4,"title":"LDEQ enforcement actions issued, March 2026","publisher":"Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2026-03-25","url":"https://www.deq.louisiana.gov/assets/docs/About_LDEQ/Enforcement_Actions/2026/March2026.pdf","basis":"State enforcement list"},{"ref":5,"title":"LDEQ enforcement actions issued, July 2026","publisher":"Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://www.deq.louisiana.gov/assets/docs/About_LDEQ/Enforcement_Actions/2026/July2026.pdf","basis":"State enforcement list"},{"ref":6,"title":"LDEQ enforcement actions issued, August 2026","publisher":"Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2026-08-11","url":"https://www.deq.louisiana.gov/assets/docs/About_LDEQ/Enforcement_Actions/2026/August2026.pdf","basis":"State enforcement list"},{"ref":7,"title":"Two Louisiana customers take on Magnolia Water over sewer takeover, rising rates","publisher":"The Cool Down","date":"2026-07-29","url":"https://www.thecooldown.com/green-business/magnolia-water-sewer-takeover-rising-rates/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (LA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Specific violations behind each LDEQ action","Penalty totals"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-LA-PINEVILLE-SEWER-OVERFLOW-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Pineville sewer manholes overflow in heavy rain; LDEQ orders city plant","description":"A Pineville business owner reported in May 2025 that manholes on the city sewer system overflow during heavy rain, leaving human waste and toilet paper on his property, and LDEQ indicated the problem may be the city's responsibility. LDEQ issued the City of Pineville a compliance order for its wastewater treatment plant in October 2025, and EPA data list a formal enforcement action and a violation at the plant in 2026.","location":{"name":"City of Pineville WWTP and sewer system","type":"Municipal wastewater collection and treatment system","state":"LA","states":["LA"],"detail":"City of Pineville, Rapides Parish; Pineville WWTP (LA0033464)","coordinates":{"lat":31.319883,"lon":-92.443503,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Rapides"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Rain entering the collection system pushes untreated sewage out of manholes onto land.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"KALB (ref 1) reports sewage including human waste surfacing on private property during storms; no water sampling is cited.","service":"The owner says he keeps paying for sewer service (ref 1); no service cut is reported.","scale":"The 9 MGD-design Pineville plant serves the city's collection system (ref 3).","duration":"KALB describes the overflows as recurring with heavy rain (ref 1), and the plant shows a new violation in mid-2026 (ref 3).","significance":"LDEQ compliance order WE-C-25-00086 issued to the City of Pineville on October 13, 2025 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No cited source gives sewer service population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Sewage from the city's system, including human waste and toilet paper, floods the property during heavy rain, the owner says (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One reported location and one LDEQ order; no overflow counts published."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Pineville Utility Department","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality","role":"LPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"City of Pineville Utility Department","corrective_actions":["LDEQ compliance order to the city (ref 2).","City utility department checking work orders for the reported site (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Pineville sewer pours human waste, toilet paper onto his property during heavy rain, resident says","publisher":"KALB","date":"2025-05-08","url":"https://www.kalb.com/2025/05/09/pineville-sewer-pours-human-waste-toilet-paper-onto-his-property-during-heavy-rain-resident-says","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"LDEQ enforcement actions issued, October 2025","publisher":"Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-10-13","url":"https://www.deq.louisiana.gov/assets/docs/About_LDEQ/Enforcement_Actions/2025/October2025.pdf","basis":"State enforcement list"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO detailed facility report: Pineville WWTP (LA0033464)","publisher":"US EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=LA0033464","basis":"Federal compliance database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (LA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["Violations cited in the October 2025 order","Number of overflow locations"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-LA-MONROE-ICE-STORM-BOIL-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Monroe systemwide boil advisory after January 2026 ice storm","description":"After a January 2026 ice storm, the City of Monroe put its entire water system under a boil advisory while the treatment plant ran at full capacity to refill storage tanks. The water plant manager said service was restored gradually because old pipes cannot handle sudden pressure changes; the advisory was rescinded on January 29, 2026 after satisfactory state lab results.","location":{"name":"City of Monroe Water System","type":"Municipal water utility service area","state":"LA","states":["LA"],"detail":"City of Monroe, Ouachita Parish","coordinates":{"lat":32.5093,"lon":-92.1193,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Ouachita"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"LA1073031"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Storm-related pressure loss on an aging pipe network forced a systemwide precaution.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Monroe reported all LDH lab results satisfactory when lifting the advisory (ref 2), so no contamination is documented.","service":"A systemwide boil advisory was in effect while crews restored service gradually (refs 1, 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 57,000 people served by the Monroe system (ref 3).","duration":"KNOE reported the advisory on January 27 and the city lifted it January 29, 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"A formal systemwide boil water advisory with LDH lab testing (ref 2); no enforcement action."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":57000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The City of Monroe Water System's systemwide boil water advisory was rescinded effective immediately on January 29, 2026 (ref 2)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Advisory lifted after satisfactory lab results (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Monroe Water System","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Louisiana Department of Health","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Monroe, via monroela.us","corrective_actions":["Gradual restoration of pressure and refilling of storage tanks (ref 1).","Repairs to water mains and service lines after the thaw (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Ouachita Parish officials address water, power issues after ice storm","publisher":"KNOE","date":"2026-01-27","url":"https://www.knoe.com/2026/01/28/ouachita-parish-officials-address-water-power-issues-after-ice-storm/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"City of Monroe Water System Rescinds Boil Water Advisory","publisher":"City of Monroe","date":"2026-01-29","url":"https://monroela.us/news_announcements/city-of-monroe-water-system-rescinds-boil-water-advisory/","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: City of Monroe Water System (LA1073031)","publisher":"US EPA SDWIS","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/LA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MONROE/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"New record (LA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Advisory start date","Number of main breaks"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-LA-STATEWIDE-POTW-NONCOMPLIANCE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Over 100 Louisiana municipal sewage permits flagged in significant noncompliance","description":"EPA's ECHO database lists 106 of 426 Louisiana permits with a publicly owned treatment works component in current significant noncompliance, and 40 were in significant noncompliance for at least eight of the last twelve quarters, mostly small-town plants such as Blanchard, Morganza, Mamou and Morse. LDEQ's monthly enforcement lists from 2024 to 2026 include compliance orders against sewage plants in Greenwood, Delhi, Saline, Ruston and Bogalusa.","location":{"name":"Louisiana municipal sewage treatment plants","type":"Statewide set of publicly owned treatment works","state":"LA","states":["LA"],"detail":"Statewide, Louisiana","coordinates":{"lat":30.9843,"lon":-91.9623,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Undersized or poorly maintained small-town plants repeatedly exceed effluent limits or miss permit schedules.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO (ref 1) shows effluent limit violations driving significant noncompliance, counting 208 effluent exceedances at the Blanchard plant and 253 at the Reddell sewer system.","service":"The ECHO and LDEQ records (refs 1-4) concern discharges, not interruptions of sewer service.","scale":"106 permits across the state are currently in significant noncompliance (ref 1).","duration":"Nine plants, including Blanchard, Morganza and Mamou, were in significant noncompliance in all 12 of the last 12 quarters (ref 1).","significance":"LDEQ compliance orders for the Greenwood and Delhi plants and a consolidated order for the Saline plant in July 2026 (ref 2), the Bogalusa plant in August 2026 (ref 3), and Ruston's Northside plant in May 2026 (ref 4)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"ECHO does not report sewered population for these permits."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"106 of 426 Louisiana POTW-component permits are currently in significant noncompliance; 40 were in significant noncompliance in 8 or more of the last 12 quarters (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Permits currently in significant noncompliance","value":106,"unit":"permits","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO query, all Louisiana permits with a POTW component (ref 1)."},{"name":"Permits in significant noncompliance 8+ of last 12 quarters","value":40,"unit":"permits","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Chronic noncompliance is concentrated in small towns and villages with limited rate bases (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Long runs of noncompliance and continuing LDEQ orders through August 2026 (refs 1, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality","role":"LPDES permitting and enforcement authority"},{"name":"Municipal owners of the listed plants","role":"Permittees"},{"name":"US EPA Region 6","role":"Federal oversight"}],"public_contact":"Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality, via deq.louisiana.gov","corrective_actions":["LDEQ compliance orders and amended orders to individual municipalities (refs 2-4).","Sewer projects funded through the state Water Sector Program (related record)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act facility search: Louisiana permits with POTW component","publisher":"US EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=LA&p_pcomp=POT&responseset=500&qcolumns=1,2,4,14,26,27,28,100,102,103,105,107,116,123,195,222,227","basis":"Federal compliance database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"LDEQ enforcement actions issued, July 2026","publisher":"Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2026-07-30","url":"https://www.deq.louisiana.gov/assets/docs/About_LDEQ/Enforcement_Actions/2026/July2026.pdf","basis":"State enforcement list"},{"ref":3,"title":"LDEQ enforcement actions issued, August 2026","publisher":"Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2026-08-11","url":"https://www.deq.louisiana.gov/assets/docs/About_LDEQ/Enforcement_Actions/2026/August2026.pdf","basis":"State enforcement list"},{"ref":4,"title":"LDEQ enforcement actions issued, May 2026","publisher":"Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2026-05-19","url":"https://www.deq.louisiana.gov/assets/docs/About_LDEQ/Enforcement_Actions/2026/May2026.pdf","basis":"State enforcement list"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (LA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Population served by noncompliant plants","Discharge volumes"],"related_ids":["US-LA-STATEWIDE-WATER-SECTOR-PROGRAM-2026"]},{"id":"US-LA-MID-BARATARIA-DIVERSION-CANCELED-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Louisiana cancels $3B Mid-Barataria Sediment Diversion amid Barataria land loss","description":"Louisiana and the Deepwater Horizon trustees ended the Mid-Barataria Sediment Diversion on July 17, 2025, after the governor paused it in April and cited costs that grew beyond $3 billion from about $1.5 billion in 2016. The diversion was designed to build and sustain up to 40 square miles of land in the Barataria Basin, which is projected to lose 550 square miles over 50 years without action; about $560 million had already been spent on permitting and design.","location":{"name":"Barataria Basin (Mid-Barataria diversion site)","type":"Coastal estuary basin and river-diversion project","state":"LA","states":["LA"],"detail":"West bank of the Mississippi River in Plaquemines Parish, draining into the Barataria Basin between the river and Bayou Lafourche.","coordinates":{"lat":29.62,"lon":-90.05,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Plaquemines","Jefferson","Lafourche"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A cancelled sediment-delivery structure (infrastructure) leaves wetland loss in the receiving estuary (land and water quantity) unaddressed.","secondary_drivers":["Coastal land loss","Project cost growth","Deepwater Horizon settlement funding"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Audubon (ref 2) reports Louisiana has lost more than 2,000 square miles of coastal wetlands since the 1930s and the Barataria Basin faces 550 more square miles of loss without action.","service":"No water-supply or drainage service interruption is tied to the cancellation in refs 1-2; score 0.","scale":"The project targeted the whole Barataria Basin and was budgeted with $2.92 billion of BP settlement money (ref 1), a regional undertaking.","duration":"Basin land loss is chronic, and the project ran from 2016 cost estimates to its July 2025 termination (refs 1-2).","significance":"The Louisiana Trustee Implementation Group formally terminated the project on July 17, 2025 after a gubernatorial pause; Audubon notes the Corps had suspended its permit (refs 1-2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The cited sources do not count residents affected by basin land loss."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Louisiana officially cancelled the Mid-Barataria Sediment Diversion on July 17, 2025, citing projected costs that had \"ballooned beyond $3 billion\" (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Spent on permitting and design before cancellation","value":560,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Roughly $560 million (ref 2)."},{"name":"Land the diversion was designed to build and maintain over 50 years","value":40,"unit":"square miles","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Projected Barataria Basin land loss over 50 years without action","value":550,"unit":"square miles","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Restoration advocates say more than $618 million in coastal funding is put at risk (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Ref 2 projects continued basin land loss; the state says it will pursue a smaller Myrtle Grove diversion instead (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority (CPRA)","role":"State coastal restoration agency"},{"name":"Louisiana Trustee Implementation Group (Deepwater Horizon NRDA)","role":"Settlement fund trustee that terminated the project"},{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, New Orleans District","role":"Federal permitting agency"}],"public_contact":"Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority, 150 Terrace Ave., Baton Rouge, LA 70802; (225) 342-7308","corrective_actions":["CPRA says it will advance a smaller sediment diversion concept near Myrtle Grove (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Louisiana Cancels Mid-Barataria Sediment Diversion","publisher":"Biz New Orleans","date":"2025-07-17","url":"https://bizneworleans.com/louisiana-cancels-landmark-coastal-restoration-project/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Louisiana Pulls the Plug on the Nation's Largest Ecosystem Restoration Project","publisher":"National Audubon Society","date":"2025-07-31","url":"https://www.audubon.org/news/louisiana-pulls-plug-nations-largest-ecosystem-restoration-project","basis":"Advocacy organization statement"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (LA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-LA-PLAQUEMINES-SALTWATER-WEDGE-2023"]},{"id":"US-LA-RICHLAND-META-DATA-CENTER-WATER-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Meta's Richland Parish AI data center registered for 23 MGD from alluvial aquifer","description":"Meta's $10 billion AI data center on a 2,250-acre former farm in Richland Parish is registered to draw about 23 million gallons a day, about 8.4 billion gallons a year, from the Mississippi River Alluvial Aquifer, though Meta expects 500 to 600 million gallons a year. Louisiana keeps no inventory of water use, so the company is not required to report actual withdrawals, and an LSU simulation found that maximum pumping could lower groundwater more than 65 feet under parts of the site.","location":{"name":"Meta data center site, Richland Parish","type":"Industrial groundwater withdrawal site (data center campus)","state":"LA","states":["LA"],"detail":"Former Franklin Farm megasite between Rayville and Delhi, about 30 miles east of Monroe, Richland Parish.","coordinates":{"lat":32.42,"lon":-91.76,"precision":"county","source_ref":2},"counties":["Richland"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The concern is the quantity of groundwater a single industrial user may withdraw without reporting.","secondary_drivers":["Data center cooling demand","No statewide water-use reporting"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"An LSU Water Resources Research Institute 17-year simulation (ref 1) found maximum withdrawals could drop groundwater more than 65 feet under parts of the site, a potential rather than observed harm.","service":"Refs 1-3 report no restriction or outage for neighboring wells or utilities; score 0.","scale":"The withdrawal draws on an aquifer that ref 1 says also supplies nearby communities and farms in Richland Parish.","duration":"The project was announced December 4, 2024 (ref 2) with operations expected in 2028 per ref 1, so the demand question spans years.","significance":"No permit, notice or enforcement applies; ref 1 says Meta only had to register new wells and is not required to report use."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The cited sources do not estimate how many well users share the affected part of the aquifer."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The site is registered to consume about 23 million gallons per day, about 8.4 billion gallons a year, while Meta estimates 500 to 600 million gallons a year (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Registered water use","value":23,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"About 8.4 billion gallons per year (ref 1)."},{"name":"Meta's expected annual use","value":550,"unit":"million gallons per year","status":"Estimated","note":"Midpoint of Meta's 500-600 million gallon range (ref 1)."},{"name":"Simulated maximum groundwater drop","value":65,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"LSU simulation at maximum allowed daily withdrawal (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Operations are expected in 2028 (ref 1); no measured withdrawals are public."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Louisiana Department of Conservation and Energy","role":"Registers water wells; groundwater oversight"},{"name":"Meta Platforms","role":"Facility owner and water user"},{"name":"Louisiana Economic Development","role":"State economic development agency for the project"}],"public_contact":"Louisiana Department of Conservation and Energy, 617 North Third St., Baton Rouge, LA 70802; (225) 342-8955","corrective_actions":["Meta pledged to restore more water than the data center consumes through Louisiana water restoration projects and committed more than $200 million to local infrastructure including water systems (ref 2).","Meta told a 2026 conference the site would use roughly as much water as the farmland it replaced (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Meta's Louisiana data center causing concern over water usage","publisher":"WBRZ (citing The Advocate)","date":"2025-12-21","url":"https://www.wbrz.com/news/meta-s-louisiana-data-center-causing-concern-over-water-usage/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Meta selects Northeast Louisiana as site of $10 billion artificial intelligence optimized data center","publisher":"Louisiana Economic Development","date":"2024-12-04","url":"https://opportunitylouisiana.gov/news/meta-selects-northeast-louisiana-as-site-of-10-billion-artificial-intelligence-optimized-data-center-governor-jeff-landry-calls-investment-a-new-chapter-for-state","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Meta leader addresses Louisiana data center water usage concerns","publisher":"Greater Baton Rouge Business Report","date":"2026-02-23","url":"https://www.businessreport.com/business/meta-leader-addresses-louisiana-data-center-water-usage-concerns","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (LA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-LA-STATEWIDE-WATER-MANAGEMENT-GAP-2026"]},{"id":"US-LA-FRANCINE-FLOOD-DISASTER-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hurricane Francine floods south Louisiana; federal disaster DR-4817 covers 22 parishes","description":"Hurricane Francine came ashore in Terrebonne Parish on September 11, 2024 as a Category 2 storm, overtopping drainage canals in Metairie, overwhelming Jefferson Parish pumps and leaving more than 450,000 customers without power at the peak. Major disaster declaration FEMA-4817-DR was approved September 16, 2024; FEMA data show 24,241 approved household applications and about $91.6 million in individual assistance, plus about $95.9 million obligated in public assistance.","location":{"name":"South Louisiana parishes (Hurricane Francine)","type":"Multi-parish federal disaster area","state":"LA","states":["LA"],"detail":"Landfall in southern Terrebonne Parish; declaration covers 22 parishes from Terrebonne and St. Mary to Orleans, Jefferson and East Baton Rouge.","coordinates":{"lat":29.6,"lon":-90.72,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Terrebonne","Lafourche","St. Mary","Assumption","Ascension","St. Charles","St. James","St. John the Baptist","Jefferson","Orleans","Plaquemines","St. Bernard","East Baton Rouge","Livingston","Tangipahoa","St. Tammany"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Extreme rainfall and surge (water quantity) exceeded drainage pumping and canal capacity (infrastructure).","secondary_drivers":["Hurricane","Drainage pump capacity","Power outages"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"FEMA records 24,241 approved individual-assistance applications and $48.9 million in housing aid for Francine losses (ref 3).","service":"Metairie drainage canals overtopped and Jefferson Parish pumps could not keep up, causing sewer problems (ref 1).","scale":"Outages peaked above 450,000 customers (ref 1) and the declaration spans 22 parishes (ref 3).","duration":"The incident ran September 9-12, 2024 (ref 3); FEMA's summary refreshed in 2026 shows $95.9 million in public assistance obligated for rebuilding (ref 4).","significance":"The White House approved a major disaster declaration for Francine on September 16, 2024 (refs 2-3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources count households approved for aid (24,241) and power customers, not total residents affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Major disaster declaration FEMA-4817-DR (incident September 9-12, 2024) covers 22 Louisiana parishes for public assistance and 9 for individual assistance (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Approved individual-assistance applications","value":24241,"unit":"applications","status":"Reported","note":"OpenFEMA summary (ref 4)."},{"name":"Individual and households program approved","value":91.6,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"$91,555,580 (ref 4)."},{"name":"Public assistance obligated","value":95.9,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"$95,948,579 (ref 4)."},{"name":"Peak power outages","value":450000,"unit":"customers","status":"Reported","note":"Public Service Commission figure (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single storm event; recovery funding continues (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"FEMA Region 6","role":"Federal disaster assistance"},{"name":"Governor's Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness (GOHSEP)","role":"State emergency management"},{"name":"Jefferson Parish Drainage Department","role":"Local drainage operator"}],"public_contact":"FEMA Helpline 800-621-3362; GOHSEP, 7667 Independence Blvd., Baton Rouge, LA 70806; (225) 925-7500","corrective_actions":["Individual assistance, public assistance for debris and emergency work, and statewide hazard mitigation were authorized under DR-4817 (refs 2-3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Francine lashes Louisiana, leaves hundreds of thousands without power","publisher":"CBS News / Associated Press","date":"2024-09-12","url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hurricane-francine-louisiana-power-outages-wind-rain-flooding/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"White House Approves Governor Landry's Request for a Major Disaster Declaration for the State of Louisiana","publisher":"Governor's Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness","date":"2024-09-16","url":"https://gohsep.la.gov/about/news/white-house-approves-governor-landry-s-request-for-a-major-disaster-declaration-for-the-state-of-louisiana","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries: DR-4817 (Hurricane Francine)","publisher":"FEMA","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v2/DisasterDeclarationsSummaries?$filter=disasterNumber%20eq%204817","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"OpenFEMA FEMA Web Disaster Summaries: DR-4817","publisher":"FEMA","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v1/FemaWebDisasterSummaries?$filter=disasterNumber%20eq%204817","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (LA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-LA-NEW-ORLEANS-DRAINAGE-OCT2026"]},{"id":"US-LA-ARTHUR-FLOOD-DISASTER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Tropical Storm Arthur's 29-inch deluge floods central and south Louisiana (DR-4927)","description":"Tropical Storm Arthur dropped about 29 inches of rain in 12 hours on Avoyelles Parish on June 17-18, 2026, exceeding the state 24-hour rainfall record, and flooded homes in six parishes, many outside mapped flood zones. A major disaster declaration, DR-4927, was approved June 30, 2026; FEMA data show 8,032 approved household applications and about $44.4 million in individual assistance.","location":{"name":"Avoyelles, St. Landry and Pointe Coupee parishes (TS Arthur)","type":"Multi-parish federal disaster area","state":"LA","states":["LA"],"detail":"Heaviest rain in Avoyelles Parish; individual assistance also for Lafourche, Pointe Coupee, St. Landry, St. Tammany and Terrebonne parishes.","coordinates":{"lat":31.12,"lon":-92.07,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Avoyelles","St. Landry","Pointe Coupee","Lafourche","St. Tammany","Terrebonne","East Feliciana","St. Charles","Winn"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Record rainfall volume caused flooding well beyond mapped flood zones.","secondary_drivers":["Extreme rainfall","Flooding outside mapped flood zones","Low flood-insurance uptake"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The state's request (ref 1) lists 190 flood-damaged homes in St. Landry Parish alone, estimated above $45 million.","service":"Wildlife and Fisheries, State Police and the National Guard ran evacuations, and the state is housing 150 displaced Avoyelles households (ref 1).","scale":"Nine parishes are designated (ref 2) and the Avoyelles rain was called a thousand-year event (ref 1).","duration":"Rain fell June 17-18 with an incident period through June 24, 2026 (ref 2), and displaced households needed temporary trailers and hotel rooms (ref 1), a recovery lasting months.","significance":"FEMA approved major disaster declaration DR-4927 on June 30, 2026 (ref 2) after a state emergency declaration."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources count households approved for aid (8,032), not total residents affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 29 inches of rain fell on Avoyelles Parish in 12 hours, a \"thousand-year event\" (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak 12-hour rainfall, Avoyelles Parish","value":29,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Approved individual-assistance applications","value":8032,"unit":"applications","status":"Reported","note":"OpenFEMA (ref 3)."},{"name":"Individual and households program approved","value":44.4,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"$44,443,211 (ref 3)."},{"name":"NFIP claims filed in Avoyelles Parish at time of request","value":41,"unit":"claims","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single storm event."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"FEMA Region 6","role":"Federal disaster assistance"},{"name":"Governor's Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness (GOHSEP)","role":"State emergency management"},{"name":"Louisiana Watershed Initiative","role":"State watershed program that estimated damage"}],"public_contact":"FEMA Helpline 800-621-3362; GOHSEP, 7667 Independence Blvd., Baton Rouge, LA 70806; (225) 925-7500","corrective_actions":["Individual assistance for six parishes and public assistance for Avoyelles, East Feliciana, Pointe Coupee, St. Charles, St. Landry and Winn under DR-4927 (ref 2).","GOHSEP is providing travel trailers and hotel rooms for 150 displaced Avoyelles households (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Louisiana asks White House for major disaster declaration after Tropical Storm Arthur flooding","publisher":"WAFB","date":"2026-06-27","url":"https://www.wafb.com/2026/06/27/louisiana-asks-white-house-major-disaster-declaration-after-tropical-storm-arthur-flooding/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries: DR-4927 (Tropical Storm Arthur)","publisher":"FEMA","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v2/DisasterDeclarationsSummaries?$filter=disasterNumber%20eq%204927","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"OpenFEMA FEMA Web Disaster Summaries: DR-4927","publisher":"FEMA","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v1/FemaWebDisasterSummaries?$filter=disasterNumber%20eq%204927","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (LA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-LA-STATEWIDE-NFIP-AFFORDABILITY-2024"]},{"id":"US-LA-STATEWIDE-COAL-ASH-PRIMACY-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"EPA proposes handing Louisiana coal ash permits to LDEQ as plant groundwater exceeds standards","description":"EPA proposed on June 4, 2026 to approve Louisiana's coal combustion residuals permit program, which would let LDEQ permit coal ash impoundments and landfills in place of the federal program. Earthjustice, Sierra Club and the Alliance for Affordable Energy say monitoring records show groundwater above federal drinking-water standards at Big Cajun 2, Brame Energy Center, R.S. Nelson and the retired Dolet Hills plant, for chemicals including arsenic, boron, cobalt, lead, lithium and radium.","location":{"name":"Louisiana coal ash disposal units (statewide)","type":"Statewide coal ash permitting program","state":"LA","states":["LA"],"detail":"Big Cajun 2, Brame Energy Center, R.S. Nelson and the retired Dolet Hills plant (ref 3).","coordinates":{"lat":30.45,"lon":-91.19,"precision":"state","source_ref":2},"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The concern is groundwater contamination from coal ash units and who oversees their closure.","secondary_drivers":["Coal ash closure in place","Transfer of federal oversight"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Environmental groups (ref 3) cite plant records showing arsenic, boron, lead, radium and other constituents above federal standards in groundwater; no drinking-water exposure is documented, so 1.","service":"None of refs 1-3 reports a public water system or private well taken out of service; score 0.","scale":"The program would cover every coal ash impoundment and landfill in the state (ref 2), and ref 3 notes over 61% of Louisianans rely on groundwater.","duration":"The groups describe ash left in groundwater after closure as an indefinite source (ref 3), a chronic condition at four plants.","significance":"EPA published a proposed partial approval in the Federal Register on June 5, 2026 and held a July 21 hearing (ref 2), a formal action without enforcement."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The cited sources do not identify the number of well users near the ash units."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"EPA proposed approving Louisiana's CCR permit program on June 4, 2026; comment closed August 5, 2026 (refs 1-2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Coal plants with reported groundwater above federal standards","value":4,"unit":"plants","status":"Reported","note":"Advocacy release (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Final EPA decision pending as of the last update on August 5, 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Applicant state coal ash permitting authority"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 6","role":"Federal reviewer of state program"}],"public_contact":"LDEQ, Galvez Building, 602 N. Fifth St., Baton Rouge, LA 70802; (225) 219-5337","corrective_actions":["EPA held a hybrid public hearing on July 21, 2026 at LDEQ headquarters and closed comment August 5, 2026 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA Proposes to Approve Louisiana's Coal Combustion Residuals Permit Program","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2026-06-04","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-proposes-approve-louisianas-coal-combustion-residuals-permit-program","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"U.S. State of Louisiana Coal Combustion Residuals Permit Program","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2026-08-05","url":"https://www.epa.gov/coal-combustion-residuals/us-state-louisiana-coal-combustion-residuals-permit-program","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Trump Administration's Plan to Put Louisiana in Charge of Toxic Coal Ash Pollution Threatens Sources of Drinking Water","publisher":"Earthjustice","date":"2026-08-04","url":"https://earthjustice.org/press/2026/trump-administrations-plan-to-put-louisiana-in-charge-of-toxic-coal-ash-pollution-threatens-sources-of-drinking-water","basis":"Advocacy organization statement"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (LA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-LA-GARDEN-ISLAND-BAY-WELL-SPILL-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Well 59 blowout spills oil and gas into Garden Island Bay marsh for eight days","description":"An oil and gas well operated by Spectrum OpCo near Garden Island Bay in Plaquemines Parish discharged for eight recorded days after it was reported on April 26, 2025, before it was capped on May 4. The Coast Guard took over the response using the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund; about 70,812 gallons of oily water were recovered, a report to the National Response Center said the discharge could exceed 100,000 gallons, and the total volume and cause remained undetermined.","location":{"name":"Garden Island Bay, Mississippi River Delta","type":"Coastal marsh oil and gas field","state":"LA","states":["LA"],"detail":"Marshland near Garden Island Bay at the mouth of the Mississippi River, Plaquemines Parish.","coordinates":{"lat":29.07,"lon":-89.17,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Plaquemines"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A wellhead failure (infrastructure) released oil into coastal marsh waters (water quality).","secondary_drivers":["Oil and gas well integrity"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Pollutants drifted into a protected sea-turtle area and an oiled bird was sighted (ref 2); 70,812 gallons of oily water were recovered (ref 1).","service":"No drinking-water intake or public service disruption is reported in refs 1-2; score 0.","scale":"Effects were confined to marsh around one well in lower Plaquemines Parish (refs 1-2).","duration":"Oil flowed eight recorded days from April 26 until capping on May 4, 2025 (ref 2).","significance":"The Coast Guard federalized the response and opened the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (ref 1), with a Unified Command including NOAA (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The spill site is remote marsh; no residents are reported affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 70,812 gallons of oily water mixture recovered; total discharged volume undetermined (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Oily water mixture recovered","value":70812,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Containment boom deployed","value":20300,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Plus 1,047 bales of absorbent boom (ref 1)."},{"name":"Days of recorded flow before capping","value":8,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Cause under investigation as of May 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Coast Guard Sector New Orleans","role":"Federal on-scene coordinator"},{"name":"Louisiana Oil Spill Coordinator's Office (LOSCO)","role":"State oil spill coordinator"},{"name":"Spectrum OpCo, LLC","role":"Well operator"}],"public_contact":"Louisiana Oil Spill Coordinator's Office 24-hour line (225) 200-1921; National Response Center 800-424-8802","corrective_actions":["The wellhead flange was cut and a flowback assembly installed to stop the discharge (ref 1).","A one-nautical-mile vessel safety zone and aerial surveys continued during cleanup (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Responders Cap Spewing Well in Louisiana Marsh","publisher":"gCaptain","date":"2025-05-05","url":"https://gcaptain.com/responders-cap-spewing-well-in-louisiana-marsh/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Louisiana coast oil leak containment update","publisher":"CBS News","date":"2025-05-05","url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/louisiana-coast-oil-leak-containment-update","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (LA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-LA-STATEWIDE-OIL-SPILL-RESPONSE-2025"]},{"id":"US-LA-STATEWIDE-OIL-SPILL-RESPONSE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Louisiana oil spill office loses staff as Weeks Island crude lingers in marsh","description":"A March 2, 2025 crude leak from a saltwater injection liner at Weeks Island in Iberia Parish still left oil visible in tidal marsh a month later after an unsuccessful cleanup. The state Oil Spill Coordinator's Office was moved from LDEQ to the energy department in 2024 and had 8 of 21 permanent positions vacant, while Louisiana records about 1,000 spills a year and fewer than 4% of reported spills receive damage assessments.","location":{"name":"Louisiana Oil Spill Coordinator's Office (statewide)","type":"Statewide oil spill response program","state":"LA","states":["LA"],"detail":"Example site: Weeks Island oil field on Vermilion Bay, Iberia Parish; program covers coastal and inland waters statewide.","coordinates":{"lat":29.8,"lon":-91.8,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Iberia","Vermilion"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The problem is the oversight agency's capacity and reorganization, shown through an unremediated spill.","secondary_drivers":["Agency reorganization","Staff vacancies","Aging oil and gas infrastructure"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"As of April 1, 2025, crude from the Weeks Island leak was still shimmering in the tidal marsh beside the Intracoastal Waterway (ref 1).","service":"Ref 1 documents no public water or service disruption from the leak; score 0.","scale":"LOSCO oversees response statewide, where about 1,000 spills occur each year (ref 1).","duration":"Eight of 21 LOSCO positions were vacant as of October 2024 and still unfilled in April 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"The leak was formally reported to the Coast Guard (ref 1); no enforcement for the spill itself is cited."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The cited source does not estimate an affected population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Eight of LOSCO's 21 permanent positions were vacant, and fewer than 4% of spills reported to LOSCO receive damage assessments (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Vacant LOSCO permanent positions","value":8,"unit":"of 21 positions","status":"Reported","note":"As of October 2024 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Oil spills per year in Louisiana","value":1000,"unit":"spills","status":"Reported","note":"2019 ProPublica analysis cited in ref 1."},{"name":"Weeks Island crude released","value":3,"unit":"barrels","status":"Reported","note":"Coast Guard report; a resident estimated 4-5 barrels (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Further reorganization of the energy department was expected later in 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Louisiana Oil Spill Coordinator's Office (LOSCO)","role":"State oil spill coordinator"},{"name":"Louisiana Department of Conservation and Energy (formerly LDENR)","role":"Parent agency of LOSCO"},{"name":"Texas Petroleum Investment Co.","role":"Weeks Island operator"}],"public_contact":"Louisiana Oil Spill Coordinator's Office 24-hour line (225) 200-1921","corrective_actions":["Contractors conducted a controlled burn and left two propane-fueled incinerating devices at the Weeks Island site (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Oil spill response languishes as Louisiana reorganizes its oversight agencies","publisher":"WWNO / Louisiana Illuminator","date":"2025-04-10","url":"https://www.wwno.org/coastal-desk/2025-04-10/oil-spill-response-languishes-as-louisiana-reorganizes-its-oversight-agencies","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (LA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Second independent source for Weeks Island cleanup status"],"related_ids":["US-LA-GARDEN-ISLAND-BAY-WELL-SPILL-2025"]},{"id":"US-LA-STATEWIDE-FLUORIDE-OPT-OUT-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Act 731 lets any Louisiana water system drop fluoridation by local vote","description":"Act 731 of 2026 (SB 4), signed June 2, 2026, lets any public water system opt out of the state fluoridation requirement when 15% of registered voters petition and a majority approves in a local election; before, only systems that had never fluoridated could use that route. The Louisiana Department of Health says only 39% of residents receive fluoridated community water, against nearly 75% nationally, and the Louisiana Dental Association opposed the bill.","location":{"name":"Louisiana public water systems (statewide)","type":"Statewide drinking-water fluoridation program","state":"LA","states":["LA"],"detail":"Applies to systems covered by R.S. 40:5.11, which requires fluoridation for systems with at least 5,000 connections when state funds are available.","coordinates":{"lat":30.45,"lon":-91.19,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"A statutory change to public-health policy governs whether systems treat water with fluoride.","secondary_drivers":["Fluoride policy change"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The Louisiana Dental Association says fluoride reduces tooth decay (ref 3); Act 731 creates a path to stop it, a potential dental-health effect only.","service":"The act removes fluoride from no system by itself (ref 3) and causes no service interruption; score 0.","scale":"The opt-out applies to every public water system in Louisiana (ref 2).","duration":"Act 731 is a permanent statutory change in force since June 2, 2026 (ref 2), with no sunset.","significance":"Signed into law as Act 731 after a 55-38 House vote and 34-0 Senate concurrence (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No system has yet been reported to hold an opt-out election."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"New law authorizes any water system to opt out of fluoridation after a 15% voter petition and a local election (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Louisiana residents served by community water fluoridation","value":39,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Louisiana Department of Health figure cited in ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No local elections reported yet."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Louisiana Department of Health, Office of Public Health","role":"Fluoridation program and drinking-water primacy agency"},{"name":"Louisiana Legislature","role":"Enacted Act 731"}],"public_contact":"Louisiana Department of Health, Office of Public Health, Engineering Services; (225) 342-7499","corrective_actions":["Local governing authorities may call opt-out elections after a qualifying petition (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SB4 2026 Regular Session bill history","publisher":"Louisiana State Legislature","date":"2026-06-02","url":"https://legis.la.gov/legis/BillInfo.aspx?s=26RS&b=SB4&sbi=y","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Resume Digest: Act 731 (SB 4), 2026 Regular Session","publisher":"Louisiana State Legislature","date":"2026-06-02","url":"https://legis.la.gov/legis/ViewDocument.aspx?d=1483254","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Louisiana Could Soon Vote on Fluoride in Drinking Water","publisher":"Newsweek","date":"2026-05-29","url":"https://www.newsweek.com/louisiana-could-soon-vote-on-fluoride-in-drinking-water-12008214","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (LA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-LA-STATEWIDE-CRAWFISH-DROUGHT-SALTWATER-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Drought and saltwater intrusion cut Louisiana's 2024 crawfish harvest by up to 90%","description":"After the 2023 drought, record heat and a Mississippi River saltwater wedge kept many southwest producers from flooding their ponds, Louisiana's 2024 crawfish harvest fell roughly 50 to 90% and the LSU AgCenter estimated about $140 million in losses for a $230 million industry. Governor Landry declared a crawfish industry disaster on March 6, 2024 covering all 365,000 crawfish acres, and the SBA approved economic injury loans for all 64 parishes.","location":{"name":"Louisiana crawfish aquaculture (statewide)","type":"Statewide aquaculture sector","state":"LA","states":["LA"],"detail":"Crawfish ponds concentrated in Acadiana and southwest Louisiana; declaration covers all 64 parishes.","coordinates":{"lat":30.21,"lon":-92.37,"precision":"state","source_ref":2},"counties":["Acadia","Jefferson Davis","Vermilion","St. Landry","Evangeline"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Lack of fresh surface water and saline intake water prevented pond flooding.","secondary_drivers":["Drought","Saltwater intrusion","Extreme heat"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"LSU AgCenter estimates (ref 1) put crawfish losses near $140 million as trapped broodstock suffocated or starved in dry ponds.","service":"Southwest producers who draw surface water could not flood ponds because of salinity (ref 1), a loss of usable irrigation supply.","scale":"The governor said all 365,000 crawfish acres were affected (ref 2), and the SBA declaration covers all 64 parishes (ref 3).","duration":"The 2023 drought carried into the 2024 season, with AgCenter warning of effects for several seasons (ref 1).","significance":"A state disaster declaration on March 6, 2024 (ref 2) and an SBA economic injury disaster declaration on March 22, 2024 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The sources count acres and dollars, not producers or workers."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The 2024 Louisiana crawfish harvest was down roughly 50-90%, with losses near $140 million (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Estimated crawfish losses","value":140,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"LSU AgCenter estimate cited in ref 1."},{"name":"Crawfish acres affected","value":365000,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Losses of about $140 million against a $230 million-a-year industry (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"AgCenter expected impacts for several seasons (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Louisiana Department of Agriculture and Forestry","role":"State agriculture agency"},{"name":"U.S. Small Business Administration","role":"Economic injury disaster loans"},{"name":"USDA Farm Service Agency","role":"ELAP disaster payments"}],"public_contact":"Louisiana Department of Agriculture and Forestry, 5825 Florida Blvd., Baton Rouge, LA 70806; (225) 922-1234","corrective_actions":["SBA Economic Injury Disaster Loans opened to crawfish-related businesses in all 64 parishes (ref 3).","USDA added crawfish producers to emergency relief under its farm-raised fish assistance program (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Louisiana crawfish harvest down as much as 90% in shortage that could cripple industry for years","publisher":"FOX Weather (via FOX 29)","date":"2024-05-23","url":"https://www.fox29.com/news/louisiana-crawfish-shortage-2024","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Governor Landry Signs Executive Order: Issues Disaster Declaration for the Crawfish Industry","publisher":"Office of the Governor of Louisiana","date":"2024-03-06","url":"https://gov.louisiana.gov/news/4441","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SBA Approves Governor Landry's Request for a Disaster Declaration","publisher":"Office of the Governor of Louisiana","date":"2024-03-22","url":"https://gov.louisiana.gov/news/4465","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (LA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-LA-PLAQUEMINES-SALTWATER-WEDGE-2023"]},{"id":"US-LA-STATEWIDE-NFIP-AFFORDABILITY-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Flood insurance premiums under Risk Rating 2.0 push tens of thousands of Louisianans to drop policies","description":"Louisiana lost about 70,000 National Flood Insurance Program policies from 2022 to 2024 as premiums rose under FEMA's Risk Rating 2.0, and a Senate report from Sen. Bill Cassidy says Louisiana premiums rose 234% and 80% of policyholders saw increases. Louisiana led a 10-state federal suit against the rating method; in March 2024 the court denied a preliminary injunction but found three NFIP-policyholder parishes had standing.","location":{"name":"Louisiana NFIP policyholders (statewide)","type":"Statewide flood insurance market","state":"LA","states":["LA"],"detail":"Statewide, concentrated in low-lying coastal parishes.","coordinates":{"lat":30.45,"lon":-91.19,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The problem is the cost and uptake of flood insurance, a financial exposure to flooding.","secondary_drivers":["Flood insurance pricing","Coastal flood risk"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Ref 1 reports that rising premiums forced some to abandon coverage, leaving households financially exposed; no physical harm is documented.","service":"Coverage loss is voluntary non-renewal rather than a service outage in refs 1-2; score 0.","scale":"About 70,000 policies were lost statewide from 2022 to 2024 (ref 1); the Cassidy report cites 52,000 policyholders dropping coverage (ref 2).","duration":"Policy losses span 2022 through 2024 (ref 1) and the suit has been open since June 2023 (ref 3).","significance":"Louisiana v. Mayorkas, No. 2:23-cv-01839 (E.D. La.), produced a March 28, 2024 ruling on standing and injunction (ref 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources give policy counts (52,000-70,000) rather than people."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Louisiana lost 70,000 NFIP policies from 2022 to 2024 as premiums spiked under Risk Rating 2.0 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"NFIP policies lost in Louisiana, 2022-2024","value":70000,"unit":"policies","status":"Reported","note":"Louisiana Illuminator via ref 1."},{"name":"Reported NFIP premium increase in Louisiana","value":234,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Senate office report (ref 2); a policy-advocacy document."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["FEMA predicts up to a million policyholders nationwide could lose coverage within a decade (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Policy counts fell from 2022 through 2024 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"FEMA, National Flood Insurance Program","role":"Federal flood insurer"},{"name":"Louisiana Department of Insurance","role":"State insurance regulator"},{"name":"Louisiana Attorney General","role":"Lead plaintiff in federal suit"}],"public_contact":"Louisiana Department of Insurance, 1702 N. Third St., Baton Rouge, LA 70802; (225) 342-5900","corrective_actions":["Louisiana and nine other states sued FEMA over Risk Rating 2.0; the court allowed part of the case to proceed in March 2024 (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Flood insurance costs force tough choices in Louisiana's flood-prone communities","publisher":"Environmental Health News (summarizing Louisiana Illuminator)","date":"2025-01-28","url":"https://www.ehn.org/flood-insurance-costs-force-tough-choices-in-louisianas-flood-prone-communities","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"The Flood Insurance Crisis: Cassidy Report on State of National Flood Insurance Program","publisher":"Office of U.S. Sen. Bill Cassidy","date":"2024-10-16","url":"https://www.cassidy.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/NFIP-Report-1-Pager-FINAL.pdf","basis":"Government report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Louisiana v. Mayorkas","publisher":"Sabin Center Climate Litigation Database","date":"2024-03-28","url":"https://www.climatecasechart.com/collections/louisiana-v-mayorkas_079ae2","basis":"Court record summary"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (LA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-LA-FRANCINE-FLOOD-DISASTER-2024","US-LA-ARTHUR-FLOOD-DISASTER-2026"]},{"id":"US-LA-STATEWIDE-WATER-MANAGEMENT-GAP-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Louisiana still lacks a water code or use inventory as 2026 data-center and export bills stall","description":"The Legislative Auditor found Louisiana has no statewide water management plan, partly because there is no water code and too little water-use data; the voluntary surface-water program had 87 agreements requesting 1.54 trillion gallons at a capped price of 15 cents per 1,000 gallons. In 2026, bills to require permits for data centers using over 100 million gallons a year (HB 1206) and to bar out-of-state surface water sales (HB 599) stalled in committee, and a House resolution again cited the missing plan.","location":{"name":"Louisiana surface and groundwater (statewide)","type":"Statewide water allocation framework","state":"LA","states":["LA"],"detail":"Covers running surface water agreements under R.S. 30:961 and unregulated groundwater use, including the Chicot, Southern Hills and Mississippi River alluvial aquifers.","coordinates":{"lat":30.45,"lon":-91.19,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The gap is legal and administrative: no water code, plan or use reporting to allocate water among users.","secondary_drivers":["No water code","Data center demand","Interstate water sale proposals"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Refs 1-5 describe a regulatory gap and planning risk, not a documented physical harm; score 0.","service":"No supply restriction is attributed to the lack of a plan in refs 1-5; score 0.","scale":"The auditor's finding (ref 1) covers all state surface water, and HR 315 (ref 4) names three major aquifer systems.","duration":"The auditor reported the gap in 2020 and again in July 2022 (ref 1); a 2026 resolution says a plan still has not been adopted (ref 4).","significance":"A formal Legislative Auditor performance audit (ref 1) and 2025-2026 legislative instruments (refs 2-5)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide policy gap; no specific affected population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Louisiana does not have a statewide water management plan; delay is caused in part by the lack of a water code and the need for more water-use data (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Active surface water cooperative endeavor agreements, FY2020-2021","value":87,"unit":"agreements","status":"Reported","note":"Requesting 1.54 trillion gallons (ref 1)."},{"name":"Statutory cap on surface water price","value":0.15,"unit":"USD per 1,000 gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Proposed data-center permit threshold (HB 1206)","value":100,"unit":"million gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"Bill text (ref 2); pending in committee."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Findings repeated from 2020 (ref 1) through 2026 (ref 4) without adoption of a plan."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Louisiana Department of Conservation and Energy","role":"Administers surface water agreements and groundwater program"},{"name":"Louisiana Legislature","role":"Water code and allocation law"},{"name":"Louisiana Legislative Auditor","role":"Performance auditor"}],"public_contact":"Louisiana Department of Conservation and Energy, 617 North Third St., Baton Rouge, LA 70802; (225) 342-8955","corrective_actions":["HCR 61 of 2025, to create an interagency group on data center water and energy impacts, passed the House 93-0 but was left subject to call in the Senate (ref 5).","HR 315 of 2026 asks the department to study groundwater conservation districts (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Status Update: Regulation and Valuation of Surface Water","publisher":"Louisiana Legislative Auditor","date":"2022-07-06","url":"https://app.lla.la.gov/publicreports.nsf/0/4f969af92cba8cd18625887700514556/$file/000274d4.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"HB 1206 (2026 Regular Session), Original: data center water permitting","publisher":"Louisiana State Legislature","date":"2026-03-31","url":"https://legis.la.gov/Legis/ViewDocument.aspx?d=1457876","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"HB 599 (2026 Regular Session) bill history: sale of running surface water outside the state","publisher":"Louisiana State Legislature","date":"2026-05-06","url":"https://legis.la.gov/legis/BillInfo.aspx?s=26RS&b=HB599&sbi=y","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"HR 315 (2026 Regular Session): groundwater conservation districts study","publisher":"Louisiana State Legislature","date":"2026-05-20","url":"https://www.legis.la.gov/Legis/ViewDocument.aspx?d=1474880","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"HCR 61 (2025 Regular Session) bill history: Interagency Data Center Consultation and Assessment Group","publisher":"Louisiana State Legislature","date":"2025-06-09","url":"https://legis.la.gov/legis/BillInfo.aspx?s=25RS&b=HCR61&sbi=y","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (LA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TX-TOLEDO-BEND-INTERSTATE-WATER-SALE-2025","US-LA-RICHLAND-META-DATA-CENTER-WATER-2025"]},{"id":"US-OK-STATEWIDE-DBP-VIOLATIONS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"151 Oklahoma water systems logged 776 disinfection byproduct MCL violations in 2025","description":"Oklahoma DEQ's 2025 annual compliance summary reports that 151 public water systems had 776 violations of the Disinfection Byproducts Rule maximum contaminant levels for trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids, and 20 systems had 52 DBP treatment technique violations. Cleveland in Pawnee County remains under a DEQ consent order, and Pawhuska notified residents of a January 2025 trihalomethane exceedance.","location":{"name":"Oklahoma public water systems (statewide)","type":"Statewide drinking-water compliance program","detail":"All 77 counties; DEQ oversees 1,288 public water supplies","coordinates":{"lat":35.5,"lon":-97.5,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide","state":"OK","states":["OK"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Disinfection byproducts are a chemical water-quality problem tied to source water and treatment.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ (ref 1) counts 776 MCL violations for disinfection byproducts in 2025, i.e. running averages above the TTHM or HAA5 limits.","service":"Byproduct exceedances trigger customer notices rather than boil orders; Pawhuska mailed such a notice in June 2025 (ref 2).","scale":"151 systems across the state were in violation of the DBP MCLs in 2025 (ref 1), the largest health-based violation group in the report.","duration":"Pawhuska's notice (ref 2) and Cleveland's consent order dating to 2017 (ref 3) show byproduct exceedances recurring across multiple years.","significance":"DEQ issued 335 Notices of Violation or Consent Orders in 2025 across all rules (ref 1); Cleveland's DBP violations are under a consent order (ref 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"DEQ's summary gives system and violation counts, not the population served by violating systems."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"One hundred fifty-one (151) systems had seven hundred seventy-six (776) violations of the Disinfection Byproducts Rule (DBPR) MCL (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems with DBPR MCL violations (2025)","value":151,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"DBPR MCL violations (2025)","value":776,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1; each analyte and sampling location is counted separately"},{"name":"Systems with DBPR treatment technique violations (2025)","value":20,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"DEQ's summary describes a recurring violation category; Pawhuska returned to compliance in April 2025 (ref 2) while Cleveland remained above the limit in January 2026 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ), Water Quality Division","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Oklahoma DEQ, 707 N. Robinson, Oklahoma City; main line 405-702-0100","corrective_actions":["DEQ issues Notices of Violation and Consent Orders with deadlines and stipulated penalties for systems over the DBP limits (ref 1).","Pawhuska increased distribution flushing after its January 2025 exceedance (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Executive Summary of the 2025 Annual Compliance Report (Public Water Supply Program)","publisher":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://oklahoma.gov/content/dam/ok/en/deq/documents/water-division/CY2025%20Annual%20Compliance%20Report%20Executive%20Summary%20for%20EPA.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Contamination from disinfection byproducts found in Pawhuska water","publisher":"Osage News","date":"2025-06-17","url":"https://osagenews.org/?p=41356","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Cleveland officials address elevated chemical byproducts in city drinking water","publisher":"KRMG / FOX23","date":"2026-01-07","url":"https://www.krmg.com/2026/01/07/cleveland-officials-address-elevated-chemical-byproducts-in-city-drinking-water","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OK-CLEVELAND-TTHM-CONSENT-ORDER-2026","US-OK-HOMINY-TREATMENT-FAILURES-BOIL-ORDERS-2025"]},{"id":"US-OK-CLEVELAND-TTHM-CONSENT-ORDER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Cleveland trihalomethanes stay above limit under DEQ consent order despite new plant","description":"Cleveland Municipal Authority in Pawnee County remains under a DEQ consent order for Disinfection Byproducts Rule violations, and DEQ required an emergency report on the ongoing violations. A new treatment plant ordered in 2017 began operating in late 2023, and the city says turbidity and organic carbon are now within limits, but trihalomethane running averages are still above the state limit.","location":{"name":"Cleveland Municipal Authority","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"City of Cleveland, Pawnee County","coordinates":{"lat":36.31,"lon":-96.466,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Pawnee"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OK1021210","state":"OK","states":["OK"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Byproduct exceedances are a treated-water quality problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"KRMG (ref 1) reports TTHM levels still above the state limit in January 2026; the city's notice warns of liver, kidney and nervous-system effects from long-term exposure.","service":"Residents receive a letter each time quarterly results exceed state limits (ref 1); no boil or do-not-drink order was reported.","scale":"The system serves 3,262 people per SDWIS (ref 2), a single community.","duration":"The city manager cites high readings in 2005, 2015 and 2022 and says levels have been elevated for years (ref 1).","significance":"DEQ confirmed Cleveland is under a consent order for DBP violations and must file an emergency report (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":3262,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"DEQ says Cleveland is under a consent order for Disinfection Byproduct Rule violations and must submit an emergency report addressing the ongoing violations (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Population served","value":3262,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"},{"name":"Year new water plant began operating","value":2023,"unit":"year","status":"Reported","note":"Fall 2023 per city (ref 1)"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Public Works told KRMG (ref 1) that levels are lower than before, though still above the limit."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ), Water Quality Division","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"City of Cleveland / Cleveland Municipal Authority","role":"Water system operator"}],"public_contact":"City of Cleveland Public Works (city hall)","corrective_actions":["New water treatment plant built under a 2017 DEQ consent order; operating since late 2023 (ref 1).","City working with DEQ and engineers on plant and distribution-system improvements to lower TTHMs (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Cleveland officials address elevated chemical byproducts in city drinking water","publisher":"KRMG / FOX23","date":"2026-01-07","url":"https://www.krmg.com/2026/01/07/cleveland-officials-address-elevated-chemical-byproducts-in-city-drinking-water","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Cleveland Municipal Authority (OK1021210)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OK/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CLEVELAND/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OK-STATEWIDE-DBP-VIOLATIONS-2026"]},{"id":"US-OK-HOMINY-TREATMENT-FAILURES-BOIL-ORDERS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hominy water plant failures bring E. coli and turbidity boil orders in 2024 and 2025","description":"DEQ placed Hominy, in Osage County, under a boil order in May 2025 for high finished-water turbidity; the order also covered the Osage Nation Industrial Park and Dick Conner Correctional Center and was lifted June 13, 2025. A year earlier, E. coli in routine samples led to a boil order of about two and a half weeks, and city officials described an aging plant that is increasingly difficult to run. The May 2025 order followed an April 30, 2025 spillway failure at Hominy Lake that crushed the main raw-water line and led the city to declare a state of emergency (refs 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10).","location":{"name":"Hominy Public Water Supply","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"City of Hominy, Osage County; wholesale to Osage Nation Industrial Park and Dick Conner Correctional Center","coordinates":{"lat":36.414,"lon":-96.395,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Osage"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OK1021306","state":"OK","states":["OK"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Plant and line failures (infrastructure) produced turbidity and bacterial contamination (quality).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ (ref 1) cited high finished-water turbidity in May 2025, and KJRH (ref 3) reports E. coli found in routine testing in the earlier episode.","service":"Customers were told to boil water from May 22 to June 13, 2025 (refs 1, 2), after heavy rains and flooding damaged the city's water infrastructure in late April 2025 (ref 4).","scale":"SDWIS lists 2,584 people served (ref 5), plus a state prison and a tribal industrial park buying Hominy water (ref 1).","duration":"Two boil orders in consecutive years (refs 1, 3) and the interim city manager's description of an aging plant point to a recurring problem.","significance":"Both episodes were mandatory DEQ boil orders (refs 1, 3), the state's acute-risk enforcement tool."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":2584,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5); KJRH reported nearly 3,000 people affected (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Boil order issued May 22, 2025 due to high finished water turbidity; lifted June 13, 2025 (refs 1, 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"2025 boil order duration","value":22,"unit":"days","status":"Estimated","note":"May 22 to June 13, 2025 per DEQ releases (refs 1, 2)."},{"name":"Osage Nation funding for new plant SCADA system","value":110000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"More than $110,000 (ref 3)"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Orders were lifted each time (ref 2), but problems recurred in consecutive years (refs 1, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ), Water Quality Division","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"City of Hominy","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Osage Nation","role":"Funding partner"}],"public_contact":"City of Hominy city hall; DEQ 405-702-0100","corrective_actions":["City hired an experienced operator; DEQ reported improved turbidity and chlorine residuals before lifting the 2025 order (ref 4).","Osage Nation legislation provided more than $110,000 for a new SCADA system at the water plant (ref 3).","Emergency repairs to the raw-water line after the April 30, 2025 spillway failure (see infrastructure sources added to this record)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Boil Order Issued for Hominy Public Water Supply","publisher":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-05-22","url":"https://oklahoma.gov/deq/divisions/executive-offices/office-of-communication-and-education/news-releases/2025/may/boil-order-issued-for-hominy-public-water-supply.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Boil Order Lifted for Hominy Public Water Supply","publisher":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-06-13","url":"https://oklahoma.gov/deq/divisions/executive-offices/office-of-communication-and-education/news-releases/2025/june/boil-order-lifted-for-hominy-public-water-supply.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Osage Nation donates $110K to help fix Hominy water issues","publisher":"KJRH","date":"2024-05-20","url":"https://www.kjrh.com/news/local-news/osage-nation-donates-110k-to-help-fix-hominy-water-issues","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Hominy pushes toward boil order lift ahead of busy weekend","publisher":"Osage News","date":"2025-06-11","url":"https://osagenews.org/hominy-pushes-toward-boil-order-lift-ahead-of-busy-weekend/","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Hominy (OK1021306)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OK/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/HOMINY/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"Mandatory boil order in Hominy lifted","publisher":"News On 6","date":"2025-06-13","url":"https://www.newson6.com/story/684c919021a775f7c9fa7fae/mandatory-boil-order-hominy","basis":"News"},{"ref":7,"title":"Hominy faces long road ahead in replacing failing water infrastructure","publisher":"Osage News","date":"2025-07-01","url":"https://osagenews.org/?p=41421","basis":"News"},{"ref":8,"title":"State of emergency declared in Hominy after overnight damage to city water line","publisher":"KJRH 2 News Oklahoma","date":"2025-05-01","url":"https://www.kjrh.com/news/local-news/state-of-emergency-declared-in-hominy-after-overnight-damage-to-city-water-line","basis":"News"},{"ref":9,"title":"EPA ECHO detailed facility report, Hominy, City of (wastewater) (NPDES OK0027618)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=OK0027618","basis":"Federal record (Clean Water Act compliance and enforcement data)","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":10,"title":"Oklahoma incorporated places - ACS24 representative internal points","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-01-01","url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/acs24/tigerweb_acs24_incplace_ok.html","basis":"Official Census TIGERweb geographic reference"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OK-STATEWIDE-ECOLI-BOIL-ORDERS-2026"]},{"id":"US-OK-STATEWIDE-ECOLI-BOIL-ORDERS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"E. coli boil orders hit Bartlesville, Rogers Co. RWD #3, Tonkawa and other Oklahoma systems","description":"DEQ reports that seven Oklahoma systems had acute E. coli violations in 2025, each triggering a mandatory boil order, out of 13 boil orders issued that year. Bartlesville's July 2025 order also covered 13 systems that buy its water, Rogers Co. RWD #3's order covered customers fed through its Tulsa connection and Rogers Co. RWD #12, and Tonkawa and the Tonkawa Tribe were under an E. coli boil order in July 2026.","location":{"name":"Oklahoma public water systems (statewide)","type":"Statewide drinking-water compliance program","detail":"Examples in Washington, Rogers and Kay counties","coordinates":{"lat":35.5,"lon":-97.5,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Washington","Rogers","Kay"],"extent":"statewide","state":"OK","states":["OK"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Bacterial contamination of distributed water is a water-quality event.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Seven systems had RTCR acute MCL violations for E. coli in 2025 (ref 1); Bartlesville's order followed a positive E. coli sample (ref 2).","service":"Boil orders were issued and lifted within days in the cited cases, e.g. Bartlesville July 12-13, 2025 (refs 2, 3) and Tonkawa July 1-8, 2026 (refs 5, 6).","scale":"Bartlesville alone serves 34,748 people per SDWIS (ref 7) plus 13 purchasing systems (ref 3); the orders span several regions of the state.","duration":"Individual orders lasted days, but E. coli boil orders recurred across 2025 and 2026 (refs 1, 4, 5).","significance":"Each event was a mandatory DEQ boil order (refs 2, 4, 5); DEQ issued 13 boil orders in 2025 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":34748,"status":"Reported","note":"Bartlesville system population per SDWIS (ref 7) as the largest cited case; purchaser and other systems not added."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Seven (7) systems had seven (7) Revised Total Coliform Rule (RTCR) acute MCL violations, meaning seven (7) mandatory Boil Orders were issued for these PWS that tested positive for E-coli (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"E. coli acute MCL violations (2025)","value":7,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"DEQ boil orders issued (2025)","value":13,"unit":"orders","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1; includes treatment-failure orders"},{"name":"Systems buying water from Bartlesville under its order","value":13,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"ref 3"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"E. coli orders continued from 2025 (refs 1-4) into 2026 (refs 5, 6)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ), Water Quality Division","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"City of Bartlesville","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"City of Tonkawa","role":"Water system operator"}],"public_contact":"Oklahoma DEQ, 707 N. Robinson, Oklahoma City; main line 405-702-0100","corrective_actions":["Bartlesville replaced the sample station it linked to the positive result and capped all sampling spigots (ref 8).","DEQ lifted Tonkawa's order on July 8, 2026, stating the water is safe for human consumption (ref 6)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Executive Summary of the 2025 Annual Compliance Report (Public Water Supply Program)","publisher":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://oklahoma.gov/content/dam/ok/en/deq/documents/water-division/CY2025%20Annual%20Compliance%20Report%20Executive%20Summary%20for%20EPA.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Boil Order Issued for Bartlesville Public Water Supply","publisher":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-07-12","url":"https://oklahoma.gov/deq/divisions/executive-offices/office-of-communication-and-education/news-releases/2025/july/boil-order-issued-for-bartlesville-public-water-supply.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Boil Order Lifted for Bartlesville Public Water Supply","publisher":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-07-13","url":"https://oklahoma.gov/deq/divisions/executive-offices/office-of-communication-and-education/news-releases/2025/july/boil-order-lifted-for-bartlesville-public-water-supply.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Boil Order Issued for Rogers Co. RWD #3 COT STA","publisher":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-07-17","url":"https://oklahoma.gov/deq/divisions/executive-offices/office-of-communication-and-education/news-releases/2025/july/boil-order-issued-for-rogers-co--rwd--3-cot-sta.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"Tonkawa Boil Order","publisher":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://oklahoma.gov/deq/divisions/executive-offices/office-of-communication-and-education/news-releases/2026/july/tonkawa-boil-order.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":6,"title":"Tonkawa boil order suspension","publisher":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2026-07-08","url":"https://oklahoma.gov/deq/divisions/executive-offices/office-of-communication-and-education/news-releases/2026/july/tonkawa-suspension.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":7,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Bartlesville (OK1021401)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OK/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BARTLESVILLE/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":8,"title":"Director's Cut: Boil order report shows anomaly with sampling station","publisher":"City of Bartlesville","date":"2025-10-29","url":"https://www.cityofbartlesville.org/directors-cut-boil-order-report-shows-anomaly-with-sampling-station/","basis":"Local government"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":8,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OK-HOMINY-TREATMENT-FAILURES-BOIL-ORDERS-2025"]},{"id":"US-OK-STATEWIDE-SCHOOL-CHILDCARE-LEAD-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lead found at taps in Oklahoma schools and Head Starts; 112 facilities in remediation","description":"DEQ's voluntary lead testing program for schools and child care facilities had collected 8,775 samples from 288 participants by the end of 2025, with 4.3% of results high and 27.4% low, and 112 facilities in the remediation phase. Facility reports include a nurse's-room sink at Anadarko's Mission Elementary at 281 µg/L and four high results on 2025 resampling at Will Rogers Head Start in Oklahoma City.","location":{"name":"Oklahoma schools and child care facilities","type":"State lead-testing program","detail":"Statewide; examples in Caddo County (Anadarko) and Oklahoma County (Oklahoma City)","coordinates":{"lat":35.5,"lon":-97.5,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Caddo","Oklahoma"],"extent":"statewide","state":"OK","states":["OK"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead leaches from building plumbing and fixtures into drinking water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Mission Elementary's nurse's-room sink measured 281.0 µg/L on first draw (ref 2); Will Rogers Head Start had results up to 131.0 µg/L on resampling (ref 3).","service":"Remediation included removing 45 outlets from service or restricting access and replacing 148 fixtures and 26 coolers (ref 1).","scale":"288 schools, daycares and Head Starts participate (ref 1), a fraction of the state's facilities since the program is voluntary.","duration":"Will Rogers Head Start remained in remediation after a second round, from August 2024 to July 2025 (ref 3).","significance":"The program is voluntary and carries no enforcement; DEQ plans to cut its action level from 15 to 10 ppb (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"DEQ reports facility and sample counts, not students or children served."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"8,775 samples collected; results 68.3% none, 27.4% low and 4.3% high; 112 facilities in remediation phase as of 12/31/2025 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Samples collected","value":8775,"unit":"samples","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"High lead results","value":4.3,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Facilities in remediation phase","value":112,"unit":"facilities","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Highest result at Mission Elementary (Anadarko)","value":281,"unit":"µg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Nurse's room sink, June 6, 2025 (ref 2)"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Program totals are cumulative quarterly reports (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ), Water Quality Division","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Participating school districts and child care operators","role":"Facility owners responsible for remediation"}],"public_contact":"DEQ LWSC program, 405-702-8147","corrective_actions":["Facilities replaced fixtures and coolers, installed filters and adopted flushing protocols (ref 1).","$61,694 awarded to 11 schools for lead remediation (ref 1).","DEQ plans to lower the program action level to 10 ppb and offer free filters or pitchers in 2026 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"LWSC Program Report as of 12/31/2025","publisher":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2026-01-08","url":"https://oklahoma.gov/content/dam/ok/en/deq/documents/water-division/LWSC%20Annual%20Report%202025.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Anadarko Public School District, Mission Elementary School lead sampling results","publisher":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-06-06","url":"https://oklahoma.gov/content/dam/ok/en/deq/documents/water-division/Mission%20Elementary%20school%20-%20initial%20results%20WEBSITE.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Community Action Agency of Oklahoma City, Will Rogers Head Start lead resampling results","publisher":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-07-15","url":"https://oklahoma.gov/content/dam/ok/en/deq/documents/water-division/Will%20Rogers%20Head%20Start%20Resampling%201%20results.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OK-OKC-TULSA-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2026"]},{"id":"US-OK-OKC-TULSA-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Oklahoma City finds 173 lead service lines; Tulsa has about 130,000 lines of unknown material","description":"Oklahoma City's 2024 service line inventory identified 173 public-side lead lines among roughly 254,000 accounts, with a replacement plan due by late 2027 and no state or federal help for private-side lines. Tulsa mailed notices to more than 100,000 customers in November 2024 and reported no lead lines needing replacement so far, but about 130,000 service lines remain unidentified.","location":{"name":"Oklahoma City and Tulsa water utilities","type":"Municipal utility service areas","detail":"Oklahoma County (Oklahoma City) and Tulsa County (Tulsa)","coordinates":{"lat":35.468,"lon":-97.516,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Oklahoma","Tulsa"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"OK1020902","state":"OK","states":["OK"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Lead service lines are buried infrastructure that can leach lead into tap water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"173 public service lines in Oklahoma City are lead (ref 1), a potential exposure source; no lead action level exceedance was reported.","service":"No service disruption; customers received inventory notification letters (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Oklahoma City serves 644,000 and Tulsa 413,000 people per SDWIS (refs 3, 4).","duration":"Replacement planning runs to a late-2027 plan deadline in Oklahoma City (ref 1), and Tulsa's 130,000 unknown lines remain to be identified (ref 2).","significance":"Inventories and notices are required under the federal Lead and Copper Rule revisions (ref 1); no enforcement action was reported."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Households on lead or unknown lines are not reported; systems serve 644,000 (ref 3) and 413,000 (ref 4) people."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"173 public lines, or 0.07% of the 254,000 service accounts, identified as lead in Oklahoma City (ref 1); about 130,000 Tulsa service lines remain unidentified (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Oklahoma City lead public service lines","value":173,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Tulsa service lines of unknown material","value":130000,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate (ref 2)"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First inventories published in 2024 (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ), Water Quality Division","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Oklahoma City Utilities Department","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"City of Tulsa Water and Sewer","role":"Water system operator"}],"public_contact":"Oklahoma City Utilities Customer Service (okc.gov/leadsafe); Tulsa Customer Care","corrective_actions":["Oklahoma City is developing a service line replacement plan due by late 2027 (ref 1).","Tulsa is notifying customers whose service line material is unknown (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PRESS RELEASE: OKC Utilities Department publishes inventory of water lines, plans to update","publisher":"Free Press OKC (City of Oklahoma City release)","date":"2024-10-18","url":"https://freepressokc.com/press-release-okc-utilities-department-publishes-inventory-of-water-lines-plans-to-update/","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":2,"title":"Utility customers receive lead service line notification letters in Tulsa","publisher":"FOX23","date":"2024-11-14","url":"https://fox23.com/news/local/utility-customers-receive-lead-service-line-notification-letters-in-tulsa","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Oklahoma City (OK1020902)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OK/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/OKLAHOMA%20CITY/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Tulsa (OK1020418)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OK/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/TULSA/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OK-STATEWIDE-SCHOOL-CHILDCARE-LEAD-2026"]},{"id":"US-OK-MOORE-ARSENIC-WELL-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Moore well exceeds arsenic limit again, shut off pending compliance","description":"Moore Public Works Authority notified customers in April 2025 that Well 29 had a running annual arsenic average of 0.014 mg/L for the fourth quarter of 2024, above the 0.010 mg/L standard. The city says the well was turned off at the time of the notice of violation, the system as a whole stayed in compliance, and the well will stay off until it meets the standard. An earlier notice covered the same exceedance at Well 24.","location":{"name":"Moore Public Works Authority","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"City of Moore, Cleveland County; includes groundwater wells","coordinates":{"lat":35.339,"lon":-97.487,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Cleveland"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OK2001412","state":"OK","states":["OK"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Naturally occurring arsenic in an aquifer is a source-water quality problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Well 29's running annual average was 0.014 mg/L against the 0.010 mg/L arsenic MCL (ref 1).","service":"The city says customers need take no action and no boil or do-not-drink order applied (ref 1).","scale":"The affected well feeds a system serving 55,083 people per SDWIS (ref 3), though the city says only one well exceeded.","duration":"The exceedance followed an earlier arsenic notice for Well 24 (ref 2); the April 2025 notice gives no restart date.","significance":"DEQ issued a Notice of Violation, NOV P-2001412 25-1 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":55083,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the whole system per SDWIS (ref 3); only one well exceeded."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Arsenic running annual average 0.014 mg/L at WL029-Well 29, fourth quarter 2024; MCL 0.010 mg/L (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Arsenic running annual average, Well 29","value":0.014,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Arsenic MCL","value":0.01,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Same 0.014 mg/L level reported at Well 24 in the earlier notice (ref 2) and at Well 29 in 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ), Water Quality Division","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"City of Moore / Moore Public Works Authority","role":"Water system operator"}],"public_contact":"Moore Public Works, Steve Rea, 405-313-8054","corrective_actions":["Well 29 turned off at the time of the notice of violation and kept off until it meets compliance (ref 1).","Earlier notice described a pilot study and planned wellhead arsenic treatment for Well 24 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Important Information About Your Drinking Water: Moore Public Works Authority has levels of arsenic above drinking water standards in one well","publisher":"City of Moore (city newsletter, 2025 Issue 4)","date":"2025-04-01","url":"https://www.cityofmooreok.gov/document/90001079","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":2,"title":"Moore Public Works Authority Has Levels of Arsenic above Drinking Water Standards (Well 24 notice)","publisher":"City of Moore","date":"2023-03-31","url":"https://www.cityofmoore.com/sites/default/files/flipbooks//public-notice-regarding-drinking-water.pdf","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Moore Public Works Authority (OK2001412)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OK/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MOORE/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OK-STATEWIDE-NITRATE-ARSENIC-RADS-2026"]},{"id":"US-OK-OKARCHE-RWD-NITRATE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Okarche Rural Water District warns infants off tap water as nitrate hits 14 mg/L","description":"Okarche Rural Water District, serving residents in Kingfisher and Canadian counties, warned in September 2026 that a Sept. 17 sample measured 14 mg/L nitrate, above the 10 mg/L standard, and that tap water should not be given to infants under six months. The district plans a blending station to mix its water with another clean source.","location":{"name":"Okarche RWD, Inc.","type":"Rural water district","detail":"Okarche area, Kingfisher and Canadian counties","coordinates":{"lat":35.726,"lon":-97.976,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Kingfisher","Canadian"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OK2003715","state":"OK","states":["OK"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nitrate in well water is a source-water quality problem, typically from fertilizer or animal waste.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"A Sept. 17 sample measured 14 mg/L nitrate against the 10 mg/L standard (ref 1), a serious risk for infants under six months.","service":"Customers were told not to use tap water for infant water, juice or formula and not to boil it (refs 1, 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 250 people served (ref 3), a small rural district.","duration":"SDWIS (ref 3 system record) shows quarterly nitrate MCL violations of 13 to 15 mg/L from late 2023 through 2026, consistent with the chronic warning in refs 1 and 2.","significance":"The warning is a required Tier 1 public notice for a nitrate MCL violation (ref 1); no consent order was reported."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":250,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Sample taken Sept. 17 measured 14 mg/L nitrate, above the 10 mg/L standard (refs 1, 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Nitrate result, Sept. 17 sample","value":14,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"refs 1, 2"},{"name":"Nitrate MCL","value":10,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"The 2026 level is in line with the persistent exceedance the district is planning to blend away (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ), Water Quality Division","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Okarche Rural Water District","role":"Water system operator"}],"public_contact":"Okarche Rural Water District office","corrective_actions":["District plans to build a blending station to mix its water with another clean source (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"High nitrate levels in Okarche water raise risks for infants under 6 months","publisher":"KOKH FOX 25","date":"2026-09-28","url":"https://okcfox.com/news/local/high-nitrate-levels-in-okarche-water-raise-risks-for-infants-under-6-months","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Okarche water nitrate warning for infants","publisher":"News 9","date":"2026-09-27","url":"https://www.news9.com/oklahoma-city-news/okarche-water-nitrate-infant","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Okarche RWD, Inc. (OK2003715)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OK/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/OKARCHE/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OK-STATEWIDE-NITRATE-ARSENIC-RADS-2026"]},{"id":"US-OK-GUYMON-NITRATE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Guymon tells parents not to give tap water to infants after nitrate reaches 11 mg/L","description":"The City of Guymon in Texas County warned in March 2025 that a Feb. 24 sample at a pump station fed by several wells measured 11 mg/L nitrate, above the 10 mg/L maximum contaminant level, and told parents not to use tap water for infants or formula. The city began sampling individual wells to find the source.","location":{"name":"City of Guymon water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Guymon, Texas County (Oklahoma Panhandle); groundwater wells","coordinates":{"lat":36.683,"lon":-101.481,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Texas"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OK2007003","state":"OK","states":["OK"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nitrate from the Panhandle groundwater supply is a source-water quality problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The Feb. 24 sample measured 11 mg/L nitrate against the 10 mg/L MCL (ref 1).","service":"Infant-use restriction: parents told not to prepare water, juice or formula for children under six months with tap water (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 11,442 people served (ref 2).","duration":"Infant warning stood from March 2025 until further notice (ref 1); the SDWIS system record (ref 2) indicates the violation period began January 2025.","significance":"The warning is a mandatory nitrate MCL public notice (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":11442,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Nitrate measured 11 mg/L, above the maximum contaminant level, in a sample collected Feb. 24 at a pump station receiving water from multiple wells (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Nitrate result","value":11,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single reported exceedance in the window (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ), Water Quality Division","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"City of Guymon","role":"Water system operator"}],"public_contact":"City of Guymon city hall","corrective_actions":["City sampling its wells to identify the nitrate source (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Guymon warns city's drinking water could kill infants due to high levels of nitrate","publisher":"ABC 7 Amarillo","date":"2025-03-05","url":"https://www.abc7amarillo.com/news/local/guymon-oklahoma-warns-citys-drinking-tape-water-could-kill-infants-due-to-high-levels-of-nitratemaximum-contaminant-level-serious-health-concern-less-than-six-months-formula-cponsumer-alert","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Guymon (OK2007003)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OK/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/GUYMON/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OK-STATEWIDE-NITRATE-ARSENIC-RADS-2026"]},{"id":"US-OK-STATEWIDE-NITRATE-ARSENIC-RADS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Nitrate, arsenic and radionuclide limits broken by 37 Oklahoma water systems in 2025","description":"DEQ's 2025 compliance summary counts 24 systems with 47 nitrate-nitrite MCL violations, seven systems with 24 arsenic MCL violations and six systems with 16 radionuclide MCL violations, mostly at small groundwater systems. Recent cases include infant nitrate warnings in Guymon and the Okarche Rural Water District and an arsenic notice for a Moore well.","location":{"name":"Oklahoma groundwater-supplied public water systems","type":"Statewide drinking-water compliance program","detail":"Statewide; examples in Texas, Kingfisher, Canadian and Cleveland counties","coordinates":{"lat":35.5,"lon":-97.5,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Texas","Kingfisher","Canadian","Cleveland"],"extent":"statewide","state":"OK","states":["OK"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Naturally occurring and agricultural contaminants in groundwater degrade source-water quality.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ (ref 1) reports 47 nitrate-nitrite, 24 arsenic and 16 radionuclide MCL violations in 2025.","service":"Nitrate exceedances bring infant-use warnings, as in Okarche in 2026 (ref 2).","scale":"37 systems statewide exceeded at least one of these MCLs in 2025 (ref 1), across many counties.","duration":"Moore reported repeat arsenic exceedances at different wells (ref 3) and Okarche's district plans long-term blending (ref 2), showing chronic source-water problems.","significance":"Violations lead to DEQ Notices of Violation, as with Moore's NOV P-2001412 25-1 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"DEQ's summary gives system counts only."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Twenty-four (24) systems had forty-seven (47) violations for exceeding the nitrate-nitrite MCL standard in 2025 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems with nitrate-nitrite MCL violations (2025)","value":24,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Systems with arsenic MCL violations (2025)","value":7,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Systems with radionuclide MCL violations (2025)","value":6,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Exceedances recur at the same systems across years (refs 2, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ), Water Quality Division","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Oklahoma DEQ, 707 N. Robinson, Oklahoma City; main line 405-702-0100","corrective_actions":["Affected systems shut off wells, blend sources or plan treatment (refs 2, 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Executive Summary of the 2025 Annual Compliance Report (Public Water Supply Program)","publisher":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://oklahoma.gov/content/dam/ok/en/deq/documents/water-division/CY2025%20Annual%20Compliance%20Report%20Executive%20Summary%20for%20EPA.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"High nitrate levels in Okarche water raise risks for infants under 6 months","publisher":"KOKH FOX 25","date":"2026-09-28","url":"https://okcfox.com/news/local/high-nitrate-levels-in-okarche-water-raise-risks-for-infants-under-6-months","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Important Information About Your Drinking Water: Moore Public Works Authority arsenic notice","publisher":"City of Moore","date":"2025-04-01","url":"https://www.cityofmooreok.gov/document/90001079","basis":"Local government"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OK-OKARCHE-RWD-NITRATE-2026","US-OK-GUYMON-NITRATE-2025","US-OK-MOORE-ARSENIC-WELL-2025"]},{"id":"US-OK-MIDWEST-CITY-AUTUMN-HOUSE-LEGIONELLA-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Legionella found in Midwest City senior living facility's water after resident's death","description":"KFOR reported in August 2025 that a resident of Autumn House, an independent living facility in Midwest City, died of Legionnaires' disease and that State Department of Health testing then found Legionella in the building's water system. Residents were told to drink bottled water and take sponge baths while the facility treated its water system; management said it could not say for certain the resident was infected there because he had recently traveled.","location":{"name":"Autumn House independent living facility","type":"Residential facility premise plumbing (not a public water system)","detail":"Midwest City, Oklahoma County","coordinates":{"lat":35.449,"lon":-97.397,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Oklahoma"],"extent":"site","state":"OK","states":["OK"]},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legionella growth in premise plumbing is a building water-quality hazard.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"A resident died of Legionnaires' disease and state testing found Legionella in the facility's water (ref 1).","service":"Residents were told to drink bottled water, use bagged ice and take sponge baths (ref 1).","scale":"A single residential building (ref 1).","duration":"Remediation and a long-term water management plan had no completion date as of the report (ref 1).","significance":"Handled through facility remediation with the health department; no formal enforcement was reported (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Number of residents not given (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A resident died from Legionnaires' disease; State Department of Health testing later found the bacteria in the facility's water system (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Reported deaths","value":1,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"Source of infection not confirmed (ref 1)"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single news report (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Oklahoma State Department of Health","role":"Disease investigation"},{"name":"Autumn House management","role":"Building water system owner"}],"public_contact":"Oklahoma State Department of Health, Acute Disease Service","corrective_actions":["Facility treating its drinking water system and developing a long-term control plan; ice machine emptied and cleaned (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Metro independent living facility battling Legionnaire's in water system","publisher":"KFOR (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-08-05","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/metro-independent-living-facility-battling-232100087.html","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OK-HOLLIDAY-OUTT-MHP-DO-NOT-INGEST-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Wildfire damage puts Holliday Outt mobile home park under do-not-ingest water order","description":"DEQ ordered Holliday Outt Mobile Home Park in Oklahoma County to tell users not to ingest its water on Aug. 14, 2026, because of possible contamination tied to a recent wildfire and heat damage to drinking water equipment. Residents could use the water only for handwashing, bathing and flushing until DEQ suspended the order on Sept. 19, 2026.","location":{"name":"Holliday Outt Mobile Home Park water system","type":"Mobile home park community water system","detail":"Oklahoma County (Oklahoma City address)","coordinates":{"lat":35.55,"lon":-97.41,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Oklahoma"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OK2005534","state":"OK","states":["OK"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Fire damage to equipment (infrastructure) created a possible contamination risk (quality).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ cited possible contamination from wildfire and heat damage to equipment (ref 1); no specific contaminant result was published (ref 2).","service":"Do-not-ingest order: no drinking, cooking, formula, ice or toothbrushing from Aug. 14 to Sept. 19, 2026 (refs 1, 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 100 people served (ref 3); DEQ called it an isolated event (ref 1).","duration":"The order lasted about five weeks (refs 1, 2).","significance":"A DEQ do-not-ingest order is an emergency directive (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":100,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Do Not Ingest Water Order issued Aug. 14, 2026 due to possible contamination related to a recent wildfire and heat damage to drinking water equipment; suspended Sept. 19, 2026 (refs 1, 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Order duration","value":36,"unit":"days","status":"Estimated","note":"Aug. 14 to Sept. 19, 2026 per DEQ releases (refs 1, 2)"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Order suspended Sept. 19, 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ), Water Quality Division","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Holliday Outt Mobile Home Park","role":"Water system owner"}],"public_contact":"DEQ media contact Skylar McElhaney via DEQ main line 405-702-0100","corrective_actions":["Equipment repairs and DEQ suspension of the order on Sept. 19, 2026 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Do Not Ingest Water Order: Holliday Outt Mobile Home Park","publisher":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2026-08-14","url":"https://oklahoma.gov/deq/divisions/executive-offices/office-of-communication-and-education/news-releases/2026/august/holliday-outt-do-not-ingest.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Do Not Ingest Water Order suspended for Holliday Outt Mobile Home Park","publisher":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2026-09-19","url":"https://oklahoma.gov/deq/divisions/executive-offices/office-of-communication-and-education/news-releases/2026/september/holliday-outt-suspension.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Holliday Outt MHP (OK2005534)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OK/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/HOLLIDAY/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OK-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Oklahoma's 2026 drought reaches all of the state, worst extent since 2012","description":"The U.S. Drought Monitor for Sept. 8, 2026 placed 100% of Oklahoma in dryness or drought, with almost 89% in severe, extreme or exceptional drought, compared with 25% in some dryness a year earlier. The state's Emergency Drought Committee approved an emergency drought assistance program for producers in February 2026, and several central Oklahoma cities tightened outdoor watering rules in August.","location":{"name":"Oklahoma (statewide)","type":"State","state":"OK","states":["OK"],"detail":"All 77 counties; extreme drought earlier in 2026 was reported in central, southern and northeastern counties and the Panhandle.","coordinates":{"lat":35.5,"lon":-97.5,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["agricultural","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding is a precipitation and soil-moisture deficit that strains water supplies and agriculture, not an asset failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"1: DTN (ref 1) reports winter wheat seeding at 3% complete for the week ending Sept. 13, 2026, half the 5-year average, because soils were too dry for germination; harm is agricultural rather than a documented health effect.","service":"1: KGOU (ref 4) reports Edmond moving to Stage 2 two-day watering and Deer Creek banning irrigation systems from Aug. 5, 2026; these are restrictions, not outages.","scale":"2: The Sept. 8, 2026 Drought Monitor cited by DTN (ref 1) rated 100% of Oklahoma in dryness or drought.","duration":"1: The Oklahoma Farm Report (ref 3) already showed 94.29% of the state in D1-D4 drought in late March 2026, and DTN (ref 1) shows it persisting into September, a span of months.","significance":"1: The Oklahoma Conservation Commission (ref 2) says the Emergency Drought Committee approved an emergency drought assistance program on Feb. 24, 2026; no governor's drought emergency declaration was found."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The cited sources describe statewide drought extent but give no affected-population figure."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"As of Sept. 8, 2026, 100% of Oklahoma was in dryness or drought, with almost 89% in severe, extreme or exceptional drought (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Share of state in severe, extreme or exceptional drought (Sept. 8, 2026)","value":89,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Described as 'almost 89%' by DTN (ref 1)."},{"name":"Share of state in extreme (D3) drought (late March 2026)","value":22.49,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Oklahoma Farm Report (ref 3)."},{"name":"Share of state in some dryness or drought (September 2025)","value":25,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Year-earlier comparison in DTN (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Drought coverage rose from 25% of the state in September 2025 to 100% in September 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Oklahoma Conservation Commission","role":"Administers emergency drought assistance through the Emergency Drought Committee"},{"name":"Oklahoma Water Resources Board","role":"State water planning and water-rights agency"}],"public_contact":"Oklahoma Conservation Commission, published general phone line on conservation.ok.gov","corrective_actions":["Emergency drought assistance program for producers (pasture taps, watering facilities, pipelines, pond cleanout, water wells) with applications March 9 to June 30, 2026 (ref 2).","Municipal outdoor-watering restrictions in central Oklahoma cities (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Oklahoma drought slows wheat in fall","publisher":"DTN Progressive Farmer","date":"2026-09-16","url":"https://www.dtnpf.com/agriculture/web/ag/news/article/2026/09/16/oklahoma-drought-slows-wheat-fall","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Emergency Drought Committee approves assistance program","publisher":"Oklahoma Conservation Commission","date":"2026-02-26","url":"https://conservation.ok.gov/emergency-drought-committee-approves-assistance-program/","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Extreme drought expands by 9% in this week's Drought Monitor","publisher":"Oklahoma Farm Report","date":"2026-03-26","url":"https://www.oklahomafarmreport.com/2026/03/26/extreme-drought-expands-by-9-in-this-weeks-drought-monitor/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Drought prompts tighter water restrictions across Oklahoma City metro","publisher":"KGOU","date":"2026-08-21","url":"https://www.kgou.org/oklahoma-news/2026-08-21/drought-prompts-tighter-water-restrictions-across-oklahoma-city-metro","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OK-OKC-HEFNER-CANTON-RELEASE-2026","US-OK-CENTRAL-TOWNS-WATER-RESTRICTIONS-2026","US-OK-GUYMON-WATER-EMERGENCY-2026"]},{"id":"US-OK-OKC-HEFNER-CANTON-RELEASE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lake Hefner falls 5 feet in drought; Oklahoma City draws down Canton Lake to refill it","description":"Lake Hefner, Oklahoma City's primary water source, was 5 feet below normal and Lake Overholser 3 feet below normal in August 2026. The Oklahoma City Water Utilities Trust scheduled a Sept. 17, 2026 release from Canton Lake with the Army Corps of Engineers, expected to lower Canton about 3.5 feet and raise Hefner a little over 4 feet; Canton Lake residents warned that about 60% of the 16,000 acre-feet release would be lost in the riverbed. A second 100-mile Atoka raw water pipeline, parallel to the 1960s line that supplies about 70% of the city's drinking water, is under construction for completion in 2028.","location":{"name":"Oklahoma City water system (Lake Hefner)","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"OK","states":["OK"],"detail":"Oklahoma County; Canton Lake is in Blaine County, Lake Atoka in Atoka County.","coordinates":{"lat":35.4676,"lon":-97.5164,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Oklahoma","Blaine","Canadian","Cleveland"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"OK1020902"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Drought lowered the city's terminal reservoirs, and the response depends on long-distance conveyance from Canton and the Atoka pipeline system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"1: KOKH (ref 3) reports the Canton Lake Association expects about 60% of the 16,000 acre-feet release to be lost to the riverbed, an estimated two billion gallons, drawing down a recreation lake.","service":"1: KOKH (ref 2) notes Oklahoma City's permanent mandatory odd/even sprinkler rules; KGOU (ref 6) says the city had not moved beyond that schedule, so customers faced restrictions but no outage.","scale":"2: SDWIS (ref 5) lists Oklahoma City as serving 644,000 people.","duration":"1: Hefner was 5 feet low by Aug. 13, 2026 (ref 1) and the Canton release was set for Sept. 17 (ref 2), a months-long drawdown; a prior release occurred in November 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"1: The Oklahoma City Water Utilities Trust formally requested a Canton storage release coordinated with the Army Corps of Engineers (ref 2); no emergency declaration was reported."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":644000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Lake Hefner, which provides most of Oklahoma City's drinking water, was 5 feet below normal and Lake Overholser 3 feet below normal (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Lake Hefner below normal","value":5,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Aug. 13, 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Lake Overholser below normal","value":3,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Aug. 13, 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Canton Lake release volume","value":16000,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"Planned release (ref 3)."},{"name":"Expected Canton Lake drop","value":3.5,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Second Atoka pipeline initial capacity","value":90,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Completion scheduled for 2028 (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Hefner levels were falling through August 2026 with no rain forecast (ref 1), leading to the first Canton release since 2024 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Oklahoma City Water Utilities Trust","role":"Water supplier and holder of Canton Lake storage rights"},{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Tulsa District","role":"Operates Canton Dam releases"},{"name":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Primacy regulator for public water systems"}],"public_contact":"City of Oklahoma City Utilities customer service line, published on okc.gov","corrective_actions":["Release from Canton Lake to Lake Hefner scheduled for Sept. 17, 2026 (ref 2).","Second Atoka raw water pipeline under construction, initially up to 90 MGD, due in 2028 (ref 4).","Year-round odd/even outdoor watering schedule (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Ongoing drought leads to falling lake levels","publisher":"KOKH FOX 25","date":"2026-08-13","url":"https://okcfox.com/news/local/ongoing-drought-leads-to-falling-lake-levels","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"OKC Water Utilities Trust partners with Army Corps for Canton Lake release to aid Hefner","publisher":"KOKH FOX 25","date":"2026-09-04","url":"https://okcfox.com/news/local/okc-water-utilities-trust-partners-with-army-corps-for-canton-lake-release-to-aid-hefner","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"'Make sure that every drop counts': Canton Lake community concerned about water transfer","publisher":"KOKH FOX 25","date":"2026-09-10","url":"https://okcfox.com/news/local/make-sure-that-every-drop-counts-canton-lake-community-concerned-about-water-transfer-lake-hefner","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"STV celebrates groundbreaking of Oklahoma's largest water infrastructure project","publisher":"STV","date":"2026-04-21","url":"https://stvinc.com/news/stv-celebrates-groundbreaking-of-oklahomas-largest-water-infrastructure-project/","basis":"Industry press release"},{"ref":5,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: OKLAHOMA CITY","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OK/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/OKLAHOMA%20CITY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"Drought prompts tighter water restrictions across Oklahoma City metro","publisher":"KGOU","date":"2026-08-21","url":"https://www.kgou.org/oklahoma-news/2026-08-21/drought-prompts-tighter-water-restrictions-across-oklahoma-city-metro","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OK-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2026","US-OK-CENTRAL-TOWNS-WATER-RESTRICTIONS-2026"]},{"id":"US-OK-CENTRAL-TOWNS-WATER-RESTRICTIONS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Tuttle, Blanchard, Chandler and Minco ration water as August 2026 heat drains towers","description":"In early August 2026 Tuttle's water towers fell to 70% and system pressure dropped from about 55 to 37 PSI, triggering Stage 2 one-day-a-week watering; Blanchard imposed Tier 2 limits after its two main towers fell below 55%, and Chandler said it could not keep up with water leaving its plant. Minco was reported under a critical water emergency as demand exceeded its supply system, and Edmond later moved to Stage 2.","location":{"name":"Tuttle, Blanchard, Chandler and Minco water systems","type":"Municipal utility service areas","state":"OK","states":["OK"],"detail":"Grady (Tuttle, Minco), McClain (Blanchard) and Lincoln (Chandler) counties, central Oklahoma.","coordinates":{"lat":35.2909,"lon":-97.8123,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Grady","McClain","Lincoln"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"OK2002608"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Peak heat-season demand outran small systems' production and storage, lowering tower levels and pressure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"1: News 9 (ref 1) reports Tuttle pressure fell to 37 PSI, close to the 35 PSI below which officials say firefighting becomes harder, though above the state's 25 PSI minimum.","service":"1: Tuttle limited irrigation to one day a week (ref 1) and Blanchard to two days a week (ref 2); Chandler asked residents to stop outdoor watering (ref 2).","scale":"1: The four towns together serve about 12,240 people per SDWIS (refs 4-7), a set of small community systems.","duration":"1: Restrictions began the first week of August 2026 (refs 1, 2) and Edmond tightened further by Aug. 21 (ref 8), spanning weeks into months of the heat season.","significance":"2: FOX23 (ref 3) reported Minco under a 'critical water emergency' on Aug. 14, 2026."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":12240,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS populations for Tuttle (4,500), Blanchard (2,966), Chandler (3,142) and Minco (1,632) (refs 4-7); Edmond is not included."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Tuttle's water towers were at 70% capacity and falling, with pressure down from about 55 PSI to 37 PSI (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Tuttle tower level","value":70,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Tuttle system pressure","value":37,"unit":"PSI","status":"Reported","note":"Normal is about 55 PSI (ref 1)."},{"name":"Blanchard tower trigger level","value":55,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Towers fell below 55% of operating capacity (ref 2)."},{"name":"Edmond daily water use","value":22,"unit":"million gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"'More than 22 million gallons' (ref 8)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Tuttle hoped to lift Stage 2 within days (ref 1) while Edmond tightened rules later in August (ref 8)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Tuttle","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"City of Blanchard","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"City of Chandler","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"Town of Minco","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Primacy regulator for public water systems"}],"public_contact":"Each city's published city hall line; Oklahoma DEQ Water Quality Division general line","corrective_actions":["Tuttle Stage 2 watering limits and purchase of extra water from Newcastle (ref 1).","Blanchard Tier 2 limits until tower levels recover (ref 2).","Edmond Stage 2 two-day lawn watering (ref 8)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Tuttle restricts water use as heat drains towers","publisher":"News 9","date":"2026-08-05","url":"https://www.news9.com/oklahoma-city-news/tuttle-restricts-water-use-as-heat-drains-towers","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Oklahoma cities clamp down on water use as summer heat drains towers","publisher":"KOKH FOX 25","date":"2026-08-06","url":"https://okcfox.com/news/local/oklahoma-cities-clamp-down-on-water-use-as-summer-heat-drains-towers-edmond-blanchard-tuttle-chandler","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Oklahoma in a Minute: August 14, 2026","publisher":"FOX23","date":"2026-08-14","url":"https://www.fox23.com/news/local/oklahoma-in-a-minute-august-14-2026","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: TUTTLE","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OK/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/TUTTLE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: BLANCHARD","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OK/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BLANCHARD/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: CHANDLER","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OK/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CHANDLER/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":7,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: MINCO","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OK/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MINCO/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":8,"title":"Drought prompts tighter water restrictions across Oklahoma City metro","publisher":"KGOU","date":"2026-08-21","url":"https://www.kgou.org/oklahoma-news/2026-08-21/drought-prompts-tighter-water-restrictions-across-oklahoma-city-metro","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (4). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OK-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2026","US-OK-OKC-HEFNER-CANTON-RELEASE-2026"]},{"id":"US-OK-GUYMON-WATER-EMERGENCY-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Guymon declares Stage 3 water emergency as demand hits 95% of Ogallala well capacity","description":"Guymon, the Panhandle's largest city, relies on Ogallala Aquifer wells; its main well field has lost nearly a third of its daily production since the early 2000s, and in 2024 the interim city manager said the city was 'pumping our maximum.' In July 2025 its largest well, which supplied about a quarter of daily water, failed for about two weeks, and on July 23, 2026 the mayor declared a Stage 3 water emergency after demand reached 95.4% of production capacity. A new Mesa well field on leased state school land is expected to deliver first water in October 2026.","location":{"name":"City of Guymon water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"OK","states":["OK"],"detail":"Texas County, Oklahoma Panhandle; groundwater from the Ogallala Aquifer.","coordinates":{"lat":36.6828,"lon":-101.4816,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Texas"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OK2007003"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Declining aquifer yield and failing wells leave little margin between production capacity and summer demand.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"1: KOSU (ref 3) reports Guymon's main well field has lost nearly a third of its daily production since the early 2000s as the Ogallala water table drops.","service":"1: The Stage 3 order limits lawn irrigation to one day a week and bans hauling bulk water out of the city (refs 1, 2); tap service continued.","scale":"1: SDWIS (ref 5) lists Guymon as serving 11,442 people.","duration":"2: The shortage spans the January 2024 'pumping our maximum' warning (ref 4), the July 2025 Well 21 outage (ref 3) and the July 2026 emergency (ref 1).","significance":"2: Mayor Kim Peterson declared a Stage 3 Water Emergency under the city's 2024 Water Conservation Plan (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":11442,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"On July 21, 2026, Guymon's water demand reached 95.4% of available production capacity (refs 1, 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Demand as share of production capacity (July 21, 2026)","value":95.4,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 2."},{"name":"Well 21 output lost during July 2025 failure","value":827,"unit":"gallons per minute","status":"Reported","note":"About a quarter of daily supply (ref 3)."},{"name":"Ogallala supply wells","value":18,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"As of January 2024 (ref 4)."},{"name":"City commitment to study and drill new wells","value":4.5,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Demand neared 95% of capacity in both July 2025 (ref 3) and July 2026 (ref 1) while well-field production declines."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Guymon","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"Oklahoma Water Resources Board","role":"State water planning and water-rights agency"},{"name":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Primacy regulator for public water systems"}],"public_contact":"City of Guymon City Hall, published phone line on guymonok.org","corrective_actions":["Stage 3 water conservation restrictions with fines after a one-week education period (ref 1).","Mesa well field on 640 acres of leased state school land water rights, first water expected October 2026 (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Guymon mayor declares Stage 3 water emergency","publisher":"News 9","date":"2026-07-23","url":"https://www.news9.com/oklahoma-city-news/guymon-mayor-declares-stage-3-water-emergency","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Guymon declares 'water emergency' as demand reaches 95%","publisher":"KOKH FOX 25","date":"2026-07-23","url":"https://okcfox.com/news/local/guymon-declares-water-emergency-as-demand-reaches-95","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"The Oklahoma Panhandle's biggest city doesn't have enough water. That's about to change","publisher":"KOSU via High Plains Public Radio","date":"2025-09-03","url":"https://www.hppr.org/hppr-news/2025-09-03/the-oklahoma-panhandles-biggest-city-doesnt-have-enough-water-thats-about-to-change","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Agriculture built these High Plains towns. Now, it might run them dry","publisher":"Missouri Independent (Stateline)","date":"2024-01-29","url":"https://missouriindependent.com/2024/01/29/agriculture-built-these-high-plains-towns-now-it-might-run-them-dry/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":5,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: GUYMON","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OK/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/GUYMON/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OK-PANHANDLE-OGALLALA-DEPLETION-2026","US-OK-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2026"]},{"id":"US-OK-PANHANDLE-OGALLALA-DEPLETION-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Ogallala Aquifer depletion in the Oklahoma Panhandle; state plan projects shortages by 2030","description":"The 2025 Oklahoma Comprehensive Water Plan says the Northwest planning region draws 91% of its water from bedrock groundwater, chiefly the Ogallala, and projects physical surface and groundwater shortages as early as 2030, with the most significant bedrock groundwater depletions statewide. Investigate Midwest reported in 2024 that Panhandle water levels have dropped 23% since the Guymon pork plant opened in 1995, while Oklahoma does not require well owners to prove their use and a 2024 well-metering bill was vetoed.","location":{"name":"Ogallala Aquifer, Oklahoma Panhandle","type":"Major aquifer and planning region","state":"OK","states":["OK"],"detail":"OWRB Northwest planning region (Cimarron, Texas and Beaver counties and adjacent basins).","coordinates":{"lat":36.75,"lon":-101,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Cimarron","Texas","Beaver"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural","drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The condition is withdrawals exceeding recharge in a bedrock aquifer, driven mainly by crop irrigation.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"2: Investigate Midwest (ref 2) reports Panhandle water levels have fallen 23% since 1995, about 2.5 times faster than the prior 30 years; OWRB (ref 1) projects one basin's bedrock depletion above 420,000 acre-feet per year.","service":"1: The Guymon interim city manager said in 2024 the city was 'pumping our maximum' and exploring new wells outside town (ref 3), a supply constraint rather than an outage.","scale":"2: OWRB (ref 1) says the Northwest region accounts for 30% of the state's projected 2075 water demand, with crop irrigation at 94% of regional demand.","duration":"2: Investigate Midwest (ref 2) cites a 1975 OWRB study already warning of a deficit by 2030; OWRB (ref 1) projects shortages continuing from 2030 through 2075.","significance":"1: The 2025 state water plan formally projects shortages (refs 1, 4), but ref 2 notes the governor vetoed a 2024 bill requiring meters on groundwater wells and no pumping limit order was found."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":58718,"status":"Reported","note":"2020 population of the OWRB Northwest planning region (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Physical water shortages are projected for surface water and groundwater in the Northwest Region as early as 2030 and will continue through 2075 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Share of Northwest Region demand met by bedrock groundwater","value":91,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; executive summary attributes this to the Ogallala (ref 4)."},{"name":"Water level decline since 1995","value":23,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Investigate Midwest analysis (ref 2)."},{"name":"Projected 2030 bedrock groundwater depletion, Basin 55","value":422563,"unit":"acre-feet per year","status":"Reported","note":"OWRB Northwest Region fact sheet (ref 1)."},{"name":"Crop irrigation share of 2075 regional demand","value":94,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Ref 2 reports the decline rate accelerated after 1995; ref 1 projects depletions growing through 2075."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Oklahoma Water Resources Board","role":"State water planning and water-rights agency"},{"name":"Oklahoma Conservation Commission","role":"Voluntary irrigation-efficiency and metering programs"}],"public_contact":"Oklahoma Water Resources Board, Water Planning, published general line on oklahoma.gov/owrb","corrective_actions":["OCWP regional recommendations for metering of all water uses, expansion of the Master Irrigators program and system interconnections (ref 1).","Voluntary state program encouraging well metering and efficient irrigation (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Northwest Planning Region fact sheet, 2025 Oklahoma Comprehensive Water Plan","publisher":"Oklahoma Water Resources Board","date":"2026-03-12","url":"https://oklahoma.gov/content/dam/ok/en/owrb/documents/water-planning/ocwp/region-fact-sheets/northwest/NorthwestRegion.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"The top 5 things to know about groundwater depletion in Oklahoma's panhandle","publisher":"Investigate Midwest","date":"2024-06-06","url":"https://investigatemidwest.org/2024/06/06/the-top-5-things-to-know-about-groundwater-depletion-in-oklahomas-panhandle/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Agriculture built these High Plains towns. Now, it might run them dry","publisher":"Missouri Independent (Stateline)","date":"2024-01-29","url":"https://missouriindependent.com/2024/01/29/agriculture-built-these-high-plains-towns-now-it-might-run-them-dry/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"2025 Oklahoma Comprehensive Water Plan, Executive Summary","publisher":"Oklahoma Water Resources Board","date":"2026-03-03","url":"https://oklahoma.gov/content/dam/ok/en/owrb/documents/water-planning/ocwp/2025/executive-summary.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OK-GUYMON-WATER-EMERGENCY-2026","US-TX-OGALLALA-AQUIFER-DEPLETION-2025","US-OK-OCWP-SUPPLY-GAPS-2026"]},{"id":"US-OK-OCWP-SUPPLY-GAPS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Oklahoma water plan projects supply gaps in over half of 82 basins and a $24 billion need","description":"The 2025 Oklahoma Comprehensive Water Plan projects surface water gaps, where demand exceeds supply, in more than half of the state's 82 planning basins by 2075, with the largest gaps in the Central and Middle Arkansas regions, and groundwater depletions in most basins. It identifies $24 billion in immediate water, wastewater and flood infrastructure need and says utility and rural water district needs vastly exceed available funding.","location":{"name":"Oklahoma (statewide)","type":"State water planning area","state":"OK","states":["OK"],"detail":"13 planning regions and 82 watershed planning basins.","coordinates":{"lat":35.5,"lon":-97.5,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","groundwater","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"The plan pairs projected physical supply gaps and aquifer depletions with an infrastructure funding shortfall.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"1: OWRB (ref 1) projects groundwater depletions, where withdrawals exceed recharge, in most planning basins; these are projected rather than documented harms.","service":"0: The plan (ref 1) is forward-looking and reports no current service loss.","scale":"2: Surface water gaps are anticipated in more than half of 82 basins statewide by 2075 (refs 1, 2).","duration":"2: The planning horizon runs to 2075, with Northwest shortages projected from 2030 (ref 3).","significance":"1: The OCWP is the state's formal water plan, adopted by the Oklahoma Water Resources Board (ref 1); it carries recommendations, not enforcement."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The plan reports statewide demand but no affected-population count."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"By 2075, surface water gaps are anticipated in more than half of the state's 82 planning basins (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Identified infrastructure need","value":24,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; ref 2 breaks out $16.6 billion water, about $7 billion wastewater."},{"name":"Projected statewide demand growth, 2020-2075","value":13,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Planning basins","value":82,"unit":"basins","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["OWRB says challenges facing water utilities and rural water districts vastly exceed available funding capacity (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First plan update since 2012 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Oklahoma Water Resources Board","role":"State water planning and water-rights agency"}],"public_contact":"Oklahoma Water Resources Board, Water Planning, published general line on oklahoma.gov/owrb","corrective_actions":["OCWP recommends a substantial annually recurring state investment in water infrastructure financing programs (ref 1).","Recommended aquifer storage studies in basins with projected shortages (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2025 Oklahoma Comprehensive Water Plan, Executive Summary","publisher":"Oklahoma Water Resources Board","date":"2026-03-03","url":"https://oklahoma.gov/content/dam/ok/en/owrb/documents/water-planning/ocwp/2025/executive-summary.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Sooner State water issues continue to increase, report says","publisher":"Southwest Ledger","date":"2026-04-30","url":"https://www.southwestledger.news/node/21550","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Northwest Planning Region fact sheet, 2025 Oklahoma Comprehensive Water Plan","publisher":"Oklahoma Water Resources Board","date":"2026-03-12","url":"https://oklahoma.gov/content/dam/ok/en/owrb/documents/water-planning/ocwp/region-fact-sheets/northwest/NorthwestRegion.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OK-PANHANDLE-OGALLALA-DEPLETION-2026","US-OK-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2026"]},{"id":"US-OK-ENID-KAW-LAKE-SUPPLY-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Enid ends sole reliance on groundwater as delayed Kaw Lake supply program is completed","description":"Enid relied solely on groundwater and built the Kaw Lake Water Supply Program, a 70-mile raw water pipeline and new 10.5 MGD treatment plant, to meet projected demand and cut average daily demand on regional aquifers by 35%. City commissioners extended substantial completion by 441 days to Sept. 11, 2025, and the treatment facility, the program's final major component, was dedicated in August 2026 at a reported cost of $350 million.","location":{"name":"City of Enid water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"OK","states":["OK"],"detail":"Garfield County; raw water from Kaw Lake in Kay and Osage counties.","coordinates":{"lat":36.3956,"lon":-97.8784,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Garfield","Kay"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"OK2002412"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["groundwater","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A groundwater-only supply under regional aquifer pressure was addressed by a large surface-water conveyance and treatment build.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"1: EPA (ref 2) says the program is meant to reduce average daily demand on regional aquifers by 35%, indicating aquifer stress, and removes 7.5 miles of cast iron pipe with lead-sealed joints.","service":"0: None of the cited sources (refs 1-3) reports supply outages or restrictions tied to the program.","scale":"1: SDWIS (ref 4) lists Enid as serving 49,347 people; EPA (ref 2) cites 61,000 served.","duration":"2: The Enid News & Eagle (ref 3) reports a 441-day extension to Sept. 11, 2025, and the final component was only dedicated in August 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"1: Formal change order by city commissioners (ref 3) and a federal WIFIA loan invitation of $53 million (ref 2)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":49347,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4); EPA's WIFIA page cites 61,000 people (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The Kaw Lake Water Supply Treatment Facility, the program's final major component, moves Enid from sole reliance on groundwater to a blended supply (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Raw water pipeline length","value":70,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"New treatment plant capacity","value":10.5,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Construction completion extension","value":441,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Reported program cost","value":350,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Senate release (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The final major component was completed in August 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Enid / Enid Municipal Authority","role":"Water supplier and project owner"},{"name":"Oklahoma Water Resources Board","role":"State water planning and water-rights agency"},{"name":"U.S. EPA WIFIA program","role":"Federal lender"}],"public_contact":"City of Enid, published City Hall line on enid.org","corrective_actions":["Kaw Lake intake, 70-mile pipeline and 10.5 MGD treatment plant completed (refs 1, 2).","Drinking Water State Revolving Fund and WIFIA financing (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Pederson celebrates completion of Kaw Lake Water Treatment Facility","publisher":"Oklahoma State Senate","date":"2026-08-24","url":"https://accessible.oksenate.gov/press-releases/pederson-celebrates-completion-kaw-lake-water-treatment-facility-0","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Enid Kaw Lake Water Supply Program Raw Water Transmission Line Pipeline","publisher":"U.S. EPA WIFIA","date":"2025-12-23","url":"https://epa.gov/wifia/enid-kaw-lake-water-supply-program-raw-water-transmission-line-pipeline","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Commissioners extend water project completion to 2025","publisher":"Enid News & Eagle","date":"2024-05-02","url":"https://www.enidnews.com/news/commissioners-extend-water-project-completion-to-2025/article_e292c720-08ea-11ef-ab1c-2bb95d6b0baf.html","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: ENID","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OK/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ENID/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OK-OCWP-SUPPLY-GAPS-2026"]},{"id":"US-OK-HOBART-FOSS-PLANT-OUTAGE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hobart rations drinking water and closes schools after Foss treatment plant breakdown","description":"The Foss Water Treatment Plant, which supplies Hobart, broke down on Sept. 21, 2026, leaving city water towers at critical levels; the city issued a precautionary boil advisory for low pressure, handed out non-potable and limited drinking water from tankers, and Hobart Public Schools closed Sept. 23. The advisory was lifted Oct. 1 after passing DEQ-required tests. The same plant shut down for emergency repairs in July 2023, when Hobart banned outdoor water use.","location":{"name":"City of Hobart water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"OK","states":["OK"],"detail":"Kiowa County; treated water purchased from the Foss Reservoir Master Conservancy District (Custer County).","coordinates":{"lat":35.0295,"lon":-99.0931,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Kiowa","Custer"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OK1011502"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A mechanical failure at the regional treatment plant cut off supply to a city that depends on it alone.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"1: The boil advisory was precautionary because of low pressure (ref 1) and was lifted after passing tests (ref 3); no contamination was documented.","service":"2: With towers critical, residents were told to avoid laundry and use disposable plates, drew drinking water from a tanker limited per household, and schools closed (refs 1, 2).","scale":"1: SDWIS (ref 5) lists Hobart as serving 3,746 people.","duration":"2: The Sept. 21 to Oct. 1, 2026 disruption (refs 1, 3) repeats a July 2023 emergency shutdown of the same Foss plant (ref 4), a recurring failure.","significance":"1: A formal precautionary boil advisory under DEQ testing rules (ref 3), with the county emergency manager engaged (ref 2)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":3746,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Drinking water from the tanker was limited to 1 gallon per household per day (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Days under boil advisory","value":10,"unit":"days","status":"Estimated","note":"Sept. 21 breakdown (ref 1) to Oct. 1 lifting (ref 3)."},{"name":"Foss district wholesale population (2023)","value":17800,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"Clinton, Cordell, Hobart and Bessie, per DEQ records cited by ref 4."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Service was restored (ref 3) but the plant has failed twice since 2023 (refs 1, 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Hobart","role":"Water distributor"},{"name":"Foss Reservoir Master Conservancy District","role":"Wholesale treated-water supplier"},{"name":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Primacy regulator for public water systems"}],"public_contact":"City of Hobart non-emergency line 580-726-2424, published by the city (ref 1)","corrective_actions":["Broken part removed and repaired at a machine shop; plant restarted (ref 2).","Boil advisory lifted Oct. 1, 2026 after two days of passing samples (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Hobart residents urged to cut water use as tower levels near critical after plant failure","publisher":"KOKH FOX 25","date":"2026-09-22","url":"https://okcfox.com/news/local/hobart-residents-urged-to-cut-water-use-as-tower-levels-near-critical-after-plant-failure","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Hobart water towers critical as repairs continue","publisher":"News 9","date":"2026-09-23","url":"https://www.news9.com/oklahoma-city-news/hobart-water-towers-critical-repairs","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Hobart lifts boil water advisory after test results","publisher":"News 9","date":"2026-10-01","url":"https://www.news9.com/oklahoma-city-news/hobart-boil-water-advisory-test-results","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Water woes plague southwest Oklahoma communities","publisher":"Southwest Ledger","date":"2023-07-26","url":"https://www.southwestledger.news/node/18251","basis":"News report"},{"ref":5,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: HOBART","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OK/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/HOBART/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OK-LAWTON-WWTP-CONSENT-ORDER-2021","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lawton wastewater plant under DEQ consent order; three violation notices in 2024","description":"Lawton's 1977 wastewater treatment plant operates under a May 2021 DEQ consent order that listed 227 violations from September 2018 to February 2021, and the city is rebuilding it in phases costing about $85 million (Phase I) plus an estimated $90 million Phase II. In 2024 DEQ issued three notices of violation tied to complaints about Ninemile and East Cache creeks; the third cited inoperable grit basins, aeration failures and sludge buildup that affected effluent quality from January to July 2024.","location":{"name":"Lawton wastewater treatment plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"OK","states":["OK"],"detail":"8104 SE 15th Street, Lawton, Comanche County; discharges to Ninemile Creek (East Cache Creek basin)","coordinates":{"lat":34.524361,"lon":-98.364917,"precision":"facility","source_ref":4},"counties":["Comanche"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"OK1011303"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Aging treatment units and failed equipment at the plant led to effluent violations in receiving creeks.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ's third 2024 notice (ref 1) found grit, aeration and clarifier failures degraded effluent quality from January to July 2024; the 2021 order lists 227 violations (ref 3).","service":"No loss of sewer service to Lawton customers is reported; the problems concern effluent quality, not collection outages (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Citywide plant for a city whose water system serves 92,757 people per SDWIS (ref 5), below the 100k threshold.","duration":"Consent orders date back to 1997, with the current order signed in May 2021 and upgrades still under way in 2024-2025 (refs 1, 3).","significance":"DEQ consent order of May 10, 2021 plus three 2024 notices of violation (refs 1, 3); ECHO lists state consent orders in 2021 and 2024 (ref 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":92757,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the Lawton public water system per SDWIS (ref 5); used as a proxy for the sewered city."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The 2021 consent order lists 227 violations at the 47-year-old plant from September 2018 through February 2021 (Southwest Ledger, ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Phase I renovation cost","value":85000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 3."},{"name":"Violations listed in 2021 consent order","value":227,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Plant design flow","value":18,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Plant upgrades financed with Clean Water State Revolving Fund loans of $47 million and $72.9 million (ref 3)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The city reports full compliance since July 26, 2024 while Phase I construction continues (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Lawton / Lawton Water Authority","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality","role":"State water-quality and drinking-water regulator"},{"name":"Oklahoma Water Resources Board","role":"CWSRF lender"}],"public_contact":"Oklahoma DEQ main line, 405-702-0100","corrective_actions":["Phase I plant renovation (about $85 million): new influent pump station, screening, solids handling and controls (refs 1, 3).","Phase II design (solids handling, UV disinfection, digestion), estimated at $90 million (ref 3).","Daily lab results shared with DEQ since July 2024 (ref 1).","Sewer line rehabilitation of 191,000 linear feet required by consent order (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Lawton receives third ODEQ notice of violation this year","publisher":"KSWO","date":"2024-11-19","url":"https://www.kswo.com/2024/11/19/city-lawton-receives-third-odeq-notice-violation-this-year/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"City of Lawton addresses wastewater dumping allegations in East Cache Creek","publisher":"KSWO","date":"2024-04-09","url":"https://www.kswo.com/2024/04/10/city-lawton-addresses-wastewater-dumping-allegations-east-cache-creek","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Report filed with DEQ says Lawton sewage claim wrong","publisher":"Southwest Ledger","date":"2024-04-08","url":"https://www.southwestledger.news/report-filed-deq-says-lawton-sewage-claim-wrong","basis":"News (summarizes DEQ consent orders)"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA ECHO detailed facility report, Lawton, City of (NPDES OK0035246)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=OK0035246","basis":"Federal record (Clean Water Act compliance and enforcement data)","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Lawton (OK1011303)","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS (Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OK/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LAWTON/JSON","basis":"Federal record (population served)","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Current effluent compliance after Phase I completion","Phase II construction schedule"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OK-BETHANY-WARR-ACRES-BLUFF-CREEK-SEWAGE-2022","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Bethany-Warr Acres plant raw sewage in Bluff Creek; ex-workers charged in 2025","description":"DEQ issued an emergency order in late 2022 after the Bethany-Warr Acres wastewater plant released raw sewage into Bluff Creek, which flows to Liberty Lake; Oklahoma City accepted the plant's flow through an emergency connection. In March 2025 the Oklahoma County District Attorney charged two former plant employees, alleging ignored plant failures and falsified lab reports sent to DEQ and EPA. EPA ECHO shows a $166,667 state penalty order in October 2023 and repeat significant-noncompliance quarters through late 2025.","location":{"name":"Bethany-Warr Acres wastewater treatment plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"OK","states":["OK"],"detail":"Near NW 192nd and Portland, northwest Oklahoma County; discharges to Bluff Creek / Deer Creek","coordinates":{"lat":35.668889,"lon":-97.598861,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Oklahoma"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"OK2005519"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Equipment failure and operator misconduct at the plant produced raw-sewage discharges to a creek feeding a lake.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"KGOU (ref 2) reports raw sewage, not treated effluent, flowing into Bluff Creek; prosecutors say lab reports understated fecal contamination (ref 1).","service":"Plant flow had to be diverted to Oklahoma City through an emergency connection, and the public was told to avoid contact with Bluff Creek (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Serves Bethany and Warr Acres, about 3 million gallons of sewage a day (ref 1); Bethany's water system alone serves 20,307 (ref 4).","duration":"Investigation began November 2022 and ECHO still records significant noncompliance in Q4 2025 (refs 1, 3).","significance":"DEQ emergency order (ref 2), $166,667 state penalty order on 2023-10-18 (ref 3) and criminal charges filed 2025-03-25 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":20307,"status":"Reported","note":"Bethany water system population per SDWIS (ref 4); Warr Acres residents also served by the plant are not counted."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Plant treats about 3 million gallons of raw sewage a day; two former employees charged March 25, 2025 (News 9, ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"State penalty order","value":166667,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Issued 2023-10-18 per ECHO (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Large state penalty and repeat enforcement orders (ref 3)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"News 9 says conditions improved (ref 1), but ECHO shows significant noncompliance again in Q4 2025 and new orders in 2026 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Bethany-Warr Acres Public Works Authority","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality","role":"State water-quality and drinking-water regulator"},{"name":"Oklahoma County District Attorney","role":"Criminal prosecution"}],"public_contact":"Oklahoma DEQ main line, 405-702-0100","corrective_actions":["Emergency diversion of plant flow to an Oklahoma City facility (ref 1).","Criminal prosecution of two former employees (ref 1).","State administrative orders in 2023-2026 (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Former OKC metro water plant workers charged in Bluff Creek contamination","publisher":"News 9","date":"2025-03-31","url":"https://www.news9.com/story/67eaa741e7d561a805b76057/former-okc-metro-water-plant-workers-charged-in-bluff-creek-contamination","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Water treatment plant found to be spilling raw sewage into Edmond creek","publisher":"KGOU","date":"2022-12-06","url":"https://www.kgou.org/science-technology-and-environment/2022-12-06/water-treatment-plant-found-to-be-spilling-raw-sewage-into-edmond-creek","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA ECHO detailed facility report, Bethany/Warr Acres PWA (NPDES OK0026077)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=OK0026077","basis":"Federal record (Clean Water Act compliance and enforcement data)","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Bethany (OK2005519)","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS (Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OK/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BETHANY/JSON","basis":"Federal record (population served)","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Volume of raw sewage released","Outcome of criminal case"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OK-BARTLESVILLE-WWTP-CONSENT-ORDER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Bartlesville sewage bypasses: new DEQ consent order delays plant expansion to 2031","description":"Bartlesville has worked under EPA and DEQ orders since 1989 to stop sewage bypasses during heavy rain. In May 2026 the council approved a new DEQ consent order after the city said it would miss the 2023 schedule; plant construction now starts June 2027 and finishes by September 2031, with Caney River lift stations due by 2033. The city says remaining work exceeds $130 million, and the plant must grow from 15 to 26 million gallons a day.","location":{"name":"Bartlesville wastewater system","type":"Municipal wastewater utility service area","state":"OK","states":["OK"],"detail":"City of Bartlesville, Washington County; Chickasaw WWTP discharging to the Caney River","coordinates":{"lat":36.757139,"lon":-95.964833,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Washington"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"OK1021401"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Plant and lift-station capacity limits cause wet-weather bypasses that the consent order targets.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The city describes recurring bypass events, untreated sewage released in heavy rain (ref 2); ECHO marks significant noncompliance in three quarters since mid-2023 (ref 3).","service":"No interruption of sewer service is described; the issue is overflow capacity (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Citywide system with 264 miles of sewer and 20 lift stations (ref 2); water system serves 34,748 (ref 4).","duration":"Orders run from a 1989 EPA decree through the new 2026 order, with work scheduled to 2033 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Council approved a new DEQ consent order 5-0 in May 2026 replacing the amended 2020 order (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":34748,"status":"Reported","note":"Bartlesville water system population per SDWIS (ref 4), proxy for the sewered city."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Estimated costs for the tasks in the new consent order exceed $130 million (City of Bartlesville, ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Remaining consent-order cost","value":130000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Required plant capacity","value":26,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Up from 15 MGD (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Over $130 million of remaining work after more than $43 million spent since the early 1990s (refs 1, 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Deadlines slipped from 2030 to 2031 because of indirect potable reuse testing (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Bartlesville Water Utilities","role":"Owner"},{"name":"Veolia Water North America","role":"Contract operator"},{"name":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality","role":"State water-quality and drinking-water regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Bartlesville Water Utilities Department via cityofbartlesville.org; Oklahoma DEQ main line, 405-702-0100","corrective_actions":["Chickasaw WWTP plans due Sept. 1, 2026; construction June 2027 to Sept. 2031 (ref 1).","Shawnee, Hillcrest, Golf Course and Limestone lift station upgrades through Jan. 2033 (ref 1).","Indirect potable reuse system of up to 4 MGD tied to the expansion (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Council OKs ODEQ order for wastewater improvements","publisher":"City of Bartlesville","date":"2026-05-06","url":"https://www.cityofbartlesville.org/council-oks-odeq-order-for-wastewater-improvements/","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":2,"title":"Wastewater 101","publisher":"City of Bartlesville","date":"2026-09-09","url":"https://www.cityofbartlesville.org/departments/water-utilities/wastewater-101/","basis":"Local government (undated page, accessed date)","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA ECHO detailed facility report, Bartlesville, City of (NPDES OK0030333)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=OK0030333","basis":"Federal record (Clean Water Act compliance and enforcement data)","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Bartlesville (OK1021401)","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS (Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OK/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BARTLESVILLE/JSON","basis":"Federal record (population served)","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Annual bypass count and volume"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OK-EUCHA-SPAVINAW-DECATUR-SEWAGE-PERMIT-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Tulsa fights Arkansas permit raising Decatur sewage flow upstream of its lakes","description":"Arkansas regulators raised the Decatur, Arkansas wastewater plant's permitted capacity to 5.36 million gallons a day; the plant discharges to streams feeding Lakes Eucha and Spavinaw, Tulsa's drinking-water sources. Tulsa filed for an administrative hearing on November 26, 2025, saying the change violates a 2003 settlement and citing rising phosphorus and E. coli in Columbia Hollow Creek in 2025. Decatur signed a 2024 consent order over Clean Water Act permit violations, and violations continued afterward.","location":{"name":"Lakes Eucha and Spavinaw watershed","type":"Drinking-water reservoir watershed","state":"OK","states":["OK","AR"],"detail":"Delaware and Mayes counties, Oklahoma; Decatur plant in Benton County, Arkansas","counties":["Delaware","Mayes"],"extent":"watershed","pwsid":"OK1020418"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nutrient loading from an upstream sewage plant threatens the quality of Tulsa's source lakes.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Tulsa's data show substantial increases in phosphorus and E. coli in Columbia Hollow Creek from April to September 2025 (ref 1); harm to the lakes is projected, not measured here.","service":"No change to Tulsa water service is reported (ref 1).","scale":"Lakes supply Tulsa, whose system serves 413,000 people per SDWIS (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Dispute dates from the permit change and Tulsa's November 2025 filing; the plant's phosphorus nearly tripled from 2010 to 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"Formal appeal to the Arkansas Pollution Control and Ecology Commission, plus Decatur's 2024 consent order (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":413000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the Tulsa water system per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Permit modification raises Decatur plant capacity by just over 1.5 MGD to 5.36 MGD (Public Radio Tulsa, ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Decatur permitted capacity","value":5.36,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Phosphorus discharge nearly tripled from 2010 to 2024, though partial 2025 data were lower than 2024 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Tulsa","role":"Water supplier and appellant"},{"name":"City of Decatur, Arkansas","role":"Plant owner"},{"name":"Arkansas Division of Environmental Quality","role":"Permitting agency"}],"public_contact":"City of Tulsa customer service, 311","corrective_actions":["Tulsa request for administrative hearing filed Nov. 26, 2025 (ref 1).","Decatur 2024 consent order with Arkansas DEQ (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Tulsa challenges Arkansas-issued sewage permit, says it violates 2003 federal court settlement","publisher":"Public Radio Tulsa (Arkansas Advocate)","date":"2025-12-08","url":"https://www.publicradiotulsa.org/local-regional/2025-12-08/tulsa-challenges-arkansas-issued-sewage-permit-says-it-violates-2003-federal-court-settlement","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Tulsa (OK1020418)","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS (Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OK/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/TULSA/JSON","basis":"Federal record (population served)","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Outcome of the Arkansas commission appeal","Lake phosphorus concentrations"],"related_ids":["US-AR-ILLINOIS-RIVER-POULTRY-LITIGATION-2026"]},{"id":"US-OK-WILBURTON-SEWER-INFLOW-DISCHARGES-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Wilburton sewer inflow causes unpermitted wet-weather discharges; repeat DEQ orders","description":"The Oklahoma Water Resources Board approved a $1 million ARPA grant in February 2024 because stormwater inflow and infiltration overload Wilburton's sewer system in heavy rain and cause unpermitted wet-weather discharges. The project replaces about 5,000 feet of sewer main and 13 manholes and repairs the treatment plant. EPA ECHO shows the town plant in significant noncompliance in five quarters since mid-2023 and eight state administrative orders since 2022.","location":{"name":"Wilburton wastewater system","type":"Municipal wastewater utility service area","state":"OK","states":["OK"],"detail":"Town of Wilburton, Latimer County; plant discharges to a tributary of Bandy Creek","coordinates":{"lat":34.907556,"lon":-95.315917,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Latimer"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OK1020103"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Leaky mains and manholes let stormwater overwhelm the plant, producing discharges.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"OWRB (ref 1) says excess wet-weather flow causes unpermitted discharges; ECHO lists ammonia, E. coli and solids among violated limits (ref 2).","service":"No sewer backups or service loss for customers are reported (ref 1).","scale":"Town system; Wilburton water system serves 3,025 per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"ECHO records significant noncompliance in quarters from 2023 into 2025 and orders back to 2022 (ref 2).","significance":"Eight state Clean Water Act administrative orders from 2022 to November 2025 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":3025,"status":"Reported","note":"Wilburton water system population per SDWIS (ref 3), proxy for sewer customers."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$1,000,000 ARPA grant to replace about 5,000 linear feet of sewer main and 13 manholes (OWRB, ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"ARPA grant","value":1000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Relies on one-time federal grant funding for core sewer repairs (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Wilburton Public Works Authority","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality","role":"State water-quality and drinking-water regulator"},{"name":"Oklahoma Water Resources Board","role":"Grant administrator"}],"public_contact":"Oklahoma DEQ main line, 405-702-0100","corrective_actions":["Sewer main and manhole replacement and plant repairs funded by $1 million ARPA grant (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Town of Wilburton receives $1,000,000 grant for system improvements","publisher":"Oklahoma Water Resources Board","date":"2024-02-20","url":"https://oklahoma.gov/owrb/news-and-events/media/2024/town-of-wilburton-receives-1000000-grant-for-system-improvements.html","basis":"State agency"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA ECHO detailed facility report, Wilburton PWA (NPDES OK0021881)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=OK0021881","basis":"Federal record (Clean Water Act compliance and enforcement data)","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Wilburton (OK1020103)","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS (Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OK/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WILBURTON/JSON","basis":"Federal record (population served)","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Discharge volumes","Project completion date"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OK-MUSKOGEE-WWTP-CONSENT-ORDER-2021","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Muskogee must replace 1950s sewage plant by 2029 under DEQ order; cost hits $97M","description":"DEQ consent orders in 2017 and 2021 cite dozens of violations at Muskogee's 1950s trickling-filter wastewater plant, which was damaged by the 2019 flood and the 2021 winter storm. The order requires a new plant by April 2029 or fines of $7,000 a day. The only construction bid came in at $96.9 million against an earlier $77.1 million estimate, so the city added a $37.1 million state loan in November 2025 to an $80 million loan from 2024, and the cost is being passed to utility customers.","location":{"name":"Muskogee wastewater treatment plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"OK","states":["OK"],"detail":"5000 Hancock, Muskogee, Muskogee County","coordinates":{"lat":35.7437972,"lon":-95.3564048,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Muskogee"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"OK1021607"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"An obsolete, storm-damaged plant produced permit violations that now require full replacement.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The 2021 order cites more than 24 ongoing violations at the sewer plant (ref 1); no specific environmental damage is described.","service":"Sewer service continues; staff keep flow moving through the old plant (ref 1).","scale":"Citywide plant; Muskogee Municipal Authority water system serves 38,310 per SDWIS (ref 6).","duration":"Orders date from 2017, with replacement due April 2029 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"DEQ consent orders of 2017 and 2021 with a $7,000-a-day penalty for missing the 2029 deadline (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":38310,"status":"Reported","note":"Muskogee Municipal Authority water system population per SDWIS (ref 6), proxy for the sewered city."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Only one contractor bid: Crossland Heavy Contractors at $96.9 million (Muskogee Phoenix, ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Construction bid","value":96900000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Additional OWRB loan (Nov. 2025)","value":37100000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Loan covenant requires 1.4x debt coverage; city pledged a half-cent sales tax so rates rise only to cover debt service (ref 2).","Higher costs passed to residents through utility bills (ref 3)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Construction under way in 2026 with completion expected April 2029 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Muskogee Municipal Authority","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality","role":"State water-quality and drinking-water regulator"},{"name":"Oklahoma Water Resources Board","role":"Lender"}],"public_contact":"Oklahoma DEQ main line, 405-702-0100","corrective_actions":["New wastewater plant above the floodplain with UV disinfection and aerobic digestion (ref 1).","OWRB loans of $80 million (2024) and $37.1 million (2025) (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City Council reviews wastewater treatment plant plans","publisher":"Muskogee Phoenix","date":"2024-10-30","url":"https://www.muskogeephoenix.com/news/city-council-reviews-wastewater-treatment-plant-plans/article_91aa9a5c-960e-11ef-b4d2-777baff4bb31.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Muskogee Municipal Authority to consider wastewater plant bid","publisher":"Muskogee Phoenix","date":"2025-11-20","url":"https://www.muskogeephoenix.com/news/muskogee-municipal-authority-to-consider-wastewater-plant-bid/article_0e834006-f383-456d-bd3f-cb9ab49672a1.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"$97M wastewater project moves forward in Muskogee","publisher":"KJRH 2 News Oklahoma","date":"2026-04-03","url":"https://www.kjrh.com/news/local-news/97m-wastewater-project-moves-forward-in-muskogee","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA ECHO detailed facility report, Muskogee Utilities Authority (NPDES OK0029131)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=OK0029131","basis":"Federal record (Clean Water Act compliance and enforcement data)","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"Oklahoma incorporated places - ACS24 representative internal points","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-01-01","url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/acs24/tigerweb_acs24_incplace_ok.html","basis":"Official Census TIGERweb geographic reference"},{"ref":6,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Muskogee Municipal Authority (OK1021607)","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS (Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OK/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MUSKOGEE/JSON","basis":"Federal record (population served)","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Size of the resulting rate increase"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OK-TAHLEQUAH-WWTP-FISH-KILL-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Tahlequah sewage plant upset and fish kill in Tahlequah Creek; DEQ consent orders","description":"Illegal slugs dumped into the Tahlequah sewer in 2023 upset two of the city plant's four reactors, sending partially treated wastewater into Tahlequah Creek; DEQ confirmed dead fish and a strong sewage odor in August 2023. A DEQ consent order reported in February 2024 fined the Public Works Authority $32,250, with most waived if it meets corrective tasks, and cited permit exceedances from May 2022 to September 2023. EPA ECHO lists further state consent orders with penalties in July 2024 and August 2025.","location":{"name":"Tahlequah wastewater treatment plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"OK","states":["OK"],"detail":"Tahlequah, Cherokee County; discharges to Tahlequah Creek in the Illinois River basin","coordinates":{"lat":35.9105026,"lon":-94.9777197,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Cherokee"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"OK1021701"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Treatment upsets released partially treated sewage that killed fish downstream.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ confirmed dead fish and strong sewage odor in Tahlequah Creek on Aug. 3, 2023 (ref 1).","service":"No interruption of sewer or water service; a river advocate said odor raised public worry about drinking water (ref 1).","scale":"City plant; Tahlequah PWA water system serves 14,458 per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Exceedances ran May 2022 to September 2023 (ref 1), with further consent orders in 2024 and 2025 (ref 2).","significance":"DEQ consent order with a $32,250 fine (ref 1) and later penalty consent orders listed in ECHO (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":14458,"status":"Reported","note":"Tahlequah PWA water system population per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"DEQ consent order fine of $32,250; $5,000 paid, the rest waived if tasks are met (Tahlequah Daily Press, ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"DEQ consent order fine","value":32250,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"ECHO shows significant noncompliance through 2024 and a further consent order in August 2025 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Tahlequah Public Works Authority","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality","role":"State water-quality and drinking-water regulator"}],"public_contact":"Oklahoma DEQ main line, 405-702-0100","corrective_actions":["Standard operating procedures to trace and block slugs (ref 1).","Facility evaluation including reactor condition (ref 1).","Six months of permit compliance required (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ODEQ imposes fine on TPWA for fish kill","publisher":"Tahlequah Daily Press","date":"2024-02-08","url":"https://www.tahlequahdailypress.com/news/odeq-imposes-fine-on-tpwa-for-fish-kill/article_f98f0998-c6af-11ee-b84b-27ef660632e5.html","basis":"News (quotes DEQ consent order)"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA ECHO detailed facility report, Tahlequah PWA (NPDES OK0026964)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=OK0026964","basis":"Federal record (Clean Water Act compliance and enforcement data)","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Oklahoma incorporated places - ACS24 representative internal points","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-01-01","url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/acs24/tigerweb_acs24_incplace_ok.html","basis":"Official Census TIGERweb geographic reference"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Tahlequah PWA (OK1021701)","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS (Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OK/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/TAHLEQUAH/JSON","basis":"Federal record (population served)","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Number of fish killed","Source of illegal slugs"],"related_ids":["US-AR-ILLINOIS-RIVER-POULTRY-LITIGATION-2026"]},{"id":"US-OK-OKLAHOMA-CITY-WATER-MAIN-BREAKS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Oklahoma City water main breaks nearly double to 1,101 in FY2025","description":"Oklahoma City repaired 1,101 emergency water main breaks in the fiscal year ending June 30, 2025, up from 621 the year before and above a typical 600 to 800. The city blames aging pipe, corrosive soil and expansive clay, and doubled its line-replacement budget from $10 million to $20 million a year, with $30 million planned for FY2027. One 4-foot main break lowered pressure and closed May Avenue for days.","location":{"name":"Oklahoma City water system","type":"Municipal water utility service area","state":"OK","states":["OK"],"detail":"Oklahoma City, about 4,300 miles of water lines; Hefner plant area has most breaks","coordinates":{"lat":35.4670795,"lon":-97.5136565,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Oklahoma"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OK1020902"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Main breaks stem from aging, corroding pipe in shifting clay soils.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"A 4-foot main break caused low water pressure across parts of the city (ref 2); no contamination is reported.","service":"Breaks cause local outages and low pressure, and closed all lanes of May Avenue for days (ref 2).","scale":"System serves 644,000 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Breaks have risen across FY2023 to FY2025 and replacement funding is planned through FY2027 (ref 1).","significance":"No regulatory order; the response is a city budget decision (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":644000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"1,101 emergency water main breaks in FY2025, versus 621 in FY2024 (City of Oklahoma City, ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Emergency main breaks FY2025","value":1101,"unit":"breaks","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Annual line replacement budget FY2026","value":20000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; KGOU (ref 2) reported $20 million to $30 million."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["City says the added funding is in the financial plan and will not directly affect bills (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Breaks rose from 591 (FY2023) to 621 (FY2024) to 1,101 (FY2025) (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Oklahoma City Utilities Department / Oklahoma City Water Utilities Trust","role":"Owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"Oklahoma City Action Center, 405-297-2535","corrective_actions":["Line replacement funding doubled to $20 million in FY2026, rising to $30 million in FY2027 (ref 1).","Data-driven prioritization by break history, material and age (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"OKC Utilities addresses main breaks with stronger infrastructure plan","publisher":"City of Oklahoma City","date":"2025-07-08","url":"https://www.okc.gov/News-articles/OKC-Utilities-addresses-main-breaks-stronger-infrastructure-plan","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":2,"title":"As water leaks plague Oklahoma City, officials double budget for line replacement","publisher":"KGOU","date":"2025-07-14","url":"https://www.kgou.org/2025-07-14/as-water-leaks-plague-oklahoma-city-officials-double-budget-for-line-replacement","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Oklahoma incorporated places - ACS24 representative internal points","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-01-01","url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/acs24/tigerweb_acs24_incplace_ok.html","basis":"Official Census TIGERweb geographic reference"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Oklahoma City (OK1020902)","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS (Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OK/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/OKLAHOMA%20CITY/JSON","basis":"Federal record (population served)","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["FY2026 break count"],"related_ids":[],"conflicts":[{"field":"line replacement budget","values":["$10M to $20M (FY2026), $30M FY2027","$20M to $30M"],"note":"City (ref 1) says funding doubled from $10 million to $20 million for FY2026 with $30 million in FY2027; KGOU (ref 2) reported a rise from $20 million to $30 million. The city figures are used."}]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","secondary_drivers":[],"measures":[{"name":"Upstream acreage repeatedly flooded (Miami complaint)","value":13000,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Per Miami's 2018 FERC complaint (ref 1)."},{"name":"Buildings flooded in July 2007","value":600,"unit":"buildings","status":"Reported","note":"Described as nearly 600 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"GRDA's appeal remains pending and FERC record requests went unanswered as of March 2025 (ref 2)."},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OK-TAR-CREEK-MINE-DRAINAGE-2026"],"id":"US-OK-MIAMI-PENSACOLA-DAM-FLOODING-2026","title":"Pensacola Dam backwater flooding of Miami; GRDA contests FERC buyout order","description":"FERC found in January 2024 that the Pensacola Dam increases flooding in Miami and that the Grand River Dam Authority must acquire rights to the lands it floods. GRDA challenged the order in the D.C. Circuit and in early 2025 declined FERC requests for supporting records while the case is pending; Miami residents have faced repeated Neosho River floods.","location":{"name":"Miami and upper Grand Lake (Neosho River)","type":"City and reservoir backwater area","state":"OK","states":["OK"],"detail":"Ottawa County, northeast Oklahoma, upstream of Pensacola Dam (Grand Lake o' the Cherokees)","coordinates":{"lat":36.8745,"lon":-94.8775,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Ottawa"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["water-rights","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Dam operations (infrastructure) raise flood levels on the Neosho River upstream, a water-quantity hazard for Miami.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"KGOU (ref 1) reports nearly 600 buildings flooded in Miami in 2007, with about 150 so badly damaged FEMA barred renovation.","service":"Repeatedly flooded Miami residents and businesses are taking buyouts or trying to sell, and some must carry flood insurance (ref 2).","scale":"The dispute centers on the City of Miami, whose 2018 complaint cited 13,000 flooded acres upstream of Grand Lake (ref 1).","duration":"Miami attributed 14 floods in 1992-1995 and 23 in 2007-2010 to dam operations; federal warnings date to the 1940s (refs 1, 2).","significance":"FERC ordered GRDA to buy flooded land, and GRDA sued in the D.C. Circuit in 2024 to overturn that order (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No count of affected residents was reported; about 500 plaintiffs joined a 2008 civil suit (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"FERC found the Pensacola Dam increases flooding in Miami and ordered GRDA to purchase the land it has flooded (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Grand River Dam Authority","role":"Dam licensee and operator"},{"name":"Federal Energy Regulatory Commission","role":"Hydropower license regulator"},{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","role":"Directs releases in the flood pool (745-755 ft)"},{"name":"City of Miami","role":"Complainant"}],"public_contact":"Grand River Dam Authority public information office; FERC Office of Public Participation","corrective_actions":["FERC order requiring GRDA to file an upstream flood-frequency report and acquire needed easements (ref 1)","GRDA petition for review in the D.C. Circuit (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FERC holds Grand River Dam Authority responsible for northeast Oklahoma flooding","publisher":"KGOU (Oklahoma Public Media Exchange)","date":"2024-01-24","url":"https://www.kgou.org/science-technology-and-environment/2024-01-24/ferc-holds-grand-river-dam-authority-responsible-for-northeast-oklahoma-flooding","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"State agency accused of flooding northeast Oklahoma town defies federal request for records","publisher":"Public Radio Tulsa (The Frontier)","date":"2025-03-05","url":"https://www.publicradiotulsa.org/2025-03-05/state-agency-accused-of-flooding-northeast-oklahoma-town-defies-federal-request-for-records","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."}],"verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"}},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"measures":[{"name":"Chat remaining","value":100,"unit":"million tons (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"ODEQ says about 10.5 million of 120 million tons addressed (ref 3)."},{"name":"Cleanup spending to date","value":600,"unit":"million USD (almost)","status":"Reported","note":"Over about 40 years (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Yard and chat cleanups continue, but surface-water impacts persist and the OU5 timeline was extended (refs 1, 3)."},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OK-MIAMI-PENSACOLA-DAM-FLOODING-2026"],"id":"US-OK-TAR-CREEK-MINE-DRAINAGE-2026","title":"Tar Creek Superfund: mine drainage still impairs creek; surface-water remedy not before 2030","description":"EPA's September 2025 five-year review says Tar Creek surface waters remain impacted by mine drainage and metals loading, with surface-water standards waived and no sediment and surface-water remedy expected before 2030. Contaminated Boone Aquifer water threatens the Roubidoux drinking-water aquifer through old wells, and a DEQ official cites an EPA estimate of about 50 more years to finish the cleanup.","location":{"name":"Tar Creek Superfund Site","type":"Superfund site and watershed","state":"OK","states":["OK"],"detail":"Ottawa County (Picher, Cardin, Quapaw, Commerce, Miami area), Tri-State Mining District","coordinates":{"lat":36.9859,"lon":-94.8293,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Ottawa"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["groundwater","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Acid mine water and metals from legacy lead-zinc mining degrade Tar Creek and threaten the Roubidoux Aquifer.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA (ref 1) states the remedy does not meet surface water standards and Tar Creek remains impacted by mine drainage and metals loading.","service":"ODEQ plugged the Picher P5 supply well and Quapaw's Q5 municipal well, and fish consumption advisories apply (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The surface-water unit spans about 437 square miles and 119 river miles in three states and eight Tribal areas (ref 1).","duration":"Contaminated mine water began reaching Tar Creek in 1979; EPA expects no OU5 remedial action before 2030 (refs 1, 3).","significance":"The site has been on the National Priorities List since September 8, 1983 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No current exposed-population count was reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Surface waters in Tar Creek remain impacted by mine drainage and metals loading; no OU5 remedial action anticipated prior to 2030 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 6","role":"Superfund lead"},{"name":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Remedy operator (OU1) and cleanup lead"},{"name":"Quapaw Nation","role":"Cleanup partner under cooperative agreements"}],"public_contact":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality, 405-702-0100, 707 N Robinson, Oklahoma City, OK 73102","corrective_actions":["Well plugging and annual Roubidoux monitoring (OU1)","Residential yard remediation (OU2)","Chat and tailings consolidation into the Central Mill Repository (OU4)","OU5 feasibility study for sediment and surface water"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Seventh Five-Year Review Report for Tar Creek (Ottawa County) Superfund Site","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 6","date":"2025-09-01","url":"https://semspub.epa.gov/work/06/100034810.pdf","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Tar Creek Superfund Site","publisher":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality","date":null,"url":"https://oklahoma.gov/deq/divisions/land-protection/cleanup-redevelopment/superfund/tar-creek-superfund-site.html","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Mines that turned Picher into ghost town still 50 years away from full cleanup (undated page; accessed 2026-10-10)","publisher":"KJRH","date":"2025-06-03","url":"https://www.kjrh.com/news/local-news/mines-that-turned-picher-into-ghost-town-still-50-years-away-from-full-cleanup","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"}},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","secondary_drivers":[],"measures":[{"name":"Peak purge volume","value":1582,"unit":"barrels per day","status":"Reported","note":"Sept. 26, 2025 (ref 2)."},{"name":"State contractor costs","value":500000,"unit":"USD (roughly)","status":"Reported","note":"Cited by Commissioner Hiett on Jan. 6, 2026; bill may top $1 million (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Flow slowed by January 2026 but had not stopped (ref 2)."},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"id":"US-OK-CADDO-SALTWATER-PURGE-2025","title":"Caddo County saltwater purge from disposal well kills cattle; flow persists for months","description":"In September 2025 briny water surfaced near Eakly and flowed into Five Mile Creek; regulators tied it to the Nject Disposal Pearcy #1 saltwater disposal well, and a landowner reported cattle and wildlife deaths. Governor Stitt declared an environmental emergency, the Corporation Commission filed a contempt complaint and an interim order required plugging and cleanup, but the purge was still flowing in January 2026.","location":{"name":"Five Mile Creek near Eakly","type":"Stream segment and oilfield purge site","state":"OK","states":["OK"],"detail":"Caddo County, upstream of Cobb Creek and Fort Cobb Lake","coordinates":{"lat":35.3006,"lon":-98.5576,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Caddo"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Produced-water brine from an over-pressured disposal well surfaced and contaminated a creek.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Creek total dissolved solids exceeded 130,000 ppm, and a rancher reported losing 25 head of cattle (ref 2); KGOU cites about 28 cows and dozens of fish (ref 1).","service":"Five Mile Creek did not return to beneficial use until Oct. 6, 2025, and crews trucked off brine daily (ref 2).","scale":"Testing covered Five Mile Creek, Cobb Creek and Fort Cobb Lake in Caddo County (ref 2).","duration":"Discovered mid-September 2025 and still flowing above 1,400 barrels a day in January 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"Governor declared an environmental emergency; OCC filed a contempt complaint seeking up to $5,000 per violation per day (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure reported; affected parties are landowners along the creek."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Total dissolved solids in the creek over 130,000 ppm; purge still flowing after almost four months (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Oklahoma Corporation Commission, Oil and Gas Conservation Division","role":"Oil and gas regulator"},{"name":"Nject Disposal LLC","role":"Disposal well operator"},{"name":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Water sampling"}],"public_contact":"Oklahoma Corporation Commission, Oil and Gas Conservation Division public information office","corrective_actions":["Diversion trench and continuous pumping and haul-off of brine","Pearcy #1 shut in and red-tagged after failing a mechanical integrity test","Nov. 25, 2025 interim order to plug wells, restore the site and reimburse costs (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Disposal well linked to Caddo County saltwater leak said to have killed cattle, wildlife","publisher":"KGOU (StateImpact Oklahoma)","date":"2025-11-07","url":"https://www.kgou.org/science-technology-and-environment/2025-11-07/disposal-well-linked-to-caddo-county-saltwater-leak-said-to-have-killed-cattle-wildlife","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Disposal well blamed for saltwater discharge still flowing after 4 months","publisher":"Southwest Ledger","date":"2026-01-13","url":"https://www.southwestledger.news/node/21246","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."}],"verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"}},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","secondary_drivers":[],"measures":[{"name":"Pryor annual water use","value":1.1,"unit":"billion gallons","status":"Reported","note":"July 2024-June 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"MidAmerica Industrial Park permitted withdrawal","value":27.375,"unit":"billion gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"OWRB permit (ref 2)."},{"name":"Project Clydesdale projected use","value":2.2,"unit":"billion gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"North Tulsa County (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Google has announced five new Oklahoma projects in recent months (ref 1)."},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-VA-DATA-CENTER-WATER-DEMAND-2026","US-GA-METRO-ATLANTA-DATA-CENTER-WATER-2026"],"id":"US-OK-DATA-CENTER-WATER-DEMAND-2026","title":"Oklahoma data center boom: Google Pryor used 1.1 billion gallons in a year","description":"Utility records show Google's Pryor data center used more than 1.1 billion gallons of Neosho River water from July 2024 to June 2025 and returned about 253 million gallons as wastewater. At least 10 more data centers are under construction or awaiting approval, including Tulsa-area projects projected at up to 1 billion and 2.2 billion gallons a year, while state planners project demand exceeding surface supply around Tulsa and Oklahoma City by 2075.","location":{"name":"Google Pryor data center (MidAmerica Industrial Park)","type":"Industrial water user and statewide demand","state":"OK","states":["OK"],"detail":"Mayes County (Pryor), with proposed projects in Tulsa, Payne (Stillwater), Wagoner (Coweta) and Muskogee counties","coordinates":{"lat":36.3084,"lon":-95.3169,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Mayes","Tulsa","Payne","Wagoner","Muskogee"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Evaporative cooling at large data centers adds consumptive demand on rivers and lakes.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Of more than 1.1 billion gallons Pryor drew, only about 253 million returned to the Neosho River; the rest evaporated (ref 1).","service":"No customer restrictions tied to data centers were reported; Stillwater says its rate increases are unrelated to Google (ref 1).","scale":"Ten-plus projects statewide; OWRB projects statewide demand rising 18% in 20 years (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Pryor's use covers a full year (July 2024-June 2025), and Stillwater's planned six Google centers would need nearly 3 billion gallons a year (ref 1).","significance":"Coverage is from records requests and legislative study testimony; no formal enforcement or permit action was reported (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not a system-level finding; no affected population reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Google's Pryor data center used more than 1.1 billion gallons of water from July 1, 2024 to June 30, 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Oklahoma Water Resources Board","role":"Water rights permitting and state water plan"},{"name":"MidAmerica Industrial Park","role":"Water supplier to the Pryor data center"}],"public_contact":"Oklahoma Water Resources Board, 3800 N. Classen Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK 73118, 405-530-8800","corrective_actions":["Some proposed centers (e.g., Project Atlas in Coweta) switched to air cooling (ref 1)","Google pledges to replenish more water than it consumes by 2030 (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"As data centers boom in Oklahoma, so does water demand","publisher":"The Frontier","date":"2026-02-23","url":"https://www.readfrontier.org/stories/as-data-centers-boom-in-oklahoma-so-does-water-demand/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"As data centers boom in Oklahoma, so does water demand (republished)","publisher":"Tulsa Flyer","date":"2026-02-23","url":"https://tulsaflyer.org/2026/02/23/business/post/oklahoma-data-center-water-demand/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."}],"verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"}},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"measures":[{"name":"Public Assistance obligated","value":30171061.78,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Individual and household aid approved","value":10930788.8,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OK-DR4862-STORMS-FLOODING-2024","US-OK-APRIL-2025-FLOODS-2025"],"id":"US-OK-DR4776-STORMS-FLOODING-2024","title":"April-May 2024 storms and flooding: federal disaster DR-4776 across 25 counties","description":"Tornadoes and heavy rain from April 25 to May 9, 2024 killed four people, forced swift-water rescues and closed roads with high water; Sulphur was heavily damaged and the Chickasaw National Recreation Area closed as lake levels rose. The federal major disaster declaration (DR-4776) covers 25 counties, and FEMA has obligated about $30.2 million in Public Assistance and $10.9 million in individual aid.","location":{"name":"Central, southern and eastern Oklahoma (DR-4776)","type":"Federal disaster declaration area","state":"OK","states":["OK"],"detail":"Includes Murray (Sulphur), Hughes (Holdenville), Love (Marietta), Pontotoc (Ada) and Pittsburg counties","coordinates":{"lat":34.5079,"lon":-96.9686,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Murray","Hughes","Love","Pontotoc","Pittsburg","Carter","Okfuskee","Lincoln"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Flooding washed out roads and cut power to water systems during a multi-hazard storm outbreak.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Four storm deaths and about 100 injuries; Pittsburg County ran three swift-water rescues (refs 2, 3).","service":"High water closed several highways and one water system had no power or backup, per DEQ field checks (ref 2).","scale":"The declaration designates 25 Oklahoma counties (ref 4).","duration":"The incident period ran about two weeks, April 25 to May 9, 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"Presidential major disaster declaration DR-4776 issued April 30, 2024 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"FEMA approved 1,568 individual assistance applications (ref 1); no population total reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"FEMA Public Assistance obligated: $30,171,061.78 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"FEMA","role":"Federal disaster assistance"},{"name":"Oklahoma Department of Emergency Management","role":"State emergency coordination"}],"public_contact":"Oklahoma Department of Emergency Management, 2401 N Lincoln Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK 73105 (online contact form)","corrective_actions":["FEMA Public Assistance for emergency and permanent work","Hazard Mitigation Grant Program funding (about $1.73 million obligated, ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DR-4776-OK: Oklahoma Severe Storms, Straight-line Winds, Tornadoes, and Flooding","publisher":"FEMA","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4776","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Severe Weather Situation Update #2, April 28, 2024","publisher":"Oklahoma Department of Emergency Management","date":"2024-04-28","url":"https://oklahoma.gov/oem/news/newsroom/severe-weather-situation-update--2---april-28--2024.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Tornadoes kill 4 in Oklahoma, leaving trail of destruction and thousands without power","publisher":"Associated Press (KSAT)","date":"2024-04-28","url":"https://www.ksat.com/news/national/2024/04/28/tornadoes-kill-4-in-oklahoma-leaving-trail-of-destruction-and-thousands-without-power/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, Oklahoma","publisher":"FEMA","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v2/DisasterDeclarationsSummaries?$filter=state%20eq%20'OK'%20and%20declarationDate%20ge%20'2023-10-01'","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"}},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"measures":[{"name":"Structures damaged","value":387,"unit":"structures","status":"Reported","note":"Storms since Nov. 3 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OK-DR4776-STORMS-FLOODING-2024"],"id":"US-OK-DR4862-STORMS-FLOODING-2024","title":"November 2024 storms and flooding: federal disaster DR-4862 in eight counties","description":"Storms, tornadoes and flooding on Nov. 2-5, 2024 damaged 387 structures and washed out roads in several counties, with a state emergency in six counties including Oklahoma County. A federal major disaster declaration (DR-4862) in March 2025 provided Public Assistance to eight counties; FEMA has obligated about $5 million.","location":{"name":"Oklahoma County and seven other counties (DR-4862)","type":"Federal disaster declaration area","state":"OK","states":["OK"],"detail":"Adair, Garvin, Jefferson, Lincoln, Okfuskee, Oklahoma, Stephens and Washita counties; flood road damage also in Logan and Osage","coordinates":{"lat":35.4973,"lon":-97.2689,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Adair","Garvin","Jefferson","Lincoln","Okfuskee","Oklahoma","Stephens","Washita"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Flooding and storm damage hit roads and public facilities eligible for federal repair aid.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"State health data counted 49 weather-related injuries and 387 damaged structures, none of the deaths reported (ref 2).","service":"Flood damage to roadways in Lincoln, Logan, Okfuskee and Osage counties and numerous road closures (ref 2).","scale":"Eight counties including Oklahoma County received Public Assistance (refs 1, 3).","duration":"The incident period was four days, Nov. 2-5, 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"Federal major disaster declaration DR-4862, preceded by a governor's emergency for six counties (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population reported; Individual Assistance was requested but not granted (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"FEMA Public Assistance obligated: $4,976,005.36 (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"FEMA","role":"Federal disaster assistance"},{"name":"Oklahoma Department of Emergency Management","role":"State emergency coordination"}],"public_contact":"Oklahoma Department of Emergency Management, 2401 N Lincoln Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK 73105 (online contact form)","corrective_actions":["FEMA Public Assistance for emergency and permanent work","Statewide Hazard Mitigation funding (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"President Donald J. Trump Approves Major Disaster Declaration for Oklahoma","publisher":"FEMA","date":"2025-03-20","url":"https://fema.gov/press-release/20250320/president-donald-j-trump-approves-major-disaster-declaration-oklahoma","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Severe Weather Situation Update 4, Nov. 5, 2024","publisher":"Oklahoma Department of Emergency Management","date":"2024-11-05","url":"https://oklahoma.gov/oem/news/newsroom/severe-weather-situation-update---nov-3--2024111.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"FEMA Disaster Aid Approved for Oklahoma's November Storms","publisher":"News On 6","date":"2025-03-20","url":"https://newson6.com/story/67dc35f15b53289828131b87/fema-disaster-aid-approved-for-oklahoma-s-november-storms","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"DR-4862-OK: Oklahoma Severe Storms, Straight-line Winds, Tornadoes, and Flooding","publisher":"FEMA","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4862","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"}},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","secondary_drivers":[],"measures":[{"name":"Flood deaths","value":7,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"Office of the Chief Medical Examiner via KFOR (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No federal major disaster declaration for this event appears in OpenFEMA records reviewed."},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"id":"US-OK-APRIL-2025-FLOODS-2025","title":"April 2025 flash floods kill seven Oklahomans; Hominy declares water emergency","description":"Flooding that began April 19, 2025 killed seven people in Cleveland, Wagoner, Comanche, Lincoln and Pottawatomie counties, including a woman and a 12-year-old boy in Moore. Roads were closed or washed out in 16 counties, swift-water teams were sent to Stephens County and Waurika, and Hominy entered a water emergency after flood damage to a water line.","location":{"name":"Statewide (Moore, Waurika, Hominy and others)","type":"Multi-county flood event","state":"OK","states":["OK"],"detail":"Deaths in Cleveland, Wagoner, Comanche, Lincoln and Pottawatomie counties; state emergency for Cleveland, Comanche and Cotton","coordinates":{"lat":35.3395,"lon":-97.4867,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Cleveland","Wagoner","Comanche","Lincoln","Pottawatomie","Cotton","Stephens","Jefferson","Osage"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Flash flooding caused deaths and damaged roads and a municipal water line.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The Chief Medical Examiner confirmed seven flood-related deaths between April 19 and April 30, 2025 (ref 1).","service":"Hominy was under a water emergency after flood damage to a water line, and roads were closed or washed out in 16 counties (ref 1).","scale":"Fatal flooding struck five counties across central and eastern Oklahoma (ref 1).","duration":"The emergency ran from April 19 into early May 2025, a matter of weeks (ref 1).","significance":"A state of emergency took effect April 19 for Cleveland, Comanche and Cotton counties (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Seven flood-related fatalities confirmed since April 19, 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Oklahoma Department of Emergency Management","role":"State emergency coordination"},{"name":"City of Hominy","role":"Water utility under emergency"}],"public_contact":"Oklahoma Department of Emergency Management, 2401 N Lincoln Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK 73105 (online contact form)","corrective_actions":["State Emergency Operations Center activation and swift-water team deployment","Army Corps of Engineers supplied 10,000 sandbags to Waurika (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Oklahoma severe weather leads to nine deaths and ongoing coordination efforts","publisher":"KFOR (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-05-02","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/oklahoma-severe-weather-leads-nine-221213327.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Multiple state agencies coordinating response to overnight severe weather damage","publisher":"News 9","date":"2025-04-20","url":"https://www.news9.com/story/68053269886d0a6075ab9910/multiple-state-agencies-coordinating-response-to-overnight-severe-weather-damage","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."}],"verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"}},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"measures":[{"name":"Atoka and Sardis mitigation fund","value":10000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Settlement enforceable since the February 2024 notice (ref 1)."},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"id":"US-OK-CHOCTAW-CHICKASAW-WATER-SETTLEMENT-2024","title":"Choctaw-Chickasaw water rights settlement becomes enforceable; OKC gains Sardis access","description":"Interior's February 2024 statement of findings made the Choctaw Nation, Chickasaw Nation, State of Oklahoma and Oklahoma City water settlement enforceable, ending federal litigation over Sardis Lake and Kiamichi Basin water. The deal lets Oklahoma City use about 37.5 billion gallons from Sardis Lake subject to in-stream flow and lake-level limits, and gives the Nations a role in state permitting in their treaty territories.","location":{"name":"Sardis Lake and Kiamichi Basin","type":"Reservoir and tribal treaty territory","state":"OK","states":["OK"],"detail":"Choctaw and Chickasaw reservation areas, south-central and southeastern Oklahoma; Sardis Lake in Pushmataha and Latimer counties","counties":["Pushmataha","Latimer"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns legal allocation of tribal, state and municipal rights to reservoir and stream water.","severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No environmental harm is documented; the agreement sets minimum Kiamichi flows of 50 cfs before diversion to Oklahoma City (ref 2).","service":"No service disruption; the agreement reserves 20,000 acre-feet for local use (ref 2).","scale":"Covers the Choctaw and Chickasaw treaty territories and Oklahoma City's long-term supply (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Litigation began with Chickasaw Nation and Choctaw Nation v. Fallin (CIV 11-927) and certification deadlines were extended twice (ref 1).","significance":"Federal statute (Pub. L. 114-322) and dismissal orders in two federal cases (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Oklahoma City can utilize approximately 37.5 billion gallons of water from Sardis Lake and must follow required in-stream flows and lake levels (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Oklahoma Water Resources Board","role":"State water rights permitting"},{"name":"Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma","role":"Settling party"},{"name":"Chickasaw Nation","role":"Settling party"},{"name":"Oklahoma City Water Utilities Trust","role":"Settling party and Sardis storage holder"},{"name":"U.S. Department of the Interior","role":"Settlement certification"}],"public_contact":"Secretary's Indian Water Rights Office, U.S. Department of the Interior, 202-208-5436","corrective_actions":["Settlement agreement and amended Sardis storage contract executed; OWRB issued Oklahoma City permit (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Statement of Findings: Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma and the Chickasaw Nation Water Rights Settlement","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior (Federal Register)","date":"2024-02-28","url":"https://public-inspection.federalregister.gov/2024-04013.pdf","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Benefits of the Tribal-State Agreement (undated PDF posted August 2025; accessed 2026-10-10)","publisher":"Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma","date":"2024-03-14","url":"https://www.choctawnation.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/water-settlement-benefits.pdf","basis":"Tribal government record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"}},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","secondary_drivers":[],"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MULTI-FLUORIDE-STATE-BANS-2025","US-MULTI-FLUORIDE-FEDERAL-REVIEW-2026"],"id":"US-OK-FLUORIDE-STATE-POLICY-2025","title":"Oklahoma ends state promotion of community water fluoridation by executive order","description":"Gov. Kevin Stitt signed an executive order in June 2025 directing the state health department to stop recommending fluoridation of public water supplies, leaving the decision to cities and water districts. Oklahoma's dental and medical associations opposed the move, saying fluoridation cuts tooth decay by at least 25%.","location":{"name":"Oklahoma (statewide)","type":"State policy","state":"OK","states":["OK"],"detail":"Applies to state health and environmental agency guidance; local systems decide","coordinates":{"lat":35.4923,"lon":-97.5034,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"A state policy change on drinking-water treatment guidance rather than a physical failure.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The Oklahoma Dental Association warned removal could raise tooth decay at least up to 25% (ref 1).","service":"Water service is unaffected; cities and water districts can keep fluoridating (ref 1).","scale":"The withdrawn Community Water Fluoridation Plan covered applicable public water systems statewide (ref 1).","duration":"In effect since late June 2025 pending a state review (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Formal executive order, opposed in writing by five state medical and dental groups (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No count of Oklahomans on fluoridated water was reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The state health department will no longer recommend adding fluoride to public water supplies (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Office of the Governor of Oklahoma","role":"Issued the order"},{"name":"Oklahoma State Department of Health","role":"Fluoridation guidance"},{"name":"Local water systems","role":"Decide whether to fluoridate"}],"public_contact":"Oklahoma State Department of Health, 123 Robert S. Kerr Ave, Oklahoma City, OK 73102","corrective_actions":["State review of fluoridation policies ordered (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Oklahoma dentists react to MOHA move on fluoridation","publisher":"KTUL","date":"2025-06-27","url":"https://ktul.com/news/local/oklahoma-dentists-react-to-moha-move-on-fluoridation","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Medical groups blast Stitt's fluoride order, offer ways to Make Oklahoma Healthy Again (Tulsa World reprint)","publisher":"Oklahoma State Medical Association","date":"2025-06-28","url":"https://osma.imiscloud.com/Online/News/Medical-groups-blast-Stitts-fluoride-order.aspx","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."}],"verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"}},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","secondary_drivers":[],"measures":[{"name":"State appropriation (HB 2890)","value":50000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Signed May 31, 2024 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Funding secured; construction pending (ref 2)."},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"id":"US-OK-TULSA-ARKANSAS-RIVER-LEVEES-2026","title":"80-year-old west Tulsa levees rated very high risk; $191M repair to start 2027","description":"The Arkansas River levees protecting west Tulsa and Sand Springs nearly failed in the 2019 flood, after which the Army Corps rated the system very high risk. Oklahoma committed $50 million in 2024 toward more than $187 million in repairs, and the Corps plans a $191 million project starting in 2027.","location":{"name":"Tulsa-West Tulsa Levee System (Arkansas River)","type":"Flood-control levee system","state":"OK","states":["OK"],"detail":"Tulsa County, along Charles Page Boulevard from west downtown Tulsa into Sand Springs","coordinates":{"lat":36.1398,"lon":-96.1089,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Tulsa"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Aging earthen levees are the flood-protection infrastructure at risk.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"In 2019 the levees were pushed almost to their breaking point and dozens of homes flooded (ref 1).","service":"No current outage; the Corps estimates a roughly 1-in-100 to 1-in-250 annual chance of a breach-type event (ref 2).","scale":"The levees protect about 10,000 residents and roughly $2 billion in property (refs 1, 2).","duration":"The levees are 80 years old and construction will not begin until 2027 (ref 2).","significance":"After the 2019 flood the Corps assessed the system as very high risk; HB 2890 appropriated $50 million (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":10000,"status":"Reported","note":"Residents protected by the levee system (refs 1, 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$191 million Corps project to repair sections of the levees, construction beginning in 2027 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Tulsa District","role":"Project lead"},{"name":"Tulsa County Drainage District 12","role":"Local levee sponsor"},{"name":"State of Oklahoma","role":"Funding partner"}],"public_contact":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Tulsa District public affairs office","corrective_actions":["Phased repairs with seepage drains and reinforcement from Terwilliger Park to Newblock Park (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"$50 million approved for Tulsa levee project","publisher":"KGOU (Oklahoma Public Media Exchange)","date":"2024-06-03","url":"https://www.kgou.org/politics-and-government/2024-06-03/50-million-approved-for-tulsa-levee-project","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"After devastating floods, $191M headed to west Tulsa levees","publisher":"Tulsa Flyer (The Oklahoma Eagle)","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://tulsaflyer.org/?p=16511","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."}],"verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"}},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"measures":[{"name":"Typical monthly bill increase (2025)","value":4.71,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Tulsa City Council breakdown (ref 1)."},{"name":"Known sewer defects","value":2000,"unit":"defects (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Infrastructure strategy","value":500000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"City figure via FOX23 (ref 5)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Rates said to reflect about 30 years of underinvestment (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Second consecutive year of increases (ref 2)."},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"id":"US-OK-TULSA-UTILITY-RATE-INCREASES-2026","title":"Tulsa raises water, sewer and stormwater rates, citing 2,000+ known sewer defects","description":"Tulsa's council approved increases effective with November 2025 bills (water 5.4%, sewer 2.3%, stormwater 12%), citing more than 2,000 known sewer defects and decades of underinvestment. A further 7% stormwater fee increase takes effect October 1, 2026. In a January 2024 cold snap, water line breaks outnumbered the city's 11 repair crews, and officials said many of its roughly 2,300 miles of lines date to the 1950s (ref 4); the city ties the increases to a $500 million infrastructure strategy for water lines and treatment facilities (ref 5).","location":{"name":"City of Tulsa","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"OK","states":["OK"],"detail":"Tulsa County","coordinates":{"lat":36.154,"lon":-95.9928,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Tulsa"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OK1020418"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","stormwater-flooding","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Rate increases fund deferred maintenance of water, sewer and stormwater systems.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Council members cite more than 2,000 known defects in the sewer system (ref 1).","service":"No outage from the rate changes; in January 2024 main breaks outnumbered Tulsa's 11 repair crews (ref 4).","scale":"Tulsa's water system serves 413,000 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Consecutive increases in 2025 and 2026 after rates the reporter says were held low for about 30 years (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Ordinary council rate approvals; no regulatory order was reported (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":413000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Stormwater fee up 12% to $13.69 in November 2025 and up 7% to $14.65 on Oct. 1, 2026 (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Tulsa","role":"Utility owner and rate setter"},{"name":"Tulsa City Council","role":"Approves rates"}],"public_contact":"City of Tulsa Customer Care Center, 311","corrective_actions":["Rate revenue directed to pipe maintenance and utility projects (ref 1)","Online break tracking at cityoftulsa.org/breakboard (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Your City of Tulsa utility bill went up this month. We explain the new rates","publisher":"Tulsa Flyer","date":"2025-10-14","url":"https://tulsaflyer.org/2025/10/14/your-money/post/your-city-of-tulsa-utility-bill-went-up-this-month-we-explain-the-new-rates/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Tulsa City Council approves stormwater and trash rate increases","publisher":"Tulsa Flyer (KOTV)","date":"2026-06-11","url":"https://tulsaflyer.org/2026/06/11/your-money/post/utility-bill-increase/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: TULSA","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OK/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/TULSA/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"Tracking city water main breaks amid cold weather","publisher":"Public Radio Tulsa","date":"2024-01-16","url":"https://www.publicradiotulsa.org/local-regional/2024-01-16/tracking-city-water-main-breaks-amid-cold-weather","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"Tulsa City Council approves utility rate hikes, citing infrastructure needs","publisher":"FOX23","date":"2026-06-15","url":"https://www.fox23.com/news/local/tulsa-city-council-approves-utility-rate-hikes-citing-infrastructure-needs","basis":"News"},{"ref":6,"title":"Oklahoma incorporated places - ACS24 representative internal points","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-01-01","url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/acs24/tigerweb_acs24_incplace_ok.html","basis":"Official Census TIGERweb geographic reference"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[{"field":"key_measure","values":["Stormwater up 12% (with water 5.4%, sewer 2.3%) from Oct. 1, 2026 (FOX23, June 15, 2026)","Water 5.4%, sewer 2.3%, stormwater 12% took effect for November 2025 bills; stormwater up 7% from Oct. 1, 2026 (Tulsa Flyer, Oct. 14, 2025 and June 11, 2026)"],"note":"FOX23 (ref 5) lists the 2025 percentages for the 2026 vote; Tulsa Flyer (refs 1, 2) is followed here."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"id":"US-OK-LAKE-THUNDERBIRD-IMPAIRMENT-2026","title":"Lake Thunderbird fails drinking-water and aquatic-life uses from algae and turbidity","description":"Oklahoma DEQ lists Lake Thunderbird, the drinking-water reservoir for Norman, Midwest City and Del City, as not supporting public water supply or warm-water aquatic life because of low dissolved oxygen, high chlorophyll-a and high turbidity driven by urban stormwater and nonpoint runoff. The OWRB continues TMDL implementation monitoring of the lake's tributaries.","location":{"name":"Lake Thunderbird","type":"Drinking-water reservoir (Sensitive Water Supply)","state":"OK","states":["OK"],"detail":"Cleveland County, east of Norman","coordinates":{"lat":35.225,"lon":-97.25,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Cleveland","Oklahoma"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nutrient and sediment loads impair the reservoir's water quality.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ states the lake does not support public water supply or warm water aquatic community uses (ref 1).","service":"No drinking-water service interruption is reported in the cited sources (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The three supplied cities' systems serve about 182,931 people combined per SDWIS (refs 3-5).","duration":"Designated Sensitive Water Supply in 2002 with TMDLs approved in 2013; OWRB was still monitoring in February 2024 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"EPA-approved TMDLs assign load reductions to MS4 permittees and nonpoint sources (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":182931,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS populations for Norman (104,868), Midwest City (55,935) and Del City (22,128), the cities DEQ says the lake serves (refs 1, 3-5); Norman also uses groundwater."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Not supporting public and private water supply and warm water aquatic community; causes are low DO, high chlorophyll-a and high turbidity (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality","role":"TMDL and water quality standards"},{"name":"Oklahoma Water Resources Board","role":"TMDL implementation monitoring"},{"name":"Central Oklahoma Master Conservancy District","role":"Reservoir water supply operator"}],"public_contact":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality, 405-702-0100, 707 N Robinson, Oklahoma City, OK 73102","corrective_actions":["EPA-approved TMDLs for nutrients, turbidity and dissolved oxygen (2013)","OWRB tributary monitoring under the TMDL monitoring plan (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lake Thunderbird TMDL Project","publisher":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-09-05","url":"https://oklahoma.gov/deq/divisions/water-quality/watershed-planning/tmdl/lake-thunderbird-tmdl-project.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Lake Thunderbird TMDL Monitoring Plan Implementation: February 2024 Monitoring Report","publisher":"Oklahoma Water Resources Board (City of Norman)","date":"2024-02-20","url":"https://normanok.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2024-07/Norman%20Monthly%20Report%20February%202024.pdf","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: NORMAN","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OK/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/NORMAN/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: MIDWEST CITY","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OK/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MIDWEST%20CITY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: DEL CITY","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OK/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/DEL%20CITY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (OK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"}},{"id":"US-VA-BOWLING-GREEN-GROSS-ALPHA-MCL-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Bowling Green wells exceed gross alpha radioactivity limit since 2024","description":"The Town of Bowling Green's groundwater system has exceeded the 15 pCi/L gross alpha maximum contaminant level every quarter since early 2024, with running averages of 17 to 30 pCi/L at its well entry points. The town received a state notice of violation in 2024, and in December 2025 the Virginia Department of Health awarded it $6.2 million for well replacement and gross alpha treatment.","location":{"name":"Town of Bowling Green waterworks","type":"Municipal groundwater system","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Town of Bowling Green, Caroline County; served by groundwater wells","coordinates":{"lat":38.053331,"lon":-77.347528,"precision":"city","source_ref":6},"counties":["Caroline"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"VA6033550"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented problem is the quality of water delivered to customers.","secondary_drivers":["Naturally occurring radionuclides in groundwater"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 2) records gross alpha running averages of 25.8 and 30 pCi/L in Q1 2024, against the 15 pCi/L limit, and the Free Press (ref 1) cites a June 2023 well result of 40 pCi/L.","service":"Water stayed in use, with quarterly consumer notices tied to the MCL violations (refs 1, 3); no boil or do-not-drink order is cited.","scale":"One small town system: SDWIS lists 1,233 people served (ref 5).","duration":"Gross alpha MCL violations run without a break from Q1 2024 through Q2 2026 in SDWIS (ref 2), and VDH's 2025 report (ref 4) still lists four unresolved 2025 quarters.","significance":"The town received a notice of violations under the Public Water Supplies law in August 2024 (ref 1), and VDH's 2024 report logs state enforcement codes for each quarter (ref 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":1233,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Gross alpha running averages of 17 to 30 pCi/L against a 15 pCi/L MCL, Q1 2024 to Q2 2026 (SDWIS)."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest gross alpha running average in window","value":30,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"Q1 2024 entry point value in SDWIS (ref 2)."},{"name":"Gross alpha MCL","value":15,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Gross alpha MCL violations recorded since Q1 2024","value":23,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Count of SDWIS health-based violation rows, Q1 2024 to Q2 2026 (ref 2)."},{"name":"VDH grant for well replacement and treatment","value":6.2,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Awarded December 2025 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Small town relying on a $6.2 million state grant for a fix (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Running averages hover between 17 and 30 pCi/L across ten quarters in SDWIS (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Bowling Green","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Town of Bowling Green public utilities office","corrective_actions":["Engineering plan to return to compliance (ref 1)","Well replacement and gross alpha treatment project funded by a $6.2 million VDH grant (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"VDH awards $6.2 million to Town of Bowling Green to address water issues","publisher":"Fredericksburg Free Press","date":"2025-12-22","url":"https://www.fredericksburgfreepress.com/?p=159987","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Virginia (filtered to the system)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/VA/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"2024 Annual Compliance Report, Public Drinking Water Program (violation tables)","publisher":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","date":"2025-07-01","url":"https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/content/uploads/sites/14/2025/07/CY-2024_Annual_Compliance_Report-Virginia-.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"2025 Annual Compliance Report, Public Drinking Water Program (violation tables)","publisher":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","date":"2026-08-14","url":"https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/content/uploads/sites/14/2025_Annual_Compliance_Report-Virginia.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record VA6033550 (Bowling Green, Town of)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BOWLING/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, Virginia","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_51.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-VA-WOODSTOCK-DISINFECTION-BYPRODUCTS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Woodstock repeated disinfection byproduct violations under VDH consent order","description":"The Town of Woodstock's Shenandoah River supply exceeded federal disinfection byproduct limits repeatedly: VDH counts seven haloacetic acid quarters and eight trihalomethane quarters from 2021 to 2025, and the town operates under a VDH consent order. Town officials link the problem to an oversized treatment plant and long water age in pipes and tanks; SDWIS shows the HAA5 violations returned to compliance in August 2025.","location":{"name":"Town of Woodstock waterworks","type":"Municipal surface-water system","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Town of Woodstock, Shenandoah County; Shenandoah River intake","coordinates":{"lat":38.872115,"lon":-78.51713,"precision":"city","source_ref":6},"counties":["Shenandoah"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"VA2171850"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented problem is the quality of water delivered to customers.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 2) lists HAA5 running averages up to 79 ug/L (limit 60) and TTHM up to 94 ug/L (limit 80) in 2024.","service":"Customers received violation notices and the 2024 CCR carried the federal cancer-risk advisory (ref 1); no boil order is reported.","scale":"SDWIS lists 5,955 people served by the town system (ref 5).","duration":"VDH told the Northern Virginia Daily (ref 1) the exceedances recurred from 2021 to 2025, and SDWIS shows HAA5 violations in six straight quarters, Q1 2024 to Q2 2025 (ref 2).","significance":"The town is operating under a Consent Order with VDH over the byproduct violations (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":5955,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"VDH: Woodstock failed the HAA5 limit in seven quarters and the TTHM limit in eight from 2021 to 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest HAA5 running average, 2024-2025","value":79,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 2); MCL 60 ug/L."},{"name":"Highest TTHM running average, 2024","value":94,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 2); MCL 80 ug/L."},{"name":"Quarters over the HAA5 limit, 2021-2025","value":7,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Per VDH via ref 1."},{"name":"Quarters over the TTHM limit, 2021-2025","value":8,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Per VDH via ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Plant sized for growth that did not occur, leaving low demand and high water age (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"HAA5 violations returned to compliance in August 2025 (refs 2, 4) and the town was in compliance for the most recent assessed quarter (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Woodstock","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Town of Woodstock Town Manager's office","corrective_actions":["VDH consent order (ref 1)","Increasing flow through the system to cut storage age; search for supplemental sources (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Woodstock's water problems are real, but not for the reasons one critic claims","publisher":"Northern Virginia Daily","date":"2026-02-25","url":"https://www.nvdaily.com/nvdaily/woodstocks-water-problems-are-real-but-not-for-the-reasons-one-critic-claims/article_722bdf64-3eb0-572a-8d8b-1a07efee5b8a.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Virginia (filtered to the system)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/VA/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"2024 Annual Compliance Report, Public Drinking Water Program (violation tables)","publisher":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","date":"2025-07-01","url":"https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/content/uploads/sites/14/2025/07/CY-2024_Annual_Compliance_Report-Virginia-.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"2025 Annual Compliance Report, Public Drinking Water Program (violation tables)","publisher":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","date":"2026-08-14","url":"https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/content/uploads/sites/14/2025_Annual_Compliance_Report-Virginia.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record VA2171850 (Woodstock, Town of)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WOODSTOCK/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, Virginia","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_51.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-VA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-WATER-RESTRICTIONS-2026","US-VA-WOODSTOCK-NORTH-FORK-LOW-FLOW-RESTRICTIONS-2026"]},{"id":"US-VA-BERRYVILLE-HAA5-MCL-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Berryville haloacetic acid limit exceeded for five quarters, 2024-2025","description":"VDH issued the Town of Berryville a notice of alleged violation in March 2024 after haloacetic acid (HAA5) running averages reached 0.069 and 0.070 mg/L, above the 0.060 mg/L limit. The town switched coagulants and retained a chemist; SDWIS shows HAA5 violations through Q1 2025 and a return to compliance in June 2025.","location":{"name":"Town of Berryville waterworks","type":"Municipal surface-water system","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Town of Berryville, Clarke County","coordinates":{"lat":39.147726,"lon":-77.98016,"precision":"city","source_ref":6},"counties":["Clarke"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"VA2043125"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented problem is the quality of water delivered to customers.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"VDH's March 28, 2024 notice (ref 1) reports HAA5 running averages of 0.069 mg/L at Dunlop Boulevard and 0.070 mg/L at McNeil Street, above the 0.060 mg/L MCL.","service":"The town distributed Tier 2 consumer notices, repeated every three months while the violation persisted (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 4,574 people served (ref 5).","duration":"SDWIS (ref 2) records HAA5 violations in five consecutive quarters, Q1 2024 through Q1 2025, before the June 4, 2025 return to compliance.","significance":"VDH's Office of Drinking Water issued a formal Notice of Alleged Violation (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":4574,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"HAA5 running averages of 0.069 and 0.070 mg/L against a 0.060 mg/L MCL (VDH, March 2024)."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest HAA5 running average","value":0.07,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"VDH notice (ref 1)."},{"name":"Quarters with HAA5 MCL violations","value":5,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"HAA5 averages fell from 0.070 mg/L to 62 ug/L by Q1 2025 and returned to compliance in June 2025 (refs 2, 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Berryville","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Town of Berryville utilities office","corrective_actions":["Coagulant changed from alum to DelPAC 2020 after jar and full-scale testing (ref 1)","Chemist retained to optimize treatment; tank cleaning and flushing (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Notice to Consumers and VDH Notice of Alleged Violation, haloacetic acids (April 2024)","publisher":"Town of Berryville / Virginia Department of Health","date":"2024-03-28","url":"https://berryvilleva.gov/DocumentCenter/View/2235/Back-of-NOTICE-TO-CONSUMERS-April-2024","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Virginia (filtered to the system)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/VA/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"2024 Annual Compliance Report, Public Drinking Water Program (violation tables)","publisher":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","date":"2025-07-01","url":"https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/content/uploads/sites/14/2025/07/CY-2024_Annual_Compliance_Report-Virginia-.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"2025 Annual Compliance Report, Public Drinking Water Program (violation tables)","publisher":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","date":"2026-08-14","url":"https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/content/uploads/sites/14/2025_Annual_Compliance_Report-Virginia.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record VA2043125 (Berryville, Town of)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BERRYVILLE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, Virginia","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_51.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-VA-BEALETON-PFAS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Bealeton Regional water system PFOA up to 44.6 ppt in UCMR 5","description":"The Fauquier County Water and Sanitation Authority's Bealeton Regional groundwater system recorded PFOA up to 44.6 ppt and PFOS up to 31.1 ppt in 2025 federal UCMR 5 sampling, roughly ten times the 4.0 ppt federal limits that take effect in 2029. The authority reports Bealeton PFOA of 2.8 to 26 ppt in its own and VDH testing and says it is evaluating treatment.","location":{"name":"Bealeton Regional waterworks","type":"Water and sanitation authority groundwater system","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Bealeton area, Fauquier County; operated by FCWSA","coordinates":{"lat":38.583015,"lon":-77.778763,"precision":"city","source_ref":6},"counties":["Fauquier"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"VA6061129"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented problem is the quality of water delivered to customers.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 (ref 1) shows Bealeton PFOA at 44.3 to 44.6 ppt and PFOS at 28.5 to 31.1 ppt on June 16, 2025, about eleven times the 4.0 ppt PFOA limit.","service":"FCWSA (ref 2) says the detections are not emergencies or current violations; no use restriction applies.","scale":"SDWIS lists 4,250 people served by Bealeton Regional (ref 5).","duration":"PFOA and PFOS were found above 4 ppt in VDH's 2023 testing listed by FCWSA (ref 2) and again in every 2025 UCMR 5 quarter (ref 1).","significance":"Fauquier's system is among those above limits that a 2024 state law directs DEQ to trace to sources (ref 3); compliance with the federal MCL is required by 2029 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":4250,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOA up to 44.6 ppt and PFOS up to 31.1 ppt (UCMR 5, June 2025), against 4.0 ppt federal MCLs."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOA result","value":44.6,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"June 16, 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOS result","value":31.1,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"June 16, 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"FCWSA-reported Bealeton PFOA range","value":26,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Upper end of 2.8-26 ppt range, including VDH 2023 testing (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Treatment needed by 2029 across several FCWSA groundwater systems (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"UCMR 5 PFOA ranged from 9.4 to 44.6 ppt across four 2025 quarters (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Fauquier County Water and Sanitation Authority","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Environmental Quality","role":"PFAS source identification"}],"public_contact":"Fauquier County Water and Sanitation Authority customer service","corrective_actions":["FCWSA evaluating treatment to meet the federal PFAS standards by the compliance deadline (ref 2)","DEQ PFAS source-identification process under the 2024 law (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"PFAS (system-by-system PFAS results table)","publisher":"Fauquier County Water and Sanitation Authority","date":null,"url":"https://www.fcwsa.org/pfas","basis":"Utility record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Virginia water regulators begin process of identifying PFAS sources","publisher":"WHRO / Virginia Mercury","date":"2024-11-25","url":"https://www.whro.org/environment/2024-11-25/virginia-water-regulators-begin-process-of-identifying-pfas-sources","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record VA6061129 (Bealeton Regional)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BEALETON/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, Virginia","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_51.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-VA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-VA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-PWS-MCL-EXCEEDANCES-2025","US-VA-FAUQUIER-MARSHALL-PFAS-2025","US-VA-FAUQUIER-FCWSA-GROUNDWATER-RESTRICTIONS-2026"]},{"id":"US-VA-FAUQUIER-MARSHALL-PFAS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Marshall and Waterloo Estates water: PFOS up to 130 ppt, PFHxS up to 200 ppt","description":"The Fauquier County Water and Sanitation Authority reports PFOS up to 130 ppt and PFHxS up to 200 ppt in its Marshall waterworks, with a PFAS hazard index up to 20.08, and PFOS and PFHxS up to 120 ppt at Waterloo Estates. Federal limits are 4.0 ppt for PFOS, 10 ppt for PFHxS and a hazard index of 1; the authority says it is evaluating treatment ahead of the 2029 deadline.","location":{"name":"Marshall waterworks (FCWSA)","type":"Water and sanitation authority groundwater system","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Marshall, Fauquier County; also FCWSA's Waterloo Estates system (VA6061665, 213 people)","coordinates":{"lat":38.866012,"lon":-77.837107,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Fauquier"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"VA6061200"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented problem is the quality of water delivered to customers.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"FCWSA's table (ref 1) gives Marshall ranges of 0-130 ppt PFOS and 0-200 ppt PFHxS with a hazard index up to 20.08, many times the federal limits.","service":"FCWSA (ref 1) states the detections are not emergencies or current regulatory violations; water use continues.","scale":"SDWIS lists 2,363 people on Marshall waterworks (ref 3) and 213 on Waterloo Estates (ref 4).","duration":"FCWSA (ref 1) began testing in 2023 and keeps updating results; dates of individual Marshall samples are not published.","significance":"Fauquier's FCWSA systems are among those above limits that DEQ must trace to sources under the 2024 state law (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":2576,"status":"Reported","note":"Sum of SDWIS populations for Marshall (2,363, ref 3) and Waterloo Estates (213, ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Marshall waterworks PFHxS up to 200 ppt, PFOS up to 130 ppt, hazard index up to 20.08 (FCWSA)."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest Marshall PFHxS","value":200,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"FCWSA range 0-200 ppt (ref 1); MCL 10 ppt."},{"name":"Highest Marshall PFOS","value":130,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"FCWSA range 0-130 ppt (ref 1); MCL 4.0 ppt."},{"name":"Highest Marshall hazard index","value":20.08,"unit":"unitless","status":"Reported","note":"Limit 1.0 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Highest Waterloo Estates PFOS","value":120,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"FCWSA range 4.9-120 ppt (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Treatment needed at several small FCWSA groundwater systems (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"FCWSA publishes ranges without sample dates (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Fauquier County Water and Sanitation Authority","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Environmental Quality","role":"PFAS source identification"}],"public_contact":"Fauquier County Water and Sanitation Authority customer service","corrective_actions":["FCWSA evaluating treatment processes to meet EPA standards (ref 1)","DEQ source identification under the 2024 PFAS law (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PFAS (system-by-system PFAS results table)","publisher":"Fauquier County Water and Sanitation Authority","date":null,"url":"https://www.fcwsa.org/pfas","basis":"Utility record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Virginia water regulators begin process of identifying PFAS sources","publisher":"WHRO / Virginia Mercury","date":"2024-11-25","url":"https://www.whro.org/environment/2024-11-25/virginia-water-regulators-begin-process-of-identifying-pfas-sources","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record VA6061200 (Marshall Waterworks)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MARSHALL/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record VA6061665 (Waterloo Estates)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WATERLOO/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, Virginia","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_51.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["sample dates for Marshall and Waterloo results"],"related_ids":["US-VA-BEALETON-PFAS-2025","US-VA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-PWS-MCL-EXCEEDANCES-2025"]},{"id":"US-VA-VINT-HILL-ARMY-PFAS-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Former Vint Hill Army post PFAS contamination near drinking-water wells","description":"The Army has identified PFOA and PFOS in groundwater at the former Vint Hill Farms Station, where a private company now runs the community water system from four of 11 wells. Defense Department tests reported offsite well levels near 50 ppt in February 2023 and listed Vint Hill as needing PFAS remediation; the Army later said its highest results were not from drinking-water wells, and FCWSA says PFAS was found in two unused future wells.","location":{"name":"Vint Hill waterworks","type":"Privately owned community water system on a former Army post","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Vint Hill, Fauquier County; owned by Buckland Water and Sanitation Assets Corporation; coordinates are the Fauquier County internal point","coordinates":{"lat":38.744096,"lon":-77.8215,"precision":"county","source_ref":4},"counties":["Fauquier"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"VA6061595"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented problem is the quality of water delivered to customers.","secondary_drivers":["Military firefighting foam and burn-pit training"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DoD February 2023 tests showed offsite wells around 50 ppt and on-base groundwater up to 1,300 ppt (ref 1), but the Army says the highest results were not from drinking-water wells (ref 1), so delivered-water harm is unconfirmed.","service":"No drinking-water restriction is reported; the system keeps serving from its four active wells (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 2,449 people served by Vint Hill (ref 3).","duration":"A 2018 Army fact sheet reported 2017 groundwater above 70 ppt, and the Army was still in remedial investigation in 2023 (ref 1); FCWSA still reports PFOA and PFOS in two wells (ref 2).","significance":"DoD's September 2023 report to Congress listed Vint Hill as needing PFAS remediation, and VDH formally requested the owner's PFAS results (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":2449,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"DoD tests in February 2023 showed offsite wells around 50 ppt PFAS; on-base groundwater reached 1,300 ppt."},"measures":[{"name":"Offsite well PFAS, February 2023 DoD tests","value":50,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate, per ref 1."},{"name":"Highest on-base groundwater result, 2021","value":1300,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Per ref 1; Army says not from drinking-water wells."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Owner's own well results were shared with residents only in October 2023 and are not published in the cited sources (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Buckland Water and Sanitation Assets Corporation","role":"Owner of Vint Hill waterworks"},{"name":"U.S. Department of the Army","role":"Responsible party for former Vint Hill Farms Station cleanup"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","corrective_actions":["Army remedial investigation at the former base (ref 1)","FCWSA working with Buckland to keep the two affected future wells usable (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Ike Broaddus, Fauquier County supervisor candidate, says Vint Hill drinking water is 'safe' (with related Vint Hill PFAS coverage)","publisher":"Fauquier Times / Prince William Times","date":"2023-10-24","url":"https://www.princewilliamtimes.com/ike-broaddus-fauquier-county-supervisor-candidate-says-vint-hill-drinking-water-is-safe/article_dbbaa6f4-ec17-52f9-9803-0d0c6d96199e.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"PFAS (system-by-system PFAS results table)","publisher":"Fauquier County Water and Sanitation Authority","date":null,"url":"https://www.fcwsa.org/pfas","basis":"Utility record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record VA6061595 (Vint Hill)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/VINT%20HILL/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 Gazetteer county file, Virginia","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_counties_51.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; county internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-VA-FAUQUIER-MARSHALL-PFAS-2025"]},{"id":"US-VA-ROUND-HILL-PFAS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Round Hill wells and Goose Creek plant test above federal PFAS limits","description":"Round Hill found PFAS above the new federal limits in two of its 13 wells in 2024 and, in February 2026, at its Goose Creek treatment plant. UCMR 5 recorded PFOA up to 5.6 ppt and PFOS up to 8.8 ppt; the town is seeking grants for carbon filtration upgrades estimated at nearly $2.2 million.","location":{"name":"Town of Round Hill water system","type":"Municipal groundwater and surface-water system","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Town of Round Hill and surrounding area, western Loudoun County","coordinates":{"lat":39.131505,"lon":-77.7672,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Loudoun"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"VA6107650"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented problem is the quality of water delivered to customers.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 (ref 3) recorded PFOA up to 5.6 ppt and PFOS up to 8.8 ppt in January 2024, modestly above the 4.0 ppt limits; the town calls the raw-well results slightly over (ref 2).","service":"No restriction on use is reported in the town's statements (refs 1, 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 5,055 people served (ref 4).","duration":"Exceedances were reported in May 2024 (ref 2) and again at the Goose Creek plant in February 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"The town is working with VDH, applying for state and federal grants, and joined the class action against PFAS manufacturers (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":5055,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFAS above federal limits at two wells and the Goose Creek plant; treatment upgrades estimated near $2.2 million."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOS","value":8.8,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"January 22, 2024 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOA","value":5.6,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"January 22, 2024 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Estimated cost of upgrades at two plants","value":2.2,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Nearly $2.2 million per the March 5, 2026 council briefing (ref 1)."},{"name":"Goose Creek plant upgrade","value":888000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Upgrades depend on grant funding (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"A second treatment location, Goose Creek, tested above limits in February 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Round Hill Utility Department","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Town of Round Hill Utility Department","corrective_actions":["Carbon filtration at the Rt. 719 well (part of a $1.3 million project) and Goose Creek plant ($888,000) (ref 1)","Grant applications in the August funding round (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Round Hill to Pursue Grants for PFAS Treatment","publisher":"Loudoun Now","date":"2026-03-06","url":"https://www.loudounnow.com/news/towns/round-hill-to-pursue-grants-for-pfas-treatment/article_9c7e0fa3-c8c1-4209-ba97-a38ece4fbfc5.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Round Hill finds slightly higher maximum contaminant levels of PFAS in two wells","publisher":"Blue Ridge Leader","date":"2024-05-21","url":"https://blueridgeleader.com/?p=22576","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record VA6107650 (Round Hill, Town of)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ROUND%20HILL/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, Virginia","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_51.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-VA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-VA-RICHMOND-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Richmond lead service lines: 73,000 notices and replacement deadline of 2037","description":"Richmond's Department of Public Utilities mailed more than 85,000 notices in 2024 and more than 73,000 in late 2025 to customers whose service lines are lead, galvanized or of unknown material. The city has replaced over 9,000 public-side lead lines since the early 1990s and must remove the rest by 2037; it says corrosion control keeps tap lead within VDH requirements.","location":{"name":"City of Richmond water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"City of Richmond Department of Public Utilities service area","coordinates":{"lat":37.531399,"lon":-77.476009,"precision":"city","source_ref":6},"counties":["Richmond city"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"VA4760100"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead service lines are an infrastructure problem whose risk is lead in delivered water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Lead can leach from lead and galvanized service lines (ref 3), but DPU's Summer 2025 tap sampling met VDH lead requirements (ref 3).","service":"No service interruption; the program is notices and line replacements (refs 1, 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 233,655 people served (ref 5), and DPU mailed more than 73,000 service line notices (ref 1).","duration":"Lead lines have been replaced since the early 1990s (ref 2) and the federal rule requires removal by 2037 (ref 3).","significance":"Notices are mandated by the federal Lead and Copper Rule Revisions, and the inventory was filed with VDH by the October 16, 2024 deadline (ref 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":233655,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than 73,000 service line notification letters mailed (December 2025); lead-free goal 2037."},"measures":[{"name":"Service line notices mailed, Dec 2025","value":73000,"unit":"letters","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Notices of unknown or lead material sent, Oct 2024","value":85000,"unit":"letters","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."},{"name":"Public-side lead lines replaced since early 1990s","value":9000,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Funding for about 800 private-side replacements","value":3,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Nearly $3 million from VDH and ARPA (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Private-side replacements depend on limited grant funds (ref 3)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Inventory model approved by VDH and block-by-block replacement under way (refs 1, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Richmond Department of Public Utilities","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Richmond Lead Free Water Program, 804-646-8600","corrective_actions":["Block-by-block lead service line replacement through 2037 (ref 3)","Predictive service line inventory map and customer survey (refs 1, 3)","Corrosion control at the treatment plant (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Richmond takes major step toward lead-free water with 73,000 notification letters","publisher":"WRIC ABC 8News","date":"2025-12-30","url":"https://digital-release.wric.com/news/local-news/richmond/lead-free-water-service-line-notices/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Over 9,000 lead lines replaced in Richmond since early 1990s","publisher":"WRIC ABC 8News","date":"2025-02-26","url":"https://digital-release.wric.com/news/local-news/richmond/over-9000-lead-lines-replaced-in-richmond-since-early-1990s/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"City of Richmond Lead Free Water Program FAQs","publisher":"City of Richmond Department of Public Utilities","date":"2026-01-01","url":"https://rva.gov/sites/default/files/2026-01/2026-01%20City%20of%20Richmond%20Lead%20Free%20Water%20Program%20FAQs.pdf","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":4,"title":"City of Richmond DPU meets EPA deadline for lead service line inventory","publisher":"City of Richmond","date":"2024-10-31","url":"https://rva.gov/press-releases-and-announcements-public-utilities/news/city-richmond-dpu-meets-epa-deadline-lead","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record VA4760100 (Richmond, City of)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/RICHMOND/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, Virginia","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_51.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-VA-RICHMOND-REGIONAL-WATER-CRISIS-2025"]},{"id":"US-VA-VIRGINIA-BEACH-SCHOOL-LEAD-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Virginia Beach schools: 113 drinking-water sources above 10 ppb lead, 2023-2026","description":"Virginia Beach City Public Schools' rolling lead tests found 113 drinking or food-prep sources above its 10 ppb action threshold across 59 buildings tested from September 2023 to May 2026, at 40 of those buildings. The division lists remediation and final completion dates for each affected building; its 10 ppb threshold is stricter than the 15 ppb federal action level.","location":{"name":"Virginia Beach City Public Schools","type":"School division buildings","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Schools across the City of Virginia Beach, on the city's public water supply","coordinates":{"lat":36.779525,"lon":-76.029142,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Virginia Beach city"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead from building plumbing and fixtures reaches drinking water at the tap.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"The division's tables (ref 1) show 46, 41 and 26 sources above 10 ppb in the 2023-24, 2024-25 and 2025-26 rounds.","service":"Building water service continued; the tables list remediation of the affected fixtures (ref 1).","scale":"Forty of 59 school buildings tested in 2023-2026 had at least one source above 10 ppb (ref 1).","duration":"Remediation at each building was completed within weeks to months of testing (ref 1), but each yearly round finds new elevated sources.","significance":"No violation applies; the 10 ppb threshold is the division's own (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The division's tables do not give student or staff counts."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"113 school drinking-water sources above 10 ppb lead across three testing years (VBCPS)."},"measures":[{"name":"Sources above 10 ppb, 2023-24","value":46,"unit":"sources","status":"Reported","note":"Of 1,502 tested at 19 buildings (ref 1)."},{"name":"Sources above 10 ppb, 2024-25","value":41,"unit":"sources","status":"Reported","note":"Of 1,360 tested at 20 buildings (ref 1)."},{"name":"Sources above 10 ppb, 2025-26","value":26,"unit":"sources","status":"Reported","note":"Of 1,419 tested at 20 buildings (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Elevated sources fell from 46 to 26 per round over three years, though newer buildings are tested later (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Virginia Beach City Public Schools","role":"Building owner and tester"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Health","role":"State health agency"}],"public_contact":"Virginia Beach City Public Schools, Office of Safety and Loss Control","corrective_actions":["Building-by-building remediation with completion dates (ref 1)","Testing schedule continuing through 2026-27 (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Testing Schedule (lead drinking water testing tables)","publisher":"Virginia Beach City Public Schools","date":null,"url":"https://www.vbschools.com/departments/services/safewater/testing-schedule","basis":"Local government record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, Virginia","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_51.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-VA-LOUISA-NORTHEAST-CREEK-DBP-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Louisa County Northeast Creek system disinfection byproduct violations, 2025","description":"Equipment failures at the Louisa County Water Authority's Northeast Creek treatment plant, in its nanofiltration system and early-1980s filters, preceded TTHM and HAA5 limit violations from Q3 2025 through Q1 2026 in the authority's system and the Town of Louisa, which buys its water. The authority repaired the plant by November 2025. A July 2025 main break also put the Northeast Creek system under a boil-water advisory.","location":{"name":"Louisa County Water Authority, Northeast Creek system","type":"Water authority surface-water system","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Northeast Creek Reservoir system serving the Town of Louisa, Mineral and nearby Louisa County","coordinates":{"lat":38.016624,"lon":-77.999737,"precision":"city","source_ref":7},"counties":["Louisa"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"VA2109510"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Treatment equipment failure caused the byproduct exceedances in delivered water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 3) shows a TTHM running average of 110 ug/L (limit 80) in Q4 2025; the Town of Louisa reported HAA5 at 0.072 mg/L (limit 0.060) (ref 1).","service":"Consumer notices were issued (ref 1), and a July 2025 main break dropped pressure below 20 psi and triggered a boil-water advisory for all Northeast Creek customers (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 4,254 people on the authority system and 1,555 in the Town of Louisa (refs 5, 6).","duration":"Violations ran from Q3 2025 through Q1 2026, with return to compliance in May 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"VDH notified the town of the violation (ref 1), and VDH's 2025 report lists the TTHM and HAA5 violations for both systems (ref 4)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":5809,"status":"Reported","note":"Sum of SDWIS populations for the authority (4,254) and Town of Louisa (1,555) systems (refs 5, 6)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM running average of 110 ug/L in Q4 2025; Town of Louisa HAA5 at 0.072 mg/L."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest TTHM running average","value":110,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"Q4 2025, authority system (ref 3)."},{"name":"Highest HAA5 running average, Town of Louisa","value":72,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"Q4 2025 (refs 1, 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Original early-1980s filtration equipment failed (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Repairs were completed in November 2025 and later samples met standards (ref 1); SDWIS shows return to compliance in May 2026 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Louisa County Water Authority","role":"Owner and operator of Northeast Creek plant"},{"name":"Town of Louisa","role":"Purchasing waterworks"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Louisa County Water Authority, 540-967-1122","corrective_actions":["Rebuild of the 1980s filtration system and repairs to nanofiltration, completed November 2025 (ref 1)","Operational Evaluation Level study and quarterly monitoring (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Notice to Consumers of the Town of Louisa Waterworks: LRAA PMCL exceedance for HAA5","publisher":"Town of Louisa (posted by Louisa County)","date":"2026-01-06","url":"https://louisava.gov/document/press-releases-december-30th-2025/","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Boil water advisory affects residents in Louisa County","publisher":"WWBT 12 On Your Side","date":"2025-07-31","url":"https://www.12onyourside.com/2025/07/31/boil-water-advisory-affect-residents-louisa-county/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Virginia (filtered to the system)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/VA/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"2025 Annual Compliance Report, Public Drinking Water Program (violation tables)","publisher":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","date":"2026-08-14","url":"https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/content/uploads/sites/14/2025_Annual_Compliance_Report-Virginia.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record VA2109510 (Louisa County Water Authority)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/VA2109510/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"SDWIS water system record VA2109450 (Louisa, Town of)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/VA2109450/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":7,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, Virginia","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_51.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-VA-QUANTICO-MAINSIDE-TTHM-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Marine Corps Base Quantico Mainside TTHM limit exceeded four straight quarters","description":"The Marine Corps Base Quantico Mainside water system exceeded the 80 ug/L total trihalomethane limit in four consecutive quarters from Q2 2025 to Q1 2026, with running averages of 88 to 96 ug/L. VDH's 2025 compliance report lists the violations, and SDWIS records a return to compliance in June 2026.","location":{"name":"MCB Quantico Mainside water system","type":"Military installation surface-water system","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Marine Corps Base Quantico Mainside, Prince William County","coordinates":{"lat":38.522804,"lon":-77.318262,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Prince William"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"VA6153675"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented problem is the quality of water delivered to customers.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 1) lists TTHM running averages of 88, 93, 92 and 96 ug/L against the 80 ug/L MCL.","service":"Each quarter's MCL violation required Tier 2 public notice to base water users (ref 2); no alternate supply was ordered.","scale":"SDWIS lists 19,000 people served on Mainside (ref 3).","duration":"Violations cover four consecutive quarters, April 2025 through March 2026, before the June 9, 2026 return to compliance (ref 1).","significance":"VDH's 2025 Annual Compliance Report records the TTHM MCL violations for Q2 through Q4 2025 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":19000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM running averages of 88 to 96 ug/L against an 80 ug/L MCL, Q2 2025 to Q1 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest TTHM running average","value":96,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"Q1 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Consecutive quarters over the TTHM limit","value":4,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"SDWIS shows return to compliance on June 9, 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Marine Corps, Marine Corps Base Quantico","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Marine Corps Base Quantico public affairs office","corrective_actions":["Return to compliance recorded June 9, 2026 (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Virginia (filtered to the system)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/VA/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"2025 Annual Compliance Report, Public Drinking Water Program (violation tables)","publisher":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","date":"2026-08-14","url":"https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/content/uploads/sites/14/2025_Annual_Compliance_Report-Virginia.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record VA6153675 (MCB Quantico - Mainside)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/QUANTICO/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, Virginia (Quantico Base CDP)","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_51.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["base public notices could not be opened (access denied)"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-VA-CREWE-DISINFECTION-BYPRODUCTS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Town of Crewe exceeds both TTHM and HAA5 limits for a year, 2025-2026","description":"The Town of Crewe's surface-water system exceeded both disinfection byproduct limits in four straight quarters from Q2 2025 to Q1 2026, with HAA5 running averages up to 0.101 mg/L (limit 0.060) and TTHM up to 0.094 mg/L (limit 0.080). VDH's 2025 compliance report lists the violations, and SDWIS records a return to compliance in May 2026.","location":{"name":"Town of Crewe waterworks","type":"Municipal surface-water system","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Town of Crewe, Nottoway County","coordinates":{"lat":37.180994,"lon":-78.130407,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Nottoway"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"VA5135160"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented problem is the quality of water delivered to customers.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 1) lists a Q2 2025 HAA5 running average of 0.101 mg/L, about 1.7 times the 0.060 mg/L MCL, and TTHM up to 0.094 mg/L.","service":"The repeated MCL violations carried quarterly Tier 2 public notice duties (ref 2); no boil or do-not-drink order is listed.","scale":"SDWIS lists 2,465 people served (ref 3).","duration":"Both TTHM and HAA5 stayed over the limits from April 2025 through March 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"VDH's 2025 Annual Compliance Report records three quarters of TTHM and HAA5 MCL violations at Crewe (ref 2)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":2465,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"HAA5 running averages up to 0.101 mg/L and TTHM up to 0.094 mg/L, Q2 2025 to Q1 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest HAA5 running average","value":0.101,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Q2 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Highest TTHM running average","value":0.094,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Q3 2025 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Small rural town surface-water plant"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"SDWIS shows return to compliance on May 14, 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Crewe","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Town of Crewe town office","corrective_actions":["Return to compliance recorded May 14, 2026 (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Virginia (filtered to the system)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/VA/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"2025 Annual Compliance Report, Public Drinking Water Program (violation tables)","publisher":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","date":"2026-08-14","url":"https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/content/uploads/sites/14/2025_Annual_Compliance_Report-Virginia.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record VA5135160 (Crewe, Town of)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CREWE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, Virginia","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_51.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["town notices or news coverage not found"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-VA-ISLE-OF-WIGHT-SMALL-SYSTEMS-FLUORIDE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Isle of Wight small private water systems over the fluoride limit since 2024","description":"Four small privately owned community systems in Isle of Wight County, Rescue Waterworks, Deer Run, Hearn's Mobile Home Court and Willing Workers Club, have repeatedly exceeded the 4.0 mg/L fluoride limit from naturally fluoride-rich groundwater. Rescue Waterworks averaged 4.9 to 5.2 mg/L in every quarter from 2024 into 2026, and VDH's 2024 and 2025 reports list the violations as unresolved.","location":{"name":"Isle of Wight County small groundwater systems","type":"Privately owned small community water systems","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Rescue, Smithfield-area and Carrollton systems in Isle of Wight County","coordinates":{"lat":36.901418,"lon":-76.707569,"precision":"county","source_ref":6},"counties":["Isle of Wight"],"extent":"county","pwsid":"VA3093400"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented problem is the quality of water delivered to customers.","secondary_drivers":["Naturally fluoride-rich groundwater"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 1) records Rescue Waterworks fluoride running averages of 4.9 to 5.2 mg/L and Deer Run up to 4.7 mg/L, above the 4.0 mg/L MCL.","service":"MCL violations require repeated consumer notices (ref 2); no do-not-drink order is cited.","scale":"The four systems serve 448 people combined per SDWIS (refs 4, 5).","duration":"Rescue Waterworks has a fluoride MCL violation in every quarter from Q1 2024 to Q2 2026 (ref 1), unresolved in VDH's 2025 report (ref 3).","significance":"VDH's 2024 report logs state enforcement actions on each quarter's fluoride violation at these systems (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":448,"status":"Reported","note":"Sum of SDWIS populations: Rescue Waterworks 203, Deer Run 104, Hearn's Mobile Home Court 110, Willing Workers Club 31 (refs 4, 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Rescue Waterworks fluoride running averages of 4.9 to 5.2 mg/L against a 4.0 mg/L MCL, 2024-2026."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest fluoride running average, Rescue Waterworks","value":5.2,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Highest fluoride running average, Deer Run","value":4.7,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Q2 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Fluoride MCL","value":4,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Very small private owners with no treatment fix documented (refs 1, 3)","Hearn's Mobile Home Court system deactivated April 15, 2026 (ref 5)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Running averages at Rescue and Deer Run have not dropped below the limit since 2024 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Private system owners (Rescue Waterworks, Deer Run, Willing Workers Club)","role":"Owners and operators"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water, Southeast Virginia field office","corrective_actions":[],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Virginia (filtered to the system)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/VA/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"2024 Annual Compliance Report, Public Drinking Water Program (violation tables)","publisher":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","date":"2025-07-01","url":"https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/content/uploads/sites/14/2025/07/CY-2024_Annual_Compliance_Report-Virginia-.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"2025 Annual Compliance Report, Public Drinking Water Program (violation tables)","publisher":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","date":"2026-08-14","url":"https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/content/uploads/sites/14/2025_Annual_Compliance_Report-Virginia.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record VA3093400 (Rescue Waterworks; also Deer Run VA3093210 and Willing Workers Club VA3093850)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/RESCUE%20WATERWORKS/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record VA3093306 (Hearn's Mobile Home Court)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/VA3093306/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"2024 Gazetteer county file, Virginia","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_counties_51.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; county internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["corrective action plans"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-VA-FOXCROFT-SCHOOL-RADIUM-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Foxcroft School water system over combined radium limit, 2024-2026","description":"The boarding school's own groundwater system in Middleburg exceeded the 5 pCi/L combined radium limit in Q1 2024 and again in every quarter from Q3 2025 through Q2 2026, at 6 pCi/L. VDH's 2024 and 2025 compliance reports list the radium violations; the 2025 ones remain unresolved.","location":{"name":"Foxcroft School waterworks","type":"Private school community water system","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Foxcroft School campus near Middleburg, Loudoun County","coordinates":{"lat":38.970347,"lon":-77.740642,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Loudoun"],"extent":"site","pwsid":"VA6107100"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented problem is the quality of water delivered to customers.","secondary_drivers":["Naturally occurring radionuclides in groundwater"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 1) records combined radium at 6 pCi/L in each violating quarter, above the 5 pCi/L MCL.","service":"Radium MCL violations carry consumer notice requirements for residents of the campus system (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 301 people served (ref 4).","duration":"Violations in Q1 2024 and in four consecutive quarters, Q3 2025 to Q2 2026 (ref 1), unresolved in VDH's 2025 report (ref 3).","significance":"VDH's 2024 report logs state enforcement codes on the Q1 2024 radium violation (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":301,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Combined radium at 6 pCi/L against a 5 pCi/L MCL, Q3 2025 to Q2 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"Combined radium running average","value":6,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Combined radium MCL","value":5,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"After returning to compliance in April 2024, the system fell back out of compliance from Q3 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Foxcroft School","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","corrective_actions":[],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Virginia (filtered to the system)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/VA/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"2024 Annual Compliance Report, Public Drinking Water Program (violation tables)","publisher":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","date":"2025-07-01","url":"https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/content/uploads/sites/14/2025/07/CY-2024_Annual_Compliance_Report-Virginia-.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"2025 Annual Compliance Report, Public Drinking Water Program (violation tables)","publisher":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","date":"2026-08-14","url":"https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/content/uploads/sites/14/2025_Annual_Compliance_Report-Virginia.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record VA6107100 (Foxcroft School)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/FOXCROFT/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, Virginia","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_51.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["school notices or corrective plan"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-VA-LAWRENCEVILLE-DISINFECTION-BYPRODUCTS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lawrenceville water and two Brunswick systems it supplies over byproduct limits in 2024","description":"The Town of Lawrenceville's surface-water system and two Brunswick County systems it supplies, Brunswick IDA North and the Town of Alberta, exceeded HAA5 and TTHM limits through 2024. Running averages reached 0.094 mg/L HAA5 and 0.097 mg/L TTHM. VDH's 2024 compliance report lists the violations, and SDWIS shows a return to compliance in March 2025.","location":{"name":"Town of Lawrenceville waterworks","type":"Municipal surface-water system","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Town of Lawrenceville, plus Brunswick IDA North (VA5025150) and Town of Alberta (VA5025050), Brunswick County","coordinates":{"lat":36.7565,"lon":-77.853873,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Brunswick"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"VA5025450"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented problem is the quality of water delivered to customers.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 1) shows Lawrenceville HAA5 at 0.094 mg/L in Q2 2024 and TTHM at 0.097 mg/L in Q3 2024, above the 0.060 and 0.080 mg/L MCLs.","service":"Repeated MCL violations required quarterly Tier 2 notices in all three systems (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 4,806 served by Lawrenceville, 1,035 by Brunswick IDA North and 300 by Alberta (ref 3).","duration":"Violations span all four 2024 quarters (ref 1), with a return to compliance on March 10, 2025.","significance":"VDH's 2024 report (ref 2) logs state enforcement actions on the MCL violations and an IDSE reporting failure for all three systems."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":6141,"status":"Reported","note":"Sum of SDWIS populations for Lawrenceville (4,806), Brunswick IDA North (1,035) and Alberta (300) (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"HAA5 up to 0.094 mg/L and TTHM up to 0.097 mg/L in 2024."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest HAA5 running average","value":0.094,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Lawrenceville, Q2 2024 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Highest TTHM running average","value":0.097,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Lawrenceville, Q3 2024 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Health-based violations across the three systems in 2024","value":19,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS rows (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Small southside town plant serving downstream purchaser systems"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"All three systems returned to compliance on March 10, 2025 and none appear in VDH's 2025 MCL tables (refs 1, 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Lawrenceville","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Brunswick County Industrial Development Authority","role":"Purchasing system owner"},{"name":"Town of Alberta","role":"Purchasing system owner"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Town of Lawrenceville town office","corrective_actions":["Return to compliance recorded March 10, 2025 (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Virginia (filtered to the system)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/VA/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"2024 Annual Compliance Report, Public Drinking Water Program (violation tables)","publisher":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","date":"2025-07-01","url":"https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/content/uploads/sites/14/2025/07/CY-2024_Annual_Compliance_Report-Virginia-.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record VA5025450 (Lawrenceville, Town of; also VA5025150 Brunswick IDA - North and VA5025050 Alberta, Town of)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/VA5025450/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"2025 Annual Compliance Report, Public Drinking Water Program (violation tables)","publisher":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","date":"2026-08-14","url":"https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/content/uploads/sites/14/2025_Annual_Compliance_Report-Virginia.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, Virginia","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_51.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["town notices or news coverage not found"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-VA-WOODSTOCK-NORTH-FORK-LOW-FLOW-RESTRICTIONS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Woodstock's single-river supply forces repeated mandatory water restrictions","description":"The Town of Woodstock draws all of its water from the North Fork of the Shenandoah River. Mandatory restrictions ran for about a month in summer 2024 when the river fell to about 5% of normal flow, were imposed again in January 2026 with flow below the 5th percentile, and the town was again on mandatory restrictions from May 22, 2026. The town hopes to identify a second source by fiscal year 2027.","location":{"name":"Town of Woodstock water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Town of Woodstock, Shenandoah County; intake on the North Fork Shenandoah River","coordinates":{"lat":38.881,"lon":-78.506,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Shenandoah"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"VA2171850"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Low river flow at the town's only source is a water-quantity problem rather than an infrastructure failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"WMRA (ref 2) reports the North Fork fell to about 5% of normal flow in 2024, and WHSV (ref 1) reports flow below the 5th percentile in January 2026; no outage was reported.","service":"Woodstock barred washing paved areas, non-commercial car washing and ornamental fountains and limited other use to business and hygiene needs (ref 1).","scale":"One town system; SDWIS lists the Woodstock system serving 5,955 people (ref 4).","duration":"Mandatory restrictions recurred in summer 2024 (ref 2), January 2026 (ref 1) and again from May 22, 2026 (ref 3), a recurring pattern across three dry periods.","significance":"Restrictions were imposed under the town code and the Northern Shenandoah Valley Regional Water Supply Plan (ref 1), a formal mandatory measure."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":5955,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"North Fork Shenandoah River flow below the 5th percentile when mandatory restrictions took effect in January 2026 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"River flow relative to normal, summer 2024","value":5,"unit":"percent of normal","status":"Reported","note":"About 5% of normal flow (ref 2)."},{"name":"Approximate length of 2024 mandatory restrictions","value":1,"unit":"months","status":"Reported","note":"About one month in summer 2024 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Restrictions came and went with river flows in 2024 and twice in 2026 (refs 1-3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Woodstock","role":"Water system owner and operator"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy drinking-water regulator"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Environmental Quality, Office of Water Supply","role":"Drought monitoring and water withdrawal permitting"}],"public_contact":"Town of Woodstock town manager's office (published on the town website).","corrective_actions":["Mandatory non-essential water use restrictions tied to North Fork flow percentiles (ref 1).","Town seeking a second water source by fiscal year 2027 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Town of Woodstock implements mandatory water restrictions","publisher":"WHSV","date":"2026-01-12","url":"https://www.whsv.com/2026/01/13/town-woodstock-implements-mandatory-water-restrictions/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Second consecutive summer drought strains the Valley","publisher":"WMRA","date":"2024-09-12","url":"https://www.wmra.org/2024-09-12/second-consecutive-summer-drought-strains-the-valley","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Drought monitor: Virginia water restrictions (weekly update)","publisher":"WTVR CBS 6","date":"2026-06-11","url":"https://wtvr.com/news/local-news/drought-monitor-virginia-water-restrictions-june-12-2026","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Woodstock, Town of (VA2171850)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WOODSTOCK/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-VA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-WATER-RESTRICTIONS-2026","US-VA-WOODSTOCK-DISINFECTION-BYPRODUCTS-2024"]},{"id":"US-VA-POTOMAC-WASHINGTON-METRO-DROUGHT-WATCH-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Record-low Potomac flows prompt Washington-area drought watch","description":"The Potomac River, the main source for Fairfax Water and other Washington-area suppliers, was at its lowest level for the date in more than 130 years of records in April 2026. The Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments' drought committee declared a Drought Watch on June 3, 2026 and asked for voluntary conservation, and ICPRB began daily drought monitoring on August 3 when flow at Point of Rocks fell to 1,740 cfs. Upstream reservoirs were about 99% full and no releases had been needed.","location":{"name":"Potomac River, Washington metropolitan supply","type":"River segment and regional water supply","state":"VA","states":["VA","MD","DC"],"detail":"Potomac River intakes serving Fairfax Water (Fairfax County), DC Water and WSSC Water; Little Falls and Point of Rocks gages","coordinates":{"lat":38.95,"lon":-77.128,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Fairfax","Loudoun"],"extent":"multi_state","pwsid":"VA6059501"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The risk is low river flow at shared drinking-water intakes, a supply-quantity issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ICPRB's director told WTOP (ref 1) the river was at its lowest point ever recorded for that date, but ICPRB (ref 3) said flow still met demand without reservoir releases.","service":"The June 3 Drought Watch asked residents and businesses for voluntary conservation; no mandatory restrictions were in place (ref 2).","scale":"Fairfax Water alone serves 1,121,613 people per SDWIS (ref 4), and the watch covered the whole metropolitan Washington region (ref 2).","duration":"Near-record low flows were reported in April (ref 1) and daily drought monitoring was still starting in August 2026 (ref 3), several months.","significance":"A formal regional Drought Watch was declared by the COG Drought Coordination Committee on June 3, 2026 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":1121613,"status":"Reported","note":"Fairfax County Water Authority population per SDWIS (ref 4); Maryland and DC suppliers not counted."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Potomac flow at Point of Rocks was 1,740 cfs on August 3, 2026, below the 2,000 cfs drought-monitoring trigger (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Point of Rocks flow, Aug 3 2026","value":1740,"unit":"cfs","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Upstream reservoir storage at Drought Watch","value":99,"unit":"percent full","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Potomac watershed in severe drought or worse, June 2026","value":40,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Conditions moved from near-record April lows (ref 1) to a Drought Watch in June (ref 2) and daily monitoring in August (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin (CO-OP section)","role":"Regional drought monitoring and reservoir release coordination"},{"name":"Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments Drought Coordination Committee","role":"Regional drought declarations"},{"name":"Fairfax Water","role":"Water supplier"}],"public_contact":"ICPRB Drought Monitoring and Operations page, potomacriver.org.","corrective_actions":["Drought Watch with voluntary conservation (ref 2).","Daily ICPRB drought monitoring reports to water suppliers (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DC region faces growing risk of water shortages as Potomac River hits near-record lows","publisher":"WTOP","date":"2026-04-17","url":"https://wtop.com/local/2026/04/dc-region-faces-growing-risk-of-water-shortages-as-potomac-river-hits-near-record-lows/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"News Release: Drought Watch declared for metropolitan Washington region","publisher":"Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin","date":"2026-06-03","url":"https://www.potomacriver.org/news/press-release-drought-watch-declared-for-metropolitan-washington-region/","basis":"Regional agency record"},{"ref":3,"title":"ICPRB Initiates Drought Monitoring - August 3, 2026","publisher":"Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin","date":"2026-08-03","url":"https://www.potomacriver.org/news/icprb-initiates-drought-monitoring-august-3-2026/","basis":"Regional agency record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Fairfax County Water Authority (VA6059501)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/FAIRFAX/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-VA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-WATER-RESTRICTIONS-2026","US-VA-DATA-CENTER-WATER-DEMAND-2026"]},{"id":"US-VA-PURCELLVILLE-DROUGHT-MANDATORY-RESTRICTIONS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Western Loudoun town water systems impose drought restrictions in 2024 and 2026","description":"During the July 2024 drought, Middleburg and Round Hill imposed mandatory water conservation while Purcellville and Leesburg asked for voluntary cuts; Loudoun Water's Potomac supply was not restricted. In January 2026 Purcellville moved to mandatory restrictions, banning lawn watering, home car washing and decorative fountains with fines from $100, after local conditions worsened to severe drought.","location":{"name":"Town of Purcellville water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Purcellville, Middleburg and Round Hill town systems, western Loudoun County","coordinates":{"lat":39.137,"lon":-77.715,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Loudoun"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"VA6107600"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Drought-driven supply limits at small town reservoir and well systems are a water-quantity issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Loudoun County (ref 1) reported extreme drought in part of western Loudoun in July 2024; no loss of supply was reported.","service":"Purcellville's January 2026 order prohibits lawn watering, vehicle washing and outdoor surface cleaning (ref 2); Middleburg and Round Hill had mandatory measures in July 2024 (ref 1).","scale":"Three small town systems: SDWIS lists Purcellville at 8,929, Round Hill at 5,055 and Middleburg at 803 people (refs 3-5).","duration":"Town restrictions occurred in the 2024 drought (ref 1) and again in January 2026 (ref 2), a recurring pattern.","significance":"Purcellville's order carries minimum fines of $100, $200 and $300 under its Drought Response and Contingency Ordinance (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":8929,"status":"Reported","note":"Purcellville population served per SDWIS (ref 3); Round Hill 5,055 and Middleburg 803 (refs 4-5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Purcellville moved to mandatory water restrictions on January 10, 2026 as local drought worsened from moderate to severe (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Minimum fine, first offense","value":100,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Loudoun Water households served (unrestricted Potomac supply)","value":80000,"unit":"households","status":"Reported","note":"More than 80,000 households (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Restrictions followed the 2024 and 2025-2026 droughts (refs 1-2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Purcellville","role":"Water system owner"},{"name":"Town of Middleburg","role":"Water system owner"},{"name":"Town of Round Hill","role":"Water system owner"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy drinking-water regulator"}],"public_contact":"Loudoun County Health Department (private well questions): 703-777-0234.","corrective_actions":["Mandatory outdoor use restrictions with fines in Purcellville (ref 2).","Mandatory conservation in Middleburg and Round Hill in July 2024 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drought Conditions Affecting Loudoun County and the Region (news release)","publisher":"Loudoun County Government","date":"2024-07-18","url":"https://www.loudoun.gov/Archive.aspx?ADID=14000","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Purcellville moves to mandatory water restrictions","publisher":"Blue Ridge Leader","date":"2026-01-10","url":"https://blueridgeleader.com/purcellville-moves-to-mandatory-water-restrictions/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Purcellville, Town of (VA6107600)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PURCELLVILLE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Round Hill, Town of (VA6107650)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ROUND%20HILL/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Middleburg, Town of (VA6107450)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MIDDLEBURG/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-VA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-WATER-RESTRICTIONS-2026"]},{"id":"US-VA-STAUNTON-RESERVOIR-DROUGHT-CONSERVATION-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Staunton reservoir and groundwater decline bring repeat conservation calls","description":"Staunton asked residents to conserve water in fall 2023 when the Staunton Dam reservoir was more than nine feet below its overfill line, and again in June 2024 after water stopped spilling over the dam and groundwater fell from low to very low under a DEQ drought warning advisory. The city suspended hydrant testing and main flushing during the 2024 advisory.","location":{"name":"City of Staunton water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"City of Staunton; Staunton Dam reservoir in the mountains plus other sources","coordinates":{"lat":38.15,"lon":-79.072,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Staunton city","Augusta"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"VA2790600"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Falling reservoir storage and groundwater are supply-quantity pressures.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The city reported groundwater dropping from low to very low and the reservoir falling in June 2024 (ref 2); officials said no dangerous threshold had been crossed in 2023 (ref 1).","service":"Voluntary conservation requests and suspension of hydrant testing and main flushing (ref 2), short of mandatory limits.","scale":"One city system serving 25,750 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Conservation requests in fall 2023 (ref 1) and again from June 2024 (ref 2) show a recurring drought pressure.","significance":"DEQ issued a formal drought warning advisory covering Staunton and the Shenandoah region (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":25750,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Staunton Dam reservoir more than nine feet below the overfill line in early November 2023 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Reservoir level below overfill line, Nov 2023","value":9,"unit":"feet (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Levels recovered by early 2024 then fell again by June 2024 (refs 1-2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Staunton Public Works","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Environmental Quality, Office of Water Supply","role":"Drought monitoring and water withdrawal permitting"}],"public_contact":"City of Staunton Public Works (published on the city website).","corrective_actions":["Voluntary conservation requests (refs 1-2).","Hydrant testing and main flushing suspended (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Staunton reservoir more than nine feet below overfill line","publisher":"WHSV","date":"2023-11-02","url":"https://www.whsv.com/2023/11/02/staunton-reservoir-more-than-nine-feet-below-overfill-line/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Staunton calls for residents to conserve water amid drought advisory","publisher":"WHSV","date":"2024-06-25","url":"https://www.whsv.com/2024/06/25/staunton-calls-residents-conserve-water-amid-drought-advisory","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Staunton, City of (VA2790600)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/STAUNTON/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-VA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-WATER-RESTRICTIONS-2026"]},{"id":"US-VA-PULASKI-GATEWOOD-RESERVOIR-LOW-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Pulaski's Gatewood reservoir falls about 20 feet during 2026 drought","description":"The Town of Pulaski's main source, Gatewood Lake, was more than 20 feet below full in January 2026, and the town began drawing water for part of its system, mainly the James Hardie plant, from the Pulaski County Public Service Authority. In July 2026 the reservoir was 19 feet below normal, in the warning stage of the town's plan; the town asked for voluntary conservation and closed its splash pad.","location":{"name":"Town of Pulaski water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Town of Pulaski, Pulaski County; Gatewood Lake and a second lake partly in Jefferson National Forest","coordinates":{"lat":37.048,"lon":-80.78,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Pulaski"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"VA1155635"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Low storage in the town's source reservoirs is a supply-quantity issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The town manager said Gatewood was more than 20 feet below full and residents had not seen it that low (ref 1); no outage was reported.","service":"Part of the supply was shifted to the county PSA in January (ref 1) and residents were asked to conserve, with the splash pad closed in July (ref 2).","scale":"One town system serving 9,473 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Low levels were reported from January (ref 1) through July 2026 (ref 2), more than six months.","significance":"A town official said the reservoir was in the formal warning stage, between 15 and 20 feet below (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":9473,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Pulaski's reservoir was 19 feet below normal in July 2026, inside the 15-to-20-foot warning stage (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Gatewood Lake below full, Jan 2026","value":20,"unit":"feet (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Reservoir below normal, Jul 2026","value":19,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Water plant and distribution upgrade","value":25000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Two reports six months apart show persistently low storage (refs 1-2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Pulaski","role":"Water system owner"},{"name":"Pulaski County Public Service Authority","role":"Backup supplier"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy drinking-water regulator"}],"public_contact":"Town of Pulaski town manager's office (published on the town website).","corrective_actions":["Partial supply from Pulaski County PSA (ref 1).","Voluntary conservation; splash pad closed (ref 2).","$25 million water plant and distribution upgrade developed with VDH (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Amidst drought and a shrinking lake, Pulaski turns to county for some of water needs","publisher":"Radio IQ (WVTF)","date":"2026-01-09","url":"https://www.wvtf.org/news/2026-01-09/amidst-drought-and-a-shrinking-lake-pulaski-turns-to-county-for-some-of-water-needs","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Drought pushes Pulaski, Roanoke Valley to low water levels","publisher":"WDBJ7","date":"2026-07-08","url":"https://www.wdbj7.com/2026/07/08/drought-pushes-pulaski-roanoke-valley-low-water-levels/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Pulaski, Town of (VA1155635)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PULASKI/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-VA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-WATER-RESTRICTIONS-2026"]},{"id":"US-VA-HALIFAX-COUNTY-BULK-WATER-HAULING-BAN-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Halifax County Service Authority bans bulk water hauling as drought deepens","description":"On September 10, 2026 the Halifax County Service Authority barred permitted bulk haulers, landscapers and construction companies from drawing any water from its systems, after asking all customers to cut use voluntarily since July. Parts of Halifax, Pittsylvania and Campbell counties were in extreme drought; the Dan River-fed Leigh Street plant and well systems were still producing normally.","location":{"name":"Halifax County Service Authority","type":"County water authority service area","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"South Boston and Halifax (Leigh Street Filter Plant on the Dan River); Virgilina, Clover and VIR well systems","coordinates":{"lat":36.699,"lon":-78.901,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Halifax"],"extent":"county","pwsid":"VA5780600"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The restriction responds to drought and low river flow, a water-quantity issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"WDBJ (ref 1) reports a normally submerged coffer dam at the Dan River intake is now visible, though capacity was not limited.","service":"All permitted and metered bulk withdrawals were prohibited, on top of voluntary cuts asked since July (ref 1).","scale":"The Leigh Street plant system serves 9,364 people per SDWIS (ref 2), plus smaller well systems (ref 1).","duration":"Voluntary cuts began in July and the hauling ban runs until drought status is downgraded (ref 1), months.","significance":"A formal authority restriction tied to DEQ and Drought Monitor status, with hydrant-use reporting line (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":9364,"status":"Reported","note":"HCSA Leigh Street Plant population per SDWIS (ref 2); well systems not counted."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Permitted bulk haulers barred from using any water from September 10, 2026 until drought status improves (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Measures escalated from voluntary (July) to a hauling ban (September 2026) (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Halifax County Service Authority","role":"Water system owner and operator"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Environmental Quality, Office of Water Supply","role":"Drought monitoring and water withdrawal permitting"}],"public_contact":"Halifax County Service Authority: 434-575-4240.","corrective_actions":["Ban on permitted bulk water hauling (ref 1).","Voluntary customer conservation since July 2026 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Worsening Halifax County drought prompts Service Authority to restrict bulk water hauling","publisher":"WDBJ7","date":"2026-09-11","url":"https://www.wdbj7.com/2026/09/11/worsening-halifax-county-drought-prompts-service-authority-restrict-bulk-water-hauling/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: HCSA - Leigh Street Plant (VA5780600)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/HCSA/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Dan River flow values"],"related_ids":["US-VA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-WATER-RESTRICTIONS-2026"]},{"id":"US-VA-ELKTON-SPRING-WATER-HAULING-SHORTAGE-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Elkton-area water haulers face spring shortage as drought dries cisterns","description":"In December 2023, with Elkton under voluntary restrictions, private water haulers serving homes on cisterns and hand-dug wells waited up to an hour to fill at Bear Lithia Spring, where the town ran only one of two pumps and stopped issuing new access keys. A hauler said he had never seen such a shortage in a decade, and other area towns ended hauling privileges during the drought.","location":{"name":"Bear Lithia Spring, Elkton","type":"Town-controlled spring used for water hauling","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Town of Elkton, Rockingham County; spring is not the town's public supply","coordinates":{"lat":38.408,"lon":-78.624,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Rockingham"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"VA2165270"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Drought reduced spring, cistern and shallow-well water, a supply-quantity issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"A hauler reported having to draw from hand-dug wells instead of cisterns for the first time (ref 1).","service":"Haulers waited nearly an hour per load and customers had no firm delivery time (ref 1).","scale":"Households in the Elkton area relying on hauled water; the town system itself serves 2,595 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"The shortage followed the fall 2023 drought and continued into December 2023 (ref 1).","significance":"Elkton's restrictions were voluntary and no formal order is reported (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Number of hauled-water households not reported; Elkton town system serves 2,595 per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Haulers waited up to an hour to fill a load at Bear Lithia Spring with one of two pumps shut off (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single report from December 2023 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Elkton","role":"Controls Bear Lithia Spring access"}],"public_contact":"Town of Elkton public works (published on the town website).","corrective_actions":["Town alternated pumps and stopped issuing new spring keys (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water providers struggling with supply among Elkton's voluntary restrictions","publisher":"WHSV","date":"2023-12-11","url":"https://www.whsv.com/2023/12/12/water-providers-struggling-with-supply-among-elktons-voluntary-restrictions/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Elkton, Town of (VA2165270)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ELKTON/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-VA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-WATER-RESTRICTIONS-2026"]},{"id":"US-VA-ROANOKE-CARVINS-COVE-DROUGHT-PLAN-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Western Virginia Water Authority activates drought plan for first time","description":"With the Roanoke region at 57% of expected rainfall, the Western Virginia Water Authority put its drought contingency plan into effect in July 2026 for the first time in its 22 years, asking customers to conserve voluntarily. Carvins Cove fell from 13 feet below full pond (69%) in June to 14.6 feet below (65.9%) in early July, and the authority moved water from Spring Hollow and bought water from Salem.","location":{"name":"Western Virginia Water Authority","type":"Regional water authority service area","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Roanoke, Roanoke County, Botetourt and Franklin counties; Carvins Cove and Spring Hollow reservoirs","coordinates":{"lat":37.271,"lon":-79.941,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Roanoke","Roanoke city","Botetourt"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"VA2770900"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Falling reservoir storage during drought is a water-quantity issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Carvins Cove was 14.6 feet below full pond at 65.9% capacity on July 8, 2026 (ref 1); mandatory restrictions had not been triggered.","service":"Voluntary conservation under the drought plan, with mandatory limits possible near 26 feet below full pond (ref 1).","scale":"The authority's main system serves 182,700 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Storage declined from June (ref 2) through July 2026 (ref 1), with officials not expecting mandatory limits before October (ref 2).","significance":"First activation of the authority's formal drought contingency plan in 22 years (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":182700,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Carvins Cove at 14.6 feet below full pond, 65.9% of capacity, on July 8, 2026 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Carvins Cove storage, Jun 18 2026","value":69,"unit":"percent of capacity","status":"Reported","note":"About 450 days of storage (ref 2)."},{"name":"Carvins Cove storage, Jul 8 2026","value":65.9,"unit":"percent of capacity","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Roanoke region rainfall vs expected","value":57,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Storage fell between the June and July readings (refs 1-2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Western Virginia Water Authority","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Environmental Quality, Office of Water Supply","role":"Drought monitoring and water withdrawal permitting"}],"public_contact":"Western Virginia Water Authority customer service (published on westernvawater.org).","corrective_actions":["Drought contingency plan, voluntary stage (ref 1).","Transfers from Spring Hollow and purchases from the City of Salem (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Roanoke Valley field notes: voluntary water measures now in place with persistent drought","publisher":"Cardinal News","date":"2026-07-09","url":"https://cardinalnews.org/2026/07/09/roanoke-valley-field-notes-voluntary-water-measures-now-in-place-with-persistent-drought/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Carvins Cove water levels drop amid drought; water authority addresses Google data center","publisher":"WDBJ7","date":"2026-06-19","url":"https://www.wdbj7.com/2026/06/20/carvins-cove-water-levels-drop-amid-drought-water-authority-addresses-google-data-center/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Governor Spanberger, officials gather at Smith Mountain Lake to address drought","publisher":"WDBJ (via 12 On Your Side)","date":"2026-07-16","url":"https://www.12onyourside.com/2026/07/16/governor-spanberger-officials-gather-smith-mountain-lake-address-drought/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Western Virginia Water Authority (VA2770900)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WESTERN/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-VA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-WATER-RESTRICTIONS-2026","US-VA-BOTETOURT-GOOGLE-DATA-CENTER-CARVINS-COVE-2026"]},{"id":"US-VA-BOTETOURT-GOOGLE-DATA-CENTER-CARVINS-COVE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Planned Botetourt Google data center would draw from drought-hit Carvins Cove","description":"Google's planned Botetourt County data center would take up to 2 million gallons a day from the Carvins Cove reservoir, possibly rising to 8 million pending Western Virginia Water Authority approval. The authority said the cove can handle 2 million gallons despite the drought, but its executive director acknowledged its drought plan does not envision a user that large and said the plan would be updated before Google comes online.","location":{"name":"Carvins Cove Reservoir, Botetourt County","type":"Drinking-water reservoir","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Carvins Cove (Botetourt County), primary source for the Roanoke Valley; Google data center site in Botetourt County","coordinates":{"lat":37.37,"lon":-79.97,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Botetourt","Roanoke"],"extent":"watershed","pwsid":"VA2770900"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy","drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A large new withdrawal from a public drinking-water reservoir is a supply-quantity question.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Potential only: experts quoted by WDBJ (ref 1) warned of long-term risk; the authority says current capacity is sufficient.","service":"No customer restrictions are attributed to the data center; the project is not yet drawing water (refs 1-2).","scale":"Carvins Cove supplies the Western Virginia Water Authority system serving 182,700 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Planned demand of 2 to 8 million gallons a day would be a lasting new draw (ref 1); timing of startup not reported.","significance":"No approval, agreement or regulatory action has been reported yet (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":182700,"status":"Reported","note":"Population of the system that relies on Carvins Cove, per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Up to 2 million gallons per day from Carvins Cove, possibly rising to 8 million pending authority approval (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Initial planned withdrawal","value":2,"unit":"million gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Possible expanded withdrawal","value":8,"unit":"million gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Pending authority approval (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Project is in planning; no water use yet (refs 1-2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Western Virginia Water Authority","role":"Reservoir owner and prospective supplier"},{"name":"Botetourt County","role":"Host locality"}],"public_contact":"Western Virginia Water Authority customer service (published on westernvawater.org).","corrective_actions":["Authority says it will update its drought plan before the data center comes online (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Virginia experts concerned about long-term water impact of Google data center","publisher":"WDBJ7","date":"2026-08-12","url":"https://www.wdbj7.com/2026/08/12/local-experts-concerned-about-long-term-water-impact-google-data-center/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Carvins Cove water levels drop amid drought; water authority addresses Google data center","publisher":"WDBJ7","date":"2026-06-19","url":"https://www.wdbj7.com/2026/06/20/carvins-cove-water-levels-drop-amid-drought-water-authority-addresses-google-data-center/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Western Virginia Water Authority (VA2770900)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WESTERN/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-VA-DATA-CENTER-WATER-DEMAND-2026","US-VA-ROANOKE-CARVINS-COVE-DROUGHT-PLAN-2026"]},{"id":"US-VA-EASTERN-SHORE-YORKTOWN-AQUIFER-SALTWATER-RISK-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Eastern Shore's sole-source Yorktown aquifer losing storage, chloride rising","description":"The Yorktown-Eastover aquifer system is the Eastern Shore's only source of drinking water. A 2026 DEQ report says withdrawals on the Shore are near their historical maximum and storage is expected to keep declining, with chloride concentrations notably increasing at Chincoteague. The regional planning commission says there is no reasonable alternative source if the aquifer is contaminated, and state rules steer non-potable use to the shallow surficial aquifer.","location":{"name":"Eastern Shore Groundwater Management Area","type":"Groundwater management area (sole-source aquifer)","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Accomack and Northampton counties; Yorktown-Eastover and Columbia aquifer systems","coordinates":{"lat":37.65,"lon":-75.75,"precision":"county","source_ref":2},"counties":["Accomack","Northampton"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Declining storage and saltwater intrusion threaten the quantity and quality of the only aquifer source.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"WHRO (ref 1) reports chloride concentrations notably increasing at Chincoteague, a saltwater-intrusion warning sign, with no MCL exceedance reported.","service":"No service disruption is reported (ref 1).","scale":"The aquifer is the sole drinking-water source for all of Accomack and Northampton counties (refs 1-2).","duration":"DEQ expects Yorktown aquifer storage to keep depleting, a long-term trend (ref 1).","significance":"Withdrawals are regulated inside a designated Groundwater Management Area, with a general permit limited to the surficial aquifer (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Population of Accomack and Northampton relying on the aquifer not given in cited sources; Chincoteague's system serves 3,344 per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"DEQ says the rate of groundwater withdrawal on the Eastern Shore is near its historical maximum (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Storage expected to continue depleting; chloride rising at Chincoteague (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Virginia Department of Environmental Quality, Office of Water Supply","role":"Drought monitoring and water withdrawal permitting"},{"name":"Accomack-Northampton Planning District Commission","role":"Regional water planning"}],"public_contact":"Accomack-Northampton Planning District Commission (published on its website).","corrective_actions":["General permit steering non-potable use to the surficial aquifer (ref 2).","Local work to shift farm and industry use to the Columbia aquifer (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Hampton Roads' groundwater supply is under threat, new analysis shows","publisher":"WHRO Public Media","date":"2026-08-05","url":"https://www.whro.org/environment/2026-08-05/hampton-roads-groundwater-supply-is-under-threat-new-analysis-shows","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"9VAC25-910 General Permit for Use of Surficial Aquifer on the Eastern Shore","publisher":"Virginia Administrative Code (Virginia Law Library)","date":"2022-12-21","url":"https://law.lis.virginia.gov/admincodeexpand/title9/agency25/chapter910","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Chincoteague, Town of (VA3001175)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CHINCOTEAGUE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected","chloride concentrations"],"related_ids":["US-VA-COASTAL-PLAIN-AQUIFER-DECLINE-SUBSIDENCE-2026"]},{"id":"US-VA-KING-GEORGE-POTOMAC-AQUIFER-DATA-CENTER-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"King George told to leave declining aquifer as Amazon drops well permit","description":"DEQ has directed King George County to reduce reliance on the Potomac aquifer and switch to Rappahannock River water, which the local state senator said will cost the county of 29,000 people $70 million to $100 million. In August 2026 Amazon withdrew its application to renew a groundwater permit of up to 6.4 million gallons a year for its 869-acre Birchwood Drive data center campus, after the senator urged denial and a DEQ report said the aquifer cannot support major new withdrawals.","location":{"name":"King George County, Potomac aquifer","type":"County groundwater supply area","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"King George County; Amazon Birchwood Drive tech campus; Rappahannock River proposed as new source","coordinates":{"lat":38.268,"lon":-77.183,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["King George"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Declining availability in the confined aquifer drives a costly shift of the public supply.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ's report (ref 1) warns groundwater east of I-95 is declining in availability; no supply loss is reported.","service":"No customer restrictions are tied to this finding (ref 1).","scale":"The county of about 29,000 people must shift its supply (ref 1).","duration":"Aquifer decline is long-term and the county's switch to river water is a multi-year change (ref 1).","significance":"DEQ directed the county to move to Rappahannock River water, and Amazon withdrew its permit renewal (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":29000,"status":"Reported","note":"County population as stated by Sen. Richard Stuart (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Groundwater permit renewal for up to 6.4 million gallons a year from the Potomac aquifer withdrawn by Amazon (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Withdrawn permit volume","value":6.4,"unit":"million gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"County cost estimate for river supply","value":null,"unit":"USD","status":"Not reported","note":"Stated as $70 million to $100 million by Sen. Stuart (ref 1); range, no point value."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"DEQ warns of declining availability east of I-95 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Virginia Department of Environmental Quality, Office of Water Supply","role":"Drought monitoring and water withdrawal permitting"},{"name":"King George County","role":"Local water supplier and host locality"}],"public_contact":"Virginia DEQ Office of Water Supply (published on deq.virginia.gov).","corrective_actions":["County directed to shift to Rappahannock River surface water (ref 1).","Amazon withdrew its groundwater permit application and will seek other sources (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Amazon changes course on water use for King George data center campus (Virginia Mercury, republished)","publisher":"Royal Examiner / Virginia Mercury","date":"2026-08-26","url":"https://royalexaminer.com/amazon-changes-course-on-water-use-for-king-george-data-center-campus/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Hampton Roads' groundwater supply is under threat, new analysis shows","publisher":"WHRO Public Media","date":"2026-08-05","url":"https://www.whro.org/environment/2026-08-05/hampton-roads-groundwater-supply-is-under-threat-new-analysis-shows","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["pwsid"],"related_ids":["US-VA-DATA-CENTER-WATER-DEMAND-2026","US-VA-COASTAL-PLAIN-AQUIFER-DECLINE-SUBSIDENCE-2026"]},{"id":"US-VA-FAUQUIER-FCWSA-GROUNDWATER-RESTRICTIONS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Fauquier water authority orders outdoor-use limits as well levels fall","description":"On June 5, 2026 the Fauquier County Water and Sanitation Authority, which relies only on about 50 bedrock wells, imposed mandatory outdoor restrictions for all customers, banning sprinkler irrigation, home vehicle washing and surface washing, citing declining groundwater under a DEQ drought warning. The authority said less than 25% of rainfall reaches its wells in an average year and perhaps under 15% in drought years.","location":{"name":"Fauquier County Water and Sanitation Authority","type":"County water authority (groundwater systems)","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"FCWSA service districts across Fauquier County, including Bealeton, Vint Hill, Marshall and others","coordinates":{"lat":38.714,"lon":-77.796,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Fauquier"],"extent":"county","pwsid":"VA6061129"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Falling bedrock groundwater levels at the authority's wells are a water-quantity issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"FCWSA cited a continued decline in regional groundwater levels and a risk to pressure and fire protection (ref 1).","service":"Mandatory outdoor restrictions apply to all FCWSA customers (ref 1).","scale":"WTVR listed 16 Fauquier County systems under mandatory restrictions dated June 5, 2026 (ref 3); Bealeton Regional alone serves 4,250 per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Restrictions from June 5 with officials expecting drought to persist through August 2026 (refs 1-2).","significance":"A formal mandatory restriction order by the authority (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Total FCWSA population not reported; Bealeton Regional 4,250 and Vint Hill 2,449 per SDWIS (refs 4-5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"FCWSA relies solely on groundwater from about fifty wells and issued mandatory outdoor restrictions for all customers on June 5, 2026 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"FCWSA wells","value":50,"unit":"wells (about)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Rainfall reaching wells in drought years","value":15,"unit":"percent (less than)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Restriction issued June 2026; later status not confirmed (refs 1-3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Fauquier County Water and Sanitation Authority","role":"Water system owner and operator"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Environmental Quality, Office of Water Supply","role":"Drought monitoring and water withdrawal permitting"}],"public_contact":"FCWSA drought information page: www.fcwsa.org/drought.","corrective_actions":["Mandatory outdoor water-use restrictions for all customers (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Mandatory Outdoor Water Usage Restrictions Issued for FCWSA Water Systems","publisher":"Fauquier County Water and Sanitation Authority","date":"2026-06-05","url":"https://fcwsa.org/documents/91/Mandatory_Outdoor_Water_Usage_Restrictions_June_2026.pdf","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Fauquier County drought water restrictions","publisher":"NBC4 Washington","date":"2026-06-10","url":"https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/drought-fauquier-county-water-restrictions/4114835/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Drought monitor: Virginia water restrictions (weekly update)","publisher":"WTVR CBS 6","date":"2026-06-11","url":"https://wtvr.com/news/local-news/drought-monitor-virginia-water-restrictions-june-12-2026","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Bealeton Regional (VA6061129)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BEALETON/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Vint Hill (VA6061595)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/VINT/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-VA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-WATER-RESTRICTIONS-2026","US-VA-BEALETON-PFAS-2025"]},{"id":"US-VA-LOUISA-ZION-CROSSROADS-WELL-RESTRICTIONS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Louisa County Water Authority restricts two well systems as levels drop","description":"On June 9, 2026 the Louisa County Water Authority declared a Water Watch and imposed mandatory restrictions on its Green Springs/Zion Crossroads and New Bridge/Lake Anna well systems because well levels were below normal; it noted 20 of 24 state monitoring wells were below the 10th percentile. Violations were a Class 3 misdemeanor. On September 10 the authority eased the restrictions to an odd-even watering schedule.","location":{"name":"Louisa County Water Authority, Zion Crossroads","type":"County water authority well systems","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Green Springs/Zion Crossroads and New Bridge/Lake Anna well systems, Louisa County","coordinates":{"lat":37.99,"lon":-78.23,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Louisa"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"VA2109990"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Below-normal well levels drove the restrictions, a groundwater-quantity issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"LCWA reported well levels in both systems below normal for the season (ref 1); no outage was reported.","service":"Outdoor watering, vehicle and surface washing, fountains and pool filling were banned (ref 1).","scale":"Louisa County Zion Crossroads serves 2,903 and New Bridge 100 people per SDWIS (refs 3-4).","duration":"Mandatory restrictions ran from June 9 to their easing on September 10, 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Board-declared Water Watch with violations classed as a Class 3 misdemeanor (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":3003,"status":"Reported","note":"Sum of SDWIS populations for Zion Crossroads (2,903) and New Bridge (100) (refs 3-4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"20 of 24 Commonwealth monitoring wells remained below the 10th percentile for the season when LCWA imposed restrictions (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"State monitoring wells below 10th percentile","value":20,"unit":"of 24 wells","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Restrictions eased on September 10, 2026, with reimposition possible (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Louisa County Water Authority","role":"Water system owner and operator"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy drinking-water regulator"}],"public_contact":"Louisa County Water Authority: 540-967-1122.","corrective_actions":["Mandatory restrictions June 9, 2026 (ref 1).","Eased to odd-even schedule September 10, 2026 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Louisa County Water Authority Water Restrictions (alert and update)","publisher":"Louisa County, Virginia","date":"2026-09-10","url":"https://www.louisacounty.gov/AlertCenter.aspx?AID=294","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Drought monitor: Virginia water restrictions (weekly update)","publisher":"WTVR CBS 6","date":"2026-06-11","url":"https://wtvr.com/news/local-news/drought-monitor-virginia-water-restrictions-june-12-2026","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Louisa County Zion Crossroads (VA2109990)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ZION/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: New Bridge (VA2109340)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/NEW%20BRIDGE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-VA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-WATER-RESTRICTIONS-2026"]},{"id":"US-VA-CAROLINE-COUNTY-DROUGHT-WATER-RESTRICTIONS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Caroline County well systems under mandatory drought restrictions","description":"From mid-April 2026 Caroline County systems including Bowling Green, Port Royal and the Milford Sanitary District were under mandatory restrictions that banned lawn watering, strictly limited car washing and required county approval to fill pools over 1,000 gallons. The county announced on September 17, 2026 that restrictions were reduced from Level 3 to Level 1, allowing alternating-day watering.","location":{"name":"Caroline County public water systems","type":"County and town water systems","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Bowling Green, Port Royal, Milford Sanitary District and small community systems, Caroline County","coordinates":{"lat":38.05,"lon":-77.347,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Caroline"],"extent":"county","pwsid":"VA6033550"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Drought-driven demand limits on groundwater systems are a water-quantity issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"WTVR (ref 1) reports statewide groundwater below the 10th percentile in 13 of 24 monitoring wells while Caroline systems were restricted; no local outage reported.","service":"Lawn watering banned and car washing strictly limited in the county's municipal systems (ref 1).","scale":"Bowling Green 1,233, Milford Sanitary District 1,117 and Port Royal 327 people per SDWIS (refs 3-5).","duration":"Restrictions dated April 17-20, 2026 (ref 1) were only reduced on September 17, 2026 (ref 2), about five months.","significance":"Level 3 mandatory restrictions formally imposed and later reduced by the county (refs 1-2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":2677,"status":"Reported","note":"Sum of SDWIS populations for Bowling Green, Milford Sanitary District and Port Royal (refs 3-5); other listed systems not counted."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Caroline County reduced water restrictions from Level 3 to Level 1 on September 17, 2026 (ref 2)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Restriction level reduced in September 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Caroline County Department of Utilities","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Town of Bowling Green","role":"Town water system"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy drinking-water regulator"}],"public_contact":"Caroline County, P.O. Box 447, Bowling Green, VA 22427.","corrective_actions":["Level 3 mandatory restrictions from April 2026 (ref 1).","Reduced to Level 1 alternating-day watering, September 17, 2026 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drought monitor: Virginia water restrictions (weekly update)","publisher":"WTVR CBS 6","date":"2026-06-11","url":"https://wtvr.com/news/local-news/drought-monitor-virginia-water-restrictions-june-12-2026","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Water restrictions reduced from Level 3 to Level 1","publisher":"Caroline County, Virginia","date":"2026-09-17","url":"https://co.caroline.va.us/CivicAlerts.aspx?AID=1108","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Bowling Green, Town of (VA6033550)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BOWLING/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Milford Sanitary District (VA6033500)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MILFORD/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Port Royal, Town of (VA6033600)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PORT%20ROYAL/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-VA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-WATER-RESTRICTIONS-2026","US-VA-CAROLINE-RAPPAHANNOCK-WITHDRAWAL-PERMIT-2026"]},{"id":"US-VA-GRETNA-RESERVOIR-WATER-EMERGENCY-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Town of Gretna declares water emergency as reservoir declines","description":"In July 2026 the Town of Gretna in Pittsylvania County declared a water emergency after its reservoir declined steadily over several dry weeks, asking residents to avoid non-essential uses such as lawn watering and car washing. The interim town manager said mandatory rationing had not been reached and conditions were being checked daily.","location":{"name":"Town of Gretna water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Town of Gretna, Pittsylvania County; town reservoir","coordinates":{"lat":36.953,"lon":-79.36,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Pittsylvania"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"VA5143210"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A falling source reservoir is a supply-quantity issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"WSET (ref 1) reports the reservoir steadily declining over recent weeks; no level figure was given.","service":"Residents asked to stop non-essential use; rationing not imposed (ref 1).","scale":"One town system serving 2,500 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"Only a single July 2026 report was found, so duration beyond weeks is not documented (ref 1).","significance":"The town formally declared a water emergency (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":2500,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Gretna declared a water emergency in July 2026 as its reservoir declined (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single report (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Gretna","role":"Water system owner"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy drinking-water regulator"}],"public_contact":"Town of Gretna town office (published on the town website).","corrective_actions":["Water emergency with voluntary conservation and daily monitoring (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Gretna declares water emergency, urges residents to conserve as drought continues","publisher":"WSET","date":"2026-07-09","url":"https://wset.com/news/local/gretna-declares-water-emergency-urges-residents-to-conserve-as-drought-continues-july-2026","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Gretna, Town of (VA5143210)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/GRETNA/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Re-checked WSET (July 9, 2026): emergency declaration and voluntary conservation confirmed. Confidence kept Low: one news source and no later update found."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["reservoir level"],"related_ids":["US-VA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-WATER-RESTRICTIONS-2026"]},{"id":"US-VA-HARRISONBURG-SUPPLY-DEMAND-MARGIN-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Harrisonburg peak demand nears available supply in drought summers","description":"In July 2024 Harrisonburg residents used almost 65 million gallons a week against about 68 million available from the North River and Switzer Reservoir, and supply dipped below demand a few weeks later as Switzer fell. The city plans a third source on the Shenandoah River and was on voluntary conservation again in 2026.","location":{"name":"City of Harrisonburg water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"City of Harrisonburg; North River, Dry River and Switzer Reservoir sources","coordinates":{"lat":38.449,"lon":-78.869,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Harrisonburg city","Rockingham"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"VA2660345"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Thin margin between demand and source yield in drought is a supply-quantity issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"WMRA (ref 1) reports supply dipped below the July peak demand of almost 65 million gallons a week; no outage reported.","service":"Harrisonburg was listed with voluntary conservation measures in June 2026 (ref 3).","scale":"City system serving 61,000 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Drought strain in 2024 (ref 1) recurred in 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"Harrisonburg was inside DEQ's formal 2024 drought warning advisory area (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":61000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 68 million gallons a week available versus almost 65 million gallons a week used at the July 2024 peak (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Weekly supply available","value":68,"unit":"million gallons per week","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Peak weekly use, July 2024","value":65,"unit":"million gallons per week (almost)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Rain restored adequate supply after the 2024 dip (ref 1); conservation requested again in 2026 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Harrisonburg Public Utilities","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Environmental Quality, Office of Water Supply","role":"Drought monitoring and water withdrawal permitting"}],"public_contact":"City of Harrisonburg communications office (published on the city website).","corrective_actions":["Third water source on the Shenandoah River planned (ref 1).","Voluntary conservation in 2026 (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Second consecutive summer drought strains the Valley","publisher":"WMRA","date":"2024-09-12","url":"https://www.wmra.org/2024-09-12/second-consecutive-summer-drought-strains-the-valley","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Staunton calls for residents to conserve water amid drought advisory","publisher":"WHSV","date":"2024-06-25","url":"https://www.whsv.com/2024/06/25/staunton-calls-residents-conserve-water-amid-drought-advisory","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Drought monitor: Virginia water restrictions (weekly update)","publisher":"WTVR CBS 6","date":"2026-06-11","url":"https://wtvr.com/news/local-news/drought-monitor-virginia-water-restrictions-june-12-2026","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Harrisonburg, City of (VA2660345)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/HARRISONBURG/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-VA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-WATER-RESTRICTIONS-2026"]},{"id":"US-VA-HOPEWELL-WATER-RENEWAL-SEWAGE-SPILLS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hopewell Water Renewal sewage releases to James River tributaries","description":"Hopewell's wastewater plant and pump stations released about 164,000 gallons of sewage in eight incidents from July to December 2024, prompting a DEQ notice of violation that cited broken equipment and no documented preventive maintenance. An electrical failure in July 2025 sent about one million gallons into waterways, and a force main break in July 2026 released an estimated 1.5 million gallons near Cattail Creek, leading to a Bailey Bay recreational advisory. In September 2026 the city sued three industrial partners over unpaid shares of plant operating and upgrade costs.","location":{"name":"Hopewell Water Renewal and collection system","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant and sewer system","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"City of Hopewell; releases to Cattail, Cabin and Bailey's creeks, Bailey Bay and the James River","coordinates":{"lat":37.3043,"lon":-77.2872,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Hopewell (city)","Prince George"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Failing pumps, wiring and force mains at a municipal sewage utility caused raw sewage releases to tidal James River tributaries.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"WRIC (ref 1) lists eight 2024 releases totaling about 164,000 gallons to Cattail, Cabin and Bailey's creeks and the James, plus about one million gallons after the July 11, 2025 electrical failure; VDH (ref 3) puts the July 2026 force-main release at 1.5 million gallons.","service":"VDH (ref 2) told the public to avoid full-body contact in Bailey Bay from City Point to Jordan Point from July 16 until the July 23, 2026 lift (ref 3); a swimming advisory also followed the 2025 spill (ref 1).","scale":"Releases affected one city's collection system; the First Street pump station alone carries more than 1 million gallons a day, about half of Hopewell's sewage (ref 4).","duration":"Releases recur across three years: eight in July-December 2024, one in July 2025 (ref 1) and the July 14-22, 2026 force-main break (refs 3, 4).","significance":"DEQ issued a notice of violation on January 21, 2025 (ref 1), and the city filed suit on September 23, 2026 against AdvanSix, Ashland and WestRock over plant funding (ref 4)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sewer customers served by Hopewell Water Renewal are not stated in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Eight incidents from July to December 2024 released about 164,000 gallons total; the July 2026 force-main break released an estimated 1.5 million gallons."},"measures":[{"name":"Sewage released in eight 2024 incidents","value":164000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"DEQ notice of violation as reported by WRIC (ref 1)."},{"name":"Sewage released July 11, 2025 electrical failure","value":1000000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"About one million gallons (ref 1)."},{"name":"Sewage released July 14-22, 2026 force-main break","value":1500000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"VDH estimate of total release to ground surface (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The city alleges three industrial partners underfunded operations and capital improvements under a 1995 agreement, contributing to deteriorating conditions (ref 4)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Release volumes grew from about 164,000 gallons across 2024 to about one million in 2025 and 1.5 million in 2026 (refs 1, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Hopewell (Hopewell Water Renewal)","role":"Plant owner and operator"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Environmental Quality","role":"VPDES permit regulator (permit VA0066630)"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Health","role":"Recreational water advisories"}],"public_contact":"Virginia Department of Health news releases list the Bailey Bay advisory contacts; City of Hopewell Water Renewal, Hummel Ross Road, Hopewell.","corrective_actions":["Permanent wiring repair after the July 2025 failure (ref 1).","Force-main repair completed July 22, 2026 (ref 3).","City lawsuit to recover industrial partners' shares of operating and capital costs (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Hopewell leaked 164,000 gallons of sewage into waterways in 2024 alone prior to 2025 sewage spill","publisher":"WRIC ABC 8News","date":"2025-07-15","url":"https://digital-release.wric.com/news/local-news/the-tri-cities/hopewell-leaked-164000-gallons-of-sewage-into-waterways-in-2024-alone-prior-to-2025-sewage-spill","basis":"News report citing DEQ notice of violation"},{"ref":2,"title":"Recreational Water Advisory Issued for Bailey Bay, Hopewell","publisher":"Virginia Department of Health","date":"2026-07-16","url":"https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/news/?p=19026","basis":"State agency advisory"},{"ref":3,"title":"Recreational Water Advisory for Bailey Bay Lifted","publisher":"Virginia Department of Health","date":"2026-07-23","url":"https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/news/?p=19132","basis":"State agency notice"},{"ref":4,"title":"Hopewell sues 3 companies over wastewater facility funding","publisher":"WTVR CBS 6","date":"2026-10-02","url":"https://www.wtvr.com/news/local-news/tri-cities/hopewell-sues-3-companies-over-wastewater-facility-funding-oct-2-2026","basis":"News report"},{"ref":5,"title":"ECHO CWA facility search: Hopewell (VA0066630 Hopewell Water Renewal)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=VA&p_fn=HOPEWELL&responseset=50","basis":"Federal permit record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Final DEQ enforcement outcome after the January 2025 notice","Amount sought in the city lawsuit"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-VA-PETERSBURG-AGING-WATER-MAINS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Petersburg water main failures and deferred water-sewer investment","description":"Petersburg's water system has recurring main breaks and boil-water notices, including a citywide notice in July 2024 after a break on Arlington Street that the city tied to pipes over 70 and up to 100 years old. A city rate study found about $190 million in deferred water and sewer capital needs, and council approved a 9.5% rate increase in October 2025. Neighborhood boil notices and slow repairs continued in 2026.","location":{"name":"City of Petersburg water system","type":"Municipal water utility service area","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"City of Petersburg, Tri-Cities region","coordinates":{"lat":37.2279,"lon":-77.4019,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Petersburg (city)"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"VA3730750"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Century-old distribution mains fail and the city carries a large backlog of deferred water and sewer capital work.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"VDH (ref 1) told all city-water customers in July 2024 to stop drinking tap water unless boiled; no contamination result is reported, so harm is potential.","service":"The July 7, 2024 Arlington Street break left some residences and businesses without water and put the city on a boil notice into the following Friday at the earliest (refs 1, 2); a May 2026 break again left some customers without water (ref 4).","scale":"Petersburg's community water system serves 33,394 people per SDWIS (ref 6).","duration":"Failures recur from July 2024 through 2026, including a Mulberry Street line leaking from May until an August 27, 2026 repair (ref 5).","significance":"City and VDH issued formal boil-water notices (refs 1, 4); council approved a 9.5% water and sewer rate increase on October 21, 2025 to fund capital needs (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":33394,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 6)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A previous utility rate study found about $190 million in deferred water and sewer capital investments, about $130 million of it expected to be funded through city debt."},"measures":[{"name":"Deferred water and sewer capital investment","value":190000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Rate study figure cited by WRIC (ref 3)."},{"name":"Water and sewer rate increase effective January 1, 2026","value":9.5,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"About $7.51 more per month for a typical household (ref 3)."},{"name":"FY2026 capital improvements","value":73000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Over $73 million in the five-year CIP's first year (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["About $130 million of deferred needs to be funded by city debt and $40 million of a proposed $70 million bond for water and sewer projects (ref 3)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Breaks and neighborhood boil notices continued from 2024 into 2026 while funded replacement work began (refs 2, 4, 5)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Petersburg Department of Public Works and Utilities","role":"Water system owner and operator"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Health Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Petersburg Department of Public Works and Utilities (city website); Petersburg Health Department.","corrective_actions":["Five-year CIP with about $8.5 million for water and $27.6 million for wastewater in FY2026 (ref 3).","Planned replacement of a 2-inch Mulberry Street line with a 6-inch line (ref 5)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Petersburg Health Department Provides Guidance for Boil Water Restriction","publisher":"Virginia Department of Health","date":"2024-07-08","url":"https://vdh.virginia.gov/news/?p=11342","basis":"State agency notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Petersburg cites 100-year-old pipes as cause of disruptive water main break, boil notice remains","publisher":"WTVR CBS 6","date":"2024-07-09","url":"https://www.wtvr.com/news/local-news/petersburg-water-main-break-update-july-9-2024","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Costly water, sewer system upgrades prompt rate increase for Petersburg residents","publisher":"WRIC ABC 8News","date":"2025-10-21","url":"https://digital-release.wric.com/?p=2556139","basis":"News report on city council action"},{"ref":4,"title":"Boil water advisory for some Petersburg neighborhoods lifted","publisher":"WWBT 12 On Your Side","date":"2026-05-20","url":"https://www.12onyourside.com/2026/05/20/petersburg-neighborhoods-under-boil-water-adivsory/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":5,"title":"Petersburg water line repaired after residents contact 12 On Your Side","publisher":"WWBT 12 On Your Side","date":"2026-09-22","url":"https://www.12onyourside.com/2026/09/22/petersburg-water-line-repaired-after-residents-contact-12-your-side/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":6,"title":"SDWIS water system record: PETERSBURG, CITY OF","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PETERSBURG/JSON","basis":"Federal drinking water record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Annual count of main breaks","Number of customers affected by each notice"],"related_ids":["US-VA-RICHMOND-REGIONAL-WATER-CRISIS-2025","US-VA-PETERSBURG-WATER-SEWER-RATE-INCREASE-2025"]},{"id":"US-VA-ALEXANDRIA-RIVERRENEW-CSO-PROGRAM-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Alexandria RiverRenew combined-sewer overflow tunnel under state deadline","description":"Alexandria's combined sewers overflowed to the Potomac River and its tributaries more than 70 times a year, and a 2017 state law set a deadline for AlexRenew to control them, later extended to July 1, 2026; the new tunnel connects four outfall locations. AlexRenew reported in October 2025 that the tunnel system was approaching 90 percent completion after nearly $550 million in program spending, and local news reported the system set to come online on July 1, 2026. Residential rates rose by over 55 percent to repay program loans.","location":{"name":"AlexRenew combined sewer system (RiverRenew)","type":"Regional wastewater authority combined sewer system","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"City of Alexandria (Old Town); outfalls to the Potomac River, Oronoco Bay, Hooffs Run and Hunting Creek","coordinates":{"lat":38.8048,"lon":-77.0469,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Alexandria (city)"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A combined sewer system discharged untreated sewage in wet weather and required a tunnel, pumping station and plant expansion under a state mandate.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"AlexRenew (ref 1) says RiverRenew will keep over 120 million gallons of combined sewage a year out of the Potomac and its tributaries; ALXnow (ref 2) reports more than 70 overflows a year, often after a quarter inch of rain.","service":"No interruption of sewer or drinking water service is reported; the problem is untreated wet-weather discharge (refs 1, 2).","scale":"One city's combined sewer area served through VPDES permit VA0025160 with four outfalls (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Overflows persisted until the system's planned start on July 1, 2026, nine years after the 2017 law (ref 2); Outfall 022 averaged 44 events a year before early control (ref 1).","significance":"The 2017 Acts of Assembly Chapters 826 and 827 set a statutory deadline, extended by the 2024 General Assembly to July 1, 2026 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sewer customers in the combined area are not stated in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Once operational, RiverRenew will prevent over 120 million gallons of combined sewage from polluting the Potomac River and its tributaries each year."},"measures":[{"name":"Combined sewage to be captured","value":120000000,"unit":"gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"AlexRenew report (ref 1)."},{"name":"RiverRenew capital program spending to date","value":550000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Nearly $550 million, including $375 million on the Tunnel Project, as of October 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Average residential rate increase since 2018","value":55,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Over 55 percent (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["AlexRenew says customers are experiencing rate shock from program costs; financing includes a $321 million WIFIA loan and a $185 million state revolving fund loan (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Hooffs Run Interceptor cut Outfall 022 events from 44 to four (ref 1); the full system was set to come online July 1, 2026 (ref 2). Post-launch overflow data not yet verified."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alexandria Renew Enterprises (AlexRenew)","role":"Permittee and program owner"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Environmental Quality","role":"VPDES permit regulator (permit VA0025160)"}],"public_contact":"AlexRenew, 1800 Limerick Street, Alexandria, VA 22314 (alexrenew.com).","corrective_actions":["Waterfront Tunnel completed in 2024; Hooffs Run Interceptor and Pendleton Street facility completed (ref 1).","Wet weather and tunnel dewatering pumping stations commissioned for the July 1, 2026 deadline (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Alexandria Combined Sewer Overflow Outfall Progress Report (2025), RD1022","publisher":"Virginia Department of Environmental Quality / AlexRenew","date":"2025-12-19","url":"https://rga.lis.virginia.gov/Published/2025/RD1022/PDF","basis":"State report to the General Assembly"},{"ref":2,"title":"RiverRenew set to launch, meeting 'impossible' state deadline to address sewage overflow","publisher":"ALXnow","date":"2026-06-24","url":"https://www.alxnow.com/?p=83451","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO CWA facility search: Alexandria Renew Enterprises WRRF (VA0025160)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=VA&p_fn=ALEXANDRIA%20RENEW&responseset=50","basis":"Federal permit record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Post-launch overflow frequency and volume"],"related_ids":["US-VA-RICHMOND-CSO-CONTROL-PROGRAM-2024"]},{"id":"US-VA-HRSD-SSO-CONSENT-DECREE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"HRSD sanitary sewer overflow consent decree and regional wet weather plan","description":"Hampton Roads Sanitation District has been under a federal and state consent decree since 2010 to reduce sanitary sewer overflows, amended six times, most recently on January 19, 2024. Its fiscal 2025 report counts 14 overflows from HRSD's system, four of them capacity-related, and $47,300 in stipulated penalties. The plan commits $208 million and $202 million in two rounds of high-priority projects, with a performance assessment due in 2043, alongside the SWIFT aquifer replenishment program.","location":{"name":"HRSD regional sewer system","type":"Regional wastewater authority service area","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Hampton Roads: HRSD serves 13 localities and more than 1.9 million people","coordinates":{"lat":36.95,"lon":-76.33,"precision":"system_centroid","source_ref":2},"counties":["Norfolk (city)","Virginia Beach (city)","Chesapeake (city)","Portsmouth (city)","Suffolk (city)","Hampton (city)","Newport News (city)","James City","York"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Regional interceptors, pump stations and locality sewers overflow in wet weather and are being upgraded under an enforceable decree.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"HRSD's FY2025 report (ref 1) records fourteen sanitary sewer overflows from its system between July 2024 and June 2025, four capacity-related.","service":"The report (ref 1) describes no loss of sewer service to customers; the issue is overflows to state waters.","scale":"HRSD's sewer system covers nearly 5,000 square miles and serves more than 1.9 million people (ref 2).","duration":"The amended consent decree dates from February 23, 2010, and plan work runs to a 2043 performance assessment (ref 1).","significance":"The consent decree with the United States and Virginia was amended in 2011, 2013, 2014, 2017, 2022 and January 19, 2024, and HRSD paid stipulated penalties each FY2025 quarter (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1900000,"status":"Reported","note":"HRSD serves more than 1.9 million people (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"For July 1, 2024 through June 30, 2025, HRSD experienced fourteen sanitary sewer overflows from its system; four of the fourteen were capacity-related."},"measures":[{"name":"HRSD system SSOs, FY2025","value":14,"unit":"overflows","status":"Reported","note":"Four capacity-related (ref 1)."},{"name":"Undisputed stipulated penalties, FY2025","value":47300,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Sum of four quarters in Table 2-4: $2,950, $5,450, $37,300 and $1,600 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Round 1 high-priority projects","value":208000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Phase 2 of the Adaptive Regional Plan (ref 1)."},{"name":"Peak-event SSO volume reduction target","value":69,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"High-Priority Projects target for the 5-year peak flow event (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["HRSD says it is evaluating how to implement the SWIFT program given financial constraints and inflationary pressures (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"All 45 interim system improvement projects are complete and Round 1 projects are under contract (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Hampton Roads Sanitation District","role":"Consent decree party and regional sewer operator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 3","role":"Consent decree party"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Consent decree party and VPDES regulator"}],"public_contact":"HRSD, writeus@hrsd.com or 757.460.7056.","corrective_actions":["Rehabilitation Action Plan phases 0-2 and 45 interim system improvements (ref 1).","Round 1 and Round 2 high-priority wet weather projects and pathogen source tracking (ref 1).","SWIFT facilities at James River and Nansemond plants under design-build contracts (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Consent Decree Annual Report FY 2025","publisher":"Hampton Roads Sanitation District","date":"2025-10-30","url":"https://www.hrsd.com/sites/default/files/assets/Documents/pdfs/EPA/Reporting/HRSD_FY25AnnualReport.pdf","basis":"Utility compliance report to EPA and DEQ"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA Wet Weather Consent Decree","publisher":"Hampton Roads Sanitation District","date":null,"url":"https://www.hrsd.com/epa-wet-weather-consent-decree","basis":"Utility program page","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Locality collection-system overflow totals for FY2025","Overflow volumes"],"related_ids":["US-VA-PORTSMOUTH-FORCE-MAIN-SEWAGE-SPILLS-2026","US-VA-COASTAL-PLAIN-AQUIFER-DECLINE-SUBSIDENCE-2026"]},{"id":"US-VA-NELSON-WINTERGREEN-WWTP-OVERFLOWS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Wintergreen Mountain sewage plant overflows to Pond Hollow Creek","description":"The Nelson County Service Authority's Wintergreen Mountain wastewater plant released about 7.5 million gallons of partially treated sewage into Pond Hollow Creek between late 2024 and April 2026, according to final revised calculations. DEQ issued notices of violation in February 2025 and February 2026, after a 2019 consent order whose upgrade deadline had been extended to May 2025. A proposed 2026 consent order carries a civil charge of more than $215,000, much of it through supplemental environmental projects.","location":{"name":"Wintergreen Mountain WWTP","type":"Service authority wastewater treatment plant","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Wintergreen, Nelson County; Pond Hollow Creek, tributary of the South Fork Rockfish River","coordinates":{"lat":37.9224,"lon":-78.9431,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Nelson"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Undersized and damaged treatment equipment overflowed partially treated sewage into an already impaired mountain stream.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"CBS19 (ref 1) reports 5.2 million gallons in 2024-2025 events, 2.28 million in late 2025-early 2026 and about 23,000 in April 2026 entering Pond Hollow Creek, impaired for bacteria since 2012.","service":"No customer service loss is reported; NCSA rejected pump-and-haul as an alternative (ref 1).","scale":"One resort-community plant; the linked NCSA Wintergreen water system serves 6,861 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Overflows ran from a December 29, 2024 surge tank report to an April 5, 2026 incident (ref 1).","significance":"DEQ issued notices of violation on February 13, 2025 and February 6, 2026 and proposed a consent order with a civil charge above $215,000 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sewer customers of the plant are not stated; the NCSA Wintergreen drinking water system serves 6,861 per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Combined total of about 7.5 million gallons of partially treated sewage released to Pond Hollow Creek."},"measures":[{"name":"Partially treated sewage released, 2024-2026","value":7500000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Final revised calculation reported by CBS19 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Proposed civil charge","value":215000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"More than $215,000; more than $35,000 due in cash, remainder via SEPs (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Overflow volumes fell from 5.2 million gallons (2024-2025) to about 23,000 gallons in April 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Nelson County Service Authority","role":"Plant owner and operator"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Environmental Quality","role":"VPDES regulator (permit VA0031011)"}],"public_contact":"DEQ comment contact for the proposed order: francesca.wright@deq.virginia.gov (comment period closed July 15, 2026).","corrective_actions":["Repair, replacement and upgrade of equipment and delayed headworks work (ref 1).","Supplemental environmental projects for Wintergreen Fire and Rescue hazmat response (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Proposed consent order concerns sewage overflows at Wintergreen plant","publisher":"CBS19 News","date":"2026-06-17","url":"https://www.cbs19news.com/news/proposed-consent-order-concerns-sewage-overflows-at-wintergreen-plant/article_b47ff1bd-4528-4a9d-ad38-ee76672581f5.html","basis":"News report on DEQ proposed order"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO CWA facility search: Wintergreen (VA0031011 Wintergreen Mountain WWTP)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=VA&p_fn=WINTERGREEN&responseset=50","basis":"Federal permit record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: NCSA - WINTERGREEN","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WINTERGREEN/JSON","basis":"Federal drinking water record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Whether DEQ executed the proposed order"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-VA-BEDFORD-WATER-WASTEWATER-VIOLATIONS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Bedford Water wastewater overflows and Moneta plant zinc violations","description":"DEQ cited Bedford Regional Water Authority for wet-weather overflows at the Bedford treatment plant and several pump stations, tied by the utility to the unfinished Ivy Creek sewer project; a consent order required that project by July 1, 2026 and Pump Station 5 replacement by 2029. Separately, the Moneta wastewater plant exceeded its zinc limit from October 2025 through May 2026, peaking at 89 micrograms per liter against a 41 limit, and Bedford Water agreed to an $11,392.50 civil charge.","location":{"name":"Bedford Regional Water Authority sewer system","type":"Regional water and sewer authority","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Town of Bedford and Moneta, Bedford County; Moneta plant discharges to Hunting Creek","coordinates":{"lat":37.3343,"lon":-79.5231,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Bedford"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Construction-limited sewer capacity and failed plant equipment caused overflows and effluent violations.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"WSET (ref 1) reports Moneta zinc discharges to fecal-coliform-impaired Hunting Creek reaching 89 µg/L against a 41 µg/L limit, though DEQ said it was not aware of immediate creek impacts.","service":"Neither article reports customer service loss; violations concern overflows and effluent quality (refs 1, 2).","scale":"One regional authority; its drinking water system serves 38,794 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Zinc exceedances ran October 2025 through May 2026, with compliance shown in June and July 2026 reports (ref 1).","significance":"DEQ consent orders set an Ivy Creek completion date of July 1 and Pump Station 5 replacement by 2029 (ref 2) and an $11,392.50 civil charge for Moneta (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sewer customers are not stated; BRWA's drinking water system serves 38,794 per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The plant exceeded its zinc limit of 41 micrograms per liter from October 2025 through May 2026; the highest reading was 89 in March."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak Moneta zinc discharge","value":89,"unit":"µg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Limit 41 µg/L (ref 1)."},{"name":"Moneta civil charge","value":11392.5,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"DEQ consent order (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"June and July 2026 discharge reports showed the Moneta plant back in compliance (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Bedford Regional Water Authority","role":"Sewer system and plant operator"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Environmental Quality","role":"VPDES regulator (permits VA0022390 Bedford, VA0091669 Moneta)"}],"public_contact":"Bedford Regional Water Authority communications (bedfordwater.org).","corrective_actions":["Complete the Ivy Creek sewer project and replace Pump Station 5 by 2029 (ref 2).","Replaced the Moneta chemical-feed pump and retrained staff (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Bedford Water faces $11K charge after repeated zinc violations at Moneta treatment plant","publisher":"WSET","date":"2026-09-22","url":"https://wset.com/news/local/bedford-water-faces-11k-charge-after-repeated-zinc-violations-at-moneta-treatment-plant-september-2026","basis":"News report on DEQ consent order"},{"ref":2,"title":"DEQ says Bedford Water violated wastewater guidelines at multiple facilities","publisher":"WSLS 10","date":"2026-06-02","url":"https://www.wsls.com/news/local/2026/06/02/bedford-water-quality/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO CWA facility search: Moneta and Bedford plants","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=VA&p_fn=MONETA&responseset=50","basis":"Federal permit record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Bedford Regional Water Authority","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BEDFORD/JSON","basis":"Federal drinking water record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Overflow volumes and dates at Bedford pump stations","Whether Ivy Creek met the July 1, 2026 date"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-VA-LYNCHBURG-CSO-TUNNEL-PROGRAM-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lynchburg combined sewer overflows and Blackwater CSO tunnel","description":"Lynchburg's 19th-century combined sewers still overflow to Blackwater Creek and the James River in storms; in 1979 the city discharged over 1.2 billion gallons a year through 132 overflow points. The $104 million Blackwater CSO tunnel, the city's largest capital project, finished blasting in July 2026 and is expected to open in 2027, holding up to 4.7 million gallons and cutting overflow 98% from 1979 levels.","location":{"name":"Lynchburg combined sewer system","type":"Municipal combined sewer system","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"City of Lynchburg; Blackwater Creek and the James River","coordinates":{"lat":37.4138,"lon":-79.1422,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lynchburg (city)"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Remaining combined pipes overflow in storms until a storage tunnel diverts them to the treatment plant.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"WDBJ (ref 2) quotes the water resources director that overflows carry pathogens and bacteria into Blackwater Creek and the James River.","service":"No sewer service interruption is reported; overflows are a wet-weather discharge problem (refs 1, 2).","scale":"One city system; Lynchburg's water utility serves 80,995 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Cardinal News (ref 1) describes a 45-year effort since 1979, with the tunnel not due to open until 2027.","significance":"WDBJ (ref 2) says sewer rate increases had been mandated by the CSO program until now; the plant holds VPDES permit VA0024970 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":80995,"status":"Reported","note":"City of Lynchburg water system population per SDWIS (ref 4); sewer population not separately stated."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The tunnel is designed to remove 98% of the sewage overflow that currently enters Blackwater Creek and the James River."},"measures":[{"name":"Blackwater CSO tunnel cost","value":104000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"$75 million from grants (ref 1)."},{"name":"Tunnel storage capacity","value":4700000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Up to 4.7 million gallons (ref 1)."},{"name":"1979 annual overflow volume","value":1200000000,"unit":"gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"Over 1.2 billion gallons through 132 overflow points (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Blast-and-drill phase finished in July 2026; work continues through 2027 (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Lynchburg Water Resources","role":"Sewer system owner and operator"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Environmental Quality","role":"VPDES regulator (permit VA0024970)"}],"public_contact":"Lynchburg Water Resources (lynchburgva.gov).","corrective_actions":["Blackwater CSO tunnel construction, expected to open in 2027 (ref 1).","Expanded capacity at the Water Resource Recovery Facility (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"With one of the oldest water systems in the country, Lynchburg digs deep to upgrade infrastructure","publisher":"Cardinal News","date":"2026-06-08","url":"https://cardinalnews.org/2026/06/08/with-one-of-the-oldest-water-systems-in-the-country-lynchburg-digs-deep-to-upgrade-infrastructure/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Lynchburg tunnel project aims to cut sewage overflow into James River by 98%","publisher":"WDBJ7","date":"2026-07-23","url":"https://www.wdbj7.com/2026/07/23/lynchburg-tunnel-project-aims-cut-sewage-overflow-into-james-river-by-98/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO CWA facility search: Lynchburg (VA0024970 Lynchburg Regional WWTP)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=VA&p_fn=LYNCHBURG&responseset=50","basis":"Federal permit record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: LYNCHBURG, CITY OF","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LYNCHBURG/JSON","basis":"Federal drinking water record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Current annual overflow volume and event count","Text of the governing state order"],"related_ids":["US-VA-RICHMOND-CSO-CONTROL-PROGRAM-2024","US-VA-ALEXANDRIA-RIVERRENEW-CSO-PROGRAM-2026"]},{"id":"US-VA-LYNCHBURG-AGING-WATER-MAINS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lynchburg aging water mains: 67 breaks in fiscal 2025","description":"Lynchburg runs the second-oldest publicly owned water system in the country, with an 1829 line still in service; it recorded 67 water main breaks in fiscal 2025 and more than 100 in some past years. A 1912 pipe on 10th Street burst in December 2025, causing significant flooding. The city aims to replace about 4.5 miles of line a year, a 100-year cycle, and says it could repair only 1.8 miles in fiscal 2027 without a rate increase.","location":{"name":"City of Lynchburg water system","type":"Municipal water utility service area","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"City of Lynchburg","coordinates":{"lat":37.4138,"lon":-79.1422,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lynchburg (city)"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"VA5680200"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Century-old distribution mains fail regularly and replacement runs on a 100-year cycle.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Cardinal News (ref 1) reports the December 2025 burst of a 1912 pipe on 10th Street caused significant flooding; no water-quality harm is reported.","service":"The city logged 67 main breaks in fiscal 2025 (ref 1), each a localized interruption; no system-wide outage is reported.","scale":"The City of Lynchburg system serves 80,995 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"Breaks are chronic, with more than 100 in some past years and about 90 miles of pipe in the greatest-need category (ref 1).","significance":"No violation or enforcement action is cited; the issue appears in council rate deliberations only (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":80995,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The city has 67 water main breaks in fiscal 2025; some past years had more than 100."},"measures":[{"name":"Water main breaks, FY2025","value":67,"unit":"breaks","status":"Reported","note":"Cardinal News (ref 1)."},{"name":"Planned annual line replacement","value":4.5,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"About 1% of lines; 1.8 miles without a rate increase (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Only one fiscal-year break count is cited (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Lynchburg Water Resources","role":"Water system owner and operator"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Health Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Lynchburg Water Resources (lynchburgva.gov).","corrective_actions":["Proposed water rate increase to fund 4.5 miles of line replacement in fiscal 2027 (ref 1).","Needed improvements at the 50-year-old Abert Water Treatment Plant (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"With one of the oldest water systems in the country, Lynchburg digs deep to upgrade infrastructure","publisher":"Cardinal News","date":"2026-06-08","url":"https://cardinalnews.org/2026/06/08/with-one-of-the-oldest-water-systems-in-the-country-lynchburg-digs-deep-to-upgrade-infrastructure/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: LYNCHBURG, CITY OF","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LYNCHBURG/JSON","basis":"Federal drinking water record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Second independent source on break counts","Outcome of the June 9, 2026 rate vote"],"related_ids":["US-VA-LYNCHBURG-CSO-TUNNEL-PROGRAM-2026"]},{"id":"US-VA-COVINGTON-ALLEGHANY-MAIN-BREAKS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Covington and Alleghany County main breaks bring repeated boil notices","description":"Water main breaks in Covington and Alleghany County triggered at least four boil-water advisories in the first half of 2026 and another in September. A March 26 break near the CSX railroad left many Covington residents without running water, with the advisory lifted April 6; further breaks followed in May, late June and September 22.","location":{"name":"City of Covington water system","type":"Municipal water utility service area","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"City of Covington and adjoining Alleghany County service areas (Alleghany Highlands)","coordinates":{"lat":37.7935,"lon":-79.9939,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Covington (city)","Alleghany"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"VA2580100"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Aging distribution mains split and lose pressure, forcing precautionary boil-water advisories.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Covington's April 1-2, 2026 samples were absent of total coliform and E. coli (ref 1), so the advisories reflect potential, not documented, contamination.","service":"The March 26, 2026 break left many city residents without running water (ref 1).","scale":"Covington's system serves 5,961 people per SDWIS (ref 5); affected streets span both city and county (refs 2, 4).","duration":"Advisories recurred from March 26 through the September 22, 2026 county notice (refs 1, 4).","significance":"VDH-supervised boil-water advisories required two clean samples before lifting (refs 2, 4)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":5961,"status":"Reported","note":"City of Covington system population per SDWIS (ref 5); Alleghany County customers not counted."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"At least four boil water advisories have been issued across the county this year, each tied to a main break or pressure loss."},"measures":[{"name":"Boil-water advisories, January-June 2026","value":4,"unit":"advisories","status":"Reported","note":"At least four (ref 3); a fifth followed on September 22 (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Breaks continued from March into late September 2026 (refs 1-4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Covington Public Works","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Alleghany County Public Works","role":"County water system operator"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Health Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Covington Public Works and Alleghany County Public Works (local government websites).","corrective_actions":["Main repairs and two-round bacteriological sampling before each lift (refs 1, 2, 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Covington Boil Water Advisory lifted","publisher":"WDBJ7","date":"2026-04-06","url":"https://www.wdbj7.com/2026/04/06/covington-boil-water-advisory-lifted/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Boil water advisory lifted for parts of Alleghany County & Covington","publisher":"WDBJ7","date":"2026-05-12","url":"https://www.wdbj7.com/2026/05/12/update-covington-water-main-repaired-boil-water-advisory-still-effect-parts-alleghany-county-covington/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Another water line break prompts boil water advisory in Alleghany Highlands","publisher":"WDBJ7","date":"2026-06-29","url":"https://www.wdbj7.com/2026/06/29/another-water-line-break-prompts-boil-water-advisory-alleghany-highlands/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Alleghany County Boil Water Advisory lifted after water tests found zero contaminants","publisher":"WDBJ7","date":"2026-09-25","url":"https://www.wdbj7.com/2026/09/25/alleghany-county-boil-water-advisory-lifted-after-water-tests-found-zero-contaminants/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: COVINGTON, CITY OF","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/COVINGTON/JSON","basis":"Federal drinking water record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Alleghany County system PWSID and population","Customers affected per advisory","Main replacement plan"],"related_ids":["US-VA-COVINGTON-PAPER-MILL-JACKSON-RIVER-2026"]},{"id":"US-VA-PORTSMOUTH-FORCE-MAIN-SEWAGE-SPILLS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Portsmouth force main breaks spill sewage into Western Branch Elizabeth River","description":"Two sewer force main failures in Portsmouth in 2026 sent raw sewage toward the Western Branch of the Elizabeth River: about 336,000 gallons on Clifford Street in March, and about 3 million gallons from a 30-inch main on Douglas Avenue into Hull Creek in August. The Portsmouth Health Department issued a recreational water advisory, and by early October contaminated sediment remained in Hull Creek while HRSD developed a remediation plan.","location":{"name":"Portsmouth sewer force mains (Hull Creek)","type":"Municipal and regional sewer force mains","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Portsmouth: Douglas Avenue near Rolfe Terrace (Hull Creek) and Clifford Street; Western Branch Elizabeth River","coordinates":{"lat":36.8354,"lon":-76.2983,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Portsmouth (city)"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Pressurized sewer mains failed and discharged raw sewage to tidal creeks.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"VDH (ref 1) estimates 3 million gallons released into Hull Creek from the August 4 break; WTKR (ref 3) reports contaminated sediment still in the creek.","service":"The Portsmouth Health Department advised against swimming, wading, tubing and kayaking in Hull Creek and the Western Branch (ref 1); Douglas Avenue was closed to through traffic (ref 2).","scale":"Discharges affected one city's tidal creeks; WAVY (ref 4) reports an unknown amount of the 336,000-gallon March spill reached a Western Branch tributary.","duration":"Two failures from March 19 to August 4, 2026, with Hull Creek sediment remediation still unresolved in October (refs 3, 4).","significance":"A formal health department recreational water advisory was issued August 5, 2026 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Customers served by the failed mains are not stated."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A 30-inch sewer force main break on Douglas Avenue released an estimated 3 million gallons into Hull Creek."},"measures":[{"name":"Douglas Avenue release, August 2026","value":3000000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"VDH estimate (ref 1); WTKR reports 3.1 million (ref 3)."},{"name":"Clifford Street release, March 2026","value":336000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"WAVY (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Emergency repairs were completed, but residents report recurring problems and sediment remediation is pending (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Hampton Roads Sanitation District","role":"Repairs and cleanup of the Douglas Avenue main"},{"name":"City of Portsmouth Public Utilities","role":"Reported the Clifford Street force main failure"},{"name":"Portsmouth Health Department (VDH)","role":"Recreational water advisory"}],"public_contact":"Portsmouth Health Department; HRSD, 757.460.7056.","corrective_actions":["Replacement of 40 feet of failed pipe with PVC and pump-and-haul during repair (ref 2).","HRSD long-term sediment remediation plan (removal or capping) pending agency approvals (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Recreational Water Advisory Issued for Hull Creek following Sewer Main Break","publisher":"Virginia Department of Health","date":"2026-08-05","url":"https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/news/?p=19315","basis":"State agency advisory"},{"ref":2,"title":"40 feet of pipe must be replaced after Douglas Avenue sewage spill in Portsmouth","publisher":"WTKR News 3","date":"2026-08-06","url":"https://www.wtkr.com/news/in-the-community/portsmouth/40-feet-of-pipe-must-be-replaced-after-douglas-avenue-sewage-spill-in-portsmouth","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Portsmouth residents press HRSD for answers on Hull Creek cleanup after sewage spill","publisher":"WTKR News 3","date":"2026-10-01","url":"https://www.wtkr.com/news/in-the-community/portsmouth/portsmouth-residents-press-hrsd-for-answers-on-hull-creek-cleanup-after-sewage-spill","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Sewage overflow in Portsmouth prompts road closures and safety precautions","publisher":"WAVY","date":"2026-03-19","url":"https://www.wavy.com/news/local-news/portsmouth/sewage-overflow-in-portsmouth-prompts-road-closures-and-safety-precautions/amp/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Owner and age of the Douglas Avenue main","Advisory lift date","DEQ enforcement response"],"related_ids":["US-VA-HRSD-SSO-CONSENT-DECREE-2025"]},{"id":"US-VA-POTOMAC-INTERCEPTOR-SPILL-ADVISORY-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Potomac Interceptor collapse brings Virginia Potomac River sewage advisory","description":"A 72-inch section of DC Water's Potomac Interceptor collapsed on January 19, 2026 in Montgomery County, Maryland, sending more than 200 million gallons of wastewater into the Potomac River. The Virginia Department of Health issued a recreational advisory on February 13 for a 72.5-mile stretch from the I-495 bridge in Fairfax County to the Route 301 bridge in King George County, partially lifted it March 3 and fully lifted it March 17. Virginia drinking water intakes and shellfish areas were not affected.","location":{"name":"Potomac River, Virginia shoreline (I-495 to Route 301)","type":"River segment","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Virginia side of the tidal Potomac from Fairfax County to King George County; spill source in Montgomery County, Maryland","coordinates":{"lat":38.7,"lon":-77.15,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":2},"counties":["Fairfax","Arlington","Alexandria (city)","Prince William","Stafford","King George"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"An interstate sewer interceptor failure discharged raw sewage to a shared river, forcing a Virginia recreational advisory.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"VDH (ref 1) reports more than 200 million gallons overflowed into the Potomac; its Virginia samples on February 17 and 26 showed no elevated fecal coliform.","service":"VDH advised Virginians to avoid swimming, wading, tubing and kayaking over a 72.5-mile reach (refs 1, 2); drinking water was unaffected (ref 1).","scale":"The advisory reached from Fairfax County to King George County, including Woodbridge and Stafford (ref 3).","duration":"The Virginia advisory ran from February 13 to March 17, 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"A formal VDH recreational water advisory was issued (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Number of Virginia river users affected is not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than 200 million gallons of wastewater overflowed into the Potomac River; the Virginia advisory was fully lifted March 17, 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"Wastewater released","value":200000000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"More than 200 million per VDH (ref 1); DC Water later estimated about 243 million (ref 3)."},{"name":"Virginia advisory reach","value":72.5,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"I-495 to Route 301 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Emergency repairs were completed March 14 and the Virginia advisory lifted March 17, 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"DC Water","role":"Potomac Interceptor owner and operator"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Health","role":"Virginia recreational advisory and shellfish oversight"},{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment","role":"Regulator at spill site"}],"public_contact":"Virginia Department of Health news releases (vdh.virginia.gov/news).","corrective_actions":["Bypass placed in service January 24 and emergency repairs completed March 14, 2026 (ref 1).","VDH sampling from Colonial Beach to the Route 301 bridge and near Coles Point (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Sewage Spill in the Potomac River","publisher":"Virginia Department of Health","date":"2026-03-23","url":"https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/news/?p=17365","basis":"State agency notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Potomac River sewage spill: VDH urges residents to avoid contaminated water","publisher":"FOX 5 DC","date":"2026-02-16","url":"https://www.fox5dc.com/news/potomac-river-sewage-spill-vdh-urges-residents-avoid-contaminated-water","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Sewage Spill Reaches Woodbridge, Stafford","publisher":"Potomac Local News","date":"2026-02-15","url":"https://www.potomaclocal.com/2026/02/15/sewage-spill-reaches-woodbridge-stafford/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"VDH Lifts Potomac River Recreational Water Advisory","publisher":"Virginia Department of Health","date":"2026-03-17","url":"https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/news/?p=17751","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Long-term ecological effects on the Virginia shoreline"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-VA-BUENA-VISTA-STP-AMMONIA-CONSENT-ORDER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Buena Vista sewage plant ammonia violations and DEQ consent order","description":"The Buena Vista Public Service Authority's aging sewage plant repeatedly exceeded ammonia, BOD and solids-removal limits in its discharge to the Maury River from late 2024 into January 2026, with monthly average ammonia reaching 20.3 mg/L against an 8.1 limit. DEQ issued a notice of violation in April 2025, and a 2026 consent order sets a $4,026 civil charge, corrective work by December 1, 2026 and full compliance by June 1, 2029.","location":{"name":"Buena Vista STP","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"301 W 10th Street, City of Buena Vista; discharges to the Maury River and Indian Gap Run","coordinates":{"lat":37.7343,"lon":-79.3539,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Buena Vista (city)"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"An aged plant cannot consistently treat sewage to permit limits and needs major upgrades or replacement.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The draft order (ref 1) lists November 2025 average ammonia of 20.3 mg/L and a 26 mg/L maximum against limits of 8.1 and 10; no in-stream impact is documented.","service":"No sewer service interruption is cited in the order (ref 1).","scale":"One plant treating municipal wastes for the City of Buena Vista under VPDES permit VA0020991 (ref 1).","duration":"Exceedances span November 2024 through January 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"DEQ notice of violation W2025-04-V-0001 on April 8, 2025 and a consent order with a $4,026 civil charge (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sewer customers are not stated in the order."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Ammonia, as N average concentration reached 20.3 mg/L in November 2025 against a permit limit of 8.1 mg/L."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak monthly average ammonia","value":20.3,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"November 2025; limit 8.1 mg/L (ref 1)."},{"name":"Civil charge","value":4026,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Consent order (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Ammonia averages rose from 8.4-11.6 mg/L in 2024-mid 2025 to 12.1-20.3 mg/L from September 2025 to January 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Buena Vista Public Service Authority","role":"Plant owner and operator"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Environmental Quality, Valley Regional Office","role":"VPDES regulator (permit VA0020991)"}],"public_contact":"City of Buena Vista Public Service Authority (buenavistava.gov).","corrective_actions":["Evaluation and corrective action plan, including RBC replacement units and clarifier repairs, complete by December 1, 2026 (ref 1).","Extended chemical coagulant pilot study and semi-annual funding reports (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Buena Vista Public Service Authority meeting packet, April 16, 2026 (DEQ Order by Consent, VPDES Permit VA0020991)","publisher":"City of Buena Vista","date":"2026-04-16","url":"https://buenavistava.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/PSA-Packet-4.16.2026.pdf","basis":"Local government record containing DEQ consent order"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO CWA facility search: Buena Vista STP (VA0020991)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=VA&p_fn=BUENA%20VISTA&responseset=50","basis":"Federal permit record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Executed order date","News coverage"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-VA-COLONIAL-BEACH-WWTP-CONSENT-ORDER-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Colonial Beach sewage plant spills and DEQ consent order","description":"The Town of Colonial Beach wastewater plant spilled about 1.14 million gallons of sewage overnight on July 3-4, 2023 near Goldman Creek, prompting a VDH recreational advisory and an emergency shellfish closure in part of Rosier Creek. DEQ issued notices of violation over the plant and related spills, and the town approved a consent order with a reduced civil fine and a supplemental environmental project, opened for public comment July 1, 2024.","location":{"name":"Colonial Beach WWTP","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Town of Colonial Beach, Westmoreland County; Goldman Creek, Rosier Creek and the Potomac waterfront","coordinates":{"lat":38.2546,"lon":-76.9636,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Westmoreland"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Spills from a town sewage plant closed recreational waters and shellfish grounds and led to state enforcement.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"VDH (ref 2) reports about 1.14 million gallons of sewage spilled from the plant near Goldman Creek on July 3-4, 2023.","service":"VDH placed a recreational-use advisory on Goldman Creek, Rosier Creek and the Potomac waterfront and an emergency shellfish closure in part of Rosier Creek (ref 2).","scale":"One town plant under VPDES permit VA0026409 (ref 1).","duration":"Enforcement ran from the 2023 spills through a consent order opened for comment July 1, 2024, with SEP reports for 2025 and 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"The town approved a DEQ consent order with a civil fine and supplemental environmental project on June 5, 2024 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sewer customers are not stated."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Approximately 1.14 million gallons of sewage spilled from the Town of Colonial Beach wastewater treatment plant."},"measures":[{"name":"July 2023 spill volume","value":1140000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"VDH (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Later spill counts are not available in the cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Colonial Beach","role":"Plant owner and operator"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Environmental Quality","role":"VPDES regulator (permit VA0026409)"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Health","role":"Recreational advisory and shellfish closure"}],"public_contact":"Town of Colonial Beach Public Works (colonialbeachva.gov).","corrective_actions":["Consent order with reduced civil fine and supplemental environmental project; SEP reports filed for 2025 and 2026 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DEQ Consent Orders 08212024","publisher":"Town of Colonial Beach","date":"2024-08-21","url":"https://www.colonialbeachva.gov/DEQconsentorder","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"VDH Issues Health Advisory due to Sewage Release in Area of Goldman Creek","publisher":"Virginia Department of Health","date":"2023-07-07","url":"https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/news/?p=10277","basis":"State agency advisory"},{"ref":3,"title":"Public Works","publisher":"Town of Colonial Beach","date":"2024-08-21","url":"https://www.colonialbeachva.gov/CBpublicworks","basis":"Local government record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["Civil fine amount","SEP scope","Whether DEQ executed the order"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-VA-SOUTHWEST-FEBRUARY-FLOODS-DISASTER-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"February 2025 southwest Virginia floods and federal disaster declaration","description":"Days of heavy rain and storms on Feb. 15-16, 2025 brought up to 7 inches of rain, flash flooding and mudslides to southwest Virginia; a preliminary state and FEMA assessment counted 18 homes destroyed and 90 with major damage, and one man died in Bland County. A major disaster declaration (DR-4863) approved April 4, 2025 covers public assistance for 16 counties and Bristol; individual assistance was not granted at that time.","location":{"name":"Southwest Virginia flood area (Buchanan, Tazewell)","type":"Multi-county river and creek flood area","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Hardest hit: Hurley and Grundy in Buchanan County, plus Tazewell, Dickenson, Russell and Wise counties","coordinates":{"lat":37.2779,"lon":-82.099,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Buchanan","Tazewell","Dickenson","Russell","Wise","Lee","Scott","Bland","Smyth","Pulaski","Carroll","Craig","Floyd","Franklin","Grayson","Washington"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Extreme rainfall caused the flooding, and the declaration funds repair of damaged public facilities and infrastructure.","secondary_drivers":["Extreme rainfall","Steep mountain watersheds"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Cardinal News (ref 1) reports a preliminary count of 18 homes destroyed, 17 of them in Buchanan County, 90 with major damage, and one Bland County death in the floodwaters.","service":"Flash flooding closed roads and caused mudslides, and thousands lost power, per ref 2; more than 150 swift-water rescues were made (ref 1).","scale":"FEMA (ref 3) made 16 counties and the city of Bristol eligible for public assistance; 479 homes across 11 counties were affected (ref 1).","duration":"Recovery stretched over months: the declaration came about seven weeks after the Feb. 16 request (ref 4), and individual-assistance requests were still unresolved.","significance":"Presidential major disaster declaration DR-4863 for the Feb. 10-18, 2025 storms and flooding (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population count is given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"18 homes destroyed and 90 homes with major damage (preliminary estimate)."},"measures":[{"name":"Homes destroyed","value":18,"unit":"homes","status":"Reported","note":"Preliminary VDEM/FEMA estimate (ref 1)."},{"name":"Homes with major damage","value":90,"unit":"homes","status":"Reported","note":"Preliminary estimate (ref 1)."},{"name":"Homes affected","value":479,"unit":"homes","status":"Reported","note":"Data collected Feb. 18-28 in 11 counties (ref 1)."},{"name":"Swift-water rescues","value":150,"unit":"rescues","status":"Reported","note":"Reported as more than 150 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Localities in public-assistance declaration","value":17,"unit":"localities","status":"Reported","note":"16 counties plus Bristol (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event; the existing sewer-damage record covers one consequence in Buchanan County."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","role":"Disaster declaration and public assistance"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Emergency Management","role":"State emergency management and damage assessment"}],"public_contact":"Virginia Department of Emergency Management, vaemergency.gov","corrective_actions":["Public assistance for repair of public facilities and infrastructure under DR-4863 (ref 3).","Congressional delegation continued to press for individual assistance (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"90 homes sustained major damage and 18 were destroyed in February flooding in Southwest Virginia, preliminary estimate finds","publisher":"Cardinal News","date":"2025-03-05","url":"https://cardinalnews.org/2025/03/05/90-homes-sustained-major-damage-and-18-were-destroyed-in-february-flooding-in-southwest-virginia-estimate-finds/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Trump approves disaster declaration for Southwest Virginia communities hit by February flooding","publisher":"Cardinal News","date":"2025-04-04","url":"https://cardinalnews.org/2025/04/04/trump-approves-disaster-declaration-for-southwest-virginia-communities-hit-by-february-flooding/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"President Donald J. Trump Approves Major Disaster Declaration for Virginia","publisher":"FEMA","date":"2025-04-09","url":"https://fema.gov/press-release/20250409/president-donald-j-trump-approves-major-disaster-declaration-virginia","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Disaster declaration covers 17 Virginia localities, with 16 more still under review","publisher":"Cardinal News","date":"2025-04-10","url":"https://cardinalnews.org/2025/04/10/disaster-declaration-covers-17-virginia-localities-with-16-more-still-under-review/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Final damage cost estimate","Individual assistance decision after April 2025"],"related_ids":["US-VA-BUCHANAN-FLOOD-DAMAGED-SEWER-OVERFLOWS-2025","US-VA-SOUTHWEST-HELENE-WATER-INFRASTRUCTURE-DAMAGE-2024"]},{"id":"US-VA-NORFOLK-FLOODWALL-CSRM-DELAY-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Norfolk coastal storm floodwall project delayed to 2037 with costs rising","description":"Norfolk's Army Corps Coastal Storm Risk Management project (Resilient Norfolk), officially priced at $2.6 billion with a 65% federal share, now has an estimated completion date of 2037, five years later than planned, and officials expect costs to exceed what Congress approved in 2020. Phase 1A of the floodwall, about 6.5 to 16.5 feet tall from the Berkley Bridge to Chesterfield Heights, won design approval in 2025, while five historically Black Southside neighborhoods remain outside the wall alignment pending an unfunded re-evaluation.","location":{"name":"Norfolk, Elizabeth River waterfront","type":"City coastal flood-risk area","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"City of Norfolk, Elizabeth and Lafayette river shorelines","coordinates":{"lat":36.8508,"lon":-76.2859,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Norfolk"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns delivery, cost and alignment of a federal floodwall, surge-barrier and pump-station system.","secondary_drivers":["Sea-level rise","Storm surge","Cost escalation"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Ref 1 reports nearly 1,000 properties pre-eligible for elevation or floodproofing, a measure of exposure rather than a documented flood loss.","service":"No service loss is attributed to the project delay in refs 1-2.","scale":"The 8-mile seawall, surge barriers and pump stations protect much of Norfolk; refs 1-2 give no population figure.","duration":"WHRO (ref 1) puts completion at 2037, five years late, with the first Lafayette River surge barrier around 2029.","significance":"A congressionally authorized Army Corps project with a stated Norfolk share of about $931 million (ref 1); the Planning Commission approved Phase 1A in 2025 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population count is given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$2.6 billion official cost; completion estimated in 2037, five years later than originally planned."},"measures":[{"name":"Official project cost","value":2600000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Officials expect the final cost to exceed this (ref 1)."},{"name":"Federal cost share","value":65,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Norfolk local share","value":931000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Reported as about $931 million (ref 1)."},{"name":"Properties pre-eligible for nonstructural program","value":1000,"unit":"properties","status":"Reported","note":"Reported as nearly 1,000 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Army Corps expects costs above the 2020 congressional authorization (ref 1).","City share already above $930 million (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Phase 1A design approved in 2025 (ref 2) while schedule and cost estimates slipped (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Norfolk District","role":"Federal project sponsor and wall construction"},{"name":"City of Norfolk","role":"Non-federal sponsor and site work"}],"public_contact":"City of Norfolk Office of Resilience, norfolk.gov","corrective_actions":["Phase 1A sitework (utility relocation, pavement removal) planned from fall 2025; wall construction likely from 2027 (ref 2).","City and Army Corps agreed to seek a re-evaluation of the Southside alignment, estimated at three years and $3 million (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Norfolk floodwall project will take more time and money than originally planned, officials say","publisher":"WHRO Public Media","date":"2025-05-22","url":"https://www.whro.org/environment/2025-05-22/norfolk-floodwall-project-will-take-more-time-and-money-than-originally-planned-officials-say","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Norfolk cleared to start construction on first phase of floodwall","publisher":"Virginia Mercury via Patch","date":"2025-07-17","url":"https://patch.com/virginia/across-va/norfolk-cleared-start-construction-first-phase-floodwall","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Revised Army Corps cost estimate","Population inside protected area","Construction status after July 2025"],"related_ids":["US-VA-COASTAL-ROAD-INUNDATION-ACCESS-RISK-2024"]},{"id":"US-VA-VIRGINIA-BEACH-FLOOD-PROGRAM-COST-GROWTH-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Virginia Beach flood protection program costs climb to $1.55 billion","description":"Virginia Beach voters approved $567.5 million in bonds in 2021 for 21 stormwater projects after Hurricane Matthew flooding, but the city's estimate for the program rose to $1.55 billion by September 2025. In December 2025 the City Council moved about $273 million from other flood projects to fund a nearly $489 million bundle of seven projects in Windsor Woods, Princess Anne Plaza and The Lakes, which the city says protect more than 30,000 households.","location":{"name":"Virginia Beach (Windsor Woods, Princess Anne Plaza)","type":"City stormwater and tidal flood-protection program","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"City of Virginia Beach; Windsor Woods, Princess Anne Plaza and The Lakes neighborhoods","coordinates":{"lat":36.8529,"lon":-75.978,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Virginia Beach"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The documented problem is a funding gap between voter-approved bonds and rising stormwater project costs.","secondary_drivers":["Recurrent rainfall and tidal flooding","Construction cost escalation"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"WHRO (ref 2) reports more than 800 homes flooded after the 2016 storms; refs 1-2 document no new flood losses in 2025.","service":"Refs 1-2 describe capital spending and project transfers, not a service interruption.","scale":"The city says the seven funded projects protect more than 30,000 households (ref 2).","duration":"A 10-year program approved in November 2021, with some Phase I work finishing after that window (ref 1).","significance":"Council votes to transfer funds (ref 2) under a voter-approved bond referendum overseen by a city oversight board (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The city says the funded projects protect more than 30,000 households (ref 2); no population figure."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Overall program cost rose from $1.1 billion to $1.55 billion; $131.7 million spent through August 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"Program cost estimate","value":1550000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Up from $1.1 billion (ref 1)."},{"name":"Voter-approved bonds","value":567500000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"2021 referendum (refs 1-2)."},{"name":"Spent to end of August 2025","value":131700000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Seven-project bundle guaranteed price","value":489000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Reported as nearly $489 million (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Windsor Woods/Princess Anne Plaza/The Lakes estimate rose from $504 million to $803 million (ref 1).","Funds moved from deferred projects to cover the shortfall (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Cost estimates rose between March and September 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Virginia Beach Public Works","role":"Program owner"},{"name":"Flood Prevention Bond Referendum Oversight Board","role":"Citizen oversight"}],"public_contact":"City of Virginia Beach Flood Protection Program, virginiabeach.gov","corrective_actions":["Five projects under construction including the Windsor Woods Tide Gate and Bow Creek Stormwater Park Phase I (ref 1).","Council funded a seven-project bundle in December 2025 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Third Quarter 2025 Update on the Flood Protection Program","publisher":"City of Virginia Beach","date":"2025-09-19","url":"https://virginiabeach.gov/connect/blog/third-quarter-2025-update-flood-protection-program","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Virginia Beach funds seven capital projects in communities known to flood","publisher":"WHRO Public Media","date":"2025-12-10","url":"https://www.whro.org/local-government/2025-12-10/virginia-beach-funds-seven-capital-projects-in-communities-known-to-flood","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Reconciled funding gap figure","Recent flood-event counts"],"related_ids":["US-VA-COASTAL-ROAD-INUNDATION-ACCESS-RISK-2024"]},{"id":"US-VA-ALEXANDRIA-OLD-TOWN-FLOODING-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Alexandria Old Town waterfront and stormwater flooding","description":"City data show lower Old Town Alexandria flooded more than 200 times in a year, and the city warns flooding at the foot of Prince Street could occur almost every day without action. A $152.7 million Waterfront Flood Mitigation Project, revised in 2026 to drop a pump station, could start construction in late 2027, while the city's ten-year, $260 million Flood Action program continues with design of the Nethergate project in the combined-sewer area.","location":{"name":"Alexandria, Old Town waterfront","type":"City waterfront and urban stormwater flood area","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"City of Alexandria, lower King and Prince streets and the combined-sewer area","coordinates":{"lat":38.8048,"lon":-77.0428,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Alexandria"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Tidal and rainfall flooding exceed the capacity of waterfront drainage and storm sewers.","secondary_drivers":["Tidal flooding","Intense rainfall","Undersized storm sewers"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"FOX 5 (ref 1) cites city data on more than 200 flood events in lower Old Town; no injury or damage totals are given.","service":"Frequent flooding of lower Old Town streets; the city says Prince Street could flood almost daily without action (ref 2).","scale":"One city's waterfront district and its combined-sewer area (refs 1-3).","duration":"Chronic: Flood Action Alexandria began in 2021 as a ten-year program and remains in progress (ref 3).","significance":"The city's stormwater advisory committee backed a stormwater fee increase (ref 3); the Architectural Review Board was to vote on the revised plan (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population count is given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Lower Old Town flooded more than 200 times last year, according to city data."},"measures":[{"name":"Waterfront Flood Mitigation Project cost","value":152700000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Flood Action program investment","value":260000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ten-year plan from 2021 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Flood events in lower Old Town in a year","value":200,"unit":"events","status":"Reported","note":"Reported as more than 200 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Spot improvements identified","value":27,"unit":"projects","status":"Reported","note":"About two-thirds completed (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Committee notes some large 2021 projects may be technically infeasible or exorbitantly expensive (ref 3)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Refs 1-3 give no multi-year flood counts."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Alexandria","role":"Stormwater utility and project owner"},{"name":"Stormwater Utility and Flood Mitigation Advisory Committee","role":"Advisory oversight"}],"public_contact":"City of Alexandria Flood Action Alexandria, alexandriava.gov","corrective_actions":["Waterfront project: storm sewer replacement, gravity drainage, bulkheads near The Strand (ref 1).","Commonwealth/Ashby/Glebe project completed design; Nethergate in engineering design (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Alexandria to consider revised flood plan","publisher":"FOX 5 DC","date":"2026-10-07","url":"https://www.fox5dc.com/news/alexandria-consider-revised-flood-plan.amp","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Waterfront Business Bulletin - July 2025","publisher":"City of Alexandria","date":"2025-08-01","url":"https://www.alexandriava.gov/go/7262","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Proposed Stormwater Fee for FY 2027 (advisory committee memo)","publisher":"City of Alexandria","date":"2025-11-21","url":"https://www.alexandriava.gov/sites/default/files/2026-02/Memo%20to%20City%20Manager%20re%20SW%20Fee%20Nov%2021%202025.pdf","basis":"Local government record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Property damage totals","Fee amount for FY 2027"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-VA-COMMUNITY-FLOOD-FUND-RGGI-GAP-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Virginia flood preparedness fund lost carbon-auction revenue during RGGI exit","description":"Virginia's Community Flood Preparedness Fund received 45% of the state's Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative revenue until the state withdrew in 2023; a Floyd County court ruled the exit unlawful in November 2024 but stayed its order during appeal. Virginia rejoined RGGI on July 1, 2026 after the new attorney general dropped the appeal, while the fund continued awarding $67 million in round five and $99 million in round six from remaining money.","location":{"name":"Virginia (statewide flood fund)","type":"Statewide flood-resilience grant and loan program","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Administered by DCR with the Virginia Resources Authority","coordinates":{"lat":37.5407,"lon":-77.436,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is the revenue stream for local flood mitigation, not a single flood event.","secondary_drivers":["State policy change","Litigation"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Advocates say the state lost several hundred million dollars of 2024 auction revenue (ref 1); refs 1-2 tie no specific flood loss to it.","service":"Refs 1-5 report no utility service loss; the fund kept making awards (refs 3-5).","scale":"A statewide fund; round five supports over $100 million in projects across Virginia localities (ref 3).","duration":"The 2023 withdrawal lasted until reentry on July 1, 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"Floyd County Circuit Court ruled the withdrawal unlawful, then stayed its order pending appeal (refs 1-2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population count is given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Law directs 45% of RGGI revenue to the flood preparedness fund; Virginia received about $830 million in RGGI revenue since 2021."},"measures":[{"name":"RGGI revenue to Virginia since 2021","value":830000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"About $830 million (ref 1)."},{"name":"Flood fund share of RGGI revenue","value":45,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Unspent flood fund balance (early 2025)","value":175000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Inside Climate News review (ref 1)."},{"name":"Round 5 awards","value":67000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Round 6 awards","value":99000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 5."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["About $102 million from December 2023 was not routed to the efficiency and flood accounts (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Reentry on July 1, 2026 restores the revenue stream (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation","role":"Fund administrator"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Environmental Quality","role":"RGGI regulation"}],"public_contact":"Virginia DCR Community Flood Preparedness Fund, dcr.virginia.gov/cfpf","corrective_actions":["Attorney general withdrew the state's appeal and Virginia rejoined RGGI July 1, 2026 (ref 2).","Round six offered $50 million in grants and $35 million in loans, with $25 million reserved for Army Corps-authorized projects (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Virginia Judge Pauses State's Return To RGGI During Youngkin's Appeal","publisher":"Inside Climate News","date":"2025-03-12","url":"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/12032025/virginia-judge-pauses-states-return-to-rggi-during-youngkins-appeal/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Virginia marches ahead with RGGI","publisher":"Southern Environmental Law Center","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://www.selc.org/?p=43339","basis":"Litigant statement"},{"ref":3,"title":"$67 million awarded in grants and loans for flood prevention, says Gov. Youngkin","publisher":"WDBJ7","date":"2025-07-02","url":"https://www.wdbj7.com/2025/07/02/67-million-awarded-grants-loans-flood-prevention-says-gov-youngkin","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"$110 million in funding announced for flood preparedness","publisher":"WHSV","date":"2025-10-16","url":"https://www.whsv.com/2025/10/16/110-million-funding-announced-flood-preparedness/","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"State awards $99 million to help Virginia communities prepare for flooding","publisher":"WVVA","date":"2026-01-16","url":"https://www.wvva.com/2026/01/16/state-awards-99-million-help-virginia-communities-prepare-flooding/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Exact flood-fund revenue forgone during withdrawal"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-VA-LAKE-ANNA-HARMFUL-ALGAE-ADVISORIES-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Recurring harmful algae swimming advisories on Lake Anna","description":"The Virginia Department of Health issued harmful algae bloom swimming advisories on Lake Anna's upper North Anna branch from June 2024 and extended them in July to the middle North Anna, upper and middle Pamunkey branches and Terry's Run. A Sept. 18, 2024 Pamunkey sample showed unsafe cyanobacteria levels, and the advisory was lifted Nov. 7, 2024 at season's end; advisories also covered the lake in the 2022 and 2023 seasons.","location":{"name":"Lake Anna (North Anna and Pamunkey branches)","type":"Reservoir","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Louisa, Spotsylvania and Orange counties","coordinates":{"lat":38.07,"lon":-77.79,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Louisa","Spotsylvania","Orange"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Cyanobacteria blooms make parts of the reservoir unsafe for recreational contact.","secondary_drivers":["Nutrient loading","Warm-season temperatures"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"VDH found cyanobacteria at unsafe levels in the Pamunkey branch on Sept. 18, 2024 (ref 2), and above 100,000 cells/ml on Sept. 19, 2023 (ref 1).","service":"Swimming advisories covered six named lake sections from the Sandbar to Stubbs Bridge in 2024 (refs 1, 3).","scale":"One large reservoir spanning Louisa, Spotsylvania and Orange counties (ref 1).","duration":"Advisories ran from June to November 2024 and recurred in the 2022 and 2023 seasons (ref 1).","significance":"Formal VDH recreational health advisories issued with the state HAB Task Force (refs 1-2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population count is given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Advisory covered the upper and middle North Anna, upper and middle Pamunkey branches and Terry's Run in 2024."},"measures":[{"name":"Advisory sections in 2024","value":6,"unit":"lake sections","status":"Reported","note":"Listed in the July 24, 2024 release (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Advisories recur each warm season; no 2025 or 2026 season result was verified."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Virginia Department of Health","role":"Recreational water advisories"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Environmental Quality","role":"HAB Task Force sampling"}],"public_contact":"Virginia Harmful Algal Bloom Hotline, 1-888-238-6154","corrective_actions":["Seasonal sampling by the Virginia HAB Task Force (VDH, DEQ, ODU Phytoplankton Laboratory) (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"VDH news releases tagged harmful algae bloom (Lake Anna 2022-2024)","publisher":"Virginia Department of Health","date":"2024-11-07","url":"https://vdh.virginia.gov/news/tag/harmful-algae-bloom","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Virginia Department of Health lifts health advisory for Lake Anna","publisher":"Potomac Local News","date":"2024-11-09","url":"https://www.potomaclocal.com/2024/11/09/virginia-department-of-health-lifts-health-advisory-for-lake-anna","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Virginia health officials expand Lake Anna swim advisory due to algae bloom","publisher":"WJLA 7News","date":"2024-08-19","url":"https://www.wjla.com/news/local/swimming-advisory-lake-anna-extended-terrys-run-harmful-algae-bloom-avoid-water-contact-vdh-health-warning-summer-pamunkey-creek-environmental-bloom-activity-report-dmv","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Toxin concentrations","2025 and 2026 season status"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-VA-NORTH-FORK-SHENANDOAH-ALGAL-MAT-ALERT-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Algal mat alert on the North Fork Shenandoah River","description":"The Virginia Department of Health kept an algal mat alert on the North Fork of the Shenandoah River from the Deer Rapids Bridge to Strasburg from July 2024, urging people to avoid contact with the water. VDH lifted the alert on Nov. 7, 2024 at the end of the recreational season, while warning that mats may persist into late fall and winter.","location":{"name":"North Fork Shenandoah River (Deer Rapids to Strasburg)","type":"River segment","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Shenandoah County, upstream of Strasburg","coordinates":{"lat":38.9887,"lon":-78.3586,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Shenandoah"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Benthic algal mats that may contain toxins made the river segment unsafe for contact.","secondary_drivers":["Nutrient loading","Low summer flow"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"VDH warned that green or bluish-green mats and scums are more likely to contain toxins (ref 1); no toxin results are given.","service":"The public was urged to avoid water contact along the Deer Rapids-Strasburg stretch (ref 2).","scale":"A single river segment ending at the Town of Strasburg (refs 1-2).","duration":"The alert lasted from July to Nov. 7, 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"A formal VDH algal mat alert under the state HAB Task Force (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population count is given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Algal mat alert from the Deer Rapids Bridge to the Town of Strasburg, July to Nov. 7, 2024."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No 2025 or 2026 season result was verified."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Virginia Department of Health","role":"Recreational water alerts"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Environmental Quality","role":"HAB Task Force monitoring"}],"public_contact":"Virginia Harmful Algal Bloom Hotline, 1-888-238-6154","corrective_actions":["HAB Task Force monitoring resumes each May (refs 1-2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"North Fork of Shenandoah River Algae Mat Alert Lifted","publisher":"Virginia Department of Health","date":"2024-11-07","url":"https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/news/?p=12192","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Algae Alert Lifted for North Fork of Shenandoah River as Sampling Suspends Until 2025","publisher":"Royal Examiner","date":"2024-11-07","url":"https://royalexaminer.com/?p=129663","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Water Pollution from Livestock in the Shenandoah Valley","publisher":"Environmental Integrity Project","date":"2017-04-26","url":"https://environmentalintegrity.org/reports/water-pollution-from-livestock-in-the-shenandoah-valley/","basis":"Advocacy analysis of state data"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Toxin sampling results","Later seasons"],"related_ids":["US-VA-CHESAPEAKE-BAY-NUTRIENT-RESTORATION-GAP-2026","US-VA-CHESAPEAKE-AG-NUTRIENT-CONTROL-GAP-2024"],"conflicts":[{"field":"primary_category","values":["surface-water","agricultural"],"note":"One review attributed the algal mats chiefly to livestock and poultry nutrient loads (2017 Environmental Integrity Project report); the 2024 VDH advisory does not name a source, so the record stays under surface water."}]},{"id":"US-VA-CHESAPEAKE-BAY-MENHADEN-OSPREY-DECLINE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Chesapeake Bay menhaden harvest cap under review amid osprey decline","description":"A May 2025 William & Mary survey documented a 90 percent decline in nesting osprey on Virginia's Delmarva Peninsula, with prey availability the most likely cause, focusing attention on the industrial menhaden reduction fishery that Virginia alone allows in state waters. In October 2025 the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission cut the 2026 coastwide catch 20% and began Draft Addendum II, which would cut the 51,000-metric-ton Bay reduction cap by up to 50%, with final action set for November 2026.","location":{"name":"Chesapeake Bay, Virginia waters","type":"Estuary fishery","state":"VA","states":["VA","MD"],"detail":"Virginia Bay waters; reduction fleet based in Reedville, Northumberland County","coordinates":{"lat":37.8432,"lon":-76.2766,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Northumberland","Northampton","Accomack"],"extent":"multi_state"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is ecological: forage fish availability in Bay waters and its effect on predators.","secondary_drivers":["Industrial fishing pressure","Forage fish scarcity"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"CBF (ref 1) cites a 90 percent decline in nesting osprey on Virginia's Delmarva Peninsula; ASMFC (ref 2) finds fishing mortality above the ecological target.","service":"No drinking water or utility service effect is reported in refs 1-3.","scale":"The issue spans Bay waters of Virginia and Maryland, and the TAC covers the whole Atlantic coast (ref 2).","duration":"The 51,000 mt Bay cap dates to 2018 (ref 3); the review runs from 2025 to final action in November 2026.","significance":"ASMFC set a 20% coastwide TAC cut and opened a formal addendum on the Bay cap (refs 2-3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population count is given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"2026 coastwide TAC set at 186,840 mt, a 20% cut; Bay reduction cap of 51,000 mt under review for up to a 50% reduction."},"measures":[{"name":"2026 total allowable catch","value":186840,"unit":"metric tons","status":"Reported","note":"Down from 233,550 mt (ref 2)."},{"name":"Chesapeake Bay reduction fishery cap","value":51000,"unit":"metric tons per year","status":"Reported","note":"Set by Amendment 3 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Osprey nesting decline, Virginia Delmarva","value":90,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"May 2025 survey cited by CBF (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Ref 1 reports osprey reproduction below 1970s lows in many areas; final cap decision pending (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission","role":"Interstate fishery manager"},{"name":"Virginia Marine Resources Commission","role":"State fishery regulator"}],"public_contact":"ASMFC, comments@asmfc.org","corrective_actions":["Draft Addendum II hearings held in September-October 2026, including two in Virginia; final action at the November 2026 annual meeting (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Osprey population on Virginia's Eastern Shore collapses amid menhaden concerns, new research suggests","publisher":"Chesapeake Bay Foundation","date":"2025-06-25","url":"https://www.cbf.org/news/osprey-population-on-virginias-eastern-shore-collapses-amid-menhaden-concerns-new-research-suggests/","basis":"Advocacy statement"},{"ref":2,"title":"ASMFC Atlantic Menhaden Board Reduces 2026 TAC by 20% and Initiates Addendum for Chesapeake Bay Cap","publisher":"Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission","date":"2025-10-31","url":"https://asmfc.org/news/press-releases/asmfc-atlantic-menhaden-board-reduces-2026-tac-by-20-and-initiates-addendum-for-chesapeake-bay-cap/","basis":"Interstate agency record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Atlantic Menhaden Draft Addendum II","publisher":"Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission","date":"2026-02-26","url":"https://asmfc.org/actions/atlantic-menhaden-draft-addendum-ii/","basis":"Interstate agency record","accessed":"2026-10-09"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Peer-reviewed causal link between the fishery and osprey decline","Final ASMFC decision"],"related_ids":["US-VA-CHESAPEAKE-BAY-NUTRIENT-RESTORATION-GAP-2026"]},{"id":"US-VA-CHESAPEAKE-BAY-HYPOXIA-DEAD-ZONE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Chesapeake Bay summer dead zone persists at long-term average","description":"The 2025 Chesapeake Bay Dead Zone Report Card from William & Mary's Batten School and VIMS found a daily maximum hypoxic volume of 10.1 cubic kilometers and 60 days of sustained hypoxia, close to the long-term average, with unusually persistent low oxygen through July. Maryland DNR and Old Dominion University monitoring put the 2025 seasonal hypoxic volume in the Maryland and Virginia mainstem slightly above the 1985-2024 average.","location":{"name":"Chesapeake Bay mainstem","type":"Estuary","state":"VA","states":["VA","MD"],"detail":"Maryland and Virginia mainstem of the Bay","coordinates":{"lat":37.6,"lon":-76.2,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"multi_state"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nutrient-fed algal growth and decay depletes oxygen in deep Bay waters each summer.","secondary_drivers":["Nutrient pollution","Water temperature","River flow"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"VIMS (ref 1) measured a daily maximum hypoxic volume of 10.1 cubic kilometers and 462 km3-days of annual hypoxia.","service":"Refs 1-2 report ecological stress, not loss of any water service.","scale":"The mainstem Bay in both Maryland and Virginia (ref 2).","duration":"Recurs every summer; 2025 hypoxia lasted 60 days (ref 1).","significance":"Annual scientific monitoring reports, with no new enforcement action (refs 1-2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population count is given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Daily maximum hypoxic volume 10.1 km3; 60 days of sustained hypoxia in 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"Daily maximum hypoxic volume","value":10.1,"unit":"km3","status":"Reported","note":"Long-term median 10.7 km3 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Total annual hypoxic volume","value":462,"unit":"km3-days","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Sustained hypoxia duration","value":60,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Seasonal average hypoxic volume","value":1.28,"unit":"cubic miles","status":"Reported","note":"1985-2024 average 0.94 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Ref 1 calls 2025 within the normal range of the past four decades."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Virginia Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Water quality data management"},{"name":"Chesapeake Bay Program partners","role":"Bay restoration"}],"public_contact":"Virginia Department of Environmental Quality, deq.virginia.gov","corrective_actions":["Continued monitoring by Maryland DNR, Old Dominion University and VA DEQ (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2025 Chesapeake Bay dead zone near long-term average","publisher":"Virginia Institute of Marine Science","date":"2025-12-03","url":"https://www.vims.edu/newsandevents/topstories/2025/dead-zone-report.php","basis":"State university research"},{"ref":2,"title":"Chesapeake Bay monitoring shows hypoxia conditions near average for 2025","publisher":"Maryland Department of Natural Resources","date":"2025-12-03","url":"https://news.maryland.gov/dnr/2025/12/03/chesapeake-bay-monitoring-shows-hypoxia-conditions-near-average-for-2025/","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Virginia tributary hypoxia figures"],"related_ids":["US-VA-CHESAPEAKE-BAY-NUTRIENT-RESTORATION-GAP-2026","US-VA-CHESAPEAKE-AG-NUTRIENT-CONTROL-GAP-2024"]},{"id":"US-VA-CAROLINE-RAPPAHANNOCK-WITHDRAWAL-PERMIT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Caroline County Rappahannock River withdrawal permit challenged by tribe","description":"Virginia DEQ approved in November 2025 a permit for Caroline County to withdraw up to 9 million gallons a day from the Rappahannock River, piped about 35 miles to a treatment plant near Carmel Church, with wastewater returning to the Mattaponi basin. The Rappahannock Tribe appealed, citing treaty-protected fishing rights, and in June 2026 the Richmond County Circuit Court refused to dismiss its claims; the VMRC approved the intake 8-0 on June 23, 2026 despite 206 of 209 comments opposing it.","location":{"name":"Caroline County, Rappahannock River intake","type":"Surface water withdrawal and interbasin transfer","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Intake on the south bank of the Rappahannock along Route 17; serves Bowling Green and Port Royal","coordinates":{"lat":38.0496,"lon":-77.3467,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Caroline"],"extent":"county","pwsid":"VA6033085"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["surface-water","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The dispute is over allocating river flow between a public water supply and tribal and ecological uses.","secondary_drivers":["Population growth","Interbasin transfer"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The tribe and river groups cite risks to treaty-protected species and freshwater mussels (ref 3); no harm is yet documented.","service":"The intake would add supply; refs 1-3 report no current outage.","scale":"Caroline Utility System serves 4,235 people per SDWIS (ref 4), plus Bowling Green and Port Royal (ref 2).","duration":"Contested since 2024, when land was condemned and the request cut to 9 MGD (ref 1), through the 2026 appeal.","significance":"The circuit court rejected DEQ and county motions to dismiss the tribe's treaty and reserved-water-rights claims (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":4235,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Caroline Utility System per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Permit for up to 9 million gallons per day from the Rappahannock River (VWPP No. 20-0514)."},"measures":[{"name":"Permitted withdrawal","value":9,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1-2."},{"name":"Raw water pipeline length","value":35,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"About 35 miles (ref 2)."},{"name":"VMRC public comments opposed","value":206,"unit":"comments","status":"Reported","note":"Of 209 total; none in support (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Merits hearing on the appeal pending (ref 1); VIMS withdrawal study due fall 2028 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Virginia Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Water withdrawal permit issuer"},{"name":"Virginia Marine Resources Commission","role":"Intake subaqueous permit"},{"name":"Caroline County Public Utilities","role":"Permittee"}],"public_contact":"Virginia DEQ Office of Water Supply, deq.virginia.gov","corrective_actions":["Intake screens limit velocity to 0.25 ft/s with seasonal in-stream construction limits (ref 3).","Permit requires a five-year feasibility study of returning water to the Rappahannock (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Judge rules Rappahannock Tribe's appeal of Caroline water permit can move forward","publisher":"Fredericksburg Free Press","date":"2026-06-11","url":"https://www.fredericksburgfreepress.com/2026/06/11/judge-rules-rappahannock-tribes-appeal-of-caroline-water-permit-can-move-forward/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Action alert: Caroline County water withdrawal","publisher":"Friends of the Rappahannock","date":"2025-08-27","url":"https://riverfriends.org/2025/08/action-alert-caroline-county-water-withdrawal/","basis":"Advocacy statement"},{"ref":3,"title":"VMRC approves Caroline's water intake facility along the Rappahannock","publisher":"Fredericksburg Free Press","date":"2026-06-23","url":"https://www.fredericksburgfreepress.com/2026/06/23/vmrc-approves-carolines-water-intake-facility-along-the-rappahannock/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Caroline Utility System (VA6033085)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CAROLINE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Permit duration","Outcome of merits hearing"],"related_ids":["US-VA-CAROLINE-COUNTY-DROUGHT-WATER-RESTRICTIONS-2026"]},{"id":"US-VA-BANISTER-RIVER-DAM-FISH-KILL-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Banister River fish kill prompts federal review of hydro dam","description":"Virginia DEQ reported 837 dead fish on the Banister River in Halifax County on the weekend of Sept. 12, 2026, which it attributed to drought and low water. Records show two gates at KEI Power Management's hydroelectric dam stayed open while the reservoir drained for weeks and that the dam had been out of compliance with its federal license since August; FERC is investigating.","location":{"name":"Banister River at Halifax","type":"River and hydroelectric reservoir","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Banister Lake and river near the Town of Halifax, Halifax County","coordinates":{"lat":36.7657,"lon":-78.9284,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Halifax"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["water-rights","drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Low flows from drought combined with dam gate operation to strand fish and deplete oxygen.","secondary_drivers":["Drought","Dam operation"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ reported 837 dead fish including catfish, bass, shad and crappie (ref 1).","service":"The river's boat ramp has since reopened as water levels rose (ref 1); residents relied on the lake for food (ref 2).","scale":"One river reach and reservoir in Halifax County (refs 1-2).","duration":"The reservoir drained for weeks and the dam was out of license compliance from August (ref 1).","significance":"FERC opened an investigation of the dam operator; no penalty decided (refs 1-3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population count is given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"837 dead fish reported by DEQ on the weekend of Sept. 12, 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"Dead fish","value":837,"unit":"fish","status":"Reported","note":"DEQ count (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"FERC environmental assessment of the project expected March 2027 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Federal Energy Regulatory Commission","role":"Hydropower license regulator"},{"name":"KEI Power Management / Banister Hydro","role":"Dam owner and operator"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Fish kill investigation"}],"public_contact":"Virginia Department of Environmental Quality, deq.virginia.gov","corrective_actions":["KEI proposed new monitoring equipment and staff retraining (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"New records reveal cause of Banister River fish kill","publisher":"WDBJ7","date":"2026-10-05","url":"https://www.wdbj7.com/2026/10/05/new-records-reveal-cause-banister-river-fish-kill/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"FERC investigating Banister Lake dam operator after low water levels, fish kill","publisher":"WSET","date":"2026-09-23","url":"https://wset.com/news/local/ferc-investigating-banister-lake-dam-operator-after-low-water-levels-fish-kill-september-2026","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Federal agency investigates Banister River fish kill","publisher":"WDBJ7","date":"2026-09-18","url":"https://www.wdbj7.com/2026/09/19/federal-agency-investigates-banister-river-fish-kill/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["FERC findings","Dam license number"],"related_ids":["US-VA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-WATER-RESTRICTIONS-2026"]},{"id":"US-VA-CHESTERFIELD-COAL-ASH-POND-REMOVAL-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Chesterfield Power Station: 15 million cubic yards of coal ash under removal order","description":"A 2019 Virginia law requires Dominion Energy to remove about 15 million cubic yards of coal ash from two ponds at the retired Chesterfield Power Station on the James River, by recycling or placement in a lined landfill. By the end of 2025 just over 4 million cubic yards had been removed and 166,998,495 gallons of contaminated water were treated on site in 2025. A 2018 study cited by VPM found elevated coal-ash contaminants in surface water and sediment at the adjacent Dutch Gap Conservation Area.","location":{"name":"Chesterfield Power Station ash ponds","type":"Power-station coal combustion residual impoundments","detail":"Chesterfield County, Virginia, beside the James River and Dutch Gap Conservation Area; Dominion's Bremo (Fluvanna County) and Chesapeake Energy Center ash sites are under the same law","coordinates":{"lat":37.38,"lon":-77.38,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Chesterfield"],"extent":"site","state":"VA","states":["VA"]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Unlined legacy ash ponds are being excavated and dewatered, and the contaminated pond water needs treatment before discharge.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"VPM (ref 1) reports a 2018 study that found elevated coal-ash contaminants in surface water and sediment at Dutch Gap Conservation Area next to the plant.","service":"Neither VPM (ref 1) nor Dominion's project page (ref 2) reports any drinking-water outage or use advisory tied to the ponds.","scale":"Dominion (ref 2) says Dutch Gap and Henricus Historical Park next to the haul routes draw about 500,000 visitors a year; the ponds hold about 15 million cubic yards.","duration":"Removal runs on a 15-year statutory clock from 2019 (ref 2); VPM (ref 1) puts full removal at 2033 with only about 4 million cubic yards out by end of 2025.","significance":"Excavation is mandated by 2019 state legislation (ref 2) and paid through the SCC-reviewed Rider CCR, with a new filing on April 3, 2026 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No residential population is reported as exposed; Dutch Gap recreation visits are about 500,000 a year (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Just over 4 million of an estimated 15 million cubic yards removed by end of 2025; 166,998,495 gallons of contaminated water treated in 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"Coal ash in Chesterfield ponds","value":15000000,"unit":"cubic yards","status":"Reported","note":"Estimate (refs 1, 2)."},{"name":"Ash removed by end of 2025","value":4000000,"unit":"cubic yards","status":"Reported","note":"'Just over 4 million' (ref 1)."},{"name":"Contaminated water treated in 2025","value":166998495,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Treated by WesTech (ref 1)."},{"name":"Dominion 2026 coal-ash spending estimate (all sites)","value":224.7,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Rider CCR filing (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Dominion asked the SCC for a $0.53 a month Rider CCR increase for a typical residential customer (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Removal is under way, about 4 of 15 million cubic yards by end of 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Dominion Energy Virginia","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Virginia DEQ","role":"Solid waste and water permitting regulator"},{"name":"Virginia State Corporation Commission","role":"Rider CCR cost review"}],"public_contact":"Dominion Chesterfield CCR project line 833-742-0462","corrective_actions":["Excavation of ash for recycling (about 6.8 million cubic yards) or a nearby lined landfill (ref 1).","On-site treatment of contaminated pond water (ref 1).","Bremo landfill under construction; Chesapeake Energy Center recycling of about 40,000 cubic yards planned 2026-2027 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Dominion Energy Virginia requests more coal ash cleanup charges","publisher":"VPM","date":"2026-04-08","url":"https://www.vpm.org/news/2026-04-08/ccr-coal-combustion-residuals-chesterfield-dumfries-chesapeake-bremo","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Chesterfield Power Station Coal Ash Project","publisher":"Dominion Energy","date":null,"url":"http://www.dominionenergy.com/about/delivering-energy/electric-projects/coal-ash/chesterfield-power-station-coal-ash-project","basis":"Operator project page","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2019-08-28","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Current groundwater monitoring results","Discharge permit limits for treated pond water"],"related_ids":["US-VA-PRINCE-WILLIAM-POSSUM-POINT-COAL-ASH-CLOSURE-2026"]},{"id":"US-VA-RUSSELL-CLINCH-RIVER-COAL-ASH-GROUNDWATER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Clinch River Plant ash pond: groundwater above federal standards, no remedy since 2019","description":"Appalachian Power's closed Pond 1 at the Clinch River Plant near Carbo keeps showing barium, cobalt, lithium and molybdenum above federal groundwater protection standards, most recently in a notice dated October 9, 2026. A corrective-measures assessment and public meeting were completed in December 2019, but the company's January 2026 annual report says a remedy has not yet been selected.","location":{"name":"Clinch River Plant Pond 1","type":"Closed coal combustion residual impoundment","detail":"Near Carbo, Russell County, Virginia, beside the Clinch River","coordinates":{"lat":36.94,"lon":-82.19,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Russell"],"extent":"site","state":"VA","states":["VA"]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Constituents from a capped ash pond remain in on-site groundwater above federal protection standards.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"AEP's October 9, 2026 notice (ref 2) reports barium, cobalt, lithium and molybdenum at statistically significant levels above groundwater protection standards on September 11, 2026.","service":"AEP (ref 1) says it has no data from outside the plant site, and no water-supply disruption is reported.","scale":"The exceedances are in on-site monitoring wells such as MW-1605 to MW-1607 at a single closed pond (ref 3).","duration":"Assessment monitoring began July 15, 2019 and the January 2026 report (ref 3) still lists exceedances in the October 2024 and April 2025 sampling with no remedy selected.","significance":"Federal CCR-rule notifications of exceedances were posted repeatedly in 2024-2026 (ref 1); Cardinal News (ref 4) notes the ponds were capped before the 2020 state law's removal cutoff."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Exceedances are in on-site wells; AEP reports no off-site data (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Barium, cobalt, lithium and molybdenum above groundwater protection standards on September 11, 2026; no remedy selected since the 2019 corrective-measures assessment."},"measures":[{"name":"Constituents above groundwater protection standard","value":4,"unit":"constituents","status":"Reported","note":"Barium, cobalt, lithium, molybdenum (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"The same four constituents exceed standards in 2024, 2025 and 2026 notices (refs 1-3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Appalachian Power (AEP)","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Virginia DEQ","role":"Solid waste regulator"}],"public_contact":"Appalachian Power customer service, via the AEP CCR compliance page","corrective_actions":["Twice-yearly groundwater monitoring (ref 1).","Semi-annual remedy selection progress reports, most recently July 18, 2026 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Clinch River Plant CCR compliance page","publisher":"American Electric Power","date":null,"url":"https://www.aep.com/environment/ccr/clinchriver","basis":"Operator compliance page","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Clinch River Plant Pond 1 notice of statistically significant levels above the GWPS","publisher":"Appalachian Power","date":"2026-09-17","url":"https://www.aep.com/docs/requiredpostings/ccr/2026/10-09-2026/CR-P1-StatisticallySignificantConstituentGWPSNotice-10092026.pdf","basis":"Required federal CCR posting","accessed":"2026-10-09"},{"ref":3,"title":"Clinch River Plant Pond 1 annual groundwater monitoring and corrective action report","publisher":"Appalachian Power","date":"2026-01-31","url":"https://www.aep.com/docs/requiredpostings/ccr/2026/02-10-2026/CR-P1-GWMonitoringCorrectiveActionRpt-01312026.pdf","basis":"Required federal CCR report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Appalachian Power plans coal ash cleanup at old Glen Lyn plant","publisher":"Cardinal News","date":"2026-03-10","url":"https://cardinalnews.org/?p=162361","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2019-07-15","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Off-site groundwater or Clinch River data","Remedy selection date"],"related_ids":["US-VA-GILES-GLEN-LYN-COAL-ASH-CLOSURE-2026"]},{"id":"US-VA-GILES-GLEN-LYN-COAL-ASH-CLOSURE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Glen Lyn plant: 6.8 million cubic yards of coal ash to move to new landfill","description":"Appalachian Power plans to move about 6.8 million cubic yards of coal ash from two legacy pond complexes at the retired Glen Lyn plant in Giles County to a new on-site lined landfill called Stony Ridge, with hauling expected to start in December 2027 under a 2020 state law. AEP says groundwater monitoring was expected to begin in 2025, written closure plans will come in late 2027, and closure is estimated for the mid-2030s.","location":{"name":"Glen Lyn Plant ash pond complexes","type":"Legacy coal combustion residual impoundments","detail":"Glen Lyn, Giles County, Virginia, on the New River","coordinates":{"lat":37.37,"lon":-80.86,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Giles"],"extent":"site","state":"VA","states":["VA"]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Unlined legacy ash ponds need excavation and a lined landfill to keep contaminants out of soil and groundwater.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Cardinal News (ref 1) says coal ash can contain arsenic, cadmium and mercury; AEP (ref 2) lists no groundwater exceedances because monitoring was only expected to begin in 2025.","service":"No drinking-water impact from Glen Lyn is reported by Cardinal News (ref 1) or AEP (ref 2).","scale":"A single retired plant site with two pond complexes (ref 2).","duration":"Hauling starts December 2027 and AEP estimates closure completion in the mid-2030s (refs 1, 2).","significance":"The 2020 state law (HB443) directs the closure (ref 1); federal CCR applicability, inspection and dust reports were posted in 2024-2026 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No exposed population reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 6.8 million cubic yards of coal ash to be moved to the Stony Ridge landfill, hauling from December 2027."},"measures":[{"name":"Coal ash to be relocated","value":6800000,"unit":"cubic yards","status":"Reported","note":"Cardinal News (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Groundwater monitoring is new; no results reported yet (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Appalachian Power (AEP)","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Virginia DEQ","role":"Solid waste regulator"}],"public_contact":"Appalachian Power customer service, via the AEP CCR compliance page","corrective_actions":["Stony Ridge lined landfill planned on site (ref 1).","Groundwater monitoring and closure planning (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Appalachian Power plans coal ash cleanup at old Glen Lyn plant","publisher":"Cardinal News","date":"2026-03-10","url":"https://cardinalnews.org/?p=162361","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Glen Lyn Plant CCR compliance page","publisher":"American Electric Power","date":null,"url":"https://www.aep.com/environment/ccr/glenlyn","basis":"Operator compliance page","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-11-04","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Groundwater monitoring results","Cost estimate"],"related_ids":["US-VA-RUSSELL-CLINCH-RIVER-COAL-ASH-GROUNDWATER-2026"]},{"id":"US-VA-MOUNTAIN-VALLEY-PIPELINE-SEDIMENT-FINES-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Mountain Valley Pipeline fined each quarter for sediment reaching Virginia waters","description":"Virginia DEQ fined the Mountain Valley Pipeline in four consecutive quarterly reviews after construction resumed in 2023, under a 2019 consent decree that settled a state lawsuit for $2.15 million. The first-quarter 2024 penalty of $31,500 cited sediment affecting wetlands and fill building up in the Blackwater River and Maggodee Creek in Franklin County, and the next review fined $30,500, including $6,500 for sediment reaching water in Roanoke County.","location":{"name":"Mountain Valley Pipeline, Virginia segment","type":"Interstate natural-gas pipeline corridor","detail":"Six Virginia counties including Franklin, Roanoke and Pittsylvania","coordinates":{"lat":37,"lon":-79.89,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Franklin","Roanoke","Pittsylvania"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"VA","states":["VA"]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Construction erosion sent sediment into streams and wetlands along the pipeline corridor.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ's Q1 2024 review (ref 1) found fill building up in the Blackwater River and Maggodee Creek and sediment affecting wetlands.","service":"Neither Cardinal News report (refs 1, 2) cites any water-supply interruption.","scale":"Cardinal News (ref 2) describes a 303-mile pipeline crossing six Virginia counties.","duration":"Penalties covered successive quarters from construction restart in summer 2023 through June 10, 2024 (ref 2).","significance":"DEQ found violations of the 2019 consent decree, which settled a state lawsuit for $2.15 million (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"DEQ penalties: $31,500 for December 11, 2023 to March 10, 2024 and $30,500 for March 11 to June 10, 2024, after $68,000 over the three prior quarters."},"measures":[{"name":"Q1 2024 penalty","value":31500,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Q2 2024 penalty","value":30500,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"2019 consent decree settlement","value":2150000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The pipeline entered service June 14, 2024 (ref 2); construction-phase sediment reviews covered periods before that date."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Mountain Valley Pipeline LLC","role":"Pipeline developer"},{"name":"Virginia DEQ","role":"Erosion, sediment and water-quality enforcement"}],"public_contact":"Virginia DEQ, 800-592-5482","corrective_actions":["Quarterly DEQ compliance reviews and penalties under the 2019 consent decree (refs 1, 2).","Most violations corrected within a day (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"State again cites Mountain Valley Pipeline for environmental violations","publisher":"Cardinal News","date":"2024-05-10","url":"https://cardinalnews.org/2024/05/10/state-again-cites-mountain-valley-pipeline-for-environmental-violations/","basis":"News report on DEQ enforcement"},{"ref":2,"title":"Va. fines Mountain Valley Pipeline for environmental violations after another quarterly review","publisher":"Cardinal News","date":"2024-07-24","url":"https://cardinalnews.org/2024/07/24/va-fines-mountain-valley-pipeline-for-environmental-violations-after-another-quarterly-review/","basis":"News report on DEQ enforcement"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2023-12-11","latest_seen":"2024-07-24","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Post-construction restoration status","Penalties after June 2024"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-VA-COVINGTON-PAPER-MILL-JACKSON-RIVER-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Covington paper mill: 2024 fish kill and darkening Jackson and James rivers","description":"A DEQ report blamed the Smurfit WestRock paper mill in Covington for a November 2024 fish kill on the Jackson River after a mill outage; the mill denied responsibility. In 2026, river groups reported conductivity below the mill often above 300 microsiemens per centimeter, readings as high as 980, and a June outage that sent wastewater into the river. The James River Association says the mill's discharge permit has not been reevaluated in some time.","location":{"name":"Jackson River below Covington paper mill","type":"River segment","detail":"City of Covington and Alleghany County, Virginia; Jackson River flows to the upper James River","coordinates":{"lat":37.79,"lon":-79.99,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Alleghany"],"extent":"watershed","state":"VA","states":["VA"]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Pulp-mill wastewater discharges and upsets affect color, conductivity and aquatic life downstream.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"WDBJ (ref 1) reports a DEQ report blamed the mill for a November 2024 fish kill, and ABRA readings up to 980 microsiemens per centimeter below the mill.","service":"WDBJ (ref 1) reports no drinking-water impact; the concern is river color and aquatic life.","scale":"The affected reach runs from the mill down the Jackson to the upper James, used by fishing guides (ref 1).","duration":"Residents describe darkening over recent years, with incidents in November 2024 and June 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"ABRA says the plant exceeded permit limits in the June 2026 outage, which the mill called an 'upset' (ref 1); EIP ranked it among top paper-mill polluters (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Conductivity below the mill often above 300 microsiemens per centimeter, with readings as high as 980 (ABRA, reported July 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Maximum conductivity below mill","value":980,"unit":"microsiemens/cm","status":"Reported","note":"ABRA reading (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Residents and guides report darker water in recent years; DEQ attributes the color to drought (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Smurfit WestRock (Covington mill)","role":"Discharger"},{"name":"Virginia DEQ","role":"VPDES permitting and enforcement"}],"public_contact":"Virginia DEQ Blue Ridge Regional Office, via DEQ main line 800-592-5482","corrective_actions":["DEQ report said the mill took corrective measures after the June 2026 outage (ref 1).","Citizen monitoring by James River Association and ABRA (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Mill offers statement after concerns raised over dark color of James and Jackson Rivers","publisher":"WDBJ","date":"2026-07-09","url":"https://www.29news.com/2026/07/09/concerns-raised-over-dark-color-james-jackson-rivers/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Covington business accused of being among largest paper mill polluters","publisher":"WDBJ","date":"2025-06-04","url":"https://www.wdbj7.com/2025/06/04/covington-smurfit-westrock-paper-mill-listed-pollution-report/","basis":"News report on EIP study"},{"ref":3,"title":"Virginia DEQ report blames Covington papermill for Jackson River fish kill","publisher":"WFXR via Yahoo News","date":"2025-06-05","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/virginia-deq-report-blames-covington-203100489.html","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2024-11-01","latest_seen":"2026-07-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["VPDES permit number and expiration","DEQ fish-kill report text"],"related_ids":["US-VA-COVINGTON-ALLEGHANY-MAIN-BREAKS-2026"]},{"id":"US-VA-HOPEWELL-ADVANSIX-STORMWATER-DISCHARGES-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"AdvanSix Hopewell plant: 530 stormwater exceedances and new James River permit","description":"EPA's February 2024 Clean Water Act order found 530 stormwater benchmark exceedances from September 2016 to March 2022 at the AdvanSix chemical plant in Hopewell and unpermitted dry-weather discharges. DEQ reissued the plant's permit for up to 166 million gallons per day to the James River, Gravelly Run and Poythress Run with ammonia and Chesapeake Bay requirements. EPA ended the order in July 2026, while stormwater and ammonia projects run to 2027-2028.","location":{"name":"AdvanSix Hopewell plant","type":"Industrial chemical plant discharge","detail":"905 East Randolph Road, City of Hopewell, Virginia, on the James River","coordinates":{"lat":37.3,"lon":-77.29,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Hopewell"],"extent":"site","state":"VA","states":["VA"]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nutrient-laden stormwater and process discharges from a large chemical plant reach the tidal James River.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA's order (ref 1) lists 530 benchmark exceedances at seven stormwater outfalls, including nitrogen benchmarks; it notes benchmarks are not effluent limits.","service":"No drinking-water effect is described in the EPA order (ref 1) or the DEQ hearing notice (ref 2).","scale":"DEQ's notice (ref 2) covers discharges of up to 166 million gallons per day into three waters.","duration":"Exceedances ran from September 2016 to March 2022 (ref 1); AdvanSix (ref 3) plans ammonia projects by early 2028 and intake changes by 2030.","significance":"EPA issued an Administrative Order on Consent (ref 1), terminated by EPA letter in July 2026 (ref 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No exposed population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"530 stormwater benchmark exceedances (September 2016 to March 2022); permit for up to 166 million gallons per day."},"measures":[{"name":"Stormwater benchmark exceedances","value":530,"unit":"exceedances","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Permitted discharge","value":166,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"EPA terminated the order in July 2026 (ref 4); stormwater phases due by end of 2027 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"AdvanSix Resins & Chemicals LLC","role":"Discharger"},{"name":"Virginia DEQ Piedmont Regional Office","role":"VPDES permitting"},{"name":"EPA Region 3","role":"Clean Water Act enforcement"}],"public_contact":"Virginia DEQ Piedmont Regional Office, 4949-A Cox Road, Glen Allen, 804-720-3682","corrective_actions":["Stormwater capture and treatment phases, construction 2025 to end of 2027 (ref 3).","Ammonia reduction projects by early 2028 and cooling water intake modifications by 2030 (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Administrative Order on Consent, Docket CWA-03-2024-0039DN (AdvanSix Hopewell)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 3","date":"2024-02-29","url":"https://yosemite.epa.gov/OA/RHC/EPAAdmin.nsf/Filings/9C6B91EE3E00246885258AD2005D8B2C/$File/AdvanSix_CWA%20AOC_Feb%2029%202024.pdf","basis":"Federal enforcement order"},{"ref":2,"title":"Public hearing: draft VPDES permit VA0005291, AdvanSix Resins and Chemicals","publisher":"Virginia Commonwealth Calendar (DEQ)","date":"2024-05-21","url":"https://commonwealthcalendar.virginia.gov/Event/Details/66379","basis":"State permit notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"AdvanSix Hopewell Clean Water Permit Overview","publisher":"AdvanSix","date":"2025-02-26","url":"https://www.advansix.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/AdvanSix-Hopewell-Clean-Water-Permit-Overview.pdf","basis":"Company statement"},{"ref":4,"title":"AdvanSix Hopewell CWA AOC termination letter","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 3","date":"2026-07-27","url":"https://yosemite.epa.gov/OA/RHC/EPAAdmin.nsf/Filings/8CC3C0E4E5AA125285258E44006880F3/$File/AdvanSix%20Hopewell%20CWA%20ACOC%20Termination%20Letter.pdf","basis":"Federal enforcement record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2016-09-07","latest_seen":"2026-07-27","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Reissued permit effective date","Ammonia limit values"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-VA-STATEWIDE-BIOSOLIDS-PFAS-LAND-APPLICATION-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"PFAS in sewage sludge spread on Virginia farmland: first limits start 2027","description":"Until 2026 Virginia did not require PFAS testing of sewage sludge spread on farmland, and a Potomac Riverkeeper Network analysis found PFOS of 2,110 to 30,200 ppt in sludge from Maryland plants approved as sources for Virginia fields. A 2026 law signed in April requires monthly PFAS testing from January 1, 2027, bars land application at 50 ug/kg PFOS or PFOA from July 2027, and limits it at 25 to under 50 ug/kg.","location":{"name":"Virginia farmland receiving biosolids","type":"Statewide land-application program","detail":"Statewide; advocates cite a 2024 expansion of land application in Frederick County near Winchester","coordinates":{"lat":37.5,"lon":-78.85,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Frederick"],"extent":"statewide","state":"VA","states":["VA"]},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["surface-water","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in land-applied sludge can move from fields into groundwater and streams.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"PRKN (ref 3) found PFOS of 2,110 to 30,200 ppt in biosolids from Maryland plants approved as Virginia sources; Virginia field contamination is not measured there.","service":"None of the three sources (refs 1-3) reports a drinking-water advisory linked to land application.","scale":"The 2026 rules (ref 1) cover every permit holder that land applies, markets or distributes biosolids in Virginia, including out-of-state suppliers.","duration":"Land application ran without PFAS testing for years (ref 3); limits phase in from July 2027 and tighten July 1, 2029 (ref 2).","significance":"Enacted law and State Water Control Board rule revisions effective September 23, 2026 (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No count of affected farms or well users is published in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"From July 2027 land application is barred at 50 ug/kg or more of PFOS or PFOA and limited to three dry tons per acre at 25 to under 50 ug/kg."},"measures":[{"name":"Prohibition threshold, PFOS or PFOA","value":50,"unit":"ug/kg","status":"Reported","note":"Rolling 12-month average (ref 2)."},{"name":"Maximum PFOS in sampled Maryland biosolids","value":30200,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"PRKN analysis (ref 3)."},{"name":"Estimated state regulatory cost","value":625000,"unit":"USD per year","status":"Reported","note":"Department of Planning and Budget estimate (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Treatment works over the threshold must find other sludge outlets from July 2027 (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Testing begins January 1, 2027, after years without PFAS requirements (refs 1, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Virginia DEQ","role":"Biosolids permitting"},{"name":"State Water Control Board","role":"Rulemaking"},{"name":"Sewage treatment works and biosolids land appliers","role":"Permit holders"}],"public_contact":"Virginia DEQ main line, 800-592-5482","corrective_actions":["Monthly PFAS testing with EPA Method 1633 from January 1, 2027 (ref 2).","Landowner notice of PFAS results at least two weeks before application (ref 1).","SB 138 requires PFAS monitoring of industrial users sending wastewater to treatment works (ref 4).","DEQ work group report due November 1, 2027 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Virginia adds PFAS requirements to biosolids permit","publisher":"J. J. Keller Compliance Network","date":"2026-09-10","url":"https://jjkellercompliancenetwork.com/news/virginia-adds-pfas-requirements-to-biosolids-permit","basis":"Trade report on state rule"},{"ref":2,"title":"Environmental Vanguard: May 2026 Edition","publisher":"McGuireWoods","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://www.mcguirewoods.com/client-resources/alerts/2026/5/environmental-vanguard-may-2026-edition/","basis":"Law-firm summary of enacted law"},{"ref":3,"title":"New Report: Virginia Approves Land Application of PFAS","publisher":"Potomac Riverkeeper Network","date":"2024-11-14","url":"https://potomacriverkeepernetwork.org/new-report-virginia-approves-land-application-of-pfas/","basis":"Advocacy analysis"},{"ref":4,"title":"Environmental Highlights from Virginia's 2026 Legislative Session","publisher":"Beveridge & Diamond","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://www.bdlaw.com/publications/environmental-highlights-from-virginias-2026-legislative-session/","basis":"Law-firm summary of enacted law"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2024-11-14","latest_seen":"2026-09-23","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["PFAS concentrations in Virginia-generated biosolids","Acreage under land-application permits"],"related_ids":["US-VA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-PWS-MCL-EXCEEDANCES-2025"]},{"id":"US-VA-PETERSBURG-WATER-SEWER-RATE-INCREASE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Petersburg raises water and sewer rates 9.5% with $190 million deferred backlog","description":"Petersburg City Council approved a 9.5% water and sewer rate increase on October 21, 2025, effective January 1, 2026, with further increases each year through fiscal 2030. A utility rate study found about $190 million in deferred water and sewer investment, about $130 million of it to be debt-funded, and officials put long-term water and sewer needs above $1 billion.","location":{"name":"City of Petersburg water and sewer","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Independent City of Petersburg, Virginia","coordinates":{"lat":37.23,"lon":-77.4,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Petersburg"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"VA3730750","state":"VA","states":["VA"]},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Decades of deferred capital work are being paid for through rate increases and new debt.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"WRIC (ref 1) reports no water-quality violation or main break tied to the rate decision.","service":"WRIC (ref 1) describes no service interruption; the change is to bills, about $7.51 more a month for a typical household.","scale":"The city system serves 33,394 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"Increases repeat yearly through fiscal 2030 against a backlog officials tie to a 108-year-old pipe and aging system (ref 1).","significance":"City Council adopted a rate ordinance on October 21, 2025, alongside proposed bonds of $70 million (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":33394,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"9.5% water and sewer increase from January 1, 2026, about $7.51 a month for a typical household; about $190 million in deferred capital needs."},"measures":[{"name":"Rate increase","value":9.5,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Deferred water and sewer capital","value":190,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Typical monthly bill increase","value":7.51,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["About $130 million of the deferred backlog is expected to be debt-funded (ref 1).","Previous increase was 12.2% in 2019, which officials said did not keep up with inflation (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Annual increases scheduled through fiscal 2030 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Petersburg","role":"Utility owner and rate setter"}],"public_contact":"City of Petersburg utility billing, via the city website","corrective_actions":["$73 million fiscal 2026 capital plan, including $27.6 million for wastewater and $8.5 million for water (ref 1).","Two bond measures totaling $70 million, $40 million for water and sewer (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Costly water, sewer system upgrades prompt rate increase for Petersburg residents","publisher":"WRIC ABC 8News","date":"2025-10-21","url":"https://digital-release.wric.com/?p=2556139","basis":"News report on council action"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Petersburg, City of","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PETERSBURG/JSON","basis":"Federal drinking-water database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-10-21","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Customer arrears and shutoff counts","Rate schedule after 2026"],"related_ids":["US-VA-PETERSBURG-AGING-WATER-MAINS-2026"]},{"id":"US-VA-AQUA-VIRGINIA-RATE-CASE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Aqua Virginia seeks 27.48% more water and sewer revenue in 37 counties","description":"Aqua Virginia filed a rate case on July 30, 2025 citing just over $75 million in capital projects, and interim rates took effect on January 26, 2026, subject to refund. Aqua asked for 26.42% more water revenue and 29.95% more wastewater revenue, and an April 2026 stipulation with SCC staff would cut the requested revenue by 32%. Lake Land'Or residents in Caroline County, who lost usable water for over 24 hours on Memorial Day weekend 2025, opposed the increase at hearings.","location":{"name":"Aqua Virginia service areas","type":"Investor-owned water and wastewater utility","detail":"Communities in 37 Virginia counties, including Lake Land'Or (Caroline County) and the Blue Ridge and Valley areas of Botetourt County","coordinates":{"lat":38.03,"lon":-77.35,"precision":"county","source_ref":3},"counties":["Caroline","Botetourt"],"extent":"statewide","pwsid":"VA6033450","state":"VA","states":["VA"]},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"A private utility is recovering capital costs through large rate increases across many small systems.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"None of the rate-case sources (refs 1-4) reports a health-based violation.","service":"WTVR (ref 3) reports Lake Land'Or residents went more than 24 hours without usable water over Memorial Day weekend 2025 and got a $5 credit.","scale":"Aqua serves communities in 37 Virginia counties (ref 2); Lake Land'Or alone serves 4,818 people per SDWIS (ref 5).","duration":"Filed July 30, 2025 with a final SCC decision expected in late 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"A formal SCC rate case with a staff stipulation before Hearing Examiner Borden Ellis (refs 2, 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":4818,"status":"Reported","note":"Lake Land'Or system only, per SDWIS (ref 5); Aqua's statewide customer count is not reported in the sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Requested increases of 26.42% in water revenue and 29.95% in wastewater revenue (27.48% combined); interim rates applied January 26, 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"Capital projects cited","value":75,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"April 2024 to December 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Requested combined revenue increase","value":27.48,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Lake Land'Or combined bill increase","value":50,"unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","note":"At 4,000 gallons, as reported (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Botetourt County said customers there would see a 33% increase (ref 4)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Interim rates in place pending final order (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Aqua Virginia (Essential Utilities)","role":"Utility"},{"name":"Virginia State Corporation Commission","role":"Rate regulator"}],"public_contact":"SCC Division of Public Utility Regulation, case PUR-2025-00071","corrective_actions":["SCC hearing examiner review of the staff stipulation (ref 3).","Aqua plans two Lake Land'Or projects in 2026 costing about $1 million (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Aqua Virginia rate case information","publisher":"Aqua Virginia","date":null,"url":"https://www.aquawater.com/varatecase","basis":"Utility notice","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Aqua asks SCC for another rate increase","publisher":"CBS19 News","date":"2025-10-02","url":"https://www.cbs19news.com/news/aqua-asks-scc-for-another-rate-increase/article_88d1ce1b-57da-46c5-8830-81243a04e27a.html","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Aqua Virginia proposed rate hikes hearing","publisher":"WTVR CBS 6","date":"2026-04-28","url":"https://www.wtvr.com/news/local-news/aqua-virginia-proposed-rate-hikes-april-28-2026","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Water rates may increase for Aqua Virginia customers","publisher":"WDBJ","date":"2025-11-25","url":"https://www.wdbj7.com/2025/11/26/water-rates-may-increase-aque-virginia-customers/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Lake Land'Or","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LAKE%20LAND/JSON","basis":"Federal drinking-water database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-07-30","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Final SCC order","Statewide customer count"],"related_ids":["US-VA-VIRGINIA-AMERICAN-WATER-RATE-CASE-2025"]},{"id":"US-VA-SHENANDOAH-VALLEY-TOWNS-END-FLUORIDATION-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Timberville, Luray and Broadway stop fluoridating town water, 2025-2026","description":"Three small Shenandoah Valley towns voted to stop adding fluoride to drinking water: Timberville in March 2025, Luray in June 2025 on a split vote, and Broadway unanimously in March 2026, effective August 1. Minutes cited fluoride costs of $5,000 to $20,000 a year, corrosiveness and free choice, while the Virginia Dental Association urged Broadway not to follow. VDH says over 96% of Virginians on municipal systems receive fluoridated water.","location":{"name":"Timberville, Luray and Broadway water systems","type":"Town water systems","detail":"Towns of Broadway and Timberville (Rockingham County) and Luray (Page County), Virginia","coordinates":{"lat":38.61,"lon":-78.8,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Rockingham","Page"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"VA2165060","state":"VA","states":["VA"]},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Local councils are changing a public-health treatment practice, not responding to a water-quality violation.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"WMRA (ref 1) cites CDC data that children with fluoridated water have 25% fewer cavities, so ending it is a potential dental-health risk; no measured harm is reported.","service":"Water service continues in all three towns; only the fluoride additive stops (refs 1, 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists populations of 4,015 (Broadway), 2,963 (Timberville) and 4,794 (Luray) (refs 3-5).","duration":"Decisions span March 2025 to Broadway's August 1, 2026 effective date (ref 1).","significance":"These are local council votes; no state order or violation is involved (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":11772,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS populations for Broadway 4,015, Timberville 2,963 and Luray 4,794 (refs 3-5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Three Shenandoah Valley towns ended fluoridation between March 2025 and August 1, 2026; VDH says over 96% of municipal-water users statewide receive fluoridated water."},"measures":[{"name":"Annual fluoride cost cited","value":20000,"unit":"USD (upper end)","status":"Reported","note":"Range $5,000 to $20,000 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"A third town followed in 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town councils of Broadway, Timberville and Luray","role":"System owners"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Health","role":"Drinking-water regulator and fluoridation guidance"}],"public_contact":"Town offices of Broadway, Timberville and Luray","corrective_actions":["Rivanna Water and Sewer Authority says it will keep fluoridation unless VDH changes its recommendation (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Broadway to be third Virginia town to stop fluoridating water","publisher":"WMRA / WVTF","date":"2026-05-21","url":"https://www.wvtf.org/2026-05-20/broadway-to-be-third-virginia-town-to-stop-fluoridating-water","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Virginia towns end adding fluoride to water, Charlottesville and Albemarle County to continue","publisher":"WDBJ / WVIR","date":"2025-07-22","url":"https://www.wdbj7.com/2025/07/22/virginia-towns-end-adding-fluoride-water-charlottesville-albemarle-county-continue/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Broadway, Town of","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BROADWAY/JSON","basis":"Federal drinking-water database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Timberville, Town of","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/TIMBERVILLE/JSON","basis":"Federal drinking-water database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Luray, Town of","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LURAY/JSON","basis":"Federal drinking-water database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-03-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Exact council vote dates","Dental outcome data"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-VA-BRISTOL-QUARRY-LANDFILL-LEACHATE-REMEDIATION-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Bristol Quarry Landfill: court-ordered leachate and gas remediation continues","description":"The City of Bristol, Virginia closed its quarry landfill in September 2022 and entered a consent decree with DEQ and the Attorney General in 2023 after years of odor complaints, agreeing to reimburse $92,000 in state emergency costs. In 2025 the city sought bids for a gas collection system, and in 2026 crews kept replacing leachate extraction pumps and regrading after gas and leachate system work; the mayor says remediation will take years and cost millions.","location":{"name":"Bristol Quarry Landfill","type":"Closed municipal solid waste landfill","detail":"City of Bristol, Virginia, on the Tennessee state line","coordinates":{"lat":36.6,"lon":-82.19,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Bristol"],"extent":"site","state":"VA","states":["VA"]},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A deep quarry landfill needs continuous leachate and gas extraction to control liquids and emissions.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The city's March 2026 update (ref 3) reports two more leachate extraction pumps replaced; no off-site water contamination is documented in refs 1-3.","service":"City updates (refs 2, 3) describe no public water or sewer disruption.","scale":"The decree covers a citywide landfill problem; the mayor reports fewer odor complaints in May 2025 (ref 2), and city staff report work weekly (refs 3, 4).","duration":"The landfill closed in 2022 and the mayor said in May 2025 that work will take years (ref 2).","significance":"The 2023 consent decree with DEQ and the Attorney General governs the work (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Population near the landfill not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Consent decree work continuing in 2026, including replacement of leachate extraction pumps in January and March 2026 and gas-system maintenance."},"measures":[{"name":"State emergency cost reimbursement","value":92000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Suspended civil charges","value":377697,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The mayor says remediation spending runs to 'millions of dollars' (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Odor complaints are down (ref 2), but leachate pump replacement continues (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Bristol, Virginia","role":"Landfill owner"},{"name":"Virginia DEQ","role":"Solid waste regulator and consent decree party"}],"public_contact":"City of Bristol, Virginia landfill information page","corrective_actions":["Sidewall odor mitigation, well and pump upgrades, more cover and an eventual final cover (ref 1).","Gas collection and control system bids (ref 2) and ongoing leachate pump replacement (refs 3, 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Landfill Notifications and Information: consent decree","publisher":"City of Bristol, Virginia","date":"2023-01-27","url":"https://bristolva.gov/Blog.asp?IID=103","basis":"Local government notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Bristol, Va. moving forward with landfill remediation","publisher":"WJHL via Yahoo News","date":"2025-05-28","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/bristol-va-moving-forward-landfill-031245434.html","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Landfill Update for March 6, 2026","publisher":"City of Bristol, Virginia","date":"2026-03-09","url":"https://bristolva.gov/Blog.asp?IID=293","basis":"Local government notice"},{"ref":4,"title":"Landfill update, January 9, 2026","publisher":"City of Bristol, Virginia","date":"2026-01-09","url":"https://bristolva.gov/Blog.asp?IID=282","basis":"Local government notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (VA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2022-09-01","latest_seen":"2026-03-09","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Leachate volumes and disposal route","Groundwater and creek monitoring results"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IA-CENTRAL-IOWA-WATER-WORKS-NITRATE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Central Iowa Water Works: record river nitrate forces lawn-watering bans in 2025 and 2026","description":"Nitrate in the Raccoon and Des Moines rivers that supply Central Iowa Water Works (about 600,000 people) stayed above the 10 mg/L federal drinking-water limit long enough to push nitrate-removal capacity to its limit. The utility imposed its first mandatory lawn-watering ban in June 2025 and a second one on June 8, 2026, and its nitrate removal facility ran a record 193 days in 2026. The utility reports that treated water continued to meet state and federal standards.","location":{"name":"Central Iowa Water Works / Des Moines Water Works","type":"Regional water utility service area","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"Des Moines metro, Polk County and neighboring central Iowa communities; Fleur Drive and Saylorville treatment plants","coordinates":{"lat":41.5868,"lon":-93.625,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Polk","Dallas","Warren"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"IA7727031"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Source-water nitrate (quality) is constraining treatment capacity and therefore supply.","secondary_drivers":["Agricultural nitrate runoff"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Raccoon River infiltration gallery reached 12.3 mg/L nitrate and had been above 10 mg/L for almost 90 days by June 2026 (ref 1); finished water stayed in compliance, so harm is a risk rather than a documented exceedance.","service":"A mandatory Stage III ban on lawn watering took effect June 8, 2026, with service termination possible for violators (refs 1, 2); the first such ban ran June to August 2025 (ref 1).","scale":"The utility serves about 600,000 people, roughly one in five Iowans (refs 1, 2); SDWIS lists 246,055 directly served by Des Moines Water Works (ref 4).","duration":"The nitrate removal facility ran a record 193 days in 2026, against the previous high of 177 days in 2015, and was switched on in January for only the second time ever (ref 2).","significance":"Restrictions were imposed under the utility's mandatory Water Use Plan (ref 1); no regulator enforcement or MCL violation is reported."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":600000,"status":"Reported","note":"About 600,000 people on the Central Iowa Water Works system (refs 1, 2); SDWIS population for Des Moines Water Works alone is 246,055 (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Nitrate removal facility ran a record 193 days in 2026; previous record 177 days (2015) (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Raccoon River infiltration gallery nitrate","value":12.3,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Weekend before June 9, 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Nitrate removal facility days of operation, 2026","value":193,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"Through July 23, 2026 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Nitrate removal facility cost at full capacity","value":16000,"unit":"USD per day","status":"Reported","note":"Fleur Drive ion exchange (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Utility has exceeded its nitrate-removal budget in recent years (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"First-ever lawn-watering ban in 2025, repeated in 2026 with record removal-facility days (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Central Iowa Water Works","role":"Regional water utility"},{"name":"Des Moines Water Works","role":"Member utility and operator"},{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Water Supply Operations","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Des Moines Water Works (Central Iowa Water Works member utility) customer service, via dmww.com","corrective_actions":["Ion exchange (Fleur Drive) and reverse osmosis (Saylorville) nitrate removal run near full capacity (ref 1).","Staged Water Use Plan: voluntary 25% and 50% cuts, then mandatory lawn-watering bans (refs 1, 2).","After-action review of the 2025 nitrate event, with recommendations implemented in April 2026 (ref 3).","Planned treatment expansion: Saylorville from 10 to 20 MGD by 2030 and a new 12 MGD west plant by 2030-2032 (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"High nitrate levels prompt a lawn watering ban for 600,000 people in central Iowa","publisher":"Iowa Public Radio","date":"2026-06-09","url":"https://www.iowapublicradio.org/environment/2026-06-09/central-iowa-water-works-nitrate-lawn-watering-ban-drinking-water","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Central Iowa Water Works ends restrictions","publisher":"Little Village","date":"2026-07-28","url":"https://littlevillagemag.com/central-iowa-water-works-ends-restrictions/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Lead Service Line Replacement Program (Des Moines Water Works presentation to Des Moines City Council)","publisher":"Des Moines Water Works / City of Des Moines","date":"2026-02-09","url":"https://cms2.revize.com/revize/cityofdesmoines/Documents/Departments/City%20Clerk/Presentations/2026/DMWW%20Update%20and%20Lead%20Service%20Lines.pdf","basis":"Utility record"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Des Moines Water Works","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/DES%20MOINES/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IA-RACCOON-DES-MOINES-RIVERS-NITRATE-2025","US-IA-CENTRAL-IOWA-WATER-WORKS-REGIONALIZATION-2025"]},{"id":"US-IA-DES-MOINES-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Des Moines Water Works: 15,764 lead service lines in 2025 inventory","description":"Des Moines Water Works' service line inventory counted 15,764 lead lines and 13,266 lines of unknown material in 2025, up from 8,117 known lead lines in 2024 as unknowns were resolved. The utility began replacing about 350 lines in the Drake neighborhood in spring 2026, free to homeowners, ahead of the federal 2037 replacement deadline.","location":{"name":"Des Moines Water Works","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"City of Des Moines, Polk County","coordinates":{"lat":41.5868,"lon":-93.625,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Polk"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IA7727031"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead service lines are physical infrastructure that create a water-quality risk.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Inventory lists 15,764 lead service lines (ref 1); no lead action level exceedance is reported for the system, so exposure is potential.","service":"No service disruption; customers with lead lines get annual notification letters and free water tests (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 246,055 people served by Des Moines Water Works (ref 3), and lead or unknown lines number about 29,000 (ref 1).","duration":"Lead lines remain in service until replaced; the EPA deadline cited by the utility is 2037 (ref 1). An earlier estimate put pre-1940 lines at about 20,000 homes (ref 2).","significance":"Inventory and replacement are required under the federal Lead and Copper Rule revisions, and Iowa HF 876 requires disclosure of known lead lines at home sale from Jan. 1, 2026 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":246055,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3); the number of residents on lead lines is not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Lead service lines in inventory: 15,764 (2025), with 13,266 unknown (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Lead service lines (2025 inventory)","value":15764,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Unknown-material service lines (2025)","value":13266,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Galvanized lines (2025)","value":906,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Replacement of about 20,000 lines was estimated at over $200 million (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Count rose from 8,117 to 15,764 between 2024 and 2025 as unknowns were classified (ref 1); this reflects inventory work, not new lead lines."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Des Moines Water Works","role":"Utility"},{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Water Supply Operations","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Des Moines Water Works lead line program, 515-283-8754","corrective_actions":["Drake neighborhood replacement of about 350 lines, construction beginning spring 2026, free to homeowners (ref 1).","Annual material letters, free water testing, corrosion control treatment (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lead Service Line Replacement Program (Des Moines Water Works presentation to Des Moines City Council)","publisher":"Des Moines Water Works / City of Des Moines","date":"2026-02-09","url":"https://cms2.revize.com/revize/cityofdesmoines/Documents/Departments/City%20Clerk/Presentations/2026/DMWW%20Update%20and%20Lead%20Service%20Lines.pdf","basis":"Utility record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Lead service lines and replacement efforts in Iowa","publisher":"Iowa Environmental Council","date":"2024-05-14","url":"https://www.iaenvironment.org/blog/iowa-environmental-voice/lead-service-lines-and-replacement-efforts-in-iowa","basis":"Advocacy analysis"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Des Moines Water Works","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/DES%20MOINES/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"Des Moines Water Works replacing 400 lead service lines","publisher":"WHO 13","date":"2026-02-20","url":"https://who13.com/news/metro-news/des-moines-water-works-replacing-400-lead-service-lines/amp/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IA-CENTRAL-IOWA-WATER-WORKS-NITRATE-2025"]},{"id":"US-IA-EARLY-NITRATE-DO-NOT-DRINK-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Early: nitrate above limit, seven-month do-not-consume advisory in 2025","description":"The town of Early (Sac County) told residents on Jan. 27, 2025 that tap water was unsafe to drink because of nitrate, and the advisory stayed until Aug. 21, 2025. Drought lowered its shallow wells so the reverse osmosis unit could not run; tap water measured 11.3 mg/L in March. Iowa DNR recorded four nitrate MCL violations at the system in 2025, and the town has a $1.45 million state revolving loan for a deeper well.","location":{"name":"Early Municipal Water Supply","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"City of Early, Sac County","coordinates":{"lat":42.4614,"lon":-95.1517,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Sac"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IA8114000"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nitrate contamination of a shallow groundwater source caused an acute drinking-water violation.","secondary_drivers":["Agricultural nitrate","Drought"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Tap water contained 11.3 mg/L nitrate in March 2025 against the 10 mg/L limit (ref 1); DNR logged four nitrate MCL violations at Early in 2025 (refs 2, 3).","service":"A do-not-consume advisory ran from Jan. 27 to Aug. 21, 2025, with bottled water distributed until April 14 (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 587 people served (ref 4); the whole town was under the advisory (ref 1).","duration":"About seven months of advisory in 2025; the mayor attributed it to drought lowering 33-foot and 42-foot wells (ref 1).","significance":"Four acute nitrate MCL violations recorded by Iowa DNR for March through June 2025 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":587,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Tap water nitrate 11.3 mg/L in March 2025, 1.3 mg/L above the EPA limit (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Tap water nitrate (March 2025)","value":11.3,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Nitrate MCL violations, 2025","value":4,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"refs 2, 3"},{"name":"State revolving fund loan for new well","value":1450000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Households pay a $33.25 monthly water improvement fee for treatment-plant debt (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Advisory lifted Aug. 21, 2025 after rain refilled wells; a deeper well is planned but not yet drilled (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Early","role":"Water system owner"},{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Water Supply Operations","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Early city hall (Sac County, Iowa)","corrective_actions":["Bottled water distribution during the advisory (ref 1).","$1.45 million Drinking Water State Revolving Fund loan for a new, deeper well; $400,000 planning loan (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"What does a small town do when the water is undrinkable?","publisher":"Investigate Midwest","date":"2026-02-02","url":"https://investigatemidwest.org/2026/02/02/what-does-a-small-town-do-when-the-water-in-undrinkable/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Iowa had twice the drinking water violations for nitrate in 2025 as in 2024","publisher":"KCRG-TV9 (from Iowa Capital Dispatch)","date":"2026-07-08","url":"https://www.kcrg.com/2026/07/09/iowa-had-twice-drinking-water-violations-nitrate-2025-2024/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"State of Iowa Public Drinking Water Program 2025 Annual Compliance Report (June 2026)","publisher":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://www.iowadnr.gov/media/9746/download?inline","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Early Municipal Water Supply","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/EARLY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IA-STATEWIDE-NITRATE-VIOLATIONS-2025"]},{"id":"US-IA-STATEWIDE-NITRATE-VIOLATIONS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Iowa: nitrate MCL violations more than doubled in 2025 (36 at 13 systems)","description":"Iowa DNR's 2025 compliance report counts 36 nitrate MCL violations at 13 public water systems serving 2,479 people, up from 14 violations at nine systems in 2024; nitrate was 41% of all 87 health-based violations. Most violations were at small systems such as Little Brown Church, Lazy T Campground, Lost Beach Resort and the town of Early, and several systems are installing treatment or connecting to other suppliers.","location":{"name":"Iowa public water systems (statewide)","type":"Statewide drinking-water program","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"Violations concentrated in small rural systems, e.g. Chickasaw, Delaware, Sac, Dallas, Butler and Woodbury counties","coordinates":{"lat":42.03,"lon":-93.58,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Chickasaw","Delaware","Sac","Dallas","Butler","Woodbury"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nitrate from cropland and manure is the leading health-based drinking-water violation in Iowa.","secondary_drivers":["Agricultural nitrate"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"36 acute nitrate MCL violations in 2025, a level DNR describes as an immediate health risk to infants (refs 1, 2).","service":"Systems with acute nitrate violations must issue public notice; Early issued a do-not-consume advisory (refs 2, 3).","scale":"Violations spanned 13 systems statewide; the 2,479 people served is small, but the pattern is statewide (ref 1).","duration":"2023 had 38 violations at seven systems and 2025 had 36, both well above other years since 2016 (ref 2).","significance":"Each is a formal MCL violation reported to EPA; DNR can issue administrative orders when systems miss compliance deadlines (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":2479,"status":"Reported","note":"Customers served by the 13 systems with 2025 nitrate violations (refs 1, 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"36 nitrate MCL violations at 13 systems in 2025, versus 14 at nine systems in 2024 (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Nitrate MCL violations, 2025","value":36,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Systems with nitrate violations, 2025","value":13,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Nitrate monitoring/reporting violations, 2025","value":84,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"At 66 systems (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"More than double 2024's count (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Water Supply Operations","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Iowa DNR Water Supply Operations, via iowadnr.gov","corrective_actions":["Several systems with violations are installing treatment or connecting to another system (ref 1).","Return to compliance requires two consecutive quarters within the limit (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"State of Iowa Public Drinking Water Program 2025 Annual Compliance Report (June 2026)","publisher":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://www.iowadnr.gov/media/9746/download?inline","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Iowa had twice the drinking water violations for nitrate in 2025 as in 2024","publisher":"KCRG-TV9 (from Iowa Capital Dispatch)","date":"2026-07-08","url":"https://www.kcrg.com/2026/07/09/iowa-had-twice-drinking-water-violations-nitrate-2025-2024/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"What does a small town do when the water is undrinkable?","publisher":"Investigate Midwest","date":"2026-02-02","url":"https://investigatemidwest.org/2026/02/02/what-does-a-small-town-do-when-the-water-in-undrinkable/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IA-EARLY-NITRATE-DO-NOT-DRINK-2025","US-IA-LITTLE-BROWN-CHURCH-NITRATE-2025","US-IA-STATEWIDE-PRIVATE-WELL-NITRATE-2026"]},{"id":"US-IA-LITTLE-BROWN-CHURCH-NITRATE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Little Brown Church (Nashua): nine nitrate MCL violations in 2025","description":"The Little Brown Church water system in Chickasaw County, a transient system serving 183 people, recorded nine nitrate MCL violations in 2025, more than any other Iowa system. SDWIS shows repeated readings of 10.7 to 12.1 mg/L from late 2024 through 2025.","location":{"name":"Little Brown Church water system","type":"Transient non-community water system","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"Near Nashua, Chickasaw County","coordinates":{"lat":42.9536,"lon":-92.5368,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Chickasaw"],"extent":"site","pwsid":"IA1967863"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nitrate in a well serving a transient system exceeds the acute MCL.","secondary_drivers":["Agricultural nitrate"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Nine single-sample nitrate MCL violations in 2025 (refs 1, 2), with SDWIS values such as 11, 12 and 12.1 mg/L (ref 3).","service":"No outage or do-not-drink order is reported in the cited sources.","scale":"A single transient system serving 183 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Monthly violations ran from March through December 2025 in the DNR list (ref 1), following violations beginning October 2024 in SDWIS (ref 3).","significance":"Named in news coverage as the Iowa system with the most nitrate violations in 2025 (ref 2); formal MCL violations in the DNR report (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":183,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Nine nitrate MCL violations in 2025 (refs 1, 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Nitrate MCL violations, 2025","value":9,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Violations continued every month through December 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Little Brown Church","role":"Water system owner"},{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Water Supply Operations","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Iowa DNR Water Supply Operations, via iowadnr.gov","corrective_actions":[],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"State of Iowa Public Drinking Water Program 2025 Annual Compliance Report (June 2026)","publisher":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://www.iowadnr.gov/media/9746/download?inline","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Iowa had twice the drinking water violations for nitrate in 2025 as in 2024","publisher":"KCRG-TV9 (from Iowa Capital Dispatch)","date":"2026-07-08","url":"https://www.kcrg.com/2026/07/09/iowa-had-twice-drinking-water-violations-nitrate-2025-2024/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Little Brown Church","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LITTLE%20BROWN/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["corrective_actions"],"related_ids":["US-IA-STATEWIDE-NITRATE-VIOLATIONS-2025"]},{"id":"US-IA-GRINNELL-RADIUM-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Grinnell: combined radium above MCL since early 2024 pending new plant","description":"Grinnell's water has exceeded the 5 pCi/L combined radium standard since early 2024 after its softener, which had removed radium from Jordan Aquifer water, was taken offline in 2022. Quarterly running averages reached 8.36 pCi/L in 2024 and 8.13 pCi/L in early 2026, and Iowa DNR recorded radium and gross alpha MCL violations in 2025. A nanofiltration plant is expected to operate by January 2027.","location":{"name":"Grinnell Water Department","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"City of Grinnell, Poweshiek County","coordinates":{"lat":41.743,"lon":-92.7224,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Poweshiek"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IA7930008"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Naturally occurring radium in the aquifer exceeds the MCL because treatment was lost.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Running averages of 8.36, 7.94 and 7.325 pCi/L in 2024 against the 5 pCi/L MCL (ref 1); long-term exposure raises cancer risk, per the notice (ref 1).","service":"Repeated public notices; the city says the water remains safe to drink and no alternative supply is needed (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 9,564 people served (ref 4).","duration":"Above the standard since early 2024 with the fix not due until January 2027 (ref 2).","significance":"DNR recorded one gross alpha and three radium MCL violations in 2025 with notices of violation issued (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":9564,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Combined radium running average 8.36 pCi/L (2024) against a 5 pCi/L MCL (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Combined radium running average (peak 2024 quarter)","value":8.36,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Radium/gross alpha MCL violations, 2025","value":4,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"ref 3"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Levels remain above the MCL until the new plant opens (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Grinnell Water Department","role":"Utility"},{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Water Supply Operations","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Grinnell Water Department, 702 Main Street, Grinnell; 641-990-7521","corrective_actions":["New nanofiltration water production plant under construction, expected to operate by January 2027 (ref 2).","Relying on the lowest-radium wells in the meantime (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Public Notification: Grinnell Water Department has levels of Radium, Combined (226, 228) above drinking water standards","publisher":"City of Grinnell","date":"2025-02-24","url":"https://www.grinnelliowa.gov/DocumentCenter/View/2736/Radium-Violation-Notification-22425","basis":"Utility record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Grinnell water exceeds radium limits, treatment plant construction to conclude by early 2027","publisher":"The Scarlet & Black","date":"2026-04-05","url":"https://thesandb.com/55210/news/grinnell-water-exceeds-radium-limits-treatment-plant-construction-to-conclude-by-early-2027/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"State of Iowa Public Drinking Water Program 2025 Annual Compliance Report (June 2026)","publisher":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://www.iowadnr.gov/media/9746/download?inline","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Grinnell Water Department","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/GRINNELL/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IA-LEON-HAA5-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Leon: repeated haloacetic acid (HAA5) MCL violations in 2024 and 2025","description":"Leon Water Supply in Decatur County, serving 1,830 people, recorded three HAA5 disinfection byproduct MCL violations in late 2024 and eight more across every quarter of 2025, according to Iowa DNR's annual compliance reports. DNR also logged a 2025 failure to issue public notice for a violation.","location":{"name":"Leon Water Supply","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"City of Leon, Decatur County","coordinates":{"lat":40.7397,"lon":-93.7477,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Decatur"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IA2742076"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Disinfection byproducts formed in treatment exceed the federal standard.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Locational running annual averages of HAA5 exceeded the MCL in eight 2025 violations (ref 1); DNR notes long-term exposure to byproducts may raise cancer risk (ref 1).","service":"No service disruption is reported.","scale":"SDWIS lists 1,830 people served (ref 3).","duration":"Violations for the quarters ending Sept. 30 and Dec. 31, 2024 (ref 2) and all four quarters of 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"Notices of violation issued for each HAA5 violation, plus a 2025 public-notice violation (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":1830,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Eight HAA5 MCL violations in 2025 and three in 2024 (refs 1, 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"HAA5 MCL violations, 2025","value":8,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"HAA5 MCL violations, 2024","value":3,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Violations rose from three (2024) to eight (2025) (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Leon","role":"Water system owner"},{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Water Supply Operations","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Iowa DNR Water Supply Operations, via iowadnr.gov","corrective_actions":[],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"State of Iowa Public Drinking Water Program 2025 Annual Compliance Report (June 2026)","publisher":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://www.iowadnr.gov/media/9746/download?inline","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"State of Iowa Public Drinking Water Program 2024 Annual Compliance Report (June 2025)","publisher":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","date":"2025-06-01","url":"https://www.iowadnr.gov/media/8510/download?inline","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Leon Water Supply","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LEON%20WATER/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["corrective_actions"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-MCL-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Iowa: DNR identifies a dozen water suppliers above 2024 federal PFAS limits","description":"After EPA set limits of 4 ppt for PFOA and PFOS in April 2024, Iowa DNR said 12 suppliers needed to reduce PFAS, including Buffalo, Burlington, Camanche, Davenport, Dubuque, Muscatine, Osage, Sioux City and Tama. DNR's 2021-2022 sampling found PFAS in 41% of 126 finished-water samples, with PFOS up to 59 ppt and PFOA up to 18 ppt, and about 800 community systems had not yet been tested.","location":{"name":"Iowa public water systems (statewide)","type":"Statewide drinking-water program","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"Detections clustered along the Mississippi River, near industrial and fire-training sites","coordinates":{"lat":42.03,"lon":-93.58,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Des Moines","Clinton","Scott","Dubuque","Muscatine","Mitchell","Woodbury","Tama"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS contamination of source water is a drinking-water quality issue.","secondary_drivers":["Industrial and firefighting-foam PFAS"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"PFOS reached 59 ppt and PFOA 18 ppt in finished water during DNR sampling (ref 2), above the 2024 limits of 4 ppt (ref 1); compliance is not yet required, so no violation is recorded.","service":"No service disruption; Camanche switched to an uncontaminated backup well (ref 1).","scale":"Twelve suppliers named, including Davenport, Dubuque and Sioux City, plus about 800 untested community systems (ref 1).","duration":"Contamination first documented in 2021-2022 sampling (ref 2) and still requiring fixes in 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"A federal MCL rule requires these systems to act (ref 1); 3M agreed to pay over $800,000 for Camanche wells (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Combined population of the 12 suppliers was not reported by DNR."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"12 Iowa suppliers need to fix PFAS contamination under the 2024 federal limits (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Suppliers needing PFAS fixes","value":12,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Max PFOS in finished water (2021-22 DNR sampling)","value":59,"unit":"ng/L","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"},{"name":"Max PFOA in finished water (2021-22 DNR sampling)","value":18,"unit":"ng/L","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Burlington estimated about $20 million for a well field and treatment (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Water Supply Operations","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 7","role":"Federal rulemaker"}],"public_contact":"Iowa DNR Water Supply Operations, via iowadnr.gov","corrective_actions":["Systems with detections began quarterly monitoring (ref 2).","Camanche: two new deep wells funded by 3M (ref 1).","Sioux City: about $6 million for a new well or $12 million for treatment (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Feds: A dozen Iowa water suppliers need to fix 'forever chemical' contamination","publisher":"Little Village (from Iowa Capital Dispatch)","date":"2024-04-12","url":"https://littlevillagemag.com/feds-a-dozen-iowa-water-suppliers-need-to-fix-forever-chemical-contamination/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Summary of PFAS testing of Public Water Supplies (March 2023)","publisher":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","date":"2023-03-03","url":"https://www.iowadnr.gov/media/7038/download?inline","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IA-SIOUX-CITY-PFAS-2024"]},{"id":"US-IA-SIOUX-CITY-PFAS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Sioux City: PFAS at Southbridge plant above federal 4 ppt limit","description":"Sioux City's 2023 water quality report showed 4.6 ppt of PFAS at the Southbridge Regional Water plant, above the 4.0 ppt federal limit; the city traced contamination to firefighting foam used by the 185th Air Refueling Wing. The plant cannot remove PFAS, and Iowa DNR listed Sioux City among 12 Iowa suppliers needing fixes. The city is collecting settlements from foam manufacturers, including about $161,000 from Tyco in April 2026.","location":{"name":"Sioux City Water Supply","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"City of Sioux City, Woodbury County; Southbridge Regional Water plant","coordinates":{"lat":42.4963,"lon":-96.4049,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Woodbury"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IA9778054"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Firefighting-foam PFAS contaminates a groundwater source.","secondary_drivers":["Military firefighting foam"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Southbridge plant PFAS of 4.6 ppt in 2023 against the 4.0 ppt federal limit (ref 1).","service":"No service interruption reported.","scale":"SDWIS lists 85,791 people served (ref 4).","duration":"PFAS found at Southbridge by DNR in early 2022 and still present in the 2023 report (ref 1).","significance":"City is party to national AFFF litigation and approved a roughly $161,000 Tyco settlement in April 2026, with an $89,000 BASF settlement under discussion (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":85791,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFAS 4.6 ppt at Southbridge plant (2023) versus 4.0 ppt federal limit (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"PFAS at Southbridge plant (2023)","value":4.6,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Tyco settlement","value":161000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Sioux City Utilities","role":"Utility"},{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Water Supply Operations","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Sioux City Utilities Department","corrective_actions":["Options studied: overhaul treatment or re-drill wells (ref 1); DNR-reported estimate of about $6 million for a new well (ref 3).","Settlement recoveries from AFFF manufacturers (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Sioux City water report shows 'forever chemicals' still in the water","publisher":"KTIV","date":"2024-04-24","url":"https://www.ktiv.com/2024/04/24/sioux-city-water-report-shows-forever-chemicals-still-water/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Sioux City council to discuss settlement statement from BASF Corporation","publisher":"KWIT","date":"2026-04-27","url":"https://www.kwit.org/podcast/spm-news/2026-04-27/sioux-city-council-to-discuss-settlement-statement-from-basf-corporation","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Feds: A dozen Iowa water suppliers need to fix 'forever chemical' contamination","publisher":"Little Village (from Iowa Capital Dispatch)","date":"2024-04-12","url":"https://littlevillagemag.com/feds-a-dozen-iowa-water-suppliers-need-to-fix-forever-chemical-contamination/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Sioux City Water Supply","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SIOUX%20CITY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-MCL-2024"]},{"id":"US-IA-HARLAN-BOIL-ADVISORY-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Harlan: citywide boil advisory after main breaks drain water towers","description":"Several water main breaks on Nov. 20, 2024 caused pressure loss across Harlan's entire system, and the final break drained the city's water towers. Iowa DNR announced a boil advisory for the whole city on Nov. 21 until two consecutive negative bacteria samples.","location":{"name":"Harlan Municipal Utilities","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"City of Harlan, Shelby County","coordinates":{"lat":41.653,"lon":-95.3253,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Shelby"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IA8335029"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Main breaks (infrastructure) triggered a precautionary water-quality advisory.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Systemwide pressure loss allows possible contamination; officials said there was no reason to believe quality was compromised (ref 1).","service":"Entire city under a boil advisory after the towers drained around 11:45 p.m. (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 5,067 people served by Harlan Municipal Utilities (ref 2).","duration":"Advisory to last until two consecutive negative samples; lift date not reported (ref 1).","significance":"Advisory issued through an Iowa DNR news release (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":5067,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Boil advisory for the entire city of Harlan, Nov. 21, 2024 (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Harlan Municipal Utilities","role":"Utility"},{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Water Supply Operations","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Harlan Municipal Utilities","corrective_actions":["Main repairs, refilling, disinfection and flushing (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water main breaks prompt boil advisory for Harlan, Iowa","publisher":"WOWT","date":"2024-11-21","url":"https://www.wowt.com/2024/11/21/water-main-breaks-prompt-boil-advisory-harlan-iowa","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Harlan Municipal Utilities","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/HARLAN/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IA-MARSHALLTOWN-LEGIONNAIRES-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Marshalltown: Legionnaires' outbreak linked to cooling towers, 2 deaths (2025)","description":"Iowa HHS and Marshall County Public Health investigated a Legionnaires' disease outbreak in Marshalltown in September 2025 that reached at least 73 cases and two deaths. Officials pointed to one of 12 privately owned cooling towers in north central Marshalltown as the likely source, though testing did not confirm a direct source; drinking water was not identified as the cause.","location":{"name":"North central Marshalltown","type":"City area (cooling-tower cluster)","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"City of Marshalltown, Marshall County","coordinates":{"lat":42.0494,"lon":-92.908,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Marshall"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A waterborne-pathogen outbreak from building water systems (cooling towers), not the public water supply.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Two deaths and 71 documented cases as of Sept. 22, 2025 (ref 1); 73 cases by Sept. 24 (ref 2).","service":"No drinking-water service restriction; businesses were asked to disinfect cooling towers (ref 1).","scale":"Cases centered on Marshalltown, with 12 cooling towers in the north central area under investigation (ref 2).","duration":"Investigation and remediation ran from early September through at least late September 2025, with offline remediation still incomplete (ref 2).","significance":"State and county public-health outbreak investigation; officials recommended moving a downtown festival (ref 2)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":73,"status":"Reported","note":"Cases reported by Iowa HHS as of Sept. 24, 2025 (ref 2); not a population served."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"73 Legionnaires' cases and two deaths in Marshall County (refs 1, 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Cases","value":73,"unit":"cases","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"},{"name":"Deaths","value":2,"unit":"deaths","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Iowa HHS reported fewer new cases by late September (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Iowa Department of Health and Human Services","role":"Outbreak investigation"},{"name":"Marshall County Public Health","role":"Local health department"}],"public_contact":"Marshall County Public Health","corrective_actions":["All cooling-tower owners completed online disinfection (refs 1, 2).","Offline remediation by third-party contractors (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Legionnaires' disease outbreak claims 2 in Iowa","publisher":"ACHR News","date":"2025-09-25","url":"https://www.achrnews.com/articles/165298-legionnaires-disease-outbreak-claims-2-in-iowa","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"County public health director: No definitive identification of Legionella source through testing thus far","publisher":"Times-Republican (Marshalltown)","date":"2025-09-25","url":"https://www.timesrepublican.com/news/todays-news/2025/09/county-public-health-director-no-definitive-identification-of-legionella-source-through-testing-thus-far/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IA-STATEWIDE-MANGANESE-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Iowa: manganese flagged as emerging drinking-water priority; 25 monitoring violations","description":"Iowa DNR launched a manganese initiative with EPA and the Iowa Association of Municipal Utilities in 2024, assessing 10 high-priority systems that September and six more in March 2025. DNR recorded 25 manganese monitoring violations at 23 systems in 2024 and 15 at 13 systems in 2025, and reported that Lowden exceeded the EPA health advisory in late 2024 before treatment changes brought levels down.","location":{"name":"Iowa public water systems (statewide)","type":"Statewide drinking-water program","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"Groundwater systems statewide; example City of Lowden, Cedar County","coordinates":{"lat":42.03,"lon":-93.58,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Cedar"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Naturally occurring manganese in groundwater is an emerging water-quality concern.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Lowden exceeded the EPA manganese health advisory in late 2024 (ref 1); no federal MCL exists, so no MCL violation.","service":"No service disruption reported.","scale":"DNR's initiative covers systems statewide; 23 systems serving 11,114 people had manganese monitoring violations in 2024 (ref 2).","duration":"Initiative began in 2024 and continued with March 2025 assessments; DNR names manganese a priority for 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Monitoring violations under state rules: 25 in 2024 (ref 2) and 15 in 2025 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":11114,"status":"Reported","note":"Population of systems with 2024 manganese monitoring violations (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"25 manganese monitoring violations at 23 systems (2024); 15 at 13 systems (2025) (refs 1, 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems assessed under manganese initiative","value":16,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"10 in Sept. 2024, 6 in March 2025 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Monitoring violations fell from 25 to 15 (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Water Supply Operations","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Iowa Association of Municipal Utilities","role":"Technical assistance partner"}],"public_contact":"Iowa DNR Water Supply Operations, via iowadnr.gov","corrective_actions":["Area-Wide Optimization Program on-site assessments and tailored technical assistance (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"State of Iowa Public Drinking Water Program 2025 Annual Compliance Report (June 2026)","publisher":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://www.iowadnr.gov/media/9746/download?inline","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"State of Iowa Public Drinking Water Program 2024 Annual Compliance Report (June 2025)","publisher":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","date":"2025-06-01","url":"https://www.iowadnr.gov/media/8510/download?inline","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IA-STATEWIDE-MULTIYEAR-DROUGHT-2023","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Iowa multi-year drought 2020-2024, with record Exceptional Drought in 2023","description":"Iowa recorded its longest U.S. Drought Monitor drought, with at least moderate drought somewhere in the state for about 170 consecutive weeks by September 2023 and the largest Exceptional Drought (D4) footprint since 2000. 2023 was the third straight below-normal precipitation year and ended with southern Iowa in a Drought Warning under the Iowa Drought Plan; groundwater recharge lagged into 2024 and a drought watch persisted in northwest Iowa in mid-2026.","location":{"name":"State of Iowa","type":"Statewide drought regions (Iowa Drought Plan)","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"Five Iowa Drought Plan regions; D4 in northeast and east-central Iowa (Linn, Benton, Tama areas) in Sept-Oct 2023","coordinates":{"lat":42.03,"lon":-93.47,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Linn","Benton","Tama"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Precipitation deficits lowered streamflow, soil moisture and groundwater recharge statewide.","secondary_drivers":["Climate variability","Rising irrigation and industrial withdrawals"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Iowa Geological Survey director told KCRG in April 2024 that groundwater levels were down and awaiting recharge after a 4-year drought (ref 3).","service":"KCRG/Iowa Capital Dispatch (ref 4) lists drought-driven lawn-watering and pool-filling limits at Denison Municipal Utilities, West Central Iowa Rural Water and Shenandoah in 2025.","scale":"DNR (ref 1) reported D4 covering 4.9% of the state, the widest Exceptional Drought in Iowa since the Drought Monitor began in 2000; all five drought regions are statewide.","duration":"The January 2024 Water Summary Update (ref 2) records a third consecutive dry year and a 3-year deficit above 15 inches; the July 2026 update (ref 5) keeps northwest Iowa in drought watch.","significance":"Under the Iowa Drought Plan, Drought Regions 4 and 5 (southern Iowa) ended 2023 in a formal Drought Warning designation (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide event; no affected-population count published."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Exceptional Drought (D4) covered 4.9 percent of Iowa on the Sept. 21, 2023 Drought Monitor, the greatest D4 extent in Iowa since 2000 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"2023 statewide precipitation","value":26.82,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"8.73 inches below normal; 22nd driest of 151 years (ref 2)."},{"name":"Peak D4 coverage, Sept 2023","value":4.9,"unit":"percent of state","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"2025 statewide precipitation","value":33.6,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"1.95 inches below normal; no D3 in 2025 (ref 6)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Drought peaked in 2023, eased with a wet summer 2025 (ref 6), and returned as a northwest Iowa drought watch in 2026 (ref 5)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","role":"Primacy drinking-water regulator and water-allocation permitting agency"},{"name":"Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship (State Climatologist and Drought Coordinator)","role":"Iowa Drought Plan coordination"},{"name":"Iowa Homeland Security and Emergency Management","role":"Iowa Drought Plan partner"}],"public_contact":"Iowa DNR Water Summary Update, iowadnr.gov/watersummaryupdate","corrective_actions":["Iowa Drought Plan monthly regional designations (Normal, Watch, Warning, Emergency) published since March 2023 (ref 2).","Legislature funded an Iowa Geological Survey groundwater availability study in 2024 (see related aquifer record)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drought conditions worsen - but recent rain will help","publisher":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","date":"2023-09-21","url":"https://www.iowadnr.gov/news-release/2023-09-21/drought-conditions-worsen-recent-rain-will-help","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Water Summary Update No. 151: A Review of Water Resource Trends from 2023","publisher":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","date":"2024-01-11","url":"https://publications.iowa.gov/51770/1/20240111wsu.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Drought and high usage stressing Iowa's water resources","publisher":"KCRG-TV9","date":"2024-04-19","url":"https://www.kcrg.com/2024/04/19/drought-high-usage-stressing-iowas-water-resources/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Iowans across the state asked to conserve water due to dry wells, high nitrate levels","publisher":"KCRG-TV9 (Iowa Capital Dispatch)","date":"2025-06-18","url":"https://www.kcrg.com/2025/06/18/iowans-across-state-asked-conserve-water-due-dry-wells-high-nitrate-levels","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"Water Summary Update: Drought expands in areas of northern and western Iowa, east returns to normal conditions","publisher":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","date":"2026-07-09","url":"https://www.iowadnr.gov/news-release/2026-07-09/water-summary-update-drought-expands-areas-northern-and-western-iowa-east-returns-normal-conditions","basis":"State record"},{"ref":6,"title":"Water Summary Update No. 175: A review of water resource trends from 2025","publisher":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","date":"2026-01-08","url":"https://www.iowadnr.gov/media/9140/download","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IA-STATEWIDE-AQUIFER-DEMAND-2024"]},{"id":"US-IA-OSCEOLA-WEST-LAKE-SUPPLY-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Osceola's sole source, West Lake, overdrawn in drought; reservoir still pending","description":"Osceola Water Works draws only from West Lake, which can safely supply about 800,000-900,000 gallons a day against demand that reached 1.4 million gallons a day. During the 2023 drought the lake sat about 6 feet low with roughly 200 days of supply estimated, and the utility restricted use, shifted Southern Iowa Rural Water customers to another lake and pursued wastewater reuse and a new 800-acre Clarke County reservoir that reached its federal EIS stage in 2026.","location":{"name":"Osceola Water Works (West Lake)","type":"Municipal utility service area (single surface-water reservoir)","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"Osceola, Clarke County; West Lake also backs Southern Iowa Rural Water's Clarke County service","coordinates":{"lat":41.034,"lon":-93.765,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Clarke"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IA2038038"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A drought-depleted single reservoir and limited intake, treatment and interconnection capacity together constrain supply.","secondary_drivers":["Drought","Industrial demand growth"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Des Moines Register (ref 1) reported West Lake about 6 feet low, with no spillway flow in over three years and roughly 200 days of supply left in October 2023.","service":"Osceola Water Works asked residents to restrict use in October 2023 (ref 1) and only eased restrictions on June 6, 2024 (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 5,503 people on Osceola Water Works (ref 5); SIRWA's Clarke County areas were also tied to West Lake until October 2024 (ref 2).","duration":"The city reported withdrawals exceeding the 800,000-900,000 gpd safe rate again in late 2024 (ref 2), and the 2026 reservoir update says capacity is stretched beyond intended limits (ref 4).","significance":"The water board adopted a formal three-stage supply plan in April 2024 (ref 3), and the reservoir's Final Plan-EIS was accepted for Federal Register publication on April 10, 2026 (ref 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":5503,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Osceola Water Works per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The city can safely withdraw about 800,000 to 900,000 gallons per day from West Lake, but demand has reached 1.4 million gallons per day (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"West Lake safe yield","value":900000,"unit":"gallons per day (upper bound)","status":"Reported","note":"800,000-900,000 gpd (refs 1, 2)."},{"name":"Peak demand","value":1400000,"unit":"gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"West Lake elevation, Nov 4 2024","value":1069.7,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"About 3 feet below spillway (ref 2)."},{"name":"Proposed reservoir cost","value":100000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"About $100 million, 6-8 years (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Base water fee more than doubled over the past decade (ref 1).","Reuse project up to $16.5 million to be financed with bonds and state loans (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Lake recovered with spring 2024 rain, fell again from late July 2024 (ref 2); long-term fix awaits the reservoir (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Osceola Water Works","role":"Utility"},{"name":"Southern Iowa Rural Water Association","role":"Regional partner"},{"name":"Clarke County Reservoir Commission","role":"Reservoir sponsor"},{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","role":"Primacy drinking-water regulator and water-allocation permitting agency"},{"name":"USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service","role":"Federal reservoir funding partner"}],"public_contact":"Osceola City Hall, 115 N Fillmore St, Osceola, IA 50213, (641) 342-2377","corrective_actions":["SIRWA moved West and East Clarke service areas off West Lake in October 2024 (ref 2).","Quarry water transfer and SIRWA interconnections adopted in the April 2024 plan (ref 3).","Proposed treated-wastewater recharge of West Lake under DNR review (ref 1).","Clarke County Reservoir Final Plan-EIS accepted in 2026 (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Gripped in 3-year drought, south Iowa city weighs using wastewater to bolster water supply","publisher":"Des Moines Register (via Yahoo News)","date":"2023-10-26","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/gripped-3-drought-south-iowa-110341463.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"What current weather patterns mean for West Lake and our water supply","publisher":"City of Osceola","date":"2024-11-06","url":"https://osceolaia.net/?p=3235","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":3,"title":"Osceola Water Board approves plans for the future of Osceola's water supply","publisher":"City of Osceola","date":"2024-04-10","url":"https://osceolaia.net/osceola-water-board-approves-plans-for-the-future-of-osceolas-water-supply/","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":4,"title":"Clarke County Reservoir Project hits key federal milestone","publisher":"City of Osceola","date":"2026-04-15","url":"https://osceolaia.net/clarke-county-reservoir-project-hits-key-federal-milestone/","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Osceola Water Works (IA2038038)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/OSCEOLA/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IA-STATEWIDE-MULTIYEAR-DROUGHT-2023"]},{"id":"US-IA-AVOCA-REGIONAL-WATER-SHORTAGE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Regional Water (Avoca) drought shortage: pressure loss and month-long boil advisory","description":"Regional Water Rural Water Association, based in Avoca, lost pressure systemwide in May 2025 after shallow wells could not keep up with demand during drought, triggering a boil advisory from May 14 that stayed in effect into June for several towns. The utility, under drought restrictions since at least 2023, built a temporary booster connection to Council Bluffs' Missouri River-based supply.","location":{"name":"Regional Water Rural Water Association","type":"Rural water association service area","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"Avoca treatment plant system serving rural Shelby, Audubon, Cass, Harrison and northern Pottawattamie counties and towns including Exira, Panama, Portsmouth, Earling and Brayton","coordinates":{"lat":41.477,"lon":-95.338,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Pottawattamie","Shelby","Audubon","Cass","Harrison"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"IA8300184"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Drought-lowered shallow wells and insufficient source and storage capacity caused tower pressure loss.","secondary_drivers":["Drought","Demand exceeding source capacity"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"A systemwide pressure loss put the system under a boil advisory starting May 14, 2025 (ref 1), a recognized contamination risk though no positive samples were reported.","service":"Towers lost pressure and the boil advisory lasted almost a month for several towns, with red-level limits on lawn watering, pool filling and car washing (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS shows 4,132 people on Regional Water (ref 4); five member towns stayed under advisory after direct customers were cleared (ref 1).","duration":"KMTV reported mandatory Level Yellow restrictions as wells ran very low in May 2023 (ref 3); shortages recurred through spring 2025 (ref 2).","significance":"The DNR-posted advisory notice and mandatory Emergency Water Conservation Plan restrictions carry penalties for violations (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":4132,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4); member towns buying from the system may add more."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The drinking water boil advisory for the Regional Water system went into effect on May 14, 2025 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Tower pressure threshold for a new boil advisory","value":20,"unit":"PSI","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Boil advisory duration","value":null,"unit":"days","status":"Not reported","note":"Reported only as almost a month (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Exira officials alleged the system had been oversold; not independently confirmed."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Status of the permanent Council Bluffs connection not confirmed in opened sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Regional Water Rural Water Association","role":"Utility"},{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","role":"Primacy drinking-water regulator and water-allocation permitting agency"},{"name":"Council Bluffs Water Works","role":"Supplemental supplier via interconnection"}],"public_contact":"Regional Water Office, (712) 343-2413","corrective_actions":["Temporary booster pump and pipeline connecting to Council Bluffs targeted for about June 11, 2025 (ref 1).","Mandatory conservation measures under the Emergency Water Conservation Plan (refs 1, 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Regional Water boil advisory lifted for all direct customers; remains in effect for five communities","publisher":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","date":"2025-06-02","url":"https://www.iowadnr.gov/news-release/2025-06-02/regional-water-boil-advisory-lifted-all-direct-customers-remains-effect-five-communities","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Iowans across the state asked to conserve water due to dry wells, high nitrate levels","publisher":"KCRG-TV9 (Iowa Capital Dispatch)","date":"2025-06-18","url":"https://www.kcrg.com/2025/06/18/iowans-across-state-asked-conserve-water-due-dry-wells-high-nitrate-levels","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Mandatory water use restrictions in place for parts of western Iowa","publisher":"KMTV 3 News Now","date":"2023-05-26","url":"https://www.3newsnow.com/news/local-news/mandatory-water-use-restrictions-in-place-for-parts-of-western-iowa","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Regional Water (IA8300184)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/REGIONAL%20WATER/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IA-STATEWIDE-MULTIYEAR-DROUGHT-2023"]},{"id":"US-IA-SHENANDOAH-WELL-DECLINE-RATIONING-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Shenandoah well levels fall in drought; rationing escalates to Stage 4","description":"Shenandoah ordered water rationing in October 2023 as drought lowered its wells and resumed Stage 4 conservation in October 2024, banning most outdoor watering and limiting pool filling. The mayor said in May 2025 that wells had risen only 3-4 inches and new wells were being brought online, with two Fremont Channel alluvial wells expected in fall 2026.","location":{"name":"Shenandoah Water Dept","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"Shenandoah, Page County (southwest Iowa)","coordinates":{"lat":40.766,"lon":-95.372,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Page"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IA7383045"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Drought lowered the groundwater levels in the city's supply wells.","secondary_drivers":["Drought"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No contamination or outage is reported; the city says conservation has kept water available for drinking and bathing (ref 2).","service":"Stage 4 prohibits most non-commercial irrigation and restricts pool filling (ref 2); KCRG lists a ban on outdoor hose use in June 2025 (ref 3).","scale":"Shenandoah Water Dept serves 4,933 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Rationing began Oct. 11, 2023 (ref 1) and the city had some restrictions for about 1.5 years by June 2025 (ref 3).","significance":"The mayor's order and council-adopted Stage 4 conservation are formal municipal restrictions (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":4933,"status":"Reported","note":"Per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Shenandoah is at Stage 4, which bans lawn irrigation, pool filling and outdoor hose use (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Well level rise after spring 2025 rains","value":4,"unit":"inches (upper bound)","status":"Reported","note":"Mayor cited a 3-to-4 inch increase (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No 2026 status found; new alluvial wells due fall 2026 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Shenandoah Water Department","role":"Utility"},{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","role":"Primacy drinking-water regulator and water-allocation permitting agency"}],"public_contact":"Shenandoah City Hall (city water department)","corrective_actions":["New well No. 27 online and No. 28 pending in May 2025 (ref 2).","Two Fremont Channel alluvial aquifer wells expected online in fall 2026 (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Shenandoah residents ordered to ration water","publisher":"WOWT 6 News","date":"2023-10-11","url":"https://www.wowt.com/2023/10/11/shenandoah-residents-ordered-ration-water","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Shenandoah maintains stage 4 water conservation","publisher":"KMA Land","date":"2025-05-29","url":"https://www.kmaland.com/news/shenandoah-maintains-stage-4-water-conservation/article_cf5c1f42-8c00-42a3-8dbd-19c6a367b3e9.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Iowans across the state asked to conserve water due to dry wells, high nitrate levels","publisher":"KCRG-TV9 (Iowa Capital Dispatch)","date":"2025-06-18","url":"https://www.kcrg.com/2025/06/18/iowans-across-state-asked-conserve-water-due-dry-wells-high-nitrate-levels","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Shenandoah Water Dept (IA7383045)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SHENANDOAH/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IA-STATEWIDE-MULTIYEAR-DROUGHT-2023"]},{"id":"US-IA-POWESHIEK-WATER-MANDATORY-CONSERVATION-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Poweshiek Water Association mandatory conservation on Tama and Amana systems","description":"Poweshiek Water Association imposed a mandatory conservation order on its Tama and Amana systems in March 2024, banning most outdoor watering and car washing and asking customers to use private wells for livestock, after a voluntary order in 2023. Mandatory orders were again in place from early March 2025 across parts of eight counties, with new Tama and Amana wells planned.","location":{"name":"Poweshiek Water Association","type":"Rural water association service area","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"Tama and Amana systems serving parts of Tama, Benton, Black Hawk, Poweshiek, Mahaska, Jasper, Iowa and Keokuk counties","coordinates":{"lat":41.967,"lon":-92.579,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Tama","Benton","Black Hawk","Poweshiek","Mahaska","Jasper","Iowa","Keokuk"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"IA8670701"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Source wells could not meet warm-season demand during drought, pending new wells.","secondary_drivers":["Drought","Source capacity"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The orders address supply adequacy; no water-quality harm is reported (refs 1, 2).","service":"The 2024 order bans outdoor irrigation, car washing and pool filling and warns agricultural spraying with rural water may need to stop (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 13,920 people on the main Poweshiek Water Association system (ref 3), spanning parts of eight counties (ref 2).","duration":"A voluntary order in June 2023, a mandatory order in March 2024 (ref 1) and another from early March 2025 (ref 2) show recurrence across three seasons.","significance":"These are mandatory conservation orders issued to customers by letter (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":13920,"status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS population for IA8670701 (ref 3); the order covered the Tama and Amana systems."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Mandatory water conservation order issued for the Tama and Amana systems ahead of the warmer months (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"New wells planned near Tama plant","value":3,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Targeted for June 1, 2024 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"2026 status not found in opened sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Poweshiek Water Association","role":"Utility"},{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","role":"Primacy drinking-water regulator and water-allocation permitting agency"}],"public_contact":"Poweshiek Water Association office, Tama","corrective_actions":["Three new wells near the Tama plant planned for June 2024 (ref 1).","New Tama and Amana wells planned for July 2025 drilling (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Mandatory water conservation order issued for Poweshiek Water Association customers","publisher":"KCRG-TV9","date":"2024-03-15","url":"https://www.kcrg.com/2024/03/15/mandatory-water-conservation-order-issued-poweshiek-water-association-customers/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Iowans across the state asked to conserve water due to dry wells, high nitrate levels","publisher":"KCRG-TV9 (Iowa Capital Dispatch)","date":"2025-06-18","url":"https://www.kcrg.com/2025/06/18/iowans-across-state-asked-conserve-water-due-dry-wells-high-nitrate-levels","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Poweshiek Water Association (IA8670701)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/POWESHIEK/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IA-STATEWIDE-MULTIYEAR-DROUGHT-2023"]},{"id":"US-IA-STORM-LAKE-SUPPLY-CAPACITY-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Storm Lake mandatory conservation as demand nears treatment and well capacity","description":"Storm Lake declared mandatory water conservation in summer 2026 when two wells were out for repairs and use neared the maximum capacity of its treatment and well systems; the order also covered Lakeside, Lake Creek and Truesdale. It was lifted Aug. 27, 2026, but the city says population growth is driving demand and production stays limited until a larger treatment plant is built.","location":{"name":"Storm Lake Water Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"Storm Lake, Buena Vista County, also supplying Lakeside, Lake Creek and Truesdale","coordinates":{"lat":42.641,"lon":-95.209,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Buena Vista"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IA1178097"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Treatment and well capacity, not source contamination, limits supply against growing demand.","secondary_drivers":["Population growth","Well outages"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The city cites strain on producing enough clean water and fire reserve, with no quality violation reported (ref 1).","service":"Mandatory limits barred residential vehicle washing 8AM-8PM and power washing without approval (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 11,431 people (ref 3), plus three neighbouring communities on Storm Lake water (ref 2).","duration":"The order ran from mid-summer to its lifting on Aug. 27, 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"The city issued a formal mandatory conservation order after a voluntary one failed to hold demand (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":11431,"status":"Reported","note":"Per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Demand for water remains at a near-unsustainable level and is straining the treatment plant's ability to provide enough clean drinking water (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Storm Lake","role":"Utility"},{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","role":"Primacy drinking-water regulator and water-allocation permitting agency"}],"public_contact":"Storm Lake City Hall","corrective_actions":["New water tower and new wells built; larger water treatment plant planned (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Mandatory Water Conservation to continue for NW Iowa community","publisher":"KTIV","date":"2026-07-25","url":"https://www.ktiv.com/2026/07/25/mandatory-water-conservation-continue-nw-iowa-community/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Mandatory water conservation lifted for Storm Lake, IA","publisher":"KTIV","date":"2026-08-27","url":"https://www.ktiv.com/2026/08/27/mandatory-water-conservation-lifted-storm-lake-ia/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Storm Lake Water Treatment Plant (IA1178097)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/STORM%20LAKE/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IA-CLAYTON-PATTISON-JORDAN-WITHDRAWAL-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Pattison Sand quarry seeks to multiply Jordan aquifer and dewatering withdrawals","description":"Pattison Sand Company's silica sand mine near Garnavillo applied in 2024 to raise withdrawals to about 3.7 billion gallons a year, including 1.4 billion from the Jordan aquifer; DNR's summary warned mining dewatering will establish a regional cone of depression. After public opposition and an Iowa Geological Survey pumping test, DNR proposed a reduced 2.27-billion-gallon permit in June 2026 with monitoring and revocation conditions.","location":{"name":"Pattison Sand Co. mine, Clayton County","type":"Industrial groundwater withdrawal site (Jordan aquifer)","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"About three miles east of Garnavillo and five miles north of Guttenberg on the Mississippi River, Clayton County","coordinates":{"lat":42.866,"lon":-91.237,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Clayton"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["water-rights","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Large dewatering and Jordan pumping could lower water levels in nearby public and private wells.","secondary_drivers":["Industrial mining demand"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"IGS scenarios cited by KCRG (ref 3) range from a few feet up to 7 feet of drawdown countywide and 15 feet at one resident's well; DNR's geologist called the risk understandable.","service":"No well outage has been reported; Garnavillo reports a decade of steady Jordan readings (ref 3).","scale":"Wells across Clayton County, including Garnavillo's 763-person system (ref 4), fall within the modeled impact area (ref 3).","duration":"The modification request dates to 2024 and remained in permitting into summer 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"DNR issued a formal notice of intent with a July 7, 2026 comment deadline after a 2025 public hearing (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No count of potentially affected well users published."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"DNR's revised notice proposes a maximum of 2,270 million gallons per year at up to 8,763 gallons per minute, including 500 million gallons per year from the Jordan aquifer (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Original requested withdrawal","value":3743,"unit":"million gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"Includes 1,435 MGY from the Jordan aquifer (ref 1)."},{"name":"Revised proposed withdrawal","value":2270,"unit":"million gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Approximate current use","value":1000,"unit":"million gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"About 1 billion gallons per year in 2025 reporting (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Final permit decision not found in opened sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","role":"Primacy drinking-water regulator and water-allocation permitting agency"},{"name":"Iowa Geological Survey","role":"Hydrogeologic investigation"},{"name":"Pattison Sand Company, LLC","role":"Permit applicant"}],"public_contact":"Iowa DNR Water Supply Engineering Section, 6200 Park Ave, Suite 200, Des Moines (ATTN: Chad Fields, log 33,483)","corrective_actions":["Mississippi River intake dropped from the request (ref 1).","Monthly guard-well monitoring by Pattison and independent monthly monitoring by Garnavillo; permit revocable if Jordan levels drop (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Notice of intent to modify a permit and updated summary report: Pattison Sand Company, log 33,483","publisher":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","date":"2026-06-16","url":"https://www.iowadnr.gov/media/9733/download","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"As an Eastern Iowa Quarry Seeks to Quadruple Its Water Use, Residents Urge the State to Intervene","publisher":"Inside Climate News","date":"2025-06-10","url":"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/10062025/iowa-pattison-co-quarry-seeks-to-quadruple-water-use/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Iowa DNR unveils new Pattison Sand water permit","publisher":"KCRG-TV9","date":"2026-06-10","url":"https://www.kcrg.com/2026/06/10/iowa-dnr-unveils-new-pattison-sand-water-permit/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Garnavillo Water Supply (IA2234074)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/GARNAVILLO/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IA-STATEWIDE-AQUIFER-DEMAND-2024"]},{"id":"US-IA-STATEWIDE-AQUIFER-DEMAND-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Rising Jordan and Dakota aquifer withdrawals with no statewide groundwater budget","description":"About 25 billion gallons a year are pumped from Iowa's Jordan aquifer, with use rising roughly 8 percent a year, and its water is tens to hundreds of thousands of years old with no link to current recharge. Lawmakers funded a $250,000 Iowa Geological Survey aquifer study in 2024 amid data-center growth and drought-driven irrigation, with Dakota aquifer levels down 10 feet or more in parts of northwest Iowa.","location":{"name":"Iowa bedrock aquifers (Jordan, Dakota)","type":"Statewide aquifer system","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"Cambrian-Ordovician (Jordan) aquifer under nearly all of Iowa; Dakota aquifer in northwest Iowa","coordinates":{"lat":42.03,"lon":-93.47,"precision":"state","source_ref":2},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Withdrawals from slow-recharging bedrock aquifers are growing without a quantified state water budget.","secondary_drivers":["Data-center and industrial demand","Irrigation growth","Drought"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The state geologist told GovTech/TNS (ref 2) that Dakota aquifer levels have dropped 10 or more feet in three or four northwest Iowa counties.","service":"No supply interruption is attributed to bedrock aquifer decline in the cited reporting (refs 1, 2).","scale":"DNR says most Jordan use is for public water supplies and many western and eastern Iowa communities have at least one Jordan well (ref 1).","duration":"Jordan protection rules have been in place since 2015 (ref 3) and use was still climbing about 8 percent a year in 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"State rules require water use reduction plans for Tier 2 and Tier 3 Jordan wells (ref 3), and the 2024 Legislature appropriated $250,000 for an aquifer study (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No count of Iowans on bedrock-aquifer supplies published in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 25 billion gallons are taken out of the Jordan Aquifer per year, with an increase of about 8% every year (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Jordan aquifer withdrawals","value":25,"unit":"billion gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"DNR estimate (ref 1)."},{"name":"Statewide water use 2022","value":843,"unit":"billion gallons","status":"Reported","note":"All sources (ref 1)."},{"name":"Aquifer study appropriation","value":250000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Irrigated acres 2022","value":1200000,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Up 55% from 2012 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Withdrawals rising about 8% per year (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","role":"Primacy drinking-water regulator and water-allocation permitting agency"},{"name":"Iowa Geological Survey (University of Iowa)","role":"Groundwater study"},{"name":"Iowa Environmental Protection Commission","role":"Rulemaking"}],"public_contact":"Iowa DNR Water Supply Engineering Section, Des Moines","corrective_actions":["Jordan tiering rules with water use reduction plans and 5-year permits (ref 3).","IGS study of Iowa River alluvium and northwest Iowa Dakota aquifer funded in 2024 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drought and high usage stressing Iowa's water resources","publisher":"KCRG-TV9","date":"2024-04-19","url":"https://www.kcrg.com/2024/04/19/drought-high-usage-stressing-iowas-water-resources/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"As thirsty data centers come online, Iowa will study aquifers","publisher":"Government Technology (Tribune News Service)","date":"2024-05-31","url":"https://www.govtech.com/computing/as-thirsty-data-centers-come-online-iowa-will-study-aquifers","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"ARC 1914C notice: Withdrawal of water from Cambrian-Ordovician (Jordan) aquifer (comments due April 14, 2015)","publisher":"Iowa Environmental Protection Commission (Iowa Administrative Rules)","date":"2015-04-14","url":"https://rules.iowa.gov/Notice/Details/1914C","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IA-CLAYTON-PATTISON-JORDAN-WITHDRAWAL-2025","US-IA-STATEWIDE-MULTIYEAR-DROUGHT-2023"]},{"id":"US-IA-STATEWIDE-PRIVATE-WELL-NITRATE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Iowa private wells: nitrate above EPA limit in 1 in 10 tests, most wells untested","description":"About 300,000 Iowans rely on private wells, which no public system monitors; the most recent state data cited by KCRG show about 5,000 private-well nitrate tests in 2020, 10 percent above the EPA limit. A University of Iowa study reported by the Iowa Environmental Council found over 70 percent of surveyed well households had not tested in the past year, and the state grant program does not cover nitrate treatment.","location":{"name":"Iowa private wells","type":"Statewide private domestic wells (shallow groundwater)","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"Rural households statewide; Dubuque County cited for local testing","coordinates":{"lat":42.03,"lon":-93.47,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Dubuque"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nitrate leaching into shallow groundwater reaches unregulated household wells.","secondary_drivers":["Agricultural nitrogen","Low testing rates"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"KCRG (ref 1) reports 10% of about 5,000 private-well nitrate tests in the latest state data exceeded the 10 mg/L EPA limit.","service":"Private wells have no utility service to interrupt; households must test and treat themselves (ref 3).","scale":"About 300,000 Iowans use private wells (ref 1); IEC cites 230,000-290,000 (ref 2).","duration":"IEC's November 2024 post (ref 2) describes untested wells as a standing statewide gap, and KCRG reported rising contamination in January 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Private wells fall outside federal drinking-water standards and no enforcement applies; the response is a voluntary grant program (ref 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":300000,"status":"Reported","note":"Iowans on private wells per KCRG (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 5,000 private well nitrate tests in the most recent (2020) state data, 10% above the EPA limit (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Private-well nitrate tests above 10 mg/L","value":10,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Of about 5,000 tests (ref 1)."},{"name":"Surveyed households not tested in past year","value":70,"unit":"percent (lower bound)","status":"Reported","note":"Over 70% (ref 2)."},{"name":"Iowans possibly drinking untested well water untreated","value":76000,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"Upwards of 76,000 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"KCRG describes rising contamination (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Iowa Department of Health and Human Services","role":"Private Well Grants Program administrator"},{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Private Well Program","role":"Technical assistance"},{"name":"County environmental health departments","role":"Testing and grants"}],"public_contact":"Your county environmental health department (Iowa Private Well Grants Program)","corrective_actions":["Free annual nitrate and bacteria testing and funding for well assessment, reconstruction and plugging through the Private Well Grants Program (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"i9 Investigation: Private well owners more vulnerable to nitrate risks as Iowa contamination rises","publisher":"KCRG-TV9","date":"2026-01-28","url":"https://www.kcrg.com/2026/01/28/i9-investigation-private-well-owners-more-vulnerable-nitrate-risks-iowa-contamination-rises/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Reaching and Improving Iowa's Private Wells","publisher":"Iowa Environmental Council","date":"2024-11-12","url":"https://www.iaenvironment.org/blog/iowa-environmental-voice/reaching-and-improving-iowa-private-wells","basis":"Nonprofit analysis"},{"ref":3,"title":"Private Well Testing","publisher":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","date":"2026-02-04","url":"https://www.iowadnr.gov/privatewelltesting","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IA-STATEWIDE-NITRATE-VIOLATIONS-2025"]},{"id":"US-IA-CEDAR-RAPIDS-SUPPLY-DATA-CENTER-DEMAND-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Cedar Rapids alluvial supply faces drought and data-center demand growth","description":"Cedar Rapids draws from about 50 shallow wells beside the Cedar River whose levels decline when drought cuts river recharge, and the Iowa Geological Survey says recent drought slowed aquifer recharge. With Google and QTS data centers coming, a Google project near Palo projected at over 10 million gallons a day, and the Duane Arnold plant restarting, the city is drilling a Jordan aquifer storage-and-recovery well and studying supply.","location":{"name":"Cedar Rapids Water Department","type":"Municipal utility service area (Cedar River alluvial wells)","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"Cedar Rapids, Linn County; Google project near Palo and the Duane Arnold plant upstream on the Cedar River","coordinates":{"lat":41.978,"lon":-91.668,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Linn"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IA5715093"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","groundwater","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Supply depends on drought-sensitive river-fed wells while large new industrial users are added.","secondary_drivers":["Data-center demand","Drought"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"City leaders say current supply is stable (ref 2); no shortage or quality violation is reported.","service":"No restrictions are reported; the city page says use would have to drop during drought (ref 3).","scale":"SDWIS lists 142,364 people on the Cedar Rapids system (ref 5), and about 70% of treated water serves industry (ref 2).","duration":"The utilities director cites three or four drought years from 2020 to about 2024 (ref 2), and data-center buildout spans 2025-2026 (refs 1, 4).","significance":"Planning is advisory: a city water study and Palo's draft ordinance deferring data-center water oversight to DNR, with no enforcement action (refs 2, 4)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":142364,"status":"Reported","note":"Per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Google's planned data center near the Duane Arnold plant is expected to use more than 10 million gallons of water per day (ref 4)."},"measures":[{"name":"Treatment capacity","value":60,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Largest current user","value":12.5,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"About a quarter of capacity (ref 1)."},{"name":"Treatment plant upgrade","value":348000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Completion expected 2029 (ref 1)."},{"name":"ASR well total cost","value":14000000,"unit":"USD (upper estimate)","status":"Reported","note":"$12-14 million; Google granted $1.3 million (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Water study under reevaluation for higher upstream demand (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Cedar Rapids Utilities","role":"Utility"},{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","role":"Primacy drinking-water regulator and water-allocation permitting agency"},{"name":"City of Palo","role":"Land-use authority for Google project"}],"public_contact":"Cedar Rapids Utilities Department","corrective_actions":["Jordan aquifer storage-and-recovery well at the Northwest Water Treatment Plant (ref 2).","$348 million treatment plant upgrade (ref 1).","Supply study covering Duane Arnold restart and data centers (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"i9 Investigation: Concerns over water usage at Cedar Rapids data centers lead to much larger questions","publisher":"KCRG-TV9","date":"2025-04-16","url":"https://www.kcrg.com/2025/04/17/concerns-expressed-over-water-usage-new-cedar-rapids-data-centers-leads-much-larger-questions/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Cedar Rapids drilling new storage aquifer to stay 'ahead of the game' as data centers come to town","publisher":"KCRG-TV9","date":"2026-06-09","url":"https://www.kcrg.com/2026/06/09/cedar-rapids-drilling-new-storage-aquifer-stay-ahead-game-amidst-data-center-development/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"The drought and our water","publisher":"City of Cedar Rapids","date":null,"url":"https://cedar-rapids.org/residents/utilities/the_drought_and_our_water.php","basis":"Local government","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"Palo data center ordinance raises water usage concerns","publisher":"KCRG-TV9","date":"2026-05-15","url":"https://www.kcrg.com/2026/05/16/palo-data-center-ordinance-raises-water-usage-concerns/","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Cedar Rapids Water Department (IA5715093)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CEDAR%20RAPIDS/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IA-STATEWIDE-AQUIFER-DEMAND-2024","US-IA-DATA-CENTER-WATER-DEMAND-2025"]},{"id":"US-IA-SIOUXCITY-WWTP-CONSENT-ORDER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Sioux City wastewater plant: $300,000 penalty and upgrade schedule to 2036","description":"Sioux City agreed in December 2025 to pay a $300,000 civil penalty to settle a state case over former plant employees altering chlorine levels so the wastewater plant appeared to meet federal benchmarks. The consent order sets plant improvement milestones from a UV disinfection project (2025) to Phase 2 treatment upgrades (2036) and requires an independent environmental audit; the mayor has put the plant refurbishment at about $470 million.","location":{"name":"Sioux City Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"Sioux City, Woodbury County; discharges to the Missouri River","coordinates":{"lat":42.4999,"lon":-96.4003,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Woodbury"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IA9778054"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Falsified treatment records and a long upgrade schedule tie plant operations to effluent quality.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Two former employees altered chlorine levels to make the plant look compliant with federal benchmarks (ref 2); no measured downstream harm is cited.","service":"None of the settlement coverage (refs 1-2) reports any interruption of sewer service to customers.","scale":"The city water system serves 85,791 people per SDWIS (ref 4), a single municipal system below the 100k threshold.","duration":"Consent order milestones run from Dec. 31, 2025 to Phase 2 treatment upgrades in 2036 (ref 1), after about a decade of negotiation (ref 2).","significance":"Settlement with the Iowa Attorney General and DNR carries a $300,000 civil penalty, cut from more than $6 million sought (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":85791,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the Sioux City water system per SDWIS (ref 4), used as a proxy for the sewer service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The city will pay a $300,000 civil penalty; the original proposed penalty was $6 million."},"measures":[{"name":"Civil penalty","value":300000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1, ref 2."},{"name":"Estimated plant refurbishment cost","value":470000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Mayor Bob Scott, ref 2."},{"name":"ECHO quarters in significant noncompliance (last 13)","value":2,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["$470 million plant refurbishment estimate (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"},{"name":"Iowa Attorney General","role":"Brought the state case and settlement"},{"name":"City of Sioux City","role":"Plant owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"Iowa DNR emergency spill line (515) 725-8694; DNR field offices via iowadnr.gov","corrective_actions":["UV Disinfection Project due Dec. 31, 2025 (ref 1)","Digestion and High-Strength Waste Project due Dec. 31, 2027 (ref 1)","Bacon Creek Trunk Sewer repair due Dec. 31, 2030 (ref 1)","Phase 1 treatment upgrades 2032 and Phase 2 in 2036 (ref 1)","Independent third-party environmental audit (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Sioux City to pay civil penalty related to wastewater treatment plant","publisher":"KTIV","date":"2025-12-11","url":"https://www.ktiv.com/2025/12/11/sioux-city-pay-civil-penalty-related-wastewater-treatment-plant/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"City of Sioux City will pay $300K penalty over employee actions at wastewater treatment plant","publisher":"KWIT (Siouxland Public Media)","date":"2025-12-16","url":"https://www.kwit.org/podcast/spm-news/2025-12-16/city-of-sioux-city-will-pay-300k-penalty-over-employee-actions-at-wastewater-treatment-plant","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act compliance summary, Sioux City STP (IA0043095)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facility_info?output=JSON&p_pid=IA0043095&qcolumns=1,2,100,103,105,107,197,220,225","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record (SIOUX CITY)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SIOUX%20CITY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IA-DUBUQUE-WRRC-PERMIT-VIOLATIONS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Dubuque wastewater plant: 72 permit violations and DNR consent order","description":"Dubuque self-reported 72 discharge permit violations at its Water and Resource Recovery Center from 2020 to 2024, mostly during 2023-2024 disruptions including a contractor error that disabled a boiler and a December 2024 explosion. A 2025 DNR consent order requires permit compliance, compliance with the city's EPA consent decree on sanitary sewer overflows and bypasses, semi-annual reports and a $7,000 penalty.","location":{"name":"Dubuque Water and Resource Recovery Center","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"Dubuque, Dubuque County; discharges to the Mississippi River","coordinates":{"lat":42.5006,"lon":-90.6646,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Dubuque"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IA3126052"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Equipment failures at the plant produced effluent violations to the Mississippi River.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO lists 70 effluent exceedances including ammonia, E. coli and suspended solids (ref 3); the city reports 72 self-reported violations (ref 1).","service":"The city release (ref 1) describes plant violations, not customer sewer outages.","scale":"Dubuque Water Works serves 59,667 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Violations span 2020 to 2024, with seven more effluent violations in early 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"DNR consent order with $7,000 penalty also binds the city to its EPA sanitary sewer overflow consent decree (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":59667,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Dubuque Water Works per SDWIS (ref 4), a proxy for the sewer service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"72 permit violations were self-reported over five years, mostly in 2023 and 2024."},"measures":[{"name":"Self-reported permit violations 2020-2024","value":72,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Administrative penalty","value":7000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Committed collection and treatment spending through FY2030","value":134000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Over $134 million, ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 7","role":"Party to sanitary sewer overflow consent decree"},{"name":"City of Dubuque","role":"Plant owner"}],"public_contact":"City of Dubuque Water and Resource Recovery Center via cityofdubuque.org","corrective_actions":["$7.3 million hauled high-strength waste project (ref 1)","$3 million electrical controls project (ref 1)","$43.4 million Old Mill Road Lift Station and Force Main Project under construction (ref 1)","Semi-annual consent decree status reports to DNR (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Dubuque news release: proposed administrative consent order with IDNR","publisher":"City of Dubuque","date":"2025-08-15","url":"https://cityofdubuque.org/CivicSend/ViewMessage/message/268098","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":2,"title":"DNR enforcement actions published 2025-09-11","publisher":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","date":"2025-09-11","url":"https://www.iowadnr.gov/news-release/2025-09-11/dnr-enforcement-actions-published-09112025","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act compliance summary, Dubuque STP (IA0044458)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facility_info?output=JSON&p_pid=IA0044458&qcolumns=1,2,100,103,105,107,197,220,225","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record (DUBUQUE)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/DUBUQUE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IA-OSCEOLA-WWTP-EFFLUENT-VIOLATIONS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Osceola wastewater plant: chronic effluent violations and DNR consent order","description":"EPA's ECHO database lists Osceola's sewage plant in significant noncompliance in all of the last 12 quarters, with exceedances for pollutants including ammonia, hexavalent chromium, copper and cyanide. A 2025 DNR consent order requires an industrial waste survey to find industries contributing pollutants to the plant's influent and completion of upgrades; the $44 million plant was built with nearly half its cost paid by the Osceola Foods pork plant.","location":{"name":"Osceola Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"Osceola, Clarke County","coordinates":{"lat":41.0339,"lon":-93.7655,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Clarke"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IA2038038"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Effluent exceedances, partly linked to industrial influent, affect receiving-stream quality.","secondary_drivers":["Industrial influent (meat processing)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO counts 186 effluent exceedances, including hexavalent chromium, cyanide and copper (ref 2).","service":"No sewer service interruption is reported in the DNR order (ref 1) or news coverage (ref 3).","scale":"Osceola Water Works serves 5,503 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Significant noncompliance in 12 of the last 12 quarters (ref 2).","significance":"DNR consent order with a $6,000 penalty requires an industrial waste survey and plant upgrades (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":5503,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Osceola Water Works per SDWIS (ref 4), a proxy for the sewer service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"ECHO: 186 effluent limit exceedances and significant noncompliance in 12 of 12 quarters."},"measures":[{"name":"Effluent exceedances (ECHO)","value":186,"unit":"exceedances","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Administrative penalty","value":6000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Plant construction cost","value":44000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"},{"name":"City of Osceola","role":"Plant owner"}],"public_contact":"Iowa DNR emergency spill line (515) 725-8694; DNR field offices via iowadnr.gov","corrective_actions":["Industrial Waste Survey of contributing industries (ref 1)","Complete upgrades needed to meet final NPDES effluent limits, with biannual construction reports (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DNR enforcement actions published 2025-10-30","publisher":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","date":"2025-10-30","url":"https://www.iowadnr.gov/news-release/2025-10-30/dnr-enforcement-actions-published-10302025","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act compliance summary, Osceola STP (IA0041815)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facility_info?output=JSON&p_pid=IA0041815&qcolumns=1,2,100,103,105,107,197,220,225","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Gripped in 3-year drought, south Iowa city weighs using wastewater to bolster water supply","publisher":"Des Moines Register (via Yahoo News)","date":"2023-10-26","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/gripped-3-drought-south-iowa-110341463.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record (OSCEOLA)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/OSCEOLA/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IA-FORTDODGE-FORCE-MAIN-SPILLS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Fort Dodge force main breaks spill sewage; DNR consent order","description":"A contractor struck a Fort Dodge force main in August 2024, sending about 400,000 gallons of untreated wastewater into the Des Moines River, and in February 2025 a broken force main carrying industrial wastewater reached a tributary of the South Branch of Lizard Creek. A 2025 DNR consent order requires the city to end illegal bypasses, add remote leak monitoring of force mains, write an emergency response plan and pay $8,000.","location":{"name":"Fort Dodge wastewater collection system","type":"Municipal sewer collection system","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"Fort Dodge, Webster County; Des Moines River and Lizard Creek","coordinates":{"lat":42.4975,"lon":-94.168,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Webster"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IA9433050"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Pressure sewer (force main) failures caused the discharges.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"About 400,000 gallons of untreated wastewater reached the Des Moines River in August 2024 (ref 1).","service":"DNR told downstream recreational users to stay out of the river (ref 1).","scale":"Fort Dodge Water Supply serves 25,874 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Two separate force main failures, Aug. 2024 and Feb. 2025 (refs 1-2).","significance":"DNR consent order with an $8,000 penalty and required leak monitoring plan (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":25874,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Fort Dodge Water Supply per SDWIS (ref 4), a proxy for the sewer service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Approximately 400,000 gallons of untreated wastewater flowed into the Des Moines River."},"measures":[{"name":"August 2024 spill volume","value":400000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Administrative penalty","value":8000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"},{"name":"City of Fort Dodge","role":"Sewer system owner"}],"public_contact":"Iowa DNR emergency spill line (515) 725-8694; DNR field offices via iowadnr.gov","corrective_actions":["Remote monitoring of force mains and inspections of air relief valves (ref 3)","Emergency response plan for bypass cleanup (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Wastewater discharge in Fort Dodge reaches Des Moines River","publisher":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","date":"2024-08-29","url":"https://www.iowadnr.gov/advisories/2024-08-29/wastewater-discharge-fort-dodge-reaches-des-moines-river","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"DNR investigating industrial wastewater discharge in Fort Dodge","publisher":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","date":"2025-02-27","url":"https://www.iowadnr.gov/news-release/2025-02-27/dnr-investigating-industrial-wastewater-discharge-fort-dodge","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"DNR enforcement actions published 2025-09-04","publisher":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","date":"2025-09-04","url":"https://www.iowadnr.gov/news-release/2025-09-04/dnr-enforcement-actions-published-09042025","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record (FORT DODGE)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/FORT%20DODGE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IA-EAGLEGROVE-SEWER-BACKUPS-BYPASSES-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Eagle Grove sewer bypasses and backups: DNR order sets 2027 fix deadline","description":"A 2025 DNR consent order requires Eagle Grove to stop illegal bypasses, control Union Pacific's oil/water separator discharges to the city sewer, study infiltration and inflow in sewer lines contributing to wastewater backups, and finish construction to prevent backups by Dec. 31, 2027. ECHO shows the city's plant in violation in all of the last 13 quarters.","location":{"name":"Eagle Grove sewer system and wastewater plant","type":"Municipal sewer and wastewater system","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"Eagle Grove, Wright County","coordinates":{"lat":42.6641,"lon":-93.9044,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Wright"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IA9926096"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Infiltration and inflow in aging sewer lines drive backups and bypasses.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The order cites illegal bypasses and requires diesel testing of Union Pacific wastewater entering the sewer (ref 1).","service":"Construction is required to prevent wastewater backups (ref 1).","scale":"Eagle Grove Water Supply serves 3,601 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"ECHO compliance history shows violations in each of the last 13 quarters (ref 2); fixes run to Dec. 31, 2027 (ref 1).","significance":"Consent order with a $10,000 administrative penalty (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":3601,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Eagle Grove Water Supply per SDWIS (ref 3), a proxy for the sewer service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Complete all construction necessary to prevent wastewater backups by Dec. 31, 2027."},"measures":[{"name":"Administrative penalty","value":10000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Quarters in violation (last 12)","value":12,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"},{"name":"City of Eagle Grove","role":"Sewer system owner"}],"public_contact":"Iowa DNR emergency spill line (515) 725-8694; DNR field offices via iowadnr.gov","corrective_actions":["Infiltration and inflow study of sewer lines (ref 1)","Construction to prevent backups by Dec. 31, 2027 (ref 1)","Monthly diesel testing of Union Pacific wastewater (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DNR enforcement actions published 2025-09-11","publisher":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","date":"2025-09-11","url":"https://www.iowadnr.gov/news-release/2025-09-11/dnr-enforcement-actions-published-09112025","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act compliance summary, Eagle Grove STP (IA0034380)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facility_info?output=JSON&p_pid=IA0034380&qcolumns=1,2,100,103,105,107,197,220,225","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record (EAGLE GROVE)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/EAGLE%20GROVE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["news coverage"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IA-CHEROKEE-WWTP-FLOOD-FAILURE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Cherokee wastewater plant crippled since 2024 flood; FEMA rejects relocation","description":"June 2024 floodwater inundated the Cherokee wastewater plant's basement electrical controls, and in November 2024 DNR approved discharging up to 2 million gallons a day of partially treated wastewater into the Little Sioux River because the plant could not treat safely. The plant runs at a minimal level; rehabilitation was estimated at about $45 million and relocation at about $75 million, and in July 2026 FEMA ruled the relocation ineligible, delaying the project at least a year.","location":{"name":"Cherokee Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"Cherokee, Cherokee County; Little Sioux River","coordinates":{"lat":42.7494,"lon":-95.5517,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Cherokee"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IA1811020"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Flood damage to plant equipment led to partially treated discharges.","secondary_drivers":["2024 flooding"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DNR approved discharge of partially treated wastewater, up to 2 million gallons per day for 25 days, into the Little Sioux River (ref 1).","service":"Plant runs at 'the bare minimum that allows for some treatment' (ref 2); the mayor calls the system 'crippled' (ref 3).","scale":"Cherokee Water Supply serves 5,199 people per SDWIS (ref 5).","duration":"Damaged in June 2024 and still awaiting a rebuild in July 2026, with three to five more years expected (ref 3).","significance":"Federal disaster declaration for the June 2024 flooding (ref 6); ECHO lists the plant in significant noncompliance (ref 4)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":5199,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Cherokee Water Supply - Plant 1 per SDWIS (ref 5), a proxy for the sewer service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Rehabilitating the plant was estimated at about $45 million; relocating it at about $75 million."},"measures":[{"name":"Approved partially treated discharge","value":2,"unit":"million gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"For 25 days from Nov. 15, 2024, ref 1."},{"name":"Rehabilitation estimate","value":45000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Relocation estimate","value":75000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Effluent exceedances (ECHO)","value":82,"unit":"exceedances","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["$45-75 million rebuild for a city of about 5,000 (refs 2, 5)","FEMA ruled relocation ineligible (ref 3)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Relocation delayed at least one year after FEMA decision (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"},{"name":"FEMA","role":"Disaster recovery funding"},{"name":"City of Cherokee","role":"Plant owner"}],"public_contact":"Iowa DNR emergency spill line (515) 725-8694; DNR field offices via iowadnr.gov","corrective_actions":["Short-term treatment using equalization lagoons (ref 1)","Revised cost estimates to restore the plant on its current site (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Cherokee receives DNR approval for temporary wastewater discharge","publisher":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","date":"2024-11-18","url":"https://www.iowadnr.gov/news-release/2024-11-18/city-cherokee-receives-dnr-approval-temporary-wastewater-discharge","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"'I am very bullish on our future' - Cherokee continues to rebuild one year later","publisher":"KTIV","date":"2025-06-28","url":"https://www.ktiv.com/2025/06/28/i-am-very-bullish-our-future-cherokee-continues-rebuild-one-year-later","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Cherokee City Council says wastewater treatment plant stalled after latest FEMA meeting","publisher":"KTIV","date":"2026-07-08","url":"https://www.ktiv.com/2026/07/08/cherokee-city-council-says-wastewater-treatment-plant-stalled-after-latest-fema-meeting/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act compliance summary, Cherokee STP (IA0059005)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facility_info?output=JSON&p_pid=IA0059005&qcolumns=1,2,100,103,105,107,197,220,225","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record (CHEROKEE)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CHEROKEE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"Iowa's hardest-hit communities are combing through flood damage","publisher":"Iowa Public Radio / NPR","date":"2024-06-26","url":"https://www.apr.org/2024-06-26/iowas-hardest-hit-communities-are-combing-through-flood-damage","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IA-NW-IOWA-RIVER-FLOODS-2024"]},{"id":"US-IA-SPENCER-WWTP-FLOOD-DAMAGE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Spencer lost its wastewater plant in 2024 flood; $4-5 million damage","description":"In the June 2024 flood, 75% of Spencer's 5,100 structures had sewer backups and the city lost its wastewater treatment plant, according to the city manager. An engineering study put plant damage at roughly $4 to $5 million, and in June 2026 FEMA funding of $2.3 million was announced for parks and 17 wastewater lift stations.","location":{"name":"Spencer Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"Spencer, Clay County; Little Sioux River","coordinates":{"lat":43.1414,"lon":-95.1444,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Clay"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IA2171071"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Flooding disabled the treatment plant and lift stations.","secondary_drivers":["2024 flooding"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"75% of the city's 5,100 structures had sewer backups (ref 2).","service":"City manager: 'we lost our wastewater treatment plant' (ref 2).","scale":"Spencer Municipal Water Utility serves 11,325 people per SDWIS (ref 5).","duration":"Repair options still under study in Dec. 2024 (ref 1); FEMA lift-station money announced June 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"Federal disaster declaration approved for the June 2024 Iowa flooding (ref 6)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":11325,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Spencer Municipal Water Utility per SDWIS (ref 5), a proxy for the sewer service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"An engineering study puts the wastewater plant damage at roughly $4 to $5 million."},"measures":[{"name":"Plant damage estimate (upper)","value":5000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Range $4-5 million, ref 1."},{"name":"Structures with sewer backups","value":75,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Of 5,100 structures, ref 2."},{"name":"Wastewater lift stations in FEMA award","value":17,"unit":"lift stations","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Spencer","role":"Plant owner"},{"name":"Veolia","role":"Contract plant operator"},{"name":"FEMA","role":"Disaster recovery funding"},{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"Iowa DNR emergency spill line (515) 725-8694; DNR field offices via iowadnr.gov","corrective_actions":["FEMA funding of $2.3 million for parks and 17 wastewater lift stations (ref 3)","City weighing plant equipment replacement with Veolia and McClure (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"One Northwest Iowa city weighs options after wastewater treatment facility is damaged","publisher":"KTIV","date":"2024-12-06","url":"https://www.ktiv.com/2024/12/06/one-northwest-iowa-city-weighs-options-after-wastewater-treatment-facility-is-damaged/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Spencer city officials meet with Iowa lawmakers on flood recovery efforts","publisher":"WHO 13","date":"2025-01-21","url":"https://digital-release.who13.com/news/iowa-news/spencer-city-officials-meet-with-iowa-lawmakers-on-flood-recovery-efforts/amp/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"$8 million in FEMA funding coming to NW Iowa for 2024 flooding","publisher":"KWIT (Siouxland Public Media)","date":"2026-06-10","url":"https://www.kwit.org/podcast/spm-news/2026-06-10/8-million-in-fema-funding-coming-to-nw-iowa-for-2024-flooding","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act compliance summary, Spencer STP (IA0021059)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facility_info?output=JSON&p_pid=IA0021059&qcolumns=1,2,100,103,105,107,197,220,225","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record (SPENCER)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SPENCER/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"Iowa's hardest-hit communities are combing through flood damage","publisher":"Iowa Public Radio / NPR","date":"2024-06-26","url":"https://www.apr.org/2024-06-26/iowas-hardest-hit-communities-are-combing-through-flood-damage","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IA-NW-IOWA-RIVER-FLOODS-2024"]},{"id":"US-IA-ROCKVALLEY-WELLS-SEWER-FLOOD-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Rock Valley flood swamped water wells and sewer plant; 4 of 5 wells failed","description":"The June 2024 Rock River flood covered Rock Valley's sewer plant and water wells; the mayor said water was not drinkable because of bacteria and bottled water was brought in. A July 10, 2024 city damage survey found only 1 of 5 wells working, 4 failing bacteria tests or needing repairs, towers unable to fill for lack of pressure, and sewage still being bypassed to the river.","location":{"name":"Rock Valley Water Supply and sewer plant","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"Rock Valley, Sioux County; Rock River","coordinates":{"lat":43.205,"lon":-96.295,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Sioux"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IA8482096"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","wastewater-sewer","drinking-water-quality","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Floodwater disabled wells and the sewer plant.","secondary_drivers":["2024 flooding"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Four of five wells were failing bacteria tests or needed repairs (ref 1); water was not drinkable because of bacteria (ref 2).","service":"Water towers could not be filled for lack of pressure, and bottled water was trucked in (refs 1-2).","scale":"Rock Valley Water Supply serves 4,059 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Wells and sewer bypassing were still impaired in mid-July 2024, weeks after the June 21-22 flood (ref 1).","significance":"Federal disaster declaration approved after the flooding (ref 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":4059,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Rock Valley Water Supply per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Only 1 of 5 wells is operational; 4 of 5 are failing bacteria tests or need repairs."},"measures":[{"name":"Wells operational","value":1,"unit":"of 5","status":"Reported","note":"July 10, 2024, ref 1."},{"name":"Residential units affected","value":540,"unit":"units","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Rock Valley","role":"Water and sewer utility owner"},{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","role":"Primacy regulator for drinking water and NPDES permits"},{"name":"FEMA","role":"Disaster recovery funding"}],"public_contact":"Iowa DNR emergency spill line (515) 725-8694; DNR field offices via iowadnr.gov","corrective_actions":["Contractor working on the sewer system while sewage was bypassed to the river (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Rock Valley officials release data showing how much damage was done during June's flooding","publisher":"KTIV","date":"2024-07-10","url":"https://www.ktiv.com/2024/07/10/rock-valley-officials-release-data-showing-how-much-damage-was-done-during-junes-flooding/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Flood leaves lasting impact on Rock Valley infrastructure","publisher":"N'West Iowa REVIEW","date":"2025-06-21","url":"https://www.nwestiowa.com/news/flood-leaves-lasting-impact-on-rock-valley-infrastructure/article_b73826dd-5968-4f6a-afd2-dd1854758f77.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Iowa's hardest-hit communities are combing through flood damage","publisher":"Iowa Public Radio / NPR","date":"2024-06-26","url":"https://www.apr.org/2024-06-26/iowas-hardest-hit-communities-are-combing-through-flood-damage","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record (ROCK VALLEY)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ROCK%20VALLEY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"Rock Valley water advisory lifted","publisher":"City of Rock Valley","date":"2024-07-03","url":"https://www.cityofrockvalley.com/news/rock-valley-water-advisory-lifted","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":6,"title":"Rock Valley residents no longer have to boil their water","publisher":"KTIV","date":"2024-06-26","url":"https://www.ktiv.com/2024/06/26/rock-valley-residents-no-longer-have-boil-their-water","basis":"News"},{"ref":7,"title":"Water receding in Rock Valley after about 1,500 people were displaced and 500 homes were flooded","publisher":"KTIV","date":"2024-06-23","url":"https://www.ktiv.com/2024/06/23/water-receding-rock-valley-after-about-1500-people-were-displaced-500-homes-were-flooded/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":8,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["current well and sewer plant repair status"],"related_ids":["US-IA-NW-IOWA-RIVER-FLOODS-2024"]},{"id":"US-IA-KEOKUK-SEWAGE-BYPASS-MISSISSIPPI-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Keokuk sewage bypass to Mississippi River via combined sewer outfall","description":"In August 2026 Keokuk reported an ongoing wastewater bypass caused by a partially plugged line and malfunctioning equipment, discharging untreated wastewater through a combined sewer outfall into the Mississippi River upstream of a public boat ramp; the volume was unknown. ECHO shows the city plant in violation in all of the last 12 quarters, including E. coli and suspended solids exceedances.","location":{"name":"Keokuk wastewater system","type":"Municipal sewer and wastewater system","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"Keokuk, Lee County; Mississippi River","coordinates":{"lat":40.3973,"lon":-91.3846,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lee"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IA5640019"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Collection-system equipment failure sent untreated sewage to the river.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Untreated wastewater, partly diluted with stormwater, reached the Mississippi; no dead fish observed (refs 1-2).","service":"Downstream recreational users were told to avoid the outfall area near the boat ramp (ref 1).","scale":"Keokuk Municipal Water Works serves 9,900 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"ECHO shows noncompliance in 12 of the last 12 quarters, with 41 effluent exceedances (ref 3).","significance":"ECHO lists current significant noncompliance for monthly average effluent limits (ref 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":9900,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Keokuk Municipal Water Works per SDWIS (ref 4), a proxy for the sewer service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"It is unknown how much wastewater has been discharged at this time."},"measures":[{"name":"Effluent exceedances (ECHO)","value":41,"unit":"exceedances","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Bypass volume","value":null,"unit":"gallons","status":"Not reported","note":"Unknown per DNR (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"},{"name":"City of Keokuk","role":"Sewer system owner"}],"public_contact":"Iowa DNR emergency spill line (515) 725-8694; DNR field offices via iowadnr.gov","corrective_actions":["Repairs underway; DNR collected water samples (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Wastewater discharge in Keokuk reaches Mississippi River","publisher":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","date":"2026-08-04","url":"https://www.iowadnr.gov/news-release/2026-08-04/wastewater-discharge-keokuk-reaches-mississippi-river","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"DNR investigating wastewater discharge into Mississippi River from Keokuk","publisher":"KCRG","date":"2026-08-04","url":"https://www.kcrg.com/2026/08/04/dnr-investigating-wastewater-discharge-into-mississippi-river-keokuk/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act compliance summary, Keokuk STP (IA0042609)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facility_info?output=JSON&p_pid=IA0042609&qcolumns=1,2,100,103,105,107,197,220,225","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record (KEOKUK)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/KEOKUK/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IA-CLINTON-RWRF-ADM-EXPANSION-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Clinton regional wastewater plant: missed schedule, ADM load and air consent order","description":"Clinton's Regional Water Reclamation Facility was expanded to treat Archer Daniels Midland wastewater (an average 7.4 MGD versus the city's 3.4 MGD) under a DNR compliance schedule that required all requirements to be met by Dec. 31, 2024. ECHO lists the plant in significant noncompliance for schedule violations in all of the last 12 quarters, and a 2026 DNR consent order found the city built and ran the expansion without air permits, after odor complaints.","location":{"name":"Clinton Regional Water Reclamation Facility","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"Clinton, Clinton County; Mississippi River","coordinates":{"lat":41.8445,"lon":-90.1887,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Clinton"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IA2326048"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A municipal plant expansion to take a large industrial load is behind schedule.","secondary_drivers":["Industrial pretreatment load (corn processing)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO lists toxicity and pH exceedances (ref 3); odor complaints followed in February 2026 (ref 2).","service":"Neither the city page (ref 1) nor the order coverage (ref 2) reports any sewer service loss.","scale":"Iowa-American Water's Clinton District serves 24,769 people per SDWIS (ref 5).","duration":"Schedule-event significant noncompliance in 12 of the last 12 quarters (ref 3).","significance":"DNR consent order with stipulated penalties over unpermitted air emission sources at the plant (ref 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":24769,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Iowa-American Water Clinton District per SDWIS (ref 5), a proxy for the sewer service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"ADM's average daily flow is 7.4 MGD, against the plant's current average of 3.4 MGD."},"measures":[{"name":"ADM average daily flow","value":7.4,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"City average daily flow","value":3.4,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (last 12)","value":12,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"},{"name":"City of Clinton","role":"Plant owner"},{"name":"Archer Daniels Midland Company","role":"Significant industrial user funding the expansion"}],"public_contact":"City of Clinton via cityofclintoniowa.gov","corrective_actions":["Anaerobic pretreatment reactors, added aeration and disinfection per 2021 facility plan (ref 1)","Complete air construction permit applications for all emission points (ref 4)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Wastewater Expansion Project","publisher":"City of Clinton","date":null,"url":"https://cityofclintoniowa.gov/545/Wastewater-Expansion-Project","basis":"Local government","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"DNR orders Clinton to comply","publisher":"Clinton Herald","date":"2026-08-24","url":"https://www.clintonherald.com/news/local_news/dnr-orders-clinton-to-comply/article_97a2d10c-8351-409d-8425-5dff131ed5f1.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act compliance summary, Clinton STP (IA0035947)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facility_info?output=JSON&p_pid=IA0035947&qcolumns=1,2,100,103,105,107,197,220,225","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"DNR enforcement actions published 2026-09-10","publisher":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","date":"2026-09-10","url":"https://www.iowadnr.gov/news-release/2026-09-10/dnr-enforcement-actions-published-09102026","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record (CLINTON)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CLINTON/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IA-RICEVILLE-WWTP-UPGRADE-ORDER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Riceville wastewater plant: ammonia and BOD violations, upgrade due Nov. 2026","description":"A DNR consent order published in January 2026 requires Riceville to complete wastewater treatment facility upgrades by November 2026 and pay a $5,000 penalty. ECHO lists the city's plant in significant noncompliance in 7 of the last 12 quarters, with 25 effluent exceedances for ammonia, BOD and pH.","location":{"name":"Riceville Wastewater Treatment Facility","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant (small town)","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"Riceville, Howard and Mitchell counties","coordinates":{"lat":43.3622,"lon":-92.5527,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Mitchell","Howard"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IA4558001"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"An outdated small-town plant exceeds effluent limits.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"25 effluent exceedances for ammonia, carbonaceous BOD and pH in three years (ref 2).","service":"The order (ref 1) concerns treatment upgrades; no sewer outage is described.","scale":"Riceville Water Supply serves 816 people per SDWIS (ref 3), one small community.","duration":"Significant noncompliance in 7 of the last 12 quarters (ref 2).","significance":"Consent order with a $5,000 penalty and a November 2026 construction deadline (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":816,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Riceville Water Supply per SDWIS (ref 3), a proxy for the sewer service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Complete construction of wastewater treatment facility upgrades by November 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"Effluent exceedances (ECHO, 3 years)","value":25,"unit":"exceedances","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Administrative penalty","value":5000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"},{"name":"City of Riceville","role":"Plant owner"}],"public_contact":"Iowa DNR emergency spill line (515) 725-8694; DNR field offices via iowadnr.gov","corrective_actions":["Complete treatment facility upgrades by November 2026 (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DNR enforcement actions published 2026-01-08","publisher":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","date":"2026-01-08","url":"https://www.iowadnr.gov/news-release/2026-01-08/dnr-enforcement-actions-published-01082026","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act compliance summary, Riceville STP (IA0032514)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facility_info?output=JSON&p_pid=IA0032514&qcolumns=1,2,100,103,105,107,197,220,225","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record (RICEVILLE)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/RICEVILLE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["news coverage"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IA-LAKEMILLS-WWTP-UPGRADE-ORDER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lake Mills wastewater plant: 76 effluent exceedances, upgrades due 2027","description":"A DNR consent order published in April 2026 requires Lake Mills to complete wastewater treatment facility upgrades by Dec. 31, 2027, report progress three times and pay $6,000. ECHO lists 76 effluent exceedances in three years, for ammonia, BOD, dissolved oxygen and pH, and violations in 11 of the last 12 quarters.","location":{"name":"Lake Mills Wastewater Treatment Facility","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant (small town)","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"Lake Mills, Winnebago County","coordinates":{"lat":43.4194,"lon":-93.5333,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Winnebago"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IA9545044"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Treatment shortfalls produce repeated effluent limit exceedances.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO lists 76 effluent exceedances for ammonia, BOD, oxygen and pH (ref 2).","service":"No disruption to customers is described in the DNR order (ref 1).","scale":"Lake Mills Municipal Water Dept serves 2,158 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Violations in 11 of the last 12 quarters, 4 of them significant (ref 2).","significance":"Consent order with a $6,000 penalty and a Dec. 31, 2027 deadline (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":2158,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Lake Mills Municipal Water Dept per SDWIS (ref 3), a proxy for the sewer service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Complete construction of the wastewater treatment facility upgrades by December 31, 2027."},"measures":[{"name":"Effluent exceedances (ECHO)","value":76,"unit":"exceedances","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Administrative penalty","value":6000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"},{"name":"City of Lake Mills","role":"Plant owner"}],"public_contact":"Iowa DNR emergency spill line (515) 725-8694; DNR field offices via iowadnr.gov","corrective_actions":["Complete upgrades by Dec. 31, 2027 with progress reports in June 2026, December 2026 and June 2027 (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DNR enforcement actions published 2026-04-09","publisher":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","date":"2026-04-09","url":"https://www.iowadnr.gov/news-release/2026-04-09/dnr-enforcement-actions-published-04092026","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act compliance summary, Lake Mills STP (IA0027448)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facility_info?output=JSON&p_pid=IA0027448&qcolumns=1,2,100,103,105,107,197,220,225","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record (LAKE MILLS)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LAKE%20MILLS/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["news coverage"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IA-RED-OAK-NEW-COOP-FERTILIZER-SPILL-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"NEW Cooperative nitrogen spill kills ~749,000 fish in East Nishnabotna River","description":"About 265,000 gallons of liquid nitrogen fertilizer left a storage tank at NEW Cooperative in Red Oak over the weekend of March 9-10, 2024, and flowed through a drainage ditch into the East Nishnabotna River. Iowa DNR documented 749,242 dead fish along 49.8 miles of the East Nishnabotna and Nishnabotna rivers, with the kill continuing into Missouri. In July 2025 the Iowa Attorney General settled for a $50,000 penalty, a $50,000 supplemental project and a three-year injunction; a local watershed group called the settlement inadequate.","location":{"name":"East Nishnabotna River below Red Oak","type":"River segment","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"NEW Cooperative facility, Red Oak, Montgomery County; kill reached the Nishnabotna River and Missouri","coordinates":{"lat":41.01668,"lon":-95.24207,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Montgomery"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A fertilizer release from an agricultural retailer poisoned a river reach and killed aquatic life.","secondary_drivers":["Fertilizer storage and handling"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DNR fish kill record (ref 1) counts 749,242 fish killed over 49.8 miles, valued at $225,992.82.","service":"No public drinking-water outage is reported in the cited sources (refs 1-3); the river is not a listed municipal intake here.","scale":"Kill spanned all 49.8 Iowa river miles downstream plus a near-total kill along about 10 miles in northwest Missouri (refs 1, 3).","duration":"Release ran over a weekend in March 2024; cleanup and soil excavation continued for weeks (refs 1, 3).","significance":"Environmental Protection Commission referral and an Attorney General settlement with a $50,000 penalty and three-year statewide injunction (refs 2, 3)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A river ecosystem impact; no human population figure applies."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"749,242 fish killed along 49.8 miles of the East Nishnabotna and Nishnabotna rivers (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Fertilizer released","value":265000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Liquid nitrogen (ref 1)."},{"name":"Fish killed","value":749242,"unit":"fish","status":"Reported","note":"DNR count as of March 28, 2024 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Civil penalty","value":50000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Plus $50,000 supplemental environmental project (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event; settled July 2025."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","role":"State environmental regulator"},{"name":"Iowa Attorney General","role":"Prosecuted the case for DNR"},{"name":"NEW Cooperative, Inc.","role":"Responsible party"}],"public_contact":"Iowa DNR 24-hour spill line, 515-725-8694","corrective_actions":["Contaminated soil excavated and dams built in the creek feeding the river (refs 1, 3).","July 2025 settlement: $50,000 penalty, $50,000 supplemental project with Montgomery County Conservation Board, three-year statewide injunction (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Fish Kill Event #1045 - East Nishnabotna River","publisher":"Iowa DNR Fish Kill Database","date":"2024-03-29","url":"https://programs.iowadnr.gov/fishkill/Events/1045","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Iowa Attorney General settles DNR cases for Agri Star and Nishnabotna River pollution","publisher":"KCRG-TV","date":"2025-07-31","url":"https://www.kcrg.com/2025/07/31/iowa-attorney-general-settles-dnr-cases-agri-star-nishnabotna-river-pollution","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Nishnabotna Water Defenders: NEW Coop fertilizer spill settlement 'woefully inadequate'","publisher":"KMA Land","date":"2025-08-05","url":"https://www.kmaland.com/news/nishnabotna-water-defenders-new-coop-fertilizer-spill-settlement-woefully-inadequate/article_d9edb008-3213-46e8-8b2e-ef4c662e8358.html","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IA-STATEWIDE-MANURE-FISH-KILLS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Manure releases cause five Iowa fish kills totaling about 260,000 fish since late 2023","description":"Iowa DNR's fish kill database lists five animal-waste fish kills between October 2023 and November 2025, together killing about 260,000 fish. The largest were a March 2025 runoff from a Winneshiek County dairy into Dry Run Creek (126,469 fish) and a July 2024 land-applied dairy manure release through a blown-out tile into Mud Creek near Paullina (107,373 fish). Both led to DNR consent orders of roughly $38,000 each.","location":{"name":"Iowa streams receiving livestock manure","type":"Statewide (multiple stream reaches)","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"Winneshiek, O'Brien, Fayette, Franklin and Louisa counties","coordinates":{"lat":42.03,"lon":-93.58,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Winneshiek","O'Brien","Fayette","Franklin","Louisa"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Manure from livestock operations reached streams and killed fish.","secondary_drivers":["Livestock manure management","Tile drainage"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DNR records 126,469 fish dead over 10.2 miles of Dry Run Creek (ref 2) and 107,373 in Mud Creek (ref 3).","service":"DNR told downstream users not to use water from Mud Creek during the July 2024 release (ref 4).","scale":"Five animal-waste kills in five counties appear in the statewide database since October 2023 (ref 1).","duration":"Kills recur across seasons: October 2023, July 2024, March 2025, October 2025 and November 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"DNR consent order requires the Winneshiek dairy to pay more than $38,000 (ref 5); a separate DNR consent order requires Roorda Dairy to pay $30,791.07 in restitution and costs plus an $8,000 penalty (ref 6)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Ecological harm to streams; no human population figure applies."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"About 260,469 fish killed in five animal-waste events, October 2023 to November 2025 (sum of DNR estimates, ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Fish killed in animal-waste events since Oct 2023","value":260469,"unit":"fish","status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of five DNR event estimates (ref 1)."},{"name":"Dry Run Creek kill","value":126469,"unit":"fish","status":"Reported","note":"10.2 miles, March 10, 2025 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Mud Creek kill","value":107373,"unit":"fish","status":"Reported","note":"July 18, 2024 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Event counts vary by year (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","role":"State environmental regulator"}],"public_contact":"Iowa DNR 24-hour spill line, 515-725-8694","corrective_actions":["Winneshiek dairy must update feedlot maintenance plans and rework a grass waterway to keep manure out of a tile intake (ref 5).","Roorda Dairy, a confined dairy with capacity for 4,200 mature cattle, must develop and implement standard operating procedures for land application (ref 6)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Fish Kill Events (database API, all events)","publisher":"Iowa DNR Fish Kill Database","date":null,"url":"https://programs.iowadnr.gov/fishkill/api/v1/events?f=strict","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Fish Kill Event #1070 - Unnamed Tributary to Dry Run and Dry Run Creek","publisher":"Iowa DNR Fish Kill Database","date":"2026-09-16","url":"https://programs.iowadnr.gov/fishkill/Events/1070","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Fish Kill Event #1056 - Mud Creek","publisher":"Iowa DNR Fish Kill Database","date":"2025-10-30","url":"https://programs.iowadnr.gov/fishkill/Events/1056","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Manure spill causes fish kill in O'Brien County","publisher":"Iowa DNR","date":"2024-07-18","url":"https://www.iowadnr.gov/fishkill/2024-07-18/manure-spill-causes-fish-kill-obrien-county","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"Eastern Iowa dairy responsible for multiple fish kill incidents fined $38K for manure spill","publisher":"KCRG-TV","date":"2026-02-09","url":"https://www.kcrg.com/2026/02/09/eastern-iowa-dairy-responsible-multiple-fish-kill-incidents-fined-38k-manure-spill/","basis":"News"},{"ref":6,"title":"Administrative Consent Order: Roorda Dairy, LLC (O'Brien County)","publisher":"Iowa DNR","date":"2025-01-10","url":"https://programs.iowadnr.gov/legal/documents/6387252466131210752025AFO02.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IA-FORT-DODGE-CJ-BIO-LIZARD-CREEK-FISH-KILL-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"CJ Bio lysine byproduct spill kills about 72,000 fish in Lizard Creek, Fort Dodge","description":"On April 14, 2025, a fertilizer byproduct from lysine production at CJ Bio America's Fort Dodge plant escaped through a breached stormwater berm into field tile intakes and the South Branch of Lizard Creek. DNR estimated 71,933 fish killed over 15.26 miles of the creek system, which flows to the Des Moines River. A 2026 consent order requires $90,419 in restitution, costs and penalty plus storage-bladder monitors and an updated stormwater plan.","location":{"name":"South Branch Lizard Creek and Lizard Creek","type":"River segment","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"Below CJ Bio America plant, Fort Dodge, Webster County","coordinates":{"lat":42.51191,"lon":-94.20314,"precision":"exact","source_ref":1},"counties":["Webster"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"An industrial ammonia-rich byproduct reached a stream through tile drainage and killed fish.","secondary_drivers":["Industrial spill prevention","Tile drainage"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DNR fish kill record (ref 1) estimates 71,933 fish killed across 15.26 miles; testing found elevated ammonia downstream (ref 3).","service":"DNR advised downstream users to stay out of the creek while the byproduct moved downstream (ref 2).","scale":"Kill covered the South Branch and main stem of Lizard Creek to the Des Moines River confluence (ref 1).","duration":"The leak was stopped within days of the April 14, 2025 report (ref 2).","significance":"DNR consent order requires CJ Bio to pay $90,419, including a $7,500 administrative penalty (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Stream impact; no human population figure applies."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"71,933 fish killed over 15.26 miles of Lizard Creek and its South Branch (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Fish killed","value":71933,"unit":"fish","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Consent order total","value":90419,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"$73,819 restitution, more than $9,100 costs, $7,500 penalty (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","role":"State environmental regulator"},{"name":"CJ Bio America Inc.","role":"Responsible party"}],"public_contact":"Iowa DNR 24-hour spill line, 515-725-8694","corrective_actions":["Install and maintain monitors in storage bladders (ref 3).","Update the stormwater pollution prevention plan (ref 3).","Work with the adjoining landowner to install a gate valve in the tile line (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Fish Kill Event #1069 - South Branch Lizard Creek and Lizard Creek","publisher":"Iowa DNR Fish Kill Database","date":"2025-04-22","url":"https://programs.iowadnr.gov/fishkill/Events/1069","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"DNR investigating fish kill in Fort Dodge","publisher":"Iowa DNR","date":"2025-04-14","url":"https://www.iowadnr.gov/news-release/2025-04-14/dnr-investigating-fish-kill-fort-dodge","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Biotech company to pay $90K for fish kill, spill in Lizard Creek","publisher":"KCRG-TV","date":"2026-06-15","url":"https://www.kcrg.com/2026/06/15/biotech-company-pay-90k-fish-kill-spill-lizard-creek/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IA-POSTVILLE-AGRI-STAR-HECKER-CREEK-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Agri Star meat plant: repeated permit violations and a 2026 ammonia fish kill in Hecker Creek","description":"Agri Star Meat and Poultry in Postville exceeded its NPDES discharge permit limits about 60 times over several years, most recently causing acutely toxic ammonia in Hecker Creek; a July 2025 Attorney General settlement set a $50,000 penalty and full compliance by December 31, 2026. After a fire burned about three-quarters of the plant starting July 28, 2026, DNR investigated a fish kill in Hecker Creek; its database now attributes 24,860 dead fish over 4.5 miles to ammonia-laden firefighting runoff from the plant. A citizen group's federal Clean Water Act suit is pending.","location":{"name":"Hecker Creek at Postville","type":"River segment","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"Agri Star Meat and Poultry outfall to Hecker Creek, Postville, Allamakee County; Yellow River watershed","coordinates":{"lat":43.0945,"lon":-91.579,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Allamakee"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A food processor's wastewater and fire runoff degraded a small creek.","secondary_drivers":["Industrial wastewater permits","Emergency response runoff"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DNR fish kill record attributes 24,860 dead fish over 4.5 miles to ammonia-laden firefighting runoff (ref 3); the earlier violation caused acutely toxic ammonia (ref 1).","service":"No drinking-water disruption is reported for Hecker Creek in the cited sources (refs 1-3).","scale":"Effects are on Hecker Creek and, per a pending lawsuit, the Yellow River (refs 1, 2).","duration":"About 60 permit-limit exceedances over several years preceded the 2026 fire kill (refs 1, 3).","significance":"Attorney General settlement with a $50,000 penalty and a compliance deadline of Dec. 31, 2026, plus a federal Clean Water Act suit (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Stream impact; no human population figure applies."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 60 permit-limit exceedances over several years; 24,860 fish killed in Hecker Creek in 2026 (refs 1, 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Permit-limit exceedances","value":60,"unit":"exceedances","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate, several years (ref 1)."},{"name":"Fish killed (2026 fire runoff)","value":24860,"unit":"fish","status":"Reported","note":"Over 4.5 miles (ref 3)."},{"name":"Civil penalty","value":50000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"July 2025 settlement (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["A fire burned about three-quarters of the plant in July 2026 and no restart timeline was announced (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"A new fish kill followed the 2025 settlement (refs 1, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","role":"State environmental regulator"},{"name":"Iowa Attorney General","role":"Prosecuted the permit case for DNR"},{"name":"Agri Star Meat and Poultry, LLC","role":"Permittee"}],"public_contact":"Iowa DNR 24-hour spill line, 515-725-8694","corrective_actions":["Settlement requires full NPDES permit compliance by December 31, 2026 (ref 1).","DNR fish kill investigation of the fire runoff (refs 2, 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Iowa Attorney General settles DNR cases for Agri Star and Nishnabotna River pollution","publisher":"KCRG-TV","date":"2025-07-31","url":"https://www.kcrg.com/2025/07/31/iowa-attorney-general-settles-dnr-cases-agri-star-nishnabotna-river-pollution","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"DNR investigating fish kill in Hecker Creek, potentially related to fire in Postville","publisher":"KCRG-TV","date":"2026-08-24","url":"https://www.kcrg.com/2026/08/24/dnr-investigating-fish-kill-hecker-creek-potentially-related-fire-postville/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Fish Kill Event #1084 - Hecker Creek","publisher":"Iowa DNR Fish Kill Database","date":"2026-10-07","url":"https://programs.iowadnr.gov/fishkill/Events/1084","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["DNR fish kill record lists the kill date as 10/7/2026 (its entry date), while news places the kill during the late-July 2026 fire."],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IA-STATEWIDE-NUTRIENT-REDUCTION-STRATEGY-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Iowa nitrogen loads up 4.2% over baseline as voluntary Nutrient Reduction Strategy lags","description":"Iowa's Nutrient Reduction Strategy aims to cut nitrogen and phosphorus loads 45% by 2035 to shrink the Gulf hypoxic zone. University of Iowa sensor data cited by the Iowa Environmental Council show nitrogen loads for 2015-2024 averaging 4.2% above the 1980-1996 baseline, while the state's own progress comparison stops at 2010. EPA reports basin-wide nitrogen loads down 28% in 2025 but phosphorus up 13%; Iowa adopted the 'Farm to Faucet' package in June 2026 to fund more conservation and monitoring.","location":{"name":"Iowa (Mississippi and Missouri basin drainage)","type":"Statewide nutrient program","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"All Iowa watersheds draining to the Mississippi/Atchafalaya basin and Gulf","coordinates":{"lat":42.03,"lon":-93.58,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["surface-water","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nutrient runoff from cropland drives river nitrate and downstream Gulf hypoxia.","secondary_drivers":["Row-crop fertilizer and tile drainage","Voluntary conservation policy"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"IEC analysis of IIHR sensor data (ref 1) finds nitrogen loads 4.2% above the baseline for 2015-2024, feeding the Gulf hypoxic zone (ref 2).","service":"The strategy itself causes no service loss; utility impacts are tracked in separate records (ref 1).","scale":"Statewide loads; Iowa is one of 12 Hypoxia Task Force states and co-chairs it (ref 2).","duration":"Phosphorus shows no net improvement since 2010 and nitrogen remains above baseline nine years before the 2035 deadline (ref 1).","significance":"EPA reports the 2025 basin phosphorus interim target was missed, with loads up 13% (ref 2); the legislature passed HF 2771 in response (ref 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide program; no single affected population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Nitrogen loads up 4.2% versus the baseline, based on the 2015-2024 ten-year average (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Nitrogen load change vs 1980-1996 baseline (2015-2024 average)","value":4.2,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"IEC from IIHR data (ref 1)."},{"name":"Basin total nitrogen change, 2025","value":-28,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Whole Mississippi/Atchafalaya basin (ref 2)."},{"name":"Basin total phosphorus change, 2025","value":13,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Cover crop acres, 2024","value":4000000,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"State claim, 'nearly 4 million' (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Practice adoption rising (ref 3) while measured Iowa nitrogen loads remain above baseline (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship","role":"Strategy co-lead"},{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","role":"State environmental regulator"},{"name":"Hypoxia Task Force (EPA co-chair)","role":"Basin coordination"}],"public_contact":"Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship, iowaagriculture.gov","corrective_actions":["HF 2771 (signed June 1, 2026) adds about $52 million over 12 years for Greater Des Moines watershed practices and $500,000 per year for DNR monitoring (ref 3).","IEC recommends watershed management plans for impaired waters and full funding of real-time monitoring (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Iowa's Water Quality Transparency Problem","publisher":"Iowa Environmental Council","date":"2026-03-12","url":"https://www.iaenvironment.org/blog/iowa-environmental-voice/iowas-water-quality-transparency","basis":"Advocacy analysis"},{"ref":2,"title":"Task Force Reports Progress Toward Pollution Reduction Goals for Gulf of America","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-06-11","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/task-force-reports-progress-toward-pollution-reduction-goals-gulf-america","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Secretary Naig Joins Gov. Reynolds for Farm to Faucet Water Quality Bill Signing","publisher":"Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://iowaagriculture.gov/news/farm-faucet-water-quality-bill-sign","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IA-RACCOON-DES-MOINES-RIVERS-NITRATE-2025"]},{"id":"US-IA-RACCOON-DES-MOINES-RIVERS-NITRATE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Near-record farm nitrate in Raccoon and Des Moines rivers strains central Iowa supply","description":"The Raccoon and Des Moines rivers, source waters for more than 600,000 central Iowans, reached near-record nitrate levels in 2025 and again in 2026, above the EPA 10 mg/L standard. A two-year study attributed 80% of nitrogen in central Iowa's watersheds to agriculture. The regional utility ran its nitrate removal system more than 110 days in summer 2025 at about $16,000 a day and imposed lawn-watering bans; in 2026 the system again ran more than 100 days by May.","location":{"name":"Raccoon and Des Moines rivers above Des Moines","type":"Watershed","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"Greater Des Moines watershed draining to Polk County intakes","coordinates":{"lat":41.586,"lon":-93.625,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":2},"counties":["Polk"],"extent":"watershed","pwsid":"IA7727031"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["surface-water","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Agricultural nitrogen in source rivers forces costly treatment downstream.","secondary_drivers":["Row-crop fertilizer and tile drainage","Drought-then-rain flushing"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Both rivers exceeded the EPA 10 mg/L nitrate limit at near-record highs (ref 2), and 80% of watershed nitrogen is traced to agriculture (ref 2).","service":"About a month and a half of lawn-watering bans were imposed with Central Iowa Water Works in 2025 (ref 1).","scale":"The rivers supply about 600,000 central Iowans (ref 1); Des Moines Water Works alone serves 246,055 per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Nitrate removal ran more than 110 days in 2025 (ref 1) and more than 100 days in 2026 by May 1 (ref 2).","significance":"EPA briefly listed Raccoon and Des Moines river segments as nitrate-impaired before rescinding (ref 1); the state then funded $25 million for nitrate removal (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":600000,"status":"Reported","note":"About 600,000 central Iowans served from these rivers (ref 1); DMWW SDWIS population 246,055 (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than 110 days running the nitrate removal system in summer 2025 at about $16,000 per day (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Nitrate removal days, 2025","value":110,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"'More than 110' (ref 1)."},{"name":"Nitrate removal operating cost","value":16000,"unit":"USD per day","status":"Reported","note":"About; ICN gives $9,000-$16,000 (refs 1, 2)."},{"name":"Share of watershed nitrogen from agriculture","value":80,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Two-year study (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Daily nitrate treatment costs of $9,000-$16,000 during spikes (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Near-record levels in consecutive years 2025 and 2026 (refs 2, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Central Iowa Water Works","role":"Regional water producer"},{"name":"Des Moines Water Works","role":"Member utility"},{"name":"Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship","role":"Watershed conservation programs"},{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","role":"State environmental regulator"}],"public_contact":"Des Moines Water Works customer service, dmww.com","corrective_actions":["State $25 million one-time investment in CIWW nitrate removal capacity (ref 2).","Polk County funding of continuous river sensors (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Des Moines Water Works opposes EPA rescinding impaired water designations","publisher":"Little Village","date":"2025-08-15","url":"https://littlevillagemag.com/des-moines-water-works-opposes-epa-rescinding-impaired-water-designations/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"With Fertilizer Pollution on the Rise, Iowa Will Invest $100 Million in Water Treatment","publisher":"Inside Climate News","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/01052026/iowa-water-treatment-from-fertilizer-pollution","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Iowa Counties Keep Water Quality Monitoring Afloat After State Funding Cuts","publisher":"Inside Climate News","date":"2025-10-24","url":"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/24102025/iowa-polk-county-water-quality-monitoring-agricultural-pollution/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: DES MOINES","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/DES%20MOINES/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IA-STATEWIDE-NUTRIENT-REDUCTION-STRATEGY-2026","US-IA-STATEWIDE-IMPAIRED-WATERS-NITRATE-DELISTING-2025","US-IA-CENTRAL-IOWA-WATER-WORKS-NITRATE-2025"]},{"id":"US-IA-STATEWIDE-IMPAIRED-WATERS-NITRATE-DELISTING-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"EPA adds then drops nitrate impairments for seven Iowa river segments on 2024 list","description":"EPA partially disapproved Iowa's 2024 impaired waters list, finding that DNR left out river segments on the Cedar, Des Moines, Iowa, Raccoon and South Skunk rivers whose nitrate exceeded drinking-water standards; the segments supply Des Moines, Iowa City, Cedar Rapids, Ottumwa and Oskaloosa. EPA finalized seven additions, then rescinded them on July 11, 2025 without public notice. Environmental groups challenged the rescission in October 2025.","location":{"name":"Iowa 303(d) impaired waters list","type":"Statewide water quality assessment","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"Segments of the Cedar, Des Moines, Iowa, Raccoon and South Skunk rivers","coordinates":{"lat":42.03,"lon":-93.58,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Polk","Linn","Johnson","Wapello","Mahaska"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["agricultural","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Regulators dispute whether high nitrate in drinking-water source rivers counts as an impairment.","secondary_drivers":["Clean Water Act listing policy"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA found nitrate and nitrite in the river sections exceeded safe drinking-water standards (ref 1).","service":"The listing dispute itself causes no outage; treatment burdens are recorded elsewhere (ref 3).","scale":"Segments supply drinking water to Des Moines, Iowa City, Cedar Rapids, Ottumwa and Oskaloosa (ref 1).","duration":"Disapproval in November 2024, rescission July 11, 2025, and an October 2025 challenge leave the status unresolved (ref 2).","significance":"EPA formally disapproved part of the state list (ref 1) and three groups sent a formal challenge letter (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Population of the five source-water cities is not totaled in the sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Seven river segments listed as nitrate-impaired by EPA, then rescinded July 11, 2025 (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Segments added then rescinded","value":7,"unit":"segments","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2; IPR initially described six sections (ref 1)."},{"name":"Impaired waters with EPA additions","value":581,"unit":"waterbodies","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Listing reversed within a year (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 7","role":"Approves state 303(d) lists"},{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","role":"State environmental regulator"}],"public_contact":"Iowa DNR water quality assessment program, iowadnr.gov","corrective_actions":["IEC, ELPC and Food & Water Watch letter (Oct. 9, 2025) asks EPA to reconsider and take public input (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA says Iowa's 2024 list of impaired waters is incomplete","publisher":"Iowa Public Radio","date":"2024-11-18","url":"https://www.iowapublicradio.org/ipr-news/2024-11-18/epa-iowa-dnr-impaired-polluted-waters-rivers-nitrate-levels","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Environmental Groups Challenge EPA De-Listing of Nitrate Impairments in Iowa","publisher":"Iowa Environmental Council","date":"2025-10-10","url":"https://www.iaenvironment.org/newsroom/water-and-land-news/environmental-groups-challenge-epa-delisting-of-nitrate-impairments-in-iowa","basis":"Advocacy analysis"},{"ref":3,"title":"Des Moines Water Works opposes EPA rescinding impaired water designations","publisher":"Little Village","date":"2025-08-15","url":"https://littlevillagemag.com/des-moines-water-works-opposes-epa-rescinding-impaired-water-designations/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":8,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IA-RACCOON-DES-MOINES-RIVERS-NITRATE-2025"]},{"id":"US-IA-STATEWIDE-STATE-BEACH-ADVISORIES-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Iowa state beach swim advisories hit record in 2025; Lake Darling worst three years running","description":"Iowa DNR issued 158 E. coli and 12 microcystin advisories across 40 monitored state beaches over the 15-week 2025 season, the most state advisories since the Iowa Environmental Council began tracking in 2014. 27 of the 40 beaches had at least one advisory. Lake Darling had ten E. coli and six microcystin advisories, its third straight year as the worst beach.","location":{"name":"Iowa state park beaches","type":"Statewide (40 monitored beaches)","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"State park beaches including Lake Darling, Backbone, Beeds and Lower Pine Lake","coordinates":{"lat":42.03,"lon":-93.58,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Washington"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Runoff-driven bacteria and algal toxins close swimming beaches.","secondary_drivers":["Runoff after drought","Harmful algal blooms"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Microcystin advisories are issued above 8 ug/L and E. coli advisories above 235 CFU/100 mL single sample (ref 2), signaling potential illness risk rather than documented cases.","service":"Swimming-not-recommended advisories were posted at 27 of 40 state beaches in 2025 (ref 1).","scale":"The advisory record covers the statewide network of 40 public beaches (ref 1).","duration":"Lake Darling has been the worst-performing beach three years in a row (ref 1).","significance":"DNR issued 170 formal swim advisories in 2025 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Beach visitor numbers are not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"158 E. coli and 12 microcystin advisories at 40 state beaches in 2025 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"E. coli advisories, 2025","value":158,"unit":"advisories","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Microcystin advisories, 2025","value":12,"unit":"advisories","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Beaches with microcystin warnings, 2024","value":7,"unit":"beaches","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"20 more advisories than 2024 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","role":"State environmental regulator"}],"public_contact":"Iowa DNR beach monitoring program, iowadnr.gov","corrective_actions":["DNR weekly beach sampling Memorial Day to Labor Day (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Beach Advisories Hit a Decade High: 2025 Monitoring Recapped","publisher":"Iowa Environmental Council","date":"2025-09-05","url":"https://www.iaenvironment.org/blog/iowa-environmental-voice/beach-advisories-hit-an-alltime-high-2025-monitoring-recapped","basis":"Advocacy analysis"},{"ref":2,"title":"What you should know about beach advisories in Iowa","publisher":"Iowa DNR","date":"2025-05-22","url":"https://www.iowadnr.gov/news-release/2025-05-22/what-you-should-know-about-beach-advisories-iowa","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IA-STATEWIDE-IIHR-WATER-SENSOR-FUNDING-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"State cuts leave University of Iowa river nitrate sensor network on county stopgaps","description":"In 2023 the Legislature moved $500,000 away from the Iowa Nutrient Research Center, which had funded the University of Iowa IIHR network of continuous river sensors that measure nitrate and other parameters. The network shrank and ran on Walton Family Foundation bridge money, then on county pledges such as $200,000 each from Polk and Johnson counties. In 2026 the House set aside $300,000 of a $600,000 request, but the Senate redirected it to DNR without tying it to the sensors.","location":{"name":"IIHR Iowa Water Quality Information System","type":"Statewide monitoring network","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"Continuous river sensors operated from the University of Iowa, Iowa City","coordinates":{"lat":41.661,"lon":-91.53,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Johnson","Polk","Linn"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["agricultural","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Loss of state funding threatens the main source of real-time nitrate data.","secondary_drivers":["State budget decisions"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The sensors are three-quarters of Iowa's continuous water monitors (ref 1), so funding gaps risk losing nitrate warning data rather than causing direct harm.","service":"Sensor operation continued through county and foundation money; no water service is affected (ref 2).","scale":"The network covers rivers statewide with 60 to 70 sensors (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Direct state funding ended in 2023-2024 and none was provided in the 2025-26 session (ref 2).","significance":"Legislative budget action in 2023 cut the $500,000 and HF 2771 in 2026 redirected the House's $300,000 to DNR (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide data users; no population figure applies."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Annual operating need of $600,000, or $8,500 per sensor, with no direct state funding in 2025-26 (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Annual operating cost","value":600000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"State funding cut (2023)","value":500000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Polk County contribution","value":200000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Network depends on short-term county and foundation pledges (ref 2).","Some sensors are over 15 years old and need a one-time $500,000 for upkeep (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Sensor count fell as funding declined (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"University of Iowa IIHR","role":"Network operator"},{"name":"Iowa Legislature","role":"Appropriations"},{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","role":"State environmental regulator"}],"public_contact":"IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, University of Iowa, iihr.uiowa.edu","corrective_actions":["County contributions from Polk ($200,000), Johnson ($200,000), Linn ($100,000) and others (ref 2).","HF 2771 adds $500,000 per year to DNR's monthly stream sampling network (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Iowa Counties Keep Water Quality Monitoring Afloat After State Funding Cuts","publisher":"Inside Climate News","date":"2025-10-24","url":"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/24102025/iowa-polk-county-water-quality-monitoring-agricultural-pollution/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"University of Iowa water sensors will continue this year","publisher":"The Gazette","date":"2026-07-12","url":"https://www.thegazette.com/news/environment/university-of-iowa-water-sensors-will-continue-this-year/article_48269508-6586-48e4-b71b-ad8b2c637060.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"With Fertilizer Pollution on the Rise, Iowa Will Invest $100 Million in Water Treatment","publisher":"Inside Climate News","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/01052026/iowa-water-treatment-from-fertilizer-pollution","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IA-STATEWIDE-NUTRIENT-REDUCTION-STRATEGY-2026"]},{"id":"US-IA-NW-IOWA-RIVER-FLOODS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Record June 2024 Rock, Big Sioux and Little Sioux floods hit Rock Valley and Spencer","description":"Heavy rain June 20-22, 2024, with localized totals above 12 inches, produced peaks of record on the Big Sioux River at Akron, the Rock River near Rock Valley and the Little Sioux at Correctionville. In Rock Valley the Rock River broke through a protective berm and about 500 homes were damaged; Spencer was under a boil-water advisory from June 22 to July 2. A federal disaster (DR-4796) was declared June 24, 2024, and FEMA has since obligated more than $22 million to buy out 123 Rock Valley homes.","location":{"name":"Rock Valley and Spencer, northwest Iowa","type":"River basins (Rock, Big Sioux, Little Sioux)","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"Sioux, Lyon, Clay, Emmet and Plymouth counties","coordinates":{"lat":43.205,"lon":-96.295,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Sioux","Lyon","Clay","Emmet","Plymouth"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"IA8482096"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"River flooding damaged homes and interrupted local water service.","secondary_drivers":["Extreme rainfall","Levee and berm failure"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"About 500 Rock Valley homes were damaged when the Rock River broke through a berm (ref 2).","service":"Spencer Municipal Utilities customers were told to boil water from June 22 to July 2, 2024 (ref 3).","scale":"Five river gauges recorded major flooding across five counties in the federal declaration (refs 1, 4).","duration":"Recovery continues two years later, with FEMA buyout money obligated in July 2026 (ref 5).","significance":"Major presidential disaster declaration DR-4796 approved June 24, 2024 (ref 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":4059,"status":"Reported","note":"Rock Valley Water Supply SDWIS population (ref 6); Spencer serves 11,325 (ref 7). Regional total not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Rock River near Rock Valley peak of record 157,000 cubic feet per second on June 22, 2024 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Rock River peak flow","value":157000,"unit":"cfs","status":"Reported","note":"Annual exceedance probability under 0.2% (ref 1)."},{"name":"Big Sioux River at Akron peak flow","value":175000,"unit":"cfs","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Rock Valley homes damaged","value":500,"unit":"homes","status":"Reported","note":"'Roughly 500' (ref 2)."},{"name":"FEMA buyout obligation","value":22000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"'Over $22 million' for 123 properties (ref 5)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Buyouts and repairs funded in 2026 (refs 2, 5)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"FEMA","role":"Federal disaster assistance"},{"name":"Iowa Homeland Security and Emergency Management","role":"State emergency management"},{"name":"City of Rock Valley","role":"Buyout sponsor"}],"public_contact":"Iowa Homeland Security and Emergency Management, homelandsecurity.iowa.gov","corrective_actions":["Rock Valley will acquire and demolish 123 flood-damaged homes and convert the land to open space (ref 5).","FEMA public assistance of $3.5 million for Rock Valley cleanup and repairs (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Floods of June 20-July 6, 2024, Big Sioux River, Rock River, Little Sioux River, Ocheyedan River (Open-File Report 2026-1031)","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","date":"2026-09-30","url":"https://www.usgs.gov/publications/floods-june-20-july-6-2024-big-sioux-river-rock-river-little-sioux-river-ocheyedan","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"FEMA aid for northwest Iowa 2024 floods","publisher":"Iowa Public Radio","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://www.iowapublicradio.org/ipr-news/2026-07-01/fema-aid-northwest-iowa-2024-floods","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Spencer Municipal Utilities says it is no longer necessary to boil water before use","publisher":"KTIV","date":"2024-07-02","url":"https://www.ktiv.com/2024/07/02/spencer-officials-say-it-is-no-longer-necessary-boil-water-before-use/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Iowa's Disaster Declaration has been approved","publisher":"KEYC","date":"2024-06-25","url":"https://www.keyc.com/2024/06/25/iowas-disaster-declaration-has-been-approved","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"FEMA obligates over $22M for buyout of flood-damaged homes in Rock Valley","publisher":"Iowa Homeland Security and Emergency Management","date":"2026-07-02","url":"https://homelandsecurity.iowa.gov/partner-news/2026-07-02/fema-obligates-over-22m-buyout-flood-damaged-homes-rock-valley","basis":"State record"},{"ref":6,"title":"SDWIS water system record: ROCK VALLEY","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ROCK%20VALLEY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":7,"title":"SDWIS water system record: SPENCER","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SPENCER/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":10,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":10,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IA-ROCKVALLEY-WELLS-SEWER-FLOOD-2024","US-IA-SPENCER-WWTP-FLOOD-DAMAGE-2024","US-IA-CHEROKEE-WWTP-FLOOD-FAILURE-2024"]},{"id":"US-IA-CENTRAL-IOWA-FLASH-FLOOD-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"July 2-4, 2026 central Iowa flash floods bring federal disaster declaration DR-4942","description":"Two rounds of storms July 2-4, 2026 dropped 5 to 10 inches across northern Polk and southern Story counties, with reports above 12 inches at Elkhart and 13.5 inches near Polk City. Fourmile Creek in Des Moines rose 12 feet in about 12 hours to its second-highest crest, sending water into homes and forcing a hospice evacuation. A major disaster declaration (DR-4942) was issued September 1, 2026 for Jasper, Polk, Story and Warren counties.","location":{"name":"Fourmile Creek and central Iowa basins","type":"Urban and rural watersheds","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"Des Moines, Ankeny, Ames and surrounding Polk, Story, Jasper and Warren counties","coordinates":{"lat":41.7,"lon":-93.58,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Polk","Story","Jasper","Warren"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Extreme rainfall overwhelmed creeks and storm drains across central Iowa.","secondary_drivers":["Extreme rainfall","Urban stormwater capacity"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Water flowed into homes along Fourmile Creek and a hospice was evacuated; no deaths or injuries are reported (refs 1, 2).","service":"Iowa DOT closed I-35 near Elkhart and other routes under up to waist-deep water (ref 1).","scale":"Four counties including the Des Moines metro were declared (ref 3).","duration":"Flooding lasted days, with recovery and federal aid requests running into September (refs 3, 4).","significance":"Major disaster declaration DR-4942 issued September 1, 2026 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Number of affected residents is not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Fourmile Creek rose 12 feet in about 12 hours (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Polk City 24-hour rainfall","value":13.5,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"Preliminary NWS report (ref 1)."},{"name":"Fourmile Creek rise","value":12,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"In about 12 hours (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Second-highest Fourmile Creek crest after June 30, 2018 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"FEMA","role":"Federal disaster assistance"},{"name":"Iowa Homeland Security and Emergency Management","role":"State emergency management"}],"public_contact":"Iowa Homeland Security and Emergency Management, homelandsecurity.iowa.gov","corrective_actions":["Public Assistance for Jasper, Polk, Story and Warren counties and a statewide Hazard Mitigation request (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"July 2-3 and July 3-4, 2026 Flash Flooding, Des Moines and Ames","publisher":"National Weather Service Des Moines","date":null,"url":"https://www.weather.gov/dmx/July_2_4_2026_Flash_Flooding","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"More than a foot of rain prompts flooding in Central Iowa","publisher":"KCRG-TV","date":"2026-07-03","url":"https://www.kcrg.com/2026/07/03/more-than-foot-rain-prompts-flooding-central-iowa/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Iowa Disaster History","publisher":"Iowa Homeland Security and Emergency Management","date":"2026-09-18","url":"https://homelandsecurity.iowa.gov/disasters/iowa-disaster-history","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"Nunn, Iowa delegation call on President Trump to approve disaster aid for flooded central Iowa counties","publisher":"Office of Rep. Zach Nunn","date":"2026-08-05","url":"https://nunn.house.gov/2026/08/05/nunn-iowa-delegation-call-on-president-trump-to-approve-disaster-aid-for-flooded-central-iowa-counties/","basis":"Government statement"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IA-DATA-CENTER-WATER-DEMAND-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Data center growth raises water-use disclosure and permitting questions in Iowa","description":"Iowa has 104 data centers, 76 in the Des Moines area. Microsoft's five West Des Moines sites used 48.75 million gallons for evaporative cooling in January-September 2025, 2% to 7% of what West Des Moines Water Works pumps monthly, and Google's Council Bluffs site uses about 2.7 million gallons a day. Cedar Rapids, which is adding Google and QTS data centers, declines to name its largest user (12.5 million gallons a day); advocates say DNR's 25,000-gallon-a-day permit review is too weak.","location":{"name":"Des Moines metro, Cedar Rapids and Council Bluffs","type":"Industrial water demand (multiple utilities)","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"Data center clusters in Polk/Dallas, Linn and Pottawattamie counties","coordinates":{"lat":41.977,"lon":-91.665,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Polk","Dallas","Linn","Pottawattamie"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"IA5715093"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","water-rights","drinking-water-supply","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Large new water users strain utility planning and public disclosure.","secondary_drivers":["Data center cooling demand","Water-use permitting"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"No environmental damage from data center withdrawals is documented in the cited reporting (refs 1, 2).","service":"Cedar Rapids officials say the city system can handle added demand (ref 2).","scale":"Cedar Rapids Water Department serves 142,364 (ref 3) and its top user already takes about a quarter of city capacity (ref 2).","duration":"Concerns span the 2025 build-out, with a $348 million Cedar Rapids treatment upgrade due in 2029 (ref 2).","significance":"Coverage is investigative and advocacy-driven; a Sierra Club permit reform bill did not reach a floor vote (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":142364,"status":"Reported","note":"Cedar Rapids Water Department SDWIS population (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Microsoft used 48,751,325 gallons in West Des Moines from January through September 2025 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Microsoft WDM water use, Jan-Sep 2025","value":48751325,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Google Council Bluffs water use","value":2.7,"unit":"million gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"About 980 million gallons a year (ref 2)."},{"name":"Cedar Rapids largest user","value":12.5,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Unnamed by city (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"More facilities under construction or announced (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","role":"State environmental regulator"},{"name":"Cedar Rapids Water Department","role":"Municipal utility"},{"name":"West Des Moines Water Works","role":"Municipal utility"}],"public_contact":"Cedar Rapids Utilities, cedar-rapids.org","corrective_actions":["DNR water-use permits required above 25,000 gallons a day (ref 1).","Cedar Rapids $348 million treatment plant upgrade (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Energy, water use under close watch as data centers expand in Iowa","publisher":"Business Record","date":"2025-11-28","url":"https://www.businessrecord.com/energy-water-use-under-close-watch-as-data-centers-expand-in-iowa/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"i9 Investigation: Concerns over water usage at Cedar Rapids data centers lead to much larger questions","publisher":"KCRG-TV","date":"2025-04-16","url":"https://www.kcrg.com/2025/04/17/concerns-expressed-over-water-usage-new-cedar-rapids-data-centers-leads-much-larger-questions/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: CEDAR RAPIDS","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CEDAR%20RAPIDS/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"How much water do Iowa data centers use?","publisher":"KDSM Fox 17","date":"2023-11-15","url":"https://kdsm17.com/news/local/how-much-water-do-iowa-data-centers-use","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: West Des Moines Water Works (IA7785007)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WEST%20DES%20MOINES/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Altoona Water Supply (IA7707030)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ALTOONA/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IA-CEDAR-RAPIDS-SUPPLY-DATA-CENTER-DEMAND-2025","US-IA-STATEWIDE-AQUIFER-DEMAND-2024"]},{"id":"US-IA-CENTRAL-IOWA-WATER-WORKS-REGIONALIZATION-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Central Iowa Water Works regional utility takes over treatment amid nitrate cost pressure","description":"Central Iowa Water Works, a regional authority of 12 founding members including Des Moines Water Works, took over treatment for more than 600,000 people. Each member keeps its own distribution and rates, while CIWW's 13-trustee board (two seats for Des Moines) sets wholesale pricing and shares growth costs. Its first summer brought metro lawn-watering bans as nitrate treatment ran more than 110 days; the state's June 2026 HF 2771 gives CIWW a one-time $25 million over three years for nitrate removal.","location":{"name":"Central Iowa Water Works","type":"Regional water production authority","state":"IA","states":["IA"],"detail":"Des Moines metro: Polk, Dallas and Warren counties","coordinates":{"lat":41.586,"lon":-93.625,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Polk","Dallas","Warren"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"IA7727031"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Regional governance and financing of treatment capacity facing rising nitrate costs.","secondary_drivers":["Utility regionalization","Source-water nitrate"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Rising nitrate makes source water 'increasingly difficult to treat', according to the utility CEO (ref 2).","service":"About a month and a half of lawn-watering bans in 2025 (ref 2).","scale":"CIWW serves more than 600,000 people (ref 1); DMWW SDWIS population 246,055 (ref 4).","duration":"Capacity pressure recurred: nitrate removal ran more than 110 days in 2025 (ref 2) and the $25 million is paid over three years (ref 3).","significance":"State law HF 2771 directs $25 million to CIWW nitrate removal (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":600000,"status":"Reported","note":"'More than 600,000' served (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"One-time $25 million over three years to increase CIWW nitrate removal capacity (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Founding members","value":12,"unit":"members","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Annual water distributed","value":22,"unit":"billion gallons","status":"Reported","note":"'Nearly' (ref 1)."},{"name":"State nitrate-removal grant","value":25000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"DMWW 5/8-inch meter monthly fee, 2026","value":7,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Up from $6, first change since 2011 (ref 5)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Nitrate removal costs about $16,000 a day when running (ref 2).","DMWW raised fixed fees and consumption rates for 2026 (ref 5)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Regional authority began operating in 2025."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Central Iowa Water Works Board of Trustees","role":"Regional governing board"},{"name":"Des Moines Water Works","role":"Founding member"},{"name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","role":"State environmental regulator"}],"public_contact":"Central Iowa Water Works, ciww.gov; board meets publicly","corrective_actions":["$25 million state funding for nitrate removal expansion (ref 3).","Cost-sharing of major capital expansion by member growth (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Frequently Asked Questions","publisher":"Central Iowa Water Works","date":null,"url":"https://www.ciww.gov/faq","basis":"Utility notice","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Des Moines Water Works opposes EPA rescinding impaired water designations","publisher":"Little Village","date":"2025-08-15","url":"https://littlevillagemag.com/des-moines-water-works-opposes-epa-rescinding-impaired-water-designations/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Secretary Naig Joins Gov. Reynolds for Farm to Faucet Water Quality Bill Signing","publisher":"Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://iowaagriculture.gov/news/farm-faucet-water-quality-bill-sign","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: DES MOINES","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/DES%20MOINES/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"Water rates increasing for Des Moines Water Works customers next year","publisher":"WHO 13","date":"2025-10-24","url":"https://who13.com/news/metro-news/water-rates-increasing-for-des-moines-water-works-customers-next-year/amp/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (IA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IA-RACCOON-DES-MOINES-RIVERS-NITRATE-2025","US-IA-CENTRAL-IOWA-WATER-WORKS-NITRATE-2025"]},{"id":"US-IN-LAWRENCE-TTHM-MCL-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"City of Lawrence Utilities total trihalomethanes above federal limit","description":"IDEM notified City of Lawrence Utilities that its locational running annual average for total trihalomethanes (TTHM) reached 88.5 ug/L as of June 30, 2025, above the 80 ug/L maximum contaminant level, and the city mailed a public notice with August 2025 bills. EPA records list TTHM MCL violations for four consecutive quarters from April 2025 through March 2026, peaking at 120 ug/L for July to September 2025. The city said customers did not need an alternative water supply and that it was working with contractors on the cause.","location":{"name":"City of Lawrence Utilities","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"IN","states":["IN"],"detail":"Marion County; city of Lawrence on the northeast side of Indianapolis","coordinates":{"lat":39.8387,"lon":-86.0253,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Marion"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IN5249005"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is a regulated disinfection byproduct exceeding its MCL in delivered water, a water quality problem.","secondary_drivers":["Disinfection byproducts","Distribution system residence time"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Lawrence's TTHM locational running average was 88.5 ug/L at June 30, 2025 against an 80 ug/L MCL (ref 1); SDWIS logs a 120 ug/L result for the third quarter of 2025 (ref 3).","service":"The Tier 2 notice sent with paper and e-bills on August 7, 2025 said residents did not need bottled water but should consult a doctor with health concerns (refs 1, 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists the city system as serving 49,000 people (ref 4), a single mid-size community system.","duration":"EPA violation data show four back-to-back quarterly TTHM MCL violations from April 2025 through March 2026 (ref 3), beyond the 30 to 90 days the city projected (ref 1).","significance":"IDEM issued a formal MCL violation notification that triggered mandatory public notice (ref 1); no enforcement order was found."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":49000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Locational running annual average TTHM 88.5 ug/L as of June 30, 2025 (MCL 80 ug/L)."},"measures":[{"name":"TTHM LRAA, Q2 2025","value":88.5,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"City notice (ref 1)."},{"name":"TTHM LRAA, Q3 2025","value":120,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS violation record (ref 3)."},{"name":"TTHM LRAA, Q4 2025","value":91.1,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS violation record (ref 3)."},{"name":"TTHM LRAA, Q1 2026","value":87.7,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS violation record (ref 3)."},{"name":"Consecutive quarterly TTHM MCL violations","value":4,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"April 2025 to March 2026 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"LRAA rose from 88.5 to 120 ug/L, then eased to 91.1 and 87.7 ug/L but stayed above the MCL through March 2026 (refs 1, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Lawrence Utilities","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM), Drinking Water Branch","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Lawrence Utilities Water Treatment Director, (317) 542-0511, 9201 Harrison Park Court, Lawrence, IN 46216","corrective_actions":["Public notice mailed with utility bills on August 7, 2025 (ref 1).","City said it would work with contractors to investigate the cause and resample in November 2025 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Superintendent's Report, Utility Service Board, August 12, 2025","publisher":"City of Lawrence","date":"2025-08-12","url":"https://www.cityoflawrence.org/sites/default/files/attachments/08.12.25%20Superintendent%27s%20Report.pdf","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Lawrence Lift newsletter, August 2025: Important information about your drinking water (TTHM)","publisher":"City of Lawrence","date":"2025-08-07","url":"https://www.cityoflawrence.org/sites/default/files/document-group/lift-2025-augustv3.pdf","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS violations for City of Lawrence Utilities (IN5249005)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/IN5249005/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record (LAWRENCE)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LAWRENCE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Results of the November 2025 and later resampling as reported by the city"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IN-MONTEZUMA-NITRATE-MCL-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Montezuma Municipal Utility chronic nitrate above federal limit","description":"Montezuma Municipal Utility in Parke County has exceeded the 10 mg/L nitrate maximum contaminant level in every quarterly compliance period EPA lists from 2023 through mid-2026, with results up to 15.1 mg/L. A 2026 public notice told residents not to give the water to infants under six months or use it for formula, and said the aquifer feeding the town's wells became contaminated with excess nitrate. The town said a new reverse osmosis treatment plant was in a testing phase.","location":{"name":"Montezuma Municipal Utility","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"IN","states":["IN"],"detail":"Parke County; town of Montezuma on the Wabash River","coordinates":{"lat":39.7928,"lon":-87.3703,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Parke"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IN5261005"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding is a recurring nitrate MCL exceedance in groundwater-supplied tap water, a water quality problem.","secondary_drivers":["Nitrate in source aquifer"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS records nitrate MCL violations with measured levels between 10.6 and 15.1 mg/L from 2023 to 2026 against the 10 mg/L limit (ref 2), a level the notice says can seriously sicken infants (ref 1).","service":"The 2026 notice restricts use for infants under six months and infant formula, and warns that boiling does not remove nitrate (ref 1).","scale":"The town system serves 1,022 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"EPA lists 22 nitrate MCL violations running from 2019 through the April to June 2026 period (ref 2), a chronic multi-year problem.","significance":"These are formal MCL violations requiring Tier 1 public notice certified to IDEM (refs 1, 2); no enforcement order was found."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1022,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Nitrate MCL violations every listed quarter since 2023; highest 15.1 mg/L (July to September 2023) vs 10 mg/L MCL."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest nitrate result in window","value":15.1,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Q3 2023 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Most recent nitrate violation result","value":14.4,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"April to June 2026 period (ref 2)."},{"name":"Nitrate MCL violations since 2019","value":22,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Nitrate stayed between 10.6 and 15.1 mg/L across 2023 to 2026 with no quarter in compliance listed (ref 2); the reverse osmosis plant could change this once in service (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Montezuma, Montezuma Municipal Utility","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM), Drinking Water Branch","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Montezuma Municipal Utility, Gary Nuckols, (812) 208-2897","corrective_actions":["New reverse osmosis water treatment plant operating in a testing phase before release to the town (ref 1).","Infant do-not-drink public notice issued in 2026 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Nitrate Maximum Contaminant Level Exceedance: Drinking Water Warning (July 2026 Notice to Public)","publisher":"Town of Montezuma","date":"2026-07","url":"https://www.in.gov/towns/montezuma/files/July-2026-Notice-to-Public.pdf","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS violations for Montezuma Municipal Utility (IN5261005)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/IN5261005/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record (MONTEZUMA)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MONTEZUMA/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Sample date and value in the 2026 notice are not legible in the posted PDF","Reverse osmosis plant start-up date"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IN-BLOOMINGTON-TURBIDITY-BOIL-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Bloomington turbidity violation triggers Monroe County-wide boil advisory","description":"On August 16, 2024, sand spilled during preparation of a new filter at City of Bloomington Utilities' Monroe water treatment plant and pushed turbidity above the 1 NTU limit, reaching 1.3 units. Because the utility wholesales water to other systems, IDEM rules required a precautionary boil advisory for all of Monroe County, lifted on August 19 except for 207 homes in Gentry Estates. The utility's 2025 water quality report lists the event as a violation and two significant deficiencies at the plant due for repair by summer 2026.","location":{"name":"City of Bloomington Utilities","type":"Municipal utility service area and wholesale supplier","state":"IN","states":["IN"],"detail":"Monroe County; Monroe water treatment plant draws from Monroe Reservoir","coordinates":{"lat":39.1653,"lon":-86.5264,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Monroe"],"extent":"county","pwsid":"IN5253002"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A treatment-process failure (infrastructure and operations) produced a turbidity exceedance in finished water (quality).","secondary_drivers":["Operator error during filter work","Plant backwash deficiencies"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Turbidity peaked at 1.3 units against the 1 NTU treatment technique limit and was reported as a violation in the 2025 CCR (ref 1); the city said no contaminants were detected (ref 3).","service":"All of Monroe County was told to boil drinking and cooking water from August 17 to 19, 2024 (refs 2, 3).","scale":"The advisory covered the whole county because CBU wholesales to other utilities; CBU alone serves 83,000 people per SDWIS (refs 2, 4).","duration":"The countywide order lasted about two days and the Gentry Estates portion ended at noon August 20 (ref 3).","significance":"The exceedance required a Tier 1 public notice under IDEM rules (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":83000,"status":"Reported","note":"CBU retail population per SDWIS (ref 4); the advisory also covered wholesale customers elsewhere in Monroe County, a total not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Turbidity reached 1.3 units at the Monroe plant on August 16, 2024 (limit 1 NTU), prompting a countywide boil advisory."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak turbidity","value":1.3,"unit":"NTU","status":"Reported","note":"2025 CCR (ref 1)."},{"name":"Homes under extended advisory","value":207,"unit":"homes","status":"Reported","note":"Gentry Estates (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Advisory lifted August 19-20, 2024; the plant deficiencies tied to backwash were scheduled for repair by summer 2026 (refs 1, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Bloomington Utilities (CBU)","role":"Water system operator and wholesale supplier"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM), Drinking Water Branch","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Bloomington Utilities, 812-349-3655 (Water Quality Coordinator)","corrective_actions":["Tier 1 public notice and precautionary boil advisory (refs 1, 2).","Chemical feed line project to fix the backwash tank overflow and add a back-up backwash pump, projected for summer 2026 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2025 Annual Drinking Water Quality Report (CCR)","publisher":"City of Bloomington Utilities","date":"2025-07","url":"https://bloomington.in.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/2025%20CCR%20Brochure.pdf","basis":"Utility report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Required precautionary boil water alert for all of Monroe County due to violation of turbidity standard","publisher":"The B Square Bulletin","date":"2024-08-17","url":"https://bsquarebulletin.com/required-precautionary-boil-water-alert-for-all-of-monroe-county-due-to-violation-of-turbidity-standard/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Bloomington Utilities issues county-wide boil advisory","publisher":"Indiana Public Media (WFIU)","date":"2024-08-17","url":"https://www.ipm.org/2024-08-17/bloomington-utilities-issues-county-wide-boil-advisory","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record (BLOOMINGTON)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BLOOMINGTON/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IN-BLOOMINGTON-MANGANESE-2026"]},{"id":"US-IN-BLOOMINGTON-MANGANESE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Bloomington discolored water as manganese rises in Monroe Reservoir draw","description":"In September 2026 City of Bloomington Utilities reported more customer complaints of brown or yellow water and faster filter clogging after seasonal conditions forced it to draw from a lower level of Monroe Reservoir, where naturally occurring manganese is more prevalent. The utility said its plant has limited capacity to fully remove manganese at current source levels, that sampled levels were within EPA health advisory levels, and that it was flushing hydrants and increasing monitoring. Its 2025 report also shows single TTHM results up to 162.1 ppb in 2024, and CBU said treatment adjustments for disinfection byproducts were contributing.","location":{"name":"City of Bloomington Utilities","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"IN","states":["IN"],"detail":"Monroe County; source water from Monroe Reservoir","coordinates":{"lat":39.1653,"lon":-86.5264,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Monroe"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IN5253002"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is source-water manganese passing through treatment into the distribution system, a water quality problem.","secondary_drivers":["Seasonal reservoir stratification","Limited manganese removal capacity","Disinfection byproduct control"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"CBU says manganese stayed within EPA health advisory levels but its plant cannot fully remove it at current source concentrations (ref 1).","service":"Customers were advised to run cold water to clear discoloration and change filters more often until conditions normalize (ref 1).","scale":"The CBU retail system serves 83,000 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"CBU tied the problem to seasonal reservoir conditions and gave no end date (ref 1).","significance":"Manganese is not a primary regulated contaminant and no violation was issued; this is a utility advisory (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":83000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3); the number of households reporting discoloration is not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"CBU: treatment plant has limited capacity to fully remove manganese at current source-water levels (September 8, 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest single TTHM result, 2024","value":162.1,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Range reported in 2025 CCR footnote (ref 2); compliance is based on LRAA."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"CBU reported an increase in discoloration reports and filter changes in September 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Bloomington Utilities (CBU)","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM), Drinking Water Branch","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Bloomington Utilities Water Quality Coordinator, 812-349-3655","corrective_actions":["Additional hydrant flushing and enhanced distribution monitoring (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Discolored water and manganese update","publisher":"City of Bloomington","date":"2026-09-08","url":"https://bloomington.in.gov/node/6643","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"2025 Annual Drinking Water Quality Report (CCR)","publisher":"City of Bloomington Utilities","date":"2025-07","url":"https://bloomington.in.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/2025%20CCR%20Brochure.pdf","basis":"Utility report"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record (BLOOMINGTON)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BLOOMINGTON/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Measured manganese concentrations"],"related_ids":["US-IN-BLOOMINGTON-TURBIDITY-BOIL-2024"]},{"id":"US-IN-INDIANAPOLIS-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Indianapolis: Citizens Water estimates 75,000+ customers with lead service lines","description":"Citizens Energy Group estimates that more than 75,000 customers in its Indianapolis system may still own and use lead service lines, and began mailing annual notices to every address with a known or possible lead line in October 2024. Citizens had replaced about 3,000 lead lines by April 2025 under a program funded in part by a $3.60 monthly customer charge. Replacing all lead lines in the city was estimated in 2023 at nearly $500 million.","location":{"name":"Citizens Water - Indianapolis","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"IN","states":["IN"],"detail":"Marion County; Indianapolis service area of Citizens Energy Group","coordinates":{"lat":39.7684,"lon":-86.1581,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Marion"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IN5249004"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead service lines are an infrastructure problem whose consequence is potential lead exposure in tap water.","secondary_drivers":["Customer-owned lead service lines","Lead and Copper Rule Improvements"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Citizens says tens of thousands of customers may draw water through lead pipes (ref 1); no system-wide lead action level exceedance was found, so harm is potential.","service":"Letters go annually to each address with a known or possible lead line until the line is confirmed non-lead or replaced (ref 1).","scale":"Citizens Water - Indianapolis serves 880,345 people per SDWIS, with 75,000-plus customer lead lines estimated (refs 1, 4).","duration":"The replacement program began in 2022 and had reached about 3,000 lines by April 2025, a small share of the estimated total (refs 2, 3).","significance":"Citizens notifies customers and publishes an inventory as the federal lead rule requires, and adds a $3.60 monthly line item to bills (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":880345,"status":"Reported","note":"System population per SDWIS (ref 4); customers with lead lines estimated at 75,000+ (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Citizens estimates more than 75,000 customers may still own and use lead service lines; about 3,000 replaced as of April 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"Customers who may own lead service lines","value":75000,"unit":"customers","status":"Reported","note":"More than 75,000 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Lead service lines replaced","value":3000,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"As of April 2025 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Estimated cost to replace all city lead lines","value":500000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Nearly $500 million, 2023 estimate (ref 2)."},{"name":"Monthly customer charge for program","value":3.6,"unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["large unfunded replacement cost passed partly to ratepayers"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Replacements rose from more than 500 (December 2023) to more than 2,000 (October 2024) and 3,000 (April 2025) (refs 1-3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Citizens Energy Group (Citizens Water)","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM), Drinking Water Branch","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Indiana Utility Regulatory Commission","role":"Rate regulator"}],"public_contact":"Citizens Energy Group customer service, via the lead service line inventory portal at citizensenergygroup.com","corrective_actions":["Online lead service line inventory portal and annual customer letters (ref 1).","Full replacement of customer-owned lead lines by Citizens-contracted crews (refs 1, 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Citizens Energy Group unveils lead service line inventory portal, mailing letters to customers who own or may own lead water service lines","publisher":"Citizens Energy Group","date":"2024-10-17","url":"https://blog.citizensenergygroup.com/news/citizens-energy-group-unveils-lead-service-line-inventory-portal-mailing-letters-to-customers-who-own-or-may-own-lead-water-service-lines","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA lead pipes rule: Indianapolis replacements by Citizens Energy","publisher":"Mirror Indy","date":"2023-12-11","url":"https://mirrorindy.org/epa-lead-pipes-rule-indianapolis-replacements-citizens-energy/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Indiana water systems moving forward with removing lead pipes amid uncertainty at federal level","publisher":"WRTV Indianapolis","date":"2025-04-17","url":"https://wrtv.com/news/wrtv-investigates/indiana-water-systems-moving-forward-with-removing-lead-pipes-amid-uncertainty-at-federal-level","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record (CITIZENS)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CITIZENS/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"Water systems send letters to customers about lead service lines","publisher":"WRTV","date":"2024-11-22","url":"https://www.wrtv.com/news/wrtv-investigates/water-systems-send-letters-to-customers-about-lead-service-lines","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IN-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2025"],"conflicts":[{"field":"lead service line count","values":["more than 75,000 customers estimated (Citizens)","56,766 lead lines in the 2024 inventory, plus 39,935 unknown"],"note":"The customer estimate counts possible lead lines including unknowns; the inventory counts confirmed lead lines."}]},{"id":"US-IN-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Indiana inventories report 152,620 lead and 694,622 unknown service lines","description":"IDEM figures reported in April 2025 show 152,620 lead service lines, 20,946 galvanized lines requiring replacement and 694,622 service lines of unknown material across Indiana's public water systems. About 4,000 Indiana water systems must inventory lines and notify affected customers under the federal Lead and Copper Rule. The Indiana Finance Authority expected federal lead line replacement funds within 60 to 90 days of that report.","location":{"name":"Indiana public water systems","type":"Statewide program","state":"IN","states":["IN"],"detail":"Statewide lead service line inventories submitted to IDEM","coordinates":{"lat":39.8,"lon":-86.15,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead pipes are infrastructure whose replacement determines lead exposure in drinking water statewide.","secondary_drivers":["Lead and Copper Rule Improvements","Unknown service line materials"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"WRTV, citing IDEM, counts 152,620 lead lines statewide (ref 1); exposure is potential and varies by home.","service":"No service disruption is associated with the inventories themselves (ref 1).","scale":"The inventory covers about 4,000 water systems statewide, with 694,622 lines of unknown material (ref 1).","duration":"WRTV reported in April 2025 that Citizens alone had replaced 3,000 lines against tens of thousands remaining, and the 2026 SRF list still carries many lead line replacement requests (refs 1, 2).","significance":"About 4,000 Indiana systems must inventory lead lines and notify affected customers under the federal lead and copper rule (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Number of residents served by lead lines statewide was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"152,620 lead, 20,946 galvanized-requiring-replacement and 694,622 unknown service lines statewide (IDEM data, April 2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"Lead service lines","value":152620,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Galvanized lines requiring replacement","value":20946,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Unknown-material service lines","value":694622,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Water systems required to inventory","value":4000,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"About 4,000 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Only one statewide inventory snapshot was found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM), Drinking Water Branch","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Indiana Finance Authority","role":"State Revolving Fund administrator"}],"public_contact":"IDEM, (317) 232-8603 or toll-free (800) 451-6027 within Indiana","corrective_actions":["Statewide service line inventories compiled by IDEM (ref 1).","Lead service line replacement requests on the 2026 drinking water SRF priority list, e.g. Bluffton $28,000,000 (ref 2).","Federal lead line replacement funds routed through the Indiana Finance Authority SRF (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Indiana water systems moving forward with removing lead pipes amid uncertainty at federal level","publisher":"WRTV Indianapolis","date":"2025-04-17","url":"https://wrtv.com/news/wrtv-investigates/indiana-water-systems-moving-forward-with-removing-lead-pipes-amid-uncertainty-at-federal-level","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"2026 Drinking Water SRF Project Priority List (Final Revised 10.03.25)","publisher":"Indiana Finance Authority","date":"2025-10-03","url":"https://secure.in.gov/ifa/srf/files/DWSRF-2026-DW-Project-Priority-List-Final-Revised-10.03.25.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IN-INDIANAPOLIS-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2025","US-IN-STATEWIDE-SCHOOL-LEAD-TESTING-2024"]},{"id":"US-IN-STATEWIDE-SCHOOL-LEAD-TESTING-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lead above 15 ppb at a fixture in 36% of tested Indiana schools","description":"The Indiana Finance Authority's December 2024 report on its voluntary school and child care lead sampling program found that about 600 of more than 19,000 samples since 2019 exceeded EPA's 15 ppb action level, and that 36% of schools and 12% of child care facilities had at least one fixture above it. In 2024 alone the program tested 185 facilities enrolling more than 43,000 children. Most facilities responded by replacing faucets or posting hand-washing-only signs.","location":{"name":"Indiana schools and child care facilities","type":"Statewide program","state":"IN","states":["IN"],"detail":"Voluntary IFA Lead Sampling Program for Schools and Child Care Facilities","coordinates":{"lat":39.8,"lon":-86.15,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns lead concentrations at drinking water fixtures, a water quality issue.","secondary_drivers":["Lead in building plumbing and fixtures"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"About 3% of more than 19,000 school and child care samples exceeded the 15 ppb lead action level (ref 1).","service":"Affected fixtures were replaced or signed for hand-washing only; 12% of remediations used such signage (ref 1).","scale":"Nearly 500 facilities statewide have been tested, and 2024 testing alone covered more than 43,000 enrolled children (ref 1).","duration":"Exceedances have been found across the program's run from 2019 through 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"Participation is voluntary and the report notes no regulatory violation; it is a legislatively required annual report (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":43000,"status":"Reported","note":"Children enrolled in the 185 facilities tested in 2024 (ref 1); cumulative exposure population not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"36% of schools and 12% of child care facilities tested since 2019 had at least one fixture above 15 ppb lead."},"measures":[{"name":"Samples above 15 ppb","value":600,"unit":"samples","status":"Reported","note":"Approximately 600 of over 19,000 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Schools with at least one exceedance","value":36,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Child care facilities with at least one exceedance","value":12,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Facilities tested in 2024","value":185,"unit":"facilities","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The report gives cumulative rates rather than a year-by-year exceedance trend."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Indiana Finance Authority","role":"Program administrator"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM), Drinking Water Branch","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Indiana Finance Authority Lead Sampling Program, in.gov/ifa/lead-sampling-program","corrective_actions":["Faucet replacement at 72% of remediation actions (ref 1).","Remediation grants for facilities serving disadvantaged communities through January 2026 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Indiana Finance Authority's 2024 Lead Sampling Program Annual Report","publisher":"Indiana Finance Authority","date":"2024-12","url":"https://in.gov/ifa/files/LSP-Legislative-Report-2024.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IN-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2025"]},{"id":"US-IN-PENDLETON-PRISON-LEGIONELLA-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Pendleton Correctional Facility Legionnaires' outbreak settled for $2.4 million","description":"A Legionnaires' disease outbreak declared at Pendleton Correctional Facility on December 1, 2021 was traced to biofilm in the prison's aging water pipes, and one prisoner died. In a settlement letter dated September 10, 2025, the Indiana Department of Correction and its medical contractor agreed to pay $2.4 million to 502 plaintiffs in federal court. Remaining pipe redesign work depended on state funding in the 2026 legislative session.","location":{"name":"Pendleton Correctional Facility","type":"State correctional facility (building water system)","state":"IN","states":["IN"],"detail":"Madison County; Pendleton, about 25 miles northeast of Indianapolis","coordinates":{"lat":39.9975,"lon":-85.7466,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Madison"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Legionella growth in neglected building plumbing (infrastructure) caused waterborne illness (quality).","secondary_drivers":["Legionella in premise plumbing","Deferred maintenance"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"One prisoner died and more than 500 reported illness; four plaintiffs tested positive and were hospitalized (ref 1).","service":"Hot water was shut off in affected units during the source investigation; drinking water and toilets were said to be unaffected (ref 2).","scale":"The settlement covered 502 plaintiffs at one prison (ref 1).","duration":"The outbreak began in 2021 and the remaining plumbing redesign was still awaiting 2026 legislative funding when the case settled (ref 1).","significance":"Federal lawsuit Jackson v. Holcomb in the Southern District of Indiana settled for $2.4 million in September 2025 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":502,"status":"Reported","note":"Plaintiffs covered by the settlement (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$2.4 million settlement with 502 prisoners over Legionnaires' outbreak traced to pipe biofilm (letter dated September 10, 2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"Settlement total","value":2400000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Plaintiffs","value":502,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Deaths","value":1,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"New mixing valves with temperature alarms were installed; the remaining redesign awaited funding (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Indiana Department of Correction","role":"Facility owner and operator"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Health","role":"Outbreak investigation"}],"public_contact":"Indiana Department of Correction, in.gov/idoc","corrective_actions":["New mixing valves that alert officials when water temperatures favor Legionella growth (ref 1); DOC also promised pipe replacement, improved shower-head filters and more frequent testing (ref 1).","Contract awarded for remaining water system redesign, pending 2026 legislative funding (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"$2.4 Million Paid to Indiana Prisoners Sickened With Legionnaire's Disease by Contaminated Water","publisher":"Prison Legal News","date":"2025-11-01","url":"https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/news/2025/nov/1/24-million-paid-to-indiana-prisoners-sickened-with-legionnaires-disease-by-contaminated-water/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Legionnaires outbreak reported at central Indiana prison","publisher":"Indianapolis Business Journal","date":"2021-12-02","url":"https://www.ibj.com/articles/legionnaires-outbreak-reported-at-central-indiana-prison","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Whether the 2026 General Assembly funded the remaining redesign"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IN-TERRE-HAUTE-PFAS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Indiana American Water Terre Haute wells exceed federal PFAS limits","description":"Raw water from Wells 6 and 8 at Indiana American Water's Terre Haute treatment facility exceeds the federal PFAS maximum contaminant levels, according to a February 2026 State Revolving Fund environmental review. The utility announced in April 2026 a granular activated carbon treatment plant, its second PFAS system in Indiana, with groundbreaking in summer 2026 and completion expected in mid-2028. Cost estimates differ between the company ($19 million, about $14 million SRF) and the SRF review ($30.4 million).","location":{"name":"Indiana American Water - Terre Haute","type":"Investor-owned utility service area","state":"IN","states":["IN"],"detail":"Vigo County; Terre Haute water treatment facility, Harrison Township","coordinates":{"lat":39.4667,"lon":-87.4139,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Vigo"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IN5284012"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns PFAS concentrations in source wells above enforceable drinking water limits.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS in groundwater","2024 federal PFAS rule"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The IFA review states that raw water from Wells 6 and 8 exceeds the PFAS Rule's MCL for the regulated compounds (ref 1).","service":"No service restriction or advisory was reported for Terre Haute customers (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The system serves 67,765 people per SDWIS (ref 4); the SRF list gives 61,378 (ref 3).","duration":"Treatment is not expected online until mid-2028, so the exceedance persists for more than a year (ref 2).","significance":"The project is ranked on the state's 2026 drinking water SRF priority list with an emerging contaminant (PFAS) flag (ref 3); no violation has been issued."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":67765,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Raw water from Wells 6 and 8 exceeds the federal PFAS MCL (IFA, February 26, 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Estimated project cost (SRF review)","value":30420000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Estimated project cost (company)","value":19000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"About $19 million, of which about $14 million SRF (ref 2)."},{"name":"GAC vessels planned","value":8,"unit":"vessels","status":"Reported","note":"12-ft diameter, lead-lag (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No PFAS concentration series for the wells was published in the sources found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Indiana American Water","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM), Drinking Water Branch","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Indiana Finance Authority","role":"SRF lender"}],"public_contact":"Indiana American Water External Affairs, (317) 885-2434","corrective_actions":["New GAC treatment building with eight pressure vessels and 1,900 feet of raw water piping from Wells 6 and 8 (ref 1).","Construction contract awarded to Reynolds Construction; completion expected mid-2028 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Preliminary Decision of Categorical Exclusion: Indiana American Water Terre Haute PFAS Treatment (DW 24 51 84 00)","publisher":"Indiana Finance Authority, State Revolving Fund","date":"2026-02-26","url":"https://secure.in.gov/ifa/srf/files/IAW-Terre-Haute-DW-PFAS-Treatment-CE-2.26.26.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Indiana American Water Launches Major PFAS Treatment Project to Strengthen Terre Haute Water Quality","publisher":"American Water (Indiana American Water)","date":"2026-04-07","url":"https://newsroom.amwater.com/2026-04-07-Indiana-American-Water-Launches-Major-PFAS-Treatment-Project-to-Strengthen-Terre-Haute-Water-Quality","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"2026 Drinking Water SRF Project Priority List (Final Revised 10.03.25)","publisher":"Indiana Finance Authority","date":"2025-10-03","url":"https://secure.in.gov/ifa/srf/files/DWSRF-2026-DW-Project-Priority-List-Final-Revised-10.03.25.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record (TERRE HAUTE)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/TERRE%20HAUTE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Measured PFAS concentrations in Wells 6 and 8"],"related_ids":["US-IN-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-IN-CHARLESTOWN-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-IN-WABASH-TREATY-CREEK-PFAS-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Treaty Creek PFAS: private wells over new federal PFOS limit near Wabash","description":"After Indiana American Water found PFAS in raw water from one of its wells and in Treaty Creek in 2021 and took the well out of service, IDEM tested private wells along the creek in Wabash County and installed filters in homes over health levels. In April 2024 IDEM re-evaluated earlier samples against the new federal limits and found three wells above the 4 ppt PFOS standard. IDEM linked the highest soil levels to areas where a soil amendment was applied and said it was still working to identify the source.","location":{"name":"Treaty Creek corridor","type":"Stream corridor and private well area","state":"IN","states":["IN"],"detail":"Wabash County; Treaty Creek near the city of Wabash","coordinates":{"lat":40.7978,"lon":-85.8205,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Wabash"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in creek water, soil and private drinking water wells is a water quality problem.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS from land-applied soil amendment (suspected)","2024 federal PFAS rule"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Three private wells exceeded EPA's 70 ppt advisory in 2022, and IDEM's April 2024 re-evaluation found three samples above the new 4 ppt PFOS MCL (ref 1).","service":"A public supply well was removed from service in 2021 and IDEM installed filtration equipment at affected homes at no cost (ref 1).","scale":"About 65 properties within 300 feet of the creek were offered testing; 44 agreed in the first round (ref 1).","duration":"The investigation has run from July 2021 through the May 2024 resampling, with the source still unidentified (ref 1).","significance":"This is a state site-of-special-interest investigation with state-funded filtration, not an enforcement action (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Number of residents on affected private wells not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"IDEM found three private-well samples above the 4 ppt PFOS MCL when it re-evaluated results in April 2024."},"measures":[{"name":"Private wells sampled, first round","value":44,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"April 2022 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Wells above new PFOS MCL on re-evaluation","value":3,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"April 2024 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"IDEM's last posted update was the May 29, 2024 resampling (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM), Drinking Water Branch","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Health","role":"Health guidance"},{"name":"Indiana American Water","role":"Reported the initial well detection"}],"public_contact":"IDEM drinking water testing, (800) 541-6027","corrective_actions":["Filtration installed at no cost in homes above health levels (ref 1).","Resampling of wells above the new PFOS limit; one treated home showed non-detect PFAS on May 29, 2024 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Treaty Creek (Site of Special Interest)","publisher":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management","date":"2024-06","url":"https://www.in.gov/idem/cleanups/sites-of-special-interest/treaty-creek","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["PFAS concentrations in creek and wells","Confirmed source"],"related_ids":["US-IN-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-IN-INDIANAPOLIS-VINYL-CHLORIDE-WELLS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Vinyl chloride in Indianapolis groundwater near Citizens Riverside Wellfield","description":"Chlorinated solvents including vinyl chloride were found in residential wells near the 2300 block of West Minnesota Street in Indianapolis, and IDEM is investigating the source of groundwater contamination discovered in Citizens Energy Group's Riverside Wellfield, which feeds a blended system serving 345,134 residents. IDEM says finished Citizens water has no vinyl chloride detections, but planned summer 2024 sampling of private and business wells because impacts there were unknown.","location":{"name":"West Minnesota Street / Riverside Wellfield","type":"Groundwater contamination site near a public wellfield","state":"IN","states":["IN"],"detail":"Marion County; near the Eagle Creek bridge, southwest of downtown Indianapolis","coordinates":{"lat":39.7684,"lon":-86.1581,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Marion"],"extent":"site","pwsid":"IN5249004"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Solvent contamination in groundwater used by private wells and a public wellfield is a water quality problem.","secondary_drivers":["Chlorinated solvent plume","Unknown source"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Vinyl chloride, a known human carcinogen, was detected in residential wells; Citizens' finished water does not exceed MCLs (ref 1).","service":"No advisory for Citizens customers was reported; private well impacts were still being assessed (ref 1).","scale":"The Riverside Wellfield supplies a blended system serving 345,134 residents (ref 1).","duration":"Contamination was first detected in 2016 and the source was still unidentified when IDEM began its 2024 investigation (ref 1).","significance":"IDEM is conducting a Site Inspection under a cooperative agreement with U.S. EPA (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":345134,"status":"Reported","note":"Residents in the blended system supplied by the Riverside Wellfield (ref 1); private well users affected not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Groundwater contamination discovered in the Riverside Wellfield, supplying a blended system of 345,134 residents; source unknown."},"measures":[{"name":"Residents in blended system fed by Riverside Wellfield","value":345134,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"2024 private-well sampling results were not found in public sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM), Drinking Water Branch","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 5","role":"Site investigation funding partner"},{"name":"Citizens Energy Group","role":"Wellfield operator"}],"public_contact":"IDEM Office of Land Quality Site Investigation Program, 317-232-5675","corrective_actions":["IDEM Site Inspection with free sampling of private and business wells in summer 2024 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Fact Sheet: West Minnesota Street Groundwater Contamination Investigation (WE0824L)","publisher":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management","date":"2024","url":"https://in.gov/idem/files/factsheet_olq_si_w_minn_st.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record (CITIZENS)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CITIZENS/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["2024 private well sampling results","Vinyl chloride concentrations"],"related_ids":["US-IN-INDIANAPOLIS-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2025"]},{"id":"US-IN-EVANSVILLE-PFAS-OHIO-RIVER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Evansville shifts to groundwater blend to avoid PFAS treatment of Ohio River water","description":"Evansville Water and Sewer Utility said its Ohio River source carries PFAS at actionable levels and that adding PFAS treatment to a planned $260 million river plant would cost about $100 million more. In September 2025 the utility board approved a design for a new groundwater treatment plant and wells blended with river water plus a renovation of the South Water Treatment Plant. The groundwater has no detectable PFAS, and design of up to nine months was to be followed by two to three years of construction.","location":{"name":"Evansville Water and Sewer Utility","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"IN","states":["IN"],"detail":"Vanderburgh County; Ohio River intake and South Water Treatment Plant","coordinates":{"lat":37.9716,"lon":-87.5711,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Vanderburgh"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IN5282002"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"PFAS in the Ohio River source (quality) is driving a major plant and source redesign (infrastructure).","secondary_drivers":["PFAS in Ohio River","2024 federal PFAS rule"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"EWSU's director said the Ohio River source has PFAS at actionable levels; no concentrations were published (ref 1).","service":"No customer advisory was associated with the river PFAS (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The utility serves 182,444 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Planning began in October 2024; after a design phase of up to nine months, construction could take two or three years (refs 1, 3).","significance":"The new plant is on the state drinking water SRF priority list with an emerging contaminant (PFAS) flag (ref 5) and follows an EPA consent decree that compelled new projects (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":182444,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFAS treatment on the Ohio River plant would have added about $100 million to a $260 million plant (EWSU, October 2024)."},"measures":[{"name":"Added cost of PFAS treatment for river-only plant","value":100000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Planned river plant cost before pivot","value":260000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Test well yield","value":24,"unit":"million gallons in 24 hours","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"SRF request, new water treatment plant","value":249000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 5."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["large capital program financed by rates and SRF loans"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Utility chose a groundwater blend expected to avoid river PFAS treatment; design to take six to nine months from September 2025 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Evansville Water and Sewer Utility (EWSU)","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM), Drinking Water Branch","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Evansville Water and Sewer Utility customer service","corrective_actions":["Nearly $5 million Black & Veatch design contract approved September 16, 2025 for a groundwater-blend plant (ref 3).","Renovation of the existing South Water Treatment Plant (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Facing expensive PFAS filtering requirements, EWSU will look in the ground for another water source","publisher":"WNIN","date":"2024-10-02","url":"https://news.wnin.org/2024-10-02/facing-expensive-pfas-filtering-requirements-ewsu-will-look-in-the-ground-for-another-water-source-pause-current-plant-planning","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"EWSU board members approve construction of groundwater plant","publisher":"WFIE 14 News","date":"2025-09-15","url":"https://www.14news.com/2025/09/15/ewsu-officials-announce-major-cost-saving-shift-water-supply-strategy/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Engineering phase for new EWSU water plant could take nine months","publisher":"WNIN","date":"2025-09-17","url":"https://news.wnin.org/2025-09-17/engineering-phase-for-new-ewsu-water-plant-could-take-nine-months","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record (Evansville Water Utility)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/IN5282002/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2026 Drinking Water SRF Project Priority List (Final Revised 10.03.25)","publisher":"Indiana Finance Authority","date":"2025-10-03","url":"https://secure.in.gov/ifa/srf/files/DWSRF-2026-DW-Project-Priority-List-Final-Revised-10.03.25.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Measured PFAS concentrations in Evansville source and finished water"],"related_ids":["US-IN-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-IN-EVANSVILLE-WATER-PLANT-REPLACEMENT-2025"]},{"id":"US-IN-LAPEL-DISCOLORED-WATER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lapel residents press town over recurring brown water, iron and manganese","description":"Residents of Lapel in Madison County packed an October 16, 2025 town council meeting over tap water that often runs rust-colored or yellow, with some drinking only bottled water. The town says the water meets Indiana standards and attributes discoloration to naturally occurring iron and manganese and 60- to 80-year-old cast iron mains, but its attorney said no manganese testing records exist. Officials put water main replacement at over $30 million, which could roughly quadruple rates.","location":{"name":"Lapel Municipal Water Company","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"IN","states":["IN"],"detail":"Madison County; town of Lapel","coordinates":{"lat":40.0684,"lon":-85.8483,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Madison"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IN5248013"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Aging cast iron mains and mineral content (infrastructure) produce discolored water (quality) with an affordability barrier to fixing it.","secondary_drivers":["Iron and manganese","Aging cast iron mains","Small-system affordability"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"An engineer cited a high iron test, and the town's attorney said no manganese test records exist (ref 1); no health exceedance is documented.","service":"Faucets periodically run rust-colored or yellow and some residents rely on bottled water; a bottled water drive was organized (ref 1).","scale":"The town system serves 2,379 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"One resident told the council he had heard the town was working on it for 10 years (ref 1).","significance":"No regulatory notice or violation was issued; the issue surfaced through public comment at the council (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":2379,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Water main replacement estimated at over $30 million, which could roughly quadruple Lapel water rates."},"measures":[{"name":"Estimated main replacement cost","value":30000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Over $30 million (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["capital need could roughly quadruple rates for a system of about 2,400 people"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Residents describe a decade-long recurring problem with no fix scheduled (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Lapel","role":"Water system owner"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM), Drinking Water Branch","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Town of Lapel town hall","corrective_actions":["Councilor working with CDS Engineers on options (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Councilors say Indiana town's brown water is safe to drink. Residents demand transparency","publisher":"IndyStar via Yahoo News","date":"2025-10-17","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/councilors-indiana-towns-brown-water-132621342.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record (LAPEL)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LAPEL/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Manganese test results"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IN-TIPPECANOE-WABASH-AQUIFER-TRANSFER-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Proposed Wabash aquifer withdrawal and 35-mile transfer to LEAP district","description":"The Indiana Economic Development Corp. proposed pumping up to 100 million gallons a day from the Wabash River alluvial aquifer in Tippecanoe County and piping it about 35 miles to the LEAP district in Boone County. Test pumping drew resident complaints of lost pressure and sediment, Tippecanoe County adopted and extended a moratorium on exporting more than 5 MGD, and a state-commissioned study found three collector wells could yield 30 to 57 MGD with simulated drawdown of up to 20 feet on adjacent parcels. In 2025 Indiana enacted Senate Enrolled Act 4, requiring permits for basin-to-basin transfers and long-haul pipelines.","location":{"name":"Wabash River alluvial aquifer, Tippecanoe County","type":"Aquifer / proposed well field","state":"IN","states":["IN"],"detail":"Test sites on the south bank of the Wabash River downstream of West Lafayette, Tippecanoe County; proposed destination LEAP Lebanon district, Boone County","coordinates":{"lat":40.39,"lon":-86.89,"precision":"county","source_ref":3},"counties":["Tippecanoe","Boone"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"IN5279013"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["water-rights","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is the quantity of groundwater that could be withdrawn and moved out of the basin.","secondary_drivers":["Industrial development demand","Absence of prior permitting for large withdrawals"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Residents up to 2 miles from the 2023 test site reported foul odors, lost water pressure and sediment (ref 1); the state study simulated groundwater drawdown of up to 20 feet at adjacent parcels at 57 MGD (ref 3).","service":"Nearby households reported reduced pressure and sediment during test pumping (ref 1); no utility outage is documented.","scale":"The proposal sought 100 million gallons a day from an aquifer used by Lafayette Water Works, which serves 70,835 people (refs 1, 7); Attica, Shadeland, Lafayette and West Lafayette all opposed it (ref 1).","duration":"The dispute ran from 2023 test pumping through a moratorium extended to September 2025 (ref 2) and 2025 legislation (ref 4).","significance":"Tippecanoe County commissioners imposed and unanimously extended a moratorium on exporting more than 5 MGD (ref 2), and the governor signed Senate Enrolled Act 4 creating transfer permits on April 22, 2025 (ref 4)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":70835,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Lafayette Water Works, which draws on the same aquifer, per SDWIS (ref 7); not a count of people harmed."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Simulations suggest a conservative lower bound of 30 MGD and an upper bound of up to 57 MGD for three collector wells, with simulated groundwater level reductions of up to 20 feet at adjacent parcels (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Originally sought withdrawal","value":100,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"IEDC target (ref 1)."},{"name":"Upper-bound collector well yield, three sites","value":57,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"INTERA executive summary, March 20, 2024 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Simulated drawdown at adjacent parcels","value":20,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Up to 20 feet (ref 3)."},{"name":"County export moratorium threshold","value":5,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Tippecanoe County moratorium (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"The state paused the Wabash pipeline while studies ran; LEAP's near-term supply shifted to a Citizens Energy extension (ref 5), but Lebanon's mayor has not ruled out a later Wabash pipeline (ref 6)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Indiana Economic Development Corporation","role":"Project proponent"},{"name":"Indiana Finance Authority","role":"Study oversight"},{"name":"Tippecanoe County Board of Commissioners","role":"Local moratorium"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Natural Resources","role":"Water withdrawal and transfer permitting under SEA 4"}],"public_contact":"Indiana Finance Authority, Water Resources: WaterResources@ifa.in.gov","corrective_actions":["Governor moved oversight of the water study from the IEDC to the Indiana Finance Authority (ref 1).","Tippecanoe County extended its moratorium on exports above 5 MGD and on radial collector wells into September 2025 (ref 2).","Senate Enrolled Act 4 (2025) requires DNR permits for basin-to-basin transfers and IURC approval for long-haul pipelines (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Proposed pipeline stirs questions about who controls Indiana's water","publisher":"Indianapolis Business Journal","date":"2023-11-24","url":"https://www.ibj.com/articles/proposed-pipeline-stirs-questions-about-who-controls-indianas-water","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Tippecanoe County extends pipeline moratorium as IEDC eyes other water options for LEAP","publisher":"Inside Indiana Business / IBJ","date":"2024-08-22","url":"https://www.insideindianabusiness.com/articles/tippecanoe-county-extends-pipeline-moratorium-as-iedc-eyes-other-water-options-for-leap","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Riverbank Filtration Along the Wabash River in Tippecanoe County: Executive Summary","publisher":"INTERA for the State of Indiana (Indiana Finance Authority)","date":"2024-03-20","url":"https://www.in.gov/ifa/files/1-EXECUTIVE-SUMMARY-Wabash-Aquifer-Characterization-and-Yield-03-20-24.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Koch legislation to protect Indiana's water signed by governor","publisher":"Indiana Senate Republicans","date":"2025-04-23","url":"https://www.indianasenaterepublicans.com/koch-legislation-to-protect-indiana-s-water-signed-by-governor","basis":"Legislative record"},{"ref":5,"title":"Proposed Citizens LEAP pipeline approved for $325M in state loans","publisher":"Indianapolis Business Journal","date":"2024-09-20","url":"https://www.ibj.com/articles/proposed-citizens-leap-pipeline-approved-for-325m-in-state-loans","basis":"News report"},{"ref":6,"title":"Potential water project poised to deliver 25M gallons a day to LEAP District, Lebanon","publisher":"Indianapolis Business Journal","date":"2024-08-16","url":"https://www.ibj.com/articles/new-citizens-project-poised-to-deliver-25m-gallons-a-day-to-leap-district-lebanon","basis":"News report"},{"ref":7,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Lafayette Water Works","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LAFAYETTE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":8,"title":"New water study omits future industrial uses, including LEAP District, in Wabash basin","publisher":"Indianapolis Star (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-01-16","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/water-study-omits-future-industrial-141841480.html","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":8,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IN-LEBANON-LEAP-WATER-SUPPLY-2025","US-IN-STATEWIDE-WATER-TRANSFER-LAW-2025"]},{"id":"US-IN-LEBANON-LEAP-WATER-SUPPLY-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lebanon water capacity limits and $550M+ Citizens supply program for LEAP district","description":"Lebanon Utilities has about 4.6 million gallons a day of capacity, and in June 2024 the mayor said the city could not support more commercial or residential development until a water solution was found. The state approved $325 million in revolving-fund loans for a Citizens Energy program to deliver up to 25 MGD to Lebanon by 2031 through 53 miles of new mains and expanded Indianapolis treatment plants. Residents near Eagle Creek Reservoir have questioned effects on the reservoir and asked for an updated survey.","location":{"name":"Lebanon Utilities / LEAP district","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"IN","states":["IN"],"detail":"City of Lebanon and LEAP Lebanon Innovation District, Boone County; supply from Citizens Water treatment plants in Marion County","coordinates":{"lat":40.048,"lon":-86.469,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Boone","Marion","Hamilton"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"IN5206003"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Local source capacity is short of industrial demand, and the remedy is a large transmission and treatment build-out.","secondary_drivers":["Pharmaceutical and advanced-manufacturing demand","Limited local groundwater"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health or environmental damage is documented; Eagle Creek residents' concerns about wildlife and reservoir levels remain disputed (ref 3).","service":"Lebanon's mayor said in June 2024 the city lacked capacity to support further commercial or residential development, and most projects stalled (ref 1).","scale":"Lebanon Utilities serves 16,840 people per SDWIS (ref 6), with a planned 25 MGD wholesale supply that compares with Lebanon's current capacity of about 4.6 MGD (ref 1).","duration":"The capacity limit dates to at least June 2024, and full 25 MGD delivery is not targeted until 2031 (refs 1, 3).","significance":"The Indiana Finance Authority approved $200 million in loans to Citizens and $125 million to Lebanon Utilities in September 2024 (ref 2); no enforcement action is involved."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":16840,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Lebanon Utilities per SDWIS (ref 6)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Up to 2 MGD by 2027, 10 MGD by 2028 and 25 MGD by 2031, with costs expected at $550 to $560 million under a $700 million ceiling (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Lebanon Utilities current capacity","value":4.6,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"About 4.6 MGD (ref 1)."},{"name":"Planned wholesale supply by 2031","value":25,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"State revolving fund loans approved","value":325,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"$200M Citizens, $125M Lebanon Utilities (ref 2)."},{"name":"New water mains","value":53,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Large debt-financed build-out tied to a single development district (refs 2, 3)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Construction was expected to pick up in 2026 with first deliveries targeted for 2027 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Lebanon Utilities","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Citizens Energy Group","role":"Wholesale supplier"},{"name":"Indiana Finance Authority","role":"State revolving fund lender"},{"name":"Indiana Economic Development Corporation","role":"LEAP district developer"}],"public_contact":"Indiana Finance Authority, Water Resources: WaterResources@ifa.in.gov","corrective_actions":["IFA approved $325 million in State Revolving Fund loans (ref 2).","Citizens is expanding the White River North and T.W. Moses treatment plants and adding mains, boosters and storage (refs 3, 4).","Citizens and Lebanon Utilities held a public Q&A on the program in February 2026 (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Potential water project poised to deliver 25M gallons a day to LEAP District, Lebanon","publisher":"Indianapolis Business Journal","date":"2024-08-16","url":"https://www.ibj.com/articles/new-citizens-project-poised-to-deliver-25m-gallons-a-day-to-leap-district-lebanon","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Proposed Citizens LEAP pipeline approved for $325M in state loans","publisher":"Indianapolis Business Journal","date":"2024-09-20","url":"https://www.ibj.com/articles/proposed-citizens-leap-pipeline-approved-for-325m-in-state-loans","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"$700 million project will send millions of gallons of water from Indy to LEAP district","publisher":"Indianapolis Star (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-12-10","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/700-million-project-send-millions-101445117.html","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Community members speak directly to Lebanon Utilities, Citizens Energy Group about LEAP district water deal","publisher":"WRTV","date":"2026-02-11","url":"https://www.wrtv.com/?p=2627374","basis":"News report"},{"ref":5,"title":"New Wabash watershed study finds supply should meet demand with proper management","publisher":"Indianapolis Business Journal","date":"2025-01-08","url":"https://www.ibj.com/articles/wabash-watershed-study-shows-demand-within-means-as-leap-district-awaits-new-water-source","basis":"News report"},{"ref":6,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Lebanon Utilities","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LEBANON/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IN-TIPPECANOE-WABASH-AQUIFER-TRANSFER-2023","US-IN-CENTRAL-INDIANA-SUPPLY-GAP-2024","US-IN-STATEWIDE-WATER-TRANSFER-LAW-2025"]},{"id":"US-IN-CENTRAL-INDIANA-SUPPLY-GAP-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Central Indiana public water demand projected to outgrow local supplies","description":"State-funded and Indiana Chamber studies project Central Indiana will need roughly 50 million more gallons a day for drinking water, with total demand in the nine-county region rising by 111 MGD by 2070. The Indiana Finance Authority study found some sub-basins already have annual deficits and that water is very limited outside the White River corridor; a 2024 Chamber update said future supply may fall short as the region grows. Indianapolis's utility, Citizens Water, is also now committed to supplying up to 25 MGD to Lebanon.","location":{"name":"Central Indiana (Indianapolis region)","type":"Regional water planning area","state":"IN","states":["IN"],"detail":"Nine-county Central Indiana planning region: Boone, Hamilton, Hancock, Hendricks, Johnson, Madison, Marion, Morgan and Shelby counties","coordinates":{"lat":39.768,"lon":-86.158,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Marion","Hamilton","Boone","Hancock","Hendricks","Johnson","Madison","Morgan","Shelby"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"IN5249004"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is long-run source water availability relative to demand.","secondary_drivers":["Population and commercial growth","Seasonal lawn-watering peaks","New industrial demand"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No water-quality or ecological harm is tied to this projection; the studies describe future supply risk (refs 1, 2).","service":"No current restrictions are cited; the risk is a future peak-season shortfall (ref 1).","scale":"Citizens Water - Indianapolis serves 880,345 people per SDWIS (ref 5), and Marion and Hamilton counties account for 76% of the region's public supply (ref 1).","duration":"The demand gap was identified in the 2021 IFA study and reaffirmed by the August 2024 Chamber update (refs 1, 2), and runs through 2070.","significance":"The finding comes from the Indiana Finance Authority's formal regional study (ref 1) and fed the 2025 legislative debate over transfers (ref 3); no regulatory order is involved."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":880345,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Citizens Water - Indianapolis per SDWIS (ref 5); the planning region is larger."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"By 2070 the region will use an additional 111 MGD; almost half of the increase (~50 MGD) will be needed to supply drinking water (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Projected demand increase by 2070","value":111,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"From 385 MGD to 495 MGD (ref 1)."},{"name":"Additional drinking-water supply needed","value":50,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Approximately, by 2050 to 2070 (refs 1, 4)."},{"name":"Possible supply expansion along White River corridor","value":50,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Up to 50 MGD (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"New wholesale commitments such as the 25 MGD Lebanon supply add to regional demand (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Citizens Energy Group","role":"Largest regional water utility"},{"name":"Indiana Finance Authority","role":"Regional water planning"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Natural Resources","role":"Water resource management"}],"public_contact":"Indiana Finance Authority, Water Resources: WaterResources@ifa.in.gov","corrective_actions":["Citizens converted a retired quarry next to Geist Reservoir into drought storage, described as full and ready for use (ref 4).","The IFA study identified White River corridor expansion and conservation as options (ref 1).","The Indiana Chamber urged a single statewide water planning lead and more monitoring (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Central Indiana Water Study: Future Demand, Availability, Options (Executive Summary)","publisher":"Indiana Finance Authority","date":"2021-01-01","url":"https://www.in.gov/ifa/files/Central-Indiana-Water-Study-Exec-Summary.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Chamber: Indiana needs a statewide water plan to avoid conflicts over development","publisher":"WFYI News (via WVXU)","date":"2024-08-19","url":"https://www.wvxu.org/2024-08-19/chamber-indiana-needs-a-statewide-water-plan-to-avoid-conflicts-over-development","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"$700 million project will send millions of gallons of water from Indy to LEAP district","publisher":"Indianapolis Star (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-12-10","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/700-million-project-send-millions-101445117.html","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Aging water systems, increasing demand require heavy investment","publisher":"Indianapolis Business Journal","date":"2021-04-09","url":"https://www.ibj.com/articles/aging-water-systems-increasing-demand-require-heavy-investment","basis":"News report"},{"ref":5,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Citizens Water - Indianapolis","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CITIZENS/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"Indiana should plan to meet future water demands, study shows","publisher":"Mary Scott Nabers / Strategic Partnerships Inc.","date":"2024-08-23","url":"https://maryscottnabers.com/2024/08/23/indiana-should-plan-to-meet-future-water-demands-study-shows/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IN-LEBANON-LEAP-WATER-SUPPLY-2025"]},{"id":"US-IN-NORTHERN-INDIANA-DROUGHT-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Extreme drought across north-central and northeast Indiana, fall 2025 to spring 2026","description":"A flash drought in late summer and fall 2025 brought extreme drought (D3) to parts of Allen, Adams, Cass and Miami counties, with Upper Wabash and Maumee streamflows below 10% of normal and Fort Wayne on track for its driest year on record. Counties enacted burn bans in October 2025. Extreme drought persisted along the US 24 corridor into March 2026, and by late April 2026 the National Weather Service reported no drought in northern Indiana.","location":{"name":"North-central and northeast Indiana","type":"Multi-county drought area","state":"IN","states":["IN"],"detail":"Counties along and south of US 24, including Allen, Adams, Cass, Miami, Grant and Blackford; Fort Wayne area","coordinates":{"lat":41.079,"lon":-85.139,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Allen","Adams","Cass","Miami","Grant","Blackford","Huntington","Wabash"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Precipitation deficits cut streamflow and soil moisture across the region.","secondary_drivers":["Precipitation deficit","Heat"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"NWS reported some creeks stopped flowing and Upper Wabash and Maumee streamflows below 10% of normal (refs 1, 2).","service":"No public water system restrictions were found in the cited statements; impacts were burn bans and agriculture (ref 1).","scale":"D3 or D2 covered all Indiana counties along and south of US 24 in November 2025 (ref 2), and over 92% of the state was at least abnormally dry on September 30, 2025 (ref 3).","duration":"Drought ran from late summer 2025 until NWS reported no drought areas on April 21, 2026 (refs 3, 5), roughly seven months.","significance":"Countywide burn bans were in place in northern and central Indiana per the Indiana Department of Homeland Security map cited by NWS (ref 1); no state water shortage declaration was found."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure for the drought area was published in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Fort Wayne is experiencing its driest year on record with a precipitation deficit of ~14\" for the year-to-date (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Fort Wayne year-to-date precipitation deficit","value":14,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"As of November 18, 2025 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Marion Aug-Sep 2025 precipitation below normal","value":5.26,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"Driest such period in over 131 years (ref 3)."},{"name":"Upper Wabash and Maumee 7-day streamflow","value":10,"unit":"percent of normal (less than)","status":"Reported","note":"November 2025 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Drought eased in March 2026 and NWS reported no drought areas on April 21, 2026 (refs 4, 5)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"National Weather Service, Northern Indiana","role":"Drought information statements"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Natural Resources","role":"State water shortage plan"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Homeland Security","role":"Burn ban tracking"}],"public_contact":"NWS Northern Indiana: 574-834-1104","corrective_actions":["Counties enacted burn bans in October 2025 (ref 1).","NWS issued recurring drought information statements through 2026 (refs 1, 2, 4, 5)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drought Information Statement, Northern IN, Southern MI, Northwest OH (valid October 7, 2025)","publisher":"National Weather Service Northern Indiana","date":"2025-10-09","url":"https://www.weather.gov/media/iwx/DGT/DGT_IWX_10072025.txt","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Drought Information Statement (valid November 18, 2025)","publisher":"National Weather Service Northern Indiana","date":"2025-11-20","url":"https://www.weather.gov/media/iwx/DGT/DGT_IWX_11182025.txt","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Drought Conditions Improve In Southern Indiana, Worsen In Northern Areas","publisher":"Purdue Extension Pest&Crop Newsletter (Indiana State Climate Office)","date":"2025-10-03","url":"https://extension.entm.purdue.edu/newsletters/pestandcrop/article/drought-conditions-improve-in-southern-indiana-worsen-in-northern-areas","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Drought Information Statement (valid March 19, 2026)","publisher":"National Weather Service Northern Indiana","date":"2026-03-19","url":"https://www.weather.gov/media/iwx/DGT/DGT_IWX_03192026.pdf","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":5,"title":"Drought Information Statement (valid April 21, 2026)","publisher":"National Weather Service Northern Indiana","date":"2026-04-24","url":"https://www.weather.gov/media/iwx/DGT/DGT_IWX_04242026.txt","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IN-NEW-CARLISLE-KANKAKEE-AQUIFER-WELLS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Domestic well failures near New Carlisle data center and EV plant construction","description":"Residents east of New Carlisle reported shallow domestic wells failing after construction dewatering began for Amazon's data center campus and a GM-linked plant on the Kankakee Aquifer, and the Indiana DNR investigated six wells in 2025. DNR attributed the failures to drought and said groundwater levels were consistent with historic levels, but did not release supporting studies, and a Notre Dame hydrologist disputes that drought alone explains them. St. Joseph County capped industrial and other aquifer pumping at 24 MGD against an estimated safe yield of 44 MGD. In March 2026 the St. Joseph County Drainage Board tabled Amazon's request to pump 35 million gallons of groundwater a day for 546 days into the Niespodziany Ditch.","location":{"name":"Kankakee Aquifer near New Carlisle","type":"Aquifer / private domestic wells","state":"IN","states":["IN"],"detail":"Unincorporated area east of New Carlisle near the Indiana Enterprise Center, St. Joseph County; Hudson Lake area, LaPorte County","coordinates":{"lat":41.703,"lon":-86.509,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["St. Joseph","LaPorte"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy","drought-scarcity","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The dispute is over groundwater levels and well yield near large construction dewatering and planned withdrawals.","secondary_drivers":["Data center construction dewatering","Drought"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Aquifer peak stress could reach 35.5 MGD, about 80% of safe yield, per Notre Dame analysis (ref 4); a hydrologist says drought plus pumping are causing impacts (ref 2).","service":"One resident went 18 months without running water after her well went dry and sold her home at a loss (ref 4); another family's problems persisted from December 2024 (ref 2).","scale":"DNR investigated six residential wells: three east of New Carlisle and three near Hudson Lake (ref 1); more than a dozen residents reported dry wells (ref 4).","duration":"Well problems began in December 2024 and were continuing at the December 2025 report (ref 2).","significance":"DNR's Division of Water opened formal investigations under Indiana's ground water rights law (ref 1); no order against a pumper was issued."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Private domestic well users; no count beyond the six investigated wells (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The St. Joseph County Board of Commissioners set a limit of 24 million gallons per day, against a Peerless Midwest safe-yield estimate of 44 million gallons (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Wells investigated by DNR","value":6,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"County pumping cap","value":24,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 3."},{"name":"Estimated aquifer safe yield","value":44,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Peerless Midwest study (ref 3)."},{"name":"Estimated peak stress","value":35.5,"unit":"MGD","status":"Estimated","note":"Notre Dame Gallivan analysis including irrigation (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The IFA Kankakee study projects industrial withdrawals, including planned data centers, to rise the most of any sector (ref 5)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water","role":"Ground water rights investigations"},{"name":"St. Joseph County Board of Commissioners","role":"Aquifer pumping cap"},{"name":"St. Joseph County Drainage Board","role":"Dewatering permits"}],"public_contact":"Indiana DNR Division of Water, which accepts written well-failure complaints by mail or email","corrective_actions":["DNR investigated six well complaints (ref 1).","Contractors are installing more monitoring wells around the build sites, and the county hired Peerless Midwest as a water consultant (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"State investigates groundwater issues near Amazon, GM projects","publisher":"Inside Indiana Business / IBJ","date":"2025-06-06","url":"https://www.insideindianabusiness.com/articles/state-investigates-groundwater-issues-near-amazon-gm-projects-in-st-joseph-county","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Silicon Prairie: Where's the Water?","publisher":"ABC57 News","date":"2025-12-09","url":"https://www.abc57.com/news/silicon-prairie-wheres-the-water","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"The Silicon Prairie: Water Worries","publisher":"ABC57 News","date":"2024-11-27","url":"https://www.abc57.com/news/the-silicon-prairie-water-worries","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Data Dominion","publisher":"University of Notre Dame Gallivan Program","date":"2026-08-13","url":"https://journalism.nd.edu/news/data-dominion/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":5,"title":"Kankakee Basin Regional Water Study: Executive Summary","publisher":"Indiana Finance Authority (Stantec)","date":"2025-12-01","url":"https://www.in.gov/ifa/files/Kankakee_Basin_Regional_Water_Study_Executive_Summary.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":6,"title":"State investigates nearby well failures as Amazon, GM build","publisher":"WVPE","date":"2025-05-29","url":"https://www.wvpe.org/wvpe-news/2025-05-29/state-investigates-nearby-well-failures-as-amazon-gm-build","basis":"news"},{"ref":7,"title":"Farmers worry Amazon's next site dewatering will flood ditch","publisher":"WVPE","date":"2026-03-03","url":"https://www.wvpe.org/wvpe-news/2026-03-03/farmers-worry-amazons-next-site-dewatering-will-flood-ditch","basis":"news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IN-KANKAKEE-BASIN-FALL-SHORTAGE-2025","US-IN-INDIANAPOLIS-DATACENTER-MORATORIUM-2026"]},{"id":"US-IN-KANKAKEE-BASIN-FALL-SHORTAGE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Kankakee Basin withdrawals to rise 48% with projected fall drought shortfalls","description":"A December 2025 Indiana Finance Authority study projects Kankakee Basin withdrawals rising from 165 MGD in 2023 to 244 MGD by 2075, led by irrigation and an industrial sector that includes planned data centers. Fall water availability is projected to fall 15% to 32% in every subbasin, and under drought conditions the Kankakee Davis, Kankakee Kouts, Iroquois and Sugar subbasins are projected to have negative available water, suggesting potential supply shortages.","location":{"name":"Kankakee River Basin, northwest Indiana","type":"River basin / regional water planning area","state":"IN","states":["IN"],"detail":"Kankakee, Yellow and Iroquois river basins across 14 northwest Indiana counties","coordinates":{"lat":41.25,"lon":-86.9,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["St. Joseph","LaPorte","Marshall","Starke","Jasper","Newton","White","Benton","Porter","Lake"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["agricultural","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The study measures future water availability against rising withdrawals.","secondary_drivers":["Irrigation growth","Data center and industrial demand","Climate-driven decline in fall baseflow"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The IFA study warns of increased ecological stress in future fall seasons under drought (ref 1).","service":"No current supply restriction is reported; shortfalls are projected for drought years (ref 1).","scale":"The basin spans about 3,125 square miles in 14 counties with 165 MGD of withdrawals in 2023 (ref 1).","duration":"Projected fall availability declines run through the 2060s and 2075 planning horizon (ref 1).","significance":"Formal state regional water study commissioned by the Indiana Finance Authority (ref 1); no regulatory action yet."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The study does not give a basin population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"By 2075, total Kankakee Basin water withdrawals are projected to increase to 244 MGD, a 48% increase over historical (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"2023 average withdrawals","value":165,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Projected 2075 withdrawals","value":244,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Projected 2075 irrigation withdrawals","value":105,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Fall excess water availability is projected to decline 15% to 32% in all subbasins (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Indiana Finance Authority","role":"Regional water study sponsor"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Natural Resources","role":"Significant water withdrawal registration"}],"public_contact":"Indiana Finance Authority, Water Resources: WaterResources@ifa.in.gov","corrective_actions":["IFA published the final Kankakee Basin Regional Water Study in December 2025 (ref 2).","St. Joseph County capped aquifer pumping at 24 MGD near New Carlisle (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Kankakee Basin Regional Water Study: Executive Summary","publisher":"Indiana Finance Authority (Stantec)","date":"2025-12-01","url":"https://www.in.gov/ifa/files/Kankakee_Basin_Regional_Water_Study_Executive_Summary.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Kankakee River Basin Regional Water Study","publisher":"Indiana Finance Authority","date":"2025-12-01","url":"https://www.in.gov/ifa/regional-water-studies/kankakee-river-basin-regional-water-study","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"The Silicon Prairie: Water Worries","publisher":"ABC57 News","date":"2024-11-27","url":"https://www.abc57.com/news/the-silicon-prairie-water-worries","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IN-NEW-CARLISLE-KANKAKEE-AQUIFER-WELLS-2025"]},{"id":"US-IN-SE-CENTRAL-I74-SEASONAL-DEFICITS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Southeast-central Indiana faces projected summer and fall water deficits","description":"A February 2024 Indiana Finance Authority study of the Driftwood, Flatrock-Haw and Upper East Fork White watersheds projects public water demand rising 56%, from 44 MGD to 68 MGD, over 50 years in a region dominated by consumptive groundwater use. It forecasts frequent negative summer availability in the Big Blue River subbasin that supplies New Castle and Knightstown, and dramatic seasonal deficits in Bartholomew County, warning that back-to-back drought years could be problematic for utilities.","location":{"name":"Driftwood, Flatrock-Haw and Upper East Fork White watersheds","type":"Regional water planning area","state":"IN","states":["IN"],"detail":"Hancock, Henry, Johnson, Shelby, Rush, Bartholomew, Jackson and Decatur counties; New Castle and Columbus","coordinates":{"lat":39.5,"lon":-85.75,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Hancock","Henry","Johnson","Shelby","Rush","Bartholomew","Jackson","Decatur"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The study finds seasonal water availability may not meet consumptive demand.","secondary_drivers":["Public supply growth","Irrigation and CAFO demand","Warmer, drier summers"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The study notes limited natural drought resilience in some hydrogeologic settings and seasonal deficits in summer and fall of most years in some areas (ref 1).","service":"No restrictions are reported; the study warns that back-to-back drought years could be problematic for utility operations (ref 1).","scale":"New Castle Utilities, which draws from the deficit-prone Big Blue subbasin, serves 19,880 people per SDWIS (ref 2); regional demand is 74 MGD (ref 1).","duration":"Deficits are forecast periodically but frequently and through 2070 (ref 1).","significance":"Formal IFA regional water study (ref 1); no regulatory order."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":19880,"status":"Reported","note":"New Castle Utilities population per SDWIS (ref 2), one of several systems in the deficit-prone subbasin; regional population not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Public water utilities are estimated to experience a 56% increase in water demand in the next 50 years (44 MGD to 68 MGD) (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Current regional water demand","value":74,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Future regional water demand","value":97,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Public supply demand by 2070s","value":68,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"From 44 MGD (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The study says seasonality of demand and availability is becoming more pronounced (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Indiana Finance Authority","role":"Regional water study sponsor"},{"name":"New Castle Utilities","role":"Water utility"}],"public_contact":"Indiana Finance Authority, Water Resources: WaterResources@ifa.in.gov","corrective_actions":["The study recommends utilities and irrigators consider storage to meet future dry-season demand (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Regional water study: Water Demand and Availability in the Driftwood, Flatrock-Haw, and Upper East Fork White River Watersheds","publisher":"Indiana Finance Authority (Letsinger and Gustin)","date":"2024-02-14","url":"https://www.in.gov/ifa/files/LetsingerGustin_I74CorridorWaterStudy_2024-02-14.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: New Castle Utilities","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/NEW%20CASTLE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Southeast I-74 Water Study","publisher":"Indiana Finance Authority","date":"2024-02-14","url":"https://www.in.gov/ifa/regional-water-studies/southeast-I74-water-study","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IN-BLOOMINGTON-MONROE-LAKE-SOLE-SOURCE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Bloomington relies on Monroe Lake as sole viable source with no contingency plan","description":"In a September 2026 memo the Indiana DNR said Monroe Reservoir remains the only viable source to fully support Bloomington's water needs and that the city does not have a feasible contingency plan. Bloomington Utilities, currently limited to 24 MGD under its state contract, has applied for a 50-year contract for 30 MGD after finding the White River, Lake Lemon and other reservoirs could not meet demand; DNR staff consider the lake's volume adequate.","location":{"name":"City of Bloomington Utilities / Monroe Lake","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"IN","states":["IN"],"detail":"Monroe water treatment plant intake on the west side of Monroe Lake, Monroe County","coordinates":{"lat":39.165,"lon":-86.526,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Monroe"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IN5253002"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"The risk combines dependence on one reservoir with the lack of alternate supply infrastructure.","secondary_drivers":["Single-source dependence"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No harm is documented; DNR staff found Monroe Lake volume adequate for the 50-year term (ref 1).","service":"No outage or restriction is reported in the cited record (ref 1).","scale":"City of Bloomington Utilities serves 83,000 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"The contract application BU 24-001 went through public meetings in January and February 2025 and was before the Natural Resources Commission in September 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"The DNR memo to the Natural Resources Commission formally records that the city has no feasible contingency plan (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":83000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The City of Bloomington does not currently have a feasible contingency plan and agrees to withstand the results of not being able to receive water from the reservoir if need be (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Current contract daily limit","value":24,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Requested daily withdrawal","value":30,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"50-year term (ref 1)."},{"name":"Estimated Monroe Lake water supply yield","value":122,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"DNR staff recommended approval of the 30 MGD contract (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Bloomington Utilities","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water","role":"Reservoir water supply contract administrator"},{"name":"Natural Resources Commission","role":"Contract approval"}],"public_contact":"City of Bloomington Utilities, P.O. Box 1261, Bloomington, IN 47402","corrective_actions":["Bloomington applied for a 50-year, 30 MGD supply contract (BU 24-001), recommended for approval (ref 1).","The 2025 rate case includes about $30.8 million for Monroe Water Treatment Plant maintenance and upgrades (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Summary of Public Meetings: contract application BU 24-001, City of Bloomington and State of Indiana, Monroe Lake","publisher":"Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water","date":"2026-09-08","url":"https://www.in.gov/dnr/static/nrc/nrc-Agenda-4-Contract-Bloomington.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: City of Bloomington Utilities","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BLOOMINGTON/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"City of Bloomington Utilities 2025 Water Rate Case FAQ","publisher":"City of Bloomington Utilities","date":"2025-10-01","url":"https://bloomington.in.gov/sites/default/files/2025-10/2025%20Rate%20Case%20FAQ.pdf","basis":"Local government record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IN-CEDAR-LAKE-WATER-CAPACITY-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Cedar Lake water system near capacity; IDEM warns of insufficient supply for growth","description":"In August 2024 IDEM warned the Town of Cedar Lake that part of its groundwater-supplied system was at 92% of capacity and that development notices since 2020 would raise connections by more than 30%, including 647 housing units. The town had already adopted a moratorium on large-scale developments, and its August 2025 engineering presentation found the West system 1,000,000 gallons short of recommended storage, with summer peak demand more than double the annual average.","location":{"name":"Cedar Lake Water Works","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"IN","states":["IN"],"detail":"Town of Cedar Lake, Lake County; West, East (Robin's Nest) and Paradise Cove systems on a shallow bedrock aquifer","coordinates":{"lat":41.365,"lon":-87.441,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lake"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IN5245047"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Well production and storage have not kept pace with residential growth and summer irrigation demand.","secondary_drivers":["Residential growth","Summer lawn irrigation"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No contamination or health effect is reported; the concern is capacity (refs 1, 2).","service":"The town council imposed a moratorium on large-scale developments in 2024, and irrigation and sprinkling were straining water pressure (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Cedar Lake Water Works serves 4,600 people per SDWIS (ref 4); the West system has about 3,100 service connections (ref 3).","duration":"A councilor said the capacity limit had been common knowledge since 2017 (ref 2), and near-term fixes were still 1 to 3 years out in August 2025 (ref 3).","significance":"IDEM's Drinking Water Branch sent the town a formal letter stating there is insufficient capacity to serve additional units (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":4600,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Cedar Lake Water Works per SDWIS (ref 4); Robin's Nest system (IN5245067) serves another 950."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"IDEM said one part of the town's system was at 92 percent capacity, and notices of intent since 2020 would increase connections by more than 30 percent (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"System capacity in use","value":92,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Pending housing units","value":647,"unit":"units","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"West system maximum summer day use","value":1340000,"unit":"gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Average annual day 584,000 gallons (ref 3)."},{"name":"West system storage deficiency","value":1000000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Against a 2x average-day storage recommendation (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Additional well production and storage are planned in 1 to 3 years (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Cedar Lake","role":"Water utility owner"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management, Drinking Water Branch","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Town of Cedar Lake, Town Hall","corrective_actions":["Moratorium on large-scale developments (ref 2).","Planned SCADA upgrades, additional West system wells and storage, and larger backbone mains (ref 3).","The council agreed to seek a planning consultant (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"IDEM concerned that Cedar Lake is outgrowing its water system","publisher":"Lakeshore Public Media","date":"2024-08-26","url":"https://lakeshorepublicmedia.org/local-news/2024-08-26/idem-concerned-that-cedar-lake-is-outgrowing-its-water-system","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Cedar Lake hearing concerns about future water capacity","publisher":"Inside INdiana Business","date":"2024-08-28","url":"https://insideindianabusiness.com/?p=173982","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Public Information Meeting: Cedar Lake Potable Water Distribution System","publisher":"Town of Cedar Lake","date":"2025-08-26","url":"https://cedarlakein.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/WATER_20250826-Final.pdf","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Cedar Lake Water Works","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CEDAR%20LAKE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IN-SPEEDWAY-WWTP-AMMONIA-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Speedway sewage plant exceeds ammonia limits during Indy 500 for fifth straight year","description":"The Town of Speedway's wastewater plant, about 1.3 miles from the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, has reported permit exceedances, mainly for ammonia, tied to Indianapolis 500 crowds in 2022 through 2026. Speedway signed an agreed order with IDEM, paid a $16,500 civil penalty and is building a $14 million plant expansion funded by a sewer rate increase, due by June 2028.","location":{"name":"Speedway Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"IN","states":["IN"],"detail":"Town of Speedway, Marion County; discharges to Eagle Creek","coordinates":{"lat":39.770694,"lon":-86.232306,"precision":"facility","source_ref":4},"counties":["Marion"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Recurring effluent violations at a plant whose capacity is being expanded under a state order.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"In June 2025 the plant's maximum weekly ammonium average was about three times its permit limit and the monthly average 67% over (ref 2), discharged to Eagle Creek (ref 1).","service":"No interruption of sewer service is reported; the town says race-day flows do not exceed hydraulic capacity (ref 3).","scale":"Speedway has about 14,000 residents, swelling past 350,000 on race weekend (ref 2).","duration":"Mirror Indy reports race-linked exceedances in each year from 2022 through 2026, the fifth straight year (ref 1).","significance":"IDEM's August 2025 notice led to an agreed order and a $16,500 civil penalty, with stipulated penalties possible after construction (ref 1, ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Town population of about 14,000 rises above 350,000 during race weekend (ref 2); sewer customers not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Fifth straight year of race-related permit exceedances, mainly ammonia (2022-2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Plant upgrade cost","value":14,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Expansion and modernization due by June 2028 (ref 1)."},{"name":"IDEM civil penalty","value":16500,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Paid under the agreed order (ref 1)."},{"name":"Average design flow","value":7.5,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Peak 8.9 MGD (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Sewer rate increase of about $8 per month for 20 years to fund the upgrade; no state grants available (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Exceedances recurred each race year 2022-2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Speedway","role":"Plant owner and operator"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM)","role":"State NPDES permitting and enforcement agency"}],"public_contact":"IDEM general line (800) 451-6027","corrective_actions":["IDEM agreed order requiring a pollutant control plan (ref 2).","$14 million plant expansion, construction starting June 2026 and due by June 2028 (ref 1, ref 2).","Race-week management: portable toilet waste sent to Citizens' Belmont plant, some industrial deliveries paused (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Speedway's wastewater plant again exceeds pollutant limits after Indianapolis 500","publisher":"Mirror Indy","date":"2026-08-12","url":"https://mirrorindy.org/speedway-indianapolis-500-urine-waste-treatment-plant-idem/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Speedway prepares its wastewater plant for the Indianapolis 500","publisher":"Mirror Indy","date":"2026-05-15","url":"https://mirrorindy.org/speedway-indiana-prepares-wastewater-plant-indianapolis-500/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Speedway disputes reporting on Indianapolis 500 wastewater impacts","publisher":"Wastewater Digest","date":"2026-05-20","url":"https://www.wwdmag.com/wastewater-treatment/news/55379011/speedway-disputes-reporting-on-indianapolis-500-wastewater-impacts","basis":"Trade news"},{"ref":4,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report data: Speedway WWTP (NPDES IN0032972)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=IN0032972","basis":"Federal compliance data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IN-GARY-SANITARY-CSO-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Gary Sanitary District in noncompliance as $300M federal overflow plan awaits funding","description":"Under a 2016 Clean Water Act case brought by the U.S. and Indiana, the City of Gary and the Gary Sanitary District must carry out a roughly $300 million, 30-year long-term control plan to cut sewage overflows. EPA's ECHO shows the district's plant in significant noncompliance in every quarter from mid-2023 through mid-2026, and in October 2025 the city council sent a proposed sewer rate increase back to committee before approving higher commercial and industrial rates in early 2026.","location":{"name":"Gary Sanitary District","type":"Sanitary district (combined sewer system)","state":"IN","states":["IN"],"detail":"City of Gary, Lake County; Grand Calumet River watershed","coordinates":{"lat":41.606528,"lon":-87.384083,"precision":"facility","source_ref":4},"counties":["Lake"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Combined sewer overflows and plant noncompliance whose fix depends on new rate revenue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The 2016 federal and state suit alleged untreated sewage and stormwater flowed into local waterways (ref 1); ECHO lists ammonia, E. coli and suspended solids among violating pollutants (ref 4).","service":"No loss of sewer service is reported in the cited coverage (ref 1, ref 2).","scale":"A single district serving the city of Gary; about 1,800 commercial accounts and 28 industrial users faced the proposed increase (ref 2).","duration":"ECHO marks the plant in significant noncompliance in each of 12 quarters from July 2023 to June 2026 (ref 4), under a 30-year plan (ref 1).","significance":"The December 2016 EPA, DOJ and IDEM settlement imposes 25 years of injunctive relief and a $75,000 penalty (ref 3); federal officials target about $15 million a year in revenue for the plan (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Service population not stated in cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Roughly $300 million, 30-year Long-Term Control Plan required under the 2016 federal case (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Long-term control plan cost","value":300,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"30-year plan (ref 1)."},{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (Jul 2023-Jun 2026)","value":12,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO (ref 4)."},{"name":"Commercial/industrial stormwater rate after increase","value":14.38,"unit":"USD per 1,000 gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Up from $8.50 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Combined sewer overflow regulators","value":12,"unit":"regulators","status":"Reported","note":"Collection system is ninety percent combined; plant rated 60 MGD (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Officials warned that without new revenue the city could face outside intervention (ref 2).","Council paused the sewer rate hike in October 2025 (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Gary Sanitary District","role":"Sewer utility and permittee"},{"name":"City of Gary","role":"Co-defendant; Common Council sets rates"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM)","role":"State NPDES permitting and enforcement agency"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 5","role":"Federal Clean Water Act enforcement"}],"public_contact":"IDEM general line (800) 451-6027","corrective_actions":["Long-term control plan under the 2016 federal case (ref 1).","Commercial and industrial rate increase approved 8-0 by the Gary Common Council (ref 1).","More than $27 million in priority drainage and sewer projects identified (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Gary businesses face higher stormwater bills as new rates take effect","publisher":"Capital B Gary","date":"2026-02-25","url":"https://gary.capitalbnews.org/gary-stormwater-fee-increase/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Council passes city budget, hits pause on sewer rate hike","publisher":"Capital B Gary","date":"2025-10-30","url":"https://gary.capitalbnews.org/gary-2026-budget-sewer-rate-hike-delay/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Gary Sanitary District and City of Gary Clean Water Act settlement","publisher":"U.S. EPA (archived snapshot)","date":"2016-12-12","url":"https://19january2025snapshot.epa.gov/enforcement/gary-sanitary-district-and-city-gary-clean-water-settlement","basis":"Federal enforcement record"},{"ref":4,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report data: Gary Sanitary District (NPDES IN0022977)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=IN0022977","basis":"Federal compliance data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IN-ELKHART-CSO-CONSENT-DECREE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Elkhart sewage plant in noncompliance as CSO consent decree runs to 2029-2031","description":"Elkhart is under a 2011 federal Clean Water Act consent decree (case 2:11-cv-00328) to cut combined sewer overflows to the St. Joseph and Elkhart rivers and Christiana Creek to no more than nine overflow events a year system-wide. The city brought upgraded 60 MGD treatment plant works into full operation on November 8, 2024, but storage and separation projects are scheduled into 2028-2031, and EPA's ECHO shows the plant in significant noncompliance in every quarter from mid-2023 through mid-2026, with mercury and phosphorus listed.","location":{"name":"Elkhart Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant and combined sewer system","state":"IN","states":["IN"],"detail":"City of Elkhart, Elkhart County; St. Joseph and Elkhart rivers","coordinates":{"lat":41.676583,"lon":-86.003833,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Elkhart"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Combined sewer overflows and effluent violations addressed through court-ordered construction.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO lists mercury and phosphorus as pollutants with violations at the Elkhart plant (ref 3); CSO discharge reports go to IDEM each month (ref 1).","service":"The status report describes construction and monitoring, not any sewer service loss (ref 1).","scale":"One city system with CSO outfalls across the Christiana Creek, Elkhart River and St. Joseph River basins (ref 1).","duration":"ECHO shows significant noncompliance in all 12 quarters July 2023-June 2026 (ref 3); the Lower St. Joe control is not due until December 31, 2031 (ref 1).","significance":"Work is enforced by a federal consent decree, case 2:11-cv-00328, whose long-term control plan was amended by court order on April 26, 2022 (ref 1, ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":46455,"status":"Estimated","note":"Population of the Elkhart Public Works and Utilities water system per SDWIS (ref 4), used as a proxy for the city sewer service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Performance criterion: no more than 9 overflow events on a system-wide basis (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Required plant peak capacity","value":60,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Full operation achieved November 8, 2024 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (Jul 2023-Jun 2026)","value":12,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Plant upgrades completed 2024; remaining controls under construction or design (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Elkhart Public Works and Utilities","role":"Permittee and consent decree defendant"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM)","role":"State NPDES permitting and enforcement agency"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 5","role":"Federal Clean Water Act enforcement"}],"public_contact":"IDEM general line (800) 451-6027","corrective_actions":["Wastewater plant upgrades to 60 MGD peak completed November 8, 2024 (ref 1).","Oakland Avenue Control (1.1 MG storage) due in full operation November 2028 (ref 1).","Upper and Lower St. Joseph River CSO controls due 2026 and 2031 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Combined Sewer Overflow Long-Term Control Plan Six-Month Status Report, July 1-December 31, 2025","publisher":"City of Elkhart Public Works and Utilities","date":"2026-01-08","url":"https://www.cityofelkhartin.gov/media/15tbmqi2/ltcp-status-report-07012025-12312025.pdf","basis":"Local government report to EPA and IDEM"},{"ref":2,"title":"Order amending Appendix A (Long Term Control Plan) of the Elkhart consent decree","publisher":"City of Elkhart","date":"2022-04-26","url":"https://www.cityofelkhartin.gov/media/d0flkmm5/consent-decree-amendment.pdf","basis":"Court filing"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report data: Elkhart WWTP (NPDES IN0025674)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=IN0025674","basis":"Federal compliance data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Elkhart Public Works and Utilities (IN5220008)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ELKHART/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IN-ELKHART-WATER-MAIN-BREAKS-2024"]},{"id":"US-IN-ELKHART-WATER-MAIN-BREAKS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Elkhart: three downtown water main breaks in two months trigger boil orders","description":"Elkhart had three water main breaks near downtown between late August and mid-October 2024, each followed by a boil order for the affected area. The October 17 break on 2nd Street closed City Hall for the day and left the Elkhart County courthouse without water; the city said modernizing its aging pipes is a top priority under its Aspire Plan.","location":{"name":"Elkhart Public Works and Utilities","type":"Municipal water utility service area","state":"IN","states":["IN"],"detail":"Downtown Elkhart, Elkhart County","coordinates":{"lat":41.682,"lon":-85.9767,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Elkhart"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"IN5220008"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Aging distribution mains failing repeatedly in one downtown area.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The boil order was precautionary because contaminants can enter a ruptured pipe; no contamination was reported (ref 1).","service":"City Hall closed for the day and the county courthouse lost water, postponing some hearings, after the October 17 break (ref 1).","scale":"Breaks hit downtown Elkhart, a system serving 46,455 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"Three breaks occurred over about two months, from late August to October 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"Each break led to a city boil order that stayed until water tested safe twice (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":46455,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the Elkhart system per SDWIS (ref 2); only a downtown area was under the boil order."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Third water main break near downtown Elkhart in two months (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Downtown main breaks, Aug-Oct 2024","value":3,"unit":"breaks","status":"Reported","note":"(ref 1)"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Elkhart Public Works and Utilities","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM)","role":"Primacy regulator for drinking water"}],"public_contact":"IDEM general line (800) 451-6027","corrective_actions":["City says aging-pipe modernization is a top priority under the Aspire Plan (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Another boil order follows another water main break in Elkhart","publisher":"WVPE","date":"2024-10-17","url":"https://www.wvpe.org/wvpe-news/2024-10-17/another-boil-order-follows-another-water-main-break-in-elkhart","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Elkhart Public Works and Utilities (IN5220008)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ELKHART/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IN-ELKHART-CSO-CONSENT-DECREE-2026"]},{"id":"US-IN-INDIANAPOLIS-DIGINDY-CSO-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Indianapolis completes 28-mile DigIndy tunnel under sewer overflow consent decree","description":"Citizens Energy Group finished construction of the 28-mile, 250-foot-deep DigIndy tunnel system at the end of 2025, the core of the roughly $2 billion overflow control program required by a 2006 consent decree with EPA. The tunnels are designed to capture an estimated 5 billion gallons of combined sewer overflow a year; the program is now in post-construction monitoring.","location":{"name":"Citizens Energy Group combined sewer system","type":"Municipal combined sewer system","state":"IN","states":["IN"],"detail":"Indianapolis, Marion County; White River, Fall Creek, Pogue's Run and other streams","coordinates":{"lat":39.7684,"lon":-86.1581,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Marion"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Court-ordered tunnel storage to capture combined sewer overflows.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Nearly 8 billion gallons of sewage were kept out of Indianapolis waterways during phased activation, showing the scale of prior overflows (ref 1).","service":"Sewer service was not interrupted; the tunnels add storage beneath the city (ref 1).","scale":"Citizens serves about 900,000 people in the Indianapolis area (ref 1).","duration":"Construction ran more than 14 years under a decree dating to 2006 (ref 1, ref 2).","significance":"The program answers a 2006 EPA consent decree requiring completion by 2025 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":900000,"status":"Estimated","note":"Citizens Energy Group says it serves about 900,000 people in the Indianapolis area (ref 1); the combined-sewer area is smaller."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Estimated 5 billion gallons of combined sewer overflow captured per year (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Tunnel length","value":28,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"(ref 1)"},{"name":"Program cost","value":2,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"(ref 2)"},{"name":"Overflow prevented during phased activation","value":8,"unit":"billion gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Nearly 8 billion (ref 1)."},{"name":"Indiana statewide CSO volume, 2024","value":10.2,"unit":"billion gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Down 71.3% from more than 35 billion in 2008 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Construction complete; post-construction monitoring under way (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Citizens Energy Group","role":"Wastewater utility and consent decree party"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM)","role":"State NPDES permitting and enforcement agency"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 5","role":"Federal Clean Water Act enforcement"}],"public_contact":"IDEM general line (800) 451-6027","corrective_actions":["DigIndy tunnel construction completed end of 2025 (ref 1).","Post-construction monitoring, then ongoing operation and maintenance (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Citizens Energy Group completes construction on DigIndy tunnel system, looks ahead to transformation of Indianapolis waterways","publisher":"Citizens Energy Group","date":"2026-01-08","url":"https://blog.citizensenergygroup.com/news/citizens-energy-group-completes-construction-on-digindy-tunnel-system-looks-ahead-to-transformation-of-indianapolis-waterways","basis":"Utility statement"},{"ref":2,"title":"The dig is done","publisher":"The Weekly View","date":"2025-10-16","url":"https://weeklyview.net/2025/10/16/the-dig-is-done/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IN-INDIANAPOLIS-EASTSIDE-MAIN-BREAK-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Indianapolis east side main break floods streets and triggers boil advisory","description":"A water main break near 22nd Street and Dr. Andrew J. Brown Avenue on March 27, 2025 flooded east-side streets, cut service to some Citizens Energy Group customers and caused a widespread loss of pressure. Citizens issued a precautionary boil advisory through noon March 29, and seven library branches and two Eskenazi Health centers closed.","location":{"name":"Citizens Water - Indianapolis","type":"Municipal water utility service area","state":"IN","states":["IN"],"detail":"East side of Indianapolis, Marion County","coordinates":{"lat":39.7957,"lon":-86.1404,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Marion"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"IN5249004"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A distribution main failure caused pressure loss and a precautionary boil advisory.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Citizens said the water it produced remained safe and the advisory was a precaution after pressure loss (ref 1).","service":"Some customers lost service; seven Indianapolis Public Library branches and Eskenazi's Grassy Creek and Grande health centers closed (ref 1, ref 2).","scale":"The advisory covered a mapped part of the east side within a system serving 880,345 people per SDWIS (ref 2, ref 3).","duration":"The break occurred March 27 and the boil advisory ran through noon March 29, 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"Citizens Energy Group issued a formal precautionary boil water advisory (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Number of customers under the advisory was not reported (ref 1, ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Precautionary boil advisory for a mapped east-side area through noon March 29, 2025 (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Citizens Energy Group","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM)","role":"Primacy regulator for drinking water"}],"public_contact":"IDEM general line (800) 451-6027","corrective_actions":["Main repaired and service restored; water quality verified in the distribution system (ref 1, ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Eastsiders under boil alert following flooding from water main break","publisher":"WFYI","date":"2025-03-28","url":"https://www.wfyi.org/wfyi-news/2025-03-28/eastsiders-under-boil-alert-following-flooding-from-water-main-break","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Indianapolis east side water main break, boil advisory","publisher":"Mirror Indy","date":"2025-03-30","url":"https://mirrorindy.org/indianapolis-east-side-water-main-break-boil-advisory-citizens-energy-group/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Citizens Water - Indianapolis (IN5249004)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CITIZENS/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IN-FORT-WAYNE-CSO-CONSENT-DECREE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Fort Wayne finishes required CSO controls; sanitary discharges and noncompliance persist","description":"Fort Wayne reported to EPA and IDEM that it achieved compliance with all remaining combined sewer overflow control measures under its 2008 consent decree (case 2:07-cv-00445) during 2025, and post-construction monitoring continues. Its six-month report for August 2025 to February 2026 still listed sewage discharges from blockages, a collapsed line and a valve failure, and EPA's ECHO shows the water pollution control plant in significant noncompliance in every quarter from July 2024 through June 2026.","location":{"name":"Fort Wayne Water Pollution Control Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant and combined sewer system","state":"IN","states":["IN"],"detail":"City of Fort Wayne, Allen County; St. Marys, St. Joseph and Maumee rivers","coordinates":{"lat":41.079611,"lon":-85.104389,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Allen"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Court-ordered overflow controls are built, but collection-system discharges and compliance flags remain.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The latest report lists low-volume discharges from blockages, a collapsed line, a valve failure and a truck spill, plus basement backup reports (ref 1); ECHO lists total suspended solids (ref 3).","service":"The city counts eleven reports in the period as basement backup events that may not have arisen from its sewer system (ref 1).","scale":"The Fort Wayne water system serves 269,994 people per SDWIS, a proxy for the sewer service area (ref 4).","duration":"ECHO flags significant noncompliance in eight straight quarters, July 2024 to June 2026 (ref 3); the decree dates to 2008 (ref 2).","significance":"Fort Wayne entered the decree in 2008 with EPA, the Justice Department and IDEM (ref 2), and reports to them twice a year (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":269994,"status":"Estimated","note":"Population served by the Fort Wayne water system per SDWIS (ref 4), used as a proxy for the sewer service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"City achieved compliance with all remaining CSO control measures required by the consent decree in the reporting period (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (Jul 2024-Jun 2026)","value":8,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"All required CSO control measures in full operation as of 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Fort Wayne City Utilities","role":"Permittee and consent decree defendant"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM)","role":"State NPDES permitting and enforcement agency"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 5","role":"Federal Clean Water Act enforcement"}],"public_contact":"IDEM general line (800) 451-6027","corrective_actions":["Foster Park Relief Sewer and late floatables controls reached full operation in 2025 (ref 1).","Post-construction monitoring under consent decree Appendix 4 (ref 1).","Voluntary relief force main and lift station for the Rothman sanitary system (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Six-Month Status Report #36 (August 31, 2025-February 28, 2026), Consent Decree Case 2:07-cv-00445","publisher":"City of Fort Wayne City Utilities","date":"2026-02-28","url":"https://utilities.cityoffortwayne.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/FINAL-CD-REPORT_36_Signed-for-website.pdf","basis":"Local government report to EPA and IDEM"},{"ref":2,"title":"Fort Wayne sewer overflow project nearing its end","publisher":"WBOI (Northeast Indiana Public Radio)","date":"2022-11-15","url":"https://www.wboi.org/news/2022-11-15/fort-wayne-sewer-overflow-project-nearing-its-end","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report data: Fort Wayne WPCP (NPDES IN0032191)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=IN0032191","basis":"Federal compliance data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Fort Wayne - 3 Rivers Filtration Plant (IN5202020)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/FORT%20WAYNE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IN-EVANSVILLE-WATER-PLANT-REPLACEMENT-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Evansville's 1880s-era water plant: replacement costs soar, plan shifts to groundwater","description":"Evansville Water and Sewer Utility has spent years trying to replace a treatment plant whose oldest buildings date to the 1880s. Estimates for an all-new Ohio River plant rose from about $180 million in 2021 to more than $400 million by 2023, and in September 2025 the board approved nearly $5 million to design a renovated plant blending Ohio River water with groundwater, which officials say could save about $100 million in construction and avoid costly PFAS treatment.","location":{"name":"Evansville Water Utility","type":"Municipal water utility service area","state":"IN","states":["IN"],"detail":"City of Evansville, Vanderburgh County; Ohio River intake","coordinates":{"lat":37.9716,"lon":-87.5711,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Vanderburgh"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"IN5282002"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"An aging treatment plant whose replacement cost strains rates; source water carries PFAS.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The Ohio River source has detectable PFAS while the aquifer does not, per the utility director (ref 1).","service":"No interruption of water service is reported in the cited coverage (ref 1, ref 2).","scale":"The Evansville Water Utility serves 182,444 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Planning began with a 2021 proposal and construction could still take two to three years after a design phase of up to nine months (ref 1, ref 2).","significance":"The IURC approved financing in March 2022 and a financing settlement in August 2024 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":182444,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"All-new plant estimate reached around $350 million in summer 2023, likely to exceed $400 million (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Design contract for renovated plant","value":5,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Nearly $5 million approved September 16, 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Estimated construction savings of groundwater blend","value":100,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Per executive director Vic Kelson (ref 1)."},{"name":"Plant capacity","value":50,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"(ref 2)"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Utility called the $400 million estimate unaffordable and raised the projected 2026 increase to $7.34 a month per 5,000 gallons (ref 2).","IURC approved a five-phase water rate increase of about 28.6% by 2026 (ref 3)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Costs escalated, then the plan was redesigned (ref 1, ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Evansville Water and Sewer Utility","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Indiana Utility Regulatory Commission","role":"Water rate and financing regulator"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM)","role":"Primacy regulator for drinking water"}],"public_contact":"IDEM general line (800) 451-6027","corrective_actions":["Black & Veatch designing a renovated South Water Treatment Plant with groundwater blending (ref 1).","IURC-approved phased rate increases and financing (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Engineering phase for new EWSU water plant could take nine months","publisher":"WNIN","date":"2025-09-17","url":"https://news.wnin.org/2025-09-17/engineering-phase-for-new-ewsu-water-plant-could-take-nine-months","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Evansville utility pivots in face of unaffordable new water treatment plant costs","publisher":"WNIN","date":"2023-11-29","url":"https://news.wnin.org/2023-11-29/evansville-utility-pivots-in-face-of-unaffordable-new-water-treatment-plant-costs","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Evansville Municipal Water rates (key cases)","publisher":"Indiana Office of Utility Consumer Counselor","date":"2026-07-09","url":"https://www.in.gov/oucc/watersewer/key-cases-by-utility/evansville-municipal-water-rates/","basis":"State agency record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Evansville Water Utility (IN5282002)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/IN5282002/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IN-EVANSVILLE-PFAS-OHIO-RIVER-2025"]},{"id":"US-IN-SOUTH-BEND-CSO-CONSENT-DECREE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"South Bend sends untreated overflows to St. Joseph River under decree running to 2038","description":"South Bend's combined sewer system discharges untreated sewage and stormwater to the St. Joseph River from 35 permitted outfalls during wet weather. Under a 2012 consent decree amended with DOJ, EPA and IDEM, the city cut overflows from more than 2 billion gallons a year to about 338 million and is building the $276 million SAGE plan, due in 2038; EPA's ECHO shows the treatment plant in significant noncompliance in every quarter from mid-2023 through mid-2026.","location":{"name":"South Bend Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant and combined sewer system","state":"IN","states":["IN"],"detail":"City of South Bend, St. Joseph County; St. Joseph River","coordinates":{"lat":41.718786,"lon":-86.269968,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["St. Joseph"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Untreated combined sewer overflows into a Lake Michigan tributary while storage and plant expansion proceed.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The city's 2024 notice states no treatment is provided for CSO discharges at 35 outfalls to the St. Joseph River (ref 1); about 338 million gallons a year still overflowed as of 2021 (ref 2).","service":"Overflows affect river users at six named public access sites, not household sewer service (ref 1).","scale":"South Bend Water Works serves 115,000 people per SDWIS, a proxy for the sewer service area (ref 4).","duration":"ECHO marks significant noncompliance in all 12 quarters from July 2023 to June 2026 (ref 3); the LTCP runs to 2038 (ref 1).","significance":"The May 2012 CSO consent decree was revised with USDOJ, USEPA and IDEM (ref 1, ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":115000,"status":"Estimated","note":"Population served by South Bend Water Works per SDWIS (ref 4), used as a proxy for the sewer service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Raw sewage discharge cut from more than 2 billion to 338 million gallons a year (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"CSO outfalls to the St. Joseph River","value":35,"unit":"outfalls","status":"Reported","note":"Listed in the 2024 annual notice (ref 1)."},{"name":"Remaining LTCP cost","value":276,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Completion 2038 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Annual overflow volume (2021)","value":338,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"(ref 2)"},{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (Jul 2023-Jun 2026)","value":12,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Ammonia and suspended solids listed (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Plan funded by a utility rate increase passed in August 2021 (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Overflow volume fell sharply after Phase 1 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of South Bend Public Works","role":"Permittee and consent decree defendant"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM)","role":"State NPDES permitting and enforcement agency"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 5","role":"Federal Clean Water Act enforcement"}],"public_contact":"IDEM general line (800) 451-6027","corrective_actions":["3-million-gallon CSO storage tank near the plant, due December 2025 (ref 1).","4.7-million-gallon retention-treatment basin and plant expansion by 2029 (ref 1).","CSOnet smart sewer controls to maximize in-system storage (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Great Lakes Basin Combined Sewer Overflow Permittee 2024 Annual Notice (NPDES IN0024520)","publisher":"City of South Bend","date":"2025-04-21","url":"https://southbendin.gov/2024_gl_cso_annual/","basis":"Local government notice","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"South Bend, feds agree on new plan to improve city sewers, decrease overflow into St. Joseph River","publisher":"WVPE","date":"2021-08-23","url":"https://www.wvpe.org/indiana-news/2021-08-23/south-bend-feds-agree-on-new-plan-to-improve-city-sewers-decrease-overflow-into-st-joseph-river","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report data: South Bend WWTP (NPDES IN0024520)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=IN0024520","basis":"Federal compliance data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: South Bend Water Works (IN5271014)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SOUTH%20BEND/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IN-KOKOMO-CSO-LTCP-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Kokomo sewage plant flagged for E. coli noncompliance as CSO plan nears 2027 finish","description":"Kokomo's 23.5 MGD wastewater plant and combined sewer system discharge to Wildcat Creek and Kokomo Creek through 11 combined sewer overflow points and two wet weather treatment facilities. An agreed judgment enforces the city's 20-year CSO long-term control plan, expected to finish in 2027, while EPA's ECHO shows the plant in significant noncompliance for E. coli in every quarter from April 2024 through June 2026.","location":{"name":"Kokomo Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant and combined sewer system","state":"IN","states":["IN"],"detail":"City of Kokomo, Howard County; Wildcat Creek and Kokomo Creek","coordinates":{"lat":40.47635,"lon":-86.1507,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Howard"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Combined sewer overflows and effluent bacteria violations under a court-enforced plan.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO lists E. coli as the violating pollutant (ref 3); Wildcat Creek's low flow gives a dilution ratio of just 0.08 to 1 at the outfall (ref 1).","service":"The draft permit describes wet weather overflows, not a loss of sewer service (ref 1).","scale":"One city system with 11 CSO locations (ref 1); the Kokomo water system serves 59,313 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"ECHO shows significant noncompliance in nine consecutive quarters from April 2024 (ref 3) under a roughly 20-year plan (ref 1).","significance":"The LTCP schedule is enforced through Agreed Judgment Cause No. 49C01-07-09 CC 040623 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":59313,"status":"Estimated","note":"Population served by Indiana American Water - Kokomo per SDWIS (ref 4), used as a proxy for the city sewer area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"LTCP expected to limit untreated CSO events to no more than six in a typical year, with completion anticipated in 2027 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Combined sewer overflow locations","value":11,"unit":"outfalls","status":"Reported","note":"(ref 1)"},{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (Apr 2024-Jun 2026)","value":9,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Kokomo","role":"Permittee"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM)","role":"State NPDES permitting and enforcement agency"}],"public_contact":"IDEM general line (800) 451-6027","corrective_actions":["Peak Excess Flow Treatment Facility completed as a phase of the CSO LTCP (ref 2).","Storm King wet weather facility capacity to rise from 37 to 50 MGD in a future LTCP project (ref 1).","Draft NPDES permit renewal noticed April 22, 2026 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Public notice and draft NPDES permit IN0032875, City of Kokomo WWTP","publisher":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management","date":"2026-04-22","url":"https://www.in.gov/idem/files/notice_20260522_npdes_in0032875.pdf","basis":"State agency record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Kokomo Peak Excess Flow Treatment Facility","publisher":"Lochmueller Group","date":"2025-05-02","url":"https://www.lochgroup.com/projects/kokomo-peak-excess-flow-treatment-facility","basis":"Engineering firm project page"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report data: Kokomo WWTP (NPDES IN0032875)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=IN0032875","basis":"Federal compliance data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Indiana American Water - Kokomo (IN5234007)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/KOKOMO/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IN-ANDERSON-CSO-CONSENT-DECREE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Anderson sewage plant in noncompliance under CSO decree extended to 2029","description":"Anderson is under a 2002 federal consent decree, modified in 2010 to extend its combined sewer overflow remedial deadline from 2009 to 2029. Its 21.25 MGD plant discharges treated sanitary, industrial and combined sewage to the West Fork of the White River; IDEM closed one CSO outfall from the permit in July 2026, and EPA's ECHO shows the plant in significant noncompliance in every quarter from July 2023 through June 2026.","location":{"name":"Anderson Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant and combined sewer system","state":"IN","states":["IN"],"detail":"City of Anderson, Madison County; West Fork White River","coordinates":{"lat":40.112694,"lon":-85.717389,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Madison"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Combined sewer overflows and permit-schedule noncompliance under a long-running federal decree.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO lists chlorine and phosphorus as pollutants with violations at the Anderson plant (ref 3).","service":"Neither the permit notice nor the decree summary reports any loss of sewer service (ref 1, ref 2).","scale":"A single city plant of 21.25 MGD average design flow (ref 1); Anderson Water Department serves 55,212 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"The CSO deadline was pushed from 2009 to 2029 (ref 2), and ECHO shows 12 straight quarters of significant noncompliance through June 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"Federal consent decree entered February 18, 2002 with $250,000 in civil penalties, modified in 2010 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":55212,"status":"Estimated","note":"Population served by Anderson Water Department per SDWIS (ref 4), used as a proxy for the sewer service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"CSO remedial measures deadline extended to 2029 (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Average design flow","value":21.25,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"(ref 1)"},{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (Jul 2023-Jun 2026)","value":12,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Anderson","role":"Permittee and consent decree defendant"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM)","role":"State NPDES permitting and enforcement agency"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 5","role":"Federal Clean Water Act enforcement"}],"public_contact":"IDEM general line (800) 451-6027","corrective_actions":["CSO Outfall 025 closed and removed from the permit in July 2026 (ref 1).","CSO remedial measures due by 2029 under the modified decree (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Public notice 20260723-IN0032476-F: final NPDES permit major modification, City of Anderson WWTP","publisher":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management","date":"2026-07-23","url":"https://www.in.gov/idem/files/notice_20260810_npdes_in0032476.pdf","basis":"State agency record"},{"ref":2,"title":"City of Anderson, Indiana combined sewer overflow Clean Water Act settlement","publisher":"U.S. EPA (archived snapshot)","date":"2010-05-18","url":"https://19january2025snapshot.epa.gov/enforcement/city-anderson-indiana-combined-sewer-overflow-clean-water-act-settlement","basis":"Federal enforcement record"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report data: Anderson WWTP (NPDES IN0032476)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=IN0032476","basis":"Federal compliance data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Anderson Water Department (IN5248002)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ANDERSON/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IN-CONNERSVILLE-WWTP-FLOOD-SEWAGE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Flood knocks Connersville sewage plant offline, raw sewage flows into Whitewater River","description":"Historic flash flooding in Fayette County in mid-August 2026, part of storms for which Gov. Mike Braun declared a statewide disaster, knocked Connersville's wastewater treatment plant offline. ORSANCO reported on August 19 that an unknown amount of untreated wastewater was entering the Whitewater River, and Hamilton County, Ohio, health officials told people to avoid the Whitewater and the Great Miami River below the confluence; ECHO already showed the plant in significant noncompliance since mid-2024.","location":{"name":"Connersville Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"IN","states":["IN","OH"],"detail":"City of Connersville, Fayette County; Whitewater River downstream into Ohio","coordinates":{"lat":39.627306,"lon":-85.141694,"precision":"facility","source_ref":4},"counties":["Fayette"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Flood damage to a treatment plant caused untreated discharge to a shared interstate river.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Raw sewage flowed into the Whitewater River; health officials warned of E. coli and Cryptosporidium risks (ref 2).","service":"Flooding knocked the plant offline, with repairs being planned (ref 2), and recreation was advised against on both rivers (ref 1).","scale":"The advisory reached Hamilton County, Ohio, about 50 miles downstream of Connersville, a city served by a 13,282-person water system per SDWIS (ref 2, ref 5).","duration":"No end date was given for the advisory or the repairs (ref 1, ref 2); ECHO shows significant noncompliance in eight quarters since July 2024 (ref 4).","significance":"Gov. Mike Braun declared a statewide disaster after the storms (ref 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":13282,"status":"Estimated","note":"Population served by Connersville Utilities water system per SDWIS (ref 5), used as a proxy for the city sewer area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"An unknown amount of untreated municipal wastewater released into the Whitewater River (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (Jul 2024-Jun 2026)","value":8,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"E. coli and dissolved oxygen listed (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Pre-existing noncompliance (ref 4) followed by flood damage (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Connersville","role":"Plant owner and permittee"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM)","role":"State NPDES permitting and enforcement agency"},{"name":"Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission (ORSANCO)","role":"Interstate water quality alert"},{"name":"Hamilton County Public Health (Ohio)","role":"Downstream health advisory"}],"public_contact":"IDEM general line (800) 451-6027","corrective_actions":["Plant repairs being planned (ref 2).","Downstream recreation advisory by Hamilton County Public Health (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Residents urged to avoid Whitewater and Great Miami rivers due to contamination after flooding","publisher":"FOX19 (WXIX)","date":"2026-08-21","url":"https://www.fox19.com/2026/08/21/residents-urged-avoid-whitewater-great-miami-rivers-due-contamination-after-flooding/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Raw sewage discharge prompts warning for Whitewater, Great Miami rivers","publisher":"Local 12 (WKRC)","date":"2026-08-20","url":"https://local12.com/news/local/raw-sewage-warning-whitewater-great-miami-river-hamilton-county-cincinnati-cryptosporidium","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Historic flash floods devastate Connersville; Governor declares statewide disaster","publisher":"FOX19 (WXIX)","date":"2026-08-13","url":"https://www.fox19.com/2026/08/13/historic-flash-floods-devastate-connersville-governor-declares-statewide-disaster/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report data: Connersville WWTP (NPDES IN0032336)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=IN0032336","basis":"Federal compliance data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Connersville Utilities (IN5221001)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CONNERSVILLE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IN-STATEWIDE-FLOOD-DR4933-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"August 2026 Indiana floods: record White River crest, federal disaster DR-4933","description":"Storms and flooding that began August 11, 2026 killed at least six people, pushed the White River above 1913 records at Anderson and Noblesville, and forced hundreds of evacuations in Indianapolis. FEMA declared major disaster DR-4933-IN on August 25, 2026, with Individual Assistance in 24 counties and Public Assistance in 26.","location":{"name":"White River basin and 30-plus Indiana counties","type":"Multi-county disaster area","detail":"Central, east-central and northwest Indiana, including Marion, Hamilton, Madison, Lake and Porter counties","coordinates":{"lat":39.7684,"lon":-86.1581,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Carroll","Cass","Dearborn","Decatur","Delaware","Fayette","Franklin","Hamilton","Hancock","Henry","LaPorte","Lake","Madison","Marion","Morgan","Pike","Porter","Pulaski","Putnam","Randolph","Rush","Tipton","Union","Wayne","Fountain","Grant","Parke","Starke","Vermillion","Warren"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"IN","states":["IN"]},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"River flooding damaged roads, bridges and homes, so the event is both a water-quantity and an infrastructure problem.","secondary_drivers":["extreme rainfall","riverine flooding"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"AP reporting (ref 3) cites at least six deaths from the storms and flooding, including a 4-year-old boy, per the state Department of Homeland Security.","service":"Hundreds of homes along the White River and its canals in Indianapolis were evacuated and about 300,000 utility customers lost power at the peak (ref 3); no drinking-water outage is documented.","scale":"FEMA designated 24 counties for Individual Assistance and 26 for Public Assistance (ref 2), after the governor sought help for 54 counties (ref 4).","duration":"The FEMA incident period ran August 11 to 24, 2026 (ref 1), with recovery aid still being paid out weeks later.","significance":"A presidential major disaster declaration, DR-4933-IN, was issued August 25, 2026 (ref 1), following an emergency declaration (ref 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No total population affected was published; FEMA had approved 32,708 Individual Assistance applications (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Total Individuals and Households Program approved: $136,219,920.29 (FEMA, ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Individual Assistance applications approved","value":32708,"unit":"applications","status":"Reported","note":"FEMA DR-4933 page (ref 1)."},{"name":"Deaths","value":6,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"At least six per Indiana DHS via AP (ref 3); later AP updates said seven."},{"name":"White River crest at Anderson and Noblesville","value":24,"unit":"feet (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Surpassed 1913 records (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Second federal flood disaster for Indiana in about 13 months, after DR-4882 for spring 2025 storms."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","role":"Federal disaster assistance"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Homeland Security","role":"State emergency management"}],"public_contact":"Indiana Department of Homeland Security, in.gov/dhs; FEMA Helpline via fema.gov","corrective_actions":["FEMA Individual and Public Assistance under DR-4933-IN (ref 1, ref 2)","State Disaster Relief Fund raised to $5 million with grants up to $5,000 per household (ref 4)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Indiana Severe Storms, Straight-line Winds, Tornadoes, and Flooding (DR-4933-IN)","publisher":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","date":"2026-08-25","url":"https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4933","basis":"federal"},{"ref":2,"title":"DR-4933 Designated Areas","publisher":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4933/designated-areas","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"At least 6 people have died from days of storms and record-setting flooding in Indiana","publisher":"Associated Press via Anchorage Daily News","date":"2026-08-16","url":"https://www.adn.com/nation-world/2026/08/16/at-least-6-people-have-died-from-days-of-storms-and-record-setting-flooding-in-indiana/","basis":"news"},{"ref":4,"title":"Gov. Braun submits major disaster declaration to FEMA as Indiana grapples with historic flood damage","publisher":"WPTA 21Alive","date":"2026-08-21","url":"https://www.21alivenews.com/2026/08/21/gov-braun-submits-major-disaster-declaration-fema-indiana-grapples-with-historic-flood-damage/","basis":"news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IN-SOUTHERN-FLOOD-DR4882-2025"]},{"id":"US-IN-SOUTHERN-FLOOD-DR4882-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Spring 2025 storms and flooding: federal disaster DR-4882 for 25 Indiana counties","description":"Severe storms, tornadoes and flooding from March 30 to April 9, 2025 led Governor Braun to declare a state disaster emergency that grew to 35 counties. FEMA approved major disaster DR-4882-IN on July 22, 2025, with Public Assistance for 25 counties, many along the Ohio River.","location":{"name":"Southern and central Indiana (25 counties)","type":"Multi-county disaster area","detail":"Ohio River counties including Vanderburgh, Clark, Floyd, Harrison and Jefferson, plus central counties","coordinates":{"lat":38.3,"lon":-86.1,"precision":"state","source_ref":2},"counties":["Bartholomew","Brown","Clark","Clay","Crawford","Decatur","Floyd","Franklin","Greene","Harrison","Jefferson","Lawrence","Madison","Marshall","Martin","Montgomery","Morgan","Orange","Owen","Perry","Switzerland","Vanderburgh","Warren","Warrick","Washington"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"IN","states":["IN"]},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Flooding damaged public roads, bridges and utilities that FEMA Public Assistance now helps repair.","secondary_drivers":["extreme rainfall","riverine flooding"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"WAVE reporting (ref 4) describes historic flooding plus storm and tornado damage across the added counties; no deaths are cited in the opened sources.","service":"None of the opened sources document a water-service loss tied to the spring 2025 flooding.","scale":"FEMA lists 25 counties designated for Public Assistance under DR-4882 (ref 2); the state emergency covered 35 counties (ref 4).","duration":"The incident ran March 30 to April 9, 2025, and the federal declaration came about three months later on July 22 (ref 1).","significance":"A presidential major disaster declaration, DR-4882-IN (ref 1), bringing $15.1 million for local government recovery (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population was published."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The declaration brings $15.1 million for governments to use in recovery (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Public Assistance obligated","value":8990341.64,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"FEMA DR-4882 page (ref 1)."},{"name":"Counties under state disaster emergency","value":35,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"April 15, 2025 executive order (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Followed in August 2026 by a larger flood disaster, DR-4933."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","role":"Federal disaster assistance"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Homeland Security","role":"State emergency management"}],"public_contact":"Indiana Department of Homeland Security, in.gov/dhs","corrective_actions":["FEMA Public Assistance for debris removal, emergency protective measures and repair of roads, bridges and utilities (ref 1, ref 3)","State Disaster Relief Fund assistance of up to $25,000 for individuals (ref 4)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Indiana Severe Storms, Straight-line Winds, Tornadoes, and Flooding (DR-4882-IN)","publisher":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","date":"2025-07-22","url":"https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4882","basis":"federal"},{"ref":2,"title":"DR-4882 Designated Areas","publisher":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4882/designated-areas","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"FEMA declares disaster for parts of Indiana related to spring storms; federal money on its way","publisher":"WFYI / Indiana Public Broadcasting","date":"2025-07-24","url":"https://www.ipm.org/news/2025-07-24/fema-declares-disaster-for-parts-of-indiana-related-to-spring-storms-federal-money-on-its-way","basis":"news"},{"ref":4,"title":"Indiana Governor expands disaster declaration to 35 counties after historic flooding","publisher":"WAVE News","date":"2025-04-15","url":"https://www.wdrbwave.com/2025/04/15/indiana-governor-expands-disaster-declaration-35-counties-after-historic-flooding","basis":"news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IN-STATEWIDE-FLOOD-DR4933-2026"]},{"id":"US-IN-STATEWIDE-WATER-TRANSFER-LAW-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Indiana SEA 4 (2025): permits for long-haul water pipelines; LEAP transfer exempt","description":"Senate Enrolled Act 4, signed April 22, 2025, requires a DNR permit for basin-to-basin water transfers and an IURC permit for long-haul pipelines, following public concern over plans to pipe water to the LEAP industrial district in Lebanon. Existing transfers, including Citizens Energy Group water to Lebanon and the LEAP district, were exempt in the House-passed bill, which split environmental groups. A companion executive order directed a statewide water inventory.","location":{"name":"Indiana (statewide water-transfer law)","type":"State water law","detail":"Statewide; prompted by proposed transfers to the LEAP district, Boone County","coordinates":{"lat":39.7684,"lon":-86.1625,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Boone"],"extent":"statewide","state":"IN","states":["IN"]},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is how the state permits and oversees large inter-basin water transfers.","secondary_drivers":["industrial water demand","inter-basin transfer"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No harm is documented; the law addresses the risk that long pipelines draw down source areas (ref 1).","service":"The law creates permit requirements and does not itself change any utility service (ref 1).","scale":"Applies statewide to basin-to-basin transfers and long-haul pipelines (ref 1), after reporting on proposed pipelines to serve LEAP (ref 2).","duration":"Debated through the 2025 session; signed April 22, 2025 (ref 1), with the LEAP exemption contested during passage (ref 2).","significance":"Enacted state law, Senate Enrolled Act 4, with DNR and IURC permitting (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide policy; no affected population applies."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Requires a permit for basin-to-basin water transfers and other large, long-distance water pipeline projects (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Statewide water inventory under the governor's executive order is due by end of 2026."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Indiana Department of Natural Resources","role":"Basin-to-basin transfer permits"},{"name":"Indiana Utility Regulatory Commission","role":"Long-haul pipeline permits"},{"name":"Indiana General Assembly","role":"Legislature"}],"public_contact":"Indiana DNR Division of Water, in.gov/dnr/water","corrective_actions":["Basin-to-basin applicants must submit hydrologic and environmental impact assessments (ref 1)","Executive order directing a statewide inventory of water use, availability and future demand (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Koch legislation to protect Indiana's water signed by governor","publisher":"Indiana Senate Republicans","date":"2025-04-23","url":"https://www.indianasenaterepublicans.com/koch-legislation-to-protect-indiana-s-water-signed-by-governor","basis":"state"},{"ref":2,"title":"House lawmakers pass bill to ensure long water pipelines don't threaten supply","publisher":"WFYI / Indiana Public Broadcasting","date":"2025-04-01","url":"https://wfyi.org/news/articles/house-lawmakers-pass-bill-to-ensure-long-water-pipelines-dont-threaten-supply","basis":"news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Final enacted text of the LEAP exemption not verified"],"related_ids":["US-IN-INDIANAPOLIS-DATACENTER-MORATORIUM-2026","US-IN-TIPPECANOE-WABASH-AQUIFER-TRANSFER-2023","US-IN-LEBANON-LEAP-WATER-SUPPLY-2025"]},{"id":"US-IN-FLINT-CREEK-FERTILIZER-FISHKILL-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Flint Creek: farm fertilizer tank leak causes 10-mile fish kill (Tippecanoe County)","description":"In May 2024 a leak from a 30,000-gallon liquid nitrogen fertilizer tank at a farm near West Point sent ammonia nitrogen into a Flint Run tributary, killing fish along about 10 miles of Flint Run and Flint Creek, which flows to the Wabash River. IDEM and DNR told people and animals to stay out of the water.","location":{"name":"Flint Run and Flint Creek near West Point","type":"Stream segment","detail":"West Point area, Tippecanoe County; tributary to the Wabash River","coordinates":{"lat":40.35,"lon":-87.04,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Tippecanoe"],"extent":"watershed","state":"IN","states":["IN"]},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"An agricultural chemical release degraded stream water quality and killed fish.","secondary_drivers":["fertilizer storage","ammonia release"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"IDEM found elevated ammonia nitrogen at the initial site and a fish kill stretching about 10 miles (ref 1).","service":"IDEM and DNR advised people and animals to stay out of the water around Flint Creek (ref 1).","scale":"About 10 miles of Flint Run and Flint Creek, upstream of the Wabash River (ref 2).","duration":"Dead fish were reported May 5, 2024 and the farm took steps to contain the leak within days (ref 2).","significance":"IDEM emergency response traced the source to a 30,000-gallon tank at Scott Miller Farm (ref 2); no enforcement outcome was found."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No public water supply was reported affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The fish kill stretched about 10 miles, starting in a Flint Run tributary (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Fertilizer tank capacity","value":30000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Liquid nitrogen fertilizer (ref 2)."},{"name":"Stream length affected","value":10,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No follow-up enforcement record found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management","role":"Emergency response and water quality enforcement"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Natural Resources","role":"Fish and wildlife"}],"public_contact":"IDEM Emergency Response (spill reporting), in.gov/idem","corrective_actions":["Farm owner contained the leak (ref 2)","IDEM and DNR monitored the creek and evaluated the Wabash River (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Many dead fish found in Tippecanoe County waters, IDEM says avoid Flint Creek","publisher":"WFYI","date":"2024-05-06","url":"https://wfyi.org/news/articles/many-dead-fish-found-in-tippecanoe-county-waters-idem-says-avoid-flint-creek","basis":"news"},{"ref":2,"title":"Leak from Indiana fertilizer tank results in 10-mile fish kill","publisher":"Associated Press via AgriNews","date":"2024-06-04","url":"https://www.agrinews-pubs.com/news/science/2024/06/03/leak-from-indiana-fertilizer-tank-results-in-10-mile-fish-kill/","basis":"news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Number of fish killed","Enforcement outcome"],"related_ids":["US-IN-UPPER-WABASH-NUTRIENTS-2025"]},{"id":"US-IN-MARTINSVILLE-EAGLE-VALLEY-COAL-ASH-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"AES Eagle Valley (Martinsville): coal ash groundwater discharged to White River, permit suit","description":"IDEM's 2023 permit lets AES Indiana pump coal-ash-contaminated groundwater at the Eagle Valley station, use it as process and cooling water, and discharge it untreated to the West Fork White River upstream of Martinsville's municipal wells. After the state administrative office upheld the permit, the Hoosier Environmental Council sued in Morgan County in March 2025; AES says it complies with its permits.","location":{"name":"Eagle Valley Generating Station, Martinsville","type":"Power plant and river segment","detail":"Martinsville, Morgan County; West Fork White River upstream of Martinsville Water Utility wells","coordinates":{"lat":39.4278,"lon":-86.4283,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Morgan"],"extent":"site","state":"IN","states":["IN"]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The dispute concerns contaminated groundwater from coal ash ponds discharged into a river used upstream of a drinking-water wellfield.","secondary_drivers":["coal ash","permit dispute"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"AES's 2022 renewal application showed up to 1.3 million gallons a day of contaminated water discharged from nearly 3 million cubic yards of ash in unlined floodplain ponds (ref 2).","service":"No drinking-water restriction for Martinsville (SDWIS population 15,000, ref 3) is reported.","scale":"One plant site, on a river stretch upstream of Martinsville's municipal wells (ref 1).","duration":"Discharges were first permitted in 2017 and pumping began in 2018 (ref 2); the 2023 permit was still in litigation in 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"Hoosier Environmental Council lawsuit in Morgan County court asking to reverse the administrative ruling upholding the permit (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Martinsville Water Utility serves 15,000 per SDWIS (ref 3), but no exposure is documented."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Up to 1.3 million gallons per day of contaminated water discharged, per the March 2022 permit renewal application (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Permitted discharge in renewal application","value":1.3,"unit":"million gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Coal ash stored near plant","value":3,"unit":"million cubic yards (nearly)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Discharge continues under the 2023 permit while the court challenge is pending."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"AES Indiana","role":"Plant owner and permittee"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management","role":"NPDES permitting authority"},{"name":"Indiana Office of Administrative Law Proceedings","role":"Administrative review"}],"public_contact":"IDEM Office of Water Quality, in.gov/idem","corrective_actions":["Hoosier Environmental Council seeks remand to IDEM for a permit complying with federal and state law (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Environmental group sues state agency over wastewater discharge in Morgan County","publisher":"Indiana Public Media","date":"2025-03-27","url":"https://www.ipm.org/2025-03-27/environmental-group-sues-state-agency-over-wastewater-discharge-in-morgan-county","basis":"news"},{"ref":2,"title":"State letting AES Indiana discharge toxic water into White River, group says","publisher":"Indianapolis Business Journal","date":"2023-04-19","url":"https://www.ibj.com/articles/aes-indiana-power-plant-discharging-millions-of-gallons-of-toxic-water-into-white-river-group-says","basis":"news"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Martinsville Water Utility (IN5255009)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MARTINSVILLE/JSON","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Measured contaminant concentrations in the discharge","Court outcome"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IN-GRAND-CALUMET-AOC-SEDIMENT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Grand Calumet River AOC: legacy PCB and PAH sediment, $200M+ cleanup set for 2026","description":"The Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Ship Canal, a Great Lakes Area of Concern since 1987, still hold sediment contaminated with PCBs, PAHs, heavy metals and oil and grease. In January 2026 EPA and partners committed more than $200 million to remove over 240,000 cubic yards from the Lake George Canal and Junction Reaches, with construction from late 2026 and delisting possible around 2031.","location":{"name":"Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Ship Canal","type":"River segment (Great Lakes Area of Concern)","detail":"East Chicago, Hammond and Gary, Lake County; drains to Lake Michigan","coordinates":{"lat":41.639,"lon":-87.4548,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lake"],"extent":"watershed","state":"IN","states":["IN"]},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legacy industrial contamination in river and canal sediment impairs water and habitat quality.","secondary_drivers":["legacy industrial pollution"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"IDEM lists oil and grease, heavy metals, ammonia, phosphorus, PCBs, PAHs and pesticides as sediment contaminants (ref 2).","service":"No drinking-water service effect is documented for the river cleanup.","scale":"A 13-mile river in the Lake County industrial corridor; about 2 million cubic yards along 4.5 miles already cleaned (ref 1).","duration":"Designated an Area of Concern in 1987, with delisting estimated around 2031 (ref 1).","significance":"Great Lakes Legacy Act agreement with Atlantic Richfield, BP and the East Chicago Waterway Management District; earlier work followed a 1999 Clean Water Act consent decree (ref 1, ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No exposed population was published."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than 240,000 cubic yards of contaminated sediment across 100 acres to be removed (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Committed cleanup funding","value":200,"unit":"million USD (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"January 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Sediment to be removed","value":240000,"unit":"cubic yards (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Six of 12 sediment projects were complete before the 2026 agreement, per EPA; the remaining work is scheduled 2027 to 2030 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes National Program Office","role":"Great Lakes Legacy Act lead"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management","role":"Remedial Action Plan coordinator"},{"name":"East Chicago Waterway Management District","role":"Non-federal sponsor"}],"public_contact":"IDEM Office of Water Quality, in.gov/idem","corrective_actions":["Lake George Canal sediment cleanup and Junction Reaches remediation, construction from late 2026 (ref 1)","East Branch phase including Ralston Street Lagoon closure in design (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA announces more than $200 million for cleanup of Grand Calumet River (Post-Tribune, reposted)","publisher":"Office of Rep. Frank J. Mrvan","date":"2026-01-27","url":"https://mrvan.house.gov/media/in-the-news/epa-announces-more-200-million-cleanup-grand-calumet-river","basis":"news"},{"ref":2,"title":"Cleanup of Contaminated Sediments: Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Ship Canal","publisher":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management","date":"2026-04-01","url":"https://www.in.gov/idem/lakemichigan/grand-calumet-river-and-indiana-harbor-ship-canal/cleanup-of-contaminated-sediments","basis":"state","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IN-INDIANA-AMERICAN-WATER-RATES-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Indiana American Water: $66M rate increase phased in 2024-2025; acquisitions continue","description":"The IURC's February 2024 order in Cause 45870 granted Indiana American Water about $66 million of the $86.7 million (about 31 percent) it sought, phased in through May 2025, raised the residential fixed charge from $15.25 to $20 and rejected a proposed affordability tariff. The utility, serving about 1.32 million people, then acquired Community Utilities of Indiana systems in Merrillville, Lakes of the Four Seasons and Roselawn, closing June 1, 2026.","location":{"name":"Indiana American Water service areas","type":"Investor-owned water and wastewater utility","detail":"About 30 community systems per SDWIS (ref 5), largest Northwest (Lake and Porter counties) and Southern Indiana (Clark and Floyd)","coordinates":{"lat":39.6137,"lon":-86.1067,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lake","Porter","Clark","Floyd","Delaware","Howard","Johnson","Hamilton","Vigo","Tippecanoe","Wayne"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"IN","states":["IN"]},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is the cost of water and wastewater service and utility consolidation.","secondary_drivers":["rate increase","utility acquisition"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health or environmental harm is at issue in the rate order (ref 1).","service":"No service disruption; bills rose about $10.19 a month for the average customer per Citizens Action Coalition (ref 2).","scale":"Indiana American Water serves approximately 1.32 million people (ref 1).","duration":"Filed March 2023, ordered February 14, 2024, and phased in through May 2025 (ref 3).","significance":"IURC final order in Cause No. 45870 (ref 3), contested by the consumer counselor, who proposed about 6.6 percent."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":1320000,"status":"Reported","note":"Approximately 1.32 million people served (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"IURC approved an increase of about $66 million versus a requested $86.7 million, or about 31.1 percent (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Approved revenue increase","value":66.3,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Residential fixed charge after order","value":20,"unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","note":"Up from $15.25 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Customer connections added by CUII acquisition","value":8200,"unit":"connections","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No new general rate case was found on the OUCC case page as of October 2026 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Indiana Utility Regulatory Commission","role":"Rate regulator"},{"name":"Indiana Office of Utility Consumer Counselor","role":"Ratepayer advocate"},{"name":"Indiana American Water","role":"Utility"}],"public_contact":"Indiana Office of Utility Consumer Counselor, in.gov/oucc","corrective_actions":["Three-step phase-in through May 2025 (ref 1)","IURC approved the Community Utilities of Indiana acquisition, Cause No. 46289, on February 25, 2026 (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Indiana American Water Granted New Rates by the Indiana Utility Regulatory Commission","publisher":"Indiana American Water","date":"2024-02-15","url":"https://www.amwater.com/press-room/press-releases/indiana/indiana-american-water-granted-new-rates-by-the-indiana-utility-regulatory-commission","basis":"utility"},{"ref":2,"title":"Indiana-American Water Rate Hike (2023)","publisher":"Citizens Action Coalition","date":"2024-02-15","url":"https://www.citact.org/node/3307","basis":"advocacy"},{"ref":3,"title":"Indiana American Water Co. rates: key cases","publisher":"Indiana Office of Utility Consumer Counselor","date":"2026-07-09","url":"https://secure.in.gov/oucc/watersewer/key-cases-by-utility/indiana-american-water-co-rates/","basis":"state","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water systems: Indiana American Water (e.g., Northwest IN5245015, S. Indiana IN5210005)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/IN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/INDIANA%20AMERICAN/JSON","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"Indiana American Water completes purchase of Community Utilities of Indiana's water and wastewater systems","publisher":"Indiana American Water via Stock Titan","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://stocktitan.net/news/AWK/indiana-american-water-completes-purchase-of-community-utilities-of-jd2ztchisbo8.html","basis":"utility"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IN-CHARLESTOWN-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-IN-STATEWIDE-HAB-BEACH-ADVISORIES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Blue-green algae advisories recur at Indiana reservoir beaches, 2025-2026","description":"IDEM's weekly sampling of DNR swimming beaches put 14 beaches, including Brookville, Monroe, Patoka and Salamonie lakes, above the 100,000 cells/mL cyanobacteria advisory level in mid-August 2025, and 11 beaches remained on advisory when the 2026 season ended in September. DNR posts a standing algae alert at 17 state lakes: do not drink the water and shower after swimming.","location":{"name":"DNR reservoir and lake beaches statewide","type":"Recreational lakes and reservoirs","detail":"State parks and reservoirs including Monroe Lake (Monroe County), Brookville Lake (Franklin County) and Patoka Lake","coordinates":{"lat":39,"lon":-86.4,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Monroe","Franklin","Orange","Owen","Parke","Clark","Scott","Wabash","Huntington","Miami","Noble","Wells","St. Joseph","Henry","Union","Dubois"],"extent":"statewide","state":"IN","states":["IN"]},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Cyanobacteria blooms degrade recreational water quality at public lakes.","secondary_drivers":["nutrient loading","warm-weather blooms"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Cyanobacteria counts exceeded IDEM's 100,000 cells/mL action level at 14 beaches on August 15, 2025 (ref 1).","service":"Advisory signs are posted at affected beaches, and DNR warns visitors at 17 properties not to drink lake water (ref 3).","scale":"Beaches across the state park and reservoir system, from Potato Creek in the north to Hardy and Patoka lakes in the south (ref 1).","duration":"Advisories recurred in both the 2025 season (ref 1) and the 2026 season, which ended with 11 beaches on advisory (ref 2).","significance":"Formal state beach advisories under IDEM's sampling program (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Beach visitor numbers are not published with the advisories."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"11 beaches at the Beach Advisory alert level (over 100,000 cells/mL) in the final 2026 update, September 4, 2026 (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Beaches on advisory, August 15, 2025","value":14,"unit":"beaches","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Beaches on advisory, September 4, 2026","value":11,"unit":"beaches","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Advisories recur each summer at many of the same reservoirs (ref 1, ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management","role":"Beach cyanobacteria sampling"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Natural Resources","role":"State park and reservoir manager"}],"public_contact":"IDEM Office of Water Quality, in.gov/idem","corrective_actions":["Weekly IDEM sampling of DNR swimming beaches from May to Labor Day (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"August 15, 2025 Indiana Reservoir and Lake Sampling Update","publisher":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management","date":"2025-08-15","url":"https://www.in.gov/idem/algae/indiana-reservoir-and-lake-sampling-update/august-15-2025-indiana-reservoir-and-lake-sampling-update","basis":"state"},{"ref":2,"title":"Indiana Reservoir and Lake Sampling Update (September 4, 2026)","publisher":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management","date":"2026-09-04","url":"https://www.in.gov/idem/algae/indiana-reservoir-and-lake-sampling-update","basis":"state"},{"ref":3,"title":"Advisories and Closings","publisher":"Indiana Department of Natural Resources","date":"2026-10-09","url":"https://www.in.gov/dnr/state-parks/parks-lakes/advisories-and-closings/","basis":"state","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Toxin concentrations by beach"],"related_ids":["US-IN-UPPER-WABASH-NUTRIENTS-2025"]},{"id":"US-IN-INDIANAPOLIS-DATACENTER-MORATORIUM-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Indianapolis halts new data centers through 2027 amid water and pollution concerns","description":"After residents opposed several proposed data centers citing pollution and excessive water use, Indianapolis gave final approval on August 19, 2026 to a moratorium on new data centers through 2027 while standards are written; three projects already zoned are exempt. The state's Indiana Finance Authority is studying data center water use, and DNR is preparing a statewide water inventory under Executive Order 25-63.","location":{"name":"Indianapolis (Marion County)","type":"Consolidated city-county","detail":"Marion County; exempt projects in Martindale-Brightwood, the far east side and southwestern Marion County","coordinates":{"lat":39.7684,"lon":-86.1581,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Marion"],"extent":"city","state":"IN","states":["IN"]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is planning and oversight of large new industrial water and power users.","secondary_drivers":["data center demand"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No harm is documented; residents cited pollution and excessive water use as concerns (ref 2).","service":"No utility service effect is reported; developers DC Blox and Metrobloks say water use will be minimal (ref 2).","scale":"The moratorium covers all of Indianapolis (ref 1), and the IFA water-use study is statewide (ref 2).","duration":"The pause runs from August 2026 through the end of 2027 (ref 1).","significance":"Unanimous Metropolitan Development Commission vote after City-County Council passage (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population applies to a zoning pause."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Temporary ban on new data centers in Indianapolis through the end of 2027 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Data centers exempt (already zoned)","value":3,"unit":"projects","status":"Reported","note":"DC Blox, Metrobloks, Sabey (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"State water inventory and IFA study results were not yet published (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Indianapolis Metropolitan Development Commission","role":"Zoning authority"},{"name":"Indiana Finance Authority","role":"Data center water-use study"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Natural Resources","role":"Statewide water inventory"}],"public_contact":"Indianapolis Department of Metropolitan Development, indy.gov","corrective_actions":["Committee of experts and residents to review data center standards; $150,000 for research (ref 1)","IFA may restrict State Revolving Fund loans for large developments that would harm ratepayers (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Indianapolis data center moratorium receives final approval","publisher":"Indianapolis Business Journal","date":"2026-08-19","url":"https://www.ibj.com/articles/indianapolis-data-center-moratorium-receives-final-approval","basis":"news"},{"ref":2,"title":"'Forever chemicals,' microplastics and data centers. What you need to know.","publisher":"Great Lakes Now / Mirror Indy","date":"2026-08-28","url":"https://www.greatlakesnow.org/?p=47537","basis":"news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IN-STATEWIDE-WATER-TRANSFER-LAW-2025"]},{"id":"US-IN-UPPER-WABASH-NUTRIENTS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Upper Wabash watershed: E. coli and nutrient impairments from row-crop land","description":"IDEM and EPA approved an updated Upper Wabash watershed plan in July 2025 for about 228,000 acres in Allen, Huntington, Wabash, Wells and Whitley counties, where row-crop agriculture covers about 70 percent of land and streams are impaired for E. coli and nutrients. The plan targets cuts of about 296 tons of nitrogen and 30 tons of phosphorus a year; Notre Dame research found the Wabash carries about 11 percent of the nitrogen reaching the Gulf from 3 percent of the Mississippi basin.","location":{"name":"Upper Wabash River watershed","type":"Watershed","detail":"Aboite Creek, Clear Creek, Little River and Loon Creek subwatersheds in northeast Indiana","coordinates":{"lat":40.88,"lon":-85.5,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Allen","Huntington","Wabash","Wells","Whitley"],"extent":"watershed","state":"IN","states":["IN"]},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nutrient and bacteria runoff from farmland degrades stream water quality.","secondary_drivers":["row-crop runoff","nutrient loading"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The 2025 plan documents E. coli and nutrient impairments, impaired biotic communities and elevated turbidity in nearly all subwatersheds (ref 1).","service":"No drinking-water or recreation closure is tied to the plan area in the opened sources.","scale":"About 228,303 acres across five counties (ref 1); the Wabash delivers about 11 percent of Gulf-bound nitrogen (ref 2).","duration":"Nitrogen loading from the Wabash has been documented since at least 2014 (ref 2) and the 2025 update keeps the same reduction goals (ref 1).","significance":"Waters are on Indiana's 303(d) impaired list and the plan was approved by IDEM and EPA in July 2025 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Watershed population not published in the plan summary."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Load reduction goals: nitrogen 296.35, phosphorus 29.85 and sediment 7,742.72 tons per year (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Row-crop share of watershed","value":70,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Wabash share of nitrogen reaching the Gulf","value":11,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Notre Dame, 2014 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No trend data in the opened sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management","role":"Nonpoint source program and 303(d) listing"},{"name":"Indiana State Department of Agriculture","role":"State nutrient reduction strategy"}],"public_contact":"IDEM Office of Water Quality, in.gov/idem","corrective_actions":["Phase III watershed management plan update approved July 2025 (ref 1)","Floodplain restoration shown to remove nearly 600 pounds of nitrogen per acre a year (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Upper Wabash Phase III WMP Update (2025)","publisher":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management","date":"2026-04-09","url":"https://www.in.gov/idem/nps/resources/watershed-management-plans/upper-wabash-phase-iii-wmp-update-2025","basis":"state","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"New Notre Dame report highlights the important water quality role that the Wabash River plays on a national level","publisher":"University of Notre Dame Environmental Change Initiative","date":"2014-05-08","url":"https://environmentalchange.nd.edu/news-events/news/press-release-new-notre-dame-report-highlights-the-important-water-quality-role-that-the-wabash-river-plays-on-a-national-level/","basis":"academic"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (IN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-IN-FLINT-CREEK-FERTILIZER-FISHKILL-2024","US-IN-STATEWIDE-HAB-BEACH-ADVISORIES-2026"]},{"id":"US-WA-KENNEWICK-PFAS-RANNEY-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Kennewick: Ranney Collector PFAS above state limits two springs running","description":"Kennewick's Ranney Collector 5, which supplies about 60% of the city's water, has shown PFAS since 2022 and exceeded Washington's PFOS action level in spring 2024 and spring 2025. In 2026 the running annual average was reported at 10.5 ppt PFOS and 16 ppt PFHxS, above the state's lowered 4 ppt and 10 ppt limits. The Department of Health advises pregnant and breastfeeding people and formula users to use other water, and the city is designing a $33 million carbon treatment plant due by summer 2028.","location":{"name":"City of Kennewick water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"Kennewick, Benton County; Ranney Collector 5 groundwater source beside the Columbia River","coordinates":{"lat":46.197622,"lon":-119.175923,"precision":"city","source_ref":6},"counties":["Benton"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WA5338100"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in a groundwater source that supplies most of the city's drinking water is the issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"OPB (ref 3) reports a 16.7 ppt sample in March 2025 against the 15 ppt state action level, and NWPB (ref 2) reports 10.5 ppt PFOS and 16 ppt PFHxS in 2026, above the new 4 and 10 ppt state limits.","service":"DOH recommends that people who are pregnant, breastfeeding or mixing infant formula use an alternative source such as bottled water (ref 2); general service continued.","scale":"SDWIS lists 118,164 people served by the Kennewick system (ref 4).","duration":"Detections began in July 2022 at RC5 (ref 1) and exceedances recurred in the springs of 2024, 2025 and 2026 (refs 2, 3).","significance":"Exceedances of the state PFAS action level trigger DOH-required quarterly monitoring and public advisories (refs 1, 2); no enforcement order found."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":118164,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Running annual average for PFAS at 10.5/16.0 parts per trillion (PFOS/PFHxS), above the 4.0/10 ppt state maximums in effect since January 2026 (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"PFOS, Ranney Collector, spring 2026","value":10.5,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"NWPB (ref 2)."},{"name":"PFHxS, Ranney Collector, spring 2026","value":16,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"NWPB (ref 2)."},{"name":"PFOS sample, March 2025","value":16.7,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Against the then 15 ppt state action level (ref 3)."},{"name":"Share of annual supply from RC5","value":60,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"City PFAS page (ref 1)."},{"name":"Treatment plant estimate (30% design)","value":33,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"$15 million DWSRF award in early 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Mean PFOS, UCMR 5","value":4.99,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of 8 UCMR 5 results for the system (ref 5), results below the reporting level counted as zero; not a compliance running annual average."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Debt service for the $33 million plant beyond the $15 million state award will be paid from water rates (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Levels are seasonal and peak in early spring (ref 1); exceedances recurred three springs in a row (refs 2, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Kennewick Public Works","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Washington State Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Kennewick City Hall, 210 W 6th Ave, Kennewick, WA 99336; 509-585-4200","corrective_actions":["Quarterly PFAS sampling at Ranney Collector 5 as required by DOH","Granular activated carbon plant with 14 pressure vessels next to RC5; bidding late fall 2026, operation by summer 2028","$15 million Drinking Water State Revolving Fund award (2025)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PFAS","publisher":"City of Kennewick","date":null,"url":"https://go2kennewick.com/1648/PFAS","basis":"Utility record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Kennewick drinking water continues to test above state 'forever chemical' standards","publisher":"Northwest Public Broadcasting","date":"2026-07-14","url":"https://www.nwpb.org/local/2026-07-14/kennewick-drinking-water-continues-to-test-above-state-forever-chemical-standards","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Kennewick finds 'forever chemicals' in its drinking water for the second spring in a row","publisher":"OPB / Northwest Public Broadcasting","date":"2025-04-17","url":"https://opb.org/article/2025/04/17/kennewick-finds-forever-chemicals-in-its-drinking-water-for-the-second-spring-in-a-row","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record WA5338100","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/KENNEWICK/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2022-07-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-WA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-WA-WASHOUGAL-PFOS-WELLS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Washougal: PFOS above the federal 4 ppt MCL at five of six city wells","description":"Washougal has reported PFOS above the federal 4 ppt limit at least once at each of its six wellheads since June 2024, and in May 2026 five of six wells measured 5.7 to 7.0 ppt. The city says results remain within the state action limit listed on its page, publishes quarterly updates and is evaluating treatment, with costs placed in its long-range capital plan.","location":{"name":"City of Washougal water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"Washougal, Clark County; six active wells at two wellfields","coordinates":{"lat":45.582801,"lon":-122.346384,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Clark"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WA5393400"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOS in the city's groundwater wells is the issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The city's table (ref 1) shows May 2026 PFOS of 6.95 ppt at Well 5 and 6.83 ppt at Well 7, above the federal MCL but, per the city, within the state action limit.","service":"Quarterly updates (ref 2) report no outage or do-not-drink advice; service continues while treatment is evaluated.","scale":"SDWIS lists 21,441 people served (ref 3).","duration":"Quarterly results above 4 ppt run from May 2024 through May 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"The city issued a public notice on initial detection in June 2024 (ref 2); no violation or order found, as the federal MCL is not yet enforceable."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":21441,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Results above 4 ppt \"occurred at least one time, on at least one PFAS substance at each of the 6 city wellheads\" (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Wells above 4 ppt PFOS, May 2026","value":5,"unit":"of 6 wells","status":"Reported","note":"City table (ref 1); Well 1 non-detect."},{"name":"Highest PFOS, May 2026","value":6.95,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Well 5 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Highest PFOS since 2024","value":7.5,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Wells 11 and 12, May 2024 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Wells above 4 ppt rose from three in May 2024 to five in May 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Washougal Public Works","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Washington State Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Washougal Public Works, via cityofwashougal.us","corrective_actions":["Quarterly PFAS testing and public updates","Engineering evaluation of PFAS treatment technologies","Study of possible PFAS sources and groundwater extent","Treatment costs included in long-range capital plans"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PFAS","publisher":"City of Washougal","date":null,"url":"https://cityofwashougal.us/781/PFAS","basis":"Utility record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"News Flash: PFAS quarterly updates","publisher":"City of Washougal","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://cityofwashougal.us/m/newsflash?cat=12","basis":"Local government notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record WA5393400","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WASHOUGAL/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-06-25","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["treatment cost estimate"],"related_ids":["US-WA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-WA-LAKEWOOD-PFAS-WELLS-LOST-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lakewood Water District: JBLM PFAS plume forces wells offline","description":"Lakewood Water District says firefighting foam used at Joint Base Lewis-McChord contaminated the shallow aquifer feeding 13 of its 29 wells; it turned off wells U-1, O-2, O-3 and I-3 at or above the state action level in 2021 and built carbon treatment at two wellsites. The district sued the federal government in 2020 and in 2024 received $950,000 in federal funds for replacement wells, and its manager says it faces tens of millions of dollars in PFAS costs.","location":{"name":"Lakewood Water District","type":"Water district service area","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"Lakewood, Pierce County, next to Joint Base Lewis-McChord; regional wholesale supplier","coordinates":{"lat":47.164092,"lon":-122.528106,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Pierce"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WA5345550"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"PFAS contamination removed groundwater supply and required treatment infrastructure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The district's 2023 presentation (ref 1) says the shallowest aquifer is known to contain PFAS affecting 13 wells; affected wells were shut off or treated before delivery.","service":"Wells U-1, O-2, O-3 and I-3 were turned off at or above the state action level in 2021 (ref 1), cutting supply capacity without a customer outage.","scale":"SDWIS lists 82,425 people served (ref 3); the district reports about 115,000 people including wholesale customers (ref 1).","duration":"PFAS was found in 2016 and replacement wells were still being funded in August 2024 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"The district filed a lawsuit against the federal government in 2020 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":82425,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3); the district cites about 115,000 including wholesale partners (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Only the shallowest aquifer is known to contain PFAS, affecting 13 wells (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Wells affected by PFAS","value":13,"unit":"of 29 wells","status":"Reported","note":"District presentation, May 2023 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Wells turned off at or above state action level","value":4,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"U-1, O-2, O-3 and I-3, 2021 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Scotts wellsite GAC grant","value":5.56,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Federal community project funding for new wells","value":0.95,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"FY24 award announced August 2024 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["General manager: the district will have to spend tens of millions of dollars on PFAS over five years (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No later public well-by-well series found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Lakewood Water District","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Joint Base Lewis-McChord (U.S. Army)","role":"Reported PFAS source"},{"name":"Washington State Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Lakewood Water District, via lakewoodwater.org","corrective_actions":["Granular activated carbon treatment at Ponders wellsite (2019) and Scotts wellsite (2022)","Contaminated wells U-1, O-2, O-3 and I-3 taken out of service","Two replacement wells funded with $950,000 federal grant (2024)","Lawsuit against the federal government (2020)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PFAS Mitigation Strategy and Lessons Learned by a Regional Water Provider","publisher":"Lakewood Water District (PNWS-AWWA conference)","date":"2023-05-03","url":"https://www.pnws-awwa.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/PFAS-Mitigation-Strategy-and-Lessons-Learned-by-a-Regional-Water-Provider-1.pdf","basis":"Utility record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Strickland Brings $950K For Clean Water in Lakewood","publisher":"Office of Rep. Marilyn Strickland","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://strickland.house.gov/2024/08/30/strickland-brings-950k-for-clean-water-in-lakewood/","basis":"Government press release"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record WA5345550","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LAKEWOOD/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"Contaminated sites with PFAS in drinking water","publisher":"Washington State Department of Ecology","date":null,"url":"https://ecology.wa.gov/spills-cleanup/contamination-cleanup/cleanup-sites/sites-with-pfas-in-drinking-water","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2016-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-WA-JBLM-LEWIS-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-WA-NAS-WHIDBEY-COUPEVILLE-PFAS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"NAS Whidbey Island PFAS: Navy resamples wells; Coupeville supply at 9.8 ppt PFOA","description":"The Navy resampled drinking-water wells near Naval Air Station Whidbey Island's Ault Field, Area 6 Landfill and Outlying Landing Field Coupeville in 2025, citing PFAS from past use of firefighting foam, and held public meetings with EPA and state and county health agencies. Ecology lists the air station among known PFAS drinking-water contamination sites, and the Town of Coupeville's Fort Casey wellfield measured 9.8 ppt PFOA in August 2025 federal monitoring.","location":{"name":"Town of Coupeville and NAS Whidbey Island area wells","type":"Military PFAS investigation area and town water system","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"Island County; Ault Field and Area 6 Landfill near Oak Harbor, Outlying Landing Field Coupeville","coordinates":{"lat":48.218795,"lon":-122.679466,"precision":"city","source_ref":6},"counties":["Island"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"WA5315550"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS from military firefighting foam in drinking-water wells is the issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 (ref 4) recorded 9.8 ppt PFOA at Coupeville's Fort Casey entry point on 2025-08-20, above the 4 ppt federal MCL in a single sample; private-well results for 2025 were not published in sources opened.","service":"No outage or do-not-drink order is reported in the 2025 coverage (refs 1, 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 4,142 people served by the Town of Coupeville (ref 5); the Navy sampling areas cover private wells around three base sites (ref 1).","duration":"The Navy's investigation was still sampling and holding meetings in January and April 2025 (refs 1, 2), and Ecology still lists the site (ref 3).","significance":"The work is a formal Navy investigation coordinated with EPA Region 10, Ecology, DOH and Island County Public Health (ref 1); no order found."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":4142,"status":"Reported","note":"Town of Coupeville population served per SDWIS (ref 5); private-well users in Navy sampling areas not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOA 0.0098 ug/L (9.8 ppt) at the Coupeville Fort Casey entry point, sampled 2025-08-20 (ref 4)."},"measures":[{"name":"PFOA, Coupeville Fort Casey entry point, Aug 2025","value":9.8,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Single UCMR 5 result (ref 4), converted from 0.0098 ug/L; the March 2025 sample was below the 4 ppt reporting level."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Two UCMR 5 samples only."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Navy, NAVFAC Northwest","role":"Responsible party and investigator"},{"name":"Town of Coupeville","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Washington State Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Washington State Department of Ecology","role":"State cleanup agency"}],"public_contact":"Navy PFAS sampling line 1-844-WHI-PFAS (1-844-944-7327)","corrective_actions":["Navy well sampling around Ault Field, Area 6 Landfill and OLF Coupeville (January 2025)","Public meetings in Coupeville and Oak Harbor, April 29-30, 2025"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Navy to sample drinking water wells","publisher":"Whidbey News-Times","date":"2025-01-10","url":"https://whidbeynewstimes.com/?p=122875","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Navy to host public meetings to address well water investigation","publisher":"Whidbey News-Times","date":"2025-04-19","url":"https://www.whidbeynewstimes.com/?p=124165","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Contaminated sites with PFAS in drinking water","publisher":"Washington State Department of Ecology","date":null,"url":"https://ecology.wa.gov/spills-cleanup/contamination-cleanup/cleanup-sites/sites-with-pfas-in-drinking-water","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record WA5315550","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/COUPEVILLE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-01-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["2025 private-well sampling results"],"related_ids":["US-WA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-WA-LOWER-YAKIMA-NITRATE-WELLS-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lower Yakima Valley: court orders dairies to test wells and supply safe water","description":"On December 17, 2024 a federal court granted EPA and the Justice Department a Safe Drinking Water Act injunction requiring three Lower Yakima Valley dairies near Granger, including Cow Palace, to test downgradient drinking-water wells and provide reverse-osmosis systems or bottled water where nitrate exceeds 10 mg/L. EPA says nitrate contamination is a concern throughout the valley.","location":{"name":"Lower Yakima Valley private wells near Granger","type":"Groundwater area served by private domestic wells","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"Yakima County; wells up to 3.5 miles downgradient of three dairies near Granger","coordinates":{"lat":46.345295,"lon":-120.192673,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Yakima"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nitrate from dairy operations in groundwater used for drinking is the issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA (ref 1) says the injunction requires alternative water for homes whose wells exceed the 10 mg/L nitrate health-based standard.","service":"Affected homes must receive reverse-osmosis systems or bottled water (refs 1, 2).","scale":"EPA (ref 1) describes nitrate contamination as a concern throughout the Lower Yakima Valley, a regional groundwater problem.","duration":"EPA's record runs from a 2013 consent order through the 2024 injunction, with groundwater monitoring continuing (ref 1).","significance":"U.S. District Judge Thomas O. Rice granted a preliminary injunction in a Justice Department suit filed June 26, 2024 (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Neither EPA nor the Sunnyside Sun gives a count of affected households."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Dairies must test drinking water wells within 3.5 miles of their operations and supply RO systems or bottled water where nitrate exceeds 10 mg/L (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Testing radius downgradient of dairies","value":3.5,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Nitrate action threshold","value":10,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Cows at Cow Palace dairies (2023)","value":13000,"unit":"cows","status":"Reported","note":"More than 13,000 (ref 2); the dairy announced closure for May 2025."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No post-order testing results were published in sources opened."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 10","role":"Plaintiff and SDWA enforcement agency"},{"name":"Three Lower Yakima Valley dairies, including Cow Palace","role":"Defendants"},{"name":"Yakima Health District","role":"Local health agency"}],"public_contact":"EPA Region 10, 206-676-4250 or epa-seattle@epa.gov; Yakima Health District 509-575-4040","corrective_actions":["Court-ordered well testing plan within 30 days and testing within 60 days of EPA approval","RO systems or bottled water for homes above 10 mg/L nitrate","Lined lagoon leak testing and continued groundwater monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lower Yakima Valley Groundwater","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-08-31","url":"https://www.epa.gov/wa/lower-yakima-valley-groundwater","basis":"Federal agency record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Cow Palace Dairy in Granger to close in May","publisher":"Sunnyside Sun","date":"2025-03-19","url":"https://www.sunnysidesun.com/communities/granger/cow-palace-dairy-in-granger-to-close-in-may/article_64a7ec9c-665f-46a6-9cd3-27093c074bda.html","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2024-06-26","latest_seen":"2025-06-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["number of wells tested and above 10 mg/L"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WA-WESTPORT-ARSENIC-MCL-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Westport: arsenic above the MCL at North Well #1","description":"The City of Westport notified customers in late 2024 that its running annual average for arsenic, 13.3 ppb, exceeded the 10 ppb maximum contaminant level. Its 2025 water quality report says North Well #1 tested 28.8 ppb in September 2025 before a 10 ppb resample, and the city is working with the Department of Health on a project to blend North Wells 1 and 2.","location":{"name":"City of Westport water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"Westport, Grays Harbor County; North Well #1 groundwater source","coordinates":{"lat":46.891815,"lon":-124.119847,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Grays Harbor"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WA5395300"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Naturally occurring arsenic in a groundwater source exceeds the drinking-water standard.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The city's notice (ref 1) reports a running annual average of 13.3 ppb against the 10 ppb arsenic MCL, and the 2025 report (ref 2) a 28.8 ppb sample.","service":"The notice says no action is required by water users (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 5,346 people served (ref 4).","duration":"SDWIS (ref 3) records arsenic MCL violations for four consecutive quarters from July 2024 to April 2025, and the 2025 report (ref 2) a new high in September 2025.","significance":"The city issued a Tier 2 arsenic MCL violation notice (ref 1); four violations are recorded in SDWIS (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":5346,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The running annual average concentration for our system was 13.3 parts per billion (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Arsenic running annual average","value":13.3,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Arsenic, North Well #1, September 2025","value":28.8,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Resample a week later: 10 ppb (ref 2)."},{"name":"Arsenic MCL violations, Jul 2024-Apr 2025","value":4,"unit":"quarterly violations","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS values 0.0113-0.0133 mg/L (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Running averages fell from 13.3 to 11.3 ppb over four quarters (ref 3), then a 28.8 ppb sample in September 2025 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Westport Water Department","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Washington State Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Westport Water Department, 360-268-9865","corrective_actions":["Quarterly arsenic sampling until the running average is below the MCL","Blending project for North Wells 1 and 2 with the Department of Health"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Notice to Water System Users: Arsenic Maximum Contaminant Level Violation","publisher":"City of Westport","date":"2024-12-02","url":"https://www.ci.westport.wa.us/Arsenic%20Public%20Notice%2012-2024.pdf","basis":"Utility public notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"2025 Consumer Confidence Report - Water","publisher":"City of Westport","date":"2026-06-22","url":"https://www.ci.westport.wa.us/2025%20CCR%20-%20Water.pdf","basis":"Utility record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Washington primacy agency","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/WA/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:4999/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record WA5395300","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/WA5395300/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-07-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WA-SCHOOLS-LEAD-OUTLETS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Washington schools: 1,189 drinking-water outlets above the 5 ppb lead action level","description":"State records reported in September 2025 list 1,189 school water sources above Washington's 5 ppb lead action level, about 26% high enough to require immediate shutoff, with a Bellingham elementary sink at 4,853 ppb. State law requires DOH testing of outlets in pre-2016 school buildings, with initial testing due by June 30, 2026 and a five-year retesting cycle starting July 1, 2026.","location":{"name":"Washington K-12 schools","type":"Statewide school drinking-water testing program","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"Statewide; highest results at Silver Beach Elementary (Bellingham), Sky Valley Education Center (Monroe), Greywolf Elementary (Sequim)","counties":["Whatcom","Snohomish","Clallam","Thurston"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Lead leaching from school plumbing and fixtures into drinking water is the issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"MyNorthwest (ref 1) reports a Silver Beach Elementary sink at 4,853 ppb and a Sky Valley woodshop sink at 998 ppb.","service":"Outlets above 15 ppb must be shut off immediately (ref 2); about 26% of the 1,189 sources reached that level (ref 1).","scale":"The 1,189 outlets come from statewide testing under RCW 43.70.830 (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Results accumulated from more than 10,000 tests since 2021 (ref 1), with retesting through 2031 (ref 2).","significance":"Each result above the 5 ppb state action level requires notification and a remediation action plan (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No count of affected students reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"State records list 1,189 sources above the 5 ppb threshold set by state law (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"School water sources above 5 ppb","value":1189,"unit":"outlets","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Share requiring immediate shutoff","value":26,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate (ref 1)."},{"name":"Highest result","value":4853,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Room 7, Silver Beach Elementary, Bellingham (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First statewide cycle closed June 30, 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Washington State Department of Health","role":"Testing program administrator"},{"name":"School districts","role":"Remediation and notification"}],"public_contact":"DOH lead in schools program, leadfreekids@doh.wa.gov","corrective_actions":["Shutoff of outlets above 15 ppb and remediation plans within 6 months for outlets above 5 ppb","Fixture repair or removal (Edmonds, Sequim, Tumwater, Bellingham)","Five-year retesting cycle July 2026-June 2031"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Washington schools find dangerous lead levels in water, one source 970x the legal limit","publisher":"MyNorthwest","date":"2025-09-30","url":"https://mynorthwest.com/?p=4137862","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Lead in School Drinking Water","publisher":"Washington State Department of Health","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://doh.wa.gov/community-and-environment/drinking-water/contaminants/lead/lead-schools","basis":"State agency record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2021-07-25","latest_seen":"2026-05-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["location.coordinates","population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WA-WENATCHEE-LEGIONELLA-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Wenatchee: Legionnaires' disease outbreak at senior rehab facility","description":"Colonial Vista Post-Acute & Rehabilitation in the Wenatchee Valley reported an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease among residents in April 2026 after higher-than-normal Legionella was detected in its water system more than a month earlier. The facility notified the Chelan-Douglas Health District and treated its water system under health officials' oversight. Washington reported 133 cases and 10 deaths in 2024, and King County cases rose from 8 in 2005 to 33 in 2025.","location":{"name":"Colonial Vista Post-Acute & Rehabilitation","type":"Health care facility building water system","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"Wenatchee, Chelan County","coordinates":{"lat":47.435985,"lon":-120.329266,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Chelan"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legionella grew in a care facility's own building plumbing, not in a public water system, so the finding is filed as a waterborne-disease outbreak.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"KPQ (ref 1) reports residents sickened with Legionnaires' disease, a disease that can be fatal in the elderly.","service":"The facility's water system was placed under a treatment plan (ref 1).","scale":"One facility; the case count was not released and is likely below ten (ref 1).","duration":"Legionella was detected more than a month before the April 7, 2026 announcement (ref 1).","significance":"The outbreak was reported to and overseen by the Chelan-Douglas Health District (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Officials did not release the number of residents sickened (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Higher-than-normal traces of the bacteria which causes the illness were detected in the facility's water supply (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Washington Legionnaires' cases, 2024","value":133,"unit":"cases","status":"Reported","note":"With 10 deaths (ref 1)."},{"name":"King County Legionella infections, 2025","value":33,"unit":"cases","status":"Reported","note":"Compared with 8 in 2005 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"King County infections rose from 8 in 2005 to 33 in 2025 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Colonial Vista Post-Acute & Rehabilitation","role":"Facility operator"},{"name":"Chelan-Douglas Health District","role":"Local health jurisdiction"}],"public_contact":"Chelan-Douglas Health District","corrective_actions":["Water system treatment plan under health-official oversight"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Outbreak Of Legionnaires' Disease Reported At Senior Rehab Facility In Wenatchee","publisher":"KPQ News","date":"2026-04-07","url":"https://kpq.com/outbreak-legionnaires-disease-senior-wenatchee/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Legionella: How this lesser-known bacteria in water systems can impact your health","publisher":"Public Health - Seattle & King County","date":"2026-04-02","url":"https://publichealthinsider.com/2026/04/02/legionella-how-this-lesser-known-bacteria-in-water-systems-can-impact-your-health/","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":3,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-03-01","latest_seen":"2026-04-07","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["case count","pwsid"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WA-PEACOCK-HILL-ECOLI-BOIL-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Peacock Hill (Gig Harbor): E. coli in storage tank triggers boil-water notice","description":"Washington Water issued a boil-water notice for about 1,900 homes on its Peacock Hill system near Gig Harbor in September 2024 after coliform and E. coli were found in a sample collected September 4 from a storage tank. The utility said E. coli indicates the water may be affected by human or animal wastes.","location":{"name":"Peacock Hill water system","type":"Investor-owned water system","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"Gig Harbor area, Pierce County; operated by Washington Water","coordinates":{"lat":47.338378,"lon":-122.600753,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Pierce"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WA5366637"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Bacterial contamination in a distribution storage tank is the issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Gig Harbor Now (ref 1) reports E. coli and coliform in a tank sample; no illnesses are reported.","service":"About 1,900 homes were told to boil tap water (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 7,401 people served by Peacock Hill (ref 2).","duration":"The notice began September 5, 2024 and was an acute, short event (ref 1).","significance":"A formal boil-water notice was issued (ref 1); no violation appears in SDWIS health-based records (ref 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":7401,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2); the notice covered about 1,900 homes (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Boil water notice issued for about 1,900 homes after E. coli found in a storage tank sample (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Homes under boil-water notice","value":1900,"unit":"homes","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Washington Water","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Washington State Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Washington Water customer service","corrective_actions":["Boil-water notice pending clean repeat samples"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Boil water notice issued for 1,900 homes","publisher":"Gig Harbor Now","date":"2024-09-06","url":"https://www.gigharbornow.org/?p=34782","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record WA5366637","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PEACOCK/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Washington primacy agency","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/WA/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:4999/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-09-04","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["advisory lift date"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WA-WHIDBEY-SMALL-SYSTEMS-ARSENIC-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Whidbey Island small water systems: chronic arsenic MCL violations","description":"Four small community water systems on Whidbey Island, Eastgate and Saratoga Water District near Coupeville, Ridgeview Estates near Freeland and Campbells Glen near Clinton, recorded 44 quarterly arsenic MCL violations between 2023 and April 2026 (Saratoga through late 2024, the others into 2025 or 2026), with Eastgate's running average reaching 27.6 ppb. The Department of Health identifies South Whidbey as an area of high naturally occurring arsenic in groundwater; its study found 54% of retested household water samples above the federal standard.","location":{"name":"Whidbey Island small community water systems","type":"Small community water systems","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"Island County; Coupeville, Freeland and Clinton areas","coordinates":{"lat":48.028208,"lon":-122.549937,"precision":"county","source_ref":4},"counties":["Island"],"extent":"county","pwsid":"WA5376300"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Naturally occurring arsenic in groundwater used by small systems exceeds the drinking-water standard.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 2) lists Eastgate arsenic results up to 0.0276 mg/L (27.6 ppb) in January 2026, nearly triple the 10 ppb MCL.","service":"No outage or do-not-drink order is recorded for these systems in sources opened.","scale":"The four systems serve 690 people combined per SDWIS (refs 3, 5-7), across several Whidbey communities.","duration":"Campbells Glen has open arsenic violations from April 2023 through April 2026 (ref 2), and DOH has documented high arsenic in South Whidbey groundwater since its 2011 study (ref 1).","significance":"SDWIS (ref 2) records quarterly arsenic MCL violations without a recorded return to compliance."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":690,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS populations: Saratoga Water District 477, Eastgate 76, Ridgeview Estates 75, Campbells Glen 62 (refs 3, 5, 6, 7)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"54 percent of water samples retested at the laboratory were above the EPA's standard (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Eastgate arsenic, Jan 2026 compliance period","value":27.6,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS 0.0276 mg/L (ref 2)."},{"name":"Campbells Glen highest arsenic, 2023-2026","value":17.9,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS 0.0179 mg/L, April 2024 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Saratoga Water District highest arsenic","value":15.8,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS 0.0158 mg/L, July 2023 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Quarterly arsenic violations, four systems, 2023-2026","value":44,"unit":"violations","status":"Estimated","note":"Count of SDWIS arsenic MCL violations with compliance periods from January 2023: Campbells Glen 13, Ridgeview Estates 12, Eastgate 11, Saratoga 8 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Eastgate's arsenic rose from 12.7 ppb in late 2023 to 27.6 ppb in early 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Saratoga Water District, Eastgate, Ridgeview Estates Community Assn. and Campbells Glen","role":"System owners"},{"name":"Washington State Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Island County Public Health","role":"Local health jurisdiction"}],"public_contact":"Washington State Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water, via doh.wa.gov","corrective_actions":["Quarterly arsenic monitoring under the MCL violation schedule"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"High Arsenic Area Study","publisher":"Washington State Department of Health","date":null,"url":"https://doh.wa.gov/zh-hans/node/5426","basis":"State agency record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, Washington primacy agency","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/WA/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:4999/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record WA5376300","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/WA5376300/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record WA5322030","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/WA5322030/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"SDWIS water system record WA5326791","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/WA5326791/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":7,"title":"SDWIS water system record WA5310988","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/WA5310988/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 6 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (6). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["system-level public notices"],"related_ids":[]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-WA-YAKIMA-MULTIYEAR-DROUGHT-2026"],"id":"US-WA-CLE-ELUM-ROSLYN-CURTAILMENT-2025","title":"Upper Kittitas towns lose surface-water supply in Yakima Basin curtailment","description":"Ecology ordered all Yakima Basin surface-water users, including pre-1905 rights, to stop diverting from October 6 through the end of October 2025 after a third straight drought year left reservoirs nearly empty. Cle Elum, South Cle Elum and Suncadia, which draw from the Yakima River, and Roslyn and Ronald, which divert from Domerie Creek, had to fall back on limited emergency wells and conservation; Cle Elum's mayor said the wells were not enough to meet demand.","location":{"name":"Cle Elum, South Cle Elum, Suncadia, Roslyn and Ronald","type":"Municipal and resort water systems (surface-water sources)","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"Upper Kittitas County, upper Yakima River basin","coordinates":{"lat":47.1954,"lon":-120.9392,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Kittitas"],"extent":"county","pwsid":"WA5313500","pwsids":["WA5313500","WA5381600","WA5374400","WA5374100"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The problem is a loss of available source water for municipal systems during an Ecology curtailment, not a facility failure.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No health harm is reported; Cle Elum's mayor said the restrictions put 'an immediate strain' on a system that depends on surface water (ref 2).","service":"Utilities activated supplemental wells and mandatory and voluntary conservation, and residents were told to stop outdoor irrigation (refs 1, 2); no outage is reported.","scale":"Five community systems serving about 7,700 people per SDWIS (refs 4-7) relied on the curtailed Yakima River and Domerie Creek sources (ref 3).","duration":"The order ran from October 6 through the end of October 2025, in the third consecutive drought year (refs 1, 3).","significance":"Ecology's basin-wide curtailment order reached pre-1905 rights for the first time, per Roslyn's mayor, under the April 2025 Yakima drought emergency (refs 1, 8)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":7735,"status":"Reported","note":"Sum of SDWIS populations: Cle Elum 2,213, South Cle Elum 541, Suncadia Resort 2,640, Roslyn 2,099, Kittitas Co. WD #2 (Ronald) 242 (refs 4-7)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Ecology halted surface-water use in the Yakima Basin from Oct. 6 through the end of October 2025; more than 1,500 water right holders affected."},"measures":[{"name":"Water right holders affected","value":1500,"unit":"holders (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 3."},{"name":"Yakima Project reservoir storage on Oct. 1, 2025","value":8,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Third consecutive drought year; Ecology said the basin had not seen a drought like this in over 30 years (ref 1). The statewide 2026 drought declaration continues (related record)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Washington State Department of Ecology","role":"Water-rights regulator; issued curtailment"},{"name":"City of Cle Elum","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"City of Roslyn","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"City of South Cle Elum","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Washington State Department of Health","role":"Primacy drinking-water regulator"}],"public_contact":"Ecology Central Regional Office water resources line, 509-575-2597","corrective_actions":["Activation of utility contingency plans and supplemental emergency wells (refs 1, 2).","Mandatory and voluntary conservation and outdoor irrigation restrictions in Kittitas County (refs 1, 2).","Ecology monitoring of diversions with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"OUT OF WATER: Washington state announces unprecedented surface water restrictions in Yakima Valley","publisher":"Ellensburg Daily Record","date":"2025-10-02","url":"https://www.dailyrecordnews.com/news/out-of-water-washington-state-announces-unprecedented-surface-water-restrictions-in-yakima-valley/article_0689a12c-d32b-4632-94cb-b896604d6fb7.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Kittitas County Cities Facing Massive Domestic Water Restrictions Due To Third Straight Year Of Drought","publisher":"NewsRadio 560 KPQ","date":"2025-10-03","url":"https://kpq.com/kittitascounty-massive-domestic-water-restrictions/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Water use restricted in Yakima River Basin as reservoir at record low","publisher":"Cascade PBS (from Yakima Herald-Republic)","date":"2025-10-06","url":"https://www.cascadepbs.org/all/2025/10/water-use-restricted-in-yakima-river-basin-as-reservoir-at-record-low","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Cle Elum and South Cle Elum","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CLE%20ELUM/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Roslyn","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ROSLYN/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Suncadia Resort","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SUNCADIA/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":7,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Kittitas Co. WD #2","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/KITTITAS%20CO/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":8,"title":"Order and Determination by the Director: drought emergency in 19 watersheds","publisher":"Washington State Department of Ecology","date":"2025-06-05","url":"https://ecology.wa.gov/drought-2025-june-declaration-order","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (4). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-WA-WALLA-WALLA-BASALT-DECLINE-2024","US-WA-PULLMAN-PALOUSE-AQUIFER-2025"],"id":"US-WA-ODESSA-AQUIFER-DECLINE-2025","title":"Odessa Subarea and Columbia Plateau basalt aquifer decline","description":"A 2025 Washington State University study of nearly 3,000 Ecology-monitored wells found groundwater declining in most of the Columbia Plateau aquifer system, with the Odessa region falling 2 to 3 feet or more a year and on pace to lose 10% of accessible groundwater by 2040. Ecology says Odessa wells now reach as deep as 2,400 feet for hot, high-sodium water, and its replacement program is shifting farmland to Columbia River water.","location":{"name":"Odessa Subarea aquifer (Columbia Basin)","type":"Regional basalt aquifer","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"East-central Washington around Odessa and east of Moses Lake; part of the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System","coordinates":{"lat":47.3326,"lon":-118.6889,"precision":"county","source_ref":2},"counties":["Adams","Grant","Lincoln"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural","drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding is long-term depletion of an aquifer by pumping that exceeds recharge.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Ecology reports water pumped from depths up to 2,400 feet is hot and high in sodium (ref 1); depletion of the resource is documented but no health harm.","service":"Wells must be deepened to reach declining water, and the replacement program has taken 16 wells out of use (refs 1, 2).","scale":"WSU found 12 of 15 Washington subareas declining every year, with Odessa showing the largest declines over the largest area (refs 2, 3); the replacement plan covers 90,000 acres (ref 1).","duration":"Ecology's hydrogeologist said where groundwater is declining 'it's been declining for a long time' (ref 2); WSU projects half of Odessa's accessible water gone within 70 years (ref 3).","significance":"The Legislature funded $38.5 million in Ecology's 2025-27 capital budget for the EL 22.1 delivery system (ref 1); no enforcement action applies."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources describe agricultural and municipal reliance but give no population count."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Odessa is on pace to consume 10% of available drawdown by 2040 and half within 70 years."},"measures":[{"name":"Hot-spot groundwater decline (Odessa, Yakima)","value":2,"unit":"feet per year (2 to 3 or more)","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 2, 3."},{"name":"Average Grande Ronde basalt decline","value":1.86,"unit":"feet per year","status":"Reported","note":"Up to about 7 ft/yr (ref 3)."},{"name":"Maximum well depth needed","value":2400,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Wells eliminated by replacement program","value":16,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Conserving 5.3 billion gallons a year (ref 2)."},{"name":"EL 22.1 construction funding (2025-27)","value":38500000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Declines continue at 2-3 ft/yr in hot spots (refs 2, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Washington State Department of Ecology, Office of Columbia River","role":"Water-resources agency; Odessa Groundwater Replacement Program"},{"name":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","role":"Columbia Basin Project operator"},{"name":"East Columbia Basin Irrigation District","role":"Delivery system partner"}],"public_contact":"Ecology Office of Columbia River web coordinator, tim.poppleton@ecy.wa.gov","corrective_actions":["Odessa Groundwater Replacement Program swapping groundwater for Columbia River water since 2013 (refs 1, 2).","EL 22.1 delivery system (12 miles of pipeline, pump station) designed to serve 17,324 acres; construction expected late in the 2025-27 biennium (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Odessa groundwater replacement","publisher":"Washington State Department of Ecology","date":null,"url":"https://ecology.wa.gov/ecologys-work-near-you/river-basins-groundwater/columbia-river-basin-projects/odessa-groundwater-replacement","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Eastern Washington's rapidly declining groundwater highlighted in new study","publisher":"Spokane Public Radio (Washington State Standard)","date":"2025-08-11","url":"https://www.spokanepublicradio.org/regional-news/2025-08-11/eastern-washingtons-rapidly-declining-groundwater-highlighted-in-new-study","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"WSU study offers detailed look at declining groundwater in regional aquifer system","publisher":"Washington State University","date":"2025-07-09","url":"https://research.wsu.edu/news/wsu-study-offers-detailed-look-at-declining-groundwater-in-regional-aquifer-system","basis":"University research release"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-WA-ODESSA-AQUIFER-DECLINE-2025"],"id":"US-WA-WALLA-WALLA-BASALT-DECLINE-2024","title":"Walla Walla basin basalt aquifer declines close it to new appropriations","description":"A May 2024 Ecology hydrogeologic analysis concluded that, because basalt groundwater levels in the Walla Walla basin are generally declining, no additional basalt groundwater is available for appropriation and new permits would likely impair existing rights, exempt wells, streams and springs. Long-record USGS wells show declines of roughly 1.4 to 2.9 feet a year, and Ecology has only one dedicated basalt monitoring well in the basin.","location":{"name":"Walla Walla basin basalt aquifer (WRIA 32)","type":"Basalt aquifer / watershed","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"Walla Walla Syncline around Walla Walla and College Place, Walla Walla County","coordinates":{"lat":46.0646,"lon":-118.343,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Walla Walla"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Ecology's determination rests on declining aquifer water levels.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Ecology found new basalt pumping would likely impair existing rights, exempt wells, surface water and springs (ref 1).","service":"No supply interruption to a public water system is reported in the memo (ref 1).","scale":"The analysis covers the Walla Walla Syncline area around Walla Walla and College Place (ref 1).","duration":"USGS well 07N/36E-26R01 shows a decline of about 1.4 ft/yr over 63 years (ref 1).","significance":"Ecology's May 7, 2024 determination finds no basalt groundwater available for new appropriation (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The memo does not estimate a population dependent on the basalt aquifer."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Due to general declining water levels in the basalt aquifer, there is no additional ground water available for appropriation from this unit within the study area."},"measures":[{"name":"Decline at USGS well 07N/36E-13F02","value":-2.9,"unit":"feet per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Decline at USGS well 07N/34E-26R01","value":-1.4,"unit":"feet per year","status":"Reported","note":"Over a 63-year period (ref 1)."},{"name":"Dedicated Ecology basalt monitoring wells","value":1,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Wells in USGS annual/quarterly network","value":99,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"USGS 2018-22 data collection (ref 2)."}],"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Recent USGS measurements generally continue 1940s-1980s declines; rises appear only near Walla Walla's aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) operations (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Washington State Department of Ecology","role":"Water-resources regulator"},{"name":"City of Walla Walla","role":"Operates aquifer storage and recovery"}],"public_contact":"Washington State Department of Ecology, 360-407-6000","corrective_actions":["Ecology declining new basalt permit applications in the study area (ref 1).","City of Walla Walla aquifer storage and recovery to stabilize declining levels (ref 1).","USGS-Ecology basin data collection begun 2018 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Hydrogeologic Analysis: WRIA 32 Basalt Trends (memorandum)","publisher":"Washington State Department of Ecology","date":"2024-05-07","url":"https://www.ezview.wa.gov/Portals/_1962/Documents/wallawalla2050/WRIA32_Walla%20Walla%20Basalt%20Trends.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Groundwater and Surface-Water Data Collection for the Walla Walla River Basin, Washington, 2018-22 (Data Report 1163)","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","date":"2022-09-26","url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/dr1163/full","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-WA-DUNGENESS-LOW-FLOW-2026","US-WA-PORT-ANGELES-ELWHA-FUEL-SPILL-2025"],"id":"US-WA-PORT-ANGELES-ELWHA-SHORTAGE-2025","title":"Port Angeles and Clallam PUD recurring Elwha River water shortages","description":"Port Angeles declared a Stage III water shortage on September 12, 2025, with mandatory outdoor restrictions, after flows in the Elwha River, its main drinking-water source, stayed below 300 cubic feet per second; similar Stage III declarations followed low flows in 2023 and 2024. Clallam County PUD systems that buy city water went to Stage 3, the surface-water Island View system reached Stage 4, and restrictions were lifted November 5, 2025; the PUD returned to Stage 2 conservation in May 2026.","location":{"name":"City of Port Angeles and Clallam County PUD water systems","type":"Municipal and PUD water systems (Elwha River source)","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"Port Angeles and surrounding Clallam County, Elwha-Dungeness watershed (WRIA 18)","coordinates":{"lat":48.1181,"lon":-123.4307,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Clallam"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WA5368550","pwsids":["WA5368550","WA5343296","WA5336260","WA5313200"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Shortage declarations are driven by low Elwha River flows, not by infrastructure failure.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Low Elwha flows left city supplies 'critically impacted' under its ordinance, but no health harm is reported (refs 1, 2).","service":"Mandatory odd-even outdoor watering limits applied to city-connected properties and three PUD purchase systems; Island View went to Stage 4 (ref 1).","scale":"The city system serves 28,067 people per SDWIS (ref 6); PUD systems at Stage 2-4 included Port Angeles Composite (8,872) and Island View (refs 1, 6, 7).","duration":"Stage III shortages were declared in September 2023, September 2024 and September 2025, and Stage 2 resumed in May 2026 (refs 2, 3, 4).","significance":"Ecology's June 5, 2025 drought emergency order covered the Elwha-Dungeness watershed (ref 5), and the city declared a formal Stage III shortage (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":28067,"status":"Reported","note":"City of Port Angeles population served per SDWIS (ref 6); PUD systems add more (Port Angeles Composite 8,872, Island View 70, Clallam Bay Sekiu 1,719; refs 6-8)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Elwha River flows below 300 cubic feet per second for five days triggered a Stage III water shortage on September 12, 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"Elwha flow trigger","value":300,"unit":"cfs (below, 5 days)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Peak flow before restrictions lifted","value":9630,"unit":"cfs","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Shortages recur each late summer (2023, 2024, 2025) and lift with autumn rain (refs 2, 3); 2026 began at Stage 2 (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Port Angeles Public Works & Utilities","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Clallam County PUD No. 1","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Washington State Department of Ecology","role":"Drought declarations"},{"name":"Washington State Department of Health","role":"Primacy drinking-water regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Port Angeles Public Works & Utilities, 360-417-4800","corrective_actions":["Stage III mandatory outdoor watering restrictions (ref 1).","PUD drought response plan stages coordinated with the city (refs 1, 4).","PUD keeping groundwater sources available as backup to vulnerable surface sources (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Clallam PUD issues mandatory water restrictions","publisher":"Peninsula Daily News","date":"2025-09-15","url":"https://www.peninsuladailynews.com/?p=244390","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Port Angeles, Clallam PUD lift water restrictions","publisher":"Peninsula Daily News","date":"2025-11-05","url":"https://www.peninsuladailynews.com/2025/11/05/port-angeles-clallam-pud-lift-water-restrictions/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Port Angeles mandates outdoor water restrictions","publisher":"Peninsula Daily News","date":"2024-09-09","url":"https://peninsuladailynews.com/news/port-angeles-mandates-outdoor-water-restrictions","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"PUD increases drought response to Stage 2 with voluntary water conservation measures","publisher":"Sequim Gazette","date":"2026-05-13","url":"https://www.sequimgazette.com/2026/05/13/pud-increases-drought-response-to-stage-2-with-voluntary-water-conservation-measures/","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"Order and Determination by the Director: drought emergency in 19 watersheds","publisher":"Washington State Department of Ecology","date":"2025-06-05","url":"https://ecology.wa.gov/drought-2025-june-declaration-order","basis":"State record"},{"ref":6,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Port Angeles","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PORT%20ANGELES/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":7,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Island View LUD 9","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ISLAND%20VIEW/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":8,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Clallam Bay Sekiu","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CLALLAM%20BAY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-WA-SPOKANE-RIVER-PCB-TMDL-2024"],"id":"US-WA-SPOKANE-RIVER-DRY-STRETCH-2025","title":"Spokane River runs dry below Barker Road amid aquifer-dependent summer demand","description":"About a mile-plus stretch of the Spokane River below Barker Road in Spokane Valley went dry for roughly two weeks in late August 2025, stranding fish, until Post Falls Dam releases rose. The river and the Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie aquifer, the region's drinking-water source, exchange water; Spokane triggered Level 2 watering rules in July 2025 when the river fell below 1,000 cfs, and the city's 2024 use averaged 199 gallons per person per day.","location":{"name":"Spokane River and Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie aquifer","type":"River segment and sole-source aquifer","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"Spokane Valley downstream of Barker Road, Spokane County; City of Spokane water system draws on the aquifer","coordinates":{"lat":47.6732,"lon":-117.2394,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Spokane"],"extent":"watershed","pwsid":"WA5383100"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["groundwater","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"River drying reflects low flow, drought and the river's exchange with a heavily pumped aquifer.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Riverkeeper staff documented exposed fish and aquatic plants rotting and herons feeding on bass and crayfish trapped in pools (ref 2).","service":"The city issued Level 2 watering rules limiting outdoor watering to two days a week once the river dropped below 1,000 cfs (ref 1).","scale":"The City of Spokane system, which relies on the aquifer, serves 346,138 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"The stretch stayed dry about two weeks, from roughly August 21 to September 2, 2025 (ref 2).","significance":"Level 2 was triggered under the city's 2022 conservation ordinance (ref 1); the Riverkeeper reported findings to Ecology and petitioned four local governments (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":346138,"status":"Reported","note":"City of Spokane water system population per SDWIS (ref 3); other aquifer users not counted."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The Spokane River below Barker Road was dry for about two weeks in late summer 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"Level 2 trigger flow (Monroe Street gauge)","value":1000,"unit":"cfs","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Post Falls Dam release from Aug. 6, 2025","value":500,"unit":"cfs","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"City of Spokane average use, 2024","value":199,"unit":"gallons per capita per day","status":"Reported","note":"Spokane County domestic average 274.3 GPCD (ref 2)."},{"name":"Aquifer recharge from Spokane River","value":50,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"City states half of recharge comes from the river (ref 1)."}],"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First reported dry stretch; cause not settled (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Spokane Public Works","role":"Water system operator; conservation ordinance"},{"name":"Washington State Department of Ecology","role":"Water-resources regulator"},{"name":"Avista Utilities","role":"Post Falls Dam operator"}],"public_contact":"City of Spokane 311 or 509-755-2489","corrective_actions":["Level 1 (summer) and Level 2 outdoor watering rules under the 2022 ordinance (ref 1).","Water Wise Spokane conservation consultations (ref 1).","Riverkeeper petitions to Spokane County, Spokane, Liberty Lake and Spokane Valley (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Spokane River Flows Meet Level 2 Drought Response","publisher":"City of Spokane","date":"2025-07-17","url":"https://my.spokanecity.org/news/releases/2025/07/17/spokane-river-flows-meet-level-2-drought-response/","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":2,"title":"The Summer The River Disappeared: Documenting the Spokane River's Dry Stretch","publisher":"Spokane Riverkeeper","date":"2025-11-17","url":"https://www.spokaneriverkeeper.org/riverjournal/2025/11/13/the-summer-the-river-disappeared-documenting-the-spokane-rivers-dry-stretch","basis":"Nonprofit field report"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: City of Spokane","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SPOKANE%20CITY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-WA-ODESSA-AQUIFER-DECLINE-2025"],"id":"US-WA-PULLMAN-PALOUSE-AQUIFER-2025","title":"Palouse Basin Grande Ronde aquifer decline under Pullman and Moscow","description":"The Palouse Basin aquifer is the sole municipal supply for most of Whitman County, Washington and Latah County, Idaho, and the deep Grande Ronde aquifer continues to decline about 0.72 feet a year as pumping outpaces recharge. Pullman, Moscow and the two universities pumped 2.39 billion gallons in 2025, 3.6% more than in 2024, and the basin committee warns the condition could lead to a Critical Groundwater Management Area designation.","location":{"name":"Palouse Basin aquifer (Pullman-Moscow)","type":"Bi-state basalt aquifer","state":"WA","states":["WA","ID"],"detail":"Pullman, Whitman County, WA and Moscow, Latah County, ID","coordinates":{"lat":46.7313,"lon":-117.1796,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Whitman"],"extent":"multi_state","pwsid":"WA5369880"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is chronic aquifer mining for municipal supply.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"PBAC states the aquifer is being mined, an unsustainable practice, though no health harm is reported (ref 1).","service":"The report describes no supply interruption to Pullman customers (ref 1).","scale":"Pullman's system serves 31,315 people per SDWIS (ref 2), and the aquifer is the sole municipal supply for most of Whitman and Latah counties (ref 1).","duration":"Levels have declined since the late 1800s; the 1990s rate was 1.3 ft/yr and the current rate is about 0.72 ft/yr (ref 1).","significance":"PBAC warns Ecology or Idaho could declare a Critical Groundwater Management Area, curtailing growth (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":31315,"status":"Reported","note":"Pullman population served per SDWIS (ref 2); Moscow, WSU and UI users not counted."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The current average rate of decline in the basin is approximately 0.72 feet per year."},"measures":[{"name":"Grande Ronde decline rate","value":0.72,"unit":"feet per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Combined municipal and university pumping, 2025","value":2.39,"unit":"billion gallons","status":"Reported","note":"3.6% above 2024 (ref 1)."}],"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Decline rate has slowed from 1.3 to about 0.72 ft/yr, but levels still fall and 2025 pumping rose (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Palouse Basin Aquifer Committee","role":"Bi-state groundwater management partnership"},{"name":"City of Pullman","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Washington State Department of Ecology","role":"Non-voting PBAC member; water-resources regulator"}],"public_contact":"Palouse Basin Aquifer Committee, 208-885-6429","corrective_actions":["Preliminary study of a Clearwater River diversion for supplemental municipal supply, launched 2025 (ref 1).","University of Idaho recharge research along Moscow Mountain, launched 2025 (ref 1).","Groundwater Management Plan conservation and pumping reporting (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PBAC 2025 Annual Report","publisher":"Palouse Basin Aquifer Committee","date":null,"url":"https://palousebasin.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/PBAC-Annual-Report-2025.pdf","basis":"Local government","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Pullman Water Department","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PULLMAN/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"id":"US-WA-PORT-TOWNSEND-QUILCENE-SUPPLY-2025","title":"Port Townsend early Lords Lake drawdown threatens city and mill supply","description":"Port Townsend's water comes from the Big and Little Quilcene rivers, backed by the 500-million-gallon Lords Lake reservoir. Low snowpack forced drawdown to begin August 11, 2025 and July 22, 2026, weeks earlier than average, and the city issued voluntary conservation notices both years, warning that the Port Townsend Paper mill, a large share of demand, must curtail or shut down if the reservoir empties.","location":{"name":"City of Port Townsend water system","type":"Municipal utility (Olympic Gravity Water System)","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"Port Townsend, Jefferson County; Quilcene watershed source","coordinates":{"lat":48.117,"lon":-122.7604,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Jefferson"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WA5369000"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The risk is source-water shortfall from low snowpack and early reservoir drawdown.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The city warns the mill must curtail or shut down if Lords Lake empties (ref 1); no health harm is reported.","service":"Voluntary conservation notices went to households, businesses and industrial users in September 2025 and July 2026 (refs 1, 3).","scale":"The Port Townsend system serves 17,053 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Early drawdown recurred in 2025 (August 11) and 2026 (July 22) (refs 1, 3).","significance":"The city issued formal press-release conservation notices (refs 1, 3); no mandatory stage was declared."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":17053,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Drawdown of Lords Lake Reservoir this year began on August 11. This is a few weeks earlier than in an average year."},"measures":[{"name":"Lords Lake storage capacity","value":500,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"About two and a half months of supply (refs 1, 2)."}],"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"2026 drawdown began earlier (July 22) than 2025 (August 11) (refs 1, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Port Townsend Public Works","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Washington State Department of Health","role":"Primacy drinking-water regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Port Townsend, 360-385-3000","corrective_actions":["Voluntary conservation notices to all customer classes (refs 1, 3).","Additional conservation measures by the mill (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PRESS RELEASE - Voluntary Water Conservation Notice","publisher":"City of Port Townsend","date":"2025-09-15","url":"https://cityofpt.us/administration/page/press-release-voluntary-water-conservation-notice","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":2,"title":"Water Supply Outlook - Summer 2025","publisher":"City of Port Townsend Public Works","date":null,"url":"https://cityofpt.us/publicworks/page/water-supply-outlook-summer-2025","basis":"Local government","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Port Townsend asks for voluntary water conservation","publisher":"Peninsula Daily News","date":"2026-07-24","url":"https://www.peninsuladailynews.com/2026/07/24/port-townsend-asks-for-voluntary-water-consumption/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: City of Port Townsend","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PORT%20TOWNSEND/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-WA-PORT-ANGELES-ELWHA-SHORTAGE-2025"],"id":"US-WA-DUNGENESS-LOW-FLOW-2026","title":"Dungeness River late-summer low flows strain Sequim-area supply","description":"Irrigation water rights on the Dungeness River collectively exceed what it can supply in a dry late summer, and by July 2026 flows were in the 'low' range of about 140 to 150 cfs, near the 120 cfs 'critical low' level at which diversions may be curtailed. Snow now melts out by June or early July, and the same connected system supplies 8,000 to 10,000 private wells plus Sequim and PUD municipal wells; Ecology placed the Elwha-Dungeness watershed under a drought emergency in June 2025.","location":{"name":"Dungeness River and Sequim-Dungeness Valley","type":"River basin and connected aquifer","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"Sequim-Dungeness Valley, Clallam County (WRIA 18)","coordinates":{"lat":48.0795,"lon":-123.1018,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Clallam"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["water-rights","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Shortfall comes from declining snowpack against over-allocated river rights.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Local hydrologist Ann Soule cites salmon decline as a signal of broader watershed impacts (ref 1).","service":"Diversions 'may have to' be curtailed in the orange and red flow categories, but no 2026 shutoff is reported (refs 1, 2).","scale":"An estimated 8,000 to 10,000 private wells plus City of Sequim and PUD municipal wells draw on the connected system (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Snow now disappears by June or early July rather than August, and Soule estimates 70% of future years may be dry (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Ecology's June 5, 2025 order put WRIA 18 (Elwha-Dungeness) under a drought emergency (ref 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources estimate 8,000-10,000 private wells but give no population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Flow was about 140 to 150 cfs in early July 2026, in the 'low' range; 'critical low' begins at 120 cfs."},"measures":[{"name":"Dungeness flow, early July 2026","value":145,"unit":"cfs (140-150)","status":"Reported","note":"Midpoint of the reported range (refs 1, 2)."},{"name":"Critical-low threshold","value":120,"unit":"cfs","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 2."},{"name":"Private wells in watershed","value":9000,"unit":"wells (8,000-10,000)","status":"Estimated","note":"Midpoint of hydrologist's estimate (refs 1, 2)."}],"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Earlier snowmelt and recurring dry years (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Washington State Department of Ecology","role":"Water-resources regulator; drought declarations"},{"name":"Dungeness River Management Team","role":"Watershed coordination body"},{"name":"City of Sequim","role":"Municipal well operator"}],"public_contact":"Ecology statewide drought lead, Caroline.Mellor@ecy.wa.gov or 360-628-4666","corrective_actions":["Voluntary irrigator cutbacks at flow thresholds (refs 1, 2).","State programs paying farmers to forgo part of their water rights (refs 1, 2).","Flow-category signage and the Dungeness River Flow Monitor app (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Dungeness River water system at its limits","publisher":"Peninsula Daily News","date":"2026-07-27","url":"https://www.peninsuladailynews.com/2026/07/27/dungeness-river-water-system-at-its-limits/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"'We are on a downhill slope': Experts warn of Dungeness River's shrinking lifeline","publisher":"Sequim Gazette","date":"2026-07-22","url":"https://www.sequimgazette.com/?p=114110","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Order and Determination by the Director: drought emergency in 19 watersheds","publisher":"Washington State Department of Ecology","date":"2025-06-05","url":"https://ecology.wa.gov/drought-2025-june-declaration-order","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."}]},{"id":"US-WA-WAPATO-WWTP-NONCOMPLIANCE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Wapato wastewater plant in significant noncompliance for three years","description":"EPA's ECHO database lists the City of Wapato wastewater treatment plant (NPDES WA0050229) in significant noncompliance in every quarter from July 2023 through June 2026, with ammonia and zinc limit exceedances in the latest year. In September 2025 a power outage failed the plant's blowers and overloaded it with solids; the city declared an emergency and the state Public Works Board approved a $429,310 emergency loan. The plant was previously penalized by EPA in 2021 for about 3,000 limit exceedances from 2015 to 2020.","location":{"name":"Wapato Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant (POTW)","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"City of Wapato, Yakima County, on the Yakama Reservation near the Yakima River; EPA-issued NPDES permit WA0050229 (effective Oct. 1, 2023, expires Sept. 30, 2028).","coordinates":{"lat":46.434326,"lon":-120.422001,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Yakima"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Chronic effluent violations reflect treatment shortfalls, and the 2025 blower failure was an equipment and power-reliability breakdown.","secondary_drivers":["ammonia and zinc removal","power reliability","small-community finance"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO (ref 1) flags ammonia and zinc limit exceedances in the last year; EPA's 2021 settlement (ref 3) said most past violations were zinc, 'particularly dangerous to fish'.","service":"After the September 2025 blower failure the city's only short-term option was hauling waste off-site (ref 2).","scale":"A single small-city plant with a 1.16 MGD design flow per ECHO (ref 1).","duration":"ECHO (ref 1) shows significant noncompliance in all 12 quarters from July 2023 to June 2026, after 2015-2020 violations settled in 2021 (ref 3).","significance":"Wapato City Council ratified an emergency declaration on Sept. 23, 2025 and received a Public Works Board emergency loan (ref 2); EPA settled prior violations by consent order (ref 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Neither the state nor EPA source gives the sewered population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Significant noncompliance in 12 of 12 quarters (July 2023-June 2026) per EPA ECHO; $429,310 emergency loan after September 2025 blower failure."},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (Jul 2023-Jun 2026)","value":12,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO three-year compliance history, NPDES WA0050229 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Effluent limit exceedances counted by ECHO","value":164,"unit":"exceedances","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO facility summary count for WA0050229, three-year window (ref 1)."},{"name":"Public Works Board emergency loan","value":429310,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Approved for blower and electrical replacement (ref 2)."},{"name":"Design flow","value":1.16,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO facility record (ref 1)."},{"name":"Ecology funding for metals removal study","value":600000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"SFY2026 offer list, Facility Plan Amendment No. 2 - Metals Removal Study (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Emergency loan needed after equipment failure","Forgivable-principal hardship funding for planning"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"ECHO shows unbroken significant noncompliance across 12 quarters; no improvement is visible yet."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Wapato","role":"Plant owner and operator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 10","role":"NPDES permitting authority (Indian country)"},{"name":"Washington State Public Works Board","role":"Emergency infrastructure lender"}],"public_contact":"Washington Department of Ecology media contacts, ecology.wa.gov/about-us/who-we-are/news/media-contacts","corrective_actions":["Replace failed electrical equipment and evaluate long-term improvements (Public Works Board loan)","Metals removal study under Ecology-funded facility plan amendment","Comply with NPDES permit WA0050229 effluent limits"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Wapato WWTP (WA0050229)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=WA0050229","basis":"Federal compliance database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Critical wastewater repairs coming to the cities of Pateros and Wapato","publisher":"Washington State Department of Commerce","date":"2025-11-03","url":"https://www.commerce.wa.gov/critical-wastewater-repairs-coming-to-the-cities-of-pateros-and-wapato/","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA fines Wapato $25,750 in wastewater pollution settlement","publisher":"Yakima Herald-Republic","date":"2021-08-06","url":"https://www.yakimaherald.com/epa-fines-wapato-25-750-in-wastewater-pollution-settlement/article_488c3487-7751-53e7-83e0-e416accd3f52.html","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"State Fiscal Year 2026 Final Water Quality Funding Offer List and Intended Use Plan (Publication 25-10-047)","publisher":"Washington Department of Ecology","date":"2025-07-01","url":"https://apps.ecology.wa.gov/publications/documents/2510047.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"NPDES Permit: Wapato Wastewater Treatment Plant, Washington","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Jan. 19, 2025 website snapshot)","date":"2024-09-13","url":"https://19january2025snapshot.epa.gov/npdes-permits/npdes-permit-wapato-wastewater-treatment-plant-washington","basis":"Federal permit record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-07-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Sewered population","Receiving-water impact data","Upgrade cost estimate"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WA-OTHELLO-WWTP-ORDER-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Othello wastewater plant under Ecology order after about 395 permit violations","description":"Washington Ecology issued an administrative order to the City of Othello in July 2024 after documenting about 395 water quality permit violations at its wastewater plant from October 2020 to June 2024, including BOD, solids, ammonia, cyanide, mercury, copper and fecal coliform. The order requires sewer and facility plans, restored disinfection, receiving-water studies on Owl Creek and a toxics management plan. EPA's ECHO lists the plant (NPDES WA0022357) in significant noncompliance in five quarters since mid-2023 and records a second state order in January 2025.","location":{"name":"Othello Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant (POTW)","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"Cunningham Road plant, City of Othello, Adams County; discharges to Owl Creek under NPDES permit WA0022357.","coordinates":{"lat":46.825201,"lon":-119.226015,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Adams"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Undersized and aging treatment and a 60-plus-year-old leaky collection system cause the effluent-quality violations.","secondary_drivers":["aging collection system","infiltration and inflow","disinfection failure"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Ecology documented about 395 effluent violations including cyanide, mercury and fecal coliform, and a chlorine contact basin not working as designed (ref 1).","service":"No sewer service interruption is reported in the order coverage (ref 1).","scale":"One city treatment plant discharging to Owl Creek, 10 MGD design flow per ECHO (ref 2).","duration":"Violations run from October 2020 through June 2024 (ref 1), and ECHO shows violations in every quarter through September 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"Ecology administrative order of July 24, 2024 with potential penalties up to $10,000 per day (ref 1); ECHO lists a further state order dated Jan. 7, 2025 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The cited sources do not give the sewered population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 395 permit violations from October 2020 through June 2024, per Ecology's July 24, 2024 order."},"measures":[{"name":"Permit violations documented by Ecology (Oct 2020-Jun 2024)","value":395,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate count in Ecology's order (ref 1)."},{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (Jul 2023-Jun 2026)","value":5,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO three-year history, NPDES WA0022357 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Maximum penalty for future violations","value":10000,"unit":"USD per day","status":"Reported","note":"Order terms reported by ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Phased capital program for new headworks, secondary treatment and disinfection"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"ECHO (ref 2) moves from significant noncompliance in most 2023-2024 quarters to 'violation identified' in every quarter since January 2025."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Othello","role":"Plant owner and operator"},{"name":"Washington Department of Ecology","role":"State Clean Water Act permitting and enforcement agency"}],"public_contact":"Washington Department of Ecology media contacts, ecology.wa.gov/about-us/who-we-are/news/media-contacts","corrective_actions":["General Sewer Plan due Dec. 31, 2024 and Facility Plan due June 30, 2025","Restore chlorine disinfection and add dechlorination","Owl Creek metals and dissolved-oxygen studies","Toxics management plan for cyanide and mercury","2025 wastewater facilities plan: new headworks, secondary basins, disinfection, Class A reclaimed water"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Othello wastewater plant hit with order after nearly 400 permit violations since 2020","publisher":"Source ONE News","date":"2026-01-07","url":"https://www.yoursourceone.com/columbia_basin/othello-wastewater-plant-hit-with-order-after-nearly-400-permit-violations-since-2020/article_0fd7518e-1e6d-4928-a120-fe2abbee311c.html","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Othello STP (WA0022357)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=WA0022357","basis":"Federal compliance database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-07-24","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Sewered population","Upgrade cost estimate","Compliance with 2025 plan deadlines"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WA-GRANDVIEW-WWTP-NONCOMPLIANCE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Grandview wastewater plant: recurring significant noncompliance, $42M upgrade pending","description":"EPA's ECHO lists the City of Grandview wastewater plant (NPDES WA0052205) in significant noncompliance in six quarters between January 2024 and March 2026, with BOD, chloride, dissolved solids and suspended solids exceedances in the latest year. Ecology's 2026 funding list carries Grandview Wastewater Treatment Plant Improvements in design, with an estimated $42 million needed to fund construction in the next biennium.","location":{"name":"Grandview Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant (POTW)","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"City of Grandview, Yakima County; NPDES permit WA0052205.","coordinates":{"lat":46.211527,"lon":-119.911051,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Yakima"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Effluent violations at an aging plant are tied to a pending capital upgrade.","secondary_drivers":["industrial and food-processing loads","plant capacity"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO (ref 1) records BOD, chloride, total dissolved solids and suspended solids exceedances in the last year; no specific downstream harm is documented.","service":"No interruption of sewer service appears in ECHO or Ecology's list (refs 1-2).","scale":"A single city plant serving Grandview (ref 1).","duration":"Significant noncompliance recurs in six quarters from January 2024 to March 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Permit violations are recorded in ECHO, with no formal enforcement action listed (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The cited sources do not give the sewered population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Significant noncompliance in 6 of 12 quarters (July 2023-June 2026) per ECHO; $42 million estimated to fund construction of plant improvements."},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (Jul 2023-Jun 2026)","value":6,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO, NPDES WA0052205 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Effluent limit exceedances counted by ECHO","value":74,"unit":"exceedances","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO facility summary, three-year window (ref 1)."},{"name":"Estimated future cost to fully fund project","value":42000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ecology Table 12, WQC-2025-Grandv-00087 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Estimated cost for current design phase","value":4480000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ecology Table 12 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["$42 million upgrade on the small-community hardship priority list"]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"ECHO alternates between significant noncompliance and lesser violations quarter to quarter."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Grandview","role":"Plant owner and operator"},{"name":"Washington Department of Ecology","role":"State Clean Water Act permitting and enforcement agency"}],"public_contact":"Washington Department of Ecology media contacts, ecology.wa.gov/about-us/who-we-are/news/media-contacts","corrective_actions":["Design of Grandview Wastewater Treatment Plant Improvements (Ecology-listed project)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Grandview POTW (WA0052205)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=WA0052205","basis":"Federal compliance database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"State Fiscal Year 2026 Final Water Quality Funding Offer List and Intended Use Plan (Publication 25-10-047)","publisher":"Washington Department of Ecology","date":"2025-07-01","url":"https://apps.ecology.wa.gov/publications/documents/2510047.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Sewered population","Enforcement history detail","Construction schedule"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WA-WINTHROP-LAGOON-NONCOMPLIANCE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Winthrop lagoon plant in repeated significant noncompliance; replacement planned","description":"EPA's ECHO lists the Town of Winthrop wastewater plant (NPDES WA0020885) in significant noncompliance in seven quarters between April 2024 and June 2026, with BOD and suspended-solids percent-removal failures in the latest year. Ecology's 2026 funding list offers $2.91 million to design an activated sludge system replacing the town's lagoon treatment, with about $28.6 million estimated for construction.","location":{"name":"Winthrop Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater lagoon treatment plant (POTW)","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"Town of Winthrop, Okanogan County (Methow Valley); NPDES permit WA0020885.","coordinates":{"lat":48.467222,"lon":-120.170833,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Okanogan"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A lagoon system that misses removal requirements is to be replaced with mechanical treatment.","secondary_drivers":["lagoon treatment limits","small-town finance"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO (ref 1) lists BOD and suspended-solids percent-removal exceedances in the last year; no downstream harm is documented.","service":"No sewer outage is recorded in ECHO or the funding list (refs 1-2).","scale":"A small-town plant with a 0.56 MGD design flow (ref 1).","duration":"Seven quarters of significant noncompliance between April 2024 and June 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"ECHO records permit violations with no formal enforcement action listed (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The cited sources do not give the sewered population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Significant noncompliance in 7 of 12 quarters (July 2023-June 2026) per ECHO; $2.91 million offered to design a lagoon replacement."},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (Jul 2023-Jun 2026)","value":7,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO, NPDES WA0020885 (ref 1)."},{"name":"SFY2026 design funding offered","value":2910000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Half standard loan, half forgivable principal, WQC-2026-ToWin-00349 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Estimated future cost to fully fund project","value":28600000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ecology Table 12 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["$28.6 million construction need for a small town","Forgivable-principal hardship funding"]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"ECHO shows no violation in two quarters but significant noncompliance in the two most recent complete quarters."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Winthrop","role":"Plant owner and operator"},{"name":"Washington Department of Ecology","role":"State Clean Water Act permitting and enforcement agency"}],"public_contact":"Washington Department of Ecology media contacts, ecology.wa.gov/about-us/who-we-are/news/media-contacts","corrective_actions":["Design new activated sludge treatment system to replace the lagoons, obtain permits (Ecology-funded)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Winthrop POTW (WA0020885)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=WA0020885","basis":"Federal compliance database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"State Fiscal Year 2026 Final Water Quality Funding Offer List and Intended Use Plan (Publication 25-10-047)","publisher":"Washington Department of Ecology","date":"2025-07-01","url":"https://apps.ecology.wa.gov/publications/documents/2510047.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-04-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Sewered population","Construction schedule","Rate impact"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WA-LAKEHAVEN-REDONDO-OVERFLOWS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lakehaven Redondo plant overflows close Poverty Bay shellfish beds","description":"Incompletely treated wastewater overflowed from Lakehaven Water and Sewer District's Redondo treatment plant in Des Moines into Cold Creek on three days in early 2022, and the Department of Health closed nearby Poverty Bay shellfish beds. Ecology settled an $85,200 penalty for $40,000 in July 2024 and keeps the district under order to eliminate overflows. EPA's ECHO shows permit violations at the plant (NPDES WA0023451) in every quarter from July 2023 through September 2026.","location":{"name":"Redondo Wastewater Treatment Plant (Lakehaven)","type":"Sewer district wastewater treatment plant","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"Redondo neighborhood, Des Moines, King County; discharges overflowed to Cold Creek and Poverty Bay; NPDES WA0023451.","coordinates":{"lat":47.341287,"lon":-122.330283,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["King"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Wet-weather and high-tide hydraulic limits at the plant caused overflows that affected shellfish waters.","secondary_drivers":["wet-weather capacity","tidal backwater"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Department of Health closed Poverty Bay shellfish beds near Cold Creek in 2022, citing the plant's unpredictable discharges (ref 1).","service":"Shellfish harvest restriction in Poverty Bay (ref 1); no sewer outage was reported.","scale":"One district treatment plant with an 11.2 MGD design flow (ref 2).","duration":"Overflows began in early 2022, the district remains under order (ref 1), and ECHO shows violations each quarter through 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"Ecology penalty settlement of $40,000 and an ongoing Ecology order (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The settlement release does not state the population served."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Penalty of $85,200 reduced to $40,000 in July 2024; district remains under Ecology order to eliminate overflows to Cold Creek."},"measures":[{"name":"Initial Ecology penalty","value":85200,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Settled penalty","value":40000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Conditional on continued progress (ref 1)."},{"name":"Overflow days in early 2022","value":3,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Design flow","value":11.2,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Infrastructure upgrades required under order"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"ECHO shows 'violation identified' in all 13 quarters from July 2023 to September 2026, without escalation to significant noncompliance."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Lakehaven Water and Sewer District","role":"Plant owner and operator"},{"name":"Washington Department of Ecology","role":"State Clean Water Act permitting and enforcement agency"},{"name":"Washington State Department of Health","role":"Shellfish growing-area regulator"}],"public_contact":"Washington Department of Ecology Northwest Regional Office communications, 206-920-2600","corrective_actions":["Correct systemic causes of overflows and improve infrastructure","Monitor Cold Creek and Poverty Bay water quality","Notify the public when overflows occur"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lakehaven Water and Sewer District settles penalty for sewage spills","publisher":"Washington Department of Ecology","date":"2024-07-11","url":"https://ecology.wa.gov/about-us/who-we-are/news/2024/july-11-lakehaven-water-and-sewer-district-settlement","basis":"State enforcement release"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Redondo WWTP (WA0023451)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=WA0023451","basis":"Federal compliance database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-07-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Overflow volumes","Shellfish bed status in 2026","Capital project schedule"],"related_ids":["US-WA-PUGET-SOUND-SHELLFISH-DOWNGRADES-2025"]},{"id":"US-WA-STATEWIDE-WATER-SEWER-NEEDS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Washington water and sewer capital needs outpace state funding","description":"EPA's needs survey puts Washington's Group A drinking-water capital needs through 2041 at $11.7 billion, and the Legislature considered a 2025 bill directing Health and Ecology to assess water and sewer system needs by June 2027. Ecology's 2026 small-community list shows 30 project requests totaling about $127 million for one cycle, while the Public Works Board, which calls itself the state's first responder for infrastructure failures, had $6.8 million left in emergency funds for 2025-27 as of October 2025.","location":{"name":"Washington public water and sewer systems","type":"Statewide infrastructure funding program","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"Statewide: Group A drinking-water systems and municipal wastewater systems funded through Ecology, Health and the Public Works Board.","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The problem is a gap between aging-system capital needs and available state and federal funding.","secondary_drivers":["aging infrastructure","Puget Sound nutrient permits","PFAS treatment","population growth"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Committee testimony (ref 1) cites failing septic systems harming salmon streams and PFAS contamination as costly treatment challenges.","service":"The sources describe funding needs, not a specific outage (refs 1-3).","scale":"Needs are statewide; public systems serve about 85% of residents (ref 1).","duration":"The $11.7 billion need runs through 2041 (ref 1), and the board chair says 'the need never goes away' (ref 3).","significance":"HB 1690 (2025) would require a joint Health-Ecology needs assessment by June 30, 2027 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources say public water systems serve about 85% of residents but give no count (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$11.7 billion in Group A drinking-water capital needs through 2041 (EPA needs survey, cited in the House bill report)."},"measures":[{"name":"Group A drinking-water capital needs through 2041","value":11700000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"EPA Drinking Water Needs Survey, 2021 calculation (ref 1)."},{"name":"Small-community wastewater funding requests, SFY2026 call","value":127355158,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"30 project-specific responses (ref 2)."},{"name":"Public Works Board emergency funds remaining, 2025-27","value":6800000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"As of October 2025 (ref 4)."},{"name":"Wastewater projects funded in 2026 cycle","value":83700000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"57 projects (ref 5)."},{"name":"Public Works Board new funding request","value":400000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Projected $10-12 billion state budget deficit limits new funding (ref 3)","Large utilities estimate billions in Puget Sound nutrient compliance costs (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No comparable multi-year funding-gap series is cited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Washington State Department of Health","role":"Drinking-water primacy agency"},{"name":"Washington Department of Ecology","role":"State Clean Water Act permitting and enforcement agency"},{"name":"Washington State Public Works Board (Department of Commerce)","role":"Infrastructure lender"},{"name":"Washington State Legislature","role":"Appropriating body"}],"public_contact":"Washington State Department of Commerce, Public Works Board, commerce.wa.gov","corrective_actions":["Proposed joint Health-Ecology needs assessment (HB 1690)","Annual Water Quality Combined Funding Program offers","Public Works Board emergency and pre-construction loans"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"House Bill Report HB 1690: Assessing the state's existing water and sewer systems","publisher":"Washington State Legislature","date":"2025-02-19","url":"https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2025-26/Htm/Bill%20Reports/House/1690%20HBR%20LG%2025.htm","basis":"State legislative record"},{"ref":2,"title":"State Fiscal Year 2026 Final Water Quality Funding Offer List and Intended Use Plan (Publication 25-10-047)","publisher":"Washington Department of Ecology","date":"2025-07-01","url":"https://apps.ecology.wa.gov/publications/documents/2510047.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Inside Olympia: Public Works Board turns 40","publisher":"TVW","date":"2025-02-06","url":"https://tvw.org/2025/02/inside-olympia-public-works-board-turns-40/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Critical wastewater repairs coming to the cities of Pateros and Wapato","publisher":"Washington State Department of Commerce","date":"2025-11-03","url":"https://www.commerce.wa.gov/critical-wastewater-repairs-coming-to-the-cities-of-pateros-and-wapato/","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"Ecology funds 130 clean water projects statewide","publisher":"Washington Department of Ecology","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://ecology.wa.gov/about-us/who-we-are/news/2026/june-30-ecology-funds-130-clean-water-projects-statewide","basis":"State agency release"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2025-02-06","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Statewide wastewater needs total","Unfunded gap amount"],"related_ids":["US-WA-PUGET-SOUND-NUTRIENTS-2025","US-WA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-WA-PATEROS-SEWER-COLLAPSE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Pateros main sewer line collapse under apartments prompts emergency","description":"The sewer line carrying most of Pateros's untreated sewage collapsed beneath two low-income apartment buildings in 2025, creating a sinkhole and posing a groundwater contamination risk. The city declared an emergency on Sept. 11, 2025 and the Public Works Board approved a $305,000 emergency loan for a permanent replacement line. Ecology's 2026 list also funds an updated sewer plan it calls necessary to protect and repair existing infrastructure, with about $14 million estimated for later construction.","location":{"name":"Pateros sewer system","type":"Municipal sewer collection system","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"City of Pateros, Okanogan County, on the Columbia River; Pateros POTW NPDES WA0020559.","counties":["Okanogan"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A structural collapse of the main sewer line is a physical infrastructure failure.","secondary_drivers":["aging sewer mains"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Commerce (ref 1) says the leak posed a groundwater contamination risk; no confirmed contamination is reported.","service":"The collapse created a sinkhole that damaged two apartment buildings and sidewalks (ref 1).","scale":"A small city's main sewer line (ref 1).","duration":"Emergency declared Sept. 11, 2025; a permanent line was still being funded in October 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"City state of emergency and Public Works Board emergency loan (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The Commerce release does not give a population figure."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$305,000 emergency loan approved Oct. 3, 2025 to replace the collapsed main sewer line."},"measures":[{"name":"Public Works Board emergency loan","value":305000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Estimated future cost to fully fund wastewater project","value":14065000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ecology Table 12, WQC-2021-PateCo-00027 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Emergency borrowing","Hardship forgivable-principal funding for planning"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single failure event; no series."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Pateros","role":"Sewer system owner"},{"name":"Washington State Public Works Board","role":"Emergency lender"},{"name":"Washington Department of Ecology","role":"State Clean Water Act permitting and enforcement agency"}],"public_contact":"Washington State Department of Commerce, Public Works Board, commerce.wa.gov","corrective_actions":["Install a new permanent sewer line and replace damaged sidewalks","Update the wastewater facility engineering report and general sewer plan"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Critical wastewater repairs coming to the cities of Pateros and Wapato","publisher":"Washington State Department of Commerce","date":"2025-11-03","url":"https://www.commerce.wa.gov/critical-wastewater-repairs-coming-to-the-cities-of-pateros-and-wapato/","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"State Fiscal Year 2026 Final Water Quality Funding Offer List and Intended Use Plan (Publication 25-10-047)","publisher":"Washington Department of Ecology","date":"2025-07-01","url":"https://apps.ecology.wa.gov/publications/documents/2510047.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2025-09-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Collapse date","Repair completion date","Any sewage release volume"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WA-SULTAN-UNPERMITTED-DAM-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Unpermitted high-hazard dam near Sultan overtopped; owner fined $20,000","description":"Ecology fined the owner of an unpermitted private earthen dam near Sultan $20,000 in September 2026 for safety violations. Ecology rates the dam high hazard and in unsatisfactory condition; it overtopped during the December 2025 atmospheric river because of a clogged outlet and limited spillway, eroding parts of the dam above homes, roads and an RV park.","location":{"name":"Private earthen dam near Sultan","type":"Unpermitted high-hazard private dam","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"Near 132nd Street SE and Sultan Basin Road, Sultan, Snohomish County; 19-foot-high earthen dam impounding about 12 acre-feet.","counties":["Snohomish"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Structural damage and inadequate outlet and spillway capacity are dam safety failures.","secondary_drivers":["extreme rainfall","unregulated dams"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"December 2025 overtopping eroded parts of the dam and put its foundation at risk (ref 1); no downstream damage is reported.","service":"No service disruption is reported (ref 1).","scale":"One small dam; failure could threaten seven or more people downstream (ref 1).","duration":"Inspectors found damage in October 2025 and repairs were still outstanding in September 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Ecology issued four $5,000 penalties (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Ecology says a failure could threaten seven or more people but gives no count."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$20,000 in penalties; Ecology rates the dam high hazard and in unsatisfactory condition needing immediate action."},"measures":[{"name":"Penalty","value":20000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Four $5,000 penalties (ref 1)."},{"name":"Dam height","value":19,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Storage capacity","value":12,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"Estimated by Ecology (ref 1)."},{"name":"Avoided compliance costs","value":150000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ecology estimate, 'more than' this amount (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First documented in October 2025."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Washington Department of Ecology Dam Safety Office","role":"Dam safety regulator"},{"name":"Private dam owner","role":"Responsible for repairs or decommissioning"}],"public_contact":"Washington Department of Ecology communications, 360-480-5722","corrective_actions":["Complete required repairs","Maintain or decommission the dam before fall rains"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Unpermitted, high-hazard dam near Sultan fined $20,000 for safety violations","publisher":"Washington Department of Ecology","date":"2026-09-24","url":"https://ecology.wa.gov/about-us/who-we-are/news/2026/sept-24-dam-fined-20-000-for-safety-violations","basis":"State enforcement release"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":4,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2025-10-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Downstream population","Repair status"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WA-EIGHTMILE-DAM-REBUILD-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Eightmile Lake Dam: high-hazard dam awaiting rebuild above Leavenworth","description":"Eightmile Dam, a 95-year-old irrigation dam in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness west of Leavenworth, was overtopped in 2018 after the 2017 Jack Creek Fire, prompting an emergency declaration and temporary repairs. Ecology reclassified it as high hazard and says the repairs do not meet current dam safety standards. Ecology issued a final environmental impact statement in June 2024 selecting a rebuilt dam with a wide ungated spillway; design, permitting and construction remain ahead.","location":{"name":"Eightmile Lake Dam","type":"High-hazard irrigation storage dam","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"Eightmile Lake, Icicle Creek watershed, Alpine Lakes Wilderness west of Leavenworth, Chelan County; owned by Icicle and Peshastin Irrigation Districts.","counties":["Chelan"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A damaged aging dam that no longer meets safety standards is a structural infrastructure risk.","secondary_drivers":["wildfire runoff","downstream development","aging dams"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Floodwaters overtopped the earthen dam in spring 2018, and Ecology designated it a threat to people and property downstream (ref 2).","service":"No supply interruption is reported; Icicle Creek supports Leavenworth's domestic supply and irrigation (ref 2).","scale":"Downstream residents along Icicle Creek and Leavenworth-area water users (ref 2).","duration":"Unresolved since the 2018 reclassification; construction had not begun after the June 2024 final EIS (ref 1).","significance":"A state of emergency was declared in the watershed in 2018, and Ecology issued a final EIS in 2024 (refs 1-2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Ecology does not quantify the downstream population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Dam reclassified high hazard in 2018; temporary repairs do not meet current dam safety standards."},"measures":[{"name":"Dam age at final EIS","value":95,"unit":"years","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Public comments on draft EIS","value":6942,"unit":"comments","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Irrigation districts must fund a dam rebuild"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"A preferred rebuild alternative was selected in 2024 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Icicle and Peshastin Irrigation Districts","role":"Dam owner"},{"name":"Washington Department of Ecology Dam Safety Office","role":"Dam safety regulator"}],"public_contact":"Washington Department of Ecology communications, 206-920-2600","corrective_actions":["Final engineering design of Alternative 2 (wide ungated spillway)","Permitting and construction of the rebuilt dam"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Ecology releases final environmental review of proposal to rebuild Eightmile Lake Dam","publisher":"Washington Department of Ecology","date":"2024-06-21","url":"https://ecology.wa.gov/about-us/who-we-are/news/2024/june-21-eightmile-lake-dam-feis","basis":"State agency release"},{"ref":2,"title":"Eightmile Dam","publisher":"Washington Department of Ecology","date":null,"url":"https://ecology.wa.gov/ecologys-work-near-you/river-basins-groundwater/icicle-creek-strategy/eightmile-dam","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-06-21","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Construction schedule","Rebuild cost","Downstream population"],"related_ids":["US-WA-YAKIMA-MULTIYEAR-DROUGHT-2026"]},{"id":"US-WA-GREEN-RIVER-LEVEE-DAMAGE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Desimone levee breach and 16 flood-damaged Western Washington levees","description":"During the December 2025 atmospheric-river floods, King County reported a breach of the Desimone levee on the Green River in Tukwila on Dec. 15, forcing evacuation of an industrial area in Tukwila, Kent and Renton while the Army Corps cut Howard Hanson Dam releases. Howard Hanson Dam reached its highest storage on record. In July 2026 the Corps said it was preparing to rehabilitate 16 levees damaged in the flood, 14 of them in Western Washington, before the 2026-27 flood season.","location":{"name":"Green River levees (Desimone levee)","type":"Flood-control levee system","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"Desimone levee on the Green River, Tukwila, King County; Howard A. Hanson Dam on the upper Green River.","counties":["King"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A levee breach and widespread levee damage are failures of flood-control structures.","secondary_drivers":["atmospheric rivers","saturated levees"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"A levee breach forced evacuation of part of the Green River valley (ref 1).","service":"An industrial and business area in Tukwila, Kent and Renton was evacuated (ref 1).","scale":"Sixteen levees damaged, 14 in Western Washington; Hanson Dam protects a valley where it prevented an estimated $7.8 billion in damage (ref 2).","duration":"Breach Dec. 15, 2025, with levee rehabilitation planned before the 2026-27 flood season (refs 1-2).","significance":"Federal emergency assistance at King County's request and Public Law 84-99 levee rehabilitation (refs 1-2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources do not count evacuated people."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"16 levees damaged in the December 2025 flood slated for Corps rehabilitation; Desimone levee breached Dec. 15, 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"Levees damaged and slated for rehabilitation","value":16,"unit":"levees","status":"Reported","note":"14 in Western Washington (ref 2)."},{"name":"Howard Hanson Dam release cut after breach","value":1000,"unit":"cfs","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Howard Hanson Dam record storage","value":77700,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"About 75% of flood storage (ref 2)."},{"name":"Damages prevented by Howard Hanson Dam","value":7800000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Preliminary Corps estimate (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Local cost share for levee repairs"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single flood event documented."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District","role":"Dam operator and levee rehabilitation"},{"name":"King County","role":"Levee owner and emergency management"}],"public_contact":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Seattle District, nws.usace.army.mil","corrective_actions":["Emergency leak control with super sacks","Corps rehabilitation of 16 flood-damaged levees under PL 84-99","Cedar River levee repairs in summer 2026"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Army Corps assists King County with Green River levee breach","publisher":"Kent Reporter","date":"2025-12-15","url":"https://www.kentreporter.com/?p=75683","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"USACE dams reduced flood risk during December 2025 storms, helped prevent billions in potential damages","publisher":"U.S. Army","date":"2026-07-21","url":"https://www.army.mil/article/294014/usace_dams_reduced_flood_risk_during_december_2025_storms_helped_prevent_billions_in_potential_damages","basis":"Federal agency release"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2025-12-15","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Evacuated population","Levee repair cost","Permanent Desimone repair status"],"related_ids":["US-WA-CHEHALIS-FLOOD-RISK-2025","US-WA-WESTERN-WA-ATMOSPHERIC-RIVER-FLOODS-2025"]},{"id":"US-WA-WESTERN-WA-ATMOSPHERIC-RIVER-FLOODS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"December 2025 atmospheric-river floods: record Skagit, Snohomish and Cedar crests","description":"Repeated atmospheric rivers between Dec. 5 and Dec. 22, 2025 flooded about 30 Washington rivers; the Skagit, Snohomish and Cedar reached their highest levels on record, levees and dikes were breached, and nearly 3,900 homes were damaged. The governor declared a statewide emergency on Dec. 10, a federal emergency declaration followed on Dec. 12, and a federal major disaster declaration (DR-4906) was approved in April 2026.","location":{"name":"Western Washington river basins (Skagit, Snohomish, Cedar)","type":"Multi-county river floodplains","detail":"Skagit, Snohomish, King, Whatcom, Pierce, Lewis and other counties; Burlington and Everson among flooded communities","coordinates":{"lat":48.4757,"lon":-122.3254,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Skagit","Snohomish","King","Whatcom","Pierce","Lewis","Chelan","Grays Harbor","Pacific","Thurston"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"WA","states":["WA"]},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"River flooding is the primary hazard; levee and dike breaches and road washouts are the infrastructure failures that turned high water into damage.","secondary_drivers":["Infrastructure","Agriculture"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"State officials counted one death, 383 emergency rescues and nearly 3,900 damaged homes, about 440 destroyed or with major damage (ref 2).","service":"More than 100,000 people were ordered to evacuate and roughly 450,000 utility customers lost power (ref 2); about 75,000 people in the Skagit floodplain faced evacuation (ref 1).","scale":"Ten counties and 15 tribal nations were in the governor's assistance request, and FEMA's DR-4906 designations span dozens of counties and reservations (refs 2, 3).","duration":"The storm period ran 18 days (Dec. 5-22, 2025) and the preliminary public-infrastructure damage estimate of $182.3 million was still driving recovery requests in 2026 (refs 2, 4).","significance":"Statewide emergency declared Dec. 10, 2025, federal emergency EM-3629 on Dec. 12, and major disaster DR-4906 on Apr. 7, 2026 (refs 1, 3, 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No single affected-population total; more than 100,000 people were ordered to evacuate (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 30 rivers flooded statewide; the Skagit, Snohomish and Cedar reached their highest levels on record, and nearly 3,900 homes were damaged."},"measures":[{"name":"Homes damaged","value":3900,"unit":"homes","status":"Reported","note":"Nearly 3,900 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Preliminary public infrastructure damage","value":182.3,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."},{"name":"People ordered to evacuate","value":100000,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"More than 100,000 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Washington also had flood disaster declarations in Nov. 2021 (DR-4635) and Jan. 2024 (DR-4775) per FEMA data (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Washington Military Department Emergency Management Division","role":"State emergency response"},{"name":"FEMA","role":"Federal disaster assistance"},{"name":"County flood control and diking districts","role":"Levee operation and repair"}],"public_contact":"FloodRecovery.wa.gov; FEMA applications at DisasterAssistance.gov or 1-800-621-3362","corrective_actions":["FEMA Individual and Public Assistance under DR-4906","State Disaster Cash Assistance Program payments to more than 2,600 households","Governor's request for up to $173 million for roads, levees and other infrastructure"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"'Historic' flooding prompts WA governor to declare emergency","publisher":"Spokane Public Radio / Washington State Standard","date":"2025-12-10","url":"https://www.spokanepublicradio.org/regional-news/2025-12-10/historic-flooding-prompts-wa-governor-to-declare-emergency","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"WA governor requests federal major disaster declaration, $21.3M in FEMA help after floods","publisher":"KOMO News (via KATU)","date":"2026-01-21","url":"https://katu.com/news/local/wa-governor-requests-federal-major-disaster-declaration-213m-in-fema-help-after-floods-flooding-flood-recovery-atmospheric-river-rain-storm-historic-destruction-insurance-home-shelter-relocation-school-payout-help-community-support","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, Washington (EM-3629, DR-4906, DR-4635, DR-4775)","publisher":"FEMA","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v2/DisasterDeclarationsSummaries?$filter=state%20eq%20'WA'%20and%20declarationDate%20ge%20'2021-10-01'","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"Disaster declaration for WA flooding approved","publisher":"Auburn Reporter / Washington State Standard","date":"2026-04-13","url":"https://www.auburn-reporter.com/?p=74197","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-WA-CHEHALIS-FLOOD-RISK-2025","US-WA-GREEN-RIVER-LEVEE-DAMAGE-2025"]},{"id":"US-WA-NOOKSACK-WATER-RIGHTS-ADJUDICATION-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Nooksack (WRIA 1) water-rights adjudication of about 30,000 water users","description":"Ecology and all water users in the Nooksack basin (WRIA 1) are in a general water-rights adjudication in Whatcom County Superior Court that will decide which uses are legal, how much water each may use and their priority in shortages, including tribal instream-flow claims for salmon. Summons packets went to more than 30,000 landowners on March 17, 2025; the claim deadline now listed by Ecology is June 1, 2027.","location":{"name":"Nooksack basin (WRIA 1)","type":"Water resource inventory area / river basin","detail":"Most of Whatcom County and small parts of Skagit County, including the Nooksack, Sumas, Lake Whatcom and Lummi Island areas","coordinates":{"lat":48.86,"lon":-122.3,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Whatcom","Skagit"],"extent":"watershed","state":"WA","states":["WA"]},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["surface-water","groundwater","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is the unresolved legal allocation of scarce water between farms, cities, wells and tribal salmon flows.","secondary_drivers":["Surface Water and Watersheds","Groundwater","Agriculture"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Ecology says WRIA 1 is critical habitat for endangered and threatened species under growing pressure from water users (ref 2); harm to flows is a risk rather than a documented event.","service":"No water-service interruption is attached to the adjudication; Ecology says it does not change current water-use law (ref 1).","scale":"More than 30,000 adjudication packets were mailed to WRIA 1 landowners (ref 1), including an estimated 10,000 or more permit-exempt wells (ref 3).","duration":"Disputes have run for years of failed negotiation (refs 2, 3); filing in 2025 is followed by a claim window to June 1, 2027 and years of court review (ref 1).","significance":"It is a court case, Ecology v. all WRIA 1 water users, in Whatcom County Superior Court, which an attorney called the biggest lawsuit ever filed in the state (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":30000,"status":"Reported","note":"About 30,000 water users served with summons (refs 1, 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than 30,000 adjudication documents were mailed on March 17, 2025 to landowners using surface or groundwater in WRIA 1; claims are due June 1, 2027."},"measures":[{"name":"Summons packets mailed","value":30000,"unit":"water users","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Estimated permit-exempt wells","value":10000,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"10,000 or more, per Cascadia Daily News (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Ecology moved the claim deadline from May 1, 2026 (ref 2) to June 1, 2027 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Washington Department of Ecology","role":"Petitioner and water-rights regulator"},{"name":"Whatcom County Superior Court","role":"Adjudicating court"},{"name":"Lummi Nation and Nooksack Indian Tribe","role":"Senior treaty water-right claimants"}],"public_contact":"Ecology adjudications: WRAdjudications@ecy.wa.gov, 360-255-4406","corrective_actions":["Court claim forms due June 1, 2027","Ecology free filing appointments and webinars"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Nooksack adjudication","publisher":"Washington Department of Ecology","date":null,"url":"https://ecology.wa.gov/nooksack-adjudication","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Nooksack adjudication update","publisher":"Washington Department of Ecology","date":"2025-03-03","url":"https://ecology.wa.gov/blog/march-2025/nooksack-adjudication-update","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Nooksack Basin residents prepare to define, defend water rights","publisher":"Cascadia Daily News","date":"2024-04-04","url":"https://cascadiadaily.com/2024/apr/04/nooksack-basin-residents-prepare-to-define-defend-water-rights","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["exact court filing date"],"related_ids":["US-WA-YAKIMA-MULTIYEAR-DROUGHT-2026"]},{"id":"US-WA-HANFORD-TANKS-GROUNDWATER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hanford leaking tanks and 60 square miles of contaminated groundwater near the Columbia","description":"About 60 square miles of groundwater beneath the Hanford Site remains contaminated above federal standards, and chromium, nitrate, uranium, technetium, tritium and strontium have reached the Columbia River. Ecology says at least 67 of 177 underground waste tanks are assumed to have leaked and three single-shell tanks are leaking now; an Agreed Order sets the response.","location":{"name":"Hanford Site","type":"Federal nuclear cleanup site","detail":"Benton County, southeastern Washington, along the Columbia River","coordinates":{"lat":46.55,"lon":-119.49,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Benton"],"extent":"site","state":"WA","states":["WA"]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Radioactive and chemical contamination of groundwater that discharges to the Columbia River is the primary issue.","secondary_drivers":["Groundwater","Surface Water and Watersheds"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Oregon's energy agency reports chromium, nitrate, uranium, technetium, tritium and strontium have reached the Columbia, and hexavalent chromium is toxic to fish (ref 3).","service":"Neither agency reports any public water service disruption tied to the plumes (refs 1, 3).","scale":"Ecology puts groundwater contaminated above federal standards at about 60 square miles of a 580-square-mile site (ref 1).","duration":"Contamination dates to four decades of plutonium production; all 177 tanks are past their 25-year design life and three single-shell tanks are leaking now (ref 2).","significance":"Cleanup runs under the Tri-Party Agreement, a federal court consent decree and an Ecology-Energy Agreed Order for the leaking tanks (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No residential population is served by the plumes; not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 60 square miles of groundwater remains contaminated above federal standards; at least 67 tanks are assumed to have leaked and three single-shell tanks are leaking now."},"measures":[{"name":"Contaminated groundwater area","value":60,"unit":"square miles","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Tank waste remaining","value":56,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Tanks assumed to have leaked","value":67,"unit":"tanks","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Ecology says contaminated groundwater exceeded 80 square miles in the 1980s (ref 1); low-activity waste treatment began in October 2025 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Energy","role":"Responsible party"},{"name":"Washington Department of Ecology","role":"State regulator (Tri-Party Agreement)"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Federal regulator"}],"public_contact":"Ecology Nuclear Waste Program, 509-372-7950","corrective_actions":["Groundwater pump-and-treat systems at reactor areas and the central plateau","Single-shell tank retrieval to double-shell tanks","Agreed Order response plan for three leaking tanks","Low-activity waste vitrification started October 2025"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Hanford cleanup","publisher":"Washington Department of Ecology","date":null,"url":"https://ecology.wa.gov/waste-toxics/nuclear-waste/hanford-cleanup","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Hanford's tanks: From containment to cleanup (Publication 25-05-006, Rev. 1)","publisher":"Washington Department of Ecology","date":"2026-03","url":"https://apps.ecology.wa.gov/publications/documents/2505006.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Hanford Groundwater","publisher":"Oregon Department of Energy","date":null,"url":"https://www.oregon.gov/energy/safety-resiliency/pages/hanford-groundwater.aspx","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WA-SPOKANE-RIVER-PCB-TMDL-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Spokane River PCB contamination and EPA cleanup budget","description":"The Spokane River has been listed as impaired for PCBs since 1996, and a state health advisory limits eating its fish. After litigation by the Sierra Club and the Center for Environmental Law and Policy, EPA issued a PCB TMDL in October 2024 for about 100 river miles, cutting the allowable concentration from 7 to 1.3 picograms per liter; Ecology must now write the implementation plan.","location":{"name":"Spokane and Little Spokane rivers","type":"River segment","detail":"Idaho border to the Columbia confluence, including Spokane Valley and Lake Spokane (Long Lake)","coordinates":{"lat":47.66,"lon":-117.43,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Spokane","Stevens","Lincoln"],"extent":"watershed","state":"WA","states":["WA"]},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy","wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legacy and ongoing PCB loading to the river and fish tissue is the primary issue.","secondary_drivers":["Industrial and Energy","Wastewater and Sewer"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA measured PCBs from about 30 pg/L near Post Falls to well over 150 pg/L through Spokane Valley into Lake Spokane, far above the 1.3 pg/L target (ref 1).","service":"The Washington Department of Health issued a fish-consumption advisory for Spokane River fish because of PCBs (ref 2).","scale":"The TMDL covers about 100 miles of the Spokane and Little Spokane rivers through the Spokane metro area (ref 1).","duration":"The river has been listed as impaired for PCBs since 1996 and the lawsuit dates to 2011 (ref 3).","significance":"EPA wrote the TMDL under a legal agreement with the Sierra Club and CELP, and five permitted dischargers' permits now carry numeric PCB limits, several under appeal (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure; Spokane metro residents fish the river."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"EPA's TMDL cuts the allowable PCB concentration from Washington's 7 picograms per liter to 1.3; river concentrations run from about 30 to well over 150 pg/L."},"measures":[{"name":"Maximum measured PCB concentration","value":150,"unit":"pg/L","status":"Reported","note":"'Well over 150' through Spokane Valley into Lake Spokane (ref 1)."},{"name":"TMDL target","value":1.3,"unit":"pg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["EPA says the limits are not yet measurable by an approved method and will be very challenging to meet (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 10","role":"TMDL author"},{"name":"Washington Department of Ecology","role":"Implementation plan and permits"},{"name":"Kaiser Aluminum, Inland Empire Paper, Spokane County and city wastewater plants","role":"Permitted dischargers"}],"public_contact":"EPA Region 10 media: 206-245-7452","corrective_actions":["Ecology implementation plan for the TMDL","Stricter PCB limits in wastewater and industrial permits","About $7 million EPA grant for Spokane basin toxics reduction"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA issues final PCBs reduction plan for Spokane River","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2024-10-29","url":"https://www.epa.gov/node/293446","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Making improvements in the Spokane Watershed","publisher":"Washington Department of Ecology","date":null,"url":"https://ecology.wa.gov/ecologys-work-near-you/river-basins-groundwater/spokane-river-watershed","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Environmentalists and Spokane Tribe want court to order specific chemical limits for Spokane River polluters","publisher":"Inlander","date":"2021-07-14","url":"https://www.inlander.com/news/environmentalists-and-spokane-tribe-want-court-to-order-specific-chemical-limits-for-spokane-river-polluters/article_d8de324f-cdf4-5877-a5d8-b49f2957da8a.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Below the Current: Insights from Recent Hearings Board Ruling","publisher":"Spokane Riverkeeper","date":"2024-03-26","url":"https://www.spokaneriverkeeper.org/riverjournal/2024/3/26/below-the-current-insights-from-recent-hearings-board-ruling","basis":"Advocacy organization report"},{"ref":5,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Spokane Riverside Park Water Reclamation Facility (WA0024473)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=WA0024473","basis":"Federal compliance database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-WA-SPOKANE-RIVER-DRY-STRETCH-2025"]},{"id":"US-WA-UPPER-COLUMBIA-TECK-SUPERFUND-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Upper Columbia River and Lake Roosevelt smelter contamination added to Superfund list","description":"Slag, liquid waste and smokestack emissions from Teck's Trail, B.C. smelter contaminated the upper Columbia River and Lake Roosevelt for more than 150 miles, with lead and arsenic in residential soils and zinc, copper, cadmium, lead and mercury in river sediments. EPA added the site to the National Priorities List in December 2024; Teck funds the investigation, but there is no settlement for cleanup funding.","location":{"name":"Upper Columbia River / Lake Roosevelt","type":"Reservoir and river reach Superfund site","detail":"U.S.-Canada border near Northport to Grand Coulee Dam","coordinates":{"lat":48.917,"lon":-117.78,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Stevens","Ferry","Lincoln"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"WA","states":["WA"]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Metals from cross-border smelter discharges in river sediments and uplands are the primary issue.","secondary_drivers":["Surface Water and Watersheds"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Ecology says lead and arsenic in soil pose an unacceptable risk to residents and sediment metals are a risk to fish and wildlife (ref 1).","service":"EPA says beaches are safe except Bossburg Beach, and Ecology links a fish advisory for the upper Columbia and Lake Roosevelt (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The site spans more than 150 miles in three counties; 87 properties have been cleaned up so far (refs 1, 2).","duration":"The Trail smelter has run since 1896; EPA cleanup work continued in Stevens County in June 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"EPA placed the site on the Superfund National Priorities List on Dec. 13, 2024 (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"EPA added the Upper Columbia River site to the Superfund National Priorities List on December 13, 2024; there is no settlement agreement funding the cleanup."},"measures":[{"name":"Properties cleaned up","value":87,"unit":"properties","status":"Reported","note":"EPA, Teck and state efforts to date (ref 2)."},{"name":"Site length","value":150,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Over 150 miles (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 10","role":"Superfund lead"},{"name":"Teck Metals Ltd.","role":"Responsible party"},{"name":"Washington Department of Ecology","role":"State partner"}],"public_contact":"Ecology Eastern Regional Office, 509-385-2290","corrective_actions":["Remedial investigation and feasibility study funded by Teck under the 2006 settlement","EPA residential soil cleanups in Northport-area properties"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Upper Columbia River Lake Roosevelt Site (Cleanup Site 12125)","publisher":"Washington Department of Ecology","date":null,"url":"https://apps.ecology.wa.gov/cleanupsearch/site/12125","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Upper Columbia River Superfund site","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2016-12-19","url":"https://epa.gov/columbiariver/upper-columbia-river-superfund-site","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WA-LOWER-SNAKE-SALMON-AGREEMENT-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lower Snake River dams: salmon agreement voided, litigation reopened","description":"In June 2025 the federal government withdrew from the $1 billion Resilient Columbia Basin Agreement with the Nez Perce, Yakama, Warm Springs and Umatilla tribes and Oregon and Washington, which had paused litigation over Columbia and Snake river dam operations and salmon. In September 2025 the tribes, the two states and the National Wildlife Federation asked the federal court to reopen the case; supporters of breaching the four Lower Snake dams say it is needed to lower water temperatures for fish.","location":{"name":"Lower Snake River (Ice Harbor to Lower Granite)","type":"Dammed river segment","detail":"Four federal dams in southeastern Washington on the Snake River","coordinates":{"lat":46.66,"lon":-117.43,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Whitman","Garfield","Columbia","Walla Walla","Franklin"],"extent":"multi_state","states":["WA","OR","ID"],"state":"WA"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Dams alter river habitat and temperature for ESA-listed salmon; the governance question is how they are operated.","secondary_drivers":["Governance","Industrial and Energy"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Breach supporters argue the four dams raise water temperatures and impede imperiled salmon and steelhead (ref 2); the cited sources give no measured fish data.","service":"No public water-service effect is reported in the cited coverage (refs 1-3).","scale":"The deal covered 14 dams in the Columbia basin and involved four tribal nations and two states (refs 1, 2).","duration":"The litigation is long-running; the 2023 deal had paused it for the first of two five-year stays (ref 1).","significance":"A federal court motion to reopen the case was filed in the U.S. District Court for Oregon in September 2025 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not applicable."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The federal government voided the $1 billion Resilient Columbia Basin Agreement in June 2025, and states and tribes asked a federal judge to restart the dam litigation."},"measures":[{"name":"Value of voided agreement","value":1,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Withdrawal returns dam operations to court (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Bonneville Power Administration, Bureau of Reclamation","role":"Federal dam operators"},{"name":"U.S. District Court for the District of Oregon","role":"Court overseeing the litigation"}],"public_contact":"Not reported","corrective_actions":["Motion to reopen the federal dams case (September 2025)","State and tribal Columbia Basin Restoration Initiative continues"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Trump topples $1 billion Columbia River settlement deal","publisher":"E&E News","date":"2025-06-12","url":"https://www.eenews.net/articles/trump-topples-1-billion-columbia-river-settlement-deal/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Tribes, states seek to reopen lawsuit over Pacific Northwest dams","publisher":"E&E News","date":"2025-09-12","url":"https://www.eenews.net/articles/tribes-states-seek-to-reopen-lawsuit-over-pacific-northwest-dams","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Trump Cancels Salmon Agreement","publisher":"Columbia Riverkeeper","date":"2025-06-16","url":"https://www.columbiariverkeeper.org/2025/trump-cancels-salmon-agreement/","basis":"Advocacy organization"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["water temperature measurements"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WA-PIERCE-LAKES-TOXIC-ALGAE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Toxic algae in Spanaway, Steilacoom and other western Washington lakes","description":"Ecology's September 2026 testing found microcystin of 717 micrograms per liter in Spanaway Lake and 561 in Steilacoom Lake, far above the state recreational guidance of 8, with several other lakes and the Lower Granite reservoir also over guidance. Tacoma-Pierce County Health Department has toxic-algae caution advisories posted for Spanaway, Steilacoom, Wapato, Tanwax and Ohop lakes.","location":{"name":"Spanaway, Steilacoom and other Pierce County lakes","type":"Recreational lakes","detail":"Pierce County lakes, with other over-guidance results in Snohomish, Whatcom, Skagit, Pacific and Whitman counties","coordinates":{"lat":47.1,"lon":-122.44,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Pierce","Snohomish","Whatcom","Skagit","Pacific","Whitman"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"WA","states":["WA"]},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Cyanobacteria blooms producing toxins in recreational lakes are the issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Spanaway Lake tested at 717 ug/L microcystin and Steilacoom at 561 ug/L on Sept. 9-10, 2026, against an 8 ug/L recreational guidance value; Pass Lake hit 59 ug/L anatoxin-a (ref 1).","service":"The Pierce County health department posted toxic-algae caution advisories telling people to avoid algae areas on five lakes (ref 2).","scale":"Seven water bodies in six counties exceeded guidance in a single week of testing (ref 1).","duration":"Pierce County advisories date from Aug. 13 (Spanaway) through Sept. 18, 2026 (Steilacoom) and remain posted (ref 2).","significance":"Formal health-department advisories are in effect (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Lake users not counted."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Microcystin was 717 ug/L in Spanaway Lake and 561 ug/L in Steilacoom Lake on Sept. 9-10, 2026; the state recreational guidance value is 8 ug/L."},"measures":[{"name":"Spanaway Lake microcystins","value":717,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"Preliminary, Sept. 9, 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Steilacoom Lake microcystins","value":561,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"Preliminary, Sept. 10, 2026 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Results are preliminary (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Tacoma-Pierce County Health Department","role":"Local health advisories"},{"name":"Washington Department of Ecology Freshwater Algae Control Program","role":"Toxin testing"}],"public_contact":"Tacoma-Pierce County Health Department surface water advisories page","corrective_actions":["Weekly toxin testing and advisories","Lake management district treatments at Spanaway Lake"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Cyanobacteria Toxicity Testing Program Results","publisher":"Washington Department of Ecology","date":"2026-09-18","url":"https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/WAECY/bulletins/42b8060","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Current Surface Water Advisories","publisher":"Tacoma-Pierce County Health Department","date":"2023-10-27","url":"https://tpchd.org/?p=404","basis":"Local government record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WA-QUINCY-DATA-CENTER-WATER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Quincy data-center cluster: cooling water demand on an arid basalt aquifer","description":"Quincy, in arid Grant County, hosts data centers from Microsoft, Yahoo, Sabey, Intuit and Vantage, and draws all its potable water from five deep wells in the Columbia Plateau basalt aquifer. Data centers used about 10% of the roughly 2.1 billion gallons pumped per year before Microsoft's $31 million reuse plant opened in 2021; Columbia Insight's 2025 reporting on the governor's Data Center Workgroup notes that cooling-water use and warm discharges can harm salmon and steelhead.","location":{"name":"City of Quincy water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Grant County, Columbia Basin","coordinates":{"lat":47.234,"lon":-119.852,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Grant"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WA5370450","state":"WA","states":["WA"]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is industrial cooling demand on a limited groundwater supply and thermal effects downstream.","secondary_drivers":["Groundwater","Drinking Water Supply"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Columbia Insight reports that cooling-water use and release can affect stream levels and temperatures for salmon and steelhead (ref 2); no specific harm is documented in Quincy.","service":"No supply restriction is reported for Quincy customers (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The SDWIS population served is 8,415 (ref 3), but EPA says industrial demand makes Quincy's use akin to 30,000 people (ref 1).","duration":"Microsoft has run a 270-acre Quincy campus since 2007 and the industry keeps growing (refs 1, 2).","significance":"The governor's Data Center Workgroup issued recommendations in late 2025 but no regulatory action targets Quincy's water use (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":8415,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Quincy pumps about 2.1 billion gallons of groundwater a year; data centers used about 10% before the reuse utility, which offsets 138 million gallons a year."},"measures":[{"name":"Annual groundwater pumped","value":2.1,"unit":"billion gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Reuse offset","value":138,"unit":"million gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"Quincy Water Reuse Utility (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["City infrastructure is funded partly from data-center revenue (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Quincy","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Washington Department of Ecology","role":"Water rights and discharge permits"}],"public_contact":"City of Quincy Public Works","corrective_actions":["Quincy Water Reuse Utility recirculating Microsoft cooling water (operational 2021)","State Data Center Workgroup recommendations to the governor (Dec. 2025)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water Reuse Case Study: Quincy, Washington","publisher":"U.S. EPA (archived)","date":"2023-10-23","url":"https://19january2025snapshot.epa.gov/waterreuse/water-reuse-case-study-quincy-washington","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"EXCLUSIVE: Wash. Data Center Workgroup won't recommend clean energy requirement","publisher":"Columbia Insight","date":"2025-11-18","url":"https://columbiainsight.org/wash-data-center-workgroup-wont-recommend-clean-energy-requirement/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Quincy Water Department","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/QUINCY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["current data-center water volumes"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WA-STATEWIDE-CAFO-PERMIT-REMAND-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Dairy CAFO discharge permits ordered rewritten again for groundwater protection","description":"On March 6, 2025 the Pollution Control Hearings Board ordered Ecology to rewrite its two general permits for concentrated animal feeding operations, the second time since a 2021 Court of Appeals ruling found the permits failed to protect groundwater. The board directed groundwater monitoring at every covered facility, public review of each farm's pollution plan and a standard to stop manure-storage leaching; appellants say nitrate from Yakima County dairies has fouled wells in the Lower Yakima Valley.","location":{"name":"Washington CAFO general permits","type":"Statewide permit program","detail":"Dairies and other CAFOs statewide, notably the Lower Yakima Valley and Whatcom and Skagit counties","coordinates":{"lat":46.32,"lon":-120.01,"precision":"county","source_ref":2},"counties":["Yakima","Whatcom","Skagit"],"extent":"statewide","state":"WA","states":["WA"]},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["groundwater","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Manure nitrate and bacteria leaching to groundwater and surface water from dairies are the source problem the permits govern.","secondary_drivers":["Groundwater","Governance"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Appellants say permits fail to control nutrients and bacteria and that Lower Yakima Valley wells near dairy clusters are affected (ref 2); the board order itself addresses permit adequacy, not measured harm.","service":"The permit dispute itself causes no service interruption (ref 1).","scale":"The two general permits cover CAFOs statewide (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Courts first faulted the permits in 2021, Ecology reissued them in January 2023, and the board remanded them again in 2025 (refs 2, 3).","significance":"PCHB No. 23-002 order on summary judgment vacates and remands parts of both permits (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The Pollution Control Hearings Board ordered Ecology to require groundwater monitoring at every CAFO covered by its permits and to set a no-leaching standard for manure storage."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Washington Department of Ecology","role":"Permit issuer"},{"name":"Pollution Control Hearings Board","role":"Adjudicating board"}],"public_contact":"Ecology Water Quality Program","corrective_actions":["Ecology rewrite of the combined and state-only CAFO general permits"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Order on Summary Judgment, PCHB No. 23-002 (Friends of Toppenish Creek et al. v. Ecology)","publisher":"Washington Pollution Control Hearings Board","date":"2025-03-06","url":"https://westernlaw.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/2025.03.06-WA-CAFO-Victory-Order.pdf","basis":"Court or board record"},{"ref":2,"title":"WA Agency Again Ordered to Rewrite Mega-Dairy Permits to Safeguard Public Health, Clean Water","publisher":"Food & Water Watch","date":"2025-03-07","url":"https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/?p=12130","basis":"Advocacy organization"},{"ref":3,"title":"Legal appeal: Ecology's rewrite of industrial dairy permits endangers public health","publisher":"Western Environmental Law Center","date":"2023-01-10","url":"https://westernlaw.org/legal-appeal-ecologys-rewrite-of-industrial-dairy-permits-endangers-public-health-threatens-waterways-aquifers-ecosystems-across-wa/","basis":"Advocacy organization"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["status of the rewritten permits"],"related_ids":["US-WA-LOWER-YAKIMA-NITRATE-WELLS-2024"]},{"id":"US-WA-PORT-ANGELES-ELWHA-FUEL-SPILL-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Fuel tanker spill into Elwha River tributary forces Port Angeles do-not-drink order","description":"On July 18, 2025 a fuel truck crashed into Indian Creek, a tributary of the Elwha River, and leaked an estimated 3,000 gallons of gasoline and diesel, killing hundreds if not thousands of juvenile salmon, sculpin and lamprey according to the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe. Port Angeles shut its Elwha intake and issued a do-not-drink order that was lifted on July 20 after state testing.","location":{"name":"Indian Creek / Elwha River; Port Angeles water system","type":"River segment and municipal water supply","detail":"Clallam County, Olympic Peninsula","coordinates":{"lat":48.118,"lon":-123.43,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Clallam"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WA5368550","state":"WA","states":["WA"]},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A petroleum spill into a salmon stream and drinking-water source is the issue.","secondary_drivers":["Drinking Water Quality","Industrial and Energy"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Hundreds, if not thousands, of juvenile salmon, sculpin and lamprey died after about 3,000 gallons of fuel entered Indian Creek, per the tribe (ref 1).","service":"Port Angeles told customers not to drink the tap water and handed out bottled water until the order was lifted July 20 (ref 1).","scale":"The SDWIS population served is 28,067 (ref 2); OPB describes a city of 20,000 (ref 1).","duration":"The do-not-drink order lasted about a day and the tanker was removed within a day (ref 1).","significance":"The city issued a formal do-not-drink order and Ecology, the Department of Health and EPA ran the response (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":28067,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"An estimated 3,000 gallons of fuel leaked into Indian Creek, the Elwha's most productive tributary, and Port Angeles was told not to drink its tap water."},"measures":[{"name":"Fuel spilled","value":3000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Mostly gasoline, rest diesel (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Drinking-water order lifted July 20, 2025 (ref 1); ecological assessments continued."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Washington Department of Ecology","role":"Spill response"},{"name":"City of Port Angeles","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"PetroCard","role":"Truck owner"}],"public_contact":"City of Port Angeles Public Works","corrective_actions":["Containment booms and absorbents in Indian Creek","State testing of Port Angeles drinking water before lifting the order"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Dead fish and disrupted water supply after fuel truck crash near Port Angeles","publisher":"OPB / Washington State Standard","date":"2025-07-21","url":"https://www.opb.org/article/2025/07/21/washington-elwha-river-watershed-fuel-truck-crash-oil-port-angeles/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Port Angeles City of","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PORT%20ANGELES/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["natural resource damage assessment"],"related_ids":["US-WA-PORT-ANGELES-ELWHA-SHORTAGE-2025"]},{"id":"US-WA-LONGVIEW-WHITE-LIQUOR-SPILL-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Longview paper mill white-liquor tank collapse: 11 dead, fish kill in drainage ditches","description":"On May 26, 2026 a 900,000-gallon tank at the Nippon Dynawave Packaging mill in Longview collapsed, killing 11 workers and spilling up to 570,000 gallons of caustic white liquor. Contaminated water was flushed through the city's ditch network to the Columbia River, 2,226 dead fish were collected, and Ecology later issued violation notices finding the company a significant non-complier.","location":{"name":"Nippon Dynawave Packaging mill, Longview","type":"Industrial facility and drainage ditch network","detail":"Cowlitz County, Columbia River","coordinates":{"lat":46.138,"lon":-122.938,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Cowlitz"],"extent":"site","state":"WA","states":["WA"]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A tank structural failure released caustic chemicals into stormwater ditches draining to the Columbia.","secondary_drivers":["Surface Water and Watersheds","Stormwater and Flooding"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Ecology reported 2,226 dead fish in Longview ditches after the spill (ref 2), and the collapse killed 11 workers (ref 3).","service":"Residents were told to avoid ditches and fishing, and hydrant flushing caused temporary drops in water pressure (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The spill affected Longview's ditch network and reached nearby waterways and the Columbia River (refs 1, 3).","duration":"Cleanup at the site was still beginning in August 2026, three months after the collapse (ref 3).","significance":"Ecology issued 35 violations including water-quality Notices of Violation after a July 14, 2026 inspection (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A 900,000-gallon tank ruptured, spilling up to 570,000 gallons of white liquor; 2,226 dead fish were found in Longview ditches."},"measures":[{"name":"White liquor spilled","value":570000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Up to; another report says more than 500,000 (refs 1, 3)."},{"name":"Dead fish reported","value":2226,"unit":"fish","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Nippon Dynawave Packaging","role":"Facility owner"},{"name":"Washington Department of Ecology","role":"Spill response and enforcement"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Joint response"}],"public_contact":"Report dead or distressed fish or wildlife: 1-800-22-BIRDS","corrective_actions":["Ditch flushing and pH monitoring before discharge to the Columbia","Ecology corrective actions due within 30 days of violation notices"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Chemical tank rupture spills up to 570,000 gallons; scrutiny grows over mill safety record","publisher":"KOMO News (via KMPH)","date":"2026-05-27","url":"https://kmph.com/news/nation-world/longview-chemical-tank-rupture-spills-up-to-570000-gallons-scrutiny-grows-over-mill-safety-record-nippon-dynawave-packaging-plant-implosion","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Over 2,200 dead fish reported in drainage ditches surrounding site of deadly Longview chemical spill","publisher":"KPTV","date":"2026-06-02","url":"https://www.kptv.com/2026/06/02/over-2200-dead-fish-reported-drainage-ditches-surrounding-site-deadly-longview-chemical-spill/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"WA Department of Ecology hands 35 sanctions to Nippon Dynawave Packaging","publisher":"Tank Storage Magazine","date":"2026-08-28","url":"https://tankstorage.com/?p=119416","basis":"Trade press"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["final penalty amount"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WA-PUGET-SOUND-SHELLFISH-DOWNGRADES-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Puget Sound shellfish beds: 909-acre net loss in 2025 from industrial and sewage pollution","description":"Puget Sound Vital Signs reports a net loss of 909 harvestable shellfish acres in 2025, the second-largest decline since 2007, closing tribal and non-tribal commercial areas including geoduck tracts because of industrial activity and a wastewater treatment plant discharge. A Hood Canal #2 area along Naval Base Kitsap-Bangor has been closed since March 2024 after an oil spill.","location":{"name":"Puget Sound shellfish growing areas","type":"Marine shellfish growing areas","detail":"115 classified growing areas in Puget Sound, including Hood Canal","coordinates":{"lat":47.6,"lon":-122.6,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Kitsap","Mason","Jefferson","Whatcom","King","Pierce"],"extent":"watershed","state":"WA","states":["WA"]},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy","wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Marine water contamination is the issue; it shows up as harvest-area downgrades and closures.","secondary_drivers":["Industrial and Energy","Wastewater and Sewer"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The 2025 net change was -909 harvestable acres, closing commercial areas including geoduck tracts scheduled for harvest (ref 1).","service":"DOH's closure report lists commercial harvest closures, including all species along part of Hood Canal #2 (ref 2).","scale":"The indicator covers roughly 260,000 acres of commercial growing areas across Puget Sound (ref 1).","duration":"The Hood Canal #2 oil-spill closure has been in place since March 15, 2024 (ref 2); Vital Signs rates the indicator 'getting worse' (ref 1).","significance":"DOH formally downgraded growing-area classifications (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"2025 data show a net change of -909 harvestable shellfish acres, the second largest net decline since 2007."},"measures":[{"name":"Net change in harvestable shellfish area, 2025","value":-909,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Upgrades in 2024 (+673 acres net) reversed in 2025; a hiring freeze delayed reclassifications (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Washington State Department of Health, Office of Environmental Health and Safety","role":"Shellfish growing-area classification"},{"name":"Puget Sound Partnership","role":"Recovery indicator reporting"}],"public_contact":"DOH Shellfish Program","corrective_actions":["Planned treatment improvements at the implicated wastewater plant","Pollution identification and correction programs"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Vital Signs: Area of harvestable shellfish beds","publisher":"Puget Sound Partnership","date":"2025-11-06","url":"https://vitalsigns.pugetsoundinfo.wa.gov/VitalSignIndicator/Detail/40","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Shellfish Growing Areas Closed for Commercial Harvest by DOH","publisher":"Washington State Department of Health","date":"2026-10-10","url":"https://fortress.wa.gov/doh/eh/portal/odw/si/GrowingAreaClosures.aspx","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["name of the wastewater plant and industrial sources"],"related_ids":["US-WA-PUGET-SOUND-NUTRIENTS-2025","US-WA-LAKEHAVEN-REDONDO-OVERFLOWS-2024"]},{"id":"US-WA-KING-COUNTY-SEWER-RATE-HIKES-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"King County regional sewer rates: 12.75% for 2027 and double-digit hikes projected","description":"The King County Council unanimously approved a 12.75% regional wastewater rate increase for 2027, raising the monthly charge from $62.66 to $70.65 per residential customer equivalent. The Wastewater Treatment Division's plan projects double-digit increases for five more years, reaching about $126 a month by 2032, to fund $6.2 billion in capital projects and new treatment rules; council members called the trajectory unsustainable.","location":{"name":"King County Wastewater Treatment Division service area","type":"Regional wastewater utility","detail":"Regional wastewater customers in King County","coordinates":{"lat":47.6062,"lon":-122.3321,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["King"],"extent":"county","state":"WA","states":["WA"]},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is the affordability of rising regional sewer charges driven by capital and regulatory costs.","secondary_drivers":["Wastewater and Sewer"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health or environmental harm is tied to the rate action itself (ref 1).","service":"No service disruption; the cost lands on monthly bills (ref 1).","scale":"The regional rate is expected to raise $676.2 million next year from King County ratepayers (ref 1).","duration":"Projected rates rise every year through 2036, roughly doubling to $125.92 by 2032 (ref 1).","significance":"The council adopted the 2027 rate by unanimous vote in June 2026 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Regional customer count not reported in the cited source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Monthly sewer rate rises from $62.66 in 2026 to $70.65 in 2027 and is projected to reach $125.92 by 2032."},"measures":[{"name":"2027 rate increase","value":12.75,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Projected 2032 monthly rate","value":125.92,"unit":"USD per RCE","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Council chair: rate increases of this magnitude are not sustainable (ref 1).","$6.2 billion capital program (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Projected double-digit annual increases (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"King County Council","role":"Rate-setting body"},{"name":"King County Wastewater Treatment Division","role":"Utility"}],"public_contact":"King County Wastewater Treatment Division","corrective_actions":["Council work with the division to slow future increases"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Buckle up for a big hike to King County sewer rates, with more increases expected","publisher":"KIRO 7 News","date":"2026-06-25","url":"https://www.kiro7.com/news/local/buckle-up-big-hike-king-county-sewer-rates-with-more-increases-expected/QPKNWZEMQ5B3DG7YPVCU7POZGY/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Strategic Business Plan Update and Rate Path Approved by City Council","publisher":"Seattle Public Utilities","date":"2024-09-03","url":"https://atyourservice.seattle.gov/2024/09/03/strategic-business-plan-update-approved-by-city-council/","basis":"Local government record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-WA-SEATTLE-KING-CSO-COMPLIANCE-2025","US-WA-PUGET-SOUND-NUTRIENTS-2025"]},{"id":"US-WA-PASCO-FLUORIDATION-ENDED-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Pasco ends drinking-water fluoridation; Lynden council overrides veto","description":"Pasco's council voted 4-2 on Nov. 17, 2025 to stop fluoridating the city's water, which it had done since 1998 at about 0.7 ppm, and operators stopped on Feb. 10, 2026, joining Kennewick and Richland. In Lynden, the council voted 5-2 in April 2025 to end fluoridation after the mayor vetoed a 2024 vote; the state Department of Health continues to endorse fluoridation.","location":{"name":"Pasco Water Department","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Franklin County, Tri-Cities; Lynden (Whatcom County) also ended fluoridation","coordinates":{"lat":46.2396,"lon":-119.1006,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Franklin","Whatcom"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WA5366400","state":"WA","states":["WA"]},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"A local policy decision changed drinking-water treatment.","secondary_drivers":["Drinking Water Quality"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Dentists in Lynden reported better oral health in patients raised on fluoridated water, and DOH endorses fluoridation (ref 3); the cited sources record no measured outcome.","service":"Water service continues; only fluoride feed was decommissioned (ref 1).","scale":"Pasco's SDWIS population served is 115,102 (ref 4); Lynden serves 20,062 (ref 5).","duration":"Fluoride feed in Pasco stopped Feb. 10, 2026 after a June-October 2025 comment period (ref 1).","significance":"The council's vote was formally noticed to the DOH Office of Drinking Water on Nov. 18, 2025 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":115102,"status":"Reported","note":"Pasco population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Pasco's council voted 4-2 on Nov. 17, 2025 to discontinue fluoridation; 51.5% of 2,095 survey respondents opposed removal."},"measures":[{"name":"Survey respondents opposing removal","value":51.5,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"1,078 of 2,095 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Pasco","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Washington State Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Pasco Public Works, 509-544-4135","corrective_actions":["Fluoride feed systems decommissioned under a standard operating procedure"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Fluoride: Pasco City Council Votes to Discontinue Fluoridation of Public Water Supply","publisher":"City of Pasco","date":null,"url":"https://pasco-wa.gov/water","basis":"Local government record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Pasco City Council votes to end fluoridation in city's water","publisher":"NBC Right Now","date":"2025-11-17","url":"https://www.nbcrightnow.com/news/pasco-city-council-votes-to-end-fluoridation-in-citys-water/article_3c3e3a81-6eeb-47fe-b165-c98a08febffb.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Lynden council votes again to stop adding fluoride to city water","publisher":"Cascadia Daily News","date":"2025-04-25","url":"https://www.cascadiadaily.com/?p=433613","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Pasco Water Department","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PASCO/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Lynden Water Department","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LYNDEN/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"Want fluoride in the water? Too bad","publisher":"High Country News","date":"2025-10-21","url":"https://www.hcn.org/issues/57-11/want-fluoride-in-the-water-too-bad/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":7,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WA-CHEHALIS-SLAUGHTERHOUSE-WASTEWATER-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Chehalis slaughterhouse wastewater dumped near Chehalis River: $876,000 penalty","description":"Ecology fined the owners of County L Farms, LLC $876,000 in April 2026 after finding they illegally dumped millions of gallons of untreated slaughterhouse wastewater onto Lewis County land near the Chehalis River over three years, after being paid more than $1.3 million to dispose of it properly. Ecology said such wastewater can feed harmful algal blooms and lower dissolved oxygen for fish.","location":{"name":"County L Farms, Chehalis","type":"Agricultural land application site","detail":"Lewis County, near the Chehalis River","coordinates":{"lat":46.66,"lon":-122.96,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lewis"],"extent":"site","state":"WA","states":["WA"]},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Illegal land disposal of untreated animal-processing wastewater near a river is the issue.","secondary_drivers":["Surface Water and Watersheds"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Ecology says the blood, cleaning products and rinse water can feed algal blooms and cut oxygen fish need (ref 1); no measured river impact is cited.","service":"No water-service effect is reported (ref 1).","scale":"A single business and its land near the Chehalis River (ref 1).","duration":"The illegal dumping went on over a period of three years (ref 1).","significance":"Ecology issued an $876,000 penalty under the Water Pollution Control Act, appealable to the PCHB (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not applicable."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Ecology issued an $876,000 penalty for three years of illegal disposal of millions of gallons of untreated slaughterhouse wastewater."},"measures":[{"name":"Penalty","value":876000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Payments received for disposal","value":1.3,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"More than $1.3 million (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Washington Department of Ecology","role":"Water quality enforcement"},{"name":"County L Farms, LLC","role":"Penalized party"}],"public_contact":"Ecology communications, 360-280-3704","corrective_actions":["$876,000 penalty (30-day appeal window to the Pollution Control Hearings Board)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Chehalis business fined $876,000 for illegally dumping slaughterhouse wastewater","publisher":"Washington Department of Ecology","date":"2026-04-30","url":"https://ecology.wa.gov/about-us/who-we-are/news/2026/april-30-foster-penalty","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Chehalis business owners fined $876,000 over wastewater","publisher":"NBC Right Now","date":"2026-04-30","url":"https://www.nbcrightnow.com/news/chehalis-business-owners-fined-876-000-over-wastewater/article_b4065a8d-2ce4-5f60-8417-9baa1bae5aee.html","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (WA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["appeal outcome"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MA-SPRINGFIELD-HAA5-MCL-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Springfield Water and Sewer Commission in repeated HAA5 disinfection byproduct violation","description":"The Springfield Water and Sewer Commission has repeatedly exceeded the 60 ppb haloacetic acids (HAA5) standard since its first violation in December 2018, with a violation recorded in every quarter from October 2023 to April 2026; its July 2026 notice reported locational running annual averages above the limit at six of eight sites. The Commission says its 1974-era West Parish Filters plant cannot remove enough natural organic matter and that exceedances will continue until a new treatment plant, under construction since fall 2024 and scheduled for September 2028, comes online.","location":{"name":"Springfield Water and Sewer Commission","type":"Municipal water commission service area","detail":"Hampden County; Springfield and wholesale communities, supplied from Cobble Mountain Reservoir and treated at West Parish Filters","coordinates":{"lat":42.1015,"lon":-72.5898,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Hampden"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MA1281000","state":"MA","states":["MA"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"An aging treatment plant (infrastructure) causes a chronic disinfection byproduct exceedance (water quality).","secondary_drivers":["Aging treatment plant","Natural organic matter in surface supply"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"July 2026 notice (ref 1) lists HAA5 LRAAs of 62 to 73 ppb at six sites against the 60 ppb MCL.","service":"Tier 2 public notices go to customers each quarter (refs 1, 2), though the Commission says water need not be boiled or replaced.","scale":"SDWIS lists 169,170 people served by the Springfield system (ref 4).","duration":"Notice (ref 1) dates the first HAA5 violation to December 2018; SDWIS (ref 3) records quarterly HAA5 MCL violations from 2023 through April 2026.","significance":"Each quarter is a formal MCL violation recorded in SDWIS (ref 3) with mandatory public notice (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":169170,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"HAA5 LRAA of 73 ppb at the Center Street Fire Station site in Q2 2026, against the 60 ppb MCL (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest HAA5 LRAA, Q2 2026","value":73,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Center Street Fire Station (ref 1)."},{"name":"Sample sites over MCL, December 2025","value":7,"unit":"of 8 sites","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"HAA5 MCL violations in SDWIS since Oct 2023","value":11,"unit":"quarterly violations","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3, filtered to compliance periods beginning October 2023 or later."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Exceedances have recurred quarterly since at least 2023 and are expected to continue until the new plant opens (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Springfield Water and Sewer Commission","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) Drinking Water Program","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Springfield Water and Sewer Commission, 413-310-3501, info@waterandsewer.org","corrective_actions":["Adjusting existing West Parish Filters treatment to maximize natural organic matter removal (ref 1).","New West Parish water treatment plant under construction since fall 2024, scheduled for completion in September 2028 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"title":"Important Information About Your Drinking Water: Disinfection Byproduct (DBP) MCL Violations (Q2 2026)","publisher":"Springfield Water and Sewer Commission","date":"2026-07-02","url":"https://waterandsewer.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/Springfield-1281000-2026-June-Q2-HAA5-Tier-2-PN_combined.pdf","basis":"Utility notice","ref":1},{"title":"Public Notification About Drinking Water Test Results from the Springfield Water and Sewer Commission","publisher":"Springfield Water and Sewer Commission","date":"2026-01-06","url":"https://waterandsewer.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/SWSC-Press-Release_HAA5-Notification_01.06.2026.pdf","basis":"Utility notice","ref":2},{"title":"EPA SDWIS health-based violations, Massachusetts primacy agency","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS Federal via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/MA/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:4999/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Springfield Water and Sewer Commission (MA1281000)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS Federal via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MA1281000/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MA-BOSTON-LEAD-ALE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Boston Water and Sewer Commission exceeds lead action level in fall 2025 sampling","description":"Boston Water and Sewer Commission sampling of 33 homes from July 1 to October 31, 2025 produced a 90th percentile lead result of 22.5 ppb, above the 15 ppb action level, with elevated lead found in 4 homes. MWRA reports that 16 of the 18 high samples across its fully served communities came from homes with lead service lines, and BWSC says it replaced more than 300 private lead service lines in the past year.","location":{"name":"Boston Water and Sewer Commission","type":"Municipal water commission service area","detail":"Suffolk County; City of Boston, supplied wholesale by MWRA","coordinates":{"lat":42.3601,"lon":-71.0589,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Suffolk"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MA3035000","state":"MA","states":["MA"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead service lines (infrastructure) drive tap-water lead exceedances (water quality).","secondary_drivers":["Lead service lines"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"BWSC brochure (ref 1) reports a 22.5 ppb 90th percentile lead level, above the 15 ppb action level, with elevated lead in 4 of 33 homes.","service":"BWSC distributed lead public-education notices and urged residents to flush taps and replace lead service lines (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 675,647 people served by BWSC (ref 4).","duration":"The exceedance covers the July-October 2025 monitoring period; MWRA says affected communities must sample twice in 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"An action level exceedance triggering 24-hour public notice and mandatory public education (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":675647,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4); exposure is concentrated in homes with lead service lines or lead plumbing."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"BWSC's sampling results had a 90th percentile result of 22.5 parts per billion (ppb), which is above the lead Action Level of 15 ppb (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"90th percentile lead, fall 2025","value":22.5,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Homes with elevated lead","value":4,"unit":"of 33 homes sampled","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Private lead service lines replaced in past year","value":300,"unit":"lines (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"MWRA reports the regional system has been below the action level since 2004 (ref 1), so the 2025 Boston result is a local reversal."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Boston Water and Sewer Commission","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Massachusetts Water Resources Authority","role":"Wholesale supplier"},{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) Drinking Water Program","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"BWSC Lead Hotline, 617-989-7888","corrective_actions":["Free replacement of private lead service lines by BWSC (ref 1).","Public education mailing and twice-yearly sampling in 2026 (ref 2).","MWRA Lead Loan Program and regional goal to replace all lead service lines by end of 2032 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"title":"Important Information About Lead in Your Drinking Water (October 2025)","publisher":"Boston Water and Sewer Commission","date":"2025-10-28","url":"https://www.bwsc.org/sites/default/files/2025-10/Lead%20Info%20Brochure%202025%2010.28%202.pdf","basis":"Utility notice","ref":1},{"title":"Lead and Copper Rule Compliance Update, Fall 2025","publisher":"Massachusetts Water Resources Authority","date":"2025-11-18","url":"https://www.mwra.com/media/file/111825-leadupdatepdf","basis":"Utility report","ref":2},{"title":"EPA SDWIS health-based violations, Massachusetts primacy agency","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS Federal via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/MA/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:4999/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Boston Water and Sewer Commission (MA3035000)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS Federal via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MA3035000/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MA-MWRA-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2025"]},{"id":"US-MA-REVERE-LEAD-ALE-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Revere Water Division exceeds lead action level at 31.9 ppb","description":"Revere Water Division notified customers on October 25, 2023 that its July-October lead sampling had a 90th percentile of 31.9 ppb, more than double the 15 ppb action level, with four higher-risk homes showing elevated lead. The city reported removing about 87 known lead service lines that fiscal year, including every lead line at the sampled homes.","location":{"name":"Revere Water Division","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Suffolk County; City of Revere, supplied wholesale by MWRA","coordinates":{"lat":42.4084,"lon":-71.012,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Suffolk"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MA3248000","state":"MA","states":["MA"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead service lines (infrastructure) produce a tap-water lead exceedance (water quality).","secondary_drivers":["Lead service lines"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Revere notice (ref 1) reports a 0.0319 mg/L (31.9 ppb) lead result against the 0.015 mg/L action level.","service":"Customers were told to use cold flushed water and check for lead service lines (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 62,186 people served by Revere Water Division (ref 2).","duration":"The exceedance was from the July 1 to October 31 2023 sampling round (ref 1).","significance":"Formal action level exceedance with required public notice, distributed 10/25/2023 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":62186,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The results of these routine samples for lead indicate a level of .0319 mg/L (or 31.9 parts per billion) (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"90th percentile lead, 2023 round","value":31.9,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Known lead service lines removed this fiscal year","value":87,"unit":"lines (approximately)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Revere Water and Engineering Departments","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) Drinking Water Program","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Revere Water Division, WaterQuality@revere.org, 781-286-8152","corrective_actions":["Removed approximately 87 known lead service lines in the fiscal year, including all lead services in the tested homes as of 10/4/23 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"title":"Drinking Water Notice: Some homes have high levels of lead (Revere Water Division)","publisher":"City of Revere","date":"2023-10-25","url":"https://www.revere.org/document/download/dadf9d362a2fd14d3180743afafd33dd","basis":"Utility notice","ref":1},{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Revere Water Division (MA3248000)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS Federal via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MA3248000/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Follow-up 2024-2025 Revere lead results"],"related_ids":["US-MA-MWRA-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2025"]},{"id":"US-MA-MWRA-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"MWRA communities report 14,078 lead service lines; three exceed lead action level","description":"MWRA's initial service line inventory counts 14,078 lead service lines, 2,856 galvanized lines requiring replacement and 75,050 lines of unknown material among 524,810 lines in its member communities. In fall 2025, 18 of 594 samples exceeded the 15 ppb lead action level, 16 of them at lead service line sites, and three communities were individually over the action level; MWRA's goal is to replace all lead service lines by the end of 2032.","location":{"name":"MWRA water service communities","type":"Regional wholesale water authority service area","detail":"Greater Boston and MetroWest communities supplied by the Quabbin and Wachusett reservoirs","coordinates":{"lat":42.3601,"lon":-71.0589,"precision":"system_centroid","source_ref":2},"counties":["Suffolk","Middlesex","Norfolk","Essex","Worcester","Hampden","Hampshire"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"MA6000000","state":"MA","states":["MA"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead service line infrastructure is the main source of tap-water lead in the region.","secondary_drivers":["Lead service lines"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"MWRA (ref 1) found 18 of 594 fall 2025 samples above 15 ppb, 16 of them at lead service line homes, while the system-wide 90th percentile was 5.9 ppb.","service":"Communities over the action level had to issue 24-hour public notice and mail lead education brochures (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 2,580,000 people served by MWRA (ref 2); the inventory covers 524,810 service lines (ref 1).","duration":"MWRA's Lead Loan Program has run since 2016 and its replacement goal extends to the end of 2032 (ref 1).","significance":"Three community-level action level exceedances in 2025 with mandated public notice (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":2580000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by MWRA per SDWIS (ref 2); lead exposure is concentrated in homes with lead or galvanized lines."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Lead Service Lines = 14,078 (2.7%) of 524,810 total service lines reported by MWRA communities (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Lead service lines","value":14078,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Unknown-material service lines","value":75050,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Communities over lead action level, fall 2025","value":3,"unit":"communities","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1 does not name them."},{"name":"Lead Loan funds distributed since 2016","value":64.9,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"To 21 communities (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"MWRA reports more than 9,500 replacements funded since 2016 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Massachusetts Water Resources Authority","role":"Wholesale supplier"},{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) Drinking Water Program","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"MWRA, 617-242-5323","corrective_actions":["MWRA Lead Loan Program: $100 million launched in 2016 plus $100 million added in 2024 with a 25% grant when communities fund private-side work (ref 1).","More than 9,500 lead service line replacements funded to date; goal to replace all lead service lines by end of 2032 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"title":"Lead and Copper Rule Compliance Update, Fall 2025","publisher":"Massachusetts Water Resources Authority","date":"2025-11-18","url":"https://www.mwra.com/media/file/111825-leadupdatepdf","basis":"Utility report","ref":1},{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: MWRA (MA6000000)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS Federal via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MA6000000/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MA-BOSTON-LEAD-ALE-2025","US-MA-REVERE-LEAD-ALE-2023","US-MA-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINE-FUNDING-2025"]},{"id":"US-MA-HYANNIS-PFAS-FIRE-ACADEMY-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hyannis water supply treats PFAS from Barnstable County fire training academy plume","description":"PFAS from firefighting foam used at the former Barnstable County fire training academy contaminated Hyannis Water System wells, which averaged about 210 ng/L PFAS6 before carbon treatment began in 2016; treatment cost just over $2 million in fiscal 2023. A monitoring well at the academy measured about 4,500 ng/L PFAS6 in July 2023 against a 20 ng/L standard, and the county installed a permeable reactive barrier in October 2025 and hired GZA in 2026 for further assessment and cleanup.","location":{"name":"Hyannis Water System, Town of Barnstable","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Barnstable County; Hyannis, Hyannisport and West Hyannisport, downgradient of the former county fire training academy","coordinates":{"lat":41.6526,"lon":-70.2881,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Barnstable"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MA4020004","state":"MA","states":["MA"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A PFAS groundwater plume affects a public drinking water supply.","secondary_drivers":["AFFF firefighting foam","Groundwater plume"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Cape Cod Times (ref 1) reports Hyannis wells averaged roughly 210 ng/L PFAS6 before treatment and an academy monitoring well at about 4,500 ng/L in July 2023.","service":"The Barnstable DPW director said there is no detectable PFAS in the treated Hyannis supply (ref 1), so no use restriction is in place.","scale":"SDWIS lists 35,000 people served by the Hyannis Water System (ref 3).","duration":"Carbon treatment has run since 2016 and the plume is still being assessed in 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"The county is a party to a 2017 settlement funding treatment and filed a 2017 lawsuit against foam makers (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":35000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFAS6 averaged roughly 210 nanograms per liter in Hyannis wells before carbon treatment (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"PFAS6 at academy monitoring well PFW-2, July 2023","value":4500,"unit":"ng/L (about)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; 2015 peak about 225,000 ng/L."},{"name":"Hyannis PFAS treatment cost, FY2023","value":2,"unit":"million USD (just over)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Estimated plume mapping and cleanup program cost","value":null,"unit":"million USD","status":"Not reported","note":"Ref 1 gives a range of $20 million to $60 million."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Treated water has no detectable PFAS (ref 1), and source-area containment was added in 2025 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Barnstable Department of Public Works","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Barnstable County","role":"Responsible party, former fire training academy"},{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) Drinking Water Program","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Town of Barnstable Department of Public Works, Hyannis Water System","corrective_actions":["Granular activated carbon treatment at Hyannis wells since 2016 (ref 1).","Permeable reactive barrier of colloidal activated carbon installed downgradient of the academy in October 2025 (ref 2).","GZA GeoEnvironmental retained in 2026 for Phase II site assessment and remediation (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"title":"PFAS hotspot in Hyannis is 225 times the state standard. What's being done?","publisher":"Cape Cod Times (via Yahoo News)","date":"2024-02-22","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/pfas-hotspot-hyannis-225-times-113053705.html","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"GZA advances PFAS assessment and remediation at former Hyannis fire training site","publisher":"WaterWorld","date":"2026-04-01","url":"https://www.waterworld.com/drinking-water-treatment/pfas/news/55367965/gza-advances-pfas-assessment-and-remediation-at-former-hyannis-fire-training-site","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Hyannis Water System, Town of Barnstable (MA4020004)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS Federal via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MA4020004/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-MA-WESTFIELD-PFAS-BARNES-AQUIFER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Westfield opens $30 million PFAS plant for Barnes Aquifer wells","description":"PFAS found in the Barnes Aquifer has contaminated Westfield's Wells 1, 2, 7 and 8 north of the Westfield River; Wells 7 and 8 closed in 2015-2016 and reopened after the Owen District treatment plant began operating in 2020. In 2025 the city dedicated the Dry Bridge Road plant, which filters Wells 1 and 2 through 40,000 pounds of granular activated carbon at up to 3.75 million gallons per day; a councilor cited a $30 million cost.","location":{"name":"Westfield DPW Water Division","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Hampden County; City of Westfield wells drawing on the Barnes Aquifer","coordinates":{"lat":42.1251,"lon":-72.7495,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Hampden"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MA1329000","state":"MA","states":["MA"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in an aquifer required treatment of public supply wells.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS in groundwater"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"MassLive (ref 1) reports PFAS found in four city wells; no treated-water exceedance is reported for the window.","service":"Wells 7 and 8 were shut from 2015-2016 until 2020 and Wells 1 and 2 needed new treatment (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 41,094 people served by the Westfield water system (ref 2).","duration":"The contamination has affected supply wells since 2015 and the second plant came online about 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"The plant is financed through a State Revolving Fund loan (ref 1); no enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":41094,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Dry Bridge Road plant treats Wells 1 and 2 at up to 3.75 million gallons per day (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Dry Bridge Road plant capacity","value":3.75,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"PFAS-affected city wells","value":4,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Wells 1, 2, 7 and 8 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Project cost cited by city councilor","value":30,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Councilor Ralph Figy, ref 1; no official figure given."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Both affected well fields now have PFAS treatment (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Westfield Water Department","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) Drinking Water Program","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Westfield Water Department","corrective_actions":["Owen District Water Treatment Plant (Wells 7 and 8) operating since 2020 (ref 1).","Dry Bridge Road granular activated carbon plant (Wells 1 and 2) operational about 2024 and dedicated in 2025 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"title":"Formal dedication of the Dry Bridge Road Water Treatment Plant is held with ribbon cutting","publisher":"MassLive (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-05-05","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/formal-dedication-dry-bridge-road-110613548.html","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Westfield DPW Water Division (MA1329000)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS Federal via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MA1329000/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Source attribution for the Barnes Aquifer PFAS is not stated in the cited source"],"related_ids":["US-MA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-MA-PITTSFIELD-BMC-LEGIONELLA-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Seven Legionella cases tied to Berkshire Medical Center in Pittsfield","description":"Berkshire Medical Center in Pittsfield reported in September 2025 that seven patients tested positive for Legionella over four months, with the last positive on August 22; one patient died, though officials could not say whether the infection caused the death. Patients who had been at the hospital in the 14 days before symptoms meet the CDC definition of possible health-care-associated Legionnaires' disease, and the hospital flushed and super-chlorinated its water system, added shower and ice-machine filters and gave bottled water to patients and staff.","location":{"name":"Berkshire Medical Center, Pittsfield","type":"Hospital building water system","detail":"Berkshire County; hospital premise plumbing on the Pittsfield public water system","coordinates":{"lat":42.4584,"lon":-73.2468,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Berkshire"],"extent":"site","pwsid":"MA1236000","state":"MA","states":["MA"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A waterborne pathogen in building plumbing caused patient infections.","secondary_drivers":["Legionella in premise plumbing"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Berkshire Eagle (ref 1) reports seven positive Legionella tests and one patient death with unclear cause.","service":"The hospital supplied bottled water to all patients and staff and added filters on showers and ice machines (ref 1).","scale":"The cases are confined to one hospital campus (ref 1).","duration":"Positive tests spanned four months, ending with the last known positive on Aug. 22, 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"Cases were reported to the state Department of Public Health, which decides when the issue is resolved (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":7,"status":"Reported","note":"Patients testing positive for Legionella (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Seven patients have tested positive for the bacteria that causes Legionnaires' disease (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Positive Legionella patient tests","value":7,"unit":"patients","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Deaths among positive patients","value":1,"unit":"deaths","status":"Reported","note":"Cause of death not attributed (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Berkshire Health Systems","role":"Facility owner"},{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Public Health","role":"Public health investigator"}],"public_contact":"Berkshire Health Systems, Berkshire Medical Center","corrective_actions":["Flushed the water system and raised chlorine levels (ref 1).","Increased filter sensitivity on patient showers and ice machines and provided bottled water (ref 1).","Continued third-party water sampling; DPH wants three negative cultures before closing the issue (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"title":"Legionella cases detected at Berkshire Medical Center","publisher":"The Berkshire Eagle","date":"2025-09-18","url":"https://berkshireeagle.com/breaking/legionella-cases-detected-berkshire-medical-center/article_e89ee005-a895-4657-a9dc-ac10018bb09c.html","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Pittsfield DPU Water Department (MA1236000)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS Federal via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MA1236000/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Resolution status from DPH","Confirmed source of infection"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MA-ABINGTON-ROCKLAND-ECOLI-BOIL-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"E. coli boil-water order for Abington-Rockland Joint Water Works customers","description":"In May 2025 the Abington-Rockland Joint Water Works ordered customers in Abington, Rockland, Pembroke, Hanson and Whitman to boil water after a routine test found total coliform and E. coli; officials expected it to last 48-72 hours. EPA records an E. coli MCL violation for the system in May 2025, and the system's UCMR 5 results also show a mean PFOA of 5.9 ppt, above the federal 4 ppt standard.","location":{"name":"Abington/Rockland Joint Water Works","type":"Joint municipal water works service area","detail":"Plymouth County; Abington and Rockland with connected customers in Pembroke, Hanson and Whitman","coordinates":{"lat":42.1307,"lon":-70.9162,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Plymouth"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MA4001000","state":"MA","states":["MA"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A bacterial contamination event affected treated drinking water.","secondary_drivers":["Microbial contamination"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"CBS Boston (ref 1) reports a routine test found total coliform and E. coli; SDWIS (ref 2) records an E. coli MCL violation beginning May 2025.","service":"Customers in five towns were ordered to boil water and discard ice, formula and drinks made on or before May 14, 2025 (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 33,387 people served (ref 3).","duration":"Officials said the order should be lifted within 48-72 hours (ref 1).","significance":"A boil order under an E. coli MCL violation (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":33387,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3); not every customer was under the order."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Boil water order issued after a routine water test showed total coliform bacteria and E. coli (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Towns under order","value":5,"unit":"towns","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOA","value":5.9,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"EPA UCMR 5 data (ref 4), 10 samples."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Abington-Rockland Joint Water Works","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) Drinking Water Program","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Abington-Rockland Joint Water Works","corrective_actions":["Boil order with flushing and resampling; the superintendent cited possible sampling error or a main break (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"title":"Boil water order issued for certain customers in 5 Massachusetts towns","publisher":"CBS Boston","date":"2025-05-16","url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/abington-rockland-pembroke-hanson-whitman-boil-water-order","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"EPA SDWIS health-based violations, Massachusetts primacy agency","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS Federal via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/MA/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:4999/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Abington/Rockland Joint Water Works (MA4001000)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS Federal via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MA4001000/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2015-09-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Date the boil order was lifted"],"related_ids":["US-MA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-MA-ABINGTON-ROCKLAND-SUPPLY-EMERGENCY-2026"]},{"id":"US-MA-STATEWIDE-SMALL-SYSTEM-ORDERS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Small Massachusetts water systems under long-running MassDEP boil and do-not-drink orders","description":"MassDEP's public health order list shows small public water systems still under active orders in October 2026, including PFAS do-not-drink orders at a Carver farm stand system (April 2026) and a Westport parish (PFAS6 of 107 ng/L, 2022), a Rehoboth system under PFAS do-not-drink orders since 2021, a Stow municipal buildings perchlorate order since 2023, and E. coli boil orders dating back as far as 2013. New 2026 orders were issued for E. coli in Carlisle, Boxford, Brimfield and Granby, nitrate at a Carlisle library and a well failure in Westport.","location":{"name":"Massachusetts small public water systems","type":"Statewide set of small public water systems","detail":"Transient, non-transient and small community systems across Massachusetts listed on MassDEP's active public health orders page","coordinates":{"lat":42.25,"lon":-71.8,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"extent":"statewide","state":"MA","states":["MA"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Bacterial, PFAS, nitrate and perchlorate contamination keep small systems under use restrictions.","secondary_drivers":["Small-system capacity","PFAS","Microbial contamination"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"MassDEP's order list (ref 1) cites E. coli MCL violations, a 107 ng/L PFAS6 detect in Westport and a perchlorate MCL violation of 2.3 ug/L in Stow.","service":"Each listed system is under a boil, do-not-drink or do-not-use order covering its entire system (ref 1).","scale":"Each order covers a small system such as a farm stand, library, parish, motel or golf course (ref 1), so the combined population is small.","duration":"Several orders have stayed active for years, such as Rehoboth's PFAS do-not-drink order since 9/10/2021 and an Otis boil order since 8/30/2013 (ref 1).","significance":"These are MassDEP public health orders (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"MassDEP's order list (ref 1) does not give populations served."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Do Not Drink Order issued as a result of PFAS6 detect of 107 ng/L (Westport, 11/21/2022), still active (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"PFAS6 detect at Westport parish system","value":107,"unit":"ng/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Perchlorate MCL violation, Stow municipal buildings","value":2.3,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Active orders issued in 2026","value":8,"unit":"orders","status":"Reported","note":"Counted from ref 1 as of 2026-10-10."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Some orders date to 2013-2023 while new ones were added in 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) Drinking Water Program","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"MassDEP Drinking Water Program, Program.Director-DWP@mass.gov","corrective_actions":["Suppliers must notify customers, take corrective action, keep monitoring and notify customers when MassDEP lifts the order (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"title":"MassDEP Drinking Water Program: Public Health Orders (active orders)","publisher":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection","date":null,"url":"https://eeaonline.eea.state.ma.us/DEP/Boil_Order/","basis":"State record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Populations served by each system under order"],"related_ids":["US-MA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-MA-SOMERSET-SWANSEA-FLUORIDE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Somerset seeks legislative OK to end fluoridation after Swansea halted it","description":"Swansea Water District voters rejected resuming fluoridation in May 2023 after it was paused during a pandemic-era supply shortage, with fewer than 100 voters deciding. Somerset voted 53-20 to keep fluoridation in 2023 but later petitioned the Legislature, and its home-rule bill S.2627 allowing the town to prohibit fluoridation passed the Senate on April 30, 2026 and was ordered to a third reading in the House on May 18, 2026.","location":{"name":"Somerset Water Department and Swansea Water District","type":"Municipal utility service areas","detail":"Bristol County; neighboring towns of Somerset and Swansea","coordinates":{"lat":41.7695,"lon":-71.1287,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Bristol"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MA4273000","state":"MA","states":["MA"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"A local governance decision changes drinking water treatment policy.","secondary_drivers":["Fluoride policy"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The Boston Globe (ref 1) reports the debate over dental health effects of ending fluoridation; no measured harm is cited.","service":"Water service itself is unchanged; only the fluoride additive is at issue (refs 1, 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 18,303 people served by Somerset (ref 3) and 17,375 by Swansea (ref 4).","duration":"Swansea has gone without fluoridation since its May 2023 vote, and Somerset's bill is still pending in late 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Home-rule legislation S.2627 passed the Senate on 4/30/2026 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":35678,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS populations for Somerset (18,303, ref 3) and Swansea (17,375, ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"S.2627, An Act allowing the town of Somerset to prohibit water fluoridation, read third and passed to be engrossed by the Senate 4/30/2026 (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Somerset 2023 town meeting vote to keep fluoridation","value":53,"unit":"votes in favor (20 opposed)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"One town has stopped and a second is seeking authority to stop (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Somerset","role":"Petitioning municipality"},{"name":"Swansea Water District","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Massachusetts Legislature","role":"Legislative body"}],"public_contact":"Somerset Water Department; Swansea Water District","corrective_actions":["Somerset home-rule petition S.2627 pending in the Legislature (ref 2).","Somerset petitioned the Legislature by town vote; S.2627 filed October 2, 2025 (ref 2).","Senate passed S.2627 on April 30, 2026; House ordered it to a third reading May 18, 2026 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"title":"Swansea's vote against water fluoridation hints at coming debates","publisher":"The Boston Globe","date":"2025-01-13","url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/2025/01/13/metro/fluoridation-water-teeth-dental-kennedy-massachusetts-oral-health-swansea-somerset","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"Bill S.2627: An Act allowing the town of Somerset to prohibit water fluoridation","publisher":"The 194th General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://malegislature.gov/Bills/194/S2627","basis":"State record","ref":2},{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Somerset Water Department (MA4273000)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS Federal via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MA4273000/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Swansea Water District (MA4292000)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS Federal via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MA4292000/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Somerset Water Department","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SOMERSET/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Swansea Water District","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SWANSEA/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (4). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"conflicts":[{"field":"severity","values":[5,4],"note":"A parallel review of the same issue scored it 4 (category governance-affordability-equity); this record keeps 5. Its sources were added here."}]},{"id":"US-MA-RAYNHAM-CENTER-PFAS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Raynham Center Water District PFOA reaches 92 ppt in UCMR 5 testing","description":"Raynham Center Water District customers served by the John P. Lynn Treatment Plant, about 60% of the town, were warned in August 2022 of PFAS above the state's 20 ppt PFAS6 standard, and the district shifted pumping to other wells and began a carbon pilot. EPA's 2023-2025 UCMR 5 results for the district still show the highest mean PFOA of any Massachusetts system in the dataset, 16.98 ppt with a maximum of 92 ppt, against the 4 ppt federal standard.","location":{"name":"Raynham Center Water District","type":"Water district service area","detail":"Bristol County; Town of Raynham, John P. Lynn and North Main Street treatment plants","coordinates":{"lat":41.9487,"lon":-71.0731,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Bristol"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MA4245000","state":"MA","states":["MA"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in groundwater supply wells exceeds drinking water standards.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 data (ref 3) show a mean PFOA of 16.98 ppt and a maximum of 92 ppt across 6 samples, above the 4 ppt federal MCL.","service":"In 2022 the district advised immunocompromised residents and those with infants to use bottled water and opened a PFAS-free pick-up spot (refs 1, 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 10,964 people served (ref 4); the Enterprise reports about 60% of residents were notified (ref 2).","duration":"Elevated PFAS was first reported in August 2022 (ref 1) and recurs in 2023-2025 UCMR 5 sampling (ref 3).","significance":"PFAS6 above the Massachusetts 20 ppt standard required customer notice (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":10964,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Mean UCMR 5 PFOA of 16.98 ppt, maximum 92 ppt (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOA","value":16.98,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"6 samples, ref 3."},{"name":"UCMR 5 maximum PFOA","value":92,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Estimated cost of one treatment facility","value":25,"unit":"million USD (about)","status":"Reported","note":"Superintendent's 2022 estimate (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Levels fell in late 2022 (ref 2) but UCMR 5 results through 2025 remain far above the federal limit (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Raynham Center Water District","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) Drinking Water Program","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Raynham Center Water District","corrective_actions":["Shifted pumping to other wells (ref 1).","State-funded activated carbon pilot study from September 2022 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"title":"Raynham residents warned of elevated levels of 'forever chemicals' PFAS in drinking water","publisher":"CBS Boston","date":"2022-08-09","url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/raynham-residents-warned-elevated-levels-forever-chemicals-pfas-drinking-water/","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"'Things are looking better': Here's what Raynham's doing to tackle PFAS in water","publisher":"The Enterprise (via Yahoo News)","date":"2022-09-29","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/things-looking-better-heres-raynhams-080027822.html","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (2023-2025), PFOA and PFOS results","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2015-09-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Raynham Center Water District (MA4245000)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS Federal via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MA4245000/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Status of the planned John P. Lynn PFAS treatment plant","Current PFAS6 compliance results"],"related_ids":["US-MA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-MA-RANDOLPH-HOLBROOK-PFAS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Randolph and Holbrook PFOS above federal limit pending Tri-Town treatment plant","description":"EPA UCMR 5 testing found mean PFOS of 11.03 ppt in Randolph and 9.35 ppt in Holbrook, more than double the 4 ppt federal standard, with PFOA also above 4 ppt in both. The towns, which draw from the Great Pond reservoir system, are relying on the $122 million, 12.5 million gallon per day Tri-Town plant in Braintree, designed to remove PFAS, which was expected to be ready by January 2026; transmission work for it sent muddy water to Holbrook taps in November 2024.","location":{"name":"Randolph and Holbrook water systems","type":"Municipal utility service areas","detail":"Norfolk County; Randolph and Holbrook, served by the Randolph/Holbrook Joint Water Board plant","coordinates":{"lat":42.1626,"lon":-71.0412,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Norfolk"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MA4244000","state":"MA","states":["MA"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Old treatment plants cannot remove PFAS until a new regional plant is finished.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","Aging treatment plants"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 (ref 3) shows mean PFOS of 11.03 ppt in Randolph (max 13.0) and 9.35 ppt in Holbrook, above the 4 ppt MCL.","service":"Holbrook residents had thick muddy tap water in November 2024 during Tri-Town transmission line work (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 35,114 served by Randolph (ref 4) and 11,405 by Holbrook (ref 5).","duration":"The replacement plant has been under construction since December 2022 (ref 1) and PFAS remained elevated in 2023-2025 testing (ref 3).","significance":"The PFOS results exceed the federal MCL that takes effect for compliance in 2029 (ref 3); no state enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":46519,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS populations for Randolph (35,114, ref 4) and Holbrook (11,405, ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Mean UCMR 5 PFOS of 11.03 ppt in Randolph (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Randolph mean PFOS (UCMR 5)","value":11.03,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Holbrook mean PFOS (UCMR 5)","value":9.35,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Tri-Town plant cost","value":122,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Tri-Town plant capacity","value":12.5,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Randolph/Holbrook Joint Water Board","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Tri-Town Water Board (Braintree, Randolph, Holbrook)","role":"Regional treatment plant owner"},{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) Drinking Water Program","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Randolph Department of Public Works; Holbrook Department of Public Works","corrective_actions":["Regional Tri-Town treatment plant with PFAS removal under construction, financed by an interest-free state loan repaid through water rates (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"title":"Construction begins on new water treatment plant for Braintree, Randolph and Holbrook","publisher":"The Patriot Ledger (via Yahoo News)","date":"2022-12-15","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/construction-begins-water-treatment-plant-100720400.html","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"Muddy water in sinks, toilets, tubs catches Holbrook, Massachusetts residents off guard","publisher":"CBS Boston","date":"2024-11-21","url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/discolored-water-holbrook-randolph","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (2023-2025), PFOA and PFOS results","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2015-09-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Randolph Water Department (MA4244000)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS Federal via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MA4244000/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Holbrook Public Works Dept (MA4133000)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS Federal via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MA4133000/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":5,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Confirmation that the Tri-Town plant is in service"],"related_ids":["US-MA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-MA-SOUTH-SHORE-PFAS-TREATMENT-COSTS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"South Shore water systems face over $200 million in PFAS treatment costs","description":"A July 2026 South Shore News investigation found 16 of 20 South Shore water systems have PFOA or PFOS above the 4 ppt federal limit in at least one treated source, and that PFAS treatment bills on paper across the region exceed $200 million. Named projects include Middleborough at more than $80 million, Duxbury $43 million, Hanover $32 million, Abington and Rockland $26 million, Scituate $20 million and Norwell $18 million, with Hanover ratepayers covering about 97% of their project.","location":{"name":"South Shore region water systems","type":"Regional group of municipal water systems","detail":"Plymouth and Norfolk counties south of Boston, including Duxbury, Hanover, Norwell, Scituate, Abington, Rockland and Middleborough","coordinates":{"lat":42.05,"lon":-70.85,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Plymouth","Norfolk"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"MA","states":["MA"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"PFAS contamination is forcing large treatment builds that raise water rates.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","Treatment capital costs","Rate increases"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"South Shore News (ref 1) reports 16 of 20 systems have PFOA or PFOS above the 4 ppt federal limit in at least one treated source.","service":"No outage is reported; the impact is on rates and capital plans (ref 1).","scale":"Twenty systems across the region are covered, with treatment bills past $200 million (ref 1).","duration":"Treatment builds run toward the 2029 federal compliance date (ref 2).","significance":"Projects are driven by the federal PFOA and PFOS MCLs and state loans (refs 1, 2); no enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The sources do not give a combined population for the 20 systems."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Across the region, the bills already on paper run past $200 million in PFAS treatment alone (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems with PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt","value":16,"unit":"of 20 systems","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Regional PFAS treatment cost","value":200,"unit":"million USD (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Middleborough PFAS plan","value":80,"unit":"million USD (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Costs climb toward $350 million once broader system overhauls are added (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"South Shore municipal water departments","role":"Water utilities"},{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) Drinking Water Program","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Local water departments of each South Shore town","corrective_actions":["Duxbury $43 million plant to remove PFAS, iron and manganese and restore the Depot Street source (ref 1).","Abington and Rockland $26 million PFAS treatment financed by an interest-free state loan (ref 1).","Hanover three-plant $32 million project (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"title":"What's in the Water: A South Shore News Investigation, Part 2: The bill comes due","publisher":"South Shore News","date":"2026-07-25","url":"https://www.southshore.news/p/whats-in-the-water-a-south-shore-792","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"Massachusetts PFAS cleanup could push town's water bills from $379 to $823 by 2028","publisher":"The Cool Down","date":"2026-08-01","url":"https://www.thecooldown.com/?p=750630","basis":"News","ref":2}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-MA-DUXBURY-PFAS-RATES-2026","US-MA-ABINGTON-ROCKLAND-ECOLI-BOIL-2025"]},{"id":"US-MA-DUXBURY-PFAS-RATES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Duxbury builds $43 million PFAS plant as average water bill set to double","description":"Duxbury's UCMR 5 results show PFOS up to 35 ppt, with a mean of 4.34 ppt across 16 samples, above the 4 ppt federal standard. The town is building a $43 million plant to remove PFAS, iron and manganese and restore its idled Depot Street source, one of two plants it needs, and average yearly water bills are projected to rise from about $379 in 2025 to $823 by 2028, the first rate increases since 2010.","location":{"name":"Duxbury Water Department","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Plymouth County; Town of Duxbury","coordinates":{"lat":42.0418,"lon":-70.6723,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Plymouth"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MA4082000","state":"MA","states":["MA"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS treatment costs are more than doubling household water bills.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","Rate increases"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 (ref 3) records a PFOS maximum of 35 ppt and a 4.34 ppt mean in Duxbury.","service":"No supply restriction is reported, though the Depot Street source is idled (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 16,387 people served (ref 4).","duration":"The rate increases run from 2025 through 2028 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"The plant responds to federal PFOA and PFOS limits due by 2029 (ref 2); no enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":16387,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Average yearly water bill projected to rise from about $379 in 2025 to $823 by 2028 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"PFAS treatment plant cost","value":43,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Average annual bill, 2028 projection","value":823,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Up from about $379 in 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"UCMR 5 maximum PFOS","value":35,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Bills are projected to more than double by 2028 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Duxbury Water Department","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) Drinking Water Program","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Duxbury Water Department","corrective_actions":["$43 million treatment plant for PFAS, iron and manganese, restoring the Depot Street source (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"title":"What's in the Water: A South Shore News Investigation, Part 2: The bill comes due","publisher":"South Shore News","date":"2026-07-25","url":"https://www.southshore.news/p/whats-in-the-water-a-south-shore-792","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"Massachusetts PFAS cleanup could push town's water bills from $379 to $823 by 2028","publisher":"The Cool Down","date":"2026-08-01","url":"https://www.thecooldown.com/?p=750630","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (2023-2025), PFOA and PFOS results","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2015-09-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Duxbury Water Department (MA4082000)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS Federal via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MA4082000/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MA-SOUTH-SHORE-PFAS-TREATMENT-COSTS-2026","US-MA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-MA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Massachusetts multi-year drought reaches Level 3 Critical across most regions, 2024-2026","description":"A drought that began in August 2024 put most of Massachusetts in a Level 3 Critical Drought by November 2024, as hundreds of wildfires burned. Conditions eased in spring 2025 and then worsened again. In July 2026 the state kept the Northeast Region at Level 3 Critical and every other region at Level 2 Significant, citing two years of below-average rain and falling streamflow and groundwater.","location":{"name":"Massachusetts (all drought regions)","type":"Statewide drought management regions","state":"MA","states":["MA"],"detail":"All six EEA drought regions plus Nantucket and Dukes counties","counties":["Barnstable","Berkshire","Bristol","Dukes","Essex","Franklin","Hampden","Hampshire","Middlesex","Nantucket","Norfolk","Plymouth","Suffolk","Worcester"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Rainfall deficits cut streamflow, reservoir and groundwater levels; the issue is quantity, not infrastructure.","secondary_drivers":["Climate: warmer, drier fall and winter seasons cited by EEA"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EEA tied the November 2024 critical drought to 'unprecedented and destructive wildfires' with about 37 active fires (ref 1), and in May 2026 cited drought effects on streamflow, vernal pools and fish migration (ref 5).","service":"Level 3 requires a ban on nonessential outdoor water use (ref 7), but no statewide loss of tap service is reported and the MWRA system was not in drought (ref 5).","scale":"Every drought region was at Level 2 or 3 in the July 2026 update (ref 7); 27 percent of the state was in extreme drought in November 2024 (ref 2).","duration":"The Task Force's analysis window runs from August 2024 through April 2026 (ref 5), and the Northeast remained at Level 3 in July 2026 (ref 7).","significance":"Formal Level 3 Critical Drought declarations by the EEA Secretary under the state Drought Management Plan (refs 1, 4, 7); the Appeals Court upheld MassDEP's drought-use rules in 2025 (ref 8)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide; no affected-population figure published."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Most of Massachusetts now in a Level 3-Critical Drought (ref 1, November 19, 2024); Northeast still at Level 3 – Critical Drought in the July 2026 declaration (ref 7)."},"measures":[{"name":"Active wildfires statewide, Nov. 19, 2024","value":37,"unit":"fires","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate count in the EEA release (ref 1)."},{"name":"Share of state in extreme drought (U.S. Drought Monitor), Nov. 2024","value":27,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Communities with outdoor burning restrictions, Nov. 2024","value":200,"unit":"cities and towns","status":"Reported","note":"About 200, per the State Fire Marshal (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Critical in late 2024, eased in spring 2025, worsened through 2025-2026 with the Northeast back at Level 3 in 2026 (refs 1, 3, 4, 7)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs, Drought Management Task Force","role":"Declares regional drought levels"},{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP)","role":"Primacy regulator and Water Management Act permitting"},{"name":"Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency","role":"Drought and wildfire response coordination"}],"public_contact":"MassDEP, 100 Cambridge Street, Suite 900, Boston, MA 02114; 617-292-5500","corrective_actions":["Nonessential outdoor water-use bans required in Level 3 regions under the Massachusetts Drought Management Plan","MassDEP technical assistance to water suppliers, including emergency connections","Residents asked to report drying private wells to local boards of health","MassDEP reminded Water Management Act permittees to prepare required restrictions (March 2026)"],"sources":[{"title":"Critical Drought Declared Across Massachusetts (EEA release republished)","publisher":"Town of Chester","date":"2024-11-19","url":"https://townofchester.net/2024/11/critical-drought-declared-across-ma/","basis":"Local government record (republished state release)","ref":1},{"title":"Mass drought conditions worsen to most urgent level for Boston area","publisher":"The Boston Globe","date":"2024-11-21","url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/2024/11/21/metro/massachusetts-new-england-drought-worsens","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"Most of Mass. now in 'significant' drought, raising wildfire concerns","publisher":"Boston.com","date":"2025-09-10","url":"https://www.boston.com/news/massachusetts-news/2025/09/10/massachusetts-significant-drought-wildfire-concerns/","basis":"News","ref":3},{"title":"Drought Conditions Worsen Across Massachusetts as Spring Arrives (letter to WMA registrants and permittees)","publisher":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2026-03-17","url":"https://www.amesburyma.gov/DocumentCenter/View/5953/March-17-2026--Letter-from-the-Department-of-Environmental-Protection","basis":"State record","ref":4},{"title":"Drought conditions worsening across much of Massachusetts, officials warn","publisher":"Boston 25 News","date":"2026-05-08","url":"https://www.boston25news.com/news/local/drought-conditions-worsening-across-much-massachusetts-officials-warn/5VMCHVA7VBGYNOBHB64OCZLLNM/","basis":"News","ref":5},{"title":"Massachusetts Cites Worsening Drought Conditions as Summer Arrives","publisher":"Insurance Journal","date":"2026-06-10","url":"https://amp.insurancejournal.com/news/east/2026/06/10/873222.htm","basis":"News","ref":6},{"title":"Current Drought Status (EEA July 9, 2026 declaration)","publisher":"Town of Sudbury Conservation Commission","date":"2026-07-17","url":"https://sudbury.ma.us/conservationcommission/2026/07/17/current-drought-status-5/","basis":"Local government record (republished state release)","ref":7},{"title":"A Landmark Win for Water: The Appeals Court Upholds MassDEP Authority in Drought Regulation Decision","publisher":"Rich May, P.C.","date":"2025-08-01","url":"https://www.richmaylaw.com/?p=4012","basis":"Legal commentary (counsel to intervenor)","ref":8}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MA-IPSWICH-RIVER-LOWFLOW-2025","US-MA-NANTUCKET-AQUIFER-DROUGHT-2025","US-MA-CAPE-COD-GROUNDWATER-DROUGHT-2025","US-MA-HAVERHILL-DROUGHT-EMERGENCY-2025","US-MA-ATTLEBORO-WATER-EMERGENCY-2024"]},{"id":"US-MA-IPSWICH-RIVER-LOWFLOW-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Ipswich River basin low flows force recurring outdoor watering bans, 2025-2026","description":"The Ipswich River, a drinking-water source for several North Shore towns, dropped to 9.23 cubic feet per second near the Willowdale Dam in July 2025. That forced Hamilton to ban sprinklers under its state withdrawal permit. Danvers imposed a rare Level 5 restriction in spring 2025. In July 2026 Ipswich said its outdoor watering ban, which also covers private wells, would not be lifted soon; a new town well has waited for MassDEP permits since 2019.","location":{"name":"Ipswich River basin","type":"River basin supplying municipal water systems","state":"MA","states":["MA"],"detail":"Essex and Middlesex counties; Hamilton, Danvers (Middleton Pond), Ipswich, Lynnfield Center and other suppliers","coordinates":{"lat":42.641387,"lon":-70.943383,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":9},"counties":["Essex","Middlesex"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","surface-water","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Summer low flow in a stressed river limits how much towns may pump; the problem is quantity.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Hamilton reported river discharge of 9.23 cfs, 'far below the threshold established by' MassDEP (ref 1); no health harm reported.","service":"Hamilton banned all sprinklers including drip systems, and Ipswich's ban covers municipal, private-well and commercial users (refs 1, 3).","scale":"The SDWIS populations for Hamilton, Ipswich and Danvers total about 48,900 people (refs 6-8), a set of communities rather than a 100k region.","duration":"Danvers went to Level 5 in spring 2025 (ref 2), Hamilton tightened in July 2025 (ref 1), and Ipswich's ban continued in July 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"Restrictions are required by the towns' Water Management Act permits (refs 1, 2); no enforcement order found."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":48899,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS populations for Hamilton (7,674), Ipswich (13,138) and Danvers (28,087) (refs 6-8); other basin suppliers not included."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"the Ipswich River's discharge near the Willowdale Dam has dropped to 9.23 cubic feet per second, far below the threshold established by the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Ipswich River discharge near Willowdale Dam, July 2025","value":9.23,"unit":"cfs","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Ipswich summer demand, first week of July 2026","value":1,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"'just over 1 million gallons per day' (ref 3)."},{"name":"Projected Ipswich River basin demand studied for MWRA supply","value":48.9,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"MWRA North study figure as reported by State House News (ref 5)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Danvers eased from Level 5 to Level 2 in May 2025 (ref 2) but bans returned in summer 2025 and 2026 (refs 1, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP)","role":"Primacy regulator and Water Management Act permitting"},{"name":"Town of Hamilton DPW","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"Town of Ipswich Water Department","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"Danvers Water Department","role":"Water supplier"}],"public_contact":"MassDEP, 100 Cambridge Street, Suite 900, Boston, MA 02114; 617-292-5500","corrective_actions":["Hamilton outdoor sprinkler ban with penalties (July 2025)","Danvers tiered restrictions tied to its Water Withdrawal Permit","Ipswich ban with $50-$300 fines and pending new well at the former Lynch property","MWRA studied supplying Ipswich River basin communities (2022)","EPA asked MassDEP to revisit annualized Q90 safe yield, river-wide data and Category 4-5 criteria (ref 1).","Watershed groups appealed the 10-year registrations in April 2023 (ref 3).","Hamilton imposed a sprinkler ban under its Water Management Act permit in July 2025 (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"title":"Increased Water Restrictions Aim to Combat Drought Conditions","publisher":"Town of Hamilton","date":"2025-07-22","url":"https://hamiltonma.gov/?p=43083","basis":"Local government record","ref":1},{"title":"Danvers Eases Extreme Water Restrictions Amid Stormy Spring","publisher":"Patch","date":"2025-05-22","url":"https://new.patch.com/massachusetts/danvers/danvers-eases-extreme-water-restrictions-amid-stormy-spring","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"Ipswich water ban will not be lifted any time soon, says director of water dept","publisher":"The Local News","date":"2026-07-16","url":"https://thelocalnews.news/2026/07/16/ipswich-water-ban-will-not-be-lifted-any-time-soon-says-director-of-water-dept/","basis":"News","ref":3},{"title":"MWRA Releases North and South Studies Focused on Expanding Water Service to Several Communities","publisher":"Massachusetts Water Resources Authority","date":"2022-11-16","url":"https://www.mwra.com/node/4224","basis":"State authority record","ref":4},{"title":"House water plans could drive housing in suburbs","publisher":"State House News Service","date":"2024-06-03","url":"https://www.statehousenews.com/news/legislature/house/house-water-plans-could-drive-housing-in-suburbs/article_f267a076-21c2-11ef-925d-d7a90fab715c.html","basis":"News","ref":5},{"title":"SDWIS water system record MA3119000 (Hamilton Water Dept)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/HAMILTON/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":6,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record MA3144000 (Ipswich DPU Water Dept)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/IPSWICH/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":7,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record MA3071000 (Danvers Water Dept)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/DANVERS/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":8,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"2024 Gazetteer county subdivisions file (internal point coordinates)","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":null,"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_cousubs_national.zip","basis":"Federal record","ref":6,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":9,"title":"EPA letter to MassDEP Commissioner Bonnie Heiple on the Massachusetts Water Management Act","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 1","date":"2024-10-18","url":"https://www.ipswichriver.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/EPA-Response-WMA-10-18-24.pdf","basis":"Federal agency letter"},{"ref":10,"title":"EPA says Massachusetts must do more to protect waterways","publisher":"Ipswich River Watershed Association","date":"2024-10-25","url":"https://www.ipswichriver.org/epa-says-massachusetts-must-do-more-to-protect-waterways/","basis":"Watershed association"},{"ref":11,"title":"Appeal of Water Management Act","publisher":"Ipswich River Watershed Association","date":"2023-05-16","url":"https://www.ipswichriver.org/appeal-of-water-management-act/","basis":"Watershed association"},{"ref":12,"title":"Water Conservation: Increase Restrictions","publisher":"Town of Hamilton","date":"2025-07-22","url":"https://hamiltonma.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2025-7-22_Hamilton-Increase-Water-Conservation-Restrictions-Public-Notice.pdf","basis":"Local government notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (4). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MA-LYNNFIELD-CENTER-MWRA-2025","US-MA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2024"],"conflicts":[{"field":"severity","values":[6,8],"note":"A parallel review of the same issue scored it 8 (category water-rights); this record keeps 6. Its sources were added here."}]},{"id":"US-MA-LYNNFIELD-CENTER-MWRA-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lynnfield Center Water District joins MWRA after summer supply shortfalls","description":"On August 20, 2025 the MWRA board voted to admit the Lynnfield Center Water District, which draws much of its groundwater from the stressed Ipswich River basin. The district may buy up to 102 million gallons a year through a Wakefield interconnection. MWRA staff cited inadequate summer supply, no redundancy, and elevated manganese, PFAS and nitrate, and the board waived the entrance fee.","location":{"name":"Lynnfield Center Water District","type":"Water district service area","state":"MA","states":["MA"],"detail":"Lynnfield, Essex County; groundwater wells in the Ipswich River basin","coordinates":{"lat":42.534146,"lon":-71.038333,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Essex"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MA3164000"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Insufficient and impaired groundwater supply drove the switch to purchased MWRA water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"MWRA staff cited elevated manganese, PFAS and nitrate in the district's supply (ref 1); no MCL violation is stated in the minutes.","service":"The district uses escalating restrictions triggered by Ipswich River stream flow and tank levels (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 8,525 people served (ref 2).","duration":"MWRA described inadequate supply 'during the summer' as a standing challenge (ref 1); the district was already in MWRA's 2022 Ipswich basin study (ref 3).","significance":"Formal MWRA board roll-call approval and a water supply agreement, after required legislation and state approvals (ref 1); not an enforcement action."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":8525,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"a purchase of up to 102 million gallons annually via an interconnection with the Town of Wakefield water system (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Approved MWRA purchase","value":102,"unit":"million gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Interconnection construction and inspections were complete in August 2025; metering was required before activation (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Lynnfield Center Water District","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"Massachusetts Water Resources Authority","role":"Wholesale supplier"},{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP)","role":"Primacy regulator and Water Management Act permitting"}],"public_contact":"MWRA Board of Directors records, mwra.com/about-mwra/governance-management/board-directors","corrective_actions":["MWRA admission with entrance fee waived (Aug. 20, 2025)","Wakefield interconnection built; metering required before activation","New treatment facilities under construction at the district","Water conservation restrictions continue under the Drought Management Plan"],"sources":[{"title":"Minutes, Meeting of the MWRA Board of Directors, August 20, 2025","publisher":"Massachusetts Water Resources Authority","date":"2025-08-20","url":"https://www.mwra.com/media/file/2025-08-20-mwra-board-directors-minutes","basis":"State authority record","ref":1},{"title":"SDWIS water system record MA3164000 (Lynnfield Center Water District)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LYNNFIELD/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"MWRA Releases North and South Studies Focused on Expanding Water Service to Several Communities","publisher":"Massachusetts Water Resources Authority","date":"2022-11-16","url":"https://www.mwra.com/node/4224","basis":"State authority record","ref":3},{"title":"2024 Gazetteer county subdivisions file (internal point coordinates)","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":null,"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_cousubs_national.zip","basis":"Federal record","ref":6,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MA-IPSWICH-RIVER-LOWFLOW-2025","US-MA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-MA-ATTLEBORO-WATER-EMERGENCY-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Attleboro water supply emergency as reservoirs hit near-historic lows, 2024-2026","description":"MassDEP declared a water supply emergency for Attleboro on Nov. 19, 2024, after Manchester Pond fell to near-historic lows. The mayor said human error during a summer 2024 reservoir transfer caused an avoidable water loss. The city drew water through emergency links with Mansfield and Pawtucket until the reservoir refilled in April 2025. It banned lawn watering again in July 2026, with its Wading River plant offline because of high manganese.","location":{"name":"Attleboro Water Department","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MA","states":["MA"],"detail":"Attleboro, Bristol County; Manchester Pond reservoir, Orr's Pond and Wading River plant","coordinates":{"lat":41.931653,"lon":-71.294503,"precision":"city","source_ref":8},"counties":["Bristol"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MA4016000"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Drought cut reservoir storage, and an operational error and a manganese-limited plant reduced usable supply.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The mayor warned residents to act to 'avoid an extreme water supply emergency' (ref 1); no health effects reported.","service":"Lawn watering, power washing, car washing and pool filling were barred until May 2025 (ref 2), and a full lawn-watering ban returned in July 2026 (ref 5).","scale":"SDWIS lists 46,461 people served (ref 7).","duration":"The emergency ran from Nov. 19, 2024 until the reservoir refilled in April 2025 (refs 2, 4), and a drought ban was reimposed in July 2026 (ref 5).","significance":"MassDEP declared a Water Supply Emergency on Nov. 19, 2024 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":46461,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 7)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection declared the Water Supply Emergency on Nov. 19. (ref 2)"},"measures":[{"name":"Planned Pawtucket emergency purchase capacity","value":1,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"'as much as 1 million gallons a day' (ref 1)."},{"name":"Manchester Pond level, Nov. 8, 2024","value":137,"unit":"feet above sea level","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate, per city figures reported in ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Emergency lifted April 2025 (ref 4); restrictions tightened again July 2026 (ref 5)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Attleboro Water Department","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP)","role":"Primacy regulator and Water Management Act permitting"}],"public_contact":"City of Attleboro Water Department, via cityofattleboro.us","corrective_actions":["Emergency interconnections with Mansfield and Pawtucket, R.I.","Re-establishing long-idle groundwater wells","Planned reservoir dredging to add storage","Investigation of the 2024 reservoir water loss; superintendent resigned"],"sources":[{"title":"As drought persists, officials in Attleboro declare water emergency, seek emergency connections","publisher":"The Boston Globe","date":"2024-11-11","url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/2024/11/11/metro/attleboro-reservoir-drought/","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"Attleboro officials say water supply emergency could last through next May","publisher":"NBC 10 WJAR","date":"2024-11-25","url":"https://turnto10.com/news/instagram/attleboro-water-supply-emergency-could-last-through-next-may-declared-date-rain-snow-city-mayor-spring-conservation-interconnection-november-25-2024","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"Human error contributed to Attleboro's water issues","publisher":"WPRI 12 News","date":"2024-12-20","url":"https://www.wpri.com/news/local-news/se-mass/human-error-contributed-to-attleboros-water-supply-issue/amp","basis":"News","ref":3},{"title":"Recent rainfall helps Attleboro escape water emergency, but restrictions remain","publisher":"NBC 10 WJAR","date":"2025-04-13","url":"https://www.turnto10.com/news/local/recent-rainfall-helps-attleboro-escape-water-emergency-but-restrictions-remain-attleboro-massachusetts-bristol-county-april-13-2025","basis":"News","ref":4},{"title":"Attleboro to ban lawn watering","publisher":"NBC 10 WJAR","date":"2026-07-09","url":"https://turnto10.com/news/local/attlboro-massachusetts-ban-lawn-watering-outdoor-water-use-drought-wading-river-plant-bristol-county-july-13-2026","basis":"News","ref":5},{"title":"Attleboro eyes temporary ban on data centers","publisher":"The Sun Chronicle (via Woonsocket Call)","date":"2026-07-24","url":"https://www.woonsocketcall.com/news/attleboro-eyes-temporary-ban-on-data-centers/article_741a04b9-4c09-4399-998c-9597c1314b5b.html","basis":"News","ref":6},{"title":"SDWIS water system record MA4016000 (Attleboro Water Dept)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ATTLEBORO/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":7,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"2024 Gazetteer county subdivisions file (internal point coordinates)","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":null,"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_cousubs_national.zip","basis":"Federal record","ref":6,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MA-DATA-CENTER-WATER-DEMAND-2026","US-MA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2024"]},{"id":"US-MA-HAVERHILL-DROUGHT-EMERGENCY-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Haverhill reservoirs in drought emergency since December 2025; critical stage declared","description":"Haverhill declared a drought emergency effective December 16, 2025, when Kenoza Lake, its primary reservoir, was 22% below average capacity. It was the city's second drought emergency of 2025. By September 15, 2026, Kenoza Lake was about 9.7 feet below average and Millvale Reservoir was offline because it was too low to pump. The city has moved to its Critical Drought stage and bans all nonessential outdoor water use.","location":{"name":"Haverhill Water Department","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MA","states":["MA"],"detail":"Haverhill, Essex County; Kenoza Lake, Millvale Reservoir and Crystal Lake supplies","coordinates":{"lat":42.782945,"lon":-71.087436,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Essex"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MA3128000"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Low rainfall has depleted the city's surface reservoirs.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The city says it 'continues to face a significant water supply deficit' (ref 3); in January 2026 Millvale had an estimated 13 days of pumping left at 2 MGD (ref 2).","service":"All nonessential outdoor use is prohibited at the Critical Drought stage, with enforcement and fines (ref 3).","scale":"SDWIS lists 61,277 people served (ref 4).","duration":"Emergencies ran March 18 to May 14, 2025 and again from December 2025 (ref 2), still in force in September 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"A drought emergency declared under Chapter 250 of the City Code (refs 1, 2), later escalated to the Critical Drought stage (ref 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":61277,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"As of September 15, 2026, Kenoza Lake—Haverhill's primary drinking water source—is approximately 9.7 feet below average (ref 3)"},"measures":[{"name":"Kenoza Lake below average capacity, Dec. 10, 2025","value":22,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Kenoza Lake below average, Sept. 15, 2026","value":9.7,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate (ref 3)."},{"name":"2025 precipitation (average 48.2 in)","value":37.6,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Crystal Lake pumping, Sept. 2026","value":1,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Approximately (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Kenoza Lake was about 8 feet below average in January 2026 (ref 2) and about 9.7 feet below in September 2026 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Haverhill Water Division","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP)","role":"Primacy regulator and Water Management Act permitting"}],"public_contact":"City of Haverhill DPW Water Division, via haverhillma.gov","corrective_actions":["Drought emergency and Critical Drought stage restrictions under City Code Chapter 250","Outreach to large commercial and industrial users","Pumping Crystal Lake at about 1 MGD; Millvale kept low to capture runoff","Meter monitoring for leaks and enforcement of violations"],"sources":[{"title":"The Haverhill Water Division Declares Drought Emergency","publisher":"City of Haverhill","date":"2025-12-17","url":"https://www.haverhillma.gov/news/posts/the-haverhill-water-division-declares-drought-emergency/","basis":"Local government record","ref":1},{"title":"Water Supply Status Update, City Council Meeting","publisher":"City of Haverhill","date":"2026-01-27","url":"https://www.haverhillma.gov/media/awcco52t/26-jan-27-drought-emergency-powerpoint.pdf","basis":"Local government record","ref":2},{"title":"Water Supply/Drought Information","publisher":"City of Haverhill","date":"2026-09-15","url":"https://www.haverhillma.gov/living-here/waterwastewater-services/water-supplydrought-information/","basis":"Local government record","ref":3},{"title":"SDWIS water system record MA3128000 (Haverhill Water Dept)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/HAVERHILL/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"2024 Gazetteer county subdivisions file (internal point coordinates)","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":null,"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_cousubs_national.zip","basis":"Federal record","ref":6,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2024"]},{"id":"US-MA-ABINGTON-ROCKLAND-SUPPLY-EMERGENCY-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"MassDEP water supply emergency for Abington-Rockland as reservoirs run critically low","description":"On July 31, 2026 the Abington & Rockland Joint Water Works announced that MassDEP had issued a Water Supply Emergency Declaration for its system because its reservoirs were critically low. The utility imposed Level 4 restrictions that allow no irrigation.","location":{"name":"Abington/Rockland Joint Water Works","type":"Joint municipal water works service area","state":"MA","states":["MA"],"detail":"Abington and Rockland, Plymouth County; reservoirs including Great Sandy Bottom Pond","coordinates":{"lat":42.129251,"lon":-70.908736,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Plymouth"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MA4001000"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Prolonged dry weather drew down the system's reservoirs.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The water commissioners say drinking water reservoirs are 'extremely low' (ref 2); no health effects reported.","service":"Level 4 restriction: 'absolutely no irrigation permitted' (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 33,387 people served (ref 3).","duration":"Declaration posted July 31, 2026 (ref 1); no end date found, so months is assumed.","significance":"MassDEP Water Supply Emergency Declaration (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":33387,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The Mass DEP has issued a Water Supply Emergency Declaration for the Abington & Rockland Joint Water Works water system. Reservoirs are critically low. (ref 1)"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Only the July 2026 declaration and restriction notices were found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Abington & Rockland Joint Water Works","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP)","role":"Primacy regulator and Water Management Act permitting"}],"public_contact":"Abington & Rockland Joint Water Works, 781-878-0901, arjww.org","corrective_actions":["Level 4 mandatory water use restriction; irrigation banned","Residents asked to report irrigation use"],"sources":[{"title":"July 31 2026 Water Supply Emergency Declaration","publisher":"Abington & Rockland Joint Water Works","date":"2026-07-31","url":"https://www.arjww.org/AlertCenter.aspx?AID=JULY-31-2026-WATER-SUPPLY-EMERGENCY-DECL-61","basis":"Utility record","ref":1},{"title":"Urgent Message from the Board of Water Commissioners: Water Use Restrictions Level 4","publisher":"Abington & Rockland Joint Water Works","date":null,"url":"https://www.arjww.org/AlertCenter.aspx?AID=URGENT-MESSAGE-FROM-THE-BOARD-OF-WATER-C-43","basis":"Utility record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record MA4001000 (Abington/Rockland Joint Wtr. Works)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ABINGTON/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"2024 Gazetteer county subdivisions file (internal point coordinates)","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":null,"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_cousubs_national.zip","basis":"Federal record","ref":6,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["MassDEP declaration text and expiry date","reservoir levels"],"related_ids":["US-MA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2024","US-MA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-MA-ABINGTON-ROCKLAND-ECOLI-BOIL-2025"]},{"id":"US-MA-BURLINGTON-SUPPLY-EMERGENCY-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Burlington water supply emergency after PFAS treatment cut plant capacity","description":"MassDEP declared a water supply emergency for Burlington on July 17, 2025 after heat-driven demand drained its storage tanks, allowing emergency MWRA water through Lexington. The order notes that PFAS treatment cut the Mill Pond plant's capacity from 6.0 to 4.0 MGD and that the contaminated Vine Brook wells were abandoned in 2024. The town says a state-mandated water ban continued into fall 2025 while MWRA connection Phase 2B is built for completion in 2026.","location":{"name":"Burlington Water Department","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MA","states":["MA"],"detail":"Burlington, Middlesex County; Mill Pond plant fed from the Shawsheen River","coordinates":{"lat":42.503227,"lon":-71.201713,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Middlesex"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MA3048000"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Source contamination and treatment limits shrank production capacity below peak demand.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The town could not maintain storage-tank levels, raising concerns about pressure and fire flow (refs 1, 2); no health effects reported.","service":"MassDEP requires a water ban while the emergency connection is used (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 25,864 people served (ref 3).","duration":"The declaration runs to January 17, 2026 unless ended sooner (ref 1); the ban was still in place on Sept. 29, 2025 (ref 2).","significance":"MassDEP Water Supply Emergency Declaration and Unilateral Administrative Order No. 00020926 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":25864,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Due to recently installed Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS) treatment limitations, capacity is now 4.0 MGD. (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Mill Pond design capacity","value":6,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Mill Pond capacity with PFAS treatment","value":4,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Peak water use, 2025","value":5.03,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Highest since 2020 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"MWRA connection Phase 2B began construction in September 2025 for 2026 completion (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Burlington DPW","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP)","role":"Primacy regulator and Water Management Act permitting"},{"name":"Massachusetts Water Resources Authority","role":"Wholesale supplier via Lexington"}],"public_contact":"Burlington DPW, 25 Center Street, Burlington, MA 01803; (781) 270-1670","corrective_actions":["Emergency interconnection with Lexington for MWRA water under UAO 00020926","MWRA connection Phase 2B under construction (2025-2026)","Mandatory water ban while the emergency connection is used"],"sources":[{"title":"Water Supply Emergency Declaration and Unilateral Administrative Order No. 00020926, Town of Burlington","publisher":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2025-07-17","url":"https://bpd.org/DocumentCenter/View/18472","basis":"State record","ref":1},{"title":"Memo to Town Meeting: Water System Capacity and Water Ban Update","publisher":"Town of Burlington DPW","date":"2025-09-29","url":"https://www.bpd.org/DocumentCenter/View/19190","basis":"Local government record","ref":2},{"title":"SDWIS water system record MA3048000 (Burlington Water Dept)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BURLINGTON/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"2024 Gazetteer county subdivisions file (internal point coordinates)","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":null,"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_cousubs_national.zip","basis":"Federal record","ref":6,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-MA-BOXFORD-ANDREWS-FARM-OUTAGE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Governor declares water emergency after Andrews Farm system in Boxford loses all water","description":"In September 2025 the private Andrews Farm Water Company, serving about 53 households in Boxford, lost water supply across its whole distribution system. Gov. Healey declared a water emergency on Sept. 9, and the Department of Public Utilities ordered Aquarion Water Company to take over operation and management. Residents used fire-department tankers and town facilities while service was restored.","location":{"name":"Andrews Farm Water Co., Inc.","type":"Small private community water system","state":"MA","states":["MA"],"detail":"Andrews Farm Road and Upton Lane, Boxford, Essex County","coordinates":{"lat":42.683108,"lon":-71.027188,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Essex"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MA3038020"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"An unresponsive small private operator left its well-and-pump system without water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Residents went more than 24 hours without running water, making washing and toilet use difficult (ref 1); no illness reported.","service":"A 'complete loss of water supply within the entire distribution system' (ref 2).","scale":"About 53 households (ref 2); SDWIS lists 150 people served (ref 4).","duration":"Sen. Tarr cited 'the history of this neighborhood and the water outages', and residents described years of problems (ref 1).","significance":"Governor's Declaration of Water Emergency and a DPU order putting Aquarion in control (refs 2, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":150,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4); about 53 households per the state (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Andrews Farm serves about 53 households and is currently experiencing a complete loss of water supply within the entire distribution system. (ref 2)"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Owner did not respond to the town's requests (ref 2)","State-ordered transfer of operations to Aquarion (ref 3)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Aquarion took operational control under the DPU order (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Andrews Farm Water Company","role":"System owner"},{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities","role":"Ordered emergency operator"},{"name":"Aquarion Water Company","role":"Emergency operator"},{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP)","role":"Primacy regulator and Water Management Act permitting"}],"public_contact":"Town of Boxford Town Administrator's office, via boxfordma.gov","corrective_actions":["Governor's Declaration of Water Emergency (Sept. 9, 2025)","DPU order directing Aquarion to take operational and management control","Tanker water, showers and bottle filling at town facilities"],"sources":[{"title":"No water at Boxford, MA's Andrews Farm — gov. issues emergency","publisher":"NBC Boston","date":"2025-09-10","url":"https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/boxford-ma-andrews-farm-water-company-issues/3806206","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"Boxford State Delegation to Provide In-Person Statement Regarding Andrews Farm Emergency","publisher":"Greater Newburyport Community Media Hub (Office of Sen. Tarr release)","date":"2025-09-13","url":"https://ncmhub.org/2025/09/13/boxford-state-delegation-to-provide-in-person-statement-regarding-andrews-farm-emergency/","basis":"State legislator release","ref":2},{"title":"Boxford Water Woes – Andrews Out, Aquarion In","publisher":"The Town Common","date":"2025-09-17","url":"https://thetowncommon.com/2025/09/17/boxford-water-woes-andrews-out-aquarion-in/","basis":"News (quotes EEA notice)","ref":3},{"title":"SDWIS water system record MA3038020 (Andrews Farm Water Co., Inc.)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MA3038020/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"2024 Gazetteer county subdivisions file (internal point coordinates)","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":null,"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_cousubs_national.zip","basis":"Federal record","ref":6,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MA-NANTUCKET-AQUIFER-DROUGHT-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Nantucket sole-source aquifer drought: Level 3 declared, Wannacomet fines and new well","description":"State drought officials raised Nantucket to Level 3 Critical Drought in October 2025. The island was still at Level 2 Significant Drought in August 2026 and had received about half its normal rainfall. Wannacomet Water Company pumps from the state-controlled sole-source aquifer under a MassDEP permit. It has banned automatic irrigation for municipal customers, set fines and is preparing a new North Pasture well. Private wells are exempt.","location":{"name":"Wannacomet Water Company (Nantucket aquifer)","type":"Municipal water department on a sole-source aquifer","state":"MA","states":["MA"],"detail":"Nantucket Island, Nantucket County","coordinates":{"lat":41.293392,"lon":-70.102164,"precision":"city","source_ref":7},"counties":["Nantucket"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MA4197000"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Rainfall deficits are drawing down the island's only aquifer.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The USGS monitoring well off Russell's Way kept declining even after nearly eight inches of rain (ref 4); no supply failure reported.","service":"Automatic irrigation banned and non-essential outdoor use limited for municipal customers, with fines (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 27,703 people served by Wannacomet (ref 6).","duration":"By April 2026 drought had 'plagued Nantucket for nearly a year' (ref 3), and Level 2 stayed in place in August 2026 (ref 4).","significance":"State Level 3 Critical Drought declaration for Nantucket (ref 1); the Water Commission adopted fines (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":27703,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 6); private-well users are not counted."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Drought conditions have worsened on Nantucket to Level 3-Critical Drought (ref 1, October 2025)"},"measures":[{"name":"Rain on Nantucket in month before Aug. 2026 review","value":8,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"'Nearly eight inches' (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Level 3 in October 2025 (ref 1), Level 2 by spring 2026 (refs 2, 5), unchanged in August 2026 despite rain (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Wannacomet Water Company / Nantucket Water Commission","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP)","role":"Primacy regulator and Water Management Act permitting"},{"name":"Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs, Drought Management Task Force","role":"Declares regional drought levels"}],"public_contact":"Wannacomet Water Company, via nantucket-ma.gov","corrective_actions":["Mandatory irrigation ban and fines for municipal customers","New deep well at North Pasture","Land Bank water-supply restriction to expand the withdrawal permit (April 2026)","Town seeking to use more monitoring wells to set the island's drought status"],"sources":[{"title":"Critical Drought Conditions Declared On Nantucket","publisher":"Nantucket Current","date":"2025-10-10","url":"https://nantucketcurrent.com/news/critical-drought-conditions-declared-on-nantucket","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"As Drought Conditions Worsen, Enforcement Of Water Restrictions Puts Water Department In Difficult Spot","publisher":"Nantucket Current","date":"2026-05-14","url":"https://nantucketcurrent.com/news/as-drought-conditions-worsen-enforcement-of-water-restrictions-put-water-department-in-difficult-spot","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"Land Bank Agrees To Restrict Milestone Road Property To Increase Town's Water Withdrawal Permit","publisher":"Nantucket Current","date":"2026-04-14","url":"https://nantucketcurrent.com/news/land-bank-agrees-to-restrict-milestone-road-property-to-increase-towns-water-withdrawal-permit","basis":"News","ref":3},{"title":"Despite Increased Rainfall, State Doesn't Budge On Nantucket's Drought Status","publisher":"Nantucket Current","date":"2026-08-09","url":"https://nantucketcurrent.com/news/despite-increased-rainfall-state-doesnt-budge-nantuckets-drought-status","basis":"News","ref":4},{"title":"Drought conditions worsening across much of Massachusetts, officials warn","publisher":"Boston 25 News","date":"2026-05-08","url":"https://www.boston25news.com/news/local/drought-conditions-worsening-across-much-massachusetts-officials-warn/5VMCHVA7VBGYNOBHB64OCZLLNM/","basis":"News","ref":5},{"title":"SDWIS water system record MA4197000 (Wannacomet Water Company)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WANNACOMET/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":6,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"2024 Gazetteer county subdivisions file (internal point coordinates)","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":null,"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_cousubs_national.zip","basis":"Federal record","ref":6,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2024","US-MA-CAPE-COD-GROUNDWATER-DROUGHT-2025"]},{"id":"US-MA-CAPE-COD-GROUNDWATER-DROUGHT-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Cape Cod groundwater declines bring Level 2 drought restrictions, 2025-2026","description":"The state moved Cape Cod to Level 2 Significant Drought in April 2025 and again in August 2025. USGS wells in Brewster and Chatham showed groundwater already near its usual autumn lows. Falmouth banned sprinklers as Long Pond, the source of about 60% of its usable water, sat 18 inches below the year before, and every Lower Cape town imposed mandatory limits. In June 2026 the state again declared Level 2 for Cape Cod and the Islands.","location":{"name":"Cape Cod aquifer (Barnstable County)","type":"Sole-source aquifer region with municipal well systems","state":"MA","states":["MA"],"detail":"Barnstable County; Falmouth, Chatham, Brewster, Orleans, Harwich and other towns","coordinates":{"lat":41.661478,"lon":-70.356951,"precision":"county","source_ref":7},"counties":["Barnstable"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Low recharge is lowering the aquifer and ponds that supply Cape towns.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Groundwater at USGS wells in Nickerson State Park and South Chatham fell to levels typical of late fall by mid-August (ref 2); state officials said groundwater was 'rapidly declining' on Cape Cod (ref 3).","service":"Falmouth banned sprinklers and automatic irrigation (ref 1); Chatham, Brewster, Orleans and Harwich limited watering to two days a week (ref 2).","scale":"The restrictions cover the Cape region; SDWIS lists 97,551 served by Falmouth alone (ref 5).","duration":"Level 2 in April 2025 (ref 1), again in August 2025 (ref 2) and in June 2026 (ref 4).","significance":"State Level 2 Significant Drought declarations (refs 1, 4); not an emergency order."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Region-wide; Falmouth alone serves 97,551 per SDWIS (ref 5), but no Cape-wide total is published."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Long Pond—the source of roughly 60% of Falmouth's usable water—is about 18 inches lower than it was this time last year (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Long Pond level versus prior year, May 2025","value":-18,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Cape moved between Level 1 and Level 2 several times in 2025-2026 (refs 1, 2, 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP)","role":"Primacy regulator and Water Management Act permitting"},{"name":"Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs, Drought Management Task Force","role":"Declares regional drought levels"},{"name":"Falmouth Water Department and other Cape municipal suppliers","role":"Water suppliers"}],"public_contact":"MassDEP, 100 Cambridge Street, Suite 900, Boston, MA 02114; 617-292-5500","corrective_actions":["Mandatory outdoor watering restrictions in Falmouth and all Lower Cape towns","State Level 2 conservation guidance"],"sources":[{"title":"'Significant Drought' Restrictions Now In Place","publisher":"The Falmouth Enterprise (Cape News)","date":"2025-05-02","url":"https://www.capenews.net/falmouth/news/significant-drought-restrictions-now-in-place/article_515f64ba-3baf-4782-bb6c-a36d43da9a9c.html","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"Drought Deepens On Lower Cape","publisher":"The Cape Cod Chronicle","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://www.capecodchronicle.com/articles/3219/view/drought-deepens-on-lower-cape","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"Most of Mass. now in 'significant' drought, raising wildfire concerns","publisher":"Boston.com","date":"2025-09-10","url":"https://www.boston.com/news/massachusetts-news/2025/09/10/massachusetts-significant-drought-wildfire-concerns/","basis":"News","ref":3},{"title":"Massachusetts Cites Worsening Drought Conditions as Summer Arrives","publisher":"Insurance Journal","date":"2026-06-10","url":"https://amp.insurancejournal.com/news/east/2026/06/10/873222.htm","basis":"News","ref":4},{"title":"SDWIS water system record MA4096000 (Falmouth Water Dept)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/FALMOUTH/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":5,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record MA4055000 (Chatham Water Department)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CHATHAM/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":6,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"2024 Gazetteer county subdivisions file (internal point coordinates)","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":null,"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_cousubs_national.zip","basis":"Federal record","ref":6,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MA-NANTUCKET-AQUIFER-DROUGHT-2025","US-MA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2024"]},{"id":"US-MA-WEYMOUTH-SUPPLY-LIMIT-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Weymouth's capped water supply holds back Union Point; town applies to join MWRA","description":"Weymouth may withdraw 5 million gallons a day on average and has said for decades that its sources cannot meet future demand, including the Union Point redevelopment at the former South Weymouth Naval Air Station. The Town Council voted unanimously in 2024 to apply for MWRA water service. House leaders proposed $1 billion to extend the MWRA to the South Shore and Ipswich River basin, but the earmark did not become law.","location":{"name":"Weymouth Water Department","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MA","states":["MA"],"detail":"Weymouth, Norfolk County; Great Pond and Whitman's Pond supplies; Union Point redevelopment","coordinates":{"lat":42.2073,"lon":-70.943687,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Norfolk"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MA4336000"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Limited permitted withdrawals and system losses constrain supply for growth.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health or environmental harm is documented; officials note Great Pond could regain herring runs if no longer a supply (ref 2).","service":"The town told a developer of a 99-room motel it would not supply water to the project (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 57,871 people served (ref 4).","duration":"The town said 'for decades' it has recognized the need for a permanent new source (ref 1).","significance":"State withdrawal limit and a formal Town Council vote to apply to the MWRA (ref 1); no enforcement."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":57871,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"It is permitted by the state to use up to 5 million per day on average. (ref 2)"},"measures":[{"name":"Average withdrawal permitted","value":5,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2 (2022)."},{"name":"Average use, 2022","value":4.5,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Unaccounted-for water","value":22,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Proposed MWRA expansion earmark (not enacted)","value":1,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"MWRA application pending; no connection decision found (refs 1, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Weymouth DPW","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"Massachusetts Water Resources Authority","role":"Prospective wholesale supplier"},{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP)","role":"Primacy regulator and Water Management Act permitting"}],"public_contact":"Town of Weymouth DPW, via weymouth.ma.us","corrective_actions":["Town Council voted to apply for MWRA water service (2024)","Leak detection and main replacement to cut 22% unaccounted-for water"],"sources":[{"title":"House water plans could drive housing in suburbs","publisher":"State House News Service","date":"2024-06-03","url":"https://www.statehousenews.com/news/legislature/house/house-water-plans-could-drive-housing-in-suburbs/article_f267a076-21c2-11ef-925d-d7a90fab715c.html","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"'Flush with water': Weymouth explores joining state water authority for more capacity","publisher":"The Patriot Ledger (via Yahoo News)","date":"2022-10-14","url":"https://news.yahoo.com/flush-water-weymouth-explores-joining-090200916.html","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"Opinion | Massachusetts needs a statewide water plan","publisher":"The Boston Globe","date":"2026-02-19","url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/2026/02/19/opinion/water-plan-mwra/","basis":"News (editorial)","ref":3},{"title":"SDWIS water system record MA4336000 (Weymouth Water Department)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WEYMOUTH/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"2024 Gazetteer county subdivisions file (internal point coordinates)","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":null,"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_cousubs_national.zip","basis":"Federal record","ref":6,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MA-IPSWICH-RIVER-LOWFLOW-2025"]},{"id":"US-MA-DATA-CENTER-WATER-DEMAND-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Data-center water demand prompts moratoria in Westfield and Attleboro during drought","description":"Westfield's City Council unanimously adopted a one-year moratorium on new data-center projects in July 2026 to study effects on the city's water supply. A $4 billion data center there had already been approved. Attleboro officials weighed a similar ban after the mayor said the city's surface-water system could not handle even a small facility. A proposed statewide ballot initiative would require proof that a project's water needs can be met, plus a drought contingency plan.","location":{"name":"Westfield and Attleboro, Massachusetts","type":"Municipal land-use and water supply jurisdictions","state":"MA","states":["MA"],"detail":"Westfield (Hampden County) and Attleboro (Bristol County); statewide ballot proposal","coordinates":{"lat":42.138838,"lon":-72.755911,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Hampden","Bristol"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy","drought-scarcity","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The concern is future large water demand on supplies already under drought restrictions.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No data center water impact has been measured; concerns are prospective (refs 1, 3).","service":"No restrictions tied to data centers; Attleboro's own drought limits predate the proposal (ref 2).","scale":"Two cities acted, and Mansfield, Newburyport and New Bedford have adopted or are considering data-center rules (ref 3).","duration":"Westfield's moratorium lasts 365 days from July 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Westfield's formal council moratorium (ref 1); a ballot petition was pending review (ref 4)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Prospective demand; no affected population defined."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"As a surface water supply system, we don't have the capacity to handle even a small data center (Attleboro mayor, ref 2)"},"measures":[{"name":"Westfield moratorium length","value":365,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"More communities adopted or weighed data-center limits through September 2026 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Westfield City Council","role":"Local land-use authority"},{"name":"Attleboro City Council","role":"Local land-use authority"},{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP)","role":"Primacy regulator and Water Management Act permitting"}],"public_contact":"Westfield City Council and Attleboro City Council clerks' offices","corrective_actions":["Westfield one-year moratorium on new data-center applications and construction","Attleboro moratorium proposal","Mansfield five-year permits with water-use reporting","Proposed statewide ballot initiative requiring water certification and drought contingency plans","Holyoke enacted a ban on AI data centers over 12 MW (ref 2).","Westfield and Lowell adopted one-year moratoria (refs 1, 3).","The governor said data centers seeking sales tax breaks must meet water-use limits (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"title":"Westfield council halts new data center projects for a year","publisher":"WWLP 22News","date":"2026-07-07","url":"https://www.wwlp.com/news/local-news/hampden-county/westfield-council-halts-new-data-center-projects-for-a-year/amp/","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"Attleboro eyes temporary ban on data centers","publisher":"The Sun Chronicle (via Woonsocket Call)","date":"2026-07-24","url":"https://www.woonsocketcall.com/news/attleboro-eyes-temporary-ban-on-data-centers/article_741a04b9-4c09-4399-998c-9597c1314b5b.html","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"Massachusetts communities resist AI data boom with new regulations","publisher":"The Boston Globe","date":"2026-09-24","url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/2026/09/24/metro/data-centers-massachusetts-pushback/","basis":"News","ref":3},{"title":"A new ballot initiative takes aim at Massachusetts data centers","publisher":"Boston.com","date":"2026-08-26","url":"https://www.boston.com/news/local-news/2026/08/26/a-new-ballot-initiative-takes-aim-at-massachusetts-data-centers/","basis":"News","ref":4},{"title":"2024 Gazetteer county subdivisions file (internal point coordinates)","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":null,"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_cousubs_national.zip","basis":"Federal record","ref":6,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":7,"title":"'I will tie myself to a bulldozer if I have to': Westfield residents are up in arms over $4 billion data center","publisher":"Boston Globe","date":"2026-07-14","url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/2026/07/14/business/westfield-data-center-backlash-healey/","basis":"News"},{"ref":8,"title":"Holyoke first in state to ban development of AI data centers","publisher":"Athol Daily News","date":"2026-06-19","url":"https://atholdailynews.com/2026/06/19/holyoke-first-in-state-to-ban-development-of-ai-data-centers/","basis":"News"},{"ref":9,"title":"Opposition to data centers grows in Mass. cities and towns","publisher":"WBUR (New England News Collaborative)","date":"2026-04-06","url":"https://www.nenc.news/wbur/2026-04-06/opposition-to-data-centers-grows-in-mass-cities-and-towns","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MA-ATTLEBORO-WATER-EMERGENCY-2024"],"conflicts":[]},{"id":"US-MA-WORCESTER-DROUGHT-RESTRICTIONS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Worcester bans nonessential outdoor water use under 2025-2026 drought declarations","description":"Worcester banned nonessential outdoor water use when the state declared a Level 2 Significant Drought for the Central Region on Sept. 9, 2025. Its reservoirs were just below 74% of capacity after only 1.78 inches of August rain, against a 4.55-inch average. The state raised the region to Level 3 Critical Drought in March 2026. The city's drought page now says no water use restrictions are in effect, although the July 2026 state update kept the Central Region at Level 2.","location":{"name":"Worcester DPW Water Supply Division","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MA","states":["MA"],"detail":"Worcester, Worcester County; city reservoir system","coordinates":{"lat":42.269478,"lon":-71.807783,"precision":"city","source_ref":6},"counties":["Worcester"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MA2348000"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Below-normal rainfall lowered reservoir storage.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The city reported reservoirs just below 74% of capacity (ref 2); no supply failure or harm documented.","service":"All nonessential outdoor use banned under Level 2 and Level 3, with golf fairways cut to 60% and then 40% of normal (refs 1, 3).","scale":"SDWIS lists 206,518 people served (ref 5).","duration":"Restrictions from Sept. 9, 2025, raised to Level 3 on March 18, 2026 (refs 1, 3); the city page now lists none (ref 4).","significance":"City restrictions implementing the state's formal drought declarations (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":206518,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"current reservoir capacity sits at just below 74 percent (ref 2, September 2025)"},"measures":[{"name":"Reservoir capacity, Sept. 2025","value":74,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"'just below 74 percent' (ref 2)."},{"name":"August 2025 rainfall (24-year average 4.55 in)","value":1.78,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Level 2 in September 2025, Level 3 in March 2026 (refs 1, 3); city now lists no restrictions (ref 4) while the state kept Central at Level 2 in July 2026 (ref 7)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Worcester DPW, Water Supply Division","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs, Drought Management Task Force","role":"Declares regional drought levels"},{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP)","role":"Primacy regulator and Water Management Act permitting"}],"public_contact":"Worcester 311, worcesterma.gov/311","corrective_actions":["Level 2 and Level 3 bans on nonessential outdoor water use","Golf course fairway irrigation reductions"],"sources":[{"title":"Worcester Drought Status Declaration Level-2 Significant Drought","publisher":"City of Worcester","date":"2025-09-15","url":"https://www.worcesterma.gov/node/47772","basis":"Local government record","ref":1},{"title":"Level-2 Drought Declared in Central Massachusetts","publisher":"This Week in Worcester","date":"2025-09-15","url":"https://thisweekinworcester.com/levelo-2-drought-central-mass-worcester/","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"Worcester Drought Status Declaration Level-3 Critical Drought","publisher":"City of Worcester","date":"2026-03-18","url":"https://www.worcesterma.gov/node/48318","basis":"Local government record","ref":3},{"title":"Worcester Drinking Water - Drought Information","publisher":"City of Worcester DPW","date":null,"url":"https://www.worcesterma.gov/dpw/drought","basis":"Local government record","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record MA2348000 (Worcester DPWP, Water Supply Division)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WORCESTER/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":5,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"2024 Gazetteer county subdivisions file (internal point coordinates)","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":null,"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_cousubs_national.zip","basis":"Federal record","ref":6,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"Current Drought Status (EEA July 9, 2026 declaration)","publisher":"Town of Sudbury Conservation Commission","date":"2026-07-17","url":"https://sudbury.ma.us/conservationcommission/2026/07/17/current-drought-status-5/","basis":"Local government record (republished state release)","ref":7}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2024"]},{"id":"US-MA-STATEWIDE-CSO-SEWAGE-DISCHARGES-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Massachusetts sewer systems reported 2.8 billion gallons of CSO discharge in 2024","description":"MassDEP's 2024 sewage notification report, required by the 2021 public-awareness law, counts 183 combined sewer overflow events releasing 2.801 billion gallons, plus 4.819 billion gallons of partially treated discharge and 48 million gallons of sanitary sewer overflows. Nineteen permittees still hold 194 CSO outfalls, all in municipalities with Environmental Justice populations.","location":{"name":"Massachusetts CSO communities","type":"Statewide wastewater discharge program","state":"MA","states":["MA"],"detail":"19 CSO permittees from Boston Harbor to the Merrimack, Connecticut and Taunton river basins","counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Aging combined sewer infrastructure causes untreated and partially treated sewage to reach rivers and harbors.","secondary_drivers":["combined sewers","wet-weather overflows","environmental justice"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"MassDEP (ref 1) tallies 2.801 billion gallons of CSO discharge and 4.819 billion gallons of partially treated wastewater entering state waters in 2024.","service":"Under 314 CMR 16.00 (ref 1) dischargers must send public advisories and post signs at access points; MRWC (ref 2) found bacteria plumes outlasting the 48-hour advisory window.","scale":"The report (ref 1) lists 19 CSO permittees with 194 outfalls statewide; 85% of people in CSO municipalities live in EJ block groups.","duration":"CSO volumes recur every year: MassLive (ref 3) reports nearly 1 billion gallons to the Connecticut River in 2023 and 543 million in 2024.","significance":"Each permittee operates under an NPDES permit requiring a Long-Term Control Plan (ref 1); this record covers the statutory reporting program rather than one enforcement order."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"MassDEP (ref 1) reports that 85% of the population of municipalities with a CSO outfall lives in an EJ block group, without a total count."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"These events reported a total of 2.801 billion gallons of CSO discharge, 4.819 billion gallons of partially treated discharge from wastewater treatment facilities, and 48 million gallons of SSO discharge (MassDEP, 2024)."},"measures":[{"name":"CSO discharge volume, 2024","value":2801,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Partially treated discharge volume, 2024","value":4819,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"SSO discharge volume, 2024","value":48,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"CSO events, 2024","value":183,"unit":"events","status":"Reported","note":"Treated and untreated CSO events, ref 1."},{"name":"Remaining CSO outfalls","value":194,"unit":"outfalls","status":"Reported","note":"Held by 19 permittees, ref 1."},{"name":"Merrimack River municipal sewage, 2024","value":896,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"MRWC analysis of state data, about 30% above the prior ten-year average (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Volumes track rainfall: MassDEP (ref 1) contrasts record 2023 precipitation with 2024 drought conditions."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Sewage notification regulator and NPDES co-permitting agency"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 1","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"MassDEP website: www.mass.gov/dep","corrective_actions":["MassDEP database upgrades, permittee training and technical assistance; all dischargers submitted required Verified Data Reports for 2024 (ref 1).","Permittees implement Long-Term Control Plans under their NPDES permits (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Sewage Notification Report 2024","publisher":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2025-05-15","url":"https://www.mass.gov/doc/2024-sewage-notification-annual-report/download","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Sewage 30% Above Average in Merrimack River","publisher":"The Town Common (Merrimack River Watershed Council release)","date":"2025-04-02","url":"https://thetowncommon.com/?p=16525","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"This is how much untreated wastewater went into the Connecticut River last year","publisher":"MassLive (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-05-22","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/wastewater-overflow-connecticut-river-falls-220038020.html","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MA-LOWELL-CSO-CONSENT-DECREE-2024","US-MA-CONNECTICUT-RIVER-CSO-2026","US-MA-MWRA-ALEWIFE-CHARLES-CSO-PLAN-2026"]},{"id":"US-MA-LOWELL-CSO-CONSENT-DECREE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lowell consent decree targets combined sewer overflows to the Merrimack River","description":"EPA, the Justice Department and Massachusetts settled with the City of Lowell in February 2024 over untreated combined sewage discharged to the Merrimack River, Beaver Brook and the Concord River. The decree requires sewer separation, illicit-connection removal and stormwater ordinances at an estimated cost of about $195 million, plus a $200,000 penalty. The Merrimack is a drinking water source for downstream communities.","location":{"name":"Lowell Regional Wastewater Utility service area","type":"Municipal sewer utility with combined sewers","state":"MA","states":["MA"],"detail":"Middlesex County; CSO outfalls on the Merrimack River, Beaver Brook and Concord River (NPDES MA0100633)","counties":["Middlesex"],"extent":"system","coordinates":{"lat":42.648424,"lon":-71.288948,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Combined sewer infrastructure discharges untreated sewage into a river used for downstream drinking water.","secondary_drivers":["combined sewers","downstream drinking water source"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA (ref 1) says untreated combined sewage reaches the Merrimack River, a drinking water source for several downstream communities.","service":"None of the cited sources documents a drinking-water or sewer service interruption tied to Lowell's overflows.","scale":"MRWC (ref 4) reports Manchester and Lowell released over 90% of the Merrimack's CSO volume in a 896-million-gallon year, affecting downstream river towns.","duration":"ECHO (ref 2) shows Lowell's permit in violation in 12 of 13 quarters from July 2023 through October 2026.","significance":"The federal-state consent decree (ref 1) carries a $200,000 penalty; ECHO (ref 2) records the settlement entered May 17, 2024."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No cited source gives the sewered population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The total cost to update the sewer system has been estimated at approximately $195 million (EPA, Feb. 5, 2024)."},"measures":[{"name":"Estimated sewer upgrade cost","value":195,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Civil penalty","value":200000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Split $100,000 federal and $100,000 state per ECHO (ref 2)."},{"name":"Quarters in violation (13-quarter window)","value":12,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO three-year compliance history, two quarters in significant noncompliance (ref 2)."},{"name":"Lowell total reported discharge, 2024","value":1239,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"MassDEP Table A6 (ref 3): about 352 million gallons untreated CSO and 887 million gallons partially treated blended discharge; read from a rotated table."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Decree work began in 2024; no post-decree volume trend is published in the cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Lowell / Lowell Regional Wastewater Utility","role":"Permittee and consent decree defendant"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 1","role":"Federal enforcement"},{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection","role":"State co-plaintiff via the Attorney General"}],"public_contact":"EPA Press Office: press@epa.gov (as listed on the EPA release)","corrective_actions":["Separate combined sewers to cut untreated discharges (ref 1).","Detect and eliminate illicit connections to the stormwater system (ref 1).","Adopt construction and post-construction stormwater ordinances (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"United States and Commonwealth of Massachusetts Announce Settlement with City of Lowell to Address Pollution in Merrimack River","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2024-02-05","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/united-states-and-commonwealth-massachusetts-announce-settlement-city-lowell-address","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report data: Lowell Regional Wastewater Treatment Facility (NPDES MA0100633)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Enforcement and Compliance History Online (ECHO)","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?p_id=MA0100633&output=JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Annual Sewage Notification Report 2024","publisher":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2025-05-15","url":"https://www.mass.gov/doc/2024-sewage-notification-annual-report/download","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Sewage 30% Above Average in Merrimack River","publisher":"The Town Common (Merrimack River Watershed Council release)","date":"2025-04-02","url":"https://thetowncommon.com/?p=16525","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MA-STATEWIDE-CSO-SEWAGE-DISCHARGES-2024","US-MA-HAVERHILL-FORCE-MAIN-SEWAGE-SPILL-2026"]},{"id":"US-MA-HAVERHILL-FORCE-MAIN-SEWAGE-SPILL-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Haverhill sewer force main break sends untreated sewage into Merrimack River","description":"During a June 26, 2026 storm, a 42-inch force main at Haverhill's South Mill Street Pump Station broke in two places, sending an estimated 8 million gallons of wastewater a day into the Merrimack River until a temporary bypass stopped the flow on July 1. Downstream beaches in Ipswich, Newburyport, Essex and Salisbury closed and shellfish areas in eight communities were temporarily closed. Haverhill has operated under a 2016 federal consent decree over sewer and treatment plant problems.","location":{"name":"Haverhill South Mill Street Pump Station","type":"Municipal sewer force main and pump station","state":"MA","states":["MA"],"detail":"Essex County; Merrimack River from Haverhill to the coast (NPDES MA0101621)","counties":["Essex"],"extent":"watershed","coordinates":{"lat":42.75941,"lon":-71.061607,"precision":"city","source_ref":4}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A failed 1970s-era concrete force main released raw sewage that closed beaches and shellfish beds downstream.","secondary_drivers":["aging pipes","extreme rainfall","combined sewers"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"MRWC testing cited by the Globe (ref 2) found bacteria up to 40 times the safe level at some river locations after the break.","service":"Boston.com (ref 3) reports swimming closures in Ipswich, Newburyport, Essex and Salisbury and shellfish closures in eight communities.","scale":"NBC Boston (ref 1) cites about 8 million gallons a day entering the river, with advisories for the Merrimack in and downstream of Haverhill.","duration":"Discharge ran from the June 26 storm until the July 1 bypass (ref 3), and permanent force main repairs were still underway.","significance":"The Globe (ref 2) notes the 2016 EPA consent decree; ECHO (ref 4) also lists an EPA Section 309(a) compliance order dated Aug. 15, 2024."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The City currently estimates that approximately 8 million gallons of wastewater per day are entering the Merrimack River (Haverhill mayor's office via NBC Boston)."},"measures":[{"name":"Estimated discharge rate","value":8,"unit":"million gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"City estimate based on average pump station flow (ref 1)."},{"name":"Force main diameter","value":42,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1-3."},{"name":"Peak bacteria relative to safe level","value":40,"unit":"times","status":"Reported","note":"MRWC testing on Monday and Tuesday after the break (ref 2)."},{"name":"Remaining consent decree action items","value":8,"unit":"items","status":"Reported","note":"April 2026 compliance report per the Globe (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The Globe (ref 2) reports Haverhill's CSO volume exceeded its 2016 level in all but three of the last 10 years."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Haverhill","role":"Sewer system owner and NPDES permittee"},{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection","role":"State regulator; wastewater inspectors on site"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 1","role":"Consent decree enforcement"}],"public_contact":"City of Haverhill mayor's office (public updates via city announcements)","corrective_actions":["First 24-inch temporary bypass pipeline installed July 1, 2026, routing flow back to the treatment plant (ref 3).","EPA says it will work with MassDEP to monitor compliance with the 2016 consent decree (ref 2).","A contractor was designing discharge pipe replacements at the South Mill Pumping Station before the break (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"8M gallons of wastewater a day entering Merrimack River due to sewer breaks","publisher":"NBC Boston","date":"2026-06-29","url":"https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/8m-gallons-of-wastewater-per-day-entering-merrimack-river-due-to-haverhill-sewer-main-breaks/3972792/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Haverhill's catastrophic sewer break was years in the making","publisher":"The Boston Globe","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/2026/07/01/science/haverhill-has-long-history-of-wastewater-troubles/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Sewage overflow issue in Merrimack River is resolved, officials say, although some beaches are still closed","publisher":"Boston.com","date":"2026-07-02","url":"https://www.boston.com/news/local-news/2026/07/01/sewage-overflow-issue-in-merrimack-river-is-resolved-officials-say-although-some-beaches-are-still-closed/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report data: Haverhill Wastewater Treatment Facility (NPDES MA0101621)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Enforcement and Compliance History Online (ECHO)","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?p_id=MA0101621&output=JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MA-LOWELL-CSO-CONSENT-DECREE-2024"]},{"id":"US-MA-CHICOPEE-WPCF-NONCOMPLIANCE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Chicopee sewage plant in significant noncompliance under EPA compliance orders","description":"EPA's ECHO system lists the Chicopee Water Pollution Control Facility in significant noncompliance in 11 of 13 quarters since July 2023, with exceedances for aluminum, BOD, chlorine, E. coli and suspended solids, and EPA compliance orders issued in 2022 and August 2025. The 1950s-era plant was not designed for modern nitrogen limits, and the city's 15 CSO outfalls send sewage to the Connecticut and Chicopee rivers in heavy rain.","location":{"name":"Chicopee Water Pollution Control Facility","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant and combined sewer system","state":"MA","states":["MA"],"detail":"Hampden County; discharges to the Connecticut River (NPDES MA0101508)","counties":["Hampden"],"extent":"system","coordinates":{"lat":42.15376,"lon":-72.62166,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"An aging treatment plant and combined sewers produce chronic effluent violations and overflows.","secondary_drivers":["aging treatment plant","nitrogen limits","combined sewers"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The ECHO facility search (ref 2) lists 157 effluent limit exceedances, including E. coli, chlorine and whole effluent toxicity.","service":"No cited source reports an interruption of sewer or water service in Chicopee.","scale":"The plant serves the City of Chicopee; the Gazette (ref 3) says overflows can exceed one billion gallons a year.","duration":"ECHO (ref 1) flags significant noncompliance every quarter from October 2023 through June 2026.","significance":"ECHO (ref 1) records EPA Section 309(a) compliance orders dated Sept. 28, 2022 and Aug. 29, 2025."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"ECHO lists the facility in Significant/Category I Noncompliance in 11 of 13 quarters from July 2023 to October 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance","value":11,"unit":"quarters of 13","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Effluent limit exceedances (ECHO count)","value":157,"unit":"exceedances","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO three-year exceedance count (ref 2)."},{"name":"CSO outfalls","value":15,"unit":"outfalls","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Compliance action cost, 2025 EPA order","value":21.518,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Estimated cost recorded in ECHO for the Aug. 29, 2025 order (ref 1)."},{"name":"Remaining sewer separation need","value":300,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"About $300 million still needed after $225 million spent by 2022 (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Noncompliance has persisted for 11 consecutive quarters (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Chicopee","role":"Permittee"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 1","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement"},{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection","role":"State permitting and Clean Water SRF administrator"}],"public_contact":"City of Chicopee Water Pollution Control (via city website)","corrective_actions":["Phased plant upgrade for nitrogen removal funded through the Clean Water State Revolving Fund, including a $1 million FY2026 federal earmark for phase two (ref 3).","Ongoing sewer separation under an EPA agreement to stop discharging raw sewage during rain (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report data: Chicopee Water Pollution Control Facility (NPDES MA0101508)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Enforcement and Compliance History Online (ECHO)","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?p_id=MA0101508&output=JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act facility search: Massachusetts major dischargers with recent noncompliance","publisher":"U.S. EPA Enforcement and Compliance History Online (ECHO)","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?p_st=MA&p_maj=Y&p_qnc=Y&output=JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"As Holyoke continues work on addressing sewer discharges, Neal celebrates $1M for project in neighboring Chicopee","publisher":"Daily Hampshire Gazette","date":"2026-01-29","url":"https://gazettenet.com/?p=433799","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"This is how much untreated wastewater went into the Connecticut River last year","publisher":"MassLive (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-05-22","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/wastewater-overflow-connecticut-river-falls-220038020.html","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MA-CONNECTICUT-RIVER-CSO-2026"]},{"id":"US-MA-CONNECTICUT-RIVER-CSO-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Springfield and Holyoke sewer overflows keep fouling the Connecticut River","description":"Combined sewer overflows from Springfield, Chicopee and Holyoke sent 543 million gallons into the Connecticut River in 2024 and close to 1 billion gallons in 2023, according to MassLive. A July 29, 2026 storm produced a 4.35-million-gallon overflow at Springfield's Bondi's Island plant. Holyoke settled with EPA in 2023 and is in a 12-year, $30 million sewer plan; Springfield says it has halved CSO discharge since 1990 but has no dedicated funding for remaining CSO work.","location":{"name":"Connecticut River, Springfield to Holyoke","type":"River segment receiving combined sewer overflows","state":"MA","states":["MA"],"detail":"Hampden County; Springfield (NPDES MA0101613), Holyoke (MA0101630) and Chicopee outfalls","counties":["Hampden"],"extent":"watershed","coordinates":{"lat":42.191041,"lon":-72.612574,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":4}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Combined sewers in three river cities overflow untreated sewage to the river during storms.","secondary_drivers":["combined sewers","extreme rainfall"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"MassLive (ref 1) reports 543 million gallons of overflow to the Connecticut River in 2024 across 12 wet-weather days.","service":"The cited articles do not report beach closures or drinking-water restrictions tied to these overflows.","scale":"Western Mass News (ref 2) says more than 70 percent of Springfield's wastewater flows through York Street, and three river cities discharge to the same reach.","duration":"Close to 1 billion gallons in 2023 (ref 1) and a 4.35-million-gallon overflow in July 2026 (ref 2) show the problem recurs.","significance":"ECHO (ref 4) records a 2023 EPA civil judicial action against Holyoke with a $50,000 penalty; MassLive (ref 1) notes Chicopee's EPA agreement."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"2024: 543 million gallons of combined sewer overflow into the Connecticut River across 12 days with weather events (MassLive, May 22, 2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"Connecticut River CSO volume, 2024","value":543,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Bondi's Island overflow, July 29, 2026","value":4.35,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Holyoke annual CSO discharge","value":145,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Goal under 100 million gallons by 2029 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Springfield CSO spending since the 1990s","value":300,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"More than $300 million, including the $137 million York Street Pump Station (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Springfield reports about a 50% cut in CSO discharge since 1990 (ref 2); annual volumes still swing with rainfall (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Springfield Water and Sewer Commission","role":"CSO permittee"},{"name":"City of Holyoke","role":"CSO permittee under 2023 EPA settlement"},{"name":"City of Chicopee","role":"CSO permittee"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 1","role":"NPDES enforcement"}],"public_contact":"Springfield Water and Sewer Commission (waterandsewer.org)","corrective_actions":["Springfield's York Street Pump Station and river crossing opened in 2023 (ref 1).","Holyoke began a 12-year, $30 million sewer line, storm drain and manhole plan (ref 3).","Holyoke and Chicopee sewer separation projects under EPA agreements (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"This is how much untreated wastewater went into the Connecticut River last year","publisher":"MassLive (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-05-22","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/wastewater-overflow-connecticut-river-falls-220038020.html","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Millions of gallons of sewage, stormwater flow into Connecticut River after heavy rain","publisher":"Western Mass News","date":"2026-07-29","url":"https://www.westernmassnews.com/2026/07/29/millions-gallons-sewage-stormwater-flow-into-connecticut-river-after-heavy-rain/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"As Holyoke continues work on addressing sewer discharges, Neal celebrates $1M for project in neighboring Chicopee","publisher":"Daily Hampshire Gazette","date":"2026-01-29","url":"https://gazettenet.com/?p=433799","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report data: Holyoke Water Pollution Control Facility (NPDES MA0101630)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Enforcement and Compliance History Online (ECHO)","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?p_id=MA0101630&output=JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MA-CHICOPEE-WPCF-NONCOMPLIANCE-2025","US-MA-STATEWIDE-CSO-SEWAGE-DISCHARGES-2024"]},{"id":"US-MA-GLOUCESTER-WPCF-SECONDARY-TREATMENT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Gloucester builds $218M secondary treatment plant under federal consent decree","description":"Gloucester's sewage plant has discharged undertreated, primary-only effluent to Massachusetts Bay under a waiver last issued in 2001. A 2023 consent decree with EPA, the Justice Department and Massachusetts requires a secondary treatment upgrade, and the city broke ground on the roughly $218 million project in August 2026. ECHO lists the plant in significant noncompliance in 11 of 13 quarters since July 2023.","location":{"name":"Gloucester Water Pollution Control Facility","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"MA","states":["MA"],"detail":"Essex County; 50 Essex Ave., discharges to Massachusetts Bay (NPDES MA0100625)","counties":["Essex"],"extent":"system","coordinates":{"lat":42.611338,"lon":-70.680381,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A primary-only treatment plant cannot meet the limits in its 2022 permit, so effluent violations continue until the new plant is built.","secondary_drivers":["primary-only treatment","permit waiver expiry"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO's facility search (ref 4) lists 116 exceedances including fecal coliform, oil and grease and whole effluent toxicity.","service":"The cited sources describe no sewer backups or service interruptions for Gloucester users.","scale":"The plant serves the City of Gloucester and discharges to Massachusetts Bay (ref 1).","duration":"ECHO (ref 3) shows significant noncompliance from October 2023 through June 2026; the plant has lacked secondary treatment for decades (ref 1).","significance":"EPA (ref 1) announced the federal-state consent decree on March 6, 2023; ECHO (ref 3) records $157.5 million in required compliance work."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About $218 million project to upgrade the Gloucester water pollution control facility with secondary treatment (Newburyport Daily News, Aug. 7, 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Upgrade cost","value":218,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Mayor's estimate (ref 2)."},{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance","value":11,"unit":"quarters of 13","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Effluent limit exceedances (ECHO count)","value":116,"unit":"exceedances","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Violations will persist until secondary treatment is built (refs 1, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Gloucester Department of Public Works","role":"Permittee and project owner"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 1","role":"Consent decree plaintiff"},{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection","role":"State co-plaintiff"}],"public_contact":"City of Gloucester Department of Public Works (via city website)","corrective_actions":["Secondary treatment construction began in August 2026 with Tetra Tech as engineer and MWH Constructors as construction manager (ref 2).","Financing includes a loan approved by the City Council in 2024 and about $12 million in ARPA funds (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"United States and Commonwealth of Massachusetts Announce Settlement with City of Gloucester to Upgrade Sewage Treatment Infrastructure","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2023-03-06","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/united-states-and-commonwealth-massachusetts-announce-settlement-city-gloucester","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"$218M project begins to update Gloucester treatment plant","publisher":"Newburyport Daily News","date":"2026-08-07","url":"https://www.newburyportnews.com/news/218m-project-begins-to-update-gloucester-treatment-plant/article_d7b0a41b-619a-5085-a447-097cca2ddf20.html","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report data: Gloucester Water Pollution Control Facility (NPDES MA0100625)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Enforcement and Compliance History Online (ECHO)","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?p_id=MA0100625&output=JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act facility search: Massachusetts major dischargers with recent noncompliance","publisher":"U.S. EPA Enforcement and Compliance History Online (ECHO)","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?p_st=MA&p_maj=Y&p_qnc=Y&output=JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MA-LYNN-WPCF-NONCOMPLIANCE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lynn regional sewage plant in significant noncompliance despite EPA order","description":"ECHO lists the Lynn Water and Sewer Commission's regional treatment plant in significant noncompliance in 11 of 13 quarters since July 2023, with exceedances for BOD, fecal coliform, oil and grease, suspended solids and whole effluent toxicity. EPA issued a compliance order in September 2023. The commission is also under a Third Modified Consent Decree to cut combined sewer overflows to Lynn Harbor and is upgrading its 40-year-old plant.","location":{"name":"Lynn Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Regional wastewater treatment plant and combined sewer system","state":"MA","states":["MA"],"detail":"Essex County; 2 Circle Ave., Lynn; outfalls to Lynn Harbor and Saugus River (NPDES MA0100552)","counties":["Essex"],"extent":"system","coordinates":{"lat":42.45293,"lon":-70.956287,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"An aging plant and combined sewers drive both effluent violations and overflows.","secondary_drivers":["aging treatment plant","combined sewers"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The ECHO search (ref 2) counts 221 effluent limit exceedances, the most among the state's major dischargers in this query.","service":"No cited source records sewer service loss for Lynn customers.","scale":"One regional plant serving the Lynn Water and Sewer Commission system, with four CSO outfalls (ref 2).","duration":"ECHO (ref 1) shows significant noncompliance every quarter from October 2023 through June 2026.","significance":"ECHO (ref 1) records an EPA Section 309(a) compliance order dated Sept. 27, 2023; the Clean Water Trust (ref 3) cites the Third Modified Consent Decree."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Significant/Category I Noncompliance in 11 of 13 quarters, July 2023 to October 2026 (ECHO)."},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance","value":11,"unit":"quarters of 13","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Effluent limit exceedances (ECHO count)","value":221,"unit":"exceedances","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Compliance action cost, 2023 EPA order","value":41,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"As recorded in ECHO (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"No quarter has returned to compliance since late 2023 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Lynn Water and Sewer Commission","role":"Permittee"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 1","role":"NPDES enforcement"},{"name":"Massachusetts Clean Water Trust / MassDEP","role":"State revolving fund financing"}],"public_contact":"City of Lynn main line: (781) 598-4000","corrective_actions":["SRF-financed plant and pump station upgrades to remain in compliance with effluent requirements (ref 3).","West Lynn Sewer Separation, the first project under the consent decree's long-term control plan (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report data: Lynn Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant (NPDES MA0100552)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Enforcement and Compliance History Online (ECHO)","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?p_id=MA0100552&output=JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act facility search: Massachusetts major dischargers with recent noncompliance","publisher":"U.S. EPA Enforcement and Compliance History Online (ECHO)","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?p_st=MA&p_maj=Y&p_qnc=Y&output=JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Project Descriptions for April 6, 2022 Board of Trustees Meeting","publisher":"Massachusetts Clean Water Trust (mass.gov)","date":"2022-04-06","url":"https://www.mass.gov/doc/board-project-description-462022/download","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Current CSO Notifications","publisher":"City of Lynn","date":null,"url":"https://www.lynnma.gov/city_government/departments/publichealth/public_health_notices/combined_sewer_overflows/current_c_s_os","basis":"Local government record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MA-MWRA-ALEWIFE-CHARLES-CSO-PLAN-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"MWRA's $1.28B CSO plan would leave storm overflows to Alewife Brook and Charles","description":"Alewife Brook in Cambridge, Arlington and Somerville received 23 combined sewer overflow discharges in 2025. In February 2026 the MWRA board chose a $1.28 billion plan covering 16 outfalls owned by MWRA, Cambridge and Somerville that aims to eliminate overflows in a typical rainfall year but not in intense storms; advocates criticized it. A final plan is expected in January 2027 under the long-running Boston Harbor federal court case.","location":{"name":"Alewife Brook, Mystic and Charles rivers","type":"River segments receiving combined sewer overflows","state":"MA","states":["MA"],"detail":"Middlesex and Suffolk counties; Cambridge, Somerville, Arlington and Boston","counties":["Middlesex","Suffolk"],"extent":"watershed","coordinates":{"lat":42.405,"lon":-71.135,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Combined sewers in older Boston-area cities overflow to urban streams, and the fix is a ratepayer-funded capital plan.","secondary_drivers":["combined sewers","climate-driven rainfall","ratepayer cost"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"AP (ref 1) reports millions of gallons of untreated sewage reach Alewife Brook each year and residents' homes have flooded with raw sewage.","service":"Officials recommend waiting 48 hours after rain before using the brook (ref 1), which this record treats as advice rather than a service loss.","scale":"The plan spans 16 outfalls in Cambridge, Somerville and MWRA's system serving Boston-area communities (ref 1).","duration":"MassDEP's variance fact sheet (ref 2) traces Alewife CSO variances back to March 5, 1999; 23 discharges still occurred in 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"MWRA's CSO work is required by the Boston Harbor Case, D. Mass. C.A. No. 85-0489 (ref 2), with biannual compliance reports (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Proposed plan cost: $1.28 billion, shared by MWRA, Cambridge and Somerville and passed on to ratepayers (AP, April 22, 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Proposed CSO plan cost","value":1280,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Outfalls covered","value":16,"unit":"outfalls","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Alewife Brook CSO discharges, 2025","value":23,"unit":"discharges","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"MWRA-reported CSO reduction since late 1980s","value":88,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"MWRA reports an 88% reduction since the late 1980s (ref 1), but overflows continue in heavy storms."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Massachusetts Water Resources Authority","role":"Regional sewer authority and CSO permittee"},{"name":"City of Cambridge","role":"CSO permittee"},{"name":"City of Somerville","role":"CSO permittee"},{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Water quality variance authority"}],"public_contact":"MWRA (mwra.com)","corrective_actions":["Updated long-term control plan submitted to regulators at end of April 2026, with a five-month comment period and a final plan expected January 2027 (ref 1).","Planned storage tanks, partial sewer separation and system improvements sized to 2050 rainfall projections (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Massachusetts is dumping sewage into waterways. Grassroots organizations are fighting back","publisher":"Associated Press (via WTOP)","date":"2026-04-22","url":"https://wtop.com/national/2026/04/massachusetts-is-dumping-sewage-into-waterways-grassroots-organizations-are-fighting-back/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Final Determination to Adopt a Variance for CSO Discharges to Alewife Brook/Upper Mystic River Basin: Fact Sheet","publisher":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2019-08-30","url":"https://www.mass.gov/doc/fact-sheet-for-the-final-determination-to-adopt-a-variance-for-cso-discharges-to-alewife/download","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Annual Sewage Notification Report 2024","publisher":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2025-05-15","url":"https://www.mass.gov/doc/2024-sewage-notification-annual-report/download","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MA-STATEWIDE-CSO-SEWAGE-DISCHARGES-2024"]},{"id":"US-MA-STATEWIDE-DAM-SAFETY-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Hundreds of Massachusetts dams rated high hazard or deteriorating","description":"Massachusetts has more than 3,000 dams, about 330 of them classified high hazard, according to a May 2026 WBUR investigation; the state removed 15 dams in 2025 per American Rivers. The DCR Office of Dam Safety gave CBS Boston a list of more than 200 deteriorating dams, including Gloucester's West Pond Dam rated unsafe. Many problem dams are privately owned or abandoned.","location":{"name":"Massachusetts dams","type":"Statewide dam inventory","state":"MA","states":["MA"],"detail":"Statewide; examples include Hager Pond Dam (Marlborough) and West Pond Dam (Gloucester)","counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Aging dams are physical infrastructure whose failure would flood downstream homes, roads and bridges.","secondary_drivers":["aging dams","unknown ownership","extreme rainfall"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"WBUR (ref 1) cites a 2023 MAPC finding that Hager Pond Dam's failure would likely take out two downstream dams and seven bridges.","service":"Neither source reports a dam failure that cut water or road service inside the research window.","scale":"About 330 of more than 3,000 Massachusetts dams are high hazard (ref 1), a statewide exposure.","duration":"Most dams date to the 18th and 19th centuries (ref 1), and DCR's deteriorating-dam list exceeded 200 entries (ref 2).","significance":"The Office of Dam Safety rated West Pond Dam unsafe, its worst rating (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 330 Massachusetts dams are listed as high hazard (WBUR, May 25, 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"High hazard dams","value":330,"unit":"dams","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate, ref 1."},{"name":"Dams removed in 2025","value":15,"unit":"dams","status":"Reported","note":"American Rivers count via WBUR; a state spokesperson cited four more (ref 1)."},{"name":"Deteriorating dams on DCR list","value":200,"unit":"dams","status":"Reported","note":"More than 200, ref 2 (2023)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Removals are accelerating (ref 1), but no current statewide condition count was found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Massachusetts DCR Office of Dam Safety","role":"Dam safety regulator"},{"name":"Dam owners (private and municipal)","role":"Responsible for repair or removal"}],"public_contact":"Massachusetts DCR Office of Dam Safety (via mass.gov)","corrective_actions":["FEMA funding secured in November 2025 for a formal study of Hager Pond Dam (ref 1).","Congressional delegation secured $221.5 million for 209 projects including dam repair and removal (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Mass. removed more than a dozen dams last year. Hundreds more are considered hazardous","publisher":"WBUR","date":"2026-05-25","url":"https://www.wbur.org/news/2026/05/25/massachusetts-dams-hazard","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"I-Team: Hundreds of crumbling dams across Massachusetts pose a hazard","publisher":"CBS News Boston","date":"2023-09-15","url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/i-team-structurally-deficient-dams-massachusetts/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MA-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINE-FUNDING-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Federal delays stall Massachusetts lead service line replacement funding","description":"EPA's delayed release of lead service line grants forced Massachusetts to pause its replacement program in 2025 before about $55 million arrived in December. The state has spent over $102 million in federal funds since 2022 across about 160 communities and estimates up to $359.4 million more is needed to replace remaining lead lines. EPA data count 28,702 known lead service pipes in Massachusetts, and the 2024 federal rule requires replacement by 2037.","location":{"name":"Massachusetts public water systems","type":"Statewide drinking water infrastructure program","state":"MA","states":["MA"],"detail":"Statewide; examples include Chelsea, Revere and New Bedford","counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Removing lead pipes depends on federal and state funding that was delayed in 2025.","secondary_drivers":["lead service lines","federal funding delays"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Rep. Keating (ref 2) said funding delays extend lead exposure; no exceedance is attributed here.","service":"No water service interruption is linked to the funding pause in either source.","scale":"The New Bedford Light (ref 2) cites EPA data showing 28,702 known lead service pipes statewide.","duration":"Replacement under the EPA rule runs to 2037 (ref 1), and Chelsea still had up to 2,000 lines to check (ref 1).","significance":"Gov. Healey said the delays forced a pause of the state's replacement program (ref 1); replacement is a federal rule requirement."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"State officials estimate up to $359.4 million more will be needed to replace all remaining lead service lines (WBUR, Dec. 16, 2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"Remaining replacement funding need","value":359.4,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"State estimate, ref 1."},{"name":"Federal LSL funds for 2025","value":55,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"More than $55 million, including over $21 million re-allotted (ref 1)."},{"name":"Federal funds spent since 2022","value":102,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"About 160 communities and water systems (ref 1)."},{"name":"Known lead service pipes","value":28702,"unit":"service lines","status":"Reported","note":"EPA data cited by ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Funding resumed in December 2025 after months of delay (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Drinking water primacy agency and SRF administrator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Federal funder and rule-maker"},{"name":"Massachusetts Clean Water Trust","role":"State revolving fund lender"}],"public_contact":"MassDEP website: www.mass.gov/dep","corrective_actions":["About $53 million in federal funds remained available for communities to apply for (ref 1).","MWRA offers grants and zero-interest loans for lead service line replacement to its member communities (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"After months of delay, EPA will give Mass. over $55 million for lead pipe replacement","publisher":"WBUR","date":"2025-12-16","url":"https://www.wbur.org/news/2025/12/16/epa-massachusetts-lead-pipe-replacement","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA releases key funding for lead pipe removal - after delay","publisher":"The New Bedford Light","date":"2025-12-10","url":"https://newbedfordlight.org/epa-releases-key-funding-for-lead-pipe-removal-after-delay/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MA-NEW-BEDFORD-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2025","US-MA-MWRA-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2025"]},{"id":"US-MA-NEW-BEDFORD-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"New Bedford has replaced about 3,500 of 8,000 lead service pipes","description":"New Bedford, which serves about 101,000 people, had replaced roughly 3,500 of its 8,000 lead service pipes as of December 2025. Phase 3 will remove another 2,440 by 2029, funded largely by a $38 million bond approved in June 2025; phases 1-3 total about $49.5 million. The city received $18.4 million in 2023, the largest such federal disbursement in Massachusetts.","location":{"name":"City of New Bedford DPI water system","type":"Municipal water utility","state":"MA","states":["MA"],"detail":"Bristol County; City of New Bedford","counties":["Bristol"],"extent":"system","coordinates":{"lat":41.6362,"lon":-70.9342,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"pwsid":"MA4201000"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Lead service pipes are physical infrastructure being replaced under a federal mandate.","secondary_drivers":["lead service lines","older housing stock"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"About 4,500 lead service pipes still carried drinking water to New Bedford homes as of December 2025 (ref 1); no exceedance is cited here.","service":"The city reports replacement continuing without service loss to customers (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS (ref 2) lists 101,079 people served by the New Bedford system.","duration":"Replacement began over six years ago and phase 3 runs to 2029 (ref 1).","significance":"The New Bedford Light (ref 1) describes the work as compliance with a national EPA mandate to remove lead lines."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":101079,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"As of December 2025, the city has replaced roughly 3,500 lead service pipes, a little under half of the 8,000 in the city (New Bedford Light)."},"measures":[{"name":"Lead service pipes in city","value":8000,"unit":"service lines","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Replaced as of December 2025","value":3500,"unit":"service lines","status":"Reported","note":"Roughly, ref 1."},{"name":"Phase 3 replacements","value":2440,"unit":"service lines","status":"Reported","note":"To be completed in 2029 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Cost of phases 1-3","value":49.5,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Replacement is about halfway complete with phase 3 funded (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Bedford Department of Public Infrastructure","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Massachusetts Clean Water Trust","role":"SRF lender (granted $11.4 million loan forgiveness in 2024)"}],"public_contact":"New Bedford Department of Public Infrastructure (via city website)","corrective_actions":["Phase 3 replacement of 2,440 pipes funded with $24.9 million of a $38 million bond (ref 1).","SRF loan forgiveness of $11.4 million in 2024 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA releases key funding for lead pipe removal - after delay","publisher":"The New Bedford Light","date":"2025-12-10","url":"https://newbedfordlight.org/epa-releases-key-funding-for-lead-pipe-removal-after-delay/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: City of New Bedford DPI (MA4201000)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/NEW%20BEDFORD/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MA-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINE-FUNDING-2025"]},{"id":"US-MA-FALL-RIVER-CSO-MOUNT-HOPE-BAY-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Fall River's 18 combined sewer outfalls still overflow to Mount Hope Bay","description":"Fall River's wastewater system, serving about 90,000 residents in Massachusetts and Rhode Island, has 18 combined sewer overflow outfalls discharging to Mount Hope Bay, the Taunton River and the Quequechan River. The city has been under a federal court order on CSOs since 1992 and signed a 2021 EPA consent order for a five-year integrated plan; a revised draft permit issued in January 2025 adds nitrogen limits. ECHO shows permit violations in 11 of 13 recent quarters.","location":{"name":"Fall River Wastewater Treatment Facility","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant and combined sewer system","state":"MA","states":["MA"],"detail":"Bristol County; discharges to Mount Hope Bay, Taunton and Quequechan rivers (NPDES MA0100382)","counties":["Bristol"],"extent":"system","coordinates":{"lat":41.67677,"lon":-71.193934,"precision":"facility","source_ref":4}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Combined sewers overflow to impaired estuary waters that also need nitrogen reductions.","secondary_drivers":["combined sewers","nitrogen","interstate waters"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"TRWA (ref 3) cites MassDEP buoys showing low dissolved oxygen and high chlorophyll-a in Mount Hope Bay; EPA (ref 1) notes regular overflows.","service":"The cited sources report no sewer or water service interruption.","scale":"EPA (ref 1) says the system serves 90,000 residents of Fall River, Westport, Freetown and Tiverton, R.I.","duration":"CSO litigation dates to 1992 (ref 1) and ECHO (ref 4) lists violations in 11 of 13 quarters since July 2023.","significance":"EPA and the city signed an Administrative Order on Consent in December 2021 (ref 1), on top of the federal court order."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":90000,"status":"Reported","note":"Residents served by the wastewater system per EPA (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"18 Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) Outfalls to Mount Hope Bay, Taunton River and Quequechan River (MassDEP 2025 revised draft permit)."},"measures":[{"name":"CSO outfalls","value":18,"unit":"outfalls","status":"Reported","note":"7 to Mount Hope Bay, 4 to the Taunton River, 7 to the Quequechan River (ref 2)."},{"name":"City CSO spending to 2021","value":200,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Over $200 million including a 38-million-gallon storage tunnel (ref 1)."},{"name":"Proposed total nitrogen limit","value":1289,"unit":"lbs/day","status":"Reported","note":"From the 2024 draft permit, 5 mg/L at 30.9 MGD design flow (ref 3)."},{"name":"Quarters with violations","value":11,"unit":"quarters of 13","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"EPA (ref 1) says CSO number and volume have fallen significantly, but many overflows remain."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Fall River","role":"Permittee"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 1","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement"},{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection","role":"State permitting"}],"public_contact":"EPA New England press contact: Emily Bender, (617) 918-1037 (as listed on the EPA release)","corrective_actions":["Five-year integrated infrastructure plan under the 2021 consent order (ref 1).","Permit reissuance pending; the prior permit dated to December 7, 2000 (ref 3), and MassDEP extended comments on the revised draft (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA and City of Fall River Agree on Five-Year Plan for Fixing Wastewater Infrastructure and Reducing Combined Sewer Overflows into Local Waterways","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2021-12-20","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-and-city-fall-river-agree-five-year-plan-fixing-wastewater-infrastructure-and","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Revised Draft Surface Water Discharge Permit, Fall River Wastewater Treatment Plant","publisher":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2025-01-16","url":"https://www.mass.gov/doc/revised-draft-surface-water-discharge-permit-fall-river-wastewater-treatment-plant/download","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Comments on Draft Fall River NPDES Permit No. MA0100382","publisher":"Taunton River Watershed Alliance","date":"2024-03-04","url":"https://savethetaunton.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/TRWA-Comments-Fall-River-Draft-NPDES-Permit.pdf","basis":"Watershed group comment"},{"ref":4,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report data: Fall River Wastewater Treatment Facility (NPDES MA0100382)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Enforcement and Compliance History Online (ECHO)","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?p_id=MA0100382&output=JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MA-STATEWIDE-CSO-SEWAGE-DISCHARGES-2024"]},{"id":"US-MA-PITTSFIELD-WWTP-NONCOMPLIANCE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Pittsfield sewage plant flagged in significant noncompliance after $74M upgrade","description":"Pittsfield spent about $56.6 million on construction under a $74 million authorization to meet phosphorus and nitrogen limits for its Housatonic River discharge, and told the City Council in November 2023 that it had met federal standards since July 2022 while still under an EPA administrative order. EPA's ECHO system nonetheless lists the plant in significant noncompliance in 8 of 13 quarters since July 2023, with recent exceedances for aluminum and dissolved oxygen.","location":{"name":"Pittsfield Wastewater Treatment Facility","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"MA","states":["MA"],"detail":"Berkshire County; discharges to the Housatonic River (NPDES MA0101681)","counties":["Berkshire"],"extent":"system","coordinates":{"lat":42.407678,"lon":-73.24276,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A recently upgraded plant still records effluent violations on a nutrient-impaired river.","secondary_drivers":["nutrient limits","aluminum limits"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO's facility search (ref 3) lists 28 effluent exceedances, recently for aluminum and dissolved oxygen, a limited documented effect.","service":"No sewer service disruption appears in WAMC (ref 1) or ECHO (ref 2).","scale":"One municipal plant serving Pittsfield on the Housatonic River (ref 1).","duration":"ECHO (ref 2) shows significant noncompliance in 8 of 13 quarters from July 2023 to mid-2026.","significance":"WAMC (ref 1) reports the city remained under an EPA administrative order in November 2023 and planned to ask for it to be lifted."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Significant/Category I Noncompliance in 8 of 13 quarters, July 2023 to October 2026 (ECHO)."},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance","value":8,"unit":"quarters of 13","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Upgrade construction cost","value":56.6,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Including $5.2 million in change orders (ref 1)."},{"name":"Effluent exceedances (ECHO count)","value":28,"unit":"exceedances","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"The city reported compliance from July 2022 (ref 1), but ECHO shows intermittent significant noncompliance since 2023 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Pittsfield Department of Public Utilities","role":"Permittee"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 1","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement"}],"public_contact":"City of Pittsfield Department of Public Utilities (via city website)","corrective_actions":["Upgrade optimization phase, with a request to lift the EPA administrative order planned (ref 1).","Nearly $942,000 MassDEP grant to help meet nitrogen limits (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Pittsfield city council hears update on long-running wastewater treatment plant upgrades","publisher":"WAMC Northeast Public Radio","date":"2023-11-15","url":"https://wamc.org/news/2023-11-15/pittsfield-city-council-hears-update-on-long-running-wastewater-treatment-plant-upgrades","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report data: Pittsfield Wastewater Treatment Facility (NPDES MA0101681)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Enforcement and Compliance History Online (ECHO)","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?p_id=MA0101681&output=JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act facility search: Massachusetts major dischargers with recent noncompliance","publisher":"U.S. EPA Enforcement and Compliance History Online (ECHO)","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?p_st=MA&p_maj=Y&p_qnc=Y&output=JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MA-LEOMINSTER-SEPT2023-FLOOD-DR4780-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"September 2023 flash floods in Leominster area: federal disaster DR-4780 after appeal","description":"Storms on September 11-13, 2023 dropped about 7 inches of rain on Leominster, washing out roads and a section of rail track, flooding basements and forcing two dams to be shored up; the mayor put city damage at $30 million. FEMA denied the state's disaster request in February 2024, the governor appealed in March, and the President approved major disaster DR-4780 for Bristol and Worcester counties on May 15, 2024. FEMA data show 1,093 households approved for individual assistance and about $7.67 million in housing and other-needs aid.","location":{"name":"Leominster and Bristol/Worcester counties","type":"Flood-affected municipalities (federal disaster area)","detail":"Leominster (Worcester County) hardest hit; declaration covers Bristol and Worcester counties","coordinates":{"lat":42.525,"lon":-71.759,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Worcester","Bristol"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"MA","states":["MA"]},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Extreme rainfall overwhelmed drainage and damaged roads, rail and dams, a combined quantity and infrastructure event.","secondary_drivers":["Extreme rainfall","Dam safety"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"NBC Boston reports flooding washed out roads, flooded basements and took out a section of train track, with $30 million in Leominster damage per the mayor (ref 2).","service":"Two Leominster dams had to be shored up and roads were washed out (refs 1-2); no water-system outage is reported, so partial disruption is scored.","scale":"The federal declaration covers two whole counties, Bristol and Worcester (refs 2, 4), with 1,093 households approved for FEMA individual aid (ref 5).","duration":"Recovery ran from the September 2023 storm through the May 2024 declaration and the FEMA aid that followed (refs 1-3), a period of months.","significance":"A presidential major disaster declaration, DR-4780, was approved on May 15, 2024 after FEMA's February denial and the state's March appeal (refs 1, 4)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":1093,"status":"Reported","note":"Households approved for FEMA Individual Assistance under DR-4780 (ref 5); at least 1,400 Leominster residents had applied by March 2024 (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Leominster received about 7 inches of rain from one storm; Mayor Dean Mazzarella put damage to the city at $30 million."},"measures":[{"name":"Rainfall in Leominster from one storm","value":7,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Estimated damage to the City of Leominster","value":30000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Mayor's estimate (ref 2)."},{"name":"Households approved for FEMA individual assistance","value":1093,"unit":"households","status":"Reported","note":"FEMA open data (ref 5)."},{"name":"FEMA Individuals and Households Program approved","value":7670256,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"FEMA open data (ref 5)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single 2023 storm event; aid programs closed out per FEMA data (ref 5)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)","role":"Federal disaster assistance"},{"name":"Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA)","role":"State emergency management"},{"name":"City of Leominster","role":"Local government and public works"}],"public_contact":"FEMA Helpline 800-621-3362; disasterassistance.gov","corrective_actions":["Governor Healey appealed FEMA's February 2024 denial in March 2024 (ref 1).","President approved major disaster declaration DR-4780 on May 15, 2024, opening individual assistance (refs 2-4).","FEMA obligated about $345,000 in hazard mitigation grant funding under DR-4780 (ref 5)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Healey appeals FEMA's denial of major disaster declaration after historic September rainfall","publisher":"NBC Boston","date":"2024-03-12","url":"https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/healey-administration-appeals-fema-denial-of-major-disaster-declaration-after-historic-september-rainfall/3305721/?amp=1","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Biden approves disaster declaration for Mass. months after severe flooding","publisher":"NBC Boston","date":"2024-05-16","url":"https://nbcboston.com/news/local/biden-approves-disaster-declaration-for-mass-after-severe-flash-flooding/3371105","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Biden declares September flooding in Mass. a major disaster, reversing FEMA denial","publisher":"Boston.com","date":"2024-05-16","url":"https://www.boston.com/news/local-news/2024/05/16/biden-declares-september-flooding-in-mass-a-major-disaster-reversing-fema-denial/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Disaster Declarations Summaries, Massachusetts DR-4780","publisher":"FEMA OpenFEMA","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v2/DisasterDeclarationsSummaries?$filter=disasterNumber%20eq%204780","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"FEMA Web Disaster Summaries, DR-4780","publisher":"FEMA OpenFEMA","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v1/FemaWebDisasterSummaries?$filter=disasterNumber%20eq%204780","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":8,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MA-PLYMOUTH-PILGRIM-WASTEWATER-DISCHARGE-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Pilgrim nuclear plant wastewater: state blocks Holtec discharge to Cape Cod Bay","description":"Holtec Decommissioning International sought to release up to 1.1 million gallons of treated wastewater from the closed Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station in Plymouth into Cape Cod Bay. MassDEP denied the permit change on July 18, 2024 under the Ocean Sanctuaries Act, finding the water is industrial wastewater, and on September 15, 2026 the commissioner dismissed Holtec's appeal; Holtec may still go to Superior Court. About 790,000 gallons remain on site after evaporation.","location":{"name":"Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station, Plymouth","type":"Decommissioning nuclear plant discharging to an ocean sanctuary","detail":"Manomet section of Plymouth (Plymouth County), on Cape Cod Bay","coordinates":{"lat":41.944,"lon":-70.578,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Plymouth"],"extent":"site","state":"MA","states":["MA"]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The dispute concerns whether industrial (radiological) wastewater may be discharged into protected coastal waters.","secondary_drivers":["Nuclear decommissioning","Ocean Sanctuaries Act"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The proposed release of up to 1.1 million gallons of treated water used to cool spent fuel is a potential, not documented, harm; it has not been discharged (refs 1, 3).","service":"No drinking-water or beach restriction is tied to the proposal in the cited coverage (refs 1-4).","scale":"The receiving water is Cape Cod Bay, a protected ocean sanctuary, and the decision drew more than 1,000 public comments (refs 2-3).","duration":"The dispute ran from the July 2023 draft denial through the September 2026 appeal dismissal (refs 2-3), more than three years.","significance":"MassDEP issued a final permit denial in July 2024, and an OADR adjudicatory appeal was dismissed by the commissioner in September 2026 (refs 1, 3-4)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure applies; the issue concerns coastal water protection."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"MassDEP denied Holtec's request to discharge up to 1.1 million gallons of treated wastewater into Cape Cod Bay; about 790,000 gallons remain on site."},"measures":[{"name":"Proposed discharge volume","value":1100000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Wastewater remaining on site","value":790000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"After evaporation, per MassDEP release reproduced in ref 3; the Boston Globe cites about 860,000 gallons as of November 2025 (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Denial upheld in 2026; volume on site declining through evaporation (refs 3-4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP)","role":"Surface water discharge permitting"},{"name":"Holtec Decommissioning International","role":"Plant owner and decommissioning operator"},{"name":"Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management","role":"Ocean sanctuary consultation"}],"public_contact":"MassDEP Southeast Regional Office, 20 Riverside Drive, Lakeville, MA 02347","corrective_actions":["MassDEP denied the permit modification on July 18, 2024 (refs 1-2).","Holtec's August 16, 2024 appeal was heard by OADR and dismissed by the commissioner on September 15, 2026 (refs 3-4).","Holtec says it is reviewing options; alternatives raised include on-site storage, trucking or rail shipment, and evaporation (refs 1-2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"State denies Pilgrim nuclear plant's plan to discharge wastewater into Cape Cod Bay","publisher":"WBUR","date":"2024-07-18","url":"https://www.wbur.org/news/2024/07/18/pilgrim-nuclear-power-plant-wastewater-ruling","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"State won't let Holtec dump radioactive wastewater into Cape Cod Bay","publisher":"Plymouth Independent","date":"2024-07-19","url":"https://www.plymouthindependent.org/?p=10371","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"MassDEP Blocks Holtec's Plan to Discharge Industrial Wastewater into Cape Cod Bay","publisher":"On The Water","date":"2026-09-18","url":"https://onthewater.com/massdep-blocks-holtecs-plan-to-discharge-industrial-wastewater-into-cape-cod-bay","basis":"News (reproduces MassDEP release of 2026-09-15)"},{"ref":4,"title":"Regulators reject Holtec appeal over proposed Pilgrim nuclear plant waste-water discharge into Cape Cod Bay","publisher":"Boston Globe","date":"2026-09-15","url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/2026/09/15/science/holtec-appeal-rejected-wastewater-discharge-pilgrim-plant/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MA-STATEWIDE-CYANOBACTERIA-BEACH-CLOSURES-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Cyanobacteria blooms and bacteria close dozens of Massachusetts beaches, August 2025","description":"During August 2025 the state's harmful algal bloom dashboard listed 31 cyanobacteria advisories in lakes, ponds and the lower Charles River, including six Plymouth ponds, several Cape Cod and Nantucket ponds and Boston-area reservoirs. The Department of Public Health's beach dashboard showed up to 62 beaches, ponds and lakes closed at one point on August 17, mainly for cyanobacteria blooms or high bacteria, and 54 still closed the next morning.","location":{"name":"Massachusetts freshwater beaches and ponds","type":"Recreational waters (statewide)","detail":"Blooms reported from Plymouth, Cape Cod and Nantucket to Worcester, Hampden and Middlesex county ponds and the lower Charles River","coordinates":{"lat":42.36,"lon":-71.8,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Plymouth","Barnstable","Nantucket","Middlesex","Hampden","Worcester","Suffolk"],"extent":"statewide","state":"MA","states":["MA"]},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nutrient-fed toxic algal blooms and bacteria degrade recreational water quality.","secondary_drivers":["Nutrient pollution","Warm water"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"CBS Boston lists 31 active harmful cyanobacteria bloom advisories on August 6, 2025, which Plymouth's health director warned can make people and dogs 'very sick' (ref 1).","service":"Swimming was closed at 54 beaches, ponds and lakes on the morning of August 18, 2025, per the DPH dashboard (ref 2); drinking water is not affected in the cited reports.","scale":"Advisories spanned waters from Nantucket and Plymouth to Springfield, Westfield and the Charles River in Boston (refs 1-2), a statewide pattern.","duration":"Closures peaked over the mid-August 2025 season; Boston.com reports 62 closed at one point on August 17 (ref 2), a seasonal episode of weeks to months.","significance":"Closures and advisories were posted through formal state public health dashboards rather than enforcement actions (refs 1-2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Recreational users; no population figure is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"54 beaches, ponds and lakes closed on August 18, 2025 (62 at one point on August 17), mainly for cyanobacteria blooms or high bacteria."},"measures":[{"name":"Harmful algal bloom advisories, August 6, 2025","value":31,"unit":"advisories","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Beaches, ponds and lakes closed, morning of August 18, 2025","value":54,"unit":"sites","status":"Reported","note":"DPH dashboard via ref 2."},{"name":"Peak closures, August 17, 2025","value":62,"unit":"sites","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single-season counts; blooms recur in summer but multi-year counts are not cited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Public Health (DPH)","role":"Beach water quality and harmful algal bloom advisories"},{"name":"Local boards of health","role":"Beach closures and postings"}],"public_contact":"Massachusetts DPH Bureau of Climate and Environmental Health, 250 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02108","corrective_actions":["DPH posts closures on an interactive beach water quality dashboard updated hourly during beach season (ref 2).","Local health departments (for example Plymouth) post advisories at affected ponds (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"There are over 30 harmful algae blooms in Massachusetts lakes and ponds right now: See the list","publisher":"CBS News Boston","date":"2025-08-07","url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/harmful-algae-blooms-massachusetts-lakes-ponds","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Dozens of Mass. beaches remain closed","publisher":"Boston.com","date":"2025-08-18","url":"https://www.boston.com/news/local-news/2025/08/18/dozens-of-mass-beaches-remain-closed","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MA-SALISBURY-BEACH-DUNE-EROSION-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Salisbury Beach: 2024 storms flood homes and wash out a $600,000 dune rebuild","description":"Two January 2024 storms eroded the Salisbury Beach dunes, flooded streets and damaged at least 20 homes, according to WBZ as reported by Boston.com. A $600,000 dune project, 14,000 tons of sand paid for by about 150 property owners, was finished three days before a March 2024 nor'easter that washed much of it away, and the state closed beach access points 9 and 10.","location":{"name":"Salisbury Beach, Salisbury","type":"Barrier beach and dune system","detail":"Salisbury (Essex County), north of the Merrimack River mouth","coordinates":{"lat":42.84,"lon":-70.815,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Essex"],"extent":"site","state":"MA","states":["MA"]},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Storm surge and erosion removed protective dunes and flooded beachfront property.","secondary_drivers":["Coastal storms","Sea level rise"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"At least 20 Salisbury homes were damaged in the January 13, 2024 storm, with one basement taking about five feet of water (ref 1).","service":"The state closed Salisbury Beach access points 9 and 10 after storm damage (ref 2).","scale":"AP reports hundreds of beachfront homes that make up more than 40% of Salisbury's tax base depend on the dunes (ref 2).","duration":"Damage came in two rounds, the January storms and a March 2024 nor'easter (refs 1-2), over several months.","significance":"No state or federal emergency declaration is cited; the response was a private dune project and a senator's push for $1.5 million in state funds (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure reported; hundreds of beachfront homes are at risk (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A 14,000-ton, $600,000 dune rebuild was completed three days before a March 2024 storm washed much of it away."},"measures":[{"name":"Homes damaged in January 13, 2024 storm","value":20,"unit":"homes (at least)","status":"Reported","note":"WBZ via ref 1."},{"name":"Sand placed in dune project","value":14000,"unit":"tons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Cost of dune project","value":600000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Paid by about 150 property owners (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Repeated storm losses in one winter (refs 1-2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR)","role":"Salisbury Beach State Reservation manager"},{"name":"Town of Salisbury","role":"Local emergency management"}],"public_contact":"Town of Salisbury, 5 Beach Road, Salisbury, MA 01952","corrective_actions":["Property owners funded a 14,000-ton dune rebuild in early 2024 (ref 2).","State Sen. Bruce Tarr sought $1.5 million in state funding for the dunes (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Salisbury Beach is a mess after recent storms","publisher":"Boston.com","date":"2024-01-16","url":"https://www.boston.com/news/weather/2024/01/16/salisbury-beach-is-a-mess-after-recent-storms/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"A Massachusetts town spent $600K on shore protection. A winter storm washed it away days later","publisher":"Associated Press (via ABC17 News)","date":"2024-03-13","url":"https://abc17news.com/ap-national/2024/03/13/a-massachusetts-town-spent-600k-on-shore-protection-a-winter-storm-washed-it-away-days-later/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MA-CAPECOD-NITROGEN-EMBAYMENTS-TITLE5-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Cape Cod embayment nitrogen: 31 watersheds under septic upgrade or watershed permit rules","description":"MassDEP's 2023 Title 5 amendments designated Cape Cod watersheds as Natural Resource Nitrogen Sensitive Areas because septic nitrogen is degrading coastal embayments. Towns had two years to seek 20-year watershed permits; otherwise existing septic systems must be upgraded within five years at about $20,000 to $40,000 each. In March 2025 MassDEP gave eight Cape towns about $133,000 each ($825,000 in total) for watershed planning, and 31 watersheds are now designated.","location":{"name":"Cape Cod embayment watersheds","type":"Coastal embayment watersheds (nitrogen sensitive areas)","detail":"Barnstable County; towns include Barnstable, Brewster, Chatham, Dennis, Falmouth, Mashpee, Wellfleet and Yarmouth","coordinates":{"lat":41.7,"lon":-70.3,"precision":"county","source_ref":2},"counties":["Barnstable"],"extent":"county","state":"MA","states":["MA"]},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","governance-affordability-equity","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Septic-system nitrogen degrades coastal waters, and the remedy is costly new wastewater infrastructure.","secondary_drivers":["Septic nitrogen","Wastewater cost"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Governor Healey called nitrogen pollution 'one of the most pressing environmental and economic problems facing Cape Cod' when the rules were adopted; standard septic systems remove only 25-30% of nitrogen (ref 1).","service":"No water-service restriction applies; the rules govern septic upgrades and wastewater planning (refs 1-2).","scale":"The designations cover 31 Cape Cod watersheds across Barnstable County (ref 2).","duration":"The rules took effect July 7, 2023 and set two-year, five-year and 20-year compliance horizons (ref 1); planning grants were still running in 2025 (ref 2).","significance":"Binding state Title 5 regulations require upgrades of existing septic systems unless towns obtain watershed permits (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Cape-wide; no population figure in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"31 Cape Cod watersheds are designated nitrogen sensitive areas; nitrogen-reducing septic systems cost about $20,000 to $40,000 each."},"measures":[{"name":"Watersheds designated nitrogen sensitive areas","value":31,"unit":"watersheds","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Nitrogen-reducing septic system cost (low)","value":20000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Nitrogen-reducing septic system cost (high)","value":40000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"MassDEP nitrogen planning grants, March 2025","value":825000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Eight towns (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Homeowner septic upgrade costs of $20,000-$40,000 (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Compliance under way; no trend in nitrogen loads is cited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP)","role":"Title 5 and watershed permit regulator"},{"name":"Cape Cod towns","role":"Watershed permit applicants and wastewater planners"}],"public_contact":"MassDEP Southeast Regional Office, 20 Riverside Drive, Lakeville, MA 02347","corrective_actions":["Towns may apply for 20-year watershed permits instead of mandatory septic upgrades (ref 1).","MassDEP awarded $825,000 in March 2025 nitrogen sensitive area grants to eight towns (ref 2).","Orleans, Mashpee and Harwich are building sewer systems or treatment plants (ref 1).","Towns filed notices of intent or watershed permit applications by the July 2025 deadline (ref 1).","Bourne is hiring an engineering firm for phased watershed planning with a $100,000 MassDEP grant (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Cape Landowners Face Steep Septic Upgrade Bills","publisher":"Banker & Tradesman (State House News Service)","date":"2023-06-22","url":"https://bankerandtradesman.com/cape-landowners-face-steep-septic-upgrade-bills/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Chatham, Brewster Earn Wastewater Planning Grants","publisher":"Cape Cod Chronicle","date":"2025-04-03","url":"https://www.capecodchronicle.com/articles/2552/view/chatham-brewster-earn-wastewater-planning-grants","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Status of Filing a Watershed Permit Related Application for Cape Cod Towns with Designated Natural Resource Nitrogen Sensitive Areas as of 6/11/2026","publisher":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2026-06-11","url":"https://www.mass.gov/doc/watershed-permit-application-table/download","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Select Board Agrees On Phased Approach For Watershed Permitting","publisher":"The Bourne Enterprise (capenews.net)","date":"2026-02-13","url":"https://www.capenews.net/bourne/news/select-board-agrees-on-phased-approach-for-watershed-permitting/article_fe428f61-aed0-47a2-bc0d-fedfa4930cdc.html","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"conflicts":[{"field":"severity","values":[8,6],"note":"A parallel review of the same issue scored it 6 (category wastewater-sewer); this record keeps 8. Its sources were added here."}]},{"id":"US-MA-BOSTON-THREE-RIVERS-REPORT-CARD-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Charles, Mystic, Neponset report card: 2025 grades slip; Mill Creek F, Alewife D","description":"The 2025 water quality report card for Boston's three rivers, released May 6, 2026 with EPA, rated most segments B or C and slightly worse than the year before. Mill Creek in Chelsea got an F and Alewife Brook a D; the Mystic saltwater segment fell from B+ to B- after unexplained bacteria spikes below the Amelia Earhart Dam. Combined sewers sent more than 136 million gallons of untreated sewage into the Charles over three years, and a Lower Basin cyanobacteria bloom lasted more than 80 days in summer 2025.","location":{"name":"Charles, Mystic and Neponset rivers","type":"Urban river segments","detail":"Greater Boston: Suffolk, Middlesex and Norfolk counties","coordinates":{"lat":42.37,"lon":-71.08,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Suffolk","Middlesex","Norfolk"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"MA","states":["MA"]},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The grades measure bacteria and bloom conditions for boating and swimming in urban rivers.","secondary_drivers":["Combined sewer overflows","Stormwater runoff","Cyanobacteria"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Mill Creek in Chelsea earned an F and Alewife Brook a D for bacteria (ref 1); a cyanobacteria bloom in the Charles Lower Basin lasted more than 80 days in summer 2025 (ref 2).","service":"The Mystic main stem meets swimming standards only about 68% of the time (ref 1), limiting recreational use.","scale":"The grades cover three river systems in Greater Boston; the Charles alone flows through 23 municipalities (ref 2).","duration":"EPA has graded the Charles since 1995 and progress has stalled; CSO discharges topped 136 million gallons over three years (refs 1-2).","significance":"An EPA-backed annual report card documents the decline (refs 1-2); no new enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Urban river users across Greater Boston; no population figure reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"2025 grades: Mill Creek F, Alewife Brook D, Mystic saltwater B- (down from B+); over 136 million gallons of CSO discharge into the Charles in three years."},"measures":[{"name":"Untreated combined sewer discharge to the Charles, three years","value":136000000,"unit":"gallons (over)","status":"Reported","note":"From 70 known outfalls (ref 2)."},{"name":"Mystic main stem time meeting swimming standard","value":68,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Charles Lower Basin cyanobacteria bloom duration, 2025","value":80,"unit":"days (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Grades slightly worse than the previous year (refs 1-2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 1","role":"Report card sponsor and Clean Water Act regulator"},{"name":"Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA)","role":"Sample analysis and regional sewer operator"},{"name":"Mystic River, Charles River and Neponset River watershed associations","role":"Monitoring partners"}],"public_contact":"EPA New England, 5 Post Office Square, Boston, MA 02109; (888) 372-7341","corrective_actions":["MyRWA will work with MWRA and Somerville to trace the bacteria source below the Amelia Earhart Dam (ref 1).","A proposed CSO plan for the Charles would cost about $1.3 billion and target zero discharges by 2050 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Announcing the 2025 Three Rivers Report Card Grades","publisher":"Mystic River Watershed Association","date":"2026-05-06","url":"https://mysticriver.org/news/2026/5/6/2025-three-rivers-report-card-grades","basis":"Watershed association"},{"ref":2,"title":"Boston's rivers struggle with pollution amid increased rainfall","publisher":"WBUR (State House News Service)","date":"2026-05-06","url":"https://www.wbur.org/news/2026/05/06/boston-river-report-card-quality-pollution","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MA-GREATBARRINGTON-HOUSATONIC-WATER-WORKS-RATES-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Housatonic Water Works: 90%+ rate hike approved amid brown-water complaints","description":"Housatonic Water Works, a private utility serving parts of Great Barrington, Stockbridge and West Stockbridge, sought a 112.7% revenue increase in 2023; in July 2024 the DPU approved a settlement raising rates by more than 90% over five years to fund a manganese filter, a tank and main replacement. Customers report persistent brown, discolored water. A town study found the company has a negative net value of $31.3 million, residents petitioned for a town purchase, and Great Barrington and Stockbridge asked the DPU in February 2025 to reverse planned increases.","location":{"name":"Housatonic Water Works","type":"Investor-owned water company service area","detail":"Housatonic village of Great Barrington, with Stockbridge and West Stockbridge customers (Berkshire County)","coordinates":{"lat":42.256,"lon":-73.366,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Berkshire"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MA1113003","state":"MA","states":["MA"]},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is affordability and ownership of a small private utility facing costly treatment upgrades.","secondary_drivers":["Rate increase","Manganese discoloration","Utility acquisition"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Selectboard members report constant discoloration and sludge, which regulators treat as a secondary (cosmetic) standard issue (ref 3).","service":"Customers say they must buy bottled water or filters because of brown tap water (refs 1, 3).","scale":"SDWIS lists 1,391 people served (ref 5), a small system.","duration":"Complaints and the rate case run from the June 2023 filing through the 2025 town petitions and DPU complaint (refs 1-4).","significance":"The DPU approved a contested rate settlement in July 2024 and the towns filed a DPU complaint in February 2025 (refs 2, 4)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":1391,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"DPU approved a settlement raising Housatonic Water Works rates by more than 90% over five years; original request was 112.7%."},"measures":[{"name":"Requested revenue increase","value":112.7,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"June 2023 filing (ref 1)."},{"name":"Average residential annual bill, proposed","value":1641.48,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Up from $746.40 under the original request (ref 1)."},{"name":"Town study net value of HWW","value":-31300000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"DPC Engineering study (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Town study puts net value at negative $31.3 million (ref 4)","Rates up more than 90% over five years (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Rate phase-in over five years from 2024 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Housatonic Water Works Company","role":"Private water supplier"},{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities (DPU)","role":"Rate regulator"},{"name":"Town of Great Barrington","role":"Potential acquirer under company charter"},{"name":"MassDEP","role":"Drinking water regulator"}],"public_contact":"Massachusetts DPU Consumer Division, (877) 886-5066","corrective_actions":["DPU tied final cost recovery to later prudence reviews and may take remedial action if service does not improve (ref 2).","HWW received a $350,000 EPA and MassDEP grant in June 2024 (ref 3).","Residents petitioned for a special town meeting to buy HWW for no more than $2.3 million (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Town leaders speak out against Housatonic Water Works' proposed rate increase","publisher":"The Berkshire Edge","date":"2023-11-16","url":"https://theberkshireedge.com/town-leaders-speak-out-against-housatonic-water-works-proposed-rate-increase/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Department of Public Utilities approves Housatonic Water Works rate increase request","publisher":"The Berkshire Edge","date":"2024-07-31","url":"https://theberkshireedge.com/department-of-public-utilities-approves-housatonic-water-works-rate-increase-request/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Financial study on town purchase of Housatonic Water Works delayed until October due to lack of cooperation from the company","publisher":"The Berkshire Edge","date":"2024-07-23","url":"https://theberkshireedge.com/financial-study-on-town-purchase-of-housatonic-water-works-delayed-until-october-due-to-lack-of-cooperation-from-the-company/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Great Barrington Selectboard to decide on a date for special town meeting on acquiring Housatonic Water Works, Fire District","publisher":"The Berkshire Edge","date":"2025-03-21","url":"https://theberkshireedge.com/great-barrington-selectboard-to-decide-on-a-date-for-special-town-meeting-on-acquiring-housatonic-water-works-fire-district/","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Housatonic Water Works","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/HOUSATONIC/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MA-CARVER-PLYMOUTH-MAKEPEACE-BOG-FILL-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"CLF notice to sue A.D. Makepeace over sand fill in wetlands at four cranberry bogs","description":"The Conservation Law Foundation sent cranberry grower A.D. Makepeace a 60-day Clean Water Act notice of intent to sue, dated June 18, 2026, alleging that for years the company dumped sand, soil and debris into wetlands and streams at four bog properties in Carver and Plymouth without an Army Corps fill permit. CLF says the fill destroys habitat, affects hundreds of linear feet of perennial streams and raises flood risk; the Carver Conservation Commission had issued a cease-and-desist order over excavation at the Smith-Hammond bogs in January 2026. The company calls the claims baseless.","location":{"name":"A.D. Makepeace bogs, Carver and Plymouth","type":"Cranberry bog wetlands and streams","detail":"Smith-Hammond and Wankinko bogs (Carver), White Island and Carverside/Canning bogs (Plymouth), Plymouth County","coordinates":{"lat":41.88,"lon":-70.76,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Plymouth"],"extent":"site","state":"MA","states":["MA"]},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Alleged unpermitted fill of wetlands and streams by an agricultural and sand business.","secondary_drivers":["Wetland fill","Sand mining"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"CLF alleges sand fill altered wetland topography and affected hundreds of linear feet of perennial streams at four bogs (refs 1-2); the allegations are not adjudicated.","service":"No water-service effect is reported (ref 1).","scale":"Four bog properties in two towns feeding larger waterways and the coast (ref 1).","duration":"CLF says the dumping went on 'for years' (ref 1); the company says such attacks have run for more than five years (ref 2).","significance":"A formal Clean Water Act 60-day notice of intent to sue was dated June 18, 2026 (refs 1-2), and Carver issued a local cease-and-desist order in January 2026 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Site-level environmental allegation; no population figure."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"CLF's June 18, 2026 notice alleges unpermitted fill of wetlands and streams at four A.D. Makepeace bogs in Carver and Plymouth."},"measures":[{"name":"Bog properties named in notice","value":4,"unit":"properties","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Notice period running from June 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"A.D. Makepeace Company","role":"Cranberry grower and landowner"},{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, New England District","role":"Clean Water Act Section 404 fill permitting"},{"name":"Conservation Law Foundation","role":"Prospective citizen-suit plaintiff"}],"public_contact":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers New England District, 696 Virginia Road, Concord, MA 01742","corrective_actions":["CLF offered to negotiate a remedy before filing suit, with an August 21, 2026 deadline (refs 1-2).","Carver Conservation Commission issued a cease-and-desist order for the Smith-Hammond bogs excavation in January 2026 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Conservation group plans to sue cranberry giant A.D. Makepeace, alleging illegal dumping of sand","publisher":"Vermont Public (from CAI)","date":"2026-06-24","url":"https://www.vermontpublic.org/2026-06-24/conservation-group-plans-to-sue-cranberry-giant-a-d-makepeace-alleging-illegal-dumping-of-sand","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Environmental group to sue Wareham-based cranberry company for dumping sand into Mass. wetlands","publisher":"The New Bedford Light","date":"2026-07-09","url":"https://newbedfordlight.org/environmental-group-to-sue-wareham-based-cranberry-company-for-dumping-sand-into-mass-wetlands/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MA-STATEWIDE-BIOSOLIDS-PFAS-FARMS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"PFAS in sewage sludge spread on Massachusetts farms: ban bill advances in Senate","description":"Massachusetts still allows sewage sludge (biosolids) to be spread on farmland, a pathway for PFAS into soil and food. Bills by Sen. Jo Comerford and Rep. James Arena-DeRosa would ban land application, limit sales of sludge-based fertilizer with measurable PFAS and create a relief fund for affected farmers; the Senate version, S.2802, was reported favorably by the Agriculture committee on December 31, 2025 and sent to Ways and Means. Farm groups say farmers hesitate to test without protection, and a similar bill died last session.","location":{"name":"Massachusetts farmland receiving biosolids","type":"Statewide agricultural land application program","detail":"Statewide","coordinates":{"lat":42.3,"lon":-71.8,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"extent":"statewide","state":"MA","states":["MA"]},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in land-applied sludge can move into soil, water and crops.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","Biosolids"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No Massachusetts farm contamination is documented in the cited sources; the risk is shown by Maine's experience, where sludge spreading was banned in 2022 (ref 1).","service":"No farm or water-service restriction is in place in Massachusetts per the cited sources (refs 1-2).","scale":"The bills would apply to land application statewide (refs 1-2).","duration":"A similar bill (H4288) died last session and the issue carried into the 2025-2026 session (refs 1-2).","significance":"S.2802 was reported favorably by the Joint Committee on Agriculture and Fisheries on December 31, 2025 (ref 2); no law has passed."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide; no population figure reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"S.2802, 'An Act protecting our soil, farms and food from PFAS contamination,' reported favorably December 31, 2025 and referred to Senate Ways and Means."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Legislation pending (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Massachusetts General Court","role":"Legislature considering S.2802"},{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Residuals (biosolids) regulator"},{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Agricultural Resources","role":"Farm support"}],"public_contact":"Joint Committee on Agriculture and Fisheries, Massachusetts State House, 24 Beacon Street, Boston, MA 02133","corrective_actions":["S.2802 reported favorably and referred to Senate Ways and Means on December 31, 2025 (ref 2).","Legislators visited a PFAS-impacted farm in Maine to study its sludge ban (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PFAS bill targets management of sewage sludge","publisher":"Boston Globe","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/2025/08/13/metro/maine-lawmakers-give-massachusetts-lesson-farming","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Bill S.2802: An Act protecting our soil, farms and food from PFAS contamination","publisher":"Massachusetts General Court","date":"2025-12-31","url":"https://malegislature.gov/Bills/194/S2802","basis":"State legislative record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MA-NEPONSET-PCB-SUPERFUND-CLEANUP-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lower Neponset River PCB Superfund: EPA picks first-mile cleanup and dam removal","description":"A 3.7-mile stretch of the Lower Neponset River through Hyde Park, Mattapan and Milton is a Superfund site, listed in March 2022, because of PCBs from 20th-century industrial discharges and runoff. On November 10, 2025 EPA selected a cleanup for the first mile: dredging and excavating sediment and floodplain soil above 1 part per million PCBs, capping the riverbed and removing the Tileston and Hollingsworth Dam, which EPA considers a significant hazard. Design starts in 2026, construction in 2027, with completion expected around 2031.","location":{"name":"Lower Neponset River","type":"River segment (Superfund site)","detail":"Hyde Park, Mattapan and Dorchester (Boston, Suffolk County) and Milton (Norfolk County)","coordinates":{"lat":42.267,"lon":-71.093,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Suffolk","Norfolk"],"extent":"watershed","state":"MA","states":["MA"]},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Legacy industrial PCBs contaminate river sediment behind an aging dam that must be removed as part of the cleanup.","secondary_drivers":["Legacy PCBs","Dam hazard"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA will remove sediment and floodplain soil with PCBs above 1 ppm; EPA links PCBs to cancers, learning deficits and immune and reproductive disorders (refs 1-2).","service":"A sign near Adams Street in Milton warned about PCBs in fish caught in the river (ref 2), restricting fishing use.","scale":"The 3.7-mile site runs through Hyde Park, Mattapan, Dorchester and Milton (ref 2).","duration":"Contamination dates to 20th-century industry; the site was listed in March 2022 and cleanup will run to about 2031 (refs 1-2).","significance":"Federal Superfund National Priorities List site with an EPA-selected removal action dated November 10, 2025 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Riverside neighborhoods of Boston and Milton; no population figure reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"EPA selected dredging and excavation of sediment and floodplain soil above 1 ppm PCBs and removal of the Tileston and Hollingsworth Dam on the first mile of the 3.7-mile site."},"measures":[{"name":"Superfund site length","value":3.7,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"PCB cleanup threshold for sediment and floodplain soil","value":1,"unit":"ppm","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Estimated removal action duration","value":4,"unit":"years","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Cleanup plan selected in 2025; construction from 2027 (refs 1-2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 1","role":"Superfund lead agency"},{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection","role":"State partner"},{"name":"Lower Neponset River Superfund Site Community Advisory Group","role":"Community advisory body"}],"public_contact":"EPA New England, 5 Post Office Square, Boston, MA 02109; (888) 372-7341","corrective_actions":["EPA selected the first-mile cleanup plan on November 10, 2025 after a June 13-August 1, 2025 comment period (refs 1-2).","Cleanup design begins in 2026 and construction in 2027 (refs 1-2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA Selects Cleanup Plan for Portion of Lower Neponset River Superfund Site","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2025-11-10","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-selects-cleanup-plan-portion-lower-neponset-river-superfund-site","basis":"Federal agency release"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA finalizes cleanup plan for Lower Neponset River","publisher":"WBUR (Dorchester Reporter)","date":"2025-11-18","url":"https://www.wbur.org/news/2025/11/18/epa-cleanup-lower-neponset-pcbs-superfund-site","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MA-BOSTON-WATERFRONT-COASTAL-FLOOD-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Boston waterfront: January 2024 storm surge ties 6th-highest harbor water level","description":"On January 10, 2024 a storm surge pushed the Boston Harbor tide gauge to 14.0 feet MLLW, about 3.5 feet above the predicted tide and tied for the sixth-highest level on record, putting 2.2 feet of water on Long Wharf, 1.9 feet on Border Street in East Boston and up to 2.8 feet at Tenean Beach in Dorchester. The city later allocated $7 million to stabilize the Long Wharf sea wall and floodproofed an Aquarium MBTA emergency exit to protect the Blue Line.","location":{"name":"Boston waterfront (Long Wharf, East Boston, Dorchester)","type":"Urban coastal flood zone","detail":"Downtown waterfront, East Boston and Dorchester shoreline (Suffolk County)","coordinates":{"lat":42.36,"lon":-71.05,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Suffolk"],"extent":"city","state":"MA","states":["MA"]},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Storm surge on top of high tide flooded city streets and threatened transit tunnels and sea walls.","secondary_drivers":["Storm surge","Sea level rise"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Stone Living Lab sensors recorded 2.2 ft of water on Long Wharf and up to 2.8 ft on the Tenean Beach seawall path, among the highest levels observed there (ref 1).","service":"Long Wharf's roadway flooded with cars in the water, and the city is floodproofing an Aquarium MBTA exit to guard against 'catastrophic damage' to the Blue Line (ref 2).","scale":"Flooding hit downtown, East Boston and Dorchester waterfronts at once, and the harbor gauge tied its sixth-highest level on record (ref 1).","duration":"The January 2024 storm prompted sea wall repair contracts and a feasibility study still under way months later (ref 2).","significance":"Boston's planning agency board approved sea wall repair bids and a $7 million allocation (ref 2); no emergency declaration is cited."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Waterfront neighborhoods; no population figure in cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Boston tide gauge crested at 14.0 ft MLLW on January 10, 2024, about 3.5 ft above prediction and tied for the 6th-highest level recorded."},"measures":[{"name":"Boston Harbor peak water level, January 10, 2024","value":14,"unit":"feet MLLW","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Surge above predicted tide","value":3.5,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Flood depth at Long Wharf","value":2.2,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"City funds for Long Wharf sea wall stabilization","value":7000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Record-tier flood levels at several sensors (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Boston (Planning Department / BPDA)","role":"Waterfront resilience and sea wall owner"},{"name":"Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority","role":"Transit tunnel protection"}],"public_contact":"City of Boston 311","corrective_actions":["BPDA board approved bids to shore up the east-facing Long Wharf sea wall; $1.48 million for the current phase (ref 2).","Floodproofing of an Aquarium station emergency exit due by July 31, 2024 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Field Observations: Real-Time Data from the January 10 Storm and Flooding in Boston","publisher":"Stone Living Lab (UMass Boston)","date":"2024-01-11","url":"https://stonelivinglab.org/?p=1151","basis":"Research monitoring"},{"ref":2,"title":"City of Boston approves new measures to protect Long Wharf from flooding","publisher":"Boston Globe","date":"2024-06-14","url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/2024/06/14/business/long-wharf-flooding/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MA-CHARLES-MYSTIC-NEPONSET-STORMWATER-PERMIT-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"EPA stormwater permit for large paved sites in Charles, Mystic, Neponset basins","description":"EPA issued a draft Clean Water Act permit on October 31, 2024 that would for the first time cover runoff from commercial, industrial and institutional properties with at least one acre of impervious surface in the Charles, Mystic and Neponset watersheds, after a 2022 lawsuit by the Conservation Law Foundation and Charles River Watershed Association. EPA estimates about 4,100 sites are affected; controls would phase in over 11 years. Phosphorus in stormwater fed the summer 2024 toxic bloom on the Charles that brought a 20-day health advisory.","location":{"name":"Charles, Mystic and Neponset watersheds","type":"Urban watersheds (stormwater permit area)","detail":"Greater Boston and suburbs: Middlesex, Suffolk and Norfolk counties","coordinates":{"lat":42.36,"lon":-71.15,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Middlesex","Suffolk","Norfolk"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"MA","states":["MA"]},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Polluted runoff from parking lots and roofs carries phosphorus and bacteria into the rivers.","secondary_drivers":["Stormwater runoff","Phosphorus"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Stormwater phosphorus was a factor in the summer 2024 Charles River toxic algae bloom (ref 1); EPA says the runoff carries bacteria, nutrients and sediment (ref 2).","service":"The 2024 Charles bloom led to a 20-day public health advisory (ref 1).","scale":"EPA estimates 2,295 Charles, 993 Mystic and 827 Neponset sites, about 4,100 in all, would need permits (ref 1).","duration":"Controls would phase in over 11 years, following a 2022 lawsuit (ref 1).","significance":"EPA issued a formal draft NPDES permit in October 2024 (ref 2); it is not yet a final permit or enforcement order in the cited sources."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Watershed-wide; no population figure reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Draft permit would cover about 4,100 commercial, industrial and institutional sites with an acre or more of pavement; all controls due within 11 years."},"measures":[{"name":"Sites estimated to need coverage, three watersheds","value":4115,"unit":"sites","status":"Reported","note":"Sum of EPA estimates by watershed and sector (ref 1)."},{"name":"Phosphorus runoff reduction expected","value":10,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Official estimate (ref 1)."},{"name":"Health advisory length, 2024 Charles bloom","value":20,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Final permit status not reported in cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 1","role":"NPDES permitting authority"},{"name":"Conservation Law Foundation and Charles River Watershed Association","role":"Petitioners and litigants"}],"public_contact":"EPA New England, 5 Post Office Square, Boston, MA 02109; (888) 372-7341","corrective_actions":["EPA held a 90-day comment period through January 29, 2025 with public hearings January 22-23, 2025 (refs 1-2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"To clean up eastern Mass. rivers, EPA unveils new commercial property permit plan","publisher":"WBUR (State House News Service)","date":"2024-11-01","url":"https://www.wbur.org/news/2024/11/01/epa-stormwater-runoff-permits-commercial-properties-charles-mystic-neponset","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA issues draft permit to reduce discharge of pollutants into the Mystic, Charles, and Neponset Rivers","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2024-10-31","url":"https://epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-issues-draft-permit-reduce-discharge-pollutants-mystic-charles-and-neponset-rivers","basis":"Federal agency release"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (MA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["final permit status"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NH-MERRIMACK-SAINTGOBAIN-WELLS-PFAS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Saint-Gobain PFAS in private wells around Merrimack; new water main deal for Londonderry","description":"PFAS released from the former Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics plant in Merrimack contaminated private wells in surrounding towns, and a 2018 consent decree requires the company to provide alternate water. In March 2026 the Attorney General announced an agreement under which Saint-Gobain pays about $1.71 million toward a roughly $4.3 million water main to connect about 350 Londonderry properties to public water.","location":{"name":"Saint-Gobain consent decree area (Merrimack region)","type":"Private well contamination area","state":"NH","states":["NH"],"detail":"Hillsborough and Rockingham counties: portions of Bedford, Hudson, Litchfield, Londonderry and Merrimack inside the 2018 consent decree outer boundary; High Range Road area of Londonderry","coordinates":{"lat":42.865,"lon":-71.374,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Hillsborough","Rockingham"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The problem is PFAS contamination of private drinking-water wells from industrial air emissions.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","Industrial air deposition","Private wells"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"InDepthNH (ref 1) reports the High Range Road project serves residents whose wells exceed one or more New Hampshire or EPA PFAS maximum contaminant levels; NHDES found up to 1,600 ppt PFOA in a 2016 well (ref 2).","service":"Affected households have relied on bottled water and point-of-entry treatment until water lines are built (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The 2026 phase covers about 350 Londonderry properties (ref 1), within a roughly 65-square-mile area investigated for PFAS (ref 3).","duration":"PFOA was first found in 2016 (refs 1, 2) and connections were still being arranged in 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Work proceeds under a 2018 consent decree, and the 2026 agreement was announced by the Attorney General (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"About 350 Londonderry properties are in the 2026 project (ref 1); no resident count is published."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Saint-Gobain will pay about $1.71 million toward about $4.3 million in construction to connect about 350 properties on High Range Road, Londonderry, to public water (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Properties to be connected (Londonderry phase)","value":350,"unit":"properties","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate (ref 1)."},{"name":"Saint-Gobain payment","value":1.71,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Total construction cost","value":4.3,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Maximum PFOA in a private well (2016)","value":1600,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Well not used for drinking water (ref 2)."},{"name":"PFAS investigation area","value":65,"unit":"square miles","status":"Reported","note":"Roughly (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Water line extensions and treatment systems continue to be added phase by phase (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Corporation","role":"Responsible party under 2018 consent decree"},{"name":"New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services (NHDES)","role":"State regulator"},{"name":"New Hampshire Attorney General","role":"Party to settlement"},{"name":"Town of Londonderry","role":"Local partner"},{"name":"Pennichuck Water Works","role":"Public water provider for Londonderry extension"}],"public_contact":"NHDES PFAS Response program, through the NHDES website","corrective_actions":["2018 consent decree requiring alternate water for affected properties (ref 1).","Phased water line extensions and point-of-entry treatment systems since fall 2022 (ref 1).","March 2026 agreement for a High Range Road water main from Royal Lane north to Alexander Road (ref 1).","State PFAS Removal Rebate Program offers up to $5,000 for treatment or $10,000 for a public water connection (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"AG: Deal with Saint-Gobain To Connect 350 Properties to Public Water Due To PFAS","publisher":"InDepthNH.org","date":"2026-03-31","url":"https://indepthnh.org/2026/03/31/ag-deal-with-saint-gobain-to-connect-homes-to-public-water-due-to-pfas-contamination/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"NH Expands Area for PFOA Private Well Testing (NHDES release)","publisher":"InDepthNH.org","date":"2016-04-13","url":"https://indepthnh.org/?p=10363","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Proposed ICE facility in Merrimack sits in PFAS contamination zone","publisher":"New Hampshire Public Radio","date":"2026-02-20","url":"https://www.nhpr.org/nh-news/2026-02-20/ice-facility-merrimack-detention-center-nh-newhampshire-pfas-contamination-drinking-water","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (NH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NH-MERRIMACK-SAINTGOBAIN-PFAS-SITE-2025","US-NH-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-NH-PORTSMOUTH-PFAS-WELLS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Portsmouth water system wells above federal PFAS limits; Greenland Well treatment planned","description":"Portsmouth's water system reports rolling-average PFOA and PFOS in three of its wells above the 4 ppt federal limits set in 2024, and has budgeted $7 million for treatment at the Greenland Well. The city's Pease Tradeport system has treated its wells since PFOS from firefighting foam at the former Pease Air Force Base shut the Haven Well in 2014.","location":{"name":"Portsmouth Water Works and Pease Tradeport","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NH","states":["NH"],"detail":"Rockingham County; Portsmouth system wells (Portsmouth, Collins, Greenland) and Pease International Tradeport wells (Haven, Harrison, Smith)","coordinates":{"lat":43.0718,"lon":-70.7626,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Rockingham"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NH1951010"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in groundwater supply wells is a source-water quality problem requiring treatment.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","AFFF firefighting foam","Military base"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The city reports four-quarter averages of 7.0 ppt PFOA and 5.5 ppt PFOS at the Portsmouth well, above the 4 ppt federal limits that are not yet enforceable (ref 1).","service":"No current loss of service is reported; the Haven Well shutdown (2014) ended with reactivation in July 2021 (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Portsmouth Water Works serves 33,000 people and Pease Tradeport 9,900 per SDWIS (refs 3, 4).","duration":"Pease contamination dates to May 2014 and Portsmouth well treatment is still being designed in 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"EPA ordered treatment of Haven Well water in July 2015 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":33000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Portsmouth Water Works per SDWIS (ref 3); Pease Tradeport serves 9,900 (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Portsmouth well four-quarter averages of 5.5 ppt PFOS and 7.0 ppt PFOA (data through March 2025); Collins well 4.4 ppt PFOS and 4.2 ppt PFOA; Greenland well 4.2 ppt PFOA (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"PFOA, Portsmouth well (rolling average)","value":7,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"PFOS, Portsmouth well (rolling average)","value":5.5,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Greenland Well treatment budget","value":7,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Haven Well PFOS, May 2014","value":2500,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Pease treatment has operated since 2021; Portsmouth system treatment is in design (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Portsmouth Department of Public Works","role":"Water system owner and operator"},{"name":"U.S. Air Force","role":"Responsible party for the Pease Superfund site since 1991 (ref 5)"},{"name":"New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services (NHDES)","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 1","role":"Federal regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Portsmouth Department of Public Works, Water Division, through the city website","corrective_actions":["Pease Drinking Water Treatment Facility (ion exchange and activated carbon) completed April 2021 (ref 1).","Haven Well reactivated July 2021 after treatment (ref 1).","$7 million budgeted for Greenland Well treatment; bidding and construction anticipated in 2026 (ref 1).","Preliminary treatment design for the Portsmouth and Collins wells; city to seek Air Force funding (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Portsmouth Water System PFAS Updates","publisher":"City of Portsmouth","date":"2025-09-11","url":"https://www.portsmouthnh.gov/publicworks/water/portsmouth-water-system-pfas-updates","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"The PFAS-Impacted Pease International Tradeport Water System: 10 Year Retrospective","publisher":"City of Portsmouth Safe Water Advisory Group","date":"2024-06-01","url":"https://portsmouthnh.gov/sites/default/files/2024-06/Pease%20PFAS%20-%2010%20Year%20History%20-%20June%202024.pdf","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Portsmouth Water Works (NH1951010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System (Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NH/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PORTSMOUTH/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Pease Trade Port (NH1951020)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System (Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NH/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PEASE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"Safe Water Advisory Group meeting minutes, December 4, 2025","publisher":"City of Portsmouth","date":"2025-12-04","url":"https://files.portsmouthnh.gov/minutes/2025/SWAG/SWAG%20Minutes%20December%204,%202025.pdf","basis":"Local government record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (NH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NH-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-NH-NORTHHAMPTON-COAKLEY-PFAS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Coakley Landfill Superfund site: PFAS and 1,4-dioxane in wells and Berrys Brook","description":"PFAS and 1,4-dioxane from the Coakley Landfill Superfund site in North Hampton and Greenland have reached nearby groundwater and surface water. Four nearby private wells exceeded state standards and were fitted with treatment or connected to public water, and a 2024 EPA evaluation found surface-water PFAS risk above acceptable ranges, leading to a 2025 decision to pursue a removal action.","location":{"name":"Coakley Landfill Superfund Site","type":"Superfund site and groundwater plume","state":"NH","states":["NH"],"detail":"Rockingham County; North Hampton, Greenland and Rye; Berrys Brook and Little River","coordinates":{"lat":43,"lon":-70.8,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Rockingham"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Landfill contaminants migrate through groundwater into private wells and nearby streams.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","1,4-dioxane","Landfill leachate"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Four wells near the site had 1,4-dioxane and/or PFAS above state standards, and EPA's 2024 evaluation found surface-water risk above its acceptable range (ref 1).","service":"Affected wells were equipped with point-of-entry treatment or connected to municipal water, and the public is told to avoid contact with Berrys Brook and Little River (ref 1).","scale":"Impacts center on nearby homes and streams in North Hampton and Greenland (refs 1, 2).","duration":"PFAS was confirmed in May 2016 and surface samples in 2024 and 2025 remained above screening levels (ref 1).","significance":"EPA signed an Approval Memorandum on February 4, 2025 for a non-time critical removal action at the Superfund site (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Four affected wells are reported (ref 1); no population figure is given."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Four wells near the Site have had detections of 1,4-dioxane and/or PFAS compounds above state standards (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Nearby wells above state standards","value":4,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"2024 and 2025 surface-water samples continue to show elevated PFAS (ref 1); an EE/CA is expected by end of 2026."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 1","role":"Superfund lead agency"},{"name":"Coakley Landfill Group","role":"Responsible party"},{"name":"New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services (NHDES)","role":"State oversight"}],"public_contact":"EPA toll-free customer service, 1-888-EPA-7341","corrective_actions":["Point-of-entry treatment or municipal connections for affected wells (ref 1).","Engineering Evaluation/Cost Analysis for a PFAS removal action; scope of work submitted August 2025, EE/CA expected by end of 2026 (ref 1).","Clean Water State Revolving Fund pilot of PFAS treatment for leachate, groundwater and stormwater (ref 1).","Warning signs along Berrys Brook, Little River and the Seacoast Greenway (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Coakley Landfill Superfund Site 2025 Community Update","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 1 (posted by Town of North Hampton)","date":"2025-10-01","url":"https://www.northhampton-nh.gov/sites/g/files/vyhlif996/f/uploads/coakleyupdate102025.pdf","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Coakley Landfill PFAS Contamination: Cleanup Slowly Progresses, Questions Remain","publisher":"InDepthNH.org","date":"2024-03-01","url":"https://indepthnh.org/2024/03/01/coakley-landfill-pfas-contamination-cleanup-slowly-progresses-but-questions-remain/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (NH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NH-MANCHESTER-CSO-PERMIT-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Manchester combined sewer overflows: $271M consent decree, permit appeal, 19% rate hikes","description":"Manchester's 15 remaining combined sewer overflow outfalls discharge untreated sewage and stormwater to the Merrimack and Piscataquog rivers in wet weather. The city is under a 2020 federal consent decree to control the overflows, raised sewer rates 19% a year for 2025 to 2028, and in December 2025 appealed its new EPA discharge permit to the Environmental Appeals Board.","location":{"name":"Manchester wastewater system","type":"Municipal sewer system","state":"NH","states":["NH"],"detail":"Hillsborough County; facility also serves parts of Bedford, Goffstown and Londonderry; discharges to the Merrimack and Piscataquog rivers","coordinates":{"lat":42.9956,"lon":-71.4548,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Hillsborough","Rockingham"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Combined sewers overflow in wet weather because of collection-system design and capacity.","secondary_drivers":["Combined sewer overflow","Consent decree","Rate increases"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The permit appeal (ref 1) states untreated sewage and stormwater discharge from 15 CSOs in wet weather; of 896 million gallons of untreated sewage released along the Merrimack in 2024, over 90% came from Manchester and Lowell (ref 3).","service":"No interruption of sewer service is reported (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The facility serves most of Manchester plus parts of Bedford, Goffstown and Londonderry (ref 1).","duration":"Overflows recur under a 20-year control program begun under the July 13, 2020 consent decree (ref 1).","significance":"The city is bound by a federal consent decree and filed an EPA Environmental Appeals Board petition on December 3, 2025 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources give no sewered population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"15 combined sewer overflow outfalls remain; 2020 consent decree program estimated at $271 million (ref 1); sewer fees rise 19% a year from 2025 through 2028 (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"CSO outfalls remaining","value":15,"unit":"outfalls","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Consent decree CSO program estimate","value":271,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Per city petition (ref 1)."},{"name":"Annual sewer fee increase 2025-2028","value":19,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Average residential sewer bill","value":669,"unit":"USD per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Untreated sewage released along the Merrimack River, 2024 (all cities)","value":896,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Over 90% from Manchester and Lowell combined (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Sewer fees rising 19% a year through 2028 to fund the CSO program (ref 2).","City contests new permit conditions it says exceed the consent decree (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Separation and treatment-plant projects continue under the decree (ref 1), though the new permit is contested."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Manchester Department of Public Works","role":"Permittee and system owner"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 1","role":"NPDES permit issuer"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Justice","role":"Consent decree party"},{"name":"New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services (NHDES)","role":"State regulator and consent decree party"}],"public_contact":"City of Manchester Department of Public Works, through the city website","corrective_actions":["2020 consent decree implementing the 2010 long-term CSO control plan (ref 1).","Stormwater separation in the Cemetery Brook and Christian Brook areas and treatment plant upgrades (ref 1).","Sewer rate increases of 19% a year 2025-2028 and 15% in 2029 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Petition for Review of City of Manchester Wastewater Treatment Facility and 15 CSO Outfalls NPDES Permit (NH0100447)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Environmental Appeals Board docket","date":"2025-12-03","url":"https://yosemite.epa.gov/oa/EAB_Web_Docket.nsf/Filings%20By%20Appeal%20Number/0492151E2CC4EFA785258D5E0071D56E/$File/City%20of%20Manchester%20Final%20NPDES%20Petition%20for%20Appeal%20(12-3-25).pdf","basis":"Court or tribunal filing"},{"ref":2,"title":"Manchester sewer rates to rise 19% a year though 2028 to pay for federal sewage mandate","publisher":"New Hampshire Union Leader (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-01-08","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/manchester-sewer-rates-rise-19-234800539.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Sewage 30% Above Average in Merrimack River","publisher":"The Town Common (Merrimack River Watershed Council release)","date":"2025-04-02","url":"https://thetowncommon.com/?p=16525","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (NH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NH-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-DRYWELLS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"2025-2026 New Hampshire drought: hundreds of dry wells, 95+ water-use restrictions","description":"After the driest summer in 131 years of records, all of New Hampshire was in drought by October 2025, with more than half in extreme drought. NHDES received reports of about 200 dry private wells and estimates the true number is well over 1,000; more than 95 outdoor water-use restrictions were imposed in 2025, and severe drought returned to the Seacoast in June 2026.","location":{"name":"New Hampshire (statewide)","type":"State","state":"NH","states":["NH"],"detail":"Statewide; northern and central New Hampshire most affected by dry wells in 2025; Seacoast and Belknap, Hillsborough, Merrimack and Strafford counties in severe drought in June 2026","coordinates":{"lat":43.68,"lon":-71.58,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Precipitation deficits lowered groundwater and streamflow, failing shallow wells and straining supplies.","secondary_drivers":["Drought","Private wells","Groundwater depletion"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"NEIWPCC (ref 1) reports over 75% of assessed monitoring wells below normal through mid-March 2026; Portsmouth reported groundwater 1-4 ft below average and levels at their seasonal lowest since 1998 in December 2025 (ref 5).","service":"About 200 private wells went dry in a few months of 2025, per NHDES, which estimates well over 1,000 (ref 1).","scale":"The entire state was in drought by October 7, 2025, and about half of residents rely on private wells (ref 1).","duration":"Drought began in summer 2025 and severe drought was again reported in June 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"More than 95 outdoor water-use restrictions were implemented in 2025 and the state reactivated its Emergency Drought Assistance Program (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Roughly half of New Hampshire residents use private wells (ref 1); no count of people affected is published."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"\"Over the period of a few months, we found out that 200 wells went dry\"; NHDES thinks \"there are probably well over 1,000 wells that went dry\" (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Dry wells reported to NHDES (2025)","value":200,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Outdoor water-use restrictions in 2025","value":95,"unit":"restrictions","status":"Reported","note":"More than 95 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Emergency Drought Assistance Program funding","value":1.5,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Drinking Water and Groundwater Trust Fund grant (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Statewide drought in fall 2025 eased in places, but severe drought returned to the Seacoast by June 2026 (ref 2) and Rockingham County remained in moderate drought in September 2026 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services (NHDES)","role":"Drought management and well assistance"},{"name":"New Hampshire Drought Management Team","role":"State coordination"}],"public_contact":"NHDES drought program, through the NHDES website","corrective_actions":["Emergency Drought Assistance Program for low-income well owners launched January 2026 with $1.5 million (ref 1).","More than 95 local outdoor water-use restrictions in 2025 (ref 1).","Statewide groundwater monitoring at 48 wells (ref 1).","Portsmouth asked customers to limit irrigation voluntarily in August 2025 as demand reached 5.7 MGD (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"When Wells Run Dry: Facing New Hampshire's Drought","publisher":"NEIWPCC","date":"2026-04-06","url":"https://neiwpcc.org/2026/04/06/when-wells-run-dry-facing-new-hampshires-drought/","basis":"Regional agency"},{"ref":2,"title":"Severe drought conditions in parts of NH prompt water restrictions","publisher":"New Hampshire Public Radio","date":"2026-06-11","url":"https://www.nhpr.org/environment/2026-06-11/severe-drought-conditionsof-new-hampshire","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Save Water, Exeter: Level 3 Water Use Restrictions","publisher":"Town of Exeter","date":"2026-09-18","url":"https://www.exeternh.gov/publicworks/save-water-exeter-level-3-water-use-restrictions","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":4,"title":"City Encourages Efficient Water Use Due to Dry Summer Conditions","publisher":"City of Portsmouth","date":"2025-08-15","url":"https://www.portsmouthnh.gov/node/724345","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":5,"title":"Safe Water Advisory Group meeting minutes, December 4, 2025","publisher":"City of Portsmouth","date":"2025-12-04","url":"https://files.portsmouthnh.gov/minutes/2025/SWAG/SWAG%20Minutes%20December%204,%202025.pdf","basis":"Local government record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (NH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NH-EXETER-WATER-RESTRICTIONS-2026"]},{"id":"US-NH-EXETER-WATER-RESTRICTIONS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Exeter water supply: year-long drought restrictions and thin firm-capacity margin","description":"Exeter imposed drought water-use restrictions in September 2025; a Level 4 restriction banning most outdoor use was still in effect in June 2026 and was eased to Level 3 in July 2026. A town engineering memo finds firm groundwater and treatment capacity barely above maximum-day demand when the largest well is out of service.","location":{"name":"Exeter Water Department","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NH","states":["NH"],"detail":"Rockingham County; Exeter River, Exeter Reservoir and Lary Lane groundwater wells","coordinates":{"lat":42.9814,"lon":-70.9478,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Rockingham"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NH0801010"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Drought reduced source yield while limited treatment and well capacity constrain supply.","secondary_drivers":["Drought","Source capacity","Water-use restrictions"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The memo (ref 2) notes operators find it hard to maintain water quality when demand is low during a water ban; SDWIS lists a TTHM violation of 0.082 mg/L for the quarter beginning October 2025 (ref 5).","service":"NHPR (ref 1) reports a Level 4 restriction prohibiting most outdoor water use in June 2026; Level 3 limits continued in September 2026 (ref 3).","scale":"Exeter Water Department serves 12,236 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Restrictions were placed in September 2025 (ref 2) and remained in effect on September 18, 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"Restrictions are enforced under Town Ordinance Chapter 16 with fines and shutoff for repeat violations (ref 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":12236,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Firm capacity exceeds maximum-day demand by only 0.15 MGD when the largest well is out of service (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Average day demand (2025)","value":1.03,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Groundwater firm capacity","value":1,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Margin with largest well offline","value":0.15,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Under Recommended Standards for Water Works criteria (ref 2)."},{"name":"TTHM running annual average, Q4 2025 violation","value":0.082,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Above the 0.080 mg/L MCL; returned to compliance per SDWIS (ref 5)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Restrictions were eased from Level 4 to Level 3 on July 13, 2026 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Exeter Department of Public Works","role":"Water system owner and operator"},{"name":"Exeter Select Board","role":"Sets restriction level"},{"name":"New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services (NHDES)","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Town of Exeter Public Works Office","corrective_actions":["Level 4 and then Level 3 water-use restrictions with escalating fines (refs 1, 3).","Planned groundwater improvements including the Drinkwater Road production well and Lary Lane well replacement (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Severe drought conditions in parts of NH prompt water restrictions","publisher":"New Hampshire Public Radio","date":"2026-06-11","url":"https://www.nhpr.org/environment/2026-06-11/severe-drought-conditionsof-new-hampshire","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Technical Memorandum: Existing Available Water Supply Options (Rev 2)","publisher":"Underwood Engineers for Town of Exeter","date":"2026-04-10","url":"https://www.exeternh.gov/sites/default/files/fileattachments/public_works/page/14461/supply_options_technical_memo_2026-04-10.pdf","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Save Water, Exeter: Level 3 Water Use Restrictions","publisher":"Town of Exeter","date":"2026-09-18","url":"https://www.exeternh.gov/publicworks/save-water-exeter-level-3-water-use-restrictions","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Exeter Water Dept (NH0801010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System (Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NH/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/EXETER/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"EPA SDWIS health-based violations, New Hampshire primacy","publisher":"U.S. EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System (Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/NH/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (NH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NH-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-DRYWELLS-2025"]},{"id":"US-NH-STATEWIDE-ARSENIC-WELLS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Arsenic above New Hampshire's 5 ppb standard in private wells and small water systems","description":"Naturally occurring arsenic is common in New Hampshire bedrock groundwater. A study published in 2024 found about 24% of 3,070 home drinking-water samples collected by students exceeded the state's 5 ppb standard, which private wells are not required to meet, and EPA records list 26 health-based arsenic violations at 15 small public systems, including two schools, since October 2023.","location":{"name":"New Hampshire (statewide)","type":"State","state":"NH","states":["NH"],"detail":"Statewide private wells and small public water systems; violations include Prospect Mountain High School (Alton) and Allenstown Community School","coordinates":{"lat":43.68,"lon":-71.58,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Arsenic dissolves naturally from bedrock into groundwater used for drinking.","secondary_drivers":["Arsenic","Private wells","Geogenic contamination"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"About 24% of 3,070 student-collected samples exceeded the 5 ppb state standard (ref 1); Prospect Mountain High School recorded arsenic up to 0.0207 mg/L in 2024 (ref 3).","service":"No loss of service or do-not-drink order is documented in the cited sources (refs 1-3).","scale":"Almost half of New Hampshire households rely on private wells (ref 1), and the state standard applies to all public systems (ref 2).","duration":"Arsenic is a chronic geologic condition; violations recur from the quarter beginning October 2023 through January 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"SDWIS lists 26 health-based arsenic MCL violations at 15 public systems since October 2023 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No statewide count of people drinking water above 5 ppb is published in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 24% of 3,070 drinking water samples exceeded New Hampshire's arsenic standard of 5 parts per billion (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Samples above 5 ppb (student well-testing study)","value":24,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Of 3,070 samples over six years (ref 1)."},{"name":"Arsenic MCL violations, Oct 2023 onward","value":26,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"At 15 public water systems (ref 3)."},{"name":"State arsenic standard","value":5,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Half the federal 10 ppb limit (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Arsenic violations continue at small systems into 2026 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services (NHDES)","role":"Primacy regulator and private well guidance"},{"name":"Dartmouth College researchers","role":"Well-testing research"}],"public_contact":"NHDES Drinking Water and Groundwater Bureau, through the NHDES website","corrective_actions":["State arsenic standard lowered to 5 ppb under a 2019 law (ref 2).","School-based well-testing program run by Dartmouth and MDI Biological Laboratory, expanding to PFAS (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Arsenic exams: Scientists are teaching NH kids how to test wells for water contamination","publisher":"New Hampshire Public Radio (via Connecticut Public)","date":"2024-10-02","url":"https://ctpublic.org/2024-10-02/arsenic-exams-scientists-are-teaching-nh-kids-how-to-test-wells-for-water-contamination","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"N.H. becomes second state to sharply lower arsenic limit in drinking water","publisher":"New Hampshire Public Radio","date":"2019-07-15","url":"https://www.nhpr.org/nh-news/2019-07-15/n-h-becomes-second-state-to-sharply-lower-arsenic-limit-in-drinking-water","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS health-based violations, New Hampshire primacy","publisher":"U.S. EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System (Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/NH/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (NH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NH-WALPOLE-ECOLI-BOILWATER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Walpole boil water notice after E. coli in Watkins Hill Well","description":"Walpole issued a boil water notice in July 2026 after a routine test of one of its two wells, the Watkins Hill Well, was positive for E. coli. Treated water tested negative, the notice was lifted after two days, and the well was taken offline for inspection; the cause was not known.","location":{"name":"Walpole Water Department","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NH","states":["NH"],"detail":"Cheshire County; Watkins Hill Well","coordinates":{"lat":43.0795,"lon":-72.4259,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Cheshire"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NH2401010"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Bacterial contamination was found in a groundwater source well.","secondary_drivers":["E. coli","Boil water notice"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Raw water from the Watkins Hill Well tested positive for E. coli, but treated water tested negative (ref 1).","service":"Residents were told to boil water for two days until the notice was lifted (ref 1).","scale":"Walpole Water Department serves 1,057 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"The notice was rescinded after two days (ref 1).","significance":"A formal boil water notice was issued and lifted with NHDES confirmation (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":1057,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A routine test of one of Walpole's two wells came back positive for E. coli; the well has been taken offline for further inspection (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Boil notice duration","value":2,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Two consecutive rounds of testing were clear and the notice was lifted (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Walpole Water Department","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services (NHDES)","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Town of Walpole water superintendent, through the town office","corrective_actions":["Boil water notice issued and lifted after two clean rounds of sampling (ref 1).","Watkins Hill Well taken offline for inspection (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Walpole lifts boil water notice","publisher":"The Keene Sentinel","date":"2026-07-24","url":"https://www.keenesentinel.com/news/local/walpole-boil-water-notice-ecoli-nh-2026/article_c5c2d6e0-e906-4faa-b546-dcea8ffc0611.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Walpole Water Dept (NH2401010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System (Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NH/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WALPOLE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (NH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NH-KEENE-MAINBREAK-BOILWATER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Keene cross-town water main break drains 3-million-gallon tank, citywide boil notice","description":"On July 9, 2025 a nearly 70-year-old cross-town water main broke near Water Street in Keene, draining a 3-million-gallon storage tank and dropping pressure across the city and into North Swanzey. A boil water notice covered all Keene and North Swanzey Water Precinct customers until July 12; city officials said it was the third significant failure in the same area in about 20 years.","location":{"name":"Keene Water Department","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NH","states":["NH"],"detail":"Cheshire County; break near 92 Water Street; service area includes North Swanzey Water Precinct","coordinates":{"lat":42.9337,"lon":-72.2781,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Cheshire"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NH1241010"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"An aging transmission main failed, causing pressure loss and a precautionary boil notice.","secondary_drivers":["Aging pipes","Main break","Boil water notice"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Loss of pressure prompted a precautionary boil notice; tests found no bacteria (ref 2).","service":"Many homes had little to no water pressure and about 40 homes stayed without water until the next afternoon (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Keene Water Department serves 30,000 people per SDWIS (ref 3), and the notice applied to all Keene and North Swanzey customers (ref 1).","duration":"The boil notice ran from July 9 to July 12, 2025 (ref 2).","significance":"A citywide boil water notice was issued and lifted with NHDES-required testing (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":30000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The rupture drained a 3-million-gallon water storage tank (ref 1); the main is nearly 70 years old (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Storage drained","value":3,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Main age","value":70,"unit":"years","status":"Reported","note":"Nearly 70 years (ref 2)."},{"name":"Homes without water overnight","value":40,"unit":"homes","status":"Reported","note":"About 40 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Service restored and boil notice lifted July 12, 2025 (ref 2); the same area has failed three times in about 20 years."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Keene Public Works Department","role":"Water system owner and operator"},{"name":"New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services (NHDES)","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Keene Public Works Department, through the city website","corrective_actions":["Main repaired by July 10, 2025 (ref 1).","Two rounds of bacteria sampling before lifting the boil notice (ref 2).","Free cases of water distributed with C & S Wholesale Grocers (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Boil water notice to remain in effect, repairs completed in Keene water main break","publisher":"My Keene Now (WKBK)","date":"2025-07-10","url":"https://mykeenenow.com/?p=11661","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Boil water notice lifted in Keene","publisher":"My Keene Now (WKBK)","date":"2025-07-12","url":"https://mykeenenow.com/?p=11691","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Keene Water Dept (NH1241010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System (Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NH/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/KEENE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (NH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NH-PORTSMOUTH-SCHOOLS-LEAD-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Portsmouth schools: lead up to 180 ppb at 39 outlets; 2,327 service lines unidentified","description":"State-required testing in August 2023 found lead at or above New Hampshire's 5 ppb school action level at 39 outlets in six Portsmouth schools, with results as high as 180 ppb at a nurse's sink. The district posted do-not-drink signs and replaced fixtures and filters, and the city water system still had 2,327 of 8,700 service line connections of unknown material in December 2025.","location":{"name":"Portsmouth schools and water system","type":"School district and municipal utility service area","state":"NH","states":["NH"],"detail":"Rockingham County; Little Harbour, Mary C. Dondero, New Franklin, Portsmouth Middle and Portsmouth High schools and RJLA","coordinates":{"lat":43.0718,"lon":-70.7626,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Rockingham"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"NH1951010"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead leaches from building plumbing and fixtures, and unidentified service lines may contain lead or galvanized steel.","secondary_drivers":["Lead","Schools","Lead service line inventory"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Round 2 results (ref 1) include 180 ppb at Dondero's nurse's sink and 110 ppb at a Little Harbour classroom faucet, against the 5 ppb action level.","service":"Affected outlets carried \"Do Not Drink, Hand-Washing Only\" signs and bubblers were removed from service (ref 1).","scale":"39 outlets across six school facilities (ref 1); Portsmouth Water Works serves 33,000 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Exceedances found in August 2023 were still being remediated and monitored in December 2025, and service line replacement runs to 2037 (ref 2).","significance":"Testing and remediation are required under the state school and child care lead program (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":33000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Portsmouth Water Works per SDWIS (ref 3); students affected are not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"39 school outlets at or above 5 ppb in August 2023, maximum 180 ppb (ref 1); 2,327 of 8,700 service line connections unknown (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"School outlets at or above 5 ppb (Round 2, Aug 2023)","value":39,"unit":"outlets","status":"Reported","note":"Count of rows in the district remediation table (ref 1)."},{"name":"Maximum school outlet lead result","value":180,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Mary C. Dondero nurse's sink, Aug 8, 2023 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Unknown-material service line connections","value":2327,"unit":"connections","status":"Reported","note":"Of 8,700 (ref 2)."},{"name":"School outlets fitted with reverse-osmosis filters","value":19,"unit":"outlets","status":"Reported","note":"17 at Little Harbour (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Retests in December 2023 were lower after fixture replacement and filtration (ref 1); Rounds 2 and 3 completed (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Portsmouth School Department (SAU 52)","role":"School facility owner"},{"name":"City of Portsmouth Water Division","role":"Water system and service line inventory"},{"name":"New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services (NHDES)","role":"State lead testing program"}],"public_contact":"Portsmouth School Department, City Hall, 1 Junkins Ave, Suite 402, Portsmouth","corrective_actions":["Do-not-drink signage, fixture replacement and filtration at all outlets above 5 ppb (ref 1).","19 outlets replaced with reverse-osmosis filters and canister filters on all 36 bottle-fill bubblers (ref 2).","Notification letters to owners of unknown service lines and potholing of city-side lines (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Portsmouth School Lead Testing Update (memo and Round 2 results)","publisher":"Portsmouth School Department","date":"2024-03-20","url":"https://portsmouthnh.gov/sites/default/files/2024-03/Portsmouth%20School%20Lead%20Testing%20Summary%20032124.pdf","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Safe Water Advisory Group meeting minutes, December 4, 2025","publisher":"City of Portsmouth","date":"2025-12-04","url":"https://files.portsmouthnh.gov/minutes/2025/SWAG/SWAG%20Minutes%20December%204,%202025.pdf","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Portsmouth Water Works (NH1951010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System (Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NH/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PORTSMOUTH/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NH-PORTSMOUTH-PFAS-WELLS-2026"]},{"id":"US-NH-GREATBAY-EELGRASS-COLLAPSE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Great Bay estuary eelgrass falls about 80% in one year","description":"Eelgrass across the Great Bay estuary fell from more than 1,000 acres in 2024 to 211 acres in 2025, an 80% one-year loss, with a 98% loss inside Great Bay itself, according to the Conservation Law Foundation summarizing the new 2025 eelgrass survey for the Piscataqua Region Estuaries Partnership. Stressors cited include sediment from runoff and storms, nutrient pollution from wastewater and stormwater, invasive green crabs and warmer water; the lower estuary near the Piscataqua River mouth held steadier.","location":{"name":"Great Bay estuary","type":"Estuary","state":"NH","states":["NH"],"detail":"Great Bay and Piscataqua River estuary, Rockingham and Strafford counties (Seacoast)","coordinates":{"lat":43.07,"lon":-70.88,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Rockingham","Strafford"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Eelgrass loss is an ecological water-quality outcome tied to nutrient, sediment and temperature stressors in the estuary.","secondary_drivers":["Nutrient pollution","Stormwater runoff","Climate warming"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"CLF reports estuary-wide eelgrass fell about 80% (from more than 1,000 acres in 2024 to 211 acres in 2025) and 98% inside Great Bay (ref 1); the Concord Monitor carries the same figures (ref 2).","service":"No drinking-water or recreation service restriction is tied to the eelgrass loss in the cited sources (refs 1-2).","scale":"The loss spans the whole Great Bay estuary across Rockingham and Strafford counties, a regional ecosystem (refs 1, 3).","duration":"PREP's survey series shows a multi-year record (2024 and 2025 distribution reports, ref 3), and CLF describes recurring declines rather than a one-off event (ref 1).","significance":"Documented in a formal PREP-funded UNH survey report (ref 3); CLF calls it the most significant ecological alarm in decades but no new enforcement action is cited (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Ecosystem-level finding; no population figure applies."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Eelgrass coverage dropped from more than 1,000 acres in 2024 to 211 acres in 2025 (about 80%), and 98% within Great Bay."},"measures":[{"name":"Estuary eelgrass area, 2025","value":211,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"CLF release (ref 1)."},{"name":"One-year eelgrass loss, estuary-wide","value":80,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"2024 to 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"One-year eelgrass loss, Great Bay proper","value":98,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"One-year collapse from 2024 to 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Piscataqua Region Estuaries Partnership (PREP)","role":"Estuary monitoring program (EPA National Estuary Program)"},{"name":"New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services","role":"State environmental regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 1","role":"Clean Water Act permitting authority for New Hampshire discharges"}],"public_contact":"NHDES Public Information Office, 29 Hazen Drive, Concord, NH 03301; (603) 271-3503","corrective_actions":["UNH researchers mapped eelgrass distribution for 2024 and 2025 for PREP (ref 3).","CLF is calling for stricter Clean Water Act permits, better stormwater management and restoration with university researchers (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Great Bay Eelgrass Collapse Threatens Wildlife, Fisheries, and Coastal Ecosystem","publisher":"Conservation Law Foundation","date":"2026-04-15","url":"https://www.clf.org/newsroom/great-bay-eelgrass-collapse-threatens-wildlife-fisheries-and-coastal-ecosystem/","basis":"Advocacy organization release"},{"ref":2,"title":"Eelgrass is struggling in the Great Bay, a bad sign for the whole ecosystem","publisher":"Concord Monitor (Granite Geek)","date":"2026-04-15","url":"https://granitegeek.concordmonitor.com/?p=16290","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"PREP Reports & Publications (Eelgrass Distribution in the Great Bay Estuary and Piscataqua River for 2025 and 2024)","publisher":"Piscataqua Region Estuaries Partnership / University of New Hampshire","date":"2026-01-01","url":"https://scholars.unh.edu/prep/502","basis":"Scientific monitoring report listing"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (NH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NH-NORTHCOUNTRY-FLOOD-DR4761-2023","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"December 2023 storm and flooding: federal disaster DR-4761 for Carroll, Coos, Grafton","description":"A December 17-21, 2023 storm brought 1.5 to 3 inches of rain (up to six inches in one community) on melting snow, with rivers rising 10 feet or more, road washouts and helicopter rescues in northern New Hampshire. President Biden approved major disaster declaration DR-4761 on February 27, 2024, providing Public Assistance in Carroll, Coos and Grafton counties and hazard mitigation statewide.","location":{"name":"North Country and White Mountains","type":"Multi-county flood disaster area","state":"NH","states":["NH"],"detail":"Carroll, Coos and Grafton counties, northern New Hampshire","coordinates":{"lat":44.27,"lon":-71.35,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Carroll","Coos","Grafton"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"River flooding (water quantity) damaged roads and public facilities (infrastructure).","secondary_drivers":["Extreme rainfall","Rain-on-snow melt"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The NH congressional delegation's letter reports homes destroyed in northern New Hampshire and residents rescued by National Guard helicopter (ref 2).","service":"The delegation letter cites numerous road closures and full roadway washouts plus power outages from 65 mph gusts (ref 2).","scale":"FEMA's declaration covers three counties (Carroll, Coos, Grafton) with hazard mitigation statewide (ref 1).","duration":"The storm ran December 17-21, 2023 but recovery required a federal declaration more than two months later, on February 27, 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"A presidential major disaster declaration, FEMA-4761-DR, was approved (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure is given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Major disaster declaration DR-4761 for the December 17-21, 2023 severe storm and flooding (Carroll, Coos and Grafton counties)."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak reported rainfall","value":6,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"At least one community (ref 2)."},{"name":"Reported river rise","value":10,"unit":"feet or more","status":"Reported","note":"In a number of places (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Repeat flood disasters in the same region followed in 2026 (see related record)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"FEMA","role":"Federal disaster assistance"},{"name":"New Hampshire Homeland Security and Emergency Management","role":"State emergency management"}],"public_contact":"NH Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 33 Hazen Drive, Concord, NH 03305","corrective_actions":["FEMA Public Assistance for emergency work and repair of damaged facilities in Carroll, Coos and Grafton counties (ref 1).","Hazard Mitigation Grant funding made available statewide (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"President Joseph R. Biden, Jr. Approves Major Disaster Declaration for New Hampshire","publisher":"FEMA","date":"2024-02-28","url":"https://fema.gov/press-release/20240228/president-joseph-r-biden-jr-approves-major-disaster-declaration-new","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"NH Delegation Flooding Letter to FEMA","publisher":"Office of U.S. Senator Jeanne Shaheen","date":"2023-12-21","url":"https://www.shaheen.senate.gov/download/nh-delegation-flooding-letter-to-fema?download=1","basis":"Congressional letter"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (NH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NH-CARROLL-FLASHFLOOD-2026"]},{"id":"US-NH-CARROLL-FLASHFLOOD-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"June 2026 Carroll County flash flooding; governor seeks federal disaster declaration","description":"Storms on June 10-11, 2026 dropped 2 to 5 inches of rain on Carroll County, at rates up to 4 inches per hour, washing out roads including Route 113 in Madison, where some roads had also been damaged in 2023. Gov. Kelly Ayotte asked for a major disaster declaration seeking over $3 million for debris removal, emergency measures and road and bridge rebuilding; Madison's damage was reported at nearly $2.9 million. The cited sources do not show whether the request was approved.","location":{"name":"Madison and Carroll County","type":"County flood area","state":"NH","states":["NH"],"detail":"Carroll County, with the worst damage in Madison (Route 113) and Eaton","coordinates":{"lat":43.899,"lon":-71.149,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Carroll"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Flash flooding (water quantity) washed out roads and bridges (infrastructure).","secondary_drivers":["Extreme rainfall"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The governor said dozens of residents were trapped in their homes and emergency personnel could not reach many areas (ref 2); no injuries are reported.","service":"Route 113 in Madison was closed until June 30 (ref 2) and several Madison roads were washed out (ref 1).","scale":"Damage centered on Carroll County communities, chiefly Madison at nearly $2.9 million (ref 2).","duration":"NHPR reports repairs will need multiple construction seasons because of permitting, reviews and contractor shortages (ref 1).","significance":"A formal request for a presidential major disaster declaration was filed (refs 1-2); approval is not shown in cited sources."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure is given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Governor sought over $3 million in federal aid for June 10-11, 2026 flood damage in Carroll County."},"measures":[{"name":"Rainfall","value":5,"unit":"inches (upper end of 2-5 in. range)","status":"Reported","note":"NWS data cited by NHPR (ref 1)."},{"name":"Madison flood damage","value":2900000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"'Nearly $2.9 million' (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Madison roads damaged in 2023 washed out again in 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Office of the Governor of New Hampshire","role":"Disaster declaration requester"},{"name":"New Hampshire Homeland Security and Emergency Management","role":"State emergency management"},{"name":"FEMA","role":"Federal disaster assistance"}],"public_contact":"NH Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 33 Hazen Drive, Concord, NH 03305","corrective_actions":["Governor requested a major disaster declaration and Hazard Mitigation Grant coverage for Carroll County (ref 1).","Town officials discussed relief culverts as possible improvements for FEMA approval (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Ayotte requests major disaster declaration for June flooding in NH","publisher":"New Hampshire Public Radio","date":"2026-07-09","url":"https://www.nhpr.org/environment/2026-07-09/ayotte-requests-major-disaster-declaration-for-june-flooding-in-nh","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Governor requests disaster aid for Madison","publisher":"Conway Daily Sun","date":"2026-07-08","url":"https://www.conwaydailysun.com/news/local/governor-requests-disaster-aid-for-madison/article_becb64f2-0350-40a7-9122-dcbc1c24aa47.html","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (NH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Federal decision on the declaration request"],"related_ids":["US-NH-NORTHCOUNTRY-FLOOD-DR4761-2023"]},{"id":"US-NH-STATEWIDE-CYANOBACTERIA-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Cyanobacteria blooms on 65 New Hampshire water bodies, including Lake Winnipesaukee","description":"NHDES documented cyanobacteria blooms on 65 water bodies in 2025, receiving 515 bloom reports and confirming 265, with seven warnings on six water bodies; officials said occurrences were about the same as in 2024. In June 2024 NHDES confirmed blooms at Lake Winnipesaukee beaches in Wolfeboro and Tuftonboro and posted warnings for Lake Winnisquam, Province Lake, Lake Wentworth and others, advising against swimming and household use of the water.","location":{"name":"New Hampshire lakes and ponds","type":"Statewide lake advisory program","state":"NH","states":["NH"],"detail":"Statewide; 2024 warnings included Lake Winnipesaukee (Wolfeboro, Tuftonboro) and Lake Winnisquam (Belknap County)","coordinates":{"lat":43.6,"lon":-71.35,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Belknap","Carroll"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Harmful algal blooms are a recreational surface-water quality problem.","secondary_drivers":["Nutrient loading","Warm water"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"NHDES reported no severe illness reports in 2025 (ref 1), but confirmed blooms pose toxin-exposure risk per the June 2024 warnings (ref 2).","service":"NHDES issued seven warnings on six water bodies in 2025 (ref 1); 2024 warnings advised staying out of the water at Winnipesaukee beaches (ref 2).","scale":"Blooms were documented on 65 water bodies statewide in 2025 (ref 1).","duration":"Occurrences in 2025 were about the same as 2024, a recurring seasonal problem across both years (refs 1-2).","significance":"Formal state cyanobacteria warnings were posted on the Healthy Swimming Mapper (refs 1-2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Recreational exposure; no population figure reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Cyanobacteria blooms documented on 65 water bodies in 2025; 515 reports, 265 confirmed, 7 warnings on 6 water bodies."},"measures":[{"name":"Water bodies with documented blooms, 2025","value":65,"unit":"water bodies","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Confirmed bloom reports, 2025","value":265,"unit":"reports","status":"Reported","note":"Of 515 received (ref 1)."},{"name":"State warnings, 2025","value":7,"unit":"warnings","status":"Reported","note":"On 6 water bodies (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"NHDES said 2025 was about the same as 2024 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services","role":"State environmental regulator"}],"public_contact":"NHDES Public Information Office, 29 Hazen Drive, Concord, NH 03301; (603) 271-3503","corrective_actions":["NHDES samples blooms at the Jody Connor Limnology Center and posts watches and warnings on the Healthy Swimming Mapper (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Swim Season Wrap: NH Saw Same Amount Of Cyanobacteria As 2024, More Fecal Bacteria","publisher":"InDepthNH.org","date":"2025-10-07","url":"https://indepthnh.org/2025/10/07/swim-season-wrap-nh-saw-same-amount-of-cyanobacteria-as-2024-more-fecal-bacteria/","basis":"News (NHDES data)"},{"ref":2,"title":"Cyanobacteria Reported At Winnipesaukee, Winnisquam, And Clough Pond","publisher":"Patch","date":"2024-06-13","url":"https://patch.com/new-hampshire/concord-nh/cyanobacteria-reported-winnipesaukee-winnisquam-clough-pond","basis":"News (NHDES advisories)"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (NH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NH-SEACOAST-BEACH-BACTERIA-2025"]},{"id":"US-NH-SEACOAST-BEACH-BACTERIA-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Fecal bacteria advisories rise at New Hampshire coastal beaches, led by Hampton Beach","description":"New Hampshire's coastal beaches had 39 fecal bacteria advisories in 2025, more than previously documented, including eight at Hampton Beach covering 19 days, three at Jenness Beach and one at Wallis Sands. Hampton Beach State Park was on the advisory list at least 11 days in July 2025; NHDES said there was no clear explanation and that it was still looking at potential sources.","location":{"name":"Hampton Beach and Seacoast beaches","type":"Coastal public beaches","state":"NH","states":["NH"],"detail":"Hampton, Rye (Jenness, Wallis Sands); Rockingham County","coordinates":{"lat":42.909,"lon":-70.812,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Rockingham"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Enterococci in coastal swimming water is a recreational water-quality problem.","secondary_drivers":["Unknown fecal sources"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Samples exceeded the coastal advisory standard, but NHDES has identified no source and no illnesses are cited (refs 1-2).","service":"Hampton Beach was under advisory at least 11 days in July 2025 (ref 2) and 19 days over the season (ref 1).","scale":"Advisories hit several Seacoast beaches in Hampton and Rye (ref 1).","duration":"Advisories recurred through the 2025 summer season (July 7 to August 1 periods at Hampton, ref 2).","significance":"Formal NHDES advisories were posted; NHDES does not close beaches (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Beach visitors; no population figure reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"39 fecal bacteria advisories at coastal beaches in 2025; Hampton Beach 8 advisories (19 days)."},"measures":[{"name":"Coastal beach fecal bacteria advisories, 2025","value":39,"unit":"advisories","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Hampton Beach advisory days, 2025","value":19,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"8 advisories (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"More advisories than previously documented (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services","role":"State environmental regulator"},{"name":"New Hampshire Division of Parks and Recreation","role":"Beach operator (Hampton Beach State Park)"}],"public_contact":"NHDES Public Information Office, 29 Hazen Drive, Concord, NH 03301; (603) 271-3503","corrective_actions":["NHDES is looking at potential sources and changes in conditions (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Swim Season Wrap: NH Saw Same Amount Of Cyanobacteria As 2024, More Fecal Bacteria","publisher":"InDepthNH.org","date":"2025-10-07","url":"https://indepthnh.org/2025/10/07/swim-season-wrap-nh-saw-same-amount-of-cyanobacteria-as-2024-more-fecal-bacteria/","basis":"News (NHDES data)"},{"ref":2,"title":"Hampton Beach State Park Again Issued Fecal Bacteria Advisory, Listed 11 Days in July","publisher":"InDepthNH.org","date":"2025-08-01","url":"https://indepthnh.org/2025/08/01/hampton-state-park-beach-again-issued-fecal-bacteria-advisory-on-nh-list-for-11-days-in-july/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (NH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NH-STATEWIDE-CYANOBACTERIA-2025"]},{"id":"US-NH-BOW-MERRIMACK-STATION-COAL-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Merrimack Station coal plant: Clean Water Act settlement sets 2028 shutdown","description":"Granite Shore Power's Merrimack Station in Bow, a 460 MW coal plant on the Merrimack River and New England's last operating coal plant, agreed in March 2024 to stop burning coal by June 1, 2028 (June 1, 2027 in some circumstances), settling a Clean Water Act suit by CLF and the Sierra Club. A 2024 EPA permit modification set conditions for bottom ash transport water discharges to the Merrimack River ahead of the shutdown, and the on-site coal ash landfill reported a statistically significant increase over background in groundwater that its consultant attributed to natural variation.","location":{"name":"Merrimack Station, Bow","type":"Coal-fired power plant","state":"NH","states":["NH"],"detail":"Bow, Merrimack County, on the Merrimack River","coordinates":{"lat":43.14,"lon":-71.47,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Merrimack"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Cooling water, ash transport water and coal ash landfill releases affect river and groundwater quality.","secondary_drivers":["Coal combustion residuals","Thermal discharge"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The 2026 groundwater report found an SSI over background at the coal ash landfill, attributed to natural variation, with no exceedance of groundwater protection standards (ref 4).","service":"No drinking-water or river-use restriction is tied to the plant in cited sources (refs 1-4).","scale":"Discharges reach the Merrimack River, a regional river, from a single 460 MW plant (refs 1-2).","duration":"The plant's 2020 NPDES permit was appealed and partly remanded in 2021, and coal operations continue until 2028 (refs 1-2).","significance":"A Clean Water Act lawsuit pending before the First Circuit was resolved by a settlement requiring shutdown (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Facility-level finding; no population figure applies."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Merrimack Station will cease operation of its coal-fired boilers by June 1, 2028."},"measures":[{"name":"Plant capacity","value":460,"unit":"MW","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Coal ash landfill area","value":5.5,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Single-lined, about 300,000 cubic yards capacity (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Coal plant retirement by 2028 under settlement (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Coal operations are scheduled to end by 2028 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Granite Shore Power","role":"Plant owner and operator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 1","role":"NPDES permitting authority"},{"name":"New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services","role":"State environmental regulator"}],"public_contact":"U.S. EPA Region 1, 5 Post Office Square, Boston, MA 02109; (617) 918-1111","corrective_actions":["Settlement requires coal-fired boilers to stop by June 1, 2028 and the site to become a renewable energy park (refs 1, 5).","EPA's 2024 permit modification set requirements for units permanently ceasing coal combustion that discharge bottom ash transport water (ref 2).","CCR rule detection monitoring continues at the coal ash landfill (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Last Coal Power Plants In New England Will Close","publisher":"Conservation Law Foundation","date":"2024-03-27","url":"https://www.clf.org/newsroom/last-coal-power-plants-in-new-england-will-close/","basis":"Advocacy organization release (settling party)"},{"ref":2,"title":"2024 Draft NPDES Permit Modification NH0001465 (correction)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 1","date":"2024-02-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-02/draftnh0001465permit-mod-correction-2024.pdf","basis":"Federal permit record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Merrimack Station Landfill Information","publisher":"Granite Shore Power","date":null,"url":"https://graniteshorepower.com/merrimack-station-landfill-information","basis":"Operator CCR disclosure page","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"2026 Annual Groundwater and Corrective Action Report, Merrimack Station Coal Ash Landfill","publisher":"Granite Shore Power","date":"2026-01-31","url":"https://www.graniteshorepower.com/hubfs/2026%20Annual%20Groundwater%20and%20Corrective%20Action%20Report.pdf?hsLang=en","basis":"Operator CCR compliance report"},{"ref":5,"title":"New England's last coal plants will close by 2028","publisher":"WBUR / New Hampshire Public Radio","date":"2024-03-28","url":"https://www.wbur.org/news/2024/03/28/new-hampshire-coal-plant-merrimack-station-close","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (NH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NH-MERRIMACK-SAINTGOBAIN-PFAS-SITE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Former Saint-Gobain plant in Merrimack: PFAS soil cleanup unresolved after closure","description":"Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics stopped manufacturing at its Merrimack plant in May 2024 and finished demolishing it in 2025; the state blames the plant's air emissions for PFAS contamination of air and water in Merrimack, Bedford, Hudson, Litchfield and Londonderry. As of September 2025 no long-term cleanup plan was agreed: Saint-Gobain proposed natural attenuation, NHDES disagreed and requested a soil investigation of a site it describes as holding millions of cubic yards of soil.","location":{"name":"Former Saint-Gobain plant, Merrimack","type":"Industrial contamination site","state":"NH","states":["NH"],"detail":"Merrimack, Hillsborough County; consent decree area also covers parts of Bedford, Hudson, Litchfield, Londonderry and Manchester","coordinates":{"lat":42.865,"lon":-71.493,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Hillsborough","Rockingham"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Industrial PFAS emissions contaminated soil and groundwater across several towns.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","Air deposition"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"A 2022 consent decree required clean drinking water for about 1,000 homes with contaminated water (ref 2); PFAS was found in hundreds of wells from 2016 on (ref 1).","service":"Affected homes receive bottled water or alternate water under the decree (ref 2).","scale":"The 2018 consent decree area spans parts of six towns (ref 1).","duration":"Contamination has been documented since 2016 and soil remediation remained unresolved in September 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"Consent decrees from 2018 and 2022 govern the company's obligations (refs 1-2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"About 1,000 homes received clean water under the 2022 consent decree (ref 2); no population count reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 1,000 homes with contaminated water covered by the 2022 consent decree; soil cleanup plan not yet agreed (September 2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"Homes covered by 2022 clean-water consent decree","value":1000,"unit":"homes","status":"Reported","note":"'About 1,000' (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Plant closed and demolished, but contamination levels have not dropped per activists (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics","role":"Responsible party"},{"name":"New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services","role":"State environmental regulator"}],"public_contact":"NHDES Public Information Office, 29 Hazen Drive, Concord, NH 03301; (603) 271-3503","corrective_actions":["Manufacturing ceased May 2024 and the plant was demolished in 2025 (refs 1-2).","NHDES requested a soil investigation, expected to begin in fall 2025, followed by a new draft action plan (ref 1).","Merrimack revised a bridge project to keep about 9,000 cubic yards of contaminated soil on site (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Waiting for updates on PFAS remediation, Merrimack strives to keep contaminated dirt contained","publisher":"New Hampshire Bulletin (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-09-29","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/waiting-updates-pfas-remediation-merrimack-090013626.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Saint-Gobain completes demolition of Merrimack facility embroiled in PFAS pollution scandal","publisher":"PFAS Project Lab (summarizing New Hampshire Bulletin)","date":"2025-07-08","url":"https://pfasproject.com/2025/07/08/saint-gobain-completes-demolition-of-merrimack-facility-embroiled-in-pfas-pollution-scandal/","basis":"News summary"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (NH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NH-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-NH-MERRIMACK-SAINTGOBAIN-WELLS-PFAS-2026"]},{"id":"US-NH-NEWDURHAM-POWDERMILL-PHOSPHORUS-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Powder Mill fish hatchery phosphorus discharges to Merrymeeting River under consent decree","description":"The state-run Powder Mill Fish Hatchery in New Durham settled Clean Water Act claims by CLF and EPA in 2022 over phosphorus discharges that EPA found fed algae and cyanobacteria blooms in the Merrymeeting River; the decree set a December 31, 2025 deadline to meet permit limits. After an engineering study found treatment at Powder Mill not cost-effective, the state approved a $50.8 million contract in October 2024 to expand the New Hampton hatchery instead and reduce Powder Mill production, with construction due by the end of 2026.","location":{"name":"Powder Mill State Fish Hatchery","type":"State fish hatchery (aquaculture discharge)","state":"NH","states":["NH"],"detail":"New Durham, Strafford County; discharges to the Merrymeeting River","coordinates":{"lat":43.437,"lon":-71.172,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Strafford"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Aquaculture phosphorus discharges degrade downstream river water quality.","secondary_drivers":["Phosphorus","Aquaculture effluent"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA's 2020 permit found the hatchery's phosphorus discharges harm downstream water quality, feeding toxic algae and cyanobacteria blooms (ref 1).","service":"No water-use restriction tied to the hatchery is reported in the cited sources (refs 1-2).","scale":"Affects the Merrymeeting River and its impoundments below one facility (ref 1).","duration":"Litigation began in 2018 and the replacement hatchery is not due until the end of 2026 (refs 1-2).","significance":"A federal consent decree with EPA, DOJ and CLF governs compliance (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Facility discharge finding; no population figure applies."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Consent decree required the hatchery to meet phosphorus permit limits by December 31, 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"New Hampton hatchery contract","value":50.8,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Includes $47.3 million construction contract (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Production is shifting to a new hatchery due by end of 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Hampshire Fish and Game Department","role":"Hatchery operator and permittee"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 1","role":"NPDES permitting and co-plaintiff"}],"public_contact":"New Hampshire Fish and Game Department, 11 Hazen Drive, Concord, NH 03301; (603) 271-3421","corrective_actions":["Interim measures: neutralizing agent, tank reconfiguration and more frequent solids removal (ref 1).","Downstream water quality assessment and study of historic phosphorus remediation (ref 1).","New Hampton hatchery expansion approved October 30, 2024, with Powder Mill production reduced (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"U.S. Proposes Settlement to Resolve Clean Water Act Violation Claims by CLF and EPA Regarding New Hampshire Fish Hatchery","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2022-09-08","url":"https://epa.gov/newsreleases/us-proposes-settlement-resolve-clean-water-act-violation-claims-clf-and-epa-regarding","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Contract for New Hampton Hatchery Construction Project Approved","publisher":"New Hampshire Fish and Game Department","date":"2024-10-30","url":"https://nhfishgame.com/2024/10/30/contract-for-new-hampton-hatchery-construction-project-approved/","basis":"State agency record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Confirmation of compliance with the December 31, 2025 phosphorus limit"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NH-STATEWIDE-BIOSOLIDS-PFAS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"PFAS in farm-applied sewage sludge: New Hampshire sets 2027-2028 biosolids standards","description":"NHDES found PFAS in the majority of sewage sludge samples it evaluated in the late 2010s and in 2019 told treatment plant operators some leaching from treated fields into groundwater was occurring, yet no state standard bars land application based on PFAS. HB 1275, signed July 10, 2026 as Chapter 298, requires NHDES to start rulemaking for PFAS concentration standards for land-applied biosolids by June 30, 2027, prohibits application above them from January 1, 2028, and gives farmers civil immunity for PFAS from standard practices.","location":{"name":"New Hampshire farmland","type":"Statewide agricultural land-application program","state":"NH","states":["NH"],"detail":"Statewide biosolids land application","coordinates":{"lat":43.2,"lon":-71.5,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["groundwater","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Land-applied sludge can leach PFAS into groundwater beneath farm fields.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","Biosolids"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"A 2019 NHDES letter said some PFAS leaching from treated fields into groundwater was occurring (refs 1-2); the extent on NH farms remains largely unknown (ref 1).","service":"No well or farm use restriction in New Hampshire is cited in the sources (refs 1-2).","scale":"The policy covers biosolids land application statewide (ref 3).","duration":"PFAS in sludge has been known since the late 2010s and standards will not bind until January 1, 2028 (refs 1, 3).","significance":"A new state law, Chapter 298 of 2026, mandates rulemaking and a conditional prohibition (ref 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"NHDES must initiate rulemaking for PFAS standards in land-applied biosolids by June 30, 2027; application above standards prohibited from January 1, 2028."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services","role":"State environmental regulator"},{"name":"New Hampshire Department of Agriculture, Markets and Food","role":"Agricultural agency"}],"public_contact":"NHDES Public Information Office, 29 Hazen Drive, Concord, NH 03301; (603) 271-3503","corrective_actions":["NHDES requires biosolids producers to test for dozens of PFAS and is running a modeling study to set a threshold (ref 1).","HB 1275 (Chapter 298, 2026) mandates PFAS standards and soil testing requirements (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"A resourceful solution to repurpose waste and nourish farmland, or a poisonous and permanent mistake?","publisher":"New Hampshire Bulletin (via Valley News)","date":"2026-02-18","url":"https://vnews.com/2026/02/18/pfas-sludge-new-hampshire/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Farm use of PFAS-laden sludge raises health concerns. But, some ask, where else can it go?","publisher":"New Hampshire Bulletin (via Yahoo News)","date":"2026-02-16","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/farm-pfas-laden-sludge-raises-100055699.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"HB1275 (2026) Detail","publisher":"NH Liberty Alliance bill tracker (NH General Court docket data)","date":"2026-07-16","url":"https://bills.nhliberty.org/bills/2026/HB1275","basis":"Legislative record (tracker)"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (NH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NH-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-NH-NASHUA-PENNICHUCK-RATECASE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Pennichuck Water Works seeks 21.34% rate increase","description":"Pennichuck Water Works, which serves about 88,900 people in southern and central New Hampshire, filed on June 1, 2026 for a permanent revenue increase of $11.6 million, an overall 21.34% rate increase that would raise the average residential bill from $60.02 to $72.83 a month. The company cites higher operating costs and plant and treatment investments for Safe Drinking Water Act compliance; the PUC suspended the tariffs pending investigation until up to June 22, 2027.","location":{"name":"Pennichuck Water Works","type":"Investor-owned water utility (city-owned parent)","state":"NH","states":["NH"],"detail":"Nashua and surrounding towns, Hillsborough County","coordinates":{"lat":42.765,"lon":-71.468,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Hillsborough"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NH1621010"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"A large proposed rate increase raises affordability questions for customers.","secondary_drivers":["Capital investment","Operating costs"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health or environmental harm is involved in the rate request (refs 1-2).","service":"Service continues; the issue is a proposed monthly bill rise from $60.02 to $72.83 (ref 2).","scale":"Pennichuck Water Works serves 88,853 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"The PUC suspended the proposed tariffs for up to 12 months, to June 22, 2027 (ref 1).","significance":"PUC Order No. 28,233 opened a formal adjudicative proceeding in Docket DW 26-027 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":88853,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Permanent revenue increase of $11,608,503, an overall customer rate increase of 21.34 percent."},"measures":[{"name":"Requested overall rate increase","value":21.34,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Requested revenue increase","value":11608503,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Average residential bill, proposed","value":72.83,"unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","note":"From $60.02, based on 6.89 ccf (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Request for Debt Service Revenue Requirement and QCPAC changes (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Hampshire Public Utilities Commission","role":"Rate regulator"},{"name":"Pennichuck Water Works, Inc.","role":"Utility"},{"name":"New Hampshire Office of the Consumer Advocate","role":"Ratepayer advocate"}],"public_contact":"New Hampshire Public Utilities Commission, 21 South Fruit Street, Suite 10, Concord, NH 03301; (603) 271-2431","corrective_actions":["PUC suspended tariffs and scheduled a prehearing conference (July 16, 2026) and temporary-rate hearing (July 21, 2026) (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Order No. 28,233, DW 26-027 Pennichuck Water Works Request for Change in Rates","publisher":"New Hampshire Public Utilities Commission","date":"2026-06-22","url":"https://pennichuck.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/26-027-2026-06-22-nhpuc-order-28233.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"2026 Rate Case Customer Notice (DW 26-027)","publisher":"Pennichuck Water Works","date":"2026-06-02","url":"https://pennichuck.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/2026-Rate-Case-Customer-Notice.pdf","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Pennichuck Water Works","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NH/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PENNICHUCK/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (NH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Outcome of temporary rate hearing"],"related_ids":["US-NH-NASHUA-NONGFU-BOTTLING-2025"]},{"id":"US-NH-NOTTINGHAM-DATACENTER-WATER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Nottingham data center proposal withdrawn amid water worries; town weighs moratorium","description":"A data center proposed at the Nottingham Business Park was withdrawn on May 27, 2026 after strong local opposition, including from residents on private wells concerned about groundwater; a 2004 consultant report had judged withdrawals over 300,000 gallons a day at the same site unsustainable. The planning board then voted unanimously for a 12-month data center moratorium headed to a special town meeting, while a statewide one-year moratorium bill, HB 1265, was killed in the House.","location":{"name":"Nottingham","type":"Town (proposed industrial site)","state":"NH","states":["NH"],"detail":"Nottingham Business Park on Route 4, Rockingham County","coordinates":{"lat":43.114,"lon":-71.099,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Rockingham"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A large industrial water user could compete with private wells for groundwater.","secondary_drivers":["Data center demand","Drought"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No withdrawal has occurred; the proposal was withdrawn on May 27, 2026 (ref 2).","service":"No service impact; residents rely on private wells and one said neighbors had to drill deeper (ref 2).","scale":"Nottingham has about 5,200 residents, while large data centers can use up to 5 million gallons a day (ref 1).","duration":"The proposed moratorium would run 12 months and the developer may reintroduce the plan (ref 1).","significance":"The planning board formally voted for a moratorium ordinance going to a town vote (ref 1); HB 1265 was killed (ref 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Nottingham has about 5,200 residents (ref 1), but no affected population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Planning board voted unanimously for a 12-month moratorium on data center construction."},"measures":[{"name":"Unsustainable withdrawal threshold judged for the site (2004 report)","value":300000,"unit":"gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"From a 2004 consultant report on a bottling plant at the same site (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Nottingham Planning Board","role":"Local land-use authority"},{"name":"New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services","role":"State environmental regulator"}],"public_contact":"Town of Nottingham, 139 Stage Road, Nottingham, NH 03290","corrective_actions":["Planning board moratorium ordinance sent to a special town meeting (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Nottingham's 12-month moratorium on data center construction heads to a town vote","publisher":"New Hampshire Public Radio","date":"2026-07-03","url":"https://www.nhpr.org/environment/2026-07-03/nottingham-data-center-moratorium-town-meeting-nh","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Nottingham data center proposal withdrawn amid outcry","publisher":"New Hampshire Bulletin (via Valley News)","date":"2026-06-03","url":"https://vnews.com/2026/06/03/backlash-data-center-proposal/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"HB 1265 (2026): Impose moratorium on new data centers","publisher":"Citizens Count","date":null,"url":"https://www.citizenscount.org/bills/hb-1265-2026","basis":"Legislative record (tracker)","accessed":"2026-10-09"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (NH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NH-NASHUA-NONGFU-BOTTLING-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Nongfu Spring subsidiary buys Nashua plant seeking up to 2 MGD from Pennichuck","description":"A subsidiary of Chinese bottler Nongfu Spring bought a 337,391-square-foot building in Nashua for $67 million in January 2025, and its representatives told Pennichuck Water Works they needed up to 2 million gallons a day. Pennichuck says the demand fits its permitted withdrawals of more than 30 million gallons a day against 11 to 12 million average demand, and no state groundwater permit would be needed; a bill to bar new groundwater permits for plastic-bottled water was filed in late 2025. As of January 2026 the company had made no public announcements.","location":{"name":"Pennichuck Water Works (Nashua)","type":"Public water system serving proposed bottling plant","state":"NH","states":["NH"],"detail":"80 Northwest Blvd., Nashua, Hillsborough County","coordinates":{"lat":42.765,"lon":-71.468,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Hillsborough"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NH1621010"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Allocation of public-utility water to a large bottler is a water-allocation and governance question.","secondary_drivers":["Bottled water demand"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"No withdrawals for bottling have begun; the company has made no public announcements (ref 1).","service":"Pennichuck says the 2 MGD request is within its existing permits (ref 1).","scale":"The supplying utility serves 88,853 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"The building was bought January 31, 2025 and plans remained dormant a year later (ref 1).","significance":"No permit application or enforcement action is pending; only proposed legislation (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":88853,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Pennichuck Water Works per SDWIS (ref 3); not a population harmed."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Company representatives told Pennichuck they needed up to 2 million gallons of water per day."},"measures":[{"name":"Requested water demand","value":2,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Pennichuck average daily demand","value":11.5,"unit":"MGD","status":"Estimated","note":"Midpoint of the reported 11 to 12 MGD (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pennichuck Water Works, Inc.","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services","role":"State environmental regulator"},{"name":"New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services","role":"Bottled water plant permitting"}],"public_contact":"NHDES Public Information Office, 29 Hazen Drive, Concord, NH 03301; (603) 271-3503","corrective_actions":["HB 1141 (2026) was filed to bar new groundwater extraction and bottling permits for plastic containers (ref 2); NHDES said it knew of no existing projects it would affect (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Nongfu Spring down to a trickle","publisher":"NH Business Review","date":"2026-01-22","url":"https://www.nhbr.com/nongfu-spring-down-to-a-trickle/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Legislation aims to keep New Hampshire water out of plastic bottles","publisher":"New Hampshire Bulletin (via Valley News)","date":"2025-12-12","url":"https://vnews.com/?p=244090","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Pennichuck Water Works","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NH/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PENNICHUCK/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"New record (NH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NH-NASHUA-PENNICHUCK-RATECASE-2026"]},{"id":"US-NH-DALTON-FORESTLAKE-LANDFILL-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Casella's proposed Dalton landfill near Forest Lake: permit denied, wetlands bid withdrawn","description":"NHDES denied Casella subsidiary Granite State Landfill's solid waste permit for a landfill near Forest Lake in Dalton on April 3, 2025, finding the application dormant and lacking a siting report and proof of property rights; the company sued. On June 15, 2026 it withdrew its wetlands permit application for the site while the solid waste appeal continues, citing the expected 2027 closure of its Bethlehem landfill.","location":{"name":"Forest Lake area, Dalton","type":"Proposed landfill site near lake and state park","state":"NH","states":["NH"],"detail":"172 Douglas Drive, Dalton, Coos County, near Forest Lake","coordinates":{"lat":44.418,"lon":-71.689,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Coos"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A proposed landfill beside a lake and wetlands poses a potential surface-water risk.","secondary_drivers":["Landfill siting"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No landfill has been built; opponents cite health and environmental concerns but no water impact is documented (ref 3).","service":"No service impact (refs 1-3).","scale":"A single proposed site near Forest Lake and Forest Lake State Park (ref 1).","duration":"The application was first received October 31, 2023 and the dispute continued into June 2026 (refs 1, 3).","significance":"NHDES issued a permit denial and Granite State Landfill sued the state (refs 1-2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure applies."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"NHDES denied the standard permit application on April 3, 2025; wetlands application withdrawn June 15, 2026."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Wetlands application withdrawn in June 2026 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services","role":"State environmental regulator"},{"name":"Granite State Landfill LLC (Casella Waste Systems)","role":"Applicant"}],"public_contact":"NHDES Public Information Office, 29 Hazen Drive, Concord, NH 03301; (603) 271-3503","corrective_actions":["NHDES denied the solid waste permit (ref 1); litigation in Merrimack Superior Court is ongoing (refs 2-3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Proposed Dalton Landfill Denied by DES","publisher":"InDepthNH.org","date":"2025-04-04","url":"https://indepthnh.org/2025/04/04/proposed-dalton-landfill-denied-by-des/","basis":"News (NHDES letter)"},{"ref":2,"title":"Casella subsidiary sues NH over Dalton landfill denial","publisher":"New Hampshire Public Radio","date":"2025-04-08","url":"https://www.nhpr.org/nh-news/2025-04-08/casella-waste-systems-dalton-landfill-forest-lake-permit-application-denial-lawsuit","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Casella withdraws landfill permit in Dalton, N.H.","publisher":"New Hampshire Bulletin (via Valley News)","date":"2026-06-20","url":"https://vnews.com/2026/06/20/casella-withdraws-dalton-landfill-permit/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (NH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MO-STLOUIS-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"St. Louis has ~9,000 lead and ~50,000 unidentified water service lines","description":"The City of St. Louis Water Division's inventory of about 113,000 service lines documents about 9,000 as lead, and around 50,000 remain unidentified. The city mailed notices to owners of lead, galvanized and unknown lines in November 2024 but says city ordinances bar using water-rate revenue to replace the privately owned lines, and no replacement program is active yet. A city official estimated replacement could cost up to half a billion dollars over 10 years.","location":{"name":"City of St. Louis Water Division","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MO","states":["MO"],"detail":"Independent City of St. Louis; Mississippi and Missouri river supply","coordinates":{"lat":38.635699,"lon":-90.244582,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["St. Louis city"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MO6010715"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead service lines are infrastructure whose risk is lead in delivered drinking water.","secondary_drivers":["Service lines are privately owned and rate revenue cannot fund replacement under city ordinance (ref 2)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"About 9,000 St. Louis service lines are documented as lead (ref 1); the city says its tap testing stays below EPA standards, so the harm is potential (ref 1).","service":"No outage or advisory is tied to the lead lines; the Water Division's letters in November 2024 were informational (ref 2).","scale":"The St. Louis City system serves 304,709 people per SDWIS (ref 4) through roughly 113,000 service lines (ref 1).","duration":"Lead lines have been in the ground since before the 1983 ban (ref 1) and a 2024 EPA rule gives 10 years to replace them (ref 1).","significance":"Owners received formal notification letters under the EPA lead rule in November 2024 (ref 2); no enforcement action was found."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":304709,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the St. Louis City system per SDWIS (ref 4); the number living with a lead line is not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 9,000 of 113,000 service lines documented as lead; around 50,000 unidentified (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Service lines documented as lead","value":9000,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate, St. Louis Public Radio (ref 1)."},{"name":"Service lines of unidentified material","value":50000,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate (ref 1)."},{"name":"Total service lines","value":113000,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"(ref 1)"},{"name":"Estimated replacement cost over 10 years","value":500,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Upper estimate by the city's Spencer Gould, 'as much as half-a-billion dollars' (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Replacement estimated at up to $500 million over 10 years (ref 1)","City ordinances bar using water-rate revenue on private lines; grants and a zero-interest loan program are being pursued (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The 2026 report gives no count of lines replaced (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of St. Louis Water Division","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Public Drinking Water Branch","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of St. Louis Water Division, (314) 771-2255 (per the city's lead service line page)","corrective_actions":["Service line inventory and interactive map of lead, non-lead and unidentified lines (ref 1)","Notification letters mailed November 2024 to owners of lead, galvanized and unknown lines (ref 2)","City applied for Bipartisan Infrastructure Law funds and is developing a zero-interest loan program (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"title":"Lead lurks among 50,000 St. Louis water pipes. City officials need residents to help identify them","publisher":"St. Louis Public Radio","date":"2026-02-06","url":"https://www.stlpr.org/show/st-louis-on-the-air/2026-02-06/st-louis-water-pipes-lead-50-000-city-officials-need-residents-help-identify","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"Lead Service Line Upgrades Frequently Asked Questions","publisher":"City of St. Louis Water Division","date":"2024-11-15","url":"https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/public-utilities/water/lead-service-line.cfm","basis":"Local government record (undated page, accessed date)","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"'I'd be shocked if we didn't find a few': Kansas City's hunt for lead pipes is on","publisher":"Missouri Independent (from The Beacon)","date":"2026-02-16","url":"https://missouriindependent.com/2026/02/16/id-be-shocked-if-we-didnt-find-a-few-kansas-citys-hunt-for-lead-pipes-is-on/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record MO6010715","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MO/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ST%20LOUIS%20CITY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"first_seen":"2024-11-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MO-KANSASCITY-GALVANIZED-LINES-2026","US-MO-STLOUISCOUNTY-MAW-LEAD-LINES-2024"],"conflicts":[{"field":"lead line count","values":["About 9,000 documented lead lines (ref 1)","Close to 10,000 lead or suspected lead lines, citing EPA inventory data (ref 3)"],"note":"The higher figure appears to include suspected lead lines."}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}]},{"id":"US-MO-KANSASCITY-GALVANIZED-LINES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Kansas City has ~23,000 galvanized lines needing replacement and ~25,000 unknown","description":"KC Water's inventory of about 178,000 service lines has found no lead lines so far, but lists 22,951 galvanized steel lines that EPA rules class as requiring replacement and 24,827 lines of unknown material. Replacement is estimated at more than $450 million, and a $1.8 million state grant funds a pilot to inspect lines in the Columbus Park and Lykins neighborhoods.","location":{"name":"KC Water (Kansas City, Missouri)","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MO","states":["MO"],"detail":"Kansas City, Jackson, Clay and Platte counties; Missouri River supply","coordinates":{"lat":39.125155,"lon":-94.550313,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Jackson","Clay","Platte"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MO1010415"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Galvanized lines that may carry lead are infrastructure whose risk is lead in tap water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No lead lines are confirmed, but 22,951 galvanized lines are classed as requiring replacement because they may hold lead (ref 1); KC Water says the water is safe (ref 2).","service":"There is no service disruption; the work is inspection and future replacement (refs 1, 2).","scale":"KC Water serves 553,295 people per SDWIS (ref 3) through about 178,000 service lines (ref 1).","duration":"The EPA deadline to replace lead lines runs to the end of 2037 (ref 1), and unknown lines dropped only from 27,659 in Oct 2024 (ref 2) to 24,827 in Feb 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"The inventory and owner letters are required by the federal Lead and Copper Rule (ref 2); the City Council approved a $1.8 million MoDNR grant on Feb 5, 2026 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":553295,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3); the number of people behind galvanized or unknown lines is not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"22,951 galvanized lines requiring replacement and 24,827 unknown out of about 178,000 (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Galvanized lines requiring replacement","value":22951,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"(ref 1); 23,164 in the October 2024 inventory (ref 2)."},{"name":"Unknown-material service lines","value":24827,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"(ref 1); 27,659 in October 2024 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Estimated replacement cost","value":450,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"'More than $450 million', $12,500 to $20,000 per line (ref 1)."},{"name":"MoDNR grant for pilot inspections","value":1.8,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"(ref 1)"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Replacement estimated above $450 million (ref 1)","Owners pay for the private side of the line (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Unknown lines fell from 27,659 (ref 2) to 24,827 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"KC Water","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Public Drinking Water Branch","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Not reported in the cited sources","corrective_actions":["Service line inventory and online map published October 2024 (ref 2)","Letters to owners of unknown lines (ref 2)","Pilot inspections in Columbus Park and Lykins under a $1.8 million MoDNR grant (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"'I'd be shocked if we didn't find a few': Kansas City's hunt for lead pipes is on","publisher":"Missouri Independent (from The Beacon)","date":"2026-02-16","url":"https://missouriindependent.com/2026/02/16/id-be-shocked-if-we-didnt-find-a-few-kansas-citys-hunt-for-lead-pipes-is-on/","basis":"News"},{"title":"KC has 0 lead water lines, over 27,000 are unknown; Here is what KC Water is doing about it","publisher":"KCTV5","date":"2024-10-30","url":"https://www.kctv5.com/2024/10/30/kc-has-0-lead-water-lines-over-27000-are-unknown-here-is-what-kc-water-is-doing-about-it/","basis":"News","ref":2},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record MO1010415","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MO1010415/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"first_seen":"2024-10-30","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["public_contact"],"related_ids":["US-MO-STLOUIS-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2026","US-MO-STLOUISCOUNTY-MAW-LEAD-LINES-2024"],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}]},{"id":"US-MO-STLOUISCOUNTY-MAW-LEAD-LINES-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Missouri American Water replacing St. Louis County lead lines; 9,400 remain listed","description":"Missouri American Water, whose St. Louis and St. Charles counties system serves about 1.1 million people, said in April 2024 it had replaced about 10,000 lead service lines statewide, about 8,000 of them in St. Louis County, and set a voluntary goal of removing all lead customer lines by 2030 with $100 million budgeted for 2024. A February 2026 report citing EPA inventory data still lists 9,400 lead or suspected lead lines in St. Louis County.","location":{"name":"Missouri American Water, St. Louis County","type":"Investor-owned utility service area","state":"MO","states":["MO"],"detail":"St. Louis County and St. Charles County system (Chesterfield-based)","coordinates":{"lat":38.640688,"lon":-90.446073,"precision":"county","source_ref":4},"counties":["St. Louis","St. Charles"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"MO6010716"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead service lines are buried infrastructure whose risk is lead leaching into tap water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Lead lines remain in service in St. Louis County, 9,400 per EPA inventory data cited in Feb 2026 (ref 2); no lead exceedance was found in the cited sources.","service":"Replacements are scheduled construction with no reported loss of service (ref 1).","scale":"The St. Louis and St. Charles counties system serves 1,111,000 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Replacement has run for years, with about 8,000 St. Louis County lines done by April 2024 and a 2030 completion goal (ref 1).","significance":"Lead line identification and replacement is required under the federal lead rule (ref 2); the 2030 goal is voluntary and beyond federal requirements (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1111000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the St. Louis and St. Charles counties system per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 10,000 lead service lines replaced statewide, about 8,000 in St. Louis County, as of April 2024 (ref 1); 9,400 listed for St. Louis County in Feb 2026 (ref 2)"},"measures":[{"name":"Lead service lines replaced in St. Louis County","value":8000,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate, as of 2024-04-01 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Lead or suspected lead lines listed for St. Louis County","value":9400,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"EPA inventory data as cited by The Beacon/Missouri Independent (ref 2); the article does not name the utility."},{"name":"2024 lead line program budget (Missouri)","value":100,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"(ref 1)"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Company replaces the whole line, including the customer side, at no direct cost to the homeowner (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"About 8,000 St. Louis County lines replaced by April 2024 under a program targeting 2030 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Missouri American Water","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Public Drinking Water Branch","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Missouri American Water customer service, 1-866-269-2837 (per the company release)","corrective_actions":["$100 million in 2024 to identify and replace lead and galvanized lines (ref 1)","Full-line replacement including the customer-owned portion at no direct cost (ref 1)","Interactive service line inventory map (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"Missouri American Water Investing $100 Million in 2024 to Identify and Remove Lead Service Lines","publisher":"American Water newsroom","date":"2024-04-01","url":"https://newsroom.amwater.com/2024-04-01-Missouri-American-Water-Investing-100-Million-in-2024-to-Identify-and-Remove-Lead-Service-Lines","basis":"Utility record","ref":1},{"ref":2,"title":"'I'd be shocked if we didn't find a few': Kansas City's hunt for lead pipes is on","publisher":"Missouri Independent (from The Beacon)","date":"2026-02-16","url":"https://missouriindependent.com/2026/02/16/id-be-shocked-if-we-didnt-find-a-few-kansas-citys-hunt-for-lead-pipes-is-on/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record MO6010716","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MO6010716/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 National Counties Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_counties_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; county internal point"}],"first_seen":"2024-04-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MO-STLOUIS-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2026","US-MO-KANSASCITY-GALVANIZED-LINES-2026"],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}]},{"id":"US-MO-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"UCMR 5: nine Missouri systems had PFOA or PFOS results at or above 4 ppt","description":"In EPA's final UCMR 5 dataset, 232 Missouri public water systems were sampled from 2023 to 2025 and 9 had at least one PFOA or PFOS result at or above 4.0 parts per trillion, the 2024 federal limit; together they serve about 305,000 people. Reporting by The Beacon named St. Robert, Camdenton, St. James, St. Peters and the Circle C mobile home park in Beaufort as over the limit, with St. Robert at 2.8 times it. MoDNR says its own voluntary sampling since 2013 has covered systems serving more than 76% of Missourians.","location":{"name":"Missouri statewide (public water systems)","type":"Statewide drinking water program","state":"MO","states":["MO"],"detail":"All Missouri public water systems in EPA's UCMR 5 round; point is Jefferson City, the state capital","coordinates":{"lat":38.567461,"lon":-92.175254,"precision":"state","source_ref":6},"counties":["Cole"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in finished drinking water is a water-quality issue at the tap.","secondary_drivers":["Landfills and land-applied biosolids cited as PFAS sources by the Missouri Coalition for the Environment (ref 2)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Nine Missouri systems logged PFOA or PFOS at or above 4.0 ppt in UCMR 5, up to 12 ppt PFOS at St. Robert (ref 1); The Beacon reports St. Robert at 2.8 times the limit (ref 2).","service":"None of the cited sources reports a do-not-drink order or service change tied to PFAS (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The nine systems serve about 305,000 people combined per SDWIS, including Springfield's 210,898 (refs 1, 4).","duration":"UCMR 5 sampling ran 2023 to 2025 (ref 2), and MoDNR has tracked PFAS in public supplies since 2013 (ref 3).","significance":"Federal PFOA and PFOS limits apply with compliance due later in the decade and proposed changes pending (ref 2); no Missouri enforcement was found."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":305345,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS populations of the nine systems with a UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS result at or above 4.0 ppt (refs 1, 4); includes Springfield, whose single 4.3 ppt result was at one of several taps."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"9 of 232 Missouri systems sampled in UCMR 5 had at least one PFOA or PFOS result at or above 4.0 ppt (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Missouri systems sampled in UCMR 5","value":232,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Count of Missouri PWSIDs in UCMR5_All.txt (ref 1)."},{"name":"Systems with any PFAS detection","value":73,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"At least one of the 29 PFAS detected at or above the reporting level (ref 1)."},{"name":"Systems with PFOA or PFOS at or above 4.0 ppt","value":9,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Ralls County PWSD 1, Camdenton, St. James, St. Robert, Cole County PWSD 1, Lamar, Springfield, St. Peters, Circle C MHP (ref 1)."},{"name":"Highest PFOS result","value":12,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"St. Robert Well 5, 2024-05-13 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 is the first national PFAS round with these methods; the Beacon reporting expects more testing to find more (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Public Drinking Water Branch","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 7","role":"Federal drinking water program"}],"public_contact":"MoDNR Office of Communications, 573-751-1010 (per the MoDNR PFAS page)","corrective_actions":["MoDNR voluntary PFAS sampling and online PFAS viewer (ref 3)","MoDNR grants for treatment upgrades, often with local match (ref 2)","Canton chose to buy water from Clark County after elevated PFAS (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Occurrence Data from the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 5 final dataset released August 2026, UCMR5_All.txt)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2015-09-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"'Forever chemicals' surge past federal limits in Missouri drinking water systems","publisher":"The Beacon / KCUR","date":"2026-03-29","url":"https://www.kcur.org/environment-agriculture/2026-03-29/forever-chemicals-surge-past-federal-limits-in-missouri-drinking-water-systems","basis":"News"},{"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)","publisher":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources","date":null,"url":"https://dnr.mo.gov/contaminant-spotlight/perfluoroalkyl-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"State record (undated page, accessed date)","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record MO5010754","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MO5010754/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"KY3 Digital Extra: Missouri water districts exceed federal limits for PFAS contamination","publisher":"KY3","date":"2026-03-27","url":"https://www.ky3.com/2026/03/27/ky3-digital-extra-missouri-water-districts-exceed-federal-limits-pfas-contamination","basis":"News","ref":5},{"ref":6,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"first_seen":"2023-03-14","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MO-STROBERT-PFOS-2024","US-MO-CAMDENTON-PFOS-2023","US-MO-STPETERS-PFOA-2024","US-MO-BEAUFORT-CIRCLEC-PFOS-2025"],"conflicts":[{"field":"systems over the federal PFAS limit","values":["At least five districts, per 2024 EPA data (refs 2, 5)","Nine systems with at least one PFOA or PFOS result at or above 4.0 ppt in the final UCMR 5 dataset (ref 1)"],"note":"The news count used 2024 data and averages; the final dataset adds 2025 samples (Ralls County PWSD 1, Circle C)."}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}]},{"id":"US-MO-STROBERT-PFOS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"St. Robert wells show PFOS near three times the federal limit","description":"EPA's UCMR 5 results for St. Robert in Pulaski County show PFOS of 12 and 10 parts per trillion at Well 5 and 9.3 ppt at Well 2 in 2024, against the 4.0 ppt federal limit. The Beacon reported St. Robert's PFOS at 2.8 times the limit, the highest of the Missouri systems it named. No treatment plan for the city was reported in the cited sources.","location":{"name":"St. Robert water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MO","states":["MO"],"detail":"St. Robert, Pulaski County, near Fort Leonard Wood; groundwater wells","coordinates":{"lat":37.825332,"lon":-92.151981,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Pulaski"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MO3010720"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS measured in finished water from the system's wells is a drinking-water quality issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"St. Robert Well 5 measured PFOS at 12 ppt on 2024-05-13 and 10 ppt on 2024-12-04, and Well 2 at 9.3 ppt (ref 1), all above the 4.0 ppt limit.","service":"Neither UCMR 5 data nor The Beacon reports a water advisory or well shutdown in St. Robert (refs 1, 2).","scale":"St. Robert's system serves 5,192 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Elevated PFOS appears in both 2024 sampling rounds, May and December (ref 1).","significance":"The Beacon lists St. Robert as over the federal limit (ref 2), but the limit is not yet enforceable and no notice of violation was found."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":5192,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOS 12 ppt at Well 5 (2024-05-13) against a 4.0 ppt federal limit; reported as 2.8 times the limit (refs 1, 2)"},"measures":[{"name":"Highest PFOS result","value":12,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Well 5 - Eastlawn City Hall, 2024-05-13 (ref 1)."},{"name":"PFOS relative to federal limit","value":2.8,"unit":"times","status":"Reported","note":"The Beacon/KCUR (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Two sampling rounds in 2024 only (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of St. Robert","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Public Drinking Water Branch","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Not reported in the cited sources","corrective_actions":["No corrective action reported in the cited sources"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Occurrence Data from the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 5 final dataset released August 2026, UCMR5_All.txt)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2015-09-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"'Forever chemicals' surge past federal limits in Missouri drinking water systems","publisher":"The Beacon / KCUR","date":"2026-03-29","url":"https://www.kcur.org/environment-agriculture/2026-03-29/forever-chemicals-surge-past-federal-limits-in-missouri-drinking-water-systems","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record MO3010720","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MO3010720/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"first_seen":"2024-05-13","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["public_contact","corrective_actions"],"related_ids":["US-MO-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}]},{"id":"US-MO-CAMDENTON-PFOS-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Camdenton well shows PFOS at about 2.5 times the federal limit","description":"Camdenton's North Rodeo Well in Camden County measured PFOS at 9.8 and 10.3 parts per trillion in 2023 UCMR 5 sampling, above the 4.0 ppt federal limit, with PFHxS at 8.3 and 9.2 ppt. The Beacon reported Camdenton at 2.5 times the PFOS limit.","location":{"name":"Camdenton PWS","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MO","states":["MO"],"detail":"Camdenton, Camden County, Lake of the Ozarks area; groundwater wells","coordinates":{"lat":38.013237,"lon":-92.751393,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Camden"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MO3010130"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS measured in finished water from the system's wells is a drinking-water quality issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"The North Rodeo Well had PFOS of 9.8 ppt (2023-03-14) and 10.3 ppt (2023-09-26), above 4.0 ppt, plus PFHxS up to 9.2 ppt (ref 1).","service":"No advisory or well closure for Camdenton appears in UCMR 5 data or the Beacon report (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Camdenton's system serves 3,960 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Both 2023 samples, six months apart, were above the PFOS limit (ref 1).","significance":"Named by The Beacon at 2.5 times the limit (ref 2); no state or federal enforcement found, as the limit is not yet in force."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":3960,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOS 10.3 ppt at the North Rodeo Well (2023-09-26) against a 4.0 ppt federal limit (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Highest PFOS result","value":10.3,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"North Rodeo Well, 2023-09-26 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Highest PFHxS result","value":9.2,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Same well and date (ref 1); federal PFHxS limit 10 ppt."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"PFOS 9.8 then 10.3 ppt six months apart (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Camdenton","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Public Drinking Water Branch","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Not reported in the cited sources","corrective_actions":["No corrective action reported in the cited sources"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Occurrence Data from the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 5 final dataset released August 2026, UCMR5_All.txt)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2015-09-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"'Forever chemicals' surge past federal limits in Missouri drinking water systems","publisher":"The Beacon / KCUR","date":"2026-03-29","url":"https://www.kcur.org/environment-agriculture/2026-03-29/forever-chemicals-surge-past-federal-limits-in-missouri-drinking-water-systems","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record MO3010130","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MO3010130/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"first_seen":"2023-03-14","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["public_contact","corrective_actions"],"related_ids":["US-MO-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}]},{"id":"US-MO-STPETERS-PFOA-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"St. Peters finished water above federal PFOA limit; city evaluating treatment","description":"St. Peters' treatment plant measured PFOA at 4.6 and 4.9 parts per trillion in 2024 UCMR 5 sampling, above the 4.0 ppt federal limit. The city, which draws groundwater from wells in the Mississippi River floodplain, told The Beacon it is evaluating treatment methods but does not plan to investigate the source, and that its water meets all current standards.","location":{"name":"St. Peters PWS","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MO","states":["MO"],"detail":"St. Peters, St. Charles County; Mississippi River floodplain wells","coordinates":{"lat":38.78352,"lon":-90.605075,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["St. Charles"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MO6010719"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS measured in finished water from the system's wells is a drinking-water quality issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"St. Peters' treatment plant had PFOA of 4.6 ppt (2024-03-12) and 4.9 ppt (2024-09-23), above 4.0 ppt (ref 1).","service":"The city says its water 'remains safe and meets all regulatory standards' and no advisory was issued (ref 2).","scale":"St. Peters serves 52,575 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Both 2024 samples, March and September, exceeded the PFOA limit (ref 1).","significance":"Reported by The Beacon at 1.2 times the limit (ref 2); no violation, since the federal limit is not yet enforceable."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":52575,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOA 4.9 ppt at the treatment plant (2024-09-23) against a 4.0 ppt federal limit (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Highest PFOA result","value":4.9,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Treatment plant entry point, 2024-09-23 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"4.6 then 4.9 ppt in 2024 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of St. Peters, Water Environment Services","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Public Drinking Water Branch","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Not reported in the cited sources","corrective_actions":["City evaluating PFAS treatment methods (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Occurrence Data from the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 5 final dataset released August 2026, UCMR5_All.txt)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2015-09-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"'Forever chemicals' surge past federal limits in Missouri drinking water systems","publisher":"The Beacon / KCUR","date":"2026-03-29","url":"https://www.kcur.org/environment-agriculture/2026-03-29/forever-chemicals-surge-past-federal-limits-in-missouri-drinking-water-systems","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record MO6010719","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MO6010719/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"first_seen":"2024-03-12","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["public_contact"],"related_ids":["US-MO-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}]},{"id":"US-MO-BEAUFORT-CIRCLEC-PFOS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Circle C mobile home park well over federal PFOS limit in Beaufort","description":"The Circle C mobile home park water system in Beaufort, Franklin County, measured PFOS at 5.9 and 4.1 parts per trillion in 2025 UCMR 5 sampling of its single well, above the 4.0 ppt federal limit, with PFHxS at 7.3 and 5.2 ppt. The Beacon listed the park at 1.3 times the PFOS limit.","location":{"name":"Circle C MHP water system","type":"Mobile home park community water system","state":"MO","states":["MO"],"detail":"Beaufort, Franklin County; single groundwater well","coordinates":{"lat":38.413003,"lon":-91.072832,"precision":"county","source_ref":4},"counties":["Franklin"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MO6048106"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS measured in finished water from the system's wells is a drinking-water quality issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Well #1 had PFOS of 5.9 ppt (2025-03-18) and 4.1 ppt (2025-10-13), above 4.0 ppt (ref 1).","service":"No advisory or alternate supply for park residents is reported in the cited sources (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The park's system serves 75 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Both 2025 samples, seven months apart, were above the PFOS limit (ref 1).","significance":"The Beacon names Beaufort Circle C at 1.3 times the limit (ref 2); no enforcement found."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":75,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOS 5.9 ppt at Well #1 (2025-03-18) against a 4.0 ppt federal limit (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Highest PFOS result","value":5.9,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Well #1, 2025-03-18 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Highest PFHxS result","value":7.3,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Same sample (ref 1); federal PFHxS limit 10 ppt."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"5.9 ppt in March 2025, 4.1 ppt in October 2025 (ref 1); two samples only."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Circle C MHP (owner)","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Public Drinking Water Branch","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Not reported in the cited sources","corrective_actions":["No corrective action reported in the cited sources"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Occurrence Data from the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 5 final dataset released August 2026, UCMR5_All.txt)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2015-09-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"'Forever chemicals' surge past federal limits in Missouri drinking water systems","publisher":"The Beacon / KCUR","date":"2026-03-29","url":"https://www.kcur.org/environment-agriculture/2026-03-29/forever-chemicals-surge-past-federal-limits-in-missouri-drinking-water-systems","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record MO6048106","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MO6048106/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 National Counties Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_counties_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; county internal point"}],"first_seen":"2025-03-18","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["public_contact","corrective_actions"],"related_ids":["US-MO-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}]},{"id":"US-MO-MADISONCO-PWSD1-PFAS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Madison County PWSD 1 well has PFAS above reporting limits; MoDNR weighs study","description":"After the Critical Minerals Recovery battery fire near Fredericktown, MoDNR sampled the City of Fredericktown and Madison County Public Water Supply District #1 on Nov. 11, 2024. Lithium was not detected and Fredericktown had no PFAS above reporting limits, but PFAS was detected above reporting limits in one district well, consistent with 2022 monitoring there. MoDNR said it is helping the district evaluate grants for a study of long-term ways to reduce PFAS exposure from that well.","location":{"name":"Madison County PWSD 1","type":"Public water supply district","state":"MO","states":["MO"],"detail":"Fredericktown area, Madison County, southeast Missouri; groundwater wells","coordinates":{"lat":37.562953,"lon":-90.303512,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Madison"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MO4024368"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in a well feeding the district's drinking water is a water-quality issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"PFAS was detected above reporting limits in one district well; MoDNR did not publish the concentration (ref 1).","service":"MoDNR issued no advisory and said it would make sure customers know of precautions (ref 1).","scale":"The district's system serves 1,705 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"The Nov. 2024 detection was consistent with monitoring at that well in 2022 (ref 1), so it has persisted for at least two years.","significance":"Found through MoDNR sampling after the battery fire; no violation or order was found (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":1705,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFAS detected above reporting limits in one Madison County PWSD #1 well, consistent with 2022 monitoring (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"PFAS concentration in affected well","value":null,"unit":"ppt","status":"Not reported","note":"MoDNR did not publish the value (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Consistent with 2022 results at the same well (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Madison County Public Water Supply District #1","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Public Drinking Water Branch","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"MoDNR Office of Communications, 573-751-1010 (per the MoDNR release)","corrective_actions":["MoDNR sampling of Fredericktown and district water on Nov. 11, 2024 (ref 1)","MoDNR helping the district evaluate grants for a long-term PFAS reduction study (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"MoDNR: Follow-up sampling shows no change in Fredericktown-area drinking water after Critical Minerals Recovery fire","publisher":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources","date":"2024-12-04","url":"https://dnr.mo.gov/communications/news/modnr-follow-sampling-shows-no-change-fredericktown-area-drinking-water-after-critical-minerals-recovery-fire","basis":"State record","ref":1},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record MO4024368","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MO/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MADISON%20CO/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"first_seen":"2022-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["measures.PFAS concentration"],"related_ids":["US-MO-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}]},{"id":"US-MO-FARMINGTON-RADIUM-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Farmington exceeded radium limit; Well 7 taken out of service","description":"Farmington's water system in St. Francois County exceeded the 5 pCi/L combined radium limit, with running annual averages of 5.83 pCi/L for the period starting July 2024 and 5.53 pCi/L for the period ending September 30, 2025. The city traced the problem to Well 7, which received a Notice of Violation on Sept. 3, 2025, and was taken out of service; the city says its other 13 wells meet the standard. EPA records show the system returned to compliance on Oct. 14, 2025.","location":{"name":"Farmington PWS","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MO","states":["MO"],"detail":"Farmington, St. Francois County, southeast Missouri; 14 groundwater wells","coordinates":{"lat":37.782494,"lon":-90.427303,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["St. Francois"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MO4010270"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Naturally occurring radium in well water exceeded the drinking water standard.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The public notice reports a combined radium running annual average of 5.53 pCi/L against the 5 pCi/L MCL (ref 1); SDWIS also logs 5.83 pCi/L (ref 3).","service":"Well 7 was taken out of service and remains offline, and customers received two public notices but no bottled water advisory (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Farmington's system serves 18,217 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Two consecutive radium violation periods ran from July 2024 to September 2025 (ref 3).","significance":"MoDNR's sampling led to a Notice of Violation on Sept. 3, 2025 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":18217,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Combined radium RAA 5.53 pCi/L for the period ending Sept. 30, 2025; MCL 5 pCi/L (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Combined radium running annual average","value":5.53,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"Period ending 2025-09-30 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Combined radium RAA, prior period","value":5.83,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"Compliance period 2024-07-01 to 2025-06-30 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Wells remaining in service and compliant","value":13,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"(ref 1)"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"RAA fell from 5.83 to 5.53 pCi/L (ref 3) and SDWIS shows a return to compliance on 2025-10-14 after Well 7 was removed (refs 1, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Farmington Public Works","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Public Drinking Water Branch","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Farmington Public Works Director, 573-218-8266 (per the public notice)","corrective_actions":["Well 7 taken out of service after the Sept. 3, 2025 Notice of Violation (ref 1)","Second public notice issued January 2026 (refs 1, 2)"],"sources":[{"title":"Public Notice: Farmington PWS Has Levels of Radionuclides Above Drinking Water Standards","publisher":"City of Farmington","date":"2026-01-30","url":"https://irp.cdn-website.com/5429d181/files/uploaded/PublicNotice01-30-26.pdf","basis":"Utility record","ref":1},{"title":"Drinking Water Notice","publisher":"City of Farmington","date":"2026-01-30","url":"https://www.farmington-mo.gov/drinking-water-notice","basis":"Local government record","ref":2},{"title":"SDWIS violation records for MO4010270","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/MO4010270/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record MO4010270","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MO4010270/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"first_seen":"2024-07-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}]},{"id":"US-MO-CASSVILLE-ROARINGRIVER-LEGIONELLA-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Three Legionnaires' cases tied to stays at Roaring River Lodge near Cassville","description":"The Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services reported in August 2024 that three unassociated people who stayed at Roaring River Lodge and RV Park near Cassville in July were diagnosed with Legionnaires' disease within 14 days of their stay. Preliminary samples indicated Legionella in the facility's water system, and DHSS worked with the lodge on water system improvements and a water management plan.","location":{"name":"Roaring River Lodge and RV Park","type":"Lodging facility water system","state":"MO","states":["MO"],"detail":"23359 State Highway 112, near Cassville, Barry County","coordinates":{"lat":36.678302,"lon":-93.868105,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Barry"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legionella was found in the lodging facility's building water system (ref 1); the source ties the outbreak to the facility, not to a named public water system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Three guests were diagnosed with Legionnaires' disease within 14 days of July 2024 stays, and preliminary samples showed Legionella in the water system (ref 1).","service":"The resort was to notify recent guests of the hotel portion of the facility (ref 1).","scale":"One lodging facility; three diagnosed cases (ref 1).","duration":"Stays in July 2024 led to a DHSS investigation and remediation still under way at the Aug. 19, 2024 release (ref 1).","significance":"DHSS investigated, sampled and issued a public media release (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":3,"status":"Reported","note":"Diagnosed cases (ref 1); number of exposed guests not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Three unassociated guests diagnosed with Legionnaires' disease after July 2024 stays (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Legionnaires' disease cases","value":3,"unit":"cases","status":"Reported","note":"(ref 1)"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No follow-up on confirmed sample results was found (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services","role":"Public health investigation"},{"name":"Roaring River Lodge and RV Park","role":"Facility operator"}],"public_contact":"Not reported in the cited sources","corrective_actions":["DHSS facility assessment and water sampling (ref 1)","Water system improvements to kill Legionella (ref 1)","Water management plan to be developed (ref 1)","Notification of recent hotel guests (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"Attention travelers: 3 cases of Legionnaires' disease in Missouri","publisher":"Salina Post (DHSS media release)","date":"2024-08-19","url":"https://salinapost.com/posts/a1a19242-b684-4ea1-8f09-b48f00409a13","basis":"News (state agency release)","ref":1},{"ref":2,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"first_seen":"2024-07-01","latest_seen":"2024-08-19","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["location.pwsid","public_contact"],"related_ids":[],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."}]},{"id":"US-MO-SPRINGFIELD-BOIL-ADVISORY-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Springfield main break puts about 30,000 customers under boil advisory","description":"A water main break near Battlefield Road and Highway 65 early on Nov. 16, 2024 led City Utilities of Springfield to issue a boil water advisory for about 30,000 customers across southeast Springfield, affecting CoxHealth's Cox South campus, Mercy Springfield and Missouri State University. Tests came back negative for contamination and the advisory was lifted the next afternoon.","location":{"name":"City Utilities of Springfield","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MO","states":["MO"],"detail":"Southeast Springfield, Greene County","coordinates":{"lat":37.194157,"lon":-93.292642,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Greene"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MO5010754"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A main break caused loss of pressure, which triggered a precautionary drinking-water advisory.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"City Utilities reported water tests negative for contamination (ref 1).","service":"About 30,000 customers were told to boil water, hospitals told patients and staff to avoid tap water, and service stayed at low pressure during repairs (ref 1).","scale":"CU's advisory covered about 30,000 customers in a system serving 210,898 people per SDWIS (refs 1, 2).","duration":"The advisory was issued Nov. 16 and lifted the afternoon of Nov. 17, 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"A formal boil water advisory; Greene County emergency management brought in the Red Cross and Convoy of Hope (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":30000,"status":"Reported","note":"Customers under the advisory per City Utilities (ref 1); customers, not people."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 30,000 customers under a boil water advisory, Nov. 16-17, 2024 (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Customers under boil advisory","value":30000,"unit":"customers","status":"Reported","note":"(ref 1)"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City Utilities of Springfield","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Public Drinking Water Branch","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Not reported in the cited sources","corrective_actions":["Main repaired and advisory lifted after negative tests (ref 1)","Bottled water provided to a medical facility and university residence halls (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"Springfield boil water advisory CANCELED for nearly all impacted after water main break","publisher":"KY3","date":"2024-11-17","url":"https://www.ky3.com/2024/11/17/springfield-boil-water-advisory-canceled-nearly-all-impacted-after-water-main-break/","basis":"News","ref":1},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record MO5010754","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MO5010754/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"first_seen":"2024-11-16","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["public_contact"],"related_ids":["US-MO-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_categories":["agricultural","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","secondary_drivers":["Record-dry August 2025 (1.16 inches statewide) and five drier-than-average months through December (ref 3)"],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MO-NIXA-AQUIFER-DROUGHT-2025","US-MO-SWMO-OZARK-AQUIFER-GAP-2025"],"id":"US-MO-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-ALERT-2025","title":"Missouri drought alert 2025-2026: flash drought, Ozarks water hauling","description":"Gov. Mike Kehoe declared a drought alert by Executive Order 25-29 on Sept. 22, 2025, extended it to 21 more counties through April 1, 2026 (EO 25-34), and again through Sept. 1, 2026 (EO 26-09). MU Extension reports a flash drought covered nearly all of Missouri by late August 2025, peaking Oct. 14 with about 77% of the state in moderate drought or worse, the fourth straight growing season with drought. National Weather Service statements for the Ozarks reported dried-up creeks and ponds and livestock producers hauling water into early 2026, with extreme drought in parts of Oregon and Howell counties.","location":{"name":"Missouri (statewide drought alert)","type":"State drought declaration area","state":"MO","states":["MO"],"detail":"Statewide; most severe in southern and southwestern Missouri (Ozarks), including Greene, Howell, Oregon, Shannon counties","coordinates":{"lat":38.5767,"lon":-92.1735,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Greene","Howell","Oregon","Shannon","Dade","Lawrence","Polk","Webster","Christian","Taney","Ozark","Douglas"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","layer_rationale":"Rainfall deficits reduced streamflow, pond and soil water across the state; the problem is water quantity, not infrastructure.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"NWS Springfield's Dec. 11, 2025 statement lists livestock mortality and reduced water quality where water remains (ref 4); no drinking-water health harm was documented.","service":"Lack of livestock water required hauling (refs 4, 5); MoDNR offers public water systems a fast-track emergency exception for supply infrastructure (ref 2).","scale":"About 77% of Missouri was in moderate drought or worse at the Oct. 14, 2025 peak (ref 3).","duration":"The alert ran from Sept. 22, 2025 to Sept. 1, 2026 through two extensions (refs 1, 2), and 2025 was the fourth straight growing season with drought (ref 3).","significance":"Gubernatorial Executive Order 25-29 declared a Drought Alert and directed all state agencies to assist (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected-population count was published."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 77% of the state in moderate drought (D1) or worse at the Oct. 14, 2025 peak (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Share of Missouri in D1 or worse at 2025 peak","value":77,"unit":"%","status":"Reported","note":"Oct. 14, 2025 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Statewide 2025 precipitation below average","value":2.95,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"MU Extension (ref 3)."},{"name":"Community drought impact reports, July 1 to Nov. 15, 2025","value":742,"unit":"reports","status":"Reported","note":"CMOR program (ref 3)."}],"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Drought improved in parts of the Ozarks by December 2025 (ref 4) but expanded again by late January 2026 (ref 5); MoDNR lists the alert as expiring Sept. 1, 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Office of the Governor of Missouri","role":"Issued drought alert executive orders"},{"name":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources","role":"Drought coordination and public water supply assistance"}],"public_contact":"Missouri Department of Agriculture AgriStress Helpline, 833-897-2474 (as listed by NWS Springfield)","corrective_actions":["Drought Alert under EO 25-29, extended by EO 25-34 and EO 26-09 (refs 1, 2)","Free livestock water access at select state park boat ramps and free overwidth hay-hauling permits (ref 2)","Fast-track Drinking Water Emergency Exception Request for public water systems (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Executive Orders 2025 (EO 25-29, EO 25-34)","publisher":"Missouri Secretary of State","date":"2025-11-26","url":"https://www.sos.mo.gov/library/reference/orders/2025","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Drought","publisher":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources","date":null,"url":"https://dnr.mo.gov/node/81181","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Missouri weather in 2025: From bitter cold to flash drought","publisher":"University of Missouri Extension","date":"2026-01-21","url":"https://extension.missouri.edu/news/missouri-weather-in-2025-from-bitter-cold-to-flash-drought","basis":"Academic"},{"ref":4,"title":"Drought Information Statement for the Missouri Ozarks, Dec. 11, 2025","publisher":"National Weather Service, Springfield MO","date":"2025-12-11","url":"https://www.weather.gov/media/sgf/DGT/DGT_SGF_12112025.txt","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":5,"title":"Drought Information Statement for the Missouri Ozarks, Jan. 29, 2026","publisher":"National Weather Service, Springfield MO","date":"2026-01-29","url":"https://www.weather.gov/media/sgf/DGT/DGT_SGF_01292026.txt","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":6,"title":"Executive Orders 2026 (EO 26-09)","publisher":"Missouri Secretary of State","date":"2026-03-31","url":"https://www.sos.mo.gov/library/reference/orders/2026","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":8,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","secondary_drivers":["Population growth: Branson, Rogersville and Nixa doubled or tripled since 2000 (ref 1)"],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Preliminary conveyance cost of about $1 billion for regional partners (ref 1)"]},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MO-NIXA-AQUIFER-DROUGHT-2025","US-MO-SPRINGFIELD-LAKE-STORAGE-2023"],"id":"US-MO-SWMO-OZARK-AQUIFER-GAP-2025","title":"Southwest Missouri faces 53 MGD supply gap as Ozark aquifer use outpaces recharge","description":"SWMO Water, a regional coalition covering 16 counties including Springfield, Joplin, Nixa and Ozark, projects about 53 million gallons per day of unmet water needs by 2060, and its director says aquifer withdrawals now exceed natural recharge. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers approved reallocating about 38 million gallons per day of Stockton Lake storage, roughly 70% of the gap, but partners must still build pipes, pumps and tanks with a preliminary estimate of about $1 billion. Ozark, Nixa and Willard moved in June 2025 to join the commission to add surface water.","location":{"name":"Southwest Missouri (Ozark aquifer region)","type":"Regional water supply planning area","state":"MO","states":["MO"],"detail":"16-county SWMO Water region including Greene, Christian, Jasper and Lawrence counties; Ozark Plateaus aquifer","coordinates":{"lat":37.209,"lon":-93.2923,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Greene","Christian","Jasper","Lawrence","Dade","Cedar"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","layer_rationale":"Groundwater demand from fast-growing towns exceeds aquifer recharge, so supply is the issue rather than any failed asset.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SWMO Water's director says extraction from the Ozark aquifer is now faster than natural replenishment (ref 1).","service":"No supply restrictions are tied to the regional gap in the cited reports; Ozark still meets 3 to 4 MGD from wells (ref 2).","scale":"The coalition spans 16 counties and cities including Springfield, Joplin, Carthage and Nixa (ref 1).","duration":"The coalition has worked on the problem since 2003, and the Corps study began in 2015 (refs 1, 3).","significance":"The Army Corps approved a formal Stockton Lake storage reallocation of 38 MGD for SWMO partners (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No regional population figure was given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 53 million gallons per day of additional water needs by 2060 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Projected 2060 water supply gap","value":53,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"SWMO Water study (ref 1)."},{"name":"Stockton Lake storage reallocated","value":38,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Army Corps approval (refs 1, 2)."},{"name":"Preliminary infrastructure cost estimate","value":1,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"Conceptual estimate, 'likely more' (ref 1)."}],"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Only one planning projection is cited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Southwest Missouri Joint Municipal Water Utility Commission (SWMO Water)","role":"Regional supply planner and implementer"},{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Kansas City District","role":"Stockton Lake operator"}],"public_contact":"SWMO Water (Southwest Missouri Joint Municipal Water Utility Commission) general office","corrective_actions":["Stockton Lake storage reallocation of about 38 MGD approved by the Army Corps (refs 1, 3)","Ozark Bill 3669 and similar Nixa and Willard resolutions to join the commission for surface water (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"A glass half-full: The Ozark Plateaus aquifer, Stockton Lake and a source for water in a developing region","publisher":"KSMU","date":"2025-09-19","url":"https://www.ksmu.org/show/sense-of-community/2025-09-19/a-glass-half-full-the-ozark-plateaus-aquifer-stockton-lake-and-a-source-for-water-in-a-developing-region","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Southwest Missouri communities work towards water security for the future","publisher":"KY3","date":"2025-06-09","url":"https://www.ky3.com/2025/06/09/southwest-missouri-communities-work-towards-water-security-future","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Leaders discuss the future of water needs in the Ozarks","publisher":"KY3","date":"2025-09-23","url":"https://www.ky3.com/2025/09/23/leaders-discuss-future-water-needs-ozarks","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","secondary_drivers":["Drought upgraded to severe across most of the Ozarks (ref 1)"],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MO-SWMO-OZARK-AQUIFER-GAP-2025","US-MO-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-ALERT-2025"],"id":"US-MO-NIXA-AQUIFER-DROUGHT-2025","title":"Nixa asks residents to conserve as aquifer level falls to about 370 feet","description":"In September 2025 the City of Nixa, which draws on nine groundwater wells, advised residents to conserve water as severe drought spread across the Ozarks. The water table on the Nixa Plateau, normally 290 to 300 feet below ground, had fallen to about 370 feet, a drop of 60 to 80 feet in a few months. The city's water quality superintendent said the same seasonal drawdown has occurred for the past three or four years.","location":{"name":"Nixa public water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MO","states":["MO"],"detail":"Nixa, Christian County, southwest Missouri; nine wells in the Ozark aquifer","coordinates":{"lat":37.0434,"lon":-93.2943,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Christian"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MO5010576"},"primary_category":"groundwater","layer_rationale":"Falling groundwater levels at the city's wells drive the conservation request; no infrastructure failure is reported.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Nixa's water table fell from a normal 290-300 feet to about 370 feet below ground (ref 1).","service":"City leaders advised residents to conserve water in September 2025 (ref 1).","scale":"Nixa PWS serves 24,532 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"Superintendent Jason Stutesmun said the same drawdown has recurred for the past three or four years (ref 1).","significance":"The request was an advisory from the city, with no formal order or violation cited (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":24532,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Water table at about 370 feet below ground versus a normal 290 to 300 feet (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Water table depth, September 2025","value":370,"unit":"feet below ground","status":"Reported","note":"KY3 (ref 1)."},{"name":"City wells","value":9,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"KY3 (ref 1)."}],"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Levels drop each summer and recover with rain, per the city (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Nixa","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Public Drinking Water Branch","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Nixa Utilities customer service","corrective_actions":["Voluntary conservation advisory (ref 1)","City resolution to join the SWMO Water commission for surface water (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FIRST ALERT WEATHER: Drought leads to Nixa advising folks to conserve water","publisher":"KY3","date":"2025-09-19","url":"https://www.ky3.com/2025/09/19/first-alert-weather-drought-leads-nixa-advising-folks-conserve-water","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Nixa PWS (MO5010576)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MO/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/NIXA/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Southwest Missouri communities work towards water security for the future","publisher":"KY3","date":"2025-06-09","url":"https://www.ky3.com/2025/06/09/southwest-missouri-communities-work-towards-water-security-future","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"id":"US-MO-MANSFIELD-WELL-PUMP-OUTAGE-2025","title":"Mansfield loses running water after main and backup well pumps fail","description":"On Jan. 2, 2025 the main well pump serving Mansfield in Wright County failed and the backup pump also broke down, leaving residents and businesses without running water. The city issued a boil advisory, Convoy of Hope supplied about 14 pallets of bottled water, and a drilling company repaired the pump. The advisory was lifted Jan. 7 after Missouri DNR samples came back clear.","location":{"name":"Mansfield public water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MO","states":["MO"],"detail":"Mansfield, Wright County, southern Missouri; groundwater well supply","coordinates":{"lat":37.1067,"lon":-92.5807,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Wright"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MO5010493"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","layer_rationale":"Failure of both well pumps cut the city's supply, so equipment and water quantity are both involved.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Residents were told to avoid city water until Missouri DNR gave an all-clear (ref 3); no contamination was reported.","service":"The pump failures left residents and businesses without running water, and a restaurant stopped dine-in service (ref 2).","scale":"Mansfield PWS serves 1,193 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"The outage began Jan. 2, 2025 and the boil advisory was lifted Jan. 7, 2025 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"The city issued a boil advisory covering all tap water (ref 2)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":1193,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Main well pump failed Jan. 2, 2025 with the backup pump already broken; boil advisory lifted Jan. 7 (refs 1, 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Days under boil advisory","value":5,"unit":"days","status":"Estimated","note":"Jan. 2 to Jan. 7, 2025 per refs 1 and 2."}],"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Pump repaired and advisory lifted (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Mansfield","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Public Drinking Water Branch","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Mansfield City Hall","corrective_actions":["Drilling company repaired the failed well pump (ref 1)","Bottled water distribution by Convoy of Hope at City Hall (refs 1, 2)","Pump issue placed on the Jan. 9, 2025 city council agenda (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City leaders in Mansfield, Mo., lift boil water advisory","publisher":"KY3","date":"2025-01-07","url":"https://www.ky3.com/2025/01/07/city-leaders-mansfield-mo-lift-boil-water-advisory","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Mansfield Boil Advisory lifted after pump failures force repairs","publisher":"KOLR / OzarksFirst (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-01-07","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/pump-failures-force-repairs-boil-172602313.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Mansfield, Mo., residents navigate water crisis with free bottled water","publisher":"KY3","date":"2025-01-02","url":"https://www.ky3.com/2025/01/03/mansfield-mo-residents-navigate-water-crisis-with-free-bottled-water","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Mansfield PWS (MO5010493)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MO/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MANSFIELD/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","secondary_drivers":["No state permit requirement for large non-agricultural water users (refs 1, 2)"],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MO-MONTGOMERY-DATACENTER-AQUIFER-2025","US-MO-INDEPENDENCE-DATACENTER-WATER-2026"],"id":"US-MO-STCHARLES-DATACENTER-WATER-2025","title":"St. Charles bans data centers after water supply concerns","description":"The St. Charles City Council approved a one-year ban on data centers in August 2025, partly over residents' worries about water supply and an already contaminated water source, then voted May 19, 2026 to effectively ban them permanently. A St. Louis Post-Dispatch review said the St. Charles proposal lacked basic water-use information. State bills that would have required a DNR permit for users of more than 2 million gallons of fresh water a day (HB 3362, HB 3364) never reached a House floor debate.","location":{"name":"City of St. Charles","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MO","states":["MO"],"detail":"St. Charles, St. Charles County, St. Louis metro","coordinates":{"lat":38.7881,"lon":-90.4974,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["St. Charles"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MO6010707"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","layer_rationale":"The issue is unregulated large-load water demand and local land-use response, not a measured supply shortfall.","severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No supply harm is documented; residents feared impacts on an already contaminated water supply (ref 1).","service":"No service disruption is reported in connection with the data center proposal (refs 1, 3).","scale":"St. Charles PWS serves 78,961 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"The moratorium ran from August 2025 until the council's May 19, 2026 permanent measure (ref 1).","significance":"The city council enacted a formal one-year moratorium and then a permanent ban (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":78961,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by St. Charles PWS per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Proposed state threshold for a DNR permit: more than 2 million gallons of fresh water per day (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Proposed DNR permit threshold (HB 3362/3364)","value":2,"unit":"million gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Bill not passed (refs 1, 2)."}],"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of St. Charles","role":"Land-use authority and water system owner"},{"name":"Missouri General Assembly","role":"Legislature; large-user permit bills not passed"}],"public_contact":"City of St. Charles City Clerk","corrective_actions":["One-year data center moratorium (August 2025) followed by a permanent ban (May 19, 2026) (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"'They're already here': Regulating data centers stalls in Missouri","publisher":"Missouri Independent","date":"2026-06-05","url":"https://missouriindependent.com/2026/06/05/theyre-already-here-regulating-data-centers-stalls-in-missouri/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Missouri lawmakers propose water and power usage requirements for data centers","publisher":"St. Louis Public Radio","date":"2026-02-26","url":"https://www.stlpr.org/government-politics-issues/2026-02-26/missouri-lawmakers-propose-water-power-usage-requirements-data-centers","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Do data centers really use so much water? Here are five key issues","publisher":"St. Louis Post-Dispatch (via Jefferson City News Tribune)","date":"2026-04-13","url":"https://www.newstribune.com/news/2026/apr/13/do-data-centers-really-use-so-much-water-here-are-five-key-issues/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: St Charles PWS (MO6010707)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MO/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ST%20CHARLES/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","secondary_drivers":["Data center growth in rural Missouri (refs 3, 4)"],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MO-STCHARLES-DATACENTER-WATER-2025","US-MO-FESTUS-DATA-CENTER-2026"],"id":"US-MO-MONTGOMERY-DATACENTER-AQUIFER-2025","title":"Montgomery County residents sue over Amazon data center aquifer use","description":"Amazon Web Services' Project Green campus in Montgomery County would use about 50 million gallons of groundwater a year at full buildout of 17 buildings, which AWS says is 0.03% of the aquifer's safe yield. In February 2026 residents' group Preserve Montgomery County sued the county and the Missouri Department of Economic Development in Cole County, alleging Sunshine Law violations and citing unknowns about water use and aquifer drawdown; their attorney said hydrogeology reports relied on a 2020 DNR projection that predates the proposal. Google announced a separate $15 billion air-cooled data center near New Florence in May 2026. The Department of Natural Resources director said the agency can regulate water impacts but not land-development permits (ref 6).","location":{"name":"Montgomery County (Project Green data center)","type":"County groundwater area","state":"MO","states":["MO"],"detail":"Montgomery County, east-central Missouri, about 80 miles west of St. Louis; New Florence and Montgomery City area","coordinates":{"lat":38.9775,"lon":-91.5049,"precision":"county","source_ref":2},"counties":["Montgomery"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","layer_rationale":"The dispute is over a new large groundwater withdrawal and its effect on the shared aquifer.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Plaintiffs' attorney cites concern about 'the massive drawdown of the aquifer' (ref 2); AWS consultants found no effect on aquifer levels (ref 1).","service":"No disruption to any water system is reported; AWS says it will fund required water and wastewater facilities (ref 1).","scale":"The campus covers about 1,000 acres in one county (refs 2, 4).","duration":"Water questions arose at December 2025 town halls and remained in litigation into mid-2026 (refs 1, 3, 5).","significance":"Preserve Montgomery County filed a 10-count lawsuit in Cole County seeking to void county approvals (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure is tied to the aquifer in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 50 million gallons per year at full buildout of 17 buildings, per AWS (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Projected annual water use at full buildout","value":50,"unit":"million gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"AWS letter (ref 1); about 2.9 million gallons per building."},{"name":"Share of aquifer average annual safe yield","value":0.03,"unit":"%","status":"Reported","note":"AWS claim (ref 1)."}],"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Montgomery County Commission","role":"Approving authority"},{"name":"Missouri Department of Economic Development","role":"Grant agreement party, named defendant"},{"name":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources","role":"Groundwater projections cited by both sides"}],"public_contact":"Montgomery County Commission","corrective_actions":["AWS pledged to fund all required water and wastewater facilities and use outside-air cooling about 93% of the year (ref 1)","Amazon irrigation-efficiency partnership with Arable Labs expected to cut water use by 100 million gallons (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"AWS Responds to Montgomery County Commission With Detailed Water Use Commitments","publisher":"The Missouri Times","date":"2025-12-12","url":"https://themissouritimes.com/aws-responds-to-montgomery-county-commission-with-detailed-water-use-commitments/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Lawsuit filed to stop Montgomery County data center","publisher":"ABC 17 News","date":"2026-02-17","url":"https://abc17news.com/news/top-stories/2026/02/17/lawsuit-filed-to-stop-montgomery-county-data-center/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Amazon promises $7 million in community contributions to rural Missouri amid local opposition to data center","publisher":"KFVS12","date":"2026-06-15","url":"https://www.kfvs12.com/2026/06/15/amazon-promises-7-million-community-contributions-rural-missouri-amid-local-opposition-data-center/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Do data centers really use so much water? Here are five key issues","publisher":"St. Louis Post-Dispatch (via Jefferson City News Tribune)","date":"2026-04-13","url":"https://www.newstribune.com/news/2026/apr/13/do-data-centers-really-use-so-much-water-here-are-five-key-issues/","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"Missouri governor and Google announce $15 billion data center in Montgomery County","publisher":"KBIA / KOMU 8 News","date":"2026-05-21","url":"https://www.kbia.org/missouri-news-network/2026-05-21/missouri-governor-and-google-announce-15-billion-data-center-in-montgomery-county","basis":"News"},{"title":"Governor, experts from across Missouri push back on fears around data center boom","publisher":"Jefferson City News Tribune","date":"2026-06-19","url":"https://www.newstribune.com/news/2026/jun/19/governor-experts-from-across-missouri-push-back/","basis":"News","ref":6}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MO-SWMO-OZARK-AQUIFER-GAP-2025"],"id":"US-MO-SPRINGFIELD-LAKE-STORAGE-2023","title":"Springfield lake storage falls below average; City Utilities pumps from Stockton","description":"After one of the driest years on record across southwest Missouri, City Utilities of Springfield reported total lake storage of 76.4% on Dec. 28, 2023, against an 81.8% average, with Fellows Lake about 10 feet below normal. The utility had been pumping additional water from Stockton Lake for about a month, while the Army Corps said Stockton itself was five to six feet below usual. The utility said it was not at an alert stage.","location":{"name":"City Utilities of Springfield water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MO","states":["MO"],"detail":"Springfield, Greene County; Fellows, McDaniel and Stockton lakes and the James River","coordinates":{"lat":37.209,"lon":-93.2923,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Greene"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MO5010754"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","layer_rationale":"Reservoir storage fell with rainfall deficits; the response was operational pumping, not repair.","severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Storage was 5% below the seasonal average, with no supply or quality harm reported (ref 1).","service":"City Utilities said it was not at an alert stage and imposed no restrictions (ref 1).","scale":"City Utilities of Springfield serves 210,898 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"Stockton pumping had run for about a month by early January 2024, after a dry 2023 (ref 1).","significance":"No formal declaration or notice was issued by the utility (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":210898,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Total lake storage 76.4% on Dec. 28, 2023 versus an 81.8% average (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Total lake storage, Dec. 28, 2023","value":76.4,"unit":"%","status":"Reported","note":"Average for the date 81.8% (ref 1)."},{"name":"Fellows Lake below normal elevation","value":10,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate (ref 1)."}],"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City Utilities of Springfield","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Kansas City District","role":"Stockton Lake operator"},{"name":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Public Drinking Water Branch","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City Utilities of Springfield customer service","corrective_actions":["Supplemental pumping from Stockton Lake (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Here's why the water level is so low at Springfield-area lakes","publisher":"Springfield News-Leader (via Yahoo News)","date":"2024-01-04","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/heres-why-water-level-low-095633289.html?fr=sycsrp_catchall","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: City Utilities of Springfield (MO5010754)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MO/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SPRINGFIELD/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MO-STCHARLES-DATACENTER-WATER-2025"],"id":"US-MO-INDEPENDENCE-DATACENTER-WATER-2026","title":"Independence residents question water use of Nebius AI data center","description":"At a Jan. 12, 2026 public Q&A on the Nebius AI data center campus planned for Eastgate Industrial Park in Independence, water use and wastewater processing were among residents' main questions. Project attorney Mark Coulter said a closed cooling system would need a one-time fill and annual refills, avoiding a major draw on the city's water supply. No water-use volume was disclosed in the cited reporting.","location":{"name":"Independence (Nebius data center site)","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MO","states":["MO"],"detail":"Eastgate Industrial Park near Little Blue Parkway and Highway 78, Independence, Jackson County","coordinates":{"lat":39.0911,"lon":-94.4155,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Jackson"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MO1010399"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","layer_rationale":"The open question is undisclosed future demand on the municipal supply, not a current shortfall.","severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"No harm documented; the developer says closed-loop cooling limits water use (ref 1).","service":"No disruption reported; residents asked about water use and wastewater at the Jan. 12, 2026 session (ref 1).","scale":"Independence PWS serves 120,000 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"Nebius bought the site in December 2025 and the project was in public review in January 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Only a public Q&A is documented, with no permit or formal action on water (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":120000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Independence PWS per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"No water-use volume disclosed; developer describes a one-time fill with annual refills (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Independence","role":"Land-use authority and water system owner"}],"public_contact":"City of Independence City Hall","corrective_actions":["Developer commitment to closed-loop cooling (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Independence residents concerned for potential AI data center","publisher":"FOX 4 Kansas City (via Yahoo News)","date":"2026-01-13","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/independence-residents-concerned-potential-ai-041427949.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Independence PWS (MO1010399)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MO/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/INDEPENDENCE/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"secondary_drivers":["Extreme rainfall: about 10 inches in roughly 12 hours in July 2022 (ref 1)"],"verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MO-STLOUIS-I44-SINKHOLE-2026"],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","id":"US-MO-STLMSD-PROJECTCLEAR-CD-2012","title":"MSD Project Clear: St. Louis sewer overflow consent decree runs to 2039","description":"The Metropolitan St. Louis Sewer District operates under a 2012 federal consent decree to eliminate sanitary sewer overflows and control combined sewer overflows; a 2018 amendment extended the program from 23 to 28 years. MSD reported meeting the 85% overflow-elimination goal by the end of 2023, with 26 of 199 constructed overflows remaining as of September 2023 and large storage tunnels still in design or construction.","location":{"name":"Metropolitan St. Louis Sewer District","type":"Regional sewer district service area","detail":"St. Louis City and most of St. Louis County; about 524 square miles and 88 municipalities","coordinates":{"lat":38.635699,"lon":-90.244582,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["St. Louis City","St. Louis"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"MO","states":["MO"]},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The issue is sewer system capacity and combined sewers that overflow untreated wastewater in wet weather.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"MSD says hundreds of sewer overflows can discharge wastewater into local waterways in heavy rain (ref 2); 26 constructed SSOs were still open in September 2023 (ref 1).","service":"Basement sewer backups have fallen about 25% under Project Clear but still occur (ref 1).","scale":"The district serves nearly 1.3 million people over 524 square miles (ref 1).","duration":"The decree took effect in April 2012 and the program now runs to 2039 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Federal consent decree with EPA and the Missouri Coalition for the Environment, amended in June 2018 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1300000,"status":"Reported","note":"'Nearly 1.3 million' people served per Municipal Sewer & Water (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Constructed sanitary sewer overflows remaining: 26 as of September 2023, down from 199 when Project Clear began (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Constructed overflows remaining (Sept 2023)","value":26,"unit":"overflows","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Project Clear total cost","value":7.2,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"Program cost per Municipal Sewer & Water (ref 1); the 2018 amendment page cites about $6 billion (ref 2)."},{"name":"Planned deep-tunnel storage capacity","value":360,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Six tunnels, 'more than 360 million gallons' combined (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Multi-billion-dollar mandated program funded by ratepayers; voters decided wastewater funding on April 2, 2024 (ref 3)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Overflows fell from 199 to 26 between 2012 and September 2023 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Metropolitan St. Louis Sewer District","role":"Sewer utility and consent decree party"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 7","role":"Federal enforcement"},{"name":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources","role":"State permitting authority"}],"public_contact":"MSD Project Clear customer service, 314-768-6260","corrective_actions":["About 150 miles of sewer repair, 950 miles of rehabilitation and 150 miles of upsizing planned (ref 1)","Six deep storage tunnels; two completed, others in construction or design through 2039 (ref 1)","At least $20 million of rainscaping green infrastructure (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"title":"Eliminating Sanitary Sewer Overflows","publisher":"Municipal Sewer & Water (MSW Magazine)","date":"2023-12-26","url":"https://www.mswmag.com/editorial/2024/01/eliminating-sanitary-sewer-overflows","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"Consent Decree Amendment","publisher":"Metropolitan St. Louis Sewer District","date":"2019-12-18","url":"https://msdprojectclear.org/about/our-organization/consent-decree/consent-decree-amendment/","basis":"Utility record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"MSD Project Clear home page","publisher":"Metropolitan St. Louis Sewer District","date":"2019-12-17","url":"https://msdprojectclear.org/","basis":"Utility record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"2024 Missouri Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_29.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point","ref":4}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (2) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"secondary_drivers":[],"verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","id":"US-MO-KANSASCITY-SMARTSEWER-CD-2010","title":"Kansas City Smart Sewer consent decree: overflow controls extended to 2040","description":"Kansas City, Missouri, has operated since 2010 under a federal Clean Water Act consent decree over untreated sewage overflows, which EPA estimated at about 6.5 billion gallons a year at settlement. The amended plan targets 85% capture of typical wet-weather flows by 2040 at a cost of about $2.3 billion through 2035, and in August 2026 voters approved up to $1.5 billion in water and sewer revenue bonds.","location":{"name":"KC Water sewer service area","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Kansas City, Jackson, Clay and Platte counties; seven treatment plants serving 27 satellite communities","coordinates":{"lat":39.125155,"lon":-94.550313,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Jackson","Clay","Platte"],"extent":"system","state":"MO","states":["MO"]},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Combined and sanitary sewer capacity limits cause overflows; the remedy is a long capital program.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA's settlement cited about 1,300 illegal overflows since 2002 and roughly 6.5 billion gallons of untreated discharge a year (ref 1); the 2040 target still leaves 15% of wet-weather flow uncaptured (ref 2).","service":"No customer service interruption tied to the decree is documented in the cited sources.","scale":"KC Water's system serves 553,295 people per SDWIS (ref 4) plus 27 satellite communities (ref 1).","duration":"Decree announced May 18, 2010, with final compliance now in 2040 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Federal consent decree with a $600,000 civil penalty (ref 1), amended into the third amended plan (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":553295,"status":"Estimated","note":"KC Water drinking-water population served per SDWIS (ref 4), used as a proxy for the city sewer service area; satellite communities are excluded."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Third amended plan targets 85% capture of typical wet-weather flows by 2040; cost through 2035 about $2.3 billion (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Untreated discharge at settlement","value":6.5,"unit":"billion gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"EPA settlement summary, 2010 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Sewer revenue bond authority approved August 2026","value":750,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"One of two $750 million questions (ref 2)."},{"name":"KC Water five-year capital improvement cost (water)","value":2.9,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Debt repaid from water and sewer revenues; KC Water warned rejecting bonds would raise financing costs (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Deadline moved from 2035 to 2040 under the amended plan (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Kansas City, Missouri (KC Water)","role":"Sewer utility and consent decree party"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 7 and U.S. Department of Justice","role":"Federal enforcement"},{"name":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources","role":"State permitting authority"}],"public_contact":"KC Water customer service via the City of Kansas City 311 line","corrective_actions":["Overflow control plan under the third amended consent decree (ref 2)","Disinfection installed at treatment plants 2011-2013 (ref 1)","Green infrastructure pilot and basin plan (ref 1)","Up to $1.5 billion in revenue bonds approved for water and sewer upgrades (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"title":"Kansas City, Missouri Clean Water Act Settlement","publisher":"U.S. EPA (January 19, 2025 web snapshot)","date":"2010-05-18","url":"https://19january2025snapshot.epa.gov/enforcement/kansas-city-missouri-clean-water-act-settlement","basis":"Federal record","ref":1},{"title":"Kansas City voters approve authority for up to $1.5B in water and sewer bonds","publisher":"Hoodline","date":"2026-08-05","url":"https://hoodline.com/2026/08/kansas-city-voters-approve-authority-for-up-to-1-5b-in-water-and-sewer-bonds/","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"2024 Missouri Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_29.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point","ref":3},{"title":"SDWIS water system record (KANSAS CITY)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MO/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/KANSAS%20CITY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"secondary_drivers":[],"verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MO-STLOUIS-I44-SINKHOLE-2026"],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","id":"US-MO-STLOUIS-WATERMAINS-2026","title":"St. Louis city water mains: 399 breaks in a year, outages and boil advisories","description":"The City of St. Louis Water Division recorded 399 water main breaks in 2025, according to an alderwoman who cited $130 million in especially urgent and $400 million in fairly urgent system needs. Breaks left about 400 Tower Grove South homes without water in January 2026 and triggered precautionary boil advisories in November 2024; a pump failure at the Chain of Rocks plant brought a boil advisory for about 19 neighborhoods in June 2026.","location":{"name":"City of St. Louis Water Division","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"City of St. Louis (independent city); about 1,300 miles of pipe","coordinates":{"lat":38.635699,"lon":-90.244582,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["St. Louis City"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MO6010715","state":"MO","states":["MO"]},"primary_category":"infrastructure","issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Aging distribution mains and plant equipment fail, causing outages and pressure-loss advisories.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Advisories were precautionary; the city reported no contamination detected after the 36-inch break (ref 2) or the June 2026 pressure loss (ref 3).","service":"About 400 homes in Tower Grove South had water shut off with no restoration date given in January 2026 (ref 1).","scale":"The Water Division serves 304,709 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Breaks recur: a 36-inch main in November 2024 (ref 2), 399 breaks in 2025 and a multi-day outage in January 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Formal precautionary boil advisories issued in November 2024 and June 2026 (refs 2, 3); no enforcement action found."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":304709,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"399 water main breaks in 2025, 'more than one per day' (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Water main breaks in 2025","value":399,"unit":"breaks","status":"Reported","note":"Per Ald. Anne Schweitzer (ref 1)."},{"name":"Especially urgent system needs","value":130,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Plus $400 million fairly urgent (ref 1)."},{"name":"Homes without water, Tower Grove South","value":400,"unit":"homes","status":"Reported","note":"January 2026 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Water Division contingency fund running low, limiting large loans for long-term repairs (ref 1)","Proposal to use Rams settlement money for water repairs (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Breaks and advisories recur from 2024 into 2026 (refs 1-3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of St. Louis Water Division","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"St. Louis Board of Aldermen","role":"Rate and budget authority"}],"public_contact":"City of St. Louis Water Division customer service, via stlwater.com","corrective_actions":["Alderwoman proposed Rams settlement funds for water repairs and replenishing the contingency fund (ref 1)","Pipe replacement funding named a city priority (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"title":"'We can't flush toilets': City residents complain of days-long water main break; city leaders aiming to repair infrastructure long-term","publisher":"First Alert 4 (KMOV)","date":"2026-01-27","url":"https://www.firstalert4.com/2026/01/28/we-cant-flush-toilets-city-residents-complain-days-long-water-main-break-city-leaders-aiming-repair-infrastructure-long-term/","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"Precautionary boil order for several St. Louis neighborhoods lifted","publisher":"First Alert 4 (KMOV)","date":"2024-11-20","url":"https://www.firstalert4.com/2024/11/20/precautionary-boil-order-issued-several-st-louis-neighborhoods-due-water-main-break/","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"Pump panic in St. Louis City orders boil alert across 19 neighborhoods","publisher":"Hoodline","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://hoodline.com/2026/06/pump-panic-in-st-louis-city-orders-boil-alert-across-19-neighborhoods/","basis":"News","ref":3},{"title":"SDWIS water system record (ST LOUIS)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MO/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ST%20LOUIS/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"2024 Missouri Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_29.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point","ref":5}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"secondary_drivers":[],"verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MO-STLOUIS-WATERMAINS-2026","US-MO-STLMSD-PROJECTCLEAR-CD-2012"],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","id":"US-MO-STLOUIS-I44-SINKHOLE-2026","title":"Downtown St. Louis cave-in: failed water mains wash out sewer under I-44","description":"In June 2026 a leak in a 20-inch water main near North Broadway and Biddle Street was followed by a collapse about 30 feet long beneath Interstate 44, closing highway segments; the mayor said the lines were over 100 years old. MSD warned of higher sewer-backup risk in downtown basements until the broken sewer main is repaired, and in September 2026 said sewer repairs would run into November or longer.","location":{"name":"North Broadway and Biddle Street, downtown St. Louis","type":"Utility corridor under interstate highway","detail":"Downtown St. Louis near the Dome at America's Center, beneath I-44","coordinates":{"lat":38.635699,"lon":-90.244582,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["St. Louis City"],"extent":"site","pwsid":"MO6010715","state":"MO","states":["MO"]},"primary_category":"infrastructure","issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Century-old water mains failed and undermined a major sewer and an interstate.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"MSD said nearby residents face a higher-than-normal risk of sewage backups in rain until the broken sewer main is fixed (ref 2).","service":"I-44 closed between the Stan Musial and Poplar Street bridges and a basement backup advisory issued (refs 1, 2).","scale":"MSD's advisory map covers three downtown risk zones around North Broadway and Biddle (ref 2).","duration":"Collapse in mid-June 2026; in September MSD expected sewer repairs into November, with water, Ameren and street repairs after (ref 3).","significance":"Formal MSD precautionary advisory (ref 2); no enforcement order documented."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources do not count residents in the backup-risk zones."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Collapse approximately 30 feet long under I-44 after a 20-inch water main leak; lines 'over 100 years old' (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Size of collapse","value":30,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate length (ref 1)."},{"name":"Water main that failed first","value":20,"unit":"inches diameter","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Mayor tied the failure to a proposed water rate increase of about 90% over six years, starting with 18% on July 1 (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event; repairs still under way in September 2026 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Metropolitan St. Louis Sewer District","role":"Sewer owner; repair lead"},{"name":"City of St. Louis Water Division","role":"Water main owner"},{"name":"Missouri Department of Transportation","role":"Interstate owner"}],"public_contact":"MSD Project Clear customer service, 314-768-6260","corrective_actions":["Hole filled with flow-fill; round-the-clock shoring before sewer repair (ref 3)","Sequenced repairs: MSD sewer, then City Water mains, Ameren, city streets, MoDOT ramp (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"title":"Huge hole closes part of Interstate 44 in downtown St. Louis","publisher":"St. Louis Public Radio","date":"2026-06-14","url":"https://www.stlpr.org/government-politics-issues/2026-06-14/huge-hole-closed-interstate-44-downtown-st-louis","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"Giant hole raises risk of sewage backups in downtown St. Louis","publisher":"St. Louis Public Radio","date":"2026-06-17","url":"https://www.stlpr.org/news-briefs/2026-06-17/giant-hole-sewage-backup-st-louis","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"Work continues to repair downtown cave-in near the Dome","publisher":"First Alert 4 (KMOV)","date":"2026-09-01","url":"https://www.firstalert4.com/2026/09/01/work-continues-repair-downtown-cave-in-near-dome/","basis":"News","ref":3},{"title":"Work continues to repair downtown cave-in near the Dome (In the News)","publisher":"Metropolitan St. Louis Sewer District","date":"2026-09-02","url":"https://msdprojectclear.org/newsroom/in-the-news/work-continues-to-repair-downtown-cave-in-near-the-dome/","basis":"Utility record","ref":4},{"title":"2024 Missouri Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_29.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point","ref":5}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_categories":[],"secondary_drivers":[],"verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","id":"US-MO-SEDALIA-NORTHWWTP-2024","title":"Sedalia North sewage plant: state-required replacement, 12 quarters of noncompliance","description":"Sedalia says the State of Missouri requires it to replace the North Wastewater Treatment Plant, whose equipment largely dates to the 1940s and no longer meets state or federal requirements. Voters approved up to $60 million in state revolving fund borrowing in February 2024. EPA compliance data list the plant in significant noncompliance in every quarter from July 2023 to June 2026, with effluent limit exceedances for BOD, ammonia, suspended solids, copper and cadmium.","location":{"name":"Sedalia North Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","detail":"23985 Georgetown Road, Sedalia, Pettis County; NPDES MO0023027","coordinates":{"lat":38.7291387,"lon":-93.24022,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Pettis"],"extent":"site","state":"MO","states":["MO"]},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"An outdated plant (infrastructure) produces effluent that exceeds permit limits (water quality).","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO lists 136 effluent limit exceedances in three years, including ammonia, BOD, TSS, copper and cadmium (ref 3).","service":"The city says the project is planned with no interruption in sewer service (ref 1).","scale":"Sedalia's city water system serves 21,725 people per SDWIS (ref 4); the North plant is one of its three plants.","duration":"Significant noncompliance in all 12 quarters from July 2023 through June 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"City states the State of Missouri requires replacement (ref 1); ECHO records one formal enforcement action (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":21725,"status":"Estimated","note":"City of Sedalia drinking-water population per SDWIS (ref 4), used as a proxy for the city sewer service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Significant/Category I Noncompliance in 12 consecutive quarters, July 2023 to June 2026 (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Effluent limit exceedances, last 3 years","value":136,"unit":"exceedances","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO (ref 3)."},{"name":"Bond authority approved","value":60,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"State revolving fund borrowing, 79% yes (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Up to $60 million revenue bond for a city of about 21,700; council to decide any rate changes (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Noncompliance continued every quarter after the 2024 bond vote (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Sedalia","role":"Plant owner and operator"},{"name":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources","role":"NPDES permitting authority"}],"public_contact":"City of Sedalia, via sedalia.com","corrective_actions":["Convert the North plant to a lift station and expand the Central plant (ref 1)","Up to $60 million borrowed from the State Revolving Fund at 2% for up to 30 years (refs 1, 2)"],"sources":[{"title":"Wastewater Systems Upgrade Bond Issue Information","publisher":"City of Sedalia","date":"2024-02-06","url":"https://www.sedalia.com/bond/","basis":"Local government record","ref":1},{"title":"Overwhelming Approval of Wastewater Treatment System Bond Measure","publisher":"City of Sedalia","date":"2024-02-07","url":"https://www.sedalia.com/news/overwhelming-approval-wastewater-treatment-system-bond-measure/","basis":"Local government record","ref":2},{"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Sedalia North WWTP (MO0023027)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=MO0023027","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record (SEDALIA)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MO/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SEDALIA/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_categories":[],"secondary_drivers":[],"verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","id":"US-MO-CLEVER-WWTF-AOC-2026","title":"Clever wastewater plant: MoDNR order over E. coli, ammonia limits in Spring Creek","description":"The Missouri Department of Natural Resources issued Abatement Order on Consent 2026-WPCB-1914 to the City of Clever over its wastewater treatment facility, alleging pollution of Spring Creek and effluent violations for aluminum, ammonia, E. coli, pH and phosphorus plus late reports. The order carries a $15,999 penalty, reducible to $12,799, and a corrective schedule; EPA data show significant noncompliance in seven quarters since early 2024.","location":{"name":"Clever Wastewater Treatment Facility","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","detail":"Clever, Christian County; discharges to Spring Creek; NPDES MO0102318","coordinates":{"lat":37.0259711,"lon":-93.479718,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Christian"],"extent":"site","state":"MO","states":["MO"]},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Effluent exceedances of E. coli, ammonia and nutrients affect Spring Creek.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The order alleges Clever caused pollution of Spring Creek and its tributaries (ref 1); ECHO lists 55 effluent exceedances in three years (ref 3).","service":"No interruption of sewer service is reported for Clever.","scale":"The city system serves 2,139 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"ECHO shows significant noncompliance in seven quarters between January 2024 and June 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"MoDNR Abatement Order on Consent 2026-WPCB-1914 with a $15,999 administrative penalty (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":2139,"status":"Estimated","note":"Clever drinking-water population per SDWIS (ref 4), used as a proxy for the sewer service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Administrative penalty $15,999, reduced to $12,799 if conditions are met (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Effluent limit exceedances, last 3 years","value":55,"unit":"exceedances","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO (ref 3)."},{"name":"Administrative penalty","value":15999,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Quarters alternate between violation and significant noncompliance (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Clever","role":"Plant owner and operator"},{"name":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Water Protection Program","role":"Permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Water Protection Program, via dnr.mo.gov","corrective_actions":["Compliance measures on a schedule set by the abatement order (ref 1)","Penalty payment without admission of liability (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"Wastewater Enforcement: Missouri Department of Natural Resources Abatement Order on Consent Addressing Municipality of Clever","publisher":"Mitchell Williams Law Firm","date":"2026-09-08","url":"https://www.mitchellwilliamslaw.com/17652","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"City of Clever Wastewater Treatment Facility Abatement Order on Consent (2026-WPCB-1914)","publisher":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources","date":"2026-07-09","url":"https://dnr.mo.gov/document/city-clever-wastewater-treatment-facility-abatement-order-consent-2026-wpcb-1914","basis":"State record","ref":2},{"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Clever WWTF (MO0102318)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=MO0102318","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record (CLEVER)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MO/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CLEVER/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"secondary_drivers":[],"verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","id":"US-MO-LAMAR-HONEYCREEK-FISHKILL-2025","title":"Lamar sewer overflow kills about 800 fish in Honey Creek","description":"In August 2025 Lamar park workers found dark standing water and dead fish in Honey Creek at Lamar City Park. The Missouri Department of Conservation counted about 800 dead fish, and the city, after consulting MoDNR, said the likely cause was a sewer overflow from a nearby manhole; MoDNR opened an investigation with water sampling.","location":{"name":"Honey Creek at Lamar City Park","type":"Stream segment","detail":"Lamar, Barton County; city sewer treated at Lamar WWTF (NPDES MO0044172, ref 2)","coordinates":{"lat":37.493918,"lon":-94.278428,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Barton"],"extent":"site","state":"MO","states":["MO"]},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"An overflow of untreated wastewater depleted a small creek and killed fish.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"MDC counted about 800 dead fish in Honey Creek after the overflow (ref 1).","service":"The city said the sewer was operating normally when the overflow was found (ref 1).","scale":"A single creek reach at Lamar City Park (ref 1).","duration":"Discovered on a Wednesday and counted the next day in early August 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"MoDNR opened an investigation with sampling; no notice of violation is reported (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Environmental event; no service population affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 800 dead fish counted by the Missouri Department of Conservation (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Dead fish counted","value":800,"unit":"fish","status":"Reported","note":"MDC count (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single reported event (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Lamar","role":"Sewer system owner"},{"name":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources","role":"Investigating agency"},{"name":"Missouri Department of Conservation","role":"Fish kill assessment"}],"public_contact":"City of Lamar city administrator's office","corrective_actions":["MoDNR investigation and water sampling (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"Wastewater spill contaminates creek, hundreds of fish dead","publisher":"KOAM News Now","date":"2025-08-07","url":"https://www.koamnewsnow.com/news/health/wastewater-spill-contaminates-creek-hundreds-of-fish-dead/article_9ce647cb-9270-40f6-9bab-68229741db5e.html","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"ECHO facility search: Missouri POTWs (Lamar WWTF, MO0044172)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=MO&p_pcomp=POT&p_qiv=SNC","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"2024 Missouri Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_29.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point","ref":3}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"secondary_drivers":[],"verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","id":"US-MO-SPRINGFIELD-SSO-CJ-2024","title":"Springfield sewer overflows onto Greenway trails under state consent judgment","description":"Springfield operates under an amended consent judgment with the State of Missouri and MoDNR to eliminate sanitary sewer overflows caused by rainwater entering its century-old sewers. In May 2024 heavy rain sent sewage-tainted water onto Greenway trails, prompting warning signs; the city's overflow control plan calls for $300 million over 15 years, and two Pea Ridge Creek capacity projects were completed in 2024-2025.","location":{"name":"City of Springfield sanitary sewer system","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Springfield, Greene County; Pea Ridge Creek and Greenway trail areas","coordinates":{"lat":37.194157,"lon":-93.292642,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Greene"],"extent":"system","state":"MO","states":["MO"]},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Inflow and infiltration overwhelm an aging collection system in wet weather.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Sewage-tainted water and trash spilled onto Greenway trails in May 2024 (ref 1).","service":"Signs barred people and pets from wading, drinking or playing in the water (ref 1).","scale":"City Utilities of Springfield serves 210,898 people per SDWIS (ref 3), a proxy for the sewer area.","duration":"Overflow control plan revised in 2021 under the amended consent judgment, with a 15-year investment horizon (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Amended consent judgment with the State of Missouri and MoDNR (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":210898,"status":"Estimated","note":"City Utilities of Springfield drinking-water population per SDWIS (ref 3), used as a proxy for the city sewer service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Overflow control plan calls for $300 million in sewer investment over 15 years (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Planned sewer investment","value":300,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Over 15 years (ref 1)."},{"name":"Sewer main replaced, Doling Park project","value":6900,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Capacity projects on Pea Ridge Creek completed in 2024-2025 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Springfield, Environmental Services","role":"Sewer system owner and operator"},{"name":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources","role":"Consent judgment party and permitting authority"}],"public_contact":"City of Springfield Environmental Services, via springfieldmo.gov","corrective_actions":["Overflow Control Plan revised early 2021; supplementary plan approved April 2021 (ref 2)","Pea Ridge Creek sewer capacity projects completed (ref 2)","Trail cleanup after overflows (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"City of Springfield warns of sewer water overflow on walking trails","publisher":"KY3","date":"2024-05-09","url":"https://www.ky3.com/2024/05/10/city-springfield-warns-sewer-water-overflow-walking-trails","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"Pea Ridge Creek Sanitary Sewer Improvements","publisher":"City of Springfield","date":null,"url":"https://mo-springfield.civicplus.com/5549/Pea-Ridge-Creek-Sanitary-Sewer-Improveme","basis":"Local government record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record (SPRINGFIELD)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MO/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SPRINGFIELD/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"2024 Missouri Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_29.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point","ref":4}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"secondary_drivers":[],"verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","id":"US-MO-JOHNSON-TIMBERRIDGE-SEWAGE-2026","title":"Timber Ridge subdivision: homes without sewer service, wastewater into woods","description":"In Timber Ridge, a five-home Johnson County subdivision, the developer demolished unpermitted lagoons without a closure plan after a 2010 court judgment, leaving untreated sewage discharges. Missouri PSC staff reported in January 2026 that wastewater still flows into the woods behind each home. Confluence Rivers, under a 2023 MoDNR abatement order, has asked to build a new system and charge a $60.21 monthly flat rate.","location":{"name":"Timber Ridge subdivision","type":"Unsewered residential subdivision","detail":"Johnson County, west-central Missouri","coordinates":{"lat":38.741528,"lon":-93.811863,"precision":"county","source_ref":2},"counties":["Johnson"],"extent":"site","state":"MO","states":["MO"]},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"No functioning sewer system exists, so untreated wastewater reaches the ground surface.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"PSC staff observed in May 2024 that wastewater from the residences flows into the woods behind each home (ref 1).","service":"There is no current wastewater collection and treatment system for the homes (ref 1).","scale":"Seven lots with five single-family homes (ref 1).","duration":"Untreated discharges were investigated by DNR on October 31, 2016, and the system was still absent in January 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Johnson County circuit judgment for DNR in 2010 and MoDNR AOC 2023-WPCB-1840 with Confluence Rivers (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Five homes; resident count not reported (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Five homes with no wastewater collection or treatment; wastewater flows into the woods (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Homes without sewer service","value":5,"unit":"homes","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Proposed initial monthly sewer rate","value":60.21,"unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","note":"Confluence Rivers District 1 flat rate (ref 1)."},{"name":"Interim pump-and-haul cost","value":8000,"unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","note":"Estimate for temporary holding tanks during construction (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["PSC staff say residents would need subsidy from other customers or extremely high rates to pay for the new system (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Unresolved since at least 2016; certificate case pending in 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Confluence Rivers Utility Operating Company","role":"Prospective sewer utility; AOC party"},{"name":"Missouri Public Service Commission","role":"Utility rate and certificate regulator"},{"name":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources","role":"Clean Water Law enforcement"}],"public_contact":"Missouri Public Service Commission, case SA-2024-0307, via psc.mo.gov","corrective_actions":["Confluence Rivers application for a certificate to build and operate a sewer system (ref 1)","Temporary holding tanks with pumping and hauling for about three months during construction (ref 1)","MoDNR AOC 2023-WPCB-1840 requiring efforts to prevent unpermitted discharges (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"Official Case File Memorandum, Case No. SA-2024-0307 (Confluence Rivers, Timber Ridge)","publisher":"Missouri Public Service Commission Staff","date":"2026-01-22","url":"https://efis.psc.mo.gov/Document/Display/864033","basis":"State record","ref":1},{"title":"2024 Missouri Counties Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_counties_29.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; county internal point","ref":2}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."}]},{"id":"US-MO-STATEWIDE-RECREATION-BACTERIA-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Fecal bacteria found at 85% of monitored Missouri recreation sites","description":"An Environment America analysis of 2024-2025 monitoring data found potentially unsafe fecal indicator bacteria at 171 of 202 Missouri locations on at least one testing day, naming Truman Lake, Sycamore Creek and Grand Glaize Creek as high-use, high-risk waters. E. coli remains a leading cause on Missouri's EPA-approved 2024-2026 impaired waters list, and state park beaches including Lake of the Ozarks State Park Public Beach 1 carried swimming-not-recommended advisories in July 2025.","location":{"name":"Missouri recreational waters","type":"Statewide surface waters","state":"MO","states":["MO"],"detail":"Streams, lakes and state park swim beaches statewide; St. Louis area and southwest Missouri most affected","coordinates":{"lat":38.567461,"lon":-92.175254,"precision":"state","source_ref":6},"counties":["Benton","Newton","St. Louis","Camden"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is bacterial contamination of recreational surface water, driven by overflows, runoff and septic failures.","secondary_drivers":["Sewage overflows, stormwater runoff, agricultural manure and failing septic systems named as sources (ref 1)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"171 of 202 Missouri monitoring sites showed potentially unsafe fecal indicator bacteria on at least one test day in 2024-2025 (ref 1); E. coli listings such as 69.1 miles of the Pomme de Terre River remain on the 303(d) list (ref 3).","service":"Lake of the Ozarks State Park Public Beach #1, Truman, Trail of Tears and Wakonda state park beaches had swimming-not-recommended advisories in July 2025 (ref 2); DNR posts signs when the weekly geomean tops 190 per 100 mL (ref 5).","scale":"The pattern spans 202 monitoring locations across the state (ref 1) and a 303(d) list of 404 impaired segments out of 4,756 assessed water bodies (ref 3).","duration":"Exceedances were drawn from two seasons of data (2024 and 2025, ref 1); 70% of sites were potentially unsafe on at least a quarter of sampled days (ref 1).","significance":"E. coli impairments are formal Clean Water Act 303(d) listings approved by EPA on May 29, 2026 (refs 3, 4); no enforcement order is tied to the statewide pattern."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No count of exposed swimmers or residents is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Potentially unsafe levels of fecal indicator bacteria at 171 of 202 Missouri locations (85%) on at least one day of testing, 2024-2025 data (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Monitored Missouri sites with potentially unsafe bacteria at least once","value":171,"unit":"sites","status":"Reported","note":"Out of 202 sites (ref 1)."},{"name":"Share of sites unsafe on at least a quarter of tested days","value":70,"unit":"%","status":"Reported","note":"Environment America analysis (ref 1)."},{"name":"Missouri wastewater and stormwater infrastructure need","value":450,"unit":"million USD per year for 20 years","status":"Reported","note":"Figure cited in the report (ref 1)."},{"name":"Category 5 impaired water bodies on the 2024-2026 303(d) list","value":404,"unit":"water bodies","status":"Reported","note":"Of 4,756 total water bodies assessed (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The report covers 2024-2025 only; no earlier comparable statewide analysis was found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources","role":"Water quality standards, 303(d) listing and state park beach monitoring"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 7","role":"303(d) list approval"}],"public_contact":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Water Protection Program, via dnr.mo.gov","corrective_actions":["DNR samples state park swim beaches weekly from Memorial Day to Labor Day and posts advisories (ref 5)","EPA approved Missouri's combined 2024 & 2026 303(d) list on May 29, 2026, setting waters for TMDL development (refs 3, 4)","EPA-approved E. coli TMDLs in 2024 moved Cuivre, Grand and Osage river segments to Category 4a (ref 4)","Clean Water State Revolving Fund named as an assistance source, described as underfunded (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"Report finds feces in 85% of Missouri's recreational waterways. Here's where","publisher":"KBIA via KCUR","date":"2026-08-18","url":"https://www.kcur.org/environment-agriculture/2026-08-18/report-finds-feces-in-85-of-missouris-recreational-waterways-heres-where","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"85% of Missouri Swim Sites Failed Bacteria Tests, New Report Finds","publisher":"Hoodline","date":"2026-08-13","url":"https://hoodline.com/2026/08/85-of-missouri-swim-sites-failed-bacteria-tests-new-report-finds/","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"2024-2026 Section 303(d) Listed Waters (EPA approved May 29, 2026)","publisher":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources","date":"2026-05-29","url":"https://dnr.mo.gov/sites/dnr/files/vfc/2026/06/main/2024-2026-303d-list-epa-approved-20260529-wpp_0.pdf","basis":"State record","ref":3},{"title":"Approval of Missouri's Combined 2024 & 2026 303(d) List of Impaired Waters (letter and decision document)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 7, posted by Missouri Department of Natural Resources","date":"2026-05-28","url":"https://dnr.mo.gov/sites/dnr/files/vfc/2026/06/main/2024-2026-303d-epa-approval-letter-decision-document-20260529-wpp.pdf","basis":"Federal record","ref":4},{"title":"Beaches","publisher":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources","date":null,"url":"https://dnr.mo.gov/water/alerts-hazards/beaches","basis":"State record","ref":5,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MO-TRUMAN-OZARKS-CHLOROPHYLL-2026"]},{"id":"US-MO-TRUMAN-OZARKS-CHLOROPHYLL-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Truman Lake and Lake of the Ozarks listed impaired for algae (chlorophyll-a)","description":"Missouri's EPA-approved 2024-2026 impaired waters list carries Harry S Truman Reservoir (55,600 acres) and Lake of the Ozarks (59,520 acres) as impaired for chlorophyll-a from nonpoint sources, and Table Rock Lake for total nitrogen and chlorophyll-a. EPA's decision document says the state added the Truman chlorophyll-a impairment after public comment.","location":{"name":"Truman Reservoir and Lake of the Ozarks","type":"Reservoirs (Osage River basin)","state":"MO","states":["MO"],"detail":"Benton County (Truman) and Camden County (Lake of the Ozarks); Table Rock Lake in Stone County also listed","coordinates":{"lat":38.301036,"lon":-93.287942,"precision":"county","source_ref":4},"counties":["Benton","Camden","Stone"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The listing is a nutrient and algae water-quality impairment of large reservoirs.","secondary_drivers":["Nonpoint source runoff identified as the source (ref 1)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Truman Reservoir and Lake of the Ozarks fail the aquatic-life (WWH) use for chlorophyll-a (W) on the 303(d) list (ref 1); no fish kill or toxin event is documented in these sources.","service":"None of the cited sources reports a closure or use restriction tied to the algae listings (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The two listed reservoirs cover 55,600 and 59,520 acres, plus 41,747 acres at Table Rock Lake (ref 1).","duration":"Both Osage basin reservoirs were first listed in 2020 and remain on the 2024-2026 list (ref 1); Table Rock has been listed since 2002 (ref 1).","significance":"These are formal 303(d) listings; EPA approved the list on May 29, 2026 and noted Truman's chlorophyll-a was added after public comment (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure is reported for reservoir users."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Harry S Truman Reservoir, 55,600 acres, Chlorophyll-a (W), Nonpoint Source; Lake of the Ozarks, 59,520 acres, Chlorophyll-a (W) (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Truman Reservoir area listed impaired","value":55600,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Lake of the Ozarks area listed impaired","value":59520,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Table Rock Lake area listed impaired (nitrogen, chlorophyll-a)","value":41747,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Listed since 2002 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Listings carried forward from 2020 (Osage basin) and 2002 (Table Rock) (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources","role":"303(d) listing and TMDL development"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 7","role":"303(d) list approval"}],"public_contact":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Water Protection Program, via dnr.mo.gov","corrective_actions":["Waters remain on the 303(d) list for TMDL development (ref 1)","DNR began work on the 2028 listing methodology with public meetings in 2026 (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"title":"2024-2026 Section 303(d) Listed Waters (EPA approved May 29, 2026)","publisher":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources","date":"2026-05-29","url":"https://dnr.mo.gov/sites/dnr/files/vfc/2026/06/main/2024-2026-303d-list-epa-approved-20260529-wpp_0.pdf","basis":"State record","ref":1},{"title":"Approval of Missouri's Combined 2024 & 2026 303(d) List of Impaired Waters (letter and decision document)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 7, posted by Missouri Department of Natural Resources","date":"2026-05-28","url":"https://dnr.mo.gov/sites/dnr/files/vfc/2026/06/main/2024-2026-303d-epa-approval-letter-decision-document-20260529-wpp.pdf","basis":"Federal record","ref":2},{"title":"Impaired Waters","publisher":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources","date":"2026-07-24","url":"https://dnr.mo.gov/water/what-were-doing/water-planning/quality-standards-impaired-waters-total-maximum-daily-loads/impaired-waters","basis":"State record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 National Counties Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_counties_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; county internal point"},{"title":"Report finds feces in 85% of Missouri's recreational waterways. Here's where","publisher":"KBIA via KCUR","date":"2026-08-18","url":"https://www.kcur.org/environment-agriculture/2026-08-18/report-finds-feces-in-85-of-missouris-recreational-waterways-heres-where","basis":"News","ref":5}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MO-STATEWIDE-RECREATION-BACTERIA-2026"]},{"id":"US-MO-BIG-RIVER-LEAD-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Big River newly listed for lead in water as Old Lead Belt cleanup continues","description":"Missouri's 2024-2026 impaired waters list adds a 55.6-mile Big River segment in Jefferson County as impaired for lead in the water for its drinking-water-supply use, with Old Lead Belt tailings named as the source; cadmium and zinc listings on 81.3 miles continue. The state advises against eating sunfish, carp and suckers from the Big River and Flat River, and EPA reports more than 1,940 lead-contaminated yards remediated at the Big River Mine Tailings Superfund site, with soil removals still under way in 2025.","location":{"name":"Big River (Old Lead Belt)","type":"River segment and Superfund site","state":"MO","states":["MO"],"detail":"St. Francois, Washington and Jefferson counties; Park Hills and the Flat River area","coordinates":{"lat":37.816979,"lon":-90.499893,"precision":"city","source_ref":7},"counties":["St. Francois","Jefferson","Washington"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legacy lead mining waste contaminates river water, sediment, fish and nearby yards.","secondary_drivers":["Chat and tailings piles from more than 9 million tons of lead production (ref 3)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The 2024-2026 list adds Big River (WBID 2074, 55.6 miles) for Lead (W) against the drinking water supply use, source Old Lead Belt tailings (ref 1).","service":"MDC lists sunfish, carp, redhorse and other suckers of all sizes from the Big River and Flat River as 'Do not eat' for lead (ref 2).","scale":"EPA reports over 5,820 residential properties tested for lead around the site (ref 3), within one county-sized mining district.","duration":"The site was placed on the National Priorities List in 1992 and the Big River floodplain cleanup decision is still pending (ref 3); a 2025 removal finished on August 1, 2025 (ref 4).","significance":"Superfund NPL site under PRP cleanup; a removal for sensitive-population homes referred by state health officials ran May-August 2025 (ref 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"EPA reports properties tested (5,820+) rather than people (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Big R., 55.60 miles, DWS, Lead (W), Old Lead Belt tailings, Jefferson County, listing year 2026 (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Big River miles newly listed for lead in water","value":55.6,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Residential properties tested for lead","value":5820,"unit":"properties","status":"Reported","note":"EPA reports 'over 5,820' (ref 3)."},{"name":"Residential yards remediated","value":1940,"unit":"yards","status":"Reported","note":"EPA reports 'over 1,940' (ref 3)."},{"name":"Sensitive-population properties excavated in 2025 removal","value":8,"unit":"properties","status":"Reported","note":"Lead 200-399 ppm, referred by Missouri DHSS (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"A new lead-in-water listing was added in the 2026 cycle (ref 1) while yard cleanups continue (refs 3, 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 7","role":"Superfund lead agency"},{"name":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources","role":"303(d) listing"},{"name":"Missouri Department of Conservation","role":"Fish consumption advisory"},{"name":"The Doe Run Resources Corporation and other PRPs","role":"Potentially responsible parties"}],"public_contact":"St. Francois County Health Center, 573-431-1947, for free child lead testing (per EPA, ref 3)","corrective_actions":["Residential yard sampling and remediation above 400 ppm continues (ref 3)","Removal action for eight sensitive-population properties at 200-399 ppm completed 2025 (ref 4)","Big River floodplain remedial investigation/feasibility study ongoing (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"title":"2024-2026 Section 303(d) Listed Waters (EPA approved May 29, 2026)","publisher":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources","date":"2026-05-29","url":"https://dnr.mo.gov/sites/dnr/files/vfc/2026/06/main/2024-2026-303d-list-epa-approved-20260529-wpp_0.pdf","basis":"State record","ref":1},{"title":"Is My Fish Safe to Eat?","publisher":"Missouri Department of Conservation","date":null,"url":"https://mdc.mo.gov/my-fish-safe-eat","basis":"State record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"Big River Mine Tailings National Priorities List (NPL) Superfund Site, St. Francois County","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2025-12-12","url":"https://epa.gov/mo/big-river-mine-tailings-national-priorities-list-npl-superfund-site-st-francois-county-1","basis":"Federal record","ref":3},{"title":"Big River Mine Tailings/St. Joe Minerals Corp. OU1 PRP Yards RV-008","publisher":"U.S. EPA (response.epa.gov)","date":null,"url":"https://scribenet.response.epa.gov/BRMTOU1PRPYardsRV008","basis":"Federal record","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"Approval of Missouri's Combined 2024 & 2026 303(d) List of Impaired Waters (letter and decision document)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 7, posted by Missouri Department of Natural Resources","date":"2026-05-28","url":"https://dnr.mo.gov/sites/dnr/files/vfc/2026/06/main/2024-2026-303d-epa-approval-letter-decision-document-20260529-wpp.pdf","basis":"Federal record","ref":5},{"title":"Impaired Waters","publisher":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources","date":"2026-07-24","url":"https://dnr.mo.gov/water/what-were-doing/water-planning/quality-standards-impaired-waters-total-maximum-daily-loads/impaired-waters","basis":"State record","ref":6,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":7,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MO-COLDWATER-CREEK-RADIOACTIVE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Coldwater Creek Manhattan Project waste: health alert and RECA claims","description":"Radioactive waste from Manhattan Project uranium processing in St. Louis contaminated Coldwater Creek in north St. Louis County, where the Army Corps of Engineers estimates cleanup at $400 million and in 2025 added about 600 properties to investigate. St. Louis County issued a public health alert in October 2025 after federal compensation (RECA) was extended to 21 ZIP codes; by July 2026 nearly 15,000 Missouri claims had been filed and more than $150 million paid.","location":{"name":"Coldwater Creek","type":"Creek corridor with radiological contamination","state":"MO","states":["MO"],"detail":"North St. Louis County (Hazelwood, Florissant area) to the Missouri River; parts of north St. Louis City and St. Charles County in RECA area","coordinates":{"lat":38.794706,"lon":-90.396002,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["St. Louis","St. Charles","St. Louis City"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["surface-water","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Radioactive waste carried into and along the creek is the exposure pathway behind the cleanup and compensation.","secondary_drivers":["Waste stored at airport sites and Latty Avenue, Hazelwood, and later West Lake Landfill (ref 1)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"County health officials report residents of RECA ZIP codes were 18% more likely to be diagnosed with cancer and 44% more likely with lung cancer (ref 2).","service":"No water-service disruption applies; the cited sources describe soil excavation and property investigations, not drinking-water restrictions (refs 1, 2).","scale":"21 ZIP codes are eligible and nearly 15,000 Missouri RECA claims have been filed (refs 2, 3).","duration":"Waste was handled from the 1940s, the Corps has worked in the region since 1997, and testing to find cleanup areas was still under way in July 2026 (refs 1, 3).","significance":"Congress extended RECA to the area on July 4, 2025, and St. Louis County issued a public health alert on October 2, 2025 (refs 2, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Claims filed (nearly 15,000, ref 3) are not a population count."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Nearly 15,000 RECA claims filed in Missouri, about 3,300 approved, more than $150 million paid (ref 3)"},"measures":[{"name":"Missouri RECA claims filed","value":15000,"unit":"claims","status":"Reported","note":"'Nearly 15,000' per DOJ figures (ref 3)."},{"name":"RECA claims approved","value":3300,"unit":"claims","status":"Reported","note":"'About 3,300' (ref 3)."},{"name":"RECA compensation paid","value":150,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"'More than $150 million' (ref 3)."},{"name":"Army Corps estimated Coldwater Creek remediation cost","value":400,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Likely to rise (ref 1)."},{"name":"Additional properties added for investigation (Jan 2025)","value":600,"unit":"properties","status":"Reported","note":"Covering 750 acres east of James McDonnell Blvd (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Compensation is flowing (ref 3) while the investigated area has grown (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (FUSRAP)","role":"Cleanup of Manhattan Project waste sites"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Justice","role":"RECA claims administrator"},{"name":"St. Louis County Department of Public Health","role":"Local public health"}],"public_contact":"St. Louis County Department of Public Health, via stlouiscountymo.gov","corrective_actions":["Corps excavated nearly 20,000 cubic yards at Jana Elementary by late spring 2024 (ref 1)","Corps added about 600 properties to investigation in January 2025 (ref 1)","RECA compensation available through December 31, 2027 filing deadline (ref 3)","County health alert urges screening for residents of eligible ZIP codes (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"title":"Coldwater Creek's former neighbors await federal compensation","publisher":"St. Louis Public Radio","date":"2025-04-01","url":"https://www.stlpr.org/health-science-environment/2025-04-01/st-louis-coldwater-creek-residents-federal-compensation","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"St. Louis County issues 'Public Health Alert' over Coldwater Creek, radiation exposure","publisher":"KTVI (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-10-02","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/st-louis-county-issues-public-183039181.html","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"One year after RECA expansion, nearly 15,000 Missouri claims filed and $150M paid out","publisher":"KMOV First Alert 4","date":"2026-07-07","url":"https://www.firstalert4.com/2026/07/08/one-year-after-reca-expansion-nearly-15000-missouri-claims-filed-150m-paid-out/","basis":"News","ref":3},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MO-SOUTHEAST-FLOODING-DR4872-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Southeast Missouri April 2025 flooding brings federal disaster declaration","description":"Storms from March 30 to April 8, 2025 dropped more than 10 inches of rain across parts of southeast Missouri, prompting flash flood emergencies for Cape Girardeau and Carter counties and major flooding on the Current River at Doniphan. Six deaths were confirmed, and damage assessments estimated more than $25.5 million in response costs and public infrastructure damage; FEMA approved Public Assistance for 25 counties under DR-4872 on May 23, 2025.","location":{"name":"Southeast and south-central Missouri","type":"Multi-county disaster area","state":"MO","states":["MO"],"detail":"25 counties including Butler, Ripley, Carter, Cape Girardeau, Stoddard, Scott and New Madrid; Current, Black and St. Francis rivers","coordinates":{"lat":36.763259,"lon":-90.413953,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Bollinger","Butler","Cape Girardeau","Carter","Cooper","Douglas","Dunklin","Howell","Iron","Madison","Maries","Mississippi","New Madrid","Oregon","Ozark","Pemiscot","Reynolds","Ripley","Scott","Shannon","Stoddard","Texas","Vernon","Wayne","Webster"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"River and flash flooding damaged public infrastructure across a multi-county region.","secondary_drivers":["April 1-7 rainfall up to 12.58 inches at New Madrid (ref 1)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Six storm deaths were confirmed for the March 30-April 8 period, with more than $25.5 million in response costs and public infrastructure damage (ref 2).","service":"NWS Paducah reports countless roads covered and impassable, some still closed weeks later from river flooding (ref 1).","scale":"FEMA Public Assistance covers 25 counties (ref 3); NWS reports flash flooding across nearly all 58 counties in its forecast area (ref 1).","duration":"River flooding kept roads closed for weeks after the April 4-6 peak (ref 1); the federal declaration followed on May 23, 2025 (ref 3).","significance":"A presidential major disaster declaration (DR-4872) was approved after the governor's May 1 request (refs 2, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected-population figure is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Current River at Doniphan crested at 22.82 ft (major flood) on April 6, 2025 (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Peak April 1-7 rainfall (New Madrid 0.2 SE)","value":12.58,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Emergency response costs and public infrastructure damage","value":25.5,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"'More than $25.5 million' from joint assessments (ref 2)."},{"name":"Counties designated for Public Assistance","value":25,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"ref 3"},{"name":"Storm deaths","value":6,"unit":"deaths","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"The governor said the same counties were repeatedly hit in 2025; 18 of 26 requested counties were also in the March request (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Missouri State Emergency Management Agency","role":"State disaster coordination"},{"name":"FEMA","role":"Federal disaster assistance"}],"public_contact":"Missouri recovery information at recovery.mo.gov; United Way 211","corrective_actions":["FEMA Public Assistance for emergency work and repair of public facilities in 25 counties (ref 3)","Governor requested Individual Assistance for 20 counties (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"title":"Summary of Historic Rainfall and Flooding of April 2025","publisher":"National Weather Service Paducah","date":null,"url":"https://www.weather.gov/pah/April2025Flooding","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"Mo. Gov. Kehoe requests federal disaster declaration in response to March 30-April 8 storms, tornadoes, flooding","publisher":"KFVS via KAIT 8","date":"2025-05-01","url":"https://www.kait8.com/2025/05/01/mo-gov-kehoe-requests-federal-disaster-declaration-response-march-30-april-8-storms-tornadoes-flooding","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"President Donald J. Trump Approves Major Disaster Declaration for Missouri (DR-4872)","publisher":"FEMA","date":"2025-05-23","url":"https://www.fema.gov/press-release/20250523/president-donald-j-trump-approves-major-disaster-declaration-missouri-4872","basis":"Federal record","ref":3},{"title":"SEMA News Release: governor requests major disaster declaration (March 14-15 storms)","publisher":"Missouri State Emergency Management Agency","date":"2025-04-02","url":"https://sema.dps.mo.gov/news/newsitem/uuid/75f00b3b-fa61-4b78-aadb-d866e2e07d82","basis":"State record","ref":4},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MO-STATEWIDE-WATER-EXPORT-LAW-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Missouri law requires permits for out-of-state water exports","description":"Gov. Mike Kehoe signed a law on July 14, 2025, effective Aug. 28, that requires a permit to export water from Missouri, limits withdrawals for export to within 30 miles of the state border and requires annual water-use reporting to DNR. It came as a proposal circulated to pipe Missouri River water from eastern Kansas to the depleted Ogallala Aquifer region; Missouri's riparian law previously placed few quantity limits on withdrawals.","location":{"name":"Missouri (statewide water exports)","type":"State water law","state":"MO","states":["MO"],"detail":"Statewide; border-area withdrawals and Missouri River","coordinates":{"lat":38.567461,"lon":-92.175254,"precision":"state","source_ref":2},"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is the legal framework governing who may withdraw and export Missouri water.","secondary_drivers":["Kansas proposal to move Missouri River water west to refill the Ogallala Aquifer (ref 1)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No contamination or shortage is documented; the article frames the law as protecting supplies (ref 1).","service":"No customer is reported to have lost service; the law adds a permit step for exports only (ref 1).","scale":"The law covers all Missouri water exports, in a state using an average 3.2 billion gallons per day (ref 1).","duration":"Effective Aug. 28, 2025, with ongoing annual reporting to DNR (ref 1).","significance":"A new statute creates an export permit and gives DNR authority to monitor and decide on exports (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide policy; no affected population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Withdrawals for export restricted to within 30 miles of the state border, with a permit required (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Maximum distance from border for export withdrawals","value":30,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Average statewide water use","value":3.2,"unit":"billion gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Missouri Water Resources Plan 2020, as cited (ref 1)."},{"name":"Projected increase in consumptive demand by 2060","value":18,"unit":"%","status":"Reported","note":"About 583 million gallons per day (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The permit program began Aug. 28, 2025; no export applications are reported."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources","role":"Export permitting and water-use reporting"},{"name":"Missouri General Assembly","role":"Legislation"}],"public_contact":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Water Resources Center, via dnr.mo.gov","corrective_actions":["Export permit requirement and 30-mile border withdrawal limit in force from Aug. 28, 2025 (ref 1)","Annual reporting of water usage to DNR (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"'Water is our most valuable resource': New law will limit water exports from Missouri","publisher":"Missouri Independent (Missouri Business Alert)","date":"2025-07-28","url":"https://missouriindependent.com/2025/07/28/water-is-our-most-valuable-resource-new-law-will-limit-water-exports-from-missouri/","basis":"News","ref":1},{"ref":2,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MO-MAWC-RATE-CASE-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Missouri American Water: $143 million increase in 2025 and new rate request pending","description":"The Missouri Public Service Commission approved a $143 million revenue increase for Missouri American Water in case WR-2024-0320, $23 million below the July 2024 request, with new rates effective May 28, 2025. The company filed a new general rate case (WR-2026-0304) on July 1, 2026, tied to about $1.6 billion of capital investment from June 2025 through May 2028; a local report puts the net annual base-rate increase request at about $191.9 million, which would add about $15 a month outside St. Louis County and about $23 in the county, and set seven public hearings for December 2026, with new rates possible in early summer 2027.","location":{"name":"Missouri American Water (St. Louis County system)","type":"Investor-owned utility service area","state":"MO","states":["MO"],"detail":"Largest system serves St. Louis and St. Charles counties; company serves about 1.6 million people statewide","coordinates":{"lat":38.640688,"lon":-90.446073,"precision":"county","source_ref":6},"counties":["St. Louis","St. Charles"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"MO6010716"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns utility rates and affordability set through a regulatory rate case.","secondary_drivers":["$1.1 billion in plant and distribution investment since the last rate filing (ref 3)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health or environmental harm is at issue in the rate order (refs 1, 2).","service":"No disruption is reported; the 2025 order added about $7 a month for St. Louis County customers at 6,100 gallons (ref 3) and the pending request would add about $23 a month at 5,900 gallons (refs 7, 8).","scale":"The company serves about 1.6 million people (ref 1); its St. Louis-St. Charles system alone serves 1,111,000 per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Rates took effect May 28, 2025 (ref 2) and a new case filed July 1, 2026 (ref 8) would run to new rates in mid-2027 (ref 7).","significance":"A PSC report and order of May 2025 and tariff order of May 16 set current rates (ref 2); case WR-2026-0304 is open before the PSC with hearings set for December 2026 (ref 7)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":1111000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by MO6010716 per SDWIS (ref 4); company-wide about 1.6 million (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The PSC allowed $143 million in 2025 (ref 1); the pending case WR-2026-0304 reports a net $191.9 million annual base-rate increase request (ref 7)"},"measures":[{"name":"Approved annual revenue increase","value":143,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Company-estimated net annual increase","value":63,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Monthly bill increase, customers outside St. Louis County at 4,600 gallons","value":9,"unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate (ref 3)."},{"name":"Average monthly wastewater bill increase","value":6,"unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","note":"ref 3"},{"name":"Pending request: net increase in annual base-rate revenue (case WR-2026-0304)","value":191.9,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"As reported Oct. 13, 2026 (ref 7); the company's July 1 filing release does not state a dollar request in the opened page (ref 8)."},{"name":"Pending request: monthly increase outside St. Louis County at 4,500 gallons","value":15,"unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate, if approved as filed (refs 7, 8)."},{"name":"Pending request: monthly increase, St. Louis County at 5,900 gallons","value":23,"unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate, if approved as filed (refs 7, 8)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"A second rate case followed the 2025 order: the pending request reports $191.9 million against the $143 million allowed in 2025 (refs 1, 7)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Missouri Public Service Commission","role":"Rate regulator"},{"name":"Missouri-American Water Company","role":"Utility"},{"name":"Missouri Office of the Public Counsel","role":"Consumer advocate"}],"public_contact":"Missouri Public Service Commission, via psc.mo.gov","corrective_actions":["Settlements signed by PSC staff, Public Counsel and consumer groups (ref 1)","Customer payment assistance options offered by the company (ref 1)","PSC public hearings Dec. 1, 3, 7, 8, 14 and 17, 2026, plus written comments on WR-2026-0304 (ref 7)"],"sources":[{"title":"Regulators approve Missouri American Water rates","publisher":"Jefferson City News Tribune","date":"2025-05-14","url":"https://www.newstribune.com/news/2025/may/14/regulators-approve-missouri-american-water-rates/","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"Order Approving Tariffs, File No. WR-2024-0320","publisher":"Missouri Public Service Commission","date":"2025-05-16","url":"https://www.efis.psc.mo.gov/Document/Display/832651","basis":"State record","ref":2},{"title":"Missouri American Water New Customer Rates Approved by Missouri Public Service Commission","publisher":"American Water","date":"2025-05-16","url":"https://newsroom.amwater.com/2025-05-16-Missouri-American-Water-New-Customer-Rates-Approved-by-Missouri-Public-Service-Commission","basis":"Utility record","ref":3},{"title":"SDWIS water system record MO6010716","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MO6010716/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water systems search (Missouri, name containing AMERICAN)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MO/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/AMERICAN/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":5,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"2024 National Counties Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_counties_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; county internal point"},{"ref":7,"title":"Some Mid-Missouri water users face potential $15 monthly bill increase","publisher":"ABC17 News","date":"2026-10-13","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://abc17news.com/news/jefferson-city/2026/10/13/some-mid-missouri-water-users-face-potential-15-monthly-bill-increase","basis":"News"},{"ref":8,"title":"Missouri American Water files rate request driven by approximately $1.6 billion in investments","publisher":"Water Online","date":"2026-07-07","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.wateronline.com/doc/missouri-american-water-files-rate-request-driven-by-approximately-billion-in-investments-to-provide-safe-clean-reliable-and-affordable-service-0001","basis":"Utility record (press release)"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New rate case WR-2026-0304 filed July 1, 2026; PSC set December 2026 public hearings (reported Oct. 13)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["final PSC decision on WR-2026-0304"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MO-FESTUS-DATA-CENTER-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Festus residents sue over $6 billion AI data center approvals","description":"Wake Up JeffCo and four property owners sued the City of Festus and developer CRG on April 9, 2026, seeking to reverse the rezoning and development agreement for a proposed $6 billion AI data center and alleging Sunshine Law violations. Plaintiffs cite the water needed to cool hyperscale data centers; city officials say the developer would pay for all infrastructure upgrades.","location":{"name":"Festus proposed data center site","type":"Proposed industrial site","state":"MO","states":["MO"],"detail":"Festus, Jefferson County, south of St. Louis","coordinates":{"lat":38.219426,"lon":-90.409724,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Jefferson"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The dispute is over local approval of a large water and power user, not a measured water impact.","secondary_drivers":["Hyperscale cooling water demand cited by plaintiffs (ref 1)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No water impact has occurred; plaintiff Mary Fakes, about 300 yards from the site, voices concern about cooling water (ref 1).","service":"No service effect is reported; officials say the developer would pay for all infrastructure upgrades (ref 2).","scale":"The dispute concerns one city's approval of a $6 billion project (ref 1).","duration":"The council approved the framework on March 30, 2026 and the suit followed April 9 (ref 1).","significance":"A lawsuit filed in St. Louis County seeks to reverse the rezoning and contract (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Suit filed April 9, 2026 to reverse rezoning and a contract for CRG's proposed $6 billion data center (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Proposed project investment","value":6,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Projected water use","value":null,"unit":"gallons per year","status":"Not reported","note":"No figure published in the cited sources."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Litigation began April 2026."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Festus","role":"Zoning and development approval"},{"name":"CRG","role":"Developer"}],"public_contact":"City of Festus, City Hall, via cityoffestus.org","corrective_actions":["Council-approved framework of developer requirements (ref 1)","Lawsuit pending (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"Festus data center opposition group sues the city and developer","publisher":"St. Louis Public Radio","date":"2026-04-10","url":"https://www.stlpr.org/government-politics-issues/2026-04-10/data-center-opposition-group-sues-city-festus-proposed-developer","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"Do data centers really use so much water? Here are five key issues","publisher":"St. Louis Post-Dispatch via Jefferson City News Tribune","date":"2026-04-13","url":"https://www.newstribune.com/news/2026/apr/13/do-data-centers-really-use-so-much-water-here-are-five-key-issues/","basis":"News","ref":2},{"ref":3,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["measures.projected_water_use"],"related_ids":["US-MO-MONTGOMERY-DATACENTER-AQUIFER-2025"]},{"id":"US-MO-AMEREN-COAL-ASH-CLOSURE-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Ameren Missouri coal ash ponds at Sioux and Meramec still closing","description":"Ameren reports surface-impoundment closures still in process at its Sioux Energy Center and retired Meramec Energy Center, with remaining closures to be substantially complete by the end of 2026 and a compliance plan that includes groundwater treatment. EPA in 2022 found Ameren's groundwater data at both plants insufficient, and the Sierra Club said Ameren's own monitoring showed Sioux ponds leaking boron and sulfate above state standards.","location":{"name":"Ameren Sioux and Meramec energy centers","type":"Power plant coal ash units","state":"MO","states":["MO"],"detail":"Sioux Energy Center (St. Charles County) and Meramec Energy Center (St. Louis County), along the Mississippi and Meramec rivers","coordinates":{"lat":38.640688,"lon":-90.446073,"precision":"county","source_ref":3},"counties":["St. Louis","St. Charles","Franklin"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Coal ash ponds are a groundwater contamination source under federal closure and monitoring rules.","secondary_drivers":["2024 EPA CCR rule revision extending groundwater monitoring to legacy units (ref 1)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Sierra Club said Ameren monitoring showed Sioux ponds leaking boron and sulfate above state standards (ref 2); this is an advocacy claim, not an agency finding.","service":"No drinking-water restriction is reported in either source (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Two energy centers in the St. Louis region; the Labadie ponds in Franklin County are also discussed (ref 2).","duration":"Closures were in process at the end of 2025 with completion targeted by the end of 2026 (ref 1), after EPA's 2022 extension denial (ref 2).","significance":"EPA found Ameren's Meramec and Sioux extension requests incomplete for insufficient groundwater data (ref 2); the 2024 CCR rule adds requirements (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No exposed population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Closures of surface impoundments in process at Sioux and retired Meramec; remaining closures to be substantially complete by the end of 2026 (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Asset retirement obligations for CCR storage facilities","value":56,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"As of December 31, 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Environmental compliance capital estimate 2026-2030","value":100,"unit":"million USD (upper end of $70-100M range)","status":"Reported","note":"Includes impoundment closure and corrective action (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Closures are progressing toward an end-2026 target (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Ameren Missouri","role":"Facility owner"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"CCR Rule"},{"name":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources","role":"State permitting"}],"public_contact":"Ameren Missouri CCR compliance information via ameren.com","corrective_actions":["Impoundment closures with groundwater monitoring equipment and treatment facilities (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"Ameren Corp Form 10-K for fiscal year 2025 (CCR Management)","publisher":"Ameren Corporation (SEC EDGAR)","date":"2026-02-18","url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1002910/000100291026000009/aee-20251231.htm","basis":"Company filing","ref":1},{"title":"EPA denies extension for Ameren to stop dumping coal ash, gypsum at two power plants","publisher":"Missouri Independent via St. Louis Public Radio","date":"2022-01-13","url":"https://www.stlpr.org/health-science-environment/2022-01-13/epa-denies-extension-for-ameren-to-stop-dumping-coal-ash-gypsum-at-two-power-plants","basis":"News","ref":2},{"ref":3,"title":"2024 National Counties Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_counties_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; county internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MO-MUDDY-CREEK-TYSON-DO-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Muddy Creek in Pettis County newly listed impaired, Tyson plant named source","description":"Missouri's EPA-approved 2024-2026 impaired waters list adds 62.2 miles of Muddy Creek in Pettis County for low dissolved oxygen, naming Tyson Poultry, Inc. as the source. A tributary to Little Muddy Creek has been listed for chloride from the same source since 2006.","location":{"name":"Muddy Creek (Pettis County)","type":"River segment","state":"MO","states":["MO"],"detail":"Pettis County, Sedalia area; Lamine River basin (HUC 10300103)","coordinates":{"lat":38.705239,"lon":-93.235819,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Pettis"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"An industrial discharge is identified as the cause of low dissolved oxygen in a stream.","secondary_drivers":["Poultry processing discharge named as source (ref 1)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Muddy Cr. (WBID 0853) fails its warm-water aquatic life use for Oxygen, Dissolved (W) over 62.2 miles (ref 1).","service":"The listing does not involve a drinking-water or recreation closure (ref 1).","scale":"One stream system in Pettis County: 62.2 miles of Muddy Creek plus 1 mile of a Little Muddy Creek tributary (ref 1).","duration":"The tributary chloride listing tied to Tyson Poultry dates to 2006 and remains on the 2024-2026 list (ref 1).","significance":"Formal 303(d) listings in the list EPA approved on May 29, 2026 (refs 1, 2); no enforcement action was found."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Stream impairment; no population figure applies."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Muddy Cr., 62.20 miles, WWH, Oxygen, Dissolved (W), source Tyson Poultry, Inc., Pettis County, listing year 2026 (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Muddy Creek miles listed for low dissolved oxygen","value":62.2,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Tributary to Little Muddy Creek listed for chloride","value":1,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Listed 2006 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"A new 62.2-mile dissolved oxygen listing was added in 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources","role":"NPDES permitting and 303(d) listing"},{"name":"Tyson Poultry, Inc.","role":"Source named in the listing"}],"public_contact":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Water Protection Program, via dnr.mo.gov","corrective_actions":["Waters remain on the 303(d) list for TMDL development (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"2024-2026 Section 303(d) Listed Waters (EPA approved May 29, 2026)","publisher":"Missouri Department of Natural Resources","date":"2026-05-29","url":"https://dnr.mo.gov/sites/dnr/files/vfc/2026/06/main/2024-2026-303d-list-epa-approved-20260529-wpp_0.pdf","basis":"State record","ref":1},{"title":"Approval of Missouri's Combined 2024 & 2026 303(d) List of Impaired Waters (letter and decision document)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 7, posted by Missouri Department of Natural Resources","date":"2026-05-28","url":"https://dnr.mo.gov/sites/dnr/files/vfc/2026/06/main/2024-2026-303d-epa-approval-letter-decision-document-20260529-wpp.pdf","basis":"Federal record","ref":2},{"ref":3,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (MO in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_categories":["groundwater","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","secondary_drivers":["Fertilizer-derived nitrate in the Great Bend Prairie Aquifer (ref 2)"],"verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-KS-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"],"id":"US-KS-PRATT-NITRATE-WELLS-2024","title":"Pratt loses two wells to nitrate; city water still over nitrate MCL","description":"Pratt shut off one well for nitrate above the federal limit in summer 2023 and a second a year later, together 23% of its water rights. EPA records show nitrate maximum contaminant level violations every quarter from October 2024 through April 2026, and the city's 2025 water quality report lists a highest nitrate result of 13 ppm against a 10 ppm limit. A treatment plant has been estimated at more than $60 million.","location":{"name":"City of Pratt water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"KS","states":["KS"],"detail":"Pratt, Pratt County, south-central Kansas; groundwater wells","coordinates":{"lat":37.698576,"lon":-98.765936,"precision":"city","source_ref":7},"counties":["Pratt"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"KS2015103"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","layer_rationale":"Nitrate in the city's groundwater supply is the issue, with lost well capacity as a consequence.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS lists nitrate MCL violations at 12 to 13 mg/L against the 10 mg/L limit (ref 4); the 2025 CCR reports a 13 ppm high on 11/4/2025 (ref 3).","service":"Two wells holding 23% of Pratt's water rights are shut off, and a 2023 heat wave brought a voluntary conservation request (ref 1).","scale":"Pratt's system serves 6,573 people per SDWIS (ref 5).","duration":"Nitrate violations are recorded for eight compliance periods from January 2024 to April 2026, after the first well closed in summer 2023 (refs 1, 4).","significance":"The violations are state-reported nitrate MCL violations still open in SDWIS (ref 4); no enforcement order was found."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":6573,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Nitrate highest value 13 ppm (range 4.8 - 13), MCL 10, collected 11/4/2025 (ref 3)"},"measures":[{"name":"Share of water rights in wells shut off for nitrate","value":23,"unit":"%","status":"Reported","note":"Kansas News Service (ref 1)."},{"name":"Estimated cost of nitrate treatment facility","value":60,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Estimate 'topped $60 million', of which $40 million for trunking wells (ref 1)."},{"name":"Health-based nitrate violations since 2023-10-11","value":8,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Count of SDWIS nitrate MCL violations with compliance periods beginning 2024-01-01 to 2026-04-01 (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Treatment estimate above $60 million for a city of about 6,500 (ref 1)","$3 million in EPA funds via KDHE covers one replacement well (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"A second well was lost in 2024, a year after the first (ref 1); violations continue through April 2026 (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Pratt","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Bureau of Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Pratt, 620-672-5571 (per the 2025 CCR)","corrective_actions":["Wells above the nitrate limit shut off (ref 1)","New replacement well funded with $3 million in EPA funds through KDHE (ref 1)","City sought $1 million under the Kansas Water Plan for a second replacement well (ref 1)","Well 15 discontinued after a PFOS result above the federal limit (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Pratt is the latest Kansas town facing nitrate pollution. One-quarter of its water supply is off","publisher":"Kansas News Service / KCUR","date":"2024-10-24","url":"https://www.kcur.org/news/2024-10-24/pratt-is-the-latest-kansas-town-facing-nitrate-pollution-one-quarter-of-its-water-supply-is-off","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Nitrate is quietly polluting Kansas drinking wells; how researchers are working to help","publisher":"Harvest Public Media / KCUR","date":"2026-04-20","url":"https://www.kcur.org/environment-agriculture/2026-04-20/nitrate-pollution-rural-drinking-water-researchers","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"City of Pratt Consumer Confidence Report 2026 (calendar year 2025)","publisher":"City of Pratt, hosted by Kansas Rural Water Association","date":"2026-05-11","url":"https://www.krwa.net/ccr/pratt","basis":"Utility record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS violation records for KS2015103","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/KS2015103/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record KS2015103","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/KS2015103/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":7,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"conflicts":[{"field":"nitrate in delivered water","values":["Wells above the nitrate limit were shut off in 2023 and 2024 (ref 1)","SDWIS nitrate MCL violations Oct 2024 to Apr 2026 at 12-13 mg/L (ref 4); CCR high of 13 ppm in Nov 2025 (ref 3)"],"note":"Shutting off wells has not brought the system back under the nitrate MCL in later SDWIS and CCR data."}],"first_seen":"2023-07-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (KS in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","secondary_drivers":[],"verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"id":"US-KS-ST-GEORGE-NITRATE-2026","title":"St. George water over nitrate limit in every quarter since 2023","description":"The City of St. George has issued repeated drinking water warnings for nitrate, most recently a July 15, 2026 sample at 17 mg/L against the 10 mg/L federal limit, telling residents not to give tap water to infants under six months. EPA records list nitrate MCL violations for every quarter from July 2023 to April 2026, peaking at 21 mg/L. The city provides bottled water to vulnerable residents and has discussed blending with a rural water district supply.","location":{"name":"City of St. George water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"KS","states":["KS"],"detail":"St. George, Pottawatomie County, east of Manhattan; wells 5 to 8","coordinates":{"lat":39.192606,"lon":-96.418284,"precision":"city","source_ref":7},"counties":["Pottawatomie"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"KS2014917"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","layer_rationale":"Nitrate in the city's well supply exceeds the drinking water standard.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The August 2026 city warning reports 17 mg/L nitrate on 7/15/2026, above the 10 mg/L MCL (ref 1); SDWIS peaks at 21 mg/L for January 2024 (ref 3).","service":"Notices tell residents not to give tap water to infants or use it for formula, and bottled water is supplied to vulnerable people (refs 1, 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 998 people served (ref 4).","duration":"SDWIS has 11 consecutive quarterly nitrate violations from July 2023 to April 2026 (ref 3); the city page carries an August 2021 notice at 14 mg/L (ref 5).","significance":"Each quarter is a state-recorded nitrate MCL violation with Tier 1 public notice (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":998,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A water sample collected on 7/15/2026 showed a nitrate level of 17 mg/L (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Highest quarterly nitrate violation value since 2023","value":21,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS violation measure, compliance period beginning 2024-01-01 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Nitrate sample, January 22, 2025","value":16,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"City warning distributed February 7, 2025 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Residents report $120-$130 monthly bills and the mayor expects a further increase of about $25 under the blending option (ref 6)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Quarterly violation values range 14 to 21 mg/L with no sustained decline (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of St. George","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Bureau of Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of St. George, Ben Wheeler, 785-477-3775, 220 1st St, St. George, KS 66535","corrective_actions":["Bottled water for vulnerable populations (ref 1)","Blending city water with a rural water district supply under consideration (ref 6)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drinking Water Warning 2026: City of St George water has high levels of nitrate","publisher":"City of St. George","date":"2026-08-07","url":"https://www.stgeorgeks.gov/media/Document/2026/August%202026%20Nitrate%20Letter.pdf","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Drinking Water Warning 2025 (4Q2024 nitrate MCL violation)","publisher":"City of St. George","date":"2025-02-07","url":"https://stgeorgeks.gov/media/Document/2025/February%207,%202024_St%20George%204Q2024%20NO3%20MCL%20violation.pdf","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS violation records for KS2014917","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/KS2014917/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record KS2014917","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/KS2014917/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"Drinking water warning","publisher":"City of St. George","date":"2021-08-13","url":"https://www.stgeorgeks.gov/drinking-water-warning","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":6,"title":"Frustration continues in St. George over the unsafe water system and rising water rates","publisher":"WIBW","date":"2025-09-24","url":"https://www.wibw.com/2025/09/25/frustration-continues-st-george-over-unsafe-water-system-rising-water-rates","basis":"News"},{"ref":7,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"first_seen":"2023-07-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (KS in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","secondary_drivers":[],"verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["KSN article publication date not printed on the page (shown as '6 months ago'); retrieval date used"],"related_ids":["US-KS-RENO-CO-RWD-101-NITRATE-2026"],"id":"US-KS-SYLVIA-NITRATE-DO-NOT-DRINK-2026","title":"Sylvia: chronic nitrate violations and a 2026 do-not-drink order","description":"KDHE ordered Sylvia customers not to drink tap water from April 17 to April 24, 2026 after a line break, because nitrate in parts of the system ruled out the usual boil advisory; nitrate warnings for infants continued after the order was lifted. EPA records show nitrate MCL violations in every quarter since 2023. KDHE has lent the city $1.82 million, half forgivable, for blending wells, chlorination, waterline replacement and tower work.","location":{"name":"City of Sylvia water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"KS","states":["KS"],"detail":"Sylvia, Reno County, south-central Kansas","coordinates":{"lat":37.95887,"lon":-98.408674,"precision":"city","source_ref":8},"counties":["Reno"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"KS2015502"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","layer_rationale":"Nitrate in the well water combines with failing lines and pumps that cause pressure losses.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS records 10 nitrate MCL violations since October 2023 at 11 to 14 mg/L (ref 6), and KDHE cites continued elevated nitrates in the well water (ref 2).","service":"KDHE's Do Not Drink Order of April 17, 2026 barred drinking, cooking and tooth brushing with tap water until April 24 (refs 1, 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 210 people served; KDHE puts the population at about 135 (refs 7, 5).","duration":"Nitrate violations run quarterly from January 2023 to April 2026 (ref 6), and a separate boil advisory followed in July 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"KDHE issued a formal Do Not Drink Order and the system carries open nitrate MCL violations (refs 1, 6)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":210,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 7); KDHE states approximately 135 (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Do Not Drink Order took effect April 17, 2026, rescinded April 24, 2026; KDHE still advised not to boil water due to continued elevated nitrates (refs 1, 2)"},"measures":[{"name":"KDHE loan for water system improvements","value":1821742,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"$910,871 of principal forgiven (ref 5)."},{"name":"Nitrate MCL violations since 2023-10-11","value":10,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Quarterly compliance periods from 2024-01-01 to 2026-04-01 (ref 6)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Half of a $1.82 million state loan is forgiven (ref 5)","City warned of further leaks because of the age of its water lines (ref 4)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Nitrate violation values hold between 11 and 14 mg/L from 2023 to 2026 (ref 6)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Sylvia","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Bureau of Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Sylvia water system, 620-486-2472; KDHE, 785-296-5514","corrective_actions":["KDHE loan financing new wells for blending, a chlorination facility, waterline replacement and tower rehabilitation (ref 5)","Bottled water supplied at 120 S. Main during the order (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Do Not Drink Order Issued for the City of Sylvia, Reno County","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2026-04-20","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/1915","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Do Not Drink Order Rescinded for the City of Sylvia, Reno County","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2026-04-24","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/1922","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Boil Water Advisory Issued for the City of Sylvia, Reno County","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2026-07-25","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/2060","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Kansas town gives update after order not to drink city water","publisher":"KSN-TV","date":"2026-04-21","url":"https://www.ksn.com/news/health/kansas-town-gives-update-after-order-not-to-drink-city-water/amp/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"KDHE Provides Financing for Sylvia's Water System Improvements","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2025-11-24","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/1783","basis":"State record"},{"ref":6,"title":"SDWIS violation records for KS2015502","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/KS2015502/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":7,"title":"SDWIS water system record KS2015502","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/KS2015502/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":8,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"},{"ref":9,"title":"Boil Water Advisory Rescinded for the City of Sylvia, Reno County","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2026-08-01","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/2075","basis":"State record"}],"first_seen":"2023-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (KS in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","secondary_drivers":[],"verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Coordinates are the South Hutchinson place point (SDWIS city of the district), not the service area"],"related_ids":["US-KS-SYLVIA-NITRATE-DO-NOT-DRINK-2026"],"id":"US-KS-RENO-CO-RWD-101-NITRATE-2026","title":"Reno County RWD 101: nitrate over limit since 2020, do-not-drink in 2026","description":"Reno County Rural Water District 101 has recorded nitrate above the 10 mg/L standard in every quarterly compliance period in EPA records since 2020, at 11 to 13 mg/L. After a June 2026 main break, KDHE issued a do-not-drink order for customers west of Red Rock and Switzer roads, citing the system's history of high nitrates, and kept infant nitrate warnings in place after lifting it on June 5.","location":{"name":"Reno Co RWD 101","type":"Rural water district","state":"KS","states":["KS"],"detail":"Reno County, near South Hutchinson; order area west of Red Rock Rd and Switzer Rd","coordinates":{"lat":38.023082,"lon":-97.944845,"precision":"city","source_ref":6},"counties":["Reno"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"KS2015518"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","layer_rationale":"Nitrate above the standard in the district's water is the core issue.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS lists nitrate violations of 11 to 13 mg/L from 2020 to April 2026 (ref 3); KDHE cites an 'on-going issue with high nitrates' (ref 2).","service":"Customers west of Red Rock Rd and Switzer Rd were under a Do Not Drink Order from June 3 to June 5, 2026 (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The district serves 200 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"SDWIS shows 21 quarterly nitrate violations starting January 2020, still unresolved (ref 3).","significance":"KDHE issued a formal Do Not Drink Order, the open SDWIS nitrate violations stand, and Kansas News Service listed the district among systems at or over the standard in 2024 (refs 1, 3, 5)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":200,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4); the June 2026 order covered only part of the district."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Nitrate violation measure 13 mg/L for the quarters beginning January and April 2026, MCL 10 mg/L (ref 3)"},"measures":[{"name":"Quarterly nitrate MCL violations since 2020","value":21,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Count of SDWIS nitrate violations, 2020-01-01 to 2026-04-01 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Violation values rose from 11 mg/L in 2020-2023 to 12-13 mg/L in 2024-2026 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Reno County Rural Water District 101","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Bureau of Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Reno Co RWD 101, 620-694-2976; KDHE, 785-296-5514","corrective_actions":["Bottled water at the Reno County Public Works building, 600 Scott Blvd, South Hutchinson (ref 1)","Main break repaired and bacteriological testing cleared (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Do Not Drink Order Issued for a Portion of the Reno Co RWD 101, Reno County","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2026-06-03","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/1966","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Do Not Drink Order Rescinded a Portion of the Reno Co RWD 101, Reno County","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2026-06-05","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/1970","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS violation records for KS2015518","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/KS2015518/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record KS2015518","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/KS2015518/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"Pratt is the latest Kansas town facing nitrate pollution. One-quarter of its water supply is off","publisher":"Kansas News Service / KCUR","date":"2024-10-24","url":"https://www.kcur.org/news/2024-10-24/pratt-is-the-latest-kansas-town-facing-nitrate-pollution-one-quarter-of-its-water-supply-is-off","basis":"News"},{"ref":6,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"first_seen":"2020-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (KS in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","secondary_drivers":[],"verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Measured nitrate and arsenic levels in the emergency well","Expected date to restore the primary well"],"related_ids":[],"id":"US-KS-LONG-ISLAND-NITRATE-ARSENIC-2026","title":"Long Island under do-not-drink order on nitrate and arsenic emergency well","description":"KDHE issued a Do Not Drink Order for the City of Long Island on October 3, 2026 after a well pump failure forced the city onto an emergency well with high levels of nitrate and arsenic. The order remains until the risk of nitrate and arsenic above the MCL is resolved. The same system was under a boil water advisory from June 22 to July 6, 2026 after a loss of pressure.","location":{"name":"City of Long Island water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"KS","states":["KS"],"detail":"Long Island, Phillips County, north-central Kansas","coordinates":{"lat":39.946121,"lon":-99.533914,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Phillips"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"KS2014703"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","layer_rationale":"A pump failure pushed the city onto a well whose nitrate and arsenic make the water unsafe to drink.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"KDHE describes the emergency well as having 'high levels of nitrates and arsenic' but the release gives no measured values (ref 1).","service":"Residents may not drink, cook with or brush teeth with tap water under the October 3, 2026 order; bottled water is supplied (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 135 people served (ref 4).","duration":"Two disruptions in four months: a June 22 to July 6, 2026 boil advisory and the order in force since October 3 (refs 1, 2, 3).","significance":"KDHE issued a formal Do Not Drink Order (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":135,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Do Not Drink Order in effect from October 3, 2026 due to well pump failure and use of an emergency well with high nitrates and arsenic (ref 1)"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No rescind notice found as of KDHE releases through October 9, 2026."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Long Island","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Bureau of Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Long Island, 785-854-7420; KDHE, 785-296-5514","corrective_actions":["Bottled water supplied by the city (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Do Not Drink Order Issued for the City of Long Island, Phillips County","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2026-10-03","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/2204","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Boil Water Advisory Issued for the City of Long Island, Phillips County","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2026-06-22","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/2002","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Boil Water Advisory Rescinded for City of Long Island, Phillips County","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2026-07-06","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/2018","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record KS2014703","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/KS2014703/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"first_seen":"2026-06-22","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (KS in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","secondary_drivers":[],"verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"id":"US-KS-MCDONALD-NITRATE-DO-NOT-DRINK-2026","title":"McDonald do-not-drink order over untested well, then coliform positive","description":"KDHE issued a Do Not Drink Order for McDonald in Rawlins County on May 20, 2026 because of possible elevated nitrate from an untested well. New tests showed nitrate below standards but a positive coliform sample, so the order became a boil water advisory from May 24, rescinded May 29 after clean tests.","location":{"name":"City of McDonald water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"KS","states":["KS"],"detail":"McDonald, Rawlins County, northwest Kansas","coordinates":{"lat":39.784746,"lon":-101.370194,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Rawlins"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"KS2015303"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","layer_rationale":"Unknown nitrate and a coliform-positive sample made the water unsafe for a week.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"KDHE reported a sample positive for coliform bacteria while nitrate tested below standards (ref 2).","service":"The May 20, 2026 order prohibited drinking and cooking with tap water (ref 1).","scale":"McDonald's system serves 116 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Restrictions ran from May 20 to the May 29, 2026 rescind (refs 1, 3).","significance":"KDHE issued and then downgraded a formal Do Not Drink Order (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":116,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Do Not Drink Order May 20, 2026, downgraded to a boil water advisory May 24 after a positive coliform test, rescinded May 29 (refs 1-3)"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"KDHE rescinded the advisory on May 29, 2026 after clean tests (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of McDonald","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Bureau of Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"KDHE public water supply line, 785-296-5514","corrective_actions":["Nitrate retesting showed levels below standards (ref 2)","Bottled water for people with medical conditions and infants (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Do Not Drink Order Issued for City of McDonald, Rawlins County","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2026-05-20","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/1945","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Do Not Drink Order Downgraded to Boil Water Order for the City of McDonald, Rawlins County","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2026-05-26","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/1953","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Boil Water Advisory Rescinded for the City of McDonald, Rawlins County","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2026-05-29","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/1962","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record KS2015303","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/KS2015303/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"first_seen":"2026-05-20","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (KS in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","secondary_drivers":[],"verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Whether Mitchell Co RWD 3 buys water from Beloit is not stated in the sources"],"related_ids":[],"id":"US-KS-BELOIT-TTHM-2026","title":"Beloit total trihalomethanes over MCL every quarter since 2023","description":"EPA records show the City of Beloit over the 0.080 mg/L total trihalomethane standard in every quarterly compliance period from April 2023 to April 2026, mostly at 0.081 to 0.1 mg/L. Mitchell County RWD 3, also listed at Beloit, has a parallel run of TTHM violations rising to 0.107 mg/L. KDHE is financing a new Beloit water treatment plant, transmission main and raw water pump station with an $11.4 million loan.","location":{"name":"City of Beloit water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"KS","states":["KS"],"detail":"Beloit, Mitchell County, north-central Kansas","coordinates":{"lat":39.464698,"lon":-98.10834,"precision":"city","source_ref":6},"counties":["Mitchell"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"KS2012301"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","layer_rationale":"Disinfection byproducts above the federal limit in treated water are the issue.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS TTHM violation measures range from 0.081 to 0.1 mg/L against the 0.080 mg/L MCL (ref 2).","service":"KDHE releases from September 2024 to October 2026 show no Beloit boil or do-not-drink action; its only release is the loan notice (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 3,407 people served (ref 3); KDHE's release says about 1,850 (ref 1).","duration":"Sixteen TTHM violations span April 2023 to April 2026, 13 of them since October 2023 (ref 2).","significance":"The TTHM MCL violations are open in SDWIS (ref 2); no enforcement order in the window was found."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":3407,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3); KDHE states approximately 1,850 (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM locational running annual average 0.1 mg/L for the quarter beginning July 2025, MCL 0.080 mg/L (ref 2)"},"measures":[{"name":"KDHE loan for new water treatment plant","value":11404000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"$2,587,320 of principal forgiven (ref 1)."},{"name":"Mitchell Co RWD 3 TTHM violation, April 2026 quarter","value":0.107,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS violation measure for KS2012309, 2,048 people served (refs 4, 5)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["$11.4 million state loan, $2.59 million forgiven (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Values rose from 0.081-0.086 mg/L in 2023-early 2025 to 0.088-0.1 mg/L from mid-2025 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Beloit","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Mitchell County Rural Water District 3","role":"Separate system with parallel TTHM violations"},{"name":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Bureau of Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"KDHE public water supply line, 785-296-5514","corrective_actions":["New water treatment plant, transmission main and raw water pump station under construction with KDHE financing (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"KDHE Provides Financing for Beloit's Water Treatment System Improvements","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2025-12-02","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/1789","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS violation records for KS2012301","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/KS2012301/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record KS2012301","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/KS2012301/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS violation records for KS2012309","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/KS2012309/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record KS2012309","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/KS2012309/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"conflicts":[{"field":"TTHM values, October 2025 quarter","values":["0.99 mg/L and 0.96 mg/L (ref 2)","0.1 and 0.099 mg/L in the adjacent quarters (ref 2)"],"note":"The two October 2025 entries appear to be decimal-place errors in SDWIS and are not used."},{"field":"population served","values":["3,407 (SDWIS, ref 3)","about 1,850 (KDHE, ref 1)"],"note":""}],"first_seen":"2023-04-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (KS in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (4). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","secondary_drivers":[],"verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Corrective action plan for disinfection byproducts not found"],"related_ids":[],"id":"US-KS-YATES-CENTER-HAA5-2026","title":"Yates Center haloacetic acids over MCL and recurring boil advisories","description":"Yates Center's surface-water system has been over the 60 ppb haloacetic acid (HAA5) limit in EPA records from October 2023 to April 2026, and its 2025 water quality report shows an HAA5 locational running annual average of 78 ppb and TTHM of 81 ppb. EPA also lists repeated organic-carbon removal treatment technique violations. A November 2025 line break put Yates Center and three systems it supplies under a KDHE boil water advisory.","location":{"name":"City of Yates Center water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"KS","states":["KS"],"detail":"Yates Center, Woodson County; Yates Center Lake intake","coordinates":{"lat":37.867484,"lon":-95.75481,"precision":"city","source_ref":7},"counties":["Woodson"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"KS2020702"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","layer_rationale":"Disinfection byproducts above federal limits in treated lake water are the main issue.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The 2025 CCR reports HAA5 LRAA 78 ppb against a 60 ppb MCL and TTHM 81 ppb against 80 ppb (ref 1).","service":"KDHE boil advisories hit Yates Center in May 2025 and November 2025, the latter also covering Woodson Co RWD 1, Wilson Co RWD 9 and Virgil (refs 3, 4, 5).","scale":"SDWIS lists 1,335 people served, plus three systems on the November 2025 advisory (refs 6, 4).","duration":"SDWIS has HAA5 violations each quarter from October 2023 to January 2025 and again in 2026, with TOC removal violations from 2023 to 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"The CCR lists the 2025 HAA5 MCL violation, and SDWIS carries 22 health-based violations since October 2023 (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":1335,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 6); excludes consecutive systems."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Total haloacetic acids (HAA5) highest LRAA 78 ppb in 2025, MCL 60 (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Health-based violations since 2023-10-11","value":22,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"HAA5, TTHM, chlorite, chlorine dioxide and TOC-removal violations in SDWIS (ref 2)."},{"name":"Highest HAA5 violation value","value":0.099,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Quarters beginning April and July 2024 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"HAA5 violations were returned to compliance in June 2025 but recurred in January and April 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Yates Center","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Bureau of Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Yates Center, 620-625-2118 (per the CCR)","corrective_actions":[],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Yates Center, City of: Consumer Confidence Report 2026 (calendar year 2025)","publisher":"City of Yates Center, hosted by Kansas Rural Water Association","date":"2026-05-10","url":"https://www.krwa.net/ccr/yatescenter","basis":"Utility record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS violation records for KS2020702","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/KS2020702/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Boil Water Advisory Issued for the City of Yates Center, Woodson County","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2025-05-30","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/1559","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Boil Water Advisory Issued for the City of Yates Center and Woodson Co RWD 1 in Woodson County","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2025-11-13","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/1771","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"Boil Water Advisory Issued for the City of Yates Center, Woodson County","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2025-11-13","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/1769","basis":"State record"},{"ref":6,"title":"SDWIS water system record KS2020702","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/KS2020702/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":7,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"first_seen":"2023-10-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (KS in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","secondary_drivers":[],"verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Names of the five systems KDHE counts over the MCL","Great Bend Tribune article date not printed (retrieval date used)"],"related_ids":["US-KS-FORT-RILEY-PFOA-UCMR5-2026","US-KS-PRATT-NITRATE-WELLS-2024"],"id":"US-KS-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","title":"Kansas PFAS: five water systems average over federal PFOA/PFOS limits","description":"KDHE reported in August 2026 that 103 Kansas public water systems have UCMR 5 PFAS results and five have average PFOA or PFOS above the 4 parts-per-trillion federal limits; KDHE has tested 480 systems in-house since December 2025. Reported examples include Great Bend, where a well showed PFAS at 1.3 to 36 times the limit, Fort Riley and Arkansas City. KDHE says systems with compliance problems must treat after 2029.","location":{"name":"Kansas public water systems","type":"Statewide public water supply","state":"KS","states":["KS"],"detail":"Statewide; named systems include Great Bend (Barton Co.), Fort Riley and Arkansas City (Cowley Co.); map point is Great Bend","coordinates":{"lat":38.359792,"lon":-98.799514,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Barton","Cowley","Geary","Riley"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","layer_rationale":"PFAS in finished drinking water above the new federal limits is the issue.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"KDHE counts five Kansas systems with average PFOA or PFOS over the 4 ppt MCL (ref 1); Great Bend's Crescent Park #5 ran 1.3 to 36 times the limit (ref 2).","service":"Pratt discontinued Well 15 after a PFOS result of 0.0041 ug/L (ref 3).","scale":"Monitoring spans 103 UCMR 5 systems and 480 KDHE-tested systems statewide (ref 1).","duration":"UCMR 5 sampling ran 2023 to 2026 and compliance treatment is due after 2029 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"No PFAS MCL violation is enforceable before 2029, per KDHE's spokesperson (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"KDHE does not name the five systems over the MCL; Great Bend alone serves 14,580 per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"UCMR 5: 103 Kansas PWS have results; 5 PWS have average PFOA or PFOS over the MCL (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Kansas PWS with UCMR 5 results","value":103,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"KDHE presentation, August 5, 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"PWS with average PFOA or PFOS over MCL","value":5,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"KDHE (ref 1)."},{"name":"PWS tested by KDHE in-house since December 2025","value":480,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Two of four quarters complete (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["New limits came without cleanup funding (ref 2)","Great Bend's share of a PFAS class settlement is a little over $1.3 million (ref 6)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First statewide monitoring cycle; KDHE in-house testing is half complete (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Bureau of Water","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 7","role":"Federal PFAS rule and UCMR 5"}],"public_contact":"KDHE Bureau of Water, 785-296-5514","corrective_actions":["KDHE in-house PFAS testing of public water systems since December 2025 (ref 1)","Pratt Well 15 taken out of use (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PFAS in Kansas Water and Fish: Occurrence and Dispersion (Tony Stahl, Bureau of Water)","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2026-08-05","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/DocumentCenter/View/60095/2026-KEC-PFAS-Presentation-Tony-Stahl-BOW-PDF","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"'Forever chemicals' found in several Kansas water systems, with some being above EPA limit","publisher":"Topeka Capital-Journal (via AOL)","date":"2024-06-20","url":"https://www.aol.com/forever-chemicals-found-several-kansas-103028159.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"City of Pratt Consumer Confidence Report 2026 (calendar year 2025)","publisher":"City of Pratt, hosted by Kansas Rural Water Association","date":"2026-05-11","url":"https://www.krwa.net/ccr/pratt","basis":"Utility record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record KS2000911","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/KS2000911/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"},{"ref":6,"title":"City of GB mulls PFAS settlement","publisher":"Great Bend Tribune","date":null,"url":"https://www.gbtribune.com/news/local-news/city-of-gb-mulls-pfas-settlement/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"first_seen":"2023-03-07","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (KS in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}]},{"id":"US-KS-DROUGHT-DECLARATIONS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Kansas drought declarations: all 105 counties in drought status in 2026","description":"Governor Laura Kelly has issued repeated drought proclamations on Kansas Water Office recommendations. A May 2025 proclamation put Harvey, Reno and Sedgwick counties in drought emergency; conditions eased by December 2025, but an April 30, 2026 proclamation placed all 105 counties in watch, warning or emergency status, with seven western and northern counties in emergency.","location":{"name":"Kansas (statewide)","type":"Statewide drought declaration area","state":"KS","states":["KS"],"detail":"All 105 Kansas counties; 2026 emergency counties Cheyenne, Decatur, Morton, Norton, Phillips, Rawlins and Stevens","counties":["Cheyenne","Decatur","Morton","Norton","Phillips","Rawlins","Stevens"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["agricultural","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is a shortage of precipitation and water supply, not a failure of built systems.","secondary_drivers":["Persistent precipitation deficits in western Kansas","Reservoir and supply stress in south-central Kansas in 2025"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Kansas Water Office director Connie Owen described significant agricultural losses and extreme rangeland fire risk in the hardest-hit areas in May 2026 (ref 4).","service":"Emergency-stage counties become eligible for emergency water use from state fishing lakes and some federal reservoirs, and Wichita ran mandatory watering limits in 2025 (refs 1, 3).","scale":"The April 30, 2026 proclamation covered all 105 counties: 51 watch, 47 warning and 7 emergency (ref 4).","duration":"Declarations ran continuously from the May 13, 2025 proclamation through updates in July and December 2025 and April 2026 (refs 1-4).","significance":"Each stage is set by gubernatorial proclamation under the Kansas Emergency Management Act, including drought emergencies for 3 counties in 2025 and 7 in 2026 (refs 1, 4)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide declaration; no affected population was published in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Kelly's April 30, 2026 proclamation placed 51 counties in drought watch, 47 in warning and 7 in emergency (ref 4)."},"measures":[{"name":"Counties in drought emergency, April 30, 2026","value":7,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"ref 4"},{"name":"Counties in drought warning, April 30, 2026","value":47,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"ref 4"},{"name":"Counties in drought emergency, May 13, 2025","value":3,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"Harvey, Reno, Sedgwick (ref 1)"},{"name":"Counties removed from drought status, December 2025","value":39,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"ref 3"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Conditions eased to 43 watch counties and none in warning or emergency in December 2025 (ref 3), then worsened to all 105 counties by April 30, 2026 (ref 4). No later proclamation was found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Office of the Governor of Kansas","role":"Issues drought proclamations"},{"name":"Kansas Water Office","role":"Chairs the Governor's Drought Response Team; recommends county stages"}],"public_contact":"Kansas Water Office, through the Governor's Drought Response Team","corrective_actions":["Governor's proclamations May 13 and July 11, 2025, December 2025 and April 30, 2026 (refs 1-4)","Emergency-stage counties may draw emergency water from designated state fishing lakes and federal reservoirs (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Gov. Kelly signs proclamation for drought in Kansas counties","publisher":"WIBW","date":"2025-05-13","url":"https://www.wibw.com/2025/05/13/gov-kelly-signs-proclamation-drought-kansas-counties","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Gov. Kelly updates declaration of drought warnings and watches for Kansas counties","publisher":"WIBW","date":"2025-07-11","url":"https://www.wibw.com/2025/07/11/gov-kelly-updates-declaration-drought-warnings-watches-kansas-counties/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Kansas governor puts 43 counties under drought watch","publisher":"High Plains Journal","date":"2025-12-13","url":"https://hpj.com/?p=172303","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Drought alerts cover all 105 counties in Kansas","publisher":"KSNT","date":"2026-05-05","url":"https://www.ksnt.com/news/kansas/drought-alerts-cover-all-105-counties-in-kansas/amp/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (KS in-depth pass, groups B and C)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-KS-HIGH-PLAINS-AQUIFER-DECLINE-2025","US-KS-WICHITA-DROUGHT-RESTRICTIONS-2025"]},{"id":"US-KS-WICHITA-DROUGHT-RESTRICTIONS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Wichita in Stage 2 drought restrictions for 13 months as Cheney Reservoir fell","description":"Wichita entered Stage 2 of its codified drought response plan in August 2024, making conservation mandatory and limiting lawn watering to once a week, after Cheney Reservoir fell to about 59% full in February 2025. Sedgwick, Harvey and Reno counties were placed in drought emergency in May 2025; the city returned to Stage 1 in September 2025 after heavy rain refilled the lake.","location":{"name":"City of Wichita water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"KS","states":["KS"],"detail":"Wichita, Sedgwick County; supplied by Cheney Reservoir and the Equus Beds aquifer","coordinates":{"lat":37.690638,"lon":-97.345836,"precision":"city","source_ref":6},"counties":["Sedgwick","Harvey","Reno"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"KS2017308"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Restrictions followed low storage in Cheney Reservoir, a supply-quantity problem.","secondary_drivers":["Low rainfall in the Cheney Reservoir watershed"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Cheney Lake stood at nearly 59% full, about 7.5 feet below normal, in late February 2025, threatening supply without documented shortage (ref 1).","service":"Stage 2 made conservation mandatory: lawn watering once a week by quadrant, none Friday to Sunday, with fines for non-compliance (ref 1).","scale":"Wichita's system serves 395,699 people per SDWIS (ref 5).","duration":"The city was in Stage 2 from August 2024 until September 2025, about 13 months, after Stage 1 began in January 2023 (ref 2).","significance":"The governor's May 13, 2025 proclamation put Sedgwick, Harvey and Reno counties in drought emergency (ref 3)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":395699,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the City of Wichita system per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"In September 2025, the City recovered from Stage 2 of the drought and entered back into Stage 1 (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Cheney Lake storage, late February 2025","value":59,"unit":"% full","status":"Reported","note":"About 7.5 feet below normal (ref 1)"},{"name":"12-month average conservation pool level, latest","value":98.8,"unit":"%","status":"Reported","note":"City drought page (ref 2)"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Cheney refilled after spring 2025 rains and the city left Stage 2 in September 2025 (refs 2, 4); it remains in Stage 1 with a permanent watering schedule (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Wichita Public Works and Utilities","role":"Water utility; administers the Drought Response Plan"},{"name":"Kansas Water Office","role":"Recommends county drought stages"}],"public_contact":"City of Wichita water system, 316-269-4786","corrective_actions":["Stage 2 mandatory restrictions August 2024 to September 2025 (ref 2)","Permanent outdoor watering schedule: odd and even address days, no watering Mondays or 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. (ref 2)","City continues Stage 2 conservation measures for most of its own operations (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Wichita still under drought restrictions with mandatory conservation in final stretch of winter","publisher":"KWCH","date":"2025-02-26","url":"https://www.kwch.com/2025/02/27/wichita-still-under-drought-restrictions-with-mandatory-conservation-final-stretch-winter/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Drought Update","publisher":"City of Wichita","date":null,"url":"https://ks-wichita.civicplus.com/501/Drought-Update","basis":"Local government record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Gov. Kelly signs proclamation for drought in Kansas counties","publisher":"WIBW","date":"2025-05-13","url":"https://www.wibw.com/2025/05/13/gov-kelly-signs-proclamation-drought-kansas-counties","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Testing delays opening of Wichita's new water treatment plant","publisher":"KWCH","date":"2024-09-18","url":"https://www.kwch.com/2024/09/18/testing-delays-opening-wichitas-new-water-treatment-plant/","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record for WICHITA (KS2017308)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/KS/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WICHITA/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":8,"note":"New record (KS in-depth pass, groups B and C)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-KS-DROUGHT-DECLARATIONS-2026","US-KS-WICHITA-NEW-WATER-PLANT-DELAY-2026","US-KS-EQUUS-BEDS-CHLORIDE-PLUME-2026"]},{"id":"US-KS-WICHITA-NEW-WATER-PLANT-DELAY-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Wichita's $500 million water treatment plant delayed to 2027 by clarifier flaw","description":"Wichita's new 120-million-gallon-a-day water treatment plant, about $500 million and the largest public works project in city history, missed its 2024 and 2025 opening dates after testing problems and clarifier failures. In January 2026 city officials said a design flaw in the clarifiers would keep the plant from opening until at least 2027, while the city's existing plant is more than 80 years old.","location":{"name":"Wichita new water treatment plant","type":"Municipal water treatment plant (under construction)","state":"KS","states":["KS"],"detail":"City of Wichita, Sedgwick County; built by Wichita Water Partners","coordinates":{"lat":37.690638,"lon":-97.345836,"precision":"city","source_ref":6},"counties":["Sedgwick"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"KS2017308"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns the delayed replacement of an aging treatment plant.","secondary_drivers":["Clarifier design flaw","Testing volumes larger than planned in 2019"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"No water-quality harm is attributed to the delay; the clarifiers failed during testing before the plant entered service (ref 3).","service":"Customers are still served by the existing plant, which KCTV5 reports is more than 80 years old (ref 4); the delay itself has not cut service.","scale":"The project is the single largest public works project in Wichita's history, about $500 million, for a system serving 395,699 people (refs 2, 5).","duration":"The plant was due in September 2024 (ref 1), then spring 2025, then December 2025, and now at least 2027 (refs 2, 3).","significance":"No regulatory action is involved; the city says Wichita Water Partners has accepted responsibility for missed deadlines and repair costs (refs 2, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":395699,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the City of Wichita system per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Officials said in January 2026 the new plant won't open until at least 2027 because of a design flaw in its clarifiers (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Project cost","value":500,"unit":"million USD (approx.)","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"},{"name":"Plant capacity","value":120,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Extra cost of extended testing","value":4,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["About $500 million project, the city's largest ever (ref 2)","Extended testing added about $4 million (ref 1)","Water and sewer rate increase of 7.11% approved December 2025 (ref 3)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Each revised date has slipped: September 2024, April 2025, December 2025, then 2027 (refs 1-3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Wichita Public Works and Utilities","role":"Owner-to-be and water utility"},{"name":"Wichita Water Partners","role":"Design-build contractor; holds the plant until handover"}],"public_contact":"City of Wichita water system, 316-269-4786","corrective_actions":["Testing moved to winter 2024-25 to run at 60 MGD (ref 1)","Wichita Water Partners brought in a third-party expert on the clarifier failures (ref 2)","Independent analysis of the clarifier design; repair costs borne by Wichita Water Partners (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Testing delays opening of Wichita's new water treatment plant","publisher":"KWCH","date":"2024-09-18","url":"https://www.kwch.com/2024/09/18/testing-delays-opening-wichitas-new-water-treatment-plant/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"New water treatment plant further delayed due to ongoing mechanical problems","publisher":"KWCH","date":"2025-11-26","url":"https://www.kwch.com/2025/11/26/new-water-treatment-plant-further-delayed-due-ongoing-mechanical-problems/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Wichita water treatment plan delayed at least another year due to design flaw","publisher":"KWCH","date":"2026-01-06","url":"https://www.kwch.com/2026/01/06/wichita-water-treatment-plan-delayed-least-another-year-due-design-flaw","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Wichita boil advisory impacting about 500K water customers, cancels school for some students","publisher":"KCTV5","date":"2026-09-16","url":"https://www.kctv5.com/2026/09/16/wichita-boil-advisory-impacting-about-500k-water-customers-cancels-school-some-students/","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record for WICHITA (KS2017308)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/KS/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WICHITA/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (KS in-depth pass, groups B and C)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-KS-WICHITA-BOIL-ADVISORY-2026","US-KS-WICHITA-DROUGHT-RESTRICTIONS-2025"]},{"id":"US-KS-WICHITA-BOIL-ADVISORY-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Power loss at Wichita's water system puts about 500,000 under boil advisory","description":"On September 16, 2026, KDHE issued a boil water advisory for Wichita and ten systems that buy its water after a power outage caused a loss of pressure; backup generators at the more-than-80-year-old plant failed during storms. Some USD 259 elementary schools canceled classes; KDHE rescinded Wichita's advisory on September 17 and the last purchasing system was cleared on September 20.","location":{"name":"City of Wichita water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"KS","states":["KS"],"detail":"Wichita, Sedgwick County, plus purchasing systems in Sedgwick and Butler counties (Derby, Bel Aire, Park City, Kechi, Valley Center, Rose Hill, Benton, Sedgwick Co RWDs 1-3)","coordinates":{"lat":37.690638,"lon":-97.345836,"precision":"city","source_ref":6},"counties":["Sedgwick","Butler"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"KS2017308"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Loss of power and backup generation at treatment and pumping facilities caused the pressure loss.","secondary_drivers":["Storms on September 15, 2026","Backup generator failure"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Loss of pressure created a risk of bacterial contamination, but KDHE found no evidence of it in laboratory samples (refs 1, 2).","service":"Customers had to boil water, and USD 259 elementary schools with 9 a.m. starts canceled classes on September 16 (ref 4).","scale":"KCTV5 reported about 500,000 people under the advisory across Wichita and 10 purchasing systems (refs 1, 4).","duration":"The advisory ran September 16-17 for Wichita and until September 20, 2026 for the last purchasing district (refs 2, 4).","significance":"KDHE formally issued the advisory and later rescinded it system by system (refs 1-3)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":500000,"status":"Reported","note":"About 500,000 people per KCTV5 (ref 4), including purchasing systems; Wichita alone serves 395,699 per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"KDHE officials issued the advisory because of a loss of pressure due to a power outage (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Purchasing systems included","value":10,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Power outage duration","value":45,"unit":"minutes (estimated by city)","status":"Reported","note":"ref 4"},{"name":"Sampling stations tested","value":195,"unit":"stations","status":"Reported","note":"ref 4"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event; the city was investigating why backup generators failed (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Wichita Public Works and Utilities","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","role":"Primacy regulator; issues and rescinds advisories"}],"public_contact":"City of Wichita water system, 316-269-4786; KDHE, 785-296-5514","corrective_actions":["Samples collected at 195 stations; KDHE rescinded Wichita's advisory September 17, 2026 (refs 2, 4)","Purchasing systems cleared September 18-20, 2026 (refs 3, 4)","City investigating the backup generator failure (ref 4)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Boil Water Advisory Issued for the City of Wichita, Sedgwick County and Purchasing Water Systems","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2026-09-16","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/2160","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Boil Water Advisory Rescinded for City of Wichita, Sedgwick County","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2026-09-17","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/2167","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Boil Water Advisory Rescinded for the Several Butler and Sedgwick County Public Water Supply Systems","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2026-09-18","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/2171","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Wichita boil advisory impacting about 500K water customers, cancels school for some students","publisher":"KCTV5","date":"2026-09-16","url":"https://www.kctv5.com/2026/09/16/wichita-boil-advisory-impacting-about-500k-water-customers-cancels-school-some-students/","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record for WICHITA (KS2017308)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/KS/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WICHITA/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (KS in-depth pass, groups B and C)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-KS-WICHITA-NEW-WATER-PLANT-DELAY-2026","US-KS-STATEWIDE-BOIL-ADVISORIES-2026"]},{"id":"US-KS-EMPORIA-TREATMENT-FAILURE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Emporia treatment plant failure triggers boil advisory for city and 11 systems","description":"A mechanical failure at Emporia's water treatment plant after heavy rain caused high turbidity, and KDHE placed the city under a boil water advisory on November 5, 2024. The advisory extended to 11 rural districts, towns and a mobile home park in Lyon and Coffey counties that buy Emporia water; KDHE rescinded Emporia's advisory on November 9.","location":{"name":"City of Emporia water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"KS","states":["KS"],"detail":"Emporia, Lyon County, plus purchasing systems in Lyon and Coffey counties","coordinates":{"lat":38.40186,"lon":-96.191654,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Lyon","Coffey"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"KS2011105"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A treatment plant mechanical failure caused the loss of adequate treatment.","secondary_drivers":["Heavy rainfall raising source turbidity"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"KDHE said high turbidity from the plant failure risked bacterial contamination; later tests found none (refs 1, 3).","service":"Customers had to boil water and schools, Flint Hills Technical College and Newman Regional Health adjusted operations (ref 4).","scale":"Emporia's system serves 24,009 people per SDWIS, plus 11 purchasing systems (refs 1, 2, 6).","duration":"The advisory took effect November 5 and KDHE rescinded it for Emporia on November 9, 2024 (refs 1, 3).","significance":"KDHE formally issued the advisory for Emporia and its purchasing systems on November 5 and 7, 2024 (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":24009,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the City of Emporia system per SDWIS (ref 6); purchasing systems not counted."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The advisory was issued because of a mechanical failure at the water treatment plant resulting in high turbidity (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Purchasing systems placed under advisory","value":11,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"7 on Nov 5 and 4 on Nov 7, 2024 (refs 1, 2)"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"City Manager Trey Cocking said filtration is a concern especially during heavy rainfall (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Emporia","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"KDHE, 785-296-5514","corrective_actions":["Plant repairs and system re-stabilization (ref 4)","KDHE rescinded the Emporia advisory after clean laboratory samples (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Boil Water Advisory Issued for Multiple Public Water Supply Systems in Lyon County","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2024-11-05","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/1326","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Boil Water Advisory Issued for Additional Public Water Supply Systems in Lyon County","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2024-11-07","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/1332","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Boil Water Advisory Rescinded for the City of Emporia, Lyon County","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2024-11-09","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/1339","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Boil water advisory expands to other communities in the Emporia area","publisher":"WIBW","date":"2024-11-05","url":"https://www.wibw.com/2024/11/05/boil-water-advisory-effect-tuesday-city-emporia","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"},{"ref":6,"title":"SDWIS water system record for EMPORIA (KS2011105)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/KS/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/EMPORIA/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"New record (KS in-depth pass, groups B and C)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-KS-STATEWIDE-BOIL-ADVISORIES-2026"]},{"id":"US-KS-TOPEKA-CHLORINE-FAILURE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Topeka citywide boil advisory after chlorine system pipe breaks in extreme cold","description":"On January 15, 2024, Topeka issued a citywide boil water advisory after chlorine levels dropped; staff found a broken PVC pipe in the treatment plant's chlorine gas system, which officials linked to extreme cold and low river water. KDHE rescinded the advisory on January 18, 2024 after testing found no bacterial contamination, while two purchasing systems stayed under advisory pending results.","location":{"name":"City of Topeka water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"KS","states":["KS"],"detail":"Topeka, Shawnee County; Kansas River source","coordinates":{"lat":39.034673,"lon":-95.696191,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Shawnee"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"KS2017701"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"An equipment failure in the disinfection system caused the loss of chlorine residual.","secondary_drivers":["Extreme cold","Low Kansas River levels"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"KDHE said the equipment malfunction caused a loss of chlorine residual that could allow bacterial contamination; samples showed none (ref 1).","service":"All city customers had to boil water, and childcare centers and schools were told to use bottled or boiled water (ref 2).","scale":"Topeka's system serves 125,963 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"The advisory ran from January 15 until KDHE rescinded it on January 18, 2024 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"KDHE formally rescinded the advisory and kept advisories for Shawnee County RWD 1C and the Metro Topeka Airport Authority pending results (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":125963,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the City of Topeka system per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The advisory followed an equipment malfunction resulting in a loss of chlorine residual in the distribution system (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event in the research window."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Topeka Utilities","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"KDHE, 785-296-5514","corrective_actions":["Mechanical repairs completed at the water treatment plant and fresh water flushed through the system (ref 2)","Distribution sampling; KDHE rescinded the advisory January 18, 2024 (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Boil Water Advisory Rescinded for the City of Topeka, Shawnee County","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2024-01-18","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/CivicAlerts.aspx?AID=971","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Topeka boil advisory expected to be in effect until Friday as repairs made to facility","publisher":"WIBW","date":"2024-01-15","url":"https://www.wibw.com/2024/01/15/repairs-topeka-water-treatment-facility-made-boil-advisory-remains","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record for TOPEKA (KS2017701)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/KS/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/TOPEKA/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (KS in-depth pass, groups B and C)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-KS-STATEWIDE-BOIL-ADVISORIES-2026"]},{"id":"US-KS-STATEWIDE-BOIL-ADVISORIES-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Kansas: about 210 boil water advisories in two years, most from pressure loss","description":"KDHE posted about 210 distinct boil water advisories for Kansas public water systems between October 25, 2024 and October 9, 2026, by a count of its own news releases. About 183 of them cite a loss of pressure, typically from main breaks, repairs or power failures, and most of the rest cite inability to keep a chlorine residual or high turbidity at treatment plants.","location":{"name":"Kansas public water systems","type":"Statewide drinking-water program","state":"KS","states":["KS"],"detail":"Advisories across Kansas, from small towns and rural water districts to Wichita, Emporia and Atchison","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Nearly all advisories stem from distribution pressure losses or treatment equipment failures.","secondary_drivers":["Aging distribution mains","Equipment and power failures at small systems"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Each advisory reflects a risk of bacterial contamination; for example KDHE notes failure to maintain pressure may cause loss of chlorine residual (refs 1, 3).","service":"Every advisory required customers to boil water; examples include Russell after a treatment-plant waterline break and Council Grove after high turbidity (refs 4, 5).","scale":"The advisories span systems statewide, including the Wichita advisory covering about 500,000 people (refs 1, 3).","duration":"Advisories recur throughout the two-year span of KDHE posts reviewed, from October 2024 to October 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Each is a formal KDHE advisory issued or confirmed by the state regulator (refs 1-5)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"KDHE releases do not give populations; system populations vary from a single mobile home park to about 500,000."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Count of KDHE releases titled 'Boil Water Advisory Issued', October 25, 2024 to October 9, 2026: about 210, of which about 183 cite loss of pressure."},"measures":[{"name":"Boil water advisories issued","value":210,"unit":"advisories","status":"Estimated","note":"Distinct 'Boil Water Advisory Issued' releases (title and date) on KDHE's news flash, item numbers 1300-2235, Oct 25, 2024 to Oct 9, 2026; duplicate postings removed. Gaps in the item range could make this an undercount."},{"name":"Advisories citing loss of pressure","value":183,"unit":"advisories","status":"Estimated","note":"Same set; the release text states pressure loss as the cause."},{"name":"Advisories citing low chlorine or disinfection failure","value":15,"unit":"advisories","status":"Estimated","note":"Same set."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Advisories appear every month in the period reviewed; no earlier count was compiled for comparison."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","role":"Primacy regulator; issues and rescinds advisories"}],"public_contact":"KDHE, 785-296-5514","corrective_actions":["KDHE rescinds each advisory after certified laboratory testing (refs 1, 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Boil Water Advisory Issued for the City of Wichita, Sedgwick County and Purchasing Water Systems","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2026-09-16","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/2160","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Boil Water Advisory Issued for a Portion of the City of Eskridge, Wabaunsee County","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2026-09-27","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/2194","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Boil Water Advisory Issued for the City of Sharon, Barber County","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2024-10-25","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/1305","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Boil Water Advisory Issued for the City of Russell, Russell County","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2024-12-05","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/1378","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"Boil Water Advisory Issued for the City of Council Grove and Morris Co RWD 1, Morris County","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2025-10-24","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/1745","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (KS in-depth pass, groups B and C)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-KS-WICHITA-BOIL-ADVISORY-2026","US-KS-EMPORIA-TREATMENT-FAILURE-2024","US-KS-TOPEKA-CHLORINE-FAILURE-2024"]},{"id":"US-KS-PITTSBURG-WWTP-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Pittsburg wastewater plant failures bring three KDHE stream advisories in 2025","description":"KDHE issued stream advisories for Cow Creek and the Spring River in March, April and September 2025 because of operational problems and insufficient treatment at the Pittsburg Wastewater Treatment Facility. EPA's ECHO lists the plant in significant noncompliance for effluent limits as of June 2026, and KDHE has lent the city $45 million to build a new 4.33 million gallon per day plant.","location":{"name":"Pittsburg Wastewater Treatment Facility","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"KS","states":["KS"],"detail":"Pittsburg, Crawford County; discharges to Cow Creek, tributary of the Spring River (NPDES KS0038954)","coordinates":{"lat":37.38597,"lon":-94.7108,"precision":"facility","source_ref":5},"counties":["Crawford","Cherokee"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Treatment plant failures (infrastructure) caused bacteria and nutrient releases to Cow Creek and the Spring River (water quality).","secondary_drivers":["Insufficient treatment capacity","Load from the Sugar Creek processing plant"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO records 68 effluent limit exceedances including E. coli, ammonia and whole effluent toxicity (ref 5), and KDHE warned of elevated E. coli in Cow Creek and Spring River (refs 1-3).","service":"KDHE told residents not to enter Cow Creek and the Spring River to the Oklahoma line or let children or pets in (ref 3).","scale":"The plant serves the city of Pittsburg, and the September 2025 advisory reached the Spring River to the Oklahoma state line (refs 3, 4).","duration":"Advisories recurred in March, April and September 2025, and ECHO shows 9 of 12 quarters in noncompliance with SNC status at June 30, 2026 (refs 1-3, 5).","significance":"ECHO lists the plant in significant noncompliance for monthly average effluent limits with one formal enforcement action (ref 5)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sewer service population not published in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The stream advisory is due to insufficient treatment occurring at the Pittsburg Wastewater Treatment Facility due to operational difficulties (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"KDHE stream advisories in 2025","value":3,"unit":"advisories","status":"Reported","note":"refs 1-3"},{"name":"Effluent limit exceedances (ECHO E90 count)","value":68,"unit":"exceedances","status":"Reported","note":"ref 5"},{"name":"KWPCRF loan for new plant","value":45,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"ref 4"},{"name":"New plant capacity","value":4.33,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"ref 4"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["$45 million state revolving fund loan for a replacement plant (ref 4)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The September 2025 advisory covered a longer reach than March and April (refs 1-3), and the plant remained in SNC in mid-2026 (ref 5). No rescission of the September advisory appears in KDHE posts reviewed through October 9, 2026."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Pittsburg","role":"Wastewater utility and permittee"},{"name":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","role":"NPDES permitting authority; issues stream advisories"}],"public_contact":"KDHE, 785-296-1500","corrective_actions":["KDHE $45 million Kansas Water Pollution Control Revolving Fund loan for a new 4.33 MGD plant next to the existing one (ref 4)","City working to correct operational issues (refs 1-3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Stream Advisory Issued for Cow Creek located Southwest of Pittsburg, Kansas","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2025-03-05","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/1476","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Stream Advisory Issued for Cow Creek and Spring River to Empire Lake located Southwest of Pittsburg","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2025-04-24","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/1525","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Stream Advisory Issued for Cow Creek to the Confluence with Spring River and Spring River","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2025-09-19","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/1701","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"KDHE Provides Financing for Wastewater Treatment Facility Improvements for Pittsburg, Kansas","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2025-10-14","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/1727","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act facility record, Pittsburg WWTP (KS0038954)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_pid=KS0038954","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (KS in-depth pass, groups B and C)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-KS-SEWAGE-STREAM-ADVISORIES-2026"]},{"id":"US-KS-LYONS-WWTP-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lyons wastewater plant problems: eight-month stream advisory, ongoing violations","description":"KDHE issued a stream advisory for Little Cow Creek and Cow Creek south of Lyons on January 29, 2025 because of operating problems at the city's wastewater plant, and kept it in place until September 8, 2025. EPA's ECHO still lists the plant in significant noncompliance for effluent limits as of June 2026, with 146 recorded effluent exceedances.","location":{"name":"Lyons Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"KS","states":["KS"],"detail":"Lyons, Rice County; discharges to Little Cow Creek (NPDES KS0022730)","coordinates":{"lat":38.318695,"lon":-98.213809,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Rice"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Plant operating failures (infrastructure) led to bacteria and oxygen-demand violations in the receiving creek (water quality).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO records 146 effluent exceedances for ammonia, BOD, dissolved oxygen and suspended solids at the Lyons plant (ref 3).","service":"KDHE told residents not to enter Little Cow Creek and Cow Creek or let children or pets in while the advisory stood (ref 1).","scale":"The plant serves the city of Lyons, whose water system serves 3,556 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"The stream advisory lasted from January 29 to September 8, 2025, and ECHO shows 6 quarters in significant noncompliance (refs 1-3).","significance":"ECHO lists the plant in significant noncompliance for monthly average limits as of June 30, 2026, with two formal actions (ref 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":3556,"status":"Estimated","note":"Uses the Lyons drinking-water system population per SDWIS (ref 4) as a proxy for the sewer service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The stream advisory was a result of operation problems at the city of Lyons wastewater plant (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Stream advisory duration","value":222,"unit":"days","status":"Estimated","note":"Jan 29 to Sep 8, 2025 (refs 1, 2)"},{"name":"Effluent limit exceedances (ECHO E90 count)","value":146,"unit":"exceedances","status":"Reported","note":"ref 3"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"KDHE said the city repaired the problem by September 2025 (ref 2), but ECHO still shows SNC for effluent limits at June 30, 2026 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Lyons","role":"Wastewater utility and permittee"},{"name":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","role":"NPDES permitting authority"}],"public_contact":"KDHE, 785-296-1500","corrective_actions":["City repairs; KDHE rescinded the stream advisory September 8, 2025 after sampling (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Stream Advisory Issued for Little Cow Creek to Cow Creek located South of Lyons, Kansas","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2025-01-29","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/1434","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Stream Advisory Rescinded for Little Cow Creek to Cow Creek located South of Lyons, Kansas","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2025-09-08","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/1690","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act facility record, Lyons WWTP (KS0022730)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_pid=KS0022730","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record for LYONS (KS2015903)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/KS/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LYONS/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (KS in-depth pass, groups B and C)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-KS-SEWAGE-STREAM-ADVISORIES-2026"]},{"id":"US-KS-SEWAGE-STREAM-ADVISORIES-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Ten KDHE stream advisories tied to sewage releases in seven Kansas places","description":"Between January 2025 and January 2026 KDHE issued ten stream or lake advisories caused by municipal wastewater plant failures, broken sewer pipes or overflows, at Lyons, Garden Plain, Salina, Pittsburg, El Dorado, Haysville and Lake Shawnee in Topeka. Each warned of elevated E. coli or other contaminants and told people to keep out of the water until KDHE deemed contact safe.","location":{"name":"Kansas streams below municipal sewer systems","type":"Statewide wastewater program","state":"KS","states":["KS"],"detail":"Smoky Hill River (Salina), Walnut River (El Dorado), Cow Creek (Pittsburg, Lyons), Polecat Creek (Garden Plain), MS Mitch Mitchell Floodway (Haysville), Lake Shawnee (Topeka)","counties":["Saline","Butler","Crawford","Rice","Sedgwick","Shawnee"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Failed treatment and broken sewer pipes (infrastructure) released bacteria to streams and a lake (water quality).","secondary_drivers":["Treatment plant operating failures","Broken force mains and sewer overflows"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"KDHE warned of potentially elevated E. coli; El Dorado's damaged pipe discharged untreated wastewater to the Walnut River and a ruptured force main spilled sewage into Lake Shawnee (refs 3, 5).","service":"Each advisory told people to stay out of the water; Salina's covered the Smoky Hill River to the Saline River confluence (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Advisories affected seven places in six counties, including Salina and Topeka (refs 1-5).","duration":"Advisories recurred over 13 months from January 2025 to January 2026, with Salina twice in March 2025 (refs 1, 2, 5).","significance":"Each is a formal KDHE public health advisory (refs 1-5)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Advisories cover waterways, not service populations."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"KDHE issued ten wastewater-related stream or lake advisories from January 29, 2025 to January 29, 2026 (count of KDHE releases)."},"measures":[{"name":"Wastewater-related stream or lake advisories","value":10,"unit":"advisories","status":"Estimated","note":"Count of KDHE 'Stream Advisory Issued' releases from Oct 2024 to Oct 2026 whose stated cause is a municipal wastewater plant, sewer pipe or sanitary sewer overflow: Lyons 1, Garden Plain 1, Salina 2, Pittsburg 3, El Dorado 1, Haysville 1, Lake Shawnee 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No comparable count for earlier years was compiled."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","role":"NPDES permitting authority; issues stream advisories"},{"name":"Cities of Salina, El Dorado, Haysville, Pittsburg, Lyons and Garden Plain; Shawnee County","role":"Sewer system owners"}],"public_contact":"KDHE, 785-296-1500","corrective_actions":["El Dorado repaired the damaged pipe; KDHE rescinded the Walnut River advisory June 12, 2025 (ref 4)","Cities and Shawnee County reported correcting the failures (refs 1, 3, 5, 6)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Stream Advisory Issued for Smoky Hill River located East of Salina, Kansas","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2025-03-04","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/1473","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Stream Advisory Issued for Smoky Hill River located East of Salina, Kansas","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2025-03-19","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/1489","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Stream Advisory issued for the Walnut River from Highway 54 south of El Dorado to Turkey Creek","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2025-06-05","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/1568","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Stream Advisory Rescinded for the Walnut River from Highway 54 south of El Dorado to Turkey Creek","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2025-06-12","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/1578","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"Stream Advisory Issued for the Northeast Portion of Lake Shawnee","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2026-01-29","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/1849","basis":"State record"},{"ref":6,"title":"Stream Advisory Issued for the MS Mitch Mitchell Floodway located in Haysville, Kansas","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2025-12-02","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/1788","basis":"State record"},{"ref":7,"title":"Stream Advisory Issued for Polecat Creek and the confluence of Clear Creek South of Garden Plain, KS","publisher":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","date":"2025-02-05","url":"https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/1441","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (KS in-depth pass, groups B and C)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-KS-PITTSBURG-WWTP-2025","US-KS-LYONS-WWTP-2025"]},{"id":"US-KS-RESERVOIR-SEDIMENTATION-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Kansas reservoirs have lost over a quarter of storage to sediment; Tuttle Creek half","description":"The Kansas Water Office estimates the state's federal reservoirs, which supply drinking water to about two-thirds of Kansans, have lost more than a quarter of their nearly 2 million acre-feet of multipurpose storage, about 8,700 acre-feet a year. Tuttle Creek has lost about half its storage; the state and the Army Corps began a water injection dredging demonstration there in September 2025.","location":{"name":"Kansas federal reservoirs (Tuttle Creek Lake)","type":"Reservoir system","state":"KS","states":["KS"],"detail":"Tuttle Creek Lake near Manhattan (Riley and Pottawatomie counties); also Toronto, John Redmond, Kanopolis, Fall River and Elk City","coordinates":{"lat":39.188307,"lon":-96.605864,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Riley","Pottawatomie","Coffey","Woodson","Ellsworth"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Sediment is filling built reservoirs (infrastructure) and cutting stored water supply (quantity).","secondary_drivers":["Erosion and land management in reservoir watersheds","High-flow events delivering most sediment"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"KWO director Connie Owen called storage loss a direct threat to drought resiliency and long-term water supply, and sediment can feed toxic algal blooms (ref 1).","service":"No supply cutoff is attributed to sedimentation in the cited sources (refs 1-3).","scale":"Kansas reservoirs supply drinking water to about two-thirds of the state's population (ref 1).","duration":"Loss is chronic at about 8,700 acre-feet a year; Tuttle Creek was at 52.8% capacity by 2021, projected 10.1% by 2070 without action (refs 1, 3).","significance":"The response is a state-funded pilot and planning, not enforcement; John Redmond hydrosuction is not yet fully funded (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"KSNT reports reservoirs serve about two-thirds of Kansans (ref 1) but gives no count."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Over a quarter of the nearly 2 million acre-feet of original multipurpose storage has been lost, at about 8,700 acre-feet per year (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Multipurpose storage lost statewide","value":25,"unit":"% (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Annual storage loss","value":8700,"unit":"acre-feet/year","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Tuttle Creek original storage lost","value":46,"unit":"%","status":"Reported","note":"KWO estimate cited in K-State report (ref 2)"},{"name":"Tuttle Creek projected capacity by 2070 without intervention","value":10.1,"unit":"%","status":"Reported","note":"ref 3"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Storage keeps declining every year (ref 1); Tuttle Creek fell from 52.8% capacity in 2021 toward a 10.1% projection by 2070 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Kansas Water Office","role":"Leads sediment management; holds reservoir water supply storage"},{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","role":"Owns and operates the reservoirs"}],"public_contact":"Kansas Water Office","corrective_actions":["Water injection dredging demonstration at Tuttle Creek; first of three planned periods began September 17, 2025 (ref 2)","John Redmond dredging removed about 3 million cubic yards (completed 2016) (ref 1)","John Redmond hydrosuction demonstration in planning, not fully funded (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Engineers race to save reservoirs in Kansas from muddy fate","publisher":"KSNT","date":"2026-05-28","url":"https://www.ksnt.com/kansasoutdoors/engineers-race-to-save-reservoirs-in-kansas-from-muddy-fate/amp/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"NRES Capstone Project: Water Injection Dredging at Tuttle Creek State Reservoir","publisher":"Kansas State University","date":"2025-12-09","url":"https://www.k-state.edu/nres/capstone/NRES_Report_F25_TeamMoore.pdf","basis":"University report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Western Kansas' economy threatened by reliance on irrigating crops with Ogallala Aquifer","publisher":"Kansas Reflector / The Lawrence Times","date":"2022-08-29","url":"https://lawrencekstimes.com/?p=35701","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (KS in-depth pass, groups B and C)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-KS-DROUGHT-DECLARATIONS-2026"]},{"id":"US-KS-EQUUS-BEDS-CHLORIDE-PLUME-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Burrton chloride plume moves through the Equus Beds toward Wichita's well field","description":"A chloride plume from 1930s oil-field evaporation pits near Burrton is moving east through the Equus Beds aquifer toward the Wichita well field at about 0.6 foot a day, according to USGS modeling. Deep wells above the EPA 250 mg/L chloride criterion moved east during 2006-12, and Kansas State researchers reported in 2026 that the expanding plume threatens irrigated agriculture and Wichita's water source.","location":{"name":"Equus Beds aquifer near Burrton","type":"Aquifer contamination plume","state":"KS","states":["KS"],"detail":"Harvey and Reno counties, northwest of the Wichita well field","coordinates":{"lat":38.023806,"lon":-97.671393,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Harvey","Reno","Sedgwick"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Salt contamination of groundwater threatens usable supply.","secondary_drivers":["Legacy oil-field evaporation pits"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"USGS reports deep wells exceeding the EPA 250 mg/L chloride criterion moved eastward during 2006-12 (ref 1).","service":"No well closures or supply limits are reported in the cited sources (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The Equus Beds supply Wichita's well field and irrigated farms; K-State calls the aquifer a vital source for Wichita communities and industries (refs 1, 2).","duration":"The plume traces to 1930s evaporation pits and was described as still expanding in June 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"No enforcement action is documented; the response is research and monitoring (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No exposed population is published; Wichita's system serves 395,699 per SDWIS but its supply is not reported as affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The plume moves about 0.6 foot per day eastward toward the Wichita well field regardless of pumping (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Plume movement rate","value":0.6,"unit":"feet/day","status":"Reported","note":"USGS model, Klager and others 2014 (ref 1)"},{"name":"Chloride criterion exceeded in deep wells","value":250,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Described as slowly expanding in June 2026 (ref 2); movement estimates come from older USGS modeling (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Wichita","role":"Well field owner; Equus Beds aquifer storage and recovery"},{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey","role":"Monitoring and modeling"},{"name":"Kansas Water Office","role":"State water planning"}],"public_contact":"City of Wichita water system, 316-269-4786","corrective_actions":["USGS monitoring of the Equus Beds and Little Arkansas River ongoing in 2026 (ref 1)","Aquifer storage and recovery recharge, which USGS modeling shows can slow plume movement (ref 1)","K-State research on plume prediction and farm impacts (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Equus Beds Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) Project","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","date":"2025-03-28","url":"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/central-plains-water-science-center/science/equus-beds-aquifer-storage-and-recovery-asr","basis":"Federal science record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Plume problem","publisher":"Kansas State University Foundation","date":"2026-06-15","url":"https://ksufoundation.org/?p=21953","basis":"University report"},{"ref":3,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (KS in-depth pass, groups B and C)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-KS-WICHITA-DROUGHT-RESTRICTIONS-2025"]},{"id":"US-KS-QUIVIRA-REFUGE-WATER-RIGHT-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Quivira refuge senior water right impaired by groundwater pumping on Rattlesnake Creek","description":"Quivira National Wildlife Refuge holds a right to 14,600 acre-feet a year from Rattlesnake Creek, but state water officials found the refuge was shortchanged in 26 of 34 reviewed years, with well pumping often leaving the creek's flow at least 20 percent short. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service withdrew its call for water for 2023 and 2024 while a voluntary plan, a state-funded water bank and a federal watershed plan were developed; its enforcement demand remains on file.","location":{"name":"Quivira National Wildlife Refuge / Rattlesnake Creek","type":"Wildlife refuge surface water right and contributing watershed","detail":"Rattlesnake Creek watershed in south-central Kansas, Big Bend Groundwater Management District 5 (parts of eight counties)","counties":["Stafford"],"extent":"watershed","state":"KS","states":["KS"]},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["groundwater","surface-water","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is a shortfall of streamflow reaching a senior surface water right because of junior groundwater pumping.","secondary_drivers":["Irrigation well pumping that depletes groundwater feeding Rattlesnake Creek (ref 1)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"KCUR reports the refuge, which supports wetlands used by whooping cranes, was shortchanged in 26 of 34 years reviewed by the Division of Water Resources (ref 1); no measured wildlife loss is cited.","service":"No public water supply is involved; the shortfall affects a wildlife refuge's water right (ref 1).","scale":"The Rattlesnake watershed is nearly 100 miles long across about half a dozen counties, and GMD5 spans parts of eight counties (ref 2).","duration":"A state investigation found the creek has often run too low for the refuge's rights since the 1970s (ref 2).","significance":"The Fish and Wildlife Service's formal demand to enforce its senior right remains on file with the state, and Rep. Estes asked that it not be pursued through 2026 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Wildlife refuge water right; no population figure reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Quivira has a right to 14,600 acre-feet per year from Rattlesnake Creek; well pumping often leaves the annual flow at least 20 percent short (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Refuge water right","value":14600,"unit":"acre-feet per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Years refuge was shortchanged among those reviewed","value":26,"unit":"of 34 years","status":"Reported","note":"Division of Water Resources review, as reported by KCUR (ref 1)."},{"name":"State contribution to pumping-reduction deals","value":4,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Central Kansas Water Bank deals to reduce 2025 pumping (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Users exceeded the first-year 2025 pumping-reduction target, but four more annual targets remain and counties dispute refuge management (refs 2, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","role":"Refuge owner and water right holder"},{"name":"Kansas Department of Agriculture, Division of Water Resources","role":"Water right administration (Chief Engineer)"},{"name":"Big Bend Groundwater Management District 5","role":"Local groundwater district"},{"name":"USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service","role":"Lead agency for federal watershed plan"}],"public_contact":null,"corrective_actions":["Fish and Wildlife Service withdrew its call for water for 2023 and 2024 to allow a working group to develop options (ref 1)","Central Kansas Water Bank deals reduced 2025 pumping, with $4 million in state funds (ref 2)","NRCS drafting a watershed plan weighing pumping cuts, water-right retirement and augmentation wells to Rattlesnake Creek (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"title":"A federal agency backs off a push to take water from Kansas farmers for a wildlife refuge","publisher":"Kansas News Service / KCUR","date":"2023-10-25","url":"https://www.kcur.org/news/2023-10-25/a-federal-agency-backs-off-a-push-to-take-water-from-kansas-farmers-for-a-wildlife-refuge","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"Kansas farmers and wetlands vie for water. A new proposal will aim for long-term sustainability","publisher":"Kansas News Service / KCUR","date":"2025-02-17","url":"https://www.kcur.org/news/2025-02-17/kansas-farmers-and-wetlands-vie-for-water-a-new-proposal-will-aim-for-long-term-sustainability","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"Kansas county commissioners call for accountability, transparency in Quivira water dispute","publisher":"High Plains Journal","date":"2025-07-28","url":"https://hpj.com/2025/07/28/quivira-water-dispute-commissioners-call/","basis":"News","ref":3}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (KS in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Status of the final watershed plan/EIS after mid-2025","public_contact"],"related_ids":["US-KS-HIGH-PLAINS-AQUIFER-DECLINE-2025"]},{"id":"US-KS-ARKANSAS-RIVER-DRY-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Arkansas River dry for more than 100 miles from Deerfield to Great Bend","description":"The Arkansas River in western Kansas is a dry, sandy channel for more than 100 miles from Deerfield to Great Bend, which news reports tie to agricultural water use upstream and in Kansas. The river reaches Kansas from Colorado as a trickle and disappears about 10 miles into the state. Dodge City is seeking $34 million in state and federal funds for a $56 million project to discharge treated wastewater into the dry riverbed to recharge the aquifer.","location":{"name":"Arkansas River, Deerfield to Great Bend","type":"River segment","detail":"Western Kansas reach from Deerfield (Kearny County) through Dodge City (Ford County) to Great Bend (Barton County)","coordinates":{"lat":37.76067,"lon":-100.017863,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Kearny","Finney","Gray","Ford","Edwards","Pawnee","Barton"],"extent":"watershed","state":"KS","states":["KS"]},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["water-rights","groundwater","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding is a loss of river flow across a long reach of the Arkansas River.","secondary_drivers":["Irrigation diversions and Ogallala pumping (ref 1)","Upstream depletion in Colorado (ref 2)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"HPPR reports the river is meandering sand for more than 100 miles between Deerfield and Great Bend (ref 1).","service":"No public water service loss is reported; Dodge City relies on the Ogallala, not river flow (ref 1).","scale":"The dry reach spans more than 100 miles of western Kansas river channel (ref 1).","duration":"A Dodge City well went from about 12 feet to over 45 feet to water between 2000 and 2020, part of a long-running decline tied to the dry river (ref 1).","significance":"No compact enforcement, order or lawsuit is cited in the opened sources; the 1948 Arkansas River Compact is noted only as background (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure is given for the river corridor."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The river is just meandering sand from Deerfield to Great Bend, more than 100 miles (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Dry river reach","value":100,"unit":"miles (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Dodge City wastewater recharge project cost","value":56,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"$34 million requested from state and federal funds plus $22 million from the city; construction slated for 2027 if approved (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Well levels near Dodge City fell from about 12 to over 45 feet between 2000 and 2020 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Kansas Department of Agriculture, Division of Water Resources","role":"Water rights administration and compact administration"},{"name":"City of Dodge City","role":"Proposed recharge project sponsor"}],"public_contact":null,"corrective_actions":["Dodge City proposes discharging treated wastewater into the riverbed to recharge the aquifer, construction slated for 2027 if funded (ref 1)","Garden City has adopted a similar closed-loop system (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"Southwest Kansas towns relied on the Arkansas River for water. Now it's dry for miles","publisher":"High Plains Public Radio / Kansas News Service","date":"2025-08-07","url":"https://www.hppr.org/hppr-news/2025-08-07/southwest-kansas-towns-relied-on-the-arkansas-river-for-water-now-its-dry-for-miles","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"After 360 miles of whitewater and irrigation, the Arkansas River leaves Colorado as a trickle","publisher":"High Plains Public Radio (from The Colorado Sun)","date":"2025-12-19","url":"https://www.hppr.org/hppr-news/2025-12-19/after-360-miles-of-whitewater-and-irrigation-the-arkansas-river-leaves-colorado-as-a-trickle","basis":"News","ref":2},{"ref":3,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (KS in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["public_contact"],"related_ids":["US-KS-HIGH-PLAINS-AQUIFER-DECLINE-2025"]},{"id":"US-KS-LAKES-HARMFUL-ALGAE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Harmful algal bloom advisories on Kansas lakes, including Marion and Tuttle Creek","description":"In June 2025 the Kansas Department of Health and Environment and Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks had harmful algal bloom warnings on six Kansas lakes and watches on five more, including Marion Reservoir, Clinton Lake and Tuttle Creek Lake Zone A. A warning means a bloom is expected or present and water contact should be avoided.","location":{"name":"Kansas public lakes under algal bloom advisories","type":"Lakes and reservoirs","detail":"Advisories in Atchison, Grant, Geary, Pottawatomie, Douglas, Neosho, Marion and Riley counties (June 2025)","counties":["Atchison","Grant","Geary","Pottawatomie","Douglas","Neosho","Marion","Riley"],"extent":"statewide","state":"KS","states":["KS"]},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is cyanobacteria blooms in recreational lakes and reservoirs.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"KDHE warnings at six lakes mean a harmful algal bloom is expected or present (ref 1); no illnesses are reported in the source.","service":"Warnings advise against water contact at Atchison City Lake #9, Frazier Lake, Gathering Pond and three other lakes (ref 1).","scale":"Eleven lakes in eight counties were under a warning or watch on the June 13, 2025 update (ref 1).","duration":"The advisories are seasonal; the cited update shows one lake (Augusta Santa Fe Lake) already lifted by mid-June (ref 1).","significance":"The advisories are formal state public health advisories issued by KDHE and KDWP (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Recreational advisories; no population figure."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Six lakes under warning and five under watch in the June 13, 2025 KDHE update (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Lakes under warning","value":6,"unit":"lakes","status":"Reported","note":"June 13, 2025 update (ref 1)."},{"name":"Lakes under watch","value":5,"unit":"lakes","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Only one 2025 advisory update was opened."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","role":"Harmful algal bloom monitoring and advisories"},{"name":"Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks","role":"Lake management"}],"public_contact":null,"corrective_actions":["KDHE and KDWP sample lakes and issue watch and warning advisories, lifting them when toxins drop below watch thresholds (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"KDHE announce public health advisories for Kansas lakes due to blue-green algae","publisher":"WIBW","date":"2025-06-15","url":"https://www.wibw.com/2025/06/16/kdhe-announce-public-health-advisories-kansas-lakes-due-blue-green-algae/","basis":"News (reporting KDHE advisory)","ref":1}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (KS in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["Later 2025 and 2026 advisory counts","Primary KDHE advisory page (kdhe.ks.gov returned 403)","public_contact"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-KS-MILL-CREEK-KEYSTONE-SPILL-2023","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Keystone pipeline spill in Mill Creek: cleanup done, five-year monitoring","description":"The December 2022 Keystone pipeline rupture spilled about 588,000 gallons of crude oil into Mill Creek near Washington, Kansas. EPA declared oil recovery complete after a final inspection on October 13, 2023, after crews recovered over 650,000 gallons of oil and excavated about 200,000 tons of contaminated soil and sediment. KDHE and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers will monitor the restored stream for up to five years.","location":{"name":"Mill Creek near Washington","type":"Stream segment / pipeline spill site","detail":"Mill Creek near Washington, Washington County, north-central Kansas","coordinates":{"lat":39.815798,"lon":-97.048422,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Washington"],"extent":"site","state":"KS","states":["KS"]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A pipeline failure (infrastructure) caused crude oil contamination of a creek (water quality).","secondary_drivers":["Weld/fatigue crack in a pipe bend on the Keystone line (ref 2)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"About 588,000 gallons of oil entered Mill Creek and traveled about three miles downstream (ref 2).","service":"No drinking-water service loss is reported in the opened sources (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Contamination covered about three miles of Mill Creek and required treating more than 54 million gallons of surface water (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Cleanup ran from December 2022 to October 2023, and riparian monitoring continues for up to five years (ref 1).","significance":"TC Energy and EPA signed a consent order in January 2023 requiring cleanup under federal oversight (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Rural creek; no population figure reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Over 650,000 gallons of oil recovered and approximately 200,000 tons of soil, sediment and debris excavated (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Oil spilled","value":588000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Kansas Reflector (ref 2)."},{"name":"Oil recovered","value":650000,"unit":"gallons (over)","status":"Reported","note":"Includes product remaining in the pipeline (ref 1)."},{"name":"Contaminated surface water treated","value":54,"unit":"million gallons (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Estimated cleanup cost","value":480,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"EPA says Mill Creek is flowing naturally again after the October 13, 2023 final inspection (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"TC Energy","role":"Pipeline operator and responsible party"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 7","role":"Federal on-scene coordinator"},{"name":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","role":"State monitoring"},{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","role":"Restoration permit and monitoring"}],"public_contact":null,"corrective_actions":["Oil recovery declared complete after October 13, 2023 inspection (ref 1)","Stream restoration under Corps permit; riparian monitoring for up to five years (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"Oil recovery operations and Mill Creek restoration near Washington, Kansas, are complete","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 7","date":"2023-10-31","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/oil-recovery-operations-and-mill-creek-restoration-near-washington-kansas-are-complete","basis":"Federal agency press release","ref":1},{"title":"EPA restores regular water flow in Kansas creek devastated by 2022 oil pipeline break","publisher":"Kansas Reflector (via The Lawrence Times)","date":"2023-11-01","url":"https://lawrencekstimes.com/2023/11/01/mill-creek-water-restored/","basis":"News","ref":2},{"ref":3,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (KS in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["public_contact"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-KS-CHEROKEE-COUNTY-MINING-SUPERFUND-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Cherokee County lead-zinc mining Superfund: protectiveness deferred, wells to be retested","description":"Historic lead and zinc mining across about 115 square miles of Cherokee County left tailings, soil, sediment, surface water and groundwater contaminated with lead, zinc and cadmium. EPA's seventh five-year review, completed in September 2025, deferred a protectiveness decision for Operable Units 3-7 until about September 2027 while EPA identifies and tests new drinking water wells and re-evaluates risks at the Galena subsite. In 2026, Galena residents also raised complaints about a smoldering landfill on former mine land.","location":{"name":"Cherokee County Superfund site (Galena area)","type":"Superfund site / mining district","detail":"Kansas portion of the Tri-State Mining District, southeast Cherokee County, including Galena, Baxter Springs and Treece subsites","coordinates":{"lat":37.075194,"lon":-94.635517,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Cherokee"],"extent":"county","state":"KS","states":["KS"]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","surface-water","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legacy mine waste contaminates groundwater and surface water with heavy metals.","secondary_drivers":["Historic lead and zinc mining and smelting (refs 1, 2)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The Kansas Geological Survey says acidic mine water with dissolved metals contaminated local groundwater, springs and surface water (ref 2); EPA lists lead, zinc and cadmium (ref 3).","service":"EPA will identify and test new drinking water supply wells inside the site and address impacted wells (ref 1); over 500 homes were earlier given a permanent drinking water source (ref 3).","scale":"The site covers about 115 square miles of Cherokee County, including Galena (about 2,700 residents) (refs 2, 3).","duration":"Mining ran from the 1800s to 1970 and remediation began in the 1980s and continues (ref 2).","significance":"The site is on the Superfund National Priorities List and EPA deferred its protectiveness determination in the September 2025 five-year review (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No current population exposed is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Protectiveness determination for Operable Units 3-7 deferred; updated determination expected by September 2027 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Site area","value":115,"unit":"square miles","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Mine hazards in and around Galena","value":599,"unit":"hazards","status":"Reported","note":"Kansas Geological Survey count cited by Kansas Reflector (ref 2)."},{"name":"Mining waste remediated","value":3,"unit":"million cubic yards (nearly)","status":"Reported","note":"As of the 2021 EPA release (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Large areas remediated (ref 3), but protectiveness was deferred in 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 7","role":"Superfund lead agency"},{"name":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","role":"State environmental regulator"}],"public_contact":null,"corrective_actions":["EPA to identify, test and address new drinking water wells within the site (ref 1)","FYR Addendum with updated protectiveness determination targeted for September 2027 (ref 1)","EPA offers soil testing and removes contaminated yard soil (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"title":"Public notice: Seventh Five-Year Review, Cherokee County NPL Superfund Site","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 7","date":"2025-11-19","url":"https://www.epa.gov/node/298171","basis":"Federal agency notice","ref":1},{"title":"'Stinks so bad': Kansas residents worry smoldering landfill on a Superfund site is making them sick","publisher":"Kansas Reflector / High Plains Public Radio","date":"2026-06-16","url":"https://www.hppr.org/hppr-news/2026-06-16/stinks-so-bad-kansas-residents-worry-smoldering-landfill-on-a-superfund-site-is-making-them-sick","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"EPA announces Cherokee County, Kansas Superfund site to receive Bipartisan Infrastructure Law funding","publisher":"U.S. EPA (January 19, 2025 web snapshot)","date":"2021-12-17","url":"https://19january2025snapshot.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-announces-cherokee-county-kansas-superfund-site-receive-bipartisan-infrastructure","basis":"Federal agency press release (background)","ref":3},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (KS in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["public_contact"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-KS-DATA-CENTER-WATER-DEMAND-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Data center proposals raise Kansas water-use concerns; Sedgwick County moratorium","description":"Kansas had 18 active data centers in April 2026, and new proposals in Finney, Sedgwick, Johnson, Wyandotte and other counties have drawn crowded public meetings over water and power use. Sedgwick County extended a moratorium on data center applications, a Gardner developer withdrew after resident opposition, and Triple Oak Power told Finney County its project near Garden City would use about 600 million gallons a year over the declining Ogallala Aquifer.","location":{"name":"Kansas data center proposals","type":"Statewide industrial water demand","detail":"Proposals in Finney (Garden City/Holcomb), Sedgwick, Johnson (Gardner), Wyandotte, Pottawatomie, Miami and Barber counties","coordinates":{"lat":37.985983,"lon":-100.993619,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Finney","Sedgwick","Johnson","Wyandotte","Pottawatomie","Miami","Barber"],"extent":"statewide","state":"KS","states":["KS"]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The concern is new large water withdrawals for data center cooling.","secondary_drivers":["2025 state sales tax exemption for data centers (SB 98) (ref 1)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No water harm has occurred; the Finney County project says it would use less than the 3.2 billion gallons a year now irrigated on the site (ref 2).","service":"No restriction on existing users is reported in the two HPPR stories (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Proposals span at least seven counties, and large evaporative-cooled centers can use 5 million gallons a day or more (ref 1).","duration":"Controversy runs from the 2025 tax exemption through spring 2026 hearings and moratorium extensions (ref 1).","significance":"Sedgwick County extended its moratorium on data center applications a second time, and Finney County approved a special use permit (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Proposals not yet built; no population figure."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Triple Oak Power told local authorities its Finney County project would use about 600 million gallons a year (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Proposed Finney County project water use","value":600,"unit":"million gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"Company figure (ref 2)."},{"name":"Active data centers in Kansas","value":18,"unit":"facilities","status":"Reported","note":"As of April 24, 2026 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Projects are proposed; none is finalized (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Sedgwick County Commission","role":"Local land use (moratorium)"},{"name":"Finney County Commission","role":"Local land use (special use permit)"},{"name":"Southwest Kansas Groundwater Management District 3","role":"Local groundwater district"},{"name":"Kansas Department of Agriculture, Division of Water Resources","role":"Water right permits"}],"public_contact":null,"corrective_actions":["Sedgwick County extended its data center application moratorium (ref 1)","GMD3 says the Finney project must follow its proposed LEMA (ref 2)","SB 98 tax exemption requires a water conservation plan (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"title":"Want to pack a public meeting in Kansas? Just say it's about a 'data center'","publisher":"High Plains Public Radio (from KLC Journal)","date":"2026-05-15","url":"https://www.hppr.org/hppr-news/2026-05-15/want-to-pack-a-public-meeting-in-kansas-just-say-its-about-a-data-center","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"An AI data center project for western Kansas might use less water than irrigation farming","publisher":"High Plains Public Radio / Kansas News Service","date":"2026-06-09","url":"https://www.hppr.org/hppr-news/2026-06-09/an-ai-data-center-project-for-western-kansas-might-use-less-water-than-irrigation-farming","basis":"News","ref":2},{"ref":3,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (KS in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["public_contact"],"related_ids":["US-KS-HIGH-PLAINS-AQUIFER-DECLINE-2025"]},{"id":"US-KS-NORTH-CENTRAL-FLOODING-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"2025 flooding in north-central Kansas: federal disaster declaration and new request","description":"A July 17-22, 2025 storm and flood event led to federal major disaster declaration FEMA-4897-DR on December 19, 2025, covering Public Assistance in 12 counties including Saline and Ottawa. Flooding on September 8-10, 2025 brought 8.9 to more than 14 inches of rain in under 48 hours to Lincoln, Ottawa, Ellsworth and Saline counties, and Salt Creek at Barnard set a record 25.57-foot crest; the state's request for a second declaration (about $3.5 million in eligible aid) was pending as of December 2025.","location":{"name":"North-central Kansas (Saline, Ottawa, Lincoln, Ellsworth)","type":"Multi-county flood disaster area","detail":"Saline, Ottawa, Lincoln and Ellsworth counties (September 2025); DR-4897 also covers ten other counties","coordinates":{"lat":39.189171,"lon":-98.044252,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Saline","Ottawa","Lincoln","Ellsworth","Barton","Comanche","Edwards","Hodgeman","Logan","Morris","Rawlins","Stevens","Sumner","Wyandotte"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"KS","states":["KS"]},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Flood damage to public infrastructure drives the federal Public Assistance.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The delegation letter cites 8.9 to over 14 inches of rain in under 48 hours and a record 25.57-foot Salt Creek crest at Barnard (ref 1); no deaths are reported.","service":"The opened sources do not report water or sewer service outages (refs 1, 2).","scale":"DR-4897 designates 12 counties for Public Assistance (ref 2), and four more counties sought a September declaration (ref 1).","duration":"Two damaging flood events hit the region in July and September 2025, with federal recovery decisions running into 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"The President declared a major disaster (FEMA-4897-DR) for the July 2025 storms and flooding (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population affected figure is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Kansas is eligible for approximately $3.5 million in federal assistance for the September 8-10, 2025 flooding (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Counties designated under FEMA-4897-DR","value":12,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"Public Assistance (ref 2)."},{"name":"Record crest, Salt Creek at Barnard","value":25.57,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Eligible federal assistance, September 2025 flooding","value":3.5,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Joint state-FEMA damage assessment (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"FEMA","role":"Federal disaster assistance"},{"name":"Kansas Division of Emergency Management","role":"State disaster coordination"}],"public_contact":null,"corrective_actions":["Public Assistance under FEMA-4897-DR, federal share limited to 75 percent of eligible costs (ref 2)","State request for a September 2025 flood declaration, backed by the congressional delegation (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"Kansas delegation urges approval of disaster declaration for September flooding","publisher":"Salina Post","date":"2025-12-05","url":"https://salinapost.com/posts/591ff8fa-c1db-458d-812b-b9b7221e763c","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"Kansas; Major Disaster and Related Determinations (FEMA-4897-DR)","publisher":"Federal Register / FEMA","date":"2026-05-05","url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/full_text/xml/2026/05/06/2026-08888.xml","basis":"Federal register notice","ref":2},{"ref":3,"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (KS in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Whether the September 2025 flood declaration was approved","public_contact"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-KS-WATER-PLAN-FUNDING-GAP-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Kansas water infrastructure grants fall short: 37% of applicant cities funded","description":"Since a 2023 law, Kansas has put $35 million a year into the State Water Plan, including new grant funds for municipal water infrastructure, after roughly a decade in which governors did not fund it. Applications exceed available money, and only about 37% of applicant cities received grants, according to the League of Kansas Municipalities. House Bill 2558 (2026) would raise annual funding to $60 million.","location":{"name":"Kansas State Water Plan Fund","type":"Statewide funding program","detail":"State Water Plan Fund, Water Projects Grant Fund and Water Technical Assistance Fund, administered with the Kansas Water Office","extent":"statewide","state":"KS","states":["KS"]},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is the gap between water infrastructure needs and state grant funding.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The opened sources describe funding shortfalls, not a specific health or environmental harm (ref 1).","service":"No service disruption is tied to the funding gap in the cited reporting (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The grant programs serve municipalities statewide, and only about 37% of applicant cities were funded (ref 1).","duration":"Rep. Blex recalled about a decade from around 2017 without Water Plan funding, and grant demand has exceeded funds since the 2023 law (ref 1).","significance":"HB 2558 was heard by the House Water Committee on February 10, 2026; an earlier $20 million version passed the House but was not heard in the Senate (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide program; no population figure."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Only about 37% of applicant cities received money, per the League of Kansas Municipalities (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Annual State Water Plan funding","value":35,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Proposed increase to $60 million under HB 2558 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Share of applicant cities funded","value":37,"unit":"%","status":"Reported","note":"League of Kansas Municipalities testimony (ref 1)."},{"name":"First round of new Water Plan investments","value":18,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"November 2023 State Finance Council approval (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Grant demand exceeds available funds (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Kansas Water Office","role":"State water planning agency"},{"name":"Kansas Legislature","role":"Appropriations"}],"public_contact":null,"corrective_actions":["$18 million in State Water Plan investments approved November 2023 (ref 2)","HB 2558 proposes $25 million more per year (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"House bill would add $25 million to annual spending on Kansas water crisis","publisher":"Kansas Reflector / High Plains Public Radio","date":"2026-02-12","url":"https://www.hppr.org/hppr-news/2026-02-12/house-bill-would-add-25-million-to-annual-spending-on-kansas-water-crisis","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"$18 million invested to further Kansas water projects","publisher":"WIBW","date":"2023-11-16","url":"https://www.wibw.com/2023/11/16/18-million-invested-further-kansas-water-projects/","basis":"News","ref":2}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (KS in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Whether HB 2558 passed","public_contact"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-KS-AG-NITRATE-GROUNDWATER-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Farm fertilizer and feedlot nitrate pollutes central and western Kansas groundwater","description":"Kansas State University researchers say groundwater in parts of central and western Kansas carries nitrate from fertilizer and feedlot manure at up to five times the level considered safe, with some private wells reaching 50 ppm against the 10 ppm drinking water limit. Researchers are encouraging farmers to credit the nitrate in irrigation water against fertilizer rates, which they estimate could save up to 135 pounds of nitrogen per acre in central Kansas.","location":{"name":"Central and western Kansas shallow aquifers","type":"Agricultural groundwater region","detail":"Shallow aquifers under irrigated cropland and feedlots in parts of central and western Kansas; the source names no counties","extent":"statewide","state":"KS","states":["KS"]},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nitrate from farm inputs contaminates groundwater used for wells and irrigation.","secondary_drivers":["Fertilizer applied before irrigation and manure from large feedlots (ref 1)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Some private wells reached 50 ppm nitrate, five times the 10 ppm EPA drinking water limit (ref 1).","service":"The article reports no system-wide water restrictions; affected users are mainly private well owners (ref 1).","scale":"The pollution is described across central and western Kansas aquifers (ref 1).","duration":"Researchers attribute it to decades of intensive farming and irrigation (ref 1).","significance":"No regulatory order or enforcement on agricultural nitrate is cited (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Private well users not counted in the source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Groundwater nitrate levels reach up to 5 times the level considered safe; some private wells have reached 50 ppm (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest private well nitrate cited","value":50,"unit":"ppm","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Potential fertilizer nitrogen credit, central Kansas","value":135,"unit":"lb N per acre","status":"Reported","note":"Kansas State University estimate (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment","role":"State water quality agency"},{"name":"Kansas State University Research and Extension","role":"Nutrient management research"}],"public_contact":null,"corrective_actions":["K-State researchers promote crediting irrigation-water nitrate against fertilizer rates (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"Groundwater in parts of Kansas is so polluted it can replace some fertilizer","publisher":"High Plains Public Radio / Kansas News Service (KCUR)","date":"2026-07-02","url":"https://www.kcur.org/2026-07-02/groundwater-in-parts-of-kansas-is-so-polluted-it-can-replace-some-fertilizer","basis":"News","ref":1}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (KS in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["County-level extent","Share of wells over 10 ppm","public_contact"],"related_ids":["US-KS-PRATT-NITRATE-WELLS-2024"]},{"id":"US-OH-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Ohio public water systems with UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS above the 4 ppt federal MCL","description":"EPA's UCMR 5 nationwide sampling found 36 Ohio public water systems whose mean PFOA or PFOS result exceeded 4 parts per trillion, the federal maximum contaminant level finalized in April 2024. Ohio EPA reports $94 million in principal forgiveness and grants since 2023 for drinking-water projects addressing PFAS and similar contaminants, and says it has paused its own PFAS MCL rulemaking after U.S. EPA proposed in May 2026 to extend the PFOA and PFOS compliance deadline to 2031.","location":{"name":"Ohio public water systems (UCMR 5 PFAS)","type":"Statewide drinking-water program","detail":"Systems in Mahoning, Trumbull, Hamilton, Clermont, Warren, Montgomery, Greene, Washington, Belmont, Gallia and other counties","coordinates":{"lat":40.4173,"lon":-82.9071,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide","state":"OH","states":["OH"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"UCMR 5 measured PFAS in finished drinking water, so this is a water-quality finding rather than an asset failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 results (ref 1) put mean PFOS at 25.05 ppt at Kings Island PWS and 17.48 ppt at McDonald Village, both several times the 4 ppt MCL that Ohio EPA describes (ref 3).","service":"No Ohio system in the UCMR 5 list was reported under a do-not-drink or boil order for PFAS; service continued while systems plan treatment (ref 3).","scale":"The 34 community systems among the 36 above 4 ppt serve 586,303 people by SDWIS counts (ref 2), including Montgomery County Water Services 1 (150,207) and Youngstown (130,530).","duration":"UCMR 5 sampling ran 2023-2025 and Ohio EPA lists funded PFAS treatment and new-source projects continuing through 2028 (ref 3), so exposure is multi-year.","significance":"The PFOA and PFOS MCLs are a final federal regulation (ref 3), but Ohio EPA paused its state rulemaking in 2026 and no PFAS MCL violations are yet enforceable."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":586303,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population_served_count for the 34 community water systems among the 36 UCMR 5 systems above 4 ppt (ref 2); excludes the two non-transient systems (Kings Island, Grandview Medical Center)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"36 Ohio public water systems had a mean UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS result above 4 ppt; highest mean PFOS 25.05 ppt (Kings Island PWS), highest mean PFOA 15.25 ppt (Putnam Community Water Association)."},"measures":[{"name":"Ohio systems with mean PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt (UCMR 5)","value":36,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1, analysis of EPA UCMR 5 results."},{"name":"Systems with mean PFOS above 4 ppt","value":22,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Systems with mean PFOA above 4 ppt","value":17,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Ohio EPA emerging-contaminant drinking-water funding since 2023","value":94,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Principal forgiveness and grants (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Ohio EPA anticipates only an additional $20 million in PFAS drinking-water grants through 2028 (ref 3).","Several systems are planning multimillion-dollar GAC or ion-exchange treatment (ref 3)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 is the first statewide finished-water PFAS data set at 4 ppt sensitivity; no comparable earlier series exists."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Office of Water","role":"Federal standard setter"}],"public_contact":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters, 614-644-2752","corrective_actions":["Ohio EPA principal-forgiveness and grant awards for PFAS planning, design and treatment at systems including Dayton, Cincinnati, Columbus, Loveland, Gallipolis, Barnesville and Gallia Rural Water (ref 3).","Distribution of $65 million from the 2023 DuPont settlement to PFAS drinking-water projects in six southeast Ohio counties (ref 3).","Ohio EPA PFAS treatment guidance for systems installing new PFAS treatment (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Fifth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 5) occurrence data","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2015-09-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system records for the 36 Ohio UCMR 5 systems above 4 ppt","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/OH5002303/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Ohio's PFAS Action Plan (agency page, updated through 2026)","publisher":"Ohio Environmental Protection Agency","date":null,"url":"https://epa.ohio.gov/monitor-pollution/pollution-issues/per-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["system-level compliance results under the federal PFAS rule","statewide population exposed above 4 ppt from state data"],"related_ids":["US-OH-DAYTON-PFAS-GROUNDWATER-2024","US-OH-MAHONING-VALLEY-PFOS-2024","US-OH-LOVELAND-PFAS-2024","US-OH-INDIAN-HILL-PFAS-2025","US-OH-OHIO-RIVER-PFOA-DUPONT-2026"]},{"id":"US-OH-MAHONING-VALLEY-PFOS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Youngstown and Mahoning Valley Sanitary District water above federal PFOS limit","description":"Water treated by the Mahoning Valley Sanitary District from Meander Creek Reservoir and distributed by Youngstown carried PFOS at up to 15.1 ppt in 2024 sampling, above the 4 ppt federal MCL. The district was allocated $19.9 million of Ohio's PFAS settlement funds toward a $150 million granular activated carbon plant, and Niles, which also buys district water, voted in October 2025 to join national PFAS litigation.","location":{"name":"Youngstown City PWS (MVSD water)","type":"Municipal utility service area supplied by a regional wholesale treatment district","detail":"Youngstown, Mahoning County; MVSD also supplies Niles and McDonald (Trumbull County), and Youngstown sells to Girard, Canfield and Jackson/Milton","coordinates":{"lat":41.0998,"lon":-80.6495,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Mahoning","Trumbull"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"OH5002303","state":"OH","states":["OH"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOS is a contaminant measured in finished drinking water from the regional supply.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Youngstown's 2024 water quality report (ref 2) lists PFOS from MVSD at 15.1 ppt, range 7.0-15.1, and UCMR 5 gives a mean of 12.97 ppt (ref 1), above the 4 ppt MCL.","service":"Neither the Youngstown report (ref 2) nor the Tribune Chronicle (ref 3) describes any water-use restriction tied to PFOS.","scale":"Youngstown alone serves 130,530 people per SDWIS (ref 4), and MVSD water also reaches Niles and McDonald (ref 2).","duration":"PFOS was found in January and April 2024 sampling (ref 2), and the GAC plant is aimed at the 2029 federal deadline (ref 3).","significance":"MVSD was included in the first round of national PFAS settlements, and Niles council voted in October 2025 to join that litigation (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":130530,"status":"Reported","note":"Youngstown City PWS population served per SDWIS (ref 4); Niles, McDonald and bulk customers are additional."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOS 15.1 ppt (range 7.0-15.1 ppt) in 2024 MVSD water distributed by Youngstown; federal MCL 4 ppt."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest PFOS, 2024","value":15.1,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Youngstown 2024 CCR (ref 2)."},{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOS, Youngstown","value":12.97,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"State settlement allocation to MVSD","value":19.9,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Planned GAC filtration plant cost","value":150,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Raw water treated by MVSD","value":21,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["A $150 million GAC plant is partly financed by a $19.9 million settlement allocation (ref 3)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Only 2024 sampling and UCMR 5 results are public; treatment is not yet in service."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Mahoning Valley Sanitary District","role":"Wholesale water treatment"},{"name":"City of Youngstown Water Department","role":"Distributing utility"},{"name":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Mahoning Valley Sanitary District, 330-652-3614","corrective_actions":["MVSD granular activated carbon filtration plant designed to remove PFAS ahead of the 2029 deadline (ref 3).","Quarterly PFAS sampling reported in the Youngstown CCR (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Fifth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 5) occurrence data","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2015-09-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Annual Water Quality Report, Reporting Year 2024 (PWS ID 5002303)","publisher":"City of Youngstown","date":"2025-05-09","url":"https://youngstownohio.gov/sites/default/files/forms/CCR%202024%20reporting%20OH017795-1_WR.pdf","basis":"Utility report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Niles seeking to join 'forever chemical' lawsuit","publisher":"Tribune Chronicle","date":"2025-10-16","url":"https://www.tribtoday.com/news/local-news/2025/10/niles-seeking-to-join-forever-chemical-lawsuit","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record OH5002303 (Youngstown City PWS)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/OH5002303/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["GAC plant construction schedule","PFOS results after 2024"],"related_ids":["US-OH-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-OH-LOVELAND-PFAS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Loveland well field PFOS above federal MCL; treatment plant redesign","description":"All three Loveland supply wells along the Little Miami River tested at 14 to 35 ppt PFOS in July 2023, above the 4 ppt federal MCL. A June 2024 engineering study recommended granular activated carbon treatment in a new treatment building, estimated at $17.5 million, and Ohio EPA has funded the study and $1.34 million of PFAS treatment design through principal forgiveness.","location":{"name":"Loveland City PWS","type":"Municipal utility service area (groundwater well field)","detail":"Loveland, Clermont, Hamilton and Warren counties; also serves parts of Symmes and Miami townships","coordinates":{"lat":39.2689,"lon":-84.2638,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Clermont","Hamilton","Warren"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OH1300812","state":"OH","states":["OH"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOS was measured in the city's raw groundwater supply, which receives only chlorination and fluoridation.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"July 27, 2023 samples (ref 2) found PFOS at 14, 19 and 35 ppt in Wells 4, 5 and 6; the study (ref 3) says all wells exceed the federal limit.","service":"The city states its water continues to meet all current state and federal standards and no use restriction was issued (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 12,800 people served by Loveland City PWS (ref 5).","duration":"PFOS was found in 2023 and treatment design was still being funded in Ohio EPA's current list (ref 4), so the problem spans years.","significance":"The April 2024 federal MCL (ref 2) obliges treatment; no PFAS violation has been issued yet."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":12800,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOS 14, 19 and 35 ppt in Loveland Wells 4, 5 and 6 (July 27, 2023), against a 4 ppt MCL."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest well PFOS (Well 6)","value":35,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2 and ref 3."},{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOS","value":15.95,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Planning-level construction cost, new treatment building with PFAS treatment","value":17477240,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Ohio EPA principal forgiveness for PFAS treatment design","value":1337640,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Planning-level cost of $17.5 million for a utility serving 12,800 people (ref 3, ref 5)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Only the 2023 well samples and UCMR 5 results are published."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Loveland Utilities","role":"Utility operator"},{"name":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters","role":"Primacy regulator and funder"}],"public_contact":"City of Loveland Utilities, 513-707-1451","corrective_actions":["Burgess & Niple PFAS and softening study (June 2024) recommending GAC treatment (ref 3).","Ohio EPA principal forgiveness of $46,500 for planning and $1,337,640 for PFAS treatment design (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Fifth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 5) occurrence data","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2015-09-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"PFAS Update: Loveland Developing Treatment Plan for Regulations","publisher":"City of Loveland","date":"2024-04-19","url":"https://www.lovelandoh.gov/DocumentCenter/View/4005","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":3,"title":"Water Treatment Plant PFAS and Softening Study","publisher":"City of Loveland / Burgess & Niple","date":"2024-06-21","url":"https://www.lovelandoh.gov/DocumentCenter/View/4117","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":4,"title":"Ohio's PFAS Action Plan (agency page, updated through 2026)","publisher":"Ohio Environmental Protection Agency","date":null,"url":"https://epa.ohio.gov/monitor-pollution/pollution-issues/per-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record OH1300812 (Loveland City PWS)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/OH1300812/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-07-27","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["treatment construction schedule","finished-water PFOS after 2023"],"related_ids":["US-OH-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-OH-INDIAN-HILL-PFAS-2025"]},{"id":"US-OH-INDIAN-HILL-PFAS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Indian Hill Water Works PFOS above federal MCL; removal facility planned","description":"Indian Hill Water Works has detected PFOS as high as 14.5 ppt, above the 4 ppt federal MCL, and first found PFOS at 12-14 ppt in 2020. The village submitted a PFAS removal general plan to Ohio EPA on October 8, 2025, with construction expected in 2027 and 2028, funded so far by Ohio EPA principal-forgiveness loans and about $4.5 million in manufacturer settlement money.","location":{"name":"Indian Hill City PWS","type":"Municipal utility service area (groundwater)","detail":"Village of Indian Hill, Hamilton County","coordinates":{"lat":39.1795,"lon":-84.3355,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Hamilton"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OH3101112","state":"OH","states":["OH"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOS is a contaminant measured in the village's drinking water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The village reports PFOS up to 14.5 ppt in water it supplies (ref 2) and UCMR 5 gives a mean of 11.65 ppt (ref 1).","service":"The village describes no water-use restriction while the removal facility is planned (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 15,000 people served by Indian Hill City PWS (ref 4).","duration":"PFOS was first detected in 2020 (ref 3) and the facility is not expected to be built until 2027-2028 (ref 2).","significance":"A general plan under the federal MCL was filed with Ohio EPA on October 8, 2025 and remains under review (ref 3); no violation has been issued."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":15000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOS detected as high as 14.5 ppt in Indian Hill Water Works drinking water, above the 4 ppt federal MCL."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest PFOS reported by the village","value":14.5,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOS","value":11.65,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"PFAS settlement money expected","value":4.5,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate (ref 2)."},{"name":"Ohio EPA design-phase loan with full principal forgiveness","value":658998,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"PFOS was 12-14 ppt in 2020 (ref 3) and up to 14.5 ppt in current reporting (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Village of Indian Hill (Indian Hill Water Works)","role":"Utility operator"},{"name":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters","role":"Primacy regulator and funder"}],"public_contact":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters, 614-644-2752","corrective_actions":["General Plan with column testing and a regionalization cost comparison submitted to Ohio EPA in October 2025 (ref 2).","March 2026 application for Ohio EPA loan funding for design and construction (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Fifth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 5) occurrence data","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2015-09-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"PFAS Removal Facility","publisher":"Village of Indian Hill","date":"2025-03-14","url":"https://indianhill.gov/pfas-removal-facility","basis":"Local government","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"What is PFAS and why is it a concern for Indian Hill Water Works?","publisher":"Village of Indian Hill","date":"2025-05-23","url":"https://indianhill.gov/question/what-is-pfas-and-why-is-it-a-concern-for-indian-hill-water-works","basis":"Local government","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record OH3101112 (Indian Hill City PWS)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/OH3101112/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (3) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2020-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Ohio EPA decision on the general plan","construction funding award"],"related_ids":["US-OH-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-OH-LOVELAND-PFAS-2024"]},{"id":"US-OH-OHIO-RIVER-PFOA-DUPONT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Ohio River corridor PFOA contamination: $65 million DuPont settlement water projects","description":"Ohio released $65 million in April 2026 from its 2023 settlement with DuPont over PFOA released from the Washington Works plant in Parkersburg, West Virginia, to fund PFAS treatment, new sources and well replacements in Belmont, Gallia, Lawrence, Meigs, Morgan and Washington counties. Projects include PFAS treatment for Marietta, Warren Community Water, Gallipolis, Gallia Rural Water and South Point, and waterline extensions to replace 241 PFAS-contaminated private wells around Little Hocking, Belpre and Tuppers Plains.","location":{"name":"Ohio River corridor, southeast Ohio","type":"Multi-county group of public water systems and private wells","detail":"Belmont, Gallia, Lawrence, Meigs, Morgan and Washington counties downriver and downwind of DuPont Washington Works","coordinates":{"lat":39.3,"lon":-81.6,"precision":"county","source_ref":2},"counties":["Belmont","Gallia","Lawrence","Meigs","Morgan","Washington"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"OH8402703","state":"OH","states":["OH"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOA in public and private drinking-water sources is a water-quality problem traced to industrial releases.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 shows Warren Community W&S Assn 2 at a PFOA mean of 10.0 ppt and maximum 20.0 ppt, and Putnam Community Water at 15.25 ppt (ref 1); the settlement projects target PFAS-contaminated private wells (ref 3).","service":"Reports describe planned replacements of contaminated wells but no current boil or do-not-drink order (ref 3, ref 4).","scale":"Projects span six counties; Gallia Rural Water alone serves 21,000 people and Marietta about 18,707 (ref 3).","duration":"The DeWine lawsuit dates to 2018 and payment was delayed by appeals until 2026 (ref 2), so contamination has persisted for years.","significance":"The funding comes from a 2023 environmental restoration settlement of the State of Ohio's lawsuit against DuPont (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources give per-project beneficiaries (e.g. 21,000 Gallia Rural Water, 10,237 Warren Community Water) but no corridor total; Warren Comm W and S Assn 2 serves 7,215 per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$65 million from the 2023 DuPont settlement for PFAS drinking-water projects in six Ohio counties, including removal of 241 contaminated private wells."},"measures":[{"name":"Settlement funds released","value":65,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Contaminated private wells to be eliminated","value":241,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Little Hocking 110, Belpre 50, Tuppers Plains 81 (ref 3, ref 4)."},{"name":"UCMR 5 maximum PFOA, Warren Community W&S Assn 2","value":20,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Settlement-funded treatment and well replacements were approved in April 2026 (ref 2); results are not yet reported."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Ohio EPA","role":"Settlement fund administrator"},{"name":"DuPont","role":"Settling party"},{"name":"Local water systems in Washington, Gallia, Lawrence, Meigs, Morgan and Belmont counties","role":"Project owners"}],"public_contact":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters, 614-644-2752","corrective_actions":["Warren Community Water: about $8 million for PFAS treatment and an added well (ref 3).","Marietta: $6 million for PFAS treatment at its new plant (ref 3).","Gallipolis ($5 million) and Gallia Rural Water ($5.5 million) PFAS treatment (ref 4).","Little Hocking, Belpre and Tuppers Plains waterline extensions to replace contaminated private wells (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Fifth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 5) occurrence data","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2015-09-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Ohio's PFAS Action Plan (agency page, updated through 2026)","publisher":"Ohio Environmental Protection Agency","date":null,"url":"https://epa.ohio.gov/monitor-pollution/pollution-issues/per-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"DeWine announces $65 million DuPont settlement funding for PFAS cleanup, with major share headed to Washington Co.","publisher":"WTAP","date":"2026-04-10","url":"https://www.wtap.com/2026/04/10/dewine-announces-65-million-dupont-settlement-funding-pfas-cleanup-with-major-share-headed-washington-co/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Ohio EPA announces $65 million distribution from Dupont settlement","publisher":"WSAZ","date":"2026-04-07","url":"https://wsaz.com/2026/04/07/ohio-epa-announces-65-million-distribution-dupont-settlement","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record OH8402703 (Warren Comm W and S Assn 2)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/OH8402703/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"Local water systems getting share of $65M DuPont settlement","publisher":"Marietta Times","date":"2026-04-14","url":"https://www.mariettatimes.com/news/2026/04/local-water-systems-getting-share-of-65m-dupont-settlement/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2018-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["corridor-wide population exposed","PFOA results for private wells"],"related_ids":["US-OH-LITTLE-HOCKING-CHEMOURS-PFAS-2026","US-OH-MARIETTA-WASTEWATER-ORDER-2024","US-OH-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-OH-WASHINGTON-CO-INJECTION-BRINE-2026"]},{"id":"US-OH-NELSONVILLE-TTHM-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Nelsonville PWS repeated TTHM MCL violations, 2024-2025","description":"Nelsonville's public water system exceeded the 0.080 mg/L total trihalomethane (TTHM) limit in eight straight quarters from early 2024 through late 2025, with a peak locational running annual average of 0.104 mg/L. Ohio EPA's 2025 compliance report lists four 2025 TTHM MCL violations, and the city's utilities committee met on the 'TTHM issue at water plant' in May and August 2025.","location":{"name":"Nelsonville PWS","type":"Municipal utility service area (groundwater)","detail":"City of Nelsonville, Athens County","coordinates":{"lat":39.4587,"lon":-82.2318,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Athens"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OH0501214","state":"OH","states":["OH"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"TTHM is a disinfection byproduct measured in distributed water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 1) records TTHM running averages of 0.081 to 0.104 mg/L across eight quarters in 2024-2025, all above the 0.080 mg/L MCL.","service":"SDWIS assigns Tier 2 public notification to each violation (ref 1); no boil or do-not-drink order was reported.","scale":"SDWIS lists 6,656 people served (ref 5).","duration":"Violations run from Q1 2024 through Q4 2025 and none shows a return-to-compliance date (ref 1).","significance":"Ohio EPA's 2025 compliance report lists four Nelsonville TTHM MCL violations (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":6656,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM locational running annual average up to 0.104 mg/L (Q1 2025) versus the 0.080 mg/L MCL; eight consecutive quarterly MCL violations, 2024-2025."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak TTHM LRAA","value":0.104,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Q1 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"TTHM MCL violations in window","value":8,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Q1 2024-Q4 2025 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"LRAA fell from 0.104 mg/L (Q1 2025) to 0.081 mg/L (Q4 2025) but remained above the MCL (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Nelsonville","role":"System owner"},{"name":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters, 614-644-2752","corrective_actions":["City utilities committee meetings on the TTHM issue at the water plant (May 13 and August 4, 2025) (ref 3, ref 4).","Committee also discussed Le-Ax water in connection with TTHMs (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SDWIS violation records for OH0501214 (Nelsonville PWS)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/OH0501214/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"2025 Annual Compliance Report (ACR)","publisher":"Ohio Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/epa.ohio.gov/Portals/28/documents/pws/Annual-Compliance-Report.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Nelsonville Utilities Committee held a meeting, Tue 5/13/25","publisher":"City of Nelsonville","date":"2025-05-15","url":"https://cityofnelsonville.org/2025/05/15/nelsonville-utilities-committee-held-a-meeting-tue-5-13-25-recording-at-https-youtu-be-6lout22d0ww/","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":4,"title":"Nelsonville Utilities Committee meeting Mon, 8/4/2025","publisher":"City of Nelsonville","date":"2025-07-30","url":"https://cityofnelsonville.org/2025/07/30/nelsonville-utilities-committee-meeting-mon-8-4-2025-6pm-at-city-hall-the-public-is-invited-and-encouraged-to-attend/","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record OH0501214 (Nelsonville PWS)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/OH0501214/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["corrective plan details","2026 TTHM results"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OH-MAYSVILLE-TTHM-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Maysville Regional Water chronic TTHM MCL violations","description":"Maysville Regional Water in Muskingum County has recorded total trihalomethane (TTHM) running averages above the 0.080 mg/L limit in most quarters since 2014, reaching 0.129 mg/L in early 2026. Ohio EPA's 2025 compliance report lists three 2025 TTHM MCL violations, and the five violations from Q2 2025 to Q2 2026 show no return to compliance.","location":{"name":"Maysville Regional Water","type":"Regional water district service area","detail":"White Cottage area, Muskingum County","coordinates":{"lat":39.866,"lon":-82.114,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Muskingum"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OH6001411","state":"OH","states":["OH"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"TTHM is a disinfection byproduct measured in distributed water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 1) records TTHM averages of 0.117 mg/L in Q4 2025 and 0.129 mg/L in Q1 2026, well above the 0.080 mg/L MCL.","service":"Each TTHM violation carries Tier 2 public notice in SDWIS (ref 1); no service interruption is recorded.","scale":"SDWIS lists 6,540 people served (ref 3).","duration":"SDWIS shows repeated TTHM violations from 2014 onward, with a 2021-2024 run of 12 quarters and a new run from Q2 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"Ohio EPA's 2025 compliance report lists three Maysville Regional Water TTHM MCL violations (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":6540,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM locational running annual average 0.129 mg/L in Q1 2026 versus the 0.080 mg/L MCL."},"measures":[{"name":"TTHM LRAA, Q1 2026","value":0.129,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Open TTHM MCL violations","value":5,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Q2 2025-Q2 2026 without return to compliance (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"LRAA rose from 0.081 mg/L (Q2 2025) to 0.129 mg/L (Q1 2026) (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Maysville Regional Water","role":"System owner"},{"name":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters, 614-644-2752","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the cited sources."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SDWIS violation records for OH6001411 (Maysville Regional Water)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/OH6001411/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"2025 Annual Compliance Report (ACR)","publisher":"Ohio Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/epa.ohio.gov/Portals/28/documents/pws/Annual-Compliance-Report.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record OH6001411 (Maysville Regional Water)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/OH6001411/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2014-07-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["corrective action plan","local news or utility notice"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OH-VAN-WERT-TTHM-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Van Wert City recurring TTHM MCL violations","description":"Van Wert's surface-water system has repeatedly exceeded the 0.080 mg/L total trihalomethane limit: in 2022-2023, when the city mailed notices citing running averages of 0.081 and 0.094 mg/L, again in the first half of 2025, and again in the second quarter of 2026. The city told customers it was lowering water tower levels to cut water age and working with a Veolia consultant on where TTHM and HAA5 form.","location":{"name":"Van Wert City","type":"Municipal utility service area (surface water)","detail":"City of Van Wert, Van Wert County","coordinates":{"lat":40.8695,"lon":-84.5841,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Van Wert"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OH8100611","state":"OH","states":["OH"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"TTHM is a disinfection byproduct measured in distributed water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The city's notice (ref 2) gave TTHM averages of 0.081 mg/L at DS201 and 0.094 mg/L at DS204; SDWIS shows 0.084 mg/L in Q1 2025 and 0.083 mg/L in Q2 2026 (ref 1).","service":"Notices went out with April 2023 water bills and said no alternative water supply was needed (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 10,846 people served (ref 4).","duration":"Violations recur across 2022-2023, 2025 and 2026, with the Q2 2026 violation still open (ref 1).","significance":"Ohio EPA's 2025 compliance report lists two Van Wert TTHM MCL violations (ref 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":10846,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM running averages of 0.084 mg/L (Q1 2025) and 0.083 mg/L (Q2 2026) versus the 0.080 mg/L MCL, after 0.094 mg/L in 2023."},"measures":[{"name":"TTHM LRAA, Q1 2023 (DS204)","value":0.094,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"TTHM LRAA, Q2 2026","value":0.083,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Returned to compliance in late 2023 and mid-2025 but violated again in 2025 and 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Van Wert (Van Wert Water)","role":"System owner"},{"name":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Van Wert Water, Donald Lippi, 419-238-1417","corrective_actions":["Lowering elevated tower levels to increase turnover and reduce water age (ref 2).","Veolia North America consultant review of TTHM and HAA5 formation (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SDWIS violation records for OH8100611 (Van Wert City)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/OH8100611/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"VW drinking water notices going out","publisher":"The Van Wert Independent","date":"2023-03-29","url":"https://thevwindependent.com/news/2023/03/29/vw-drinking-water-notices-going-out/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"2025 Annual Compliance Report (ACR)","publisher":"Ohio Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/epa.ohio.gov/Portals/28/documents/pws/Annual-Compliance-Report.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record OH8100611 (Van Wert City)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/OH8100611/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2022-07-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["2025-2026 public notice text","results of consultant recommendations"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OH-HAMLER-TTHM-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hamler Village PWS TTHM above MCL every quarter since late 2021","description":"Hamler Village's groundwater system in Henry County has exceeded the 0.080 mg/L total trihalomethane limit in every recorded quarter since late 2021, with running averages between 0.087 and 0.126 mg/L and no return to compliance. Ohio EPA's 2025 compliance report lists three 2025 TTHM violations, and SDWIS also records lead and copper treatment-technique violations in 2025.","location":{"name":"Hamler Village","type":"Village public water system (groundwater)","detail":"Village of Hamler, Henry County","coordinates":{"lat":41.2306,"lon":-84.0344,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Henry"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OH3500312","state":"OH","states":["OH"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"TTHM is a disinfection byproduct measured in distributed water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 1) shows TTHM averages from 0.126 mg/L (Q2 2022) down to 0.087 mg/L (Q1 2025) and back up to 0.106 mg/L (Q2 2026), all above 0.080 mg/L.","service":"The violations carry Tier 2 public notification in SDWIS (ref 1); no outage is recorded.","scale":"SDWIS lists only 580 people served (ref 3).","duration":"Open TTHM violations run from Q4 2021 through Q2 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Ohio EPA's 2025 compliance report lists three Hamler Village TTHM MCL violations (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":580,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM running annual average 0.106 mg/L in Q2 2026; above the 0.080 mg/L MCL in every recorded quarter since Q4 2021."},"measures":[{"name":"TTHM LRAA, Q2 2026","value":0.106,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Peak TTHM LRAA","value":0.126,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Q2 2022 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Averages have stayed between 0.087 and 0.126 mg/L for more than four years (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Village of Hamler","role":"System owner"},{"name":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters, 614-644-2752","corrective_actions":["Not reported in the cited sources."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SDWIS violation records for OH3500312 (Hamler Village)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/OH3500312/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"2025 Annual Compliance Report (ACR)","publisher":"Ohio Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/epa.ohio.gov/Portals/28/documents/pws/Annual-Compliance-Report.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record OH3500312 (Hamler Village)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/OH3500312/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2021-10-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["corrective action plan","local news or village notice"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OH-CADIZ-TURBIDITY-BOIL-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Cadiz Village water plant turbidity violations and year of boil advisories","description":"Cadiz has been under repeated boil advisories since summer 2025, and the village has handed out bottled water on and off. In August 2026 Ohio EPA issued a Notice of Violation citing turbidity more than seven times the state limit on July 1, sludge left in the system and missing operational data; options it outlined include a new plant estimated at $20 million or connecting to Tri-County Rural Water.","location":{"name":"Cadiz Village PWS","type":"Village public water system (surface water)","detail":"Village of Cadiz, Harrison County","coordinates":{"lat":40.2729,"lon":-80.9967,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Harrison"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OH3400214","state":"OH","states":["OH"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Failing filtration at an aging surface-water plant produces turbid water and boil advisories, so both the asset and the water quality are affected.","secondary_drivers":["Aging treatment plant"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Ohio EPA found turbidity on July 1, 2026 more than seven times the state limit (ref 1); SDWIS records five filtered-water turbidity treatment-technique violations since June 2025 (ref 2).","service":"Residents have been under several boil orders since summer 2025 and the village has supplied bottled water on and off (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 3,353 people served (ref 3).","duration":"Boil advisories began in summer 2025 and the latest turbidity violation (February 2026) has no return-to-compliance date (ref 1, ref 2).","significance":"Ohio EPA sent the mayor a Notice of Violation on August 6, 2026 giving the village 30 days to fix the violations (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":3353,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Turbidity more than seven times the state limit on July 1, 2026; repeated boil advisories since summer 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"Turbidity treatment-technique violations since June 2025","value":5,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Estimated cost of a new treatment facility","value":20,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ohio EPA estimate (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The mayor says upgrading the plant would cost tens of millions of dollars (ref 1).","Residents report paying more for water they cannot use (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Boil orders recurred through July 2026 and Ohio EPA cited new violations in August 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Village of Cadiz","role":"System owner"},{"name":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters, 614-644-2752","corrective_actions":["Ohio EPA Notice of Violation with a 30-day correction period (ref 1).","Ohio EPA options: new facility (~$20 million), repair the existing plant, or connect to Tri-County Rural Water (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"A year into boil advisories, residents in Cadiz want clean water and answers","publisher":"WYSU / The Ohio Newsroom","date":"2026-08-13","url":"https://wysu.org/2026-08-13/a-year-into-boil-advisories-residents-in-cadiz-want-clean-water-and-answers","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS violation records for OH3400214 (Cadiz Village PWS)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/OH3400214/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record OH3400214 (Cadiz Village PWS)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/OH3400214/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-06-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["number and dates of boil advisories","village decision on plant options"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OH-THORNVILLE-LEGIONELLA-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Legionnaires' disease outbreak at Country Lane Gardens, Thornville","description":"Fairfield County health officials confirmed eight Legionnaires' disease cases at Country Lane Gardens, a long-term care facility in Thornville, after the first case on July 29, 2026; all patients were taken to Fairfield Medical Center and no deaths had been confirmed. The facility runs its own well-supplied water system; health officials believe the bacteria are coming from somewhere between the well and the faucet, and water use was restricted and filters installed while Ohio EPA and the Ohio Department of Health investigate.","location":{"name":"Country Lane Gardens HC water system","type":"Long-term care facility community water system (groundwater)","detail":"Thornville area, Fairfield County","coordinates":{"lat":39.892,"lon":-82.4157,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Fairfield"],"extent":"site","pwsid":"OH2300712","state":"OH","states":["OH"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legionella growth in a building water system is a drinking-water quality and premise-plumbing problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Eight confirmed Legionnaires' cases, all taken to Fairfield Medical Center, with an average patient age of 65 (ref 1).","service":"The facility restricted water use and installed water filters during the investigation (ref 1, ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 190 people served by the facility's system (ref 3); the facility has 99 beds (ref 1).","duration":"Cases were identified from July 29, 2026 and the count reached eight within about a week (ref 1).","significance":"Fairfield Public Health, the Ohio Department of Health and Ohio EPA opened an outbreak investigation (ref 1); no enforcement order was reported."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":190,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3); eight confirmed cases (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Eight confirmed Legionnaires' disease cases at Country Lane Gardens, Thornville (WSYX, August 3, 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Confirmed Legionnaires' cases","value":8,"unit":"cases","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Deaths","value":0,"unit":"deaths","status":"Reported","note":"No deaths confirmed as of the report (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No follow-up on the investigation's findings was found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Country Lane Gardens","role":"Facility and water system operator"},{"name":"Fairfield Public Health","role":"Local health department"},{"name":"Ohio Department of Health","role":"State health agency"},{"name":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters, 614-644-2752","corrective_actions":["Water use restricted and filters installed (ref 1).","Facility water sampled and tested by local and state agencies (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Health officials probe 8 Legionnaires' cases at Thornville nursing home","publisher":"WSYX ABC 6","date":"2026-08-03","url":"https://abc6onyourside.com/news/local/health-officials-probe-8-legionnaires-cases-at-thornville-nursing-home-lancaster-pneumonia-water-droplets-filters-fairfield-county-commissioner","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Legionnaires' Scare at Thornville Nursing Home Spurs Water Probe","publisher":"Hoodline","date":"2026-08-04","url":"https://hoodline.com/2026/08/legionnaires-scare-at-thornville-nursing-home-spurs-water-probe/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record OH2300712 (Country Lane Gardens HC)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/OH2300712/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-07-29","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["confirmed source of Legionella","final case count","hospitalization outcomes"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OH-TROY-BOIL-ADVISORY-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Troy citywide boil advisory after main break near water plant","description":"A major water main break near Troy's water treatment plant on February 14, 2025 dropped tower levels and led the city to put every customer under a precautionary boil advisory, which also covered West Milton and Ludlow Falls, which buy Troy water. The city reported the repair complete at 3:30 a.m. on February 15 and was testing the water with Ohio EPA while the advisory stayed in place.","location":{"name":"Troy City PWS","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"City of Troy, Miami County; also supplies West Milton and Ludlow Falls","coordinates":{"lat":40.0395,"lon":-84.2033,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Miami"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OH5501612","state":"OH","states":["OH"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Pressure loss from a main break created a potential contamination pathway, prompting a drinking-water advisory.","secondary_drivers":["Water main break"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The city said it had no evidence of contamination but that disease-causing organisms may have entered the system when the high-service tower level dropped (ref 1).","service":"All Troy customers, plus West Milton and Ludlow Falls, were told to boil water; several businesses closed early (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 26,305 people served by Troy City PWS (ref 3).","duration":"The break occurred about 1:30 p.m. on February 14 and was repaired by 3:30 a.m. on February 15, 2025 (ref 1, ref 2).","significance":"The city issued a formal precautionary boil advisory (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":26305,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3); West Milton and Ludlow Falls customers were also covered (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Citywide precautionary boil advisory for all City of Troy water customers, February 14, 2025."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"A single event; no record of recurrence was found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Troy","role":"System owner"},{"name":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters, 614-644-2752","corrective_actions":["Break isolated and repaired by 3:30 a.m. on February 15, 2025 (ref 2).","Line flushing and water testing with Ohio EPA (ref 1, ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"'Feel bad for everybody;' City-wide boil advisory issued after major water main break in Troy","publisher":"WHIO","date":"2025-02-14","url":"https://www.whio.com/news/local/feel-bad-everybody-city-wide-boil-advisory-issued-after-major-water-main-break-troy/GWBLRHBHOVCTLKPWS3UH2FLGW4/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"City of Troy under water boil advisory","publisher":"WDTN (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-02-14","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/water-pressure-impacted-major-troy-195118693.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record OH5501612 (Troy City PWS)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/OH5501612/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-02-14","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["date the advisory was lifted","sample results"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OH-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Ohio statewide lead service line inventory: 263,629 lead lines, 538,894 unknown","description":"Ohio public water systems' first service line inventories, filed by October 16, 2024, counted 263,629 lead lines, 54,092 galvanized lines requiring replacement, 95,243 unknown lines likely to be lead, and 538,894 lines of unknown material among about 3.5 million service lines. U.S. EPA's latest national survey estimates more than 435,373 lead service lines in Ohio, and EPA pledged $201.7 million to the state in May 2026 for lead line identification and replacement.","location":{"name":"Ohio public water systems (lead service lines)","type":"Statewide drinking-water program","detail":"All Ohio community and non-transient non-community water systems","coordinates":{"lat":40.4173,"lon":-82.9071,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide","state":"OH","states":["OH"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead service lines are buried infrastructure whose risk is lead in tap water, so both the asset and water quality matter.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Lead lines pose potential exposure; WFMJ reports EPA calls lead a neurotoxin especially damaging to children (ref 2), but no statewide exceedance is documented here.","service":"No service disruption is associated with the inventory (ref 1).","scale":"The inventory covers 3,496,212 service lines statewide, 263,629 of them lead (ref 1).","duration":"Replacement will span years; reporting of lead, galvanized and unknown lines becomes annual from 2027 (ref 1).","significance":"Inventories were required under the federal Lead and Copper Rule Revisions by October 16, 2024 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources count service lines, not people; 263,629 lead lines statewide (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"263,629 lead service lines, 54,092 galvanized lines requiring replacement and 538,894 lines of unknown material in Ohio's October 2024 inventories."},"measures":[{"name":"Lead service lines (state inventory)","value":263629,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Galvanized requiring replacement","value":54092,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Unknown, likely lead","value":95243,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Unknown material","value":538894,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Lead service lines (U.S. EPA national survey estimate)","value":435373,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"EPA DWSRF lead-line allotment to Ohio","value":201.7,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Replacement of hundreds of thousands of lines relies on revolving-fund allotments such as the $201.7 million pledged in 2026 (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The October 2024 inventory is the first statewide count; annual updates begin in 2027."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 5","role":"Federal funder"}],"public_contact":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters, 614-644-2752","corrective_actions":["Service line inventories filed by all community and NTNC systems (ref 1).","U.S. EPA $201.7 million DWSRF allotment for lead line identification and replacement (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Ohio EPA Annual Report, State Fiscal Year 2025","publisher":"Ohio Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2025-11-24","url":"https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/epa.ohio.gov/Portals/47/archive/facts/2025ar.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA pledges $200M to reduce lead in Ohio drinking water","publisher":"WFMJ","date":"2026-05-20","url":"https://www.wfmj.com/news/local-news/epa-pledges-over-200m-to-reduce-lead-in-ohio-drinking-water/article_69c46c09-3551-4a00-880a-3f52594f19c4.html","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2024-10-16","latest_seen":"2026-05-20","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["statewide replacement progress","population on lead lines"],"related_ids":["US-OH-CLEVELAND-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2024","US-OH-CINCINNATI-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2026","US-OH-TOLEDO-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2025"],"conflicts":[{"field":"lead service line count","values":["263,629 (Ohio EPA inventory, ref 1)","435,373 (U.S. EPA national survey, ref 2)"],"note":"The state inventory and the federal survey estimate differ; both are reported as published."}]},{"id":"US-OH-CINCINNATI-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Greater Cincinnati Water Works: about 30,000 lead service lines remain","description":"Greater Cincinnati Water Works says about 30,000 lead service lines remain in its service area after it passed 10,000 replacements in August 2026, eight years after the program began in 2018. The utility replaces about 2,500 lines a year and aims to remove all of them by the federal 2037 deadline; it says corrosion treatment coats pipe interiors and water leaving its plants has no lead.","location":{"name":"Cincinnati Public Water System (GCWW)","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Greater Cincinnati Water Works, Hamilton County and surrounding service area","coordinates":{"lat":39.1031,"lon":-84.512,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Hamilton"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OH3102612","state":"OH","states":["OH"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead service lines are buried assets whose hazard is lead released into tap water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"GCWW says lead lines carry a risk of lead entering drinking water, though their presence does not pose an immediate threat (ref 1).","service":"No service restriction is associated with the lead lines (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 800,000 people served by the Cincinnati Public Water System (ref 3), with about 30,000 lead lines remaining (ref 2).","duration":"Replacement began in February 2018 and continues toward 2037 (ref 1).","significance":"A federal mandate requires every lead line to be replaced by 2037 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Customers on the roughly 30,000 remaining lead lines are not counted; the system serves 800,000 per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 30,000 lead service lines remain in GCWW's service area; more than 10,000 replaced since February 2018."},"measures":[{"name":"Lead service lines remaining","value":30000,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate (ref 1, ref 2)."},{"name":"Lead service lines replaced since 2018","value":10000,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"More than 10,000 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Current replacement pace","value":2500,"unit":"lines per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"More than 10,000 lines replaced since 2018 at about 2,500 a year (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Greater Cincinnati Water Works","role":"Utility operator"},{"name":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters, 614-644-2752","corrective_actions":["Lead Service Line Replacement Program, about 2,500 lines a year (ref 1).","Ohio EPA $500,000 grant replaced more than 100 lead lines at licensed childcare facilities (ref 1).","$910,000 in Community Project Funding for residential replacements (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"GCWW Marks Major Milestones in Lead Replacement","publisher":"Greater Cincinnati Water Works","date":"2026-08-26","url":"https://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/water/news/gcww-marks-major-milestones-in-lead-replacement/","basis":"Utility report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Greater Cincinnati Water Works celebrates 10,000 lead service line replacements","publisher":"WVXU","date":"2026-08-26","url":"https://www.wvxu.org/local-news/2026-08-26/greater-cincinnati-water-works-lead-service-lines-replacement-milestone","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record OH3102612 (Cincinnati Public Water System)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/OH3102612/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2018-02-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["lead tap-sampling 90th percentile","number of customers on lead lines"],"related_ids":["US-OH-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2025","US-OH-CLEVELAND-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2024"]},{"id":"US-OH-TOLEDO-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Toledo lead, galvanized and unknown service lines: notices to 50,000 customers","description":"Toledo mailed annual notices in December 2025 to about 50,000 water customers with lead, galvanized or unknown-material service lines. The city says about 100 known customer-owned lead lines remain and are scheduled for replacement by 2026, but lead lines are more prevalent on the city-owned side, where replacement mostly follows roadway projects and many lines are still of unknown material.","location":{"name":"Toledo City of (public water system)","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"City of Toledo, Lucas County","coordinates":{"lat":41.6528,"lon":-83.5379,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lucas"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OH4801411","state":"OH","states":["OH"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead and unknown service lines are distribution assets whose hazard is lead in tap water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The city says testing confirms the water is safe and treated to prevent leaching (ref 1), so harm is potential rather than documented.","service":"No service restriction accompanies the notices (ref 1).","scale":"Notices went to about 50,000 customers (ref 1); SDWIS lists 360,000 people served (ref 2).","duration":"City-side replacement depends on roadway projects and testing of unknown lines continues under a 2019 predictive model (ref 1).","significance":"The annual notices were sent to comply with new EPA requirements (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"About 50,000 customer accounts were notified (ref 1); the system serves 360,000 per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 50,000 Toledo customers notified of lead, galvanized or unknown service lines (December 2025); about 100 known customer-owned lead lines remain."},"measures":[{"name":"Customers notified","value":50000,"unit":"customers","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate (ref 1)."},{"name":"Known customer-owned lead lines remaining","value":100,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate (ref 1)."},{"name":"Customer-side lines not yet inspected","value":6000,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Customer-side lead lines are down to about 100 (ref 1); city-side counts are not published."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Toledo Department of Public Utilities","role":"Utility operator"},{"name":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Engage Toledo, 419-936-2020","corrective_actions":["Customer-owned lead lines scheduled for replacement by 2026 under the Toledo Recovery Plan (ref 1).","City-side lead lines replaced with roadway projects; curb-box testing of unknown lines prioritized by a 2019 predictive algorithm (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Important Notice from Public Utilities","publisher":"City of Toledo","date":"2025-12-12","url":"https://toledo.oh.gov/news/2025/12/12/important-notice-from-public-utilities","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record OH4801411 (Toledo City of)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/OH4801411/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-12-12","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["count of city-side lead lines","lead tap-sampling results"],"related_ids":["US-OH-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2025"]},{"id":"US-OH-LEETONIA-LEAD-ALE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Leetonia Village lead action level exceedance, October 2025","description":"Two of 10 lead samples from Leetonia's water system tested above the 15 microgram-per-liter action level in October 2025, prompting expedited follow-up testing with Ohio EPA and the City of Salem, which supplies the village. Village officials reported an all-clear within the week after follow-up samples came back low.","location":{"name":"Leetonia Village PWS","type":"Village consecutive water system","detail":"Village of Leetonia, Columbiana County; buys water from the City of Salem","coordinates":{"lat":40.8773,"lon":-80.7556,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Columbiana"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OH1501412","state":"OH","states":["OH"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Lead in tap samples reflects corrosion control performance in the distribution and household plumbing.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Two of 10 tap samples exceeded the 15 ug/L lead action level (ref 1).","service":"No do-not-drink order or service loss was reported (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 1,833 people served (ref 2).","duration":"The exceedance was reported early in the week and the all-clear came by that weekend (ref 1).","significance":"The exceedance triggered required follow-up action with Ohio EPA (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":1833,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"2 of 10 lead samples above the 15 ug/L action level (October 2025); all-clear after follow-up testing."},"measures":[{"name":"Samples above lead action level","value":2,"unit":"of 10 samples","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Follow-up samples came back well under the action level (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Village of Leetonia","role":"System owner"},{"name":"City of Salem","role":"Wholesale supplier"},{"name":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters, 614-644-2752","corrective_actions":["Expedited extra lead and water-quality testing with Ohio EPA (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Leetonia gets the all-clear on water","publisher":"Morning Journal","date":"2025-10-14","url":"https://www.morningjournalnews.com/news/local-news/2025/10/leetonia-gets-the-all-clear-on-water/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record OH1501412 (Leetonia Village PWS)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/OH1501412/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-10-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["90th percentile lead value","exact sample dates"],"related_ids":["US-OH-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2025"]},{"id":"US-OH-MIDDLEFIELD-WELL-MORATORIUM-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Middlefield village emergency water-use moratorium as supply wells near pump limits","description":"On September 19, 2024 Middlefield village council passed Ordinance 24-153 as an emergency, declaring a moratorium on non-essential water use after the village water superintendent reported both supply wells approaching their minimum pumping depths. The village said the drawdown traced back to little snow melt the prior winter and a dry summer, and that over-pumping could collapse the aquifer veins feeding the wells.","location":{"name":"Middlefield Village PWS","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Village of Middlefield, Geauga County, northeast Ohio","coordinates":{"lat":41.462,"lon":-81.0737,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Geauga"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OH2802012"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Low aquifer levels at the village wells, not a facility failure, drove the emergency moratorium.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Council minutes (ref 1) record well #1 drawn toward 70 ft against an 80 ft limit, about 15 ft below normal, and well #2 within roughly 2 ft of its pumping depth.","service":"The moratorium limited water to essential needs and barred car washing, plant watering and pool filling for everyone, including businesses (ref 2).","scale":"The village system serves 2,748 people per SDWIS (ref 3), a single community.","duration":"Officials said the shortfall built from the winter's low snow melt through summer 2024 (ref 1), and the moratorium could last up to six months (ref 2).","significance":"Ordinance 24-153 was passed as an emergency measure with reading waived (ref 1); violations are a minor misdemeanor (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":2748,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Village water superintendent: well #1 approaching 70 ft against a practical limit of 80 ft, about 15 ft less than normal; well #2 about 2 ft from its pumping depth (Sept. 19, 2024)."},"measures":[{"name":"Moratorium maximum length","value":6,"unit":"months","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No financial effects were reported."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Only the 2024 episode is documented in cited sources; no lifting notice was found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Village of Middlefield","role":"Water system owner and operator"},{"name":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Village of Middlefield administration offices","corrective_actions":["Emergency moratorium on non-essential water use (Ordinance 24-153).","Letters and signage asking residents and businesses to conserve.","Village reported plans to bring a new well online (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Council Meeting minutes, September 19, 2024 (Ordinance 24-153)","publisher":"Village of Middlefield","date":"2024-09-19","url":"https://middlefieldohio.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/09.19.24-Special-Coucil-Meeting.pdf","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Village of Middlefield sets water conservation mandate","publisher":"Cleveland 19 News","date":"2024-09-23","url":"https://www.cleveland19.com/2024/09/23/village-middlefield-sets-water-conservation-mandate/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Middlefield Village PWS (OH2802012)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OH/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MIDDLEFIELD/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-09-19","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["date moratorium lifted","new well commissioning date"],"related_ids":["US-OH-2024-DROUGHT"]},{"id":"US-OH-HILLSBORO-WATER-EMERGENCY-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hillsboro Phase II water emergency with about 70-80 days of supply left","description":"Hillsboro declared a citywide Phase II water emergency on September 10, 2024 as extreme drought drew down its supply, banning lawn watering and other non-essential uses. City officials estimated about 80 days of supply in mid-September and about 70 days by September 25, when Highland County Water opened a valve to help supply the city and county commissioners declared a drought state of emergency. The emergency was lifted on November 26, 2024.","location":{"name":"Hillsboro City PWS","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"City of Hillsboro, Highland County, southwest Ohio","coordinates":{"lat":39.2023,"lon":-83.6113,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Highland"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OH3600614"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A drought-driven shortfall in raw water supply, not an infrastructure failure, triggered the emergency.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Commissioners heard that some domestic and livestock wells in Highland County had dried up, and the city reported its supply had fallen to about 70 days (ref 2).","service":"Phase II made lawn and garden watering, driveway washing, most car washing and pool filling unlawful on the city system (ref 1).","scale":"The city system serves 6,650 people per SDWIS (ref 4); Highland County Water opened a valve to supplement it (ref 2).","duration":"The emergency ran from September 10 until it was lifted on November 26, 2024, nearly three months (ref 3).","significance":"A Phase II water emergency under city code (ref 1) plus a 3-0 county drought state of emergency on September 25, 2024 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":6650,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Hillsboro City per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 70 days of water supply remaining on September 25, 2024, down from about 80 days on September 12; a Level III emergency would be issued at 30 days."},"measures":[{"name":"Days of supply remaining (Sept. 25, 2024)","value":70,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Level III trigger","value":30,"unit":"days of supply","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No financial effects were reported."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The emergency was lifted on November 26, 2024 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Hillsboro Safety and Service Department","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Highland County Board of Commissioners","role":"County emergency declaration"},{"name":"Highland County Water Company","role":"Interconnected supplier"},{"name":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Hillsboro Safety and Service Director's office","corrective_actions":["Phase II water emergency restrictions (Sept. 10 to Nov. 26, 2024).","Interconnection valve to Highland County Water opened September 23, 2024.","County state of emergency requesting state and federal assistance."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Hillsboro water emergency, future supply concerns discussed as drought 'persists'","publisher":"The Highland County Press","date":"2024-09-13","url":"https://www.highlandcountypress.com/comment/2398","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"'Not going to be a short turnaround:' Highland County commissioners declare state of emergency due to ongoing drought","publisher":"The Highland County Press","date":"2024-09-25","url":"https://highlandcountypress.com/news/not-going-be-short-turnaround-highland-county-commissioners-declare-state-emergency-due","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"City of Hillsboro lifts Phase II water emergency","publisher":"The Highland County Press","date":"2024-11-26","url":"https://highlandcountypress.com/news/city-hillsboro-lifts-phase-ii-water-emergency","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Hillsboro City (OH3600614)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OH/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/HILLSBORO/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-09-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["name of the city's raw water source and its storage level"],"related_ids":["US-OH-2024-DROUGHT"]},{"id":"US-OH-VERSAILLES-AQUIFER-DECLINE-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Versailles mandatory water reduction as village well field aquifer drops","description":"In October 2023 the Village of Versailles ordered a mandatory water reduction, saying extended drought had lowered the aquifer that supplies its wells and that the supply wells had been running longer and harder for some time. Residents with irrigation systems were told to stop using them immediately, and a neighbouring private-well owner told reporters he worried village pumping would lower his own water level.","location":{"name":"Versailles Village PWS","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Village of Versailles, Darke County, west-central Ohio","coordinates":{"lat":40.2223,"lon":-84.4844,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Darke"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OH1901312"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The order responded to a falling aquifer under drought, a water quantity problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The village said the aquifer supplying its wells had dropped under extended drought (ref 1).","service":"A mandatory water reduction took effect and irrigation users were told to stop immediately (ref 1).","scale":"The village system serves 2,687 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"Only the October 2023 order is documented in opened sources; it was to stay until rain recharged the well fields (ref 1).","significance":"The village issued a formal mandatory reduction notice, though enforcement terms were not stated (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":2687,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Village notice (Oct. 2023): \"The Village's water supply wells have been running longer and harder for some time\" as the aquifer dropped."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Costs of the shortfall were not reported in opened sources."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No follow-up on the well field was opened."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Village of Versailles","role":"Water system owner and operator"},{"name":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Village of Versailles offices, 937-526-3294","corrective_actions":["Mandatory water reduction and immediate halt to residential irrigation (Oct. 2023)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"'Mandatory' water reductions ordered in Darke County community amid drought conditions","publisher":"WHIO TV 7","date":"2023-10-13","url":"https://www.whio.com/news/local/mandatory-water-reductions-ordered-darke-county-community-amid-drought-conditions/RYN3IDZ4RZGWFJB5ADKTIHNKFE","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Versailles Village PWS (OH1901312)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OH/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/VERSAILLES/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-10-12","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["date the reduction order ended","bulk water hauling volumes and costs","status of the village's new well field"],"related_ids":["US-OH-2024-DROUGHT"]},{"id":"US-OH-DELCO-WATERING-SCHEDULE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Del-Co Water mandatory outdoor watering schedule as demand outpaced pumping","description":"Del-Co Water, a nonprofit cooperative serving about 150,000 people in Delaware County and nearby, imposed a mandatory outdoor watering schedule in September 2025 through October 1, warning that without lower demand parts of the system could lose pressure. The utility is also seeking new groundwater supply, including a possible well field near Utica that could draw up to 6 million gallons a day.","location":{"name":"Del-Co Water Company","type":"Cooperative water utility service area","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Delaware County and neighbouring central Ohio counties; headquarters in Delaware","coordinates":{"lat":40.2987,"lon":-83.068,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Delaware"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OH2101412"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Peak demand during a dry August exceeded pumping and storage capacity, a capacity and supply problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Del-Co warned it had to cut demand \"to avoid a potential loss of pressure,\" which would interrupt service and raise health and safety concerns (ref 1).","service":"Odd and even addresses were limited to three watering days each, with no watering on Mondays (ref 1).","scale":"Del-Co serves 150,000 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"The schedule ran only until October 1, 2025, a matter of weeks (ref 1).","significance":"The utility issued a mandatory schedule, a formal customer restriction (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":150000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Mandatory outdoor watering schedule until October 1, 2025: \"We must reduce water demand to avoid a potential loss of pressure.\""},"measures":[{"name":"Possible Utica-area well field yield","value":6,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Up to 6 million gallons a day (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No financial distress reported; new supply development is under consideration (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"AP reported Ohio's driest August on record in 2025 (ref 2); recurrence data for Del-Co restrictions were not opened."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Del-Co Water Company","role":"Water system owner and operator"},{"name":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Del-Co Water customer service","corrective_actions":["Mandatory outdoor watering schedule through October 1, 2025.","Seeking a new groundwater source in northern Licking County, including a possible Utica-area well field (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"'Mandatory outdoor watering schedule' issued in Delaware County","publisher":"WSYX ABC 6 / CW Columbus","date":"2025-09-19","url":"https://cwcolumbus.com/news/local/delaware-county-issues-mandatory-outdoor-watering-schedule-to-reduce-demand-watering-delco-drought","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Data Centers And Farmers At Odds Over Dwindling Water Resources In Ohio","publisher":"The Associated Press (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-11-22","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/data-centers-farmers-odds-over-153019944.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Del-Co Water Company, Inc. (OH2101412)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OH/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/DEL-CO/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-09-17","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["peak demand versus pumping capacity figures"],"related_ids":["US-OH-CENTRAL-OHIO-GROUNDWATER-DEMAND-2025"]},{"id":"US-OH-DELPHOS-RESERVOIR-LOW-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Delphos-Gillmor Reservoir below half capacity prompts conservation request","description":"During the 2025-2026 northwest Ohio drought the City of Delphos urged residents to conserve water in early February 2026 because the Delphos-Gillmor Reservoir, its supply, had fallen below 50 percent of capacity. The National Weather Service reported in March 2026 that Delphos remained in extreme drought.","location":{"name":"Delphos City PWS","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"City of Delphos, Allen and Van Wert counties, northwest Ohio","coordinates":{"lat":40.8434,"lon":-84.3413,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Allen","Van Wert"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OH0200412"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Reservoir storage fell under prolonged precipitation deficits rather than through an infrastructure fault.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The NWS reported the Delphos-Gillmor Reservoir had dropped below 50 percent of capacity (ref 1).","service":"Residents were urged to conserve water from early February 2026 (ref 1).","scale":"The city system serves 7,101 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"The low reservoir carried from early February into at least March 19, 2026, when Delphos was still in extreme drought (ref 1).","significance":"The conservation request came through a city press release cited by the NWS (ref 1), not an emergency order."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":7101,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Delphos-Gillmor Reservoir below 50% of capacity in early February 2026; Delphos still in Extreme Drought (D3) on March 19, 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"Delphos-Gillmor Reservoir storage","value":50,"unit":"percent of capacity","status":"Reported","note":"Reported as less than 50% (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No financial effects were reported."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Opened sources run only to March 2026; a later lifting was not verified."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Delphos","role":"Water system owner and operator"},{"name":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Delphos, (419) 695-4010","corrective_actions":["City conservation request to residents (February 2026)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drought Information Statement for Northern IN, Southern MI, Northwest OH (valid March 19, 2026)","publisher":"NOAA National Weather Service Northern Indiana","date":"2026-03-19","url":"https://www.weather.gov/media/iwx/DGT/DGT_IWX_03192026.pdf","basis":"Federal agency statement"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Delphos City (OH0200412)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OH/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/DELPHOS/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-02-03","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["city press release text","date conservation request lifted","reservoir volume in gallons"],"related_ids":["US-OH-NW-OHIO-DROUGHT-2025"]},{"id":"US-OH-NW-OHIO-DROUGHT-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"2025-2026 northwest Ohio drought with extreme drought in Hancock and Wood counties","description":"A drought that developed in summer 2025 reached severe and extreme levels across northwest Ohio, with D3 conditions in parts of Hancock and Wood counties by late September 2025, dry creek beds and stunted crops. The National Weather Service reported extreme drought persisting in northwest Ohio in March 2026, with streamflows well below normal and Delphos asking residents to conserve as its reservoir fell below half capacity.","location":{"name":"Northwest Ohio drought area","type":"Regional drought area","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Northwest Ohio, including Hancock, Wood and Allen counties","coordinates":{"lat":41.0442,"lon":-83.6499,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Hancock","Wood","Allen","Van Wert"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["agricultural","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A multi-season precipitation deficit lowered streams, soils and reservoir storage.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The NWS reported dry riverbeds on many creeks and stunted crop growth in D1-D3 areas (ref 1).","service":"Delphos urged conservation as its reservoir fell below 50 percent (ref 2).","scale":"Severe drought covered most of northwest Ohio north of a Findlay-to-Vermilion line (ref 1), a regional footprint.","duration":"Drought was reported from September 2025 and was still extreme in northwest Ohio on March 19, 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"NWS issued formal Drought Information Statements for the region (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No regional population figure in the cited statements."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"D3 (Extreme Drought) in far northern Hancock and far southern Wood counties on September 25, 2025; extreme drought persisting in northwest Ohio on March 19, 2026."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Utility financial effects not reported."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"March 2026 statement noted some improvement in far northwest Ohio while extreme drought persisted along and south of US 24 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NOAA National Weather Service","role":"Drought monitoring"},{"name":"Ohio Department of Natural Resources","role":"State water resources agency"}],"public_contact":"NWS Cleveland and NWS Northern Indiana drought information pages","corrective_actions":["Local water providers issued conservation requests; NWS advised residents to follow their municipality's mitigation guidance (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drought Information Statement for Northern Ohio (valid September 25, 2025)","publisher":"NOAA National Weather Service Cleveland","date":"2025-09-25","url":"https://www.weather.gov/media/cle/DGT/DGT_CLE_09252025.txt","basis":"Federal agency statement"},{"ref":2,"title":"Drought Information Statement for Northern IN, Southern MI, Northwest OH (valid March 19, 2026)","publisher":"NOAA National Weather Service Northern Indiana","date":"2026-03-19","url":"https://www.weather.gov/media/iwx/DGT/DGT_IWX_03192026.pdf","basis":"Federal agency statement"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2025-09-25","latest_seen":"2026-03-19","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["date drought ended","utility-by-utility restriction list","agricultural loss estimates"],"related_ids":["US-OH-2024-DROUGHT","US-OH-DELPHOS-RESERVOIR-LOW-2026"]},{"id":"US-OH-CHILLICOTHE-TCE-PLUME-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Chillicothe TCE and vinyl chloride groundwater plume after Pixelle mill closure","description":"A plume of trichloroethylene (TCE) and vinyl chloride from the former WearEver cookware plant, now owned by Howmet Aerospace, sits in groundwater on Chillicothe's southeast side and was held in place for decades by Pixelle paper mill pumping. With the mill closing in August 2025, Ohio EPA reported TCE at 15 times and vinyl chloride at 100 times their maximum contaminant levels and required Howmet to add monitoring wells and propose a revised remedy; officials say the city's water source, more than two miles away, is not at risk.","location":{"name":"Former WearEver plant plume, Chillicothe","type":"Groundwater contamination site","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Southeast Chillicothe, Ross County, east of the Pixelle mill and west of U.S. 23 and the Scioto River","coordinates":{"lat":39.3331,"lon":-82.9824,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Ross"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legacy solvent contamination of an aquifer, with risk tied to changed pumping.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Ohio EPA's July 2025 report showed TCE at 15 times the MCL and vinyl chloride at 100 times its limit in groundwater (ref 1).","service":"No drinking-water service disruption; the mayor said Ohio EPA made clear there is no risk to the city's source (ref 1).","scale":"The plume underlies part of a city's southeast side and could reach farmland, homes and the Scioto River if it spreads (ref 1).","duration":"The plume was first documented in the 1980s, and past documents estimated full cleanup at more than 100 years (ref 1).","significance":"Ohio EPA directed Howmet to install more monitoring wells within a 30-day response window and propose a revised remedy (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Officials reported no residents on affected private wells; no exposed population was given."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Ohio EPA July 2025 report: TCE at 15 times the maximum contaminant level and vinyl chloride at 100 times its maximum."},"measures":[{"name":"TCE relative to MCL","value":15,"unit":"times MCL","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Vinyl chloride relative to MCL","value":100,"unit":"times MCL","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Plume depth","value":28,"unit":"feet below ground","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Not a utility finance issue."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Ohio EPA found past pumping pauses coincided with TCE spikes (ref 2); post-closure trend not yet reported."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Ohio EPA","role":"State environmental regulator"},{"name":"Howmet Aerospace","role":"Responsible party (former WearEver site)"}],"public_contact":"Ohio EPA Southeast District Office","corrective_actions":["Ohio EPA required additional groundwater monitoring wells and a revised remedial approach from Howmet (ref 1).","Howmet-contracted report proposed two new monitoring wells (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Toxic chemicals contained by shuttering Chillicothe Pixelle plant could infect air and groundwater","publisher":"WOSU 89.7 NPR News (via WYSU)","date":"2025-07-25","url":"https://wysu.org/ohio-news/2025-07-25/toxic-chemicals-contained-by-shuttering-chillicothe-pixelle-plant-could-infect-air-and-groundwater","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Ohio EPA and Chillicothe plant owners try to keep toxic chemicals in check after Pixelle closure","publisher":"WOSU 89.7 NPR News (via WYSU)","date":"2025-08-11","url":"https://wysu.org/ohio-news/2025-08-11/ohio-epa-and-chillicothe-plant-owners-try-to-keep-toxic-chemicals-in-check-after-pixelle-closure","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2025-07-25","latest_seen":"2025-08-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["post-closure monitoring results","revised remedy decision"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OH-EAST-TROY-AQUIFER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"East Troy Contaminated Aquifer Superfund cleanup of PCE and TCE","description":"The East Troy Contaminated Aquifer Superfund site in Troy has PCE and TCE contamination in soil, groundwater and indoor air across roughly 20 city blocks near the Great Miami River, traced to two former auto repair shops. In 2025 EPA held a public meeting, ran a permanganate groundwater pilot test and began excavating contaminated soil; Troy says its treatment removes these contaminants to non-detect levels.","location":{"name":"East Troy Contaminated Aquifer","type":"Superfund groundwater site","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"East side of Troy near the Great Miami River, Miami County","coordinates":{"lat":40.0395,"lon":-84.2033,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Miami"],"extent":"site","pwsid":"OH5501612"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Solvent contamination of the buried valley aquifer and overlying soils.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"PCE and TCE contaminate soil, groundwater and indoor air, a private well tested positive for VOCs, and vapor systems were installed in 16 homes and a school (ref 1).","service":"No service loss; the city engineer said Troy pre-treats water to remove these VOCs to non-detect levels (ref 1).","scale":"Contamination affects about 20 city blocks of Troy (ref 1).","duration":"Vapor mitigation dates to 2007 and soil excavation and pilot treatment were still under way in 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"It is a federal Superfund site with a $6 million cleanup plan proposed in 2020 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Exposed population not reported; Troy City PWS serves 26,305 per SDWIS (ref 2) but treats out VOCs."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PCE and TCE contamination across about 20 city blocks near the Great Miami River; vapor mitigation in 16 homes and a school."},"measures":[{"name":"Proposed cleanup plan cost (2020)","value":6000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Homes with vapor mitigation","value":16,"unit":"homes","status":"Reported","note":"Plus a school (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Not a utility finance issue."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Active source removal and treatment pilot in 2025 (ref 1); no measured trend opened."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 5","role":"Superfund lead agency"},{"name":"Ohio EPA","role":"State support agency"},{"name":"City of Troy","role":"Public water supplier"}],"public_contact":"U.S. EPA Region 5 Superfund community involvement","corrective_actions":["Permanganate groundwater pilot test through summer 2025.","Excavation of VOC-contaminated soil near North Clay and East Water streets.","Planned bioremediation, private-well connection to city water, and land and groundwater use controls (2020 proposed plan)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA Hosts Public Meeting on East Troy Superfund Cleanup in Troy, Ohio","publisher":"The Driller","date":"2025-04-30","url":"https://www.thedriller.com/articles/print/93407-epa-hosts-public-meeting-on-east-troy-superfund-cleanup-in-troy-ohio","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Troy City PWS (OH5501612)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OH/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/TROY%20CITY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-04-30","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["current plume concentrations","record of decision date"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OH-DAYTON-DOWNTOWN-GROUNDWATER-DECLINE-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Falling groundwater levels in downtown Dayton linked to geothermal pumping","description":"Miami Conservancy District monitoring shows groundwater levels in two downtown Dayton observation wells trending downward since about 2005, a decline it says could force geothermal wells to shut down. MCD names open-loop geothermal cooling pumping, which rose from an estimated 3.6 billion gallons a year in 2005 to 5.6 billion in 2021, as a possible cause and recommends an inventory, a monitoring network and a groundwater flow model.","location":{"name":"Downtown Dayton buried valley aquifer","type":"Aquifer segment","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Great Miami buried valley aquifer under downtown Dayton, Montgomery County","coordinates":{"lat":39.7589,"lon":-84.1916,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Montgomery"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Declining aquifer levels from concentrated pumping, a water quantity issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"MCD reports annual lows in two downtown wells fell as much as 25 feet over a decade (ref 2) and warns geothermal wells may have to shut down (ref 1).","service":"No drinking-water disruption; MCD reports city officials say Dayton's well fields are not affected (ref 2).","scale":"The decline affects the downtown portion of the buried valley aquifer (ref 1).","duration":"Depth to water has trended downward since around 2005 (ref 1).","significance":"MCD has issued advisory recommendations only; no regulatory action is cited (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Geothermal cooling withdrawals estimated at 3.6 billion gallons per year in 2005, rising to 5.6 billion gallons per year by 2021 (ODNR water withdrawal data via MCD)."},"measures":[{"name":"Geothermal pumping, 2021","value":5.6,"unit":"billion gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Geothermal pumping, 2005","value":3.6,"unit":"billion gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Not a utility finance issue."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"MCD describes a downward trend from about 2005 to the present (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Miami Conservancy District","role":"Regional water monitoring agency"},{"name":"Ohio Department of Natural Resources","role":"Water withdrawal registration"}],"public_contact":"Miami Conservancy District water resources monitoring program","corrective_actions":["MCD recommends an inventory of open-loop geothermal systems, a monitoring network and a numerical groundwater flow model (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Groundwater levels in downtown Dayton (MCD special report fact sheet)","publisher":"Miami Conservancy District","date":"2024-01-15","url":"https://www.mcdwater.org/uploads/2024-01-15/65a5877d9a289392736/Groundwater-Levels-in-Downtown-Dayton-Fact-Sheet.pdf","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Changes in groundwater levels?","publisher":"Miami Conservancy District","date":"2016-06-03","url":"https://mcdwater.org/blog/buried-valley-aquifer/changes-in-groundwater-levels","basis":"Local government record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-15","latest_seen":"2024-01-15","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["recent water level measurements","inventory of geothermal wells"],"related_ids":["US-OH-DAYTON-PFAS-GROUNDWATER-2024"]},{"id":"US-OH-MARYSVILLE-DATA-CENTER-DEMAND-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Marysville water capacity strained by Jerome Township data centers","description":"Two Amazon data centers in Jerome Township are estimated to use about 10 percent of Marysville's daily water capacity, and the city's public service director said Marysville should start curtailing and limiting data-center use of its system. Jerome Township trustees adopted a nine-month moratorium on new data centers in September 2025, citing infrastructure and the cost of power and water to existing customers.","location":{"name":"Marysville City PWS","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"City of Marysville, Union County; data centers in Jerome Township to the south","coordinates":{"lat":40.2364,"lon":-83.3671,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Union"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OH8000314"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Large new industrial customers draw on finite municipal treatment capacity.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Two data centers are estimated to use about 10 percent of Marysville's daily water capacity, and one uses about 350,000 gallons on its worst day (ref 1).","service":"No restrictions or outages were reported (ref 1).","scale":"Marysville's system serves 25,571 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Another Amazon data center near Marysville is planned within a couple of years, and the city is buying land to expand and add plants (ref 1).","significance":"Jerome Township trustees unanimously adopted a nine-month moratorium on new data centers on September 3, 2025 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":25571,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Two Jerome Township data centers are estimated to use about 10% of Marysville's daily water capacity."},"measures":[{"name":"Share of daily water capacity used by two data centers","value":10,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Estimate (ref 1)."},{"name":"Single data center worst-day use","value":350000,"unit":"gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Estimate (ref 1)."},{"name":"Reservoir storage","value":1.4,"unit":"billion gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["City is buying land for plant expansion and another plant to meet demand (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Demand is projected to grow with planned data centers (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Marysville Public Service Department","role":"Water system owner and operator"},{"name":"Jerome Township Board of Trustees","role":"Land-use authority"},{"name":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Marysville Public Service Department","corrective_actions":["Marysville built a new water plant and bought land to expand it and for another plant (ref 1).","Nine-month Jerome Township moratorium on new data centers (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"As data centers boom in Ohio, local communities are watching their water","publisher":"The Ohio Newsroom (via WYSO)","date":"2025-10-15","url":"https://www.wyso.org/2025-10-15/as-data-centers-boom-in-ohio-local-communities-are-watching-their-water","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Jerome Township puts pause on new data center development for nine months","publisher":"WOSU 89.7 NPR News (via WYSU)","date":"2025-09-09","url":"https://wysu.org/ohio-news/2025-09-09/jerome-township-puts-pause-on-new-data-center-development-for-nine-months","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Marysville City PWS (OH8000314)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OH/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MARYSVILLE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-09-03","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["metered data-center water use","plant capacity in MGD"],"related_ids":["US-OH-CENTRAL-OHIO-DATA-CENTER-WATER-2026","US-OH-CENTRAL-OHIO-GROUNDWATER-DEMAND-2025","US-OH-LIMA-DATA-CENTER-WATER-2025"]},{"id":"US-OH-LIMA-DATA-CENTER-WATER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lima commits city water to large American Township data center","description":"The City of Lima agreed to supply millions of gallons of water a day to an undisclosed data center, the Project BOSC campus in American Township, under a 20-year deal that includes a $13.7 million water infrastructure commitment from the developer. The deal adds a large single industrial customer to the 65,619-person Lima system.","location":{"name":"Lima City PWS","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"City of Lima, Allen County; data center site in American Township","coordinates":{"lat":40.7425,"lon":-84.1052,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Allen"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OH0200811"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"A long-term bulk supply commitment to a data center draws on municipal source and treatment capacity.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No harm documented; reporting cites only a commitment of millions of gallons a day (ref 1).","service":"No restrictions tied to the deal were reported (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Lima City serves 65,619 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"The supply agreement runs 20 years (ref 2).","significance":"The agreement is a formal city commitment with a $13.7 million infrastructure investment (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":65619,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Lima City per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Lima agreed to provide millions of gallons daily to an undisclosed data center under a 20-year deal with a $13.7 million water infrastructure commitment."},"measures":[{"name":"Developer water infrastructure commitment","value":13700000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Agreement term","value":20,"unit":"years","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Developer-funded $13.7 million in water infrastructure (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Data center not yet operating in cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Lima Utilities","role":"Water system owner and operator"},{"name":"Allen Economic Development Group","role":"Economic development partner"},{"name":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Lima Utilities Department","corrective_actions":["Developer-funded $13.7 million in water infrastructure improvements (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"As data centers boom in Ohio, local communities are watching their water","publisher":"The Ohio Newsroom (via WYSO)","date":"2025-10-15","url":"https://www.wyso.org/2025-10-15/as-data-centers-boom-in-ohio-local-communities-are-watching-their-water","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Project BOSC update","publisher":"Allen Economic Development Group","date":"2026-05-06","url":"https://www.aedg.org/blog/project-bosc/","basis":"Local economic development agency"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Lima City (OH0200811)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OH/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LIMA/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-10-15","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["contracted daily volume","Lima treatment capacity","council vote date"],"related_ids":["US-OH-MARYSVILLE-DATA-CENTER-DEMAND-2025"]},{"id":"US-OH-PORTSMOUTH-GDP-TCE-PLUMES-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"TCE groundwater plumes at the former Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant","description":"Groundwater at the 3,777-acre former Portsmouth uranium enrichment plant near Piketon contains five contamination plumes identified in the mid-1990s, driven mainly by the solvent trichloroethylene (TCE). As of December 2025 DOE reported more than 1 billion gallons of groundwater treated from four on-site plumes and over 37,960 pounds of TCE removed, with pump-and-treat and slurry walls still in operation.","location":{"name":"Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant","type":"Federal cleanup site","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"DOE Portsmouth Site near Piketon, Pike County, along the Scioto River","coordinates":{"lat":39.009,"lon":-83.001,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Pike"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legacy solvent contamination of groundwater at a federal industrial site.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DOE reports more than 37,960 pounds of TCE removed from groundwater, showing documented contamination (ref 1).","service":"No drinking-water disruption is reported in DOE's materials (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The plumes are on the plant site (ref 1), a single site.","duration":"Plumes identified in the mid-1990s are still under active treatment in 2025 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Remediation runs under DOE's formal environmental cleanup program begun in 1989 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No exposed population reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than 1 billion gallons of groundwater from four on-site plumes treated and more than 37,960 pounds of TCE removed (DOE, December 2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"TCE removed from groundwater","value":37960,"unit":"pounds","status":"Reported","note":"More than (ref 1)."},{"name":"Groundwater treated","value":1000000000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"More than (ref 1)."},{"name":"Groundwater plumes identified","value":5,"unit":"plumes","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Federally funded cleanup."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Cumulative TCE removal continues to rise (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Energy, Portsmouth/Paducah Project Office","role":"Site owner and cleanup lead"},{"name":"Ohio EPA","role":"State regulator"}],"public_contact":"DOE Portsmouth/Paducah Project Office","corrective_actions":["Pump-and-treat and slurry walls at four plumes (ref 1).","Excavation of the four-acre X-740 plume area (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"By the Numbers: Portsmouth Site (updated December 2025)","publisher":"U.S. Department of Energy Office of Environmental Management","date":"2025-12-01","url":"https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2026-01/By%20The%20Numbers%202025_Portsmouth_Final%20%281%29.pdf","basis":"Federal agency record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Portsmouth Cleanup","publisher":"U.S. Department of Energy Portsmouth/Paducah Project Office","date":"2014-10-09","url":"https://www.energy.gov/pppo/portsmouth-cleanup","basis":"Federal agency record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-12-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["current off-site monitoring results","Ohio EPA orders governing groundwater remedy"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OH-CENTRAL-OHIO-GROUNDWATER-DEMAND-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Central Ohio industrial, data-center and irrigation demand competing for groundwater","description":"A state-commissioned 15-county Central Ohio Regional Water Study projects industrial water demand rising about 120 percent from 2021 to 2050, driven by Intel's planned Licking County campus and roughly 130 data centers, while irrigation could need 9.15 billion more gallons a year from groundwater. Del-Co Water, Licking Regional Water District, New Albany and Granville are all developing or testing new wells in the same area, and regional planners say industrial growth would stretch capacity.","location":{"name":"Central Ohio 15-county region","type":"Regional water planning area","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Licking, Delaware, Franklin and surrounding central Ohio counties; New Albany International Business Park","coordinates":{"lat":40.0937,"lon":-82.483,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Licking","Delaware","Franklin","Union"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","industrial-energy","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Planning-level competition for finite groundwater among utilities, industry and farms.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The study projects irrigation needing about 9.15 billion more gallons a year from groundwater (ref 1); harm is potential, not documented.","service":"No regional restrictions tied to the projection were reported (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The study covers 15 counties; Columbus alone delivers over 140 million gallons a day to 1.25 million people (ref 1).","duration":"Competing well-field projects by Del-Co, Licking Regional Water District, New Albany and Granville were under way in 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"The study was prepared for Ohio EPA, ODNR and the Ohio Water Development Authority (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Regional population not given in the opened sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Industrial water demand in the 15-county region projected to rise about 120% from 2021 to 2050, reaching 250 million gallons a day."},"measures":[{"name":"Projected industrial demand, 2050","value":250,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Additional irrigation groundwater need","value":9.15,"unit":"billion gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Intel campus demand","value":6,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"6 million or more (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Columbus building a $1.6 billion fourth treatment plant (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Demand projections rise through 2050 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Ohio EPA","role":"Study sponsor and drinking-water regulator"},{"name":"Ohio Department of Natural Resources","role":"Study sponsor and water withdrawal registration"},{"name":"Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission","role":"Regional planner"}],"public_contact":"Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission water resources program","corrective_actions":["New well fields planned or tested by Del-Co Water, Licking Regional Water District, New Albany and Granville (ref 1).","Planners recommend more infrastructure plus conservation and water reuse (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Data Centers And Farmers At Odds Over Dwindling Water Resources In Ohio","publisher":"The Associated Press (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-11-22","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/data-centers-farmers-odds-over-153019944.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"As data centers boom in Ohio, local communities are watching their water","publisher":"The Ohio Newsroom (via WYSO)","date":"2025-10-15","url":"https://www.wyso.org/2025-10-15/as-data-centers-boom-in-ohio-local-communities-are-watching-their-water","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2025-10-15","latest_seen":"2025-11-22","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["published study report","aquifer yield estimates"],"related_ids":["US-OH-CENTRAL-OHIO-DATA-CENTER-WATER-2026","US-OH-COLUMBUS-RATES-CAPACITY-2025","US-OH-DELCO-WATERING-SCHEDULE-2025","US-OH-MARYSVILLE-DATA-CENTER-DEMAND-2025"]},{"id":"US-OH-NEORSD-PROJECT-CLEAN-LAKE-CSO-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District Project Clean Lake CSO consent decree","description":"Under a 2011 federal consent decree, the Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District is building Project Clean Lake, a roughly $3 billion program of seven deep storage tunnels and plant expansions to cut combined sewer discharges from 4.5 billion gallons a year to just over 200 million gallons. As of September 2025, four tunnels were online, 74 of 82 projects were completed or in progress, and annual overflows had been cut by 2 billion gallons; the Southerly tunnel is due by the end of 2029 and the full program around 2035-2036.","location":{"name":"NEORSD combined sewer service area (Cleveland)","type":"Regional sewer district service area","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Cleveland and surrounding Cuyahoga County communities; Southerly (OH0024651), Easterly (OH0024643) and Westerly (OH0024660) treatment plants","counties":["Cuyahoga"],"extent":"multi_county","coordinates":{"lat":41.39919,"lon":-81.62666,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Untreated combined sewage discharges to Lake Erie tributaries are being addressed by tunnel and treatment-plant construction.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Combined sewer discharges of about 4.5 billion gallons a year reached area waters before the program, and 112 of 126 outfalls were still active as of September 2025 (ref 1).","service":"No customer service loss is reported; the issue is untreated overflow to receiving waters (ref 1, ref 2).","scale":"A regional sewer district with three large plants, including the 175 MGD design-flow Southerly center, and a multi-billion-gallon annual discharge (ref 1, ref 3).","duration":"The 2011 decree runs about 25 years, with the Southerly tunnel due by end-2029 and full completion around 2036 (ref 1, ref 2).","significance":"The work is required by a 2011 federal Clean Water Act consent decree (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The cited sources do not give a service-area population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Project Clean Lake aims to reduce combined sewer discharges from 4.5 billion gallons annually to just over 200 million gallons by 2035; overflows have been cut by 2 billion gallons a year so far."},"measures":[{"name":"Baseline annual combined sewer discharge","value":4.5,"unit":"billion gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Annual overflow reduction achieved","value":2,"unit":"billion gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"As of September 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Program cost","value":3,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Projects completed or in progress","value":74,"unit":"of 82 projects","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Outfalls eliminated","value":14,"unit":"of 126 outfalls","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["A roughly $3 billion ratepayer-funded program (ref 1); rate effects were not reported in the cited sources."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Four of seven tunnels are online and annual overflows are down 2 billion gallons (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District","role":"Utility and consent decree defendant"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 5","role":"Federal Clean Water Act enforcement"},{"name":"Ohio EPA","role":"State NPDES permitting and enforcement agency"}],"public_contact":"Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District, neorsd.org","corrective_actions":["Construction of the Shoreline, Big Creek and Southerly storage tunnels; Southerly tunnel due by end of 2029 (ref 2).","Westerly plant wet-weather treatment facility brought into service in 2025 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Cleveland, Ohio sewer district passes halfway mark on $3 billion tunnel program","publisher":"Underground Infrastructure","date":"2025-09-24","url":"https://undergroundinfrastructure.com/news/2025/september/cleveland-ohio-sewer-district-passes-halfway-mark-on-3-billion-tunnel-program","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"NEORSD continues Project Clean Lake","publisher":"Spectrum News 1","date":"2025-07-17","url":"https://spectrumnews1.com/oh/columbus/news/2025/07/16/neorsd-continues-project-clean-lake","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO detailed facility report: NEORSD Southerly Wastewater Treatment Center (OH0024651)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=OH0024651","basis":"Federal compliance database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-07-17","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["remaining annual overflow volume","rate impact"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OH-CINCINNATI-MSD-CSO-CONSENT-DECREE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Cincinnati-Hamilton County MSD sewer overflow consent decree, Phase 2B","description":"The Metropolitan Sewer District of Greater Cincinnati operates under a 2002 interim partial consent decree on sanitary sewer overflows and a 2004 global consent decree on combined sewer overflows. In 2024 about six to seven billion gallons of untreated sewage and stormwater still overflowed each year, down from about 14 billion; regulators approved Phase 2B, a 2025-2035 plan of six projects expected to cost $1.82 billion and remove about 1.5 billion gallons of overflow in a typical year. Phase 2 started about four and a half years late amid a city-county dispute over control of the district.","location":{"name":"Metropolitan Sewer District of Greater Cincinnati","type":"Regional sewer district service area","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Cincinnati and Hamilton County; Mill Creek WWTP (OH0025461), Little Miami WWTP (OH0025453), Muddy Creek WWTP (OH0025470)","counties":["Hamilton"],"extent":"county","coordinates":{"lat":39.10749,"lon":-84.54556,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Chronic combined and sanitary sewer overflows are being addressed through federally supervised capital projects.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"About six or seven billion gallons of untreated sewage and stormwater overflow each year (ref 2).","service":"No customer service disruption is described in the cited sources (ref 1, ref 2).","scale":"The overflows span the county-wide sewer district, with billions of gallons a year (ref 2).","duration":"Decrees date from 2002 and 2004, and Phase 2B runs through December 31, 2035 (ref 1).","significance":"Federal consent decrees with U.S. EPA, Ohio EPA and ORSANCO govern the work, and regulators approved Phase 2B on July 25, 2025 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The cited sources do not give a service-area population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About six or seven billion gallons of untreated sewage and stormwater overflow each year, down from about 14 billion before the consent decree work (WVXU, 2024)."},"measures":[{"name":"Current annual overflow volume (range low end)","value":6,"unit":"billion gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"WVXU reported six or seven billion gallons (ref 2)."},{"name":"Phase 2B estimated cost","value":1.82,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Phase 2B expected overflow reduction","value":1.5,"unit":"billion gallons per typical year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; WVXU reported 1.46 billion (ref 2)."},{"name":"Phase 1 overflow elimination","value":8,"unit":"billion gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"Nearly 8 billion gallons annually (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Hamilton County says Phase 2B is estimated to require rate increases (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Annual overflows fell from about 14 billion to six or seven billion gallons (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Metropolitan Sewer District of Greater Cincinnati","role":"Utility operator"},{"name":"Hamilton County Board of Commissioners","role":"Owner and budget authority"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 5","role":"Federal Clean Water Act enforcement"},{"name":"Ohio EPA","role":"State NPDES permitting and enforcement agency"}],"public_contact":"Metropolitan Sewer District of Greater Cincinnati, msdgc.org","corrective_actions":["Phase 2B (2025-2035): six projects including a high-rate treatment facility at the Little Miami plant (ref 1, ref 2).","Phase 2A diversion chamber, regulator and standby power projects substantially completed in 2024 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Consent Decree and Wet Weather Improvement Plan (WWIP)","publisher":"Metropolitan Sewer District of Greater Cincinnati","date":null,"url":"https://msdgc.org/programs/wet-weather-program-consent-decree/consent-decree-and-wet-weather-improvement-plan-wwip/","basis":"Local government","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Hamilton County MSD draft plan to reduce sewer overflows","publisher":"WVXU","date":"2024-06-02","url":"https://www.wvxu.org/politics/2024-05-22/hamilton-county-msd-draft-plan-sewer-overflows","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO detailed facility report: Mill Creek WWTP (OH0025461)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=OH0025461","basis":"Federal compliance database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-05-22","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["service-area population","Phase 2B rate schedule"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OH-YOUNGSTOWN-CSO-CONSENT-DECREE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Youngstown missed sewer consent decree deadlines; decree amended in 2025","description":"Youngstown has been under a 2002 federal Clean Water Act consent decree for combined sewer overflows. The Justice Department said the city had violated the decree since June 30, 2021, after it missed long-term control plan deadlines and suspended its wet weather facility, and demanded a $1,479,000 penalty. A June 2025 amendment replaced the facility with a smaller 80 MGD high-rate treatment plant; the city now puts total compliance costs at about $380 million to $400 million, more than twice the 2014 estimate.","location":{"name":"Youngstown combined sewer system","type":"Municipal wastewater collection and treatment system","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Youngstown, Mahoning County; Youngstown WWTP (OH0028223) on the Mahoning River; Mill Creek Park interceptor","counties":["Mahoning"],"extent":"city","coordinates":{"lat":41.0917,"lon":-80.64189,"precision":"facility","source_ref":4}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Combined sewer overflows to the Mahoning River and Mill Creek Park are tied to delayed capital projects and rising costs.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The consent decree addresses ongoing releases of sewage and stormwater from the combined system; overflow volumes are not given (ref 3).","service":"No customer service loss is reported in the cited coverage (ref 1, ref 2).","scale":"A single city system; the Youngstown plant has a 35 MGD design flow (ref 4).","duration":"The city began missing deadlines in early 2020 and the wet weather work now runs to 2030, with all work by October 1, 2035 (ref 1, ref 2).","significance":"A federal court consent decree, a DOJ penalty demand of $1,479,000, and a June 6, 2025 decree amendment (ref 1, ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The cited sources do not give a sewer service population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The city estimates full compliance will cost about $380 million to $400 million, well over twice the $160 million agreed in 2014 (Vindicator, August 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Estimated total compliance cost (low end)","value":380,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"City estimate of $380 million to $400 million (ref 2)."},{"name":"Penalty demanded by U.S.","value":1479000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Revised high-rate treatment facility capacity","value":80,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2, ref 3."},{"name":"Sewer rate increase since 2001","value":259,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Per deputy public works director (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Costs rose from $160 million (2014) to an estimated $380-400 million (ref 2).","Sewer rates up 259% since 2001, with further increases expected (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Missed deadlines since 2020, but a modified decree was finalized and construction contracts are moving in 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Youngstown","role":"Utility owner and consent decree defendant"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Justice","role":"Plaintiff"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 5","role":"Federal Clean Water Act enforcement"},{"name":"Ohio EPA","role":"State NPDES permitting and enforcement agency"}],"public_contact":"City of Youngstown Wastewater Department, youngstownohio.gov","corrective_actions":["CSO 6057 Control Measure Project, an 80 MGD high-rate treatment facility, must be finished by 2030 (ref 2, ref 3).","West Division interceptor sewer replacement on an accelerated schedule, with the final part due September 29, 2032 (ref 2, ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Feds scold city of Youngstown over wastewater project delays","publisher":"The Vindicator","date":"2024-03-31","url":"https://www.vindy.com/news/local-news/2024/03/feds-scold-city-of-youngstown-over-wastewater-project-delays/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Youngstown considers $7.3M for sewage project","publisher":"The Vindicator","date":"2026-08-14","url":"https://www.vindy.com/news/local-news/2026/08/youngstown-considers-7-3m-for-sewage-project/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Notice of Lodging of Proposed Consent Decree Amendment under the Clean Water Act (United States v. City of Youngstown)","publisher":"U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Register","date":"2025-06-12","url":"https://public-inspection.federalregister.gov/2025-10680.pdf","basis":"Federal court filing notice"},{"ref":4,"title":"ECHO detailed facility report: Youngstown WWTP (OH0028223)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=OH0028223","basis":"Federal compliance database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-03-31","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["annual overflow volume","penalty amount finally paid"],"related_ids":["US-OH-YOUNGSTOWN-SEWER-RATES-2025"]},{"id":"US-OH-AKRON-CSO-CONSENT-DECREE-FINAL-PHASE-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Akron sewer consent decree: city and regulators propose dropping $300 million final treatment facility","description":"Akron has completed 24 of 26 projects under its 2014 federal combined sewer consent decree at a cost above $1 billion. A federal judge refused in March 2024 to let the city drop the last project, an enhanced high-rate treatment (EHRT) facility. On Oct. 9, 2026 the city said it had agreed with state and federal regulators to a proposed Fourth Amendment removing the roughly $300 million facility in favor of extra disinfection in April and November; EPA lodged the notice and the amendment needs court approval.","location":{"name":"Akron combined sewer system","type":"Municipal wastewater collection and treatment system","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Akron, Summit County; Akron Water Reclamation Facility (OH0023833) on the Cuyahoga River","counties":["Summit"],"extent":"city","coordinates":{"lat":41.15806,"lon":-81.56513,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"The remaining wet-weather overflow control is a disputed capital project with large rate consequences.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The city expects completed projects to keep about 2.4 billion gallons of untreated wastewater out of waterways each year, implying residual overflow until the final stage is done (ref 2).","service":"No customer service loss is reported (ref 1, ref 2).","scale":"A 90 MGD design-flow plant and a program sized at about 2.4 billion gallons a year of wet-weather flow (ref 2, ref 3).","duration":"The decree dates to 2014 and the last project is still unresolved in October 2026 (refs 1, 4).","significance":"On March 1, 2024 a federal judge denied the prior amendment (ref 1); on Oct. 9, 2026 EPA lodged a Fourth Amendment notice with a 30-day comment period (ref 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The cited sources do not give a sewer service population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Proposed Fourth Amendment would remove a planned $300 million EHRT facility from the decree; 24 of 26 projects complete (WWD, Oct. 9, 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Final-phase facility cost estimate","value":300,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"About $300 million in Oct. 2026 (ref 4); $265 million in Dec. 2025 (ref 2); $209 million in 2024 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Alternative plan cost","value":30,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Cuyahoga Street Storage Facility update (ref 2)."},{"name":"Program cost to date","value":1,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"More than $1 billion (ref 2)."},{"name":"Projects completed","value":24,"unit":"of 26","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Projected immediate rate increase","value":23,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"City estimate (ref 1)."},{"name":"Untreated wastewater kept out of waterways","value":2.3,"unit":"billion gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"City estimate in ref 4; ref 2 says 2.4 billion."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["City lawyers projected an immediate 23% rate increase for the final facility (ref 1).","A planned $15 monthly rate hike in 2028 would likely be dropped if the alternative is approved (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Regulators now support dropping the final facility; court approval and comment period are pending (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Akron","role":"Utility owner and consent decree defendant"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 5","role":"Federal Clean Water Act enforcement"},{"name":"Ohio EPA","role":"State NPDES permitting and enforcement agency"},{"name":"U.S. District Court, Northern District of Ohio","role":"Court overseeing the consent decree"}],"public_contact":"City of Akron Public Service Department, akronohio.gov","corrective_actions":["EPA lodged a Notice of Lodging for the Fourth Amendment; the court must approve it (ref 4)","City proposes to disinfect treatment plant discharges two extra months a year, April and November, instead of building the EHRT facility (ref 4)","Northside Interceptor Tunnel is under construction, due by the end of 2026 (refs 2, 4)","Ohio EPA issued a draft NPDES permit change for public comment on the alternative (ref 2)","The city appealed the March 2024 ruling to the Sixth Circuit (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Akron loses federal appeal on final phase of sewer project; water, sewer rates could rise by 23%","publisher":"Signal Akron","date":"2024-05-01","url":"https://signalakron.org/akron-loses-federal-appeal-on-final-phase-of-sewer-project-water-sewer-rates-could-rise-by-23/","basis":"News report","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Akron could save hundreds of millions if changes to sewer project plan are approved","publisher":"Signal Akron","date":"2025-12-30","url":"https://signalakron.org/akron-could-save-hundreds-of-millions-if-changes-to-sewer-project-plan-are-approved/","basis":"News report","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO detailed facility report: Akron Water Reclamation Facility (OH0023833)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=OH0023833","basis":"Federal compliance database","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":4,"title":"Akron seeks approval to drop $300M wastewater treatment project","publisher":"Water & Wastes Digest","date":"2026-10-09","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.wwdmag.com/wastewater-treatment/news/55410829/akron-seeks-approval-to-drop-300m-wastewater-treatment-project","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Proposed Fourth Amendment lodged to remove the final treatment facility; re-verified sources."}],"first_seen":"2024-03-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["court decision on the Fourth Amendment","Federal Register publication date of the lodging notice"],"related_ids":["US-OH-AKRON-HAA5-2025"]},{"id":"US-OH-TOLEDO-BAY-VIEW-WWTP-AGING-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Toledo Bay View wastewater plant: century-old plant needs $627M+ overhaul","description":"Toledo's Bay View Water Reclamation Plant was built in 1926 and has had no significant process upgrades since the mid-1980s; it treats about 65 MGD in dry weather and up to 400 MGD in rain before discharging to the Maumee River. The city plans about $629 million (2021 dollars) of work over 15 years, starting in spring 2025 with phosphorus removal and disinfection. EPA's ECHO database lists the plant in significant noncompliance in all 12 recent quarters for an unachieved final-compliance milestone under a federal order.","location":{"name":"Bay View Water Reclamation Plant, Toledo","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Toledo, Lucas County; NPDES OH0027740; discharges to the Maumee River near Maumee Bay","counties":["Lucas"],"extent":"site","coordinates":{"lat":41.68903,"lon":-83.48255,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3}},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"An aging treatment plant needs major process replacement to meet discharge rules.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO shows a total residual chlorine exceedance of 189% and an unachieved compliance-schedule event since 2020-08-31 (ref 3).","service":"No sewer service disruption is reported (ref 1).","scale":"The plant treats about 65 MGD dry-weather flow and up to 400 MGD in wet weather for Toledo (ref 1).","duration":"Built in 1926 with no major process upgrades since the mid-1980s; the upgrade spans 10-15 years (ref 1, ref 2).","significance":"ECHO lists a federal civil judicial action (2022-08-10) and significant noncompliance in 12 of 12 quarters (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The cited sources do not give a sewer service population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Toledo plans roughly $629 million (2021 dollars) of Bay View plant upgrades over 15 years; the plant was built in 1926 and has not seen significant process improvements since the mid-1980s."},"measures":[{"name":"Planned upgrade cost","value":629,"unit":"million USD (2021 dollars)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; $627 million in ref 2."},{"name":"Dry-weather flow","value":65,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Peak wet-weather flow","value":400,"unit":"million gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance","value":12,"unit":"of last 12 quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Compliance schedule violation (ref 3)."},{"name":"Ohio Water Pollution Control Loan Fund transfer","value":13.5,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Sewer fees fund the program; fees are not expected to rise specifically for it (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Construction began in 2025; no completed tier is reported yet (ref 1, ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Toledo Department of Public Utilities","role":"Plant owner and operator"},{"name":"Ohio EPA","role":"State NPDES permitting and enforcement agency"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 5","role":"Federal Clean Water Act enforcement"}],"public_contact":"City of Toledo Department of Public Utilities, toledo.oh.gov","corrective_actions":["Tier 1 (years 1-5, $242 million): chlorination and chemical buildings for disinfection and phosphorus removal, pump stations, tunnel rehabilitation and solids handling (ref 1).","Tier 2 begins in 2029 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Bay View Wastewater Treatment Plant Improvements","publisher":"City of Toledo","date":"2024-06-06","url":"https://toledo.oh.gov/residents/water/water-system-improvements/bay-view-wastewater-treatment-plant-improvements","basis":"Local government","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Construction set to start on $627 million Toledo Bay View wastewater facility in 2025","publisher":"Underground Infrastructure","date":"2024-11-01","url":"https://undergroundinfrastructure.com/news/2024/november/construction-set-to-start-on-627-million-toledo-bay-view-wastewater-facility-in-2025","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO detailed facility report: Toledo Bay View Park WWTP (OH0027740)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=OH0027740","basis":"Federal compliance database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-11-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["CSO volume","service population"],"related_ids":["US-OH-MAUMEE-NUTRIENTS-2024"]},{"id":"US-OH-LAKEWOOD-SEWER-CONSENT-DECREE-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lakewood sewer overflows to Rocky River and Lake Erie under federal decree","description":"The United States and Ohio allege that Lakewood discharged untreated sanitary sewage into the Rocky River or directly into Lake Erie on at least 1,933 occasions from January 2016, plus combined sewer discharges that broke permit limits. A partial consent decree entered January 31, 2023 requires about $85 million of work, including a high-rate treatment system and two storage basins, and a $100,000 penalty; it does not yet resolve all overflows, and an updated wet weather plan is due by December 31, 2034.","location":{"name":"Lakewood sewer system","type":"Municipal wastewater collection and treatment system","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Lakewood, Cuyahoga County; Lakewood WWTP (OH0026018); discharges to the Rocky River and Lake Erie","counties":["Cuyahoga"],"extent":"city","coordinates":{"lat":41.47908,"lon":-81.8249,"precision":"facility","source_ref":4}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Aging combined and sanitary sewers discharge untreated sewage to a river and the lake.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"At least 1,933 alleged discharges of untreated sanitary sewage to the Rocky River or Lake Erie since January 2016 (ref 1).","service":"No customer service loss is described (ref 1, ref 2).","scale":"One city system with an 18 MGD design-flow plant (ref 4).","duration":"Discharges since 2016, with plan work extending to 2034 (ref 1).","significance":"Partial federal consent decree entered January 31, 2023, with a $100,000 civil penalty (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The cited sources do not give a sewer service population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"At least 1,933 occasions of untreated sanitary sewage discharged into the Rocky River or directly into Lake Erie from January 2016 (EPA settlement information)."},"measures":[{"name":"Alleged untreated sewage discharges since 2016","value":1933,"unit":"occasions","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Required sewer investment","value":85,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3; the city cited $86 million."},{"name":"Civil penalty","value":100000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Split between the U.S. and Ohio (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The city program aims to establish a fair and stable funding mechanism for sewer upgrades (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No post-2023 overflow counts were found in the cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Lakewood","role":"Utility owner and consent decree defendant"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 5","role":"Federal Clean Water Act enforcement"},{"name":"Ohio EPA","role":"State NPDES permitting and enforcement agency"}],"public_contact":"City of Lakewood Department of Public Works, lakewoodoh.gov","corrective_actions":["High-rate CSO treatment system, two large storage basins, and sewer lining and repair (ref 1).","Sewer system evaluation and updated Integrated Wet Weather Improvement Plan by December 31, 2034 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"The City of Lakewood, Ohio Settlement Information Sheet","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-03-04","url":"https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/city-lakewood-ohio-settlement-information-sheet","basis":"Federal enforcement record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Clean Water Lakewood","publisher":"City of Lakewood","date":"2025-12-10","url":"https://www.lakewoodoh.gov/cleanwaterlakewood/","basis":"Local government","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Ohio agrees to spend $85 million in effort to reduce sewage discharge into Lake Erie, Rocky River","publisher":"Underground Infrastructure","date":"2022-11-04","url":"https://undergroundinfrastructure.com/news/2022/november/ohio-agrees-to-spend-85-million-in-effort-to-reduce-sewage-discharge-into-lake-erie-rocky-river","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"ECHO detailed facility report: Lakewood WWTP (OH0026018)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=OH0026018","basis":"Federal compliance database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-01-31","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["current overflow count","project completion status"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OH-HARRISVILLE-WASTEWATER-FAILURE-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Harrisville untended sewage plant bypasses to Sloan Run; state emergency suit","description":"Ohio's Attorney General sued the village of Harrisville in May 2026 after Ohio EPA inspectors found its wastewater plant had gone without oversight since March 8, 2026, with a manhole overflowing and bypassing the plant, sewage in the outfall pipe, and sewage fungus and algae in Sloan Run. Village council had resigned and the mayor lives outside the village; a Harrison County judge issued a temporary restraining order on May 28, 2026.","location":{"name":"Harrisville wastewater treatment plant","type":"Village wastewater treatment plant","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Village of Harrisville, Harrison County; discharges to Sloan Run","counties":["Harrison"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"An unstaffed plant is bypassing raw sewage because the village government has stopped functioning.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Inspectors found untreated sewage bypassing the plant into Sloan Run, with sewage fungus and algae in the creek (ref 1).","service":"The plant has had no operator overseeing it since March 8, 2026, so treatment is failing (ref 1).","scale":"About 259 residents and 90 homes (ref 1).","duration":"Ohio EPA says maintenance lapsed for nearly five months (ref 1).","significance":"State lawsuit and emergency motion, with a temporary restraining order issued May 28, 2026 (ref 1, ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":259,"status":"Reported","note":"Village residents per the Attorney General (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Harrisville's plant has had no one overseeing it since March 8, 2026, and untreated sewage is bypassing it into Sloan Run (Ohio Attorney General)."},"measures":[{"name":"Months without plant oversight","value":5,"unit":"months","status":"Reported","note":"Nearly five months per Ohio EPA (ref 1)."},{"name":"Homes served","value":90,"unit":"homes","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Severe","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Village council resigned and the mayor lives outside village limits, complicating emergency repairs (ref 1, ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Conditions deteriorated over five months without an operator (ref 1); the June 9 hearing outcome was not found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Village of Harrisville","role":"Plant owner"},{"name":"Ohio Attorney General Environmental Enforcement Section","role":"State enforcement counsel"},{"name":"Ohio EPA","role":"State NPDES permitting and enforcement agency"}],"public_contact":"Ohio Attorney General media office, 614-728-4127","corrective_actions":["The state asked the court to require the village to hire a qualified plant operator (ref 1).","Temporary restraining order issued May 28, 2026; hearing set for June 9 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Yost Files Emergency Action Against Harrisville Over Wastewater Failures","publisher":"Ohio Attorney General","date":"2026-05-26","url":"https://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/Media/News-Releases/May-2026/Yost-Files-Emergency-Action-Against-Harrisville-Ov","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Yost files emergency action against Harrisville over wastewater failures","publisher":"Farm and Dairy","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://www.farmanddairy.com/news/yost-files-emergency-action-against-harrisville-over-wastewater-failures/916505.html","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-05-26","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["hearing outcome","NPDES permit ID","coordinates"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OH-MAUMEE-SSO-CONSENT-ORDER-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Maumee sanitary sewer overflows to Maumee River; state consent order","description":"Ohio sued the city of Maumee alleging that for years, during heavy rain, it illegally discharged untreated sewage from overflowing manholes into the Maumee River. The city had reported in 2020 that it pumps sewage from certain manholes in rain to prevent basement backups. An August 2025 proposed consent order requires the city to build the projects in its sewer system evaluation study, follow 2021 Ohio EPA orders, pay a $10,000 penalty, and pay yearly stipulated penalties based on the number of overflows.","location":{"name":"Maumee sanitary sewer system","type":"Municipal sanitary sewer collection system","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"City of Maumee, Lucas County; discharges to the Maumee River","counties":["Lucas"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Capacity and inflow problems in the sewers cause untreated overflows to the river in wet weather.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The state alleges years of untreated sewage discharges from overflowing manholes into the Maumee River (ref 1).","service":"The order addresses basement backups, but no specific backup events are reported in the cited sources (ref 2).","scale":"One city collection system draining to the Maumee River (ref 1).","duration":"Overflow points were reported to Ohio EPA in 2020, orders followed in 2021, and the order says overflows will likely continue until the work is done (ref 2).","significance":"State lawsuit (case CI2025-03003) resolved by a proposed consent order with a $10,000 penalty (ref 1, ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The cited sources do not give a population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Proposed settlement requires Maumee to complete sewer system improvement projects and pay a $10,000 civil penalty for years of manhole overflows into the Maumee River."},"measures":[{"name":"Civil penalty","value":10000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Annual stipulated penalty at 81 or more overflow occurrences","value":20000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The order allows a schedule change only if financing cannot be secured for reasons beyond the city's control (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No annual overflow counts were found in the cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Maumee","role":"Sewer system owner"},{"name":"Ohio Attorney General","role":"State enforcement counsel"},{"name":"Ohio EPA","role":"State NPDES permitting and enforcement agency"}],"public_contact":"City of Maumee Public Service Department, maumee.org","corrective_actions":["Construct the projects in the city's Sewer System Evaluation Study, submitted July 19, 2024 and amended in 2025 (ref 2).","Capacity, Management, Operation and Maintenance program, overflow reporting, public notification and emergency response under 2021 Ohio EPA orders (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Ohio AG Announced Proposed Settlement with City Resolving Alleged Water Pollution Control Law Violations","publisher":"State Impact Center (NYU Law)","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://stateimpactcenter.org/ag-work/ag-actions/ohio-ag-announced-proposed-settlement-with-city-resolving-alleged-water-pollution-control-law-violations","basis":"Legal tracker summary of state action"},{"ref":2,"title":"State of Ohio v. City of Maumee proposed consent order, Case No. CI2025-03003","publisher":"Ohio Attorney General (filed document)","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://stateimpactcenter.org/files/AG_Actions_Ohio_v_Maumee_Consent_Order_08.13.2025.pdf","basis":"Court document"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2025-08-13","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["overflow counts","project cost","coordinates"],"related_ids":["US-OH-MAUMEE-NUTRIENTS-2024"]},{"id":"US-OH-COLUMBUS-WET-WEATHER-CONSENT-ORDERS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Columbus sewer overflow consent orders and Lower Olentangy Tunnel","description":"Columbus operates under two Ohio EPA consent orders, from 2002 for sanitary sewer overflows and 2004 for combined sewer overflows, which it is meeting through its integrated Blueprint Columbus plan to end wet-weather overflows and basement sewage backups. The Lower Olentangy Tunnel, about 17,000 feet of 12-foot tunnel financed by an Ohio EPA loan, is due for completion in September 2026 to stop typical-year activations at seven combined sewer overflow structures. ECHO lists Columbus's Southerly plant in noncompliance in 4 of 12 recent quarters.","location":{"name":"Columbus sanitary and combined sewer system","type":"Municipal wastewater collection and treatment system","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Columbus, Franklin County; Jackson Pike (OH0024732) and Southerly (OH0024741) plants on the Scioto River; lower Olentangy River CSOs","counties":["Franklin"],"extent":"city","coordinates":{"lat":39.81624,"lon":-82.99851,"precision":"facility","source_ref":4}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Wet-weather overflows from a large system are being addressed by tunnels, sewer lining and green infrastructure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Seven combined sewer overflow structures on the lower Olentangy River activate in storms until the tunnel is in service; ECHO shows a 1900% chlorine exceedance at Southerly (ref 1, ref 4).","service":"Ohio EPA says the 2002 and 2004 decrees target sewage backups into homes, and the Hilltop lining area has a history of water-in-basement problems (ref 2).","scale":"The utility serves more than 1.1 million customers through two plants with 480 MGD combined capacity (ref 3).","duration":"Consent orders date from 2002 and 2004, with tunnel completion in September 2026 (ref 1, ref 3).","significance":"Two Ohio EPA consent orders govern the overflow program (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1100000,"status":"Reported","note":"Customers served by the Department of Public Utilities in 2014 (ref 3); not limited to overflow areas."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The Lower Olentangy Tunnel, about 17,000 feet of 12-foot-diameter tunnel, is due for completion in September 2026 to stop typical-year activations at seven combined sewer overflow structures."},"measures":[{"name":"Lower Olentangy Tunnel length","value":17000,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"CSO structures controlled by tunnel","value":7,"unit":"structures","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Southerly plant quarters in noncompliance","value":4,"unit":"of last 12 quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."},{"name":"Hilltop lateral lining loan request","value":11286000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ohio EPA loan for one Blueprint project (ref 2)."},{"name":"Average annual sewer bill, Columbus residents","value":648,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"1.1% of median household income vs. Ohio average $490 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The tunnel is financed with a below-market Ohio EPA Water Pollution Control Loan Fund loan (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The main overflow tunnel is scheduled for completion in September 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Columbus Department of Public Utilities","role":"Utility owner"},{"name":"Ohio EPA","role":"State NPDES permitting and enforcement agency"}],"public_contact":"City of Columbus Department of Public Utilities, columbus.gov/utilities","corrective_actions":["Lower Olentangy Tunnel completion scheduled September 2026 (ref 1).","Blueprint Columbus sewer lining, roof-drain redirection, sump pumps and green infrastructure (ref 2, ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lower Olentangy Tunnel (LOT)","publisher":"City of Columbus","date":null,"url":"https://columbus.gov/Business-Development/Capital-Improvement-Projects/Sewer-CIPS/Lower-Olentangy-Tunnel-LOT","basis":"Local government","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Limited Environmental Review and FNSI: BP Hilltop 1-LL-Eureka/Fremont 5 (City of Columbus)","publisher":"Ohio EPA","date":"2025-01-31","url":"https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/1/utilities/blueprint-cips/hiltop/eureka-fremont-ll-project-5-ler-fonsi-020325.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"City of Columbus, Ohio, Designs 'Blueprint' to Control Overflows","publisher":"Trenchless Technology","date":"2014-11-13","url":"https://trenchlesstechnology.com/columbus-ohio-blueprint-control-overflows/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"ECHO detailed facility report: Southerly Wastewater Treatment Plant (OH0024741)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=OH0024741","basis":"Federal compliance database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-01-31","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["annual overflow volume","program cost to date"],"related_ids":["US-OH-COLUMBUS-RATES-CAPACITY-2025"]},{"id":"US-OH-YOUNGSTOWN-MAIN-BREAK-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Youngstown Hubbard Road main break triggers three-day boil advisory","description":"A major water main break on Hubbard Road between Logan Avenue and Albert Street on February 1, 2026 caused low pressure across a large part of the Youngstown water system. The city issued a boil advisory for parts of Youngstown, Boardman and Liberty townships; pressure was restored the next day and the advisory was lifted February 4 after 64 samples tested negative.","location":{"name":"Youngstown City public water system","type":"Municipal water utility service area","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Youngstown, Boardman Township and Liberty Township, Mahoning and Trumbull counties","counties":["Mahoning","Trumbull"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OH5002303"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A distribution main failure caused pressure loss and a precautionary advisory.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No contamination was found; 64 samples came back negative (ref 2).","service":"Low pressure across a large part of the service area and a boil advisory for parts of three communities (ref 1, ref 2).","scale":"Parts of Youngstown, Boardman and Liberty in a system serving 130,530 people; the number under advisory was not reported (ref 2, ref 3).","duration":"The advisory ran from February 1 to February 4, 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"A formal precautionary boil advisory was issued by the Youngstown Water Department (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Customers under the advisory were not reported; the system serves 130,530 per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A main break on Hubbard Road caused low pressure across a large part of the service area; the boil advisory lasted from February 1 to February 4, 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"Advisory duration","value":3,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Clearance samples","value":64,"unit":"samples","status":"Reported","note":"All negative (ref 2)."},{"name":"System population served","value":130530,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event; no break-rate trend was found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Youngstown Water Department","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Youngstown Water Department, 330-742-8760","corrective_actions":["Main repaired and pressure restored February 2, 2026 (ref 2).","Advisory lifted after 64 negative samples (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Boil advisory issued for Youngstown, Boardman, Liberty","publisher":"The Vindicator","date":"2026-02-02","url":"https://www.vindy.com/news/local-news/2026/02/boil-advisory-issued-for-youngstown-boardman-liberty/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Boil water alert lifted","publisher":"The Vindicator","date":"2026-02-04","url":"https://www.vindy.com/news/2026/02/boil-water-alert-lifted/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Youngstown City PWS (OH5002303)","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OH/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/YOUNGSTOWN/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-02-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["customers under advisory","pipe size"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OH-TOLEDO-WATER-MAIN-BREAKS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Toledo water system: about 400 main breaks a year and 60-inch feed main scare","description":"Toledo handles about 400 water main breaks a year. In February 2026 an 8-inch blow-off valve failed on the 60-inch transmission main near the Glass Pavilion, flooding nearby streets; officials said the main is the only feed for Sylvania and western Lucas County, and thousands could have lost pressure had the main itself broken. The city will commission a new study of the main, which was last reviewed eight years earlier.","location":{"name":"Toledo City public water system","type":"Regional municipal water utility","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Toledo and Lucas County suburbs including Sylvania; 60-inch transmission main near the Glass Pavilion","counties":["Lucas"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OH4801411"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Frequent distribution breaks and a single transmission feed show aging-pipe risk.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"No contamination or boil advisory; officials said an advisory was not needed (ref 1).","service":"Pressure and flow were maintained after the valve section was shut down (ref 1).","scale":"The system serves 360,000 people, and the 60-inch main is the only feed for Sylvania and western Lucas County (ref 1, ref 2).","duration":"About 400 main breaks a year is a chronic, recurring condition (ref 1).","significance":"No formal notice, violation or order is reported (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":360000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2); no customers lost service in the February 2026 event."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The city handles about 400 water main breaks a year, and the 60-inch transmission main is the only feed for Sylvania and western Lucas County (13 ABC, February 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Water main breaks per year","value":400,"unit":"breaks","status":"Reported","note":"City estimate (ref 1)."},{"name":"Transmission main diameter","value":60,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"System population served","value":360000,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Replacement cost for the transmission main was not reported (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Only one recent break-rate figure was found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Toledo Department of Public Utilities","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Toledo Department of Public Utilities, toledo.oh.gov","corrective_actions":["New engineering study of the 60-inch transmission main (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Toledo dodges major water crisis as crews repair water main break that sent water shooting into the air","publisher":"WTVG 13 ABC","date":"2026-02-12","url":"https://www.13abc.com/2026/02/12/toledo-dodges-major-water-crisis-crews-repair-water-main-break-that-sent-water-shooting-into-air/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Toledo City of (OH4801411)","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OH/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/TOLEDO/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-02-12","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["pipe age profile","replacement cost"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OH-AKRON-MAIN-BREAK-BOIL-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Akron west-side main break drains tank, boil order for 10,000 customers","description":"A 12-inch water main broke at Superior Avenue and Leonard Street on Akron's west side around 3 a.m. on July 17, 2026. The break drew down the Sherbondy Hill elevated tank and cut pressure, so Akron Water issued a precautionary boil advisory for about 10,000 customers, which was lifted the next afternoon after testing.","location":{"name":"Akron City public water system","type":"Municipal water utility service area","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"West side of Akron, Summit County","counties":["Summit"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OH7700011"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A single main failure depressurized part of the distribution system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Testing over about 18 hours confirmed the water was safe (ref 1).","service":"Low pressure and a precautionary boil advisory for about 10,000 customers (ref 1).","scale":"About 10,000 customers in a system serving 280,000 people (ref 1, ref 2).","duration":"The advisory began July 17 and was lifted by the afternoon of July 18, 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"A formal precautionary boil advisory was issued by Akron Water (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":10000,"status":"Reported","note":"Customers under the advisory (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 10,000 customers were placed under a precautionary boil advisory after a 12-inch main break drained the Sherbondy Hill tank."},"measures":[{"name":"Customers under advisory","value":10000,"unit":"customers","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Main diameter","value":12,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"System population served","value":280000,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Akron Water Supply","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Akron Water Supply customer service, akronohio.gov","corrective_actions":["Main repaired and advisory lifted July 18, 2026 after testing (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Akron lifts precautionary boil order for 10K customers after water main break","publisher":"Cleveland 19 News","date":"2026-07-17","url":"https://www.cleveland19.com/2026/07/17/akron-issues-precautionary-boil-order-after-water-main-break/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Akron City PWS (OH7700011)","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OH/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/AKRON/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-07-17","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["cause of break"],"related_ids":["US-OH-AKRON-HAA5-2025"]},{"id":"US-OH-CLEVELAND-HEIGHTS-SSO-CONSENT-DECREE-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Cleveland Heights sanitary sewer overflows under federal consent decree","description":"Cleveland Heights has been under U.S. EPA enforcement since 2007 for illegal sanitary sewer overflows into Doan Brook and Dugway Brook, which flow to Lake Erie, and entered a partial federal consent decree in 2017 with an initial $12 million of work. In March 2026 a council committee reported the decree is still ongoing, with $18 million of federal pandemic relief funds in use and a need for predictable sewer rate increases.","location":{"name":"Cleveland Heights sanitary sewer system","type":"Municipal sewer collection system","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Cleveland Heights, Cuyahoga County; overflows to Doan Brook and Dugway Brook","counties":["Cuyahoga"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Old common-trench sewers overflow to Lake Erie tributaries and back up into basements.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA cites illegal sanitary sewer overflows into Doan and Dugway brooks (ref 1, ref 2).","service":"The committee said completed projects have reduced basement backups (ref 2).","scale":"One city collection system (ref 1).","duration":"Under EPA enforcement since 2007 and still under the decree in March 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"A 2017 partial federal consent decree lodged in U.S. District Court (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The cited sources do not give a population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The U.S. EPA has enforced the city's obligations since 2007 over illegal sanitary sewer overflows; $18 million in ARPA funds is being used for the work (Cleveland Heights committee, March 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Initial consent decree work estimate","value":12,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"City estimate in 2017 (ref 1)."},{"name":"ARPA funds applied","value":18,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Officials said predictable sewer rate increases are needed (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Many projects were completed ahead of schedule since 2015 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Cleveland Heights","role":"Sewer system owner"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 5","role":"Federal Clean Water Act enforcement"},{"name":"Ohio EPA","role":"State NPDES permitting and enforcement agency"}],"public_contact":"City of Cleveland Heights Public Works, clevelandheights.gov","corrective_actions":["Cleaning, inspection, monitoring and capacity modeling under the 2017 partial decree (ref 1).","Design of sanitary overflow control on Cleveland Heights Boulevard (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA, DOJ reach agreement with Cleveland Heights to prevent sewage discharge to Lake Erie","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 5","date":"2017-07-19","url":"https://www.epa.gov/archive/epa/newsreleases/epa-doj-reach-agreement-cleveland-heights-prevent-sewage-discharge-lake-erie.html","basis":"Federal enforcement announcement"},{"ref":2,"title":"Cleveland Heights Municipal Services and Environmental Sustainability Committee meeting summary","publisher":"Govly (City of Cleveland Heights meeting record)","date":"2026-03-09","url":"https://app.govly.com/public/meetings/18204","basis":"Local government meeting record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-03-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["overflow count","total program cost","NPDES permit ID"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OH-STEUBENVILLE-WWTP-NONCOMPLIANCE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Steubenville sewage plant in significant noncompliance under state orders","description":"EPA's ECHO database lists the Steubenville wastewater plant (NPDES OH0027511) in significant noncompliance in 10 of the last 12 quarters, with 43 effluent exceedances over three years, including peracetic acid at up to 514% of its limit and E. coli exceedances at a combined sewer outfall. Under state consent orders (a court order last amended in 2022 and a 2023 administrative order), the city has unmet milestones through 2026. The city told WTOV in 2022 that it would use federal relief funds on aeration and screening upgrades required by Ohio EPA.","location":{"name":"Steubenville wastewater treatment plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Steubenville, Jefferson County; discharges to the Ohio River","counties":["Jefferson"],"extent":"site","coordinates":{"lat":40.379195,"lon":-80.615302,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Effluent violations come from an aging plant with overdue upgrades and a combined sewer system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Peracetic acid exceeded limits in all 13 quarters shown, up to 514%, plus E. coli exceedances at outfall 090 (ref 1).","service":"No service disruption is reported (ref 1, ref 3).","scale":"One city plant with a 6 MGD design flow (ref 1).","duration":"Significant noncompliance in 10 of 12 quarters; state orders date back over 20 years (ref 1, ref 3).","significance":"State judicial consent order OH-07-017, second amendment entered 2022 with a $15,000 penalty (ref 4), and 2023 administrative consent order OH-24-014 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The cited sources do not give a sewer service population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"ECHO lists the plant in significant noncompliance in 10 of the last 12 quarters, with 43 effluent limit exceedances in three years."},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance","value":10,"unit":"of last 12 quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Effluent exceedances, 3 years","value":43,"unit":"exceedances","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Maximum peracetic acid exceedance","value":514,"unit":"percent of limit","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"State penalty","value":15000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Case OH-07-017 (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The city said financing had held up required projects before federal relief funds were applied (ref 3)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Noncompliance persists across nearly all of the last 12 quarters (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Steubenville","role":"Plant owner"},{"name":"Ohio EPA","role":"State NPDES permitting and enforcement agency"}],"public_contact":"City of Steubenville Utilities Department, cityofsteubenville.us","corrective_actions":["Secondary aeration replacement (new blowers and diffusers) and automatic bar screens required under the state consent order (ref 3).","Milestones for required construction due January 1, 2026 and April 1, 2026 are listed as unachieved (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ECHO detailed facility report: Steubenville WWTP (OH0027511)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=OH0027511","basis":"Federal compliance database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO enforcement case report: City of Steubenville (OH-24-014)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/case_rest_services.get_case_report?output=JSON&p_id=OH-24-014","basis":"Federal compliance database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Steubenville to use ARP funds to comply with EPA consent decrees","publisher":"WTOV 9","date":"2022-03-21","url":"https://wtov9.com/news/local/steubenville-to-use-arp-funds-to-comply-with-epa-consent-decrees","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"ECHO enforcement case report: City of Steubenville (2nd Amended Consent Order), OH-07-017","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/case_rest_services.get_case_report?output=JSON&p_id=OH-07-017","basis":"Federal compliance database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2022-03-21","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["CSO volume","current upgrade status"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OH-AUGUST-STORMS-FLOODING-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"August 2026 central and southwest Ohio flash flooding (FEMA DR-4945)","description":"Repeated storms from Aug. 10 to 23, 2026 brought flash flooding and 17 tornadoes to central and southwest Ohio, hitting Crooksville and Roseville hardest; the governor's disaster request reported two deaths, four injuries, about 59 water rescues and more than 1,300 homes and businesses destroyed or damaged. FEMA declared a major disaster (DR-4945) on Oct. 2, 2026 for seven counties, with five more requested counties still under federal review.","location":{"name":"Central and southwest Ohio flood area","type":"Multi-county flood disaster area","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Crooksville and Roseville (Perry and Muskingum counties) were hardest hit; Harrison in western Hamilton County flooded from the Whitewater River. Declared counties: Clermont, Franklin, Hamilton, Licking, Morgan, Muskingum, Perry.","coordinates":{"lat":39.769,"lon":-82.0921,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Perry","Muskingum","Licking","Franklin","Morgan","Hamilton","Clermont"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Record rainfall overwhelmed creeks and rivers, damaging homes, a power substation and roads.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Governor's disaster request reported 2 deaths, 4 injuries and about 59 water rescues (ref 2).","service":"More than 300 people were displaced around Crooksville and a flooded AEP substation caused multi-day power outages (ref 4); Harrison ordered evacuations (ref 5).","scale":"Preliminary assessments across 23 requested counties found 50 destroyed, 806 major-damage and 475 minor-damage homes and businesses (ref 2).","duration":"Incident period ran Aug. 10-22, 2026 per FEMA (ref 1), with recovery and federal aid applications continuing into October (ref 3).","significance":"Presidential major disaster declaration DR-4945 issued Oct. 2, 2026 (ref 1) for seven counties (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":300,"status":"Reported","note":"More than 300 people displaced in Crooksville and surrounding areas (ref 4); statewide affected population not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"At least 50 homes and businesses destroyed, 806 with major damage and 475 with minor damage (preliminary assessments, ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Deaths","value":2,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2"},{"name":"Statewide August 2026 precipitation","value":6.88,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"Highest statewide August total on record, 198.5% of normal (ref 6)."},{"name":"Whitewater River crest at Harrison","value":22.9,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Flood stage 20 feet (ref 5)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event; September 2026 brought further flooding in southern Ohio (see related record)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"FEMA","role":"Federal disaster assistance"},{"name":"Ohio Emergency Management Agency","role":"State emergency management"},{"name":"Office of the Governor of Ohio","role":"Disaster declaration request"}],"public_contact":"FEMA Helpline 800-621-3362 or DisasterAssistance.gov","corrective_actions":["FEMA Individual Assistance approved for Clermont, Franklin, Hamilton, Licking, Morgan, Muskingum and Perry counties (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Ohio Severe Storms, Straight-line Winds, Tornadoes, Flooding, and Landslides (DR-4945-OH)","publisher":"FEMA","date":"2026-10-02","url":"https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4945","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Ohio Gov. DeWine asks Trump for federal assistance after August severe weather","publisher":"Spectrum News 1","date":"2026-09-03","url":"https://spectrumnews1.com/oh/columbus/news/2026/09/03/ohio-dewine-trump-storms-assistance","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Ohio storm aid approved for Hamilton, Clermont counties after flooding, tornadoes","publisher":"WKRC Local 12","date":"2026-10-03","url":"https://local12.com/newsletter-daily/hamilton-clermont-brown-counties-fema-disaster-assistance-august-2026-storms","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Crooksville warns residents to be aware of more flooding","publisher":"Spectrum News 1","date":"2026-09-10","url":"https://spectrumnews1.com/oh/columbus/news/2026/09/10/crooksville-warns-residents-to-be-aware-of-more-flooding","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"City of Harrison urges some residents to evacuate as river threatens flooding","publisher":"Spectrum News 1","date":"2026-08-14","url":"https://spectrumnews1.com/oh/cincinnati/news/2026/08/14/harrison-evacuation-flooding","basis":"News"},{"ref":6,"title":"State of Ohio Monthly Climate Update: August 2026","publisher":"State Climate Office of Ohio (Ohio State University)","date":"2026-09-01","url":"https://climate.osu.edu/sites/default/files/2026-09/2026_08_summary.pdf","basis":"State climate office"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OH-SEPTEMBER-SOUTHERN-FLOODING-2026"]},{"id":"US-OH-SEPTEMBER-SOUTHERN-FLOODING-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"September 2026 southern Ohio flooding and 19-county state emergency","description":"Severe storms on Sept. 20-21, 2026 caused widespread flooding in southern and central Ohio, with Vinton County hardest hit and flooding in Pomeroy closing schools and roads. Gov. DeWine declared a state of emergency in 19 counties on Sept. 22, 2026, a month after the August floods.","location":{"name":"Southern and central Ohio flood area","type":"Multi-county flood emergency area","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Vinton County (hardest hit) and Pomeroy in Meigs County; 19 counties under state emergency.","coordinates":{"lat":39.247,"lon":-82.4785,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Athens","Clermont","Gallia","Greene","Highland","Jackson","Logan","Meigs","Mercer","Montgomery","Morgan","Muskingum","Perry","Pickaway","Pike","Preble","Ross","Van Wert","Vinton"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Flash flooding trapped residents and damaged roads after back-to-back wet months.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Vinton County sheriff logged 10 trapped vehicles and 10 homes with occupants needing rescue, including a trailer park and apartment complex (ref 1); no deaths reported.","service":"Flooding in Pomeroy closed schools and roads, and Vinton County reported 17 roadway-damage calls (ref 1).","scale":"State emergency covers 19 counties across southern and central Ohio (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Storm period about 10 p.m. Sept. 20 to noon Sept. 21, 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Governor's state-of-emergency proclamation for 19 counties on Sept. 22, 2026 (ref 2); Vinton and Meigs counties declared local emergencies (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"State of emergency declared in 19 counties after severe storms and widespread flooding (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Counties under state emergency","value":19,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2"},{"name":"Statewide September 2026 precipitation","value":5.14,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"2.14 inches above normal, 8th-wettest September; southeast Ohio 10-12.5 inches (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Second major flood event in two months after the August 2026 disaster (ref 3 notes rainfall persisted after August)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Ohio Emergency Management Agency","role":"State emergency coordination"},{"name":"Office of the Governor of Ohio","role":"Emergency declaration"},{"name":"Vinton County Sheriff's Office","role":"Local emergency response"}],"public_contact":"Ohio Emergency Management Agency (no public channel given in cited sources)","corrective_actions":["State agencies directed to provide personnel, equipment and supplies for cleanup (ref 2).","ODOT and State Highway Patrol clearing debris and monitoring water levels (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Gov. DeWine declares state of emergency in multiple counties after flooding","publisher":"Spectrum News 1","date":"2026-09-22","url":"https://spectrumnews1.com/oh/cincinnati/news/2026/09/23/gov--dewine-declares-state-of-emergency-in-multiple-counties","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"DeWine declares state of emergency for 19 Ohio counties after severe flooding","publisher":"WSYX ABC 6","date":"2026-09-22","url":"https://abc6onyourside.com/news/local/dewine-declares-state-of-emergency-for-19-ohio-counties-after-severe-flooding","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"State of Ohio Monthly Climate Update: September 2026","publisher":"State Climate Office of Ohio (Ohio State University)","date":"2026-10-01","url":"https://climate.osu.edu/sites/default/files/2026-10/2026_09_summary.pdf","basis":"State climate office"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-OH-AUGUST-STORMS-FLOODING-2026"]},{"id":"US-OH-CINCINNATI-OHIO-RIVER-FLOOD-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"April 2025 Ohio River flood at Cincinnati, highest in 28 years","description":"After nearly 5 inches of rain, the Ohio River at Cincinnati topped 60 feet on April 7, 2025, its highest level since 1997, flooding riverfront roads and parks and affecting at least 700 addresses. The city activated its Emergency Operations Center, the Mill Creek Barrier Dam and flood gates, and opened a shelter; the river then receded and cleanup began.","location":{"name":"Ohio River at Cincinnati","type":"River segment and city riverfront","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Cincinnati riverfront, East End, California and Riverside neighborhoods, Hamilton County; also New Richmond (Clermont County) and U.S. 52.","coordinates":{"lat":39.095,"lon":-84.512,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Hamilton","Clermont"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"River flooding required barrier dam and floodgate operation to protect the city.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"At least 700 addresses affected and landslide clean-ups under way in Mt. Adams and Mt. Auburn (ref 2); two driver rescues (ref 1).","service":"Kellogg Ave. and Mehring Way closed, riverfront parks shut and a Red Cross shelter opened (ref 1).","scale":"Flooding across Cincinnati neighborhoods and downriver communities including New Richmond and U.S. 52 (refs 2, 3).","duration":"River crested April 7 and flood gates were being removed by April 9, 2025 (ref 2).","significance":"City Emergency Operations Center activated and Mill Creek Barrier Dam flood operations triggered (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Ohio River at Cincinnati topped 60.5 feet on April 7, 2025, the first time above 60 feet since Feb. 26, 2018 (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Crest at Cincinnati","value":60.59,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Reading before crest (ref 3)."},{"name":"Addresses affected","value":700,"unit":"addresses","status":"Reported","note":"City Buildings and Inspections (ref 2)."},{"name":"Rainfall in Cincinnati","value":5,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"Nearly 5 inches Wednesday to Sunday (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Above-60-foot crests in 2018 and 2025 (ref 3); April 2025 was a top-10 wettest April in many southern and western counties (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Cincinnati","role":"Flood protection operations and emergency management"},{"name":"National Weather Service Wilmington","role":"River forecasts"}],"public_contact":"Cincinnati non-emergency line 311 or 513-765-1212","corrective_actions":["Mill Creek Barrier Dam and flood gates operated, then deactivated after the crest (refs 1, 2).","Door-to-door property inspections beginning April 11, 2025 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City Extends Road Closures, Activates Shelter in Response to Flooding","publisher":"City of Cincinnati","date":"2025-04-06","url":"https://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/cityofcincinnati/news/city-extends-road-closures-activates-shelter-in-response-to-flooding/","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":2,"title":"Ohio River flood waters remain near Cincinnati as clean-up begins","publisher":"Spectrum News 1","date":"2025-04-09","url":"https://spectrumnews1.com/oh/columbus/news/2025/04/09/flood-waters-remain-near-cincinnati-recovery","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Flooding continues as Ohio River in Cincinnati tops 60 feet, highest in 28 years","publisher":"FOX Weather","date":"2025-04-07","url":"https://foxweather.com/weather-news/ohio-river-cincinnati-flooding","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"State of Ohio Monthly Climate Update: April 2025","publisher":"State Climate Office of Ohio (Ohio State University)","date":"2025-05-01","url":"https://climate.osu.edu/sites/default/files/2025-05/2025_04_summary.pdf","basis":"State climate office"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OH-NAPOLEON-MAUMEE-FISH-KILL-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Fertilizer spill kills about 25,000 fish in Maumee River near Napoleon","description":"In July 2026 liquid nitrogen fertilizer (28% UAN) leaked from tanks at a Farmers Elevator property into Huston Creek in Henry County; a containment dam failed in heavy rain and ammonia depleted oxygen in the Maumee River. ODNR counted nearly 25,000 dead fish along 11 miles; Ohio EPA issued notices of violation and the Ohio Department of Agriculture ordered the tanks out of use, while Napoleon drew water from a Wauseon reservoir line.","location":{"name":"Maumee River at Napoleon (Huston Creek)","type":"River segment","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Huston Creek to the Maumee River through Napoleon, Henry County.","coordinates":{"lat":41.3923,"lon":-84.1252,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Henry"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A fertilizer release caused oxygen depletion and a large fish kill.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ODNR Division of Wildlife put the kill at nearly 25,000 fish along an 11-mile stretch (ref 2), up from an early 18,000-20,000 estimate (ref 1).","service":"Napoleon drew raw water from a line to the Wauseon reservoir until Ohio EPA confirmed the contamination was corrected (ref 1).","scale":"Kill extended from the mouth of Huston Creek through Napoleon in Henry County (ref 1).","duration":"Spill reported in early July; tanks emptied July 21 and cleanup had no completion timeline as of July 30, 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"Ohio Department of Agriculture issued a cease-and-desist on the leaking tanks (ref 2) and Ohio EPA issued notices of violation to Triway Nitrogen and Farmers Elevator (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Nearly 25,000 fish died along an 11-mile stretch of the Maumee River, per ODNR (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Fish killed","value":25000,"unit":"fish","status":"Reported","note":"Nearly 25,000 per ODNR (ref 2)."},{"name":"River miles affected","value":11,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1, ref 2"},{"name":"Highest nitrate/ammonia reading near Napoleon intake","value":2.8,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single spill event."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Ohio EPA","role":"Spill response and enforcement"},{"name":"Ohio Department of Agriculture","role":"Fertilizer storage regulator"},{"name":"ODNR Division of Wildlife","role":"Fish kill assessment"},{"name":"City of Napoleon","role":"Water supply operator"}],"public_contact":"Ohio EPA spill hotline 1-800-282-9378","corrective_actions":["Cease-and-desist requires ODA approval before tanks store liquid fertilizer again (ref 2).","Napoleon switched to Wauseon reservoir water as a precaution (ref 1).","Private wells tested; none found contaminated (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Ohio officials respond to dead fish reported in Maumee River","publisher":"Spectrum News 1","date":"2026-07-14","url":"https://spectrumnews1.com/oh/columbus/news/2026/07/13/hazardous-material-investigation-underway-in-maumee-river","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Ohio agencies investigating potential violations related to creek spill, drinking water unaffected","publisher":"WTVG 13abc","date":"2026-07-30","url":"https://www.13abc.com/2026/07/30/ohio-agencies-investigating-potential-violations-related-creek-spill-drinking-water-unaffected/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"OEPA issues violation notices in Huston Creek contamination","publisher":"The Crescent-News","date":"2026-07-15","url":"https://www.crescent-news.com/news/local_news/oepa-issues-violation-notices-in-huston-creek-contamination/article_646ea2db-c9aa-433e-9383-f86488866e14.html","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-OH-MAUMEE-NUTRIENTS-2024","US-OH-MAUMEE-TMDL-CAFO-LAWSUIT-2026"],"conflicts":[{"field":"drinking_water_impact","values":["Napoleon drew water from a Wauseon reservoir line (ref 1)","Drinking water was not affected (ref 2)"],"note":"Both are reported: Napoleon switched supply as a precaution and agencies said treated drinking water was unaffected."}]},{"id":"US-OH-DOVER-SUGAR-CREEK-SPILL-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Dover Chemical phenol-based material release to Sugar Creek, 2024","description":"On Sept. 6, 2024 a bad pipe fitting at Dover Chemical Company in Dover let part of a phenol-based material reach Sugar Creek for about 10 minutes, and residents reported dead fish afterward. Ohio EPA and ODNR inspected on Sept. 9 and observed no lingering effects; Ohio EPA said it would work with the company on response and discharge plans.","location":{"name":"Sugar Creek at Dover","type":"Stream segment below industrial facility","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Dover, Tuscarawas County.","coordinates":{"lat":40.5206,"lon":-81.474,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Tuscarawas"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Short industrial release to a stream.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Residents noticed dead fish in the days after the release; no count given (ref 1).","service":"No drinking-water or use restrictions reported (ref 1).","scale":"Single release from one facility to Sugar Creek (ref 1).","duration":"Material reached the creek for about 10 minutes; no lingering effects observed Sept. 9 (ref 1).","significance":"Ohio EPA confirmed the spill; no fines or enforcement reported (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"\"No lingering effects from the release were observed in Sugar Creek at the time of Ohio EPA's investigation\" (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Ohio EPA Office of Emergency Response","role":"Spill investigation"},{"name":"Dover Chemical Company","role":"Discharger"}],"public_contact":"Ohio EPA spill hotline 1-800-282-9378","corrective_actions":["Ohio EPA to work with the company on response actions and wastewater discharge plans (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Dead fish reported after chemical spill in Tuscarawas County","publisher":"WOIO Cleveland 19","date":"2024-09-12","url":"https://www.cleveland19.com/2024/09/12/dead-fish-reported-after-chemical-spill-tuscarawas-county/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":1,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["population_affected","key_measure.value"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OH-CUYAHOGA-AOC-GORGE-SEDIMENT-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Cuyahoga River Area of Concern: four impairments remain; Gorge Dam sediment cleanup","description":"The Cuyahoga River, an Area of Concern since 1987, still has four of nine beneficial use impairments (fish populations, benthos, navigational dredging and fish habitat), though beach closings were removed in September 2024. A project of more than $130 million began in 2025 to dredge about 850,000 cubic yards of sediment contaminated with lead, cadmium, PAHs and pesticides behind the Gorge Dam in Cuyahoga Falls, then remove the dam.","location":{"name":"Cuyahoga River Area of Concern","type":"Great Lakes Area of Concern (river segment)","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Lower Cuyahoga River from Akron/Cuyahoga Falls to Cleveland; Gorge Dam in Gorge Metro Park, Summit County.","coordinates":{"lat":41.129,"lon":-81.489,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Summit","Cuyahoga"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Legacy contaminated sediment and a dam keep the river impaired.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"About 850,000 cubic yards of sediment behind the Gorge Dam is contaminated with lead, cadmium, PAHs and pesticides (ref 2).","service":"No drinking-water service effect is cited; the remaining impairments concern ecology and dredging (ref 1).","scale":"The AOC spans the lower Cuyahoga through Summit and Cuyahoga counties, including Akron and Cleveland (refs 1, 3).","duration":"Designated an Area of Concern in 1987 (ref 3); four BUIs still listed as of September 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Federal Area of Concern designation under the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement with Great Lakes Legacy Act cleanup funding (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Five of nine beneficial use impairments removed; four remain (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Contaminated sediment behind Gorge Dam","value":850000,"unit":"cubic yards","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2"},{"name":"Project cost","value":130000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Over $130 million: $100M sediment, $30M dam removal (ref 2); another report put it near $180 million (ref 3)."},{"name":"Beneficial use impairments remaining","value":4,"unit":"BUIs","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Beach Closings BUI removed September 2024 and fish tumors BUI in August 2023 (ref 1); dredging under way 2025-2027."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Great Lakes National Program Office","role":"AOC program and Legacy Act funding"},{"name":"Ohio EPA","role":"State AOC coordination"},{"name":"Summit Metro Parks","role":"Project partner"},{"name":"City of Akron","role":"Project partner (dam owner side)"}],"public_contact":"U.S. EPA Great Lakes AOC program, GLRI-AOC-Program@epa.gov","corrective_actions":["Gorge Dam sediment dredging began in late summer 2025, piped to the Chuckery Area of Cascade Valley Metro Park (ref 2).","Dam removal to follow dredging; completion around 2030 (refs 2, 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Cuyahoga River AOC","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-09-28","url":"https://www.epa.gov/great-lakes-aocs/cuyahoga-river-aoc","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"DeWine, other VIPs visit Gorge Dam as $130M sediment cleanup, removal project kicks off (Akron Beacon Journal, republished)","publisher":"Office of Rep. Emilia Sykes","date":"2025-08-28","url":"https://sykes.house.gov/media/in-the-news/dewine-other-vips-visit-gorge-dam-as-130m-sediment-cleanup-removal-project-kicks-off","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Gorge Dam removal moves to phase two","publisher":"Spectrum News 1","date":"2025-07-02","url":"https://spectrumnews1.com/oh/columbus/news/2025/07/01/gorge-dam-removal-moves-to-phase-two","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OH-LORAIN-BLACK-RIVER-AOC-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Black River (Lorain) Area of Concern: final impairment removed, delisting begins","description":"The Black River at Lorain, designated an Area of Concern in 1987 and once called a \"river of fish tumors,\" had all nine beneficial use impairments removed by June 2026, the last being degraded benthos. The formal delisting process has begun; U.S. EPA will make the final decision, possibly by 2027.","location":{"name":"Black River Area of Concern","type":"Great Lakes Area of Concern (river segment)","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Lower Black River and Lorain harbor, Lorain County.","coordinates":{"lat":41.466,"lon":-82.179,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lorain"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legacy industrial pollution impaired river ecology for decades.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"River was known as a \"river of fish tumors\" from steel-era pollution (ref 2); the last impairment, benthos degradation, was removed June 2026 (ref 1).","service":"No water-service restriction cited; impairments concerned ecology and recreation (ref 1).","scale":"AOC covers the lower Black River at the City of Lorain (refs 1, 3).","duration":"Area of Concern since 1987, nearly four decades (ref 2).","significance":"Federal Area of Concern listing; Ohio EPA and Ohio Lake Erie Commission took public comment through June 18, 2026 on the final removal (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"As of June 2026, all BUIs are removed and the AOC can begin the formal delisting process (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Beneficial use impairments removed","value":9,"unit":"of 9","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Impairments removed 2016-2026; Black River Advisory Committee has begun seeking delisting (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Great Lakes National Program Office","role":"Delisting decision"},{"name":"Ohio EPA","role":"State AOC coordination"},{"name":"Ohio Lake Erie Commission","role":"State AOC program"},{"name":"Black River Advisory Committee","role":"Local remedial action plan"}],"public_contact":"Ohio Lake Erie Commission, Kristina.Patterson@ohio.lakeerie.gov","corrective_actions":["All on-the-ground management actions completed as of May 2024 (ref 1).","Formal delisting request under way (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Black River AOC","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-09-28","url":"https://www.epa.gov/great-lakes-aocs/black-river-aoc","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"This Lorain County river is nearly off a dubious list","publisher":"WEWS News 5 Cleveland","date":"2026-06-03","url":"https://www.news5cleveland.com/news/local-news/oh-lorain/this-lorain-county-river-is-nearly-off-a-dubious-list","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Black River cleanup reaches key step after decades of restoration","publisher":"Spectrum News 1","date":"2026-10-04","url":"https://spectrumnews1.com/oh/columbus/news/2026/10/04/black-river-restoration-ohio-environment","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OH-GRAND-LAKE-ST-MARYS-HAB-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Grand Lake St. Marys toxic algae: decade of progress, spring 2026 toxin spike","description":"Grand Lake St. Marys, fed by a 58,000-acre livestock-heavy watershed, has chronic cyanobacteria blooms; microcystin levels have fallen over the past decade but are not yet consistently below WHO and U.S. EPA guidelines. In spring 2026 toxin levels spiked to 66 micrograms per liter before easing to just over 20, while treatment wetlands, dredging and H2Ohio projects continue.","location":{"name":"Grand Lake St. Marys","type":"Inland reservoir lake","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Mercer and Auglaize counties, near Celina and St. Marys.","coordinates":{"lat":40.53,"lon":-84.5,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Mercer","Auglaize"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nutrient runoff drives toxic algal blooms in the lake.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Microcystin spiked to 66 micrograms per liter in spring 2026 before falling to just over 20 (ref 2).","service":"No 2025-2026 recreation advisory or water-service restriction was found in cited sources (refs 1-4).","scale":"Lake drains a 58,000-acre watershed in Mercer and Auglaize counties (ref 3).","duration":"Lake Improvement Association compares 2015 with 2025 and says toxin levels are still not consistently below guidelines (ref 1).","significance":"Addressed through voluntary and H2Ohio-funded projects; no enforcement action cited (refs 3, 5)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A spike in algal toxin reached 66 micrograms per liter in spring 2026, later falling to just over 20 (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak microcystin, spring 2026","value":66,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2"},{"name":"Water treated by wetlands, 2025","value":760000000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"More than 760 million gallons (ref 4)."},{"name":"Sediment dredged, 2026 to Sept. 5","value":106850,"unit":"cubic yards","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 6"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Long-term decline in microcystin (ref 1) but a spring 2026 spike (ref 2); 2025 levels generally below long-term averages (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Ohio Department of Natural Resources","role":"State park and dredging"},{"name":"Grand Lake St. Marys Lake Facilities Authority","role":"Watershed projects"},{"name":"Ohio EPA","role":"Water quality regulator"}],"public_contact":"Grand Lake St. Marys State Park office, 419-394-3611","corrective_actions":["Treatment-train wetlands at Coldwater, Prairie, Beaver and Big Chickasaw creeks (ref 3).","ODNR dredging program fully staffed for 2026 (ref 6).","$1.115 million H2Ohio grant for the Harmon Preservation treatment wetland (ref 5)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Grand Lake Microcystin Levels: A Decade of Progress","publisher":"Lake Improvement Association","date":"2026-02-09","url":"https://lakeimprovement.com/microcystin-progress/","basis":"Local organization"},{"ref":2,"title":"May 2026 Water Quality Update","publisher":"Lake Improvement Association","date":"2026-05-06","url":"https://lakeimprovement.com/may-2026-water-quality/","basis":"Local organization"},{"ref":3,"title":"Scientist: Lake water treatment system working","publisher":"The Daily Standard","date":"2025-09-11","url":"https://www.dailystandard.com/archive/2025-09-11/stories/53181/scientist-lake-water-treatement-system-working","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Wetlands do job despite drought","publisher":"The Daily Standard","date":"2026-02-09","url":"https://www.dailystandard.com/archive/2026-02-09/stories/54191/wetlands-do-job-despite-drought","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"LFA hears updates on treatment wetlands around lake","publisher":"The Daily Standard","date":"2026-10-01","url":"https://www.dailystandard.com/archive/2026-10-01/stories/55746/lfa-hears-updates-on-treatment-wetlands-around-lake","basis":"News"},{"ref":6,"title":"Grand Lake St. Marys Dredging Update (September 2026)","publisher":"Lake Improvement Association","date":"2026-09-09","url":"https://lakeimprovement.com/grand-lake-st-marys-dredging-update-september-2026/","basis":"Local organization"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-OH-LAKE-ERIE-HAB-2026"]},{"id":"US-OH-STATEWIDE-IMPAIRED-WATERS-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Ohio 2024 Integrated Report: bacteria impair recreation in 96% of assessed watersheds","description":"Ohio EPA's 2024 Integrated Report found recreation use impaired by bacteria in 96% of watersheds and 87% of large rivers assessed, and 48 of 121 public drinking water supply assessment units impaired, 40 of them by algal toxins. PCBs and mercury drive fish-tissue impairments, and habitat change and nutrients lead aquatic life impairments.","location":{"name":"Ohio rivers, streams and lakes","type":"Statewide surface waters","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"1,538 watershed units, 45 large river units, 7 Lake Erie units and 10 Ohio River units.","coordinates":{"lat":39.9612,"lon":-82.9988,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Widespread bacteria, nutrient and algae impairment of state waters.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"1,234 watershed assessment units and 32 large river units do not support recreation because of bacteria (ref 2).","service":"48 of 121 public drinking water supply assessment units are impaired, 40 by algae (ref 1); several Lake Erie beaches were under advisory nearly 40% of the time (ref 2).","scale":"Assessment covers all Ohio surface waters (ref 1).","duration":"Biennial report; Lake Erie western basin algae listings and bacteria impairment persist from earlier cycles (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Waters placed on the Clean Water Act Section 303(d) impaired waters list (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Widespread impairment of the recreation use (bacteria) was documented for 96% of watersheds and 87% of large rivers assessed this cycle (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Public water supply assessment units impaired","value":48,"unit":"of 121","status":"Reported","note":"40 impaired by algae (ref 1)."},{"name":"Watershed units not supporting recreation","value":1234,"unit":"assessment units","status":"Reported","note":"Table A-2 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Inland lake beach exceedance frequency","value":12.2,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Five-year period; Madison Lake highest at 39% (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single report cycle reviewed; 2026 report not found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Ohio EPA Division of Surface Water","role":"Water quality assessment and 303(d) listing"}],"public_contact":"Ohio EPA Division of Surface Water (no public channel given in cited sources)","corrective_actions":["TMDLs and restoration plans for impaired waters under the 303(d) Vision (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2024 Integrated Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment Report: Executive Summary","publisher":"Ohio EPA","date":"2024-03-01","url":"https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/epa.ohio.gov/Portals/35/tmdl/2024intreport/Report-Cover-and-Front-Material.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"2024 Integrated Report Section A: Summary","publisher":"Ohio EPA","date":"2024-03-01","url":"https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/epa.ohio.gov/Portals/35/tmdl/2024intreport/Section-A.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-OH-LAKE-ERIE-BEACH-ADVISORIES-2025","US-OH-LAKE-ERIE-HAB-2024"]},{"id":"US-OH-LAKE-ERIE-BEACH-ADVISORIES-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Ohio Lake Erie beaches: over 1,000 advisory or closure days a year, 2024-2025","description":"Ohio's Lake Erie beaches logged 1,027 advisory or closure days in 2024 and 1,022 in 2025, more than Illinois, Indiana and Michigan combined, mostly from bacteria. Ohio EPA reports Bay View West, Lakeview and Maumee Bay (inland) beaches under advisory nearly 40% of the time over five seasons.","location":{"name":"Ohio Lake Erie public beaches","type":"Lake shoreline beaches","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Lake Erie shoreline from Lucas to Ashtabula counties, including Lakeview Beach (Lorain) and Bay View (Erie County).","coordinates":{"lat":41.474,"lon":-82.205,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lucas","Erie","Lorain","Ashtabula"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Bacterial contamination triggers recurring swim advisories.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Advisories mostly stem from exceedances of health-based bacteria standards (ref 1).","service":"Swimming advisories or closures on 1,022 beach-days in 2025 (ref 1).","scale":"Problem is spread across dozens of Ohio beaches; nine named beaches each exceeded 70 days over two years (ref 1).","duration":"Ohio EPA says three beaches were under advisement nearly 40% of the time over five seasons (ref 2).","significance":"State-issued contamination advisories through Ohio BeachGuard (ref 1); Lake Erie units listed as impaired for recreation (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"1,027 advisory/closure days in 2024 and 1,022 in 2025 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Advisory or closure days, 2025","value":1022,"unit":"beach-days","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1"},{"name":"Advisory or closure days, 2024","value":1027,"unit":"beach-days","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Totals barely changed from 2024 to 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Ohio Department of Health","role":"Beach monitoring and advisories"},{"name":"Ohio EPA","role":"Recreation use assessment"}],"public_contact":"Ohio Department of Health BeachGuard public advisory system (no phone given in cited sources)","corrective_actions":["Ongoing monitoring and public advisories via Ohio BeachGuard (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Great Lakes Beach Closures in Summer 2024 and 2025: A Regional Comparison","publisher":"Environmental Law & Policy Center","date":"2025-10-06","url":"https://elpc.org/blog/great-lakes-beach-closures-in-summer-2024-and-2025-a-regional-comparison/","basis":"Nonprofit analysis of state data"},{"ref":2,"title":"2024 Integrated Report Section A: Summary","publisher":"Ohio EPA","date":"2024-03-01","url":"https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/epa.ohio.gov/Portals/35/tmdl/2024intreport/Section-A.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-OH-STATEWIDE-IMPAIRED-WATERS-2024","US-OH-PORT-CLINTON-CSO-RESOLVED-2026"]},{"id":"US-OH-YOUNGSTOWN-MAHONING-SEDIMENT-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Mahoning River steel-era contaminated sediment and low-head dam removals","description":"Heavy metals, PCBs and PAHs from the Mahoning Valley's steel era remain in Mahoning River sediment, concentrated behind low-head dams. Four of nine dams between Leavittsburg and Lowellville have been removed, and in May 2026 Youngstown proposed a project of up to $6.1 million to clean sediment and remove three more dams, with completion expected in 2028.","location":{"name":"Mahoning River, Youngstown","type":"River segment","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Mahoning River from Leavittsburg (Trumbull County) through Youngstown to Lowellville (Mahoning County).","coordinates":{"lat":41.0998,"lon":-80.6495,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Mahoning","Trumbull"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Dams trap legacy industrial contamination in sediment.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"An Ohio EPA study found heavy metals, PCBs and PAHs in Mahoning sediment, especially behind low-head dams (ref 2).","service":"No drinking-water or service effect cited (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Nine low-head dams span the river from Leavittsburg to Lowellville (ref 1).","duration":"Contamination persists decades after mills closed in the 1960s-1980s (ref 2); the cleanup runs to 2028 (ref 1).","significance":"Addressed through city ordinances and Ohio EPA restoration funding, not enforcement (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Up to $6.125 million to remove three Youngstown low-head dams after cleaning sediment (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Youngstown project cost","value":6125000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1"},{"name":"Low-head dams removed so far","value":4,"unit":"of 9","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Dam removals are progressing (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Youngstown","role":"Project owner"},{"name":"Ohio EPA","role":"Water Resource Restoration Sponsor Program funding"},{"name":"Eastgate Regional Council of Governments","role":"Regional planning"}],"public_contact":"City of Youngstown Department of Public Works (no public channel given in cited sources)","corrective_actions":["$3.5 million from Ohio EPA's Water Resource Restoration Sponsor Program plus LTV Steel settlement funds (ref 1).","Design-build contract for Crescent, Center and Marshall street dams (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Cleanup of Mahoning River in Youngstown proposed","publisher":"The Vindicator","date":"2026-05-15","url":"https://www.vindy.com/uncategorized/2026/05/cleanup-of-mahoning-river-in-youngstown-proposed/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"'Unbuilding': What might happen if dams are removed in the Ohio River watershed","publisher":"Environmental Health News / The Allegheny Front","date":"2020-01-30","url":"https://www.ehn.org/ohio-river-dam-removal","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-OH-LEAVITTSBURG-DAM-DISPUTE-2025"]},{"id":"US-OH-TOLEDO-MAUMEE-AOC-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Maumee River Area of Concern: halfway to delisting, five impairments remain","description":"U.S. EPA approved removing the Beach Closings impairment from the Maumee Area of Concern in 2026, the fifth of 10 removed. Five legacy impairments remain, including degraded fish and wildlife populations, fish tumors, degraded benthos, eutrophication and loss of habitat, across 23 miles of the lower Maumee and 11 tributaries around Toledo.","location":{"name":"Maumee River Area of Concern","type":"Great Lakes Area of Concern (river segment)","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Lower 23 miles of the Maumee River, Maumee Bay and 11 independent tributaries around Toledo.","coordinates":{"lat":41.65,"lon":-83.53,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Lucas","Wood","Ottawa"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legacy contamination and habitat loss impair the lower Maumee.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Fish tumors, degraded fish and wildlife populations and degraded benthos remain listed impairments (ref 1).","service":"Beach Closings impairment removed after five years of improving advisory data (ref 2).","scale":"AOC covers 23 miles of the Maumee mainstem and 11 waterways in the Toledo area (ref 2).","duration":"Five of 10 original impairments still listed as of October 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Federal Area of Concern designation; Ohio EPA and Ohio Lake Erie Commission public comment process for removals (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Beach Closings removal is the fifth of 10 impairments removed, the halfway point (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Impairments remaining","value":5,"unit":"of 10","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 2"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Removals in 2022, 2023, 2024 and 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Great Lakes National Program Office","role":"AOC program"},{"name":"Ohio EPA","role":"State AOC coordination"},{"name":"Maumee AOC Advisory Committee","role":"Local remedial action plan"}],"public_contact":"U.S. EPA Great Lakes AOC program, GLRI-AOC-Program@epa.gov","corrective_actions":["Waterfowl deterrence at problem beaches and City of Oregon ditch widening and stream restoration (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Maumee River AOC","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-10-05","url":"https://www.epa.gov/great-lakes-aocs/maumee-river-aoc","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA clears Maumee Bay for recreational use, showing water quality improvement","publisher":"Spectrum News 1","date":"2026-10-02","url":"https://spectrumnews1.com/oh/columbus/news/2026/10/02/epa-clears-maumee-bay-for-recreational-use","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-OH-MAUMEE-NUTRIENTS-2024","US-OH-LAKE-ERIE-HAB-2026"]},{"id":"US-OH-LEAVITTSBURG-DAM-DISPUTE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Leavittsburg Dam removal on the Mahoning River after six-year legal fight","description":"Trumbull County MetroParks began removing the Leavittsburg Dam on the Mahoning River in October 2025 after Ohio EPA approved demolition over safety concerns. Warren Township and the county commissioners lost challenges in Common Pleas Court, the 11th District Court of Appeals and the Environmental Review Appeals Commission, and residents raised concerns about exposed sediment and septic systems as the pool dropped.","location":{"name":"Leavittsburg Dam, Mahoning River","type":"Low-head dam and river segment","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Leavittsburg, Warren Township, Trumbull County.","coordinates":{"lat":41.24,"lon":-80.88,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Trumbull"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Dam removal raised disputes over river levels, sediment and flooding.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Falling water exposed mud, trash and stranded mussels and snails, and residents asked about sediment pollutants (ref 1).","service":"No water-service disruption reported; county offered residents water testing for $150 (ref 1).","scale":"Affects Warren Township and Braceville residents along the river (ref 1).","duration":"Dispute lasted about six years before demolition began Oct. 28, 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"Common Pleas Court dismissed the township and county injunction request in May 2025 (ref 2); appeals and an ERAC challenge also failed (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Warren Township spent about $50,000 fighting the removal over about six years (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Township legal costs","value":50000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Trumbull County MetroParks","role":"Dam owner"},{"name":"Ohio EPA","role":"Permitting agency"},{"name":"Warren Township Trustees","role":"Opposing party"}],"public_contact":"Trumbull County MetroParks (no public channel given in cited sources)","corrective_actions":["Notch cut to lower the pool gradually, with mitigation plans following contractor RiverReach's recommendations (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Down goes the Leavittsburg Dam","publisher":"Tribune Chronicle","date":"2025-10-29","url":"https://www.tribtoday.com/news/local-news/2025/10/down-goes-the-leavittsburg-dam/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Judge Tosses Leavittsburg Dam Removal Complaint","publisher":"The Business Journal","date":"2025-05-14","url":"https://businessjournaldaily.com/judge-tosses-leavittsburg-dam-removal-complaint/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-OH-YOUNGSTOWN-MAHONING-SEDIMENT-2026"]},{"id":"US-OH-GAVIN-COAL-ASH-GROUNDWATER-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Gavin Power Plant coal ash in groundwater and EPA pond closure order upheld","description":"U.S. EPA denied the Gen. James M. Gavin Power Plant in Cheshire more time to keep sending coal ash to an unlined Bottom Ash Pond, finding that the closed Fly Ash Reservoir holds waste sitting in groundwater and that groundwater monitoring was inadequate. In August 2025 a federal court upheld that 2022 EPA decision.","location":{"name":"Gen. James M. Gavin Power Plant","type":"Coal-fired power plant coal ash units","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Cheshire, Gallia County, on the Ohio River","coordinates":{"lat":38.946,"lon":-82.113,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Gallia"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns coal combustion residuals in contact with groundwater at plant disposal units.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA's final determination (ref 1) found the unlined Fly Ash Reservoir closed with waste sitting in groundwater.","service":"No public water service disruption is cited in the EPA release (ref 1) or the court coverage (ref 2).","scale":"The units belong to one large plant; EPA (ref 1) frames the risk as safe water for nearby communities, scored as one community.","duration":"The groundwater deficiencies were documented in 2022 (ref 1) and remained in litigation until the August 2025 ruling (ref 2).","significance":"EPA's first-ever denial of a coal ash deadline extension (refs 1, 2) was upheld by a federal court in 2025 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure for affected groundwater users was found in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"EPA found the Fly Ash Reservoir was closed with waste sitting in groundwater and required the Bottom Ash Pond to stop receiving waste within 135 days of the Federal Register notice."},"measures":[{"name":"Days allowed to stop placing waste in Bottom Ash Pond after Federal Register notice","value":135,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"EPA final determination (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The court upheld the order in 2025 (ref 2); no later groundwater data were found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA (Office of Land and Emergency Management)","role":"Federal coal ash (CCR) rule regulator"},{"name":"Gavin Power, LLC","role":"Plant owner and operator"},{"name":"Ohio Environmental Protection Agency","role":"State environmental and drinking-water regulator"}],"public_contact":"U.S. EPA Region 5 public inquiries line, or Ohio EPA Southeast District Office","corrective_actions":["EPA denied the deadline extension and required the Bottom Ash Pond to stop receiving waste (ref 1).","A federal court rejected the plant's challenge to that denial in August 2025 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA Takes Final Action to Protect Groundwater from Coal Ash Contamination at Ohio Facility","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2022-11-18","url":"https://19january2025snapshot.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-takes-final-action-protect-groundwater-coal-ash-contamination-ohio-facility","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Judge rejects Ohio coal plant challenge to EPA coal ash pond closure order","publisher":"E&E News","date":"2025-08-27","url":"https://www.eenews.net/articles/judge-rejects-ohio-coal-plant-challenge-to-epa-coal-ash-pond-closure-order","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OH-WASHINGTON-CO-INJECTION-BRINE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Washington County brine injection wells halted over migration near Marietta aquifer","description":"Four Class II oil-and-gas waste injection wells in Washington County stopped injecting on July 1-2, 2026 at the Ohio Department of Natural Resources' request after inspections found fluid and rising pressure in nearby production wells. Marietta City Council declared an emergency in October 2025 because four injection wells sit within two miles of the city's Source Water Protection Area, and ODNR is commissioning a study of nearby private water wells.","location":{"name":"Washington County Class II injection wells","type":"Oil and gas waste injection well cluster","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Washington County, near Marietta's source water protection area","coordinates":{"lat":39.415,"lon":-81.455,"precision":"county","source_ref":2},"counties":["Washington"],"extent":"county","pwsid":"OH8400412"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented issue is oil-and-gas brine migrating underground near aquifers used for drinking water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ODNR found fluid and higher pressure in oil wells near four injection wells (ref 1); ODNR studies found no private water wells affected so far (ref 2).","service":"No drinking-water outage or advisory is reported; Marietta's supply is described as at risk, not interrupted (ref 3).","scale":"Marietta's four public aquifers serve about 32,000 people (ref 3); SDWIS lists Marietta City PWS at 18,707 (ref 5).","duration":"Brine migration in the county dates to 2019 (ref 2) and ODNR's latest inspections ran from October 2025 into 2026 (ref 4).","significance":"Marietta passed an emergency resolution and directed legal action against ODNR (ref 3); ODNR drafted suspension orders before the voluntary halt (ref 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":32000,"status":"Reported","note":"About 32,000 people served by four public drinking-water aquifers near the wells (ref 3); Marietta City PWS alone serves 18,707 per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Four Class II wells within two miles of Marietta's Source Water Protection Area; the county accepted 11,970,274 barrels of oil and gas wastewater in 2023 and 2024."},"measures":[{"name":"Oil and gas wastewater injected in Washington County, 2023-2024","value":11970274,"unit":"barrels","status":"Reported","note":"Farm and Dairy (ref 3)."},{"name":"Active Class II injection wells in Washington County","value":17,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"As of 2024 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Operational Class II brine injection wells statewide","value":227,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"ODNR first-quarter 2026 data cited by Signal Ohio (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Migration first documented in 2019 recurred with new pressure impacts from October 2025 (refs 2, 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Oil and Gas Resources Management","role":"Class II injection well regulator"},{"name":"City of Marietta","role":"Public water supplier"},{"name":"Ohio Environmental Protection Agency","role":"State environmental and drinking-water regulator"}],"public_contact":"ODNR Division of Oil and Gas Resources Management, Columbus office","corrective_actions":["Four wells (Redbird No. 4 and No. 5, American Growers No. 1, Nichols No. 1-A) stopped injecting July 1-2, 2026 (ref 2).","ODNR installed pressure monitors and is contracting a third-party study of private water wells (ref 4).","Nine Washington County water authorities passed moratorium resolutions (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Four underground waste wells suspended as Ohio regulators fear a leak","publisher":"Signal Ohio","date":"2026-07-16","url":"https://signalohio.org/four-underground-waste-wells-suspended-after-ohio-regulators-suspect-problems/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Four injection wells in Washington County shut down due to brine migration","publisher":"Farm and Dairy","date":"2026-07-10","url":"https://www.farmanddairy.com/news/four-injection-wells-in-washington-county-shut-down-due-to-brine-migration/921237.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Marietta City Council declares emergency over Class II injection wells","publisher":"Farm and Dairy","date":"2025-10-22","url":"https://www.farmanddairy.com/?p=891924","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"ODNR details process before Washington County injection well shutdown","publisher":"WTAP","date":"2026-07-16","url":"https://www.wtap.com/2026/07/17/odnr-details-process-before-washington-county-injection-well-shutdown/","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Marietta City PWS","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OH/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MARIETTA/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"ODNR: Four injection wells cease operations amid brine migration concerns","publisher":"WTAP","date":"2026-07-10","url":"https://www.wtap.com/2026/07/11/odnr-four-injection-wells-cease-operations-amid-brine-migration-concerns/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OH-MARIETTA-WASTEWATER-ORDER-2024","US-OH-OHIO-RIVER-PFOA-DUPONT-2026"]},{"id":"US-OH-CENTRAL-OHIO-DATA-CENTER-WATER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Central Ohio data center water demand on the Columbus water system","description":"Public records show Google's New Albany data center used more than 1 billion gallons of Columbus-supplied water in 2025 and its Columbus site about 448 million gallons. The New Albany International Business Park, with 40 data centers, used about 9 million gallons a day in late 2025, and Ohio legislators are weighing mandatory water-use reporting.","location":{"name":"Columbus Public Water System (New Albany data centers)","type":"Municipal regional water system, industrial park customers","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"New Albany International Business Park and Columbus, Franklin and Licking counties","coordinates":{"lat":40.081,"lon":-82.809,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Franklin","Licking"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OH2504412"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is growth in large industrial water withdrawals from a regional public supply.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"No water-quality or health harm is tied to data center use in the News 5 records review (ref 1).","service":"Columbus supplied 156 million gallons a day in 2025 against 245 million of capacity, with no restrictions reported (ref 1).","scale":"The Columbus system serves more than 1.4 million customers (ref 1); SDWIS lists 1,309,468 people (ref 3).","duration":"Demand growth is ongoing: industry reports cite more than 150 central Ohio data centers operating or planned (ref 1).","significance":"Only proposed reporting legislation and a regional water study are cited (refs 1, 2); no order or violation exists."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":1309468,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Columbus Public Water System per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Google's New Albany data center used more than 1 billion gallons of water in 2025; data centers are roughly 3% of Columbus water consumption."},"measures":[{"name":"Google New Albany data center water use, 2025","value":1000000000,"unit":"gallons (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"New Albany International Business Park average use, late 2025","value":9,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"About 56% of a 16 MGD entitlement under a 2015 service plan (ref 1)."},{"name":"Columbus average daily supply, 2025","value":156,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Against 245 MGD capacity (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Demand is rising as more data centers are built in western Franklin County and New Albany (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Columbus Department of Public Utilities, Division of Water","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission","role":"Central Ohio Regional Water Study lead"}],"public_contact":"Columbus Department of Public Utilities customer service line","corrective_actions":["The Central Ohio Regional Water Study projects rising water and wastewater demand from data centers (ref 2).","Ohio legislators are considering mandatory data center water-use reporting (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"How much water do data centers really use? Here's what we learned from public records","publisher":"News 5 Cleveland (Scripps)","date":"2026-09-16","url":"https://www.news5cleveland.com/the-price-of-data/how-much-water-do-data-centers-really-use-heres-what-we-learned-from-public-records","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"More than electricity: Data centers' water use scrutinized","publisher":"Gongwer (via Ohio House, Rep. Christine Cockley)","date":"2025-08-08","url":"https://ohiohouse.gov/members/christine-cockley/in-the-news/more-than-electricity-data-centers-water-use-scrutinized-5784","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Columbus Public Water System","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OH/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/COLUMBUS/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OH-CENTRAL-OHIO-GROUNDWATER-DEMAND-2025","US-OH-COLUMBUS-RATES-CAPACITY-2025","US-OH-MARYSVILLE-DATA-CENTER-DEMAND-2025"]},{"id":"US-OH-AQUA-OHIO-RATE-CASE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Aqua Ohio water rate increase of $9.5 million approved by PUCO","description":"On June 10, 2026 the Public Utilities Commission of Ohio approved about $9.5 million in added annual revenue for investor-owned Aqua Ohio, below the $13.4 million (16.4%) requested in case 25-0594-WW-AIR. The Ohio Consumers' Counsel says typical residential bills will rise about $9 to $15 a month and warned the increase compromises affordability.","location":{"name":"Aqua Ohio water systems","type":"Investor-owned water utility, multiple systems","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Aqua Ohio service areas including Brookfield and Hubbard townships (Trumbull County), Marion and Franklin County subdivisions","coordinates":{"lat":40.589,"lon":-83.128,"precision":"state","source_ref":2},"counties":["Trumbull","Marion","Franklin"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is the cost to customers of an investor-owned utility rate increase.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"OCC (ref 1) says the increase compromises affordability for too many customers already strained by inflation.","service":"No service loss is tied to the case; Aqua said the money covers reliability and compliance costs (ref 2).","scale":"Nearly 47,000 Aqua water customers are affected (ref 1), out of about 154,000 Aqua customers (ref 2).","duration":"The case ran from 2025 hearings into a June 2026 order (ref 1), with bills rising thereafter.","significance":"A formal PUCO rate order in case 25-0594-WW-AIR (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Nearly 47,000 affected customer accounts (ref 1); a people count is not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PUCO allowed about $9.5 million of the $13.4 million requested; typical residential bills rise about $9 to $15 a month."},"measures":[{"name":"Approved added annual revenue","value":9.5,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Requested added annual revenue","value":13.4,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"16.4% over current revenues (ref 2)."},{"name":"Affected water customers","value":47000,"unit":"customers (nearly)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Rate increase to recover capital and operating costs"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One rate case reviewed."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Public Utilities Commission of Ohio","role":"Rate regulator"},{"name":"Aqua Ohio","role":"Investor-owned water utility"},{"name":"Office of the Ohio Consumers' Counsel","role":"Residential consumer advocate"}],"public_contact":"Office of the Ohio Consumers' Counsel, 1-877-742-5622","corrective_actions":["PUCO cut the request to about $9.5 million and rejected a higher fixed customer charge (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Aqua Ohio Water Rate Increase, Case No. 25-0594-WW-AIR","publisher":"Office of the Ohio Consumers' Counsel","date":"2026-06-10","url":"https://www.occ.ohio.gov/factsheet/aqua-ohio-water-rate-increase-25-0594-ww-air","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"PUCO allows Aqua Ohio rate hike","publisher":"News On the Green","date":"2026-07-15","url":"https://newsonthegreen.com/2026/07/15/puco-allows-aqua-ohio-rate-hike/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system records: Aqua Ohio systems","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OH/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/AQUA/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected","pwsid"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OH-TOLEDO-WATER-SEWER-RATES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Toledo water and sewer rate increases under regional water commission","description":"Toledo raised the water portion of bills 10% a year for three years from 2024, then 6% through 2028, after a regional water commission removed surcharges on suburban customers in exchange for 40-year commitments. Sewer rates rise 3.75% a year through 2028 to fund wastewater plant upgrades, and the city lists a 2026 sample bill of $89.32 for 4 ccf a month.","location":{"name":"City of Toledo water and sewer service area","type":"Municipal regional water and sewer utility","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Toledo and contract communities, Lucas County and neighbors","coordinates":{"lat":41.654,"lon":-83.536,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lucas"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OH4801411"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is household cost of multi-year water and sewer rate increases.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Rates had stayed low for decades and now fund Collins Park plant needs (ref 2); a reduced rate for income-eligible sewer customers was in development (ref 3).","service":"No service disruption is reported; the city page (ref 1) lists rates only.","scale":"SDWIS lists the Toledo system at 360,000 people (ref 4), and about half of water revenue comes from outside communities (ref 2).","duration":"Water increases run from 2024 through 2028 (ref 2) and sewer increases through 2029 (ref 3).","significance":"Rates are set by city ordinance and published schedules (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":360000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Toledo City of PWS per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Water portion rises 10% a year for three years, then 6% through 2028; 2026 sample bill $89.32 for 4 ccf a month."},"measures":[{"name":"First-tier water volume rate, 2026","value":4.858,"unit":"USD per ccf","status":"Reported","note":"Up from 4.417 in 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Sample monthly bill, 4 ccf, 2026","value":89.32,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Annual sewer rate increase through 2028","value":3.75,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Rates historically below cost of maintenance (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Scheduled increases continue through 2028-2029 (refs 2, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Toledo Department of Public Utilities","role":"Water and sewer utility"},{"name":"Toledo Area Regional Water Commission","role":"Regional rate-setting body"}],"public_contact":"City of Toledo Department of Public Utilities customer service","corrective_actions":["The city links a Water Affordability Plan and financial assistance on its rates page (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water Rates","publisher":"City of Toledo","date":"2026-10-02","url":"https://toledo.oh.gov/residents/water/rates","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Toledo water rates set to increase; sewer rates may follow","publisher":"WTVG 13abc","date":"2023-12-15","url":"https://www.13abc.com/2023/12/15/toledo-water-rates-set-increase-sewer-rates-may-follow","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"City of Toledo proposes sewer rate increase for wastewater plant fixes","publisher":"WTVG 13abc","date":"2024-05-14","url":"https://www.13abc.com/2024/05/14/city-toledo-proposes-sewer-rate-increase-wastewater-plant-fixes","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Toledo City of","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OH/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/TOLEDO/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OH-LITTLE-HOCKING-CHEMOURS-PFAS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Chemours Washington Works PFAS discharges affecting Little Hocking well fields","description":"Chemours' Washington Works plant across the Ohio River in West Virginia has routinely exceeded PFAS permit limits, and the Little Hocking Water Association in Ohio has seen a roughly fivefold rise in GenX in its well fields over several years, treated with a Chemours-paid carbon system. In June 2026 the Justice Department lodged a settlement with a $22.5 million penalty, PFAS controls at Washington Works and drinking-water testing near the plant.","location":{"name":"Little Hocking Water Association","type":"Rural water association (groundwater well fields)","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Little Hocking, Washington County, opposite Washington Works on the Ohio River","coordinates":{"lat":39.264,"lon":-81.703,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Washington"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OH8400212"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns industrial PFAS releases reaching groundwater used for public supply.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Little Hocking's well fields show a roughly fivefold increase in GenX, a chemical linked to kidney, liver and immune effects (ref 1).","service":"Carbon treatment paid by Chemours keeps service running; no outage is reported (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists the Little Hocking Water Association at 9,892 people (ref 3).","duration":"PFAS discharges began in 1951 and permit exceedances continued from at least 2022 (ref 1).","significance":"A federal consent decree with a $22.5 million civil penalty was lodged in June 2026 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":9892,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Little Hocking's well fields have seen a roughly fivefold increase in GenX over several years."},"measures":[{"name":"Civil penalty in lodged consent decree","value":22.5,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"GenX in the well fields rose about fivefold over several years (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"The Chemours Company (Washington Works)","role":"Discharger"},{"name":"U.S. EPA and U.S. Department of Justice","role":"Federal enforcement"},{"name":"West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Discharge permit authority"},{"name":"Little Hocking Water Association","role":"Public water supplier"}],"public_contact":"Little Hocking Water Association office, Little Hocking, Ohio","corrective_actions":["The lodged decree requires 14 projects to cut PFAS in wastewater, stormwater and groundwater at Washington Works and 99% GenX control (ref 2).","Chemours will test drinking water near the plant and provide treated or alternative water (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Infamous PFAS polluter still spewing 'forever chemicals'","publisher":"E&E News","date":"2025-05-19","url":"https://www.eenews.net/articles/infamous-pfas-polluter-still-spewing-forever-chemicals/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Chemours Agrees to $450M Landmark Settlement Agreement for Releases of PFAS Forever Chemicals in West Virginia, North Carolina, and New Jersey","publisher":"U.S. Department of Justice","date":"2026-06-24","url":"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/chemours-agrees-450m-landmark-settlement-agreement-releases-pfas-forever-chemicals-west","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Little Hocking Water Association","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OH/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LITTLE%20HOCKING/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OH-OHIO-RIVER-PFOA-DUPONT-2026"]},{"id":"US-OH-STATEWIDE-FLUORIDE-BAN-BILL-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Ohio House Bill 182 would ban adding fluoride to public water","description":"House Bill 182, sponsored by Rep. Levi Dean, would prohibit Ohio public water systems from adding fluoride and repeal the state's fluoridation requirement. It had a committee hearing in March 2026 and remains in the House Natural Resources Committee; the Legislative Service Commission says 199 community systems added fluoride in 2025, serving about 8.8 million Ohioans directly or through purchased water.","location":{"name":"Ohio public water systems (statewide)","type":"Statewide drinking-water policy","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Ohio General Assembly, Columbus","coordinates":{"lat":39.961,"lon":-82.999,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is a proposed statewide change to drinking-water treatment policy.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"No documented harm; the bill is pending and fluoridation continues under current law (ref 2).","service":"No service effect; LSC (ref 1) notes systems ending fluoridation would need corrosion control evaluations.","scale":"About 8.8 million Ohioans are served by systems that add or buy fluoridated water (ref 1).","duration":"The bill has been pending since its 2025 introduction, with hearings in 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Pending legislation only (ref 2); no order or vote has occurred."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":8800000,"status":"Reported","note":"Ohioans served by a PWS that adds fluoride or buys water from one (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"199 community public water systems in Ohio added fluoride to drinking water in 2025; about 8.8 million Ohioans are served by them."},"measures":[{"name":"Community systems adding fluoride, 2025","value":199,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Ohio EPA figure in LSC fiscal note (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Bill pending in committee (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Ohio General Assembly, House Natural Resources Committee","role":"Legislative body considering the bill"},{"name":"Ohio Environmental Protection Agency","role":"State environmental and drinking-water regulator"}],"public_contact":"Ohio Legislative Service Commission bill status page for H.B. 182","corrective_actions":[],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"H.B. 182 Fiscal Note and Local Impact Statement (As Introduced)","publisher":"Ohio Legislative Service Commission","date":"2026-02-27","url":"https://search-prod.lis.state.oh.us/api/v2/general_assembly_136/legislation/hb182/00_IN/attachments/fiscal_notes","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Fluoride Fight Erupts At Ohio Statehouse Over Tap Water Ban","publisher":"Hoodline","date":"2026-03-11","url":"https://hoodline.com/2026/03/fluoride-fight-erupts-at-ohio-statehouse-over-tap-water-ban/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OH-STATEWIDE-H2OHIO-FUNDING-CUT-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Ohio 2025 budget cuts H2Ohio clean-water funding by nearly 40 percent","description":"The state budget signed July 1, 2025 cut H2Ohio's annual funding from about $134.9 million to $82.3 million: agriculture from $60.8 million to $53.6 million, Natural Resources wetlands work from $46.6 million to $21.2 million, and Ohio EPA from $27.5 million to $7.5 million. Audubon Great Lakes reported the bill also removed the use of H2Ohio money to permanently protect land.","location":{"name":"H2Ohio program (statewide)","type":"State clean-water funding program","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Statewide, focused on the Maumee River watershed and western Lake Erie","coordinates":{"lat":39.961,"lon":-82.999,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["agricultural","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is reduced state funding for nutrient, wetland and water programs.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Advocates warned (ref 3) that cuts risk progress against the algal blooms behind Toledo's 2014 shutdown; harm is potential, not yet documented.","service":"No service disruption; the cuts affect conservation and wetland grants (ref 1).","scale":"H2Ohio is a statewide program centered on the Maumee watershed (ref 3).","duration":"The cuts apply to the 2026-2027 budget cycle signed in July 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"Enacted state budget legislation (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide program; no affected population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Natural Resources' H2Ohio budget fell from $46.6 million to $21.2 million; Ohio EPA's from $27.5 million to $7.5 million."},"measures":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture H2Ohio budget","value":53.6,"unit":"million USD per year","status":"Reported","note":"Down from 60.8 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Combined H2Ohio annual budget after cut","value":82.3,"unit":"million USD per year","status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of the three agency figures in ref 1 (from 134.9)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Funding fell in the 2025 budget (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Ohio General Assembly and Governor","role":"Budget authority"},{"name":"Ohio Department of Agriculture","role":"H2Ohio farm practices"},{"name":"Ohio Department of Natural Resources","role":"H2Ohio wetlands"},{"name":"Ohio Environmental Protection Agency","role":"State environmental and drinking-water regulator"}],"public_contact":"H2Ohio program, Ohio Department of Natural Resources","corrective_actions":[],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Efforts to Reduce Toxic Algae in Lake Erie Appear to Be Making Progress. Now They Face State and Federal Cuts","publisher":"Inside Climate News","date":"2025-07-20","url":"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/20072025/lake-erie-toxic-algae-control-cuts/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Ohio Lawmakers Roll Back Ability to Protect Clean Water in State Budget, Now Advances to Governor's Desk","publisher":"Audubon Great Lakes","date":"2025-06-26","url":"https://www.audubon.org/great-lakes/news/ohio-lawmakers-roll-back-ability-protect-clean-water-state-budget-now-advances","basis":"Advocacy statement"},{"ref":3,"title":"Ohio's Water at Risk: Proposed H2Ohio Cuts Threaten Progress Against Toxic Algal Blooms","publisher":"National Wildlife Federation","date":"2025-04-10","url":"https://nwf.org/Home/Latest-News/Press-Releases/2025/4-10-2025-H2Ohio-Budget-Cuts-Threaten-Lake-Erie","basis":"Advocacy statement"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-OH-MAUMEE-NUTRIENTS-2024","US-OH-LAKE-ERIE-HAB-2026"]},{"id":"US-OH-MAUMEE-TMDL-CAFO-LAWSUIT-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Federal lawsuit challenges Maumee nutrient TMDL over unregulated livestock manure","description":"Lucas County, Toledo and the Environmental Law & Policy Center sued U.S. EPA in May 2024 in the Northern District of Ohio, arguing the Maumee Watershed Nutrient TMDL approved September 28, 2023 fails to address concentrated animal feeding operations. In March 2026 the Sixth Circuit let pork producers and other farm groups intervene, and the case is back in district court.","location":{"name":"Maumee River watershed (Ohio)","type":"River basin","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Northwest Ohio, draining to western Lake Erie at Toledo","coordinates":{"lat":41.3,"lon":-84,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lucas"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["surface-water","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The dispute is over how manure-driven phosphorus loads to Lake Erie are capped.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The complaint (ref 1) ties phosphorus to recurring harmful algal blooms in western Lake Erie.","service":"The lawsuit seeks a new TMDL; it reports no current service interruption (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The TMDL covers the Maumee watershed draining to western Lake Erie (ref 1).","duration":"The case has run since May 2024 and remained pending after the March 2026 appeals ruling (ref 3).","significance":"A federal lawsuit, Case 3:24-cv-00779, against U.S. EPA's approval (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Watershed-scale; no affected population is stated in the cited filings."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"U.S. EPA approved the Maumee TMDL on September 28, 2023; plaintiffs say it does not account for CAFOs as the Clean Water Act requires."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Litigation pending (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 5","role":"TMDL approval authority"},{"name":"Ohio Environmental Protection Agency","role":"State environmental and drinking-water regulator"},{"name":"Ohio Department of Agriculture","role":"Livestock facility permitting"}],"public_contact":"U.S. EPA Region 5, Chicago","corrective_actions":["The plaintiffs ask the court to vacate the TMDL approval and order a compliant TMDL (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Board of Lucas County Commissioners et al. v. U.S. EPA, Complaint, Case 3:24-cv-00779 (N.D. Ohio)","publisher":"U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Ohio (via National Agricultural Law Center)","date":"2024-05-01","url":"https://nationalaglawcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/Bd-of-Lucas-Cty-Commrs-v-EPA-complaint-5.1.24.pdf","basis":"Court record"},{"ref":2,"title":"City of Toledo and others sue EPA over alleged failure to address harmful algal blooms in Lake Erie","publisher":"Michigan Public","date":"2024-05-01","url":"https://www.michiganpublic.org/environment-climate-change/2024-05-01/city-of-toledo-and-others-sue-epa-over-alleged-failure-to-address-harmful-algal-blooms-in-lake-erie","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Pork Producers Get a Voice in Ohio Water Regulations Case","publisher":"Meatingplace","date":"2026-03-18","url":"https://meatingplace.com/pork-producers-get-a-voice-in-ohio-water-regulations-case/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-OH-LAKE-ERIE-HAB-2026","US-OH-MAUMEE-NUTRIENTS-2024","US-OH-NAPOLEON-MAUMEE-FISH-KILL-2026"]},{"id":"US-OH-AKRON-WATER-RATE-HIKE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Akron water bills rise 60-80% with new infrastructure fee in 2024","description":"Akron's first water rate increase since 2012 took effect in early 2024, adding a $9 monthly infrastructure fee and raising the volume rate to $3.06 per hundred cubic feet, so most customers' bills rose 60% to 80%. The city set it by administrative action to fund about $15 million a year for reservoir, plant, main and lead line work, and opened a 40% discount program for eligible low-income customers.","location":{"name":"Akron City PWS","type":"Municipal water utility","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Akron and suburban customers, Summit County","coordinates":{"lat":41.081,"lon":-81.519,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Summit"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OH7700011"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is a large single-step rate increase and its affordability effects.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"A 5-hcf customer's bill rose from $17.65 to $28.30 a month (ref 1); the city created a 40% discount for low-income residents (ref 2).","service":"No service interruption is linked to the increase (refs 1, 2).","scale":"About 300,000 people receive Akron water (ref 1); SDWIS lists 280,000 (ref 3).","duration":"The higher rates have applied since February 2024 bills and fund projects through 2027 (ref 1).","significance":"Rates were set administratively under the City Charter without a council vote (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":280000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Akron City PWS per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Most customers' water bills rose 60% to 80% starting with February 2024 bills."},"measures":[{"name":"Monthly bill at 5 hcf after increase","value":28.3,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Up from 17.65 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Added annual revenue","value":15,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["First increase since 2012 after deferred investment (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"One large step increase in 2024; no further increase found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Akron Public Service Department, Water Bureau","role":"Water utility"}],"public_contact":"City of Akron Public Utilities Bureau customer service","corrective_actions":["Akron Water Bill Assistance Program: 40% discount for eligible residents from January 1, 2024 (ref 2).","Revenue funds the Brittain Road Reservoir rebuild, a filtration plant overhaul and lead line replacement (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Akron water bills to increase 60-80% next year. Here's why the rate is going up","publisher":"Akron Beacon Journal (via Yahoo News)","date":"2023-11-10","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/akron-water-customers-bills-increasing-153027379.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Akron announces water rate increase, affordability program","publisher":"Ideastream Public Media","date":"2023-11-10","url":"https://www.ideastream.org/community/2023-11-10/akron-announces-water-rate-increase-affordability-program","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Akron City PWS","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OH/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/AKRON/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OH-AKRON-HAA5-2025"]},{"id":"US-OH-DAYTON-WATER-SEWER-RATES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Dayton water and sewer rates rise over 8% a year amid county dispute","description":"Dayton proposed water increases of 8.5% a year and sewer increases of 9 to 9.5% a year for 2026 through 2028, after 9% water increases in each of 2023-2025. Montgomery County, which buys Dayton water, approved 5% annual water and sewer increases from January 2026 and is in litigation with Dayton over a 2018 Water Services Agreement.","location":{"name":"Dayton Public Water System","type":"Municipal regional water and sewer utility","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Dayton and Miami Valley wholesale customers, Montgomery County","coordinates":{"lat":39.758,"lon":-84.192,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Montgomery"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OH5703512"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is sustained rate growth and an intergovernmental water contract dispute.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"A commissioner acknowledged many residents already struggle with basic service costs (ref 1); median household income is near $46,000.","service":"No service interruption is reported; Montgomery County logged 396 main breaks in 2024 (ref 2).","scale":"Dayton supplies water to more than 400,000 people across the Miami Valley (ref 1).","duration":"Water and sewer rates rose in 12 of the last 15 years, with increases planned through 2028 (ref 1).","significance":"Montgomery County is in litigation with Dayton over the 2018 Water Services Agreement (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":141407,"status":"Reported","note":"Dayton Public Water System population per SDWIS (ref 3); Dayton says it supplies more than 400,000 people regionally (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Proposed Dayton water rates up 8.5% each year 2026-2028; sewer up 9.5% in 2026 and 9% in 2027 and 2028."},"measures":[{"name":"Average residential quarterly water bill (prior year)","value":133.25,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Montgomery County planned water and sewer improvements","value":248,"unit":"million USD (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Operating costs up 32% since 2020 for Montgomery County (ref 2)","Wholesale contract litigation (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Increases continue a run of rises in 12 of 15 years (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Dayton Department of Water","role":"Water and sewer utility"},{"name":"Montgomery County Environmental Services","role":"Wholesale customer and county utility"}],"public_contact":"City of Dayton Department of Water customer service","corrective_actions":["Dayton has spent about $461 million on water and sanitary capital projects since 2013 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Dayton plans to raise water, sewer rates by more than 8% each of the next three years","publisher":"Dayton Daily News","date":"2025-11-24","url":"https://coxohio-dayton-daily-news-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/local/dayton-could-raise-water-sewer-rates-by-more-than-8-next-three-years/2Y32BQTCLNBQ7OXQHFFPEDVERY","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Bump in rate for sewer, water approved for Montgomery County","publisher":"Spectrum News 1","date":"2025-11-19","url":"https://spectrumnews1.com/oh/columbus/news/2025/11/19/montgomery-county-sewer-water-rate","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Dayton Public Water System","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OH/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/DAYTON/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OH-DAYTON-PFAS-GROUNDWATER-2024"]},{"id":"US-OH-STATEWIDE-ROAD-BRINE-RADIUM-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Radium-bearing oil and gas brine still spread on some Ohio local roads","description":"A 2017 ODNR study found oil and gas brine road products such as AquaSalina contain radium and heavy metals above drinking-water standards. ODOT stopped buying AquaSalina in 2021, but some local governments still use brine on roads, and a September 2025 House bill would ban the practice statewide.","location":{"name":"Ohio local roads (statewide)","type":"Statewide oil and gas waste use practice","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"Local roads in municipalities and townships statewide","coordinates":{"lat":39.961,"lon":-82.999,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is radioactive oil-field brine applied to roads where it can run off to waters.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"ODNR testing found radium in brine products far above federal drinking-water standards (ref 1); 14 AquaSalina samples exceeded state limits (ref 2).","service":"No water service effect is documented (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The practice is statewide among local governments that still use brine (ref 1).","duration":"ODNR's findings date to 2017 and local use continued in 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"Only a proposed bill exists (ref 1); no enforcement action is cited."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No exposed population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"ODOT stopped purchasing AquaSalina in 2021, but some municipalities and local governments continue to use brine on local roads."},"measures":[{"name":"AquaSalina used by ODOT in the winter before February 2019","value":1000000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No count of current users was found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Oil and Gas Resources Management","role":"Brine spreading regulator"},{"name":"Ohio General Assembly","role":"Legislature"}],"public_contact":"ODNR Division of Oil and Gas Resources Management","corrective_actions":["Reps. Rader and Brennan introduced legislation in September 2025 to ban brine as a de-icer or dust suppressant (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Reps. Rader, Brennan Introduce Legislation to Prohibit Radioactive Brine from Being Spread on Ohio Roads","publisher":"Ohio House of Representatives","date":"2025-09-05","url":"https://ohiohouse.gov/members/tristan-rader/news/reps-rader-brennan-introduce-legislation-to-prohibit-radioactive-brine-from-being-spread-on-ohio-roads-137425","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Despite Radium in Road De-Icer, Ohio Considers Easing Rules","publisher":"The Allegheny Front","date":"2019-02-15","url":"https://www.alleghenyfront.org/despite-radium-in-road-de-icer-ohio-consider-easing-rules/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-OH-YOUNGSTOWN-SEWER-RATES-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Youngstown sewer rates rise 5% a year to pay for consent decree work","description":"Youngstown City Council voted 6-1 in August 2024 for 5% annual sewer increases for four years starting January 2025, after 4% annual increases from 2021 through 2024, tied to a 2014 federal consent decree on combined sewer overflows. The average customer's monthly bill rises from $79.09 to $96.14 by 2028, and the increase does not cover more than $300 million in mandated construction that the city is contesting in court.","location":{"name":"Youngstown wastewater service area","type":"Municipal sewer utility","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"City of Youngstown, Mahoning County","coordinates":{"lat":41.0998,"lon":-80.6495,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Mahoning"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is household cost of consent decree driven sewer rates.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The average wastewater bill reaches $96.14 a month by 2028 (ref 1), a growing burden council members said they had no choice but to impose.","service":"No sewer service interruption is tied to the rate action (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists Youngstown's water system at 130,530 people (ref 2), the customer base for city utility billing.","duration":"Increases run every year from 2021 through 2028 (ref 1).","significance":"The rates stem from a 2014 federal consent decree the city is contesting (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":130530,"status":"Reported","note":"Youngstown City PWS population per SDWIS (ref 2), used as the city utility customer base; sewer customer count not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Average monthly wastewater bill rises from $79.09 to $83.05 in 2025 and $96.14 by January 2028."},"measures":[{"name":"Average monthly sewer bill, 2028","value":96.14,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"At 500 cubic feet a month (ref 1)."},{"name":"Wet weather facility design funding","value":34.9,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["More than $300 million in mandated construction unfunded by current rates (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Annual increases rose from 4% to 5% (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Youngstown Wastewater Department","role":"Sewer utility"},{"name":"U.S. EPA and U.S. Department of Justice","role":"Consent decree parties"}],"public_contact":"City of Youngstown Water Department customer service","corrective_actions":["Funds design of a wet weather facility and an interceptor to stop flows into Mill Creek Park (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Youngstown council approves sewer rate increase","publisher":"The Vindicator","date":"2024-08-29","url":"https://www.vindy.com/news/local-news/2024/08/youngstown-council-approves-sewer-rate-increase","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Youngstown City PWS","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/OH/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/YOUNGSTOWN/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-OH-YOUNGSTOWN-CSO-CONSENT-DECREE-2025"]},{"id":"US-NC-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"North Carolina public water systems with PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt in UCMR 5","description":"EPA's final UCMR 5 data show 61 of 291 sampled North Carolina public water systems with a mean PFOA or PFOS result above the 4 ppt federal MCL, and 116 with at least one result above 4 ppt. The highest means were PFOS of about 72 ppt at the Town of Nashville (one result of 490 ppt in September 2024) and about 23 ppt at Greensboro; the cluster of exceedances is concentrated in the Cape Fear and upper Neuse basins. NC DEQ is funding PFAS treatment projects through its emerging-contaminants program, with Fayetteville PWC, Greensboro, Goldsboro, Burlington, Graham and South Granville applying in early 2026.","location":{"name":"North Carolina public water systems","type":"Statewide drinking-water monitoring program","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Statewide; highest means in Nash, Guilford, Cumberland, Harnett and Lee counties","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminant levels in delivered drinking water are the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Sixty-one North Carolina systems average above 4 ppt for PFOA or PFOS in UCMR 5 (ref 1); Nashville's PFOS mean is about 72 ppt across 10 results.","service":"No do-not-drink order tied to these UCMR 5 results was found; DEQ's sampling page (ref 3) recommends systems share results with customers.","scale":"The 61 systems above 4 ppt serve about 2.23 million people combined per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"Exceedances span UCMR 5 sampling from 2023 to 2025 (ref 1), and funded GAC projects at Greensboro and Fayetteville run to 2029 (refs 4, 5).","significance":"The April 2024 federal MCLs of 4.0 ppt for PFOA and PFOS apply with a five-year compliance window (ref 3); no state enforcement order found."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":2232761,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served (ref 2) for the 61 systems whose mean UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS exceeds 4 ppt."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"61 of 291 sampled North Carolina systems have a mean UCMR 5 PFOA or PFOS result above 4 ppt; 116 have at least one result above 4 ppt."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems with mean PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt","value":61,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Count of systems (ref 1) whose mean PFOA or PFOS exceeds 4 ppt, results below the reporting level counted as zero."},{"name":"Systems with any PFOA or PFOS result above 4 ppt","value":116,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Systems in the UCMR 5 file (ref 1) with at least one result above 0.004 ug/L."},{"name":"North Carolina systems in UCMR 5 data","value":291,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Distinct North Carolina PWSIDs in UCMR5_All.txt (ref 1)."},{"name":"Highest system mean PFOS (Town of Nashville)","value":72.41,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 results for the system (ref 1), results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero, converted from ug/L to ppt. UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Highest single PFOS result (Town of Nashville, Sept. 23, 2024)","value":490,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Single UCMR 5 result (ref 1); a March 12, 2025 result at the same system was 200 ppt."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Large PFAS treatment capital programs, e.g. $146.3 million total project cost listed for Fayetteville PWC (ref 6)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 is one monitoring cycle; no comparable later series yet."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NC Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Resources (Public Water Supply Section)","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"UCMR 5 program and federal PFAS MCLs"}],"public_contact":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources, Public Water Supply Section, via deq.nc.gov","corrective_actions":["Federal PFOA and PFOS MCLs of 4.0 ppt implemented by NC DEQ","DEQ emerging-contaminants funding rounds for PFAS treatment (35 projects funded in 2023-2024 per ref 3; seven applications reviewed for the February 2026 round per ref 6)","Greensboro approved a roughly $260 million GAC contract on Oct. 6, 2026 (ref 4)"],"sources":[{"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system records for the 61 North Carolina systems above 4 ppt (example: NC0464020)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NC0464020/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"DEQ PFAS Sampling of Public Water Systems","publisher":"NC Department of Environmental Quality","date":null,"url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/key-issues/emerging-compounds/understanding-pfas/deq-pfas-sampling-public-water-systems","basis":"State record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"GSO City Council approves $260M to treat PFAS in drinking water","publisher":"WUNC / WFDD","date":"2026-10-07","url":"https://www.wunc.org/2026-10-07/gso-city-council-approves-260m-to-treat-pfas-in-drinking-water","basis":"News","ref":4},{"title":"PWC OKs $133.7 million project to filter forever chemicals from water","publisher":"CityView NC","date":"2026-03-25","url":"https://www.cityviewnc.com/stories/pwc-oks-133-7-million-project-to-filter-forever-chemicals-from-water/","basis":"News","ref":5},{"title":"Agenda Item I-5: Drinking Water Emerging Contaminants Applications, Project Descriptions (preliminary, Feb. 18, 2026 SWIA meeting)","publisher":"NC Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Infrastructure","date":"2026-01-30","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/water-infrastructure/item-i-5-dw-ec-project-descriptions-1-30-26/open","basis":"State record","ref":3}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-01-12","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["compliance running annual averages","Town of Nashville utility statement on the 490 ppt well result"],"related_ids":["US-NC-STATEWIDE-PFAS-PUBLIC-WATER-2024","US-NC-GREENSBORO-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-NC-FAYETTEVILLE-PWC-PFAS-2026","US-NC-BRUNSWICK-COUNTY-PFAS-RO-2025"]},{"id":"US-NC-GREENSBORO-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Greensboro PFOS above federal limit; $338 million GAC upgrade approved","description":"Greensboro's UCMR 5 results average about 22.7 ppt PFOS, with a high of 35.6 ppt at the Mitchell plant filter in October 2023, against the 4 ppt MCL. PFAS reaches the city's Lake Brandt and Lake Townsend supplies; on Oct. 6, 2026 the City Council unanimously approved a roughly $260 million contract with The Haskell Company, part of a $338 million upgrade of the Mitchell and Townsend plants due by 2029.","location":{"name":"City of Greensboro water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Guilford County; Mitchell and Townsend water treatment plants","coordinates":{"lat":36.0726,"lon":-79.792,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Guilford"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NC0241010"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminant levels in delivered drinking water are the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 PFOS mean of 22.72 ppt and a single 35.6 ppt Mitchell Filter result in October 2023 (ref 1), several times the 4 ppt MCL.","service":"WUNC (ref 3) reports treatment upgrades but no restriction on use of Greensboro tap water.","scale":"SDWIS lists Greensboro as serving 319,588 people (ref 2).","duration":"UCMR 5 exceedances run from July 2023 to April 2024 (ref 1), and the GAC upgrade is not due until 2029 (ref 3).","significance":"Greensboro applied to DEQ for $87.8 million in emerging-contaminant funding for Mitchell WTP treatment (ref 4); no violation has been issued yet."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":319588,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"City Council approved roughly $260 million for PFAS treatment at the Mitchell plant; both plants' upgrades are estimated at $338 million, due by 2029."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOS","value":22.72,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 results for the system (ref 1), results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero, converted from ug/L to ppt. UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOA","value":1.82,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 results for the system (ref 1), results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero, converted from ug/L to ppt. UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOS result (Mitchell Filter, Oct. 16, 2023)","value":35.6,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Single result (ref 1)."},{"name":"Haskell Company contract","value":260,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Approved Oct. 6, 2026 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Total Mitchell and Townsend upgrade cost","value":338,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"City estimate reported by WUNC (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["$338 million PFAS treatment program (ref 3)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One UCMR 5 cycle; treatment not yet built."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Greensboro Water Resources Department","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"NC Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Resources (Public Water Supply Section)","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Greensboro Water Resources Department, via greensboro-nc.gov","corrective_actions":["GAC treatment at the Mitchell and Townsend water treatment plants, contract approved Oct. 6, 2026 (ref 3)","Application for DEQ emerging-contaminants funding for Mitchell WTP advanced treatment (ref 4)"],"sources":[{"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record: Greensboro, City of (NC0241010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/GREENSBORO/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"GSO City Council approves $260M to treat PFAS in drinking water","publisher":"WUNC / WFDD","date":"2026-10-07","url":"https://www.wunc.org/2026-10-07/gso-city-council-approves-260m-to-treat-pfas-in-drinking-water","basis":"News","ref":3},{"title":"Agenda Item I-5: Drinking Water Emerging Contaminants Applications, Project Descriptions (preliminary, Feb. 18, 2026 SWIA meeting)","publisher":"NC Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Infrastructure","date":"2026-01-30","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/water-infrastructure/item-i-5-dw-ec-project-descriptions-1-30-26/open","basis":"State record","ref":3}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-07-18","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["compliance running annual averages"],"related_ids":["US-NC-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-NC-STATEWIDE-PFAS-PUBLIC-WATER-2024"]},{"id":"US-NC-FAYETTEVILLE-PWC-PFAS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Fayetteville PWC PFOA and PFOS above federal limits; $133.7 million GAC build","description":"Fayetteville Public Works Commission's UCMR 5 results average about 8.3 ppt PFOA and 15.8 ppt PFOS, both above the 4 ppt MCLs. In March 2026 PWC awarded Harper General Contractors $133.7 million to build GAC filtration at the P.O. Hoffer (Cape Fear River) and Glenville Lake plants, with construction from 2026 to 2029; a $24.9 million interim system at Hoffer has run since September 2025 but is less effective.","location":{"name":"Fayetteville Public Works Commission","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Cumberland County; P.O. Hoffer and Glenville Lake water treatment plants","coordinates":{"lat":35.0527,"lon":-78.8784,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Cumberland"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NC0326010"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminant levels in delivered drinking water are the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 means of 8.25 ppt PFOA and 15.75 ppt PFOS, with a 21.8 ppt PFOS maximum (ref 1).","service":"CityView (ref 3) describes treatment construction and rate increases, not any interruption of PWC water service.","scale":"SDWIS lists Fayetteville PWC as serving 226,441 people (ref 2).","duration":"Elevated results from October 2023 to July 2024 (ref 1), with full GAC treatment not finished until 2029 (ref 3).","significance":"PWC's DEQ emerging-contaminant application lists a $146,312,600 total project cost (ref 4); rates were raised in May 2025 and May 2026 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":226441,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PWC approved a $133.7 million contract to build PFAS filtration at its two water treatment plants, running from 2026 to 2029."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOA","value":8.25,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 results for the system (ref 1), results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero, converted from ug/L to ppt. UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOS","value":15.75,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 results for the system (ref 1), results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero, converted from ug/L to ppt. UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"GAC construction contract (Harper General Contractors)","value":133.7,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Approved March 2026 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Interim Hoffer treatment facility cost","value":24.9,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Operating since September (ref 3)."},{"name":"Total project cost in DEQ application","value":146.3126,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4; $62.38 million requested."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Rate increases effective May 1, 2025 and May 1, 2026 (ref 3)","About $84 million in loans assembled for a $133.7 million contract (ref 3)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Interim treatment since 2025; full GAC not yet built."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Fayetteville Public Works Commission","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"NC Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Resources (Public Water Supply Section)","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Fayetteville Public Works Commission, via faypwc.com","corrective_actions":["Interim treatment at the P.O. Hoffer plant (ref 3)","GAC filtration at Hoffer and Glenville Lake plants, 2026-2029 (ref 3)","DEQ emerging-contaminants funding application (ref 4)"],"sources":[{"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record: Fayetteville Public Works Comm (NC0326010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/FAYETTEVILLE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"PWC OKs $133.7 million project to filter forever chemicals from water","publisher":"CityView NC","date":"2026-03-25","url":"https://www.cityviewnc.com/stories/pwc-oks-133-7-million-project-to-filter-forever-chemicals-from-water/","basis":"News","ref":3},{"title":"Agenda Item I-5: Drinking Water Emerging Contaminants Applications, Project Descriptions (preliminary, Feb. 18, 2026 SWIA meeting)","publisher":"NC Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Infrastructure","date":"2026-01-30","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/water-infrastructure/item-i-5-dw-ec-project-descriptions-1-30-26/open","basis":"State record","ref":3}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-10-17","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["compliance running annual averages"],"related_ids":["US-NC-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-NC-CAPE-FEAR-CHEMOURS-PFAS-2023"]},{"id":"US-NC-WILMINGTON-CFPUA-PFAS-GAC-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Cape Fear Public Utility Authority PFAS treatment and ultrashort-chain breakthrough","description":"CFPUA, which serves about 200,000 people in Wilmington and New Hanover County from the Cape Fear River downstream of Chemours' Fayetteville Works, started a $43 million GAC system at its Sweeney plant in October 2022 and reports meeting all 2024 federal PFAS limits; UCMR 5 found no PFOA or PFOS above the reporting level. The utility reports breakthrough of ultrashort-chain Chemours compounds such as PFMOAA and PFPrA, PFAS-related costs of $81.8 million from June 2017 to February 2025, and a still-pending 2017 lawsuit against Chemours and DuPont.","location":{"name":"CFPUA - Wilmington","type":"Public utility authority service area","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"New Hanover County (some Pender County customers); Sweeney Water Treatment Plant","coordinates":{"lat":34.2257,"lon":-77.9447,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["New Hanover"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NC0465010"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminant levels in delivered drinking water are the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"CFPUA reports finished water meets the federal PFAS MCLs but saw breakthrough of PFMOAA and PFPrA after GAC startup (ref 3); UCMR 5 shows no PFOA/PFOS above 4 ppt (ref 1).","service":"No CFPUA service restriction is described; EPA notes the GAC system can remove regulated PFAS (ref 4).","scale":"SDWIS lists CFPUA-Wilmington as serving 212,227 people (ref 2).","duration":"The contamination response began in June 2017 and CFPUA still budgets 10-11 GAC media exchanges a year as of April 2025 (ref 3).","significance":"CFPUA's October 2017 federal lawsuit against Chemours and DuPont had no trial date as of April 2025 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":212227,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2); CFPUA states about 200,000 (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"CFPUA PFAS-related expenses from June 2017 to February 2025: $81,826,887, including $43 million to build the GAC facility."},"measures":[{"name":"CFPUA PFAS-related expenses, June 2017 to Feb. 2025","value":81826887,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"GAC facility construction cost","value":43,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Annual GAC operating cost (years after FY2023)","value":5,"unit":"million USD per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3 states $5+ million."},{"name":"Planned Richardson plant concentrate PFAS project","value":10,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Programmed for FY2028 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["PFAS costs borne by ratepayers pending litigation (ref 3)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"GAC operating since October 2022 with more frequent changeouts reducing PFAS (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Cape Fear Public Utility Authority","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"NC Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Resources (Public Water Supply Section)","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development","role":"Research partner on Sweeney GAC optimization"}],"public_contact":"Cape Fear Public Utility Authority, via cfpua.org","corrective_actions":["Sweeney WTP GAC contactors in service since October 2022 (ref 3)","N.C. Collaboratory pilot of novel sorbents for ultrashort-chain PFAS, begun 2024 (ref 3)","EPA biweekly sampling program at Sweeney since February 2024 (ref 4)","Lawsuit against Chemours and DuPont (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record: CFPUA-Wilmington (NC0465010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CFPUA/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"PFAS: The CFPUA Experience (presentation, Vaughn Hagerty)","publisher":"Cape Fear Public Utility Authority (via The Coastal Society)","date":"2025-04-24","url":"https://thecoastalsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/vaughn-hagerty-tcs-4-24-2025.pdf","basis":"Utility record","ref":3},{"title":"EPA Research Partner Support Story: Optimizing the Operation of a full-scale PFAS Treatment Facility","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-04-07","url":"https://www.epa.gov/node/295824","basis":"Federal record","ref":4}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2017-06-08","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["published finished-water PFMOAA and PFPrA concentrations"],"related_ids":["US-NC-CAPE-FEAR-CHEMOURS-PFAS-2023","US-MULTI-CHEMOURS-PFAS-2026","US-NC-BRUNSWICK-COUNTY-PFAS-RO-2025"]},{"id":"US-NC-BRUNSWICK-COUNTY-PFAS-RO-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Brunswick County PFAS reverse-osmosis plant delayed past 2023 target","description":"Brunswick County's Northwest Water Treatment Plant draws Cape Fear River water carrying PFAS; UCMR 5 results average about 6.1 ppt PFOS, above the 4 ppt MCL. The county's $167.3 million low-pressure reverse osmosis project, first due at the end of 2023, was delayed again in December 2025 with a $1.3 million extension after the original contractor was terminated, and the county is seeking damages from Chemours.","location":{"name":"Brunswick County Water System","type":"County utility service area","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Brunswick County; Northwest Water Treatment Plant (Leland area)","coordinates":{"lat":34.2563,"lon":-78.0447,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Brunswick"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NC0410045"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminant levels in delivered drinking water are the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 PFOS mean of 6.12 ppt with a 12.4 ppt maximum (ref 1), above the 4 ppt MCL.","service":"WUNC (ref 3) and WECT (ref 4) cover construction delays, not a loss of water service.","scale":"SDWIS lists the county system as serving 151,357 people (ref 2).","duration":"The RO system was due at the end of 2023 and was rescheduled to late August 2026 (ref 4).","significance":"The county is seeking monetary damages from Chemours to recover project costs (ref 3) and terminated its original contractor (ref 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":151357,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$167.3 million low-pressure reverse osmosis project, originally due end of 2023, delayed again with a $1.3 million extension in December 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOS","value":6.12,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 results for the system (ref 1), results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero, converted from ug/L to ppt. UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOA","value":3.3,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 results for the system (ref 1), results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero, converted from ug/L to ppt. UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"RO project cost","value":167.3,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3; WECT reports roughly $170 million (ref 4)."},{"name":"Average monthly retail bill after 2022 increase (4,500 gal)","value":34.68,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Up from $24.83 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Northwest WTP added capacity","value":12,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"From 24 MGD (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Bill increase from $24.83 to $34.68 tied to the project (ref 3)","Original contractor paid nearly $100 million before termination (ref 4)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"RO not yet operating as of the latest cited source."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Brunswick County Public Utilities","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"NC Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Resources (Public Water Supply Section)","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Brunswick County Public Utilities, via brunswickcountync.gov","corrective_actions":["Low-pressure reverse osmosis at the Northwest WTP, rescheduled for late August 2026 (ref 4)","Litigation against Chemours (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record: Brunswick County Water System (NC0410045)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BRUNSWICK%20COUNTY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"Brunswick County PFAS water treatment reverse osmosis","publisher":"WUNC","date":"2025-02-27","url":"https://www.wunc.org/environment/2025-02-27/brunswick-county-pfas-water-treatment-reverse-osmosis","basis":"News","ref":3},{"title":"Brunswick County water treatment plant delayed again after $1.3 million extension","publisher":"WECT","date":"2025-12-08","url":"https://www.wect.com/2025/12/09/brunswick-county-water-treatment-plant-delayed-again-after-13-million-extension","basis":"News","ref":4}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-01-12","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["confirmation that the RO system entered service in 2026"],"related_ids":["US-NC-CAPE-FEAR-CHEMOURS-PFAS-2023","US-NC-WILMINGTON-CFPUA-PFAS-GAC-2025","US-NC-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-NC-GOLDSBORO-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Goldsboro PFOA and PFOS above federal limits; $49.6 million treatment plan","description":"Goldsboro's UCMR 5 results average about 5.2 ppt PFOA and 6.1 ppt PFOS, both above the 4 ppt MCLs. The city, designated distressed in DEQ's review, applied in the February 2026 emerging-contaminants round for $49.6 million for post-filter GAC, ion exchange or novel sorbent treatment.","location":{"name":"City of Goldsboro","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Wayne County; city water treatment plant","coordinates":{"lat":35.3849,"lon":-77.9928,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Wayne"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NC0496010"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminant levels in delivered drinking water are the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Goldsboro's UCMR 5 means are 5.23 ppt PFOA and 6.05 ppt PFOS, maximums 6.6 and 6.8 ppt (ref 1).","service":"DEQ's project description (ref 3) concerns new treatment; it does not mention any Goldsboro water-use advisory.","scale":"SDWIS lists Goldsboro as serving 34,959 people (ref 2).","duration":"Goldsboro's UCMR 5 samples from November 2024 to August 2025 all exceed 4 ppt on average (ref 1).","significance":"Goldsboro requested $49,605,000 from DEQ for PFAS treatment and is designated distressed (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":34959,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"UCMR 5 means of 5.23 ppt PFOA and 6.05 ppt PFOS against 4 ppt MCLs; applied to DEQ for $49.6 million for PFAS treatment."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOA","value":5.23,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 results for the system (ref 1), results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero, converted from ug/L to ppt. UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOS","value":6.05,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 results for the system (ref 1), results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero, converted from ug/L to ppt. UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Total project cost in DEQ application","value":49.605,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"PFAS Treatment Improvement Project (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One UCMR 5 cycle; treatment still in planning."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Goldsboro","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"NC Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Resources (Public Water Supply Section)","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources, Public Water Supply Section, via deq.nc.gov","corrective_actions":["PFAS Treatment Improvement Project application to DEQ (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record: Goldsboro, City of (NC0496010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NC0496010/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"Agenda Item I-5: Drinking Water Emerging Contaminants Applications, Project Descriptions (preliminary, Feb. 18, 2026 SWIA meeting)","publisher":"NC Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Infrastructure","date":"2026-01-30","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/water-infrastructure/item-i-5-dw-ec-project-descriptions-1-30-26/open","basis":"State record","ref":3}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-11-05","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["compliance running annual averages","local news coverage"],"related_ids":["US-NC-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-NC-BURLINGTON-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Burlington PFOA and PFOS above federal limits; $51.7 million treatment plan","description":"Burlington's UCMR 5 results average about 5.9 ppt PFOA and 7.8 ppt PFOS, with single results up to 13 ppt PFOA and 17 ppt PFOS. The city applied in DEQ's February 2026 emerging-contaminants round for $51.7 million for end-of-train PFAS removal using ion exchange, novel sorbents and GAC.","location":{"name":"City of Burlington","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Alamance County; city water treatment plants","coordinates":{"lat":36.0957,"lon":-79.4378,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Alamance"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NC0201010"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminant levels in delivered drinking water are the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Burlington's UCMR 5 means are 5.92 ppt PFOA and 7.76 ppt PFOS, maximums 13 and 17 ppt (ref 1).","service":"The DEQ application (ref 3) is for treatment upgrades; no tap-water restriction for Burlington appears in it.","scale":"SDWIS lists Burlington as serving 61,365 people (ref 2).","duration":"Burlington's 16 UCMR 5 PFOA/PFOS results span July 2024 to April 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"Burlington requested $51,672,000 in DEQ emerging-contaminant funding (ref 3); no violation issued yet."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":61365,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"UCMR 5 means of 5.92 ppt PFOA and 7.76 ppt PFOS against 4 ppt MCLs; applied to DEQ for $51.7 million for PFAS treatment."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOA","value":5.92,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 results for the system (ref 1), results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero, converted from ug/L to ppt. UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOS","value":7.76,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 results for the system (ref 1), results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero, converted from ug/L to ppt. UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Total project cost in DEQ application","value":51.672,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"PFAS Drinking Water Treatment Upgrades (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One UCMR 5 cycle; treatment still in planning."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Burlington","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"NC Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Resources (Public Water Supply Section)","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources, Public Water Supply Section, via deq.nc.gov","corrective_actions":["PFAS Drinking Water Treatment Upgrades application to DEQ (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record: Burlington, City of (NC0201010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NC0201010/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"Agenda Item I-5: Drinking Water Emerging Contaminants Applications, Project Descriptions (preliminary, Feb. 18, 2026 SWIA meeting)","publisher":"NC Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Infrastructure","date":"2026-01-30","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/water-infrastructure/item-i-5-dw-ec-project-descriptions-1-30-26/open","basis":"State record","ref":3}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-07-12","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["compliance running annual averages","local news coverage"],"related_ids":["US-NC-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-NC-GRAHAM-MEBANE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-NC-GRAHAM-MEBANE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Graham-Mebane water plant PFAS above federal limits; $30.3 million GAC plan","description":"The City of Graham, which runs the Graham-Mebane water plant on the Haw River basin, averages about 5.2 ppt PFOA and 5.4 ppt PFOS in UCMR 5, and Mebane averages about 4.3 ppt for each, all above the 4 ppt MCLs. Graham applied in DEQ's February 2026 emerging-contaminants round for $30.25 million to add GAC filters to the plant.","location":{"name":"City of Graham","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Alamance County; Graham-Mebane Water Treatment Plant (also supplies Mebane, NC0201018)","coordinates":{"lat":36.069,"lon":-79.4006,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Alamance"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NC0201015"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminant levels in delivered drinking water are the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Graham's UCMR 5 means are 5.2 ppt PFOA and 5.42 ppt PFOS, with maximums of 7.6 and 7.4 ppt (ref 1).","service":"No customer advisory is part of the Graham-Mebane GAC application (ref 3).","scale":"SDWIS lists Graham as serving 18,354 people (ref 2); Mebane is a separate system on the same plant.","duration":"Graham's UCMR 5 results run from November 2023 to August 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"Graham requested $30,250,000 in DEQ emerging-contaminant funding for GAC (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":18354,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"UCMR 5 means of 5.2 ppt PFOA and 5.42 ppt PFOS against 4 ppt MCLs; applied to DEQ for $30.25 million for GAC at the Graham-Mebane plant."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOA","value":5.2,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 results for the system (ref 1), results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero, converted from ug/L to ppt. UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOS","value":5.42,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 results for the system (ref 1), results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero, converted from ug/L to ppt. UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Total project cost in DEQ application","value":30.25,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Graham-Mebane WTP PFAS Improvements (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One UCMR 5 cycle; treatment still in planning."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Graham","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"NC Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Resources (Public Water Supply Section)","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources, Public Water Supply Section, via deq.nc.gov","corrective_actions":["Graham-Mebane WTP PFAS Improvements application to DEQ (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record: Graham, City of (NC0201015)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NC0201015/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"Agenda Item I-5: Drinking Water Emerging Contaminants Applications, Project Descriptions (preliminary, Feb. 18, 2026 SWIA meeting)","publisher":"NC Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Infrastructure","date":"2026-01-30","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/water-infrastructure/item-i-5-dw-ec-project-descriptions-1-30-26/open","basis":"State record","ref":3}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-11-13","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["compliance running annual averages","local news coverage"],"related_ids":["US-NC-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-NC-BURLINGTON-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-NC-MEBANE-GRAHAM-CHANTAL-WATER-SHORTAGE-2025"]},{"id":"US-NC-SOUTH-GRANVILLE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"South Granville Water and Sewer Authority PFOS above federal limit","description":"South Granville Water and Sewer Authority, serving the Butner and Creedmoor area, averages about 10.5 ppt PFOS and 6.0 ppt PFOA in UCMR 5, with a single PFOS result of 19 ppt. The authority applied in DEQ's February 2026 emerging-contaminants round for $21.9 million toward a $26.8 million post-filter GAC/ion exchange system.","location":{"name":"South Granville Water & Sewer Authority","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Granville County; Butner and Creedmoor area","coordinates":{"lat":36.1321,"lon":-78.7569,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Granville"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NC0239107"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminant levels in delivered drinking water are the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SGWASA's UCMR 5 means are 10.5 ppt PFOS and 6.0 ppt PFOA, maximums 19 and 11 ppt (ref 1).","service":"DEQ's description of the SGWASA project (ref 3) lists equipment only and mentions no service interruption.","scale":"SDWIS lists the authority as serving 18,555 people (ref 2).","duration":"SGWASA's UCMR 5 samples from May 2023 to February 2024 exceed 4 ppt on average (ref 1).","significance":"SGWASA requested $21,868,000 from DEQ for post-filter PFAS treatment (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":18555,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"UCMR 5 means of 6.0 ppt PFOA and 10.5 ppt PFOS against 4 ppt MCLs; applied to DEQ for $21.9 million toward a $26.8 million treatment project."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOA","value":6,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 results for the system (ref 1), results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero, converted from ug/L to ppt. UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOS","value":10.5,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of all UCMR 5 results for the system (ref 1), results below the 4 ppt reporting level counted as zero, converted from ug/L to ppt. UCMR results are not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Total project cost in DEQ application","value":26.793,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Post-Filter PFAS Treatment Improvements; $21.868 million requested (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One UCMR 5 cycle; treatment still in planning."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"South Granville Water & Sewer Authority","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"NC Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Resources (Public Water Supply Section)","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources, Public Water Supply Section, via deq.nc.gov","corrective_actions":["Post-filter GAC/IX PFAS treatment application to DEQ (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record: South Granville Wtr&Sewer Authority (NC0239107)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NC0239107/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"Agenda Item I-5: Drinking Water Emerging Contaminants Applications, Project Descriptions (preliminary, Feb. 18, 2026 SWIA meeting)","publisher":"NC Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Infrastructure","date":"2026-01-30","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/water-infrastructure/item-i-5-dw-ec-project-descriptions-1-30-26/open","basis":"State record","ref":3}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-05-30","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["compliance running annual averages","local news coverage"],"related_ids":["US-NC-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-NC-PENDER-COUNTY-DBP-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Pender County Utilities recurring trihalomethane MCL violations","description":"EPA's 2024 notice of noncompliance found Pender County Utilities exceeded the total trihalomethanes MCL for seven straight quarters from the third quarter of 2022 to the first quarter of 2024, rising to a running average of 0.099 mg/L, and also exceeded the HAA5 limit. SDWIS records further TTHM violations through January 2026; local coverage links the buildup to water age in the Hampstead-Topsail area.","location":{"name":"Pender County Utilities","type":"County utility service area","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Pender County; Burgaw surface water plant, Hampstead and Topsail area distribution","coordinates":{"lat":34.5521,"lon":-77.9261,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Pender"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NC7071011"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminant levels in delivered drinking water are the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"TTHM running annual averages reached 0.099 mg/L against the 0.080 mg/L MCL, and HAA5 hit 0.061 mg/L (ref 3).","service":"TTHM MCL violations require public notice; SDWIS lists eight TTHM violations from October 2023 to January 2026 (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists Pender County Utilities as serving 32,302 people (ref 2).","duration":"EPA counts seven consecutive quarters of DBP noncompliance from 2022 to 2024 (ref 3), and violations continue into 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"EPA Region 4 issued a Safe Drinking Water Act notice of noncompliance, docket SDWA-04-2024-5011 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":32302,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2); EPA's 2024 letter cited about 12,294 (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Seven consecutive quarters of TTHM MCL exceedance (LRAA up to 0.099 mg/L vs 0.080 mg/L), 2022-2024."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest TTHM LRAA (Q1 2024, site B03)","value":0.099,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3; MCL 0.080 mg/L."},{"name":"HAA5 LRAA exceedance","value":0.061,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3; MCL 0.060 mg/L."},{"name":"SDWIS health-based DBP violations since Oct. 2023","value":9,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Eight TTHM and one HAA5 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"LRAA rose each quarter from 0.082 to 0.099 mg/L in 2022-2024 (ref 3), and violations continued to January 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pender County Utilities","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"NC Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Resources (Public Water Supply Section)","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 4","role":"Issued notice of noncompliance"}],"public_contact":"Pender County Utilities, via pendercountync.gov","corrective_actions":["Flushing strategy and an engineering evaluation of the Highway 17 corridor (ref 4)","Response to EPA request for information under SDWA Section 1445 (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, North Carolina primacy agency","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/NC/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:4999/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record: Pender County Utilities (NC7071011)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PENDER/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"Notice of Noncompliance and Request for Information, Pender County Utilities, Docket SDWA-04-2024-5011","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 4 (via ToxicDocs)","date":"2024-08-08","url":"https://cdn.toxicdocs.org/gD/gDqzdYMENwXqD9nQmj6Z81wgV/gDqzdYMENwXqD9nQmj6Z81wgV.pdf","basis":"Federal record","ref":3},{"title":"Pender County and Hampstead water: quality, issues and treatment","publisher":"Topsail Guide","date":"2025-09-23","url":"https://topsailguide.com/pender-county-hampstead-water-quality-issues/","basis":"News","ref":4}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2022-07-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["letter issue date (the cited inspection report is dated Aug. 8, 2024)","status of EPA follow-up"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NC-BOONE-APP-STATE-HAA5-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Appalachian State University water plant HAA5 MCL violation","description":"Appalachian State University's water treatment plant in Boone notified customers that a sample location averaged 0.077 mg/L of haloacetic acids (HAA5) in the quarter beginning Jan. 1, 2025, above the 0.060 mg/L MCL. The university flushed lines, changed treatment chemistry and hired a consultant; SDWIS records a return to compliance on April 1, 2025.","location":{"name":"Appalachian State Univ WTP","type":"University water system","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Watauga County; Boone campus water treatment plant","coordinates":{"lat":36.2168,"lon":-81.6746,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Watauga"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NC0195101"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminant levels in delivered drinking water are the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Highest-location HAA5 average of 0.077 mg/L against a 0.060 mg/L MCL (ref 3).","service":"A Tier 2 public notice was emailed Feb. 26, 2025; customers did not need to boil water (ref 3).","scale":"SDWIS lists the university system as serving 11,150 people (ref 2).","duration":"One quarterly violation, with the university anticipating a fix within six months (ref 3) and SDWIS showing return to compliance April 1, 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"SDWIS records an HAA5 MCL violation for the January 2025 compliance period (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":11150,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"HAA5 average of 0.077 mg/L at the worst sample location vs the 0.060 mg/L MCL, quarter beginning Jan. 1, 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"HAA5 highest location average","value":0.077,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"SDWIS return-to-compliance date of 2025-04-01 (ref 1); earlier HAA5 violations in 2018 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Appalachian State University Water Treatment Plant","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"NC Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Resources (Public Water Supply Section)","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Appalachian State University Water Treatment Plant, 828-262-8784","corrective_actions":["System flushing to reduce water age (ref 3)","Treatment chemistry adjustments (ref 3)","Third-party consultant review of treatment (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, North Carolina primacy agency","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/NC/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:4999/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record: Appalachian State Univ WTP (NC0195101)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NC0195101/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"Notice to the Public: Appalachian State Univ WTP has levels of HAA5 above drinking water standards","publisher":"Appalachian State University Facilities Operations","date":"2025-02-26","url":"https://facilities.appstate.edu/media/27","basis":"Utility record","ref":3}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-01-31","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NC-KANNAPOLIS-ECOLI-BOIL-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Kannapolis citywide boil-water notice after E. coli detection","description":"A routine Kannapolis water sample tested positive for E. coli on April 23, 2026 and a repeat sample confirmed it on April 24, when NC DEQ advised a citywide precautionary boil-water notice that also covered parts of Concord and Landis. Schools dismissed early and the city handed out water; the notice was lifted the evening of April 25 after more than 60 negative samples, and the source was still unknown on April 28.","location":{"name":"City of Kannapolis water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Cabarrus and Rowan counties; also served parts of Concord and Landis","coordinates":{"lat":35.4874,"lon":-80.6217,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Cabarrus","Rowan"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NC0180065"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminant levels in delivered drinking water are the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Confirmed E. coli positive in the distribution system on April 23-24, 2026 (ref 3).","service":"Citywide boil-water notice; Kannapolis City Schools dismissed early and shut off school water (ref 4).","scale":"SDWIS lists Kannapolis as serving 56,050 people (ref 2).","duration":"The notice ran from the morning of April 24 to about 6 p.m. on April 25, 2026 (refs 3, 5).","significance":"SDWIS records an RTCR E. coli MCL violation for April 2026 (ref 1), and DEQ directed the notice (ref 3)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":56050,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"E. coli confirmed in a repeat sample on April 24, 2026; citywide boil-water notice lifted April 25 after more than 60 negative samples."},"measures":[{"name":"Negative samples required before lifting","value":60,"unit":"samples","status":"Reported","note":"More than 60 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event; cause not identified (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Kannapolis Water Resources Department","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"NC Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Resources (Public Water Supply Section)","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Cabarrus Health Alliance and Rowan County Health Department","role":"Local public health"}],"public_contact":"City of Kannapolis, via kannapolisnc.gov","corrective_actions":["Distribution system flushing (ref 3)","Water distribution by emergency management (ref 3)","DEQ and independent engineering review of the incident (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, North Carolina primacy agency","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/NC/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:4999/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record: Kannapolis, City of (NC0180065)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/KANNAPOLIS/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"Statement on Boil Water Notice","publisher":"City of Kannapolis","date":"2026-04-28","url":"https://www.kannapolisnc.gov/news/ID/368/Statement-on-Boil-Water-Notice","basis":"Utility record","ref":3},{"title":"Boil water advisory issued in Kannapolis after E. coli found in drinking water","publisher":"WBTV","date":"2026-04-24","url":"https://www.wbtv.com/2026/04/24/boil-water-advisory-issued-kannapolis-after-e-coli-found-drinking-water/","basis":"News","ref":4},{"title":"Boil Water Notice Lifted for the City of Kannapolis: 6 p.m., April 25, 2026","publisher":"City of Kannapolis","date":"2026-04-25","url":"https://www.kannapolisnc.gov/news/ID/367/Boil-Water-Notice-Lifted-for-the-City-of-Kannapolis","basis":"Utility record","ref":5}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-04-23","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["source of contamination","findings of engineering review"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NC-MONROE-ECOLI-BOIL-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Monroe E. coli detection triggers system-wide boil-water notice","description":"Routine City of Monroe testing found E. coli in a small section of the water system near Fire Station 4 on Old Charlotte Highway on Aug. 13, 2025; only nine customers were in the affected area, but the state ordered the notice to cover the whole city system. Union County Public Schools closed for the day, and the notice was lifted around midday Aug. 14; no illnesses were reported.","location":{"name":"City of Monroe water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Union County; detection near Fire Station 4, Old Charlotte Highway","coordinates":{"lat":34.9854,"lon":-80.5495,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Union"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NC0190010"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminant levels in delivered drinking water are the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"E. coli detected in a small section of the Monroe system; no illnesses reported (ref 3).","service":"The state extended the boil-water notice to the entire city system and Union County schools closed (ref 4).","scale":"SDWIS lists Monroe as serving 43,081 people (ref 2).","duration":"Issued Aug. 13, 2025 and lifted shortly before noon on Aug. 14 (refs 3, 4).","significance":"SDWIS records an RTCR E. coli MCL violation for August 2025, returned to compliance Sept. 30, 2025 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":43081,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2); nine customers were in the area where E. coli was found (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"E. coli found near Fire Station 4 affecting nine customers; state ordered a citywide boil-water notice, lifted Aug. 14, 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"Customers in affected section","value":9,"unit":"customers","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Monroe Water Resources","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"NC Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Resources (Public Water Supply Section)","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Monroe, 704-282-4500","corrective_actions":["Isolation and flushing of the affected section (ref 3)","Bottled water to affected customers (ref 3)","Follow-up testing outside the affected area (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, North Carolina primacy agency","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/NC/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:4999/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record: Monroe, City of (NC0190010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MONROE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"Limited Boil Water Advisory Issued for Small Section of Monroe Water System - 9 Customers Impacted","publisher":"City of Monroe","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://www.monroenc.org/CivicAlerts.asp?AID=608","basis":"Utility record","ref":3},{"title":"Boil water notice lifted in Monroe after potentially harmful bacteria found","publisher":"WBTV","date":"2025-08-14","url":"https://www.wbtv.com/2025/08/14/boil-water-notice-ordered-monroe-after-potentially-harmful-bacteria-found","basis":"News","ref":4}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-08-13","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["cause of contamination"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NC-WAKE-COUNTY-RADIONUCLIDES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Wake County small community water systems with radionuclide MCL violations","description":"Nine small community water systems in Wake County have health-based radionuclide violations since October 2023, including the Rockbridge subdivision near Cary, where gross alpha reached 480 pCi/L in 2026 against a 15 pCi/L MCL along with combined uranium and radium violations. Wake County says naturally occurring uranium, radium and gross alpha affect groundwater, with about one in five private wells in eastern Wake expected to have unsafe levels.","location":{"name":"Wake County small groundwater systems","type":"Small community groundwater systems","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Wake County subdivisions and mobile home parks near Cary, Knightdale, Chapel Hill and Raleigh","coordinates":{"lat":35.7796,"lon":-78.6382,"precision":"county","source_ref":3},"counties":["Wake"],"extent":"county","pwsid":"NC4092073"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Naturally occurring radionuclides in groundwater delivered by small systems are the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Rockbridge S/D gross alpha of 480 pCi/L in July 2026 vs a 15 pCi/L MCL, with combined radium at 7 pCi/L (ref 1).","service":"SDWIS (ref 1) lists MCL violations needing public notice; no do-not-drink order was found.","scale":"The nine systems serve about 3,900 people combined per SDWIS (ref 1); Rockbridge alone serves 1,042 (ref 3).","duration":"Violations recur from October 2023 to July 2026; Knightdale MHP Estates had five straight quarters (ref 1).","significance":"Each listed result is a formal SDWIS MCL violation (ref 1); Wake County (ref 2) advises bottled water for high uranium or gross alpha."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":3902,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS populations (refs 1, 3) for NC0392102, NC0392184, NC0392214, NC0392341, NC4092073, NC4092168, NC4092199, NC4392141 and NC4392174."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Rockbridge S/D gross alpha 480 pCi/L (July 2026) vs 15 pCi/L MCL; nine Wake County systems with radionuclide violations since October 2023."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest gross alpha (Rockbridge S/D, Q3 2026)","value":480,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; MCL 15 pCi/L."},{"name":"Wake systems with radionuclide violations since Oct. 2023","value":9,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Count of PWSIDs with county code 92 and contaminant codes 4000, 4006 or 4010 in ref 1."},{"name":"Eastern Wake private wells expected unsafe","value":20,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Wake County: one in five wells (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Rockbridge gross alpha rose from 356 pCi/L (Q4 2025) to 480 pCi/L (Q3 2026) (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Private system owners (subdivision and mobile home park operators)","role":"System owners"},{"name":"NC Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Resources (Public Water Supply Section)","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Wake County Environmental Services, Water Quality Division","role":"Private well testing and guidance"}],"public_contact":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources, Public Water Supply Section, via deq.nc.gov","corrective_actions":["Wake County Rads Package testing for private wells (ref 2)","Several systems returned to compliance per SDWIS, e.g. Knightdale MHP Estates on Dec. 17, 2025 (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, North Carolina primacy agency","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/NC/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:4999/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"Naturally Occurring Contamination (well water testing)","publisher":"Wake County Government","date":null,"url":"https://www.wake.gov/departments-government/onsite-water-protection/groundwater-protection-and-wells/well-water-testing/naturally-occurring-contamination","basis":"Local government record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record: Rockbridge S/D (NC4092073)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NC4092073/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-10-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["news coverage of the Rockbridge violations","treatment or connection plans for the affected systems"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NC-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINE-INVENTORY-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"North Carolina water systems cited for missing the lead service line inventory deadline","description":"NC DEQ required every community and non-transient non-community water system to submit an initial lead service line inventory by Oct. 16, 2024. SDWIS records 394 North Carolina systems, serving about 1.31 million people combined, with a lead and copper rule violation dated Oct. 17, 2024; 35 remained unresolved. The AP reported in September 2026 that more than 1,300 systems nationally were cited for missing the deadline.","location":{"name":"North Carolina public water systems","type":"Statewide drinking-water compliance program","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Statewide; 310 community and 82 non-transient non-community systems cited","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminant levels in delivered drinking water are the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Without an inventory, the location of lead and galvanized service lines is unverified; DEQ requires lines categorized as lead, galvanized, non-lead or unknown (ref 2).","service":"No service loss is tied to the inventory requirement (ref 2).","scale":"The 394 cited systems serve about 1,311,250 people combined per SDWIS (ref 1).","duration":"Violations began Oct. 17, 2024 and 35 were still open in October 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Each cited system has a formal SDWIS lead and copper rule violation (ref 1); the AP reports most EPA drinking-water orders now concern missing inventories (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1311250,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served for the 394 systems with the Oct. 17, 2024 violation (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"394 North Carolina systems cited for missing the Oct. 16, 2024 initial lead service line inventory; 359 returned to compliance, 35 open."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems cited","value":394,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Contaminant 5200, violation code 2E, rule 351, dated 2024-10-17 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Systems still unresolved","value":35,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Compliance status open in ref 1."},{"name":"National systems cited (AP)","value":1300,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"More than 1,300 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"359 of 394 cited systems returned to compliance (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NC Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Resources (Public Water Supply Section)","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Lead and Copper Rule Revisions"}],"public_contact":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources, Public Water Supply Section, via deq.nc.gov","corrective_actions":["DEQ inventory template and annual or triennial updates (ref 2)","Public inventories online for systems over 50,000 people (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, North Carolina primacy agency","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/NC/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:4999/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"Action Required: Lead Service Line Inventory","publisher":"NC Department of Environmental Quality, Public Water Supply Section","date":null,"url":"https://deq.nc.gov/media/32368/open","basis":"State record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"The push to remove lead pipes is on. Thousands of water systems still don't know where theirs are","publisher":"Associated Press (via The Philadelphia Inquirer)","date":"2026-09-10","url":"https://www.inquirer.com/news/nation-world/lead-pipes-replacement-safety-20260910.html","basis":"News","ref":3}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-10-17","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["statewide count of known lead service lines","state news coverage specific to North Carolina systems"],"related_ids":["US-NC-STATEWIDE-LEAD-CHILD-CARE-SCHOOLS-2024"]},{"id":"US-NC-STATEWIDE-LEAD-CHILD-CARE-SCHOOLS-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lead above 10 ppb in drinking water taps at North Carolina child care centers and schools","description":"Testing of about 4,400 licensed North Carolina child care centers under Clean Water for Carolina Kids found 12% with at least one tap above the state's 10 ppb lead hazard level and 56% above 1 ppb. In spring 2024, roughly 3,100 public schools became eligible to test drinking and cooking taps with $150 million in federal American Rescue Plan money, about a third of it for repairs and replacements, with results posted in an online database.","location":{"name":"North Carolina child care centers and public schools","type":"Statewide facility testing program","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Statewide; licensed child care centers and about 3,100 public schools","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Lead leaching from building plumbing into drinking water at child-serving facilities is the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Twelve percent of tested child care facilities had at least one tap above North Carolina's 10 ppb lead hazard level (ref 1).","service":"Taps above 10 ppb are restricted or discontinued with signage until mitigated (ref 3).","scale":"About 4,400 child care centers tested (ref 1) and roughly 3,100 public schools eligible for testing (ref 2).","duration":"Child care testing began in June 2020 (ref 1) and school testing enrolled through May 2024 (ref 2).","significance":"A state rule effective Oct. 1, 2019 requires child care facilities to test all drinking and food-preparation taps every three years (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No statewide count of children or students exposed is given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"12% of tested child care facilities had at least one tap above the 10 ppb state lead hazard level."},"measures":[{"name":"Child care facilities with a tap above 10 ppb","value":12,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Child care facilities with a tap above 1 ppb","value":56,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"ARPA funding for school lead and asbestos testing and mitigation","value":150,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No statewide school-phase summary found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NC Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Public Health","role":"Program and rule administrator"},{"name":"RTI International","role":"Program administrator (Clean Water for Carolina Kids)"}],"public_contact":"NC DHHS Children's Environmental Health Branch, via ncdhhs.gov","corrective_actions":["Clean Water for Carolina Kids testing and tap mitigation (refs 1, 3)","Clean Classrooms for Carolina Kids school testing funded with $150 million ARPA (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"title":"Researchers find elevated lead levels at child care facilities across N.C.","publisher":"North Carolina Health News","date":"2022-10-06","url":"https://www.northcarolinahealthnews.org/?p=43127","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"NC public schools are testing for lead in drinking water with once-in-a-generation funding","publisher":"WUNC","date":"2024-03-19","url":"https://www.wunc.org/education/2024-03-19/north-carolina-public-schools-lead-drinking-water-funding","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"DHHS presentation to the State Board of Education: Clean Classrooms for Carolina Kids","publisher":"NC Department of Health and Human Services (via EdNC)","date":"2023-04-05","url":"https://www.ednc.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/DHHS-Presentation-HRS-State_BOE_ppt-4-5-23_353712pdiosjzimpplqnpoo3zdyqyz.pdf","basis":"State record","ref":3}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2020-06-01","latest_seen":"2024-03-19","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["statewide school testing results","number of taps remediated"],"related_ids":["US-NC-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINE-INVENTORY-2024"]},{"id":"US-NC-STATEWIDE-LEGIONNAIRES-SURGE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"North Carolina Legionnaires' disease surge in 2025","description":"North Carolina reported 310 Legionnaires' disease cases in 2025, up from 201 in 2024, and NC DHHS issued water-system prevention guidance in April 2026. A state epidemiologist's CDC conference abstract counted 316 cases, 72% above the prior 10-year median of 184, with a peak about five times higher than prior years and a seven-case cluster in one Mecklenburg County zip code with no common exposure identified.","location":{"name":"North Carolina","type":"Statewide disease surveillance","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Statewide; cluster in one Mecklenburg County (Charlotte) zip code","counties":["Mecklenburg"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legionella growth in building and premise plumbing water systems is the documented driver.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"NC DHHS reports 310 Legionnaires' disease cases in 2025 versus 201 in 2024 (ref 1).","service":"The cited sources describe prevention guidance for building water systems, not any utility shutoff (ref 1).","scale":"Statewide surge, 72% above the 10-year median of 184 cases (ref 2).","duration":"Cases peaked in week 21 of 2025 and NC DHHS was still warning of rising risk in April 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Public guidance only; the Mecklenburg cluster investigation found no common exposure (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":310,"status":"Reported","note":"Reported 2025 cases (ref 1); the CDC abstract counts 316 (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"North Carolina reported 310 Legionnaires' disease cases in 2025 compared to 201 cases in 2024."},"measures":[{"name":"Legionnaires' disease cases, 2025","value":310,"unit":"cases","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; ref 2 gives 316."},{"name":"Legionnaires' disease cases, 2024","value":201,"unit":"cases","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Prior 10-year median annual cases","value":184,"unit":"cases","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Cases rose from 201 (2024) to 310 (2025) (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NC Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Public Health","role":"Disease surveillance"}],"public_contact":"NC DHHS Division of Public Health, via ncdhhs.gov","corrective_actions":["NC DHHS Legionella prevention guidance for homes, commercial buildings and cooling towers (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"NCDHHS shares prevention guidance as Legionnaires' disease risk increases","publisher":"NC Department of Health and Human Services","date":"2026-04-17","url":"https://www.ncdhhs.gov/news/press-releases/2026/04/17/ncdhhs-shares-prevention-guidance-legionnaires-disease-risk-increases","basis":"State record","ref":1},{"title":"Surge in Legionnaires Disease in North Carolina, 2025 (EIS conference abstract)","publisher":"U.S. CDC","date":"2026-04-17","url":"https://cdc.gov/eis-conference/php/abstracts/surge-in-legionnaires-disease.html","basis":"Federal record","ref":2}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2025-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-04-17","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["identified environmental sources","deaths and hospitalizations"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NC-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2025-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"North Carolina 2025-2026 drought with record-low reservoirs and statewide restrictions","description":"A drought that began developing in mid-August 2025 spread to all 100 North Carolina counties by May 2026, with exceptional drought in parts of the mountains, Triangle, Charlotte area and Brunswick County. By late July 2026, 70 water systems were under mandatory restrictions and 68 had voluntary measures; as of October 1, 2026, 62 counties remained in drought and Kerr Lake was at its fifth-lowest level on record.","location":{"name":"North Carolina drought area","type":"Statewide drought area","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Statewide; worst conditions shifted from the western mountains and Charlotte region (spring 2026) to the Triangle (summer) and the northern Piedmont, Brunswick County and coastal plain (fall)","coordinates":{"lat":35.5,"lon":-79.4,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","groundwater","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A multi-season rainfall deficit lowered reservoirs, streams and aquifers, forcing water-use restrictions across many systems.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ (ref 4) reports streamflows at record lows at Abbotts Creek, Rockfish Creek and Little Hope Creek in September 2026; no human health harm is documented.","service":"DEQ's July 29, 2026 update (ref 3) counts 70 systems under mandatory water restrictions and 68 with voluntary measures.","scale":"The May 21, 2026 DMAC advisory (ref 1) places all 100 counties in drought, 71 of them in extreme or exceptional drought.","duration":"BPR/WUNC (ref 6) dates the drought to mid-August 2025, and DEQ was still reporting 62 counties in drought on October 1, 2026 (ref 5).","significance":"WBTV (ref 7) reports dozens of counties declared natural disaster areas, and DEQ (ref 2) says Emergency Management formed drought task forces once D4 conditions appeared."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No statewide count of people under restrictions is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 70 water systems under mandatory restrictions and 68 with voluntary measures (DEQ, July 29, 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Counties in drought (peak advisory)","value":100,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"May 21, 2026 DMAC advisory (ref 1)."},{"name":"Systems under mandatory restrictions","value":70,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"As of July 29, 2026 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Systems with voluntary measures","value":68,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"As of July 29, 2026 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Counties still in drought","value":62,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"Drought map for Sept. 22-29, 2026 (ref 5)."},{"name":"Wilmington rainfall deficit","value":23,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"More than 23 inches below average as of July 9, 2026 (ref 8)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No statewide utility financial distress is documented in the cited sources."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Rain in July 2026 improved central NC (ref 3), but drought expanded again in the northern Piedmont and coastal plain in September (refs 4, 5)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NC Drought Management Advisory Council","role":"State drought classification body"},{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources","role":"State water supply planning and drought response agency"},{"name":"North Carolina Emergency Management","role":"Drought task force coordination"}],"public_contact":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources drought information at ncdrought.org; DEQ communications (919) 707-8670","corrective_actions":["Systems in exceptional or extreme drought must follow Water Shortage Response Plans and report weekly water use to DWR (refs 1, 5).","State officials urged residents to check local conservation status and conserve water (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drought intensifies in five NC counties","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2026-05-21","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/press-releases/2026/05/21/drought-intensifies-five-nc-counties","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Drought conditions continue across North Carolina","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2026-06-29","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/press-releases/2026/06/29/drought-conditions-continue-across-north-carolina","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Governor Stein Provides Update on Drought Conditions in North Carolina","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2026-07-29","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/press-releases/2026/07/29/governor-stein-provides-update-drought-conditions-north-carolina","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"North Carolina's year-long drought worsens in some parts of the state","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2026-09-17","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/press-releases/2026/09/17/north-carolinas-year-long-drought-worsens-some-parts-state","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"More than 60 North Carolina counties still in some category of drought","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2026-10-01","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/press-releases/2026/10/01/more-60-north-carolina-counties-still-some-category-drought","basis":"State record"},{"ref":6,"title":"Western North Carolina is deep in drought, and the clock is ticking","publisher":"BPR News / WUNC","date":"2026-04-24","url":"https://www.wunc.org/2026-04-24/western-north-carolina-is-deep-in-drought-and-the-clock-is-ticking","basis":"News"},{"ref":7,"title":"Major North Carolina cities impose mandatory water rules: What it means and who's affected","publisher":"WBTV","date":"2026-05-02","url":"https://www.wbtv.com/2026/05/02/major-north-carolina-cities-impose-mandatory-water-rules-what-it-means-whos-affected/","basis":"News"},{"ref":8,"title":"Nine N.C. counties in exceptional drought as statewide drought continues","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2026-07-09","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/press-releases/2026/07/09/nine-nc-counties-exceptional-drought-statewide-drought-continues","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NC-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2024-2025","US-NC-STATEWIDE-DATA-CENTER-WATER-DEMAND-2026"]},{"id":"US-NC-CATAWBA-WATEREE-LIP-STAGE2-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Catawba-Wateree basin enters Low Inflow Protocol Stage 2; Charlotte Water mandates limits","description":"The Catawba-Wateree Drought Management Advisory Group moved the basin to Low Inflow Protocol Stage 2 on May 1, 2026, shifting basin communities from voluntary to mandatory restrictions with a 5-10% use-reduction goal. Charlotte Water's mandatory rules began May 15, limiting outdoor watering to two nights a week; the city confirmed 65 violations in the first week.","location":{"name":"Catawba-Wateree basin (Charlotte Water)","type":"Interstate reservoir basin and municipal utility service area","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Catawba-Wateree basin, 24 counties in NC and SC; Charlotte Water serves Mecklenburg County","coordinates":{"lat":35.2271,"lon":-80.8431,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Mecklenburg","Gaston","Iredell","Catawba","Caldwell","Burke"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"NC0160010"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Low reservoir inflow triggered basin-wide mandatory demand reductions under a shared drought protocol.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"WBTV (ref 1) describes low reservoirs and inflow but documents no health or environmental harm from the Catawba-Wateree shortfall.","service":"Charlotte Water limits outdoor watering to two days a week, 6 p.m. to 6 a.m., and bans home car washing and pool filling from May 15, 2026 (ref 2).","scale":"WBTV (ref 1) says the basin supplies drinking water to more than two million people; Charlotte Water alone serves 1,206,285 per SDWIS (ref 5).","duration":"Stage 2 began May 1, 2026 (ref 1), and Charlotte Water's Low Inflow Protocol page still showed Stage 2 mandatory restrictions on October 10, 2026 (ref 4).","significance":"The basin's formal Stage 2 declaration carries fines of $100 to $600 in Charlotte; the city confirmed 65 violations from May 15 to 21 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":1206285,"status":"Reported","note":"Charlotte Water population served per SDWIS (ref 5); WBTV reports the basin serves more than two million people (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: basin moved to Low Inflow Protocol Stage 2 on May 1, 2026, with a 5% to 10% water-use reduction goal."},"measures":[{"name":"Use-reduction goal (Stage 2)","value":10,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Goal is 5% to 10% (ref 1); upper bound shown."},{"name":"Confirmed violations, first week","value":65,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Charlotte Water, May 15-21, 2026 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Reports of possible violations, first week","value":291,"unit":"reports","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Exceptional drought lifted from the Charlotte metro by late May (ref 3) and Charlotte left drought designation by August 13 (ref 6), but Stage 2 remained posted on October 10, 2026 (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Catawba-Wateree Drought Management Advisory Group","role":"Basin drought protocol decision body"},{"name":"Charlotte Water","role":"Utility operator"},{"name":"Duke Energy","role":"Reservoir operator"}],"public_contact":"Charlotte Water customer service, 704-336-7600","corrective_actions":["Charlotte Water enforces Stage 2 outdoor-watering limits with fines and a variance process (refs 2, 3).","The advisory group reviews drought data every other week before lifting restrictions (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Major North Carolina cities impose mandatory water rules: What it means and who's affected","publisher":"WBTV","date":"2026-05-02","url":"https://www.wbtv.com/2026/05/02/major-north-carolina-cities-impose-mandatory-water-rules-what-it-means-whos-affected/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Exceptional drought prompts Charlotte to impose mandatory water restrictions","publisher":"WBTV","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://wbtv.com/2026/05/01/exceptional-drought-prompts-charlotte-water-impose-mandatory-water-restrictions/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Are drought conditions improving in Charlotte, even as water-use violations pile up?","publisher":"WBTV","date":"2026-05-23","url":"https://www.wbtv.com/2026/05/23/are-drought-conditions-improving-charlotte-even-water-use-violations-pile-up/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Low Inflow Protocol","publisher":"Charlotte Water (City of Charlotte)","date":null,"url":"https://www.charlottenc.gov/water/About-Us/Drought-Resources/Low-Inflow-Protocol","basis":"Utility notice","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Charlotte Water (NC0160010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CHARLOTTE/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"NC drought eases in some areas, but coastal and western communities still struggling","publisher":"WECT","date":"2026-08-13","url":"https://www.wect.com/2026/08/13/nc-drought-eases-some-areas-coastal-western-communities-still-struggling/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NC-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2025-2026","US-NC-CONCORD-KANNAPOLIS-RESTRICTIONS-2026","US-NC-MOORESVILLE-WATER-RESTRICTIONS-2026","US-NC-CATAWBA-CHARLOTTE-INTERBASIN-TRANSFER-2026"]},{"id":"US-NC-DURHAM-WATER-SHORTAGE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Durham Stage 2 water shortage and emergency Teer Quarry supply","description":"Durham moved directly to Stage 2 water restrictions on June 15, 2026, as Lake Michie and Little River Reservoir fell to unusual lows, and began pumping from the roughly 1-billion-gallon Teer Quarry in late July. In late July the reservoirs were 8.8 and 12.3 feet below normal; the mayor said the city came dangerously close to escalating restrictions.","location":{"name":"City of Durham water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Durham County; supply from Lake Michie, Little River Reservoir, Jordan Lake allocation purchases and Teer Quarry","coordinates":{"lat":35.994,"lon":-78.8986,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Durham"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NC0332010"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Reservoir storage fell during drought, requiring mandatory demand cuts and an emergency supplemental source.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ABC11 (ref 1) quotes Durham Water Management saying the reservoirs have never been so low at this time of year; no health harm is documented.","service":"Durham skipped Stage 1 and imposed Stage 2 restrictions on June 15, 2026 (ref 3), and remained under Stage 2 at the end of July (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists the City of Durham system as serving 333,490 people (ref 6).","duration":"Stage 2 began June 15, 2026 (ref 3) and was still in effect on July 30 (ref 2), with Little River Reservoir 12.1 feet below normal on August 13 (ref 5).","significance":"The city installed a temporary pumping system to tap Teer Quarry as an emergency source and issued formal warnings to violators (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":333490,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 6)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Teer Quarry holds about 1 billion gallons and reduced demand on Lake Michie and Little River Reservoir by 3 to 4 million gallons per day."},"measures":[{"name":"Little River Reservoir below normal","value":12.3,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"July 29, 2026 (ref 4)."},{"name":"Lake Michie below normal","value":8.8,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"July 29, 2026 (ref 4)."},{"name":"Teer Quarry volume","value":1000000000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"City estimate (ref 1)."},{"name":"Water use reduction achieved","value":12,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Against a 30% goal, July 21, 2026 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Reservoirs rose after late-July rain (ref 4) but Lake Michie was still 6.5 feet down on August 13 (ref 5)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Durham Department of Water Management","role":"Utility operator"},{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources","role":"State water supply planning and drought response agency"}],"public_contact":"City of Durham Department of Water Management, through durhamnc.gov","corrective_actions":["Stage 2 Water Shortage Response restrictions (refs 2, 3).","Temporary pumping from Teer Quarry to the Williams Water Treatment Plant (ref 1).","Water purchases through Triangle interconnections, including Jordan Lake water and OWASA (refs 1, 7)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Durham is about to tap into 1 billion gallons of emergency water as drought continues","publisher":"ABC11 (WTVD)","date":"2026-07-21","url":"https://abc11.com/post/drought-nc-durham-turning-quarry-help-supplement-dwindling-water-supply/19552105/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"North Carolina drought tracker: Durham remains in Stage 2 restrictions","publisher":"ABC11 (WTVD)","date":"2026-07-30","url":"https://abc11.com/live-updates/north-carolina-drought-tracker-latest-water-restrictions-reservoir-levels-updates/19615731/entry/19601390/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"North Carolina drought tracker: latest restrictions (Durham moved to Stage 2 on June 15)","publisher":"ABC11 (WTVD)","date":"2026-07-19","url":"https://abc11.com/live-updates/north-carolina-drought-tracker-latest-water-restrictions-reservoir-levels-updates/19444322/entry/19477906/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Governor Stein Provides Update on Drought Conditions in North Carolina","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2026-07-29","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/press-releases/2026/07/29/governor-stein-provides-update-drought-conditions-north-carolina","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"NC drought eases in some areas, but coastal and western communities still struggling","publisher":"WECT","date":"2026-08-13","url":"https://www.wect.com/2026/08/13/nc-drought-eases-some-areas-coastal-western-communities-still-struggling/","basis":"News"},{"ref":6,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Durham, City of (NC0332010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/DURHAM/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":7,"title":"Triangle water systems are more interconnected than you think - that's by design","publisher":"WUNC","date":"2026-05-12","url":"https://www.wunc.org/environment/2026-05-12/triangle-water-systems-interconnected-design","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NC-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2025-2026","US-NC-RALEIGH-FALLS-LAKE-DROUGHT-2026"]},{"id":"US-NC-BOONE-WATER-RESTRICTIONS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Boone imposes Stage 2 water restrictions amid High Country exceptional drought","description":"The Town of Boone put Stage 2 water restrictions, its strictest to date, into effect July 1, 2026, banning unapproved lawn watering, pool filling and other non-essential uses for residential and commercial customers. Watauga County had been classified in exceptional drought in May 2026, and Boone's rainfall was more than 22 inches below average by early July.","location":{"name":"Town of Boone water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Watauga County, High Country of western North Carolina","coordinates":{"lat":36.2168,"lon":-81.6746,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Watauga"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NC0195010"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Drought-reduced supply led the town to impose mandatory use restrictions.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"WCNC/WRAL (ref 1) reports the restrictions as a drought response; no health or environmental harm is documented for Boone's system.","service":"Stage 2 bans unapproved lawn and garden watering, pool and hot tub filling and at-home car washing from July 1, 2026 (refs 1, 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists Boone's system as serving 19,811 people (ref 5).","duration":"DEQ placed Watauga in exceptional drought on May 21, 2026 (ref 3); officials gave no end date for Stage 2 (ref 2).","significance":"Boone's formal Stage 2 order allows civil penalties for violations (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":19811,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Stage 2 restrictions, the town's strictest so far, effective July 1, 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"Boone rainfall deficit","value":22,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"More than 22 inches below average as of July 9, 2026 (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No later update on Boone's stage was found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Boone Public Utilities Department","role":"Utility operator"},{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources","role":"State water supply planning and drought response agency"}],"public_contact":"Boone Public Utilities Department, 828-268-6250","corrective_actions":["Stage 2 restrictions; the town may add water-use limits and surcharges depending on drought assessments (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Boone Stage 2 water restrictions take effect July 1","publisher":"WCNC via WRAL","date":"2026-06-26","url":"https://www.wral.com/news/local/boone-stage-2-water-restrictions-june-2026/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Boone to enact water restrictions","publisher":"WFDD / WUNC","date":"2026-06-26","url":"https://www.wunc.org/2026-06-26/boone-to-enact-water-restrictions","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Drought intensifies in five NC counties","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2026-05-21","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/press-releases/2026/05/21/drought-intensifies-five-nc-counties","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Nine N.C. counties in exceptional drought as statewide drought continues","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2026-07-09","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/press-releases/2026/07/09/nine-nc-counties-exceptional-drought-statewide-drought-continues","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Boone, Town of (NC0195010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BOONE/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NC-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2025-2026"]},{"id":"US-NC-MONROE-DROUGHT-QUARRY-SUPPLY-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Monroe drought cuts reservoir supply; city pipes in Rock Quarry Lake water","description":"The City of Monroe entered drought conservation on January 28, 2026 with about 180 days of supply, as Lake Monroe fell about 11 feet below normal. On May 1 it began pumping about 2 million gallons per day from the 120-million-gallon Rock Quarry Lake into Lake Lee; after mandatory restrictions, the city returned to voluntary Stage 1 in late July once Lake Twitty refilled.","location":{"name":"City of Monroe water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Union County; supply from Lakes Twitty, Lee and Monroe plus Rock Quarry Lake","coordinates":{"lat":34.9854,"lon":-80.5495,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Union"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NC0190010"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Rain-fed reservoirs fell during drought, requiring conservation stages and a new supplemental source.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Spectrum News (ref 2) reports Lake Monroe about 11 feet below normal pool, a supply effect rather than documented harm.","service":"WSOC (ref 4) reports Monroe ended mandatory water restrictions on July 28, 2026; lakes were closed to recreation (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists Monroe's system as serving 43,081 people (ref 5); customers use about 6.5 million gallons per day (ref 3).","duration":"Conservation began January 28, 2026 (ref 2) and mandatory rules ended only on July 28 (ref 4).","significance":"Monroe declared formal Water Shortage Response stages based on days of supply (ref 2)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":43081,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Rock Quarry Lake pipeline adds about 2 million gallons per day to Lake Lee from a 120-million-gallon quarry."},"measures":[{"name":"Days of supply at Stage 1 entry","value":180,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"January 28, 2026 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Lake Monroe below normal","value":11,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"April 2026 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Quarry transfer rate","value":2,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Average customer demand","value":6.5,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Lake Twitty was full and Lake Lee nearly full by July 28, 2026 (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Monroe Energy and Water Resources","role":"Utility operator"},{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources","role":"State water supply planning and drought response agency"}],"public_contact":"City of Monroe, 704-282-4500","corrective_actions":["Built a 6,500-foot pipeline to move Rock Quarry Lake water into Lake Lee (ref 3).","Water Shortage Response stages tied to days of supply (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"In latest drought maps, Monroe is facing 'severe drought'","publisher":"City of Monroe","date":"2026-01-15","url":"https://www.monroenc.org/CivicAlerts.asp?AID=710","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":2,"title":"Union County, Monroe urging customers to conserve water amid drought conditions","publisher":"Spectrum News 1","date":"2026-04-23","url":"https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nc/charlotte/news/2026/04/23/union-county--monroe-urging-customers-to-conserve-water-amid-drought-conditions-","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"City of Monroe using Rock Quarry Lake as supplemental water source amid drought","publisher":"WBTV","date":"2026-05-15","url":"https://www.wbtv.com/2026/05/16/city-monroe-using-rock-quarry-lake-supplemental-water-source-amid-drought/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Monroe eases drought restrictions after recent rain","publisher":"WSOC-TV","date":"2026-07-28","url":"https://www.wsoctv.com/news/local/monroe-eases-drought-restrictions-after-recent-rain/EXTFCH7T7RHEBDFUZZ7WOJUQ6M/","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Monroe, City of (NC0190010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MONROE/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NC-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2025-2026"]},{"id":"US-NC-KERR-LAKE-LOW-LEVEL-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Kerr Lake falls to fifth-lowest level on record, cutting hydropower 44%","description":"Kerr Lake (John H. Kerr Reservoir) on the Virginia line fell to almost 11 feet below normal by late September 2026, its fifth-lowest level ever recorded, according to NC DEQ. The Corps of Engineers began reducing hydropower on August 29 and cut generation by about 1,600 megawatts, a 44% reduction; the lake also supplies the Kerr Lake Regional Water System.","location":{"name":"Kerr Lake (John H. Kerr Reservoir)","type":"Multi-purpose federal reservoir and regional water supply source","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Vance, Granville and Warren counties on the Virginia state line; Kerr Lake Regional Water System is managed by Henderson","coordinates":{"lat":36.3296,"lon":-78.3992,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Vance","Granville","Warren"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"NC0291010"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Drought drew the reservoir down to near-record lows, curtailing hydropower and shrinking the supply cushion.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ (ref 3) reports Kerr Dam hydropower cut by about 1,600 megawatts, a 44% reduction in generation, because of the low pool.","service":"None of the cited DEQ updates (refs 1-3) reports water-use restrictions at the Kerr Lake Regional Water System.","scale":"The reservoir spans Vance, Granville and Warren counties (ref 3) and feeds a regional system and federal hydropower.","duration":"Kerr Lake was 5.4 feet below normal pool on July 29 (ref 4) and almost 11 feet below normal by October 1, 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"No emergency declaration or enforcement is cited; the Corps' generation cutback (ref 2) is an operating decision."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":14937,"status":"Reported","note":"Henderson-Kerr Lake Regional Water system population served per SDWIS (ref 5); wholesale customers not counted."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Kerr Lake almost 11 feet below normal, the fifth-lowest level ever recorded; hydropower reduced about 1,600 MW (44%)."},"measures":[{"name":"Lake level below normal","value":11,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Almost 11 feet, DEQ October 1, 2026 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Hydropower reduction","value":1600,"unit":"MW","status":"Reported","note":"About 44% of generation (ref 3)."},{"name":"Lake level below normal, early September","value":8.3,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"DEQ September 4, 2026 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No utility financial data is cited."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The lake dropped from 5.4 feet (July 29, ref 4) to 8.3 feet (Sept. 4, ref 1) to almost 11 feet below normal (Oct. 1, ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Wilmington District","role":"Reservoir operator"},{"name":"Kerr Lake Regional Water System (City of Henderson, managing partner)","role":"Water supply utility"},{"name":"NC Drought Management Advisory Council","role":"State drought classification body"}],"public_contact":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources drought information at ncdrought.org","corrective_actions":["Corps reduced hydropower releases from August 29, 2026 (ref 1).","DMAC weekly drought monitoring (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"North Carolina drought expands in some parts of the state","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2026-09-04","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/press-releases/2026/09/04/north-carolina-drought-expands-some-parts-state","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"North Carolina's year-long drought worsens in some parts of the state","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2026-09-17","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/press-releases/2026/09/17/north-carolinas-year-long-drought-worsens-some-parts-state","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"More than 60 North Carolina counties still in some category of drought","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2026-10-01","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/press-releases/2026/10/01/more-60-north-carolina-counties-still-some-category-drought","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Governor Stein Provides Update on Drought Conditions in North Carolina","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2026-07-29","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/press-releases/2026/07/29/governor-stein-provides-update-drought-conditions-north-carolina","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Henderson-Kerr Lake Regional Water (NC0291010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/KERR%20LAKE/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NC-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2025-2026"]},{"id":"US-NC-CCPCUA-CRETACEOUS-AQUIFER-DEPLETION-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Central Coastal Plain Cretaceous aquifer overdraft under capacity-use limits","description":"Overpumping of the deep Black Creek and Upper Cape Fear aquifers led North Carolina to designate a 15-county Central Coastal Plain Capacity Use Area in 2002, citing severe water-level declines, dewatering and saltwater encroachment. DWR's November 2024 report finds recovery inside the area since 2007 (up to 92 feet in the Black Creek aquifer) but declines of up to 31 feet near Cumberland County withdrawals and persistent cones of depression in the Peedee and Castle Hayne aquifers.","location":{"name":"Central Coastal Plain Capacity Use Area","type":"Groundwater capacity use area (aquifer management zone)","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Beaufort, Carteret, Craven, Duplin, Edgecombe, Greene, Jones, Lenoir, Martin, Onslow, Pamlico, Pitt, Washington, Wayne and Wilson counties","coordinates":{"lat":35.2627,"lon":-77.5816,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Beaufort","Carteret","Craven","Duplin","Edgecombe","Greene","Jones","Lenoir","Martin","Onslow","Pamlico","Pitt","Washington","Wayne","Wilson"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Withdrawals from confined aquifers exceeded recharge, lowering water levels and threatening saltwater encroachment.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DWR (ref 1) says the 2002 limits addressed severely declining water levels, dewatering in some aquifers and salt-water encroachment into others.","service":"The DWR report (ref 1) documents no supply outages; large users instead had to cut withdrawals by up to 75% between 2002 and 2018.","scale":"The capacity use area covers 15 coastal plain counties (ref 1).","duration":"Rules in force since August 1, 2002 and re-adopted January 1, 2022 (ref 2); declines outside the area persisted through November 2023 (ref 1).","significance":"The Environmental Management Commission's capacity-use rules require permits for withdrawals over 100,000 gallons per day (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure for groundwater users is given in the cited reports."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Black Creek aquifer potentiometric surface rose an average of 2.3 feet from 2007 to 2023, with recoveries up to 92 feet in the CCPCUA."},"measures":[{"name":"Black Creek max recovery since 2007","value":92,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Upper Cape Fear average change, 2007-2023","value":9.3,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Upper Cape Fear decline near Cumberland County withdrawals","value":31,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Outside the CCPCUA, Nov 2007 to Nov 2023 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Temporary permits issued","value":13,"unit":"permits","status":"Reported","note":"As of June 30, 2024 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Thirteen permit holders operate on temporary permits that allow higher withdrawal rates (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"DWR attributes gains to required withdrawal cuts and new surface-water and shallow-aquifer supplies (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources","role":"State water supply planning and drought response agency"},{"name":"NC Environmental Management Commission","role":"Rulemaking authority"}],"public_contact":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources, Groundwater Resources Branch, via ncwater.org/CCPCUA","corrective_actions":["Groundwater withdrawal permits for users over 100,000 gallons per day (ref 2).","Shift to Neuse Regional Water and Sewer Authority surface water and Castle Hayne well fields (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Monitoring Well Network Fiscal Year 2024 Annual Report","publisher":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources, Groundwater Resources Branch","date":"2024-11-01","url":"https://ncwater.org/Publications/gwms/annual/fy2023-24_network_ann_report.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Central Coastal Plain Capacity Use Area (CCPCUA) Water Withdrawal Permit","publisher":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources","date":null,"url":"https://www.ncwater.org/?page=49","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NC-FUQUAY-VARINA-SUPPLY-SHORTFALL-IBT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Fuquay-Varina faces supply shortfall; seeks 6.17 MGD Cape Fear transfer","description":"Fuquay-Varina has no water source of its own and relies on temporary purchase contracts with Raleigh, Johnston County and Harnett County; its supply is projected to max out by 2030, with a shortfall of nearly 2 million gallons per day. The town has requested an interbasin transfer certificate for 6.17 MGD from the Cape Fear River to the Neuse basin, drawing formal opposition from Wilmington-area governments, CFPUA and Pender County. State modeling of the preferred option, buying water from Sanford, shows reduced flows at the Fayetteville and Lower Cape Fear intakes; the Environmental Management Commission held draft EIS hearings in December 2025.","location":{"name":"Town of Fuquay-Varina water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Wake County; proposed supply from the TriRiver (Tri-Rivers) plant in Sanford on the Cape Fear River","coordinates":{"lat":35.5843,"lon":-78.8,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Wake"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NC0392055"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Rapid growth has outpaced contracted supply, and the proposed fix depends on a contested interbasin transfer.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Port City Daily (ref 2) reports a projected shortfall of nearly 2 million gallons per day within four years.","service":"No restrictions are attributed to the shortfall in refs 1-3; the town still buys water through temporary contracts (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists the town system as serving 42,954 people (ref 4); WHQR cites growth to more than 46,900 residents in 2024 (ref 1).","duration":"The draft EIS projects Raleigh's allocation to the town reaching its ceiling by 2030 (ref 2), a multi-year structural gap.","significance":"The request is before the Environmental Management Commission, and Pender County adopted a formal resolution opposing it (ref 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":42954,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: interbasin transfer request for 6.17 million gallons per day from the Cape Fear River basin to the Neuse."},"measures":[{"name":"Requested interbasin transfer","value":6.17,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1-3."},{"name":"Projected shortfall","value":2,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Nearly 2 MGD within four years (ref 2)."},{"name":"Planned project cost","value":120000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Port City Daily (ref 2) reports a 20% water and sewer rate increase passed in 2023 to help fund the $120 million plan."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"WHQR (ref 1) cites projected growth to 89,000 residents by 2050."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Fuquay-Varina","role":"Utility operator and IBT applicant"},{"name":"NC Environmental Management Commission","role":"IBT certificate decision body"},{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources","role":"State water supply planning and drought response agency"}],"public_contact":"Town of Fuquay-Varina Public Utilities, through fuquay-varina.org","corrective_actions":["Draft environmental impact statement and public hearings; comments accepted until April 1, 2026 (refs 1, 3).","Plan to buy permanent supply from the TriRiver plant in Sanford (ref 2).","Environmental Management Commission draft environmental impact statement hearings on the IBT request held in December 2025 (ref 5, ref 6)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Fuquay-Varina wants Cape Fear River water. The Wilmington area may pay the price","publisher":"WHQR","date":"2026-01-30","url":"https://www.whqr.org/local/2026-01-30/fuquay-varina-wants-cape-fear-river-water-the-wilmington-area-may-pay-the-price","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Saffo, CFPUA prompt public to say no to Fuquay-Varina's request for Cape Fear River water","publisher":"Port City Daily","date":"2026-02-18","url":"https://portcitydaily.com/latest-news/2026/02/18/saffo-cfpua-prompt-public-to-say-no-to-fuquay-varinas-request-for-cape-fear-river-water","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Pender County Commissioners Approve Resolution Opposing Interbasin Transfer to Protect Water Supply","publisher":"Pender County","date":"2025-12-03","url":"https://pendercountync.gov/CivicAlerts.asp?AID=214","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Fuquay-Varina, Town of (NC0392055)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/FUQUAY/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"Town of Fuquay-Varina Interbasin Transfer Request (public hearing presentation)","publisher":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources","date":"2025-12-09","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/fuquay-varina-ibt-powerpoint-2025-public-hearings/open","basis":"State record"},{"ref":6,"title":"Fuquay-Varina interbasin transfer","publisher":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources","date":null,"url":"https://deq.nc.gov/about/divisions/water-resources/water-planning/water-supply-planning/interbasin-transfer-certification/fuquay-varina-ibt","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NC-CAPE-FEAR-CHEMOURS-PFAS-2023"],"conflicts":["Sources differ on the town's current wholesale suppliers: WHQR (ref 1) lists Raleigh, Johnston County and Harnett County; the DEQ hearing presentation (ref 5) names Raleigh and Johnston County."]},{"id":"US-NC-HILLSBOROUGH-CHANTAL-WATER-PLANT-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Chantal flooding takes Hillsborough water plant offline; town relies on Durham","description":"Eno River flooding from Tropical Storm Chantal on July 6-7, 2025 reached the clear wells at Hillsborough's water treatment plant, forcing a town-wide boil water notice and taking the plant offline. The town bought water from Durham through an interconnection and asked residents to limit even showers until the plant returned to service on July 12.","location":{"name":"Town of Hillsborough water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Orange County; water treatment plant on Dimmocks Mill Road beside the Eno River","coordinates":{"lat":36.0754,"lon":-79.0997,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Orange"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NC0368015"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Flood damage to treatment infrastructure cut local production and made the town dependent on an emergency interconnection.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ABC11 (ref 1) reports the Eno River flooded the plant's clear wells; more than 30 samples later showed no bacteria (ref 4).","service":"All town customers were under a boil water notice and asked not to wash clothes (ref 1), then to limit showers while the plant was offline (ref 3).","scale":"SDWIS lists Hillsborough's system as serving 14,006 people (ref 5).","duration":"The plant was offline from July 6-7 until it returned to service July 12, 2025 (ref 4).","significance":"The town issued a formal boil water notice to everyone on its system (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":14006,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: water treatment plant offline after the Eno River flooded its clear wells; town supplied through the Durham interconnection."},"measures":[{"name":"Boil water notice duration","value":2,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"Lifted after more than two days (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["WFAE (ref 3) reports federal cuts eliminated two grants to move the river pump station and interconnect with OWASA."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The plant returned to service on July 12, 2025 (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Hillsborough Utilities","role":"Utility operator"},{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources, Public Water Supply Section","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Town of Hillsborough, through hillsboroughnc.gov","corrective_actions":["Clear wells sanitized and refilled; boil water notice lifted after testing (refs 2, 4).","Emergency supply through the City of Durham interconnection (refs 2, 6)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Is it safe to drink your water? A look at boil water advisories and notices after Chantal flooding","publisher":"ABC11 (WTVD)","date":"2025-07-08","url":"https://abc11.com/amp/post/is-safe-drink-water-look-boil-advisories-notices-due-chantal-flooding/17026806/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Hillsborough lifts boil water notice; conservation urged","publisher":"WRAL","date":"2025-07-09","url":"https://www.wral.com/news/local/hillsborough-lifts-boil-water-notice-conservation-urged-flood-impact-july-2025/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"More severe weather ahead in central North Carolina, as towns work to supply water and prevent sewer overflows","publisher":"WFAE via Public Radio East","date":"2025-07-11","url":"https://www.publicradioeast.org/2025-07-11/more-severe-weather-ahead-in-central-north-carolina-as-towns-work-to-supply-water-and-prevent-sewer-overflows","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Hillsborough Repairs Water, Wastewater Treatment Plants; Residents No Longer Asked To Conserve","publisher":"Chapelboro.com","date":"2025-07-12","url":"https://chapelboro.com/?p=388593","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Hillsborough, Town of (NC0368015)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/HILLSBOROUGH/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"Triangle water systems are more interconnected than you think - that's by design","publisher":"WUNC","date":"2026-05-12","url":"https://www.wunc.org/environment/2026-05-12/triangle-water-systems-interconnected-design","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NC-MEBANE-GRAHAM-CHANTAL-WATER-SHORTAGE-2025","US-NC-PIEDMONT-CHANTAL-FLOODING-2025"]},{"id":"US-NC-MEBANE-GRAHAM-CHANTAL-WATER-SHORTAGE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Chantal floods Graham-Mebane water plant; Mebane orders Stage V water shortage","description":"About six feet of floodwater from Tropical Storm Chantal entered the Graham-Mebane Water Treatment Plant's pump building on July 6, 2025, halting production. Mebane declared its highest water-shortage level on July 9, limiting residents to drinking, restroom and medical use and closing non-essential businesses, before easing to voluntary Stage 1 on July 11 as the plant partly recovered.","location":{"name":"Graham-Mebane Water Treatment Plant (Mebane)","type":"Jointly owned municipal water treatment plant and service areas","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Alamance and Orange counties; plant jointly owned by the cities of Mebane and Graham","coordinates":{"lat":36.0957,"lon":-79.267,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Alamance","Orange"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NC0201018"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Flooding disabled pumping and treatment, producing an acute supply shortage.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Two north Mebane neighborhoods were placed under a boil water advisory after a water main was damaged (ref 1).","service":"Under Stage V, residents could use water only for limited drinking, restroom, shower and medical needs, and non-essential businesses had to close (ref 3).","scale":"SDWIS lists Mebane at 20,212 people and Graham at 18,354 (refs 6, 7); WRAL reported Mebane had less than two days of drinking water (ref 2).","duration":"The flood hit July 6, 2025; Stage V lasted about two and a half days before easing on July 11 (ref 5).","significance":"Mebane, Alamance County and Orange County were under a State of Emergency (ref 4), and Stage V carried a $100 fine (ref 3)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":20212,"status":"Reported","note":"Mebane population served per SDWIS (ref 6); Graham (18,354, ref 7) shared the plant and drew water from Burlington (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: about six feet of floodwater in the pump building shut down all pumping at the Graham-Mebane plant."},"measures":[{"name":"Floodwater depth in pump building","value":6,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Stage V duration","value":2.5,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"About two and a half days (ref 5)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The plant was partially operational and Mebane moved to voluntary Stage 1 on July 11, 2025 (ref 5)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Mebane Public Utilities","role":"Utility operator"},{"name":"City of Graham","role":"Plant co-owner"},{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources, Public Water Supply Section","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Mebane, through cityofmebanenc.gov/contact","corrective_actions":["Bottled water distribution and CodeRED alerts (refs 3, 4).","Plant repairs and restored Duke Energy power; Graham supplied from Burlington (ref 5)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Is it safe to drink your water? A look at boil water advisories and notices after Chantal flooding","publisher":"ABC11 (WTVD)","date":"2025-07-08","url":"https://abc11.com/amp/post/is-safe-drink-water-look-boil-advisories-notices-due-chantal-flooding/17026806/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Hillsborough lifts boil water notice; conservation urged (includes Mebane update)","publisher":"WRAL","date":"2025-07-09","url":"https://www.wral.com/news/local/hillsborough-lifts-boil-water-notice-conservation-urged-flood-impact-july-2025/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"City of Mebane issues highest-level water shortage notice; some businesses told to close","publisher":"ABC11 (WTVD)","date":"2025-07-10","url":"https://abc11.com/amp/post/water-shortage-notice-city-mebane-issues-codered-drinking-due-tropical-storm-chantal/17035068/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Tropical Storm Chantal","publisher":"City of Mebane","date":"2025-07-10","url":"https://cityofmebanenc.gov/tropical-storm-chantal","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":5,"title":"Mebane eases water restrictions","publisher":"The Alamance News","date":"2025-07-11","url":"https://alamancenews.com/mebane-eases-water-restrictions/","basis":"News"},{"ref":6,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Mebane, City of (NC0201018)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MEBANE/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":7,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Graham, City of (NC0201015)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/GRAHAM/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NC-HILLSBOROUGH-CHANTAL-WATER-PLANT-2025","US-NC-PIEDMONT-CHANTAL-FLOODING-2025","US-NC-GRAHAM-MEBANE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-NC-RALEIGH-FALLS-LAKE-DROUGHT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Raleigh Stage 1 restrictions as Falls Lake supply drops during 2026 drought","description":"Raleigh enacted Stage 1 water-use restrictions in spring 2026 with Falls Lake supply at 80%, and by mid-July the city was nearing Stage 2 as lake levels dropped quickly. Restrictions were lifted August 3 after rain raised Falls Lake to 84%, but by mid-September the lake was almost 4 feet below normal and still declining in October.","location":{"name":"City of Raleigh water system (Falls Lake)","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Wake County; primary supply from Falls Lake (Durham, Wake and Granville counties)","coordinates":{"lat":35.7796,"lon":-78.6382,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Wake","Durham","Granville"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NC0392010"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Drought drew down the city's main reservoir, prompting mandatory first-stage restrictions.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ (ref 4) says Falls Lake increased releases to support downstream water quality and supply; no harm to Raleigh's customers is documented.","service":"WUNC (ref 1) reports Raleigh enacted its first level of water-use restrictions with Falls Lake supply at 80%.","scale":"SDWIS lists the City of Raleigh system as serving 650,000 people (ref 6).","duration":"Restrictions ran from spring 2026 until August 3 (ref 3), and Falls Lake was still declining on October 1 (ref 5).","significance":"ABC11 (ref 2) reports the city was nearing a formal Stage 2 declaration in July, with a councilman urging faster action."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":650000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 6)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Falls Lake almost 4 feet below normal in mid-September 2026 after Stage 1 restrictions were lifted August 3."},"measures":[{"name":"Falls Lake water supply storage (May)","value":80,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Falls Lake capacity when restrictions lifted","value":84,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Falls Lake below normal (mid-September)","value":4,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Almost 4 feet (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Falls Lake recovered in late July (ref 3), then fell again through September and October (refs 4, 5)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Raleigh Water","role":"Utility operator"},{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Wilmington District","role":"Falls Lake operator"},{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources","role":"State water supply planning and drought response agency"}],"public_contact":"Raleigh Water customer care, through raleighnc.gov","corrective_actions":["Stage 1 water-use restrictions, lifted August 3, 2026 (refs 1, 3).","Triangle Water Supply Partnership interconnections with Durham, Cary and Johnston County (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Triangle water systems are more interconnected than you think - that's by design","publisher":"WUNC","date":"2026-05-12","url":"https://www.wunc.org/environment/2026-05-12/triangle-water-systems-interconnected-design","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"North Carolina drought tracker: Raleigh nears Stage 2 water restrictions","publisher":"ABC11 (WTVD)","date":"2026-07-19","url":"https://abc11.com/live-updates/north-carolina-drought-tracker-latest-water-restrictions-reservoir-levels-updates/19444322/entry/19477906/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"North Carolina drought tracker: Raleigh Stage 1 restrictions to be lifted Aug. 3","publisher":"ABC11 (WTVD)","date":"2026-07-29","url":"https://abc11.com/live-updates/north-carolina-drought-tracker-latest-water-restrictions-reservoir-levels-updates/19538836/entry/19599319/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"North Carolina's year-long drought worsens in some parts of the state","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2026-09-17","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/press-releases/2026/09/17/north-carolinas-year-long-drought-worsens-some-parts-state","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"More than 60 North Carolina counties still in some category of drought","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2026-10-01","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/press-releases/2026/10/01/more-60-north-carolina-counties-still-some-category-drought","basis":"State record"},{"ref":6,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Raleigh, City of (NC0392010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/RALEIGH/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NC-DURHAM-WATER-SHORTAGE-2026","US-NC-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2025-2026"]},{"id":"US-NC-STATEWIDE-GROUNDWATER-DROUGHT-LOWS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Record-low groundwater levels and private-well risk in the 2025-2026 drought","description":"During the 2025-2026 drought, 20 North Carolina groundwater monitoring wells, including one in Bryson City, hit record lows for April 2026, and state officials reported groundwater below normal or at record lows in parts of the state through the summer. DEQ warned private-well households to watch for signs of failing wells; about 2.4 million North Carolinians rely on private wells.","location":{"name":"North Carolina groundwater (drought indicator wells)","type":"Statewide aquifer systems","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Statewide; Blue Ridge and Piedmont fractured-rock aquifers and Coastal Plain aquifers","coordinates":{"lat":35.5,"lon":-79.4,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Prolonged rainfall deficits lowered water tables that supply private and public wells.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"BPR/WUNC (ref 1) reports 20 monitoring wells statewide at record-low levels for the month and warns shallow wells may stop producing.","service":"The cited sources (refs 1-4) warn of possible well failures but document no confirmed private or public well outages.","scale":"The NCWELL study (ref 5) estimates about 2.4 million people, 24% of the state, use private wells.","duration":"DEQ (ref 3) says groundwater will take longer to respond than streams, and still reported below-normal groundwater on October 1, 2026 (ref 4).","significance":"No emergency order specific to groundwater is cited; DEQ issued conservation guidance for well owners (ref 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Private-well users statewide number about 2.4 million (ref 5), but no count of affected households is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 20 groundwater monitoring wells statewide at record-low levels for April 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"Monitoring wells at record lows (April 2026)","value":20,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"North Carolinians on private wells","value":2400000,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 5."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Streams recovered in July (ref 3) but groundwater lags, and drought expanded again in September (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources","role":"State water supply planning and drought response agency"},{"name":"NC Drought Management Advisory Council","role":"State drought classification body"}],"public_contact":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources, Drought Indicator Wells information at ncdrought.org","corrective_actions":["DEQ publishes drought indicator well data and advises well owners on warning signs (refs 3, 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Western North Carolina is deep in drought, and the clock is ticking","publisher":"BPR News / WUNC","date":"2026-04-24","url":"https://www.wunc.org/2026-04-24/western-north-carolina-is-deep-in-drought-and-the-clock-is-ticking","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Drought conditions continue across North Carolina","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2026-06-29","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/press-releases/2026/06/29/drought-conditions-continue-across-north-carolina","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Governor Stein Provides Update on Drought Conditions in North Carolina","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2026-07-29","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/press-releases/2026/07/29/governor-stein-provides-update-drought-conditions-north-carolina","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"More than 60 North Carolina counties still in some category of drought","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2026-10-01","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/press-releases/2026/10/01/more-60-north-carolina-counties-still-some-category-drought","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"Analysis of the novel NCWELL database highlights two decades of co-occurrence of toxic metals in North Carolina private well water","publisher":"Science of the Total Environment (via PubMed Central)","date":"2022-03-15","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9733895","basis":"Peer-reviewed study"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NC-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2025-2026","US-NC-PIEDMONT-PRIVATE-WELL-ARSENIC-2025"]},{"id":"US-NC-PIEDMONT-PRIVATE-WELL-ARSENIC-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Naturally occurring arsenic in Piedmont private wells (Union, Stanly, Anson)","description":"Natural arsenic from Slate Belt bedrock contaminates private wells across a band of the North Carolina Piedmont. In a statewide database of nearly 118,000 well tests from 1998-2019, more than 18% of tests in Anson, Stanly and Union counties exceeded the 10 ppb federal limit; a UNC study reported in 2025 found nearly 20% of sampled Union County wells contaminated with arsenic, and state law requires testing only when a well is built.","location":{"name":"North Carolina Piedmont Slate Belt wells","type":"Fractured-bedrock aquifer region (private wells)","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Piedmont band running northeast from Union County; highest arsenic rates in Anson, Stanly and Union counties","coordinates":{"lat":34.99,"lon":-80.53,"precision":"county","source_ref":4},"counties":["Union","Stanly","Anson"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Geologic arsenic leaches into groundwater used by unregulated private wells.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"The NCWELL analysis (ref 1) finds more than 18% of tests in Anson, Stanly and Union counties above the 10 ppb arsenic standard, with a maximum of 806 ppb.","service":"Private wells are outside public-system rules, and the cited sources (refs 1-4) report no service orders; residents rely on filters.","scale":"Ref 1 estimates about 2.4 million North Carolinians use private wells; ref 3 counts about 49,000 Union County households on well water.","duration":"Exceedances persisted over 1998-2019 (ref 1), and NIEHS (ref 4) reported continuing Union County contamination in 2025.","significance":"NIEHS (ref 4) notes state law requires testing only at well construction; no enforcement or emergency action is cited."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected well users are not counted; about 49,000 Union County households use wells (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: more than 18% of private-well tests in Anson, Stanly and Union counties exceeded the 10 ppb arsenic standard (1998-2019)."},"measures":[{"name":"Statewide well tests above arsenic MCL","value":2.3,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"2,502 of 110,383 tests (ref 1)."},{"name":"Union County sampled wells with arsenic","value":20,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Nearly 20% (ref 4)."},{"name":"Study participants notified of metals above a standard","value":55,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Union County, spring 2023 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Arsenic levels stayed high over two decades of testing (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NC DHHS Private Well and Health Program","role":"State private well health guidance"},{"name":"Union County Environmental Health","role":"Local well permitting and testing"}],"public_contact":"NC DHHS Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, private well program at epi.dph.ncdhhs.gov","corrective_actions":["Union County used ARPA funds for a pilot private well rehabilitation and repair program (ref 3).","UNC provided filter pitchers, and one Union County town voted to support water line extensions (ref 4).","NC DHHS publishes private-well testing guidance and a well-results tool (ref 5)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Analysis of the novel NCWELL database highlights two decades of co-occurrence of toxic metals in North Carolina private well water","publisher":"Science of the Total Environment (via PubMed Central)","date":"2022-03-15","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9733895","basis":"Peer-reviewed study"},{"ref":2,"title":"Thousands of North Carolina wells are spiked with toxic metals","publisher":"WUNC","date":"2022-07-20","url":"https://www.wunc.org/2022-07-20/thousands-of-north-carolina-wells-are-spiked-with-toxic-metals","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Union Co residents join UNC SRP and community partners in assessing quality of well water","publisher":"UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health","date":"2023-09-19","url":"https://sph.unc.edu/union-co-residents-join-unc-srp-and-community-partners-in-assessing-quality-of-well-water/","basis":"Academic"},{"ref":4,"title":"2025 Grantee Highlights: Andrew George, Ph.D. - Forging Partnerships to Reach and Empower Rural Well Water Users","publisher":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","date":"2025-12-31","url":"https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/supported/translational/peph/grantee-highlights/2025","basis":"Federal agency"},{"ref":5,"title":"Private Wells","publisher":"NC DHHS Division of Public Health","date":null,"url":"https://epi.dph.ncdhhs.gov/oee/wellwater/index.html","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NC-STATEWIDE-GROUNDWATER-DROUGHT-LOWS-2026"]},{"id":"US-NC-CONCORD-KANNAPOLIS-RESTRICTIONS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Concord and Kannapolis impose Level 2 mandatory water restrictions","description":"Concord and Kannapolis moved to Level 2 mandatory water restrictions on May 15, 2026, limiting lawn watering to two overnight windows a week and banning home car and pressure washing. Their interbasin transfer agreement to draw Catawba River water requires them to match the basin's Low Inflow Protocol measures; Kannapolis said in late June that rain had not been enough to lift the restrictions.","location":{"name":"Concord and Kannapolis water systems","type":"Municipal utility service areas","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Cabarrus and Rowan counties; regional supply includes Catawba River basin water under an interbasin transfer","coordinates":{"lat":35.4088,"lon":-80.5795,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Cabarrus","Rowan"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"NC0113010"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Drought and interbasin-transfer conditions required mandatory demand cuts across a regional system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"City notices (refs 1, 3) frame the restrictions as protecting the regional supply and report no health or environmental harm.","service":"Lawn and garden watering is limited to Tuesday and Saturday overnight windows, and home vehicle and pressure washing are banned (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists Concord at 120,771 people and Kannapolis at 56,050 (refs 5, 6).","duration":"Restrictions began May 15, 2026 and remained in force at the June 25 update on Kannapolis's drought page (ref 3).","significance":"Violations of the Level 2 order may bring civil citations or fees, and the IBT agreement obliges matching drought measures (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":176821,"status":"Reported","note":"Sum of Concord (120,771) and Kannapolis (56,050) populations served per SDWIS (refs 5, 6)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Level 2 mandatory water restrictions from May 15, 2026, aiming to cut system-wide use 5% to 10%."},"measures":[{"name":"Use-reduction goal","value":10,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Goal is 5% to 10% (ref 4); upper bound shown."},{"name":"Rainfall deficit","value":11,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"More than 11 inches below normal for 2025-2026 (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No update after June 25, 2026 was found (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Concord Water Resources","role":"Utility operator"},{"name":"City of Kannapolis","role":"Utility operator"},{"name":"Catawba-Wateree Drought Management Advisory Group","role":"Basin drought protocol body"}],"public_contact":"City of Concord Customer Care 704-920-5555; City of Kannapolis Customer Care 704-920-4444","corrective_actions":["Level 2 mandatory restrictions with citations for violations (refs 1, 2).","Garden-watering rules loosened for drip and soaker hoses; private-well users exempt (refs 1, 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Cities of Concord and Kannapolis Move to Mandatory Water Restrictions Beginning May 15","publisher":"City of Kannapolis","date":"2026-05-08","url":"https://www.kannapolisnc.gov/news/ID/378/Cities-of-Concord-and-Kannapolis-Move-to-Mandatory-Water-Restrictions-Beginning-May-15","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":2,"title":"Concord, Kannapolis to implement level 2 mandatory water restrictions due to ongoing drought","publisher":"WBTV","date":"2026-05-08","url":"https://wbtv.com/2026/05/08/concord-kannapolis-implement-level-2-mandatory-water-restrictions-due-ongoing-drought/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Current Drought Conditions","publisher":"City of Kannapolis","date":"2026-06-25","url":"https://kannapolisnc.gov/Drought","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":4,"title":"Water Restriction Frequently Asked Questions","publisher":"City of Kannapolis","date":null,"url":"https://www.kannapolisnc.gov/Quick-Links/Drought-Guidance/Drought-Guidance-FAQ","basis":"Local government","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Concord, City of (NC0113010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CONCORD/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Kannapolis, City of (NC0180065)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/KANNAPOLIS/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NC-CATAWBA-WATEREE-LIP-STAGE2-2026"]},{"id":"US-NC-MOORESVILLE-WATER-RESTRICTIONS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Mooresville enforces enhanced Stage 2 water restrictions with escalating fines","description":"The Town of Mooresville imposed mandatory sprinkler limits on May 8, 2026 and moved to enhanced Stage 2 conservation on May 19, restricting outdoor watering to overnight hours and, from June 1, to two days a week. Fines run $100 per residential violation and up to $1,000 for repeat commercial violations, with possible loss of service.","location":{"name":"Town of Mooresville water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Iredell County, on Lake Norman in the Catawba River basin","coordinates":{"lat":35.5849,"lon":-80.8101,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Iredell"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NC0149015"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Regional drought led the town to impose escalating mandatory restrictions.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"WBTV (refs 1, 2) cites regional drought as the reason and reports no harm to Mooresville's supply or customers.","service":"From June 1, outside watering is allowed only Tuesdays and Saturdays, 6 p.m. to 6 a.m., and home car washing and pool filling are restricted (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists the Mooresville system as serving 54,455 people (ref 4).","duration":"Mandatory rules began May 8, 2026 (ref 1), with no end date in the May 19 enhanced order (ref 2).","significance":"The town's order sets fines of $100 per residential violation and $200 to $1,000 for commercial violations (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":54455,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: enhanced Stage 2 conservation from May 19, 2026, with residential fines of $100 per violation."},"measures":[{"name":"Commercial fine, third and later violations","value":1000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Residential fine per violation","value":100,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No update after May 2026 was found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Mooresville Public Utilities","role":"Utility operator"},{"name":"Catawba-Wateree Drought Management Advisory Group","role":"Basin drought protocol body"}],"public_contact":"Town of Mooresville Public Utilities, through mooresvillenc.gov","corrective_actions":["Written warning for first offense, then fines (ref 2).","Free yard signs for private-well homes, which are exempt (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Mooresville implements mandatory water restrictions as drought worsens across region","publisher":"WBTV","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://www.wbtv.com/2026/05/02/mooresville-implements-mandatory-water-restrictions-drought-worsens-across-region/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Water restrictions to go into effect immediately for town of Mooresville, officials say","publisher":"WBTV","date":"2026-05-19","url":"https://www.wbtv.com/2026/05/19/water-restrictions-go-into-effect-immediately-town-mooresville-officials-say/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Major North Carolina cities impose mandatory water rules: What it means and who's affected","publisher":"WBTV","date":"2026-05-02","url":"https://www.wbtv.com/2026/05/02/major-north-carolina-cities-impose-mandatory-water-rules-what-it-means-whos-affected/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Mooresville, Town of (NC0149015)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MOORESVILLE/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NC-CATAWBA-WATEREE-LIP-STAGE2-2026"]},{"id":"US-NC-STATEWIDE-DISTRESSED-WATER-SEWER-UNITS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"North Carolina distressed water and sewer utilities under the Viable Utility program","description":"The State Water Infrastructure Authority and the Local Government Commission list 160 local government units as distressed water or wastewater providers as of February 4, 2026. A December 2025 staff report says no unit has had the designation removed since assessments began in 2021, and new designations were added in October and December 2025.","location":{"name":"North Carolina distressed water and sewer units","type":"Statewide cohort of local government utilities","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Designated units span the state, concentrated in eastern counties (e.g. Martin, Bertie, Columbus, Robeson, Wayne).","counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Designation reflects utilities that cannot fund operations, maintenance and reinvestment from their own revenues.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The designation criteria (ref 2) cover failure to fund maintenance and reinvestment, a potential rather than documented health harm.","service":"Neither the designation list (ref 1) nor the staff report (ref 2) reports service outages tied to the designations.","scale":"The February 2026 list (ref 1) names 160 designated units across dozens of counties, from towns to whole counties such as Cumberland and Martin.","duration":"The staff report (ref 2) says assessments have run each year from 2021 to 2025 and no unit has yet had its designation removed.","significance":"Designation is a formal action by both the Authority and the LGC under Session Law 2020-79 (refs 2, 3), which obliges units to complete rate studies, training and action plans."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The cited sources do not total the population served by designated units."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"160 local government units designated distressed as of February 4, 2026; none has had the designation removed."},"measures":[{"name":"Designated distressed units","value":160,"unit":"local government units","status":"Reported","note":"Count of units on the February 16, 2026 list (ref 1)."},{"name":"Units designated per Dec. 2025 staff report","value":155,"unit":"local government units","status":"Reported","note":"Count with active water and/or sewer systems as of the December 10, 2025 report (ref 2)."},{"name":"Local government units evaluated in first assessment","value":496,"unit":"local government units","status":"Reported","note":"Per DEQ Viable Utilities page (ref 3)."},{"name":"Initial Viable Utility Reserve funding","value":9,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Per DEQ Viable Utilities page (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Criteria include units under LGC fiscal control and units that have not filed audits for two years (ref 2).","Three towns (Aulander, Candor, Columbus) were designated in October 2025 for missing audits (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The count rose to 155 by December 2025 and 160 by February 2026, and no designation has been removed (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"State Water Infrastructure Authority","role":"Co-designating body"},{"name":"NC Local Government Commission","role":"Co-designating body and fiscal overseer"},{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Water Infrastructure","role":"Viable Utility program administrator"}],"public_contact":"NC DEQ Division of Water Infrastructure Viable Utilities program, 919-707-3632","corrective_actions":["Designated units must complete an asset assessment and rate study, attend Best Utility Management Practices training, and adopt an action plan (ref 3).","The Viable Utility Reserve provides grants for regionalization, rehabilitation, mergers and emergency operations (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"North Carolina Local Government Units Designated as Distressed (as of February 4, 2026)","publisher":"NC DEQ Division of Water Infrastructure","date":"2026-02-16","url":"https://deq.nc.gov/water-infrastructure/distressed-list-website-2-16-2026/download?attachment","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Agenda Item I: Additional Designations Related to the 2025 Reassessment of Local Government Unit Systems","publisher":"State Water Infrastructure Authority","date":"2025-12-10","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/water-infrastructure/item-i-additional-designations-related-2025-reassessment-final-12-3-25/open","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Viable Utilities","publisher":"NC DEQ Division of Water Infrastructure","date":null,"url":"https://deq.nc.gov/about/divisions/water-infrastructure/viable-utilities","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NC-ALBEMARLE-LONG-CREEK-WWTP-SOC-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Albemarle Long Creek WWTP effluent and sewer-overflow violations under consent order","description":"Albemarle's 12 MGD Long Creek wastewater plant cannot consistently meet limits for BOD, ammonia, suspended solids and fecal coliform, and the city's collection system cannot consistently meet the permit condition on sanitary sewer overflows. The state proposed an amended Special Order by Consent (S19-0007) in 2026 that moves plant-upgrade deadlines and runs to August 2029. EPA ECHO shows the plant in significant noncompliance in 11 of the last 12 quarters.","location":{"name":"Long Creek WWTP (City of Albemarle)","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant and collection system","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Stanly County; discharges to Long Creek in the Yadkin-Pee Dee River Basin. NPDES NC0024244; collection system permit WQCS00016.","coordinates":{"lat":35.335592,"lon":-80.213516,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Stanly"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Treatment-plant capacity and collection-system failures produce effluent violations and overflows.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ's notice (ref 1) says the plant cannot consistently meet BOD, ammonia, TSS and fecal coliform limits, and that the city cannot consistently comply with its SSO permit condition.","service":"Neither the DEQ notice (ref 1) nor ECHO (ref 2) documents a customer service disruption.","scale":"Albemarle's water system serves 17,506 people per SDWIS (ref 3); the sewer service population is not separately reported.","duration":"ECHO (ref 2) lists Significant/Category I Noncompliance in 11 of 12 quarters from July 2023 to June 2026; the consent order dates to 2019 (S19-0007).","significance":"The Environmental Management Commission proposed an amended consent order effective June 20, 2026 (ref 1); ECHO records 24 state formal actions since October 2023 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":17506,"status":"Estimated","note":"Proxy: City of Albemarle water system population per SDWIS (ref 3); sewer population not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"DEQ: Long Creek WWTP 'is unable to consistently comply with effluent limits for BOD, Ammonia Nitrogen, TSS, and Fecal Coliform'; SNC in 11 of 12 quarters (ECHO)."},"measures":[{"name":"Design capacity","value":12,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"NPDES NC0024244 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (last 12)","value":11,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO three-year compliance history (ref 2)."},{"name":"State formal enforcement actions since Oct. 2023","value":24,"unit":"actions","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO formal actions list (ref 2)."},{"name":"State penalties assessed since Oct. 2023","value":50500,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Sum of ECHO-listed state penalty orders (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Albemarle is on the state distressed water and sewer list (ref 4).","The amendment was requested to extend WWTP construction deadlines (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"ECHO shows SNC in nearly every quarter of the three-year window (ref 2); no improvement documented yet."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Albemarle","role":"Permittee and utility operator"},{"name":"NC Environmental Management Commission","role":"Issuer of Special Orders by Consent"},{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources (Kate Shadwell), 919-707-3613","corrective_actions":["Amended SOC requires the city to begin and complete construction of a WWTP upgrade to meet final limits in NC0024244 (ref 1).","Order expires August 31, 2029 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Albemarle: Intent to Issue Amendment to Special Order by Consent No. S19-0007, Long Creek WWTP","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2026-05-13","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/events/city-albemarle-intent-issue-amendment-special-order-consent-no-s19-0007-long-creek-wwtp","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Long Creek WWTP (NC0024244)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=NC0024244","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Albemarle, City of (NC0184010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ALBEMARLE/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"North Carolina Local Government Units Designated as Distressed (as of February 4, 2026)","publisher":"NC DEQ Division of Water Infrastructure","date":"2026-02-16","url":"https://deq.nc.gov/water-infrastructure/distressed-list-website-2-16-2026/download?attachment","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NC-STATEWIDE-DISTRESSED-WATER-SEWER-UNITS-2026"]},{"id":"US-NC-WAYNESVILLE-WWTP-SOC-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Waynesville WWTP noncompliance and consent order during plant rebuild","description":"Waynesville's 6 MGD wastewater plant on the Pigeon River has been in significant noncompliance in 9 of the last 12 quarters, according to EPA ECHO. The state issued Special Order by Consent S24-004, effective November 2025, which sets interim limits while the town finishes upgrading the treatment system. Hurricane Helene flooded the old 1960s-era plant in 2024 and delayed the roughly $30 million rebuild.","location":{"name":"Waynesville WWTP (Town of Waynesville)","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Haywood County; discharges to the Pigeon River in the French Broad River Basin. NPDES NC0025321.","coordinates":{"lat":35.426055,"lon":-83.010257,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Haywood"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"An aging plant under reconstruction is exceeding effluent limits for conventional pollutants.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO (ref 2) lists violations for ammonia, BOD, chlorine, fecal coliform, dissolved oxygen and TSS, with SNC for monthly average limits.","service":"The cited notice (ref 1) and news report (ref 3) describe no interruption of sewer service to customers.","scale":"The Town of Waynesville water system serves 19,758 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"ECHO (ref 2) shows SNC in 9 of 12 quarters; The Mountaineer (ref 3) reported Helene pushed the plant rebuild back by months in late 2024.","significance":"Special Order by Consent S24-004 took effect November 15, 2025 (ref 1); ECHO lists the state consent order dated November 21, 2025 and 15 formal actions since October 2023 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":19758,"status":"Estimated","note":"Proxy: Town of Waynesville water system population per SDWIS (ref 4); sewer population not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"SOC S24-004 requires Waynesville to 'complete construction to upgrade and improve the treatment system'; SNC in 9 of 12 quarters (ECHO)."},"measures":[{"name":"Design capacity","value":6,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"NPDES NC0025321 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (last 12)","value":9,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO (ref 2)."},{"name":"State penalties assessed since Oct. 2023","value":133116,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Sum of ECHO-listed state penalty orders (ref 2)."},{"name":"Helene repair estimate for old plant","value":450000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"The Mountaineer (ref 3)."},{"name":"Plant rebuild project cost","value":30,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Reported as 'almost $30 million' (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Waynesville is on the state distressed water and sewer list (ref 5).","Town expected FEMA to cover most Helene repair costs (ref 3)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One documented enforcement cycle; no comparable multi-period series in the cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Waynesville","role":"Permittee and utility operator"},{"name":"NC Environmental Management Commission","role":"Issuer of Special Orders by Consent"},{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources (Kate Shadwell), 919-707-3613","corrective_actions":["Complete construction of WWTP improvements; order expires 90 days after the town reports completion (ref 1).","Town must meet NPDES limits except interim limits set in the order (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Town of Waynesville WWTP Special Order by Consent S24-004 (public notice)","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2025-09-28","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/events/town-waynesville-wwtp-special-order-consent-s24-004","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Waynesville WWTP (NC0025321)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=NC0025321","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Storm damage to Waynesville parks, infrastructure tops $2 million","publisher":"The Mountaineer","date":"2024-11-16","url":"https://www.themountaineer.com/news/storm-damage-to-waynesville-parks-infrastructure-tops-2-million/article_3177f3e2-a20b-11ef-85bb-a3c89c9aea5d.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Waynesville, Town of (NC0144010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WAYNESVILLE/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"North Carolina Local Government Units Designated as Distressed (as of February 4, 2026)","publisher":"NC DEQ Division of Water Infrastructure","date":"2026-02-16","url":"https://deq.nc.gov/water-infrastructure/distressed-list-website-2-16-2026/download?attachment","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NC-WESTERN-HELENE-WATER-SYSTEMS-2024","US-NC-STATEWIDE-DISTRESSED-WATER-SEWER-UNITS-2026","US-NC-WESTERN-HELENE-HIGH-HAZARD-DAMS-2024"]},{"id":"US-NC-SILER-CITY-WWTP-SOC-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Siler City WWTP and sewer system under amended consent order for expansion","description":"Siler City's 4.0 MGD wastewater plant and its collection system are under amended Special Order by Consent S22-003 Ad I, effective May 2025, which requires expanding the plant to 6.0 MGD and rehabilitating the sewer system by September 2027. EPA ECHO lists 14 state formal actions and about $167,000 in state penalties at the plant since October 2023.","location":{"name":"Siler City WWTP (Town of Siler City)","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant and collection system","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Chatham County; discharges to Loves Creek in the Cape Fear River Basin. NPDES NC0026441; collection system permit WQCS00056.","coordinates":{"lat":35.760856,"lon":-79.462201,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Chatham"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Plant capacity and collection-system condition drive repeated permit violations.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO (ref 2) lists effluent violations for ammonia, BOD, chloride, chlorine, fecal coliform and TSS in the three-year window.","service":"DEQ's notice (ref 1) describes no customer service interruption.","scale":"Siler City's water system serves 8,520 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"The order was first issued in 2022 (S22-003) and amended in 2025 to run to September 1, 2027 (ref 1); ECHO shows noncompliance in 9 of 12 quarters (ref 2).","significance":"The amended consent order took effect May 12, 2025 (ref 1); ECHO records $166,722 in state penalties since October 2023 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":8520,"status":"Estimated","note":"Proxy: Town of Siler City water system population per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Amended SOC S22-003 Ad I requires Siler City to upgrade and expand the WWTP to 6.0 MGD and rehabilitate the collection system by Sept. 1, 2027."},"measures":[{"name":"Current design capacity","value":4,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"NPDES NC0026441 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Required expanded capacity","value":6,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Per amended SOC (ref 1)."},{"name":"State penalties assessed since Oct. 2023","value":166722,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Sum of ECHO-listed state penalty orders (ref 2)."},{"name":"Quarters with violations (last 12)","value":9,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Order also requires improvement projects at the Siler City water treatment plant (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One documented enforcement cycle; no comparable multi-period series in the cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Siler City","role":"Permittee and utility operator"},{"name":"NC Environmental Management Commission","role":"Issuer of Special Orders by Consent"},{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources (Sydney Deuterman), 919-707-3712","corrective_actions":["Begin and complete construction to expand the WWTP to 6.0 MGD (ref 1).","Rehabilitate the wastewater collection system and complete water treatment plant improvements (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Town of Siler City requested amended Special Order by Consent No. S22-003 Ad I for its Siler City WWTP","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2025-03-26","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/events/town-siler-city-requested-amended-special-order-consent-no-s22-003-ad-i-its-siler-city-wwtp","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Siler City WWTP (NC0026441)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=NC0026441","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Siler City, Town of (NC0319010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SILER/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NC-LAKE-LURE-WWTP-SOC-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lake Lure wastewater plant and collection system under amended consent order","description":"The Town of Lake Lure requested an amendment to Special Order by Consent S20-004 for its 995,000 GPD wastewater plant on the Broad River and its collection system. The state proposed the amended order, effective December 1, 2026 and running to July 2031, requiring plant rehabilitation, collection-system improvements and pump station upgrades. EPA ECHO shows the plant in significant noncompliance in 5 of the last 12 quarters.","location":{"name":"Lake Lure WWTP (Town of Lake Lure)","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant and collection system","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Rutherford County; discharges to the Broad River in the Broad River Basin. NPDES NC0025381; collection system permit WQCS00131.","coordinates":{"lat":35.423982,"lon":-82.178583,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Rutherford"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Plant and pump-station deficiencies require rehabilitation to meet permit limits.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO (ref 2) lists ammonia, BOD, fecal coliform and TSS violations, with Significant Noncompliance in 5 quarters.","service":"The DEQ notice (ref 1) does not describe any loss of sewer service.","scale":"The Town of Lake Lure water system serves 1,176 people per SDWIS (ref 3); the plant is rated at 995,000 GPD (ref 1).","duration":"The original order dates to 2020 (S20-004) and the amendment runs to July 31, 2031 (ref 1).","significance":"The EMC noticed its intent to issue the amended consent order in October 2026 (ref 1); ECHO lists 6 state penalty orders since October 2023 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1176,"status":"Estimated","note":"Proxy: Town of Lake Lure water system population per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Amended SOC S20-004 requires 'rehabilitation and upgrades of the wastewater treatment plant and improvements to the collection system and upgrades at pump stations'."},"measures":[{"name":"Design capacity","value":0.995,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"995,000 GPD per DEQ notice (ref 1)."},{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (last 12)","value":5,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO (ref 2)."},{"name":"State penalties assessed since Oct. 2023","value":13279,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Sum of ECHO-listed state penalty orders (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Lake Lure is on the state distressed water and sewer list (ref 4)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One documented enforcement cycle; no comparable multi-period series in the cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Lake Lure","role":"Permittee and utility operator"},{"name":"NC Environmental Management Commission","role":"Issuer of Special Orders by Consent"},{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources (Kate Shadwell), 919-707-3613","corrective_actions":["Rehabilitate and upgrade the WWTP, improve the collection system and upgrade pump stations (ref 1).","Comply with interim limits until the order expires July 31, 2031 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Notification of Intent to Issue a Consent Order: Town of Lake Lure, Permit NC0025381 & WQCS00131","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2026-10-03","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/events/comment-peroid-opens-notification-intent-issue-consent-order-town-lake-lure-permit-nc0025381","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Lake Lure WWTP (NC0025381)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=NC0025381","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Lake Lure, Town of (NC0181020)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LAKE%20LURE/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"North Carolina Local Government Units Designated as Distressed (as of February 4, 2026)","publisher":"NC DEQ Division of Water Infrastructure","date":"2026-02-16","url":"https://deq.nc.gov/water-infrastructure/distressed-list-website-2-16-2026/download?attachment","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NC-STATEWIDE-DISTRESSED-WATER-SEWER-UNITS-2026"]},{"id":"US-NC-MAYSVILLE-WWTP-SOC-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Maysville WWTP unable to meet flow, ammonia and oxygen limits on White Oak River","description":"The Town of Maysville's 180,000 GPD wastewater plant is unable to consistently comply with permit limits for flow, ammonia, total residual chlorine and dissolved oxygen, according to the state. An amended Special Order by Consent (S22-002 Ad. I), effective May 2025 and running to September 2027, requires plans for added treatment and an infiltration and inflow study. EPA ECHO shows significant noncompliance in 9 of the last 12 quarters.","location":{"name":"Maysville WWTP (Town of Maysville)","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Jones County; discharges to the White Oak River in the White Oak River Basin. NPDES NC0021482.","coordinates":{"lat":34.90599,"lon":-77.23141,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Jones"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Infiltration and inflow and limited treatment capacity drive effluent violations.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ (ref 1) says the plant cannot consistently meet limits for flow, ammonia nitrogen, total residual chlorine and dissolved oxygen.","service":"No interruption of service is described in the DEQ notice (ref 1).","scale":"Maysville's water system serves 1,100 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"ECHO (ref 2) lists Significant Noncompliance in 9 of 12 quarters; the original order dates to 2022 (S22-002).","significance":"The amended consent order was effective May 26, 2025 (ref 1); ECHO lists a state consent order dated June 2025 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1100,"status":"Estimated","note":"Proxy: Town of Maysville water system population per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"DEQ: Maysville WWTP 'is unable to consistently comply with permit conditions and effluent limits for flow, Ammonia Nitrogen, Total Residual Chlorine, and Dissolved Oxygen'."},"measures":[{"name":"Design capacity","value":0.18,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"180,000 GPD (ref 1)."},{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (last 12)","value":9,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Maysville is on the state distressed water and sewer list (ref 4)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One documented enforcement cycle; no comparable multi-period series in the cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Maysville","role":"Permittee and utility operator"},{"name":"NC Environmental Management Commission","role":"Issuer of Special Orders by Consent"},{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources (Caroline Robinson), 919-707-9130","corrective_actions":["Prepare plans and specifications for additional treatment works (ref 1).","Evaluate the collection system to reduce infiltration and inflow; order expires September 1, 2027 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Town of Maysville requested amended Special Order by Consent No. S22-002 Ad. I for its Maysville WWTP","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2025-04-10","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/events/town-maysville-has-requested-amended-special-order-consent-no-s22-002-ad-i-its-maysville-wwtp","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Maysville WWTP (NC0021482)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=NC0021482","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Maysville, Town of (NC0452010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MAYSVILLE/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"North Carolina Local Government Units Designated as Distressed (as of February 4, 2026)","publisher":"NC DEQ Division of Water Infrastructure","date":"2026-02-16","url":"https://deq.nc.gov/water-infrastructure/distressed-list-website-2-16-2026/download?attachment","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NC-STATEWIDE-DISTRESSED-WATER-SEWER-UNITS-2026"]},{"id":"US-NC-MOUNT-OLIVE-WWTP-SOC-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Mount Olive WWTP over permitted flow under amended consent order","description":"Mount Olive's 2.0 MGD wastewater plant on the Northeast Cape Fear River operates under amended Special Order by Consent S20-002 Ad. I, effective February 2025, which relaxes its flow limit to 2.4 MGD while holding nutrient loads at permitted levels. The order runs to May 2028 and requires added treatment works and influent pump station improvements. EPA ECHO lists about $64,000 in state penalties since October 2023.","location":{"name":"Mount Olive WWTP (Town of Mount Olive)","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Wayne and Duplin counties; discharges to the Northeast Cape Fear River in the Cape Fear River Basin. NPDES NC0020575.","coordinates":{"lat":35.194427,"lon":-78.043782,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Wayne","Duplin"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Influent flow exceeds the plant's permitted capacity, requiring capital upgrades.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO (ref 2) lists ammonia, BOD, flow, dissolved oxygen and pH violations, but only one quarter of Significant Noncompliance, so harm is scored as limited.","service":"The DEQ notice (ref 1) does not describe customer disruption.","scale":"Mount Olive's water system serves 4,261 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"The consent order dates to 2020 and the amended order runs to May 31, 2028 (ref 1); ECHO lists violations in all 12 recent quarters (ref 2).","significance":"The EMC's amended consent order took effect February 1, 2025 (ref 1); ECHO lists $64,376 in state penalties since October 2023 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":4261,"status":"Estimated","note":"Proxy: Town of Mount Olive water system population per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Amended SOC allows 'a relaxed flow limit of 2.4 MGD while maintaining the permitted nutrient loads' at the 2.0 MGD plant."},"measures":[{"name":"Permitted capacity","value":2,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Per DEQ notice (ref 1)."},{"name":"Interim flow limit under SOC","value":2.4,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Per DEQ notice (ref 1)."},{"name":"State penalties assessed since Oct. 2023","value":64376,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Sum of ECHO-listed state penalty orders (ref 2)."},{"name":"Quarters with violations (last 12)","value":12,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Mount Olive is on the state distressed water and sewer list (ref 4)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One documented enforcement cycle; no comparable multi-period series in the cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Mount Olive","role":"Permittee and utility operator"},{"name":"NC Environmental Management Commission","role":"Issuer of Special Orders by Consent"},{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources (Siying Chen), 919-707-3619","corrective_actions":["Prepare plans and specifications for additional treatment works and influent pump station improvements (ref 1).","Comply with interim limits until the order expires May 31, 2028 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"NC0020575 Town of Mount Olive: Notification of Intent to Issue an Amended Consent Order","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2025-01-22","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/events/nc0020575-town-mount-olivenotification-intent-issue-amended-consent-order","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Town of Mount Olive WWTP (NC0020575)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=NC0020575","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Mount Olive, Town of (NC0496015)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MOUNT%20OLIVE/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"North Carolina Local Government Units Designated as Distressed (as of February 4, 2026)","publisher":"NC DEQ Division of Water Infrastructure","date":"2026-02-16","url":"https://deq.nc.gov/water-infrastructure/distressed-list-website-2-16-2026/download?attachment","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NC-STATEWIDE-DISTRESSED-WATER-SEWER-UNITS-2026"]},{"id":"US-NC-RICH-SQUARE-WWTP-SOC-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Rich Square WWTP repairs under consent order after repeated violations","description":"The Town of Rich Square's 150,000 GPD wastewater plant on Bridgers Creek operates under Special Order by Consent S24-002, effective March 2025 and expiring July 2026, which requires repairs and management plans with interim limits. EPA ECHO shows the plant in significant noncompliance in 8 of the last 12 quarters, with 11 state formal actions since October 2023.","location":{"name":"Rich Square WWTP (Town of Rich Square)","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Northampton County; discharges to Bridgers Creek in the Roanoke River Basin. NPDES NC0025437.","coordinates":{"lat":36.27264,"lon":-77.277924,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Northampton"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A small plant in disrepair is violating limits for conventional pollutants and bacteria.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO (ref 2) lists ammonia, BOD, fecal coliform, flow, TSS and pH violations, with Significant Noncompliance in 8 quarters.","service":"No customer service interruption is documented in the DEQ notice (ref 1).","scale":"Rich Square's water system serves 1,067 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"ECHO (ref 2) shows violations in all 12 quarters from mid-2023 to mid-2026.","significance":"Consent order S24-002 took effect March 28, 2025 (ref 1); ECHO lists 11 formal actions and $48,861 in state penalties since October 2023 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1067,"status":"Estimated","note":"Proxy: Town of Rich Square water system population per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"SOC S24-002 requires Rich Square to 'complete repairs at the Rich Square WWTP and implement management plans'; SNC in 8 of 12 quarters (ECHO)."},"measures":[{"name":"Design capacity","value":0.15,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"150,000 GPD (ref 1)."},{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (last 12)","value":8,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO (ref 2)."},{"name":"State penalties assessed since Oct. 2023","value":48861,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Sum of ECHO-listed state penalty orders (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Rich Square is on the state distressed water and sewer list (ref 4)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One documented enforcement cycle; no comparable multi-period series in the cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Rich Square","role":"Permittee and utility operator"},{"name":"NC Environmental Management Commission","role":"Issuer of Special Orders by Consent"},{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources (Sydney Deuterman), 919-707-3712","corrective_actions":["Complete repairs at the WWTP and implement management plans (ref 1).","Order was set to expire July 1, 2026 (ref 1); completion status is not reported in the cited sources."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Public comment period opens: Town of Rich Square NPDES permit NC0025437, Notification of Intent to Issue a Consent Order","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2025-02-08","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/events/public-comment-period-opens-town-rich-square-npdes-permit-nc0025437notification-intent-issue-consent","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Rich Square WWTP (NC0025437)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=NC0025437","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Rich Square, Town of (NC0466020)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/RICH%20SQUARE/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"North Carolina Local Government Units Designated as Distressed (as of February 4, 2026)","publisher":"NC DEQ Division of Water Infrastructure","date":"2026-02-16","url":"https://deq.nc.gov/water-infrastructure/distressed-list-website-2-16-2026/download?attachment","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["completion_status"],"related_ids":["US-NC-STATEWIDE-DISTRESSED-WATER-SEWER-UNITS-2026"]},{"id":"US-NC-WARSAW-WWTP-INDUSTRIAL-OVERLOAD-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Warsaw WWTP releasing poorly treated wastewater after industrial overloading","description":"NC DEQ said in August 2025 that about one million gallons a day of partially treated or untreated wastewater was being released from Warsaw's plant into Stewarts Creek, which it attributed to industrial overloading. EPA ECHO lists 21 state penalty orders totaling about $575,000 since October 2023. The Duplin Journal reports the town has entered a Special Order by Consent that bars new industrial flow and holds $49,154 in penalties in abeyance.","location":{"name":"Warsaw WWTP (Town of Warsaw)","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Duplin County; discharges to Stewarts Creek, upstream of the Black and Cape Fear rivers. NPDES NC0021903.","coordinates":{"lat":34.995067,"lon":-78.081266,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Duplin"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Industrial loads exceed the plant's treatment capacity, producing bacteria and oxygen-demand violations.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"WITN (ref 1) reports DEQ's statement that about one million gallons per day of partially or untreated wastewater was entering Stewarts Creek, with prior upset samples showing elevated fecal coliform.","service":"The consent order bars the town from accepting additional industrial wastewater until a flow moratorium is lifted (ref 3), a restriction on new service.","scale":"Warsaw's water system serves 3,108 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"WITN (ref 1) reports 19 DEQ penalty cases since 2000; ECHO (ref 2) shows Significant Noncompliance in 8 of 12 quarters.","significance":"ECHO (ref 2) lists 21 state penalty orders totaling $574,959 since October 2023, and the town has entered an SOC with the EMC (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":3108,"status":"Estimated","note":"Proxy: Town of Warsaw water system population per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"DEQ: about one million gallons per day of partially or untreated wastewater released into Stewarts Creek (WITN, Aug. 2025); $574,959 in state penalties since Oct. 2023 (ECHO)."},"measures":[{"name":"Partially treated or untreated discharge","value":1,"unit":"million gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"As reported by WITN citing DEQ, August 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"State penalties assessed since Oct. 2023","value":574959,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Sum of 21 ECHO-listed state penalty orders (ref 2)."},{"name":"Penalties held in abeyance under SOC","value":49153.96,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Duplin Journal (ref 3)."},{"name":"Design capacity","value":0.915,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Mayor told Duplin Journal the town may have to make difficult budget decisions to comply (ref 3).","Missed SOC deadlines trigger $1,000 to $2,000 per day penalties (ref 3)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Penalties continued into 2026 (ref 2) while the SOC sets upgrade milestones through January 2027 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Warsaw","role":"Permittee, utility operator and pretreatment authority"},{"name":"Villari and C2NC","role":"Industrial users named in the SOC compliance schedule"},{"name":"NC Environmental Management Commission","role":"Issuer of Special Orders by Consent"},{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources (Kate Shadwell, SOC coordinator), 919-707-3613","corrective_actions":["SOC requires immediate civil penalties for industrial violations, revised industrial user permits and quarterly reports (ref 3).","Complete a peracetic acid disinfection pilot or modify disinfection, add aeration equipment and remove sludge (ref 3).","Industrial users Villari and C2NC must complete compliance schedules by January 31, 2027 (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Duplin County wastewater plant faces DEQ penalties","publisher":"WITN","date":"2025-08-27","url":"https://www.witn.com/2025/08/27/duplin-county-wastewater-plant-faces-deq-penalties","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Warsaw WWTP (NC0021903)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=NC0021903","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Warsaw faces strict state oversight under wastewater compliance order","publisher":"Duplin Journal","date":null,"url":"https://duplinjournal.com/warsaw-faces-strict-state-oversight-under-wastewater-compliance-order","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Warsaw, Town of (NC0431015)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WARSAW/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["soc_number","source_publication_date_ref3"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NC-RALEIGH-BRIER-CREEK-SEWAGE-SPILL-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Raleigh Water 1.1-million-gallon sewage spill near RDU airport","description":"On May 12, 2026, a joint failed in a temporary bypass pipe tied to a sewer main serving Raleigh Water's Brier Creek pump station, releasing an estimated 1,143,800 gallons of untreated wastewater near Airport Boulevard. Most was held in excavated pits, but some reached Turkey Creek, and a contractor later discharged wastewater into a storm drain. NC DEQ visited both sites.","location":{"name":"Raleigh Water collection system (Brier Creek area)","type":"Municipal sanitary sewer collection system","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Wake County; construction site near 2800 Airport Boulevard by Raleigh-Durham International Airport; receiving water Turkey Creek. Raleigh's main treatment plant is the Neuse River Resource Recovery Facility (NPDES NC0029033).","coordinates":{"lat":35.8801,"lon":-78.788,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Wake"],"extent":"site","pwsid":"NC0392010"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A bypass-pipe joint failure during sewer construction caused the release.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"ABC11 (ref 1) reports the volume reaching Turkey Creek was unknown and no fish kill or vegetation damage had been observed.","service":"ABC11 (ref 1) reports no customer sewer or water outage; a nearby business reported lost customers from the odor.","scale":"One spill within a utility whose water system serves 650,000 people per SDWIS (ref 2); scored as a single-system event.","duration":"The overflow began about 8:21 a.m. and the repair was completed before 10 p.m. the same day (ref 1).","significance":"ABC11 (ref 1) reports DEQ was notified and visited the sites but mentions no notice of violation."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population was affected by service loss; Raleigh water system population of 650,000 (ref 2) is context only."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Officials estimate about 1,143,800 gallons of untreated wastewater were discharged; the amount reaching Turkey Creek is unknown."},"measures":[{"name":"Untreated wastewater discharged","value":1143800,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Official estimate reported by ABC11 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Raleigh Water service population (water)","value":650000,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 2); context only."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event; officials said the spill was under investigation (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Raleigh (Raleigh Water)","role":"Collection system owner"},{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"City of Raleigh, Raleigh Water department","corrective_actions":["Pump-and-haul operation and cleanup at the site and along Turkey Creek (ref 1).","Investigation of the bypass failure and the contractor's storm-drain discharge (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"1.1 million-gallon wastewater spill near Raleigh-Durham Intl Airport prompts cleanup, investigation","publisher":"ABC11 (WTVD)","date":"2026-05-13","url":"https://abc11.com/amp/post/raleigh-wastewater-spill-rdu-gallons-dumped-storm-drain-construction-mishap/19093905/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Raleigh, City of (NC0392010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/RALEIGH/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Neuse River Resource Recovery Facility (NC0029033)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=NC0029033","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected","enforcement_outcome"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NC-CHARLOTTE-WATER-SEWER-OVERFLOWS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Charlotte Water recurring sanitary sewer overflows into area creeks","description":"Charlotte Water reported 147 sanitary sewer overflows in fiscal year 2025, 86 of them reportable, across 4,638 miles of collection pipe. The largest released an estimated 474,458 gallons into Walkers Branch in October 2024 after a lift-station valve failure. Later spills included 112,000 gallons into Sugar Creek in February 2025 and more than 348,000 gallons into Dixon Branch in July 2025.","location":{"name":"Charlotte Water wastewater collection system","type":"Municipal sanitary sewer collection system","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Mecklenburg County; collection system permit WQCS00001; plants include Sugar Creek WRRF (NC0024937), McAlpine Creek WWMF (NC0024970), Irwin Creek WRRF (NC0024945) and Mallard Creek WRRF (NC0030210).","coordinates":{"lat":35.153471,"lon":-80.853598,"precision":"facility","source_ref":5},"counties":["Mecklenburg"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NC0160010"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Pipe failures, grease and roots in an aging 4,638-mile collection system cause overflows.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"The FY2025 report (ref 1) cites 474,458 gallons reaching Walkers Branch; WBTV (refs 3, 4) reports 112,000 gallons into Sugar Creek and 348,000+ gallons into Dixon Branch. No fish kill is documented.","service":"The cited reports (refs 1, 3, 4) describe no customer service outages from the spills.","scale":"Charlotte Water's system serves 1,206,285 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"Overflows recur every year: 349 in FY2010 falling to 147 in FY2025 (ref 1), with further spills reported in 2025 (refs 3, 4).","significance":"No notice of violation or penalty for these spills was found in the cited sources; reporting is required under the utility's permit (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":1206285,"status":"Reported","note":"Charlotte Water service population per SDWIS (ref 2); spills did not interrupt service."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"147 sewer spills in FY2025 (86 reportable); largest 474,458 gallons to Walkers Branch on Oct. 14, 2024."},"measures":[{"name":"Sanitary sewer overflows, FY2025","value":147,"unit":"spills","status":"Reported","note":"Charlotte Water FY2025 report (ref 1)."},{"name":"Reportable spills, FY2025","value":86,"unit":"spills","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Largest FY2025 spill","value":474458,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Steele Creek Lift Station to Walkers Branch (ref 1)."},{"name":"Collection pipeline","value":4638,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Spills per 100 miles of pipe, FY2025","value":3.2,"unit":"spills","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"SSOs fell from 349 in FY2010 to 147 in FY2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Charlotte Water (City of Charlotte)","role":"Collection system owner"},{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"Charlotte 311 or 704-336-7600 to report a sewage spill","corrective_actions":["FY2025: 3.45 miles of pipe and 1,039 manholes rehabilitated or replaced; 757 miles of lines cleaned (ref 1).","Grease-control inspections at 5,243 food service establishments in FY2025 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Fiscal Year 2025 Wastewater Performance Report","publisher":"Charlotte Water","date":null,"url":"https://www.charlottenc.gov/files/sharedassets/cltwater/v/1/documents/education/sso/fy25_wastewater_report_final.pdf","basis":"Local government record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Charlotte Water (NC0160010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CHARLOTTE/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"100,000+ gallons of sewage spilled into Charlotte creek, officials say","publisher":"WBTV","date":"2025-02-17","url":"https://www.wbtv.com/2025/02/17/100000-gallons-sewage-spilled-into-charlotte-creek-officials-say","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Charlotte Water: 348,000+ gallons of wastewater reached Dixon Branch","publisher":"WBTV","date":"2025-07-03","url":"https://www.wbtv.com/2025/07/03/charlotte-water-348000-gallons-wastewater-reached-dixon-branch","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Sugar Creek WRRF (NC0024937)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=NC0024937","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NC-DURHAM-ENO-LIFT-STATION-SPILL-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Durham Eno Creek lift station spill of 6.8 million gallons during Chantal","description":"Flooding from Tropical Depression Chantal knocked Durham's Eno Creek lift station offline on July 7, 2025, and the city estimated about 6.8 million gallons of untreated wastewater flowed into the Eno River before pumps were restarted on July 8. The city told residents to assume water downstream of the station was contaminated; the Eno flows into Falls Lake, Raleigh's drinking-water source.","location":{"name":"Eno Creek Lift Station (City of Durham)","type":"Municipal sewage lift station","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Durham County; lift station near the end of Denfield Street, northern Durham; receiving water Eno River, upstream of Falls Lake.","coordinates":{"lat":36.067,"lon":-78.93,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Durham"],"extent":"site","pwsid":"NC0332010"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Flood damage to a lift station caused an extended raw-sewage bypass.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"CBS 17 (ref 2) reports about 6.8 million gallons of untreated wastewater entered the Eno River; a city spokesperson said storm flows likely diluted it, and no fish kill was reported.","service":"The city asked residents to avoid any flowing or standing water downstream of the station and assume it was contaminated (ref 1).","scale":"The Eno River Association noted the river feeds Falls Lake, the drinking-water source for Raleigh and surrounding residents (ref 2), a regional reach.","duration":"The station went offline at 3:15 a.m. July 7 and the discharge was stopped by 7:40 p.m. July 8 (ref 2).","significance":"The city notified DEQ's Division of Water Resources (refs 1, 2); no enforcement action is reported."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Durham's water system serves 333,490 people per SDWIS (ref 3); no count of people affected by the spill was reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Durham officials: approximately 6.8 million gallons of untreated wastewater spilled into the Eno River (revised from 5.8 million)."},"measures":[{"name":"Untreated wastewater discharged","value":6.8,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Revised city estimate (ref 2); initial estimate 5.8 million (ref 1)."},{"name":"Durham water system population","value":333490,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 3); context only."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single storm-driven event."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Durham Department of Water Management","role":"Lift station owner and operator"},{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"City of Durham Department of Water Management","corrective_actions":["Two pumps restarted July 8, 2025, stopping the discharge; bypass pumps installed and site monitored (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Durham says 5.8 million gallons of wastewater flowed into Eno River","publisher":"CBS 17 (WNCN)","date":"2025-07-08","url":"https://digital-release.cbs17.com/news/local-news/durham-county-news/city-of-durham-says-5-8-million-gallons-of-wastewater-flowed-into-eno-river/amp/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Durham wastewater spill after Chantal poured millions of gallons of sewage into Eno River","publisher":"CBS 17 (WNCN)","date":"2025-07-09","url":"https://digital-release.cbs17.com/?p=2351536","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Durham, City of (NC0332010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/DURHAM/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["npdes_permit","population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-NC-PIEDMONT-CHANTAL-FLOODING-2025"]},{"id":"US-NC-ASHEBORO-WWTP-14-DIOXANE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Asheboro WWTP 1,4-dioxane discharges far above safe level for downstream supplies","description":"Asheboro's wastewater plant discharged 1,4-dioxane at 651 ppb in November 2025 and 2,010 ppb in July 2026, against the 22 ppb monthly average DEQ calculates as safe for downstream water supplies on the Deep and Cape Fear rivers. DEQ's 2023 permit limits were struck by an administrative judge in 2024, reinstated by Wake County Superior Court in February 2026, and remain stayed while Asheboro appeals.","location":{"name":"Asheboro WWTP (City of Asheboro)","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Randolph County; discharges to Hasketts Creek, tributary to the Deep River in the Cape Fear River Basin. NPDES NC0026123.","coordinates":{"lat":35.76481,"lon":-79.78735,"precision":"facility","source_ref":4},"counties":["Randolph"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Industrial 1,4-dioxane passes through the municipal plant into a river used for drinking water downstream.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ (ref 2) reports a 2,010 ppb sample on July 10, 2026, roughly 90 times the 22 ppb level it calculates as safe for downstream supplies.","service":"DEQ notified downstream utilities (ref 2) but reported no drinking-water advisories.","scale":"DEQ notified ten downstream water users including CFPUA, Fayetteville PWC, Brunswick County and Harnett Regional Water (ref 2).","duration":"Limits were added in August 2023 and elevated discharges recurred in November 2025 (ref 1) and July 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"Wake County Superior Court reversed the OAH order on February 5, 2026 (ref 3); Asheboro has appealed and the limits are stayed (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Downstream population exposed is not reported; Asheboro's own water system serves 27,819 per SDWIS (ref 5) as context."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Asheboro WWTP detected 2,010 ppb 1,4-dioxane on July 10, 2026; DEQ's safe monthly average for downstream supplies is 22 ppb or less."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak 1,4-dioxane in effluent, July 2026","value":2010,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Sample collected July 10, 2026 (ref 2)."},{"name":"1,4-dioxane in effluent, November 2025","value":651,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Sample collected Nov. 7, 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"DEQ safe monthly average for downstream supplies","value":22,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 2."},{"name":"Downstream water users notified","value":10,"unit":"entities","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Asheboro is litigating the permit limits (refs 2, 3)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Reported peak rose from 651 ppb (Nov. 2025) to 2,010 ppb (July 2026) (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Asheboro","role":"Permittee"},{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"},{"name":"NC Department of Justice","role":"Counsel for DEQ in permit litigation"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 4","role":"Objected to removal of permit limits"}],"public_contact":"NC DEQ communications (Josh Kastrinsky), 919-707-3645","corrective_actions":["DEQ appealed the 2024 OAH ruling and won reversal in Superior Court; the case is before the Court of Appeals (refs 2, 3).","DEQ continues 1,4-dioxane monitoring at Cape Fear Basin wastewater plants and notifies downstream utilities (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"NCDEQ Division of Water Resources identifies elevated 1,4-dioxane levels in Asheboro's WWTP's wastewater","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2025-11-14","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/press-releases/2025/11/14/ncdeq-division-water-resources-identifies-elevated-14-dioxane-levels-asheboros-wwtps-wastewater","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"DEQ notifies water systems of elevated 1,4-dioxane levels in Asheboro's wastewater","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2026-07-22","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/press-releases/2026/07/22/deq-notifies-water-systems-elevated-14-dioxane-levels-asheboros-wastewater","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Superior Court decision upholds DEQ wastewater permit limits for manmade chemical likely to cause cancer","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2026-02-12","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/press-releases/2026/02/12/superior-court-decision-upholds-deq-wastewater-permit-limits-manmade-chemical-likely-cause-cancer","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Asheboro WWTP (NC0026123)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=NC0026123","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Asheboro, City of (NC0276010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ASHEBORO/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-NC-CAPE-FEAR-CHEMOURS-PFAS-2023","US-NC-CAPE-FEAR-BASIN-14-DIOXANE-LIMITS-2026"]},{"id":"US-NC-WESTERN-HELENE-HIGH-HAZARD-DAMS-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Helene-damaged high-hazard dams in western North Carolina awaiting repair","description":"After Hurricane Helene, NC DEQ dam safety staff inspected more than 400 dams and found about 40 damaged, 36 of them high-hazard, meaning failure would likely cost lives or major property. DEQ awarded $7.3 million in February 2026 and $3.4 million more in September 2026 to repair or breach dams including Lady Marian, Lake Lure, Feeney, Turner Shoals and Beech Lake.","location":{"name":"Western North Carolina high-hazard dams","type":"Regional dam-safety cohort","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Dams in Henderson, Catawba, McDowell, Haywood, Rutherford, Polk and Ashe counties received repair grants.","counties":["Henderson","Catawba","McDowell","Haywood","Rutherford","Polk","Ashe"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Storm damage to dam structures raises downstream failure risk until repairs are completed.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ (ref 1) reports damage from minor erosion to full failure by overtopping; Lady Marian Dam's riser collapsed and blocked a culvert (ref 3). No casualties are attributed in these sources.","service":"The DEQ releases (refs 1, 2, 3) do not report water-supply or other service disruption from these dams.","scale":"DEQ (ref 2) identified about 40 damaged dams, 36 high-hazard, across the mountain region after inspecting more than 400.","duration":"Damage dates to September 2024 and repair grants were still being awarded in September 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"The General Assembly allocated $10 million for repairs and DEQ awarded grants in two rounds (refs 1, 2); no dam-specific enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Downstream populations at risk are not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 40 damaged dams identified after Helene, 36 classified high-hazard; state repair grants of $7.3 million (Feb. 2026) and $3.4 million (Sept. 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Dams inspected after Helene","value":400,"unit":"dams","status":"Reported","note":"'More than 400' (ref 2)."},{"name":"Damaged high-hazard dams","value":36,"unit":"dams","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"First-round repair grants","value":7.3,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Eight projects, February 2026 (ref 1). The September 2026 release (ref 2) instead cites $6.6 million for six dams earlier in the year; the difference is not explained."},{"name":"Second-round repair grants","value":3.4,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Turner Shoals, Beech Lake and Ashe Lake dams, September 2026 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Lady Marian Dam grant","value":2781538,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Controlled breach and larger spillway (refs 1, 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["About 20 applications were received for the first round and 8 funded (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Two grant rounds have funded repair projects (refs 1, 2); completion status is not reported."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Energy, Mineral, and Land Resources","role":"Dam safety regulator and grant administrator"},{"name":"Dam owners (public and private)","role":"Responsible for repair or removal"}],"public_contact":"NC DEQ communications for dam safety grants (Kat Russell), 919-707-9237","corrective_actions":["Design-construction repair, modification or removal funded by state Dam Safety grants (refs 1, 2).","Lady Marian Dam to be converted to a permanent controlled breach with a larger spillway (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DEQ awards $7.3 million for Helene-damaged dam repairs, opens second application period","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2026-02-13","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/press-releases/2026/02/13/deq-awards-73-million-helene-damaged-dam-repairs-opens-second-application-period","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"NCDEQ awards second round of grants to repair high-hazard dams damaged by Hurricane Helene","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2026-09-16","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/press-releases/2026/09/16/ncdeq-awards-second-round-grants-repair-high-hazard-dams-damaged-hurricane-helene","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Governor Stein's team visits Lady Marian Dam to highlight $2.7 million grant to address hurricane damage","publisher":"NC DEQ","date":"2026-03-06","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/press-releases/2026/03/06/governor-steins-team-visits-lady-marian-dam-highlight-27-million-grant-address-hurricane-damage","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-NC-LAKE-CRAIG-DAM-BREACH-2024","US-NC-WESTERN-HELENE-WATER-SYSTEMS-2024","US-NC-WAYNESVILLE-WWTP-SOC-2025"]},{"id":"US-NC-WINSTON-SALEM-MAIN-BREAK-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Winston-Salem/Forsyth County water main break cuts service to about 200,000","description":"A water main about 40 feet underground beneath a man-made pond broke on July 29, 2026, causing a major loss of pressure across eastern Forsyth County, including downtown Winston-Salem, Kernersville and Walkertown. About 200,000 residents were affected, a boil water advisory was issued, and bottled water was distributed. Service was restored and the advisory was lifted for all areas on July 31.","location":{"name":"Winston-Salem/Forsyth County Utilities","type":"Municipal water utility distribution system","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Forsyth County; eastern service area including downtown Winston-Salem, Kernersville and Walkertown.","coordinates":{"lat":36.0999,"lon":-80.2442,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Forsyth"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NC0234010"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Failure of a deep transmission main caused system-wide pressure loss.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The city (ref 1) issued a boil advisory because of potential contamination after pressure loss; WFDD (ref 3) reports testing later showed the water safe.","service":"The break disrupted service to about 200,000 Forsyth County residents and bottled water was handed out (refs 1, 2).","scale":"About 200,000 residents, roughly half the county's population, were affected (refs 2, 4); the system serves 391,900 per SDWIS (ref 5).","duration":"The break occurred July 29 and the boil advisory was lifted for all areas July 31, 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"A boil water advisory was in effect and DEQ's Public Water Supply Section had to confirm test results before it was lifted (ref 2)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":200000,"status":"Reported","note":"About 200,000 Forsyth County residents affected, per WFDD and CBS 17 (refs 2, 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A water main break disrupted service to around 200,000 Forsyth County residents (July 29-31, 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Residents affected","value":200000,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 2, 4."},{"name":"Depth of broken main","value":40,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"System population","value":391900,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 5)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event; the repaired pipe section was still being tested (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Winston-Salem/Forsyth County Utilities","role":"Water system owner and operator"},{"name":"NC DEQ Public Water Supply Section","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Winston-Salem CityLink, cityofws.org/citylink","corrective_actions":["Main isolated, excavated and repaired; hydrants flushed and water sampled before advisory was lifted (refs 1, 3).","Bottled water distributed with Forsyth County at drive-thru sites (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Update on Water Main Break and Boil Water Advisory","publisher":"City of Winston-Salem","date":"2026-07-30","url":"https://www.cityofws.org/CivicAlerts.aspx?AID=1996","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Forsyth utilities says water main break may be fixed tomorrow","publisher":"WFDD","date":"2026-07-30","url":"https://www.wfdd.org/health-safety/2026-07-30/forsyth-utilities-says-water-main-break-may-be-fixed-tomorrow","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Forsyth Boil Water Advisory lifted for all areas affected by water main break","publisher":"WFDD","date":"2026-07-31","url":"https://www.wfdd.org/health-safety/2026-07-31/forsyth-boil-water-advisory-lifted-for-all-areas-affected-by-water-main-break","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Half of NC county residents impacted by water main break 40 feet below ground","publisher":"CBS 17","date":"2026-07-30","url":"https://www.cbs17.com/news/north-carolina-news/half-of-nc-county-residents-impacted-by-water-main-break-40-feet-below-ground/amp/","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Winston-Salem, City of (NC0234010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WINSTON/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NC-PIEDMONT-CHANTAL-FLOODING-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Tropical Depression Chantal flooding on the Eno and Haw rivers (July 2025)","description":"Remnants of Chantal brought flash flooding to central North Carolina on July 6-7, 2025, cresting the Eno and Haw rivers, closing more than 100 roads and killing six people. Hillsborough's water plant went offline under a boil-water notice and the Graham-Mebane plant was shut down by flooding. FEMA approved a major disaster declaration (DR-4889) for public assistance in seven counties on September 11, 2025.","location":{"name":"Eno and Haw river basins, central NC","type":"Multi-county flood disaster area","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Alamance, Caswell, Chatham, Durham, Moore, Orange and Person counties; Hillsborough, Mebane, Graham, Chapel Hill, Durham","coordinates":{"lat":36.075,"lon":-79.099,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Alamance","Caswell","Chatham","Durham","Moore","Orange","Person"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"River and flash flooding damaged roads and knocked water and wastewater plants offline.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Governor's disaster request (ref 1) lists six deaths on July 6-7, including two Jordan Lake boaters and an 83-year-old Chatham County woman.","service":"Hillsborough's treatment plant was offline for several days under boil-water advisories and Mebane operated under Stage 5 restrictions (ref 1); flooding shut the Graham-Mebane plant (ref 2).","scale":"The disaster request (ref 1) covers seven counties, more than 100 impassable roads and about 30,000 initial power outages.","duration":"Preliminary damage assessments ran July 28-31 and the federal declaration came on September 11, 2025 (refs 1, 3), two months of recovery work.","significance":"FEMA issued major disaster declaration DR-4889 with public assistance for seven counties (ref 3), after a state of emergency for 13 counties (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Neither the state request nor news coverage gives a total population affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Preliminary public damage estimate of $42,297,750, more than twice the state threshold (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Preliminary public damage estimate","value":42297750,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Governor's request (ref 1)."},{"name":"Deaths","value":6,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"Governor's request (ref 1)."},{"name":"Water rescues in Durham","value":80,"unit":"rescues","status":"Reported","note":"More than 80, per ref 1."},{"name":"Counties in major disaster declaration","value":7,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"DR-4889 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event; recovery under FEMA public assistance."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NC Department of Public Safety, Division of Emergency Management","role":"State disaster response and recovery lead"},{"name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)","role":"Federal disaster assistance"},{"name":"Town of Hillsborough","role":"Water system operator"}],"public_contact":"NC Emergency Management via ReadyNC (readync.gov); call 2-1-1 for disaster assistance referrals","corrective_actions":["State of emergency declared July 16, 2025 for 13 counties (ref 1).","Major disaster declaration DR-4889 approved September 11, 2025 for public assistance (ref 3).","Statewide Hazard Mitigation Grant Program assistance requested (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Letter from Governor Stein requesting a major disaster declaration for Tropical Depression Chantal","publisher":"Office of Governor Josh Stein","date":"2025-08-05","url":"https://governor.nc.gov/august-5-2025-letter-governor-stein-trump-administration-major-disaster-declaration-tropical","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Chantal floods lead to water rescues, damaged buildings in central NC","publisher":"WUNC / Public Radio East","date":"2025-07-07","url":"https://www.publicradioeast.org/2025-07-07/chantal-floods-water-rescues-damaged-buildings-nc","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"OpenFEMA disaster declaration summaries: Tropical Depression Chantal (disaster 4889)","publisher":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v2/DisasterDeclarationsSummaries?$filter=disasterNumber%20eq%204889","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NC-DURHAM-ENO-LIFT-STATION-SPILL-2025","US-NC-HILLSBOROUGH-CHANTAL-WATER-PLANT-2025","US-NC-MEBANE-GRAHAM-CHANTAL-WATER-SHORTAGE-2025"]},{"id":"US-NC-EASTERN-DEBBY-FLOODING-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Tropical Storm Debby river flooding and sewage spills in eastern NC (August 2024)","description":"Tropical Storm Debby caused major flooding on the Lumber, Northeast Cape Fear and Black rivers in August 2024, and North Carolina Emergency Management confirmed four storm deaths. Brunswick County and Morehead City reported wastewater spills of up to about 860,000 gallons into coastal rivers and creeks, and several hog lagoons had noncompliant levels. FEMA issued an emergency declaration (EM-3608) covering 74 county designations.","location":{"name":"Lumber, Black and Northeast Cape Fear rivers","type":"Multi-county flood disaster area","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Robeson, Duplin, Pender, Sampson, Brunswick and Carteret counties among 74 designations in EM-3608","coordinates":{"lat":34.618,"lon":-79.008,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Robeson","Duplin","Pender","Sampson","Brunswick","Carteret"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"River flooding was paired with wastewater overflows into coastal waters.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Carolina Public Press (ref 1) reports four confirmed storm deaths, including a Robeson County motorist swept off a road by floodwater.","service":"Roads stayed flooded in Duplin and a Pittsboro road remained closed (ref 1); the sources report no loss of drinking-water service.","scale":"EM-3608 designates 74 counties and tribal areas (ref 2), and major river flooding hit Robeson, Duplin and Pender (ref 1).","duration":"River crests and flooding ran from August 5 into the following week; FEMA lists the incident period as August 5-19, 2024 (ref 2).","significance":"FEMA emergency declaration EM-3608 was issued August 6, 2024 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources give no population figure for the flooded areas."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"830,000 to 860,000 gallons of treated and partially treated wastewater spilled into the Lockwood Folly River on Aug. 9 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Storm deaths confirmed by NC Emergency Management","value":4,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"As of August 12, 2024 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Brunswick County wastewater spill to Lockwood Folly River","value":860000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Upper end of the 830,000-860,000 range (ref 1)."},{"name":"Morehead City partially treated wastewater to Calico Creek","value":100000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"About 100,000 gallons (ref 1)."},{"name":"Hog lagoons with noncompliant levels","value":4,"unit":"lagoons","status":"Reported","note":"Three in Pitt County, one in Lenoir County (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single storm event."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NC Department of Public Safety, Division of Emergency Management","role":"State disaster response and recovery lead"},{"name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)","role":"Federal disaster assistance"},{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources","role":"State water quality and water resources regulator"}],"public_contact":"NC Emergency Management via ReadyNC (readync.gov); call 2-1-1 for disaster assistance referrals","corrective_actions":["FEMA emergency declaration EM-3608 issued August 6, 2024 (ref 2).","Wastewater spills reported to state regulators by Brunswick County and Morehead City (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Toll across NC from Tropical Storm Debby coming into focus","publisher":"Carolina Public Press","date":"2024-08-12","url":"https://carolinapublicpress.org/64981/toll-across-nc-from-tropical-storm-debby-coming-into-focus/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"OpenFEMA disaster declaration summaries: Tropical Storm Debby (disaster 3608)","publisher":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v2/DisasterDeclarationsSummaries?$filter=disasterNumber%20eq%203608","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NC-BRUNSWICK-NEW-HANOVER-PTC8-FLOODING-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Potential Tropical Cyclone Eight 1,000-year flash flood in Brunswick and New Hanover","description":"An unnamed coastal storm, Potential Tropical Cyclone Eight, dropped about 20 inches of rain on southern Brunswick and New Hanover counties on September 16, 2024, with about 18 inches in 12 hours. The flooding washed out U.S. 17, N.C. 211 and N.C. 133, killed an 80-year-old Southport man and caused more than $36.7 million in damage. FEMA approved major disaster declaration DR-4837 on October 19, 2024.","location":{"name":"Carolina Beach and Southport area","type":"Coastal flash flood disaster area","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Southern Brunswick and New Hanover counties: Carolina Beach, Southport, Boiling Spring Lakes, Belville; DR-4837 also covers Carteret, Onslow, Dare and Stokes","coordinates":{"lat":34.035,"lon":-77.894,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Brunswick","New Hanover","Carteret","Onslow","Dare","Stokes"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Extreme rainfall overwhelmed drainage and washed out major highways.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"CBS17 (ref 1) reports an 80-year-old Southport man died in a submerged vehicle and at least 120 people were rescued.","service":"At least 60 roads and bridges were still closed two days after the storm (ref 1); NC 12 on Ocracoke stayed closed with deep ponded water (ref 2).","scale":"Damage exceeded $36.7 million across Brunswick and New Hanover (ref 1), and DR-4837 spans six counties (ref 3).","duration":"Flooding peaked September 16, 2024, but road washouts lasted months; N.C. 133 reopened only nearly a year later (ref 1).","significance":"FEMA major disaster declaration DR-4837 approved October 19, 2024 with public assistance and hazard mitigation (ref 3)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources give no population figure."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 20 inches of rain, with about 18 inches in 12 hours, which the National Weather Service called a once-in-1,000-years event (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Rainfall at Carolina Beach","value":21,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"Nearly 21 inches (ref 1)."},{"name":"Estimated damage","value":36700000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"More than $36.7 million (ref 1)."},{"name":"People rescued","value":120,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"At least 120 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event; key roads reopened by late summer 2025."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NC Department of Public Safety, Division of Emergency Management","role":"State disaster response and recovery lead"},{"name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)","role":"Federal disaster assistance"},{"name":"NC Department of Transportation","role":"Road and bridge repair"}],"public_contact":"NC Emergency Management via ReadyNC (readync.gov); call 2-1-1 for disaster assistance referrals","corrective_actions":["Major disaster declaration DR-4837 approved October 19, 2024 (ref 3).","U.S. 17 and N.C. 133 rebuilt and reopened (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Key road open at NC coast nearly a year after 20 inches of rain; no-name storm was 1,000-year flooding event","publisher":"CBS17","date":"2025-09-07","url":"https://www.cbs17.com/news/north-carolina-news/key-road-open-at-nc-coast-nearly-a-year-after-20-inches-of-rain-no-name-storm-was-1000-year-flooding-event/amp","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Potential Tropical Cyclone Eight review, September 2024","publisher":"National Weather Service Newport/Morehead City","date":"2024-09-18","url":"https://www.weather.gov/mhx/PotentialTropicalCycloneEightReview2024","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"OpenFEMA disaster declaration summaries: Potential Tropical Cyclone Eight (disaster 4837)","publisher":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v2/DisasterDeclarationsSummaries?$filter=disasterNumber%20eq%204837","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":8,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NC-HATTERAS-ISLAND-HOUSE-COLLAPSES-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Oceanfront house collapses from erosion at Rodanthe and Buxton, Hatteras Island","description":"Chronic shoreline erosion on Hatteras Island has toppled oceanfront houses into the surf at Cape Hatteras National Seashore since 2020, with 10 lost in Rodanthe by September 2024. In September 2025, a Buxton house collapsed on September 16 (the 12th since 2020) and five more fell on September 30, closing the beachfront and scattering debris. Erosion runs 10 to 15 feet a year or more in places.","location":{"name":"Rodanthe and Buxton, Cape Hatteras National Seashore","type":"Barrier island shoreline","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Dare County, Hatteras Island villages of Rodanthe and Buxton within Cape Hatteras National Seashore","coordinates":{"lat":35.267,"lon":-75.542,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Dare"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Coastal erosion and storm surf destroy structures and spread debris on public beaches.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The NPS (ref 2) reports no injuries but warns of hazardous debris for miles south of the September 30, 2025 collapses.","service":"The NPS closed the beachfront from northern Buxton through ORV ramp 43 (ref 2).","scale":"Collapses are concentrated in two villages; Rodanthe has about 200 residents (ref 1).","duration":"Ten Rodanthe houses fell between 2020 and September 2024 (ref 1), and the Buxton collapse of September 16, 2025 was the 12th seashore collapse since 2020 (ref 3).","significance":"Public-safety beach closures were ordered by the National Park Service (ref 2); no enforcement order applies."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure; Rodanthe has about 200 residents (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Beaches in some places erode 10 to 15 feet per year or more (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Rodanthe houses collapsed since 2020","value":10,"unit":"houses","status":"Reported","note":"As of September 26, 2024 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Buxton houses collapsed on September 30, 2025","value":5,"unit":"houses","status":"Reported","note":"NPS release (ref 2)."},{"name":"Oceanfront structures at risk statewide","value":750,"unit":"structures","status":"Reported","note":"Of nearly 8,800 oceanfront structures, per a state report cited in ref 1."},{"name":"Estimated Rodanthe beach nourishment cost","value":40000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"$40 million or more (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Collapses continued from 10 in Rodanthe by 2024 to multiple Buxton losses in September 2025 (refs 1-3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"National Park Service, Cape Hatteras National Seashore","role":"Federal land manager"},{"name":"Dare County","role":"Local government"}],"public_contact":"Cape Hatteras National Seashore public affairs, 252-475-9032","corrective_actions":["NPS beach closures and debris warnings after each collapse (ref 2).","Federal bill introduced to let flood insurance funds pay to demolish or relocate threatened homes (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"10 homes have collapsed into the Carolina surf. Their destruction was decades in the making","publisher":"Associated Press via WECT","date":"2024-09-26","url":"https://www.wect.com/2024/09/26/10-homes-have-collapsed-into-carolina-surf-their-destruction-was-decades-making/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Five unoccupied houses collapse in Buxton, September 30, 2025","publisher":"National Park Service, Cape Hatteras National Seashore","date":"2025-09-30","url":"https://www.nps.gov/caha/learn/news/five-unoccupied-houses-collapse-in-buxton-september-30-2025.htm","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Another beach house in the Outer Banks collapses into ocean","publisher":"E&E News","date":"2025-09-18","url":"https://www.eenews.net/articles/another-beach-house-in-the-outer-banks-collapses-into-ocean","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NC-OUTER-BANKS-ERIN-OVERWASH-2025"]},{"id":"US-NC-JORDAN-LAKE-NUTRIENT-RULES-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Jordan Lake eutrophication and delayed nutrient rule readoption","description":"B. Everett Jordan Lake, a drinking-water reservoir and recreation area with more than a million visitors a year, has consistently rated eutrophic or hypereutrophic since its 1983 impoundment. The 2009 Jordan Lake nutrient rules were partly delayed by the legislature, and the mandated readoption that began in 2020 had not reached the Environmental Management Commission by mid-2025. State draft rules set goals of 20% nitrogen and 40% phosphorus reductions in the Haw arm and 50% of each in the New Hope arm.","location":{"name":"B. Everett Jordan Lake","type":"Water supply reservoir","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Chatham, Durham, Orange and Wake counties; Haw River and New Hope Creek arms","coordinates":{"lat":35.75,"lon":-79.03,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Chatham","Durham","Orange","Wake"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nutrient loading drives chronic algal growth in a drinking-water reservoir.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ (ref 1) says the lake has consistently rated eutrophic or hypereutrophic, with excessive nutrient levels.","service":"Neither DEQ source reports drinking-water restrictions from the lake's condition.","scale":"DEQ (ref 1) describes the lake as water supply for several communities and a recreation area with more than a million visitors a year.","duration":"The lake was designated nutrient-sensitive in 1983 and rules took effect in 2009, yet readoption begun in 2020 was still in stakeholder review in 2025 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"The Jordan Lake rules are formal state rules under mandated 10-year readoption (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"DEQ does not state the population served by the lake's water-supply intakes."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Draft goal of 20% N and 40% P reduction in the Haw arm and 50% N and 50% P reduction in New Hope (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Haw arm nitrogen reduction goal","value":20,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Draft readoption goal (ref 2)."},{"name":"Haw arm phosphorus reduction goal","value":40,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Draft readoption goal (ref 2)."},{"name":"New Hope arm nitrogen and phosphorus reduction goal","value":50,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Draft readoption goal (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Eutrophic conditions persist; rules still pending (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources","role":"State water quality and water resources regulator"},{"name":"NC Environmental Management Commission","role":"State environmental rulemaking commission"}],"public_contact":"NC Department of Environmental Quality, 217 West Jones Street, Raleigh, NC 27603; phone 877-623-6748","corrective_actions":["Jordan Lake rules in effect since August 2009 (ref 1).","Readoption stakeholder meetings in 2023-2025; DWR planned to bring rules to the EMC in January or March 2026 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Jordan Lake Nutrient Strategy","publisher":"NC Department of Environmental Quality","date":null,"url":"https://deq.nc.gov/about/divisions/water-resources/water-planning/nonpoint-source-planning/jordan-lake-nutrient-strategy","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Jordan Nutrient Rules Readoption: Existing Development Stormwater Technical Advisory Group #3","publisher":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources","date":"2025-04-04","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/water-resources/ed-tag3-jordan/download","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NC-STATEWIDE-IMPAIRED-WATERS-2024"]},{"id":"US-NC-FALLS-LAKE-CHLOROPHYLL-RULES-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Falls Lake chlorophyll-a exceedances and contested nutrient rule readoption","description":"Falls Lake, a water-supply reservoir on the upper Neuse River, has exceeded the state chlorophyll-a standard since 2008, and its 2011 rules require 40% nitrogen and 77% phosphorus cuts from major sources by 2041. Readoption began after December 2023 reports, but the Upper Neuse River Basin Association and the state Division of Water Resources drafted competing rules in 2025, with wastewater allocations for Durham, South Granville and Hillsborough still unresolved in June 2026. DWR has acknowledged nutrient loads fell but chlorophyll-a did not respond comparably.","location":{"name":"Falls Lake","type":"Water supply reservoir","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Durham, Wake and Granville counties; upper Neuse River basin","coordinates":{"lat":36.01,"lon":-78.69,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Durham","Wake","Granville"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Chronic algal growth in a drinking-water reservoir is tied to nutrient loading rules.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ (ref 1) says the lake has exceeded the state chlorophyll-a standard since 2008.","service":"No drinking-water restrictions tied to the lake's condition are reported in the cited sources.","scale":"DEQ (ref 1) describes the lake as water supply for many communities across the upper Neuse basin.","duration":"Exceedances since 2008 (ref 1) and a readoption process still unresolved in June 2026 (ref 3) make this chronic.","significance":"The 2011 Falls Lake rules are formal state rules extended under S.L. 2018-5 until readoption (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources do not give the population served by Falls Lake."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Major nutrient sources must cut nitrogen loads by 40% and phosphorus loads by 77% (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Nitrogen reduction required","value":40,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"2011 rules (ref 1)."},{"name":"Phosphorus reduction required","value":77,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"2011 rules (ref 1)."},{"name":"UNRBA spending on monitoring and modeling since 2011","value":11000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Over $11 million (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Loads fell but chlorophyll-a did not respond comparably, per DWR as reported in ref 2."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources","role":"State water quality and water resources regulator"},{"name":"NC Environmental Management Commission","role":"State environmental rulemaking commission"},{"name":"Upper Neuse River Basin Association","role":"Association of local governments in the watershed"}],"public_contact":"NC Department of Environmental Quality, 217 West Jones Street, Raleigh, NC 27603; phone 877-623-6748","corrective_actions":["Stage I rules extended until readoption (ref 1).","Joint UNRBA-DEQ-DWR-EMC discussions on a single rule set began September 2025; DWR shared four draft rule sections in February 2026 (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Falls Lake Nutrient Strategy","publisher":"NC Department of Environmental Quality","date":null,"url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/about/divisions/water-resources/water-planning/nonpoint-source-planning/falls-lake-nutrient-strategy","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"UNRBA Board of Directors meeting agenda, September 17, 2025","publisher":"Upper Neuse River Basin Association","date":"2025-09-17","url":"https://unrba.org/sites/default/files/2025-09/BOD-Meeting-Agenda-2025-09-17.pdf","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":3,"title":"UNRBA Board of Directors meeting agenda, June 17, 2026","publisher":"Upper Neuse River Basin Association","date":"2026-06-17","url":"https://unrba.org/sites/default/files/2026-06/BOD-Meeting-Agenda-2026-06-17.pdf","basis":"Local government"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NC-STATEWIDE-IMPAIRED-WATERS-2024"]},{"id":"US-NC-CAPE-FEAR-BASIN-14-DIOXANE-LIMITS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Cape Fear basin 1,4-dioxane discharge limits litigation (Asheboro, Greensboro, Reidsville)","description":"Asheboro, Greensboro and Reidsville challenged state 1,4-dioxane limits in their wastewater permits; an administrative law judge voided the limits in September 2024, and a Wake County Superior Court judge reversed that ruling on February 5, 2026, with an appeal pending. About 900,000 North Carolinians drink water downstream in the Cape Fear basin, and downstream utilities intervened on the state's side. The Environmental Management Commission advanced monitoring and minimization rules for 1,4-dioxane and three PFAS in 2026.","location":{"name":"Haw, Deep and Cape Fear river basin","type":"River basin","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Discharges from Asheboro (Randolph), Greensboro (Guilford) and Reidsville (Rockingham) flow toward downstream intakes for Brunswick County, CFPUA and Fayetteville PWC","coordinates":{"lat":35.72,"lon":-79.17,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":2},"counties":["Randolph","Guilford","Rockingham","Chatham","Cumberland","New Hanover","Brunswick"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Industrial solvent discharges via municipal wastewater reach downstream drinking-water intakes.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Inside Climate News (ref 2) reports Asheboro discharged 3,520 ppb, about 160 times its original 22 ppb limit; DEQ treats the compound as a likely carcinogen (ref 1).","service":"The cited sources report no drinking-water advisories downstream during this period.","scale":"Coastal Review (ref 1) says about 900,000 North Carolinians receive drinking water downstream.","duration":"The permit dispute ran from the 2023 Asheboro permit through a pending appeal in 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Contested-case litigation reached Wake County Superior Court, which reversed the ALJ on February 5, 2026 (ref 1), and EPA formally objected to the ALJ's removal of limits (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":900000,"status":"Reported","note":"North Carolinians receiving drinking water downstream, per Coastal Review (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 900,000 North Carolinians receive drinking water downstream of the Asheboro plant (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak Asheboro effluent 1,4-dioxane","value":3520,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Inside Climate News (ref 2); Haw River Assembly dates it January 2024 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Original Asheboro permit limit","value":22,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"EPA 1-in-a-million cancer risk level","value":0.35,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 2 and 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Greensboro and Reidsville reduced discharges (ref 2); Asheboro discharged 651 ppb as recently as November 2025 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources","role":"State water quality and water resources regulator"},{"name":"NC Environmental Management Commission","role":"State environmental rulemaking commission"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 4","role":"Federal Clean Water Act oversight"}],"public_contact":"NC Department of Environmental Quality, 217 West Jones Street, Raleigh, NC 27603; phone 877-623-6748","corrective_actions":["Greensboro reduced discharges under a 2020 consent order (ref 2).","EMC advanced 1,4-dioxane and PFAS monitoring and minimization rules (ref 1).","SELC sued Asheboro and StarPet in June 2025 for Cape Fear River Watch and Haw River Assembly (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Judge upholds that DEQ can set wastewater permit limits","publisher":"Coastal Review","date":"2026-02-13","url":"https://coastalreview.org/2026/02/judge-upholds-that-deq-can-set-wastewater-permit-limits/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"N.C. judge upholds the state's limits on 1,4-dioxane pollution in utilities' wastewater","publisher":"Inside Climate News","date":"2026-02-11","url":"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/11022026/nc-1-4-dioxane-pollution-limits/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"We are all downstream and upstream of somewhere: a timeline of HRA's work on 1,4-dioxane in Asheboro","publisher":"Haw River Assembly","date":"2025-06-05","url":"https://www.hawriver.org/news/we-are-all-downstream-and-upstream-of-somewhere-protecting-drinking-water-in-the-haw-river-watershed-and-a-timeline-of-hras-work-on-14-dioxane-in-asheboro","basis":"Advocacy group"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Peak Asheboro reading is dated January 2025 by ref 2 and January 2024 by ref 3."],"related_ids":["US-NC-ASHEBORO-WWTP-14-DIOXANE-2025","US-NC-CAPE-FEAR-CHEMOURS-PFAS-2023"]},{"id":"US-NC-CHOWAN-RIVER-ALGAL-BLOOM-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Toxic cyanobacteria bloom on the Chowan River (October 2025)","description":"The state Division of Water Resources warned the public in October 2025 to avoid green or blue water on the Chowan River between Occano and Arrowhead Beach, where blooms had lingered since October 6. Testing found Dolichospermum and Microcystis with microcystin as high as 2,600 parts per billion at the Salmon Creek confluence, above EPA recreational advisory levels at all three sites.","location":{"name":"Chowan River, Occano to Arrowhead Beach","type":"River segment","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Bertie and Chowan counties, tidal Chowan River near the Albemarle Sound","coordinates":{"lat":36.08,"lon":-76.7,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Bertie","Chowan"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A toxin-producing algal bloom made a river segment unsafe for contact.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ (ref 1) measured microcystin at 2,600 ppb at the Salmon Creek confluence, exceeding EPA health advisory levels.","service":"DEQ advised the public to avoid contact with discolored water and keep pets out (ref 1).","scale":"The advisory covers a river stretch in two counties (refs 1, 2).","duration":"The bloom persisted from October 6 to at least October 16, 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"DEQ issued a formal public health advisory (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources give no population figure."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Microcystin at 2,600 ppb at the Chowan River's Salmon Creek confluence near Occano (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Microcystin, Salmon Creek confluence","value":2600,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Microcystin, Indian Creek confluence","value":89,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Microcystin, near Whites Beach","value":35,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources","role":"State water quality and water resources regulator"},{"name":"NC DHHS Division of Public Health","role":"Public health guidance"}],"public_contact":"NC Department of Environmental Quality, 217 West Jones Street, Raleigh, NC 27603; phone 877-623-6748","corrective_actions":["Public advisory and dashboard posting of results (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"NCDEQ advises public to avoid algal blooms in Chowan River","publisher":"NC Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-10-16","url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/press-releases/2025/10/16/ncdeq-advises-public-avoid-algal-blooms-chowan-river","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Public should avoid blue-green water in Chowan River","publisher":"Coastal Review","date":"2025-10-16","url":"https://coastalreview.org/2025/10/public-should-avoid-blue-green-water-in-chowan-river/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NC-LOWER-NEUSE-FISH-KILLS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Recurring hypoxia fish kills on the lower Neuse River (2025-2026)","description":"The lower Neuse River estuary has had repeated fish kills, mostly juvenile menhaden, during low-oxygen events in 2025 and 2026. A June 2025 multi-species kill between Stately Pines and Neuse Harbor and a July 2025 kill of thousands of menhaden at Flanners Beach were tied to upwelled low-oxygen water and an algal bloom. In September and October 2026, kills recurred for three straight weeks around New Bern and Bridgeton, with anoxic bottom water across a nearly 40-mile stretch from Streets Ferry Bridge to Oriental.","location":{"name":"Lower Neuse River estuary","type":"Estuary segment","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Craven and Pamlico counties: New Bern, Bridgeton, Flanners Beach, Oriental; Trent River and Brices Creek","coordinates":{"lat":35.1,"lon":-77.03,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":3},"counties":["Craven","Pamlico"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nutrient-fueled algal growth and stratification drive oxygen loss and fish deaths.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Sound Rivers (ref 2) reports thousands of dead juvenile menhaden at Flanners Beach in July 2025; ref 3 reports anoxic bottom water across about 40 river miles in September 2026.","service":"Fish kills do not disrupt water service; advocates advise avoiding contact with affected water (ref 2).","scale":"Kills span the lower Neuse estuary in Craven County and adjacent waters (refs 3, 4).","duration":"Kills were reported in June and July 2025 (refs 1, 2) and again for three consecutive weeks in fall 2026 (ref 4).","significance":"Kills were reported to DEQ (ref 1); no notice of violation or order is cited."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure applies."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Anoxic conditions at depths greater than four feet from the Streets Ferry Bridge to Oriental, a nearly 40-mile stretch (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Anoxic river stretch, September 2026","value":40,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Nearly 40 miles, per UNC Institute of Marine Sciences graphic cited in ref 3."},{"name":"Consecutive weeks of reported kills, fall 2026","value":3,"unit":"weeks","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Kills recurred in 2025 and again in fall 2026 (refs 1-4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources","role":"State water quality and water resources regulator"},{"name":"UNC Institute of Marine Sciences","role":"Estuary monitoring (ModMon)"}],"public_contact":"NC Department of Environmental Quality, 217 West Jones Street, Raleigh, NC 27603; phone 877-623-6748","corrective_actions":["DEQ Division of Water Resources investigated the 2025 kills (refs 1, 2).","Sound Rivers, DEQ and UNC IMS sampling of 2026 kills (refs 3, 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water quality officials said there was a multi-species fish kill on the Neuse River last week","publisher":"Public Radio East","date":"2025-06-26","url":"https://www.publicradioeast.org/2025-06-26/water-quality-officials-said-there-was-a-multi-species-fish-kill-on-the-neuse-river-last-week","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Neuse fish kill expected to extend beyond holiday weekend","publisher":"Sound Rivers","date":"2025-07-03","url":"https://soundrivers.org/neuse-fish-kill-expected-to-extend-beyond-holiday-weekend/","basis":"Advocacy group"},{"ref":3,"title":"Riverkeeper, specialist investigate Bridgeton fish kill","publisher":"Sound Rivers","date":"2026-09-24","url":"https://soundrivers.org/riverkeeper-specialist-investigate-bridgeton-fish-kill/","basis":"Advocacy group"},{"ref":4,"title":"Neuse River fish kill continues","publisher":"Sound Rivers","date":"2026-10-08","url":"https://soundrivers.org/neuse-river-fish-kill-continues/","basis":"Advocacy group","accessed":"2026-10-08"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["No DEQ fish kill counts for 2025-2026 were located."],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NC-CATAWBA-CHARLOTTE-INTERBASIN-TRANSFER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Charlotte Water and Mooresville requests to expand Catawba River interbasin transfers","description":"Charlotte Water filed notice in February 2024 to raise its Catawba-to-Rocky River interbasin transfer from 33 to 63 million gallons a day, and Mooresville filed in September 2024 to move 12.6 million gallons a day from Lake Norman to the Rocky and South Yadkin basins. Upstream North Carolina councils and three South Carolina regional councils representing nearly 1.5 million residents oppose the Charlotte increase. Session Law 2025-74 bars certificates for new or increased transfers above 15 million gallons a day until March 1, 2027.","location":{"name":"Catawba River basin (Lake Norman, Mountain Island Lake)","type":"River basin","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Withdrawals from Lake Norman and Mountain Island Lake in Mecklenburg and Iredell counties; opposition from Burke, Caldwell, Catawba, Alexander and McDowell counties and South Carolina","coordinates":{"lat":35.43,"lon":-80.95,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Mecklenburg","Iredell","Burke","Caldwell","Catawba","Alexander","McDowell"],"extent":"multi_state","pwsid":"NC0160010"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"A contested allocation of river water between basins and states is decided by permit.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No harm has occurred yet; opponents cite drought risk and Charlotte's reported loss of over 19% of withdrawals to leaks (ref 2).","service":"Requests are pending, so there is no service effect (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Charlotte Water serves 1,206,285 people per SDWIS (ref 4), and the opposing South Carolina councils represent nearly 1.5 million residents (ref 2).","duration":"The Charlotte notice dates to February 22, 2024, and no certificate can issue before March 1, 2027 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Session Law 2025-74 imposed a statutory moratorium on large transfers (ref 2); the requests are formal EMC certificate proceedings (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":1206285,"status":"Reported","note":"Charlotte Water population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Charlotte Water seeks to increase the transfer from 33 mgd to 63 mgd on a maximum-day basis, based on 2055 demand (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Charlotte existing certificate","value":33,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"2002 certificate, maximum-day basis (ref 1)."},{"name":"Charlotte requested transfer","value":63,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Mooresville requested transfer","value":12.6,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Preliminary estimate (ref 3)."},{"name":"Moratorium threshold under S.L. 2025-74","value":15,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Until March 1, 2027 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Charlotte deputy director said alternatives would strain customer affordability (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Requests pending; environmental review under way."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NC Environmental Management Commission","role":"State environmental rulemaking commission"},{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources","role":"State water quality and water resources regulator"},{"name":"Charlotte Water","role":"Applicant"},{"name":"Town of Mooresville","role":"Applicant"}],"public_contact":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources interbasin transfer program, 919-707-9024","corrective_actions":["Charlotte Water to prepare an environmental impact statement with DEQ (ref 1).","Session Law 2025-74 directs a UNC Collaboratory study of the transfer approval process, due 2027 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Charlotte Water interbasin transfer certificate","publisher":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources","date":null,"url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/about/divisions/water-resources/water-planning/water-supply-planning/interbasin-transfer-certification/charlotte-water-interbasin-transfer-certificate","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Charlotte pushes to double the Catawba transfer that once split the Carolinas","publisher":"WRHI","date":"2026-06-05","url":"https://www.wrhi.com/2026/06/charlotte-pushes-to-double-the-catawba-transfer-that-once-split-the-carolinas-213252","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Mooresville interbasin transfer","publisher":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources","date":null,"url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/about/divisions/water-resources/water-planning/water-supply-planning/interbasin-transfer-certification/mooresville","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Charlotte Water (NC0160010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CHARLOTTE/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NC-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2024-2025","US-NC-CATAWBA-WATEREE-LIP-STAGE2-2026"]},{"id":"US-NC-SOUTHEAST-COAST-HIGH-TIDE-FLOODING-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Rising high-tide flooding in Wilmington, Carolina Beach and Duck","description":"High-tide (sunny-day) flooding is increasing on the North Carolina coast: Carolina Beach had 60 days of tidal road flooding in a year, Duck set a town record of 22 high-tide flood days in the year ending April 2024, and the Battleship North Carolina site went from 20 flood days in 2011 to 175 in 2020. National Weather Service advisories note water spreading from storm drains onto Water Street in downtown Wilmington during minor tidal floods.","location":{"name":"Wilmington, Carolina Beach and Duck","type":"Coastal communities","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"New Hanover County (Wilmington riverfront, Carolina Beach), Dare County (Duck), Carteret County (Beaufort)","coordinates":{"lat":34.236,"lon":-77.949,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["New Hanover","Dare","Carteret"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Sea level rise pushes tides through drainage systems onto streets.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"WHQR (ref 1) reports Carolina Beach roads filling a foot or more deep within 20 to 30 minutes during a King Tide.","service":"Tidal flooding closes low roads such as Battleship Road and Water Street (ref 2).","scale":"Affected areas are several coastal towns and the Wilmington riverfront (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Battleship North Carolina flood days rose from 20 in 2011 to 175 in 2020 (ref 1), a chronic and growing problem.","significance":"NWS coastal flood advisories are formal hazard notices (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Duck recorded 22 high-tide flood days in the year ending April 2024, a record for the town per NOAA (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Carolina Beach high-tide road flood days in a year","value":60,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"NOAA, per ref 1."},{"name":"Duck high-tide flood days, May 2023-April 2024","value":22,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Battleship North Carolina flood days, 2020","value":175,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Projected Wilmington high-tide flood days by 2050","value":40,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"NOAA projection, ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Flood days rising at the Battleship site and Duck records (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Wilmington","role":"Local stormwater utility"},{"name":"Town of Carolina Beach","role":"Local stormwater utility"},{"name":"National Weather Service Wilmington","role":"Coastal flood warnings"}],"public_contact":"City of Wilmington Stormwater Services via the city's published customer service line","corrective_actions":["Battleship North Carolina $4 million 'Living Waters' project to raise part of its parking lot by three feet (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Rising waters, part III: On the coast of the Carolinas, storms aren't the only flooding risk","publisher":"WHQR","date":"2024-08-28","url":"https://www.whqr.org/local/2024-08-28/rising-waters-part-iii-on-the-coast-of-the-carolinas-storms-arent-the-only-flooding-risk","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Coastal flood advisory for the lower Cape Fear River including downtown Wilmington","publisher":"National Weather Service Wilmington NC","date":"2025-09-05","url":"https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/api/1/nwstext/202509050509-KILM-WHUS42-CFWILM","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NC-HIGH-ROCK-LAKE-NUTRIENT-IMPAIRMENT-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"High Rock Lake chlorophyll-a, turbidity and pH impairment and pending nutrient rules","description":"High Rock Lake on the Yadkin River is impaired for chlorophyll-a, turbidity and pH, and exceeded its 35 ug/L site-specific chlorophyll-a standard with geometric means of 36.23 ug/L in 2023 and 35.35 ug/L in 2024. DEQ released draft nutrient rules in 2025 that would classify the lake and its watershed as Nutrient Sensitive Waters and cut point-source phosphorus loads 50% and nitrogen loads 25% within ten years. The rules had not been adopted by the Environmental Management Commission.","location":{"name":"High Rock Lake","type":"Reservoir","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Yadkin River reservoir on the Davidson-Rowan county line","coordinates":{"lat":35.6,"lon":-80.23,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Davidson","Rowan"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nutrient pollution drives algal growth that violates water quality standards.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Yadkin Riverkeeper (ref 2) reports chlorophyll-a peaks of 46.8 ug/L in August 2023 and 54.9 ug/L in July 2024.","service":"No water-use restrictions are reported in the cited sources.","scale":"One large reservoir and its watershed are affected (ref 1).","duration":"Geometric means exceeded the 35 ug/L standard in both 2023 and 2024 (ref 2), and DEQ began the strategy in 2022 (ref 1).","significance":"The lake is on the impaired list for three parameters and subject to formal rulemaking (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"2024 chlorophyll-a peak of 54.9 ug/L in July; geometric mean of 35.35 ug/L against a 35 ug/L site-specific standard (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Chlorophyll-a geometric mean, 2023","value":36.23,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Chlorophyll-a geometric mean, 2024","value":35.35,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Draft point-source phosphorus reduction","value":50,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Draft point-source nitrogen reduction","value":25,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Geometric means near the standard in 2023 and 2024 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources","role":"State water quality and water resources regulator"},{"name":"NC Environmental Management Commission","role":"State environmental rulemaking commission"}],"public_contact":"NC Department of Environmental Quality, 217 West Jones Street, Raleigh, NC 27603; phone 877-623-6748","corrective_actions":["EMC and EPA approved a site-specific chlorophyll-a standard in 2022 (ref 1).","Draft purpose and scope, buffer and existing development rules released in 2025 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"High Rock Lake Nutrient Management Strategy","publisher":"NC Department of Environmental Quality","date":null,"url":"https://deq.nc.gov/about/divisions/water-resources/water-planning/nonpoint-source-planning/high-rock-lake-nutrient-management-strategy","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"High Rock Lake rules update: purpose and scope rule draft and riparian buffer rule draft release","publisher":"Yadkin Riverkeeper","date":"2025-07-30","url":"https://www.yadkinriverkeeper.org/news/hrl-update","basis":"Advocacy group"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NC-STATEWIDE-IMPAIRED-WATERS-2024"]},{"id":"US-NC-OUTER-BANKS-ERIN-OVERWASH-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Hurricane Erin ocean overwash closes NC 12 on Hatteras and Ocracoke (August 2025)","description":"Hurricane Erin passed offshore in August 2025, but storm surge and ocean overwash breached dunes and made NC 12 impassable on Hatteras Island from August 20 to 23 and on north Ocracoke until August 25. About 80,000 people evacuated Hatteras Island and 1,206 left Ocracoke by ferry. Dare County's preliminary assessment found damage to 56 homes and 4 commercial buildings in Buxton, including septic systems.","location":{"name":"Hatteras and Ocracoke islands","type":"Barrier island highway corridor","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Dare and Hyde counties: Pea Island, Rodanthe, Buxton, Hatteras Village, north Ocracoke","coordinates":{"lat":35.267,"lon":-75.542,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Dare","Hyde"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Surge and overwash cut the only highway and damaged oceanfront structures and septic systems.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The NWS impact narrative (ref 1) lists damage to 56 residential and 4 commercial structures in Buxton, including septic systems, with no injuries or deaths.","service":"NC 12, the only main road, was impassable on Hatteras for several days (refs 1, 2).","scale":"About 80,000 visitors and residents evacuated Hatteras Island (ref 1).","duration":"Overwash closures lasted August 20-25, 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"Mandatory evacuations were ordered for Hatteras and Ocracoke (ref 2)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":80000,"status":"Reported","note":"Evacuees from Hatteras Island per NWS (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Approximately 80,000 visitors and residents evacuated via road from Hatteras Island (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Hatteras Island evacuees","value":80000,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Ocracoke ferry evacuees","value":1206,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Buxton residential structures damaged","value":56,"unit":"structures","status":"Reported","note":"Preliminary county assessment (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single storm; NC 12 reopened August 23 (Hatteras) and August 25 (Ocracoke)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Dare County Emergency Management","role":"Local emergency management"},{"name":"NC Department of Transportation","role":"NC 12 operations"},{"name":"NC Department of Public Safety, Division of Emergency Management","role":"State disaster response and recovery lead"}],"public_contact":"NC Emergency Management via ReadyNC (readync.gov); call 2-1-1 for disaster assistance referrals","corrective_actions":["NCDOT cleared sand and reopened NC 12 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"County impacts associated with Hurricane Erin (2025)","publisher":"National Weather Service Newport/Morehead City","date":"2025-08-27","url":"https://www.weather.gov/media/mhx/TropicalEventSummary/PSHMHX_2025AL05_Erin_ImpactNarrative.pdf","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Hurricane Erin brings flooding to parts of Outer Banks as it pivots from East Coast","publisher":"NPR via WFAE","date":"2025-08-21","url":"https://www.wfae.org/united-states-world/2025-08-21/hurricane-erin-brings-flooding-to-parts-of-outer-banks-as-it-pivots-from-east-coast","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NC-HATTERAS-ISLAND-HOUSE-COLLAPSES-2025"]},{"id":"US-NC-CAMP-LEJEUNE-CONTAMINATION-LITIGATION-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Camp Lejeune contaminated-water claims and litigation remain largely unresolved","description":"Drinking water at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune was contaminated with TCE, PCE, benzene and vinyl chloride from 1953 to 1987, and the 2022 Camp Lejeune Justice Act let exposed people sue in the Eastern District of North Carolina. As of September 2026 DOJ reported more than $879 million paid, while about 407,000 claims had been filed and a court panel set an October 30, 2026 deadline for a global settlement.","location":{"name":"Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune","type":"Military installation water systems (historic)","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Hadnot Point, Tarawa Terrace and Holcomb Boulevard water systems, Onslow County; claims litigated in the Eastern District of North Carolina","coordinates":{"lat":34.67,"lon":-77.35,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Onslow"],"extent":"national"},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The contamination ended in 1987; the open issue inside the window is compensation and litigation for those exposed.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ATSDR (ref 2) found PCE above the EPA limit for 346 months at Tarawa Terrace and at least one VOC above its limit at Hadnot Point from 1953 to 1985.","service":"The water systems were fixed decades ago; ref 2 says the most contaminated Tarawa Terrace wells closed in February 1985, so no current service loss is scored.","scale":"WHQR (ref 3) cites a CDC estimate that up to one million people may have been exposed, and Spectrum News (ref 4) reports 407,000 claims filed.","duration":"Claims under the 2022 Act remain open in 2026: ref 4 reports less than 1% of claims paid, and ref 3 says no bellwether trial was on the docket in July 2026.","significance":"Thousands of suits are pending in federal court in the Eastern District of North Carolina, where a four-judge panel ordered a global settlement by October 30, 2026 (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":1000000,"status":"Estimated","note":"CDC estimate of up to one million people exposed, as cited by WHQR (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"DOJ reported settlement payouts above $879 million and offers above $1.1 billion as of September 18, 2026, against about 407,000 claims filed."},"measures":[{"name":"Elective Option settlement payouts","value":879,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"DOJ figure as of September 18, 2026 (ref 1); stated as 'exceed'."},{"name":"Settlement offers","value":1.1,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"DOJ figure as of September 18, 2026 (ref 1); stated as 'exceed'."},{"name":"Claims filed","value":407000,"unit":"claims","status":"Reported","note":"Federal figure cited by Spectrum News (ref 4)."},{"name":"Months PCE exceeded the EPA limit at Tarawa Terrace","value":346,"unit":"months","status":"Reported","note":"November 1957 to February 1987 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Payouts have grown under the Elective Option, but ref 4 reports fewer than 1% of claims paid and the court set a hard settlement deadline (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Division","role":"Defends claims and administers the Elective Option"},{"name":"Department of the Navy","role":"Receives administrative claims"},{"name":"U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina","role":"Exclusive court for Camp Lejeune Justice Act suits"}],"public_contact":"Navy Camp Lejeune Claims Unit, (757) 241-6020","corrective_actions":["DOJ Elective Option offers fixed payments for qualifying diseases; offers expire after 60 days (ref 1).","Court-ordered weekly settlement meetings with settlement masters and a global settlement deadline of October 30, 2026 (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Camp Lejeune Justice Act Claims","publisher":"U.S. Department of Justice","date":"2026-09-22","url":"https://www.justice.gov/civil/camp-lejeune-justice-act-claims","basis":"Federal agency record"},{"ref":2,"title":"About the Camp Lejeune water contamination","publisher":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry","date":"2024-11-07","url":"https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/camp-lejeune/about/index.html","basis":"Federal agency record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Advocates react after federal court pressures both sides to settle Camp Lejeune water contamination lawsuit","publisher":"WHQR / Public Radio East","date":"2026-07-02","url":"https://www.whqr.org/2026-07-02/advocates-react-after-federal-court-pressures-both-sides-to-settle-camp-lejeune-water-contamination-lawsuit","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Camp Lejeune water contamination victims await settlement","publisher":"Spectrum News 1","date":"2026-08-13","url":"https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nc/charlotte/news/2026/08/13/camp-lejeune-water","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"Camp Lejeune water contamination","publisher":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","date":"2025-07-28","url":"https://www.va.gov/disability/eligibility/hazardous-materials-exposure/camp-lejeune-water-contamination/","basis":"Federal agency record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (2) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NC-DUKE-COAL-ASH-BASIN-EXCAVATION-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Duke Energy coal ash basin excavation and contaminated groundwater at NC plants","description":"Under a 2020 court consent order, Duke Energy must excavate more than 80 million tons of coal ash from unlined basins at six North Carolina plants and move it to lined landfills. In July 2024 Duke reported about a third of the ash in its North Carolina basins removed, with 13.8 million tons still in the Marshall basin on Lake Norman, and the Catawba Riverkeeper said groundwater there was still contaminated.","location":{"name":"Duke Energy coal ash basins (six NC plants)","type":"Coal ash impoundments at power plants","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Allen (Gaston), Belews Creek (Stokes), Cliffside/Rogers (Cleveland/Rutherford), Marshall (Catawba), Mayo and Roxboro (Person)","coordinates":{"lat":35.61,"lon":-80.96,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Gaston","Stokes","Cleveland","Catawba","Person"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Ash basins leak metals into groundwater next to drinking-water reservoirs; excavation is the remedy under way.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The Catawba Riverkeeper said at Marshall in July 2024 that 'the groundwater's still contaminated' (ref 2); DEQ chose excavation because it was the only option meeting the Coal Ash Management Act (ref 4).","service":"No current loss of public water service is reported; ref 3 notes Belmont-area well owners near Allen used bottled water for about three years before a 2019 hookup, outside this window.","scale":"Ref 3 says Lakes Norman, Wylie and Mountain Island, next to the basins, supply drinking water to more than a million residents.","duration":"Work runs to legal deadlines of December 2035 at Marshall and 2038 statewide (ref 2); ref 3 says the settlement gave Duke until 2035 instead of 2029.","significance":"Excavation is required by a consent order entered by the court on February 5, 2020 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1000000,"status":"Estimated","note":"Ref 3 says the adjacent lakes supply drinking water to more than a million residents; this is the population relying on the receiving waters, not a count of exposed people."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than 80 million tons of coal ash will be excavated in North Carolina; about a third of basin ash had been removed by July 2024."},"measures":[{"name":"Coal ash to be excavated","value":80,"unit":"million tons","status":"Reported","note":"DEQ coal ash excavation page (ref 1); stated as 'more than'."},{"name":"Ash removed from Marshall basin","value":3.3,"unit":"million tons","status":"Reported","note":"As of July 2024 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Ash remaining in Marshall basin","value":13.8,"unit":"million tons","status":"Reported","note":"As of July 2024 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Estimated total cost of NC coal ash removal","value":8,"unit":"billion USD (low end)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3 gives $8 billion to $9 billion as of January 2020."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Excavation tonnage is rising; Duke says Marshall will finish before its December 2035 deadline (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Duke Energy Carolinas and Duke Energy Progress","role":"Basin owner responsible for closure"},{"name":"NC DEQ","role":"Coal Ash Management Act regulator"}],"public_contact":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources, contact page at deq.nc.gov","corrective_actions":["Excavation of the remaining unlined basins at Allen, Belews Creek, Cliffside, Marshall, Mayo and Roxboro into lined landfills (ref 1).","Groundwater corrective action plans submitted with closure plans, e.g. Allen on December 31, 2019 (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Coal Ash Excavation","publisher":"NC Department of Environmental Quality","date":null,"url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/key-issues/coal-ash-excavation","basis":"State agency record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Duke Energy ahead of schedule on Lake Norman coal ash basin closure","publisher":"WFAE via WHQR","date":"2024-07-16","url":"https://www.whqr.org/2024-07-16/duke-energy-ahead-of-schedule-on-lake-norman-coal-ash-basin-closure","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Legal battle over Duke Energy coal ash ends, but cleanup has years to go","publisher":"WFAE","date":"2020-01-02","url":"https://www.wfae.org/post/legal-battle-over-duke-energy-coal-ash-ends-cleanup-has-years-go","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Allen Steam Station Coal Ash Closure","publisher":"NC Department of Environmental Quality","date":null,"url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/key-issues/coal-ash-excavation/allen-steam-station-coal-ash-closure","basis":"State agency record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NC-STATEWIDE-DATA-CENTER-WATER-DEMAND-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Data center water demand during drought prompts local moratoriums in North Carolina","description":"Proposed data centers in North Carolina would draw up to hundreds of thousands to a million gallons of water a day, as with a 500,000-gallon-a-day Edgecombe County proposal on Rocky Mount's Tar River supply and a cancelled 1-million-gallon Apex project. More than 30 local governments paused data center development during 2026 while the state was in drought, and state bills to set water-use standards had stalled by July 2026.","location":{"name":"North Carolina data center proposals","type":"Statewide industrial water demand","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Projects and debates in Edgecombe (Rocky Mount supply), Wake (Apex), Rutherford (Forest City) and Mecklenburg (Charlotte) counties","counties":["Edgecombe","Wake","Rutherford","Mecklenburg"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is new consumptive water demand on drought-stressed supplies and the lack of state water-use rules.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"WUNC (ref 1) reports that about one-third of the Apex project's water would have evaporated rather than return to the Cape Fear River, a potential supply loss rather than documented harm.","service":"No service curtailment is attributed to data centers; WBTV (ref 2) reports regional voluntary restrictions were due to drought.","scale":"Carolina Journal (ref 3) counts more than 30 local governments that paused data center development since February 2026.","duration":"The debate has run through 2026, from the March Apex cancellation (ref 1) to the stalled bills in July (ref 3).","significance":"Local moratoriums are formal government actions (ref 3); a Charlotte council member sought rules and a moratorium (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source gives a population for affected supplies."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Edgecombe County proposal estimated at about 500,000 gallons per day; cancelled Apex project would have used up to 1 million gallons per day."},"measures":[{"name":"Edgecombe County proposal water use","value":500000,"unit":"gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Developer estimate via County Manager (ref 1)."},{"name":"Cancelled Apex project water use","value":1,"unit":"million gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Maximum, per ref 1."},{"name":"Meta Forest City water use, 2024","value":4.2,"unit":"million gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Local governments with data center pauses","value":30,"unit":"local governments","status":"Reported","note":"'More than 30' since February 2026 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Local pauses multiplied during 2026 as proposals grew (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NC General Assembly","role":"Considering S730 water-use standards and H1189 moratorium"},{"name":"Local governments (counties and municipalities)","role":"Zoning and utility service decisions"},{"name":"NC DEQ","role":"Would set data center water-use standards under S730"}],"public_contact":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources, contact page at deq.nc.gov","corrective_actions":["Senate Bill 730 would direct regulators to set water-use standards; it passed the House and stalled in Senate Rules (ref 3).","Edgecombe County paused consideration of its proposal pending proof of financing (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Data centers use a lot of water. What does that mean for NC water quality and availability?","publisher":"WUNC","date":"2026-04-10","url":"https://www.wunc.org/environment/2026-04-10/data-centers-water-quality-pfas-drought-climate-change","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Charlotte city council member calls for data center regulations, moratorium amid ongoing drought","publisher":"WBTV","date":"2026-04-21","url":"https://www.wbtv.com/2026/04/21/charlotte-city-council-member-calls-data-center-regulations-moratorium-amid-ongoing-drought/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Local data center moratoriums may carry statewide consequences","publisher":"Carolina Journal","date":"2026-07-31","url":"https://www.carolinajournal.com/local-data-center-moratoriums-may-carry-statewide-consequences/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NC-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2024-2025","US-NC-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2025-2026"]},{"id":"US-NC-LINCOLN-COUNTY-FLUORIDE-ENDED-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lincoln County permanently ends fluoridation of county water system","description":"Lincoln County commissioners voted unanimously on January 6, 2025 to permanently stop adding fluoride to the county water system and not restart it, despite a county board of health recommendation to reintroduce it. Fluoridation had been off since the plant's fluoride system failed in 2018; a repair was estimated at $1 million to $1.25 million.","location":{"name":"Lincoln County WTP","type":"County water utility service area","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Lincoln County water system, Lincoln County","coordinates":{"lat":35.48,"lon":-81.25,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lincoln"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NC0155035"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"A local policy decision removes a public-health treatment step from a community water system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"WFAE (ref 1) cites a Juneau, Alaska study in which cavity procedures in young children rose after fluoridation ended, a potential harm not measured in Lincoln County.","service":"Water service itself is unaffected; ref 1 reports only the end of fluoride injection.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 2) lists the Lincoln County WTP system serving 49,693 people.","duration":"Ref 1 says fluoride has been off since the 2018 equipment failure and the 2025 vote makes the end permanent.","significance":"Commissioners adopted a formal vote on January 6, 2025 and a resolution to the state oral health division on February 17, 2025 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":49693,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Commissioners voted on January 6, 2025 to permanently stop injecting fluoride and not seek to restart it."},"measures":[{"name":"Estimated cost to repair fluoride system","value":1.25,"unit":"million USD (high end)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1 gives $1 million to $1.25 million (December 2024)."},{"name":"NC population on fluoridated community water, 2022","value":88,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"CDC data cited by ref 1; stated as roughly 88%."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The cited sources give no comparable multi-period series."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Lincoln County Board of Commissioners","role":"Decision-maker for the county water system"},{"name":"NC DHHS Oral Health Section","role":"State public-health advisor on fluoridation"}],"public_contact":"Lincoln County Public Utilities, via the Lincoln County government website","corrective_actions":["None; the decision is to keep fluoridation off permanently (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Another NC county says no to fluoride in its water system","publisher":"WFAE / NC Health News","date":"2025-02-20","url":"https://www.wfae.org/health/2025-02-20/another-nc-county-says-no-to-fluoride-in-its-water-system","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Lincoln County WTP (NC0155035)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LINCOLN/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NC-UNION-COUNTY-YADKIN-FLUORIDE-ENDED-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Union County stops adding fluoride at its Yadkin water treatment plant","description":"Union County commissioners voted in February 2024 to stop adding fluoride at the Yadkin Water Treatment Plant, the only plant the county controls, after an initial 3-2 vote. NC DHHS supports community water fluoridation, and the rest of the county's supply, about two-thirds, comes from sources Union County does not control.","location":{"name":"Union County Water System","type":"County water utility service area","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Yadkin Water Treatment Plant service area, Union County","coordinates":{"lat":34.98,"lon":-80.55,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Union"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NC0190413"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"A county policy vote removes fluoridation at one treatment plant.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"WBTV (ref 1) quotes dental experts that fluoride significantly reduces cavity rates; ending it is a potential, unmeasured harm.","service":"Ref 1 reports no change to water delivery, only to treatment at the Yadkin plant.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 2) lists the Union County Water System at 169,685 people; ref 1 says the Yadkin plant supplies roughly the one-third of the county not served by other sources.","duration":"The February 2024 vote has no end date, and WFAE (ref 3) still describes Union as having banned fluoride in 2025.","significance":"The board took a formal vote, held twice because the first was not unanimous (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":56562,"status":"Estimated","note":"One-third of the 169,685 SDWIS population (ref 2), since ref 1 says other sources supply two-thirds of the county."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Commissioners voted to stop adding fluoride at the Yadkin Water Treatment Plant after an initial 3-2 vote."},"measures":[{"name":"Union County Water System population","value":169685,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The cited sources give no comparable multi-period series."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Union County Board of Commissioners","role":"Decision-maker for the Yadkin plant"},{"name":"NC DHHS","role":"State public-health agency supporting fluoridation"}],"public_contact":"Union County Water, via the Union County government website","corrective_actions":["None reported; NC DHHS continues to support fluoridation (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Union County leaders vote to remove fluoride from water supply","publisher":"WBTV","date":"2024-02-19","url":"https://www.wbtv.com/2024/02/19/union-county-leaders-vote-removing-fluoride-water-supply","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Union County Water System (NC0190413)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/UNION%20CO/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Another NC county says no to fluoride in its water system","publisher":"WFAE / NC Health News","date":"2025-02-20","url":"https://www.wfae.org/health/2025-02-20/another-nc-county-says-no-to-fluoride-in-its-water-system","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NC-LINCOLN-COUNTY-FLUORIDE-ENDED-2025"]},{"id":"US-NC-AQUA-NORTH-CAROLINA-RATE-INCREASE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Aqua North Carolina multiyear rate plan raises average water and sewer bills","description":"On February 20, 2026 the NC Utilities Commission approved a three-year Water and Sewer Investment Plan for Aqua North Carolina, raising the average uniform-rate residential water bill from $64.07 to $80.87 and the sewer bill from $91.27 to $117.67 a month. Aqua's application, filed April 30, 2025, covers just over $300 million in capital projects through 2028 and cites PFAS above EPA rules at some sites.","location":{"name":"Aqua North Carolina service areas","type":"Investor-owned water and sewer utility","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Subdivision systems statewide, headquartered in Cary (Wake County)","coordinates":{"lat":35.79,"lon":-78.78,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Wake","Johnston","Mecklenburg","New Hanover","Cumberland"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Rate design and capital recovery for a private utility drive customer affordability.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Aqua's rate page (ref 3) says some sites exceed EPA PFAS rules, but no exposure finding is tied to the rate order, so harm is not scored.","service":"The approved-rate notice (ref 1) describes bill changes only, with no service disruption.","scale":"Ref 1 applies the new rates to all Aqua service areas statewide except a few named divisions, with dozens of subdivision systems listed.","duration":"The plan sets rates for Rate Years 2026, 2027 and 2028, with years two and three capped at 5% of revenue each (ref 1).","significance":"The increase follows a formal Commission order in Docket W-218, Subs 629 and 631 (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The cited notices do not state Aqua's North Carolina customer count."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Average monthly metered residential bill rose from $64.07 to $80.87 for water and from $91.27 to $117.67 for sewer."},"measures":[{"name":"Average residential water bill, prior","value":64.07,"unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","note":"At about 4,500 gallons per month (ref 1)."},{"name":"Average residential water bill, approved","value":80.87,"unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","note":"Rate Year 1 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Average residential sewer bill, approved","value":117.67,"unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","note":"Up from $91.27 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Capital projects in plan","value":300,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"'Just over $300 million', 2025 through 2028 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Fairways proposed water bill increase through Year 3","value":62.5,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Cumulative proposal in the July 2025 customer notice (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Multiyear capital recovery through rates (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Rate Years 2 and 3 add further increases of up to 5% of revenue each (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Aqua North Carolina, Inc.","role":"Utility owner and operator"},{"name":"North Carolina Utilities Commission","role":"Rate regulator"},{"name":"Public Staff - NC Utilities Commission","role":"Consumer advocate"}],"public_contact":"North Carolina Utilities Commission, www.ncuc.gov/contactus.html","corrective_actions":["Water and Sewer Investment Plan with capped annual adjustments (ref 1).","Aqua petitioned for a customer assistance program in the same docket (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Notice of Approved Changes to Water and Sewer Rates, Docket No. W-218, Subs 629 and 631 (Appendix B-1)","publisher":"North Carolina Utilities Commission (posted by Aqua)","date":"2026-07-06","url":"https://www.aquawater.com/sites/default/files/2026-07/ANC%20APPENDIX%20B-1.pdf","basis":"State regulatory record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Notice to Customers, Docket No. W-218, Subs 629 and 631 (Fairways and Beau Rivage)","publisher":"North Carolina Utilities Commission (posted by Aqua)","date":"2025-07-11","url":"https://www.aquawater.com/sites/default/files/2025-07/25-10489-3-M3_Aqua-Fairview-RateCase_ProdNMStamped-v2_07142025%20%284%29.pdf","basis":"State regulatory record"},{"ref":3,"title":"North Carolina rate case","publisher":"Aqua North Carolina","date":null,"url":"https://www.aquawater.com/ncratecase","basis":"Utility notice","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NC-CAROLINA-WATER-SERVICE-RATE-REQUEST-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Carolina Water Service seeks 34% three-year increase amid customer petition","description":"Carolina Water Service of North Carolina asked state regulators for a permanent 34% rate increase over three years and a temporary increase from March 1, 2026 that would have raised the fixed monthly charge from $28.61 to $31.47 and usage from $13.78 to $15.16 per 1,000 gallons. The Utilities Commission blocked the temporary rates in February 2026, after thousands of residents in more than 40 communities petitioned against the increases.","location":{"name":"Carolina Water Service of North Carolina","type":"Investor-owned water and sewer utility","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Subdivision systems statewide, including Huntersville, Mooresville and Charlotte areas","counties":["Mecklenburg","Iredell"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Customers of a private monopoly utility face a multiyear rate request they cannot avoid by switching providers.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"WSOC (refs 1, 2) reports no water-quality harm tied to the rate request.","service":"Refs 1 and 2 describe proposed bill changes only.","scale":"Ref 1 reports thousands of petition signers in more than 40 communities, without a total customer count.","duration":"The request spans three years, and WSOC (ref 2) says regulators were still reviewing the long-term request in February 2026.","significance":"The Utilities Commission issued an order blocking the temporary rates in February 2026 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The cited reports do not state the customer count."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Permanent request of 34% over three years; proposed temporary usage rate of $15.16 per 1,000 gallons, up from $13.78."},"measures":[{"name":"Requested permanent increase","value":34,"unit":"percent over three years","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Proposed temporary fixed charge","value":31.47,"unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","note":"Up from $28.61 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Proposed temporary usage rate","value":15.16,"unit":"USD per 1,000 gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Up from $13.78 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Company says revenue is needed for aging pipes, plant upgrades and new rules (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The cited sources give no comparable multi-period series."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Carolina Water Service, Inc. of North Carolina","role":"Utility owner and operator"},{"name":"North Carolina Utilities Commission","role":"Rate regulator"}],"public_contact":"North Carolina Utilities Commission, www.ncuc.gov/contactus.html","corrective_actions":["Commission blocked the March 1 temporary rates; the company may propose temporary rates for October 1 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Carolina Water rate hike proposal sparks backlash","publisher":"WSOC-TV","date":"2026-01-27","url":"https://www.wsoctv.com/news/local/carolina-water-rate-hike-proposal-sparks-backlash/ZUMOBCF3OJHHBJIU45XH6NALIE/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"NC leaders block Carolina Water Service rate hike for now","publisher":"WSOC-TV","date":"2026-02-13","url":"https://www.wsoctv.com/news/local/nc-leaders-block-carolina-water-service-rate-hike-now/DTZ2QOHDAFBWJPFFPZNY6T3ZWU","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-NC-AQUA-NORTH-CAROLINA-RATE-INCREASE-2026"]},{"id":"US-NC-PFAS-POLLUTER-LIABILITY-BILL-STALLED-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"PFAS polluter-pays bill stalls in NC Senate as utilities bear treatment costs","description":"House Bill 569, which would let DEQ order PFAS manufacturers to pay utilities' treatment costs back to 2017, passed the NC House 104-3 on May 7, 2025 but has sat in Senate committee since June 5, 2025. Utilities have paid for PFAS filtration themselves and passed the costs to ratepayers, including more than $82 million at Cape Fear Public Utility Authority and more than $100 million in Brunswick County.","location":{"name":"North Carolina PFAS treatment cost policy","type":"State legislation affecting public water utilities","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Lower Cape Fear utilities (New Hanover, Brunswick) and other PFAS-affected systems statewide","counties":["New Hanover","Brunswick"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Who pays for PFAS treatment is a policy and affordability question for ratepayers.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"WECT (ref 2) reports Cape Fear River Watch saying some small private utilities found PFAS but do not disclose levels, a potential harm not quantified here.","service":"Neither the bill record (ref 1) nor WECT (ref 2) reports any service disruption.","scale":"Ref 2 reports more than $182 million combined PFAS spending by Cape Fear Public Utility Authority and Brunswick County, charged to their ratepayers.","duration":"The sponsor has pushed similar bills for five years (ref 2), and the bill has not moved since June 5, 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"The House passed the bill 104-3 in a recorded vote (ref 1), but no law has been enacted."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source totals the ratepayers affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"House passed HB 569 104-3 on May 7, 2025; last action was a Senate committee re-referral on June 5, 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"CFPUA PFAS spending","value":82,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"'Over $82 million' (ref 2)."},{"name":"Brunswick County PFAS spending","value":100,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"'Over $100 million' (ref 2)."},{"name":"Minimum utility PFAS spending to qualify","value":50,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Bill threshold described by ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Utilities recover PFAS treatment costs through rates (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"No legislative action since June 5, 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NC General Assembly","role":"Legislature"},{"name":"NC DEQ","role":"Would issue cost-recovery orders under HB 569"}],"public_contact":"NC General Assembly, (919) 733-4111","corrective_actions":["None enacted; HB 569 remains in the Senate Agriculture, Energy, and Environment Committee (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"House Bill 569: PFAS Pollution and Polluter Liability (2025-2026 Session)","publisher":"North Carolina General Assembly","date":null,"url":"https://www.ncleg.gov/BillLookUp/2025/H569","basis":"State legislative record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Bill that would hold companies accountable for PFAS contamination passes in the House","publisher":"WECT","date":"2025-05-09","url":"https://www.wect.com/2025/05/10/bill-that-would-hold-companies-accountable-pfas-contamination-passes-house","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NC-CAPE-FEAR-CHEMOURS-PFAS-2023","US-NC-STATEWIDE-PFAS-PUBLIC-WATER-2024","US-MULTI-CHEMOURS-PFAS-2026"]},{"id":"US-NC-STATEWIDE-ANIMAL-WASTE-PERMITS-EXTENDED-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Legislature extends 2019 hog and wet-poultry waste permits to 2028","description":"Session Law 2025-97 extended North Carolina's swine, cattle and wet-poultry animal waste general permits to September 30, 2028, the second extension after a 2024 law, although DEQ had prepared renewed 2024 permits. North Carolina has about 3,300 permitted hog lagoons and, by a 2025 estimate, about 4,700 poultry farms, with 16 inspectors checking for animal-waste threats to water.","location":{"name":"North Carolina animal feeding operations","type":"Statewide permitted livestock waste systems","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Concentrated in eastern Coastal Plain counties such as Duplin and Sampson","coordinates":{"lat":34.94,"lon":-77.95,"precision":"county","source_ref":4},"counties":["Duplin","Sampson"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Permit terms set how lagoon-and-sprayfield waste is managed near waterways; the legislature has delayed renewed terms.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"During Tropical Storm Debby in August 2024, officials tracked almost 70 animal-waste dams and lagoons that had overflowed or were at risk, and at least three farms held waste above permitted levels (ref 5); ProPublica (ref 4) records 33 overflows in Florence.","service":"No public water service disruption is tied to the permit extension in refs 1-3.","scale":"Ref 4 counts about 3,300 permitted hog lagoons, and WFAE (ref 3) cites an estimate of about 4,700 poultry farms in 79 counties.","duration":"The 2019 permits, due to expire in September 2024, now run to September 30, 2028 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"The extension is enacted in Session Law 2025-97, Section 4.1 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source gives a population affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Section 4.1 of S.L. 2025-97 extends animal waste general permits by two more years, to September 30, 2028."},"measures":[{"name":"Permitted hog lagoons","value":3300,"unit":"lagoons","status":"Reported","note":"About 3,300 per NC DEQ, cited by ref 4 (2018)."},{"name":"Poultry farms","value":4700,"unit":"farms","status":"Reported","note":"Satellite-based estimate cited by ref 3."},{"name":"State animal-waste inspectors","value":16,"unit":"inspectors","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Animal-waste dams and lagoons tracked during Debby","value":70,"unit":"sites","status":"Reported","note":"'Almost 70' overflowed or at risk on August 8, 2024 (ref 5)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Renewed permit terms are deferred to 2028 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NC General Assembly","role":"Enacted the permit extension"},{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources, Animal Feeding Operations Program","role":"Permitting and inspection"}],"public_contact":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources Animal Feeding Operations Program, contacts page at deq.nc.gov","corrective_actions":["DEQ drafted 2024 general permits after a 2023 comment period; their start is deferred by the extension (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"S449 - Continuing Budget Operations Part IV. (SL 2025-97) summary","publisher":"NC General Assembly Legislative Library","date":"2025-07-01","url":"https://library.ncleg.gov/Legislation/SummariesPublication/Summary/2025/1/S449-SMDG-3(sl)-v-3/","basis":"State legislative record"},{"ref":2,"title":"2024 Animal Feeding Operations General Permits","publisher":"NC Department of Environmental Quality","date":null,"url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/about/divisions/water-resources/water-quality-permitting/animal-feeding-operations/2024-animal-feeding-operations-general-permits","basis":"State agency record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"CAFO Country: A conversation with journalist David Boraks","publisher":"WFAE","date":"2025-09-26","url":"https://www.wfae.org/2025-09-26/cafo-country-a-conversation-with-journalist-david-boraks","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"A hog waste agreement lacked teeth, and some North Carolinians say they're left to suffer","publisher":"ProPublica","date":"2018-11-23","url":"https://www.propublica.org/article/a-hog-waste-agreement-lacked-teeth-and-some-north-carolinians-say-left-to-suffer","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"Rising waters from Storm Debby put North Carolina waste sites at risk (New York Times, via SEJ)","publisher":"Society of Environmental Journalists","date":"2024-08-09","url":"https://www.sej.org/node/47965","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NC-CANTON-MILL-WASTEWATER-PLANT-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Canton left relying on shuttered paper mill's oversized wastewater plant","description":"Canton's sewage has been treated at the Pactiv Evergreen paper mill's wastewater plant on the Pigeon River under a 1964 contract, and the mill closed in June 2023. The plant's NPDES permit moved to a developer's company in September 2024; by September 2025 the town was paying $140,000 a month for treatment of about 1.2 million gallons a day in a plant built for up to 30 million, and was seeking an operator while it plans its own facility.","location":{"name":"Canton Mill wastewater treatment plant","type":"Industrial wastewater plant treating municipal sewage","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Former Pactiv Evergreen paper mill on the Pigeon River, Canton, Haywood County","coordinates":{"lat":35.53,"lon":-82.84,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Haywood"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A town's sewage treatment depends on an aging industrial plant left behind by a mill closure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Smoky Mountain News (ref 2) reports Pactiv logged dozens of permit violations at the mill site in recent years, including after production stopped, with none after March 14, 2024.","service":"Sewage treatment has continued under a short-term arrangement and no loss of sewer service is reported (ref 1).","scale":"The plant treats the town of Canton's municipal wastewater and discharges to the Pigeon River (ref 2).","duration":"The mill closed in June 2023, and in September 2025 Canton was still seeking an interim operator and weighing a retrofit design in 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"The plant runs under an NPDES permit whose transfer to TBD Utilities LLC was notified to EPA and DEQ in August 2024 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The cited articles do not give the number of sewer customers."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Canton is spending $140,000 a month on wastewater treatment for about 1.2 million gallons a day in a plant built for up to 30 million."},"measures":[{"name":"Monthly treatment cost to Canton","value":140000,"unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","note":"Per the town CFO, September 15, 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Current daily flow","value":1.2,"unit":"million gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"About 1.2 MGD including sewage, stormwater and leachate (ref 1)."},{"name":"Original plant capacity","value":30,"unit":"million gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Up to 30 MGD when serving the mill (ref 1)."},{"name":"State Helene relief for land purchase","value":16,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["High fixed cost of an oversized plant for a small town (ref 1).","A new facility could cost tens of millions of dollars (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The cited sources give no comparable multi-period series."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Canton","role":"Municipal sewer provider"},{"name":"TBD Utilities LLC","role":"NPDES permittee and plant operator from September 30, 2024"},{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources","role":"NPDES permitting authority"}],"public_contact":"Town of Canton, via the town government website","corrective_actions":["Canton plans to acquire about 35 acres including the plant and may begin retrofit design in 2026 or install a packaged plant (ref 1).","State lawmakers included $16 million in a Helene relief bill to help Canton secure the land (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Canton seeks operators for wastewater plant","publisher":"Smoky Mountain News","date":"2025-09-17","url":"https://casite-498466.cloudaccess.net/news/item/40200-canton-seeks-operators-for-wastewater-plant","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Documents indicate shuttered Canton paper mill will soon be sold","publisher":"Smoky Mountain News","date":"2024-09-14","url":"https://casite-498466.cloudaccess.net/news/item/38374-documents-indicate-shuttered-canton-paper-mill-will-soon-be-sold","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NC-GASTON-CAROLINA-LITHIUM-MINE-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"State mining permit for Carolina Lithium open pit requires water monitoring in Gaston County","description":"In May 2024 NC DEQ issued a mining permit for Piedmont Lithium's Carolina Lithium open-pit project on 1,548 acres in Gaston County, with conditions on wastewater and stormwater discharges, buffers from waterways and frequent surface-water and groundwater monitoring. Separate state air and wastewater-discharge permits and local zoning approval were still required before operation.","location":{"name":"Carolina Lithium project site","type":"Proposed open-pit mine","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Gaston County, in the Carolina Tin-Spodumene Belt","coordinates":{"lat":35.29,"lon":-81.18,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Gaston"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A large open-pit mine poses risks to nearby streams and groundwater that the permit addresses through discharge limits and monitoring.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The permit requires a synthetic liner under waste rock and quarterly groundwater sampling near in-pit rock storage (ref 1), reflecting potential rather than documented contamination.","service":"No water service impact is reported in refs 1 or 2.","scale":"The permitted site covers 1,548 acres, with 964 acres bonded for disturbance (refs 1, 2).","duration":"The application was filed August 30, 2021 and the permit issued in May 2024, with further permits still pending (ref 2).","significance":"DEQ's Division of Energy, Mineral and Land Resources issued a formal permit under the Mining Act of 1971 after a $1 million reclamation bond (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure is given for nearby well users."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Permit covers 1,548 acres with 964 acres bonded for disturbance; surface water must be sampled every two weeks."},"measures":[{"name":"Permitted mine area","value":1548,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Area bonded for disturbance","value":964,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Reclamation bond","value":1,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The cited sources give no comparable multi-period series."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Piedmont Lithium Carolinas","role":"Permittee"},{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Energy, Mineral and Land Resources","role":"Mining permit authority"},{"name":"Gaston County","role":"Local zoning authority"}],"public_contact":"NC DEQ Division of Energy, Mineral and Land Resources, via deq.nc.gov","corrective_actions":["Permit conditions: biweekly surface-water sampling, weekly well level and pH checks, monthly well water quality and quarterly groundwater sampling (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Mining permit granted for controversial Carolina Lithium project","publisher":"WBTV","date":"2024-05-07","url":"https://www.wbtv.com/2024/05/07/mining-permit-granted-controversial-carolina-lithium-project","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Piedmont gets state regulator's permit for North Carolina lithium project","publisher":"Mining Technology","date":"2024-05-08","url":"https://www.mining-technology.com/news/piedmont-gets-state-regulators-permit/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NC-DAVIE-COUNTY-FLUORIDE-ENDED-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Davie County ends fluoridation at its water plants after supplier failure","description":"Davie County commissioners unanimously adopted a resolution on August 3, 2026 to stop adding fluoride to the county water system effective September 1, 2026, and permanently at the Sparks Road and Cooleemee treatment plants. NC Health News reports the county's chemical vendor declared force majeure after its main supplier left the U.S. market, and that Davie is the third NC county to officially end fluoridation.","location":{"name":"Davie County Water System","type":"County water utility service area","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Sparks Road and Cooleemee water treatment plants, Davie County","coordinates":{"lat":35.89,"lon":-80.56,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Davie"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NC0230015"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"A county policy decision, prompted in part by a chemical supply failure, removes fluoridation from a community water system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"A dentist told commissioners fluoridation is among the most thoroughly studied public health measures (ref 1); the loss of its benefit is a potential, unmeasured harm.","service":"The resolution (ref 2) changes treatment only and does not interrupt water delivery.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 3) lists the Davie County Water System serving 32,068 people.","duration":"Fluoridation stops from September 1, 2026, about a month before this record, though the resolution makes the end permanent (ref 2).","significance":"The Board of Commissioners adopted a formal resolution on August 3, 2026 and notified NC DHHS (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":32068,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Resolution adopted August 3, 2026 ends fluoride addition effective September 1, 2026 at all county-owned treatment plants."},"measures":[{"name":"Davie County Water System population","value":32068,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Davie follows Union (2024) and Lincoln (2025) as the third NC county to end fluoridation (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Davie County Board of Commissioners","role":"Decision-maker for the county water system"},{"name":"Davie County Public Utilities","role":"System operator"},{"name":"NC DHHS Oral Health Section","role":"Notified state public-health office"}],"public_contact":"Davie County Public Utilities, via the Davie County government website","corrective_actions":["None; the resolution makes the end of fluoridation permanent unless a future vote reverses it (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Davie County ends water fluoridation","publisher":"NC Health News","date":"2026-08-27","url":"https://www.northcarolinahealthnews.org/2026/08/27/davie-county-ends-water-fluoridation/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"A Resolution Directing the Discontinuation of Community Water Fluoridation in the Davie County Public Water System","publisher":"Davie County Board of Commissioners (posted by NC Health News)","date":"2026-08-03","url":"https://www.northcarolinahealthnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/A-Resolution-Directing-the-Discontinuation-of-Community-Water-Fluoridation-in-the-Davie-County-Public-Water-System.pdf","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Davie County Water System (NC0230015)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NC/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/DAVIE/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":4,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NC-LINCOLN-COUNTY-FLUORIDE-ENDED-2025","US-NC-UNION-COUNTY-YADKIN-FLUORIDE-ENDED-2024"]},{"id":"US-NC-MVP-SOUTHGATE-PIPELINE-STREAMS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"MVP Southgate gas pipeline wins NC water quality certification after earlier denials","description":"NC DEQ's Division of Water Resources issued a 401 water quality certification for the amended Mountain Valley Pipeline Southgate project on November 12, 2025, after denying the original proposal in 2020 and again in 2021 over impacts to streams and wetlands. The 2020 version would have temporarily affected 17,726 linear feet of streams and needed a major variance from the Jordan Lake buffer rules in Rockingham and Alamance counties; erosion-control approvals followed in 2026.","location":{"name":"MVP Southgate pipeline route (NC)","type":"Natural gas pipeline corridor","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Rockingham County east of Eden and Reidsville, then Alamance County east of Burlington","coordinates":{"lat":36.35,"lon":-79.66,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Rockingham","Alamance"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Pipeline construction crosses streams, wetlands and riparian buffers in the Dan and Haw/Jordan Lake basins.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ (ref 1) lists the 2020 design's 13.95 acres of temporary wetland impact and 17,726 feet of stream impact; impacts of the reduced 2025 design are not stated, so harm is potential.","service":"DEQ's project page (ref 1) reports no effect on public water service.","scale":"The North Carolina route crosses two counties, Rockingham and Alamance (ref 1).","duration":"Permitting has run from the August 2020 denial to the November 2025 certification and 2026 erosion-control approvals, with service targeted for 2028 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"DWR issued a formal 401 certification on November 12, 2025, reversing its earlier denials (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population is tied to the stream impacts."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"401 water quality certification issued November 12, 2025 for the amended project; the 2020 design would have temporarily impacted 17,726.29 linear feet of streams."},"measures":[{"name":"Temporary stream impact, 2020 design","value":17726.29,"unit":"linear feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; figures for the amended design are not stated."},{"name":"Temporary wetland impact, 2020 design","value":13.95,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Amended pipeline length","value":31,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"About 31 miles of 30-inch pipe across VA and NC (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The cited sources give no comparable multi-period series."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Mountain Valley Pipeline, LLC","role":"Project developer"},{"name":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources","role":"401 certification authority"},{"name":"Federal Energy Regulatory Commission","role":"Federal certificate authority (Docket CP25-60)"}],"public_contact":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources, via deq.nc.gov","corrective_actions":["Erosion and sediment control plan approved with modifications on June 17, 2026, and a revision approved July 16, 2026 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Mountain Valley Pipeline","publisher":"NC Department of Environmental Quality","date":null,"url":"https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/key-issues/natural-gas-pipeline-projects/mountain-valley-pipeline","basis":"State agency record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"MVP Southgate project overview","publisher":"Mountain Valley Pipeline, LLC","date":null,"url":"https://www.mvpsouthgate.com/?p=2905","basis":"Company statement","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (NC in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MI-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Michigan UCMR 5 PFAS results: seven systems with PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt","description":"EPA's final UCMR 5 data cover 319 Michigan public water systems; 44 reported at least one PFAS detection and seven had at least one PFOA or PFOS result above the 4 ppt level of EPA's 2024 MCLs, led by Dundee (PFOA up to 13 ppt) and Gladstone (PFOS up to 11 ppt). Michigan has enforced its own MCLs for seven PFAS since August 2020 (PFOA 8 ppt, PFOS 16 ppt), while EPA has proposed keeping only the PFOA and PFOS limits and extending compliance to as late as 2031.","location":{"name":"Michigan public water systems (UCMR 5)","type":"Statewide set of public water systems","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Statewide; UCMR 5 sampling of large and selected small systems, 2023-2025","coordinates":{"lat":44.3148,"lon":-85.6024,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns PFAS concentrations measured in finished drinking water across the state.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","Emerging contaminants"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 results (ref 1) show seven Michigan systems with a PFOA or PFOS sample above 4 ppt, but these are screening samples, not compliance running annual averages, so harm is scored as potential.","service":"No source reviewed (refs 1-2) reports a do-not-drink order or supply loss tied to these UCMR 5 results.","scale":"The data set (ref 1) spans 319 Michigan systems statewide, and MPART (ref 2) says Michigan's PFAS MCLs apply to about 2,700 public supplies.","duration":"PFAS has been monitored in Michigan supplies since EGLE's April 2018 statewide survey (ref 2), and UCMR 5 samples here run from 2023 into 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"MPART (ref 2) documents enforceable Michigan PFAS MCLs adopted in August 2020 and EPA's April 2024 national MCLs, now under a May 2026 proposed revision."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No combined population is reported for the seven systems; individual SDWIS populations include Kalamazoo 192,992, Dundee 5,400 and Gladstone 4,632 (refs 3-5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Seven Michigan systems in UCMR 5 had at least one PFOA or PFOS result above 4 ppt; maximums were 13 ppt PFOA at Dundee and 11 ppt PFOS at Gladstone."},"measures":[{"name":"Michigan systems sampled in UCMR 5","value":319,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Count of distinct Michigan PWSIDs in UCMR5_All.txt (ref 1)."},{"name":"Systems with any PFAS detection","value":44,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Distinct Michigan PWSIDs with a reported PFAS value above the MRL in ref 1."},{"name":"Systems with a PFOA or PFOS result above 4 ppt","value":7,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Dundee, Gladstone, Independence Township, Kalamazoo, Spring Lake Township, Fremont, Grand Haven (ref 1)."},{"name":"Dundee mean PFOA (4 samples)","value":8.22,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of four 2024 samples at the City of Monroe connection (ref 1); not a compliance average."},{"name":"Gladstone mean PFOS (4 samples)","value":7.47,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of four samples with non-detects as zero (ref 1); not a compliance average."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"UCMR 5 is a single national monitoring round."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), Drinking Water and Environmental Health Division","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Michigan PFAS Action Response Team (MPART)","role":"State PFAS coordination"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Office of Water","role":"Federal PFAS rule and UCMR program"}],"public_contact":"EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Michigan enforces MCLs for seven PFAS under rules promulgated in August 2020 (ref 2).","EPA's proposed revision would require supplies above the PFOA or PFOS MCL to act starting June 2029, with extensions available to April 2031 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (UCMR5_All.txt), final data release summarized July 2026","publisher":"U.S. EPA Office of Water","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"PFAS MCLs and Drinking Water","publisher":"Michigan PFAS Action Response Team (MPART), EGLE","date":null,"url":"https://www.michigan.gov/pfasresponse/drinking-water/mcl","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Kalamazoo (MI0003520)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MI0003520/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Dundee (MI0001880)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MI0001880/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Gladstone (MI0002640)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MI0002640/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (4). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MI-HURON-RIVER-PFAS-2026","US-MI-WURTSMITH-PFAS-2025","US-MI-KALAMAZOO-PFAS-TREATMENT-2026","US-MI-INDEPENDENCE-TWP-PFAS-2026"]},{"id":"US-MI-BATTLE-CREEK-TTHM-VIOLATION-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Battle Creek and Emmett Township total trihalomethanes MCL violation","description":"Battle Creek's Verona Well Field system and the Emmett Township and Springfield systems it supplies exceeded the 80 ppb TTHM standard on a running-annual-average basis through 2025, with Emmett Township reaching 129 ppb. The city attributes the rise to organic material from well replacement and extra disinfection, and is pursuing well, treatment, storage and flushing changes in coordination with EGLE.","location":{"name":"Battle Creek Verona system and Emmett Township","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Calhoun County; Battle Creek, Springfield, Emmett Township and part of Pennfield Township","coordinates":{"lat":42.3212,"lon":-85.1797,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Calhoun"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MI0000450"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The violation is a disinfection byproduct level in delivered drinking water above an enforceable MCL.","secondary_drivers":["Disinfection byproducts","Aging wells"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The December 2025 notice (ref 1) reports TTHM running annual averages of 101-107 ppb in Battle Creek and up to 129 ppb in Emmett Township, above the 80 ppb MCL.","service":"The city issued repeated Tier 2 public notices (refs 1-2) saying no boil order was needed, with advice for infants, elderly and immunocompromised people to consult providers.","scale":"SDWIS lists 43,975 people on the Battle Creek Verona system, 2,550 in Emmett Township and 3,833 in Springfield (refs 3-5).","duration":"SDWIS (ref 6) records Battle Creek TTHM MCL violations for every quarter of 2025, and Emmett Township violations (ref 7) remain open through the April 2026 period.","significance":"EGLE required quarterly operational evaluations after formal MCL violations recorded in SDWIS for all three systems (refs 1, 6-7)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":50358,"status":"Reported","note":"Sum of SDWIS populations for Battle Creek Verona (43,975), Emmett Township (2,550) and Springfield (3,833) (refs 3-5); affected Pennfield streets not included."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Emmett Township's TTHM running annual average reached 129 ppb in August 2025 against an 80 ppb standard."},"measures":[{"name":"Battle Creek Site 1 TTHM running annual average (Aug 2025)","value":107,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Emmett Township TTHM running annual average (Aug 2025)","value":129,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"TTHM MCL","value":80,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"SDWIS (ref 6) shows Battle Creek returned to compliance on 2026-02-20; Emmett Township averages fell to 92-95 ppb in early 2026 but remained above the MCL (ref 7)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Battle Creek Department of Public Works","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Emmett Township","role":"Water system owner (operated by Battle Creek under contract)"},{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), Drinking Water and Environmental Health Division","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Battle Creek Department of Public Works, 269-966-3343","corrective_actions":["Evaluating and replacing deteriorated wells at the Verona Well Field (ref 1).","Quarterly operational evaluations, water-age management in reservoirs and towers, and expanded hydrant flushing (ref 1).","Developing permanganate treatment and changes to disinfectant application at the Verona treatment facility (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Important information about your drinking water: TTHM MCL violation in Battle Creek and Emmett Township (Dec. 22, 2025)","publisher":"City of Battle Creek","date":"2025-12-22","url":"https://battlecreekmi.gov/Archive.aspx?ADID=565","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Important information about your drinking water: TTHM violation affects portions of Battle Creek area (June 25, 2025)","publisher":"City of Battle Creek","date":"2025-06-25","url":"https://battlecreekmi.gov/Archive.aspx?ADID=558","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Battle Creek - Verona System (MI0000450)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MI0000450/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Emmett Township (MI0002125)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MI0002125/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Springfield (MI0006240)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MI0006240/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"SDWIS violation records: Battle Creek - Verona System (MI0000450)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/MI0000450/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":7,"title":"SDWIS violation records: Emmett Township (MI0002125)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/MI0002125/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 5 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (5). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MI-BENTON-HARBOR-TOC-CONSENT-ORDER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Benton Harbor TOC treatment-technique violation and consent-order deadlines","description":"EGLE cited Benton Harbor in March 2026 for failing to meet total organic carbon removal requirements, a treatment technique meant to limit disinfection byproducts, and SDWIS shows the violation still open through the April 2026 period. Separately, the city missed financial-reporting deadlines under its second amended administrative consent order addressing a significant deficiency in its capacity to operate the water system.","location":{"name":"Benton Harbor water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Berrien County; City of Benton Harbor surface-water treatment plant on Lake Michigan","coordinates":{"lat":42.1167,"lon":-86.4542,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Berrien"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MI0000600"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"The finding combines a treatment-performance violation affecting water quality with a regulator-identified deficiency in the utility's financial and managerial capacity.","secondary_drivers":["Disinfection byproduct precursors","Utility capacity"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EGLE's March 4, 2026 notice (ref 1) says the TOC removal ratio fell below 1.00 but that TOC itself has no direct health effect; it is a precursor to TTHM and HAA5.","service":"EGLE (ref 1) required public notice by April 3, 2026, reissued every three months while the violation lasts.","scale":"SDWIS lists 9,103 people served by the Benton Harbor system (ref 3).","duration":"SDWIS (ref 4) records unresolved TOC treatment-technique violations for the October 2025, January 2026 and April 2026 periods, and the consent order dates to 2019 (ref 2).","significance":"The city operates under second amended administrative consent order AACO-399-07-2019(2), and EGLE issued a violation notice for missing its January 31, 2026 deadlines (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":9103,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"In the fourth quarter of 2025, treated-water TOC was at or above 2.0 mg/L on a running annual average and the calculated removal ratio was below 1.00."},"measures":[{"name":"Lowest TOC removal ratio recorded (2025-2026 periods)","value":0.89,"unit":"ratio","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS violation measures range 0.89-0.98 against a 1.00 requirement (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["EGLE identified a significant deficiency in the city's technical, managerial and financial capacity in the March 2025 sanitary survey (ref 2).","City missed consent-order financial reporting deadlines on January 31, 2026 (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"SDWIS (ref 4) shows TOC violations accruing in three consecutive periods without return to compliance."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Benton Harbor","role":"Water system owner"},{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), Drinking Water and Environmental Health Division","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Continue monthly alkalinity and paired TOC sampling, add SUVA monitoring and optimize coagulation to restore TOC removal (ref 1).","Submit quarterly water-utility finance and rate-collection reports under the second amended consent order; the overdue reports were filed February 4-12, 2026 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Treatment Technique Violation Notice: Failure to Meet Total Organic Carbon Removal Requirements in Fourth Quarter 2025","publisher":"EGLE Drinking Water and Environmental Health Division","date":"2026-03-04","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/egle/-/media/Project/Websites/egle/Documents/Programs/DWEHD/Community-Water-Supply/Supplies/Benton-Harbor/2026/Letter-2026-03-4-failure.pdf","basis":"State regulatory record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Violation Notice: Failure to Meet Deadline (second amended administrative consent order)","publisher":"EGLE Drinking Water and Environmental Health Division","date":"2026-03-13","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/egle/-/media/Project/Websites/egle/Documents/Programs/DWEHD/Community-Water-Supply/Supplies/Benton-Harbor/2026/Letter-2026-03-11-Violation.pdf","basis":"State regulatory record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Benton Harbor (MI0000600)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MI0000600/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS violation records: Benton Harbor (MI0000600)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/MI0000600/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"City of Benton Harbor Second Amended Administrative Consent Order","publisher":"EGLE","date":"2025-06-26","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/egle/-/media/Project/Websites/egle/Documents/Programs/DWEHD/Community-Water-Supply/Supplies/Benton-Harbor/2025/Consent-Order-2025-06-2nd-Amendment-BH.pdf","basis":"State regulatory record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MI-HAMTRAMCK-LEAD-ALE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hamtramck exceeds Michigan's 12 ppb lead action level in 2025","description":"Hamtramck reported a 90th-percentile lead level of 13 ppb in 2025, above Michigan's 12 ppb action level, after an earlier exceedance of 28 ppb in 2018. The city has 605 known lead service lines and nearly 8,000 lines of unknown material and replaced 790 lead lines in 2024, according to Planet Detroit's review of state data and the city's water quality report.","location":{"name":"Hamtramck water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Wayne County; GLWA wholesale customer","coordinates":{"lat":42.3928,"lon":-83.0496,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Wayne"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MI0002970"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead release from the city's service lines and plumbing drives the exceedance, so infrastructure and water quality are linked.","secondary_drivers":["Lead service lines","Corrosion control"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Hamtramck's 2025 90th-percentile lead result of 13 ppb exceeded the state's 12 ppb action level (refs 1-2).","service":"EGLE rules (ref 3) require a Tier 1 public notice within 24 hours and public education after a lead exceedance.","scale":"SDWIS lists 28,433 people served by Hamtramck (ref 4).","duration":"Exceedances span at least 2018 (28 ppb) to 2025 (13 ppb), per the Planet Detroit analysis (ref 1).","significance":"A lead action level exceedance triggers mandatory sampling, outreach and accelerated line replacement under Michigan's Lead and Copper Rule (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":28433,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Hamtramck reported a 90th percentile lead level of 13 ppb in 2025, exceeding the state threshold."},"measures":[{"name":"90th percentile lead, 2025","value":13,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Known lead service lines","value":605,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"City's 2024 water quality report as cited in ref 1."},{"name":"Lead lines replaced in 2024","value":790,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"The 90th percentile fell from 28 ppb (2018) to 13 ppb (2025) but remains above the action level (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Hamtramck","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Great Lakes Water Authority","role":"Wholesale supplier and corrosion-control treatment"},{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), Drinking Water and Environmental Health Division","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Lead service line replacement (790 lines in 2024) (ref 1).","GLWA raised its orthophosphate dose from 1.2 to 2.4 mg/L between October 2024 and February 2025 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"25 Metro Detroit communities exceeded Michigan's lead action level since 2018 (Planet Detroit, distributed by AP)","publisher":"Insurance Journal","date":"2026-06-29","url":"https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/midwest/2026/06/29/875668.htm","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Lead in GLWA communities' drinking water demands 'all hands on deck' response, experts say","publisher":"Michigan Public (Planet Detroit)","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://www.michiganpublic.org/health/2026-07-01/lead-in-glwa-communities-drinking-water-demands-all-hands-on-deck-response-experts-say","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Lead and Copper Rule: Action level exceedance","publisher":"EGLE","date":null,"url":"https://www.michigan.gov/egle/about/organization/drinking-water-and-environmental-health/community-water-supply/lead-and-copper-rule/action-level-exceedance","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Hamtramck (MI0002970)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MI0002970/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MI-GARDEN-CITY-LEAD-ALE-2025","US-MI-DETROIT-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2026","US-MI-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2026"]},{"id":"US-MI-GARDEN-CITY-LEAD-ALE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Garden City repeated lead action level exceedances (2019, 2024, 2025)","description":"Garden City reported 90th-percentile lead levels of 26 ppb in 2019, 18 ppb in 2024 and 15 ppb in 2025; in 2025, 13 of 62 sampled homes exceeded 12 ppb. The city has 142 known lead and 352 unknown-material lines among more than 11,600 service lines and is replacing them with EGLE and HUD grant funding.","location":{"name":"Garden City water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Wayne County; GLWA wholesale customer","coordinates":{"lat":42.3256,"lon":-83.331,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Wayne"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MI0002550"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"The exceedances stem from lead service lines in the distribution system, linking infrastructure to tap-water quality.","secondary_drivers":["Lead service lines","Corrosion control"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"In 2025, 13 of 62 Garden City homes sampled exceeded 12 ppb and the 90th percentile was 15 ppb (refs 1, 3).","service":"The city issued a press release and referred residents to Wayne County for filter guidance after the exceedance (refs 1, 3).","scale":"SDWIS lists 27,625 people served by Garden City (ref 4).","duration":"Ref 1 documents exceedances in 2019 (26 ppb), 2024 (18 ppb) and 2025 (15 ppb).","significance":"The repeated action level exceedances trigger Lead and Copper Rule notification, monitoring and replacement duties (refs 2, 5)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":27625,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The city collected samples from 62 homes in 2025, and 13 exceeded the 12 ppb level."},"measures":[{"name":"90th percentile lead, 2025","value":15,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Homes above 12 ppb in 2025 sampling","value":13,"unit":"homes of 62","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 3."},{"name":"Known lead service lines","value":142,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Garden City DPW director, ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"90th percentile fell from 26 ppb (2019) to 18 ppb (2024) and 15 ppb (2025), still above 12 ppb (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Garden City Department of Public Works","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Great Lakes Water Authority","role":"Wholesale supplier"},{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), Drinking Water and Environmental Health Division","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Garden City Department of Public Works, 734-793-1800","corrective_actions":["Replacing known lead lines with EGLE and HUD grant funding; 424 lines replaced since 2019 (ref 2).","In-home service line assessments offered through the DPW (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"25 Metro Detroit communities exceeded Michigan's lead action level since 2018 (Planet Detroit, distributed by AP)","publisher":"Insurance Journal","date":"2026-06-29","url":"https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/midwest/2026/06/29/875668.htm","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Lead in GLWA communities' drinking water demands 'all hands on deck' response, experts say","publisher":"Michigan Public (Planet Detroit)","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://www.michiganpublic.org/health/2026-07-01/lead-in-glwa-communities-drinking-water-demands-all-hands-on-deck-response-experts-say","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Elevated levels of lead found in Garden City drinking water during testing","publisher":"WXYZ Detroit","date":"2026-01-22","url":"https://www.wxyz.com/news/region/wayne-county/elevated-levels-of-lead-found-in-garden-city-drinking-water-during-testing","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Garden City (MI0002550)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MI0002550/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"Lead and Copper Rule: Action level exceedance","publisher":"EGLE","date":null,"url":"https://www.michigan.gov/egle/about/organization/drinking-water-and-environmental-health/community-water-supply/lead-and-copper-rule/action-level-exceedance","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MI-HAMTRAMCK-LEAD-ALE-2025","US-MI-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2026"]},{"id":"US-MI-DETROIT-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Detroit's 80,000-plus lead service lines and lead-level trend","description":"Detroit has more than 80,000 known lead service lines and has replaced about 16,000 since 2018, with 3,500 planned in 2026, according to Planet Detroit. Its 90th-percentile lead level was 13 ppb in 2024 and 8 ppb in 2025, a drop an engineer linked to GLWA's higher orthophosphate dosing.","location":{"name":"Detroit Water and Sewerage Department","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Wayne County; City of Detroit retail system supplied by GLWA","coordinates":{"lat":42.3314,"lon":-83.0458,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Wayne"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MI0001800"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead service lines are distribution infrastructure whose presence determines lead exposure at the tap.","secondary_drivers":["Lead service lines"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Detroit's 90th percentile was 13 ppb in 2024 and 8 ppb in 2025 (ref 1), below the action level in force each year, so harm is scored as potential exposure from lead lines.","service":"No outage, advisory or filter order for Detroit is reported in refs 1-2.","scale":"SDWIS lists 633,218 people served by Detroit (ref 3), and ref 1 reports more than 80,000 known lead lines.","duration":"Replacement has run since 2018 with about 16,000 lines done (ref 2), leaving a multi-decade backlog.","significance":"Michigan has required communities since 2021 to replace lead service lines within 20 years (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":633218,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3); households on lead lines are a subset not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The city has over 80,000 known lead lines."},"measures":[{"name":"Known lead service lines","value":80000,"unit":"lines (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Lines replaced since 2018","value":16000,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"90th percentile lead, 2025","value":8,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"90th percentile fell from 13 ppb (2024) to 8 ppb (2025) (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Detroit Water and Sewerage Department","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Great Lakes Water Authority","role":"Wholesale supplier and corrosion control"},{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), Drinking Water and Environmental Health Division","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Lead service line replacement, with 3,500 planned in 2026 (ref 2).","Blood lead testing for children under 6 with the Detroit Health Department (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"25 Metro Detroit communities exceeded Michigan's lead action level since 2018 (Planet Detroit, distributed by AP)","publisher":"Insurance Journal","date":"2026-06-29","url":"https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/midwest/2026/06/29/875668.htm","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Lead in GLWA communities' drinking water demands 'all hands on deck' response, experts say","publisher":"Michigan Public (Planet Detroit)","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://www.michiganpublic.org/health/2026-07-01/lead-in-glwa-communities-drinking-water-demands-all-hands-on-deck-response-experts-say","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Detroit, City of (MI0001800)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MI0001800/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MI-DETROIT-LIFELINE-CAPACITY-2026","US-MI-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2026","US-MI-HAMTRAMCK-LEAD-ALE-2025"]},{"id":"US-MI-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Michigan's 580,000 lead and galvanized service lines and lagging replacement","description":"Michigan systems must replace an estimated 580,030 lead and galvanized service lines under the state's 20-year Lead and Copper Rule mandate, but only about 11% (69,891) were replaced from 2021 to 2024 against a required average of 20%, according to Planet Detroit's statewide tracker. Many systems lack complete inventories or are behind on reporting, and eight GLWA communities still exceeded the 12 ppb lead action level in data reported at the end of 2025.","location":{"name":"Michigan community water systems","type":"Statewide set of public water systems","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Statewide; systems subject to Michigan's Lead and Copper Rule","coordinates":{"lat":44.3148,"lon":-85.6024,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead service lines are buried infrastructure whose replacement pace governs statewide lead exposure risk in drinking water.","secondary_drivers":["Lead service lines","Reporting gaps"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Ref 2 reports 25 GLWA communities with lead exceedances since 2018 and eight still exceeding at the end of 2025, a potential exposure across many systems rather than one measured health outcome.","service":"Refs 1-3 report no statewide supply interruption; EGLE says there are currently no requirements to provide filters (ref 3).","scale":"Ref 1 counts an estimated 580,030 lead and galvanized service lines statewide.","duration":"The replacement mandate started in 2021 and runs 20 years (ref 2); only 11% was done by 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"The Michigan Lead and Copper Rule, enforced by EGLE, requires an average 20% replacement over 2021-2024, and ref 1 reports many systems behind on inventory and reporting."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Ref 2 quotes an engineer that about one in four Metro Detroit households has a lead line; no statewide population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Michigan is simultaneously working to remove an estimated 580,030 lead and galvanized service lines statewide. About 11% — roughly 69,891 lines — were replaced from 2021 to 2024."},"measures":[{"name":"Lead and galvanized service lines to remove","value":580030,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Lines replaced 2021-2024","value":69891,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"GLWA communities exceeding lead action level since 2018","value":25,"unit":"communities","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Only one cumulative 2021-2024 replacement figure is available (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), Drinking Water and Environmental Health Division","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Community water systems statewide","role":"Responsible for inventories and replacement"}],"public_contact":"EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Systems with exceedances and lead lines must raise annual replacement from 5% to 7% (ref 3).","Michigan's lead action level fell from 15 to 12 ppb in 2025 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lead exposure in Michigan: Are water systems compliant?","publisher":"Planet Detroit","date":"2025-12-08","url":"https://planetdetroit.org/2025/12/lead-exposure-michigan-water/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"25 Metro Detroit communities exceeded Michigan's lead action level since 2018 (Planet Detroit, distributed by AP)","publisher":"Insurance Journal","date":"2026-06-29","url":"https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/midwest/2026/06/29/875668.htm","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Lead in GLWA communities' drinking water demands 'all hands on deck' response, experts say","publisher":"Michigan Public (Planet Detroit)","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://www.michiganpublic.org/health/2026-07-01/lead-in-glwa-communities-drinking-water-demands-all-hands-on-deck-response-experts-say","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Lead and Copper Rule: Action level exceedance","publisher":"EGLE","date":null,"url":"https://www.michigan.gov/egle/about/organization/drinking-water-and-environmental-health/community-water-supply/lead-and-copper-rule/action-level-exceedance","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MI-FLINT-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2026","US-MI-DETROIT-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2026","US-MI-HAMTRAMCK-LEAD-ALE-2025","US-MI-GARDEN-CITY-LEAD-ALE-2025"]},{"id":"US-MI-KALAMAZOO-PFAS-TREATMENT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Kalamazoo well stations above EPA's 4 ppt PFOS limit; $51M treatment plan","description":"Kalamazoo's water complies with Michigan's PFAS standards, but UCMR 5 samples found PFOS up to 6.7 ppt at Station 1 and 5.1 ppt at Station 14, above EPA's 2024 limit of 4 ppt. The city proposed a roughly $51 million plan to consolidate Stations 5 and 14 with PFAS treatment, expected online by fall 2028.","location":{"name":"City of Kalamazoo water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Kalamazoo County; groundwater well-field system","coordinates":{"lat":42.2917,"lon":-85.5872,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Kalamazoo"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MI0003520"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns PFAS concentrations in treated groundwater delivered to customers.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 (ref 3) shows PFOS of 6.4-6.7 ppt at Station 1 and 4.7-5.1 ppt at Station 14, above 4 ppt but in screening samples, and WMUK (ref 2) says levels meet state standards.","service":"Refs 1-2 describe no service restriction; the response is a planned treatment station.","scale":"SDWIS lists 192,992 people served by Kalamazoo (ref 4).","duration":"UCMR 5 detections date to August 2023 (ref 3) and the treatment station is not expected online until fall 2028 (ref 1).","significance":"No violation has been issued; the city is planning ahead of EPA's compliance deadline (refs 1-2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":192992,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFAS levels in the city's drinking water comply with state standards, but one station is testing above new EPA limits."},"measures":[{"name":"Max PFOS, Station 1 (UCMR 5)","value":6.7,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"January 2024 sample, ref 3."},{"name":"Planned PFAS treatment project cost","value":51,"unit":"million USD (approx.)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1 headline; ref 2 says roughly $50 million."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["City estimated the plan would add about $8 a month to the average bill without state funding (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"UCMR 5 results 2023-2024 (ref 3) show persistent low-level PFOS."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Kalamazoo Public Services","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), Drinking Water and Environmental Health Division","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Consolidate Stations 5 and 14 into one station with PFAS treatment, funded through a Drinking Water State Revolving Fund application (refs 1-2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Kalamazoo proposes $51 million plan to filter PFAS","publisher":"Michigan Public","date":"2024-05-13","url":"https://www.michiganpublic.org/environment-climate-change/2024-05-13/kalamazoo-proposes-51-million-plan-to-filter-pfas","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Kalamazoo unveils a multimillion-dollar plan to get PFAS out of its drinking water","publisher":"WMUK","date":"2024-05-03","url":"https://www.wmuk.org/wmuk-news/2024-05-03/kalamazoo-unveils-a-multimillion-dollar-plan-to-get-pfas-out-of-its-drinking-water","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (UCMR5_All.txt), final data release summarized July 2026","publisher":"U.S. EPA Office of Water","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Kalamazoo (MI0003520)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MI0003520/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MI-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-MI-INDEPENDENCE-TWP-PFAS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Independence Township PFAS: wells offline and Ben Powell Landfill MPART site","description":"Independence Township took its Clarkston Gardens well offline in 2018 and its Chestnut Hills well in 2020 after PFAS detections, and the nearby Ben Powell (Clarkston) Landfill became an official MPART site in February 2024 with groundwater PFOA up to 21 ppt. UCMR 5 samples labeled Clarkston Gardens Treatment Plant in 2024-2025 reported PFOS of 9.4-10 ppt and PFHxS of 26-30 ppt.","location":{"name":"Independence Township water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Oakland County; Clarkston area groundwater system","coordinates":{"lat":42.7353,"lon":-83.4188,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Oakland"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MI0003342"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS from a legacy landfill reached groundwater used by township wells and private wells.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","Legacy landfill"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"MPART (ref 1) reports groundwater PFOA of 21 ppt near the landfill against a 16 ppt criterion, and UCMR 5 (ref 2) lists PFOS up to 10 ppt at the Clarkston Gardens plant; these are screening values.","service":"Two township supply wells were taken offline and homes with PFAS in private wells are being connected to municipal water (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 11,790 people served by Independence Township (ref 3).","duration":"PFAS detections date to 2018 (ref 1), with UCMR 5 detections continuing in March 2025 (ref 2).","significance":"MPART designated the area an official PFAS site in February 2024 after groundwater exceedances were traced to the landfill (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":11790,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3); affected private-well households not counted."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"UCMR 5 sampling at the Clarkston Gardens Treatment Plant reported PFHxS of 30 ppt and PFOS of 10 ppt in September 2024."},"measures":[{"name":"Max PFOS, Clarkston Gardens Treatment Plant (UCMR 5)","value":10,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Max PFHxS, Clarkston Gardens Treatment Plant (UCMR 5)","value":30,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Max groundwater PFOA near landfill","value":21,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Water main extension funding","value":5.4,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"2023 award, ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Only two UCMR 5 rounds are available (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Independence Township","role":"Water system owner"},{"name":"Michigan PFAS Action Response Team (MPART)","role":"State PFAS investigation"},{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), Drinking Water and Environmental Health Division","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Water main extensions to homes in the affected area, with construction slated to begin fall 2024 (ref 1).","Township researching locations for new supply wells to replace the two offline wells (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Ben Powell Landfill (aka Clarkston Landfill), Clarkston Township, Oakland County","publisher":"Michigan PFAS Action Response Team (MPART)","date":null,"url":"https://www.michigan.gov/pfasresponse/investigations/sites-aoi/oakland-county/ben-powell-landfill","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (UCMR5_All.txt), final data release summarized July 2026","publisher":"U.S. EPA Office of Water","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Independence Township (MI0003342)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MI0003342/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["MPART says the Clarkston Gardens well was taken offline, while UCMR 5 reports 2024-2025 samples labeled Clarkston Gardens Treatment Plant; the current source of that plant's water is not reported."],"related_ids":["US-MI-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-MI-YANKEE-SPRINGS-MEADOWS-ARSENIC-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Yankee Springs Meadows mobile-home park chronic arsenic MCL violations","description":"The Yankee Springs Meadows manufactured-housing community near Wayland has recorded arsenic MCL violations in every quarter from October 2023 through April 2026, with running averages of 15-18 ppb against the 10 ppb standard. Arsenic first exceeded 10 ppb in two of its three wells in July 2021, when EGLE said it was working with the owner, Yes Communities, to prevent an exceedance.","location":{"name":"Yankee Springs Meadows","type":"Manufactured-housing community water system","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Barry County; Yankee Springs Township near Wayland","coordinates":{"lat":42.62,"lon":-85.5,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Barry"],"extent":"site","pwsid":"MI0040585"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Naturally occurring arsenic in the park's groundwater wells exceeds the drinking water standard.","secondary_drivers":["Arsenic","Small-system capacity"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 2) lists arsenic MCL violations measured at 0.015-0.018 mg/L, above the 0.010 mg/L standard, in 11 consecutive quarters.","service":"WOOD-TV (ref 1) reported residents stopped using the water after learning of the 2021 well results.","scale":"SDWIS lists 710 people served (ref 3).","duration":"Exceedances began with July 2021 well results (ref 1) and violations remain unresolved through the April 2026 period (ref 2).","significance":"Each quarter is a formal arsenic MCL violation in SDWIS (ref 2); no enforcement order was found."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":710,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Arsenic MCL violations in 11 consecutive quarters (Oct 2023-Apr 2026) at 0.015-0.018 mg/L versus a 0.010 mg/L MCL."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest recorded arsenic running average (2025-2026)","value":18,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"0.018 mg/L in SDWIS, ref 2."},{"name":"Well 5 arsenic, July 2021","value":17.5,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"EGLE spokesperson via ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"SDWIS values rose from 0.016 mg/L (late 2023) to 0.018 mg/L (2026) (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Yes Communities","role":"Owner of the manufactured-housing community and water system"},{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), Drinking Water and Environmental Health Division","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["EGLE said in 2021 it was working with the community to take actions to prevent an exceedance (ref 1); no completed treatment project is reported."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"High arsenic levels found in drinking water near Wayland","publisher":"WOOD-TV","date":"2021-09-28","url":"https://www.woodtv.com/news/barry-county/high-arsenic-levels-found-in-drinking-water-near-wayland/amp/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS violation records: Yankee Springs Meadows (MI0040585)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/MI0040585/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Yankee Springs Meadows (MI0040585)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MI0040585/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MI-MOBILE-HOME-WATER-TEST-FALSIFICATION-2026"]},{"id":"US-MI-DEARBORN-ALLEGRIA-LEGIONELLA-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Legionella in Dearborn retirement community water after two resident deaths","description":"Two residents of Allegria Village, a Dearborn retirement community, were hospitalized with Legionnaires' disease in June and July 2025 and died, and Wayne County confirmed Legionella in the affected building's water system in August 2025. Residents of the building were told not to drink the water or shower while it was disinfected, and a non-fatal August 2024 case was also investigated.","location":{"name":"Allegria Village, Dearborn","type":"Building water system (residential care campus)","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Wayne County; Bridgeside Place building at Allegria Village","coordinates":{"lat":42.3223,"lon":-83.1763,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Wayne"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legionella growth in a large building's plumbing caused waterborne illness. Classed as other because the contamination was in building premise plumbing, not in a public water system.","secondary_drivers":["Legionella","Premise plumbing"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Two residents with Legionnaires' disease died, and Wayne County confirmed Legionella in the water system (ref 1).","service":"Residents of the affected building were told not to drink the water or use showers and were given bottled water (refs 1-2).","scale":"The contamination was described as confined to a single building (ref 1).","duration":"Cases occurred in June and July 2025, with an August 2024 case also under review (refs 1-2).","significance":"MDHHS and Wayne County Health, Human, and Veterans Services opened a formal outbreak investigation (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Number of residents in the affected building is not reported (refs 1-2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Two residents sickened in June and July died; testing of the affected area's water system detected Legionella bacteria."},"measures":[{"name":"Deaths among confirmed cases","value":2,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; causes of death were still under investigation (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No follow-up results were found after August 2025."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Allegria Village","role":"Building owner and water management"},{"name":"Wayne County Health, Human, and Veterans Services","role":"Local health department"},{"name":"Michigan Department of Health and Human Services","role":"State epidemiology support"}],"public_contact":"MDHHS Toxicology and Environmental Health hotline, 800-648-6942","corrective_actions":["Disinfection and remediation, temporary water restrictions, alternative water and ongoing environmental testing (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Legionella bacteria confirmed at retirement community following 2 deaths","publisher":"Michigan Public","date":"2025-08-06","url":"https://www.michiganpublic.org/health/2025-08-06/legionella-bacteria-confirmed-at-retirement-community-following-2-deaths","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Officials suspect Legionella bacteria at Dearborn retirement facility after two die","publisher":"WXYZ Detroit","date":"2025-07-25","url":"https://www.wxyz.com/news/region/wayne-county/officials-suspect-legionella-bacteria-at-dearborn-retirement-facility-after-two-die","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"What's happening with Legionnaires' disease in Michigan","publisher":"Bridge Michigan","date":"2025-09-25","url":"https://bridgemi.com/michigan-health-watch/whats-happening-with-legionnaires-disease-in-michigan/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MI-WARREN-GM-LEGIONELLA-2025"]},{"id":"US-MI-WARREN-GM-LEGIONELLA-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Legionella in GM Warren Technical Center building after two employee cases","description":"GM closed the Cole Engineering Center at its Warren Technical Center on September 10, 2025, after the Macomb County Health Department reported two employees with Legionnaires' disease. Testing found Legionella in some sinks and drinking fountains, though not in cooling towers, and the building was set to reopen October 1 after draining, sanitizing and flushing its water systems.","location":{"name":"GM Cole Engineering Center, Warren","type":"Building water system (workplace)","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Macomb County; GM Warren Technical Center campus","coordinates":{"lat":42.4775,"lon":-83.0277,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Macomb"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legionella in a building's sinks and drinking fountains was linked to a workplace closure after illnesses. Classed as other because the contamination was in building premise plumbing, not in a public water system.","secondary_drivers":["Legionella","Premise plumbing"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Two GM employees tested positive for Legionnaires' disease and Legionella was found in sinks and drinking fountains (refs 1-2).","service":"GM closed the building from September 10 until a planned October 1 reopening (ref 1).","scale":"The finding is limited to one building on the Warren campus (refs 1-2).","duration":"The closure lasted about three weeks, September 10 to October 1, 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"The Macomb County Health Department notified GM of the cases and supported the reopening decision (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":2,"status":"Reported","note":"Two confirmed employee cases (refs 1-2); building occupancy not verified."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Testing showed cooling towers were negative for Legionella, though the bacteria was detected in a portion of the sinks and drinking fountains."},"measures":[{"name":"Confirmed employee cases","value":2,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"Both recovered per GM (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Building cleared for reopening after remediation testing (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"General Motors","role":"Building owner"},{"name":"Macomb County Health Department","role":"Local health department"}],"public_contact":"MDHHS Toxicology and Environmental Health hotline, 800-648-6942","corrective_actions":["Draining, sanitizing and flushing the water systems and replacing filters, with third-party testing (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Don't Worry, GM's Tech Center Is Now Free From Legionnaires' Disease","publisher":"Jalopnik","date":"2025-09-27","url":"https://www.jalopnik.com/1979668/general-motors-tech-center-free-from-legionnaires-disease/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"What's happening with Legionnaires' disease in Michigan","publisher":"Bridge Michigan","date":"2025-09-25","url":"https://bridgemi.com/michigan-health-watch/whats-happening-with-legionnaires-disease-in-michigan/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MI-DEARBORN-ALLEGRIA-LEGIONELLA-2025"]},{"id":"US-MI-ISHPEMING-TWP-ECOLI-BOIL-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Ishpeming Township East system E. coli boil-water advisory (Deer Lake area)","description":"Ishpeming Township issued a boil-water advisory in July 2026 after E. coli bacteria were detected in the East Water system serving the Deer Lake area. The township began chlorinating the system and conducting additional testing.","location":{"name":"Ishpeming Township East water system","type":"Township water system","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Marquette County; Deer Lake area of Ishpeming Township","coordinates":{"lat":46.4886,"lon":-87.6676,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Marquette"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MI0004775"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Fecal-indicator bacteria detected in distributed drinking water required an acute-risk advisory.","secondary_drivers":["E. coli","Microbial contamination"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Officials said E. coli bacteria were detected in the East Water system (ref 1), an acute health indicator.","service":"Residents were told to boil water before drinking, making ice, brushing teeth or preparing food (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 305 people on Ishpeming Twp - East (ref 2).","duration":"The advisory was reported July 23, 2026 with no lifting date found (ref 1), so duration is scored as short.","significance":"The township issued a formal boil-water advisory (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":305,"status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS population for Ishpeming Twp - East (ref 2), matched by system name to the 'East Water system' in ref 1."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"E. coli bacteria have been detected in the East Water system serving the Deer Lake area."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Ishpeming Township Department of Public Works","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), Drinking Water and Environmental Health Division","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Ishpeming Township DPW, 906-235-2780","corrective_actions":["Chlorinating the water system and conducting additional testing (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"E. coli water advisory in effect for Ishpeming Township","publisher":"My UP Now (WBUP/WJMN)","date":"2026-07-23","url":"https://www.myupnow.com/news/local/e-coli-water-advisory-in-effect-for-ishpeming-township/article_8b3ab261-60b2-4b20-9572-59701f918f78.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Ishpeming Twp - East (MI0004775)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MI0004775/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Date the advisory was lifted is not reported."],"related_ids":["US-MI-ELY-TWP-GREENWOOD-ECOLI-BOIL-2026"]},{"id":"US-MI-ELY-TWP-GREENWOOD-ECOLI-BOIL-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Ely Township Greenwood system E. coli boil-water advisory","description":"Ely Township issued an urgent boil-water advisory for the Greenwood water system in late September 2026 after routine testing detected E. coli. Officials hoped to clear the contamination by October 2, and local reporters questioned when the positive sample was found and how quickly residents were told.","location":{"name":"Ely Township Greenwood water system","type":"Township water system","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Marquette County; Greenwood area of Ely Township near Ishpeming","coordinates":{"lat":46.43,"lon":-87.63,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Marquette"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MI0002860"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Fecal-indicator bacteria found in routine testing of distributed water required an acute-risk advisory.","secondary_drivers":["E. coli","Microbial contamination","Public notification"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Routine testing of the Greenwood system detected E. coli bacteria (ref 1).","service":"Residents were told to use only boiled or bottled water for drinking, cooking and washing dishes (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 266 people on Ely Township-Greenwood (ref 2).","duration":"The advisory was reported September 30, 2026, with officials targeting resolution by October 2 (ref 1).","significance":"The township issued a formal boil-water advisory, and reporters raised questions about notification timing (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":266,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Routine testing detected E. coli bacteria in the Greenwood water system."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Ely Township","role":"Water system owner"},{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), Drinking Water and Environmental Health Division","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Boil-water advisory until testing clears the contamination, targeted for October 2 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"E. coli detected in tap water: Ely Township issues urgent boil advisory for Greenwood system","publisher":"My UP Now (WBUP/WJMN)","date":"2026-09-30","url":"https://www.myupnow.com/video/e-coli-detected-in-tap-water-ely-township-issues-urgent-boil-advisory-for-greenwood-system/video_b21e94e1-82d5-5294-96e8-556b1c77ea71.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Ely Township-Greenwood (MI0002860)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MI0002860/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Date the advisory was lifted is not reported."],"related_ids":["US-MI-ISHPEMING-TWP-ECOLI-BOIL-2026"]},{"id":"US-MI-WAYNE-LEAD-ALE-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"City of Wayne lead exceedances resolved after removing all known lead lines","description":"The City of Wayne reported multiple lead action level exceedances, most recently a 90th-percentile of 16 ppb in 2023. It removed all known lead service lines by 2025 with EGLE and EPA grants, and its 90th-percentile lead level was 7 ppb on December 31, 2025, in compliance.","location":{"name":"City of Wayne water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Wayne County; GLWA wholesale customer","coordinates":{"lat":42.2814,"lon":-83.3863,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Wayne"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MI0006950"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Removing lead service lines, an infrastructure fix, brought tap-water lead levels into compliance.","secondary_drivers":["Lead service lines"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Wayne notified residents of a 16 ppb 90th-percentile lead level in 2023, above the 15 ppb action level then in force (ref 1).","service":"Residents were notified of the exceedance, as Michigan's rule requires (refs 1, 3).","scale":"SDWIS lists 17,713 people served by Wayne (ref 2).","duration":"Ref 1 describes multiple exceedances before 2023 and line removal completed in 2025.","significance":"The exceedances triggered Lead and Copper Rule duties, met through grant-funded line removal (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":17713,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"On Dec. 31, 2025, Wayne's 90th percentile lead level was 7 ppb, in compliance; all known lead service lines were removed as of 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"90th percentile lead, 2023","value":16,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"90th percentile lead, Dec. 31, 2025","value":7,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"From 16 ppb (2023) to 7 ppb (2025) (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Wayne Department of Public Works","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), Drinking Water and Environmental Health Division","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Removed all known lead service lines by 2025 with EGLE and EPA grant support (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"25 Metro Detroit communities exceeded Michigan's lead action level since 2018 (Planet Detroit, distributed by AP)","publisher":"Insurance Journal","date":"2026-06-29","url":"https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/midwest/2026/06/29/875668.htm","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Wayne (MI0006950)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MI0006950/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Lead and Copper Rule: Action level exceedance","publisher":"EGLE","date":null,"url":"https://www.michigan.gov/egle/about/organization/drinking-water-and-environmental-health/community-water-supply/lead-and-copper-rule/action-level-exceedance","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MI-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2026","US-MI-GARDEN-CITY-LEAD-ALE-2025"]},{"id":"US-MI-NORTH-KENT-WOLVERINE-PFAS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Wolverine World Wide PFAS groundwater plume in northern Kent County","description":"PFAS from Wolverine World Wide's former Rockford tannery and its House Street disposal site in Plainfield Township reached residential wells across a roughly 25-square-mile North Kent Study Area. A 2020 federal consent decree required the company to pay $69.5 million to connect more than 1,000 homes to municipal water; about 900 homes are connected, a groundwater interceptor and carbon treatment system at the tannery began operating in March 2025, and capping of the House Street waste was finished in July 2025. In 2025 EGLE disapproved several of Wolverine's completion reports, including the residential well resampling report.","location":{"name":"North Kent Study Area (Rockford tannery, House Street site)","type":"Groundwater contamination site and study area","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Rockford, Plainfield and Algoma townships, northern Kent County","coordinates":{"lat":43.12,"lon":-85.56,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Kent"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns PFAS in an aquifer that supplied private drinking-water wells and vents to the Rogue River.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","Legacy industrial disposal"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EGLE (ref 1) says Wolverine contamination reached residential wells in Plainfield and Algoma townships, and MPART (ref 2) records 539 whole-house filters supplied by Wolverine.","service":"Affected homes relied on filters until municipal hookups; MPART (ref 2) reports about 900 homes connected to municipal water once the main was installed.","scale":"The North Kent Study Area covers roughly 25 square miles (ref 1) and 1,545 private wells were tested by Wolverine (ref 2).","duration":"Contamination from 1960s tannery waste disposal (ref 1) remains under active response in 2025, with completion reports disputed through August 2025 (ref 2).","significance":"A February 2020 federal consent decree among the State, Plainfield and Algoma townships and Wolverine governs the work (refs 1-2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is reported; the consent decree covers more than 1,000 homes (ref 1) and about 900 have been connected to municipal water (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The consent decree requires Wolverine to pay $69.5 million to hook up more than 1,000 homes in Plainfield and Algoma townships to municipal water (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Study area","value":25,"unit":"square miles","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate investigation area per EGLE (ref 1)."},{"name":"Homes connected to municipal water","value":900,"unit":"homes","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate, per MPART (ref 2)."},{"name":"Private wells tested by Wolverine","value":1545,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Plus 135 tested by EGLE and 42 by Kent County DPW (ref 2)."},{"name":"Consent decree municipal water funding","value":69.5,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Source controls came online in 2025: tannery interceptor system operating March 19, 2025 (ref 3) and House Street caps finished July 2025 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), Remediation and Redevelopment Division","role":"State cleanup regulator (Part 201)"},{"name":"Wolverine World Wide","role":"Responsible party under 2020 consent decree"},{"name":"Plainfield and Algoma townships","role":"Intervening plaintiffs and municipal water providers"}],"public_contact":"EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["All municipal water main required by the consent decree has been installed and about 900 homes connected (ref 2).","Tannery groundwater interceptor (nine trenches, six extraction wells) began operating March 19, 2025, with granular activated carbon treatment before discharge to the Rogue River under an NPDES permit (ref 3).","House Street waste was consolidated beneath four lined caps covering 27 acres; final capping finished in July 2025 (refs 1-2).","EGLE disapproved residential resampling and area completion reports in June and August 2025; Wolverine filed a notice of dispute in July 2025 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PFAS cleanup project in Kent County reaches major milestone","publisher":"EGLE (MI Environment)","date":"2025-05-07","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/egle/newsroom/mi-environment/2025/05/07/pfas-cleanup-project","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Belmont - House Street Disposal Area (North Kent Study Area)","publisher":"Michigan PFAS Action Response Team (MPART), EGLE","date":"2025-09-01","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/pfasresponse/investigations/sites-aoi/kent-county/house-street-disposal-area","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Former Wolverine World Wide Tannery (Rockford)","publisher":"Michigan PFAS Action Response Team (MPART), EGLE","date":"2025-05-01","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/pfasresponse/investigations/sites-aoi/kent-county/rockford-tannery","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass, supply/drought/groundwater categories)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MI-MANCELONA-WICKES-TCE-PLUME-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Wickes Manufacturing TCE plume spreading through Antrim County groundwater","description":"Trichloroethylene discarded at a former auto-parts plant in Mancelona (1947-1967) has formed a groundwater plume about 6.7 miles long and up to 1.5 miles wide, in places 500 feet deep, that has affected more than 500 shallow residential wells and former Schuss Mountain Resort supply wells. With the companies long defunct, EGLE has spent about $15 million on the Mancelona Area Water and Sewer Authority and over $17 million on water main extensions, bottled water and monitoring; the plume is moving toward Shanty Creek and the authority's Cedar River Well Field.","location":{"name":"Wickes TCE plume (Mancelona to Shanty Creek)","type":"Groundwater contamination plume","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Mancelona and Custer townships area, Antrim County; Cedar River Well Field near Schuss Mountain","coordinates":{"lat":44.9022,"lon":-85.0609,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Antrim"],"extent":"county","pwsid":"MI0004010"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns a chlorinated-solvent plume in the regional aquifer that has displaced private wells and threatens public supply wells.","secondary_drivers":["Trichloroethylene (TCE)","Orphan contamination site"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The August 2026 EGLE fact sheet (ref 1) says TCE has affected over 500 shallow residential drinking-water wells and some former Schuss Mountain community supply wells.","service":"When TCE is detected, the home goes on bottled water, the well is abandoned and the home is connected to public water (ref 1).","scale":"The plume crosses two townships and the Mancelona Area Water and Sewer Authority serves 3,900 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"TCE disposal dates to 1947-1967 and EGLE has monitored the plume twice yearly since 2004 (ref 1); 2017 reporting (ref 2) described more than a mile of expansion.","significance":"EGLE funds the response under its cleanup program because the responsible companies are defunct (ref 1); no enforcement order is possible against a liable party."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":3900,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the Mancelona Area Water and Sewer Authority per SDWIS (ref 3), the public system that replaced TCE-affected wells; not all are exposed."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TCE in groundwater extends approximately 6.7 miles and is up to 1.5 miles wide, and has affected over 500 shallow residential drinking water wells (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Plume length","value":6.7,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Residential wells affected","value":500,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"\"Over 500\" per ref 1."},{"name":"Contaminated groundwater volume","value":13,"unit":"trillion gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Estimated \"over 13 trillion gallons\" (ref 1)."},{"name":"Permanent monitoring wells","value":143,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"State spending on water authority and extensions","value":32,"unit":"million USD","status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of about $15 million for MAWSA and over $17 million for extensions, sampling and monitoring (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The plume continues moving northwest toward Shanty Creek and the Cedar River Well Field (ref 1); 2017 reporting described more than a mile of expansion (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), Remediation and Redevelopment Division","role":"State cleanup regulator (Part 201)"},{"name":"Health Department of Northwest Michigan (HDNW)","role":"Residential well sampling and Well First Policy"},{"name":"Mancelona Area Water and Sewer Authority (MAWSA)","role":"Public water supplier"}],"public_contact":"Health Department of Northwest Michigan, 231-533-8670","corrective_actions":["HDNW samples at-risk wells and applies the Well First Policy so new wells avoid TCE (ref 1).","Public water has been extended along Shanty Creek Road, Deskin Drive, Windy Hill Road and other streets, with added storage and a high-pressure main to the Cedar River Well Field (ref 1).","Active cleanup was studied in 2008, 2014 and 2015 at $22 million to $99 million with no guarantee of success; providing public water was judged the safest option (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Wickes Manufacturing Trichloroethylene (TCE) Plume, Antrim County, Michigan: Fact Sheet (Rev. 8/2026)","publisher":"EGLE and Health Department of Northwest Michigan","date":"2026-08-01","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/documents/deq/deq-rrd-WICKES-WickesManufacturingTCE_PlumeFact_Sheets1-12_525506_7.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Northern Michigan community tries to stay ahead of massive contaminated plume","publisher":"Michigan Public","date":"2017-07-18","url":"https://www.michiganpublic.org/environment-science/2017-07-18/northern-michigan-community-tries-to-stay-ahead-of-massive-contaminated-plume","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Mancelona Area Water and Sewer Authority (MI0004010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MI0004010/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass, supply/drought/groundwater categories)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MI-GRAYLING-ARMY-AIRFIELD-PFAS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Grayling Army Airfield PFAS plume in private wells; township water extension","description":"Firefighting foam used at the Army National Guard's Grayling Army Airfield contaminated groundwater northwest of downtown Grayling; of 849 residential well results collected by EGLE and MDHHS near the airfield through October 2025, 101 exceeded Michigan PFAS criteria. Grayling Township has $26.5 million from EGLE plus federal and Guard funding to extend municipal water, now planned to start in summer 2026. EGLE issued a letter of non-concurrence over the Guard's permeable barrier pilot in 2025, and in 2026 the Guard put the barrier on hold pending an engineering evaluation.","location":{"name":"Grayling Army Airfield PFAS area","type":"Military PFAS groundwater site","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Grayling Charter Township and City of Grayling, Crawford County","coordinates":{"lat":44.6614,"lon":-84.7148,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Crawford"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns PFAS migrating through the aquifer from a military airfield into private drinking-water wells.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","AFFF firefighting foam","Military installation"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The Camp Grayling summary (ref 2) lists 101 of 849 GAAF-area residential results above EGLE PFAS criteria, and EGLE (ref 3) counted 88 wells above Michigan MCLs.","service":"Homes with detected PFAS rely on point-of-use filters and six-month cartridges as an interim remedy (ref 3).","scale":"More than 1,100 private wells have been sampled around the 923-acre airfield (ref 1).","duration":"PFAS was found at the airfield in 2016 and residential sampling began in 2017 (ref 1); the permanent water fix had still not started by 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"EGLE sent the Army National Guard a letter of non-concurrence on the barrier pilot work plan in 2025 (ref 1) and oversees the CERCLA remedial investigation."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population is reported; EGLE sampled 763 private wells in the investigation area (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Of 763 total private wells sampled by EGLE in the Grayling Army Airfield MPART investigation area, 88 results exceed Michigan drinking water maximum contaminant levels for PFAS (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Private wells sampled by EGLE","value":763,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3 (January 2025)."},{"name":"Wells above Michigan PFAS MCLs","value":88,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Plus 311 with detections below MCLs (ref 3)."},{"name":"Residential results above criteria near GAAF","value":101,"unit":"results","status":"Reported","note":"Of 849 results, Aug 2017-Oct 2025, EGLE and MDHHS only (ref 2)."},{"name":"Additional EGLE funding for water extension","value":26.5,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Announced January 2025 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Long-term residential results have been consistent (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), Remediation and Redevelopment Division","role":"State cleanup regulator (Part 201)"},{"name":"Army National Guard","role":"Responsible party (CERCLA)"},{"name":"Grayling Charter Township / Beaver Creek-Grayling Township Utility Authority","role":"Municipal water extension"},{"name":"District Health Department #10","role":"Filters and local health response"}],"public_contact":"EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Municipal water extension to the GAAF and Lake Margrethe areas is planned to start in summer 2026 (ref 2).","EGLE added $26.5 million in January 2025 on top of a $25 million grant; the Guard is pursuing a further $50 million (ref 3).","A permeable adsorptive barrier pilot was installed in 2025, but in 2026 the Guard put the barrier project on hold pending an engineering evaluation and cost analysis (ref 1).","The Final Remedial Investigation Report is expected from the Guard in summer 2026 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Grayling Army Airfield (GAAF)","publisher":"Michigan PFAS Action Response Team (MPART), EGLE","date":"2026-03-01","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/pfasresponse/investigations/sites-aoi/crawford-county/camp-grayling/grayling-army-airfield","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Camp Grayling overview and drinking water sampling summary","publisher":"Michigan PFAS Action Response Team (MPART), EGLE","date":"2026-01-30","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/pfasresponse/investigations/sites-aoi/crawford-county/camp-grayling","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"EGLE to provide additional $26.5M for Grayling Township municipal water extension projects","publisher":"EGLE","date":"2025-01-21","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/egle/newsroom/press-releases/2025/01/21/grayling-township-water-extension","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Grayling residents get updates on PFAS solutions","publisher":"Interlochen Public Radio","date":"2024-05-20","url":"https://www.interlochenpublicradio.org/ipr-news/2024-05-20/grayling-residents-get-updates-on-pfas-solutions","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass, supply/drought/groundwater categories)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MI-LAKE-MARGRETHE-CANTONMENT-PFAS-2026"],"conflicts":["EGLE (ref 3) said in January 2025 that the water main project was expected to begin in February 2025; the MPART overview (ref 2) now says the extension is planned to start in summer 2026."]},{"id":"US-MI-LAKE-MARGRETHE-CANTONMENT-PFAS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Camp Grayling Cantonment PFAS reaching Lake Margrethe and nearby wells","description":"PFAS from foam used at Camp Grayling's roughly 1,000-acre Cantonment on the south end of Lake Margrethe has reached the lake and nearby private wells; 40 of 573 residential results collected by EGLE and MDHHS through November 2025 exceeded state criteria. The Guard installed stormwater treatment on two outfalls, but EGLE asked twice in 2025 for an interim remedial action to stop PFAS migrating from the base, and lake foam and fish advisories remain.","location":{"name":"Lake Margrethe and Camp Grayling Cantonment","type":"Military PFAS groundwater site and inland lake","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"South shore of Lake Margrethe, Grayling area, Crawford County","coordinates":{"lat":44.63,"lon":-84.79,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Crawford"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns PFAS-contaminated groundwater from a military base discharging to an inland lake and private wells.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","AFFF firefighting foam","Military installation"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The Camp Grayling summary (ref 2) lists 40 of 573 Cantonment/Lake Margrethe residential results above criteria; 2017 lake foam reached 24,810 ppt PFOS+PFOA (ref 1).","service":"Households with detections near Cantonment were given point-of-use filters (ref 2), and health officials advise recreators to avoid lake foam (ref 1).","scale":"Over 800 private wells around the lake have been sampled (ref 1); IPR (ref 3) reported at least 11 lakeside homes above state standards in 2024.","duration":"PFAS was first found near Cantonment in 2018 (ref 1) and the remedial investigation report is not expected until fall 2026.","significance":"EGLE formally requested an interim remedial action at Cantonment in August 2025 and reiterated it in October 2025 after the Guard's response (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is reported for the lake area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"40 of 573 residential drinking-water results in the Cantonment/Lake Margrethe area exceeded EGLE Part 201 PFAS criteria (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Residential results above criteria","value":40,"unit":"results","status":"Reported","note":"Of 573, Oct 2017-Nov 2025, EGLE and MDHHS only (ref 2)."},{"name":"Maximum lake foam PFOS+PFOA (2017)","value":24810,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), Remediation and Redevelopment Division","role":"State cleanup regulator (Part 201)"},{"name":"Army National Guard","role":"Responsible party (CERCLA)"},{"name":"District Health Department #10","role":"Foam advisory and filters"},{"name":"Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS)","role":"Residential well sampling and health guidance"}],"public_contact":"EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["The Guard installed PFAS filtration at two stormwater outfalls to the lake under a non-time-critical removal action (refs 1, 3).","EGLE requested an interim remedial action at Cantonment in August and October 2025 (ref 1).","MDHHS Eat Safe Fish guidelines cover Lake Margrethe for PFOS (ref 1); municipal water extension to the lake area is planned from summer 2026 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Camp Grayling Cantonment / Lake Margrethe","publisher":"Michigan PFAS Action Response Team (MPART), EGLE","date":"2026-03-01","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/pfasresponse/investigations/sites-aoi/crawford-county/camp-grayling/camp-grayling-lake-margrethe","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Camp Grayling overview and drinking water sampling summary","publisher":"Michigan PFAS Action Response Team (MPART), EGLE","date":"2026-01-30","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/pfasresponse/investigations/sites-aoi/crawford-county/camp-grayling","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Grayling residents get updates on PFAS solutions","publisher":"Interlochen Public Radio","date":"2024-05-20","url":"https://www.interlochenpublicradio.org/ipr-news/2024-05-20/grayling-residents-get-updates-on-pfas-solutions","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass, supply/drought/groundwater categories)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MI-GRAYLING-ARMY-AIRFIELD-PFAS-2026"]},{"id":"US-MI-KI-SAWYER-PFAS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Former K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base PFAS investigation delayed into 2026","description":"The Air Force detected PFAS at 13 of 15 potential foam-use sites at the former K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base near Gwinn, with the highest levels at a former fire training area. Residents near the base whose wells were previously tested or given filters are being retested by MDHHS, and one of the four wells supplying the K.I. Sawyer community has regular low-level detections. Remedial investigation fieldwork was delayed in 2025 by Air Force contract and funding issues and resumed in 2026.","location":{"name":"Former K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base","type":"Former military base (BRAC) PFAS site","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Near Gwinn, Marquette County; site of Sawyer International Airport","coordinates":{"lat":46.3536,"lon":-87.3954,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Marquette"],"extent":"site","pwsid":"MI0003510"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns PFAS in groundwater beneath a former air base that supplies community and private wells.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","AFFF firefighting foam","Military installation"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"MPART (ref 1) reports PFAS detected at 13 of 15 base sites; WLUC (ref 2) says community well #5 has regular detections but far below drinking-water standards, so harm is scored as potential.","service":"MDHHS is retesting wells of residents who were previously offered drinking-water filters (ref 1).","scale":"The K.I. Sawyer community water system serves 3,000 people per SDWIS (ref 3), and off-base housing wells are being sampled (ref 2).","duration":"The Air Force identified the PFAS sites in 2015-2016 and the remedial investigation continues into fall 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"The cleanup runs under the federal BRAC/CERCLA program with monthly EGLE-MDHHS cleanup team meetings (ref 1); 2025 fieldwork was delayed by Air Force contract and funding issues."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":3000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the K I Sawyer community water system per SDWIS (ref 3); its wells have low-level PFAS detections below standards (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"In 2016 USAF conducted limited investigations of each site and detected PFAS at 13 of the 15 sites (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Base sites with PFAS detected","value":13,"unit":"sites","status":"Reported","note":"Of 15 potential sites (ref 1)."},{"name":"Community supply wells monitored","value":4,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Monitored for PFAS since 2018, sampled once a year (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Air Force Civil Engineer Center (AFCEC)","role":"Responsible party (BRAC/CERCLA)"},{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), Remediation and Redevelopment Division","role":"State cleanup regulator (Part 201)"},{"name":"Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS)","role":"Residential well sampling and health guidance"},{"name":"Marquette County Health Department","role":"Local health"}],"public_contact":"MDHHS Environmental Health Hotline, 800-648-6942","corrective_actions":["AFCEC planned remedial investigation fieldwork for mid-April to fall 2026 and additional drinking-water well sampling with updated methods (ref 1).","MDHHS offers no-cost repeat testing to residents whose wells were previously tested or who received filters (ref 1).","The Air Force is installing on- and off-base monitoring wells (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base","publisher":"Michigan PFAS Action Response Team (MPART), EGLE","date":"2026-03-01","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/pfasresponse/investigations/sites-aoi/marquette-county/ki-sawyer-air-force-base","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"US Air Force monitoring PFAS chemicals at KI Sawyer","publisher":"WLUC TV6","date":"2024-10-17","url":"https://www.uppermichiganssource.com/2024/10/17/us-air-force-monitoring-pfas-chemicals-ki-sawyer","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: K I Sawyer (MI0003510)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MI0003510/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass, supply/drought/groundwater categories)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MI-WURTSMITH-PFAS-2025"]},{"id":"US-MI-CASCADE-TWP-AIRPORT-PFAS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Cascade Township PFAS wells near Gerald R. Ford airport; water main finished 2025","description":"PFAS was detected in 222 of 364 residential well samples EGLE collected in Cascade Township's Burger/Goodwood area, where the township identifies Gerald R. Ford International Airport's former firefighting training area as the source. EGLE cited the airport for Part 201 violations and is negotiating a consent order, and a $13.8 million grant-funded extension of Grand Rapids water was completed by November 2025, with the last home connections and restoration continuing into 2026.","location":{"name":"Burger/Goodwood area, Cascade Charter Township","type":"PFAS groundwater area of interest","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"East of Gerald R. Ford International Airport, west of the Thornapple River, Kent County","coordinates":{"lat":42.8808,"lon":-85.5228,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Kent"],"extent":"site","pwsid":"MI0002790"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns PFAS in the aquifer supplying private wells near an airport foam-training area.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","AFFF firefighting foam","Airport"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"MPART (ref 1) reports PFAS in 222 samples, PFOS and PFOA criteria exceedances, and one well at 9.1 ppt PFNA against a 6 ppt MCL.","service":"The Kent County Health Department offered point-of-use filters to every household with a PFAS detection (ref 1).","scale":"EGLE requested to sample about 475 wells in the Trout Creek area (ref 1); the extension draws on Grand Rapids water, which serves 306,901 people (ref 4).","duration":"Sampling began in March 2019 (ref 1) and connections and restoration continue into 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"EGLE compliance communications cite the airport for Part 201 violations and the parties are negotiating an Administrative Order of Consent (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is reported; 364 residential samples were collected (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFAS was detected in 222 of 364 residential well samples collected by EGLE in five phases (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Residential samples with PFAS","value":222,"unit":"samples","status":"Reported","note":"Of 364 collected (ref 1)."},{"name":"Water extension funding","value":13.825,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"State C2R2, MEDC and federal WRDA funds (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"All water main installation was complete by November 1, 2025 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), Remediation and Redevelopment Division","role":"State cleanup regulator (Part 201)"},{"name":"Gerald R. Ford International Airport Authority","role":"Party identified as responsible by the township"},{"name":"Cascade Charter Township and City of Grand Rapids","role":"Water extension"},{"name":"Kent County Health Department","role":"Filters"}],"public_contact":"Cascade Charter Township, (616) 949-1500","corrective_actions":["Watermain installation for the Burger/Goodwood extension was completed by November 1, 2025; remaining curb-to-house connections and lawn restoration continue into spring 2026 (ref 3).","The township does not plan a groundwater-use ordinance or require well capping (ref 3).","EGLE and the airport are negotiating an Administrative Order of Consent (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Cascade Township Residential Wells","publisher":"Michigan PFAS Action Response Team (MPART), EGLE","date":"2022-10-01","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/pfasresponse/investigations/sites-aoi/kent-county/cascade-township-residential-wells","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Gerald R. Ford International Airport","publisher":"Michigan PFAS Action Response Team (MPART), EGLE","date":"2022-10-01","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/pfasresponse/investigations/sites-aoi/kent-county/gerald-r-ford-international-airport","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Burger/Goodwood PFAS Water Extension Project: Final Project Update","publisher":"Cascade Charter Township","date":"2026-01-19","url":"https://www.cascadetwp.com/community/pfas/burgergoodwood-pfas-water-extension-project/","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Grand Rapids (MI0002790)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MI0002790/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass, supply/drought/groundwater categories)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MI-BATTLE-CREEK-KELLOGG-PFAS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Kellogg Air National Guard Base PFAS in Battle Creek-area groundwater and wells","description":"Groundwater at the Kellogg Air National Guard Base in Battle Creek showed PFOS up to 55,500 ppt and PFOA up to 21,500 ppt, and PFAS reached private wells in the surrounding Helmer-Dickman Road area and Bedford Township, where one well measured 400 ppt PFOA. Households were given filters or bottled water, and Bedford Charter Township used a $4.3 million forgivable state revolving fund loan to extend Battle Creek water about 8,000 feet to River Road residents with contaminated wells.","location":{"name":"Kellogg ANGB and Helmer-Dickman Road area","type":"Military PFAS groundwater site","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Battle Creek, Springfield and Bedford Charter Township, Calhoun County","coordinates":{"lat":42.3073,"lon":-85.2515,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Calhoun"],"extent":"site","pwsid":"MI0000450"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns PFAS in groundwater from an air base and airport reaching private drinking-water wells.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","AFFF firefighting foam","Military installation"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"EGLE split samples (ref 1) found PFOS to 55,500 ppt and PFOA to 21,500 ppt on base, and an April 2018 residential sample measured 400 ppt PFOA (ref 2).","service":"The Calhoun County Health Department gave filters to 30 households and bottled water to nine (ref 2).","scale":"The affected area spans parts of Battle Creek, Springfield and Bedford Township (ref 2); Battle Creek's Verona system, which supplied the extension, serves 43,975 people (ref 4).","duration":"Contamination was identified in 2018 (ref 1) and the River Road extension was funded under a 2023 agreement (ref 3).","significance":"EGLE sent the Air National Guard a Part 201 compliance communication letter in October 2018 (ref 1); the base is in the CERCLA remedial investigation."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"On-base groundwater results were as high as 21,500 ppt PFOA, 55,500 ppt PFOS and 38,400 ppt PFHxS (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Maximum on-base PFOS","value":55500,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"2018 split samples (ref 1)."},{"name":"Households given filters","value":30,"unit":"households","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"River Road water main","value":8000,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate length of 8-inch main (ref 3)."},{"name":"DWSRF principal forgiveness","value":4.3,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The River Road extension brought public water to affected Bedford residents (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Air National Guard","role":"Responsible party (CERCLA)"},{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), Remediation and Redevelopment Division","role":"State cleanup regulator (Part 201)"},{"name":"Bedford Charter Township and City of Battle Creek","role":"Water main extension"},{"name":"Calhoun County Health Department","role":"Filters and bottled water"}],"public_contact":"EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Bedford Charter Township and Battle Creek built about 8,000 feet of water main to serve River Road residents with PFAS in their wells (ref 3).","The Air National Guard began PFAS remedial investigation work after funding approval in October 2020 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Kellogg Air National Guard Base (Battle Creek)","publisher":"Michigan PFAS Action Response Team (MPART), EGLE","date":"2022-04-01","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/pfasresponse/investigations/sites-aoi/calhoun-county/kellogg-angb","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Helmer-Dickman Road Area of Interest","publisher":"Michigan PFAS Action Response Team (MPART), EGLE","date":"2022-05-01","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/pfasresponse/investigations/sites-aoi/calhoun-county/helmer-dickman-road-area","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"DWSRF Addressing Emerging Contaminants: Bedford Charter Township River Road Water Main Extension","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-01-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2026-01/508_bedford-charter_mi_river-road.pdf","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Battle Creek - Verona System (MI0000450)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MI0000450/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass, supply/drought/groundwater categories)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Current MPART status: the state site pages were last posted in 2022."],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MI-ALPENA-CRTC-PFAS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Alpena Combat Readiness Training Center PFAS groundwater investigation","description":"Groundwater at the Air National Guard's Alpena Combat Readiness Training Center, seven miles west of Alpena, exceeded the former 70 ppt PFAS advisory in 2017, and groundwater flows from the base toward Lake Winyah, the Thunder Bay River and a central sinkhole. Three of 137 residential drinking-water results through April 2025 exceeded state criteria, and EGLE is pursuing a long-term solution for those homes while the Guard finishes its remedial investigation.","location":{"name":"Alpena Combat Readiness Training Center","type":"Military PFAS groundwater site","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Seven miles west of the City of Alpena, Alpena County","coordinates":{"lat":45.0781,"lon":-83.5603,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Alpena"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns PFAS in groundwater beneath a military training base that flows toward private wells and surface waters.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","AFFF firefighting foam","Military installation"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"MPART (ref 1) lists 3 of 137 residential drinking-water results above criteria through April 22, 2025, and on-base groundwater above the former 70 ppt advisory in 2017.","service":"EGLE is focused on a long-term drinking-water solution for the three residences with exceedances (ref 1).","scale":"Exceedances are limited to three residences within the one-mile sampling area (ref 1).","duration":"Contamination was reported to EGLE in October 2017 and Phase 2 remedial investigation fieldwork is expected in 2026 and 2027 (ref 1).","significance":"The Guard's CERCLA remedial investigation report went to EGLE for final review in December 2025 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Three residences have exceedances (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Residential drinking water: 137 results received through April 22, 2025, with 3 above criteria (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Residential results above criteria","value":3,"unit":"results","status":"Reported","note":"Of 137 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Air National Guard","role":"Responsible party (CERCLA)"},{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), Remediation and Redevelopment Division","role":"State cleanup regulator (Part 201)"},{"name":"Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS)","role":"Residential well sampling and health guidance"}],"public_contact":"MDHHS Environmental Health Hotline, 800-648-6942","corrective_actions":["MDHHS offers repeat well sampling to residents previously tested or given filters (ref 1).","The Phase 1 remedial investigation report was due in final form in spring 2026; Phase 2 fieldwork is expected in 2026-2027 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Alpena Combat Readiness Training Center (CRTC)","publisher":"Michigan PFAS Action Response Team (MPART), EGLE","date":"2026-02-02","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/pfasresponse/investigations/sites-aoi/alpena-county/alpena-crtc","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass, supply/drought/groundwater categories)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MI-ALGOMA-CEDAR-SPRINGS-PFAS-WELLS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Algoma Township PFAS in 91 private wells with no identified source","description":"EGLE has tested 287 private drinking-water wells near Cedar Springs in Algoma Township, northern Kent County; 91 exceed criteria for one or more PFAS and 102 more have detections. Nested monitoring wells installed in 2023 show PFAS at multiple depths, but the source has not been identified, and affected homes rely on point-of-use filters.","location":{"name":"Algoma-Cedar Springs area of interest","type":"PFAS groundwater area of interest","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Russell Ridge neighborhood and surroundings, Algoma Township near Cedar Springs, Kent County","coordinates":{"lat":43.2233,"lon":-85.5514,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Kent"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns PFAS of unknown origin in the aquifer that supplies private wells.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","Unknown source"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"MPART (ref 1) reports 91 of 287 tested drinking-water wells exceeding criteria for one or more PFAS compounds.","service":"Local and state health departments have offered point-of-use filters to residences with PFAS detections (ref 1).","scale":"The testing area covers 287 private wells around the Russell Ridge neighborhood (ref 1).","duration":"Residents first found PFOA in late 2017 and EGLE sampling continued through 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"No responsible party, order or violation is documented because no source has been identified (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported; 287 private wells tested (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"To date, 287 drinking water wells have been tested for PFAS in the area; 91 wells exceed criteria for one or more PFAS compound (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Wells exceeding PFAS criteria","value":91,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Wells tested","value":287,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"As of May 2026 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), Remediation and Redevelopment Division","role":"State cleanup regulator (Part 201)"},{"name":"Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS)","role":"Residential well sampling and health guidance"},{"name":"Kent County Health Department","role":"Filters"}],"public_contact":"EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["EGLE resampled seven nested monitoring well sets in August 2024 (ref 1).","No expansion of the private well sampling area is planned (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Algoma-Cedar Springs Area of Interest","publisher":"Michigan PFAS Action Response Team (MPART), EGLE","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/pfasresponse/investigations/sites-aoi/kent-county/algoma-cedar-springs-aoi","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass, supply/drought/groundwater categories)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MI-NORTH-KENT-WOLVERINE-PFAS-2025"]},{"id":"US-MI-MILFORD-VINYL-CHLORIDE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Vinyl chloride plume at Milford village wells triggers treatment contingency","description":"Chlorinated solvents from the former Kelsey-Hayes plant in the Village of Milford have migrated toward the village's drinking-water wells, and EGLE has had ZF Active Safety under an administrative order since 2022. In April 2026 a sentinel observation well next to the village wells confirmed vinyl chloride at 5.6 ug/L, triggering the consent order's contingency plan; ZF ordered air-stripping equipment for the village treatment plant in May 2026. Vinyl chloride has not been detected in the village wells, and EGLE says the supply remains safe.","location":{"name":"Village of Milford water supply wells","type":"Groundwater plume threatening municipal wellfield","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Former Kelsey-Hayes site, 101 Oak Street, Village of Milford, Oakland County","coordinates":{"lat":42.5934,"lon":-83.5996,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Oakland"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MI0004390"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns a solvent plume in the aquifer that supplies the village's municipal wells.","secondary_drivers":["Vinyl chloride","Chlorinated solvents","Legacy industrial site"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ZF reported vinyl chloride at 5.6 ug/L in observation well OW-16D2R1 in April 2026 (ref 2) but none in the village wells, so harm is a documented threat rather than exposure.","service":"EGLE (ref 1) states the Village of Milford's water supply remains safe to use and drink.","scale":"The Village of Milford system serves 6,366 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"EGLE was notified of vinyl chloride above drinking-water standards near the wells in June 2021 (ref 1), and work continued through May 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"EGLE issued an Administrative Order in 2022 and the parties operate under consent order AOC-RRD-22-005, whose contingency plan was triggered in April 2026 (refs 1-2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":6366,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the Village of Milford system per SDWIS (ref 4); the plume threatens the supply wells, and no exposure is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The confirmation sample collected from OW-16D2R1 on April 21, 2026 showed vinyl chloride at 5.6 ug/L (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Vinyl chloride in sentinel well OW-16D2R1 (Apr 21, 2026)","value":5.6,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"Unvalidated confirmation sample (ref 2)."},{"name":"Vinyl chloride in OW-16D2R1 (May 4, 2026)","value":4,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"Duplicate sample; parent 3.5 ug/L (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Verification exceedances in the sentinel well in April 2026 triggered the contingency plan (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), Remediation and Redevelopment Division","role":"State cleanup regulator (Part 201)"},{"name":"ZF Active Safety US Inc.","role":"Responsible party under consent order"},{"name":"Village of Milford","role":"Public water supplier"},{"name":"Michigan Department of Attorney General","role":"Party to consent order"}],"public_contact":"EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["ZF issued purchase orders for groundwater treatment equipment on May 8, 2026 and released bid specifications on May 11, 2026 for air stripping at the village treatment plant (ref 3).","EGLE declined to modify the order schedule, used enforcement discretion tied to progress, and required observation-well sampling at least every two weeks (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Village of Milford (Kelsey-Hayes / ZF Administrative Order)","publisher":"EGLE Remediation and Redevelopment Division","date":"2026-05-27","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/egle/about/organization/remediation-and-redevelopment/milford","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Contingency enforcement correspondence, EGLE and ZF (AOC-RRD-22-005)","publisher":"EGLE","date":"2026-05-07","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/egle/-/media/Project/Websites/egle/Documents/Programs/RRD/Milford/Correspondences-and-AO/2026/2026-05-07--Contingency-Enforcement-Correspondence-EGLE-and-ZF.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Weekly progress report: implementation of contingency plan, former Kelsey-Hayes Milford","publisher":"EGLE (ZF submittal)","date":"2026-05-15","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/egle/-/media/Project/Websites/egle/Documents/Programs/RRD/Milford/Correspondences-and-AO/2026/2026-05-15-Progress-Report-Implentation-of-Contingency-Plan.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Milford, Village of (MI0004390)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MI0004390/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass, supply/drought/groundwater categories)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["News coverage of the 2026 contingency trigger was not found."],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MI-OTTAWA-COUNTY-AQUIFER-DECLINE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Ottawa County bedrock aquifer decline and wells losing supply in drought","description":"Ottawa County officials say water levels in the Marshall sandstone aquifer, which rural homes and farms rely on, have dropped more than 40 feet over 35 years, with another 20 feet projected over 15 years and the deeper water turning salty. In the 2025 drought, residents of a Park Township neighborhood near Holland saw their shallow wells lose volume and began rationing because municipal water was too costly to connect.","location":{"name":"Ottawa County aquifers (Marshall sandstone, glacial drift)","type":"Regional aquifer","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Ottawa County, including Allendale, Blendon, Olive, Robinson and Park townships","counties":["Ottawa"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns falling groundwater levels and rising salinity in the aquifers that supply private wells.","secondary_drivers":["Groundwater depletion","Drought","Population growth"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"The county planning director told FOX 17 (ref 1) that wells could run dry and the water can become salty the deeper wells reach.","service":"WOOD TV (ref 2) reported Park Township well owners losing volume in summer 2025 and conserving water by hand.","scale":"FOX 17 (ref 1) named Allendale, Zeeland, Blendon, Robinson and Olive as the hardest-hit areas of the county.","duration":"MSU studies cited by the county (ref 1) show a decline of more than 40 feet over 35 years, a chronic trend.","significance":"No formal order or restriction is documented in the cited sources (refs 1-2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No count of affected well users is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Ottawa County verified a drop of more than 40 feet in the Marshall sandstone water level over 35 years, with another 20 feet projected over the next 15 years (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Marshall sandstone water-level decline","value":40,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"\"More than 40 feet over the last 35 years\" (ref 1)."},{"name":"Projected further decline","value":20,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Over 15 years from 2021 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The county projects continued decline (ref 1), and drought in 2025 cut shallow well yields (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Ottawa County","role":"Groundwater sustainability planning"},{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), Remediation and Redevelopment Division","role":"State cleanup regulator (Part 201)"}],"public_contact":"EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Ottawa County is working with agriculture, local governments and watershed groups on groundwater policies and urges conservation (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Ground water shortage is a serious issue in Ottawa County","publisher":"FOX 17 West Michigan","date":"2021-06-08","url":"https://fox17online.com/news/morning-news/ground-water-shortage-is-a-serious-issue-in-ottawa-county","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Holland-area well owners see supply drop amid drought","publisher":"WOOD TV8 (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-08-11","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/holland-area-well-owners-see-205912556.html","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass, supply/drought/groundwater categories)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Current county monitoring data: miottawa.org groundwater pages were not reachable."],"related_ids":["US-MI-CENTRAL-DROUGHT-2024-2025"]},{"id":"US-MI-WESTERN-UP-DROUGHT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Upper Peninsula drought reaches extreme and exceptional levels, fall 2026","description":"Drought has spread across Michigan's Upper Peninsula since late summer 2026: in the October 6 U.S. Drought Monitor, 25 percent of the state was in moderate drought or worse, up from none in early July, with extreme drought over half of Gogebic County and exceptional drought in part of it. Every Upper Peninsula county was at least abnormally dry, and the DNR had suspended burn permits across the U.P. earlier in the year.","location":{"name":"Western and central Upper Peninsula","type":"Multi-county drought region","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Gogebic, Iron, Ontonagon, Dickinson, Menominee, Marquette, Chippewa, Luce, Mackinac, Schoolcraft and Alger counties","counties":["Gogebic","Iron","Ontonagon","Dickinson","Menominee","Marquette","Chippewa","Luce","Mackinac","Schoolcraft","Alger"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns a precipitation deficit that has pushed regional water conditions into extreme and exceptional drought.","secondary_drivers":["Drought","Wildfire risk"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"The county data (ref 2) put 49.6 percent of Gogebic County in extreme drought (D3) and 6.29 percent in exceptional drought (D4) on October 6, 2026; harm to supplies is not documented.","service":"No water-use restriction or supply outage is reported in the cited sources (refs 1-4).","scale":"Moderate drought or worse covered 25.39 percent of Michigan on October 6, 2026 (ref 1), spanning 11 Upper Peninsula counties (ref 2).","duration":"Drought was reported in Ontonagon and Gogebic counties by August 2026 (ref 3) and had intensified by October (ref 1), a span of months.","significance":"No drought emergency declaration is documented; the DNR's June 2026 burn-permit suspension (ref 4) addressed fire risk."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Michigan area in drought (D1-D4) rose from 0.00 percent on July 7, 2026 to 25.39 percent on October 6, 2026, with 1.71 percent in D3-D4 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Michigan area in drought (D1-D4)","value":25.39,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"October 6, 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Gogebic County in extreme drought or worse (D3-D4)","value":49.6,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"October 6, 2026 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Michigan area in exceptional drought (D4)","value":0.12,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"October 6, 2026 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"D2-D4 coverage rose from 3.87 percent on September 29 to 10.95 percent on October 6, 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Drought Monitor (NDMC, USDA, NOAA)","role":"Drought classification"},{"name":"Michigan Department of Natural Resources","role":"Burn permits and wildfire prevention"},{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), Remediation and Redevelopment Division","role":"State cleanup regulator (Part 201)"}],"public_contact":"EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["The DNR suspended all burn permits across northern Michigan and the Upper Peninsula in June 2026 during extreme fire danger (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"U.S. Drought Monitor: Michigan, October 6, 2026","publisher":"National Drought Mitigation Center, USDA, NOAA","date":"2026-10-07","url":"https://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Data/pdf/current/current_MI_trd_bw.pdf","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-08"},{"ref":2,"title":"U.S. Drought Monitor county statistics, Michigan, October 6, 2026","publisher":"National Drought Mitigation Center","date":null,"url":"https://usdmdataservices.unl.edu/api/CountyStatistics/GetDroughtSeverityStatisticsByAreaPercent?aoi=MI&startdate=10/6/2026&enddate=10/6/2026&statisticsType=1","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-08"},{"ref":3,"title":"Wildfire risk in the Upper Peninsula is low despite drought","publisher":"WDET","date":"2026-08-06","url":"https://dev.wdet.org/2026/08/06/wildfire-risk-in-the-upper-peninsula-is-low-despite-drought/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Michigan DNR issues burn permit closure during elevated fire danger","publisher":"9&10 News","date":"2026-06-03","url":"https://www.9and10news.com/2026/06/03/michigan-dnr-issues-burn-permit-closure-during-elevated-fire-danger/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass, supply/drought/groundwater categories)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MI-CENTRAL-DROUGHT-2024-2025"]},{"id":"US-MI-STATEWIDE-CONTAMINATED-SITES-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Michigan's 27,000 contaminated sites and orphan oil, gas and brine wells","description":"EGLE reports more than 27,000 environmentally contaminated sites across Michigan; it worked on 940 in 2025, up from 870 in 2024, and closed 561 leaking underground storage tank sites in fiscal 2025. It has also plugged 292 of the state's 570 orphan oil, gas and brine-disposal wells whose owners are insolvent or unknown, leaving 278 unplugged.","location":{"name":"Michigan (statewide contaminated-site inventory)","type":"Statewide remediation program","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Statewide","coordinates":{"lat":44.3148,"lon":-85.6024,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Contaminated sites and unplugged wells are infrastructure legacies that threaten groundwater quality statewide.","secondary_drivers":["Legacy contamination","Leaking underground storage tanks","Orphan wells"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Michigan Advance (ref 1) reports more than 27,000 contaminated sites but no site-level exposure data, so harm is scored as potential.","service":"The article (ref 1) documents no drinking-water outage tied to the backlog.","scale":"The inventory and the 570 orphan wells span the whole state (ref 1).","duration":"Orphan wells and contaminated sites are long-standing legacies; only 292 of 570 orphan wells had been plugged by the end of 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"EGLE's 2025 year-end report (ref 1) documents the formal state cleanup workload of 940 sites."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than 27,000 environmentally contaminated sites across the state; EGLE worked on 940 sites in 2025 compared to 870 in 2024 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Contaminated sites statewide","value":27000,"unit":"sites","status":"Reported","note":"\"More than 27,000\" (ref 1)."},{"name":"Leaking UST sites closed, FY2025","value":561,"unit":"sites","status":"Reported","note":"Up from 409 the prior year (ref 1)."},{"name":"Orphan wells still unplugged","value":278,"unit":"wells","status":"Estimated","note":"570 orphan wells minus 292 plugged (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Sites worked rose from 870 to 940 and LUST closures from 409 to 561 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), Remediation and Redevelopment Division","role":"State cleanup regulator (Part 201)"},{"name":"EGLE Oil, Gas, and Minerals Division","role":"Orphan well plugging"}],"public_contact":"EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["EGLE has tripled the number of storage-tank leaks addressed per year since 2020 and plugged 292 orphan wells (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Year-end reports from Michigan's environmental agency show progress on several persisting issues","publisher":"Michigan Advance (via Yahoo News)","date":"2026-01-07","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/end-reports-michigan-environmental-agency-145614327.html","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass, supply/drought/groundwater categories)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["EGLE year-end report itself not opened; figures come from news coverage of it."],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MI-ROMULUS-INJECTION-WELLS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Romulus hazardous-waste injection wells: EPA moves to reissue exemption","description":"Two Class I hazardous-waste injection wells at 28470 Citrin Drive in Romulus inject waste 3,356 to 4,537 feet below ground near homes and Detroit Metro Airport. In September 2025 EPA proposed to reissue the operator's exemption from the federal land-disposal ban, finding no migration into drinking-water aquifers for 10,000 years, and held a hearing on November 5, 2025; residents have opposed the wells for years over spill, fracture and drinking-water contamination fears.","location":{"name":"Romulus deep injection wells (28470 Citrin Drive)","type":"Class I hazardous-waste injection well facility","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Romulus, Wayne County","coordinates":{"lat":42.2223,"lon":-83.3966,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Wayne"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns deep-well disposal infrastructure whose integrity determines whether waste can reach underground drinking-water sources.","secondary_drivers":["Hazardous waste disposal","Underground injection"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"EPA (ref 1) found no migration of hazardous constituents into an underground drinking-water source predicted for 10,000 years, and the wells passed August 2024 integrity tests.","service":"No drinking-water impact is reported by EPA or WXYZ (refs 1-2).","scale":"The concern centres on a single two-well facility (ref 1).","duration":"The wells have operated for about 20 years under a 2004 exemption (ref 1), and residents opposed an expansion request in 2017 (ref 2).","significance":"EPA held a formal public hearing on November 5, 2025 on reissuing the RCRA exemption, docket EPA-R05-OW-2025-1775 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"EPA plans to reissue an exemption from the federal ban on land disposal of hazardous waste for wells #1-12 and #2-12; the existing exemption is valid until December 2025 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Injection depth (top)","value":3356,"unit":"feet below ground","status":"Reported","note":"Injection between 3,356 and 4,537 feet (ref 1)."},{"name":"Area of review radius","value":7.11,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 5, Underground Injection Control","role":"Permitting and RCRA exemption"},{"name":"Republic Industrial & Energy Solutions LLC","role":"Operator"}],"public_contact":"EPA Region 5, Colin Murphy, 312-866-6941","corrective_actions":["EPA accepted comments through November 6, 2025; the outcome of the reissuance was not found (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA Plans to Reissue Exemption for Hazardous Waste Injection Wells (Romulus, Michigan)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 5","date":"2025-09-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2025-10/ries-2025-fact-sheet_508.pdf","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Romulus residents blast deep injection well proposal being considered by EPA","publisher":"WXYZ Detroit","date":"2017-11-29","url":"https://www.wxyz.com/news/region/wayne-county/romulus-residents-blast-deep-injection-well-proposal-being-considered-by-epa","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass, supply/drought/groundwater categories)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["EPA final decision on the 2025 reissuance","Recent (2025-2026) news coverage"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MI-SW-DETROIT-54IN-MAIN-BREAK-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Southwest Detroit 54-inch transmission main break floods about 400 homes","description":"On February 17, 2025 a nearly 100-year-old 54-inch Great Lakes Water Authority steel transmission main failed near Rowan and Beard streets in Southwest Detroit, flooding at least a square mile in freezing weather. The break area covered about 400 houses, roughly 300 residents were moved to hotels, and the city reports nearly $12 million in repair and recovery spending; a year later residents and a council member said many households had not been made whole and the main remained out of service.","location":{"name":"Southwest Detroit (Rowan and Beard streets)","type":"Regional water transmission main and neighborhood","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Southwest Detroit near N. Green, Rowan and Beard streets, Wayne County","coordinates":{"lat":42.3155,"lon":-83.1133,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Wayne"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"MI0001800"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A structural weld failure in an aging transmission main caused the flooding and displacement.","secondary_drivers":["aging infrastructure","freezing temperatures"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Planet Detroit (ref 2) reports about 300 residents displaced, totaled appliances and vehicles, and a DHDC survey in which 57% of 102 respondents reported getting sick after the flood.","service":"FOX 2 (ref 1) reported GLWA had to shut off and isolate the 54-inch main; houses went without power or heat for days (ref 2), and the repaired main remains out of service.","scale":"The break area encompassed around 400 houses in one Southwest Detroit neighborhood (ref 2); DWSD estimated 150-200 basements flooded on day one (ref 1).","duration":"One year after the February 2025 break, Planet Detroit (ref 2) found residents still not made whole, with the main still out of service for the foreseeable future.","significance":"GLWA formally classified the event as an infrastructure failure caused by an 'unprecedented weld failure' and ran a claims and recovery program (ref 2); GLWA's 2026 statewide report cites it as a key failure (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":300,"status":"Reported","note":"Roughly 300 residents displaced from an area of about 400 houses (ref 2). Detroit's water system serves 633,218 people per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The water main break area encompassed around 400 houses, and roughly 300 residents were displaced and moved into hotels (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Transmission main diameter","value":54,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1, ref 2."},{"name":"Houses in break area","value":400,"unit":"houses","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Repair, restoration and recovery spending","value":12000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"'Nearly $12 million' per DWSD spokesperson (ref 2)."},{"name":"Detroit population served","value":633218,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Main repaired but kept out of service; GLWA says it now weighs consequence of failure in dense areas and planned an electromagnetic steel-pipe inspection pilot from March 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Great Lakes Water Authority","role":"Owner/operator of the transmission main"},{"name":"Detroit Water and Sewerage Department","role":"Local retail utility and recovery program"}],"public_contact":"Detroit Water and Sewerage Department customer service, 313-267-8000","corrective_actions":["GLWA isolated and repaired the 54-inch main; it remains out of service (ref 2).","DWSD funded basement cleaning, furnace and water-heater replacement and claims settlements, nearly $12 million in total (ref 2).","GLWA planned an electromagnetic inspection pilot for steel transmission pipes starting March 2026 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water main break leaves Southwest Detroit neighborhood underwater","publisher":"FOX 2 Detroit","date":"2025-02-17","url":"https://www.fox2detroit.com/news/water-main-break-floods-southwest-detroit-neighborhood","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"'We can't wait for the city to just save us': Southwest Detroit's catastrophic water main break 1 year later","publisher":"USC Center for Health Journalism (Planet Detroit)","date":"2026-02-17","url":"https://centerforhealthjournalism.org/our-work/reporting/we-cant-wait-city-just-save-us-southwest-detroits-catastrophic-water-main-break","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"GLWA report: decades of underinvestment puts communities at risk (The Crisis Beneath Us news release)","publisher":"Great Lakes Water Authority","date":"2026-09-24","url":"https://www.glwater.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/GLWA-WFTF_The-Crisis-Beneath-Us-Report-News-Release-FINAL-26092221.pdf","basis":"Utility record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Detroit, City of (MI0001800)","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS (Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/DETROIT/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MI-GLWA-TRANSMISSION-MAIN-AGING-2026","US-MI-DETROIT-WINTER-MAIN-BREAKS-2026"]},{"id":"US-MI-GLWA-14-MILE-MAIN-BREAKS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Repeated GLWA transmission-main breaks on 14 Mile Road in Novi and Farmington Hills","description":"GLWA transmission mains along 14 Mile Road in western Oakland County broke in September 2025 (a 42-inch line west of M-5 in Novi) and again on March 7, 2026 (a 48-inch main at Verona in Farmington Hills). Both breaks triggered GLWA boil-water advisories for Walled Lake and parts of Novi (Wixom also in 2025); the March break flooded roads, stranded motorists and left residents under advisories for days. GLWA's CEO called the failures unacceptable, and the 48-inch line had been repaired after an earlier 2021 break.","location":{"name":"GLWA 14 Mile Road transmission mains","type":"Regional drinking-water transmission main","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"14 Mile Road between Farmington Hills and Novi; advisories in Walled Lake, Novi and Wixom, Oakland County","coordinates":{"lat":42.5176,"lon":-83.4006,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Oakland"],"extent":"county","pwsid":"MI0002838"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Repeated structural failures of the same transmission corridor caused pressure loss and boil-water advisories.","secondary_drivers":["aging infrastructure","pumping-station power disruption"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The March 2026 break flooded 14 Mile Road and nearby streets, trapping people in cars who were rescued by the fire department (ref 1); homes were flooded (ref 2). No illness was reported.","service":"WXYZ (ref 2) reports the 48-inch main's breaks left neighbors without water for days; CBS Detroit (ref 3) reports most of Novi lost pressure in September 2025.","scale":"Boil-water advisories covered Walled Lake and part of Novi in March 2026 (ref 1) and Walled Lake, Wixom and parts of Novi in September 2025 (ref 3), systems serving 5,260, 56,780 and 13,928 people (refs 4-6).","duration":"WXYZ (ref 2) documents breaks in 2021, September 2025 and March 2026 on this corridor, a recurring failure pattern over five years.","significance":"GLWA issued formal boil-water advisories after each break (refs 1, 3), and its CEO publicly called the repeated failures 'unacceptable' (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":62040,"status":"Estimated","note":"Upper bound: SDWIS populations of Walled Lake (5,260) and Novi (56,780), the systems under the March 2026 advisory (refs 1, 4, 5); only part of Novi was affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"GLWA crews found a break on a 48-inch water main on 14 Mile at Verona; a boil water advisory is in effect for Walled Lake and part of Novi (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"March 2026 main diameter","value":48,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"September 2025 main diameter","value":42,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Novi population served","value":56780,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 5)."},{"name":"Walled Lake population served","value":5260,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"WXYZ (ref 2) describes breaks in 2021, September 2025 and March 2026, with a further Auburn Hills break in May 2026."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Great Lakes Water Authority","role":"Owner/operator of the transmission mains"},{"name":"Oakland County Water Resources Commissioner","role":"Local system operator and emergency response partner"}],"public_contact":"Great Lakes Water Authority media and public inquiries, media@glwater.org","corrective_actions":["GLWA isolated and repaired the March 2026 break with Oakland County Water Resources Commissioner crews (ref 1).","GLWA scheduled a July 21, 2026 announcement of plans to improve the reliability of the 14 Mile 48-inch main (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water main break in Oakland County sparks boil water advisories, flooding","publisher":"FOX 2 Detroit","date":"2026-03-07","url":"https://fox2detroit.com/news/main-break-14-mile-drake","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"GLWA set to announce improvement plan on 48-inch water main along 14 Mile","publisher":"WXYZ 7 News Detroit","date":"2026-07-21","url":"https://www.wxyz.com/news/glwa-set-to-announce-improvement-plan-on-48-inch-water-main-along-14-mile","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Boil water advisory issued for Walled Lake, Wixom, part of Novi after water main break","publisher":"CBS News Detroit","date":"2025-09-25","url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/detroit/news/most-of-city-of-novi-has-lost-water-pressure-repairs-will-take-several-hours","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Walled Lake, City of (MI0006875)","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS (Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WALLED%20LAKE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Novi, City of (MI0004870)","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS (Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/NOVI/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Wixom, City of (MI0007135)","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS (Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WIXOM/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MI-OAKLAND-GLWA-MAIN-RUPTURE-2026","US-MI-GLWA-TRANSMISSION-MAIN-AGING-2026"]},{"id":"US-MI-DETROIT-WINTER-MAIN-BREAKS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Detroit distribution system hit by 50-plus water main breaks in January 2026 cold snap","description":"During a late-January 2026 arctic cold snap, the Detroit Water and Sewerage Department reported more than 50 active water main breaks across the city, with 50 to 60 new breaks in a single week and 51 for the month. Breaks flooded and iced streets and froze cars in place, and DWSD deployed over 200 crews; the city system has more than 2,700 miles of water mains.","location":{"name":"Detroit Water and Sewerage Department","type":"Municipal water distribution system","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Citywide, Detroit, Wayne County","coordinates":{"lat":42.3314,"lon":-83.0458,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Wayne"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"MI0001800"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Freeze-driven failures in old distribution mains caused the breaks.","secondary_drivers":["aging infrastructure","extreme cold"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"WDET (ref 2) reports the breaks produced impassable streets, thick ice and cars frozen in place; no injuries or contamination were reported.","service":"A Rosemont Avenue resident told WXYZ (ref 1) her water was 'really slow' before a break was repaired; outages were localized to affected blocks.","scale":"Breaks were spread across the whole city system, which serves 633,218 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"The surge ran through the late-January 2026 freeze; DWSD reported 51 breaks that month (ref 3), and residents described repeated breaks over the winter (ref 1).","significance":"No violation, enforcement or emergency declaration is documented in the cited sources; the event is tracked as an operational infrastructure stress."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":633218,"status":"Reported","note":"System population per SDWIS (ref 4); individual outages affected only blocks near each break."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Fifty to 60 broken water mains have been reported since Monday, according to the Detroit Water and Sewerage Department (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Active water main breaks","value":50,"unit":"breaks","status":"Reported","note":"'More than 50 active water main breaks' (ref 2)."},{"name":"January 2026 breaks reported by DWSD","value":51,"unit":"breaks","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Crews deployed","value":200,"unit":"crews","status":"Reported","note":"'Over 200 crews' (ref 1)."},{"name":"Water mains overseen by DWSD","value":2700,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"'Over 2,700 miles' (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Breaks spike with extreme cold; no multi-year count is in the cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Detroit Water and Sewerage Department","role":"Retail water utility"}],"public_contact":"Detroit Water and Sewerage Department customer service, 313-267-8000","corrective_actions":["DWSD deployed over 200 crews and asked residents to report breaks and move cars (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Detroit crews responding to nearly 60 water main breaks this week as cold snap lingers","publisher":"WXYZ 7 News Detroit","date":"2026-01-29","url":"https://www.wxyz.com/news/region/detroit/detroit-crews-responding-to-nearly-60-water-main-breaks-this-week-as-cold-snap-lingers","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Detroit Evening Report: Water main breaks plague city","publisher":"WDET 101.9 FM","date":"2026-01-28","url":"https://wdet.org/2026/01/28/detroit-evening-report-water-main-breaks-plague-city/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"'We can't wait for the city to just save us': Southwest Detroit's catastrophic water main break 1 year later","publisher":"USC Center for Health Journalism (Planet Detroit)","date":"2026-02-17","url":"https://centerforhealthjournalism.org/our-work/reporting/we-cant-wait-city-just-save-us-southwest-detroits-catastrophic-water-main-break","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Detroit, City of (MI0001800)","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS (Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/DETROIT/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MI-SW-DETROIT-54IN-MAIN-BREAK-2025"]},{"id":"US-MI-STATEWIDE-WATER-INFRASTRUCTURE-FUNDING-GAP-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Michigan water and wastewater infrastructure funding gap of up to $85 billion","description":"Michigan officials report an annual water infrastructure gap of $860 million to $1.1 billion and a backlog of community requests far exceeding available state revolving-fund money: EGLE funded $1.7 billion of more than $5 billion requested in FY2024 and expected under $720 million for $3.5 billion in FY2025 requests. A September 2026 GLWA-convened task force report puts the 20-year statewide water and wastewater need as high as $85 billion, notes ASCE grades of D+ (drinking water) and C (wastewater), and finds combined water and sewer rates rose 24% in five years.","location":{"name":"Michigan (statewide)","type":"Statewide water and wastewater infrastructure","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"All Michigan drinking-water and wastewater systems","coordinates":{"lat":44.3148,"lon":-85.6024,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns the gap between documented capital needs and available funding for aging systems.","secondary_drivers":["deferred maintenance","end of one-time federal funds"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"GLWA's report (ref 2) links underinvestment to failures such as the February 2025 Detroit rupture that displaced hundreds of residents and caused over $12 million in damage.","service":"The funding gap itself causes no direct service interruption; service impacts are tracked in the individual failure records.","scale":"The gap covers every Michigan water system; the Governor's office (ref 1) says most of the state's systems are over 50 years old.","duration":"GLWA (ref 2) notes the 21st Century Infrastructure Commission identified a $16 billion, 20-year gap in 2016 and ASCE grades have barely changed in two decades.","significance":"The Governor's office formally reported (ref 1) that FY2025 requests of $3.5 billion would meet less than $720 million in available funding."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide; no affected-population figure is given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Independent analysis places Michigan's total 20-year water and wastewater investment need as high as $85 billion (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Annual water infrastructure gap (low)","value":860000000,"unit":"USD per year","status":"Reported","note":"'$860 million to $1.1 billion' (ref 1)."},{"name":"FY2024 requests funded","value":1700000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Of more than $5 billion requested (ref 1)."},{"name":"FY2025 project requests","value":3500000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Less than $720 million expected to be available (ref 1)."},{"name":"20-year investment need (high estimate)","value":85000000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Five-year increase in combined water and sewer rates","value":24,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Community requests far exceed state revolving-fund capacity (ref 1)","Combined water and sewer rates up 24% in five years (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Need estimates rose from $16 billion (2016) to as high as $85 billion (2026) (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), Finance Division","role":"State revolving fund administrator"},{"name":"Michigan Legislature","role":"State appropriations"}],"public_contact":"EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["The state announced a $290 million MI Clean Water Plan expansion through the Clean Water and Drinking Water State Revolving Funds in April 2024 (ref 1).","GLWA's Water Funding Task Force recommended a sustainable long-term state revenue source and modernized asset-management data (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Gov. Whitmer announces $290 million to rebuild water infrastructure, supporting 4,350 jobs","publisher":"Office of the Michigan Governor","date":"2024-04-22","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/whitmer/news/press-releases/2024/04/22/whitmer-announces-290-million-to-rebuild-water-infrastructure-supporting-4350-jobs","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"GLWA report: decades of underinvestment puts communities at risk, Michigan needs as much as $85 billion for water infrastructure","publisher":"Great Lakes Water Authority","date":"2026-09-24","url":"https://www.glwater.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/GLWA-WFTF_The-Crisis-Beneath-Us-Report-News-Release-FINAL-26092221.pdf","basis":"Utility record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MI-GLWA-TRANSMISSION-MAIN-AGING-2026","US-MI-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2026"]},{"id":"US-MI-GLWA-TRANSMISSION-MAIN-AGING-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"GLWA's 800-mile transmission network: 40% needs attention, 70 miles past useful life","description":"The Great Lakes Water Authority, which supplies drinking water to nearly four million residents in eight southeast Michigan counties, reports that its roughly 800 miles of transmission main average 72 years old and that more than 40% need attention, including 86 miles of 1970s-era prestressed concrete cylinder pipe and 70 miles already beyond useful life. Recent failures include the February 2025 Southwest Detroit rupture, repeated 14 Mile Road breaks and a May 2026 Auburn Hills failure that affected about 200,000 residents.","location":{"name":"Great Lakes Water Authority transmission system","type":"Regional wholesale water transmission system","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Transmission mains across eight southeast Michigan counties including Wayne, Oakland and Macomb","coordinates":{"lat":42.3314,"lon":-83.0458,"precision":"system_centroid","source_ref":1},"counties":["Wayne","Oakland","Macomb"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"MI0002838"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The finding documents the condition and failure risk of regional transmission pipe.","secondary_drivers":["aging infrastructure","prestressed concrete cylinder pipe"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"GLWA (ref 1) says transmission failures have displaced families and caused more than $12 million in property damage in the 2025 Detroit rupture alone.","service":"GLWA (ref 1) reports the May 2026 42-inch Auburn Hills failure disrupted service in five Oakland County communities and affected roughly 200,000 residents.","scale":"The transmission system serves nearly four million residents across eight counties (ref 1).","duration":"Pipelines are more than 100 years old in places and average 72 years (ref 1); GLWA told Planet Detroit (ref 2) that many mains are nearly a century old and need replacement.","significance":"GLWA's formal report (ref 1) finds more than 40% of mains need attention, and GLWA changed its risk prioritization after the 2025 failure (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"GLWA reports serving nearly four million residents (ref 1); SDWIS lists no population for the wholesale system (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than 40 percent of those transmission mains require attention, including 86 miles of rapidly aging 1970s-era prestressed concrete cylinder pipe, 168 miles that can be retired, and 70 miles already beyond their useful life (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Transmission main length","value":800,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"'Approximately 800 miles' (ref 1)."},{"name":"Average transmission main age","value":72,"unit":"years","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Mains beyond useful life","value":70,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"1970s-era PCCP","value":86,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Residents served","value":4000000,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"'Nearly four million' (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["GLWA says passing billions in added costs to ratepayers is not sustainable (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Three major transmission failures between February 2025 and May 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Great Lakes Water Authority","role":"Regional wholesale water provider and transmission owner"},{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), Drinking Water and Environmental Health Division","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Great Lakes Water Authority media and public inquiries, media@glwater.org","corrective_actions":["GLWA said it now weighs consequence of failure in dense areas alongside likelihood of failure (ref 2).","GLWA planned an electromagnetic inspection pilot for steel pipes beginning March 2026 (ref 2).","GLWA's task force called for a statewide water infrastructure funding strategy (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"GLWA report: decades of underinvestment puts communities at risk (The Crisis Beneath Us news release)","publisher":"Great Lakes Water Authority","date":"2026-09-24","url":"https://www.glwater.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/GLWA-WFTF_The-Crisis-Beneath-Us-Report-News-Release-FINAL-26092221.pdf","basis":"Utility record"},{"ref":2,"title":"'We can't wait for the city to just save us': Southwest Detroit's catastrophic water main break 1 year later","publisher":"USC Center for Health Journalism (Planet Detroit)","date":"2026-02-17","url":"https://centerforhealthjournalism.org/our-work/reporting/we-cant-wait-city-just-save-us-southwest-detroits-catastrophic-water-main-break","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Great Lakes Water Authority (MI0002838)","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS (Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/GREAT%20LAKES%20WATER/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MI-OAKLAND-GLWA-MAIN-RUPTURE-2026","US-MI-SW-DETROIT-54IN-MAIN-BREAK-2025","US-MI-GLWA-14-MILE-MAIN-BREAKS-2026"]},{"id":"US-MI-OAKLAND-GWK-DEQUINDRE-SSO-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"EGLE enforcement over Oakland County George W. Kuhn sewage overflows to Red Run Drain","description":"On June 27, 2025 EGLE notified the Oakland County Water Resources Commissioner that the county had failed to correct sanitary sewer overflows from its Dequindre Interceptor at the George W. Kuhn retention basin (NPDES MI0026115), citing discharges of 2.2 million gallons on August 24, 2023 and 1.18 million gallons on April 3, 2025 of untreated or partially treated sewage to the Red Run Drain, which flows to the Clinton River and Lake St. Clair. EGLE proposed an administrative consent order with a compliance program and penalties; the county says a regional solution with GLWA is needed.","location":{"name":"George W. Kuhn Drainage District / Red Run Drain","type":"Combined sewer retention treatment basin and receiving drain","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Madison Heights (Oakland County) to Red Run Drain, Clinton River and Lake St. Clair (Macomb County)","coordinates":{"lat":42.5227,"lon":-83.0887,"precision":"facility","source_ref":4},"counties":["Oakland","Macomb"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Insufficient interceptor and basin capacity during heavy rain causes untreated sewage discharges to a shared waterway.","secondary_drivers":["combined sewer capacity","intense rainfall"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"EGLE's notice (ref 1) cites 1.18 million gallons (April 3, 2025) and 2.2 million gallons (Aug. 24, 2023) of untreated or partially treated sewage discharged to the Red Run Drain; Macomb staff found sanitary debris along the outfall banks (ref 5).","service":"No drinking-water or sewer service interruption is documented; the impact is on receiving waters.","scale":"The basin serves 14 southeast Oakland County municipalities (refs 2, 5), and the Red Run flows to Lake St. Clair, which Sen. Hertel's office says more than four million people rely on (ref 3).","duration":"EGLE (ref 1) says the county was previously notified in violation notices of Sept. 21, 2023 and April 29, 2025, showing a recurring problem across at least two years.","significance":"EGLE issued a June 27, 2025 enforcement notice and proposed an administrative consent order with fines or penalties (refs 1, 2); no signed order is documented in the cited sources."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Basin serves 14 Oakland County communities (ref 2); no population figure is cited."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"An April 3 event in which the Oakland County facility \"discharged 1.18 million gallons of untreated or partially treated sewage\" (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"April 3, 2025 discharge","value":1180000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Untreated or partially treated sewage (ref 1)."},{"name":"August 24, 2023 discharge","value":2200000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Communities served by basin","value":14,"unit":"municipalities","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Two cited SSO events (2023, 2025) and prior violation notices; no annual volume series in the cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), Water Resources Division","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"},{"name":"Oakland County Water Resources Commissioner","role":"Permittee and basin operator"},{"name":"Macomb County Public Works Office","role":"Downstream county drain authority"}],"public_contact":"Oakland County Water Resources Commissioner's Office, 248-858-0958","corrective_actions":["EGLE asked Oakland County to review hydraulic models, model operational changes and evaluate interactions with the GLWA system to eliminate SSOs (ref 1).","EGLE proposed an administrative consent order with a compliance program and penalties (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EGLE: Oakland County violating environmental laws with sewage overflows (Detroit Free Press)","publisher":"Yahoo News / Detroit Free Press","date":"2025-07-15","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/egle-oakland-county-violating-environmental-100503258.html","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Why Michigan is fining Oakland County over sewage spills","publisher":"Planet Detroit","date":"2025-07-14","url":"https://planetdetroit.org/2025/07/oakland-county-sued-sewage-discharge/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Sen. Hertel continues push for Oakland County to address their combined sewer overflows","publisher":"Michigan Senate Democrats (Sen. Kevin Hertel)","date":"2025-04-11","url":"https://senatedems.com/hertel/2025/04/11/sewer-overflows/","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: George W Kuhn Dr Dist CSO RTB (NPDES MI0026115)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=MI0026115","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"Macomb County takes aim at Oakland over 'sickening' raw sewage dumping","publisher":"MIRS News","date":"2025-04-11","url":"https://home.mirs.news/post/macomb-county-takes-aim-at-oakland-over-sickening-raw-sewage-dumping","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MI-CHAPATON-CSO-LAKE-ST-CLAIR-2025"]},{"id":"US-MI-CHAPATON-CSO-LAKE-ST-CLAIR-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Chapaton retention basin combined sewer overflows to Lake St. Clair and 2025 expansion","description":"Macomb County's Chapaton Retention Basin in St. Clair Shores (NPDES MI0025585) discharges combined sewer overflows to Lake St. Clair during heavy rain. A roughly $29 million, mostly ARPA-funded expansion unveiled September 16, 2025 enlarged the canal to store 17 million gallons and is expected to cut CSOs by 50%, but permitted overflows continue; state legislators separately cite a $72 million appropriation for additional storage aimed at a 40% CSO reduction.","location":{"name":"Chapaton Retention Basin, St. Clair Shores","type":"Combined sewer overflow retention treatment basin","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Foot of Nine Mile Road on Lake St. Clair, St. Clair Shores, Macomb County","coordinates":{"lat":42.4638,"lon":-82.8777,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Macomb"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Limited combined-sewer storage causes treated and partially treated overflows to Lake St. Clair.","secondary_drivers":["combined sewer capacity","intense rainfall"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"C&G News (ref 1) describes CSOs as untreated water flowing into nearby lakes when combined systems are overwhelmed; Commissioner Miller said continued permitted discharges to the lake are 'not OK.'","service":"No water or sewer service interruption is documented for the basin's service area.","scale":"One retention basin on Lake St. Clair at St. Clair Shores, a shared regional water body (ref 1).","duration":"Macomb officials described Lake St. Clair CSOs as a problem 'for years and years' (ref 1); expansion took about two years to build.","significance":"The basin operates under an NPDES permit (ref 3), and the Legislature appropriated $72 million for added Chapaton storage (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No service population for the basin is given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"With its new dimensions of 700 feet long, 200 feet wide and 16 feet deep, the canal has the capacity to store 17 million gallons and will reduce CSOs by 50% (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Expanded storage capacity","value":17000000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Expected CSO reduction","value":50,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Expansion cost","value":29000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"'Approximately $29 million', mostly ARPA (ref 1)."},{"name":"State appropriation for additional storage","value":72000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Expansion completed in September 2025 with a projected 50% CSO reduction (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Macomb County Public Works Office","role":"Basin owner and NPDES permittee"},{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), Water Resources Division","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"Macomb County Public Works Office, 586-469-5325","corrective_actions":["Canal rehabilitated and enlarged to 17 million gallons, sluice gates replaced, 14 acres of sewers separated and a trash collector added (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Local, state officials unveil Chapaton Retention Basin","publisher":"C&G Newspapers","date":"2025-09-26","url":"https://www.candgnews.com/news/local-state-officials-unveil-chapaton-retention-basin-9253","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Sen. Hertel continues push for Oakland County to address their combined sewer overflows","publisher":"Michigan Senate Democrats (Sen. Kevin Hertel)","date":"2025-04-11","url":"https://senatedems.com/hertel/2025/04/11/sewer-overflows/","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Chapaton RTB (NPDES MI0025585)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=MI0025585","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MI-OAKLAND-GWK-DEQUINDRE-SSO-2025"]},{"id":"US-MI-GLWA-WRRF-NONCOMPLIANCE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"GLWA Detroit wastewater plant in significant noncompliance; permit reissuance pending","description":"EPA ECHO lists the Great Lakes Water Authority Water Resource Recovery Facility in Detroit (NPDES MI0022802), which treats wastewater from Detroit and communities in Wayne, Oakland and Macomb counties, in significant noncompliance for seven of 13 quarters from mid-2023 to 2026, with exceedances for mercury, total residual chlorine, fecal coliform and phosphorus. Its permit expired in October 2022, and EGLE proposed a reissued permit in August 2026 adding a PFOS compliance schedule and new metals limits; GLWA operates nine CSO control facilities and 62 untreated outfalls on the Detroit and Rouge rivers.","location":{"name":"GLWA Water Resource Recovery Facility, Detroit","type":"Regional wastewater treatment plant","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"9300 West Jefferson Avenue, Detroit; discharges to the Detroit River, Rouge River and Conner Creek","coordinates":{"lat":42.2847,"lon":-83.1287,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Wayne","Oakland","Macomb"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns effluent limit exceedances and permit conditions at the regional treatment plant.","secondary_drivers":["combined sewer system","PFAS"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO (ref 1) records quarterly exceedances including total residual chlorine up to 2,434%, fecal coliform up to 1,023% and mercury 104-116% over limits.","service":"No sewer service interruption is documented for the plant's member communities.","scale":"The plant collects wastewater from Detroit and municipal entities in Wayne, Oakland and Macomb counties (ref 2).","duration":"ECHO (ref 1) shows violations in all 13 quarters and significant noncompliance in seven, including six straight quarters from January 2025 to June 2026.","significance":"ECHO lists the plant in significant noncompliance (ref 1), and EGLE's August 2026 draft permit adds a PFOS compliance schedule and new effluent limits (ref 2); no formal enforcement action is listed."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Service population for the wastewater system is not given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Significant/Category I Noncompliance in 7 of the 13 quarters from July 2023 to October 2026 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (of 13)","value":7,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO three-year history (ref 1)."},{"name":"Peak total residual chlorine exceedance","value":2434,"unit":"percent over limit","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Proposed final mercury limit, outfall 049A","value":25,"unit":"ng/L","status":"Reported","note":"Multiple discharger variance level (ref 2)."},{"name":"Untreated CSO discharge points","value":62,"unit":"outfalls","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"SNC appeared in early 2024 and from early 2025 through mid-2026; the latest quarter shows violations without SNC (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Great Lakes Water Authority","role":"Co-permittee and plant operator"},{"name":"Detroit Water and Sewerage Department","role":"Co-permittee"},{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), Water Resources Division","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"EGLE Water Resources Division, Warren District Office, 586-753-3700","corrective_actions":["EGLE proposed reissuing NPDES permit MI0022802 with a PFOS compliance schedule, PFAS reporting, a phosphorus evaluation and new copper, selenium, toxicity and metals limits; public hearing September 3, 2026 (ref 2).","GLWA reports $1.2 billion invested in CSO control facilities and a 95% reduction in untreated discharge since 2012 (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: GLWA WRRF (NPDES MI0022802)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=MI0022802","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Public notice of draft permit, public meeting and public hearing: GLWA WRRF (MI0022802)","publisher":"Michigan EGLE (posted by Great Lakes Water Authority)","date":"2026-08-03","url":"https://www.glwater.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Public-Notice-Document_GLWA-WRRF.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Combined Sewer Overflows","publisher":"Great Lakes Water Authority","date":"2026-08-05","url":"https://www.glwater.org/combined-sewer-overflows/","basis":"Utility record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MI-HURON-RIVER-PFAS-2026"]},{"id":"US-MI-MACKINAC-ISLAND-WWTP-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Mackinac Island sewage plant noncompliance during $78.7 million rebuild","description":"The 1970 Mackinac Island wastewater treatment plant (NPDES MI0026751), which serves 492 people in winter and over 20,000 in summer, 'previously struggled to meet environmental and capacity standards,' according to EGLE, which highlighted a $78.7 million upgrade in May 2025. EPA ECHO shows violations in every quarter from mid-2023 and significant noncompliance from April 2025 through June 2026, with repeated exceedances for suspended solids, BOD, phosphorus, fecal coliform, mercury and pH.","location":{"name":"Mackinac Island Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"City of Mackinac Island, Mackinac County; discharges to Lake Huron waters near the Straits","coordinates":{"lat":45.8601,"lon":-84.6385,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Mackinac"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"An undersized, aging plant is failing effluent limits under seasonal tourist loads.","secondary_drivers":["seasonal population surge","aging treatment plant"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO (ref 2) shows suspended-solids removal shortfalls up to 440%, BOD up to 160% and mercury up to 265% over limits in 2024-2026 quarters.","service":"No sewer service interruption is reported; the plant kept operating during construction.","scale":"EGLE (ref 1) says the plant serves 492 residents in winter and over 20,000 people in summer.","duration":"ECHO (ref 2) records violations in all 12 completed quarters since July 2023 and significant noncompliance for five straight quarters from April 2025.","significance":"ECHO lists the plant in Significant/Category I Noncompliance (ref 2); EGLE (ref 1) states it struggled to meet environmental standards. No formal enforcement action is listed."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":20000,"status":"Reported","note":"Peak summer population served; 492 in winter (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The WWTP, which serves a population ranging from 492 in the winter to over 20,000 in the summer, previously struggled to meet environmental and capacity standards (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Upgrade project cost","value":78700000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"$24M CWSRF loan, $15M ARP grant, $39.7M state grant (ref 1)."},{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (of 13)","value":5,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Peak suspended-solids removal shortfall","value":440,"unit":"percent over limit","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Status moved from violations to significant noncompliance in April 2025; the latest quarter shows violations without SNC (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Mackinac Island Department of Public Works","role":"Permittee and plant operator"},{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), Water Resources Division","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"EGLE Water Resources Division, Gaylord District Office, 989-731-4920","corrective_actions":["Plant expansion with automated screening, grit removal, moving bed biofilm reactors and UV disinfection, funded by a $24 million CWSRF loan, $15 million ARP grant and $39.7 million state grant (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"State and local leaders highlight $78.7 million investment to upgrade Mackinac Island Wastewater Treatment Plant","publisher":"Michigan EGLE","date":"2025-05-27","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/egle/newsroom/press-releases/2025/05/27/mackinac-island-wastewater-treatment-plant","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Mackinac Island WWTP (NPDES MI0026751)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=MI0026751","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MI-GOGEBIC-IRON-WWTP-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Gogebic-Iron Wastewater Authority plant in significant noncompliance after upgrade","description":"The Gogebic-Iron Wastewater Authority plant in Ironwood (NPDES MI0020125), serving 9,267 customers in Ironwood, Ironwood Township and Hurley, Wisconsin, had 'multiple fecal limit violations' and deteriorating equipment, according to EGLE, which financed a $32.1 million upgrade due to finish in winter 2024. EPA ECHO nonetheless lists the plant in significant noncompliance for seven straight quarters from October 2024 to June 2026, with exceedances for total residual chlorine (up to 555%), suspended solids, ammonia and phosphorus in discharges to the Montreal River.","location":{"name":"Gogebic-Iron Wastewater Authority WWTP","type":"Regional wastewater treatment plant","state":"MI","states":["MI","WI"],"detail":"Ironwood, Gogebic County; discharges to the Montreal River on the Michigan-Wisconsin border","coordinates":{"lat":46.4657,"lon":-90.1893,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Gogebic"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Aging equipment and treatment performance problems produce effluent violations in a boundary river.","secondary_drivers":["aging treatment plant"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO (ref 2) records total residual chlorine up to 555% and suspended-solids removal shortfalls up to 273% over limits, discharged to the Montreal River.","service":"No interruption of sewer service is reported for the authority's customers.","scale":"EGLE (ref 1) says the plant serves 9,267 customers in two Michigan communities and Hurley, Wisconsin.","duration":"ECHO (ref 2) shows significant noncompliance in seven consecutive quarters, October 2024 through June 2026, following EGLE-documented fecal violations before the upgrade (ref 1).","significance":"ECHO lists the plant in Significant/Category I Noncompliance with one informal action (ref 2); no formal enforcement order is listed."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":9267,"status":"Reported","note":"Customers served, including residents and businesses (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A system that has had multiple fecal limit violations (ref 1); significant noncompliance in 7 of 13 quarters through 2026 (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Upgrade project cost","value":32085000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"$20M ARP grant and $12.085M CWSRF loan (ref 1)."},{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (of 13)","value":7,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Peak total residual chlorine exceedance","value":555,"unit":"percent over limit","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"SNC began in October 2024, around the scheduled end of construction, and continued through June 2026 (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Gogebic-Iron Wastewater Authority","role":"Permittee and plant operator"},{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), Water Resources Division","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"EGLE Water Resources Division, Marquette District Office, 906-228-4853","corrective_actions":["Upgrade to a Class A biosystems treatment process and replacement of end-of-life equipment, financed by a $20 million ARP grant and $12.085 million CWSRF loan (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"By the numbers: Upper Peninsula wastewater treatment upgrades among 40 State Revolving Fund projects","publisher":"Michigan EGLE (MI Environment)","date":"2023-12-20","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/egle/newsroom/mi-environment/2023/12/20/by-the-numbers-upper-peninsula-wastewater-treatment-upgrades-among-40-state-revolving-fund-projects","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Gogebic-Iron WW Authority WWTP (NPDES MI0020125)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=MI0020125","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MI-MASON-WWTP-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Mason wastewater plant noncompliance and 2026 discharge to Sycamore Creek","description":"EPA ECHO shows the City of Mason wastewater treatment plant (NPDES MI0020435), built in 1958 and rated for 1.5 million gallons per day, in violation in all 12 quarters from mid-2023 and in significant noncompliance in five, with exceedances for ammonia, suspended solids, BOD, fecal coliform, dissolved oxygen and toxicity. After the old plant stopped operating in March 2026, the new plant released 37,170 gallons of partially treated wastewater to Sycamore Creek on April 15, 2026 during heavy rain because of a valve/alarm malfunction.","location":{"name":"City of Mason Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Mason, Ingham County; serves Mason and parts of Alaiedon and Vevay townships; discharges to Sycamore Creek","coordinates":{"lat":42.5872,"lon":-84.4438,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Ingham"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"An aging plant replaced in 2026 produced repeated effluent violations and a partially treated discharge.","secondary_drivers":["aging treatment plant","heavy rainfall"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"WILX (ref 1) reports 37,170 gallons of partially treated wastewater discharged into Sycamore Creek on April 15, 2026; ECHO (ref 3) shows ammonia up to 430% and suspended solids up to 363% over limits.","service":"No interruption of sewer service is reported.","scale":"The plant serves Mason and parts of Alaiedon and Vevay townships (ref 2).","duration":"ECHO (ref 3) records violations in every quarter since July 2023, with significant noncompliance in five quarters through June 2026.","significance":"ECHO lists the plant in Significant/Category I Noncompliance (ref 3), and the city notified EGLE and the Ingham County Health Department of the 2026 discharge (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Service population is not given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"In total, 37,170 gallons of water were discharged into Sycamore Creek, caused by the heavy rain (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"April 2026 partially treated discharge","value":37170,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Plant design capacity","value":1.5,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (of 13)","value":5,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"A new plant replaced the former facilities in March 2026; the city said the old plant would have discharged far more in similar conditions (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Mason","role":"Permittee and plant operator"},{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), Water Resources Division","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"},{"name":"Ingham County Health Department","role":"Local public health notification"}],"public_contact":"City of Mason, 201 West Ash Street, Mason; customer service weekdays 8:30 a.m.-4:30 p.m.","corrective_actions":["The city brought new plant facilities online in March 2026 and said another discharge was not anticipated after the valve/alarm malfunction (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"More than 37,000 gallons of partially treated wastewater discharged into Sycamore Creek Mason, officials say","publisher":"WILX News 10","date":"2026-04-15","url":"https://www.wilx.com/2026/04/15/more-than-37000-gallons-partially-treated-wastewater-discharged-into-sycamore-creek-mason-officials-say/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Wastewater Treatment","publisher":"City of Mason","date":null,"url":"https://mason.mi.us/city_departments/utilities/wastewater_treatment/","basis":"Local government record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Mason WWTP (NPDES MI0020435)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=MI0020435","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MI-STATEWIDE-SEPTIC-CODE-GAP-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Michigan lacks a statewide septic code; EGLE estimates up to 25% of systems failing","description":"Michigan is the only state without a statewide septic code, and EGLE estimates that as many as 25% of the state's 1.3 million septic systems are failing in some way, with no required inspections and no inventory of where systems are. Failing systems can leak E. coli into creeks and rivers. Senate Bill 771, introduced in January 2026 to require EGLE to write a statewide sewage code within three years, was reported from committee in June 2026 and placed on third reading but has not passed.","location":{"name":"Michigan (statewide onsite septic systems)","type":"Statewide onsite wastewater systems","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Homes and businesses on septic systems across Michigan","coordinates":{"lat":44.3148,"lon":-85.6024,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["groundwater","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns a regulatory gap that leaves failing onsite systems unidentified and unrepaired.","secondary_drivers":["no statewide inspection requirement"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Michigan Public (ref 1) reports failing septic systems can leak E. coli into creeks and rivers and that some lakes show high-E. coli areas likely linked to more septic use.","service":"No interruption of water or sewer service is involved; the risk is contamination of wells and surface waters.","scale":"EGLE estimates up to 25% of Michigan's 1.3 million septic systems are failing in some way (ref 1).","duration":"FLOW (ref 2) says Michigan has tried to pass a statewide septic code more than a dozen times over past decades without success.","significance":"SB 771 was reported favorably with substitute on June 2, 2026 and placed on third reading in the Senate (ref 3), but no code is in force."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"1.3 million septic systems statewide (ref 1); no resident count is cited."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"As many as 25% of the state's 1.3 million septic systems are failing in some way, according to EGLE (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Septic systems in Michigan","value":1300000,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Share estimated failing (upper estimate)","value":25,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"EGLE estimate (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"The regulatory gap persists; SB 771 awaits a Senate floor vote (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE)","role":"Proposed septic code author and database proponent"},{"name":"Local health departments","role":"Current onsite system permitting"},{"name":"Michigan Legislature","role":"Septic code legislation"}],"public_contact":"EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["EGLE proposed a statewide septic system database to locate and triage failing systems (ref 1).","SB 771 would require a Statewide Sewage Code within three years, define system failure, authorize local inspections and create a fund to help low-income homeowners (refs 2, 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"State regulators want to track and fix failing septic systems","publisher":"Michigan Public","date":"2025-05-05","url":"https://www.michiganpublic.org/environment-climate-change/2025-05-05/state-regulators-want-to-track-and-fix-failing-septic-systems","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Septic systems standards legislation introduced in Michigan state senate","publisher":"FLOW Water Advocates","date":"2026-01-28","url":"https://flowwateradvocates.org/?p=37438","basis":"Advocacy organization"},{"ref":3,"title":"Senate Bill 771 of 2026","publisher":"Michigan Legislature","date":null,"url":"https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Bills/Bill?ObjectName=2026-SB-0771","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MI-STATEWIDE-BEACH-ECOLI-2025"]},{"id":"US-MI-LANSING-CSO-GRAND-RIVER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lansing combined sewer overflows to the Grand and Red Cedar rivers (2033 deadline)","description":"Lansing still operates combined sewers that overflow untreated sewage into the Grand and Red Cedar rivers during heavy rain; the city missed a 2019 state deadline and has a new 2033 deadline, with an estimated additional $250 million of sewer separation needed. An EPA-published CWSRF case study reports 23 of the original 41 CSO structures decommissioned, and EPA ECHO shows the Lansing wastewater plant (NPDES MI0023400) in violation in every quarter from mid-2023, including a fecal coliform exceedance of 1,309%.","location":{"name":"City of Lansing combined sewer area","type":"Municipal combined sewer system and river segment","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Lansing, Ingham County; Grand River and Red Cedar River","coordinates":{"lat":42.7541,"lon":-84.5656,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Ingham"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Remaining combined sewers discharge untreated sewage to rivers when rain exceeds capacity.","secondary_drivers":["combined sewer system","heavy rainfall"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO (ref 3) records a fecal coliform exceedance of 1,309% at the Lansing plant; FOX 17 (ref 1) reported that river businesses close when overflows occur.","service":"No water or sewer service interruption is documented; separation work aims to reduce basement backups (ref 2).","scale":"The CSO program covers a 5,000-acre tributary area of Lansing, where 18 of the original 41 CSO structures had not yet been decommissioned per the case study (ref 2).","duration":"Lansing missed its 2019 deadline and now faces a 2033 deadline (ref 1); separation has been under way since the mid-1990s.","significance":"The state extended Lansing's CSO elimination deadline to 2033 (ref 1), and ECHO shows violations in all 13 quarters with three informal actions (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No service population is cited for the combined sewer area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"To date, the program has removed approximately 952 million gallons of sewage overflow annually to the Grand River and Cedar River; 23 of the original 41 CSO structures have been decommissioned (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"CSO structures decommissioned (of 41)","value":23,"unit":"structures","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Annual overflow volume removed by separation","value":952000000,"unit":"gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Estimated remaining separation cost","value":250000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"In 2021 dollars, per city public service director (ref 1)."},{"name":"Fecal coliform peak exceedance at WWTP","value":1309,"unit":"percent over limit","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Separation projects continue (23rd CWSRF loan) but 18 of 41 CSO structures had not been decommissioned per the case study (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Lansing Public Service Department","role":"Combined sewer owner and NPDES permittee"},{"name":"Lansing Board of Water and Light","role":"Water main replacement partner"},{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), Water Resources Division","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"City of Lansing Public Service Department, 517-483-4161","corrective_actions":["Sub-area 034C project built about 14,605 feet of sanitary sewer with an $8.88 million CWSRF loan (ref 2).","City plans continued separation projects and annual sewer rate increases to meet the 2033 deadline (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"333 million gallons of sewage spilled into the Grand River last year. The fix will cost $250 million","publisher":"FOX 17 West Michigan","date":"2021-07-23","url":"https://www.fox17online.com/news/local-news/michigan/333-million-gallons-of-sewage-spilled-into-the-grand-river-last-year-the-fix-will-cost-250-million","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Lansing CSO Sub-Area 034C Project: CWSRF case study","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2024-04-12","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-09/lansing-cso-sub-area-034c-project_cwsrf-case-study.pdf","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Lansing WWTP (NPDES MI0023400)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=MI0023400","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["Current annual CSO discharge volume"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MI-FOUR-LAKES-DAM-RESTORATION-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Four Lakes dam restoration after Edenville and Sanford failures","description":"Six years after the May 2020 Edenville Dam failure and Sanford Dam overtopping, the Four Lakes Task Force is still rebuilding four dams on the Tittabawassee River system in Midland and Gladwin counties. Property owners in a special assessment district of about 8,000 parcels are paying about $217.7 million over 40 years; litigation over the assessments halted financing and suspended construction in 2024 before courts upheld the district. Sanford Lake returned to its legal level in May 2026, while Edenville (Wixom Lake) is projected for substantial completion in September 2027.","location":{"name":"Four Lakes (Wixom, Sanford, Secord, Smallwood)","type":"Impoundment and dam system","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Tittabawassee and Tobacco rivers, Midland and Gladwin counties, Michigan","coordinates":{"lat":43.808,"lon":-84.383,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Midland","Gladwin"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"The lakes remain partly drained because failed flood-control and impoundment dams are still being rebuilt.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EGLE (ref 5) says the 2020 failures displaced 10,000 residents and caused more than $200 million in damage; inside the window the documented harm is the continued loss of the drained lakes rather than new flooding.","service":"Michigan Public (ref 3) reported in May 2025 that all four lakes remained drained, with Sanford Lake about 15 feet below its normal legal level.","scale":"The special assessment district covers about 8,000 parcels across Midland and Gladwin counties (ref 3); more than 10,000 people were evacuated in 2020.","duration":"The lakes have been down since May 2020, and the Task Force letter of May 20, 2026 (ref 1) puts final construction in 2028.","significance":"Heron Cove Association litigation over the special assessments halted bond financing and suspended work in June 2024 (ref 2); the Michigan Supreme Court declined to hear the appeal in April 2025 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"About 8,000 parcels are in the special assessment district (ref 3); no resident count is published for the current restoration."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Property owners will pay about $217.7 million over 40 years, just over half the project cost (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Special assessment total (not-to-exceed)","value":217.7,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1 and ref 3."},{"name":"Parcels in special assessment district","value":8000,"unit":"parcels","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate, ref 3."},{"name":"Second bond series","value":80.285,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Secured May 19, 2026 at 5.73 percent effective interest (ref 1)."},{"name":"Edenville Dam repair estimate","value":142.8,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Subject to +/-10 percent (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Financing was blocked in 2024 by assessment litigation (ref 2)","Former owner Boyce Hydro's principal has not paid toward restoration (ref 3)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Sanford Lake returned to its normal legal level in early May 2026 (ref 1); Edenville is targeted for September 2027 (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Four Lakes Task Force","role":"Delegated authority leading dam restoration"},{"name":"Midland and Gladwin counties","role":"Dam and lakebottom owners"},{"name":"Michigan EGLE Dam Safety Unit","role":"State dam safety regulator"}],"public_contact":"Four Lakes Task Force, via the contact page at four-lakes-taskforce-mi.com","corrective_actions":["All four dams permitted by March 2025, including a federal Habitat Conservation Plan for Edenville","Second bond series of $80,285,000 secured May 19, 2026","Sanford Lake refilled to its legal level in May 2026; Secord and Smallwood near substantial completion"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Six years of restoration: a letter from the President","publisher":"Four Lakes Task Force","date":"2026-05-20","url":"https://www.four-lakes-taskforce-mi.com/updates/six-years-of-restoration-a-letter-from-the-president","basis":"Local-government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Updates archive, January 2025 (Edenville suspension and assessment litigation)","publisher":"Four Lakes Task Force","date":"2025-01-14","url":"https://www.four-lakes-taskforce-mi.com/updates/archives/01-2025","basis":"Local-government record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Mid-Michigan dam restorations are picking back up, with residents to pay nearly $218M","publisher":"Michigan Public (WCMU)","date":"2025-05-19","url":"https://www.michiganpublic.org/environment-climate-change/2025-05-19/mid-michigan-dam-restorations-are-picking-back-up-with-residents-to-pay-nearly-218m","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Edenville Dam","publisher":"Four Lakes Task Force","date":"2026-02-01","url":"https://www.four-lakes-taskforce-mi.com/edenville-dam.html","basis":"Local-government record"},{"ref":5,"title":"Michigan's dam problem","publisher":"Michigan EGLE","date":"2025-10-21","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/egle/newsroom/mi-environment/2025/10/21/michigans-dam-problem","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2025-01-14","latest_seen":"2026-05-20","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MI-STATEWIDE-DAM-SAFETY-FUNDING-2025"]},{"id":"US-MI-AUGUST-2023-STORMS-DR4757-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Federal disaster DR-4757 for August 2023 storms and flooding","description":"Severe storms, tornadoes and flooding on Aug. 24-26, 2023 led to a federal major disaster declaration in February 2024 covering nine southern Michigan counties, including Wayne, Oakland, Macomb and Kent. Individual Assistance opened first in Wayne County, and federal aid was made available for home repairs, uninsured losses and statewide hazard mitigation.","location":{"name":"Southern Michigan, nine counties","type":"Federal disaster declaration area","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Eaton, Ingham, Ionia, Kent, Livingston, Macomb, Monroe, Oakland and Wayne counties","counties":["Eaton","Ingham","Ionia","Kent","Livingston","Macomb","Monroe","Oakland","Wayne"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Extreme rainfall and storm flooding, not a single facility failure, drove the damage.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"WILX (ref 1) reports home damage and uninsured property losses eligible for federal grants and loans after the Aug. 24-26, 2023 storms; no deaths are documented in the cited sources.","service":"WILX storm coverage linked from ref 1 reported westbound I-96 closed for the foreseeable future after the August 2023 storm; ref 2 urges Wayne County homeowners and renters with flood damage to apply for aid.","scale":"The declaration covers nine counties including Wayne, Oakland, Macomb and Kent (ref 1), the state's most populous region.","duration":"The storms struck in late August 2023 and the federal declaration followed in February 2024 (ref 1), so recovery has run for months.","significance":"A presidential major disaster declaration was approved in February 2024 (ref 1); ref 2 points residents to FEMA disaster 4757 for recovery information."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Federal funding was made available to affected individuals in nine counties hit by storms, tornadoes and flooding from Aug. 24 to Aug. 26, 2023 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Counties designated","value":9,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single declared event; recovery status after 2024 is not reported in the cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"FEMA","role":"Federal disaster assistance"},{"name":"Michigan State Police Emergency Management and Homeland Security Division","role":"State emergency management"}],"public_contact":"FEMA disaster assistance line, 800-621-3362, or DisasterAssistance.gov","corrective_actions":["Individual Assistance grants and low-interest loans for affected residents","Hazard mitigation funding available statewide on a cost-share basis"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Biden approves Michigan disaster declaration from summer storms, tornadoes, flooding","publisher":"WILX","date":"2024-02-08","url":"https://www.wilx.com/2024/02/08/biden-approves-michigan-disaster-declaration-summer-storms-tornadoes-flooding","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Flooding Resources","publisher":"Office of U.S. Rep. Shri Thanedar","date":null,"url":"https://thanedar.house.gov/flooding-resources","basis":"Government record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-02-08","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MI-DEARBORN-HEIGHTS-ECORSE-CREEK-FLOODING-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Recurring Ecorse Creek flooding of Dearborn Heights homes","description":"Ecorse Creek repeatedly overflows into homes and streets in a FEMA-designated flood zone in south Dearborn Heights, including floods in January 2024 and April 2025. FEMA spent $3.18 million in 2024 to buy 18 flood-prone homes, and the city is seeking more buyout money while a roughly $30 million Army Corps retention basin remains in design.","location":{"name":"Ecorse Creek, Dearborn Heights","type":"Urban creek floodplain","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Currier and Hanover streets near Telegraph and Van Born roads, Dearborn Heights, Wayne County","coordinates":{"lat":42.27,"lon":-83.29,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Wayne"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Heavier rainfall overwhelms a heavily developed creek watershed where homes were built in the floodplain.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"FOX 2 (ref 2) showed residents ripping out flooded basements after the April 2-3, 2025 storm; WDIV (ref 3) reported submerged cars and lost property in January 2024.","service":"WDIV (ref 3) reported knee-deep water and submerged cars on Hanover and Currier streets on Jan. 26, 2024.","scale":"Planet Detroit (ref 1) places the flood zone across several blocks near Telegraph and Van Born roads in one city.","duration":"Residents describe floods in 2019, 2021, January 2024 and April 2025 (ref 1, ref 3); a homeowner said his house flooded at least three times since 2014.","significance":"FEMA-funded buyouts of 18 homes for $3.18 million in 2024 (ref 1) and an Army Corps basin design (ref 3) are formal mitigation, but no enforcement action is documented."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The number of flood-zone households is not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"FEMA spent $3.18 million to purchase 18 flood-prone homes along the Ecorse Creek in 2024 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"FEMA buyouts in 2024","value":18,"unit":"homes","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"FEMA buyout spending in 2024","value":3.18,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Proposed retention/detention basin cost","value":30,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Mayor's estimate, Jan. 2024 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Detroit rainfall, April 2, 2025","value":2.18,"unit":"inches in 24 hours","status":"Reported","note":"NWS data cited by ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Planet Detroit (ref 1) reports climate change bringing heavier rainstorms to an area already prone to flooding."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Dearborn Heights","role":"Local government, buyout program"},{"name":"Wayne County","role":"Creek maintenance upstream"},{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","role":"Retention basin design"},{"name":"FEMA","role":"Buyout funding"}],"public_contact":"City of Dearborn Heights, Mayor's Office","corrective_actions":["FEMA-funded buyout and demolition of 18 flood-prone homes in 2024","Wayne County debris and jam clearing upstream","Army Corps retention/detention basin off Inkster and Powers roads in design"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Dearborn Heights bears brunt of Ecorse Creek flooding: 'Nowhere else for the rain to go'","publisher":"Planet Detroit","date":"2025-04-09","url":"https://planetdetroit.org/2025/04/flood-zone-dearborn-heights/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Dearborn Heights residents heartbroken with more flooding from the Ecorse River","publisher":"FOX 2 Detroit","date":"2025-04-03","url":"https://www.fox2detroit.com/news/dearborn-heights-residents-heartbroken-more-flooding-from-ecorse-river","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Melted snow combined with rain floods neighborhoods in Wayne County","publisher":"WDIV ClickOnDetroit","date":"2024-01-26","url":"https://www.clickondetroit.com/news/local/2024/01/27/melted-snow-combined-with-rain-floods-neighborhoods-in-wayne-county/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-26","latest_seen":"2025-04-09","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MI-HOUGHTON-ONTONAGON-FLOODING-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"July 2025 flash flooding in Houghton and Ontonagon counties","description":"Up to 4 inches of rain in four hours on July 23, 2025 caused flash flooding in Houghton County that damaged roads, culverts and storm sewers, and washed out multiple roads in Ontonagon County. The governor declared a state of emergency on Aug. 28, 2025 after local resources proved insufficient; preliminary Houghton County damage exceeded $1 million.","location":{"name":"Houghton and Ontonagon counties","type":"Multi-county flood area","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"City of Houghton, Chassell, Torch Lake and Stanton townships, and Ontonagon County, Upper Peninsula","coordinates":{"lat":47.12,"lon":-88.57,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Houghton","Ontonagon"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Extreme rainfall overwhelmed culverts and storm sewers and destroyed road segments.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The governor's office (ref 1) reports pavement collapses still being found in Houghton County weeks after the July 23 rain, with preliminary damage above $1 million.","service":"Washouts in Ontonagon County limited access to communities until temporary repairs restored limited access for emergency vehicles and residents (ref 1).","scale":"Damage spanned the City of Houghton, three Houghton County townships and multiple Ontonagon County roads (ref 1, ref 2).","duration":"The July 23, 2025 storm still required state help on Aug. 28, and permanent Ontonagon repairs need substantial funding (ref 1).","significance":"Governor Whitmer declared a state of emergency for both counties on Aug. 28, 2025 (ref 1, ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Houghton County received up to 4 inches of rain over a four-hour period; preliminary damage estimates exceed $1 million (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Rainfall","value":4,"unit":"inches in four hours","status":"Reported","note":"Houghton County, July 23, 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Preliminary Houghton County damage","value":1,"unit":"million USD (exceeds)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Ontonagon road commission equipment in emergency use","value":90,"unit":"percent (over)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event; later repair status is not reported in the cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Michigan State Police Emergency Management and Homeland Security Division","role":"State emergency coordination"},{"name":"Houghton and Ontonagon county road commissions","role":"Road and culvert repair"}],"public_contact":"Michigan State Police Emergency Management and Homeland Security Division, via MIReady","corrective_actions":["State emergency declaration opening Section 19 disaster relief funding","Temporary road repairs; permanent repairs pending funding"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Whitmer declares state of emergency for Houghton, Ontonagon counties following rainfall, flood damage","publisher":"Office of Governor Gretchen Whitmer","date":"2025-08-28","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/whitmer/news/press-releases/2025/08/28/whitmer-declares-state-of-emergency-for-houghton-ontonagon-counties-following-rainfall-flood-damage","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Whitmer Declares State of Emergency","publisher":"The Daily Mining Gazette","date":"2025-08-28","url":"https://www.mininggazette.com/news/front-page/2025/08/whitmer-declares-state-of-emergency/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2025-08-28","latest_seen":"2025-08-28","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MI-NORTHERN-LP-JUNE-FLOODING-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"June 29, 2026 flash flooding in Antrim, Cheboygan and Emmet counties","description":"Between 4 and 7 inches of rain fell within a few hours on June 29, 2026, causing culvert failures, slope failures and washouts on M-66, M-88 and M-119 and along West Burt Lake Road. The governor declared a state of emergency on July 9, the fifth Michigan emergency declaration of 2026, coming just after the April floods that had already damaged M-119.","location":{"name":"Antrim, Cheboygan and Emmet counties","type":"Multi-county flood area","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"M-66 and M-88 in Antrim County, West Burt Lake Road in Cheboygan County, M-119 in Emmet County","coordinates":{"lat":45.15,"lon":-85.1,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Antrim","Cheboygan","Emmet"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Extreme rainfall overwhelmed decades-old drainage and culverts and washed out highways.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The governor's declaration (ref 1) documents ditch washouts, slope failures, a complete structural failure of one culvert near Burt Lake and roadway undermining.","service":"MDOT (ref 3) closed M-66 for a culvert failure and M-88 and M-119 for washouts on June 29; a Burt Lake road closure disrupted emergency services (ref 1).","scale":"Damage spread across three counties of the northern Lower Peninsula (ref 1).","duration":"WCMU (ref 2) reported on July 10 that MDOT had no timeline or budget yet for repairs to M-119, M-88 and M-66.","significance":"Governor Whitmer declared a state of emergency for the three counties on July 9, 2026 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"On June 29, between 4 and 7 inches of rain fell within a few hours (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Rainfall","value":7,"unit":"inches (upper estimate, few hours)","status":"Reported","note":"4 to 7 inches per ref 1."},{"name":"State emergency declarations in Michigan in 2026","value":5,"unit":"declarations","status":"Reported","note":"As of July 10, 2026 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"MDOT called the April and June floods 'two essentially back-to-back unprecedented events' (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Michigan Department of Transportation","role":"Trunkline repair"},{"name":"Michigan State Police Emergency Management and Homeland Security Division","role":"State emergency coordination"},{"name":"Antrim County Drain Commissioner","role":"Local drainage"}],"public_contact":"Michigan State Police Emergency Management and Homeland Security Division, via MIReady","corrective_actions":["Emergency road and culvert repairs by MDOT and county road agencies","State and Federal Highway Administration funding may be pursued"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Whitmer declares state of emergency for Antrim, Cheboygan, Emmet counties","publisher":"Office of Governor Gretchen Whitmer","date":"2026-07-09","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/whitmer/news/press-releases/2026/07/09/whitmer-declares-state-of-emergency-for-antrim-cheboygan-emmet-counties","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"'Unprecedented events': Whitmer declares another state of emergency in northern Michigan","publisher":"WCMU","date":"2026-07-10","url":"https://www.wcmu.org/local-regional-news/2026-07-10/unprecedented-events-whitmer-declares-another-state-of-emergency-in-northern-michigan","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Washouts, water damage after heavy rains in northern Lower Peninsula","publisher":"Michigan Department of Transportation","date":"2026-06-29","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/mdot/news-outreach/pressreleases/2026/06/29/washouts-water-damage-after-heavy-rains-in-northern-lower-peninsula","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-06-29","latest_seen":"2026-07-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MI-STATEWIDE-APRIL-FLOODING-2026"]},{"id":"US-MI-STATEWIDE-BEACH-ECOLI-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Recurring E. coli beach closures and advisories at Michigan beaches","description":"Michigan public beaches logged 231 closures and health advisories in 2025 and 230 in 2024, mostly for bacterial contamination, with Newburgh and Sumac Pointes on Hines Drive in Wayne County affected 112 days. At Lake St. Clair Metropark, closure days rose after a 2021 beach restoration, to 11 in 2022 and 13 in 2023, as high E. coli events persisted. Local health departments monitor about 400 of the state's more than 1,000 public beaches.","location":{"name":"Michigan public beaches","type":"Statewide recreational beaches","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Great Lakes and inland public beaches; hot spots include Hines Drive (Wayne County) and Lake St. Clair Metropark (Macomb County)","coordinates":{"lat":44.3,"lon":-85.6,"precision":"state","source_ref":2},"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Fecal bacteria from runoff, sewage and wildlife push beach water above the state E. coli standard.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"USGS (ref 3) found Lake St. Clair Metropark daily E. coli geometric means as high as 1,200 MPN/100 mL against a 300 MPN/100 mL standard, exceeded on about 14 percent of 2022-2023 sampling days.","service":"EGLE statistics reported by FLOW (ref 1) show 231 beach closures and health advisories in 2025; WILX (ref 4) counted 11 beaches closed or under advisory on July 2, 2025.","scale":"Closures span Wayne, Macomb, Bay, Grand Traverse, Allegan, Oakland, Chippewa and St. Clair counties (ref 1, ref 4); about 400 beaches are monitored statewide (ref 2).","duration":"Counts were 230 in 2024 and 231 in 2025 (ref 1), and Metropark closure days rose from 3-4 a year in 2018-2019 to 11-13 in 2022-2023 (ref 3).","significance":"Closures and advisories are formal local health officer actions under the public health code (ref 2); no enforcement order is tied to them."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Beach users are not counted."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"There were 231 beach closures and advisories in 2025, compared to 230 in 2024 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Beach closures and advisories, 2025","value":231,"unit":"closures/advisories","status":"Reported","note":"EGLE statistics via ref 1."},{"name":"Beach closures and advisories, 2024","value":230,"unit":"closures/advisories","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Days affected at Newburgh and Sumac Pointes","value":112,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"Most-affected beach (ref 1)."},{"name":"Lake St. Clair Metropark closure days, 2023","value":13,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"Macomb County Health Department data in ref 3."},{"name":"Beaches monitored per year","value":400,"unit":"beaches (about)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Statewide counts were nearly identical in 2024 and 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Local health departments","role":"Beach monitoring and closure authority"},{"name":"Michigan EGLE","role":"BeachGuard reporting and monitoring funding"},{"name":"Macomb County Health Department; Huron-Clinton Metroparks","role":"Lake St. Clair Metropark monitoring and management"}],"public_contact":"Michigan EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["DNA-based microbial source tracking at frequently closed beaches through the MINET lab network","Enhanced BeachGuard notification tool launched for 2025","Waterfowl deterrence and plant buffers at Lake St. Clair Metropark"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Michigan beach closures, health advisories leveled off in 2025","publisher":"FLOW (For Love of Water)","date":"2026-04-14","url":"https://flowwateradvocates.org/michigan-beach-closures-health-advisories-leveled-off-in-2025/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"BeachGuard","publisher":"Michigan EGLE","date":"2025-06-11","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/egle/newsroom/mi-environment/2025/06/11/beachguard","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Escherichia coli monitoring and assessment in 2022 and 2023 after beach restoration at Lake St. Clair Metropark Beach (SIR 2026-5134)","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","date":"2026-04-09","url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20265134/full","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Several Michigan beaches closed or under advisories due to contamination","publisher":"WILX","date":"2025-07-02","url":"https://www.wilx.com/2025/07/02/several-michigan-beaches-closed-or-under-advisories-due-contamination/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2025-06-11","latest_seen":"2026-04-14","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MI-BUFFALO-REEF-STAMP-SANDS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Copper-mine stamp sands migrating onto Buffalo Reef in Lake Superior","description":"Copper tailings dumped about a century ago at Gay in Keweenaw County have migrated about five miles south along the Grand Traverse Bay shore, threatening the 2,200-acre Buffalo Reef spawning grounds for Lake Superior whitefish and lake trout. A multi-agency task force including the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community plans a 2,000-foot jetty and an upland disposal facility, with a latest long-term cost estimate of $2.1 billion, while interim harbor dredging continues.","location":{"name":"Buffalo Reef, Grand Traverse Bay","type":"Lake Superior reef and shoreline","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Gay and Grand Traverse Harbor, Keweenaw and Houghton counties, Keweenaw Peninsula","coordinates":{"lat":47.22,"lon":-88.16,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Keweenaw","Houghton"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Metal-rich legacy mine tailings are physically smothering lake habitat and shoreline.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Michigan Tech (ref 2) documents tailings that threaten fish breeding grounds, dam stream outlets and cover wetlands and recreational beaches around Gay.","service":"No drinking-water or public service interruption is documented in the cited sources (ref 1, ref 2).","scale":"The threatened reef covers 2,200 acres of Grand Traverse Bay and supports regional whitefish and lake trout fisheries (ref 1).","duration":"The sands were deposited about 100 years ago and remediation design for the jetty and upland facility was still underway in October 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"The response is run by the Buffalo Reef Task Force of state, federal and tribal agencies with Great Lakes Restoration Initiative and state funding (ref 1); no enforcement order applies."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not a population-exposure issue."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The most recent long-term cost estimate is $2.1 billion (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Buffalo Reef area","value":2200,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Stamp sand migration distance","value":5,"unit":"miles (about)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Long-term remedy cost estimate","value":2.1,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Planned interception jetty","value":2000,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Interim dredging resumed; long-term remedy is still in design (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Buffalo Reef Task Force (EGLE, DNR, USACE, U.S. EPA, Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, GLIFWC)","role":"Remediation planning and dredging"}],"public_contact":"Michigan EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Interim dredging at Grand Traverse Harbor","Geotechnical work and design for a 2,000-foot jetty and an upland disposal facility"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Buffalo Reef dredging set to resume, geotechnical work ongoing","publisher":"DredgeWire (reprinting Michigan DNR release of Oct. 10, 2025)","date":"2025-10-13","url":"https://dredgewire.com/buffalo-reef-dredging-set-to-resume-geotechnical-work-ongoing/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Gay Stamp Sands","publisher":"Michigan Technological University, Michigan Tech Research Institute","date":null,"url":"https://www.mtu.edu/mtri/research/project-areas/environmental/water/stamp-sands/","basis":"Academic record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-10-13","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MI-GREAT-LAKES-TREATY-FISHING-DECREE-2025"]},{"id":"US-MI-GREAT-LAKES-LOW-WATER-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lake Michigan-Huron levels fall below long-term average","description":"Lake Michigan-Huron dropped below its long-term average in fall 2024 for the first time in a decade after a dry fall, with the Army Corps' Detroit District reporting levels 7-9 inches below average and 10-13 inches below the prior year in early 2025. Experts said levels were not critically low but warned continued dry weather could affect boating and cargo shipping.","location":{"name":"Lake Michigan-Huron","type":"Great Lakes water body","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Lake Michigan, Lake Huron and Lake St. Clair shorelines, Michigan","coordinates":{"lat":45,"lon":-84,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Dry seasons and mild winters lowered Great Lakes water levels.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"WPBN (ref 1) quotes Michigan Sea Grant saying lower levels were not yet causing problems but a dry summer and high evaporation could make them 'problematic and more concerning.'","service":"No closures or service losses are documented; WDIV (ref 2) describes potential effects on boating and cargo shipping only.","scale":"Michigan-Huron shares one lake level across its whole basin (ref 1), touching most of Michigan's shoreline.","duration":"Levels fell below average in fall 2024 and remained below average and below the prior year in May 2025 (ref 2).","significance":"Only Army Corps monitoring and forecasts are cited; there is no formal notice or emergency (ref 1, ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not a population-exposure issue."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Michigan-Huron levels are 7-9 inches below the long-term average and 10-13 inches below last year's levels (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Level below long-term average","value":9,"unit":"inches (upper end of 7-9)","status":"Reported","note":"Army Corps Detroit District via ref 1, Feb. 2025."},{"name":"Level below prior year","value":13,"unit":"inches (upper end of 10-13)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Levels dropped through late 2024 and stayed below average into May 2025 (ref 1, ref 2); later data were not checked."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Detroit District","role":"Great Lakes water-level monitoring and forecasting"}],"public_contact":"Michigan EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Ongoing Army Corps monitoring and six-month forecasts"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Great Lakes water levels drop below long-term average for first time in a decade","publisher":"WPBN/WGTU via The National Desk","date":"2025-02-24","url":"https://thenationaldesk.com/news/the-national-weather-desk/great-lakes-water-levels-drop-below-long-term-average-for-first-time-in-a-decade","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Concerns rise as Michigan water levels decline","publisher":"WDIV ClickOnDetroit","date":"2025-05-20","url":"https://www.clickondetroit.com/video/news/2025/05/20/concerns-rise-as-michigan-water-levels-decline/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2025-02-24","latest_seen":"2025-05-20","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MI-CENTRAL-DROUGHT-2024-2025"]},{"id":"US-MI-FLINT-RIVER-OIL-SPILL-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"April 2024 oil spill into the Flint River prompts no-contact advisory","description":"An oil spill into the Flint River at the Whaley Park and Dort Highway outfalls was reported on April 3, 2024. The Genesee County Health Department advised no contact, including fishing and recreation, from Dort Highway to Riverbank Park while booms were placed and EGLE and the city investigated a possible source. It followed the 2022 Lockhart Chemical spill on the same river.","location":{"name":"Flint River, Flint","type":"River segment","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Dort Highway to Riverbank Park, City of Flint, Genesee County","coordinates":{"lat":43.02,"lon":-83.68,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Genesee"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"An oil discharge through storm outfalls contaminated a river segment.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The City of Flint (ref 1) reported an oil spill into the river through east-side outfalls; contaminant identity and volume were not yet determined.","service":"The Genesee County Health Department recommended no contact with the river, including fishing, from Dort Highway to Riverbank Park (ref 1, ref 2).","scale":"The advisory covered a downtown stretch of the Flint River in one city (ref 1).","duration":"The cited sources cover the first days after the April 3, 2024 report; no longer-term closure is documented (ref 2).","significance":"A formal county health advisory was issued and EGLE opened a source investigation (ref 1); no enforcement action is documented."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"No contact with the Flint River from Dort Hwy. to Riverbank Park, including fishing and recreation (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Follow-up results on the source and lifting of the advisory were not found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Genesee County Health Department","role":"Public health advisory"},{"name":"Michigan EGLE","role":"Spill investigation"},{"name":"City of Flint","role":"Spill response"}],"public_contact":"City of Flint, (810) 766-7346","corrective_actions":["Absorbent booms placed at three points on the river","City sampling to identify the contaminant","EGLE source investigation"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Flint, EGLE respond to spill on the Flint River","publisher":"City of Flint","date":"2024-04-04","url":"https://www.cityofflint.com/city-of-flint-egle-respond-to-spill-on-the-flint-river-2","basis":"Local-government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"City of Flint, EGLE respond to spill on the Flint River","publisher":"East Village Magazine","date":"2024-04-05","url":"https://www.eastvillagemagazine.org/2024/04/05/city-of-flint-egle-respond-to-spill-on-the-flint-river","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2024-04-04","latest_seen":"2024-04-05","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected","measures"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MI-KALAMAZOO-RIVER-TROWBRIDGE-PCB-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"PCB sediment dredging at Trowbridge Dam on the Kalamazoo River","description":"Under EPA oversight, responsible party NCR Voyix began a multi-year cleanup of PCB-contaminated sediment and soil near the Trowbridge Dam in Allegan in April 2025, part of the Kalamazoo River Superfund site contaminated by paper mills. EPA said in June 2026 that the last PCB dredging in that area would finish within six to eight weeks, with the dam to be removed later.","location":{"name":"Kalamazoo River at Trowbridge Dam","type":"River segment and impoundment","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Trowbridge Dam reservoir near Allegan, Allegan County","coordinates":{"lat":42.53,"lon":-85.85,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Allegan"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legacy PCB contamination in river sediment is being removed.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA (ref 1) describes soil and sediment contaminated with PCBs at Trowbridge Dam, with the cleanup aimed at improving water quality and fish health.","service":"EPA (ref 1) restricted access points near boat launches during dredging and told residents to use upstream access.","scale":"The Trowbridge area is one reach of the Kalamazoo River Superfund site in Allegan County (ref 2).","duration":"Dredging began in April 2025 and was still finishing in mid-2026, with dam removal to follow (ref 1, ref 2).","significance":"The work is a Superfund cleanup by a responsible party under EPA oversight with EGLE and DNR (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"EPA site manager: dredging of the river will be complete in six to eight weeks, the last of the PCB sediment in this area (ref 2, June 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Projected cleanup duration from April 2025","value":3,"unit":"years","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"EPA reported PCB dredging near completion in June 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 5","role":"Superfund lead agency"},{"name":"NCR Voyix","role":"Responsible party"},{"name":"Michigan EGLE and DNR","role":"State partners"}],"public_contact":"Michigan EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Hydraulic dredging with on-site water treatment and off-site hazardous-waste disposal","Planned pilot channel and eventual removal of Trowbridge Dam"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA begins removing PCBs from Trowbridge Dam site in Kalamazoo, Michigan","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 5","date":"2025-04-08","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-begins-removing-pcbs-trowbridge-dam-site-kalamazoo-michigan","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA officials say PCB removal is nearly complete in the Kalamazoo River near Trowbridge Dam","publisher":"WMUK","date":"2026-06-15","url":"https://www.wmuk.org/wmuk-news/2026-06-15/epa-officials-say-pcb-removal-is-nearly-complete-in-the-kalamazoo-river-near-trowbridge-dam","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2025-04-08","latest_seen":"2026-06-15","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MI-STATEWIDE-DAM-SAFETY-FUNDING-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Aging Michigan dams and depleted dam-safety repair funding","description":"EGLE says more than 160 state-regulated dams have high hazard potential, about 15% of them in poor condition or unrated, and many of Michigan's 2,500-plus dams are past their design life. The Dam Risk Reduction Grant Program that funded repair or removal of 57 dams made its final awards in May 2025, and the $6 million emergency fund had about $3 million left, while EGLE has ordered emergency drawdowns at deficient dams such as Holly and White Cloud and the DNR drained Trout Lake.","location":{"name":"Michigan state-regulated dams","type":"Statewide dam inventory","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"More than 1,000 state-regulated dams; examples in Oakland, Newaygo and Gladwin counties","coordinates":{"lat":44.3,"lon":-85.6,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Deteriorating dams pose flood and failure risks that drive lake drawdowns.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EGLE (ref 1) warns that more than 160 high-hazard dams could cause loss of life if they fail; inside the window the harm is risk plus drained impoundments rather than a new failure.","service":"The DNR drew down Trout Lake in Gladwin County after a 2024 EGLE inspection found the dam in poor condition (ref 2); Holly Mill Pond and Lake White Cloud were also lowered (ref 1).","scale":"EGLE regulates more than 1,000 dams statewide, and the DNR alone owns over 200 small dams, many in poor condition (ref 1, ref 2).","duration":"Problems persist five years after the 2020 Midland failures; the grant program closed in May 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"EGLE has issued orders to draw down structurally deficient dams in Holly and White Cloud (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Downstream populations at risk are not totaled."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than 160 state-regulated dams are classified as having high hazard potential; about 15% of these have been rated in poor condition or do not have a current rating (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"High-hazard state-regulated dams","value":160,"unit":"dams (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Dam Risk Reduction Grant Program investment","value":44,"unit":"million USD (nearly)","status":"Reported","note":"57 dams over three fiscal years (ref 1)."},{"name":"Dam Safety Emergency Action Fund remaining","value":3,"unit":"million USD (about)","status":"Reported","note":"Of $6 million, for use before end of FY2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Dam Safety Unit staff","value":8,"unit":"staff","status":"Reported","note":"Up from two (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Dam Risk Reduction Grant Program made final awards in May 2025 (ref 1)","DNR says it lacks funding to maintain its dams (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Repair grants ended in 2025 while more dams pass their design life (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Michigan EGLE Dam Safety Unit","role":"State dam safety regulator"},{"name":"Michigan DNR","role":"Owner of more than 200 dams"},{"name":"Local governments and private dam owners","role":"Dam owners"}],"public_contact":"Michigan EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Emergency drawdown orders at deficient dams","Dam Risk Reduction Grant Program awards (ended May 2025)","Dam Safety Unit expanded from two to eight staff"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Michigan's dam problem","publisher":"Michigan EGLE","date":"2025-10-21","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/egle/newsroom/mi-environment/2025/10/21/michigans-dam-problem","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"'Memories being washed out with the drawdown': Michigan dams face removal","publisher":"Michigan Public (WCMU)","date":"2025-07-14","url":"https://www.michiganpublic.org/transportation-infrastructure/2025-07-14/memories-being-washed-out-with-the-drawdown-mid-michigan-dam-faces-removal","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2025-07-14","latest_seen":"2025-10-21","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MI-HOLLY-MILL-POND-DAM-DRAWDOWN-2025","US-MI-WHITE-CLOUD-DAM-DRAWDOWN-2025","US-MI-FOUR-LAKES-DAM-RESTORATION-2026","US-MI-CHEBOYGAN-DAM-HIGH-WATER-2026"]},{"id":"US-MI-HOLLY-MILL-POND-DAM-DRAWDOWN-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"EGLE emergency drawdown of Holly's Stiffs Mill Pond dam","description":"EGLE began an emergency 4-foot drawdown of the Village of Holly's Stiffs Mill Pond in July 2025 to reduce the risk of dam failure until the village decides whether to remove or rehabilitate the aging dam. A court denied the village's request for a temporary restraining order, citing potential impact on public safety; a 2017 EGLE assessment had rated the dam poor.","location":{"name":"Stiffs Mill Pond Dam, Holly","type":"Village-owned dam and impoundment","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Village of Holly, Oakland County","coordinates":{"lat":42.79,"lon":-83.63,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Oakland"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A structurally deficient dam forced the impoundment to be lowered.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Spectrum News (ref 1) reports residents' concerns about well water and wildlife from the drawdown; no actual damage is documented.","service":"The pond was lowered 6 inches a day toward a 4-foot drawdown beginning in July 2025 (ref 1).","scale":"The impoundment serves one village; EGLE notes local push back over impacts to the Holly Mill Pond (ref 2).","duration":"The drawdown holds until the village decides on removal or rehabilitation, with no refill timeline reported (ref 1).","significance":"EGLE ordered the drawdown and the village's request for a temporary restraining order was denied in court (ref 1, ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"EGLE began an emergency 4-foot drawdown of Holly's Stiffs Mill Pond (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Planned drawdown","value":4,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Drawdown rate","value":6,"unit":"inches per day","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Village must fund removal or rehabilitation of the dam (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Later decisions on the dam were not found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Village of Holly","role":"Dam owner"},{"name":"Michigan EGLE Dam Safety Unit","role":"State dam safety regulator"}],"public_contact":"Michigan EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["EGLE emergency drawdown of 4 feet","Village evaluating dam removal or rehabilitation"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EGLE begins emergency drawdown of Holly's mill pond amid community concerns","publisher":"Spectrum News","date":"2025-07-22","url":"https://spectrumlocalnews.com/me/maine/news/2025/07/21/egle-lowers-holly-pond-levels","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Michigan's dam problem","publisher":"Michigan EGLE","date":"2025-10-21","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/egle/newsroom/mi-environment/2025/10/21/michigans-dam-problem","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2025-07-22","latest_seen":"2025-10-21","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MI-STATEWIDE-DAM-SAFETY-FUNDING-2025"]},{"id":"US-MI-WHITE-CLOUD-DAM-DRAWDOWN-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Unsafe White Cloud Dam forces drawdown of Lake White Cloud","description":"After an engineering study found the city-owned White Cloud Dam on the White River unsafe, EGLE threatened legal action and fines of up to $10,000 a day unless the city lowered the 42-acre Lake White Cloud. The city began lowering the lake 1 foot a day in late June 2025, leaving mudflats, and sediment turned the river brown more than 8 miles downstream, prompting a pause and state water testing.","location":{"name":"White Cloud Dam, Lake White Cloud","type":"City-owned dam and impoundment","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"White River, City of White Cloud, Newaygo County","coordinates":{"lat":43.55,"lon":-85.77,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Newaygo"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A deficient dam forced a drawdown that released sediment into the river.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"WOOD TV (ref 2) found the White River brown with sediment and lined with goo more than 8 miles below the dam in July 2025; the state planned tests for effects on fish.","service":"The city beach and park on Lake White Cloud became almost unusable after the lake was lowered by about 7 feet (ref 1).","scale":"The drawdown affects one 42-acre city lake and the river below it (ref 1).","duration":"Lowering began in late June 2025 and the lake remained mostly mud in mid-July (ref 2); refill plans were not reported.","significance":"EGLE threatened legal action and fines of up to $10,000 a day (ref 1), and EGLE describes an order to draw the dam down (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Failure of the dam would likely cause loss of human life and significant property destruction, according to EGLE (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Lake area","value":42,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Threatened daily fine","value":10000,"unit":"USD per day (up to)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"EGLE grants to city for dam","value":300000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Interim repairs and engineering study (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["City-owned dam needs costly repair or removal (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Status after July 2025 was not found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of White Cloud","role":"Dam owner"},{"name":"Michigan EGLE Dam Safety Unit","role":"State dam safety regulator"}],"public_contact":"Michigan EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Lake drawdown by removing stop logs","Pause and turbidity and oxygen testing downstream"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Dispute over dam dries up Lake White Cloud","publisher":"WOOD TV8","date":"2025-07-03","url":"https://www.woodtv.com/news/target-8/dispute-over-dam-dries-up-lake-white-cloud/amp/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Murky water: White Cloud dam trouble heads downriver","publisher":"WOOD TV8","date":"2025-07-14","url":"https://digital-dev.woodtv.com/news/target-8/murky-water-white-cloud-dam-trouble-heads-downriver/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Michigan's dam problem","publisher":"Michigan EGLE","date":"2025-10-21","url":"https://www.michigan.gov/egle/newsroom/mi-environment/2025/10/21/michigans-dam-problem","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2025-07-03","latest_seen":"2025-10-21","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MI-STATEWIDE-DAM-SAFETY-FUNDING-2025"]},{"id":"US-MI-HIGGINS-LAKE-LEGAL-LEVEL-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Higgins Lake legal-level dispute and 2024 change to lake-level law","description":"Higgins Lake riparian owners have litigated since 2019 over Roscommon County's failure to hold the court-set lake level of 1,154.11 feet, and Michigan courts held the level must be maintained. Public Act 112 of 2024 then redefined normal lake levels statewide as targets around which levels may fluctuate, applying to all existing court orders; a federal due-process challenge by Higgins Lake owners was dismissed without prejudice in June 2025.","location":{"name":"Higgins Lake","type":"Inland lake with court-set legal level","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Roscommon County, Michigan","coordinates":{"lat":44.48,"lon":-84.72,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Roscommon"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["surface-water","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The dispute is over legal rights to a court-set lake level and a statute that changed those rights.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Plaintiffs allege the county regularly and systematically failed to keep Higgins Lake at the normal level (ref 1); the federal court found no concrete past harm from the new law.","service":"No water-service effect is documented (ref 1).","scale":"The dispute involves one large inland lake, though the 2024 statute applies to all court-set inland lake levels in Michigan (ref 1, ref 2).","duration":"Litigation began in 2019 (ref 3) and continued through the June 23, 2025 federal ruling (ref 1).","significance":"State appellate rulings, a 2024 statute and a federal lawsuit (ref 1, ref 2, ref 3) make this a formal legal dispute."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Riparian owner count is not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"In 1982 the Roscommon County Circuit Court set the normal level of Higgins Lake at 1,154.11 feet above mean sea level (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Court-set normal level","value":1154.11,"unit":"feet above mean sea level","status":"Reported","note":"1982 order (ref 1)."},{"name":"Court-set winter minimum","value":1153.61,"unit":"feet above mean sea level","status":"Reported","note":"Nov. 1 to April 15 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The outcome of any appeal after June 2025 was not verified."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Roscommon County and Drain Commissioner","role":"Delegated authority for the lake level"},{"name":"Michigan Legislature","role":"Enacted Public Act 112 of 2024"},{"name":"U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Michigan","role":"Court"}],"public_contact":"Roscommon County Drain Commissioner","corrective_actions":["Public Act 112 of 2024 (Senate Bill 662) redefined normal level, effective April 2, 2025","Federal suit Semack v. County of Roscommon dismissed without prejudice June 23, 2025"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Semack v. County of Roscommon, No. 24-11935, opinion and order granting motion to dismiss","publisher":"U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Michigan (via GovInfo)","date":"2025-06-23","url":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCOURTS-mied-1_24-cv-11935/pdf/USCOURTS-mied-1_24-cv-11935-0.pdf","basis":"Court record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Senate Bill 662 of 2023 (Public Act 112 of 2024)","publisher":"Michigan Legislature","date":"2024-07-23","url":"https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Bills/Bill?ObjectName=2023-SB-0662","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Michigan Supreme Court rules county is responsible for Higgins Lake levels","publisher":"9&10 News","date":"2023-03-13","url":"https://www.9and10news.com/2023/03/13/michigan-supreme-court-rules-county-is-responsible-for-higgins-lake-levels/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2024-07-23","latest_seen":"2025-06-23","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MI-SALINE-TWP-DATA-CENTER-WETLANDS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Saline Township hyperscale data center: wetland fill and Saline River discharges","description":"EGLE issued a wetlands permit on Jan. 16, 2026 for Related Digital's 1.4-gigawatt Oracle/OpenAI data center in Saline Township, allowing about 9.12 acres of wetlands to be destroyed in exchange for 13.68 acres of mitigation wetland in the River Raisin watershed. The permit allows stormwater outfalls to the Saline River, Bridgewater Drain and an unnamed stream plus a treated-wastewater outfall to the Saline River; residents raised concerns at a December 2025 hearing that closed-loop cooling fluids could reach the river.","location":{"name":"Saline Township data center site (Saline River)","type":"Industrial development site and receiving river","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Saline Township, Washtenaw County; 250-acre developed footprint draining to the Saline River and Bridgewater Drain","coordinates":{"lat":42.15,"lon":-83.85,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Washtenaw"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns wetland loss and new stormwater and wastewater discharges to the Saline River from a large data-center build.","secondary_drivers":["Data-center development","Wetland loss"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The Jan. 16, 2026 EGLE wetlands permit described by Planet Detroit (ref 1) allows about 9.12 acres of on-site wetlands to be destroyed; river contamination from cooling fluids is a resident concern, not a documented event.","service":"Neither Planet Detroit (ref 1) nor WDET (ref 2) reports any interruption of drinking-water or sewer service tied to the Saline Township build.","scale":"Discharges reach the Saline River, Bridgewater Drain and an unnamed stream from a 250-acre developed footprint (ref 1), one local watershed.","duration":"Permitting ran from a Sept. 24, 2025 air-waiver application through January 2026 air and wetland permits, with the story updated in April 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"The township settled a landowner-and-developer lawsuit in October 2025, and the Attorney General petitioned on Jan. 8, 2026 for rehearing of the utility contract approval (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source gives an affected population; the site is not a public water system."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The developer will acquire 13.68 acres of wetlands in the River Raisin Watershed to mitigate the loss of 9.12 acres of wetlands at the data center site (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Wetlands permitted for destruction","value":9.12,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Mitigation wetlands","value":13.68,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"River Raisin watershed (ref 1)."},{"name":"Facility power demand","value":1.4,"unit":"GW","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE)","role":"State environmental and drinking-water regulator"},{"name":"Related Digital","role":"Developer and permittee"},{"name":"Michigan Public Service Commission","role":"Approved DTE electricity contracts for the site"}],"public_contact":"EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["EGLE issued the wetlands and streams permit on Jan. 16, 2026 with 13.68 acres of wetland mitigation (ref 1).","Related Digital says leaks from the closed-loop cooling system will be caught in storage tanks and hauled offsite, and 47.5 acres of woodlands and wetlands will go under a conservation easement (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"State allowed Saline data center construction before final air quality permit approval","publisher":"Planet Detroit","date":"2026-02-24","url":"https://planetdetroit.org/2026/02/saline-data-center-air-wetlands-permits/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Public meeting to discuss permits for Saline data center, impact on wetlands","publisher":"WDET","date":"2025-12-17","url":"https://wdet.org/2025/12/17/public-meeting-to-discuss-permits-for-saline-data-center-impact-on-wetlands/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Data-center water-use volume not reported"],"related_ids":["US-MI-STATEWIDE-DATA-CENTER-WATER-BILLS-2026"]},{"id":"US-MI-HOWELL-TWP-DATA-CENTER-MORATORIUM-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Howell Township data-center proposal paused amid aquifer and well concerns","description":"Howell Township in Livingston County adopted a six-month data-center moratorium on Nov. 20, 2025 while a $1 billion data-center rezoning on a 1,077-acre farm site was pending; more than 3,700 people signed a petition against it, citing water use and utility costs. The developers withdrew the rezoning request in early December 2025 but may resubmit once local data-center rules are written.","location":{"name":"Howell Township","type":"Township (proposed data-center site)","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Howell Township, Livingston County; agricultural land near Grand River Avenue and Flemming Road north of I-96","coordinates":{"lat":42.64,"lon":-83.93,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Livingston"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Residents' main water concern is drawdown of the local aquifer that supplies private wells.","secondary_drivers":["Data-center development","Groundwater demand"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No water damage has occurred; an adjacent resident told WDIV he feared for his 28-foot well if a million gallons were drawn from the aquifer (ref 2).","service":"Planet Detroit (ref 1) and WDIV (ref 2) describe no well failures or utility outages in Howell Township.","scale":"The project covered a 1,077-acre site in one township, and over 3,700 people had signed the opposition petition by Dec. 8, 2025 (ref 1).","duration":"The dispute ran from a seven-hour Sept. 23, 2025 planning meeting through the moratorium adopted Nov. 20, 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"The township board formally adopted a six-month moratorium on data centers on Nov. 20, 2025 (refs 1-2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No service population applies; more than 3,700 people had signed an opposition petition as of Dec. 8, 2025 (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The Howell Township board passed a six-month moratorium on data center developments Nov. 20, 2025; developers then withdrew the rezoning for the 1,077-acre site (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Proposed site area","value":1077,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Petition signatures against the project","value":3700,"unit":"signatures","status":"Reported","note":"\"Over 3,700\" as of Dec. 8, 2025 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Howell Township Board","role":"Local zoning authority"},{"name":"Livingston County Planning Commission","role":"Advisory reviewer (voted against rezoning Nov. 19, 2025)"}],"public_contact":"Howell Township Hall, 3525 Byron Road, Howell, MI","corrective_actions":["Six-month moratorium while the township writes data-center performance standards (ref 2).","Developers offered legally binding limits on water use and said they were considering dry cooling (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Data center developers hit pause on $1 billion Howell Township proposal","publisher":"Planet Detroit","date":"2025-12-08","url":"https://planetdetroit.org/2025/12/billion-dollar-data-center-paused/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Livingston County AI data center project delayed by six-month rezoning moratorium","publisher":"WDIV ClickOnDetroit","date":"2025-11-20","url":"https://gmg-wdiv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/news/local/2025/11/21/livingston-county-ai-data-center-project-delayed-by-six-month-rezoning-moratorium","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Projected water use not reported"],"related_ids":["US-MI-STATEWIDE-DATA-CENTER-WATER-BILLS-2026"]},{"id":"US-MI-YCUA-DATA-CENTER-WATER-MORATORIUM-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Ypsilanti utility imposes 12-month moratorium on water and sewer for data centers","description":"The Ypsilanti Community Utilities Authority approved a 12-month moratorium on April 22, 2026 barring delivery or commitment of water and sewer service to hyperscale and mid-size data centers and high-performance computing centers until capacity and environmental studies are done. Proposed projects in its territory include a $1.2 billion University of Michigan/Los Alamos facility (up to 500,000 gallons a day) and a Thor Equities data center in Augusta Township (1 million gallons a day, per earlier reporting); YCUA estimates 4 to 5 million gallons a day of spare wastewater capacity.","location":{"name":"Ypsilanti Community Utilities Authority","type":"Regional water and sewer utility authority","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Ypsilanti Township and neighboring communities in Washtenaw and Wayne counties","coordinates":{"lat":42.21,"lon":-83.61,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Washtenaw","Wayne"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"MI0007260"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The moratorium protects limited water and wastewater treatment capacity from large new industrial loads.","secondary_drivers":["Data-center development","Wastewater capacity"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No contamination is involved; the township resolution described by Planet Detroit (ref 1) cites limited wastewater treatment capacity and possible impacts on other customers.","service":"The April 22, 2026 YCUA resolution bars new water and sewer service commitments to a whole class of large computing customers for 12 months (ref 2).","scale":"YCUA supplies multiple communities in Washtenaw and Wayne counties (ref 2), serving 53,988 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"The moratorium runs 12 months from April 2026, and YCUA's last wastewater master plan dates to 2018 (ref 2).","significance":"Ypsilanti Township's board unanimously asked for the pause and the YCUA board formally adopted it (refs 1-2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":53988,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by YCUA per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"YCUA's wastewater treatment plant has an estimated excess capacity of 4 to 5 million gallons per day, and two large data centers \"could take our capacity just like that\" (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"U-M/Los Alamos facility projected water use","value":500000,"unit":"gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"University official, per refs 1-2."},{"name":"Thor Equities Augusta Township projected water use","value":1000000,"unit":"gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Earlier MLive figure cited in refs 1-2."},{"name":"YCUA spare wastewater capacity (upper estimate)","value":5,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Estimated 4 to 5 MGD (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Ypsilanti Community Utilities Authority","role":"Water and sewer utility"},{"name":"Ypsilanti Township Board of Trustees","role":"Requested moratorium"}],"public_contact":"Ypsilanti Community Utilities Authority, 2777 State Street, Ypsilanti, MI","corrective_actions":["YCUA will finish environmental and water-system studies before serving data centers (ref 2).","An updated wastewater master plan is needed, per YCUA's executive director (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Ypsilanti water system to consider 12-month moratorium on supplying data centers","publisher":"Planet Detroit","date":"2026-04-17","url":"https://planetdetroit.org/2026/04/ypsilanti-water-supply-data-centers/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Michigan utility OKs 12-month ban on supplying water for data centers","publisher":"WNDU (Associated Press)","date":"2026-04-27","url":"https://www.wndu.com/2026/04/27/michigan-utility-oks-12-month-ban-supplying-water-data-centers/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Ypsilanti Community Utility Authority (MI0007260)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/YPSILANTI/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MI-STATEWIDE-DATA-CENTER-WATER-BILLS-2026"]},{"id":"US-MI-STATEWIDE-DATA-CENTER-WATER-BILLS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Michigan has no data-center water limits; bills stall as local moratoria spread","description":"After Michigan granted large data centers sales and use tax exemptions, Senate Democrats introduced SB 761-763 in December 2025 to deny withdrawal permits to facilities averaging over 2 million gallons a day of consumptive use, keep water-infrastructure costs off residents and require annual water-use reports. A June 2026 bill, SB 1046, would cap hyperscale use at 2 million gallons a day and require permits above 550,000 gallons a day, but SB 762 and 763 had no hearing as of June 2026, while at least 18 local governments had voted for or proposed temporary halts on data centers by September 2026.","location":{"name":"Michigan (statewide)","type":"State legislation","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Statewide; bills referred to the Senate Committee on Energy and Environment","coordinates":{"lat":44.3148,"lon":-85.6024,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns a statewide regulatory gap over large industrial water withdrawals and who pays for supply upgrades.","secondary_drivers":["Data-center development","Water-withdrawal policy"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The sponsors cite \"reports of massive water and energy usage\" (ref 1), but none of the sources documents water damage from an operating Michigan data center.","service":"Michigan Public (ref 1), Bridge Michigan (ref 2) and the Bridge survey story (ref 3) report no water-service interruptions linked to data centers.","scale":"The withdrawal cap and reporting rules would apply to every hyperscale facility statewide (refs 1-2), and local pauses span at least 18 governments (ref 3).","duration":"SB 761-763 were introduced in December 2025 and two still lacked a hearing on June 18, 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"Formal bills SB 761-763 and SB 1046 sit in the Senate Energy and Environment Committee, with no enforcement action involved (refs 1-2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide policy; no affected population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"SB 1046 would cap a hyperscale data center's water usage at 2 million gallons per day and create a permitting process for facilities using more than 550,000 gallons a day (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Proposed consumptive-use cap","value":2000000,"unit":"gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"SB 761 package and SB 1046 (refs 1-2)."},{"name":"Proposed permit threshold","value":550000,"unit":"gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"SB 1046 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Local governments with voted or proposed data-center pauses","value":18,"unit":"local governments","status":"Reported","note":"\"At least 18\" as of Sept. 22, 2026 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Michigan Senate Committee on Energy and Environment","role":"Committee holding the bills"},{"name":"Michigan Public Service Commission","role":"Would publish data-center water and energy reports"}],"public_contact":"Michigan Senate, Capitol Building, Lansing, MI; 517-373-2400","corrective_actions":["SB 761-763 introduced December 2025 and referred to committee (ref 1).","SB 1046 introduced June 2026 with annual water-use reporting from 2027 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Senate Democrats introduce bills to regulate large data centers in Michigan","publisher":"Michigan Public","date":"2025-12-22","url":"https://www.michiganpublic.org/politics-government/2025-12-22/senate-democrats-introduce-bills-to-regulate-large-data-centers-in-michigan","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Michigan Senate Democrats push for stricter data center energy, worker rules","publisher":"Bridge Michigan","date":"2026-06-18","url":"https://bridgemi.com/michigan-government/michigan-senate-democrats-push-for-stricter-data-center-energy-worker-rules","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Rural Michigan officials sour on data centers (Bridge Michigan, republished)","publisher":"Planet Detroit / Bridge Michigan","date":"2026-09-22","url":"https://planetdetroit.org/2026/09/rural-michigan-data-centers-backlash/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MI-SALINE-TWP-DATA-CENTER-WETLANDS-2026","US-MI-YCUA-DATA-CENTER-WATER-MORATORIUM-2026","US-MI-HOWELL-TWP-DATA-CENTER-MORATORIUM-2025"]},{"id":"US-MI-CAFO-GENERAL-PERMIT-LITIGATION-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Michigan CAFO manure permit: stronger terms struck in court, now on appeal","description":"After the Michigan Supreme Court upheld EGLE's authority to update the CAFO water-pollution permit in 2024, EGLE's director issued requirements on Oct. 29, 2025 for the state's 290 large livestock facilities, including a Jan. 1-March 19 ban on spreading manure, six months of manure storage and authority to require groundwater monitoring. The Michigan Farm Bureau and operators of 163 operations sued in December 2025; an Ingham County judge invalidated the director-added protections in June 2026, and environmental groups petitioned the Court of Appeals on June 29, 2026.","location":{"name":"Michigan CAFOs (statewide general permit)","type":"Statewide wastewater discharge permit program","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Statewide; large concentrated animal feeding operations","coordinates":{"lat":44.3148,"lon":-85.6024,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["surface-water","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The permit governs manure nutrient and bacteria runoff from livestock operations into streams and groundwater.","secondary_drivers":["Manure runoff","Nutrient pollution","Litigation"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Circle of Blue (ref 2) reports 14 Michigan waterways impaired specifically by farm nutrients and nearly 26,000 river miles impaired by E. coli.","service":"The ELPC release (ref 1), Circle of Blue (ref 2) and WCMU (ref 3) tie no drinking-water outage to the permit fight.","scale":"The requirements apply to the state's 290 large livestock facilities (ref 2).","duration":"The litigation, which began after the state's 2020 permit update (ref 3), had run more than six years by June 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"A 2024 Michigan Supreme Court ruling (ref 3), a June 2026 Ingham County Circuit Court decision and a June 29, 2026 Court of Appeals petition (ref 1) make this active litigation."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide permit; no affected population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Michigan bars producers from spreading manure on fields from January 1 to March 19 under rules covering the state's 290 large livestock facilities (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Large livestock facilities covered","value":290,"unit":"facilities","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Operations in the Farm Bureau lawsuit","value":163,"unit":"operations","status":"Reported","note":"Filed Dec. 18, 2025 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Waterways impaired by farm nutrients","value":14,"unit":"waterways","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"EGLE won at the Supreme Court in 2024 (ref 3), then a June 2026 circuit-court ruling struck added terms (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE)","role":"State environmental and drinking-water regulator"},{"name":"Ingham County Circuit Court","role":"Issued June 2026 ruling"},{"name":"Michigan Farm Bureau","role":"Challenger"}],"public_contact":"EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Eight environmental groups petitioned the Court of Appeals on June 29, 2026 to reverse the circuit ruling (ref 1).","EGLE determined in 2024 that new manure digesters are industrial facilities (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Enviro Groups Appeal MI Court Ruling that Stripped Water Quality Protections, Public Participation Rights","publisher":"Environmental Law & Policy Center","date":"2026-06-29","url":"https://elpc.org/news/enviro-groups-appeal-mi-court-ruling-that-stripped-water-quality-protections-public-participation-rights/","basis":"Advocacy group release"},{"ref":2,"title":"Combatting Agricultural Pollution: Michigan's New Manure Management Rules","publisher":"Circle of Blue","date":"2026-01-06","url":"https://www.circleofblue.org/2026/great-lakes/combatting-agricultural-pollution-michigans-new-manure-management-rules/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"\"It is a very big deal\": Michigan Supreme Court sides with regulators in CAFO case","publisher":"WCMU / Interlochen Public Radio","date":"2024-08-02","url":"https://www.wcmu.org/local-regional-news/2024-08-02/it-is-a-very-big-deal-michigan-supreme-court-sides-with-regulators-in-cafo-case","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MI-HOLLOO-FARMS-CAFO-2026","US-MI-LAKE-ERIE-HAB-2025","US-MI-FISHER-CREEK-MANURE-SPILL-2025"]},{"id":"US-MI-FISHER-CREEK-MANURE-SPILL-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Untreated manure spill into Fisher Creek and Marble Lake inlet, Branch County","description":"In October 2025 EGLE notified the Branch-Hillsdale-St. Joseph Community Health Agency of a spill of untreated manure, and EGLE staff observed manure in Fisher Creek between Campbell and East Central roads in Algansee Township. The health agency advised people and pets to stay out of Fisher Creek and the Marble Lake inlet; neither report named the source or volume.","location":{"name":"Fisher Creek and Marble Lake inlet","type":"Creek and lake inlet","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Algansee Township, Branch County; Fisher Creek east of S. Ray-Quincy Road and north of Campbell Road","coordinates":{"lat":41.85,"lon":-84.92,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Branch"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Untreated manure entering a creek and lake inlet is a surface-water quality event.","secondary_drivers":["Manure spill"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"EGLE staff observed manure in Fisher Creek between Campbell and East Central roads (ref 1); no fish kill or illness is reported.","service":"The health agency told residents to keep themselves, children and pets out of Fisher Creek and the Marble Lake inlet (refs 1-2), a water-contact restriction.","scale":"The advisory covers one creek reach and one lake inlet in Algansee Township (ref 2).","duration":"Both reports, dated Oct. 17, 2025, describe a single spill event (refs 1-2).","significance":"The Branch-Hillsdale-St. Joseph Community Health Agency issued a formal advisory after EGLE notification (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"EGLE staff observed manure in Fisher Creek between Campbell and East Central Roads; residents told to avoid Fisher Creek and the Marble Lake inlet (refs 1-2)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE)","role":"State environmental and drinking-water regulator"},{"name":"Branch-Hillsdale-St. Joseph Community Health Agency","role":"Local health department (advisory)"}],"public_contact":"Branch-Hillsdale-St. Joseph Community Health Agency, Coldwater office, 517-279-9561","corrective_actions":["Water-contact advisory issued; health agency coordinating with EGLE (refs 1-2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Manure spill reported at Fisher Creek; BHSJCHA advises residents to avoid the water","publisher":"WTVB","date":"2025-10-17","url":"https://wtvbam.com/2025/10/17/manure-spill-reported-at-fisher-creek/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Untreated manure spill reported in Fisher Creek, public urged to avoid affected areas","publisher":"WWMT News Channel 3","date":"2025-10-17","url":"https://www.wwmt.com/news/local/untreated-manure-spill-reported-fisher-creek-public-urged-avoid-affected-areas-marble-lake-egle-algansee-township","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["Spill source and volume not reported","Lifting of advisory not reported"],"related_ids":["US-MI-CAFO-GENERAL-PERMIT-LITIGATION-2026"]},{"id":"US-MI-ST-CLAIR-COUNTY-FLUORIDE-BAN-PROPOSAL-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"St. Clair County medical director proposes county-wide ban on water fluoridation","description":"In a June 17, 2025 memo, St. Clair County medical director Dr. Remington Nevin urged the Advisory Health Board to adopt rules barring \"any form of fluoride\" in public water systems serving county residents, a step that could reach Great Lakes Water Authority supplies. Kimball Township's board unanimously asked Port Huron, its supplier, to stop fluoridating in August 2025, while the county health officer said she does not support county-wide mandates absent an urgent need; about 110,000 county residents receive fluoridated water.","location":{"name":"St. Clair County public water systems","type":"County public-health jurisdiction","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"St. Clair County, including Port Huron and Kimball Township","coordinates":{"lat":42.97,"lon":-82.42,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["St. Clair"],"extent":"county","pwsid":"MI0005480"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns a local-government policy decision on drinking-water treatment, not a measured contaminant.","secondary_drivers":["Fluoride policy"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ProPublica (ref 1) reports no measured harm; the dispute is over whether to keep adding fluoride at recommended levels.","service":"As of the October 2025 report, no county system had stopped fluoridating, and Port Huron's city manager said no formal request had reached the city (ref 1).","scale":"About 110,000 of roughly 160,000 county residents receive fluoridated water, per ProPublica (ref 1).","duration":"The debate runs from the June 17, 2025 memo through a September 2025 board meeting that ended without a quorum (ref 1).","significance":"Kimball Township's board passed a unanimous resolution in August 2025 calling on Port Huron to stop fluoridating (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":110000,"status":"Reported","note":"County residents receiving fluoridated water (ref 1); the Port Huron city system serves 28,983 per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 110,000 St. Clair County residents receive fluoridated water; the medical director recommended rules barring \"any form of fluoride\" in county public water systems (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"St. Clair County Health Department / Advisory Health Board","role":"County public-health authority"},{"name":"City of Port Huron","role":"Water supplier to Kimball Township"}],"public_contact":"St. Clair County Health Department, 3415 28th Street, Port Huron, MI","corrective_actions":["Advisory Health Board review pending; the medical director estimated six to 12 months for any county rule (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"On the Front Line of the Fluoride Wars, Debate Over Drinking Water Treatment Turns Raucous","publisher":"ProPublica","date":"2025-10-13","url":"https://www.propublica.org/article/michigan-fluoride-drinking-water-st-clair-county","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Port Huron, City of (MI0005480)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PORT%20HURON/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Outcome of Advisory Health Board review not found"],"related_ids":["US-MI-BENTON-HARBOR-FLUORIDATION-REJECTED-2026","US-MI-NORWAY-FLUORIDATION-ENDED-2024"]},{"id":"US-MI-BENTON-HARBOR-FLUORIDATION-REJECTED-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Benton Harbor commissioners reject EGLE request to resume fluoridation","description":"Benton Harbor, which began fluoridating in 1951, stopped during its lead-line replacement and water-plant work. After tabling the question in January 2025 and debating it for about a year and a half, city commissioners voted unanimously on Sept. 8, 2026 against EGLE's request that the city resume adding fluoride, citing health doubts and saying it is a local decision.","location":{"name":"Benton Harbor water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"City of Benton Harbor, Berrien County","coordinates":{"lat":42.1167,"lon":-86.4542,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Berrien"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MI0000600"},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns a municipal decision on a drinking-water public-health practice.","secondary_drivers":["Fluoride policy"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The EGLE-MDHHS memo quoted by the Herald-Palladium (ref 1) credits fluoridation with large drops in tooth decay, so ending it is a potential oral-health loss, not a documented injury.","service":"Water service continues; only the fluoride addition has stopped (refs 1-2).","scale":"The decision covers the whole Benton Harbor system, serving 9,103 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Fluoridation stopped a few years ago during lead-line replacement, and the question had been debated for about a year and a half by August 2026 (refs 1-2).","significance":"The City Commission took a formal unanimous vote on Sept. 8, 2026 rejecting the state agency's request (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":9103,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Benton Harbor city commissioners unanimously voted against the request from EGLE that the city resume adding fluoride (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Benton Harbor","role":"Water system owner"},{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE)","role":"State environmental and drinking-water regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Benton Harbor, 200 E. Wall Street, Benton Harbor, MI","corrective_actions":["None: the commission declined to restart fluoridation (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Benton Harbor opts not to add fluoride back into drinking water","publisher":"The Herald-Palladium","date":"2026-09-09","url":"https://www.heraldpalladium.com/communities/benton_harbor/benton-harbor-opts-not-to-add-fluoride-back-into-drinking-water/article_4ea9dac1-40aa-5f03-9b4b-20501ad5ea6f.html","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Benton Harbor City Council discusses voting for adding fluoride back into local water supply","publisher":"ABC57","date":"2026-08-26","url":"https://abc57.com/news/benton-harbor-city-council-discusses-voting-for-adding-fluoride-back-into-local-water-supply","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Benton Harbor (MI0000600)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BENTON%20HARBOR/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MI-BENTON-HARBOR-TOC-CONSENT-ORDER-2026","US-MI-ST-CLAIR-COUNTY-FLUORIDE-BAN-PROPOSAL-2025","US-MI-NORWAY-FLUORIDATION-ENDED-2024"]},{"id":"US-MI-NORWAY-FLUORIDATION-ENDED-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Norway ends water fluoridation by ordinance instead of repairing failed system","description":"The Upper Peninsula city of Norway stopped adding fluoride in January 2022 when its fluoridation system failed. EGLE required the city to repair the system or pass an ordinance ending the practice, and in April 2024 the council voted 4-1 to end fluoridation permanently rather than spend about $30,000 on repairs.","location":{"name":"Norway water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"City of Norway, Dickinson County","coordinates":{"lat":45.787,"lon":-87.904,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Dickinson"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MI0004860"},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns a municipal decision to end a drinking-water public-health treatment.","secondary_drivers":["Fluoride policy","Aging equipment"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The Iron Mountain Daily News (ref 1) notes the CDC still supports fluoridation for preventing tooth decay, so its end is a potential dental-health loss with no measured outcome.","service":"Drinking-water service continued; the fluoride feed alone stopped after the equipment failure (ref 1).","scale":"The decision applies to the whole Norway system, which serves 3,314 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"Fluoride has not been added since the January 2022 failure, and the April 2024 ordinance made the halt permanent (ref 1).","significance":"The council passed an ordinance on a 4-1 vote after EGLE required it either to repair the system or formally end fluoridation (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":3314,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Repairs were estimated at $21,000, about $30,000 with engineering, plus up to $3,000 a year to add fluoride (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Estimated repair cost including engineering","value":30000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Norway","role":"Water system owner"},{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE)","role":"State environmental and drinking-water regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Norway, 915 Main Street, Norway, MI","corrective_actions":["Council adopted an ordinance permanently ending fluoridation (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Norway City Council votes to officially cease water fluoridation","publisher":"The Daily News (Iron Mountain)","date":"2024-04-05","url":"https://ironmountaindailynews.com/news/local-news/2024/04/norway-city-council-votes-to-officially-cease-water-fluoridation","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Norway (MI0004860)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/NORWAY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MI-BENTON-HARBOR-FLUORIDATION-REJECTED-2026","US-MI-ST-CLAIR-COUNTY-FLUORIDE-BAN-PROPOSAL-2025"]},{"id":"US-MI-STATEWIDE-WATER-AFFORDABILITY-BILLS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Statewide water affordability and shutoff-protection bills still not enacted","description":"Michigan has no statewide water affordability program. A Senate package first introduced in 2023 (SB 549-554) and reintroduced in 2025 would cap water bills for some low-income households and limit shutoffs, funded by a fee on residential bills; it cleared committee in November 2025 but was awaiting a floor vote as of June 2026, and separate House bills had no hearing. Between 6.59% and 10.75% of Michigan households spend more than 5% of income on water.","location":{"name":"Michigan (statewide)","type":"State legislation","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Statewide; Senate package led by Detroit-area legislators, with House companion bills","coordinates":{"lat":44.3148,"lon":-85.6024,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns statewide water-bill affordability and shutoff policy.","secondary_drivers":["Affordability","Shutoffs"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Planet Detroit (ref 3) cites a 2022 University of Michigan study finding shutoffs forced families to ration water and, in some communities, led to children being removed from homes.","service":"The bills target shutoffs, which Rep. Tonya Meyers Phillips said \"disproportionately effect low-income families, seniors and communities of color\" (ref 1).","scale":"Senate Democrats say about 300,000 Michigan families struggle to afford water bills (ref 4).","duration":"Bills were introduced in 2023 (ref 2), reintroduced in April 2025 (ref 1) and still not passed in June 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"The response is pending legislation that cleared a Senate committee in November 2025 (ref 3), not an order or decree."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sponsors estimate about 300,000 households or families, not people (refs 1, 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"6.59% to 10.75% of Michigan households are water-burdened, spending more than 5% of their income on water service (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Households that could benefit","value":300000,"unit":"households","status":"Estimated","note":"Sponsor estimate (ref 1); Senate Democrats cite \"more than 290,000\" (ref 4)."},{"name":"Water-burdened households (upper estimate)","value":10.75,"unit":"percent of households","status":"Reported","note":"University of Michigan study cited in ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Michigan Legislature","role":"Lawmaking body"}],"public_contact":"Michigan Senate, Capitol Building, Lansing, MI; 517-373-2400","corrective_actions":["Senate package (SB 248-255 per ref 4) modified and discussed March 2026, with a call for FY2027 appropriations (ref 4).","House \"Affordable Water Now\" bills introduced; no hearing as of June 2026 (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water affordability bills reintroduced in Michigan Senate","publisher":"WDET","date":"2025-04-24","url":"https://wdet.org/?p=206836","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Statewide water affordability program endorsed by Michigan officials","publisher":"FOX 2 Detroit","date":"2024-02-05","url":"https://www.fox2detroit.com/news/statewide-water-affordability-program-endorsed-by-michigan-officials","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Guide: Michigan's water affordability issue by the numbers","publisher":"Planet Detroit","date":"2026-06-04","url":"https://planetdetroit.org/2026/06/michigan-water-affordability-numbers/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"On World Water Day, Michigan Lawmakers, Community Leaders Highlight Need for Water Affordability","publisher":"Michigan Senate Democrats","date":"2026-03-20","url":"https://senatedems.com/bayer/2026/03/20/on-world-water-day-michigan-lawmakers-community-leaders-highlight-need-for-water-affordability/","basis":"Legislative release"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Reports differ on the 2025 Senate bill range: SB 248-256 (ref 1) vs SB 248-255 (ref 4)"],"related_ids":["US-MI-DETROIT-LIFELINE-CAPACITY-2026","US-MI-GLWA-RATE-INCREASES-2026"]},{"id":"US-MI-GLWA-RATE-INCREASES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"GLWA raises wholesale water 5.8% and sewer 4.26% amid regional affordability outcry","description":"The Great Lakes Water Authority board approved average wholesale charge increases of 5.8% for water and 4.26% for sewer for fiscal 2027 on Feb. 25, 2026, after 5.9% and 4.5% increases in 2025 and the end of a 10-year 4% cap. About 70 public commenters opposed the hikes; Flint expects to pay about $12.8 million for water next year and is using a stabilization fund to shield residents.","location":{"name":"Great Lakes Water Authority service region","type":"Regional wholesale water and wastewater authority","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Detroit, Flint and other member communities in Southeast Michigan","coordinates":{"lat":42.33,"lon":-83.05,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Wayne","Oakland","Macomb","Genesee"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"MI0002838"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns wholesale rate increases driven by aging infrastructure and their effect on household affordability.","secondary_drivers":["Rate increases","Aging infrastructure"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Planet Detroit (ref 1) records commenters' fears of choosing between water bills and food or medicine but no documented health outcome.","service":"The charge increases (refs 1-2) do not interrupt service themselves; Planet Detroit notes only that unpaid bills can lead to shutoffs (ref 1).","scale":"GLWA says its system serves 40% of Michigan's population (ref 2).","duration":"This follows a 2025 increase, and WXYZ reports water charges up about 42% and wastewater about 32% since 2017 (refs 1, 4).","significance":"The GLWA board formally adopted the FY2027 charges at its Feb. 25, 2026 meeting (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"SDWIS lists GLWA (MI0002838) as a wholesaler with no direct population (ref 5); GLWA says it serves 40% of Michigan's population (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The average system-wide service charge increase is 5.8 percent for the water system and 4.26 percent for the wastewater system (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"FY2027 water charge increase","value":5.8,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"FY2027 wastewater charge increase","value":4.26,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Flint projected wholesale water cost","value":12800000,"unit":"USD per year","status":"Reported","note":"ABC12, based on the proposed 6.77% Flint figure (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["GLWA cites lower investment earnings to offset charges (ref 4)","Infrastructure \"deteriorating faster than it can be replaced under the current funding model\" (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Back-to-back increases above inflation after a 4% cap ended (refs 1, 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Great Lakes Water Authority","role":"Regional wholesale water and sewer authority"},{"name":"City of Flint","role":"Wholesale customer"}],"public_contact":"Great Lakes Water Authority, 735 Randolph Street, Detroit, MI","corrective_actions":["Budget adds $7.5 million to begin expanding GLWA's water main replacement program (ref 2).","Flint's mayor proposed adding $1 million to the city Water Stabilization Fund through 2028 (ref 6)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"GLWA hikes water rates 5.8%, faces affordability concerns, aging infrastructure","publisher":"Planet Detroit","date":"2026-02-25","url":"https://planetdetroit.org/2026/02/metro-detroit-water-bills-rise/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"GLWA Board Approves Water & Wastewater Service Budget And Charge Increases For Fiscal Year 2027","publisher":"Water Online (GLWA release)","date":"2026-02-25","url":"https://www.wateronline.com/doc/glwa-board-approves-water-wastewater-service-budget-and-charge-increases-for-fiscal-year-0001","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"Great Lakes Water Authority increases rates charged to Flint","publisher":"ABC12 (WJRT)","date":"2026-02-26","url":"https://www.abc12.com/news/local/great-lakes-water-authority-increases-rates-charged-to-flint/article_3ebf4e3f-d201-4c92-be59-498c64663eaf.html","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Metro Detroit faces water and sewer rate hikes as residents struggle with costs","publisher":"WXYZ 7 News Detroit","date":"2026-01-27","url":"https://www.wxyz.com/news/metro-detroit-faces-nearly-13-water-and-sewer-rate-hike-as-residents-struggle-with-costs","basis":"News report"},{"ref":5,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Great Lakes Water Authority (MI0002838)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/GREAT%20LAKES%20WATER/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"Flint Mayor Neeley proposes $1 million fund increase to offset water rate hike","publisher":"Spectrum News","date":"2026-02-27","url":"https://spectrumlocalnews.com/mi/michigan/news/2026/02/27/flint-mayor-water-rate-increase","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MI-STATEWIDE-WATER-AFFORDABILITY-BILLS-2026","US-MI-DETROIT-LIFELINE-CAPACITY-2026","US-MI-OAKLAND-GLWA-MAIN-RUPTURE-2026"]},{"id":"US-MI-COAL-ASH-GROUNDWATER-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Coal ash at Michigan power plants: groundwater above drinking-water standards","description":"Michigan has 24 unlined coal ash ponds and six landfills under the 2015 federal rule, holding more than 79 million cubic yards of ash at 18 plant sites, and industry monitoring data show groundwater above federal drinking-water standards at all but one plant that has monitored. Consumers Energy's J.H. Campbell plant, where data show arsenic up to 29 times the guideline, was kept running past its May 31, 2025 retirement date by federal emergency orders; state legislators cited a monitoring well with arsenic near six times the drinking limit in asking DOE to let it close.","location":{"name":"Michigan coal-fired power plant ash sites","type":"Coal combustion residual disposal units (statewide)","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Statewide; 18 plant sites including Monroe (Monroe Co.), J.H. Campbell (Ottawa Co.), Karn and Weadock (Bay Co.) and Trenton Channel (Wayne Co.)","coordinates":{"lat":44.3148,"lon":-85.6024,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Monroe","Ottawa","Bay","Wayne"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns metals leaching from coal ash units into groundwater.","secondary_drivers":["Coal ash","Unlined impoundments"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Earthjustice's compilation of industry data (ref 1) lists arsenic exceedances of 45 times at Karn, 38 times at Trenton Channel and 29 times at Campbell relative to federal health-based drinking-water guidelines.","service":"No cited source (refs 1-3) reports a public water system shut down or advisory caused by coal ash.","scale":"Ash is stored at 18 plant sites across the state, with 49 older dumps newly required to report under the 2024 legacy rule (ref 1).","duration":"Contamination is chronic: Rep. Brixie cited a 2017 monitoring-well result (ref 2), and the ponds remain in place as of the September 2025 tally (ref 1).","significance":"House Resolution 219 formally asked DOE to rescind the orders keeping the Campbell plant open (ref 2); no coal-ash enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources do not identify people drinking affected groundwater."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"For all but one of the Michigan plants that have conducted groundwater monitoring, industry data reveal groundwater contamination above federal safe drinking water standards (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Coal ash volume in 2015-rule ponds and landfills","value":79000000,"unit":"cubic yards","status":"Reported","note":"\"More than 79 million\" (ref 1)."},{"name":"Plant sites storing coal ash","value":18,"unit":"sites","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Unlined ash ponds under 2015 rule","value":24,"unit":"ponds","status":"Reported","note":"None has a protective liner (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE)","role":"State environmental and drinking-water regulator"},{"name":"Consumers Energy","role":"Owner of J.H. Campbell, Karn, Weadock and other ash sites"},{"name":"DTE Electric","role":"Owner of Monroe, Trenton Channel, Belle River and other ash sites"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Energy","role":"Issued orders keeping the Campbell plant running"}],"public_contact":"EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Owners must report on an estimated 49 older ash dumps under the 2024 Legacy Coal Ash Rule, beginning in 2026 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Toxic Coal Ash in Michigan: Addressing Coal Plants' Hazardous Legacy","publisher":"Earthjustice","date":"2025-09-02","url":"https://earthjustice.org/feature/coal-ash-states/michigan","basis":"Advocacy analysis of industry data"},{"ref":2,"title":"Mentzer, Brixie call on the federal government to not extend the Campbell coal plant","publisher":"Michigan House Democrats","date":"2025-11-14","url":"https://housedems.com/mentzer-brixie-call-on-the-federal-government-to-not-extend-the-campbell-coal-plant/","basis":"Legislative release"},{"ref":3,"title":"Campbell coal plant's closure delayed 90 days with Energy Secretary's emergency order","publisher":"Ottawa News Network via Yahoo News","date":"2025-05-24","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/campbell-coal-plant-closure-delayed-105811603.html","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Current EGLE coal-ash corrective-action status by site not verified","Exceedance multiples are from an advocacy analysis of industry data"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MI-MARSHALL-MEGASITE-SEDIMENT-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Ford battery plant megasite cited for sediment runoff into the Kalamazoo River","description":"EGLE issued a violation notice to the Marshall Area Economic Development Alliance, owner of the site of Ford's BlueOval Battery Park, after a June 17, 2024 complaint and site visit found an unlawful discharge of sediment to the Kalamazoo River. The owner had to revise its soil erosion and sediment control plan; EGLE said environmental harm had not been determined. The Kalamazoo River Watershed Council had asked Ford in 2023 to protect the river and nearby Bear Creek, a trout stream.","location":{"name":"BlueOval Battery Park site, Marshall","type":"Industrial construction site and receiving river","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Marshall Township, Calhoun County; Kalamazoo River upstream of Battle Creek and Kalamazoo","coordinates":{"lat":42.27,"lon":-84.98,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Calhoun"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Construction-site sediment discharge degrades river water quality.","secondary_drivers":["Industrial construction","Erosion and sediment"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"EGLE staff \"observed the unlawful discharge of sediment from the site\" to the Kalamazoo River, but said harm had not been determined (ref 1).","service":"WOOD TV (ref 1) and the watershed council letter (ref 2) report no water-supply or sewer disruption.","scale":"The river drains a watershed of more than 400,000 people downstream of the site (ref 2), though the discharge was from one construction site (ref 1).","duration":"Problems spanned four EGLE visits during summer 2024 storms, from the June 17 complaint to the published July 16 inspection (ref 1).","significance":"EGLE issued a formal violation notice requiring a revised erosion and sediment control plan (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is reported for the discharge."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"EGLE officials \"observed the unlawful discharge of sediment from the site\" into the Kalamazoo River (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE)","role":"State environmental and drinking-water regulator"},{"name":"Marshall Area Economic Development Alliance","role":"Site owner and permittee"},{"name":"Ford Motor Company","role":"Plant developer"}],"public_contact":"EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Owner submitted a revised soil erosion and sediment control plan and installed expanded erosion controls (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Marshall megasite flagged by EGLE for sediment runoff","publisher":"WOOD TV8","date":"2024-08-19","url":"https://www.woodtv.com/news/calhoun-county/marshall-megasite-flagged-by-egle-for-sediment-runoff/amp/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Letter to Ford Motor Company regarding the Marshall Megasite","publisher":"Kalamazoo River Watershed Council","date":"2023-04-24","url":"https://kalamazooriver.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/KRWC-Letter-to-Ford-Motor-Company-Regarding-Marshall-Megasite_final_w-signature.pdf","basis":"Advocacy group letter"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["Closure of the violation notice not verified","Plant water use and wastewater volumes not reported"],"related_ids":["US-MI-KALAMAZOO-RIVER-TROWBRIDGE-PCB-2026"]},{"id":"US-MI-COPPERWOOD-MINE-WETLANDS-DISCHARGE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Copperwood copper mine: 61 acres of wetlands lost, discharge permit up for renewal","description":"Highland Copper's proposed Copperwood underground copper mine near Wakefield in the western Upper Peninsula holds a state wetlands permit requiring mitigation for 61 acres of wetlands cleared or to be cleared, and has rerouted 2.5 miles of streams around a planned 320-acre tailings basin. In July 2026 EGLE held a hearing on reissuing the mine's wastewater permit, which covers treated process water, tailings basin water, mine dewatering and stormwater discharged to West Branch Namebinag Creek; opponents say the wetlands were destroyed before the mine is financed.","location":{"name":"Copperwood mine site","type":"Proposed metallic mine and receiving creek","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"About 14 road miles north of Wakefield, Gogebic County; discharges to West Branch Namebinag Creek","coordinates":{"lat":46.48,"lon":-89.94,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Gogebic"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns wetland loss, stream relocation and permitted mine wastewater discharges.","secondary_drivers":["Mining","Wetland loss"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The 906 Report (ref 1) says the wetlands permit covers the loss of 61 acres of wetlands; the company says only about 7.5 acres were high quality.","service":"The 906 Report (ref 1) and the WBUP/WJMN hearing notice (ref 2) describe no effect on any water supply.","scale":"Impacts are confined to one mine site and one receiving creek in Gogebic County (refs 1-2).","duration":"Site work and mitigation were completed by late 2025 and the discharge permit was up for reissuance in July 2026 (refs 1-2); the mining permit dates from a 2011 application (ref 3).","significance":"EGLE's formal NPDES permit reissuance hearing for permit MI0058969 was held July 8, 2026 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The permit requires Highland Copper to mitigate the loss of 61 acres of wetlands that have been, or will be, cleared to make way for the mine (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Wetlands lost requiring mitigation","value":61,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Planned tailings basin","value":320,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Relocated stream channel","value":2.5,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE)","role":"State environmental and drinking-water regulator"},{"name":"Highland Copper Co.","role":"Mine developer and permittee"}],"public_contact":"EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Highland built new wetlands and relocated streams and set aside 717 acres of natural wetlands as a conservation area (ref 1).","EGLE accepted written comments on the NPDES reissuance until July 17, 2026 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Highland reveals new wetlands, rerouted streams at Copperwood mine site","publisher":"The 906 Report","date":"2025-11-12","url":"https://the906report.beehiiv.com/p/highland-reveals-new-wetlands-rerouted-streams-at-copperwood-mine-site","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"EGLE to hold public hearing on proposed Copperwood wastewater permit reissuance","publisher":"WBUP/WJMN (My UP Now)","date":"2026-07-07","url":"https://www.myupnow.com/lifestyle/outdoors/egle-to-hold-public-hearing-on-proposed-copperwood-wastewater-permit-reissuance/article_f929c6cf-9cab-4a00-9532-5f90c41b52e6.html","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Copperwood mine","publisher":"Michigan EGLE","date":null,"url":"https://www.michigan.gov/egle/about/organization/geologic-resources-management/mining/nonferrous-metallic/copperwood-mine","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Outcome of NPDES reissuance not verified","Coordinates approximate (Wakefield area)"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MI-SRF-FEDERAL-CUTS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Proposed federal cuts threaten Michigan's water infrastructure revolving funds","description":"Federal capitalization grants make up about 87% of what is deposited into Michigan's State Revolving Funds each year, according to EGLE Director Phil Roos, and the proposed FY2026 EPA budget would have cut about $84 million in clean water support for Michigan. The FY2027 request seeks about $2.5 billion in cuts, an 89% reduction to the Clean Water and Drinking Water SRFs nationwide; Roos said about 90% of SRF money Michigan was deploying goes to disadvantaged communities.","location":{"name":"Michigan State Revolving Funds","type":"State water infrastructure loan program","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Statewide; EGLE-administered Clean Water and Drinking Water SRFs","coordinates":{"lat":44.3148,"lon":-85.6024,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns federal funding for water infrastructure loans and grants.","secondary_drivers":["Federal funding cuts"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"EGLE's director describes projects at risk, including lead line replacement in Ypsilanti and Flint (ref 1), but no completed harm is documented.","service":"Neither Planet Detroit (ref 1) nor the Mining Journal (ref 2) reports a cancelled project or service loss.","scale":"The SRFs fund drinking water, wastewater and stormwater projects statewide, with $1.2 billion being deployed in the fiscal year Roos described (ref 1).","duration":"Cuts were proposed for FY2026 in June 2025 (ref 1) and again for FY2027 in April 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"These are budget proposals that Congress had not enacted in the cited sources (refs 1-2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide program; no affected population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Federal contributions make up about 87% of what is deposited into Michigan's SRFs each year (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Michigan clean water support lost under FY2026 proposal","value":84000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Northeast-Midwest Institute figure cited in ref 1."},{"name":"FY2024 clean water SRF appropriation to Michigan","value":35100000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"FY2024 drinking water SRF appropriation to Michigan","value":11300000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Loss of federal SRF capitalization would shift costs to ratepayers, per EGLE director (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE)","role":"State environmental and drinking-water regulator"},{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","role":"Federal SRF capitalization grantor"},{"name":"U.S. Congress","role":"Appropriations"}],"public_contact":"EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["The governor proposed $80 million in state water infrastructure funding, which Roos said cannot replace federal scale (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA budget cuts represent 'serious hit' to Michigan water infrastructure: EGLE's Phil Roos","publisher":"Planet Detroit","date":"2025-06-16","url":"https://planetdetroit.org/2025/06/epa-budget-cuts-michigan-water/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Flow Water Advocates opposes Great Lakes funding cuts proposed in federal budget","publisher":"The Mining Journal","date":"2026-04-09","url":"https://www.miningjournal.net/news/local/2026/04/flow-water-advocates-opposes-great-lakes-funding-cuts-proposed-in-federal-budget/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Enacted FY2026 and FY2027 SRF appropriations not verified"],"related_ids":["US-MI-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2026"]},{"id":"US-MI-BIOSOLIDS-PFAS-LAND-APPLICATION-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"PFAS in sewage biosolids spread on Michigan farm fields under interim limits","description":"Michigan allows treated sewage biosolids to be spread on farm fields under an EGLE interim strategy (2021, updated 2022 and 2024) that requires PFOS/PFOA testing, cuts application rates between 20 and 100 parts per billion and bans land application above 100 ppb; there are no federal PFAS criteria. Of 173 facilities reporting 2024 results, 11% had biosolids between 20 and 100 ppb, and about 26,233 acres received biosolids in 2023-2024; in Cadillac, residents told the city council in May 2025 they feared well contamination from spreading.","location":{"name":"Michigan biosolids land-application fields","type":"Statewide agricultural land-application program","state":"MI","states":["MI"],"detail":"Statewide; local controversy in Cadillac and Boon, Wexford County","coordinates":{"lat":44.3148,"lon":-85.6024,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Wexford"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Land-applied biosolids can carry PFAS into soils, groundwater and surface water.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","Biosolids land application"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"EGLE's FAQ (ref 1) says past industrially impacted biosolids had PFOS 1,000 to 10,000 times higher than Wexford County biosolids; Cadillac News (ref 2) cites unquantified reports of Michigan farmers losing use of land.","service":"Neither the EGLE FAQ (ref 1) nor Cadillac News (ref 2) documents a drinking-water advisory caused by biosolids.","scale":"173 facilities reported 2024 biosolids PFAS results and 26,233 acres statewide received biosolids in 2023-2024 (ref 1).","duration":"The interim strategy has run since 2021 with 2022 and 2024 updates, and federal criteria remained only a 2025 draft risk assessment (ref 1).","significance":"EGLE's interim strategy imposes formal tiered requirements, including a land-application ban above 100 ppb (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Results from the 173 facilities that submitted 2024 biosolids PFAS sample results show 11% with PFOS/PFOA between 20 and 100 ppb (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Facilities reporting 2024 biosolids PFAS results","value":173,"unit":"facilities","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Acres receiving biosolids (Oct 2023-Sep 2024)","value":26233,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Industrially impacted threshold (land application prohibited)","value":100,"unit":"ppb PFOS or PFOA","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE)","role":"State environmental and drinking-water regulator"},{"name":"City of Cadillac Wastewater Treatment Plant","role":"Biosolids generator (local example)"}],"public_contact":"EGLE Environmental Assistance Center, 800-662-9278","corrective_actions":["Facilities between 20 and 100 ppb must sample discharges and implement source-reduction plans (ref 1).","EGLE prioritizes investigating areas that received industrially impacted biosolids (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PFAS and Biosolids (EGLE FAQ, May 2025)","publisher":"Michigan EGLE (posted by City of Cadillac)","date":"2025-05-29","url":"https://www.cadillac-mi.net/DocumentCenter/View/3095/2025-05-29-PFAS-and-Biosolids-FAQ","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Boon woman concerned about biosolids spread on nearby field","publisher":"Cadillac News","date":"2025-05-06","url":"https://www.cadillacnews.com/news/boon-woman-concerned-about-biosolids-spread-on-nearby-field/article_2aa39b7e-546b-44bc-be27-8c1455883d77.html","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (MI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Statewide count of farms with PFAS-impacted soils not found"],"related_ids":["US-MI-HURON-RIVER-PFAS-2026"]},{"id":"US-NJ-PATERSON-BOIL-WATER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Paterson-area boil-water advisories after two century-old main breaks (Aug 2025)","description":"A 30-inch Passaic Valley Water Commission main near Hinchliffe Stadium broke on Aug. 8, 2025, putting about 185,000 people in Paterson, Prospect Park, Haledon and North Haledon under a boil-water advisory with low or no pressure. A separate 42-inch main failed on Aug. 24, 2025, leaving about 18,000 Riverside residents without water and renewing advisories in parts of the same towns.","location":{"name":"Passaic Valley Water Commission (Paterson area)","type":"Regional water commission service area","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Paterson, Prospect Park, Haledon and North Haledon, Passaic County","coordinates":{"lat":40.914766,"lon":-74.162829,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Passaic"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NJ1605002"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Failures of 120-to-140-year-old transmission mains caused pressure loss, which triggered precautionary boil-water advisories for drinking water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Low pressure brought a risk of microbial intrusion and residents reported brown water (ref 1); no illness was reported in the cited coverage.","service":"About 18,000 Riverside residents had no water after the Aug. 24 break (ref 3), and the earlier break left areas with no or low pressure (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The Aug. 8 advisory covered about 185,000 residents across four municipalities (refs 1, 2); PVWC serves 310,483 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Each advisory lasted days; CBS reported the first break took weeks to repair and was restored only days before the second break (ref 3).","significance":"Formal boil-water advisories were issued and PVWC said they stay until it declares water safe after bacteria sampling (refs 2, 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":185000,"status":"Reported","note":"Residents under the Aug. 8, 2025 boil-water advisory (refs 1, 2); PVWC's full SDWIS population is 310,483 (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Over 185,000 people under a boil-water advisory after a 30-inch main break near Hinchliffe Stadium."},"measures":[{"name":"People under boil-water advisory (Aug. 8 break)","value":185000,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 2."},{"name":"Residents without water (Aug. 24 break)","value":18000,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Approximate age of broken main","value":140,"unit":"years","status":"Reported","note":"ABC7 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["PVWC director said the 120-to-140-year-old mains offer few ways to isolate sections (ref 3)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Two major breaks in August 2025; no later event data was reviewed."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Passaic Valley Water Commission","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Manchester Utilities Authority","role":"Affected supplier (advisory area)"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Passaic Valley Water Commission customer service","corrective_actions":["Line stop and temporary pumping to restore pressure (ref 1)","Main repairs, flushing and bacteriological sampling before lifting advisories (refs 2, 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Over 185,000 New Jersey residents under boil water advisory as Paterson water main break repairs continue","publisher":"CBS New York","date":"2025-08-11","url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/new-jersey-boil-water-advisory-paterson-borough-park-haledon","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Paterson water main break leaves 185,000 residents under boil advisory as repairs continue","publisher":"ABC7 New York","date":"2025-08-11","url":"https://abc7ny.com/amp/post/paterson-water-main-break-leaves-185000-residents-boil-advisory-repairs-continue-fourth-day/17499480/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Another water main break in Paterson, N.J. causes boil water advisory","publisher":"CBS New York","date":"2025-08-25","url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/amp/newyork/news/water-main-break-riverside-paterson-new-jersey","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record NJ1605002 (Passaic Valley Water Commission)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NJ1605002/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, NJ","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_34.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative point of the place"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-08-08","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Date each advisory was fully lifted","Repair cost"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-PVWC-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-NJ-HOBOKEN-BOIL-WATER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hoboken boil-water advisory after 36-inch main break; recurring breaks","description":"A 36-inch main at 18th Street and Jersey Avenue on the Jersey City border ruptured in February 2025, and NJDEP required a boil-water advisory for Hoboken that lasted until testing showed the water was safe. CBS reported Hoboken had 17 main breaks in 2023 and 8 in 2024, with most pipes in the area at least 100 years old; Veolia operates the system.","location":{"name":"Hoboken Water Utility","type":"Municipal utility service area (contract-operated)","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Hoboken, Hudson County; break at the Jersey City border","coordinates":{"lat":40.745251,"lon":-74.027926,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Hudson"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NJ0905001"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Aging mains failed, and the resulting pressure loss forced a state-required precautionary boil-water advisory.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Veolia warned low pressure can let harmful microbes into the system (ref 1); no contamination or illness was reported.","service":"Hoboken was under a boil-water advisory with low pressure and discolored water; some schools opened late and businesses closed early (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Hoboken Water Utility serves 52,000 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"CBS counted 17 Hoboken main breaks in 2023 and 8 in 2024 before the February 2025 failure (ref 1), a recurring pattern.","significance":"The advisory was required by NJDEP and could be lifted only with NJDEP approval (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":52000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4); the advisory applied to Hoboken."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"36-inch main break; Hoboken had 17 main breaks in 2023 and 8 in 2024."},"measures":[{"name":"Hoboken main breaks in 2023","value":17,"unit":"breaks","status":"Reported","note":"CBS (ref 1)."},{"name":"Hoboken main breaks in 2024","value":8,"unit":"breaks","status":"Reported","note":"CBS (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Break counts fell from 17 (2023) to 8 (2024), but a major failure followed in February 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Hoboken","role":"System owner"},{"name":"Veolia Water","role":"Operator"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Veolia Water New Jersey customer service","corrective_actions":["Emergency repair of the 36-inch main (ref 2)","Flushing and NJDEP-approved testing before lifting the advisory (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Boil water advisory follows water main break at Jersey City-Hoboken border","publisher":"CBS New York","date":"2025-02-18","url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/water-main-break-jersey-city-hoboken-border","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Boil water advisory still in effect in Hoboken, New Jersey as crews repair main break","publisher":"CBS New York","date":"2025-02-19","url":"https://cbsnews.com/amp/newyork/news/boil-water-advisory-new-jersey-hoboken","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Hoboken's boil water advisory lifted after water main break earlier this week","publisher":"News 12 New Jersey","date":"2025-02-21","url":"https://newjersey.news12.com/hoboken-waiting-on-njdep-test-results-during-boil-water-advisory","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record NJ0905001 (Hoboken Water Utility)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NJ0905001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, NJ","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_34.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative point of the place"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-02-18","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Exact date advisory lifted","Capital replacement plan"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NJ-TRENTON-WATER-WORKS-TTHM-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Trenton Water Works trihalomethane violations, falsified sampling and state orders","description":"Trenton Water Works, serving about 217,000 people, notified customers it violated the TTHM standard for October to December 2024 and remained in violation of the New Jersey Safe Drinking Water Act for not finishing approved remedial measures. The Jersey Vindicator reported that an employee falsified required tests from October 2022 through 2023 and that an October 2024 state order cited inadequate distribution maintenance and possible Legionella exposure.","location":{"name":"Trenton Water Works","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Trenton and parts of Hamilton, Hopewell, Ewing and Lawrence townships, Mercer County","coordinates":{"lat":40.223841,"lon":-74.763624,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Mercer"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NJ1111001"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The core issue is disinfection byproducts above the MCL and unreliable compliance sampling in the distribution system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS records a TTHM MCL violation for Oct.-Dec. 2024 at 0.081 mg/L against the 0.080 limit (refs 2, 4).","service":"Customers received Tier 2 notices; the utility said water quality for all users currently met standards (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The utility cited more than 217,000 customers (ref 1), matching the SDWIS population of 217,000 (ref 3).","duration":"TTHM exceedances ran over 17 months in 2021-2022 and recurred in late 2024 (refs 1, 4); falsified tests spanned October 2022 to end-2023 (ref 1).","significance":"Regulators issued a unilateral administrative order, and an October 2024 state order cited possible Legionella exposure (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":217000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM MCL violation for Oct. 1-Dec. 31, 2024; system remains in violation pending approved remedial measures."},"measures":[{"name":"TTHM LRAA (Q4 2024 violation)","value":0.081,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS viol_measure (ref 4); MCL 0.080 mg/L."},{"name":"Planned automatic main flushing assemblies","value":170,"unit":"assemblies","status":"Reported","note":"To be installed by mid-2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Plant shutdowns for treatment failures in past decade","value":40,"unit":"shutdowns","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["About $1 billion in capital needs over 15 years and dozens of unfilled staff positions (ref 1)","May lack funds to meet the 2031 lead line deadline (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"TTHM violations in 2021-2022 cleared, then recurred in Q4 2024 (refs 1, 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Trenton (Trenton Water Works)","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Trenton Water Works customer service","corrective_actions":["Install 170 main flushing assemblies at dead-end mains (ref 1)","NJDEP on-site oversight at least every other week (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Chlorine byproducts and dead-end pipes: Trenton Water remains in violation of NJ Safe Water Drinking Act","publisher":"The Jersey Vindicator","date":"2024-12-13","url":"https://jerseyvindicator.org/2024/12/13/chlorine-byproducts-and-dead-end-pipes-trenton-water-remains-in-violation-of-nj-safe-water-drinking-act/","basis":"Investigative news report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Important Information About Your Drinking Water: Trenton Water Works has levels of TTHM above the standard","publisher":"City of Trenton","date":"2025-01-01","url":"https://trentonnj.org/CivicAlerts.asp?AID=1210","basis":"Utility public notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record NJ1111001 (Trenton Water Works)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NJ1111001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS violation records NJ1111001 (Trenton Water Works)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/NJ1111001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, NJ","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_34.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative point of the place"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-10-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Text of the October 2024 state order","Current TTHM LRAA status"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2024"]},{"id":"US-NJ-PERTH-AMBOY-GROSS-ALPHA-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Perth Amboy gross alpha MCL violations and PFOA above federal limit","description":"Perth Amboy reported a gross alpha particle running annual average of 16 pCi/L, above the 15 pCi/L standard, and SDWIS lists gross alpha MCL violations for three straight quarters from July 2025. The city is buying supplemental water, pilot-testing treatment and planning a new treatment plant. UCMR 5 samples from 2024-2025 also measured PFOA of 13 to 19 ppt.","location":{"name":"Perth Amboy Water Department","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Perth Amboy, Middlesex County","coordinates":{"lat":40.52016,"lon":-74.271331,"precision":"city","source_ref":7},"counties":["Middlesex"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NJ1216001"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Radionuclide and PFOA levels in the system's finished water are the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The city reported a gross alpha running annual average of 16 pCi/L over the 15 pCi/L MCL (ref 1); SDWIS lists 17, 16 and 17 pCi/L (ref 4).","service":"Notices were mailed and the city is supplementing supply from a neighboring system; no boil or do-not-drink order (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Perth Amboy Water Department serves 52,328 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"UCMR 5 PFOA was 13-19 ppt from April 2024 to January 2025 (ref 5), and gross alpha violations run from July 2025 into 2026 (ref 4).","significance":"SDWIS shows three gross alpha MCL violations still unresolved (ref 4), each requiring Tier 2 public notice (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":52328,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Gross alpha running annual average 16 pCi/L against the 15 pCi/L MCL."},"measures":[{"name":"Gross alpha running annual average","value":16,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"City notice (ref 1)."},{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOA","value":15.3,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOA result","value":19,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Jan. 31, 2025 entry-point sample (ref 5)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["New water treatment plant planned; cost not reported (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"SDWIS gross alpha results of 17, 16 and 17 pCi/L across three quarters (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Perth Amboy (Perth Amboy Water Department)","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Perth Amboy Water Department, 1-800-348-0041","corrective_actions":["Evaluate and pilot-test treatment for gross alpha and combined radium (ref 1)","Supplement supply from a neighboring system (ref 1)","Plan a new water treatment plant (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drinking Water Update for Perth Amboy","publisher":"City of Perth Amboy","date":"2025-12-01","url":"https://www.perthamboynj.org/community/news/what_s_new/drinking_water_update_for_perth_amboy","basis":"Local government notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Message from the Mayor: Water Quality Update","publisher":"City of Perth Amboy","date":"2025-10-01","url":"https://perthamboy.hosted.civiclive.com/community/news/announcements/message_from_the_mayor__water_quality_update","basis":"Local government statement"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record NJ1216001 (Perth Amboy Water Department)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NJ1216001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS violation records NJ1216001 (Perth Amboy Water Department)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/NJ1216001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":7,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, NJ","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_34.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative point of the place"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-07-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Exact notice dates","Treatment plant cost and schedule"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-NJ-EAST-WINDSOR-GROSS-ALPHA-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"East Windsor MUA gross alpha MCL violation unremediated past one-year deadline","description":"East Windsor MUA exceeded the gross alpha MCL in the second quarter of 2024 (SDWIS lists 20 pCi/L) and failed to remediate it by the July 17, 2025 deadline. It stopped using the affected treatment plant in July 2024, pumps from other wells, and is building a new treatment plant with two new wells.","location":{"name":"East Windsor Municipal Utilities Authority","type":"Municipal utilities authority service area","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"East Windsor Township, Mercer County","coordinates":{"lat":40.259139,"lon":-74.533576,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Mercer"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NJ1101002"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Naturally occurring radioactivity above the MCL in a groundwater source is the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"A June 20, 2024 sample put the system over the 15 pCi/L gross alpha MCL (ref 2); SDWIS records 20 pCi/L (ref 4).","service":"The affected treatment plant has been out of use since July 2024, with pumping shifted to other wells (ref 1).","scale":"East Windsor MUA serves 25,000 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"The violation began in Q2 2024 and was still unremediated after the July 17, 2025 deadline (ref 1).","significance":"The MUA issued a failure-to-remediate notice, a separate New Jersey violation (ref 1); SDWIS lists the MCL violation as unresolved (ref 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":25000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Failed to remediate the Gross Alpha MCL violation by the one-year deadline of July 17, 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"Gross alpha result (Q2 2024 violation)","value":20,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 4); MCL 15 pCi/L."},{"name":"Gross alpha average over the last year (Oct. 2025 notice)","value":14,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"Annual notice (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The annual notice reports a one-year average of 14 pCi/L with the plant off line (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"East Windsor Municipal Utilities Authority","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"East Windsor MUA, 609-443-6000","corrective_actions":["Take the affected treatment plant off line and pump other wells (ref 1)","Build a new treatment plant with two new wells; permits filed with NJDEP in 2023 (ref 1)","More frequent gross alpha testing (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"The East Windsor MUA Failed to Take Action to Bring Our Water into Compliance with an MCL Within One Year","publisher":"East Windsor Municipal Utilities Authority","date":"2025-10-06","url":"https://eastwindsormua.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/failure-to-remediate-mcl-revised-100625.pdf","basis":"Utility public notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Annual Notice: East Windsor MUA has levels of Gross Alpha Particle Activity above the standard","publisher":"East Windsor Municipal Utilities Authority","date":"2025-10-15","url":"https://eastwindsormua.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/IMPORTANT-INFORMATION-ABOUT-YOUR-DRINKING-WATER-092925-NJDEP.pdf","basis":"Utility public notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record NJ1101002 (East Windsor MUA)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NJ1101002/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS violation records NJ1101002 (East Windsor MUA)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/NJ1101002/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 Gazetteer county subdivision file, NJ","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_cousubs_34.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative point of the township"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-06-20","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["New plant completion date and cost"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NJ-LINCOLN-PARK-TTHM-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lincoln Park repeated trihalomethane MCL violations (2025-2026)","description":"Lincoln Park's water department reported TTHM running annual averages of 82 and 88 ug/L at two of four sites for October-December 2025, after a July-September 2025 violation, and SDWIS lists further TTHM violations into April 2026. The borough, which buys Passaic Valley water, is increasing flushing and evaluating disinfectant changes.","location":{"name":"Lincoln Park Water Department","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Lincoln Park Borough, Morris County","coordinates":{"lat":40.923751,"lon":-74.304235,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Morris"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NJ1416001"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Disinfection byproducts above the MCL in distributed water are the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"TTHM LRAAs of 82 and 88 ug/L exceeded the 80 ug/L MCL at Sample Points 03 and 04 for Q4 2025 (ref 1).","service":"Tier 2 notices told customers no boiling was needed (refs 1, 2); SDWIS also lists a disinfectant-residual treatment-technique violation in August 2025 (ref 4).","scale":"The borough system serves 11,000 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"SDWIS lists TTHM MCL violations in every quarter from July 2025 through the April 2026 period (ref 4), after earlier violations in 2021-2022.","significance":"Repeated MCL violations required quarterly Tier 2 notices (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":11000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM LRAA 82 and 88 ug/L at 2 of 4 sampling locations, Oct.-Dec. 2025 (MCL 80 ug/L)."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest TTHM LRAA, Q4 2025","value":88,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"TTHM LRAA, April 2026 period","value":86,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS 0.086 mg/L (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Exceeding sites rose from 1 (Q3 2025) to 2 (Q4 2025) (refs 1, 2), and violations continue in SDWIS through 2026 (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Borough of Lincoln Park Water Department","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Passaic Valley Water Commission","role":"Source water supplier"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Lincoln Park Water Department, water@bolp.org","corrective_actions":["More frequent flushing and monitoring of Passaic Valley source water (ref 1)","Evaluate disinfectant type and organic-matter removal (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Public Notice: Lincoln Park has levels of TTHM above the drinking water standard (Oct.-Dec. 2025)","publisher":"Borough of Lincoln Park","date":"2026-02-18","url":"https://lincolnpark.org/DocumentCenter/View/10731/PUBLIC-NOTICE-2-18-26","basis":"Utility public notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Public Notice: Lincoln Park has levels of TTHM above the drinking water standard (Jul.-Sep. 2025)","publisher":"Borough of Lincoln Park","date":"2025-10-28","url":"https://lincolnpark.org/DocumentCenter/View/10454/PUBLIC-NOTICE-10-27-25","basis":"Utility public notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record NJ1416001 (Lincoln Park Water Dept)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NJ1416001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS violation records NJ1416001 (Lincoln Park Water Dept)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/NJ1416001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, NJ","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_34.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative point of the place"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-07-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Root cause analysis"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NJ-VERONA-PFOA-TTHM-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Verona Fairview Avenue well PFOA about three times NJ limit; TTHM violations","description":"UCMR 5 samples at Verona's Fairview Avenue treatment plant entry point measured PFOA of 42.3 ppt (June 2025) and 44.5 ppt (December 2025), about three times New Jersey's 14 ppt MCL; the township had taken that well off line after a 2021 NJDEP PFOA violation. Verona also violated the TTHM standard in 2023, with running averages up to 95 ug/L at three of four sites.","location":{"name":"Verona Water Department","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Verona Township, Essex County","coordinates":{"lat":40.832468,"lon":-74.242863,"precision":"city","source_ref":6},"counties":["Essex"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NJ0720001"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOA in a groundwater source and disinfection byproducts in distribution are the core issues.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 found 44.5 ppt PFOA at the Fairview Avenue entry point in December 2025 (ref 3), above the 14 ppt state MCL; 2023 TTHM LRAAs reached 95 ug/L (ref 2).","service":"The township took the Fairview Avenue and Linn Drive wells out of service and switched to PVWC in July 2021 (ref 1).","scale":"Verona Water Department serves 13,641 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"PFOA was cited by NJDEP in July 2021 (ref 1) and still measured above 40 ppt at the well in 2025 (ref 3); TTHM violations spanned July-December 2023 (ref 5).","significance":"NJDEP issued a PFOA violation on July 21, 2021 (ref 1), and SDWIS records two TTHM MCL violations in 2023 (ref 5)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":13641,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOA 44.5 ppt at the Fairview Avenue entry point, Dec. 8, 2025 (UCMR 5)."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOA result","value":44.5,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Fairview Avenue TP entry point (ref 3)."},{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOA","value":12.7,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages. Includes PVWC intertie samples."},{"name":"Highest TTHM LRAA, Q3 2023","value":95,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Two UCMR 5 entry-point PFOA results in 2025 (ref 3); no treatment completion was found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Township of Verona","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Passaic Valley Water Commission","role":"Purchased water supplier"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Verona Township Manager, 973-857-4767","corrective_actions":["Wells removed from service and supply purchased from PVWC (ref 1)","Increased distribution flushing and sampling at the PVWC interconnection for TTHM (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PFOA Frequently Asked Questions","publisher":"Township of Verona","date":"2021-09-01","url":"https://veronanj.org/pfoafaq","basis":"Local government notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Verona Water Department has levels of TTHM above the drinking water standard (Jul.-Sep. 2023)","publisher":"Township of Verona","date":"2023-11-20","url":"https://www.veronanj.org/media/Water%20Utility/PN%20Violation%207979-7980-7981%20-%20Verona%20tthm-pn-mcl-exceedance%20(1)%2011-20-23.pdf","basis":"Utility public notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record NJ0720001 (Verona Water Department)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NJ0720001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS violation records NJ0720001 (Verona Water Department)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/NJ0720001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"2024 Gazetteer county subdivision file, NJ","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_cousubs_34.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative point of the township"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-07-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Whether the Fairview Avenue well delivered water in 2025","PFAS treatment plan"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-STATEWIDE-PFAS-PWS-2023","US-NJ-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-NJ-LIVINGSTON-PFAS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Livingston Township PFOA in wells; $86 million PFAS treatment build-out","description":"Livingston Township's wells exceeded NJDEP PFAS limits, and the township closed $83.7 million in NJ Water Bank loans in 2023 for a PFAS and 1,4-dioxane treatment plant for 11 wells, plus a $2.7 million loan in 2026 for Well 6. UCMR 5 entry-point samples from 2024-2025 measured PFOA up to 44 ppt.","location":{"name":"Livingston Township Division of Water","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Livingston Township, Essex County","coordinates":{"lat":40.785828,"lon":-74.3291,"precision":"city","source_ref":7},"counties":["Essex"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NJ0710001"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOA in the township's groundwater supply is the core issue; the loans fund treatment.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 measured 44 ppt PFOA at an entry point on April 3, 2025 (ref 4), and Patch reports wells exceeded state DEP limits (ref 1).","service":"No service restriction was reported; the township also buys water from New Jersey American Water and East Orange (ref 1).","scale":"Livingston's system serves 27,391 people per SDWIS (ref 5).","duration":"Compliance has been tracked by running average since 2019 (ref 1), and UCMR 5 found PFOA above 4 ppt from August 2024 to May 2025 (ref 4).","significance":"Wells exceeded NJDEP's PFOA and PFOS limits (ref 1), prompting phased treatment financed by the NJ Water Bank (refs 2, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":27391,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOA 44 ppt (April 2025); $83.7 million in loans for a PFAS and dioxane plant treating 11 wells."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOA result","value":44,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."},{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOA","value":16.3,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"NJ Water Bank loans, 2023 treatment plant","value":83700000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"NJ Water Bank loan, Well 6 treatment","value":2700000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["$86.4 million in NJ Water Bank borrowing for PFAS treatment (refs 2, 3)","Expected class-action payouts from 3M and DuPont listed as a funding source (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Treatment is being built in phases (refs 1-3); no post-treatment results were reviewed."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Livingston Township","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"New Jersey Infrastructure Bank","role":"Financing"}],"public_contact":"Livingston Township Division of Water","corrective_actions":["Ion exchange treatment at several well facilities in three phases (ref 1)","PFAS and 1,4-dioxane treatment plant for 11 wells (ref 2)","Well 6 ion exchange PFAS treatment (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Livingston Plans Water Upgrades As Feds Lower 'Forever Chemical' Limits","publisher":"Patch","date":"2024-05-21","url":"https://patch.com/new-jersey/livingston/livingston-plans-water-upgrades-feds-lower-forever-chemical-limits","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Livingston Township Loan Closing","publisher":"New Jersey Infrastructure Bank","date":"2023-02-13","url":"https://www.njib.gov/news/livingston-township-loan-closing","basis":"State financing record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Livingston Township PFAS Treatment","publisher":"New Jersey Infrastructure Bank","date":"2026-07-20","url":"https://www.njib.gov/news/livingston-township-pfas-treatment-6a5e2a8ac1e28","basis":"State financing record"},{"ref":4,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record NJ0710001 (Livingston Twp Div of Water)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NJ0710001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":7,"title":"2024 Gazetteer county subdivision file, NJ","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_cousubs_34.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative point of the township"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-02-13","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Treatment completion dates","Compliance running annual averages"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-NJ-OAKLAND-PFAS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Oakland borough PFOA and PFOS above NJ limits; Soons Well Field treatment pending","description":"Oakland reported PFOA of 18 to 27 ppt and PFOS of 3 to 24 ppt in 2020-2021 tests against New Jersey MCLs of 14 and 13 ppt, and issued quarterly public notices from November 2021 through April 2024. A March 2026 federal funding request says PFAS at the Soons Well Field, about 66% of the borough's supply, exceeds the new EPA limits and seeks $3.65 million for GAC treatment.","location":{"name":"Oakland Water Department","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Oakland Borough, Bergen County","coordinates":{"lat":41.031022,"lon":-74.240502,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Bergen"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NJ0242001"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOA and PFOS in the borough's well supply are the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Borough results of 18-27 ppt PFOA exceed the 14 ppt state MCL (ref 1); UCMR 5 found 22 ppt PFOA and 23 ppt PFOS in July 2023 (ref 3).","service":"The borough re-issued public notices quarterly, ten listed from Nov. 2021 to April 2024, until treatment meets the MCLs (ref 1).","scale":"Oakland's system serves 12,754 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Elevated PFAS appears in 2020-2021 borough tests (ref 1) and in a March 2026 congressional request still seeking treatment funds (ref 2).","significance":"NJDEP rules require the borough to install treatment and keep issuing notices until MCLs are met (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":12754,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOA 18-27 ppt and PFOS 3-24 ppt (2020-2021) vs. NJ MCLs of 14 and 13 ppt; Soons Well Field still exceeds EPA limits (2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOS result","value":23,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOA","value":12.2,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Federal funding requested for treatment","value":3648000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"FY2027 request (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Treatment depends on a pending $3.65 million federal request plus a 20% local share (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Exceedances documented since 2020 with treatment still unfunded in 2026 (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Borough of Oakland","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Oakland Public Works, 201-337-8104","corrective_actions":["GAC treatment at a single point of entry for all Soons Well Field wells (ref 2)","Quarterly public notices until MCL compliance (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PFOA/PFOS Information","publisher":"Borough of Oakland","date":"2024-04-11","url":"https://www.oakland-nj.gov/1358/PFOAPFOS-Information","basis":"Local government notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Community project funding request: Borough of Oakland PFAS/PFOA Treatment Project","publisher":"Office of Rep. Nellie Pou","date":"2026-03-20","url":"https://pou.house.gov/sites/evo-subsites/pou.house.gov/files/evo-media-document/oakland-pfas-i-e-cwf-financial-disclosure-form-3.pdf","basis":"Federal funding request"},{"ref":3,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record NJ0242001 (Oakland Water Dept)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NJ0242001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, NJ","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_34.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative point of the place"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2021-11-05","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Current running annual averages","Treatment schedule"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-STATEWIDE-PFAS-PWS-2023","US-NJ-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-NJ-PARK-RIDGE-PFAS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Park Ridge wells over NJ PFOA and PFOS limits; permanent treatment pending","description":"Park Ridge wells 12, 14 and 18 exceeded New Jersey's PFOA MCL in November 2021; one stays off line and two run on temporary treatment. Well 19 exceeded the PFOS MCL in early 2024 and was removed from service, and the borough must keep issuing quarterly notices until permanent treatment is installed.","location":{"name":"Park Ridge Water Department","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Park Ridge Borough, Bergen County","coordinates":{"lat":41.036183,"lon":-74.044293,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Bergen"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NJ0247001"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOA and PFOS in the borough's wells are the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Three wells exceeded the NJ PFOA MCL and Well 19 exceeded the PFOS MCL in Q1 2024 (ref 1); UCMR 5 found up to 17.2 ppt PFOA in 2023 (ref 2).","service":"One of the PFOA wells remains off line and Well 19 was removed from service for evaluation (ref 1).","scale":"Park Ridge Water Department serves 16,466 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Exceedances date to November 2021 and repeat notices were still required in December 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"NJDEP requires repeat Tier 2 public notice every three months until permanent treatment restores compliance (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":16466,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Wells 12, 14 and 18 over the PFOA MCL since November 2021; Well 19 over the PFOS MCL in Q1 2024."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOA result","value":17.2,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOS result","value":14.1,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"A fourth well (Well 19) exceeded a PFAS MCL in 2024 after the 2021 PFOA exceedances (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Borough of Park Ridge Water Department","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Park Ridge Water Department","corrective_actions":["Temporary treatment on two wells (ref 1)","Permanent PFOA and PFOS treatment design and funding (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"4th Quarter 2024 Repeat Public Notice for PFOA MCL Exceedance, Wells 12, 14, 18 and 19","publisher":"Borough of Park Ridge","date":"2024-12-18","url":"https://parkridgeboro.com/government/news/587-4th-quarter-2024-repeat-public-notice-for-pfoa-mcl-exceedance-wells-12-14-18-19","basis":"Utility public notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record NJ0247001 (Park Ridge Water Dept)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NJ0247001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, NJ","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_34.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative point of the place"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2021-11-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Running annual averages by well","Permanent treatment schedule and cost"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-STATEWIDE-PFAS-PWS-2023","US-NJ-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-NJ-HAMILTON-SQUARE-PFAS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Aqua NJ Hamilton Square PFOA and PFOS above federal MCL; ion exchange builds","description":"UCMR 5 samples from Aqua New Jersey's Hamilton Square system in 2025 found PFOA up to 11.6 ppt and PFOS up to 11.4 ppt, above the 4 ppt federal MCLs. Aqua finished a $2.6 million ion exchange plant at Hamilton Well 13 in January 2026, and the NJ Water Bank financed $4.4 million for treatment at two more Hamilton well sites.","location":{"name":"Aqua NJ - Hamilton Square","type":"Investor-owned utility service area","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Hamilton Township, Mercer County","coordinates":{"lat":40.225029,"lon":-74.65048,"precision":"city","source_ref":6},"counties":["Mercer"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NJ1103001"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOA and PFOS in groundwater supplies are the core issue; the projects are the response.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 found 11.6 ppt PFOA and 11.4 ppt PFOS in 2025 (ref 1), above the federal 4 ppt MCLs (ref 7) but below New Jersey's 14 and 13 ppt limits.","service":"No restriction on use was reported; Aqua describes treatment construction only (refs 2, 3).","scale":"The Hamilton Square system serves 39,128 people per SDWIS (ref 4); Well 13 treatment alone serves more than 12,700 customers (ref 2).","duration":"Elevated results appear in the March and September 2025 UCMR 5 rounds (ref 1), with treatment finished at one well in January 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"Federal MCL compliance is not due until 2029 (ref 7); the cited actions are utility projects and state financing (refs 2, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":39128,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOA up to 11.6 ppt and PFOS up to 11.4 ppt in 2025 UCMR 5 samples (federal MCL 4 ppt)."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOA","value":7.3,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOS","value":5.6,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Hamilton Well 13 ion exchange cost","value":2600000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"NJ Water Bank loan, two Hamilton well sites","value":4400000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["$3 million principal forgiveness anticipated on the $4.4 million loan (ref 3)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Well 13 treatment completed January 2026 (ref 2); two more sites financed (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Aqua New Jersey","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"New Jersey Infrastructure Bank","role":"Financing"}],"public_contact":"Aqua New Jersey customer service","corrective_actions":["Ion exchange PFAS treatment at Hamilton Well 13, completed January 2026 (ref 2)","Ion exchange at two more Hamilton well sites (ref 3)","PFAS projects listed for Hamilton Wells 11C and 12 (ref 5)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Aqua New Jersey Awarded for Work to Eliminate PFAS from Drinking Water","publisher":"Aqua (Essential Utilities)","date":"2026-03-24","url":"https://aquawater.com/news/aqua-new-jersey-awarded-work-eliminate-pfas-drinking-water","basis":"Utility statement"},{"ref":3,"title":"Aqua NJ PFAS Removal","publisher":"New Jersey Infrastructure Bank","date":"2026-06-18","url":"https://www.njib.gov/news/aqua-nj-pfas-removal-6a1eec86eb87c","basis":"State financing record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record NJ1103001 (Aqua NJ - Hamilton Square)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NJ1103001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"PFAS in New Jersey","publisher":"Aqua (Essential Utilities)","date":null,"url":"https://aquawater.com/all-about-water-wastewater/water-quality/pfas-new-jersey","basis":"Utility statement","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, NJ","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_34.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative point of the place"},{"ref":7,"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-03-25","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Which wells produced the highest UCMR 5 results","Treatment schedule for remaining wells"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-NJ-CAMDEN-CORROSION-CONTROL-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Camden corrosion-control pH out of range for 65 days (2024-2025)","description":"The City of Camden water system, operated by American Water Contract Services Group, missed NJDEP's optimal pH water-quality parameters for 51 days in July-December 2024 and 14 days in January-June 2025, against a nine-day allowance. The city said lead and copper tap results met federal action levels and that the problem was corrected on notification in May 2025.","location":{"name":"City of Camden Division of Utilities","type":"Municipal utility service area (contract-operated)","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Camden, Camden County","coordinates":{"lat":39.936787,"lon":-75.106644,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Camden"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NJ0408001"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Corrosion-control treatment that protects against lead and copper leaching was outside its required range.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Out-of-range pH weakens lead and copper corrosion control, but June-September 2024 tap monitoring met federal action levels (ref 1).","service":"Customers received a public notice; no alternate water supply was required (ref 1).","scale":"The City of Camden system serves 46,585 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"pH missed the optimal range across two six-month periods from July 2024 to June 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"SDWIS lists two water-quality-parameter violations for these periods (ref 3)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":46585,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"WQP pH out of range 51 days (Jul.-Dec. 2024) and 14 days (Jan.-Jun. 2025); limit is nine days."},"measures":[{"name":"Days pH outside optimal range, Jul.-Dec. 2024","value":51,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Days pH outside optimal range, Jan.-Jun. 2025","value":14,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The city reports the problem was resolved in May 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Camden Division of Utilities","role":"Owner"},{"name":"American Water Contract Services Group","role":"Operator"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Camden water contact, 856-635-1496","corrective_actions":["Treatment optimized to bring pH within NJDEP ranges (ref 1)","Ongoing WQP monitoring at plants and in distribution (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"The City of Camden Division of Utilities Fails to Meet Established Water Quality Parameter (WQP) Levels","publisher":"City of Camden","date":"2025-09-05","url":"https://www.camdennj.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/NJ0408001_City-of-Camden_OWQP-PN-Cover-Letter_FINAL-1.pdf","basis":"Utility public notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record NJ0408001 (City of Camden)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NJ0408001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS violation records NJ0408001 (City of Camden)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/NJ0408001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, NJ","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_34.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative point of the place"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-07-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Lead 90th percentile value"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2024"]},{"id":"US-NJ-ESSEX-FELLS-PFOA-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Essex Fells PFOA MCL violation open since 2021; final treatment plant pending","description":"Essex Fells violated New Jersey's PFOA MCL at three treatment plants in the third quarter of 2021, with 0.022 ug/L at one plant against the 0.014 ug/L limit. Permanent PFAS treatment started in July 2024 (13 wells) and July 2025 (2 wells), and PFOA is non-detectable in delivered water, but the violation stays open until treatment at the last well, offline since 2021, enters service.","location":{"name":"Essex Fells Water Department","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Essex Fells Borough, Essex County; also supplies neighboring areas","coordinates":{"lat":40.828102,"lon":-74.276226,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Essex"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NJ0706001"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOA in the borough's well supply is the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The open violation is for 0.022 ug/L PFOA, above the 0.014 ug/L New Jersey MCL (ref 1).","service":"Treatment plant TP003020 and its well have been shut since September 2021 (ref 1), and two wells were offline from 2021 to 2025 (ref 2).","scale":"The Essex Fells system serves 2,200 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"The violation has been open since Q3 2021 and remained open in the August 2026 notice (ref 1).","significance":"A New Jersey Safe Drinking Water Act MCL violation with notices every three months since September 2021 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":2200,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"2021 PFOA MCL violation of 0.022 ug/L remains open; PFOA non-detectable in water currently supplied."},"measures":[{"name":"PFOA level in open violation","value":0.022,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"NJ MCL 0.014 ug/L (ref 1)."},{"name":"Wells with permanent PFAS treatment","value":15,"unit":"of 16 wells","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"PFOA is non-detectable in delivered water after two plants came on line in 2024 and 2025 (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Borough of Essex Fells Water Department","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Essex Fells Water Department, 973-226-3400","corrective_actions":["Permanent PFAS treatment at TP001001 (July 2024) and TP002015 (July 2025) (ref 1)","Final PFAS treatment at TP003020, expected in service by end of August 2026 (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Update Regarding the Essex Fells Water System's Violation of the New Jersey Safe Drinking Water Act (PFOA), 2Q 2026","publisher":"Borough of Essex Fells","date":"2026-08-20","url":"https://www.essexfellsboro.com/_Content/pdf/EF-PFOA-Public-Notice-2Q-2026.pdf","basis":"Utility public notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Mayor's PFOA update letter","publisher":"Borough of Essex Fells","date":"2025-08-21","url":"https://www.essexfellsboro.com/_Content/pdf/8-21-25-PFOA-Update.pdf","basis":"Local government statement"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record NJ0706001 (Essex Fells Water Dept)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NJ0706001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, NJ","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_34.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative point of the place"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2021-07-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Confirmation the final plant entered service"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-STATEWIDE-PFAS-PWS-2023"]},{"id":"US-NJ-ABERDEEN-CLIFFWOOD-TTHM-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Aberdeen Cliffwood/Cliffwood Beach system trihalomethane MCL violations (2025)","description":"Aberdeen Township's Cliffwood/Cliffwood Beach system exceeded the 80 ug/L TTHM standard at one sampling site, with a running annual average of 83 ug/L in the July-September and October-December 2025 periods; SDWIS lists a third violation from April 2025 at 87 ug/L. The township began monthly main flushing in July 2025 and reported a current-quarter result of 55.1 ug/L.","location":{"name":"Aberdeen - Cliffwood/Cliffwood Beach","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Cliffwood and Cliffwood Beach, Aberdeen Township, Monmouth County","coordinates":{"lat":40.44321,"lon":-74.217841,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Monmouth"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NJ1330002"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Disinfection byproducts above the MCL in distributed water are the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"TTHM LRAA of 83 ug/L at sampling point SP ID#2 exceeded the 80 ug/L MCL in Q3 and Q4 2025 (refs 1, 2).","service":"Notices issued Aug. 8 and Nov. 25, 2025 and in 2026 said no boiling or other action was needed (ref 1).","scale":"The Cliffwood/Cliffwood Beach system serves 6,775 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"SDWIS lists TTHM violations for three consecutive periods starting April 2025 (ref 4); the township said the issue had run six months (ref 1).","significance":"Three TTHM MCL violations are recorded, all now returned to compliance in SDWIS (ref 4)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":6775,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM LRAA 83 ug/L at one site (MCL 80 ug/L), Oct.-Dec. 2025; current quarter 55.1 ug/L."},"measures":[{"name":"TTHM LRAA, Q4 2025","value":83,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"Notice lists 0.083 (ref 1)."},{"name":"TTHM current-quarter result","value":55.1,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"LRAA fell from 87 (April 2025 period, ref 4) to 83 ug/L, and the latest quarter was 55.1 ug/L (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Township of Aberdeen","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Aberdeen Township water department, 732-583-4200","corrective_actions":["Monthly water main flushing since July 2025 (ref 1)","Water tank inspection under consideration (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Cliffwood/Cliffwood Beach has levels of TTHM above the drinking water standard (Oct.-Dec. 2025)","publisher":"Township of Aberdeen","date":"2026-01-20","url":"https://www.aberdeennj.org/DocumentCenter/View/3802/TTHM-Pn-MCL-Exceedance-Public-Notice-2026","basis":"Utility public notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Cliffwood/Cliffwood Beach has levels of TTHM above the drinking water standard (Jul.-Sep. 2025)","publisher":"Township of Aberdeen","date":"2025-11-25","url":"https://www.aberdeennj.org/DocumentCenter/View/3666/TTHM-Cliffwood-Public-Notice","basis":"Utility public notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record NJ1330002 (Aberdeen - Cliffwood/Cliffwood Beach)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NJ1330002/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS violation records NJ1330002 (Aberdeen - Cliffwood/Cliffwood Beach)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/NJ1330002/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, NJ","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_34.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative point of the place"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-04-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Root cause of TTHM formation"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NJ-COASTAL-NORTH-NJAW-RESTRICTIONS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"NJ American Water Coastal North mandatory outdoor-water restrictions","description":"New Jersey American Water imposed a 48-hour mandatory outdoor water restriction on Monmouth and Ocean county customers in July 2024 after an emergency valve repair at its Jumping Brook treatment plant during a heat wave. In November 2024, after the state drought warning, it told customers statewide, including Coastal North, to stop all outdoor watering until spring, while the Manasquan Reservoir stood at about 50 percent of capacity, its lowest level since 2016.","location":{"name":"NJ American Water - Coastal North","type":"Investor-owned water utility service area","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Monmouth County and northern Ocean County (Coastal North drought region); Jumping Brook treatment plant in Neptune; Manasquan Reservoir in Howell","coordinates":{"lat":40.2045,"lon":-74.06,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Monmouth","Ocean"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"NJ1345001"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A treatment-plant valve failure and drought-depleted reservoir storage both constrained deliverable supply.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No illness or water-quality exceedance is tied to either restriction; the July 2024 notice (ref 1) concerns a 36-inch valve repair, not contamination.","service":"Customers in about 37 Monmouth and Ocean communities were limited to essential use for 48 hours in July 2024 (ref 1), then told to halt all outdoor watering until spring under the company's November 2024 statewide mandate (ref 2, ref 5).","scale":"SDWIS lists the Coastal North system as serving 377,613 people (ref 4).","duration":"Restrictions recurred in July and November 2024, the second lasting through the winter per the company's 'until spring' instruction (ref 2).","significance":"The company called the November notice mandatory, but its president acknowledged it could not be enforced (ref 3, ref 5); no state emergency order applied."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":377613,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by NJ American Water - Coastal North per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Manasquan Reservoir at 50.23 percent of capacity (2.35 billion of 4.67 billion gallons) on November 14, 2024, its lowest level since October 2016 (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Manasquan Reservoir storage","value":50.23,"unit":"percent of capacity","status":"Reported","note":"November 14, 2024, per New Jersey Water Supply Authority as reported by Patch (ref 2)."},{"name":"Population served","value":377613,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Two separate supply-driven restrictions in 2024 in the same service area; no later restriction for this system was confirmed in sources opened."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Jersey American Water","role":"Utility operator"},{"name":"New Jersey Water Supply Authority","role":"Manasquan Reservoir operator"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator and drought declarations"}],"public_contact":"New Jersey American Water customer service, 1-866-269-2837","corrective_actions":["Emergency repair of 36-inch valve at Jumping Brook Water Treatment Plant (July 2024)","Mandatory essential-use-only restriction for 48 hours (July 2024)","Outdoor watering halt until spring and shifting some customers to other sources (November 2024)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"New Jersey American Water Issues Mandatory Outdoor Water Restriction for Customers in Monmouth and Ocean Counties","publisher":"American Water","date":"2024-07-14","url":"https://newsroom.amwater.com/2024-07-14-New-Jersey-American-Water-Issues-Mandatory-Outdoor-Water-Restriction-for-Customers-in-Monmouth-and-Ocean-Counties","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"NJ American Water Issues Mandatory Use Restrictions As Water Supplies Dip In Drought","publisher":"Patch (Howell)","date":"2024-11-14","url":"https://patch.com/new-jersey/howell/nj-american-water-issues-mandatory-use-restrictions-customers","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"New Jersey American requires customers to stop watering their plants","publisher":"WHYY","date":"2024-11-14","url":"https://whyy.org/articles/water-conservation-drought-new-jersey/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: NJ American Water - Coastal North","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NJ/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/COASTAL%20NORTH/JSON","basis":"Federal system inventory (PWSID and population served)","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"NJ American Water mandates conservation measures","publisher":"NJ Spotlight News (WHYY)","date":"2024-11-15","url":"https://www.njspotlightnews.org/2024/11/nj-american-water-customers-under-mandatory-water-conservation-order/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Date the November 2024 restriction was lifted"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2024-2026"]},{"id":"US-NJ-HILLSBOROUGH-PRIVATE-WELL-ARSENIC-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Hillsborough Township private wells: arsenic and PFAS exceedances","description":"Hillsborough Township's 2024 Private Well Testing Act report, compiling state results from September 2002 through December 2022, shows 21.4 percent of 1,063 tested private wells exceeded the arsenic standard, with some 2-mile grids near 40 percent. Among the 71 wells tested for the newer PFAS parameters, 12.7 percent exceeded for PFOA and 12.7 percent for PFOS. In late 2025 township health officials notified residents that several potable wells had PFAS far above drinking-water standards.","location":{"name":"Hillsborough Township private wells","type":"Private domestic well area","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Somerset County; township health department summary of NJDEP Private Well Testing Act grid data","coordinates":{"lat":40.4776,"lon":-74.6263,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Somerset"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Naturally occurring arsenic and PFAS in bedrock groundwater reach untreated private drinking-water wells.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Arsenic, which the township says can raise cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular risk, exceeded the standard in 21.4% of 1,063 wells, and PFOA and PFOS each in 12.7% of 71 wells (ref 1).","service":"Private wells are not interrupted; the township only urges owners to test and treat (ref 1).","scale":"The 1,063 wells tested represent one township's private-well households, a community-level exposure (ref 1).","duration":"The cumulative data span September 2002 through December 2022, and arsenic is a naturally occurring, persistent condition (ref 1).","significance":"Township notices (ref 1, ref 2) are advisory; private wells carry no enforcement obligation beyond PWTA testing at sale or lease."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The report gives wells tested (1,063), not residents served (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Arsenic exceeded the standard in 21.4 percent of 1,063 private wells tested in Hillsborough Township, September 2002 through December 2022 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Wells exceeding arsenic standard","value":21.4,"unit":"percent of 1,063 wells","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Wells exceeding PFOA standard","value":12.7,"unit":"percent of 71 wells","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; township notes small sample."},{"name":"Highest grid arsenic exceedance rate","value":42.9,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Highest per-grid rate listed in the report (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Only cumulative results are published; new PFAS notices to residents followed in late 2025 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Hillsborough Township Health Department","role":"Local health outreach"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Private Well Testing Act program"}],"public_contact":"Hillsborough Township, 379 South Branch Road, Hillsborough NJ 08844, 908-369-4313","corrective_actions":["Township recommends annual bacteria and nitrate testing and periodic full PWTA testing","Recommends arsenic treatment such as granular ferric adsorption where exceeded","Encourages testing for newly added PFAS parameters"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Hillsborough Township Private Well Testing Act Report 2024","publisher":"Township of Hillsborough","date":"2024-02-27","url":"https://hillsboroughnj.gov/filelink/fileman-files/Health/Hillsborough%20Township%20PWTA%20Report%202024.pdf","basis":"Local government report of state PWTA data (date is the file posting date)"},{"ref":2,"title":"Toxic tap water? 'Forever chemicals' found at dangerous levels across NJ","publisher":"New Jersey 101.5","date":"2026-02-20","url":"https://nj1015.com/new-jersey-pfas-contamination/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Number of residents on private wells"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-STATEWIDE-PRIVATE-WELL-PFAS-2026"]},{"id":"US-NJ-FAIR-LAWN-WESTMORELAND-WELLFIELD-VOC-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Fair Lawn Westmoreland Well Field PCE/TCE groundwater plume and new treatment","description":"PCE and TCE from the Fair Lawn Industrial Park contaminate the aquifer feeding the borough's four Westmoreland Well Field supply wells, a Superfund site since 1983. EPA reports two of the wells out of service and the other two temporarily offline; construction of a new pump-and-treat system began in February 2024, with testing planned for 2025. The borough's wells supplied 35 percent of its water in 2025, with the rest bought from PVWC and Veolia.","location":{"name":"Fair Lawn Water Dept / Westmoreland Well Field","type":"Municipal utility well field (Superfund site)","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Borough of Fair Lawn, Bergen County; Fair Lawn Industrial Park source area, Little Diamond Brook","coordinates":{"lat":40.9404,"lon":-74.1318,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Bergen"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NJ0217001"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A chlorinated-solvent plume degrades the well field and requires treatment infrastructure to restore municipal supply wells.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA identifies PCE and TCE from industrial-park sources in the Westmoreland supply wells (ref 1); treatment by air stripping prevents documented exposure above standards.","service":"EPA says wells FL-10 and FL-14 are out of service and FL-11 and FL-12 temporarily offline (ref 1); the borough's wells met only 35% of 2025 demand, with PVWC and Veolia providing 43% and 22% (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists Fair Lawn Water Dept as serving 35,564 people (ref 3).","duration":"Contamination was found in 1978 and the site has been on the NPL since September 1983; a new treatment system began construction in February 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"The groundwater remedy is being built under a March 2020 Superfund consent decree with the responsible parties (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":35564,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Fair Lawn Water Dept per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Fair Lawn's 16 wells supplied 35 percent of its water in 2025; PVWC and Veolia interconnections supplied 43 and 22 percent (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Share of supply from borough wells","value":35,"unit":"percent (2025)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Average daily demand","value":3.533,"unit":"MGD (2025)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Reliance on purchased water while wells are offline; PRPs fund treatment operation per EPA (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"New groundwater treatment system under construction from February 2024 with operations and testing scheduled for 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 2","role":"Superfund lead for groundwater"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Source-area oversight and primacy regulator"},{"name":"Borough of Fair Lawn Water Department","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Fisher and Sandvik","role":"Potentially responsible parties"}],"public_contact":"Fair Lawn Water Department, 201-794-5374","corrective_actions":["Air stripper and chlorination at the well field funded by the PRPs","Source-area pump-and-treat and bioremediation under NJDEP","New groundwater extraction and treatment system (construction from February 2024, testing in 2025)","Borough plans treatment at its inactive wells"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Fair Lawn Well Field: Cleanup Activities","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":null,"url":"https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/SiteProfiles/index.cfm?fuseaction=second.cleanup&id=0200765","basis":"Federal Superfund site record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Borough of Fair Lawn 2025 Water Quality Report","publisher":"Borough of Fair Lawn","date":"2026-03-17","url":"https://www.fairlawn.org/uploads/dm/77113/2025_Water_Quality_Report.pdf","basis":"Utility consumer confidence report"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Fair Lawn Water Dept","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NJ/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/FAIR%20LAWN/JSON","basis":"Federal system inventory (PWSID and population served)","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Whether the new treatment system has completed start-up testing","Current PCE/TCE concentrations at the well field"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NJ-ROCKAWAY-BOROUGH-WELLFIELD-PCE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Rockaway Borough Well Field PCE/TCE plume: new source treatment 2023-2026","description":"PCE and TCE plumes from industrial and dry-cleaning sources contaminate the glacial sole-source aquifer feeding Rockaway Borough's municipal wells, a Superfund site since 1983. EPA restarted a soil vapor extraction system at the Klockner and Klockner source in December 2023 and began roughly two years of chemical injections at the East Main Street/Wall Street source in August 2024. The borough still treats its well water with air stripping and activated carbon.","location":{"name":"Rockaway Borough Water Dept well field","type":"Municipal utility well field (Superfund site)","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Rockaway Borough, Morris County; glacial Quaternary aquifer in the Upper Rockaway watershed; serves parts of Rockaway Township and Denville","coordinates":{"lat":40.9012,"lon":-74.5143,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Morris"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NJ1434001"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Solvent plumes in a sole-source aquifer require continuous wellhead treatment plus source remediation.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA reports high PCE in the vadose zone and groundwater near the East Main Street/Wall Street source and elevated sub-slab TCE and PCE at the K&K buildings (ref 1); treated tap water meets standards per the borough (ref 2).","service":"No current outage: the borough delivers air-stripped, carbon-filtered well water to 3,026 homes and businesses (ref 2). The 1981 do-not-drink emergency (ref 1) is historical.","scale":"SDWIS lists Rockaway Boro Water Dept as serving 7,066 people (ref 3), drawing on an EPA-designated sole source aquifer (ref 1).","duration":"NJDEP has investigated since 1980 and EPA placed the site on the NPL in September 1983; source injections that began in August 2024 are expected to run about two years (ref 1).","significance":"EPA Records of Decision from 1986, 1991, 2006 and 2007 govern the cleanup, and NJDEP set a Classification Exception Area for the plumes in June 2022 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":7066,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Rockaway Boro Water Dept per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"EPA chemical injections at the East Main Street/Wall Street source area began in August 2024 and are estimated to last about two years (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Service connections receiving treated well water","value":3026,"unit":"homes and businesses","status":"Reported","note":"2025 water quality report (ref 2)."},{"name":"PFOA, maximum in finished water","value":12.9,"unit":"ppt (2025)","status":"Reported","note":"Range ND-12.9 ppt, average 9.37 ppt (ref 2); below New Jersey's 14 ppt MCL."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Wellhead treatment continues to meet standards while new source-area work (SVE restart December 2023, injections from August 2024) proceeds (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 2","role":"Superfund lead"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator; Classification Exception Area"},{"name":"Rockaway Borough Water Utility","role":"Water system operator"}],"public_contact":"Rockaway Borough Water Utility, after-hours emergencies 973-627-1314","corrective_actions":["Wellhead air stripping and activated carbon treatment","K&K and EM/WS groundwater extraction and treatment systems (2006, 2011)","SVE restarted at K&K in December 2023","In-situ chemical injections at EM/WS from August 2024"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Rockaway Borough Well Field: Cleanup Activities","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":null,"url":"https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/SiteProfiles/index.cfm?fuseaction=second.cleanup&id=0200766","basis":"Federal Superfund site record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Annual Water Quality Report 2025","publisher":"Rockaway Borough Water Utility","date":"2026-06-02","url":"https://www.rockawayborough.org/departments/publicworks/WaterQualityReport2025.pdf","basis":"Utility consumer confidence report"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Rockaway Boro Water Dept","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NJ/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ROCKAWAY/JSON","basis":"Federal system inventory (PWSID and population served)","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Current PCE/TCE concentrations at the supply wells"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NJ-PINELANDS-KIRKWOOD-COHANSEY-WITHDRAWALS-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer over-pumping and Pinelands withdrawal-rule appeal","description":"The Pinelands Commission tightened limits on withdrawals from the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer effective December 4, 2023, lowering the review threshold to 50,000 gallons per day and capping withdrawals at 20 percent of minimum ecological flow. Clayton Sand Company appealed in February 2024, with Winslow Township as amicus; the Appellate Division affirmed the rules in July 2026. The Pinelands Alliance cites analysis that Winslow Township withdrawals exceed recharge capacity by 138 percent.","location":{"name":"Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer (Pinelands Area)","type":"Unconfined aquifer system","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Pinelands Area of southern New Jersey, including Winslow Township (Camden County); Atlantic Ocean and Delaware Bay drainage basins","coordinates":{"lat":39.8,"lon":-74.6,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Atlantic","Burlington","Camden","Cape May","Cumberland","Gloucester","Ocean"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Groundwater pumping from a shallow aquifer reduces baseflow to Pinelands streams and wetlands and limits future supply.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The rule responds to evidence that withdrawals starve Pinelands streams and wetlands of baseflow (ref 2); no drinking-water contamination or measured species loss is cited.","service":"No supply interruption is reported; the rules govern permitting of new and expanded wells of 50,000 gpd or more (ref 1).","scale":"The shallow aquifer underlies much of the Pinelands in southern New Jersey and supplies drinking water to hundreds of thousands of residents, per the Pinelands Alliance (ref 2).","duration":"Over-pumping concerns date to a 1996 USGS study (ref 2); the rule fight ran from the February 26, 2024 appeal to the July 15, 2026 affirmance (ref 3).","significance":"A state rule adopted at 55 N.J.R. 2407 (ref 1) was challenged in Appellate Division case A-001476-23 and affirmed in July 2026 (ref 2, ref 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources say only 'hundreds of thousands' rely on the aquifer (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Withdrawals capped at 20 percent of minimum ecological flow, with the review threshold lowered from 100,000 to 50,000 gallons per day, effective December 4, 2023 (ref 1, ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Permit review threshold","value":50000,"unit":"gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Lowered from 100,000 gpd (ref 2)."},{"name":"Winslow Township withdrawals versus recharge capacity","value":138,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Pinelands Alliance citing 'recent analysis' (ref 3); not independently verified."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Stricter rules survived appeal in July 2026; Clayton Sand could still seek Supreme Court review (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Jersey Pinelands Commission","role":"Comprehensive Management Plan rulemaker"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Water allocation permitting"},{"name":"New Jersey Superior Court, Appellate Division","role":"Rule appeal A-001476-23"}],"public_contact":"New Jersey Pinelands Commission, PO Box 359, New Lisbon NJ 08064, 609-894-7300","corrective_actions":["CMP amendments at N.J.A.C. 7:50-6.86(d)2 effective December 4, 2023","Ban on transfers between the Atlantic Ocean and Delaware Bay basins","Cumulative HUC-11 review of existing withdrawals for new applications"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Pinelands Comprehensive Management Plan: Kirkwood-Cohansey water management amendments, adoption notice (55 N.J.R. 2407)","publisher":"New Jersey Pinelands Commission / New Jersey Register","date":"2023-12-04","url":"https://www.nj.gov/pinelands/cmp/amend/Pinelands%20K-C%20Rule%20Adoption%20Notice.pdf","basis":"State rule adoption"},{"ref":2,"title":"Water Supply and the Kirkwood-Cohansey Aquifer","publisher":"Pinelands Alliance","date":"2026-08-12","url":"https://pinelandsalliance.org/?p=3186","basis":"Advocacy organization summary (supports the rule)"},{"ref":3,"title":"Winslow Mayor & Some Town Council Members Draining Aquifer","publisher":"Pinelands Alliance","date":"2026-07-21","url":"https://pinelandsalliance.org/winslow-mayor-township-council-draining-aquifer/","basis":"Advocacy organization case timeline"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Appellate Division opinion text (court site not reachable)","Total current withdrawals from the aquifer"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2024-2026"]},{"id":"US-NJ-CAPE-MAY-SALTWATER-DESALINATION-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Cape May saltwater intrusion and desalination plant short of firm capacity","description":"Saltwater intrusion forced Cape May City off its Cohansey wells and onto a 2 MGD reverse-osmosis desalination plant built in 1998, which treats brackish water from three wells in the Atlantic City 800-foot sand aquifer. The plant serves Cape May, West Cape May, Cape May Point, part of Lower Township and the Coast Guard base. It does not meet New Jersey's firm-capacity rule if its largest well is lost. A replacement plant of at least $30 million, with 4.2 MGD of capacity, has its permits nearly complete, but its $40 million federal authorization had not been appropriated.","location":{"name":"Cape May Water & Sewer Utility","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"City of Cape May, Cape May County; also supplies West Cape May, Cape May Point, parts of Lower Township and the Coast Guard Training Center","coordinates":{"lat":38.9351,"lon":-74.906,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Cape May"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NJ0502001"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["groundwater","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Saline groundwater intrusion removed fresh sources, and the aging desalination plant now limits deliverable capacity.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The city says Cohansey aquifer water quality deteriorated so Wells 3 and 4 are no longer used (ref 1); the three Atlantic City sand wells are 'exposed to salt water intrusion' (ref 2).","service":"No outage or restriction is reported; the risk is that summer peak demand could not be met if the largest well went offline (ref 3).","scale":"SDWIS lists the Cape May Water & Sewer Utility as serving 35,000 people (ref 5), reflecting its seasonal resort population.","duration":"The plant dates to 1998 (ref 1), and replacement has been discussed for years, with design under way since a 2022 contract (ref 2).","significance":"The County Herald reports the plant operates without meeting the state's firm-capacity regulations (ref 2, ref 4); there is no enforcement order."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":35000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"New plant planned at 4.2 million gallons of capacity, at least a $30 million investment, with $40 million authorized but not yet appropriated under the 2024 Water Resources Development Act (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Existing desalination plant capacity","value":2,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Built 1998 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Planned new plant capacity","value":4.2,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Federal authorization","value":40,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Authorized under the 2024 WRDA; appropriation expected about 2027 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Project 'heavily dependent on outside funding'; earmarks cut in 2025 left funding uncertain (ref 2, ref 4)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Permits nearly complete in December 2025 with bidding targeted for 2026, though funding remains uncertain (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Cape May Water & Sewer Utility","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator and firm-capacity rules"},{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","role":"Prospective federal funding partner"}],"public_contact":"City of Cape May Water & Sewer, after-hours emergencies via Cape May Police 609-884-9500","corrective_actions":["Design of a new treatment building with iron removal for the Kirkwood-Cohansey well","Phase 2 reverse osmosis for the three salt-exposed Atlantic City sand wells","Pursuing USDA, DEP, I-Bank and federal funding"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water & Sewer","publisher":"City of Cape May","date":null,"url":"https://www.capemaycity.com/directory/watersewer","basis":"Utility page","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Cape May Hopes to Seek Bids on New Water Plant in 2026","publisher":"Cape May County Herald","date":"2025-12-27","url":"https://www.capemaycountyherald.com/news/new-year-will-see-bidding-on-new-cape-may-water-plant-789fa24e","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Cape May Desalination Plant Plans Advancing","publisher":"Cape May County Herald","date":"2024-12-08","url":"https://www.capemaycountyherald.com/news/cape-may-desalination-plant-plans-advancing-720425/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Desalination Plant Funding up in the Air After Cutback","publisher":"Cape May County Herald","date":"2025-04-15","url":"https://capemaycountyherald.com/article/desalination-plant-funding-up-in-the-air-after-cutback/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":5,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Cape May Water & Sewer U","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NJ/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CAPE%20MAY/JSON","basis":"Federal system inventory (PWSID and population served)","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Chloride concentrations at the supply wells","Construction bid date"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2024-2026"]},{"id":"US-NJ-STATEWIDE-PRIVATE-WELL-PFAS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"New Jersey private wells above state PFAS drinking-water standards","description":"More than 20,000 private wells have been tested for PFAS under New Jersey's Private Well Testing Act since December 2021, and about 11 percent, more than 2,200 wells, exceeded the state drinking-water standard. Around 1.1 million New Jerseyans rely on private wells, some counties report PFAS in over a third of tested wells, and two counties have barely been tested. Owners can claim treatment costs from the state Spill Fund.","location":{"name":"New Jersey private domestic wells","type":"Private domestic well population (statewide)","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Statewide; Private Well Testing Act results reported by county; Hillsborough Township (Somerset) cited as a recent example","coordinates":{"lat":40.22,"lon":-74.76,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in groundwater reaches untreated private wells that fall outside public-water-system regulation.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"About 11% of more than 20,000 PFAS-tested private wells, over 2,200 wells, exceeded the New Jersey drinking-water standard (ref 1); Hillsborough's township summary shows PFOA over the standard in 12.7% of 71 local wells (ref 2).","service":"Private wells are not shut off; the remedy falls to owners via treatment and Spill Fund claims (ref 1).","scale":"Around 1.1 million residents rely on private wells statewide, and exceedances are spread across counties (ref 1).","duration":"PFAS has been part of PWTA testing since December 2021, and exceedances keep accumulating with each property sale (ref 1).","significance":"Exceedances are measured against enforceable state MCLs and qualify owners for Spill Fund compensation, but no enforcement action applies to private wells (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":1100000,"status":"Reported","note":"Residents relying on private wells statewide, per the state PFAS report as cited by NJ 101.5 (ref 1); not all are exposed above standards."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than 2,200 private wells, about 11 percent of over 20,000 tested since December 2021, exceeded New Jersey's PFAS drinking-water standard (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Private wells tested for PFAS","value":20000,"unit":"wells (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Since December 2021 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Private wells above state PFAS standard","value":2200,"unit":"wells (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"About 11% (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The count of known exceedances grows as more wells are tested at property transfer; two counties remain largely untested (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Private Well Testing Act and Spill Fund (Environmental Claims Administration)"},{"name":"County and municipal health departments","role":"Resident notification"}],"public_contact":"NJDEP Environmental Claims Administration (Spill Fund) claims via the DEP website","corrective_actions":["Testing at property sale and lease under the PWTA","Spill Fund claims covering point-of-entry treatment systems","Local health-department notices to affected residents"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Toxic tap water? 'Forever chemicals' found at dangerous levels across NJ","publisher":"New Jersey 101.5","date":"2026-02-20","url":"https://nj1015.com/new-jersey-pfas-contamination/","basis":"News report citing state PWTA data"},{"ref":2,"title":"Hillsborough Township Private Well Testing Act Report 2024","publisher":"Township of Hillsborough","date":"2024-02-27","url":"https://hillsboroughnj.gov/filelink/fileman-files/Health/Hillsborough%20Township%20PWTA%20Report%202024.pdf","basis":"Local government report of state PWTA data (date is the file posting date)"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["County-by-county exceedance rates","Spill Fund payouts for PFAS treatment"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-STATEWIDE-PFAS-PWS-2023","US-NJ-HILLSBOROUGH-PRIVATE-WELL-ARSENIC-2024"]},{"id":"US-NJ-WASHINGTON-TWP-WARREN-PFAS-WELLS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Route 31 sludge PFAS plume: Washington Township (Warren) private wells","description":"PFAS from textile-mill sludge spread on farmland along Route 31 from the 1950s to the 1970s has contaminated groundwater tapped by private wells in Washington Township, Warren County. NJDEP referred the site to EPA in November 2024. EPA has sampled more than 350 wells, delivered bottled water to over 150 homes and, as of April 2026, installed more than 180 treatment systems. One storage-facility well measured 18,997 ppt total PFAS, which state and federal officials called the highest known in New Jersey. NJ American Water is extending about 4 miles of main to roughly 140 properties.","location":{"name":"Washington Township (Warren) Route 31 sludge area","type":"Groundwater contamination area (private wells)","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Washington Township south of Washington Borough, Warren County; Route 31 and Rymon Road farm fields; groundwater flowing south toward the Musconetcong River","coordinates":{"lat":40.756,"lon":-74.99,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Warren"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Land-applied industrial sludge leached PFAS through fractured bedrock and limestone into an aquifer used by private drinking-water wells.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"A storage-facility well held PFOS at 8,350 ppt, PFOA at 5,950 ppt and PFNA at 354 ppt, against state limits of 13-14 ppt (ref 2); EPA found PFAS above federal MCLs at more than 150 homes (ref 3).","service":"Households above federal MCLs were placed on EPA-delivered bottled water starting in December 2024 until point-of-entry treatment was installed (ref 3, ref 1).","scale":"EPA's area of concern covered 372 mostly residential properties (ref 1), and more than 350 wells were sampled (ref 3); a community-scale exposure.","duration":"Contamination traces to sludge spreading from the mid-1950s to the mid-1970s, was found in a business well in 2019 (ref 3), and remediation continues in 2026 (ref 4).","significance":"NJDEP formally referred the site to EPA on November 7, 2024; EPA is running an emergency response and integrated assessment toward possible National Priorities List listing (ref 3, ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources count properties (372 in the area of concern, 150+ homes on bottled water, 180+ treatment systems), not residents (ref 1, ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"EPA has installed more than 180 point-of-entry treatment systems as of April 2026 after finding PFAS above federal MCLs in private wells; peak well total PFAS was 18,997 ppt (ref 3, ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest total PFAS in a drinking-water well","value":18997,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Storage-facility well sampled June 13, 2023 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Homes given bottled water","value":150,"unit":"homes (over)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Point-of-entry treatment systems installed","value":180,"unit":"systems (over, as of April 2026)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Water main extension loan","value":8.2,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"NJ Water Bank loan for about 21,400 feet of main and roughly 140 service lines (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Bottled water is being replaced by treatment systems, and a main extension is financed; the full plume extent is still under evaluation (ref 3, ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 2","role":"Emergency response and integrated assessment"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Referring agency and Spill Fund"},{"name":"New Jersey American Water","role":"Water main extension"},{"name":"New Jersey Infrastructure Bank","role":"Project financing"}],"public_contact":"EPA Region 2 Route 31 Sludge site page (response.epa.gov); New Jersey Infrastructure Bank 609-219-8600","corrective_actions":["EPA bottled water deliveries from December 2024","EPA sampling of more than 350 wells","Point-of-entry treatment systems installed from September 2025 (180+ by April 2026)","Soil, crop and Musconetcong River sampling","NJ American Water main extension financed by $8.2 million Water Bank loan","Evaluation for Superfund National Priorities List"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Testing in rural Warren County at PFAS hot spot","publisher":"NJ Spotlight News","date":"2025-02-03","url":"https://www.njspotlightnews.org/2025/02/pfas-hot-spot-rural-warren-county-nj-prompts-urgent-epa-testing-wells-next-soil-groundwater-musconetcong-river/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"'Startlingly high' levels of 'forever chemicals' recorded in rural NJ","publisher":"NJ Spotlight News","date":"2025-02-27","url":"https://www.njspotlightnews.org/2025/02/startlingly-high-pfas-forever-chemicals-levels-washington-township-nj-well/","basis":"News report citing NJDEP records"},{"ref":3,"title":"Route 31 Sludge site","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 2","date":null,"url":"https://scribenet.response.epa.gov/Route31Sludge","basis":"Federal emergency response site page","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"NJ American Water Washington Township Main Extension","publisher":"New Jersey Infrastructure Bank","date":"2026-02-06","url":"https://www.njib.gov/news/nj-american-water-washington-township-main-extension-6967acedef079","basis":"State financing agency notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Number of residents affected","Decision on National Priorities List listing","Musconetcong River and crop sampling results"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-STATEWIDE-PRIVATE-WELL-PFAS-2026","US-NJ-STATEWIDE-PFAS-PWS-2023"]},{"id":"US-NJ-MORRIS-PLAINS-TABOR-ROAD-TCE-GROUNDWATER-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Morris Plains former Warner-Lambert plant TCE aquifer: state lawsuit","description":"NJDEP sued Pfizer, Johnson & Johnson, Honeywell and three real estate companies in 2025 over TCE groundwater contamination beneath a former Warner-Lambert pharmaceutical plant on Tabor Road in Morris Plains, which operated from the 1950s to the 1980s. The aquifer has carried a Classification Exception Area since 2012 that restricts drinking-water and industrial wells. TCE in 2012 was nearly six times the state cleanup goal, and the CEA expires in 2027 but is expected to be extended.","location":{"name":"Tabor Road aquifer, Morris Plains","type":"Groundwater contamination area (Classification Exception Area)","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Borough of Morris Plains, Morris County; former Warner-Lambert plant site on Tabor Road","coordinates":{"lat":40.8215,"lon":-74.481,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Morris"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A legacy solvent release left an aquifer that fails groundwater-quality standards and cannot be used for drinking without treatment.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The complaint cites soil TCE of 16,000 ppm after about 3,000 gallons drained in 1989, and 2012 aquifer TCE nearly six times the state cleanup goal (ref 1); no exposed drinking-water users are reported.","service":"No public supply is interrupted; the CEA requires any new drinking-water well to be tested and treated (ref 1).","scale":"The complaint is localized to the aquifer beneath the Tabor Road site in one borough (ref 1).","duration":"Plant operations ran from the 1950s to the 1980s, and the 2012 CEA is expected to be extended past 2027 because TCE persists (ref 1).","significance":"NJDEP filed a Spill Act civil complaint against Pfizer and five other companies in 2025 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No exposed population is reported; groundwater use is restricted (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"2012 aquifer TCE levels were nearly six times the state cleanup goal, and the site's Classification Exception Area, due to expire in 2027, is expected to be extended (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"TCE spilled in 1989","value":3000,"unit":"gallons (about)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Soil TCE after 1989 release","value":16000,"unit":"ppm","status":"Reported","note":"Per the state complaint (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Contamination is contained under the CEA but not expected to meet standards by 2027 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Plaintiff; Spill Act and CEA oversight"},{"name":"Pfizer (successor to Warner-Lambert)","role":"Defendant (alleged discharger)"},{"name":"Johnson & Johnson, Honeywell and three real estate companies","role":"Defendants (alleged knowing purchasers)"}],"public_contact":"NJDEP Press Office, 609-984-1795","corrective_actions":["Classification Exception Area since 2012 restricting wells","State Spill Act lawsuit seeking past and future cleanup and restoration costs (2025)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"NJ sues Pfizer over cancer-linked water contamination","publisher":"NJ Spotlight News (Inside Climate News)","date":"2025-10-03","url":"https://www.njspotlightnews.org/2025/10/nj-sues-pfizer-over-cancer-linked-water-contamination/","basis":"News report on state complaint"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Court docket and filing date","Current TCE concentrations"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NJ-DELAWARE-TWP-HUNTERDON-WELL-ARSENIC-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Delaware Township (Hunterdon) private wells: arsenic and gross alpha","description":"Delaware Township's 2025 well-testing report shows 21.7 percent of 700 private wells tested under the Private Well Testing Act from 2002 to 2024 exceeded the arsenic standard, and 11.7 percent of 640 exceeded the gross alpha radiation screen. At the township's September 2025 testing event, 4 of 35 wells exceeded the 5 ppb arsenic limit (maximum 16.9 ppb) and 12 of 51 tested positive for coliform. The township has about 1,885 private wells.","location":{"name":"Delaware Township (Hunterdon) private wells","type":"Private domestic well area","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Delaware Township, Hunterdon County; township environmental commission summary with Raritan Headwaters Association testing","coordinates":{"lat":40.44,"lon":-74.95,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Hunterdon"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Naturally occurring arsenic and radionuclides in bedrock groundwater reach untreated private wells.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Arsenic exceeded the 5 ppb standard in 21.7% of 700 PWTA wells and gross alpha in 11.7% of 640; 2025 event samples reached 16.9 ppb arsenic and 15.4 pCi/L gross alpha (ref 1).","service":"Private wells stay in use; the township's role is limited to subsidized testing events (ref 1).","scale":"Delaware Township has about 1,885 private wells, of which 700 have PWTA results (ref 1).","duration":"Exceedances accumulate across PWTA testing from 2002 through 2024 and recur in the 2025 event (ref 1).","significance":"Results are informational; private wells face no enforceable standard beyond PWTA testing at sale or lease (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"About 1,885 private wells in the township (ref 1); residents not counted."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Arsenic exceeded the standard in 21.7 percent of 700 private wells tested under the PWTA in Delaware Township, 2002-2024 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"PWTA wells exceeding arsenic standard","value":21.7,"unit":"percent of 700 wells","status":"Reported","note":"2002-2024 (ref 1)."},{"name":"PWTA wells exceeding gross alpha","value":11.7,"unit":"percent of 640 wells","status":"Reported","note":"Required since 2018 (ref 1)."},{"name":"2025 event wells positive for coliform","value":12,"unit":"of 51 wells","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Cumulative PWTA rates plus a single annual testing event; no year-over-year series."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Delaware Township Environmental Commission","role":"Local outreach and testing events"},{"name":"Raritan Headwaters Association","role":"Testing partner"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Private Well Testing Act program"}],"public_contact":"Delaware Township, PO Box 500, Sergeantsville NJ 08557, 609-397-3240","corrective_actions":["Annual subsidized community well-testing event","Publication of PWTA exceedance rates to residents"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Delaware Township Well Water Testing 2025","publisher":"Delaware Township (Hunterdon County)","date":"2026-01-27","url":"https://www.delawaretwpnj.org/government/forms/environmental-commission/2145-well-testing-annual-report-2025/file","basis":"Local government report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Number of residents on private wells"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-HILLSBOROUGH-PRIVATE-WELL-ARSENIC-2024","US-NJ-STATEWIDE-PRIVATE-WELL-PFAS-2026"]},{"id":"US-NJ-MILITARY-BASES-AFFF-PFAS-GROUNDWATER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"PFAS groundwater plumes at New Jersey military installations","description":"EPA Region 2 lists McGuire Air Force Base, Naval Air Engineering Center Lakehurst, Naval Weapons Station Earle and Picatinny Arsenal among the federal Superfund facilities where PFAS has been found. New Jersey's 2021 lawsuit over firefighting foam cited combined PFOA and PFOS as high as 264,300 ppt in Joint Base groundwater, off-base private wells up to 1,688 ppt, and two private wells outside Earle above EPA's health limit. Defense Department testing near the Joint Base found a well with 1,444 ppt total PFAS in March 2022.","location":{"name":"NJ military installations (JB McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, Earle)","type":"Federal facility groundwater contamination","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst (Burlington and Ocean counties), Naval Weapons Station Earle (Colts Neck, Monmouth County), Picatinny Arsenal (Morris County), former Naval Air Warfare Center Trenton (Mercer County)","coordinates":{"lat":40.0157,"lon":-74.5917,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Burlington","Ocean","Monmouth","Morris","Mercer"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Aqueous film-forming foam used in training and firefighting carried PFAS into aquifers that feed on-base and nearby private wells.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The state's suit cites on-base groundwater up to 264,300 ppt combined PFOA/PFOS and three off-base private wells up to 1,688 ppt, far above New Jersey's 13-14 ppt limits (ref 2); a nearby well tested at 1,444 ppt total PFAS in March 2022 (ref 3).","service":"No current outage or do-not-drink order is documented in the sources opened; affected private wells are individual cases (ref 2).","scale":"Contamination spans several installations and nearby communities in five counties, though documented affected wells number in the single digits to dozens (ref 2).","duration":"PFAS was found in 2016 testing at the Joint Base (ref 2), and EPA still lists the installations as PFAS sites (ref 1).","significance":"New Jersey sued the federal government in January 2021 under federal and state drinking-water laws (ref 2); the installations are federal facility Superfund sites (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources report well counts, not people (ref 2, ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Combined PFOA and PFOS up to 264,300 ppt in Joint Base groundwater (2016) and up to 1,688 ppt in nearby private drinking-water wells, per New Jersey's lawsuit (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Max combined PFOA+PFOS, Joint Base groundwater","value":264300,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"2016 testing (ref 2)."},{"name":"Max combined PFOA+PFOS, off-base private well","value":1688,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Max combined PFOA+PFOS, Earle fire-training area","value":2900,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No current sampling series or lawsuit outcome was found in sources opened this session."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Defense (Air Force, Navy, Army)","role":"Responsible federal agencies"},{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 2","role":"Federal facility Superfund oversight"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Plaintiff and state oversight"}],"public_contact":"EPA Region 2 federal facilities enforcement (epa.gov/enforcement/dow-ffas-region-2)","corrective_actions":["DoD phase-out of AFFF firefighting foam","Off-base private-well sampling near the installations","State lawsuit seeking investigation and cleanup at federal expense"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DOW FFAs - Region 2 (federal facility sites where PFAS has been discovered)","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2024-06-24","url":"https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/dow-ffas-region-2","basis":"Federal enforcement listing","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"NJ sues federal government, saying 'forever chemicals' at military bases polluted drinking water","publisher":"WHYY (NJ Spotlight)","date":"2021-01-16","url":"https://whyy.org/articles/nj-sues-federal-government-saying-forever-chemicals-at-military-bases-polluted-drinking-water/","basis":"News report on state lawsuit"},{"ref":3,"title":"'Startlingly high' levels of 'forever chemicals' recorded in rural NJ","publisher":"NJ Spotlight News","date":"2025-02-27","url":"https://www.njspotlightnews.org/2025/02/startlingly-high-pfas-forever-chemicals-levels-washington-township-nj-well/","basis":"News report citing DoD/EWG data"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["Status of the 2021 state lawsuit","Current off-base well sampling results","Population on affected wells"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-STATEWIDE-PRIVATE-WELL-PFAS-2026","US-NJ-WASHINGTON-TWP-WARREN-PFAS-WELLS-2025"]},{"id":"US-NJ-ROCKAWAY-TWP-LAKE-TELEMARK-PFAS-WELLS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Rockaway Township Lake Telemark private-well PFAS investigation","description":"NJDEP began a targeted PFAS investigation in Rockaway Township in 2019 and has expanded it to private wells near the affected wells. The township reports that DEP sampling of private wells in the Lake Telemark area will continue through December 2026. The source of the PFAS is not identified on the township page.","location":{"name":"Lake Telemark area, Rockaway Township","type":"Private domestic well area","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Rockaway Township, Morris County; Lake Telemark neighborhood","coordinates":{"lat":40.96,"lon":-74.497,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Morris"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in fractured-rock groundwater has reached private drinking-water wells, prompting expanding state sampling.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The township refers to 'affected wells' prompting NJDEP to widen sampling (ref 1); concentrations are not published there.","service":"No do-not-drink order is posted; residents are contacted individually by NJDEP (ref 1).","scale":"The investigation covers private wells in one neighborhood of Rockaway Township (ref 1).","duration":"NJDEP's investigation began in 2019 and sampling is scheduled through December 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"This is a formal NJDEP investigation with a named community-relations contact, without an enforcement order (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Number of affected wells or residents not published (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"NJDEP private-well PFAS sampling in the Lake Telemark area, part of an investigation begun in 2019, continues through December 2026 (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Investigation is being expanded; no results series is public (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"PFAS investigation and private-well sampling"},{"name":"Rockaway Township Health Department","role":"Resident information"}],"public_contact":"NJDEP Community Relations, 609-940-4775; Rockaway Township, 65 Mt. Hope Road, 973-627-7200","corrective_actions":["NJDEP targeted PFAS investigation since 2019","Expanded private-well sampling through December 2026"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PFAS Information and Well Water","publisher":"Rockaway Township","date":null,"url":"https://www.rockawaytownship.org/631/6031/PFAS-Information-and-Well-Water","basis":"Local government notice relaying NJDEP","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["PFAS concentrations found","Number of wells affected","Suspected source"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-STATEWIDE-PRIVATE-WELL-PFAS-2026"]},{"id":"US-NJ-VEOLIA-HACKENSACK-ORADELL-RESERVOIR-LOW-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Veolia Hackensack system: Oradell Reservoir at 37% in February 2026","description":"Veolia Water New Jersey reported in February 2026 that northern New Jersey reservoirs, normally full in late winter, were at 43 percent of capacity and its Oradell Reservoir at 37 percent, after 18 months of precipitation about 15 inches below normal. Veolia, which serves about 1.1 million New Jersey residents, asked customers to make conservation a daily habit while saying it still met demand. The Oradell system supplies Bergen and Hudson counties.","location":{"name":"Veolia Water New Jersey - Hackensack (Oradell)","type":"Investor-owned water utility service area","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Oradell Reservoir and Haworth treatment complex, Bergen County; four-reservoir system including Woodcliff Lake, Lake Tappan and Lake DeForest (NY); serves Bergen and Hudson counties","coordinates":{"lat":40.9609,"lon":-73.9901,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Bergen","Hudson"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"NJ0238001"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A prolonged precipitation deficit drew down reservoir storage for a large surface-water system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No water-quality or health effect is reported; Veolia says it continues to meet customer demand (ref 1).","service":"Veolia's February 2026 notice asks customers to make conservation a daily habit; the requests are voluntary, with no mandatory limits (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists the Hackensack system as serving 792,713 people (ref 3); Veolia serves about 1.1 million New Jerseyans (ref 1).","duration":"Veolia ties the drawdown to 18 months of below-normal precipitation, about 15 inches short (ref 1).","significance":"The low storage falls under NJDEP's December 2025 statewide drought warning, cited by Veolia (ref 1); no utility-specific order was found."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":792713,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Veolia Water New Jersey Hackensack per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Oradell Reservoir at 37 percent and northern New Jersey reservoirs at 43 percent of capacity in February 2026, when they are typically full (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Oradell Reservoir storage","value":37,"unit":"percent of capacity","status":"Reported","note":"February 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Oradell Reservoir capacity","value":3.5,"unit":"billion gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Precipitation deficit","value":15,"unit":"inches over 18 months","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Storage was far below normal in February 2026; later 2026 recovery for this system was not confirmed in sources opened."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Veolia Water New Jersey","role":"Utility operator"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Drought declarations and primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Veolia Water New Jersey customer service, mywater.veolia.us","corrective_actions":["Customer conservation appeal (February 2026)","Leak detection with acoustic sensors, satellite imagery and drones (over 1,000 leaks repaired)","Hydrant flushing water recovery"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Reservoir levels remain far below normal despite recent snow; Veolia urges conservation","publisher":"Pascack Press / Northern Valley Press","date":"2026-02-20","url":"https://thepressgroup.net/reservoir-levels-remain-far-below-normal-despite-recent-snow-veolia-urges-conservation/","basis":"Local news report of utility statement"},{"ref":2,"title":"Veolia Celebrates the Centennial of the Oradell Dam","publisher":"Veolia North America","date":"2023-09-20","url":"https://www.veolianorthamerica.com/media/press-releases/veolia-celebrates-centennial-oradell-dam","basis":"Utility press release"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Veolia Water New Jersey Hackensack","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NJ/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/HACKENSACK/JSON","basis":"Federal system inventory (PWSID and population served)","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Current (October 2026) Oradell storage"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2024-2026"]},{"id":"US-NJ-PHILLIPSBURG-SEWER-OVERFLOWS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Phillipsburg sewer overflows under two EPA orders as town moves to sell system","description":"EPA Region 2 ordered the Town of Phillipsburg in 2021 to stop sanitary sewer overflows after finding 19 unpermitted discharges of at least 405,000 gallons to Lopatcong Creek, an unnamed tributary and the Delaware River, and ECHO lists a second EPA compliance order on Aug. 31, 2026. The town is now soliciting buyers for its wastewater system under the Water Infrastructure Protection Act and estimates its Riverside pump station project at about $7.7 million.","location":{"name":"Phillipsburg sewer system and STP","type":"Municipal sanitary sewer system and treatment plant","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Town of Phillipsburg, Warren County; STP at 900 South Main Street on the Delaware River (NJPDES NJ0024716)","coordinates":{"lat":40.680599,"lon":-75.177009,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Warren"],"extent":"system","npdes_id":"NJ0024716"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Inflow and infiltration, pipe and force-main failures and a flood-exposed pump station in the collection system send untreated sewage into Delaware River tributaries.","secondary_drivers":["Inflow and infiltration","Flood exposure of pump station"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA found 19 unpermitted SSOs releasing at least 405,000 gallons of sewage to Lopatcong Creek, an unnamed tributary and the Delaware River (ref 1).","service":"The EPA order describes overflows and possible storm-sanitary cross connections but no loss of sewer service to customers (ref 1).","scale":"One town system: about 70 miles of sewer pipe, three pump stations and a 3.5 MGD design-flow plant (refs 1, 3).","duration":"EPA counted 21 SSOs from Oct. 2015 to Aug. 2021, and ECHO shows a further EPA order in Aug. 2026, so the problem has run for over a decade (refs 1, 2).","significance":"EPA issued Clean Water Act Section 309(a) compliance orders in Nov. 2021 (docket CWA-02-2022-3002) and Aug. 2026, plus a 2025 state penalty (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The cited sources do not state the sewered population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"At least 405,000 gallons of sewage discharged in 19 unpermitted sanitary sewer overflows (Oct. 2015 to Aug. 2021)."},"measures":[{"name":"Sanitary sewer overflows identified by EPA (2015-2021)","value":21,"unit":"overflows","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; 15 caused by inflow/infiltration during rain."},{"name":"Minimum sewage volume discharged","value":405000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Riverside pump station design project cost estimate","value":7.7,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1 (town RFQ answers, June 2026)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Town is procuring a buyer for its wastewater system under the Water Infrastructure Protection Act (ref 1)","Pump station unreachable when the Delaware River floods (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"A sale process and pump-station design are under way, but EPA issued another order in Aug. 2026 (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Phillipsburg","role":"System owner and permittee"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 2","role":"Clean Water Act enforcement"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"NJPDES permitting authority"}],"public_contact":"Town of Phillipsburg municipal offices","corrective_actions":["Inflow/infiltration study and system-wide Sanitary Sewer Evaluation Survey required by EPA order (ref 1)","Quarterly progress reports to EPA (ref 1)","Riverside pump station design, about $7.7 million (ref 1)","Proposed sale of the wastewater system to a private operator (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"Town of Phillipsburg WIPA Procurement RFQ Q&A, incl. Attachment 1: EPA Administrative Compliance Order CWA-02-2022-3002","publisher":"Town of Phillipsburg","date":"2026-06-23","url":"https://phillipsburgnj.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/Response-to-Phillipsburg-RFQ-Questions-6.23.26-incl-attachment4118111.1.pdf","basis":"Local government record with attached federal order","ref":1},{"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report NJ0024716 (Phillipsburg Town STP)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=NJ0024716","basis":"Federal compliance and enforcement record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act facility search: New Jersey major sewerage facilities (SIC 4952)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=NJ&p_sic=4952&p_maj=Y&responseset=1","basis":"Federal compliance database","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NJ-21-MUNICIPALITIES-CSO-2024"]},{"id":"US-NJ-BCUA-LITTLE-FERRY-EFFLUENT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Bergen County Utilities Authority plants in chronic significant noncompliance","description":"EPA ECHO lists BCUA's 94 MGD Little Ferry plant and its 6 MGD Edgewater plant in significant noncompliance in 12 of the last 13 quarters, with monthly BOD and suspended-solids limits exceeded at both into 2026. NJDEP signed a consent order with the authority in April 2022 and a $60,000 penalty settlement that November, and the NJ Water Bank has lent $38 million for Sandy repairs at Little Ferry and $75 million to close Edgewater and pump its flow to Little Ferry.","location":{"name":"BCUA Little Ferry and Edgewater WPCFs","type":"Regional wastewater treatment plants","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Little Ferry WPCF on the Hackensack River (NJ0020028) and Edgewater WPCF on the Hudson River (NJ0020591), Bergen County","coordinates":{"lat":40.8369,"lon":-74.0332,"precision":"facility","source_ref":5},"counties":["Bergen"],"extent":"multi_county","npdes_id":"NJ0020028"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Storm-damaged and ageing treatment units at two regional plants coincide with repeated exceedances of effluent limits in discharges to the Hackensack and Hudson rivers.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO shows Little Ferry over its monthly carbonaceous BOD limit by up to 51% and TSS by up to 72% in early 2026, and Edgewater TSS up to 440% over in mid-2026 (refs 1, 2).","service":"No sewer backups or service loss for BCUA customers appear in the cited records (refs 1-4).","scale":"Little Ferry has a 94 MGD design flow and averages about 78 MGD per ECHO, a regional plant serving much of Bergen County (ref 5).","duration":"Both plants were in significant noncompliance in 12 of 13 quarters from July 2023 to June 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"NJDEP issued an Administrative Consent Order on 2022-04-01 and a $60,000 penalty settlement on 2022-11-16 for Little Ferry (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Population served is not given in the cited EPA or Water Bank records."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Little Ferry WPCF (94 MGD) in significant noncompliance for 12 of the last 13 quarters per EPA ECHO."},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance, Little Ferry (Jul 2023-Sep 2026)","value":12,"unit":"of 13 quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Little Ferry design flow","value":94,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 5."},{"name":"NJ Water Bank loan to convert Edgewater WPCF to pump station","value":75,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"NJ Water Bank loan for Sandy repairs at Little Ferry","value":38,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["$113 million in NJ Water Bank loans for plant repair and consolidation (refs 3, 4)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Significant noncompliance has persisted every quarter but one since mid-2023 despite the 2022 consent order (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Bergen County Utilities Authority","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"NJPDES permitting and enforcement"},{"name":"New Jersey Infrastructure Bank","role":"Water Bank lender"}],"public_contact":"Bergen County Utilities Authority main office","corrective_actions":["Convert Edgewater WPCF to a pump station and force main to Little Ferry ($75 million loan, ref 3)","Repair Sandy-damaged pump stations, disinfection, sludge, blower and grit systems at Little Ferry ($38 million loan, ref 4)","2022 NJDEP Administrative Consent Order (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report NJ0020028 (BCUA Little Ferry WPCF)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=NJ0020028","basis":"Federal compliance and enforcement record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report NJ0020591 (BCUA Edgewater WPCF)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=NJ0020591","basis":"Federal compliance and enforcement record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"Bergen County UA Edgewater WPCF Conversion to Little Ferry WPCF Pumping Station","publisher":"New Jersey Infrastructure Bank (NJ Water Bank)","date":"2024-01-15","url":"https://www.njib.gov/news/bergen-county-ua-edgewater-wpcf-conversion-to-little-ferry-wpcf-pumping-station","basis":"State financing agency record","ref":3},{"title":"Bergen County UA Little Ferry Improvements","publisher":"New Jersey Infrastructure Bank (NJ Water Bank)","date":"2021-09-24","url":"https://www.njib.gov/news/bergen-county-ua-little-ferry-improvements","basis":"State financing agency record","ref":4},{"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act facility search: New Jersey major sewerage facilities (SIC 4952)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=NJ&p_sic=4952&p_maj=Y&responseset=1","basis":"Federal compliance database","ref":5,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-21-MUNICIPALITIES-CSO-2024"]},{"id":"US-NJ-WEST-NEW-YORK-RIVER-ROAD-WWTP-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"North Hudson River Road plant in significant noncompliance for nine quarters","description":"EPA ECHO shows the North Hudson Sewerage Authority's River Road treatment plant in West New York in significant noncompliance every quarter from April 2024 through June 2026, with monthly BOD limits exceeded in every quarter of 2024-2026 and fecal coliform over its limit by up to 221%. The authority closed a $20 million NJ Water Bank loan in December 2024 to raise the plant's wet-weather capacity from 20 to 35 MGD as part of its combined sewer overflow control plan.","location":{"name":"River Road WWTP (North Hudson Sewerage Authority)","type":"Combined-sewer wastewater treatment plant","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"West New York, Hudson County, discharging to the Hudson River (NJPDES NJ0025321)","coordinates":{"lat":40.787823,"lon":-73.999611,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Hudson"],"extent":"system","npdes_id":"NJ0025321"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A combined-sewer plant with limited wet-weather capacity repeatedly exceeds effluent limits on discharges to the Hudson River.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO records fecal coliform up to 221% over limit in Q2 2026 and chlorine-produced oxidants 464% over in Q3 2024 in Hudson River discharges (ref 1).","service":"The cited records report effluent exceedances only, with no loss of sewer service (refs 1, 2).","scale":"A single plant with a 15 MGD design flow per ECHO (20 MGD per the Water Bank) averaging 8.35 MGD (refs 2, 3).","duration":"Significant noncompliance in nine straight quarters, April 2024 to June 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"EPA classifies the plant as in Significant/Category I Noncompliance; ECHO lists no formal enforcement since 2017 (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Population served is not given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Significant/Category I noncompliance in 9 consecutive quarters (Apr 2024-Jun 2026) per EPA ECHO."},"measures":[{"name":"Consecutive quarters in significant noncompliance","value":9,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Planned wet-weather capacity after upgrade","value":35,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Up from 20 MGD (ref 2)."},{"name":"NJ Water Bank loan","value":20,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Noncompliance has continued each quarter since April 2024; the funded upgrade is not yet reported complete (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"North Hudson Sewerage Authority","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"NJPDES permitting and enforcement"}],"public_contact":"North Hudson Sewerage Authority customer service","corrective_actions":["Side-stream high-rate treatment, new bar screen and larger chlorine contact tank under a $20 million Water Bank loan (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report NJ0025321 (River Road WWTP)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=NJ0025321","basis":"Federal compliance and enforcement record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"North Hudson Sewer Authority River Road WWTP CSO Upgrades","publisher":"New Jersey Infrastructure Bank (NJ Water Bank)","date":"2024-12-11","url":"https://www.njib.gov/news/north-hudson-sewer-authority-river-road-wwtp-cso-upgrades","basis":"State financing agency record","ref":2},{"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act facility search: New Jersey major sewerage facilities (SIC 4952)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=NJ&p_sic=4952&p_maj=Y&responseset=1","basis":"Federal compliance database","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-21-MUNICIPALITIES-CSO-2024"]},{"id":"US-NJ-TRENTON-WATER-WORKS-SYSTEM-RISK-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Trenton Water Works: state lawsuit, regional-utility push and $400M capital backlog","description":"NJDEP's July 29, 2025 letter described continuing infrastructure and management problems at Trenton Water Works and recommended that Trenton and the four suburban towns it serves explore a regional utility, and by December 2025 Ewing, Hamilton, Lawrence and Hopewell had joined NJDEP's legal action seeking a role in governing a system state officials call \"on the brink of catastrophic failure.\" The utility runs 680 miles of mains, some over 100 years old, and faces almost $50 million of capital spending in 2025 and over $400 million in six to 10 years.","location":{"name":"Trenton Water Works","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Trenton plus parts of Ewing, Hamilton, Hopewell and Lawrence townships, Mercer County","coordinates":{"lat":40.223841,"lon":-74.763624,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Mercer"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NJ1111001"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Deferred capital work, staffing gaps and management failures at a city-owned utility have led the state to seek a new governance structure.","secondary_drivers":["Deferred maintenance","Workforce shortage"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The Vindicator reports stagnant water in dead-end mains and microbes linked to at least seven deaths in towns using Trenton water (ref 1); the TTHM record covers specific violations.","service":"A main break on Olden Avenue in Ewing led to a precautionary boil-water advisory in Aug. 2026 (ref 3), and systemwide advisories occurred in recent years (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 217,000 people served (ref 4); the Vindicator puts reliance at more than 225,000 residents (ref 6).","duration":"State oversight under a 2022 administrative order continues, and a regional utility is not expected before July 2027 (ref 1).","significance":"NJDEP has brought legal action against Trenton and TWW, citing repeated violations of Administrative Consent Orders, and four suburban towns have joined it (ref 6)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":217000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"State officials say Trenton Water Works is \"on the brink of catastrophic failure\" (NJDEP legal action, reported Dec. 2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"Water mains","value":680,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Capital need over the next six to 10 years","value":400,"unit":"million USD (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Capital spending needed in 2025","value":50,"unit":"million USD (almost)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["More than $400 million capital backlog (ref 1)","State-directed move toward a regional utility (refs 1, 2)","Unfilled executive and compliance roles (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"State involvement escalated from 2022 oversight to a 2025 regionalization recommendation and legal action joined by suburban towns (refs 1, 2, 6)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Trenton (Trenton Water Works)","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator and oversight under 2022 order"},{"name":"Ewing, Hamilton, Hopewell and Lawrence townships","role":"Served municipalities"}],"public_contact":"Trenton Water Works customer service, 609-989-3055","corrective_actions":["NJDEP-led process toward a regional utility, with Trenton asked to confirm participation by Aug. 8, 2025 (ref 2)","Replacement of the open-air reservoir and security upgrades in the capital backlog (ref 1)","Lead service line removal by 2031, about one-third complete per the mayor (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"Tapped out: No quick fix in sight for Trenton water crisis","publisher":"The Jersey Vindicator","date":"2025-06-16","url":"https://jerseyvindicator.org/2025/06/16/tapped-out-no-quick-fix-in-sight-for-trenton-water-crisis/","basis":"Investigative news report","ref":1},{"title":"Lawrence Township Statement Regarding Trenton Water Works","publisher":"Lawrence Township","date":"2025-08-01","url":"https://www.lawrencetwp.com/media/Press%20Releases/TWWPressRelease812025.pdf","basis":"Local government statement","ref":2},{"title":"Boil water advisory in effect for parts of Mercer County, New Jersey","publisher":"6abc Action News","date":"2026-08-05","url":"https://6abc.com/post/boil-water-advisory-effect-parts-mercer-county-new-jersey/19629724/","basis":"News report","ref":3},{"title":"SDWIS water system record NJ1111001 (Trenton Water Works)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NJ1111001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, NJ","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_34.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative point of the place","ref":5},{"title":"Hopewell Township joins regional lawsuit against Trenton Water Works","publisher":"The Jersey Vindicator","date":"2025-12-02","url":"https://jerseyvindicator.org/?p=14745","basis":"News report","ref":6},{"ref":7,"title":"Progress made at Trenton Water Works, but major steps to stabilize system remain stalled","publisher":"The Jersey Vindicator","date":"2025-12-02","url":"https://jerseyvindicator.org/2025/12/02/progress-made-at-trenton-water-works-but-major-steps-to-stabilize-system-remain-stalled/","basis":"News"},{"ref":8,"title":"Hopewell Township joins regional lawsuit against Trenton Water Works","publisher":"The Jersey Vindicator","date":"2025-12-02","url":"https://jerseyvindicator.org/2025/12/02/hopewell-township-joins-regional-lawsuit-against-trenton-water-works/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NJ-TRENTON-WATER-WORKS-TTHM-2024","US-NJ-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2024"],"conflicts":[{"field":"population_affected","values":["217,000 (SDWIS population served)","225,000 (customer base reported by The Jersey Vindicator, 55% suburban)"],"note":"SDWIS population is used; the news figure counts the customer base."}]},{"id":"US-NJ-STATEWIDE-HIGH-HAZARD-DAMS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"New Jersey's 51 poor-condition high-hazard dams and delayed repair loans","description":"News 12 New Jersey reported in March 2025 that 51 New Jersey dams are rated both in poor condition and high hazard, and that voter-approved 2021 repair funding had not been released in four years. Gov. Murphy signed a law on April 22, 2025 appropriating about $28.7 million in unused 1992 and 2003 bond funds for loans to 17 dam projects, including $4.7 million for Jefferson's Lake Winona Dam, damaged in 1999.","location":{"name":"New Jersey regulated dams","type":"Statewide dam inventory","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Statewide; funded projects concentrated in Sussex, Morris and Passaic counties (Vernon, Hardyston, Stillwater, Montague, Jefferson, West Milford)","coordinates":{"lat":41.137461,"lon":-74.691914,"precision":"county","source_ref":5},"counties":["Sussex","Morris","Passaic"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Deficient dams whose failure would endanger lives downstream wait years for repair financing.","secondary_drivers":["Deferred maintenance","Funding delays"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"High-hazard rating means failure would threaten people downstream; no failure is reported, so harm is potential (refs 1, 2).","service":"No dam failure, evacuation or water-service loss is reported in the cited coverage (refs 1-3).","scale":"51 dams statewide are both poor and high hazard (refs 1, 2); ASCE counts 232 high-hazard dams in New Jersey (ref 4).","duration":"Lake Winona's dam was damaged by Hurricane Floyd in 1999 and its 2021 loan application waited four years (refs 1, 2).","significance":"A 2025 state law appropriated $28.7 million in bond funds for dam loans (ref 3); no enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Downstream population at risk is not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"51 New Jersey dams are rated both in poor condition and high hazard (News 12, 2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"Dams rated poor condition and high hazard","value":51,"unit":"dams","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 2."},{"name":"Dam restoration loan appropriation (2025)","value":28.7,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3; News 12 counts 18 dams funded, the Township Journal 17 projects."},{"name":"High-hazard dams in New Jersey","value":232,"unit":"dams","status":"Reported","note":"ASCE 2025 fact sheet; its overview text says 229 (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Private lake associations paid for repairs while awaiting reimbursement, one accruing over $20,000 in interest (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Loans for 17 projects were released in April 2025 after a four-year delay (refs 2, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Dam Safety and Flood Control","role":"Dam safety regulator and loan program"},{"name":"New Jersey Legislature","role":"Bond fund appropriations"},{"name":"Dam owners (municipalities and lake associations)","role":"Repair responsibility"}],"public_contact":"NJDEP Bureau of Dam Safety and Flood Control","corrective_actions":["Loans for 17 dam restoration projects from unused 1992 and 2003 bond funds (ref 3)","Lake Winona Dam repair, $4.7 million (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"title":"KIYC: Funding to fix some of New Jersey's most dangerous dams stalled in Trenton","publisher":"News 12","date":"2025-03-20","url":"https://hudsonvalley.news12.com/kiyc-funding-to-fix-some-of-new-jerseys-most-dangerous-dams-stalled-in-trenton","basis":"Investigative news report","ref":1},{"title":"Gov. Phil Murphy signs bill to get funding for dangerous dams after KIYC report","publisher":"News 12 New Jersey","date":"2025-04-23","url":"https://newjersey.news12.com/gov-phil-murphy-signs-bill-to-get-funding-for-dangerous-dams-after-kiyc-report","basis":"News report","ref":2},{"title":"$28.7M approved for dam repairs","publisher":"Township Journal","date":"2025-04-24","url":"https://www.townshipjournal.com/home/287m-approved-for-dam-repairs-FD4500979","basis":"News report","ref":3},{"title":"2025 Report Card for New Jersey's Infrastructure (undated page, accessed)","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","date":"2016-10-27","url":"https://infrastructurereportcard.org/NJ","basis":"Professional society assessment","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"2024 Gazetteer county file, NJ","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_counties_34.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; internal point of the county","ref":5}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-BACK-BAYS-COASTAL-FLOOD-RISK-2024"]},{"id":"US-NJ-PVWC-UNCOVERED-RESERVOIRS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Passaic Valley Water Commission sued over three uncovered drinking-water reservoirs","description":"The United States and New Jersey sued the Passaic Valley Water Commission on Aug. 12, 2026 for failing to cover or treat the outflow of its Great Notch, Levine and New Street finished-water reservoirs as the federal LT2 rule required, 17 years after a 2009 state consent order. A proposed consent decree sets a $132,500 civil penalty and a compliance schedule; the complaint says Hurricane Ida stormwater contaminated New Street Reservoir in 2021, prompting a 43-day boil-water advisory for 230,000 people.","location":{"name":"Passaic Valley Water Commission","type":"Regional water commission service area","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Little Falls plant serving Paterson, Clifton, Passaic, Prospect Park, Lodi, North Arlington, part of Woodland Park and 22 wholesale customers","coordinates":{"lat":40.862137,"lon":-74.160393,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Passaic","Bergen","Essex","Hudson","Morris"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"NJ1605002"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Open finished-water reservoirs downstream of treatment leave drinking water exposed to recontamination and limit corrosion control.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The complaint says Ida stormwater contaminated New Street Reservoir in Sept. 2021 and that open reservoirs hampered lead control, with action-level exceedances including 2016 (ref 1).","service":"The 2021 contamination led to a boil-water advisory in parts of four cities for 43 days (ref 1); no new advisory from the reservoirs is cited for 2023-2026.","scale":"The complaint says PVWC serves about 800,000 people including wholesale customers (ref 1); SDWIS lists 310,483 retail population (ref 3).","duration":"The LT2 deadline was April 1, 2009, and the March 2009 NJDEP consent order still has no final date for Great Notch (ref 1).","significance":"Federal and state civil action 2:26-cv-10199 with a proposed consent decree and $132,500 penalty lodged Aug. 12, 2026 (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":800000,"status":"Reported","note":"About 800,000 people per the federal complaint (ref 1); SDWIS retail population 310,483 (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Three uncovered finished-water reservoirs (Great Notch, Levine, New Street) out of LT2 compliance since the 2009 deadline."},"measures":[{"name":"Proposed civil penalty","value":132500,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Uncovered finished-water reservoirs","value":3,"unit":"reservoirs","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"People under 2021 boil-water advisory after Ida contamination","value":230000,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"43 days (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Court-ordered feasibility studies and capital projects to cover or treat three reservoirs (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"A court-enforceable schedule replaces the open-ended 2009 order, pending entry of the decree (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Passaic Valley Water Commission","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Justice and U.S. EPA","role":"Federal plaintiffs"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator and co-plaintiff"}],"public_contact":"Passaic Valley Water Commission customer service","corrective_actions":["Feasibility studies and selected compliance projects under the proposed consent decree (ref 2)","Interim measures to protect public health until compliance (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"title":"United States and New Jersey v. Passaic Valley Water Commission, Complaint, No. 2:26-cv-10199 (D.N.J.)","publisher":"U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey (via New Jersey Monitor)","date":"2026-08-12","url":"https://newjerseymonitor.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/8-12-26-USA-v-PVWC.pdf","basis":"Federal court filing","ref":1},{"title":"Notice of Lodging of Proposed Consent Decree under the Safe Drinking Water Act (PVWC)","publisher":"U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Register","date":"2026-08-14","url":"https://public-inspection.federalregister.gov/2026-16676.pdf","basis":"Federal notice","ref":2},{"title":"SDWIS water system record NJ1605002 (Passaic Valley Water Commission)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NJ1605002/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, NJ","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_34.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative point of the place","ref":4}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NJ-PVWC-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-NJ-PATERSON-BOIL-WATER-2025"]},{"id":"US-NJ-SOMERVILLE-MAIN-BREAK-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Somerville 36-inch main break: boil order for 18,000 and schools closed (Oct 2024)","description":"A 36-inch New Jersey American Water main broke on Route 206 in Somerville early on Oct. 30, 2024, putting Somerville, Raritan Borough and Bridgewater under a mandatory boil-water order and closing Somerville and Bridgewater-Raritan schools. The mayor said about 18,000 people were affected; the utility said repairs could take several days and planned new lines and bypasses starting in early 2025.","location":{"name":"NJ American Water Raritan system (Somerville)","type":"Investor-owned utility service area","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Somerville, Raritan Borough and Bridgewater, Somerset County","coordinates":{"lat":40.569749,"lon":-74.607682,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Somerset"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"NJ2004002"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Failure of a large transmission main cut pressure and forced a precautionary boil order.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Loss of pressure created contamination risk requiring boiled water for drinking and cooking; no illness was reported (ref 1).","service":"Mandatory boil order, conservation request and school, library and Borough Hall closures on Oct. 30, 2024 (ref 1).","scale":"About 18,000 people affected per Somerville's mayor (ref 1), within a system SDWIS lists at 615,430 people (ref 2).","duration":"Pressure was restored the same day and repairs were expected to take several days (ref 1).","significance":"A mandatory boil-water order was issued by the utility (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":18000,"status":"Reported","note":"People affected per the Somerville mayor (ref 1); system population 615,430 per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"36-inch main break put about 18,000 people under a mandatory boil-water order."},"measures":[{"name":"Main diameter","value":36,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"People affected","value":18000,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event; planned bypass work was to begin in early 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Jersey American Water","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"New Jersey American Water customer service","corrective_actions":["Main repair and restoration of pressure (ref 1)","New water lines and bypasses planned for early 2025 (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"Schools closed, boil water advisory in Somerville after water main break","publisher":"ABC7 New York","date":"2024-10-30","url":"https://abc7ny.com/post/somerville-water-main-break-schools-closed-boil-advisory-route-206-nj/15488507/","basis":"News report","ref":1},{"title":"SDWIS water system record NJ2004002 (NJ American Water - Raritan)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NJ2004002/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, NJ","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_34.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative point of the place","ref":3}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NJ-AMERICAN-WATER-RATES-2024"]},{"id":"US-NJ-PVSC-NEWARK-BAY-PLANT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Passaic Valley Sewerage Commission plant in noncompliance; backup power plan contested","description":"EPA ECHO lists the Passaic Valley Sewerage Commission's 330 MGD Newark Bay plant, which serves over 1.6 million residents in 48 municipalities, in significant noncompliance for four of the five quarters from April 2025 to June 2026, with suspended solids up to 177% and BOD up to 100% over monthly limits. Newark and the Ironbound Community Corp. sued in July 2025 to stop PVSC's $232.7 million gas-fired backup power plant, built in response to Hurricane Sandy, when about 840 million gallons of sewage-laden water reached the Passaic River and Newark Bay.","location":{"name":"PVSC Newark Bay Treatment Plant","type":"Regional wastewater treatment plant","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"600 Wilson Avenue, Newark, Essex County; Passaic Valley Service District in Bergen, Essex, Hudson, Union and Passaic counties (NJPDES NJ0021016)","coordinates":{"lat":40.714786,"lon":-74.136198,"precision":"facility","source_ref":4},"counties":["Essex","Bergen","Hudson","Union","Passaic"],"extent":"multi_county","npdes_id":"NJ0021016"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A flood-exposed regional plant that lost power in Sandy is exceeding solids and BOD limits while its resilience project is in litigation.","secondary_drivers":["Storm and flood exposure","Energy resilience"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO shows total suspended solids 177% over the monthly limit in Dec. 2025 and carbonaceous BOD 100% over in April 2026 at the outfall to Newark Bay (ref 1).","service":"No customer sewer outage or backup is documented for 2025-2026 in the cited sources (refs 1-3).","scale":"PVSC serves over 1.6 million residents in 48 municipalities across five counties (ref 3); its design flow is 330 MGD (ref 4).","duration":"Significant noncompliance appears in Q2 2025 and then each quarter from Oct. 2025 to June 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"The City of Newark and Ironbound Community Corp. filed lawsuits in July 2025 challenging the $232.7 million backup power contract (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":1600000,"status":"Reported","note":"Over 1.6 million residents in the service district per PVSC (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Significant noncompliance in 4 of 5 quarters (Apr 2025-Jun 2026); TSS up to 177% over the monthly limit (EPA ECHO)."},"measures":[{"name":"Design flow","value":330,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."},{"name":"Backup power plant contract","value":232.7,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Sewage-laden water released during Hurricane Sandy (2012)","value":840,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2; context for the resilience project."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["$232.7 million resilience contract under legal challenge (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"ECHO shows no violations in mid-2023 to early 2024 and significant noncompliance from late 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Passaic Valley Sewerage Commission","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"NJPDES permitting and enforcement"}],"public_contact":"Passaic Valley Sewerage Commission, 600 Wilson Avenue, Newark, 973-344-1800","corrective_actions":["Backup generation plant (34 MW for up to two-week outages) under contract, subject to litigation (ref 2)","Long Term Control Plan for combined sewer overflows (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report NJ0021016 (Passaic Valley Sewerage Commission)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=NJ0021016","basis":"Federal compliance and enforcement record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"Newark, community group sue to stop power plant","publisher":"New Jersey Monitor (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-07-16","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/newark-community-group-sue-stop-103308811.html","basis":"News report","ref":2},{"title":"Who We Are","publisher":"Passaic Valley Sewerage Commission","date":null,"url":"https://www.nj.gov/pvsc/who/","basis":"Utility (state commission) page","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act facility search: New Jersey major sewerage facilities (SIC 4952)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=NJ&p_sic=4952&p_maj=Y&responseset=1","basis":"Federal compliance database","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NJ-21-MUNICIPALITIES-CSO-2024"]},{"id":"US-NJ-CAMDEN-COUNTY-SEWAGE-OVERFLOWS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Camden-area combined sewer overflows average 76 days a year; $400M county plan","description":"An Environment New Jersey report covered by WHYY found combined sewage overflowed into Camden-area waterways on 76 days a year on average from 2016 to 2024, with the lower Delaware and Cooper rivers most affected; NJDEP counts 30 active combined sewer outfalls in Camden and Gloucester City. WHYY reported in July 2026 that the Camden County MUA, which treats wastewater for about 500,000 residents, has announced a $400 million program, including $200 million aimed at cutting overflows by 90%.","location":{"name":"Camden and Gloucester City combined sewer areas","type":"Combined sewer service area","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Camden City, Gloucester City and Pennsauken, Camden County; CCMUA Water Resource Recovery Facility (NJPDES NJ0026182)","coordinates":{"lat":39.922835,"lon":-75.127815,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Camden"],"extent":"multi_county","npdes_id":"NJ0026182"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","stormwater-flooding","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Combined sewers in Camden and neighbouring towns overflow in rain, sending sewage into rivers and basements.","secondary_drivers":["Combined sewer design","Heavy rainfall"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Overflows reach the Delaware River, Cooper River and Newton Creek, and local rivers are unsafe for kayaking or fishing more than half the year (ref 1).","service":"A county commissioner said residents should not have to experience sewer backups in their homes, and flooding has hit neighbourhoods near the Cooper River and Newton Creek (ref 2).","scale":"CCMUA treats wastewater for about 500,000 residents (ref 2); NJDEP's baseline estimate is 900 million gallons of overflow from Camden and Gloucester City (ref 1).","duration":"Overflows averaged 76 days a year over eight years from 2016 to 2024 (ref 1), and the plan's first phase runs about 10 years (ref 2).","significance":"The outfalls are NJDEP-regulated CSO points (30 active as of 2018, ref 1); the cited coverage reports no enforcement action."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":500000,"status":"Reported","note":"Residents served by CCMUA (ref 2); not all are in combined-sewer areas."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Combined sewer overflows into Camden-area waterways on 76 days a year on average (2016-2024)."},"measures":[{"name":"Average overflow days per year (2016-2024)","value":76,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Active combined sewer outfalls in Camden and Gloucester City","value":30,"unit":"outfalls","status":"Reported","note":"NJDEP, as of 2018 (ref 1)."},{"name":"County water quality initiative","value":400,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Proposed open space tax increase from 2 to 3 cents per $100 to help fund the plan (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"A funded separation and green-infrastructure program was announced in 2026, but overflows continue (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Camden County Municipal Utilities Authority","role":"Regional treatment and CSO control"},{"name":"City of Camden and Gloucester City","role":"Combined sewer permittees"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"NJPDES CSO permitting"}],"public_contact":"Camden County Municipal Utilities Authority customer service","corrective_actions":["Separate Pennsauken's combined sewers, sending stormwater to the Delaware River (ref 2)","Green stormwater infrastructure, sewer rehabilitation and sediment remediation (ref 2)","More than $200 million of CCMUA projects in design or construction (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"Millions of gallons of raw sewage spill into Camden County's waterways each year","publisher":"WHYY","date":"2025-11-17","url":"https://whyy.org/articles/camden-county-waterways-sewage/","basis":"News report on advocacy-group analysis","ref":1},{"title":"Camden County announces $400 million initiative to reduce sewage overflows","publisher":"WHYY","date":"2026-07-15","url":"https://whyy.org/articles/camden-county-sewage-overflaw-initiative/","basis":"News report","ref":2},{"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report NJ0026182 (Camden County Water Resource Recovery Facility)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=NJ0026182","basis":"Federal compliance and enforcement record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NJ-21-MUNICIPALITIES-CSO-2024"]},{"id":"US-NJ-RED-BANK-NAVESINK-SEWAGE-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Struck sewage main in Red Bank sends wastewater into the Navesink River (Jul 2024)","description":"A drilling crew testing soil near the Red Bank NJ Transit station struck a pressurized sewage main in July 2024, discharging about 100 gallons per minute of wastewater into storm drains that empty into the Navesink River. Red Bank and Rumson told people to stay out of the river and advised against eating fish and shellfish taken near the Route 35 bridge.","location":{"name":"Navesink River at Red Bank","type":"Tidal river segment","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Red Bank and Rumson, Monmouth County","coordinates":{"lat":40.348722,"lon":-74.066528,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Monmouth"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Damage to a pressurized sewer main during construction released wastewater through storm drains to a shellfish-bearing estuary.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"About 100 gallons per minute of untreated wastewater flowed through storm drains into the Navesink River (ref 1).","service":"Officials advised against river contact and against eating fish or shellfish near the Route 35 bridge (ref 1).","scale":"Advisories covered the river at Red Bank and downstream Rumson (ref 1).","duration":"A short event reported on July 12, 2024; the article gives no total duration (ref 1).","significance":"Formal public advisories were issued by Red Bank and by Rumson police (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is stated."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 100 gallons per minute of wastewater discharged into storm drains flowing to the Navesink River."},"measures":[{"name":"Discharge rate","value":100,"unit":"gallons per minute","status":"Reported","note":"Navesink River Municipalities Committee, via ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single construction-related event."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Borough of Red Bank","role":"Issued public advisory"},{"name":"Rumson Police Department","role":"Issued downstream advisory"}],"public_contact":"Borough of Red Bank municipal offices","corrective_actions":["River-contact and fish/shellfish advisories (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"Stay out of the water! Major sewage leak in Red Bank, NJ","publisher":"New Jersey 101.5","date":"2024-07-12","url":"https://nj1015.com/sewage-contamination-navesink-river-red-bank/","basis":"News report","ref":1},{"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, NJ","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_34.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative point of the place","ref":2}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["population_affected","volume"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NJ-VERONA-WWTP-ECOLI-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Verona wastewater plant E. coli violations lead to state consent order (2025)","description":"NJDEP and Verona Township entered an Administrative Consent Order in fall 2025 because the township's wastewater plant periodically violated its E. coli monthly geometric mean limit of 126 CFU per 100 ml. Verona must replace filtration and ultraviolet disinfection units that have reached the end of their useful life, under an interim limit of 271 CFU per 100 ml and stipulated penalties.","location":{"name":"Verona Township Wastewater Treatment Facility","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"10 Commerce Court, Verona, Essex County (NJPDES NJ0024490)","coordinates":{"lat":40.841186,"lon":-74.235456,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Essex"],"extent":"site","npdes_id":"NJ0024490"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Worn-out filtration and UV disinfection equipment let bacteria exceed permit limits in treated effluent.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO shows the monthly E. coli limit exceeded by up to 294% in Q2 2024 and 251% in Q4 2024 (ref 2); NJDEP cites periodic violations of the 126 CFU limit (ref 1).","service":"The notice describes effluent violations only; no sewer service disruption is reported (ref 1).","scale":"One municipal plant averaging 1.55 MGD per ECHO (ref 3).","duration":"ECHO records violations in every quarter from July 2023 to Sept. 2026 (ref 2), and the fix depends on a multi-step compliance schedule (ref 1).","significance":"NJDEP Administrative Consent Order with stipulated penalties, public comment Oct. 3 to Nov. 2, 2025 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sewered population is not stated in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"E. coli effluent limit (126 CFU/100 ml monthly geometric mean) periodically violated; interim limit 271 CFU/100 ml under 2025 ACO."},"measures":[{"name":"Permit E. coli monthly geometric mean limit","value":126,"unit":"CFU/100 ml","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Interim enforcement limit under ACO","value":271,"unit":"CFU/100 ml","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Equipment replacement is under an enforceable schedule (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Township of Verona","role":"Owner and permittee"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"NJPDES enforcement"}],"public_contact":"Township of Verona, 600 Bloomfield Avenue","corrective_actions":["Replace filtration and ultraviolet disinfection units under ACO compliance schedule (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"Public Notice: Opportunity to Comment on an Administrative Consent Order between NJDEP and the Township of Verona (Star-Ledger legal notice)","publisher":"Township of Verona","date":"2025-10-02","url":"https://www.veronanj.org/media/Legal%20Publications/Public%20Notice%20of%20Consent%20Order%20-%20DEP%20-%20100225%20Star%20ledger.pdf","basis":"Local government legal notice of state order","ref":1},{"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report NJ0024490 (Verona Township WTP)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=NJ0024490","basis":"Federal compliance and enforcement record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act facility search: New Jersey major sewerage facilities (SIC 4952)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=NJ&p_sic=4952&p_maj=Y&responseset=1","basis":"Federal compliance database","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-VERONA-PFOA-TTHM-2025"]},{"id":"US-NJ-STATEWIDE-WATER-INFRASTRUCTURE-NEEDS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"New Jersey's multibillion-dollar water and sewer needs and weak WQAA enforcement","description":"The ASCE 2025 Report Card puts New Jersey's wastewater needs at $44.4 billion and its drinking-water needs at up to $32.2 billion, and Jersey Water Works cites an EPA estimate of $12.3 billion for drinking-water infrastructure. Jersey Water Works says the 2017 Water Quality Accountability Act lacked enforcement until NJDEP rules adopted on Sept. 15, 2025 tied it to civil administrative penalties.","location":{"name":"New Jersey water and sewer systems","type":"Statewide infrastructure program","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Statewide; WQAA covers public community water systems with more than 500 connections","coordinates":{"lat":40.223841,"lon":-74.763624,"precision":"state","source_ref":3},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Capital needs far exceed current investment, and the main state accountability law for utilities lacked an enforcement path until 2025.","secondary_drivers":["Deferred maintenance","Funding gap"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ASCE lists $65.1 billion in total New Jersey storm damage for 1980-2024 alongside the unmet needs; this is potential, not documented, harm from deficient systems (ref 1).","service":"These are statewide estimates, so no single service disruption is attributed to them (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Wastewater needs of $44.4 billion statewide (ref 1) and an EPA drinking-water need of $12.3 billion (ref 2).","duration":"WQAA has applied since 2017, yet Jersey Water Works says systems kept operating without meeting its standards and without consequences (ref 2).","significance":"NJDEP adopted rule updates on Sept. 15, 2025 creating a penalty schedule for WQAA violations (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide; no affected population is estimated."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Wastewater infrastructure needs of $44.4 billion in New Jersey (ASCE 2025 Report Card)."},"measures":[{"name":"Wastewater infrastructure needs","value":44.4,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Drinking-water infrastructure needs (EPA estimate)","value":12.3,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2; ASCE gives $8.6 billion in text and $32.2 billion in its fact sheet (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Asset management plans must now link to a long-term funding strategy backed by rates and fees (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The 2025 enforcement rules are new; no compliance statistics were found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"WQAA and Safe Drinking Water Act rules"},{"name":"New Jersey Infrastructure Bank","role":"Water Bank financing"}],"public_contact":"NJDEP Division of Water Supply and Geoscience","corrective_actions":["Civil administrative penalty schedule for WQAA violations (ref 2)","Asset management plans covering hazard risks, lead lines and PFAS (ref 2)","AWWA water audits replacing unaccounted-for water measures (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"title":"2025 Report Card for New Jersey's Infrastructure (undated page, accessed)","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","date":"2016-10-27","url":"https://infrastructurereportcard.org/NJ","basis":"Professional society assessment","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"Holding Drinking Water Systems Accountable: 2025 Updates to the Water Quality Accountability Act","publisher":"Jersey Water Works","date":"2026-02-23","url":"https://www.jerseywaterworks.org/latest-news/holding-drinking-water-systems-accountable-2025-updates-to-the-water-quality-accountability-act/","basis":"Policy collaborative analysis of state rule","ref":2},{"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, NJ","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_34.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative point of the place","ref":3},{"ref":4,"title":"Holding Drinking Water Systems Accountable: 2025 Updates to the Water Quality Accountability Act","publisher":"Jersey Water Works","date":"2026-02-23","url":"https://www.jerseywaterworks.org/holding-drinking-water-systems-accountable-2025-updates-to-the-water-quality-accountability-act/","basis":"Policy analysis"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2024","US-NJ-21-MUNICIPALITIES-CSO-2024","US-NJ-TRENTON-WATER-WORKS-SYSTEM-RISK-2025"]},{"id":"US-NJ-WOODBRIDGE-COLONIA-SEWER-BACKUPS-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Undersized sewer backs raw sewage into Colonia basements in Woodbridge","description":"Residents of the Colonia section of Woodbridge Township told CBS New York in April 2024 that raw sewage backs up into their basements whenever it rains, a problem they said worsened after manhole work on Stafford Road in fall 2022. The township blamed an undersized sewer, sent letters to about 20 residents, offered bathrooms at the fire department and applied to NJDEP to reconfigure or replace the line.","location":{"name":"Colonia sewer area, Woodbridge Township","type":"Municipal sanitary sewer collection area","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"detail":"Ravine Drive and Stafford Road, Colonia, Woodbridge Township, Middlesex County","coordinates":{"lat":40.589329,"lon":-74.311415,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Middlesex"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A sanitary sewer too small for wet-weather flows surcharges into homes during rain.","secondary_drivers":["Inflow and infiltration","Heavy rainfall"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"A resident described raw sewage, including fecal material, coming up into basements when it rains (ref 1).","service":"Residents said they must shut off their house sewer connection in rains of an inch or more, and the township offered bathrooms at the fire department (ref 1).","scale":"The township's letter went to about 20 residents on Ravine Drive and Stafford Road (ref 1).","duration":"Residents said the backups have gone on for years and worsened from fall 2022; construction could take up to a year (ref 1).","significance":"Only a township letter and an application to NJDEP are reported; no violation notice or order is cited (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"About 20 residents received the township letter (ref 1); household count not stated."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Raw sewage backs into basements during rains of an inch or more; township cites an undersized sewer."},"measures":[{"name":"Residents sent township letter","value":20,"unit":"residents (about)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single news report from April 2024; project status after that was not found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Woodbridge Township","role":"Sewer system owner"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Reviewing reconfiguration application"}],"public_contact":"Woodbridge Township Department of Public Works","corrective_actions":["Township application to NJDEP to reconfigure and possibly replace the sanitary line (ref 1)","Temporary bathroom access at the fire department (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"New Jersey community says undersized sewer causing big problems in basements of homes","publisher":"CBS New York","date":"2024-04-09","url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/new-jersey-community-says-undersized-sewer-causing-big-problems-in-basements-of-homes","basis":"News report","ref":1},{"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, NJ","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_34.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative point of the place","ref":2}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NJ-PLAINFIELD-FLASH-FLOOD-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"July 14, 2025 central New Jersey flash flood kills two in Plainfield","description":"Intense rain on July 14, 2025 swept a car into Cedar Brook in Plainfield, killing two women, and forced about 40 rescues from chest-high water in North Plainfield, where a flooded house exploded. Crews used ropes, rafts and a front-loader to pull drivers from cars in Scotch Plains as the Green Brook overflowed, and Roselle Park businesses took on water. Gov. Phil Murphy declared a statewide state of emergency and toured damage in Berkeley Heights. OpenFEMA lists no federal major disaster declaration for New Jersey for this event.","location":{"name":"Plainfield and North Plainfield (Cedar Brook)","type":"Urban flash-flood area","detail":"Union County (Plainfield) and Somerset County (North Plainfield), central New Jersey","coordinates":{"lat":40.6337,"lon":-74.4074,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Union","Somerset"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"]},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Short-duration extreme rainfall overwhelmed small urban streams and drainage; the harm came from the water itself rather than a failed facility.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"News 12 New Jersey (ref 2) reports Lubia Estevez and Forest Whitlock died when their car was carried into Cedar Brook off Stelle Avenue.","service":"6abc (ref 3) reports officers in North Plainfield waded through chest-high water to reach about 40 people and a Parkview Avenue house exploded; Murphy urged residents to stay off roads (ref 1).","scale":"Impacts spread across Plainfield, North Plainfield, Scotch Plains, Roselle Park and Watchung-area roads in Union and Somerset counties (refs 3, 5); 6abc (ref 3) cites up to 6.5 inches in a few hours across parts of the region, so scored as a community-level event.","duration":"The flood itself lasted hours on July 14; Fox 5 (ref 1) reports the emergency still in effect the next morning, with cleanup under way.","significance":"Gov. Murphy declared a state of emergency for flash flooding (refs 1, 3); OpenFEMA (ref 4) shows no federal major disaster declaration for New Jersey for July 2025."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No count of affected residents was published; sources report two deaths and about 40 rescues in North Plainfield."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Two deaths in Plainfield (Cedar Brook); about 40 people rescued from chest-high water in North Plainfield; up to 6.5 inches of rain in a few hours."},"measures":[{"name":"Deaths in Plainfield","value":2,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"People reached by North Plainfield officers","value":40,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"About 40 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Plainfield's mayor noted this was the city's second deadly storm in under two weeks after a July 3 tree fall (ref 2); a single flood season is not a trend."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Jersey Office of Emergency Management / Office of the Governor","role":"State emergency declaration and response"},{"name":"City of Plainfield and Borough of North Plainfield","role":"Local response"}],"public_contact":"City of Plainfield municipal offices (Office of Emergency Management); no direct line was given in the cited sources.","corrective_actions":["Statewide state of emergency declared July 14, 2025 (ref 1).","Governor toured flood-damaged sites on July 15 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"NJ flooding kills 2 after vehicle swept away; state of emergency remains in effect","publisher":"FOX 5 New York","date":"2025-07-15","url":"https://www.fox5ny.com/news/nj-flooding-kills-2-after-vehicle-swept-away-state-emergency-remains-effect","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Authorities identify 2 women killed in Plainfield flash flooding","publisher":"News 12 New Jersey","date":"2025-07-15","url":"https://newjersey.news12.com/officials-2-women-killed-when-flash-flooding-sweeps-car-into-cedar-brook","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"2 dead, state of emergency declared in NJ after heavy rains cause flash flooding","publisher":"6abc Action News","date":"2025-07-15","url":"https://6abc.com/amp/post/heavy-rains-flash-flooding-sweep-northeast-including-pennsylvania-new-jersey-york/17129285/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, New Jersey (sorted by declaration date)","publisher":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v2/DisasterDeclarationsSummaries?$filter=state%20eq%20'NJ'&$orderby=declarationDate%20desc","basis":"Federal dataset","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"New Jersey flash flood triggers state of emergency, dramatic rescues","publisher":"CBS New York","date":"2025-07-15","url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/new-jersey-flash-flooding-rescues","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NJ-PASSAIC-RIVER-WINTER-FLOODS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Back-to-back Passaic River floods in Paterson, Little Falls and Wayne, Dec 2023-Jan 2024","description":"The Passaic River left its banks twice in three weeks, after a December 2023 storm and again on January 10-12, 2024, flooding homes and streets in Paterson, Little Falls and Wayne. Paterson reported 12 rescues in one day and 22 closed streets, and the state announced $10 million to elevate or buy out flood-insured properties.","location":{"name":"Passaic River, Paterson to Little Falls","type":"River segment and floodplain","detail":"Passaic County (Paterson, Little Falls, Wayne along the Passaic and Pompton rivers)","coordinates":{"lat":40.9168,"lon":-74.1718,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Passaic"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"]},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Riverine flooding from repeated heavy rain events; the issue is chronic floodplain exposure rather than a single infrastructure failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"WCBS reporting (ref 2) cites more than a dozen rescues and a Paterson business that lost at least four cars in the December storm; no deaths are reported.","service":"ABC7 (ref 1) reports 22 Paterson streets still closed and a Red Cross shelter at the Little Falls Civic Center; schools were cancelled (ref 2).","scale":"Flooding hit Paterson, Little Falls and Wayne, with Edgewater and Hoboken also seeing high water (ref 1).","duration":"The river overflowed for the second time in three weeks (ref 1), spanning late December 2023 to mid-January 2024.","significance":"The state announced $10 million for elevations and buyouts of flood-insured properties (ref 1); OpenFEMA (ref 3) lists no major disaster declaration for New Jersey for these storms."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources give rescues and road closures, not a count of residents affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Second Passaic River overflow in three weeks; 12 rescue operations in Paterson in one day; 22 streets closed; $10 million for buyouts and elevations."},"measures":[{"name":"Rescue operations in Paterson on Jan. 12, 2024","value":12,"unit":"operations","status":"Reported","note":"Mayor Andre Sayegh (ref 1)."},{"name":"State funding for elevation or buyout","value":10000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Announced by Gov. Murphy (ref 1)."},{"name":"Homes bought out in Paterson over 10 years","value":340,"unit":"homes","status":"Reported","note":"With $100 million in FEMA money (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Wayne's mayor said the same residents flooded at Christmas and again in January (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Paterson, Little Falls Township, Wayne Township","role":"Local emergency response"},{"name":"NJ Department of Environmental Protection (Blue Acres)","role":"Buyout program"}],"public_contact":"City of Paterson Office of Emergency Management; no direct line was given in the cited sources.","corrective_actions":["$10 million announced to elevate or buy out flood-insured properties hit by the December storm (ref 1).","Paterson has bought 340 homes with FEMA funds over 10 years (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Overnight soaker adds to flooding worries in New Jersey","publisher":"ABC7 New York","date":"2024-01-14","url":"https://abc7ny.com/nj-flooding-passaic-river-paterson-weather/14318980/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Communities along Passaic River still under floodwaters, with more rain on the way","publisher":"KRDO / CNN Newssource (WCBS reporting)","date":"2024-01-12","url":"https://krdo.com/news/2024/01/12/communities-along-passaic-river-still-under-floodwaters-with-more-rain-on-the-way/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, New Jersey (sorted by declaration date)","publisher":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v2/DisasterDeclarationsSummaries?$filter=state%20eq%20'NJ'&$orderby=declarationDate%20desc","basis":"Federal dataset","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-CRANFORD-ORCHARD-BROOK-FLOOD-BUYOUTS-2024"]},{"id":"US-NJ-STATEWIDE-REAL-FLOOD-RULES-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"NJ REAL rules raise tidal flood elevations four feet above FEMA levels","description":"On January 20, 2026 NJDEP adopted the Resilient Environments and Landscapes (REAL) amendments to its coastal, wetlands, flood-hazard and stormwater rules, requiring resilient design in areas expected to be inundated as seas rise. Tidal design flood elevations rise to four feet above FEMA's 100-year elevation. On September 21, 2026 the department extended the legacy period for older applications to July 20, 2027.","location":{"name":"New Jersey coastal and tidal flood hazard areas","type":"Statewide land-use and flood regulatory program","detail":"Statewide; most effect in tidal areas of the Atlantic coast, Delaware Bay, Raritan Bay and the Hudson-Raritan estuary","coordinates":{"lat":40.2206,"lon":-74.7597,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"extent":"statewide","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"]},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding is a regulatory response to sea-level rise and chronic flooding, governing how and where buildings and infrastructure may be built.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"NJDEP (ref 1) states almost two-thirds of the coastline is at high or very high erosion risk and more than half a million acres are highly vulnerable to coastal hazards; the rule addresses projected rather than realized harm.","service":"No water service disruption; NJDEP (ref 1) says the rule does not prohibit development or change FEMA flood insurance maps.","scale":"Applies statewide across four land-resource rule sets (ref 1); the Cole Schotz analysis (ref 2) notes 885 commenters on a proposal over 1,500 pages long.","duration":"Proposed August 2024, revised by a July 2025 notice of substantial change, adopted January 2026, and its legacy window extended to July 2027 (ref 1).","significance":"A formally adopted state regulation published in the New Jersey Register, with the legacy extension at 58 N.J.R. 2157(b) (ref 1); described as hotly debated (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"A statewide rule; no affected-population figure is published. NJDEP cites over half a million acres highly vulnerable to coastal hazards (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Tidal flood design elevation set at 4 feet above FEMA's 100-year flood elevation; legacy period for older applications extended to July 20, 2027."},"measures":[{"name":"Climate-adjusted tidal flood elevation increment","value":4,"unit":"feet above FEMA 100-year elevation","status":"Reported","note":"Roux summary of the adopted rule (ref 3)."},{"name":"Public commenters on the proposal","value":885,"unit":"individuals or groups","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Cole Schotz (ref 2) expects stormwater and other requirements may pose insurmountable hurdles for some projects; the commercial real-estate industry pressed for the phase-in."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The rule took effect in January 2026; its effect on development has not yet been reported."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Rule-making and permitting agency"}],"public_contact":"NJDEP, P.O. Box 420, Trenton, NJ 08625; 609-777-3373 (ref 1).","corrective_actions":["REAL amendments adopted January 20, 2026 (ref 1).","Legacy period extended to July 20, 2027 by amendments adopted September 21, 2026 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"NJ REAL: Resilient Environments and Landscapes","publisher":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2026-09-22","url":"https://dep.nj.gov/njreal/","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"It Really Happened: NJDEP's Controversial REAL Rule is Officially Adopted","publisher":"Cole Schotz P.C.","date":"2026-01-21","url":"https://www.coleschotz.com/it-really-happened-njdeps-controversial-real-rule-is-officially-adopted/","basis":"Legal analysis"},{"ref":3,"title":"NJDEP Increases Coastal Flood Elevations Through REAL Rules","publisher":"Roux","date":"2026-01-22","url":"https://www.rouxinc.com/njdep-increases-coastal-flood-elevations-through-real-rules/","basis":"Consultant analysis"},{"ref":4,"title":"NJ DEP Adopts REAL Rule Amendments","publisher":"AIA New Jersey","date":"2026-01-31","url":"https://aia-nj.org/2026/01/31/nj-dep-adopts-real-rule-ammendments/","basis":"Professional association summary"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NJ-BACK-BAYS-COASTAL-FLOOD-RISK-2024"]},{"id":"US-NJ-LOWER-PASSAIC-DIOXIN-SEDIMENT-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lower Passaic River dioxin sediment cleanup: $150M settlement approved, OxyChem appeals","description":"The 17-mile Lower Passaic River and Newark Bay below the former Diamond Alkali plant in Newark hold sediment contaminated with dioxins, PCBs, mercury and other pollutants. In December 2024 a federal judge approved a $150 million cash-out settlement with 82 parties over OxyChem's objections, and OxyChem and Nokia appealed. In September 2026 EPA proposed a $125 million decree for the OxyChem successor to build the upland facilities needed before dredging can start.","location":{"name":"Lower Passaic River and Newark Bay (Diamond Alkali)","type":"Superfund river segment and estuary","detail":"Essex, Hudson, Bergen and Passaic counties; former plant at 80 and 120 Lister Avenue, Newark","coordinates":{"lat":40.7375,"lon":-74.127,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Essex","Hudson","Bergen","Passaic"],"extent":"watershed","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"]},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legacy industrial contamination of river and bay sediment; the cleanup is a water-quality remedy.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA (ref 1) lists dioxins and furans, PCBs, PAHs, pesticides, mercury, copper and lead in site sediment; the court found dioxin by an overwhelming margin the most toxic of eight contaminants of concern (ref 2).","service":"No drinking-water service loss is attributed to the site in the cited sources.","scale":"The site spans the 17-mile Lower Passaic River Study Area plus the Newark Bay Study Area (ref 1), with total cleanup estimated at up to $2 billion (ref 2).","duration":"On the National Priorities List since 1984 (ref 1); in-river dredging of the lower 8.3 miles had still not begun as of September 2026.","significance":"Judge Madeline Cox Arleo approved the 82-party consent decree on December 18, 2024 (ref 2); OxyChem and Nokia asked the Third Circuit to reverse it in July 2025 (ref 3); EPA lodged a new $125 million decree in September 2026 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported for this river cleanup."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$150 million settlement with 82 parties approved Dec. 18, 2024; $125 million decree for upland processing proposed Sept. 10, 2026; cleanup estimated at up to $2 billion."},"measures":[{"name":"Cash-out settlement (82 parties)","value":150000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Proposed ERH upland-facility work","value":125000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Estimated cost (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"EPA approved the lower 8.3-mile design in May 2024 and proposed construction of upland facilities in 2026 (ref 1), but no dredging has occurred."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 2","role":"Superfund lead agency"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Justice, ENRD","role":"Litigation"},{"name":"Occidental Chemical / Environmental Resource Holdings, LLC","role":"Potentially responsible party"}],"public_contact":"U.S. EPA Region 2 Superfund program (see ref 1 release).","corrective_actions":["2016 cleanup plan for the lower 8.3 miles (dredging, capping, off-site disposal); 2021 interim plan for the upper 9 miles (ref 1).","Design for the lower 8.3 miles approved May 2024 (ref 1).","Proposed $125 million decree for upland processing facilities, 30-day comment period (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA Proposed Settlement Agreement Provides Critical Work for Advancing the Lower Passaic River Superfund Cleanup","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2026-09-10","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-proposed-settlement-agreement-provides-critical-work-advancing-lower-passaic-river","basis":"Federal agency release"},{"ref":2,"title":"Court Approves EPA Settlement with 82 Passaic River Potentially Responsible Parties","publisher":"American College of Environmental Lawyers","date":"2025-01-06","url":"https://acoel.org/blog/court-approves-epa-settlement-with-82-passaic-river-potentially-responsible-parties/","basis":"Legal analysis"},{"ref":3,"title":"OxyChem, Nokia Tell 3rd Circ. Passaic Cleanup Deal Is Unfair","publisher":"Law360","date":"2025-07-29","url":"https://www.law360.co.uk/articles/2370425","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NJ-EDGEWATER-QUANTA-HUDSON-SEDIMENT-2024"]},{"id":"US-NJ-BARNEGAT-BAY-NUTRIENT-SEAGRASS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Barnegat Bay: northern bay nitrogen-impaired, seagrass biomass falls by two-thirds","description":"The Barnegat Bay Partnership's 2026 State of the Bay report finds the northern bay exceeds a proposed 0.45 mg/L summer total-nitrogen criterion and is considered impaired, with an NJDEP TMDL pending. Spring eelgrass biomass fell about two-thirds from 2023 to 2025 in the central and southern bay, 5 of 25 monitored bathing beaches exceeded their bacteria baselines, and approved shellfish waters shrank.","location":{"name":"Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor estuary","type":"Coastal lagoon estuary","detail":"Ocean County, with a small part of Monmouth County in the watershed","coordinates":{"lat":39.85,"lon":-74.12,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Ocean"],"extent":"watershed","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"]},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nutrient loading from a developed watershed degrades estuary water quality and habitat.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The 2026 report (ref 1) records central-bay Zostera spring biomass falling from 128 to 43 g/m2 and southern-bay from 90 to 30 g/m2 between 2023 and 2025, and about 2,000 fewer acres of seagrass mapped in 2023 than in 2009.","service":"Bathing and shellfishing are restricted: 5 of 25 beaches exceeded their bacteria baselines in 2023-2025, and suspended shellfish waters grew by 2,758 acres since 2011 (ref 1).","scale":"The estuary-wide report covers about 70,000 acres of classified shellfish waters, and the USGS nitrogen model (ref 2) spans the whole Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor system.","duration":"The partnership reports no definitive improvement at any nitrogen station over the record (ref 1); USGS calibrated its eutrophication model on 2012 conditions (ref 2).","significance":"The northern bay is classed as impaired against a proposed site-specific nitrogen criterion, with an NJDEP TMDL expected (ref 1); no enforcement action is reported."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported; this is an estuary-wide water-quality finding."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Northern bay exceeds the proposed 0.45 mg/L summer total-nitrogen criterion; central-bay eelgrass biomass fell from 128 to 43 g/m2 (2023-2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"Proposed summer total-nitrogen criterion","value":0.45,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"July 1-September 30 average (ref 1)."},{"name":"Seagrass mapped in 2023","value":10991,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Versus 12,980 acres in 2009; the report calls the figure conservative (ref 1)."},{"name":"Beaches above bacteria baseline, 2023-2025","value":5,"unit":"of 25 monitored","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Seagrass biomass declined in all three bay segments from 2023 to 2025 (ref 1), though the report says methods limit a long-term trend call."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Water-quality standards and TMDL"},{"name":"Barnegat Bay Partnership","role":"National Estuary Program monitoring and planning"}],"public_contact":"Barnegat Bay Partnership (National Estuary Program); contact details are listed in the report (ref 1).","corrective_actions":["NJDEP total-nitrogen TMDL report expected (ref 1).","USGS WASP eutrophication model built to estimate the watershed nitrogen cuts needed (ref 2).","Bacteria track-down studies recommended for Beachwood and Hancock beaches (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"State of the Bay 2026 (report PDF)","publisher":"Barnegat Bay Partnership","date":"2026-07-31","url":"https://barnegatbaypartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2026-Final-State-of-the-Bay.pdf","basis":"Regional estuary program report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP) eutrophication model for the Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor Estuary, New Jersey, USA","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","date":"2025-03-26","url":"https://www.usgs.gov/data/water-quality-analysis-simulation-program-wasp-eutrophication-model-barnegat-bay-little-egg","basis":"Federal science data release"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":8,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NJ-RINGWOOD-MINES-WANAQUE-DRAINAGE-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Ringwood Mines/Ford paint-sludge site: final groundwater cleanup for brooks feeding Wanaque Reservoir","description":"Ford's former disposal of paint sludge and industrial waste at the 500-acre Ringwood Mines/Landfill Superfund site left benzene, 1,4-dioxane and lead in groundwater and mine water; several brooks drain the site toward the Wanaque Reservoir, which serves more than two million residents. A March 2026 proposed consent decree has Ford and Ringwood Borough perform the final $3.4 million groundwater cleanup. New Jersey separately sued Ford in 2022 over the dumping on Ramapough Lenape homeland.","location":{"name":"Ringwood Mines/Landfill Superfund site","type":"Superfund site draining to a water-supply reservoir","detail":"Ringwood Borough, Passaic County; brooks drain south toward the Wanaque Reservoir","coordinates":{"lat":41.1134,"lon":-74.2454,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Passaic"],"extent":"site","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"]},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["groundwater","industrial-energy","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminated groundwater and mine water at a waste-disposal site drain via brooks toward a major drinking-water reservoir.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DOJ (ref 1) states site groundwater and mine water contain benzene, 1,4-dioxane and lead at levels that would pose an unacceptable health risk if used for drinking.","service":"No reservoir supply interruption is reported; EPA (ref 2) says long-term groundwater and surface-water monitoring is required to protect drinking water.","scale":"The site is about 500 acres (ref 1) and its brooks drain to the Wanaque Reservoir, serving more than two million residents (ref 1); the contamination itself is confined to the site area.","duration":"Waste was dumped 1967-1974 and the site was relisted on the Superfund list in 2006 after more sludge was found (ref 3); final cleanup was still at the proposed-decree stage in March 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"A consent decree lodged in U.S. District Court in March 2026 (ref 1) follows the 2020 decree for soil and fill (ref 2) and a 2022 state Superior Court suit against Ford (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population is directly exposed; the downstream Wanaque Reservoir serves more than two million residents (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Final groundwater cleanup (Operable Unit 3) for benzene, 1,4-dioxane and lead expected to cost $3.4 million; site brooks flow to a reservoir serving more than two million residents."},"measures":[{"name":"Operable Unit 3 groundwater cleanup","value":3400000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Operable Unit 2 soil and fill cleanup","value":17600000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"2020 consent decree (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Remedies have moved from soil (2020 decree) to final groundwater cleanup (2026 proposed decree), per refs 1-2."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 2","role":"Superfund lead agency"},{"name":"Ford Motor Company","role":"Responsible party"},{"name":"Borough of Ringwood","role":"Settling party"},{"name":"NJ Department of Environmental Protection","role":"State co-plaintiff and natural resource trustee"}],"public_contact":"U.S. EPA Region 2 Superfund program; NJDEP Site Remediation Program.","corrective_actions":["Proposed consent decree for Operable Unit 3 groundwater and mine-water cleanup, subject to public comment and court approval (ref 1).","2020 consent decree: excavation and capping of lead-contaminated fill at Peters Mine Pit, Cannon Mine Pit and O'Connor Disposal Area (ref 2).","State natural resource damages lawsuit against Ford filed June 2022 (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Ford Motor Company and Borough of Ringwood to Perform Final Cleanup Targeting Groundwater at Ringwood Mines/Landfill Site in New Jersey","publisher":"U.S. Department of Justice","date":"2026-03-19","url":"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/ford-motor-company-and-borough-ringwood-perform-final-cleanup-targeting-groundwater-ringwood","basis":"Federal agency release"},{"ref":2,"title":"Settlement Addresses Groundwater Cleanup at Ringwood Mines/Landfill Superfund Site in New Jersey","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2026-09-04","url":"https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/settlement-addresses-groundwater-cleanup-ringwood-mineslandfill-superfund-site-new","basis":"Federal agency record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Acting AG Platkin, DEP Commissioner LaTourette Announce Lawsuit against Ford Motor Co. over Hazardous Waste Dumping in Native American Tribal Community","publisher":"New Jersey Office of the Attorney General","date":"2022-06-16","url":"https://njoag.gov/?p=97759","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NJ-STATEWIDE-HARMFUL-ALGAL-BLOOMS-2023-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Recurring cyanobacteria advisories on 30-38 New Jersey lakes and reservoirs each year","description":"NJDEP's public harmful-algal-bloom sampling data put 38 waterbodies at Advisory or Warning tier in 2023, 38 in 2024, 35 in 2025 and 30 so far in 2026, across 14 to 17 counties. Greenwood Lake, Lake Hopatcong, Spruce Run Reservoir, Manasquan Reservoir and Budd Lake recur each season, and Warning-tier toxin results were logged at Spruce Run in 2024 and 2025. Mount Olive's health department issued a 2025 no-contact advisory for Budd Lake Beach.","location":{"name":"New Jersey lakes and reservoirs (HAB monitoring)","type":"Statewide freshwater lakes and reservoirs","detail":"Recurring sites include Greenwood Lake and Lake Hopatcong (Passaic, Morris, Sussex), Spruce Run Reservoir (Hunterdon), Manasquan Reservoir (Monmouth), Budd Lake (Morris)","coordinates":{"lat":40.9396,"lon":-74.6707,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Passaic","Morris","Sussex","Hunterdon","Monmouth"],"extent":"statewide","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"]},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nutrient-fed cyanobacteria blooms degrade lake water quality and restrict recreational contact.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"NJDEP sampling (ref 1) logged microcystins up to 1,943.6 ug/L in 2024 and Warning-tier results at Spruce Run Reservoir (90.34 on 2024-07-12; 54.32 on 2025-06-19) and Pembroke Pond (325.5 on 2026-06-26).","service":"Budd Lake Beach was placed under a no-swimming, no-contact advisory after June 16, 2025 samples exceeded state guidance levels (ref 2), with posted notices at lake access points; NJDEP results stay on its public map all season (ref 3).","scale":"Advisory or Warning tiers were reached at 30-38 waterbodies a year in 14-17 counties, 2023-2026 (ref 1).","duration":"Blooms recurred in all four seasons 2023-2026 (ref 1); the Lake Hopatcong Foundation warned in June 2024 that conditions could resemble the lake's 2019 bloom (ref 3).","significance":"Local health advisories were issued under NJDEP guidance (ref 2); no enforcement action applies to bloom formation."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported; recreational users of affected lakes are not counted."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Waterbodies at NJDEP Advisory or Warning tier: 38 (2023), 38 (2024), 35 (2025), 30 (2026 to date)."},"measures":[{"name":"Waterbodies at Advisory or Warning tier, 2025","value":35,"unit":"waterbodies","status":"Reported","note":"Count of distinct waterbody names with advisorytier Advisory or Warning in NJDEP's public sampling layer (ref 1), queried 2026-10-10."},{"name":"Waterbodies at Advisory or Warning tier, 2026 to date","value":30,"unit":"waterbodies","status":"Reported","note":"Same method (ref 1)."},{"name":"Highest microcystin result, 2024","value":1943.6,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Annual counts of advisory waterbodies held between 30 and 38 from 2023 through 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Freshwater and Biological Monitoring","role":"HAB sampling and advisory guidance"},{"name":"Local health departments (e.g. Mount Olive Township)","role":"Beach and contact advisories"}],"public_contact":"NJDEP hotline 1-877-WARNDEP (927-6337) for suspected blooms (ref 3); Mount Olive Township Health Department, (973) 691-0900 ext. 7330 (ref 2).","corrective_actions":["Statewide HAB sampling with a color-coded health alert index and public results map (refs 1, 3).","Budd Lake Beach advisory kept until testing shows levels below state thresholds (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"NJDEP HAB sampling table (NJDEP_Production_HAB_Sampling_2021_public), queried for 2023-2026","publisher":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","date":null,"url":"https://services1.arcgis.com/QWdNfRs7lkPq4g4Q/arcgis/rest/services/NJDEP_Production_HAB_Sampling_2021_public/FeatureServer/0","basis":"State dataset","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Harmful algae bloom detected at Budd Lake Beach; public health advisory issued","publisher":"WRNJ Radio","date":"2025-07-19","url":"https://wrnjradio.com/harmful-algae-bloom-detected-at-budd-lake-beach-public-health-advisory-issued/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Watch for HABs","publisher":"Lake Hopatcong Foundation","date":"2024-06-20","url":"https://lakehopatcongfoundation.org/news/watch-for-habs","basis":"Local nonprofit notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NJ-HOBOKEN-HUDSON-RIVER-FLOOD-WALL-2023","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Hoboken-Weehawken-Jersey City Hudson River flood wall: costs climb to $392M","description":"Construction began in October 2023 on the Rebuild by Design Hudson River project, about 1.7 miles of flood walls, gates, berms and levees protecting Hoboken and parts of Jersey City and Weehawken from storm surge. The Resist wall's cost has risen to $392 million from an original $230 million federal grant, and the city says its stormwater storage still falls short in heavy rain; 75% of Hoboken's land lies in a FEMA high-hazard zone.","location":{"name":"Hoboken waterfront (Rebuild by Design Hudson River)","type":"Urban coastal flood-protection project area","detail":"Hudson County: Hoboken with sections in Jersey City and Weehawken","coordinates":{"lat":40.744,"lon":-74.0324,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Hudson"],"extent":"city","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"]},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Hoboken faces both coastal surge and rainfall flooding; the response combines a flood wall with stormwater storage and pumps.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"AP (ref 1) recounts Hoboken's inundation in Sandy, which caused an estimated $36.8 billion in New Jersey damage; Fund for a Better Waterfront (ref 2) says a March 23 rain event shortly before its April 2024 report greatly exceeded the storage built so far.","service":"Ref 2 reports Sandy left much of Hoboken without power for nearly a week, and that a 3-inch, 8-hour storm can send over 50 million gallons to low-lying areas.","scale":"Covers Hoboken and parts of Jersey City and Weehawken (ref 1); FEMA's 2013 maps put 75% of Hoboken's land in a high-hazard zone (ref 2).","duration":"The 2014 federal grant was meant to finish by September 2022, but wall construction only began in October 2023 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"A HUD-funded state project managed by NJDEP (ref 2); no enforcement action or emergency declaration is involved."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Resist flood wall cost $392 million versus an original $230 million grant; about 1.7 miles of walls, gates, berms and levees."},"measures":[{"name":"Resist flood wall cost","value":392000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2 (April 2024)."},{"name":"Original HUD Rebuild by Design grant","value":230000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Share of Hoboken land in FEMA high-hazard zone","value":75,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Ref 2 says the project depends on massive government support as costs rise, with funding gaps filled by NJDEP and city-raised money."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Hoboken's resilience officer says storage and pumps have cut flooding and recession time, but full protection is proving difficult (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Project manager"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development","role":"Grant funder"},{"name":"City of Hoboken","role":"Stormwater storage and pumps"}],"public_contact":"NJDEP Rebuild by Design Hudson River project team; City of Hoboken Office of the Chief Resilience Officer.","corrective_actions":["Resist flood wall under construction from October 2023 (ref 1).","Delay-Store-Discharge parks storing 200,000 to 2 million gallons and wet-weather pumps (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Superstorm Sandy devastated NJ. Now new flood walls to protect it","publisher":"The Christian Science Monitor (Associated Press)","date":"2023-10-25","url":"https://csmonitor.com/Environment/2023/1025/Superstorm-Sandy-devastated-NJ.-Now-new-flood-walls-to-protect-it","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Hoboken model to mitigate flooding dependent on massive govt support as costs rise and major rain storms intensify","publisher":"Fund for a Better Waterfront","date":"2024-04-01","url":"https://betterwaterfront.org/hoboken-model-to-mitigate-flooding-dependent-on-massive-govt-support-as-costs-rise-and-major-rain-storms-intensify/","basis":"Local nonprofit report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NJ-RARITAN-MILLSTONE-WINTER-FLOODS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Raritan and Millstone rivers hit major flood stage three times, Dec 2023-Jan 2024","description":"Heavy rain on December 18, December 28, 2023 and January 9-10, 2024 pushed the Raritan, North Branch and Millstone rivers in Somerset County over flood stage, flooding Manville and Somerville and closing roads across Central Jersey. On January 10 the Raritan at Bound Brook stood at 33.7 feet, in major flood stage, and Somerset County declared a state of emergency that it later rescinded.","location":{"name":"Raritan and Millstone rivers (Manville, Bound Brook)","type":"River segments and floodplain","detail":"Somerset County (Manville, Bound Brook, South Bound Brook, Hillsborough, Franklin) and adjacent Middlesex County","coordinates":{"lat":40.5409,"lon":-74.5876,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Somerset","Middlesex"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"]},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Repeated riverine flooding at the Raritan-Millstone confluence, driven by heavy rain on saturated ground.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Patch (ref 1) reports 1,127 PSE&G customers without power and multiple bridges closed; Manville's OEM director told CBS (ref 2) there were no evacuations or structural damage in the January event.","service":"Manville's Main Street underpass flooded, cutting Main Street in two, and Route 206, the Griggstown Causeway and the Studdiford Bridge closed (ref 1); schools closed (ref 2).","scale":"Major flood stage at Bound Brook, Manville, the North Branch at South Branch and the Millstone at Griggstown (ref 1); the December 28 flood watch covered 16 counties (ref 3).","duration":"Planet Princeton (ref 3) calls the December 28 flood the second in two weeks, and CBS (ref 2) says the same places flooded again on January 10, 2024.","significance":"Somerset County declared a state of emergency when multiple rivers reached major flood stage (ref 1); OpenFEMA (ref 4) shows no federal major disaster declaration."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported; sources give power outages (1,127 customers) and road closures."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Raritan River at Bound Brook at 33.7 feet (major flood stage) on Jan. 10, 2024; third Central Jersey flood in about three weeks."},"measures":[{"name":"Raritan River stage at Bound Brook, Jan. 10, 2024","value":33.7,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Major flood stage, 4:30 p.m. (ref 1)."},{"name":"Forecast crest at Bound Brook, Dec. 28, 2023","value":29.8,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Flood stage 28 feet (ref 3)."},{"name":"Customers without power","value":1127,"unit":"customers","status":"Reported","note":"PSE&G, Jan. 10, 2024 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Three flood crests in about three weeks (refs 1-3); CBS (ref 2) reports some of the same places flooded in both December and January."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Somerset County Office of Emergency Management","role":"County emergency declaration and response"},{"name":"Borough of Manville Office of Emergency Management","role":"Local response"},{"name":"National Weather Service","role":"River forecasts and warnings"}],"public_contact":"Somerset County Office of Emergency Management; Manville Office of Emergency Management (Director John Bentz, per ref 2).","corrective_actions":["County state of emergency and road closures, later rescinded (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Somerset County Declares State Of Emergency: Stay Off Roads","publisher":"Patch (Bridgewater)","date":"2024-01-10","url":"https://patch.com/new-jersey/bridgewater/somerset-county-declares-state-emergency-stay-roads","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"For some flood-weary residents of Manville, N.J., enough is enough","publisher":"CBS New York","date":"2024-01-10","url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/amp/newyork/news/for-some-flood-weary-residents-of-manville-n-j-enough-is-enough","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Flood watch until 7 p.m. for Central New Jersey; flood warning extended for Somerset County","publisher":"Planet Princeton","date":"2023-12-28","url":"https://planetprinceton.com/2023/12/28/flood-watch-until-7-p-m-for-central-new-jersey-flood-warning-extended-for-somerset-county-portion-of-river-road-closed/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries, New Jersey (sorted by declaration date)","publisher":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v2/DisasterDeclarationsSummaries?$filter=state%20eq%20'NJ'&$orderby=declarationDate%20desc","basis":"Federal dataset","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-PASSAIC-RIVER-WINTER-FLOODS-2024"]},{"id":"US-NJ-RARITAN-BAY-NESE-PIPELINE-WQC-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Raritan Bay NESE gas pipeline water-quality certificate vacated by Third Circuit","description":"NJDEP issued a Clean Water Act water-quality certification in November 2025 for the Williams/Transco Northeast Supply Enhancement pipeline, whose underwater segment would dredge Raritan Bay sediment containing mercury, PCBs and copper, after denying it in 2019 and 2020. Environmental groups and NRDC petitioned for review, and on September 8, 2026 a Third Circuit panel held NJDEP acted arbitrarily and capriciously by not requiring proof that buried contamination would be protected before dredging, sending the matter back to the agency.","location":{"name":"Raritan Bay (NESE pipeline route)","type":"Coastal bay and pipeline corridor","detail":"Raritan Bay off Middlesex and Monmouth counties; compressor station proposed in Franklin Township, Somerset County","coordinates":{"lat":40.48,"lon":-74.2,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":2},"counties":["Middlesex","Monmouth","Somerset"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"]},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The dispute turns on whether dredging contaminated bay sediment for a pipeline would violate state water-quality standards.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Food & Water Watch (ref 2) says the underwater segment would dredge up mercury, PCBs and copper; the court found NJDEP had not required a showing that buried contamination would be protected (ref 1). No release has occurred.","service":"No water service is affected; the issue is a permit for future construction.","scale":"The 23-mile New Jersey segment crosses Middlesex and Monmouth counties and Raritan Bay (ref 2).","duration":"First proposed in 2017, denied in 2019 and 2020, certified in November 2025 and vacated in September 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"A federal appeals court panel ruled on September 8, 2026 that NJDEP's certification was arbitrary and capricious (ref 1), after petitions for review filed in November 2025 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not applicable; no population is directly served or exposed."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Third Circuit (Sept. 8, 2026) held NJDEP's water-quality certification arbitrary and capricious; underwater segment would disturb mercury-, PCB- and copper-laden sediment."},"measures":[{"name":"New Jersey pipeline segment length","value":23,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"The state's position has swung from denial (2019, 2020) to approval (2025), and the approval was vacated in 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Clean Water Act Section 401 certifying agency"},{"name":"Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line Company (Williams)","role":"Applicant"}],"public_contact":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Trenton (see ref 1 for the remand).","corrective_actions":["Matter remanded to NJDEP, which may supplement its reasoning, issue a revised certification or reach a different result (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"New Jersey permit for $1 billion underwater gas pipeline vacated over 'arbitrary' approval","publisher":"The Cool Down (citing New Jersey Monitor)","date":"2026-09-12","url":"https://www.thecooldown.com/?p=785660","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Groups Challenge New Jersey's Approval of NESE Pipeline in Court","publisher":"Food & Water Watch","date":"2025-11-18","url":"https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/?p=13753","basis":"Advocacy group release"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NJ-RARITAN-BAY-SLAG-2024"]},{"id":"US-NJ-NORTH-WILDWOOD-BEACH-EROSION-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"North Wildwood dune erosion: $42M state-city fight settled, federal beach fill still pending","description":"Severe erosion of North Wildwood's dunes left homes and businesses more exposed to storm flooding. The city spent about $30 million trucking in sand and built an unapproved bulkhead, drawing $12 million in state fines. A December 2024 settlement cancelled the fines and dropped the city's suit, but North Wildwood remained virtually the only Jersey Shore community without a full Army Corps beach replenishment project, delayed by easement and funding problems.","location":{"name":"North Wildwood oceanfront","type":"Barrier-island beach and dune system","detail":"Cape May County, northern end of Five Mile Island","coordinates":{"lat":39.0012,"lon":-74.7993,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Cape May"],"extent":"city","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"]},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Coastal erosion strips natural flood protection, and the response turned on permits, funding and federal project delays.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"AP (ref 2) says erosion left a dune that in January 2024 barely reached the mayor's knees, leaving property more exposed to storm flooding and wave damage.","service":"No loss of utility service is reported; the risk is to property and protective dunes.","scale":"Confined to one shore city on Five Mile Island (refs 1, 2).","duration":"WHYY/AP (ref 1) describes a roughly decade-long fight costing $42 million in fines and litigation.","significance":"NJDEP levied $12 million in fines and the city sued for $30 million before the December 2024 settlement (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$12 million in state fines cancelled and a $30 million city lawsuit dropped (Dec. 2024); city to pay $1 million toward federal beach fill and $700,000 to a state water-pollution fund."},"measures":[{"name":"State fines cancelled","value":12000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"City sand-trucking costs sought","value":30000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The city spent about $30 million of its own on emergency sand over a decade (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The settlement set a permit path for a sea-wall extension, and NJDEP expected sea-wall and Five Mile Island construction to begin in 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of North Wildwood","role":"Local government"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Coastal permitting and shore protection"},{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Philadelphia District","role":"Federal beach replenishment"}],"public_contact":"City of North Wildwood (Mayor Patrick Rosenello's office); New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection.","corrective_actions":["December 2024 settlement with a 30-day comment period (ref 1).","Interim state DOT beach replenishment completed in summer 2024 (ref 1).","North Wildwood sea wall and Five Mile Island projects expected to start construction in 2025 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"10 years and $42 million later, Jersey Shore town ends battle over its eroding beaches","publisher":"WHYY (Associated Press)","date":"2024-12-03","url":"https://whyy.org/articles/north-wildwood-dunes-eroding-beaches-end-battle/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"New Jersey Shore Resort Town and State Settle Litigation Over Deteriorating Beaches","publisher":"Insurance Journal (Associated Press)","date":"2024-12-04","url":"https://amp.insurancejournal.com/news/east/2024/12/04/803193.htm","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-BACK-BAYS-COASTAL-FLOOD-RISK-2024"]},{"id":"US-NJ-DELAWARE-ESTUARY-DISSOLVED-OXYGEN-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Delaware Estuary oxygen sag: EPA sets sturgeon-protective DO criteria, $3.1B fix","description":"Summer dissolved-oxygen levels in the urban Delaware Estuary between Philadelphia and Wilmington (river miles 108.4 to 70) have been too low to support fish propagation, driven mainly by ammonia-nitrogen from a small number of wastewater plants. After a 2022 petition and court deadline, EPA promulgated new aquatic-life use and seasonal DO criteria on September 29, 2025. DRBC estimates the related plant upgrades at $3.1 billion in capital, or $185.6 million a year, and in December 2025 ordered an 18-month wasteload allocation study for New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware permits.","location":{"name":"Delaware River Estuary, Zones 3-5 (Philadelphia-Wilmington)","type":"Tidal river segment","detail":"Tidal Delaware River, river miles 108.4 to 70, bordering Camden, Gloucester and Salem counties, NJ, and Pennsylvania and Delaware","state":"NJ","states":["NJ","PA","DE"],"coordinates":{"lat":39.85,"lon":-75.3,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Camden","Gloucester","Salem"],"extent":"multi_state"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Low dissolved oxygen in the river is a water-quality impairment caused by point-source ammonia loads.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DRBC's strategy (ref 1) says the criteria were set to protect species including the endangered Atlantic and shortnose sturgeon, and that summer ammonia loads drive oxygen depletion in the Fish Maintenance Area.","service":"No drinking-water or sewer service disruption is attributed to the oxygen sag.","scale":"The reach spans about 38 river miles across three states (ref 1), and the remedy reaches several large NPDES permittees whose ratepayers would bear part of the costs (ref 1).","duration":"DRBC first resolved to study a propagation use in 2017, with EPA's determination in December 2022 and final rule in September 2025 (ref 2); implementation studies run to mid-2027.","significance":"EPA promulgated binding federal water-quality standards on September 29, 2025 (ref 2), meeting a deadline set by a federal judge (ref 3), after an April 2022 petition by non-governmental organizations (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported; the cost burden falls on ratepayers of several large dischargers (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"EPA dissolved-oxygen criteria promulgated Sept. 29, 2025 for river miles 108.4-70; wastewater upgrades estimated at $3.1 billion capital, $185.6 million a year (2024 dollars)."},"measures":[{"name":"Capital cost of identified wastewater upgrades","value":3100000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1, from DRBC 2021 cost study adjusted to 2024 dollars."},{"name":"Annualized cost","value":185600000,"unit":"USD per year","status":"Reported","note":"2024 dollars (ref 1)."},{"name":"Current DRBC effluent ammonia-nitrogen limit","value":35,"unit":"mg-N/L (30-day average)","status":"Reported","note":"Minimum treatment requirement for Estuary discharges (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["DRBC (ref 1) says the utilities that must upgrade face other costly compounding regulatory requirements, and Philadelphia Water and DELCORA asked to be involved earlier (ref 3)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"DRBC describes decades of DO gains from earlier wasteload allocations and expects further improvement from ammonia cuts (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Regions 2 and 3","role":"Promulgated federal water-quality standards"},{"name":"Delaware River Basin Commission","role":"Modeling and wasteload allocation study"},{"name":"NJDEP, Pennsylvania DEP and Delaware DNREC","role":"NPDES permitting"}],"public_contact":"Delaware River Basin Commission, West Trenton, NJ (see ref 2).","corrective_actions":["EPA final rule on aquatic-life use and DO criteria, September 29, 2025 (ref 2).","DRBC implementation strategy, October 2025 (ref 1).","DRBC resolution of December 10, 2025 directing a wasteload allocation study within 18 months (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"A Strategy to Implement New Dissolved Oxygen Criteria in the Delaware River Estuary","publisher":"Delaware River Basin Commission","date":"2025-10-01","url":"https://nj.gov/drbc/library/documents/DRBC_DO_ImplementationStrategy_Oct2025.pdf","basis":"Interstate agency report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Resolution for the Minutes: wasteload allocation study for new dissolved oxygen criteria","publisher":"Delaware River Basin Commission","date":"2025-12-10","url":"https://www.nj.gov/drbc/library/documents/ResForMinutes121025_WLAstudy.pdf","basis":"Interstate agency record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Dissolved oxygen rules set to come Sept. 22: EPA official","publisher":"Delaware Currents","date":"2025-09-15","url":"https://delawarecurrents.org/2025/09/15/dissolved-oxygen-rules-set-to-come-sept-22-epa-official/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-DELAWARE-ESTUARY-SALT-FRONT-2024","US-DE-WRIC-DRB-FFMP-2025-26"]},{"id":"US-NJ-STATEWIDE-MS4-STORMWATER-PLANS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"All NJ towns face unfunded MS4 stormwater planning deadlines for impaired waters","description":"New Jersey's Tier A municipal stormwater (MS4) permit, effective January 1, 2023, reclassified more than 100 former Tier B towns so that every municipality must map its stormwater system by 2026, plan water-quality projects by 2027 and submit final project locations by 2028. New Jersey Future says an overwhelming number of municipalities never achieved compliance under earlier permits and many waterways remain impaired. NJDEP's January 20, 2026 notice gave towns until January 20, 2027 to update stormwater plans and ordinances, a cost reported as an unfunded mandate.","location":{"name":"New Jersey municipal storm sewer systems (Tier A MS4)","type":"Statewide stormwater permit program","detail":"All New Jersey municipalities (more than 560)","coordinates":{"lat":40.2206,"lon":-74.7597,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"extent":"statewide","state":"NJ","states":["NJ"]},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["surface-water","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns permit obligations and funding for municipal stormwater systems that carry polluted runoff into impaired waters.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"New Jersey Future (ref 1) says stormwater carries oil, trash and other contaminants into streams and that many waterways are still considered impaired; no single harm event is cited.","service":"No service interruption; the obligations are planning and mapping requirements.","scale":"Applies to every municipality; NationGraph (ref 2) counts more than 560, nearly all Tier A permittees.","duration":"The WIP process runs over the five-year permit cycle from 2023 to 2028 (ref 1).","significance":"Requirements are conditions of a state NJPDES permit, and NJDEP formally notified municipalities on January 20, 2026 (ref 2); no enforcement action is reported."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide program; not reported as a population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Every municipality must map stormwater infrastructure by 2026, plan improvements by 2027 and submit final projects by 2028; plan and ordinance updates due January 20, 2027."},"measures":[{"name":"Former Tier B towns reclassified to Tier A","value":100,"unit":"municipalities (over)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"New Jersey stormwater RFPs in trailing 90 days","value":59,"unit":"requests for proposals","status":"Reported","note":"As of September 2026 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["NationGraph (ref 2) reports no dedicated state or federal funding stream for municipal planning costs and describes the consultant market as under real pressure."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Mapping deadlines fall in 2026; compliance results are not yet reported."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NJDEP Bureau of Stormwater Permitting","role":"NJPDES MS4 permitting"},{"name":"New Jersey municipalities","role":"Tier A permittees"}],"public_contact":"NJDEP Bureau of Stormwater Permitting (named as data source in ref 1).","corrective_actions":["Watershed Improvement Plan phases: mapping (2026), planning (2027), final plan (2028) (ref 1).","Municipal stormwater plan and ordinance updates due January 20, 2027 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Municipal Stormwater Management 101: New MS4 Requirements","publisher":"New Jersey Future","date":"2026-01-01","url":"https://gitoolkit.njfuture.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Municipal-Stormwater-Management-101-New-MS4-Requirements-2.pdf","basis":"Nonprofit policy brief"},{"ref":2,"title":"New Jersey Towns Are Racing to Hire Stormwater Engineers Before a January Deadline","publisher":"NationGraph","date":"2026-09-09","url":"https://news.nationgraph.com/articles/new-jersey-towns-are-racing-to-hire-stormwater-engineers-before-a-january-deadline","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-STATEWIDE-REAL-FLOOD-RULES-2026","US-NJ-ATLANTIC-CITY-MS4-2024"]},{"id":"US-NJ-CHAMBERS-WORKS-3M-PFAS-SETTLEMENT-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"3M up-to-$450 million New Jersey PFAS settlement tied to Chambers Works","description":"In May 2025 3M agreed to pay New Jersey up to $450 million over 25 years to resolve the state's PFAS claims over its supply of PFAS to the DuPont (now Chemours) Chambers Works plant in Salem County and statewide PFAS claims, without admitting liability. Funds go to DEP-led PFAS abatement, natural resource damages and public-health projects. A federal judge approved New Jersey's PFAS settlements with 3M, DuPont, Chemours and Corteva on August 7, 2026.","location":{"state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"name":"Chambers Works (Deepwater), Salem County","type":"Industrial facility and statewide PFAS natural-resource claims","detail":"Chambers Works in Pennsville and Carneys Point, Salem County; the settlement also resolves statewide PFAS claims including Parlin (Sayreville, Middlesex County).","coordinates":{"lat":39.69,"lon":-75.5,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Salem","Middlesex"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The settlement compensates for PFAS contamination of groundwater, surface water and drinking water from industrial discharges.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Inside Climate News (ref 1) reports decades of PFAS discharges from the Chambers Works plant that 3M supplied, with money earmarked for treating contaminated drinking water and groundwater.","service":"None of the cited settlement coverage (refs 1-3) reports a water outage or do-not-drink order tied to this deal.","scale":"The 3M deal resolves statewide PFAS claims as well as Chambers Works and Parlin (ref 3), so its scope is statewide.","duration":"Payments run over 25 years (ref 1), and the state's lawsuits date back to 2019 (ref 3).","significance":"Chief Judge Renee Marie Bumb approved the settlements in federal court on August 7, 2026 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The cited sources do not give a population exposed to Chambers Works PFAS."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Up to $450 million over 25 years, including up to $170 million for DEP-led PFAS abatement and $140 million for natural resource damages (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Maximum settlement value","value":450,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Paid over 25 years (ref 1)."},{"name":"PFAS abatement allocation (maximum)","value":170,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"DEP-led abatement (ref 1)."},{"name":"Natural resource damages","value":140,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Court approval in August 2026 (ref 2) lets payments for abatement and restoration proceed."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Natural-resource trustee and plaintiff"},{"name":"New Jersey Office of the Attorney General","role":"Litigating agency"},{"name":"3M Company","role":"Settling defendant"},{"name":"U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey","role":"Approving court"}],"public_contact":"NJDEP, dep.nj.gov (Office of Communications)","corrective_actions":["Annual settlement payments over 25 years","DEP-led PFAS abatement including drinking-water treatment","Natural resource restoration"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"In a Landmark PFAS Payout, 3M to Pay New Jersey $450 Million","publisher":"Inside Climate News","date":"2025-05-13","url":"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/13052025/new-jersey-3m-pfas-settlement/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"New Jersey's $2.5 billion 'forever chemicals' settlements with DuPont, 3M, others win court approval","publisher":"Reuters via WDEZ","date":"2026-08-07","url":"http://wdez.com/2026/08/07/new-jerseys-2-5-billion-forever-chemicals-settlements-with-dupont-3m-others-win-court-approval/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"AG Platkin, DEP Commissioner LaTourette: Landmark Settlement with DuPont Valued at Over $2 Billion","publisher":"New Jersey Office of the Attorney General","date":"2025-08-04","url":"https://www.njoag.gov/ag-platkin-dep-commissioner-latourette-landmark-settlement-with-dupont-valued-at-over-2-billion/","basis":"State press release"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2025-05-13","latest_seen":"2026-08-07","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Population exposed to Chambers Works PFAS","Year-by-year payment schedule"],"related_ids":["US-MULTI-CHEMOURS-PFAS-2026","US-NJ-STATEWIDE-PFAS-PWS-2023","US-NJ-DUPONT-LEGACY-SITES-SETTLEMENT-2025"]},{"id":"US-NJ-DUPONT-LEGACY-SITES-SETTLEMENT-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"DuPont, Chemours, Corteva settlement for four New Jersey legacy sites","description":"In August 2025 New Jersey settled with DuPont, Chemours and Corteva over contamination at Chambers Works, Parlin, Pompton Lakes and Repauno, and statewide PFAS claims. The deal provides $875 million over 25 years for natural resource and other damages including drinking-water treatment, a remediation funding source of up to $1.2 billion and a $475 million reserve fund. A federal judge approved it on August 7, 2026, overruling objections from Carneys Point and Sayreville.","location":{"state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"name":"DuPont legacy sites (Chambers Works, Parlin, Pompton Lakes)","type":"Industrial contaminated sites","detail":"Chambers Works (Pennsville/Carneys Point, Salem Co.), Parlin (Sayreville, Middlesex Co.), Pompton Lakes Works (Pompton Lakes/Wanaque, Passaic Co.), Repauno (Greenwich Twp., Gloucester Co.).","coordinates":{"lat":40.99,"lon":-74.29,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Salem","Middlesex","Passaic","Gloucester"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The settlement addresses PFAS, solvent and metals contamination of groundwater, streams, lakes and wetlands at four industrial sites.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The AG release (ref 1) lists TCE, PCE, lead and mercury in Pompton Lakes streams, lakes and groundwater, and PFAS in Parlin surface water and groundwater.","service":"The AG release and court coverage (refs 1-2) describe no interruption of public water service from these sites.","scale":"Four sites in Salem, Middlesex, Passaic and Gloucester counties plus statewide PFAS claims are covered (ref 1).","duration":"The release (ref 1) calls Chambers Works one of the most contaminated sites in the state; payments run 25 years.","significance":"A judicial consent order was approved by Chief Judge Bumb on August 7, 2026 over municipal objections (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$875 million over 25 years, a remediation funding source of up to $1.2 billion, and a $475 million reserve fund; valued at over $2 billion (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Damages payments","value":875,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Over 25 years (ref 1)."},{"name":"Remediation funding source (cap)","value":1200,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Reserve fund","value":475,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Reserve fund created to protect against a company bankruptcy (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Court approval on August 7, 2026 (ref 2) starts the 25-year payment and cleanup schedule."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Trustee and remediation overseer"},{"name":"New Jersey Office of the Attorney General","role":"Litigating agency"},{"name":"The Chemours Company, DuPont de Nemours, Corteva","role":"Settling defendants"}],"public_contact":"NJDEP, dep.nj.gov (Office of Communications)","corrective_actions":["Cleanup of four legacy sites under a remediation funding source","Drinking-water treatment and natural resource restoration","Reserve fund backed by surety instruments"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"AG Platkin, DEP Commissioner LaTourette: Landmark Settlement with DuPont Valued at Over $2 Billion","publisher":"New Jersey Office of the Attorney General","date":"2025-08-04","url":"https://www.njoag.gov/ag-platkin-dep-commissioner-latourette-landmark-settlement-with-dupont-valued-at-over-2-billion/","basis":"State press release"},{"ref":2,"title":"New Jersey's $2.5 billion 'forever chemicals' settlements with DuPont, 3M, others win court approval","publisher":"Reuters via WDEZ","date":"2026-08-07","url":"http://wdez.com/2026/08/07/new-jerseys-2-5-billion-forever-chemicals-settlements-with-dupont-3m-others-win-court-approval/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Companies reach $875 million accord to resolve environmental claims","publisher":"ROI-NJ","date":"2025-08-04","url":"https://www.roi-nj.com/2025/08/04/industry/companies-reach-875-million-accord-to-resolve-environmental-claims/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2025-08-04","latest_seen":"2026-08-07","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Site-by-site remediation funding amounts","Exposed population near each site"],"related_ids":["US-MULTI-CHEMOURS-PFAS-2026","US-NJ-CHAMBERS-WORKS-3M-PFAS-SETTLEMENT-2025"]},{"id":"US-NJ-AMERICAN-WATER-RATES-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"New Jersey American Water 2026 base rate case: $68 million increase","description":"New Jersey American Water filed for a $146.4 million base-rate increase in January 2026. The Board of Public Utilities approved a $68 million (6.15%) settlement on September 9, 2026, effective September 15, 2026. A typical residential bill rises $4.06 a month, and Ocean City wastewater customers face a 9.74% increase. The company also agreed to study automatic enrollment of energy-assistance recipients in its affordability discount.","location":{"state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"name":"New Jersey American Water service areas","type":"Investor-owned water and wastewater utility","detail":"Service territory in 18 counties; about 680,000 water and fire-service customers and 70,000 wastewater customers (ref 1).","coordinates":{"lat":40.06,"lon":-74.41,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Atlantic","Bergen","Burlington","Camden","Cape May","Essex","Gloucester","Hunterdon","Mercer","Middlesex","Monmouth","Morris","Ocean","Passaic","Salem","Somerset","Union","Warren"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is a regulated revenue increase and its affordability effects, not a physical failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The BPU order (ref 1) concerns revenue and rate design and documents no health or environmental harm.","service":"No shutoff or service-restriction data appear in the stipulation adopted by the BPU (ref 1).","scale":"The order (ref 1) covers about 680,000 water and fire-service customers in 18 counties.","duration":"The case ran from the January 16, 2026 petition to rates effective September 15, 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"The Board adopted an ALJ initial decision and stipulation in Docket WR26010010 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The BPU order counts about 680,000 water and fire-service customers and 70,000 wastewater customers, not people (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Board-approved $68 million (6.15%) annual revenue increase; residential bill +$4.06/month (4.74%) at 5,743 gallons; Ocean City wastewater +$9.74 (9.74%) (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Requested increase","value":146.4,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"January 2026 petition (ref 1)."},{"name":"Approved increase","value":68,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Residential monthly bill increase","value":4.06,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"5/8-inch meter, 5,743 gallons/month (ref 1)."},{"name":"Rate base","value":6060,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"$6,059,649,983 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Capital investment cited as primary rate driver (ref 1)","Second base-rate increase in two years"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Second increase after the 2024 case; the company said customers would see about $10/month under its original request (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Jersey Board of Public Utilities","role":"Rate regulator"},{"name":"New Jersey Division of Rate Counsel","role":"Ratepayer advocate"},{"name":"New Jersey American Water","role":"Utility"}],"public_contact":"NJBPU Division of Customer Assistance, 800-624-0241","corrective_actions":["New rates effective September 15, 2026","Continue Universal Affordability Discount Tariff","Coordinate with DCA on automatic enrollment of LIHEAP and USF recipients"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Order Adopting Initial Decision and Stipulation, NJAWC base rate case, Docket WR26010010","publisher":"New Jersey Board of Public Utilities","date":"2026-09-09","url":"https://nj.gov/bpu/pdf/boardorders/2026/20260909/2E%20ORDER%20NJAWC%20BRC.pdf","basis":"State regulatory order"},{"ref":2,"title":"New Jersey American Water seeks rate increase to fund $1.4B in system investments","publisher":"WaterWorld","date":"2026-01-20","url":"https://waterworld.com/water-utility-management/news/55344497/new-jersey-american-water-seeks-rate-increase-to-fund-14b-in-system-investments","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-01-16","latest_seen":"2026-09-15","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Shutoff and arrears counts","Affordability-tariff enrollment"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-AMERICAN-WATER-RATES-2024","US-NJ-SOUTH-ORANGE-WATER-SYSTEM-SALE-2025"]},{"id":"US-NJ-VEOLIA-HACKENSACK-RATES-PFAS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Veolia Water New Jersey 2025 rate case and deferred Haworth PFAS treatment costs","description":"Veolia Water New Jersey sought a $38.6 million (9.82%) increase in December 2025, including a surcharge for PFAS treatment at its Haworth plant. The BPU approved a $17.5 million settlement on July 15, 2026, effective August 1, 2026, but no party agreed to a PFAS cost-recovery mechanism. The parties expect a separate filing for Haworth PFAS treatment and committed to discuss a low-income assistance program before the next rate case.","location":{"state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"name":"Veolia Water New Jersey (Hackensack system, Haworth plant)","type":"Investor-owned water utility","detail":"Haworth Water Treatment Plant, Bergen County; about 275,000 customers in parts of Bergen, Hudson and eight other counties (ref 1).","coordinates":{"lat":40.96,"lon":-73.99,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Bergen","Hudson"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"NJ0238001"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding is about rate recovery for a large utility, including future PFAS treatment costs not yet priced.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The stipulation (ref 1) anticipates substantial PFAS treatment investment at Haworth to meet regulatory deadlines; no exceedance figures are given there.","service":"The July 2026 BPU order (ref 1) reports no service restriction; it sets a $1.95 monthly bill increase for an average water customer.","scale":"SDWIS lists the Hackensack system at 792,713 people served (ref 2).","duration":"The petition was filed December 16, 2025 and rates took effect August 1, 2026, with PFAS cost recovery left open (ref 1).","significance":"The BPU adopted a stipulation in Docket WR25120633 after Allendale intervened (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":792713,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Veolia Water New Jersey Hackensack (NJ0238001) per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$17.5 million (4.45%) approved versus $38.6 million requested; average water bill +$1.95/month; PFAS treatment cost mechanism deferred (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Requested increase","value":38.6,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Approved increase","value":17.5,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Average residential water bill increase","value":1.95,"unit":"USD/month","status":"Reported","note":"5/8-inch meter, 5,000 gallons (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Future PFAS treatment investment not yet in rates (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"PFAS treatment costs at Haworth are expected in a later filing (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Jersey Board of Public Utilities","role":"Rate regulator"},{"name":"New Jersey Division of Rate Counsel","role":"Ratepayer advocate"},{"name":"Veolia Water New Jersey","role":"Utility"}],"public_contact":"NJBPU Division of Customer Assistance, 800-624-0241","corrective_actions":["Rates effective August 1, 2026","Separate petition expected for Haworth PFAS treatment costs","Meeting with Staff and Rate Counsel on a low-income assistance program"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Order Adopting Initial Decision and Stipulation, Veolia Water New Jersey base rate case, Docket WR25120633","publisher":"New Jersey Board of Public Utilities","date":"2026-07-15","url":"https://www.nj.gov/bpu/pdf/boardorders/2026/20260715/2B%20ORDER%20Veolia%2025%20BRC.pdf","basis":"State regulatory order"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Veolia Water New Jersey Hackensack (NJ0238001)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NJ/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/VEOLIA/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-12-16","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Haworth PFAS concentrations","Haworth PFAS treatment cost estimate"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-NJ-SOUTH-ORANGE-WATER-SYSTEM-SALE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"South Orange Village sells municipal water system to New Jersey American Water","description":"South Orange voters approved the sale of the village water system in a November 2024 referendum, 62% in favor, and New Jersey American Water closed the $19.7 million purchase on October 7, 2025 after BPU approval. The century-old system serves about 5,000 connections and needs lead and galvanized service-line replacement. The company has since sought to recover an acquisition adjustment for the purchase in its 2026 rate case.","location":{"state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"name":"South Orange Village water system","type":"Former municipal water utility (now investor-owned)","detail":"South Orange Village, Essex County; about 2.85 square miles.","coordinates":{"lat":40.749,"lon":-74.261,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Essex"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NJ0719001"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding is a change of ownership from public to private and its rate implications.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The company release (ref 1) cites aging mains and lead and galvanized service lines to be replaced, but no contamination event.","service":"The BPU order (ref 2) records no service interruption; the company had operated the system under contract since 2016.","scale":"SDWIS lists 16,964 people served by the South Orange Water Department (ref 4).","duration":"From the November 2024 referendum to the October 2025 closing (ref 1), with acquisition-cost recovery sought in 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"The BPU approved the municipal consent on September 10, 2025, with Rate Counsel conditions (ref 2)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":16964,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$19.7 million sale of a roughly 5,000-connection system; $50 million investment pledge over 10 years (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Sale price","value":19.7,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Committed investment","value":50,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Within first 10 years (ref 1)."},{"name":"Referendum approval","value":62,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"November 2024 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Sale closed October 7, 2025 (ref 1); rate effect depends on acquisition-adjustment recovery (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Jersey American Water","role":"Owner since October 2025"},{"name":"South Orange Village","role":"Seller"},{"name":"New Jersey Board of Public Utilities","role":"Approving regulator"}],"public_contact":"New Jersey American Water customer service, 800-272-1325","corrective_actions":["Replace lead and galvanized service lines","Replace Crest Drive Standpipe and rehabilitate Newstead Watersphere"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"New Jersey American Water Completes Acquisition of South Orange Village Water System","publisher":"American Water","date":"2025-10-07","url":"https://newsroom.amwater.com/2025-10-07-New-Jersey-American-Water-Completes-Acquisition-of-South-Orange-Village-Water-System","basis":"Utility press release"},{"ref":2,"title":"Order Approving Municipal Consent, Docket WE25030175","publisher":"New Jersey Board of Public Utilities","date":"2025-09-10","url":"https://www.nj.gov/bpu/pdf/boardorders/2025/20250910/VA%20ORDER%20NJAWC%20Municipal%20Consent%20South%20Orange%20Village.pdf","basis":"State regulatory order"},{"ref":3,"title":"Order Adopting Initial Decision and Stipulation, NJAWC base rate case, Docket WR26010010","publisher":"New Jersey Board of Public Utilities","date":"2026-09-09","url":"https://nj.gov/bpu/pdf/boardorders/2026/20260909/2E%20ORDER%20NJAWC%20BRC.pdf","basis":"State regulatory order"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: South Orange Water Department (NJ0719001)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NJ/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SOUTH%20ORANGE/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-11-05","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Post-sale rate path for village customers"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-AMERICAN-WATER-RATES-2026"]},{"id":"US-NJ-STATEWIDE-DATA-CENTER-WATER-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"New Jersey data-center water and energy demand: reporting law and local blocks","description":"On August 27, 2026 Governor Sherrill signed S3379/A4096, requiring data centers to report peak daily water use and water sources to the BPU every six months. Advocates, including the Pinelands Alliance, said reporting after the fact is no guardrail and called for a moratorium, while more than three dozen towns have voted to block new data centers. The law limits public release of the reported data.","location":{"state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"name":"New Jersey (statewide)","type":"State policy and industrial water demand","detail":"Statewide; bill signing held in South Brunswick, Middlesex County.","coordinates":{"lat":40.22,"lon":-74.76,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Unmeasured industrial cooling demand is a potential draw on public, ground and surface water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The governor's release (ref 1) cites no documented water harm; the law exists because use is undisclosed.","service":"No supply restriction tied to a data center is reported by New Jersey Monitor (ref 2).","scale":"The reporting duty applies to data centers statewide (ref 1).","duration":"The law sets semiannual reporting, and more than three dozen towns had already voted to block projects (ref 2).","significance":"S3379/A4096 was signed into law on August 27, 2026 (refs 1-2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not applicable to a statewide reporting requirement."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Data centers must report peak daily water use and water sources to the BPU twice a year; more than three dozen towns have voted to block new data centers (refs 1-2)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First reports under the new law are not yet public (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Jersey Board of Public Utilities","role":"Receives water and energy reports"},{"name":"Office of the Governor","role":"Policy lead"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Community Affairs","role":"Community benefits guidance"}],"public_contact":"NJBPU Division of Customer Assistance, 800-624-0241","corrective_actions":["Semiannual water and energy reporting to BPU","DCA guidance on community benefits agreements","Termination of a $500 million data-center tax-credit program"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Governor Sherrill Delivers All Four Pillars of Data Center Plan, Puts Power Back in the Hands of Communities","publisher":"Office of the Governor of New Jersey","date":"2026-08-27","url":"https://www.nj.gov/governor/news/2026/20260827a.shtml","basis":"State press release"},{"ref":2,"title":"Data centers must report water, energy use under new law","publisher":"New Jersey Monitor via Princeton Info","date":"2026-09-04","url":"https://princetoninfo.com/business/data-centers-must-report-water-energy-use-under-new-law/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-08-27","latest_seen":"2026-09-04","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Data-center water withdrawals by facility","Public summary of first reports"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NJ-STATEWIDE-WATER-SHUTOFFS-AFFORDABILITY-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"New Jersey water shutoffs rising and low-income discount enrollment near 4%","description":"NRDC told the BPU in August 2026 that New Jersey American Water shutoffs more than doubled from 2024 to 2025 while only about 4% of eligible customers were enrolled in its low-income discount. An estimated 20% of New Jersey households already struggled to pay water and sewer bills as of 2021. Publicly owned systems are not expressly authorized to offer low-income discounts; bill S286 to allow them and add shutoff protections was still pending in 2025.","location":{"state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"name":"New Jersey (statewide)","type":"Statewide water and sewer affordability","detail":"New Jersey American Water service areas and municipal water and sewer systems statewide.","coordinates":{"lat":40.06,"lon":-74.41,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Loss of service from unpaid bills and the lack of discount programs are financial and policy problems.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"NRDC (ref 1) states households cut off for inability to pay lose access to water, a potential health risk; no specific health outcomes are cited.","service":"Water shutoffs (full disconnection of service) more than doubled in NJAW's service area from 2024 to 2025, per NRDC's filing (ref 1).","scale":"An estimated 20% of New Jersey households struggled to pay water and sewer bills as of 2021 (ref 1).","duration":"Rising shutoffs across two years and a statutory gap for public systems that Waterspirit described in February 2025 (ref 3) make this chronic.","significance":"NRDC intervened in BPU Docket WR26010010 (ref 1); the resulting order requires work toward automatic enrollment (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Household counts are not reported; NRDC cites about 20% of New Jersey households struggling as of 2021 (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"NJAW water shutoffs more than doubled from 2024 to 2025; Universal Affordability Tariff enrollment about 4% of eligible customers (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Low-income discount enrollment (NJAW)","value":4,"unit":"percent of eligible","status":"Reported","note":"About 4% (ref 1)."},{"name":"Households struggling to pay water and sewer bills","value":20,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Estimate as of 2021 cited by NRDC (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Rising shutoffs and arrears (ref 1)","Arrearage management plan required in next NJAW rate case (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Shutoffs more than doubled from 2024 to 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Jersey Board of Public Utilities","role":"Regulator of investor-owned utilities"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Community Affairs","role":"Administers assistance programs and income data"},{"name":"New Jersey Legislature","role":"Pending affordability legislation (S286)"}],"public_contact":"NJBPU Division of Customer Assistance, 800-624-0241","corrective_actions":["Expanded UAT enrollment using DCA income data (up to 2,500 new enrollees)","Automatic enrollment study before next NJAW rate case","Winter termination protection and H2O Help to Others grants of up to $500 (ref 4)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Statement of Non-Opposition to Stipulation of Settlement of Intervenor NRDC, BPU Docket WR26010010","publisher":"Natural Resources Defense Council","date":"2026-08-27","url":"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/2026-09/nrdc-statement-of-non-opposition-to-nj-american-water-stipulation-of-settlement.pdf","basis":"Regulatory filing"},{"ref":2,"title":"Order Adopting Initial Decision and Stipulation, NJAWC base rate case, Docket WR26010010","publisher":"New Jersey Board of Public Utilities","date":"2026-09-09","url":"https://nj.gov/bpu/pdf/boardorders/2026/20260909/2E%20ORDER%20NJAWC%20BRC.pdf","basis":"State regulatory order"},{"ref":3,"title":"The Growing Challenge of Water Affordability in New Jersey","publisher":"Waterspirit","date":"2025-02-04","url":"https://www.waterspirit.org/news/2025/2/4/the-growing-challenge-of-water-affordability-in-new-jersey","basis":"Advocacy analysis"},{"ref":4,"title":"New Jersey American Water Encourages Customers to Explore Bill Payment Assistance as Federal Shutdown Impacts Household Finances","publisher":"American Water","date":"2025-10-30","url":"https://newsroom.amwater.com/2025-10-30-New-Jersey-American-Water-Encourages-Customers-to-Explore-Bill-Payment-Assistance-as-Federal-Shutdown-Impacts-Household-Finances","basis":"Utility press release"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2025-02-04","latest_seen":"2026-09-09","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Absolute shutoff counts by utility","Municipal-system shutoff data","Status of S286"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-AMERICAN-WATER-RATES-2026","US-NJ-AMERICAN-WATER-RATES-2024"]},{"id":"US-NJ-CENTRAL-FARM-DROUGHT-DISASTER-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"USDA farm disaster designations for 2026 drought and 2025 excessive rain in New Jersey","description":"USDA designated Mercer and Monmouth counties primary natural disaster areas for drought that began May 12, 2026, with Burlington, Hunterdon, Middlesex, Ocean and Somerset eligible as contiguous counties. A separate USDA designation covers excessive rain from May 1 to July 1, 2025 in Morris, Sussex and Warren counties. Both open emergency farm loans to producers with losses.","location":{"state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"name":"Mercer, Monmouth, Morris, Sussex and Warren farm counties","type":"Agricultural counties","detail":"Primary counties: Mercer and Monmouth (2026 drought); Morris, Sussex and Warren (2025 excessive rain).","coordinates":{"lat":40.26,"lon":-74.5,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Mercer","Monmouth","Burlington","Hunterdon","Middlesex","Ocean","Somerset","Morris","Sussex","Warren","Essex","Passaic","Union"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Farm losses stem from too little water in 2026 and too much in 2025.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"WRNJ (ref 1) reports producers' drought losses qualifying for emergency loans; dollar losses are not stated.","service":"No public-water restriction is part of the USDA farm designations (refs 1-2).","scale":"Thirteen New Jersey counties are primary or contiguous across the two designations (refs 1-2).","duration":"Drought from May 12, 2026 was still ongoing at designation (ref 1); the rain event ran May 1 to July 1, 2025 (ref 2).","significance":"Secretarial natural disaster designations were issued by USDA for both events (refs 1-2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Number of affected farm operations not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Drought beginning May 12, 2026 made Mercer and Monmouth primary disaster counties; excessive rain May 1-July 1, 2025 made Morris, Sussex and Warren primary counties (refs 1-2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Primary counties, 2026 drought","value":2,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Primary counties, 2025 excessive rain","value":3,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Back-to-back wet (2025) and dry (2026) disasters for farmers (refs 1-2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"USDA Farm Service Agency","role":"Emergency loan provider"},{"name":"New Jersey Department of Agriculture","role":"State agricultural agency"}],"public_contact":"USDA Service Centers via farmers.gov","corrective_actions":["FSA emergency loans; drought applications due April 13, 2027 (ref 1)","Excessive-rain applications due April 26, 2027 (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"USDA designates seven New Jersey counties as natural disaster areas due to drought","publisher":"WRNJ Radio","date":"2026-08-20","url":"https://wrnjradio.com/usda-designates-seven-new-jersey-counties-as-natural-disaster-areas-due-to-drought/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"USDA Designates Several New Jersey Counties as Natural Disaster Areas for 2025 Drought, Heat and Excessive Rain","publisher":"USDA Farm Service Agency","date":"2026-09-01","url":"https://www.fsa.usda.gov/news-events/news/09-01-2026/usda-designates-several-new-jersey-counties-natural-disaster-areas-2025","basis":"Federal agency release"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2025-05-01","latest_seen":"2026-09-01","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Crop loss estimates","Number of loan applicants"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-AGRICULTURAL-DROUGHT-2024","US-NJ-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2024-2026"]},{"id":"US-NJ-MIDDLESEX-WATER-RATES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Middlesex Water and Pinelands Wastewater 2026 rate increases; PFAS settlement credits","description":"Middlesex Water sought $24.9 million in new revenue in 2025, citing close to $100 million of investments for water quality and environmental rules. The BPU approved a $14.5 million settlement on February 18, 2026: a typical Middlesex quarterly bill rises 9.76%, Pinelands Water 15.25% and Pinelands Wastewater customers in Southampton Township 26.83%. Middlesex will pass back $3.3 million received in 2025 from the 3M PFAS class settlement to offset rates.","location":{"state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"name":"Middlesex Water Company (Carl J. Olsen system, Iselin)","type":"Investor-owned water utility","detail":"Woodbridge, South Amboy, Metuchen, Carteret, parts of Edison, South Plainfield and Clark (Middlesex/Union counties); Pinelands Water and Wastewater in Southampton Township, Burlington County.","coordinates":{"lat":40.575,"lon":-74.322,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Middlesex","Union","Burlington"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"NJ1225001"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is the bill impact of capital spending for water quality, partly offset by PFAS litigation proceeds.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The February 2026 BPU order (ref 1) addresses rates and PFAS settlement credits, not a contamination event.","service":"No service interruption appears in the rate order (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists Middlesex Water Company at 233,376 people served (ref 3).","duration":"The petition was filed in mid-2025 (ref 2) and the order adopting the settlement came February 18, 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"The BPU adopted an initial decision and stipulation in Docket WR25060372 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":233376,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Middlesex Water Company (NJ1225001) per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$14.5 million approved versus $24.9 million requested; quarterly bills +9.76% (Middlesex), +15.25% (Pinelands Water), +26.83% (Pinelands Wastewater) (refs 1-2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Requested increase","value":24.9,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Approved increase","value":14.5,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Pinelands Wastewater bill increase","value":26.83,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"$251.57 to $319.06 per quarter (ref 1)."},{"name":"3M PFAS settlement proceeds received in 2025","value":3.3,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"$3,295,633 net (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Regulation-driven capital spending cited (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The prior Middlesex base-rate increase took effect March 1, 2024 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Jersey Board of Public Utilities","role":"Rate regulator"},{"name":"New Jersey Division of Rate Counsel","role":"Ratepayer advocate"},{"name":"Middlesex Water Company","role":"Utility"}],"public_contact":"NJBPU Division of Customer Assistance, 800-624-0241","corrective_actions":["Pass back PFAS MDL settlement proceeds to customers over 12 months","New base rates per the stipulation"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Order Adopting Initial Decision and Stipulation, Middlesex Water, Pinelands Water and Pinelands Wastewater, Docket WR25060372","publisher":"New Jersey Board of Public Utilities","date":"2026-02-18","url":"https://www.nj.gov/bpu/pdf/boardorders/2026/20260218/2C%20ORDER%20Middlesex%20Water%20PW%20PWW%20Base%20Rate%20Case.pdf","basis":"State regulatory order"},{"ref":2,"title":"Middlesex Water seeks rate increase from BPU","publisher":"ROI-NJ","date":"2025-07-08","url":"https://www.roi-nj.com/2025/07/08/industry/energy-utilities/middlesex-water-seeks-rate-increase-from-bpu/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Middlesex Water Company (NJ1225001)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NJ/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MIDDLESEX%20WATER/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-07-08","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Effective date of new rates","Future PFAS treatment cost recovery"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-NJ-AQUA-NJ-RATES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Aqua New Jersey 2026 rate request: wastewater revenue up 28.8%","description":"Aqua New Jersey petitioned the BPU on January 30, 2026 for about $6.0 million (10.9%) more water revenue and about $1.9 million (28.8%) more wastewater revenue, citing operating costs and plant investment since its 2024 water and 2021 wastewater increases. The fixed monthly charge for a 5/8-inch meter would rise from $20.17 to $26.20. The BPU suspended the rates in March and June 2026 while the case proceeds.","location":{"state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"name":"Aqua New Jersey service areas","type":"Investor-owned water and wastewater utility","detail":"Systems including Blackwood (Camden Co.), Hamilton Square and Lawrence (Mercer Co.), Phillipsburg (Warren Co.) and Woolwich (Gloucester Co.).","coordinates":{"lat":40.23,"lon":-74.68,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Warren","Hunterdon","Mercer","Morris","Burlington","Monmouth","Camden","Ocean","Sussex","Gloucester","Atlantic"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding is a proposed rate increase for about 56,450 water and 7,050 wastewater customers (ref 3).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Aqua's hearing notice (ref 1) concerns revenue and tariffs; it reports no water-quality harm.","service":"The notice (ref 1) describes proposed charges, not any interruption of service.","scale":"SDWIS lists Aqua NJ Blackwood at 44,396 and Hamilton Square at 39,128 people served, among other systems (ref 2).","duration":"The petition dates from January 30, 2026 and remains pending after a second suspension (refs 1, 3).","significance":"Filed as BPU Docket WR26010017 with Board suspension orders (ref 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The BPU counts about 56,450 water and 7,050 wastewater customers (ref 3); a people-served total is not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Proposed water revenue +$6,015,030 (10.9%) and wastewater revenue +$1,870,503 (28.8%); 5/8-inch fixed charge $20.17 to $26.20 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Proposed wastewater revenue increase","value":28.8,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Proposed water revenue increase","value":10.9,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Proposed 5/8-inch fixed monthly charge","value":26.2,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"From $20.17 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Final BPU decision not yet found (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Jersey Board of Public Utilities","role":"Rate regulator"},{"name":"Aqua New Jersey","role":"Utility"},{"name":"New Jersey Division of Rate Counsel","role":"Ratepayer advocate"}],"public_contact":"NJBPU Division of Customer Assistance, 800-624-0241","corrective_actions":["BPU review in OAL Docket PUC 04320-2026S","Continued lead service line replacement surcharge"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Notice of Aqua New Jersey, Inc. Public Hearings and Opportunity for Public Comments, BPU Docket WR26010017","publisher":"Aqua New Jersey","date":"2026-06-18","url":"https://aquawater.com/sites/default/files/2026-06/57914420-v2-Public%20Notice%20%28Aqua%20NJ%202026%20Combined%20BRC%29%20Final-Approved.pdf","basis":"Utility regulatory notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Aqua NJ systems (e.g. NJ0415002 Blackwood, NJ1103001 Hamilton Square)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NJ/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/AQUA/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Order Further Suspending Increases in Rates, Aqua New Jersey, Docket WR26010017","publisher":"New Jersey Board of Public Utilities","date":"2026-06-10","url":"https://www.nj.gov/bpu/pdf/boardorders/2026/20260610/IIB%20ORDER%20Aqua%20BRC%202nd%20Suspension.pdf","basis":"State regulatory order"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-01-30","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Final approved increase"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-HAMILTON-SQUARE-PFAS-2025"]},{"id":"US-NJ-STATEWIDE-UTILITY-PRIVATIZATION-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"New Jersey municipal water and sewer system sales to investor-owned utilities","description":"New Jersey towns keep putting the sale of public water and sewer systems to voters. In November 2024 South Orange and Manalapan approved sales, while Gloucester Township voters apparently rejected a $143 million sewer sale to New Jersey American Water meant to retire $65 million of debt. Hopewell Borough voters approved a water sale in November 2025. Rate Counsel's director warned that promised rate freezes can be overridden in later rate cases.","location":{"state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"name":"New Jersey (statewide)","type":"Municipal water and sewer utilities","detail":"Recent sale votes in South Orange (Essex), Manalapan (Monmouth), Gloucester Township (Camden), Hopewell Borough (Mercer) and others (refs 1-3).","coordinates":{"lat":40.06,"lon":-74.41,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Essex","Monmouth","Camden","Mercer","Somerset"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is the transfer of public utilities to private owners and the long-run cost to ratepayers.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Patch (ref 1) and WHYY (ref 2) report cost and control concerns, not contamination, from the sales.","service":"None of the referendum coverage (refs 1-3) describes a service interruption.","scale":"Sales or votes were reported in at least ten municipalities, including Bound Brook, Long Hill, Mount Ephraim, Manville, Egg Harbor City, Somerville and Salem (ref 1).","duration":"WHYY counts more than two dozen investor-owned acquisitions in the region over six years (ref 2), and votes continued in 2025 (ref 3).","significance":"Each sale requires a binding municipal referendum and BPU approval (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported in aggregate."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Gloucester Township's proposed $143 million sewer sale was apparently rejected in November 2024; South Orange ($19.7 million) and Manalapan ($4 million) sales were approved (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Proposed Gloucester Township sewer sale price","value":143,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Gloucester Township debt the sale would retire","value":65,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Municipal debt driving sales (ref 2)","Acquisition costs recoverable through rates (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Sales continued from the 2024 votes into Hopewell Borough's November 2025 referendum (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Jersey Board of Public Utilities","role":"Approves acquisitions and rates"},{"name":"New Jersey Division of Rate Counsel","role":"Ratepayer advocate"},{"name":"Municipal governing bodies","role":"Sellers subject to referendum"}],"public_contact":"NJBPU Division of Customer Assistance, 800-624-0241","corrective_actions":["BPU review of each acquisition","Short-term rate stabilization commitments by buyers (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"New Jersey Towns Are Taking Water, Sewer Privatization To The Polls","publisher":"Patch","date":"2024-11-13","url":"https://patch.com/new-jersey/southorange/new-jersey-towns-are-taking-water-sewer-privatization-polls","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Election 2024: N.J. American Water seeks to buy Gloucester Twp. sewer system","publisher":"WHYY","date":"2024-11-02","url":"https://whyy.org/articles/gloucester-township-vote-sewer-system/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Water Sale Information: Water Sale Transition","publisher":"Borough of Hopewell","date":null,"url":"https://www.hopewellboroughnj.gov/m/faq?cat=21","basis":"Local government","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-11-02","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Statewide count of systems sold since 2015","Post-sale rate changes by town"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-SOUTH-ORANGE-WATER-SYSTEM-SALE-2025","US-NJ-AMERICAN-WATER-RATES-2026"]},{"id":"US-NJ-VINELAND-DATA-CENTER-WATER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Vineland hyperscale AI data center: cooling water from city supply near Kirkwood-Cohansey","description":"A 300-350 megawatt AI data center being built in Vineland by DataOne for Nebius sits near the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer in a wellhead protection area. The developer first said it would make its own water, but under its revised fuel-cell plan an engineer testified in August 2026 that it would need about 8 million gallons a year from the city's water supply, with misting water lost to evaporation. Nearby farmers and residents worry about shallow wells and drought.","location":{"state":"NJ","states":["NJ"],"name":"Vineland data center site (DataOne/Nebius)","type":"Industrial facility and municipal water supply","detail":"City of Vineland, Cumberland County; served by Vineland Water & Sewer Utility.","coordinates":{"lat":39.486,"lon":-75.026,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Cumberland"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"NJ0614003"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A large new industrial user would draw cooling water from a city supply that relies on a shallow aquifer.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"WHYY (ref 2) reports the site lies in a wellhead protected area near the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer, and a farmer fears for shallow irrigation wells; no damage is documented yet.","service":"No restriction has been imposed because of the project; a resident told WHYY (ref 2) that summer watering limits already occur.","scale":"Vineland Water & Sewer Utility serves 36,250 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Phase one was under construction by March 2026 and the phase-two plan was still before the planning board in August 2026 (refs 1-2).","significance":"The project is under municipal planning-board review, and residents filed a class-action suit over construction noise (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":36250,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Vineland Water & Sewer Utility (NJ0614003) per SDWIS (ref 3); the data center is a prospective customer."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 8 million gallons a year from the city's water supply under the revised plan (ref 1); earlier the company cited up to 20 million gallons a year (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Annual water demand (revised plan testimony)","value":8,"unit":"million gallons/year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Annual water demand (earlier company statement)","value":20,"unit":"million gallons/year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Facility capacity","value":350,"unit":"MW","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2; later reported as 300 MW (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Water figures changed between the March and August 2026 plans (refs 1-2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Vineland Planning Board","role":"Land-use approval"},{"name":"Vineland Municipal Utilities","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"DataOne / Nebius Group","role":"Developer and operator"}],"public_contact":"City of Vineland Planning Board (public hearing comment periods)","corrective_actions":["Planning-board hearings on the phase-two fuel-cell plan","Closed-loop cooling with evaporative misting on hot days (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Vineland data center makes case for on-site power generation during 6-hour hearing","publisher":"WHYY","date":"2026-08-06","url":"https://whyy.org/articles/vineland-data-center-hearing-power-generation/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Vineland residents are protesting AI data center as concerns mount over noise and emissions","publisher":"WHYY","date":"2026-03-23","url":"https://whyy.org/articles/data-center-artificial-intelligence-vineland-new-jersey/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Vineland Water & Sewer Utility (NJ0614003)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NJ/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/VINELAND/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (NJ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-03-23","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Water service agreement with the city","Aquifer impact study"],"related_ids":["US-NJ-STATEWIDE-DATA-CENTER-WATER-2026"]},{"id":"US-WI-PEWAUKEE-CITY-GROSS-ALPHA-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"City of Pewaukee water over gross alpha limit in every quarter since late 2023","description":"Wisconsin DNR's drinking water portal lists twelve active gross alpha MCL violations (running average) for the Pewaukee City Water and Sewer Utility starting December 2023, with averages from 16.95 to 26.95 pCi/L against a 15.5 pCi/L violation trigger. A 2019 combined radium violation is also still listed as active, and DNR logged Tier 2 public notice violations tied to the gross alpha exceedances.","location":{"name":"Pewaukee City Water and Sewer Utility","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"City of Pewaukee, Waukesha County","coordinates":{"lat":43.0846,"lon":-88.2139,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Waukesha"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WI2680214"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Naturally occurring radioactivity in deep groundwater sources exceeds a federal drinking water standard.","secondary_drivers":["radionuclides","deep sandstone aquifer"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DNR lists gross alpha running averages of 17.43 to 26.95 pCi/L at entry point 5 between Dec 2023 and Aug 2026, all above the 15.5 pCi/L trigger (ref 1).","service":"No outage or do-not-drink order; DNR records Tier 2 public notice violations tied to the Nov 2024, Jun 2025 and Nov 2025 gross alpha exceedances (ref 1).","scale":"One municipal system serving 8,671 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Twelve consecutive gross alpha violations from Dec 2023 to Aug 2026 remain open, plus a radium violation open since Aug 2019 (ref 1).","significance":"Formal state MCL violations with public-notice requirements; no consent order found in the portal record (ref 1, ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":8671,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Gross alpha (excl. radon and uranium) running average of 20.05 pCi/L in the violation opened 2026-08-06, against a 15.5 pCi/L trigger (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest gross alpha running average in window","value":26.95,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"Violation opened 2025-03-03 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Active gross alpha MCL violations since Dec 2023","value":12,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Counted from the DNR portal violation list (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Averages rose from 17.43 (Dec 2023) to 26.95 pCi/L (Mar 2025), then eased to 16.95 to 20.05 pCi/L in 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pewaukee City Water and Sewer Utility","role":"System operator"},{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Pewaukee utility office; WDNR drinking water program 1-888-936-7463","corrective_actions":["Tier 2 public notices required for each gross alpha exceedance (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"WDNR Drinking Water System Portal violations list: Pewaukee City Water and Sewer Utility","publisher":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","date":null,"url":"https://apps.dnr.wi.gov/dwsportalpub/api/distsystems/139198/violations","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"WDNR Drinking Water System Portal system page: Pewaukee City Water and Sewer Utility","publisher":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","date":null,"url":"https://apps.dnr.wi.gov/dwsportalpub/DS/View/139198","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system lookup: PEWAUKEE","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PEWAUKEE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim place lookup: City of Pewaukee","publisher":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim","date":null,"url":"https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?q=Pewaukee%2CWisconsin&format=json&limit=1","basis":"Geocoder (place centroid)","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (WI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (4). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["corrective_plan","treatment_timeline"],"related_ids":["US-WI-PEWAUKEE-VILLAGE-RADIUM-2024"]},{"id":"US-WI-PEWAUKEE-VILLAGE-RADIUM-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Village of Pewaukee Well 4 radium violations while removal filter is built","description":"The Village of Pewaukee notified customers that DNR found Well 4 fails the 5.0 pCi/L combined radium standard, with 2024 results of 7.92, 8.72 and 8.74 pCi/L, and said it is building a radium removal filter at the well. DNR's portal lists radium violations opened from September 2024 to February 2026 and gross alpha violations from 2023 to 2025 as still active.","location":{"name":"Pewaukee Village Waterworks","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"Village of Pewaukee, Waukesha County","coordinates":{"lat":43.0806,"lon":-88.2612,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Waukesha"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WI2680229"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Radium from a sandstone aquifer well exceeds the federal and state drinking water standard.","secondary_drivers":["radionuclides","sandstone aquifer"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Village notice reports Well 4 radium at 7.92, 8.72 and 8.74 pCi/L in 2024 against the 5.0 pCi/L standard (ref 1).","service":"Customers received a radium public notice; it advises of lifetime cancer risk but no supply interruption (ref 1); DNR logs a Tier 2 notice violation from Nov 2024 (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists the village waterworks as serving 8,166 people (ref 3).","duration":"DNR shows gross alpha violations open since Jun 2023 and radium violations from Sep 2024 through Feb 2026, none closed (ref 2).","significance":"State MCL violations with mandatory notification 'until this issue is resolved' per the village notice (ref 1, ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":8166,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Well 4 2024 radium results: 7.92, 8.72 and 8.74 pCi/L versus the 5.0 pCi/L standard (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Latest radium running average in violation","value":5.55,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"Violation opened 2026-02-24 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Highest gross alpha running average in window","value":18.8783,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"Violation opened 2023-06-06 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Radium averages fell from 8.32 pCi/L (Jan 2025) to 5.55 pCi/L (Feb 2026) per DNR (ref 2); completion of the Well 4 filter was not confirmed in any source opened."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Village of Pewaukee Water Utility","role":"System operator"},{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Village of Pewaukee Utility, (262) 691-5660","corrective_actions":["Village constructing a radium removal filter at Well 4, stated to be completed in 2025 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Village Utilities page: Radium public notice","publisher":"Village of Pewaukee","date":null,"url":"https://www.villageofpewaukee.com/services/utilities/index.php","basis":"Local government notice","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"WDNR Drinking Water System Portal violations list: Pewaukee Village Waterworks","publisher":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","date":null,"url":"https://apps.dnr.wi.gov/dwsportalpub/api/distsystems/139210/violations","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system lookup: PEWAUKEE","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PEWAUKEE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"WDNR Drinking Water System Portal system page: Pewaukee Village Waterworks","publisher":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","date":null,"url":"https://apps.dnr.wi.gov/dwsportalpub/DS/View/139210","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim place lookup: Village of Pewaukee","publisher":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim","date":null,"url":"https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?q=Village%20of%20Pewaukee%2CWaukesha%20County%2CWisconsin&format=json&limit=1","basis":"Geocoder (place centroid)","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (WI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 5 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (5). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["treatment_completion_date"],"related_ids":["US-WI-PEWAUKEE-CITY-GROSS-ALPHA-2023"]},{"id":"US-WI-JEFFERSON-RADIUM-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Jefferson Waterworks radium violations closed by DNR in December 2025","description":"DNR's drinking water portal lists four combined radium MCL violations for Jefferson Waterworks opened between August 2023 and May 2024, with running averages of 6.83 to 7.81 pCi/L against a 5.5 pCi/L trigger. All four are marked complete with an end date of 1 December 2025.","location":{"name":"Jefferson Waterworks","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"City of Jefferson, Jefferson County","coordinates":{"lat":43.0056,"lon":-88.8073,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Jefferson"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WI1280104"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Naturally occurring radium in groundwater exceeded the drinking water standard until the violations were closed.","secondary_drivers":["radionuclides"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Jefferson's radium running averages reached 7.81 pCi/L (violation opened Nov 2023), above the 5.5 pCi/L trigger (ref 1).","service":"No boil, do-not-drink or outage is recorded for Jefferson in the DNR violation list (ref 1).","scale":"Jefferson Waterworks serves 7,926 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Violations opened Aug 2023 stayed open until DNR closed them on 2025-12-01, more than two years (ref 1).","significance":"Four formal radium MCL violations in the state record, each closed on 2025-12-01 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":7926,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Combined radium running average of 7.81 pCi/L in the violation opened 2023-11-10, closed 2025-12-01 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Radium MCL violations opened Aug 2023 to May 2024","value":4,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"All marked COMPLETE on 2025-12-01 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Averages fell from 7.81 to 6.83 pCi/L before DNR closed the violations in Dec 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Jefferson Waterworks","role":"System operator"},{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Wisconsin DNR Bureau of Drinking Water and Groundwater, 1-888-936-7463","corrective_actions":["DNR closed the radium violations on 2025-12-01 (ref 1); the corrective measure is not described in the record."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"WDNR Drinking Water System Portal violations list: Jefferson Waterworks","publisher":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","date":null,"url":"https://apps.dnr.wi.gov/dwsportalpub/api/distsystems/135941/violations","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"WDNR Drinking Water System Portal system page: Jefferson Waterworks","publisher":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","date":null,"url":"https://apps.dnr.wi.gov/dwsportalpub/DS/View/135941","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system lookup: JEFFERSON WATERWORKS","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/JEFFERSON%20WATERWORKS/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim place lookup: Jefferson","publisher":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim","date":null,"url":"https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?q=Jefferson%2CJefferson%20County%2CWisconsin&format=json&limit=1","basis":"Geocoder (place centroid)","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New record (WI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (4). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["corrective_measure"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WI-TOMAH-NITRATE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Tomah Well 14 nitrate violation and infant drinking water advisory","description":"A May 13, 2025 sample from Tomah's Well 14 measured 14.4 mg/L nitrate and a May 15 retest 7.85 mg/L, averaging 11.125 mg/L, a violation of the 10 mg/L standard. The city shut the well and issued an advisory that children and pregnant women avoid tap water; it returned the well to service on May 4, 2026 with raw water tested five days a week.","location":{"name":"Tomah Waterworks","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"City of Tomah, Monroe County","coordinates":{"lat":43.9786,"lon":-90.504,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Monroe"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WI6420254"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nitrate in a municipal well exceeded the acute drinking water standard.","secondary_drivers":["agricultural nitrate"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Well 14 averaged 11.125 mg/L nitrate (14.4 and 7.85 mg/L samples) above the 10 mg/L MCL (ref 1).","service":"Advisory told children and pregnant women to avoid tap water and use bottled water (ref 2); only Well 14 was taken offline (ref 1).","scale":"Tomah Waterworks serves 9,192 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Well 14 was off from May 16, 2025 to May 4, 2026, about a year, and the DNR violation is still listed active (ref 1, ref 3).","significance":"Formal state and federal MCL violation recorded by DNR (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":9192,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Well 14 nitrate averaged 11.125 mg/L (14.4 mg/L on 5/13/2025 and 7.85 mg/L on 5/15/2025) against the 10 mg/L MCL (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak Well 14 nitrate sample","value":14.4,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Sample of 5/13/2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Latest treated-water nitrate (Well 14)","value":6.9,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"9/9/2026 compliance result (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Monthly results after restart ranged 6.05 to 7.15 mg/L in May to Sep 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Tomah Waterworks","role":"System operator"},{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Tomah utility contact Jeff Marten, 608-374-7431","corrective_actions":["Well 14 shut down May 16, 2025 (ref 1).","Source water protection on properties adjacent to the well (ref 1).","Well returned to service May 4, 2026 with raw water tested five days a week and monthly certified-lab tests (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drinking Water Advisory (Well 14 nitrate)","publisher":"City of Tomah","date":null,"url":"https://www.tomahwi.gov/node/4637","basis":"Local government notice","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Tomah issues water advisory as precaution to nitrate levels from one of its water wells","publisher":"WEAU 13 News","date":"2025-06-04","url":"https://www.weau.com/2025/06/04/tomah-issues-water-advisory-precaution-nitrate-levels-one-its-water-wells","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"WDNR Drinking Water System Portal violations list: Tomah Waterworks","publisher":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","date":null,"url":"https://apps.dnr.wi.gov/dwsportalpub/api/distsystems/146085/violations","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system lookup: TOMAH","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/TOMAH/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim place lookup: Tomah","publisher":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim","date":null,"url":"https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?q=Tomah%2CWisconsin&format=json&limit=1","basis":"Geocoder (place centroid)","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (WI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (4). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WI-ASHLAND-DISINFECTION-BYPRODUCTS-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Ashland Water Utility TTHM and HAA5 disinfection byproduct violations","description":"DNR's drinking water portal lists active MCL violations for Ashland Water Utility for total trihalomethanes (running averages of 82.0, 81.7 and 87.4 ug/L, opened August 2023 to February 2024) and haloacetic acids (62.8 and 69.5 ug/L). DNR also recorded a lead public education violation in 2024 and Tier 2 public notice violations tied to the byproduct exceedances.","location":{"name":"Ashland Water Utility","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"City of Ashland, Ashland County, on Lake Superior","coordinates":{"lat":46.5924,"lon":-90.8839,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Ashland"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WI8020373"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Chlorination byproducts in treated water exceeded federal limits.","secondary_drivers":["disinfection byproducts","surface water treatment"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"TTHM running average reached 87.4 ug/L and HAA5 69.5 ug/L in violations opened 2024-02-27, above the 80.5 and 60.5 ug/L triggers (ref 1).","service":"No outage; DNR logged Tier 2 public notice violations for the TTHM/HAA5 exceedances in Nov 2023 and May 2024 (ref 1).","scale":"Ashland Water Utility serves 8,000 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Three quarterly byproduct exceedances from Aug 2023 to Feb 2024; no later DBP MCL violation appears, though the entries remain marked active (ref 1).","significance":"Five formal TTHM/HAA5 MCL violations plus a 2024 lead public education violation in the state record (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":8000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM running average of 87.4 ug/L in the violation opened 2024-02-27 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak HAA5 running average","value":69.5,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"Violation opened 2024-02-27 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No DBP MCL violation after Feb 2024 appears in the DNR list, but no resolution is recorded (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Ashland Water Utility","role":"System operator"},{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Wisconsin DNR Bureau of Drinking Water and Groundwater, 1-888-936-7463","corrective_actions":["Tier 2 public notices for the byproduct exceedances (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"WDNR Drinking Water System Portal violations list: Ashland Water Utility","publisher":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","date":null,"url":"https://apps.dnr.wi.gov/dwsportalpub/api/distsystems/149917/violations","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"WDNR Drinking Water System Portal system page: Ashland Water Utility","publisher":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","date":null,"url":"https://apps.dnr.wi.gov/dwsportalpub/DS/View/149917","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system lookup: ASHLAND WATER","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ASHLAND%20WATER/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim place lookup: Ashland","publisher":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim","date":null,"url":"https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?q=Ashland%2CAshland%20County%2CWisconsin&format=json&limit=1","basis":"Geocoder (place centroid)","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (WI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (4). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["corrective_plan","resolution_status"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WI-TOMAHAWK-PFOA-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Tomahawk well PFOA at 21 ppt; city designs $6.2M carbon treatment plant","description":"DNR compliance samples from Tomahawk Waterworks well BG209 measured PFOA at 21 ng/L on 12 February 2024 and again on 4 March 2026, versus EPA's 4.0 ppt PFOA limit finalized in 2024. The city, which first found slightly elevated PFAS in 2023, approved an MSA Professional Services contract in November 2025 to pilot and design a roughly $6.2 million granular activated carbon facility.","location":{"name":"Tomahawk Waterworks","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"City of Tomahawk, Lincoln County","coordinates":{"lat":45.471,"lon":-89.7314,"precision":"city","source_ref":6},"counties":["Lincoln"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WI7350127"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in municipal well water exceeds the federal limit, prompting a treatment project.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"PFOA of 21 ng/L at entry point 5 (well BG209) in Feb 2024 and Mar 2026 (ref 1, ref 2) is above EPA's 4.0 ppt MCL (ref 4).","service":"Tomahawk has issued no outage or do-not-drink notice in the sources opened (ref 3).","scale":"A single system of 3,180 people (ref 5).","duration":"Detected in 2023 per the city (ref 3) and unchanged at 21 ng/L in 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"EPA's PFOA limit is not enforceable until 2029 (ref 4); no state violation is listed, so no formal action is scored."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":3180,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5) and DNR (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOA 21 ng/L at well BG209, compliance sample of 3/4/2026 (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Planned PFAS treatment cost","value":6200000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"About $6.2 million; up to half could come from the DNR Safe Drinking Water Loan Program (ref 3)."},{"name":"Planned GAC capacity","value":1000,"unit":"gpm","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"21 ng/L in both Feb 2024 and Mar 2026 (ref 1, ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Tomahawk Waterworks","role":"System operator"},{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","role":"Primacy regulator and loan program"}],"public_contact":"City of Tomahawk City Hall","corrective_actions":["Nov 4, 2025 council approval of MSA Professional Services agreement for pilot testing and design of a GAC facility near Wells 4 and 5 (ref 3).","City targeting the June 2026 DNR loan application deadline (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PFOA Result 2/12/2024, Tomahawk Waterworks","publisher":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","date":"2024-02-12","url":"https://apps.dnr.wi.gov/dwsportalpub/ContamResult/View/18946847","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"PFOA Result 3/4/2026, Tomahawk Waterworks","publisher":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","date":"2026-03-04","url":"https://apps.dnr.wi.gov/dwsportalpub/ContamResult/View/20881360","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"City considering construction of PFAS treatment facility","publisher":"WXPR (from the Tomahawk Leader)","date":"2025-11-10","url":"https://www.wxpr.org/health/2025-11-10/city-considering-construction-of-pfas-treatment-facility","basis":"News"},{"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2021-11-16","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas","basis":"Federal agency page","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system lookup: TOMAH","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/TOMAH/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim place lookup: Tomahawk","publisher":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim","date":null,"url":"https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?q=Tomahawk%2CWisconsin&format=json&limit=1","basis":"Geocoder (place centroid)","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (WI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["construction_funding_status"],"related_ids":["US-WI-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-WI-PESHTIGO-JCI-TYCO-PFAS-WELLS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Marinette-Peshtigo PFAS private wells; $10M Tyco settlement in 2026","description":"DNR reports that of 173 original private wells tested in the Fire Technology Center sampling area, 78 were at or above DHS PFAS guidelines (PFOA up to 2,100 ppt), and JCI/Tyco has installed 139 new deep wells; in the wider ESIA, 85 of 415 wells tested at or above guidelines. A June 5, 2026 settlement of the state's Spill Law case requires deep wells, treatment and bottled water and pays about $10 million to the state PFAS Trust Fund.","location":{"name":"Town of Peshtigo and City of Marinette area","type":"Private well area (contaminated groundwater plume)","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"Marinette County; FTC plume covers over 10 square miles","coordinates":{"lat":44.8644,"lon":-87.7191,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Marinette"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS from firefighting foam testing contaminated groundwater used by private drinking water wells.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","firefighting foam","private wells"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DNR table shows 78 of 173 original PWSA wells at or above DHS guidelines with PFOA up to 2,100 ppt, and biosolids-area wells up to 2,200 ppt (ref 1).","service":"Households rely on replacement deep wells, point-of-entry treatment or bottled water from JCI/Tyco and DNR (ref 1).","scale":"Hundreds of private wells across the Town of Peshtigo and Marinette area: 415 tested in the ESIA and 188 near biosolids fields (ref 1).","duration":"JCI/Tyco began investigating in 2017 and DNR began ESIA sampling in fall 2020; work continues in 2026 (ref 1, ref 2).","significance":"State of Wisconsin v. Tyco Fire Products (Brown County) was settled June 5, 2026 with about $10 million to the PFAS Trust Fund (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources give well counts, not people affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"78 of 173 original private wells in the FTC sampling area were at or above DHS PFAS guidelines; max PFOA 2,100 ppt (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"New deep replacement wells (PWSA)","value":139,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Through 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"ESIA wells at or above DHS guidelines","value":85,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Of 415 tested in 2020-2021 (ref 1)."},{"name":"State settlement payment","value":10000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate, to the PFAS Trust Fund (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Deep wells show no PFAS above reporting limits except low-level FOSA (ref 1); 24 original PWSA wells still in use are to be monitored (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Johnson Controls Inc. and Tyco Fire Products LP","role":"Responsible party"},{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","role":"Environmental regulator"},{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Health Services","role":"Health guidance"}],"public_contact":"Wisconsin DNR PFAS program, 1-888-936-7463","corrective_actions":["Settlement: deep well offer and treatment for 20 years, POET for 10 years, 2 years of bottled water for other households (ref 1).","DNR using the $10 million for ESIA well testing, installation and treatment from Sep 2026 (ref 1).","Jan 2026 DNR approved concept monitoring plan for 24 remaining PWSA wells (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PFAS Contamination in the Marinette and Peshtigo Area","publisher":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","date":null,"url":"https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/PFAS/Marinette.html","basis":"State agency page","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"DNR Continues PFAS Drinking Water Well Sampling In Town Of Peshtigo","publisher":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","date":"2021-03-05","url":"https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/newsroom/release/41521","basis":"State agency press release"},{"ref":3,"title":"Peshtigo's continued journey through PFAS contamination","publisher":"WUWM 89.7","date":"2024-05-13","url":"https://www.wuwm.com/environment/2024-05-13/peshtigos-continued-journey-through-pfas-contamination","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim place lookup: Town of Peshtigo","publisher":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim","date":null,"url":"https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?q=Peshtigo%2CWisconsin&format=json&limit=1","basis":"Geocoder (place centroid)","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"Settlement nears in Wisconsin lawsuit against Tyco, Johnson Controls over PFAS","publisher":"Wisconsin Public Radio","date":"2025-12-04","url":"https://www.wpr.org/news/settlement-wisconsin-lawsuit-tyco-johnson-controls-pfas","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New record (WI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-WI-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-WI-MARINETTE-BIOSOLIDS-PFAS-FIELDS-2026"]},{"id":"US-WI-FRENCH-ISLAND-PFAS-WELLS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"French Island PFAS: Town of Campbell residents on bottled water since 2020","description":"PFAS contamination of private wells on French Island in the Town of Campbell, where about 4,300 residents rely on nearly 1,200 private wells, led DHS to issue an area-wide drinking water advisory and DNR to order the City of La Crosse to supply bottled water. In 2025 residents were still using bottled water; the town finished its first deep Mt. Simon municipal well in October 2025 and aims to run a municipal system by the end of 2027.","location":{"name":"French Island, Town of Campbell","type":"Private well area","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"Town of Campbell, La Crosse County, near La Crosse Regional Airport","coordinates":{"lat":43.8583,"lon":-91.2604,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["La Crosse"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in the shallow aquifer left private drinking water wells unsafe, requiring bottled water and a new public system.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","firefighting foam","private wells"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"A 2021 map cited by WPR showed 9 wells above 1,000 ppt and 16 at 100-1,000 ppt; DHS deemed hundreds of wells unsafe to drink (ref 1).","service":"Residents use 5-gallon Culligan jugs for drinking and cooking under a DHS area-wide advisory still in effect in 2025 (ref 1, ref 2).","scale":"About 4,300 Town of Campbell residents on nearly 1,200 private wells (ref 2).","duration":"Bottled water deliveries began Christmas Eve 2020 and the municipal system target is end of 2027 (ref 1).","significance":"DNR ordered the City of La Crosse to provide bottled water and DHS declared an area-wide advisory (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":4300,"status":"Reported","note":"Town of Campbell residents relying on private wells, per DNR 2021 release (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"DHS area-wide drinking water advisory remains in effect; residents on bottled water since December 2020 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Private wells in Town of Campbell","value":1200,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"'nearly 1,200' (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"First municipal well over 500 feet into the Mt. Simon aquifer completed Oct 2025 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of La Crosse","role":"Ordered to supply bottled water"},{"name":"Town of Campbell","role":"Building municipal water system"},{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","role":"Environmental regulator"},{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Health Services","role":"Advisory issuer"}],"public_contact":"Town of Campbell town hall; Wisconsin DNR 1-888-936-7463","corrective_actions":["Bottled water deliveries to affected residents (ref 1).","Town drilled first municipal well into the Mt. Simon aquifer, completed Oct 2025 (ref 3).","Municipal system targeted for end of 2027 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Even as French Island makes progress on safe drinking water, effects of PFAS contamination remain","publisher":"Wisconsin Public Radio","date":"2025-03-24","url":"https://wpr.org/news/french-island-safe-drinking-water-pfas-contamination-remain","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Multiple State Agencies Responding To PFAS Contamination On French Island","publisher":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","date":"2021-03-25","url":"https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/newsroom/release/42441","basis":"State agency press release"},{"ref":3,"title":"Town of Campbell completes first municipal well to combat PFAS contamination","publisher":"News 8000 (WKBT)","date":"2025-10-10","url":"https://www.news8000.com/news/local-news/la-crosse/town-of-campbell-completes-first-municipal-well-to-combat-pfas-contamination/article_263bf0e2-dadf-4181-b639-7490e700cd04.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim place lookup: French Island","publisher":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim","date":null,"url":"https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?q=French%20Island%2CWisconsin&format=json&limit=1","basis":"Geocoder (place centroid)","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"Town of Campbell residents sue city of La Crosse and chemical companies for PFAS contamination","publisher":"Wisconsin Public Radio","date":"2023-11-06","url":"https://www.wpr.org/environment/town-campbell-residents-sue-city-la-crosse-and-chemical-companies-pfas-contamination","basis":"News report"},{"ref":6,"title":"Western Wisconsin town hopeful new project clears way for water source free of PFAS","publisher":"Wisconsin Public Radio","date":"2024-06-20","url":"https://wpr.org/news/town-campbell-new-project-water-source-pfas","basis":"News report"},{"ref":7,"title":"Town of Campbell receives $40 million federal investment for new water system","publisher":"News 8000 (WKBT)","date":"2026-01-05","url":"https://www.news8000.com/news/local-news/town-of-campbell-receives-40-million-federal-investment-for-new-water-system/article_73c7423d-42be-4350-853b-2b62f6050acf.html","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New record (WI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["current_pfas_levels"],"related_ids":["US-WI-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-WI-PRAIRIE-DU-CHIEN-PFAS-WELLS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Prairie du Chien loses well capacity to PFAS, builds $2.2M replacement well","description":"PFAS was detected in three of Prairie du Chien's four wells; one well was permanently closed and another was out of service until fall 2024, cutting capacity 46% at the low point and 23% now, per the Telegraph Herald. The city won state approval for a $2.189 million replacement well, due in late 2026 or early 2027.","location":{"name":"Prairie du Chien Waterworks","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"City of Prairie du Chien, Crawford County","coordinates":{"lat":43.0519,"lon":-91.141,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Crawford"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WI6120250"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS contamination forced well closures and reduced municipal supply capacity.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"PFAS found in three of four wells; the paper gives no concentrations (ref 1), and a Nov 2025 DNR entry-point PFOS result was 1.42 ng/L (ref 2).","service":"Well capacity fell 46% when two wells went offline and is still down 23%, though demand is met (ref 1).","scale":"Prairie du Chien Waterworks serves 6,005 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"One well permanently closed and a replacement not due before late 2026 or early 2027 (ref 1).","significance":"No violation or order is cited; the response is a state-approved, loan-funded replacement well (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":6005,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Total well capacity fell 46% after two wells went offline; the city now operates with a 23% reduction (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Replacement well cost","value":2189000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"One well returned to service in fall 2024 when PFAS dropped to acceptable levels (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Prairie du Chien Waterworks","role":"System operator"},{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","role":"Primacy regulator and loan program"}],"public_contact":"City of Prairie du Chien utilities","corrective_actions":["Wells rotated weekly to limit PFAS spread (ref 1).","Replacement well approved; applied for State Safe Drinking Water Loan with principal forgiveness (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Prairie du Chien to replace well closed by PFAS contamination","publisher":"Telegraph Herald","date":"2025-12-12","url":"https://www.telegraphherald.com/news/tri-state/article_0b85e462-72bc-4cf2-9041-43e145edc5d0.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"PFOS Result 11/24/2025, Prairie du Chien Waterworks","publisher":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","date":"2025-11-24","url":"https://apps.dnr.wi.gov/dwsportalpub/ContamResult/View/20595351","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system lookup: PRAIRIE DU CHIEN","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PRAIRIE%20DU%20CHIEN/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim place lookup: Prairie du Chien","publisher":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim","date":null,"url":"https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?q=Prairie%20du%20Chien%2CWisconsin&format=json&limit=1","basis":"Geocoder (place centroid)","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (WI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["pfas_concentrations_closed_wells"],"related_ids":["US-WI-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-WI-WAUSAU-PFAS-WELLS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Wausau: PFAS in all municipal wells, $63M spent, lawsuits and 3M settlement","description":"All six Wausau municipal wells had PFAS above state-recommended levels, and by early 2025 the city had spent more than $63 million on PFAS remediation; a granular activated carbon system at the treatment plant has reduced PFAS to non-detectable levels. Wausau sued 15 manufacturers and 61 insurers in December 2023, filed a federal suit in January 2025, and received $2.86 million from the national 3M settlement in October 2025.","location":{"name":"Wausau Waterworks","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"City of Wausau, Marathon County","coordinates":{"lat":44.9598,"lon":-89.6273,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Marathon"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WI7370102"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS contamination of every municipal well required costly treatment and litigation.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","litigation","rate pressure"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Wausau Pilot reports all six municipal wells showed PFAS above state-recommended safety standards (ref 1).","service":"GAC treatment brought PFAS to non-detectable levels; no outage reported in the sources opened (ref 2).","scale":"Wausau Waterworks serves 39,994 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Contamination found in 2019 per one report and 2022 testing per another, with costs and litigation continuing into late 2025 (ref 1, ref 2).","significance":"Federal lawsuit in the Western District of Wisconsin and a 2023 suit against 15 makers and 61 insurers (ref 1, ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":39994,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"City has spent more than $63 million on PFAS remediation (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"PFAS remediation spending to date","value":63000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"'more than $63 million' as of Feb 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"3M settlement payment received","value":2860000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Oct 2025; about $2.96M total so far (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["More than $63M PFAS spending (ref 1); settlement funds aimed at debt service affecting rates (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Treatment reduced PFAS to non-detectable levels (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Wausau Water Works","role":"System operator"},{"name":"City of Wausau","role":"Plaintiff in PFAS litigation"},{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Wausau Water Works","corrective_actions":["GAC filtration at the drinking water plant (ref 2).","Litigation against manufacturers, insurers and local companies (ref 1, ref 2).","3M settlement funds to offset capital and debt costs (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Wausau files federal lawsuit over PFAS contamination, citing long-term environmental and health risks","publisher":"Wausau Pilot & Review","date":"2025-02-10","url":"https://wausaupilotandreview.com/2025/02/10/wausau-files-federal-lawsuit-over-pfas-contamination-citing-long-term-environmental-and-health-risks","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Wausau receives $2.86M in PFAS settlement, plans to use funds to ease rate pressures","publisher":"Wausau Pilot & Review","date":"2025-10-18","url":"https://wausaupilotandreview.com/2025/10/18/wausau-receives-2-86m-in-pfas-settlement-plans-to-use-funds-to-ease-rate-pressures/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system lookup: WAUSAU WATERWORKS","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WAUSAU%20WATERWORKS/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim place lookup: Wausau","publisher":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim","date":null,"url":"https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?q=Wausau%2CWisconsin&format=json&limit=1","basis":"Geocoder (place centroid)","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (WI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["pfas_concentrations"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WI-MADISON-WELL-15-PFAS-2019","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Madison Well 15 back in service after $5.9M PFAS treatment (2025)","description":"Madison Water Utility shut down Well 15 on the city's northeast side in 2019 after PFAS was first found there in 2017. The city reopened the well on 8 September 2025 after building a $5.9 million hybrid granular activated carbon and ion exchange treatment system. The city says testing shows the system removes the regulated PFAS to below detectable levels.","location":{"name":"Madison Water Utility Well 15","type":"Municipal well and treatment facility","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"Northeast Madison, Dane County","coordinates":{"lat":43.0747,"lon":-89.3842,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Dane"],"extent":"site","pwsid":"WI1130224"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS contamination took a municipal well offline until treatment was installed.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"The city reports PFAS at Well 15 since 2017 but gives no concentrations in the release (ref 1).","service":"Well 15 was out of service from 2019 until Sep 2025, with the rest of the system supplying customers (ref 1).","scale":"One well in a utility serving 272,000 people (ref 2); scored as a single-community impact.","duration":"Offline about six years, 2019 to Sep 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"No violation or order is cited; the project used the state Safe Drinking Water Loan Program (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Customers served by Well 15 not reported; Madison Water Utility serves 272,000 per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Hybrid GAC and ion exchange treatment removes measured PFAS 'to below detectable levels' (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Treatment project cost","value":5900000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Half principal forgiveness, half to be repaid from PFAS settlement funds (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Well returned to service Sep 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Madison Water Utility","role":"System operator"},{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","role":"Primacy regulator and loan program"}],"public_contact":"Madison Water Utility","corrective_actions":["Hybrid GAC/IX PFAS treatment built and Well 15 recommissioned Sep 8, 2025 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Madison Celebrates the Recommissioning of Well 15, New PFAS Treatment Facility","publisher":"City of Madison","date":"2025-09-08","url":"https://www.cityofmadison.com/news/2025-09-08/city-of-madison-celebrates-the-recommissioning-of-well-15-new-pfas-treatment","basis":"Local government press release"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system lookup: MADISON WATER","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MADISON%20WATER/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim place lookup: Madison","publisher":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim","date":null,"url":"https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?q=Madison%2CWisconsin&format=json&limit=1","basis":"Geocoder (place centroid)","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (WI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["pfas_concentrations"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WI-EAU-CLAIRE-PFAS-WELLS-2021","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Eau Claire idles about half its wells over PFAS; $20M treatment plant","description":"After PFAS was found in 2021, Eau Claire shut down about half of its wells on the north end of the well field near the Chippewa Valley Regional Airport, where firefighting foam is a suspected source. The city broke ground in August 2024 on a $20 million PFAS removal facility, expected to open in summer 2026, and approved a 20.04% water rate increase in March 2026.","location":{"name":"Eau Claire Waterworks","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"City of Eau Claire, Eau Claire County","coordinates":{"lat":44.8113,"lon":-91.4985,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Eau Claire"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WI6180230"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS contamination idled municipal wells and is driving a treatment plant and rate increase.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","firefighting foam","rate increase"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"The utility manager says the delivered water is safe to drink and bathe in (ref 1); harm scored as potential because contaminated wells are offline.","service":"About half of the city's wells on the north end of the field were shut down (ref 1).","scale":"Eau Claire Waterworks serves 70,587 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"PFAS found in 2021 (ref 2); treatment not expected to run before summer 2026 (ref 1, ref 2).","significance":"No enforcement action cited; council approved a 20.04% rate increase 8-2 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":70587,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About half of the city's wells shut down; $20 million PFAS removal facility under construction (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"PFAS facility cost","value":20000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1, ref 2."},{"name":"Water rate increase","value":20.04,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Average home quarterly bill from $77 to $89 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["20.04% rate increase to cover PFAS treatment operating costs (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Facility construction under way since Aug 2024 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Eau Claire Utilities","role":"System operator"},{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Eau Claire Utilities","corrective_actions":["$20 million PFAS removal facility, groundbreaking Aug 2024 (ref 2).","In-house PFAS testing equipment purchased (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"A look inside the state's largest PFAS treatment facility","publisher":"Spectrum News 1 Wisconsin","date":"2026-03-11","url":"https://spectrumnews1.com/wi/milwaukee/news/2026/03/11/a-look-inside-the-state-s-largest-pfas-treatment-facility","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"PFAS removal facility progress, when it should be running","publisher":"WEAU 13 News","date":"2026-01-07","url":"https://www.weau.com/2026/01/07/pfas-removal-facility-progress-when-it-should-be-running","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system lookup: EAU CLAIRE WATERWORKS","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/EAU%20CLAIRE%20WATERWORKS/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim place lookup: Eau Claire","publisher":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim","date":null,"url":"https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?q=Eau%20Claire%2CWisconsin&format=json&limit=1","basis":"Geocoder (place centroid)","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (WI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["facility_startup_confirmation"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WI-WAUKESHA-LAKEMICH-DIVERSION-RATES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Waukesha's radium-driven switch to Lake Michigan water and its ratepayer cost","description":"Under an amended court order to meet radium standards by September 2023, the Waukesha Water Utility replaced its deep sandstone wells with Lake Michigan water under a Great Lakes Compact diversion of up to 8.2 million gallons per day, switching in October 2023. The $287 million project is paid by ratepayers, with combined water, return-flow and wastewater bills projected to rise almost 45 percent by 2027. The state reports the deep aquifer under Waukesha has risen 70 feet since the switch.","location":{"name":"Waukesha Water Utility","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"City of Waukesha, Waukesha County; Lake Michigan diversion with treated return flow to the Root River","coordinates":{"lat":43.0117,"lon":-88.2315,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Waukesha"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WI2680238"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["groundwater","governance-affordability-equity","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A radium-contaminated, drawn-down aquifer forced a new source and a large ratepayer-funded pipeline.","secondary_drivers":["Radium in deep sandstone aquifer","Great Lakes Compact diversion conditions"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Spectrum News (ref 3) reports the old groundwater source was no longer safe because of radium; no exceedance is documented after the October 2023 switch, so harm is scored as limited.","service":"No outage is reported; TMJ4 (ref 4) notes only a chlorine smell during the change from chlorine to chloramine disinfection.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 5) lists the Waukesha Water Utility serving 70,718 people.","duration":"TMJ4 (ref 4) projects the combined bill increase through 2027, and DNR (ref 1) lists annual diversion reporting each year from 2022 through 2026.","significance":"DNR (ref 1) cites an amended court order to meet radium standards by September 2023 and a Compact Council approval with binding conditions."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":70718,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"By 2027, combined water supply, return flow and wastewater charges will increase by almost 45 percent, about $100 to roughly $150 a month for an average customer (TMJ4, ref 4)."},"measures":[{"name":"Approved diversion volume","value":8.2,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Compact Council condition (ref 1)."},{"name":"Project cost","value":287,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Paid by ratepayers (ref 4)."},{"name":"Deep aquifer water-level rise, Oct 2023 to June 2025","value":70,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"USGS well in Waukesha, cited by GCC (ref 2)."},{"name":"Lake Michigan water diverted in 2025","value":2007522980,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"DNR annual diversion review; 92.6 percent returned to Lake Michigan (ref 6)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Ratepayer-funded $287 million project with bills projected up almost 45 percent by 2027 (ref 4)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"GCC (ref 2) reports a further 7-foot aquifer rise between June 2025 and March 2026."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Waukesha Water Utility","role":"Water system owner"},{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","role":"Primacy regulator and diversion approval"},{"name":"Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Water Resources Compact Council","role":"Diversion approval with conditions"},{"name":"Public Service Commission of Wisconsin","role":"Rate regulator"}],"public_contact":"Wisconsin DNR customer service, 1-888-936-7463 (TTY via 711), 7 a.m. to 10 p.m.","corrective_actions":["Lake Michigan became the main supply in October 2023 (ref 3).","Root River return-flow monitoring with USGS memos and annual reports to Great Lakes states and provinces (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Waukesha Diversion","publisher":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","date":null,"url":"https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/wateruse/waukesha.html","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"Wisconsin Groundwater Coordinating Council Report to the Legislature, Fiscal Year 2026","publisher":"Wisconsin Groundwater Coordinating Council (Wisconsin DNR)","date":"2026-08-31","url":"https://widnr.widen.net/view/pdf/thamxtjzfr/GCC_Report_2026.pdf","basis":"State record","ref":2},{"ref":3,"title":"Waukesha now supplying Lake Michigan water to its residents","publisher":"Spectrum News 1 Wisconsin","date":"2023-10-09","url":"https://spectrumnews1.com/wi/milwaukee/news/2023/10/06/waukesha-lake-michigan-water","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Waukesha residents can expect nearly 45% rate increase with new water system","publisher":"TMJ4 News","date":"2023-09-08","url":"https://www.tmj4.com/news/local-news/waukesha-residents-can-expect-nearly-45-rate-increase-with-new-water-system","basis":"News report"},{"ref":5,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record (WAUKESHA)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WAUKESHA/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"2026 Documentation of Reporting Requirements for City of Waukesha Diversion Approval","publisher":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","date":"2026-07-20","url":"https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/sites/default/files/topic/WaterUse/Waukesha/DNRResponseToWaukesha2026Report.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":7,"title":"City Of Waukesha To Begin Diverting And Returning Lake Michigan Water Under DNR Diversion Approval","publisher":"Wisconsin DNR (via Urban Milwaukee)","date":"2023-09-05","url":"https://urbanmilwaukee.com/pressrelease/city-of-waukesha-to-begin-diverting-and-returning-lake-michigan-water-under-dnr-diversion-approval/","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New record (WI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WI-CENTRALSANDS-HICAP-LAKE-DRAWDOWN-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"High-capacity irrigation wells drawing down Central Sands lakes and streams","description":"The Wisconsin DNR's Central Sands Lakes Study found that the combined pumping of many high-capacity wells, mostly for irrigation, significantly lowers Long and Plainfield lakes in Waushara County, by up to 3 and 2.1 feet in modeling. The DNR recommended a regional framework such as a water use district; the 2026 Groundwater Coordinating Council report restates that recommendation while the number of high-capacity wells statewide keeps growing.","location":{"name":"Central Sands region (Long, Plainfield, Pleasant lakes)","type":"Regional aquifer and groundwater-fed lakes","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"Central Sands spanning parts of Adams, Marathon, Marquette, Portage, Shawano, Waupaca, Waushara and Wood counties; study lakes near Plainfield and Coloma in Waushara County","coordinates":{"lat":44.2136,"lon":-89.4929,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Adams","Marathon","Marquette","Portage","Shawano","Waupaca","Waushara","Wood"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Cumulative groundwater pumping lowers lake and stream levels fed by the sand and gravel aquifer.","secondary_drivers":["Irrigated agriculture","Cumulative high-capacity well permitting"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DNR (ref 2) found the pumping reductions significantly impact the ecosystems and human use of Long and Plainfield lakes; WPR (ref 3) cites drawdowns up to 3 feet and 2.1 feet.","service":"No public water service disruption is documented for the lake drawdowns.","scale":"GCC (ref 1) describes a regional problem across eight counties and 1.75 million acres per DNR (ref 2), with over 14,500 active high-capacity wells statewide.","duration":"GCC (ref 1) says low lake and stream levels have been observed over the past 60 years and the 2026 report restates the 2021 water-use-district recommendation.","significance":"The study was ordered by 2017 Wisconsin Act 10 and its findings were submitted to the Legislature on May 27, 2021 (ref 1); no enforcement action exists."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Lake and stream impacts; no affected population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Irrigation pumping reduced levels by up to 3 feet on Long Lake, 2.1 feet on Plainfield Lake and 0.5 feet on Pleasant Lake (WPR on the DNR study, ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Long Lake modeled drawdown","value":3,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Up to (ref 3)."},{"name":"Plainfield Lake modeled drawdown","value":2.1,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"ref 3"},{"name":"Active high-capacity wells statewide","value":14500,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Over 14,500, about 200 new approvals last year (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"GCC (ref 1) reports the number of high-capacity wells continues to grow, with about 200 new wells approved last year."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","role":"High-capacity well permitting"},{"name":"Wisconsin Legislature","role":"Would authorize a water use district"}],"public_contact":"Wisconsin DNR customer service, 1-888-936-7463 (TTY via 711), 7 a.m. to 10 p.m.","corrective_actions":["DNR recommended a regional framework such as a water use district (2021).","Little Plover River Watershed Enhancement Project, including decommissioning a high-capacity well near the river headwaters (ref 1).","Grower-run monitoring wells in three high-risk areas posted every three weeks (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"title":"Wisconsin Groundwater Coordinating Council Report to the Legislature, Fiscal Year 2026","publisher":"Wisconsin Groundwater Coordinating Council (Wisconsin DNR)","date":"2026-08-31","url":"https://widnr.widen.net/view/pdf/thamxtjzfr/GCC_Report_2026.pdf","basis":"State record","ref":1},{"ref":2,"title":"Central Sands Lakes Study","publisher":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","date":null,"url":"https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/Wells/HighCap/CSLStudy.html","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Report: Hundreds Of High-Capacity Wells Are Drawing Down Lake Levels In Central Sands Region","publisher":"Wisconsin Public Radio","date":"2021-04-07","url":"https://www.wpr.org/agriculture/report-hundreds-high-capacity-wells-are-drawing-down-lake-levels-central-sands-region","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (WI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-WI-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-IRRIGATION-2023"]},{"id":"US-WI-STATEWIDE-NITRATE-AQUIFER-WELLS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Nitrate contamination of Wisconsin groundwater and private wells","description":"The state Groundwater Coordinating Council calls nitrate Wisconsin's most widespread groundwater contaminant and says it is increasing in extent and severity, with about 90 percent attributed to agriculture. About 7 percent of private well samples exceed the 10 mg/L standard over time, county estimates run above 20 percent in places such as Rock and Green counties, and 455 groundwater-sourced public systems exceeded the nitrate MCL at least once in 2020-2025.","location":{"name":"Wisconsin groundwater (statewide)","type":"Statewide aquifers and private wells","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"Statewide; examples of high county estimates of private wells over 10 mg/L: Rock 24.4%, Green 20.2%, Green Lake 19.5%, Dane 18.3%, Portage 17.7% (GCC table)","coordinates":{"lat":44.5,"lon":-89.5,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Rock","Green","Green Lake","Dane","Portage"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nitrate leaching from land use is degrading the aquifers that supply private and small public wells.","secondary_drivers":["Agricultural nitrogen","Septic systems","Karst and thin-soil geology"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"GCC (ref 1) reports 291 of 7,356 private wells sampled in 2025 exceeded the 10 mg/L enforcement standard and 455 of 11,606 groundwater public systems exceeded the MCL in 2020-2025.","service":"DNR (ref 2) reports 212 transient non-community systems operated with nitrate above the MCL in 2024, which GCC (ref 1) says requires posted warnings and bottled water.","scale":"GCC (ref 1) puts private wells over the standard at more than 42,000 in the 2019 analysis, out of roughly 800,000 private wells statewide.","duration":"GCC (ref 1) describes nitrate as increasing in extent and severity, with about 20 new transient systems going over the standard each year.","significance":"Public systems over the MCL are formal violations; the GCC (ref 1) and DNR (ref 2) issue formal recommendations to the Legislature but no statewide enforcement order exists."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"GCC (ref 1) says one-third of residents rely on private wells; no count of people drinking over-standard water is published."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Statewide, about 7% of private well samples exceed the health-based standard for nitrate-N of 10 mg/L (GCC 2026, ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Private wells over 10 mg/L in 2025 sampling","value":291,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Of 7,356 sampled, 3.96% (ref 1)."},{"name":"Groundwater public systems over nitrate MCL, 2020-2025","value":455,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Of 11,606 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Transient systems operating above nitrate MCL in 2024","value":212,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"},{"name":"Projected cost to replace all nitrate-contaminated private wells","value":960,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"More than $960 million (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"GCC (ref 1) says nitrate is increasing in extent and severity, though the 2025 new-well exceedance rate (3.96%) was below the multi-year average of about 7%."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","role":"Groundwater and drinking water regulator"},{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection","role":"Agricultural nutrient programs"},{"name":"Wisconsin Groundwater Coordinating Council","role":"Interagency coordination and recommendations"}],"public_contact":"Wisconsin DNR customer service, 1-888-936-7463 (TTY via 711), 7 a.m. to 10 p.m.","corrective_actions":["ARPA Well Compensation grants: 521 nitrate-contaminated private wells replaced or abandoned as of June 2026 (ref 1).","DNR plan to bring all transient non-community systems back into nitrate compliance (ref 1).","Nine-key-element watershed plans in Kewaunee, Door and Adams counties (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"title":"Wisconsin Groundwater Coordinating Council Report to the Legislature, Fiscal Year 2026","publisher":"Wisconsin Groundwater Coordinating Council (Wisconsin DNR)","date":"2026-08-31","url":"https://widnr.widen.net/view/pdf/thamxtjzfr/GCC_Report_2026.pdf","basis":"State record","ref":1},{"ref":2,"title":"Drinking Water and Groundwater Study Group meeting presentations, November 6, 2025","publisher":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","date":"2025-11-06","url":"https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/sites/default/files/topic/DrinkingWater/StudyGroup/Presentation20251106.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (WI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WI-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-IRRIGATION-2023","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"2023 drought raised irrigation pumping and dropped Central Sands streamflow","description":"A 2023 drought put about 93 percent of Wisconsin in drought by July, and the Little Plover River, a Central Sands trout stream, fell below its state-set minimum flow. The Groundwater Coordinating Council reports that 2023 groundwater withdrawals rose above the otherwise flat 2015-2024 trend because of a dramatic increase in irrigation, and the DNR launched a drought resource webpage in response.","location":{"name":"Wisconsin (statewide); Little Plover River","type":"Statewide drought area","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"Statewide drought; Little Plover River near Plover, Portage County","coordinates":{"lat":44.5,"lon":-89.5,"precision":"state","source_ref":2},"counties":["Portage"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["groundwater","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Low rainfall and higher irrigation pumping lowered groundwater-fed streamflow.","secondary_drivers":["Precipitation deficit","Irrigation demand"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"WPR (ref 2) reports the Little Plover River at about 3.2 cfs in early July 2023, under its 4 cfs state minimum; no fish kill is reported for 2023.","service":"No municipal restrictions or dry public wells are documented in the cited sources for 2023.","scale":"WPR (ref 2) reports about 93 percent of the state in drought, affecting roughly 5.5 million residents.","duration":"The drought ran through the 2023 growing season; GCC (ref 1) records it as the one year of higher withdrawals in 2015-2024.","significance":"No emergency declaration is cited; the DNR response was a drought resource webpage (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"WPR (ref 2) says drought conditions covered areas with about 5.5 million residents; not a measure of people harmed."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 93% of Wisconsin is in drought, and nearly 25% in severe drought (WPR, July 2023, ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Share of state in drought","value":93,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"July 2023 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Little Plover River flow","value":3.2,"unit":"cfs","status":"Reported","note":"Early July 2023, state minimum 4 cfs (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"GCC (ref 1) says withdrawals were otherwise constant 2015-2024, with 2023 the drought exception."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","role":"Water use and drought response"}],"public_contact":"Wisconsin DNR customer service, 1-888-936-7463 (TTY via 711), 7 a.m. to 10 p.m.","corrective_actions":["DNR launched a statewide drought resource webpage in response to the 2023 drought (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"title":"Wisconsin Groundwater Coordinating Council Report to the Legislature, Fiscal Year 2026","publisher":"Wisconsin Groundwater Coordinating Council (Wisconsin DNR)","date":"2026-08-31","url":"https://widnr.widen.net/view/pdf/thamxtjzfr/GCC_Report_2026.pdf","basis":"State record","ref":1},{"ref":2,"title":"As drought conditions continue, water levels are dropping in rivers and streams","publisher":"Wisconsin Public Radio","date":"2023-07-10","url":"https://wpr.org/drought-conditions-continue-water-levels-are-dropping-rivers-and-streams","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (WI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-WI-CENTRALSANDS-HICAP-LAKE-DRAWDOWN-2026"]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["$2.1 billion 10-year investment plan for facilities and sewers (ref 3)","$712 million in additional flood management projects planned (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Three overflow events within 12 months (refs 1, 3, 4); MMSD's director said such storms are 'going to happen again' (ref 2)."},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-WI-MILWAUKEE-BAYVIEW-CSO195-CLOG-2026"],"id":"US-WI-MMSD-STORM-CSO-SERIES-2025","title":"Milwaukee MMSD storms force multibillion-gallon combined sewer overflows","description":"The Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District (WPDES permit WI-0036820) reported a combined sewage overflow that topped 5 billion gallons after the Aug. 9-10, 2025 storms, its largest in 31 years, followed by an estimated 2.7 billion gallon overflow and 11.6 million gallons of sanitary overflows during the April 14-19, 2026 storms. Discharges reached the Milwaukee and Menomonee rivers and Lake Michigan, and EPA ECHO lists the permit in significant noncompliance.","location":{"name":"Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District","type":"Regional sewerage district service area","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"29 communities in the Milwaukee area; Jones Island and South Shore water reclamation facilities","counties":["Milwaukee"],"extent":"multi_county","coordinates":{"lat":43.03093,"lon":-87.91458,"precision":"facility","source_ref":6}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Sewer and tunnel capacity limits (infrastructure) drive untreated discharges into rivers and Lake Michigan (water quality).","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"MMSD told DNR its August 2025 combined sewage overflow topped 5 billion gallons into the Milwaukee and Menomonee rivers and Lake Michigan (ref 1); April 2026 added 2.7 billion gallons (ref 3).","service":"The April 2026 post-storm report lists sanitary overflows at seven sites in West Allis, Bayside, River Hills and Milwaukee (ref 3); MMSD reported hundreds of basement backups after that storm (ref 7).","scale":"MMSD states it serves over 1 million people in 29 communities (ref 5).","duration":"Major overflows recurred in August 2025 (ref 1), April 2026 (ref 3) and August 2026, when 96 million gallons overflowed (ref 4); ECHO counts 12 of 12 recent quarters in noncompliance (ref 6).","significance":"ECHO lists the WI0036820 permit in Significant/Category I Noncompliance with 7 quarters in SNC (ref 6); overflows were reported to DNR under permit sections 4.3.5 and 9.3.1.3 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":1000000,"status":"Reported","note":"MMSD states it serves over 1 million people (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Estimated combined sewage overflow from the Aug. 9-10, 2025 storms topped 5 billion gallons (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Combined sewer overflow, Aug. 2025 storms","value":5,"unit":"billion gallons (minimum)","status":"Reported","note":"Reported as topping 5 billion gallons over about 78 hours (ref 1)."},{"name":"Combined sewer overflow, April 14-19, 2026","value":2.7,"unit":"billion gallons","status":"Reported","note":"113.6 hours of discharge (ref 3)."},{"name":"Sanitary sewer overflows, April 14-16, 2026","value":11.6,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Seven locations (ref 3)."},{"name":"Combined sewer overflow, Aug. 1, 2026","value":96,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."},{"name":"Deep tunnel storage capacity","value":526,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Five-day rainfall at Jones Island gauge, April 2026","value":7.31,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District","role":"Permittee and regional sewer operator"},{"name":"Veolia Water Milwaukee","role":"Contract operator of conveyance and reclamation facilities"},{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","role":"WPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District, mmsd.com","corrective_actions":["MMSD 10-year investment plan of $2.1 billion for water reclamation facilities and sewers, including private property inflow and infiltration reduction (ref 3).","Greenseams wetland protection program covering more than 5,400 acres (ref 3).","$712 million in additional flood management projects planned, including Kinnickinnic River watershed work (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"MMSD: Estimated combined sewage overflow tops 5 billion gallons","publisher":"FOX6 News Milwaukee","date":"2025-08-15","url":"https://fox6now.com/news/mmsd-estimated-combined-sewage-overflow-tops-5-billion-gallons","basis":"News report of MMSD filing to DNR"},{"ref":2,"title":"'Overall the system provided as good a service as it could': MMSD's take on weekend storm flooding","publisher":"WUWM 89.7","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://www.wuwm.com/environment/2025-08-13/overall-the-system-provided-as-good-a-service-as-it-could-mmsds-take-on-weekend-storm-flooding","basis":"News interview with MMSD executive director"},{"ref":3,"title":"April 14-19, 2026 Post-Storm Report: Combined Sewer Overflow, Sanitary Sewer Overflow, and Sewage Treatment Facility Overflow (letter to DNR)","publisher":"Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District","date":"2026-04-24","url":"https://www.mmsd.com/application/files/7917/7706/4451/FINAL_2026_DNR_CSO_SSO-TFO_Notice_4.24.26.pdf","basis":"Permit-required overflow report to state regulator"},{"ref":4,"title":"Storm Update August 1st, 2026","publisher":"Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District","date":"2026-08-06","url":"https://www.mmsd.com/about-us/news/storm-update-august-1st-2026","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":5,"title":"About Us","publisher":"Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District","date":"2016-10-02","url":"https://www.mmsd.com/about-us","basis":"Utility service area description","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"ECHO detailed facility report data, WI0036820 (Milwaukee Metro Sew Dist)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=WI0036820","basis":"Federal compliance database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":7,"title":"MMSD completes computer modeling of April 2026 storm impact on north east portion of Bay View","publisher":"Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District","date":"2026-09-10","url":"https://www.mmsd.com/about-us/news/mmsd-completes-computer-modeling-of-april-2026-storm-impact-on-north-east-portion-of-bay-view","basis":"Utility release"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (WI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Pipe cleared July 2026; flap gate and six-month inspections planned (ref 1)."},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-WI-MMSD-STORM-CSO-SERIES-2025"],"id":"US-WI-MILWAUKEE-BAYVIEW-CSO195-CLOG-2026","title":"Debris-plugged MMSD overflow pipe CSO 195 worsened Bay View basement backups","description":"MMSD found its underground overflow pipe CSO 195, which serves part of Milwaukee's Bay View neighborhood, totally blocked with debris after the April 2026 storms; debris had first been noticed in early 2025. MMSD modeling found about 400 Bay View homes at elevated backup risk from the storm and placed another 200 in that category because of the debris, and the district spent more than $500,000 to clear the pipe in July 2026.","location":{"name":"Bay View, Milwaukee (MMSD CSO 195 sewershed)","type":"Combined sewer overflow outfall and sewershed","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"North east Bay View neighborhood, City of Milwaukee; outfall to Lake Michigan","counties":["Milwaukee"],"extent":"site","coordinates":{"lat":43.03093,"lon":-87.91458,"precision":"city","source_ref":5}},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A blocked overflow pipe below lake level reduced relief capacity in the combined sewer, raising backup risk for homes.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"MMSD received 26 wet basement reports from the Bay View sewershed after the April storm (ref 1); sewage backups expose residents to wastewater but no illness is documented.","service":"Basement backups in part of Bay View followed the April 14-18, 2026 storms (refs 1, 2); businesses including The Mothership and Wrought Washer were named among those affected (ref 3).","scale":"Modeling put slightly more than 400 Bay View homes at elevated risk, plus an additional 200 due to the debris (ref 1).","duration":"Debris was first noticed in early 2025 but the plug was not recognized until June 26, 2026 (ref 3); inspections start only in March 2027 (ref 1).","significance":"The overflows were reported to DNR under WPDES permit WI-0036820-04-0 (ref 4) and an alderperson has demanded restitution (ref 3); no enforcement action is reported."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":600,"status":"Estimated","note":"Homes, not people: about 400 at elevated risk plus 200 more due to debris, from MMSD modeling (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Debris in CSO 195 placed an additional 200 homes in a defined area of Bay View into the elevated-risk category (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Debris removal cost","value":500000,"unit":"USD (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"July 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Wet basement reports, Bay View sewershed","value":26,"unit":"reports","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Rainfall, April 14-18, 2026","value":7,"unit":"inches (more than, parts of service area)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District","role":"Owner of CSO 195"},{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","role":"WPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District, mmsd.com","corrective_actions":["Debris removed from CSO 195 in July 2026 at a cost of more than $500,000 (ref 1).","Flap gate or similar structure to be installed; inspections every six months starting March 2027 (ref 1).","MMSD inspecting other underground pipes for debris and held a Bay View open house on Oct. 6, 2026 (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"MMSD completes computer modeling of April 2026 storm impact on north east portion of Bay View","publisher":"Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District","date":"2026-09-10","url":"https://www.mmsd.com/about-us/news/mmsd-completes-computer-modeling-of-april-2026-storm-impact-on-north-east-portion-of-bay-view","basis":"Utility release with modeling results"},{"ref":2,"title":"Bay View Community Open House: The April Storms & Our Sewer System","publisher":"Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District","date":"2026-09-21","url":"https://www.mmsd.com/about-us/news/bay-view-open-house-april-storm-sewer-system","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"Clogged Sewer Pipe May Have Worsened Bay View Flooding","publisher":"Urban Milwaukee","date":"2026-07-16","url":"https://urbanmilwaukee.com/2026/07/16/clogged-sewer-pipe-may-have-worsened-bay-view-flooding/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"April 14-19, 2026 Post-Storm Report (letter to DNR)","publisher":"Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District","date":"2026-04-24","url":"https://www.mmsd.com/application/files/7917/7706/4451/FINAL_2026_DNR_CSO_SSO-TFO_Notice_4.24.26.pdf","basis":"Permit-required overflow report"},{"ref":5,"title":"ECHO detailed facility report data, WI0036820","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=WI0036820","basis":"Federal compliance database (facility coordinates)","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (WI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["About $650 million needed for remaining lines (ref 1)","Superintendent said the city would struggle to meet the deadline without federal help (ref 1)","DNR expects much less funding from 2028 (ref 4)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Annual replacements rose to roughly 3,300 in 2025 with 5,000 planned in 2026 (ref 1)."},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-WI-STATEWIDE-LEAD-LINE-INVENTORY-2026"],"id":"US-WI-MILWAUKEE-LEAD-LINE-REPLACEMENT-GAP-2026","title":"Milwaukee must speed lead service line replacement as federal funds wind down","description":"Milwaukee Water Works (PWSID WI2410100) has replaced more than 10,000 lead service lines since 2017, but more than 65,000 remain ahead of the 2037 federal deadline. The city replaced roughly 3,300 in 2025 and plans 5,000 in 2026; the remaining work is estimated at $650 million, and the superintendent said the city would struggle to meet the deadline without federal help.","location":{"name":"Milwaukee Water Works","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"City of Milwaukee, Milwaukee County","counties":["Milwaukee"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WI2410100"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The issue is the pace and financing of replacing tens of thousands of lead pipes in the distribution system.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"More than 65,000 lead service lines remain in service in Milwaukee (ref 1), a continuing exposure pathway; no exceedance is part of this record.","service":"Replacement is done street by street and free to eligible owners (ref 2); no service loss reported.","scale":"SDWIS lists Milwaukee Waterworks serving 626,000 people (ref 3).","duration":"Milwaukee has replaced lines since 2017 and must finish by 2037 (refs 1, 4).","significance":"Federal rules require all lead service lines replaced by the end of 2037 (ref 4); Milwaukee's 2026 goal of 5,000 is set to meet that mandate (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":626000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than 65,000 lead pipes remain (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Lead service lines remaining","value":65000,"unit":"lines (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Lines replaced in 2025","value":3300,"unit":"lines (roughly)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Planned replacements, 2026","value":5000,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Estimated cost of remaining replacements","value":650000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Spending on replacements and treatment, 2017-2025","value":122.7,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Milwaukee Water Works","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","role":"Drinking water primacy agency and SRF administrator"}],"public_contact":"Milwaukee Water Works customer service, city.milwaukee.gov/water","corrective_actions":["Plan to replace 5,000 lead service lines in 2026 with more than $50 million in funding received (ref 1).","Free replacement for eligible property owners who apply through the city (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Milwaukee aims to replace 65,000 lead pipes by 2037","publisher":"The Daily Reporter (USA TODAY Network)","date":"2026-05-06","url":"https://dailyreporter.com/2026/05/06/milwaukee-replace-65000-lead-pipes-by-2037/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"City of Milwaukee replaces thousands of lead service lines","publisher":"WISN 12","date":"2025-05-13","url":"https://www.wisn.com/article/city-of-milwaukee-replaces-thousands-of-lead-service-lines/64758396","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Milwaukee Waterworks","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MILWAUKEE/JSON","basis":"Federal SDWIS record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"Wisconsin's lead pipe count is falling, but the search isn't over","publisher":"Wisconsin Watch","date":"2026-06-12","url":"https://wisconsinwatch.org/2026/06/wisconsin-lead-pipe-count-falling-water-service-line-system-data-health-environment/","basis":"News analysis of state data"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system lookup: MILWAUKEE WATERWORKS","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MILWAUKEE%20WATERWORKS/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim place lookup: Milwaukee","publisher":"OpenStreetMap Nominatim","date":null,"url":"https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?q=Milwaukee%2CWisconsin&format=json&limit=1","basis":"Geocoder (place centroid)","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (WI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["DNR expects funding in 2028 'much less than previous years' (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"EPA's estimate fell from over 256,000 lead lines in 2023 to nearly 180,000 in 2025 (ref 1)."},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-WI-MILWAUKEE-LEAD-LINE-REPLACEMENT-GAP-2026"],"id":"US-WI-STATEWIDE-LEAD-LINE-INVENTORY-2026","title":"Wisconsin has about 164,000 lead service lines left and 181,000 of unknown material","description":"A Wisconsin Watch analysis of April 2026 water system inventories found about 164,000 municipal and community lead service lines still needing replacement, including roughly 146,000 confirmed lead lines in 137 systems, and more than 181,000 lines of unknown material. All must be replaced by the end of 2037, while DNR expects much less replacement funding from 2028.","location":{"name":"Wisconsin public water systems","type":"Statewide community water systems","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"Statewide; 610 municipal systems","counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The gap is statewide pipe inventory and replacement funding rather than a single system's water quality.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Roughly 146,000 confirmed lead lines remain in 137 systems (ref 1), a standing exposure pathway; no exceedance is part of this record.","service":"Line replacements are scheduled work and no service loss is reported (ref 1).","scale":"The count is statewide, with more than 181,000 unknown-material lines, 12% of service lines (ref 1).","duration":"Replacement runs through the end of 2037, with unknown lines treated as lead after Nov. 1, 2027 (ref 1).","significance":"Federal rules require at least 10% replacement per year after 2027 and full replacement by 2037 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources count service lines, not people."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 164,000 municipal and community lead service lines still need replacement (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Lead service lines needing replacement","value":164000,"unit":"lines (about)","status":"Reported","note":"Includes an estimated share of unknowns (ref 1)."},{"name":"Unknown-material service lines","value":181000,"unit":"lines (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Bipartisan Infrastructure Law lead funds received through 2025","value":159,"unit":"million USD (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"At least 29 municipalities (ref 1)."},{"name":"Additional EPA DWSRF allocation, May 2026","value":94.3,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 2."},{"name":"20-year drinking water infrastructure need","value":11.75,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"EPA needs survey as reported (ref 2)."}],"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","role":"Drinking water primacy agency and SRF administrator"},{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","role":"Lead and Copper Rule and DWSRF funding"}],"public_contact":"Wisconsin DNR Drinking Water and Groundwater Program, dnr.wisconsin.gov","corrective_actions":["Inventories required to be improved by Nov. 1, 2027; replacement of at least 10% of lead lines per year thereafter (ref 1).","EPA allocated about $94.3 million more to Wisconsin's Drinking Water State Revolving Fund in May 2026 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Wisconsin's lead pipe count is falling, but the search isn't over","publisher":"Wisconsin Watch","date":"2026-06-12","url":"https://wisconsinwatch.org/2026/06/wisconsin-lead-pipe-count-falling-water-service-line-system-data-health-environment/","basis":"News analysis of state inventory data"},{"ref":2,"title":"Feds drop $94 million to rip out Wisconsin's toxic lead pipes","publisher":"Hoodline","date":"2026-05-21","url":"https://hoodline.com/2026/05/feds-drop-94-million-to-rip-out-wisconsin-s-toxic-lead-pipes/","basis":"News summary of EPA announcement"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (WI in-depth pass)."}]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Monitoring is expanding under the new general permit (ref 2) while most facilities are still untested (ref 1)."},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-WI-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-WI-MARINETTE-BIOSOLIDS-PFAS-FIELDS-2026","US-WI-WAUSAU-WWTF-PFAS-EFFLUENT-2026"],"id":"US-WI-STATEWIDE-BIOSOLIDS-PFAS-LANDSPREAD-2026","title":"PFAS in Wisconsin sewage sludge spread on farmland prompts new permit and stricter tiers","description":"Sewage and industrial sludge is spread on roughly 500,000 Wisconsin acres a year, and a WPR analysis found more than a third of 130 tested municipal and industrial facilities had sludge PFAS levels DNR recommends investigating, while more than 1,200 had not yet been required to test. Under 2025 Act 201, DNR issued a PFAS monitoring general permit for biosolids generators and a Version 3 strategy that bars land application above 100 ppb PFOA plus PFOS.","location":{"name":"Wisconsin biosolids land application program","type":"Statewide permit program","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"Statewide; about 1.2 million approved acres","counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["agricultural","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS passing through sewage plants concentrates in sludge that is applied to cropland, a pathway to soil and groundwater.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"More than one-third of 130 facilities analyzed had sludge PFAS at levels DNR recommends investigating and at least three municipal plants were at levels of significant concern (ref 1).","service":"Land application limits affect disposal options, not drinking water service (ref 3).","scale":"About 1.2 million acres are approved for sludge and up to 1,400 permitted or licensed facilities may produce it (ref 1).","duration":"The interim strategy dates to 2021 and was revised to Version 3 effective July 1, 2026 (ref 3); more than 1,200 facilities remain untested (ref 1).","significance":"DNR issued general permit WI-0012345-0 under 2025 Act 201 requiring PFAS monitoring by sludge generators (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources report acres and facilities, not people."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Of 130 municipal and industrial facilities in WPR's analysis, more than one-third had sludge PFAS levels DNR recommends investigating and reducing at the source (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Acres receiving sludge each year","value":500000,"unit":"acres (roughly)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Facilities not yet required to test sludge","value":1200,"unit":"facilities (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Land application prohibition threshold (Tier 4)","value":100,"unit":"ug/kg (ppb) PFOA + PFOS","status":"Reported","note":"Version 3 strategy (ref 3)."},{"name":"Cumulative field loading tracking threshold","value":20,"unit":"ug/kg (ppb) PFOA + PFOS","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","role":"WPDES biosolids permitting authority"},{"name":"Municipal and industrial wastewater facilities","role":"Sludge generators"}],"public_contact":"Wisconsin DNR Bureau of Water Quality, dnr.wisconsin.gov","corrective_actions":["General permit WI-0012345-0 for PFAS monitoring of sewage sludge generators issued July 2026 (ref 2).","Version 3 interim strategy effective July 1, 2026: lower tier thresholds, no land application above 100 ppb, cumulative field loading tracking above 20 ppb (ref 3).","DNR grant program for PFAS sampling at wastewater facilities expected to launch summer or fall 2026 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Sludge is used as fertilizer across Wisconsin. How much is tainted by PFAS?","publisher":"Wisconsin Public Radio","date":"2025-10-30","url":"https://www.wpr.org/news/sludge-spread-wisconsin-farmland-unclear-tainted-pfas","basis":"News analysis of DNR data"},{"ref":2,"title":"DNR Issues PFAS Monitoring General Permit For Biosolids","publisher":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/newsroom/release/126931","basis":"State agency release"},{"ref":3,"title":"Interim Strategy for Land Application of Biosolids and Industrial Sludges Containing PFAS, Version 3","publisher":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","date":"2026-07-02","url":"https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/sites/default/files/topic/PFAS/WisconsinInterimPFASBiosolidsAndIndustrialSludgeStrategy.pdf","basis":"State agency guidance"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (WI in-depth pass)."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Bottled water continues and no long-term solution has been evaluated (ref 1)."},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-WI-STATEWIDE-BIOSOLIDS-PFAS-LANDSPREAD-2026","US-WI-PESHTIGO-JCI-TYCO-PFAS-WELLS-2026"],"id":"US-WI-MARINETTE-BIOSOLIDS-PFAS-FIELDS-2026","title":"PFAS from Marinette sewage sludge fields still contaminates private wells","description":"The City of Marinette land-applied biosolids to 61 fields until PFAS was found in the sludge in 2018; DNR attributes the sludge contamination to firefighting foam discharged to the sewer. DNR reports 73 of 188 nearby private wells tested in 2020-2021 at or above DHS PFAS guidelines, with PFOA up to 2,200 ppt, and says no long-term water solutions have been evaluated for the area.","location":{"name":"Marinette biosolids landspreading fields","type":"Agricultural fields and private wells","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"Rural areas served by City of Marinette biosolids, Marinette County","counties":["Marinette"],"extent":"multi_county","coordinates":{"lat":45.09767,"lon":-87.62223,"precision":"city","source_ref":3}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["groundwater","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminated municipal sewage sludge spread on fields has polluted the groundwater that supplies private wells.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DNR reports 73 private wells at or above DHS guidelines and a highest PFOA result of 2,200 ppt (ref 1).","service":"JCI/Tyco and DNR supply bottled water to homes with impacted wells (ref 1).","scale":"188 private wells were tested around 61 fields (ref 1).","duration":"Spreading stopped in 2018, yet DNR says no long-term solution has been evaluated as of its current page (ref 1).","significance":"DNR issued Tyco a third notice of noncompliance in April 2023 for delaying the field investigation (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"DNR reports 73 affected wells (ref 1), not a population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"73 private wells had PFAS at or above DHS guidelines; the highest PFOA result was 2,200 ppt (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Fields approved for Marinette biosolids","value":61,"unit":"fields","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Private wells tested 2020-2021","value":188,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"WPR reported 191 wells with 30 above the state's recommended groundwater standard (ref 2)."},{"name":"Wells at or above DHS guidelines","value":73,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Highest private well PFOA","value":2200,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"JCI/Tyco","role":"Responsible party for the landspreading investigation"},{"name":"City of Marinette wastewater utility","role":"Biosolids generator (WPDES WI0026182)"},{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","role":"Remediation and WPDES regulator"}],"public_contact":"Wisconsin DNR PFAS line 888-626-3244","corrective_actions":["City stopped land application after PFAS was found in biosolids in 2018 (ref 1).","Bottled water supplied by JCI/Tyco and DNR to homes with impacted wells (ref 1).","DNR enforcement on the delayed JCI/Tyco field investigation (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PFAS Contamination in the Marinette and Peshtigo Area","publisher":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","date":null,"url":"https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/PFAS/Marinette.html","basis":"State agency site page (accessed date)","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"State regulators say Tyco is failing to comply with investigation of PFAS near farm fields","publisher":"Wisconsin Public Radio","date":"2023-04-12","url":"https://www.wpr.org/environment/wisconsin-dnr-tyco-failing-comply-investigation-pfas-farm-fields","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO detailed facility report data, WI0026182 (Marinette Wastewater Utility)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=WI0026182","basis":"Federal compliance database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (WI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Water debt coverage ratio would fall from 1.31 to 0.88 by 2035 under 'do nothing' (ref 1)","Last water rate case raised the average residential bill 54.01% (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"June PFOA result was the highest in the utility's record except a January 2021 DNR sample (ref 1)."},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-WI-STATEWIDE-BIOSOLIDS-PFAS-LANDSPREAD-2026"],"id":"US-WI-WAUSAU-WWTF-PFAS-EFFLUENT-2026","title":"Wausau wastewater plant exceeds proposed PFOS limit as rate increases loom","description":"Wausau's wastewater treatment facility (WPDES WI0025739) measured 9.44 ppt PFOS in May 2026 and 10.8 ppt in June, above the 8 ppt limit DNR has proposed, while PFOA stayed below its proposed 20 ppt limit. The Wausau Water Works Commission is weighing a decade of water and sewer rate increases that could lift a typical combined bill about 21%.","location":{"name":"Wausau Water Works wastewater treatment facility","type":"Municipal wastewater utility","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"City of Wausau, Marathon County","counties":["Marathon"],"extent":"system","coordinates":{"lat":44.9471,"lon":-89.62699,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"pwsid":"WI7370102"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"PFAS in treated effluent (water quality) arrives as the combined utility faces debt-coverage and rate pressures (financial).","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"PFOS in effluent was 9.44 ppt (May 7) and 10.8 ppt (June 15), above the 8 ppt proposed DNR limit (ref 1).","service":"No service disruption is reported; the superintendent said results 'do not indicate immediate compliance concerns' (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists Wausau Waterworks, the same utility, serving 39,994 people (ref 3).","duration":"Two exceedances in 2026; DNR will judge compliance on two years of data (ref 1).","significance":"The limits are proposed, not in force; ECHO shows a 'Violation Identified' status but no formal action (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":39994,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Wausau Waterworks per SDWIS (ref 3); sewer service population not separately reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"June 15 effluent sample: 10.8 ppt PFOS against a proposed 8 ppt limit (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Effluent PFOS, June 15, 2026","value":10.8,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Effluent PFOA, June 15, 2026","value":11.8,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Proposed limit 20 ppt (ref 1)."},{"name":"Proposed combined quarterly bill increase","value":21,"unit":"percent (roughly)","status":"Reported","note":"$219.81 to $266.78 under Water Option 2 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Design flow","value":9.2,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Wausau Water Works","role":"Water and wastewater utility"},{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","role":"WPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"Wausau Water Works, City Hall, 407 Grant St., Wausau","corrective_actions":["Continued PFAS effluent monitoring; continued exceedances would require a pollutant minimization plan (ref 1).","Commission review of multi-year water and sewer rate options (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Wausau utility customers face a decade of rate increases as wastewater plant exceeds proposed PFAS limit","publisher":"Wausau Pilot & Review","date":"2026-08-31","url":"https://wausaupilotandreview.com/2026/08/31/wausau-utility-customers-face-a-decade-of-rate-increases-as-wastewater-plant-exceeds-proposed-pfas-limit/","basis":"News report on commission materials"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO detailed facility report data, WI0025739 (Wausau Water Works WW Treatment Facility)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=WI0025739","basis":"Federal compliance database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Wausau Waterworks","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WAUSAU/JSON","basis":"Federal SDWIS record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (WI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Two leaks on one project (ref 1)."},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"id":"US-WI-GREEN-BAY-NEW-WATER-INTERCEPTOR-LEAKS-2026","title":"NEW Water sewer renovation leaks send wastewater toward Green Bay's East River","description":"NEW Water, the Green Bay Metropolitan Sewerage District, reported six leaks on Feb. 12, 2026 during its $29 million downtown sewer renovation, releasing about 8,650 gallons of wastewater, of which about 2,200 gallons reached the East River or storm sewers; a Dec. 16, 2025 leak released 700 gallons. Parts of the downtown interceptor system have operated since the 1930s.","location":{"name":"NEW Water (Green Bay Metropolitan Sewerage District)","type":"Regional sewerage district","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"Downtown Green Bay, Brown County; East River","counties":["Brown"],"extent":"site","coordinates":{"lat":44.53348,"lon":-87.99401,"precision":"city","source_ref":3}},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Aging 1930s interceptors under renewal and temporary works leaked sewage to surface water.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"About 2,200 gallons of wastewater reached the East River or storm sewer system (ref 1).","service":"No sewer service loss reported; the public was told to avoid the leak areas (ref 1).","scale":"The renovation serves NEW Water's system, which cleans about 41 million gallons a day (ref 2).","duration":"Leaks occurred Dec. 16, 2025 and Feb. 12, 2026 on the same project (ref 1).","significance":"The releases were reported to DNR, Brown County health and the city (ref 1); ECHO lists permit WI0065251 with a 'Violation Identified' status (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No service population cited."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"8,650 gallons leaked; about 2,200 gallons entered the East River or storm sewer system (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Wastewater leaked, Feb. 12, 2026","value":8650,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Reaching East River or storm sewer","value":2200,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Leak, Dec. 16, 2025","value":700,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"None reached the river (ref 1)."},{"name":"Project cost","value":29,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NEW Water (Green Bay Metropolitan Sewerage District)","role":"Sewer owner and permittee"},{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","role":"WPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"NEW Water, newwater.us","corrective_actions":["Cleanup removed 12,000 gallons of snowmelt, wastewater and rinse water (ref 1).","Downtown Interceptors Renewal Project replacing sewers in operation since the 1930s (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Sewage reaches East River as NEW Water reports at least 6 leaks","publisher":"Green Bay Press-Gazette (via Yahoo News)","date":"2026-02-13","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/sewage-reaches-east-river-water-172707394.html","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"NEW Water home page (Downtown Interceptors Renewal Project)","publisher":"NEW Water","date":null,"url":"https://www.newwater.us/","basis":"Utility project description","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO detailed facility report data, WI0065251 (Green Bay Metropolitan Sewerage District)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=WI0065251","basis":"Federal compliance database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (WI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Filtration expected complete by end of 2027 (ref 3)."},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"id":"US-WI-OSHKOSH-WWTP-PHOSPHORUS-SNC-2026","title":"Oshkosh wastewater plant in significant noncompliance on phosphorus during $40M upgrade","description":"EPA ECHO lists the Oshkosh Wastewater Treatment Plant (WPDES WI0025038) in Significant/Category I Noncompliance, with total phosphorus flagged above its limit in nearly every month from July 2023 to June 2026. The city approved more than $40 million in upgrades, including phosphorus filters and UV disinfection, and broke ground June 24, 2026, citing Lake Winnebago's impaired status; completion is expected in spring 2028.","location":{"name":"Oshkosh Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"City of Oshkosh, Winnebago County; discharges to the Fox River","counties":["Winnebago"],"extent":"site","coordinates":{"lat":44.02038,"lon":-88.55651,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1}},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Excess phosphorus in treated effluent feeds algae in an impaired river and lake system.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO shows phosphorus at outfall 001 above its limit by as much as 408% (October 2024) (ref 1), loading an impaired water body (ref 3).","service":"No service disruption; the issue is effluent quality (ref 1).","scale":"A 20 MGD design-flow plant for the city of Oshkosh (ref 1).","duration":"Phosphorus exceedances appear in nearly every month from July 2023 through June 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"ECHO current status is Significant/Category I Noncompliance with 3 quarters in SNC (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sewer service population not cited."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Total phosphorus exceeded its limit by 408% in October 2024 per ECHO (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak monthly phosphorus exceedance","value":408,"unit":"percent over limit","status":"Reported","note":"October 2024 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Upgrade package","value":40,"unit":"million USD (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"$33.2 million Miron Construction contract (ref 2)."},{"name":"Design flow","value":20,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Oshkosh","role":"Plant owner and permittee"},{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","role":"WPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"City of Oshkosh Department of Public Works, oshkoshwi.gov","corrective_actions":["Tertiary phosphorus filtration and UV disinfection replacing chlorine gas; changes required by 2027 (ref 2).","Construction began June 24, 2026; full completion expected spring 2028 (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ECHO detailed facility report data, WI0025038 (Oshkosh Wastewater Treatment Plant)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=WI0025038","basis":"Federal compliance database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Oshkosh city council considers $40 million in wastewater treatment plant upgrades","publisher":"WBAY","date":"2026-03-31","url":"https://www.wbay.com/2026/04/01/oshkosh-city-council-considers-40-million-wastewater-treatment-plant-upgrades","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"City of Oshkosh breaks ground on upgrades to wastewater treatment plant","publisher":"FOX 11 News","date":"2026-06-24","url":"https://fox11online.com/news/local/city-of-oshkosh-breaks-ground-on-upgrades-to-wastewater-treatment-plant-chlorine-filters-phosphorous-groundbreaking-ultraviolet-disinfection","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (WI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}]},{"id":"US-WI-MILWAUKEE-AUG2025-RECORD-RAIN-FLOOD","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Record August 2025 rainfall floods Milwaukee area; federal aid limited to households","description":"On August 9-10, 2025, a gauge in northwest Milwaukee recorded 14.55 inches of rain in under 24 hours, a new Wisconsin record, and the Kinnickinnic, Milwaukee, Menomonee and Root rivers reached record levels. Damage assessments counted more than 1,500 residential structures destroyed or with major damage. A federal major disaster declaration approved on September 11, 2025 covered individual assistance in three counties, while the state's public assistance request for six counties was still under federal review at that time.","location":{"name":"Milwaukee metropolitan area","type":"Urban river watersheds and flood-affected counties","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"Milwaukee, Washington and Waukesha counties; worst rainfall in northwest Milwaukee","coordinates":{"lat":43.04,"lon":-87.91,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Milwaukee","Washington","Waukesha"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Extreme rainfall overwhelmed river channels and flood-control infrastructure, damaging homes and public works.","secondary_drivers":["Extreme precipitation","Floodplain development"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The governor's release (ref 4) reports more than 1,500 residential structures destroyed or majorly damaged and over $33 million in private damage.","service":"MMSD (ref 2) reports about $10.8 million in damage to its watercourse, conveyance and South Shore facilities; South Shore flooded but kept operating.","scale":"NCEI (ref 1) confirmed 14.55 inches at James Madison High School as a statewide record, and AP (ref 3) reports record levels on four rivers across the metro area.","duration":"The flood itself lasted days, but MMSD (ref 2) moved four flood-storage projects forward to 2027-2032 and the public assistance request remained under review (ref 4).","significance":"Gov. Evers declared a state of emergency (ref 3) and a presidential major disaster declaration was approved for individual assistance on September 11, 2025 (refs 4, 5)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources count damaged structures (over 1,500, ref 4) rather than people."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"14.55 inches in under 24 hours at James Madison High School, a new Wisconsin 24-hour precipitation record (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"24-hour rainfall, James Madison High School","value":14.55,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"NCEI (ref 1)."},{"name":"Residential structures destroyed or with major damage","value":1500,"unit":"structures","status":"Reported","note":"'More than 1,500' per governor's release (ref 4)."},{"name":"Public sector damage, six counties","value":43000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"'More than $43 million' (ref 4)."},{"name":"Federal individual assistance reported approved","value":29800000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"WPR (ref 5)."},{"name":"MMSD infrastructure damage","value":10800000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"About $10.8 million (ref 2)."},{"name":"Estimated cost to finish MMSD flood management work","value":907000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"MMSD (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single extreme event; MMSD says 1,405 structures remain in the 1% floodplain as of 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Wisconsin Emergency Management","role":"State disaster response and FEMA requests"},{"name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","role":"Federal disaster assistance"},{"name":"Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District","role":"Regional flood management"}],"public_contact":"Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District website (mmsd.com)","corrective_actions":["FEMA individual assistance approved for Milwaukee, Washington and Waukesha counties (refs 4, 5).","MMSD accelerated West Basin, Jackson Park/Kinnickinnic, Wilson Park storage and Wilson Park Creek projects adding 220 million gallons of flood storage (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"New 24-Hour Precipitation Record Confirmed for Wisconsin","publisher":"NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information","date":"2025-12-19","url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/node/8546","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"The August 2025 Storms: MMSD's Role in Managing Flooding and Protecting Our Community","publisher":"Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District","date":"2026-03-23","url":"https://www.mmsd.com/about-us/milwaukee-rain-facility-information/august-2025-storms-mmsd-role","basis":"Local government record (undated page, accessed)","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Milwaukee area drying out after weekend rain causes record flooding on multiple rivers","publisher":"Associated Press via WLUK Fox 11","date":"2025-08-11","url":"https://fox11online.com/news/state/milwaukee-area-drying-out-after-weekend-rain-causes-record-flooding-on-multiple-rivers","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Gov. Evers Secures Federal Disaster Declaration Approval for Recent Severe Storms and Historic Flooding Across Wisconsin","publisher":"Office of Gov. Tony Evers (via Urban Milwaukee)","date":"2025-09-11","url":"https://urbanmilwaukee.com/pressrelease/gov-evers-secures-federal-disaster-declaration-approval-for-recent-severe-storms-and-historic-flooding-across-wisconsin/","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"Wisconsin to receive $29.8M in federal aid for flood victims","publisher":"Wisconsin Public Radio","date":"2025-09-11","url":"https://www.wpr.org/news/wisconsin-receive-nearly-30m-federal-aid-flood-victims","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (WI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Final outcome of the public assistance request"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WI-APRIL2026-STORMS-FLOODING-19-COUNTIES","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"April 2026 storms and flooding across 19 Wisconsin counties and Oneida Nation","description":"Severe storms and flooding in April 2026 led Gov. Evers to request a presidential disaster declaration on May 22, 2026, citing assessments of more than 1,570 residential properties with over $9.8 million in damage and more than $17.6 million in public infrastructure damage. The request sought individual assistance in 19 counties and the Oneida Nation. President Trump announced approval of $22.6 million on June 30, 2026; the governor's office said it had not been formally notified of which counties were covered.","location":{"name":"Wisconsin counties hit by April 2026 storms","type":"Multi-county flood disaster area","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"19 counties from Bayfield to Kenosha plus the Oneida Nation; photographed flooding in New London and Shiocton","coordinates":{"lat":44.5,"lon":-89.5,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Bayfield","Brown","Buffalo","Jackson","Jefferson","Juneau","Kenosha","Manitowoc","Marathon","Milwaukee","Outagamie","Racine","Rock","Sauk","Vernon","Washington","Waukesha","Waupaca","Winnebago"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"River and flash flooding damaged homes and public infrastructure across a wide area.","secondary_drivers":["Extreme precipitation"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The May 22 request (ref 1) cites more than $9.8 million in residential damage across more than 1,570 assessed properties; no deaths are reported in the cited sources.","service":"None of the cited sources (refs 1-3) report a loss of drinking water or sewer service from the April storms.","scale":"Individual assistance was requested for 19 counties and the Oneida Nation (ref 1).","duration":"Flooding in New London was still visible a week after it began (ref 2), and federal approval came about ten weeks later on June 30 (refs 2, 3).","significance":"A presidential major disaster declaration worth $22.6 million was announced on June 30, 2026 (refs 2, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source gives a count of people affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than $27 million in estimated damage, including over $17.6 million to public infrastructure (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Residential properties assessed","value":1570,"unit":"properties","status":"Reported","note":"'More than 1,570' (ref 1)."},{"name":"Residential damage","value":9800000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Public sector damage","value":17600000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Federal assistance approved","value":22600000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 2, 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Wisconsin Emergency Management","role":"State disaster response"},{"name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","role":"Federal disaster assistance"}],"public_contact":"Wisconsin Emergency Management public information (via the Governor's office press releases)","corrective_actions":["Federal disaster assistance of $22.6 million announced June 30, 2026 (refs 2, 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Gov. Evers Requests Disaster Declaration From President Trump to Assist With Recovery Efforts After Destructive April Storms and Flooding","publisher":"Office of Gov. Tony Evers (via Urban Milwaukee)","date":"2026-05-22","url":"https://urbanmilwaukee.com/pressrelease/gov-evers-requests-disaster-declaration-from-president-trump-to-assist-with-recovery-efforts-after-destructive-april-storms-and-flooding/","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Wisconsin receives $22.6 million federal disaster declaration for severe storms, tornadoes and flooding","publisher":"WEAU 13 News","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://www.weau.com/2026/07/01/wisconsin-receives-226-million-federal-disaster-declaration-severe-storms-tornadoes-flooding/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Trump Says $22.6 Million in Disaster Aid Coming to Wisconsin","publisher":"Wisconsin Public Radio (via Urban Milwaukee)","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://urbanmilwaukee.com/2026/07/01/trump-says-22-6-million-in-disaster-aid-coming-to-wisconsin/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (WI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Exact storm dates","Counties included in the approved declaration"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WI-STATEWIDE-CYANOBACTERIA-BLOOMS-ILLNESS","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Blue-green algae bloom reports and related illnesses trending upward in Wisconsin","description":"Wisconsin DNR received 195 algal bloom reports by September 9, 2024, about 72 percent confirmed as cyanobacteria, and the state health department investigated 34 illness reports that year, 10 of them linked to blue-green algae exposure. In 2025 DNR had 173 reports by August 26, and DHS was investigating 18 illness reports and a dog death. Blooms recur on Lake Winnebago, Petenwell and Castle Rock lakes, Green Bay and Superior's harbor; local health officials warned against swimming at Menasha's beach in August 2025.","location":{"name":"Wisconsin lakes and reservoirs","type":"Statewide surface waters","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"Recurring blooms on Lake Winnebago, Petenwell, Castle Rock, Green Bay, Lake Superior harbor and others","coordinates":{"lat":44.5,"lon":-89.5,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Winnebago","Juneau","Adams","Brown","Douglas"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nutrient-fed cyanobacteria blooms degrade lake water quality and cause illness.","secondary_drivers":["Nutrient runoff","Warming waters"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"WPR (ref 2) reports 10 illness cases linked to blue-green algae exposure in 2024; in 2025 DHS investigated a possible bloom-related dog death (ref 1).","service":"Menasha and Winnebago County health officials told people and pets to stay out of the water at Menasha Municipal Beach (ref 3).","scale":"DNR logged 195 bloom reports statewide by September 9, 2024, from Lake Superior harbors to Lake Winnebago and central Wisconsin reservoirs (ref 2).","duration":"DNR's bloom coordinator describes blooms as trending upward across years even with a slight 2025 dip (ref 1).","significance":"Local public health advisories were issued for Lake Winnebago (ref 3); there is no enforcement action tied to the blooms."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source gives a count of people affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"195 bloom reports as of Sept. 9, 2024, about 72 percent confirmed as cyanobacteria (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Bloom reports by Sept. 9, 2024","value":195,"unit":"reports","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Illness reports investigated, 2024","value":34,"unit":"reports","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Bloom reports by Aug. 26, 2025","value":173,"unit":"reports","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Illness reports under investigation, 2025","value":18,"unit":"reports","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"DNR says reports are trending upward despite a slight 2025 dip (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","role":"Bloom monitoring and lake management"},{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Health Services","role":"Illness surveillance"},{"name":"Menasha Health Department","role":"Local beach advisories"}],"public_contact":"Wisconsin DNR harmful algal bloom reporting (dnr.wisconsin.gov)","corrective_actions":["Local health departments issue beach advisories (ref 3).","DHS investigates bloom-related illness reports (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"While down slightly this year, blue-green algae blooms still trending upward","publisher":"Wisconsin Public Radio","date":"2025-08-29","url":"https://wpr.org/news/blue-green-algae-blooms-trending-upward-dnr","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"More people reporting harmful blooms, related illnesses on Wisconsin lakes","publisher":"Wisconsin Public Radio","date":"2024-09-17","url":"https://wpr.org/news/more-people-reporting-harmful-blooms-related-illnesses-on-wisconsin-lakes","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Health department warns of harmful algae bloom on North Shore of Lake Winnebago","publisher":"WBAY","date":"2025-08-11","url":"https://www.wbay.com/2025/08/11/health-department-warns-harmful-algae-bloom-north-shore-lake-winnebago","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (WI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Lake-specific toxin concentrations"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WI-LAKE-MONONA-PFAS-FOAM-STARKWEATHER","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lake Monona foam carries highest PFAS levels measured in Wisconsin","description":"A UW-Madison study published in July 2024 found PFAS in foam on Lake Monona as high as 328,000 parts per trillion, about 7,000 times the level in the water below, and more than 200,000 ppt on downstream Lake Waubesa. The lakes sit downstream of Starkweather Creek, where PFAS is linked largely to firefighting foam used at Truax Field Air National Guard Base and Dane County Regional Airport. PFAS fish consumption advisories apply to Lake Monona and downstream Dane County waters.","location":{"name":"Lake Monona and Starkweather Creek","type":"Urban lake and tributary","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"Madison, Dane County; Yahara chain downstream to Waubesa and Kegonsa","coordinates":{"lat":43.07,"lon":-89.36,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Dane"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS from firefighting foam contaminates surface water, foam and fish.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","Military and airport firefighting foam"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Lake Monona foam measured up to 328,000 ppt PFAS, about 7,000 times the water below (ref 1).","service":"PFAS fish consumption advisories cover Lake Monona and downstream Dane County waters, and Public Health Madison & Dane County posts foam warnings along Starkweather Creek (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The affected waters are the Yahara lakes downstream of Starkweather Creek in the Madison area (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Starkweather Creek had the highest PFOA and PFOS of any water DNR tested in 2019 (ref 2), and the 2024 study shows the problem persisting (ref 1).","significance":"DNR fish consumption advisories are in effect (ref 2); no cleanup order is cited."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source gives a count of people affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Lake Monona foam had PFAS 'as high as 328,000 parts per trillion, around 7,000 times the level in the water below' (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Maximum PFAS in Lake Monona foam","value":328000,"unit":"ppt (sum of 36 PFAS)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"PFAS in Lake Waubesa foam","value":200000,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"'More than 200,000' (ref 1)."},{"name":"PFAS in water beneath foam, range high end","value":140,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Water measured 6 to 140 ppt (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Advisories remain; no reduction documented in cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","role":"PFAS response and fish advisories"},{"name":"Public Health Madison & Dane County","role":"Local health warnings"},{"name":"Wisconsin Air National Guard (Truax Field)","role":"Identified PFAS source"}],"public_contact":"Public Health Madison & Dane County","corrective_actions":["Fish consumption advisories and posted foam warnings (refs 1, 2).","DNR said it would evaluate the study's implications for its PFAS response (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lake Monona's foam has highest PFAS levels in Wisconsin, study finds","publisher":"The Cap Times","date":"2024-07-12","url":"https://captimes.com/news/lake-monona-s-foam-has-highest-pfas-levels-in-wisconsin-study-finds/article_1b297426-3fc3-11ef-9d70-f705edd77505.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Although PFAS in Dane County lakes are a concern, you can still enjoy the waters","publisher":"Wisconsin Public Radio","date":"2024-08-22","url":"https://www.wpr.org/news/pfas-dane-county-lakes-activities","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (WI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Status of Starkweather Creek cleanup"],"related_ids":["US-WI-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-WI-PFAS-SPILLS-LAW-RULING-AND-TRUST-FUND","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"PFAS spills-law court fight and two-year standoff over $125M PFAS fund","description":"On June 24, 2025 the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled 5-2 against Wisconsin Manufacturers & Commerce and an Oconomowoc dry cleaner, holding that DNR can require cleanup of emerging contaminants such as PFAS under the Spills Law without first adopting a rule. Separately, $125 million set aside for PFAS in the 2023-25 budget went unspent for more than two years until Gov. Evers signed 2025 Acts 200 and 201 in April 2026. Those acts send about $80 million to local governments and $35 million to well compensation grants, and amend the Spills Law to shield landowners who did not cause PFAS contamination.","location":{"name":"Wisconsin (statewide PFAS program)","type":"State regulatory program","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"Statewide; case arose from Leather Rich dry cleaner in Oconomowoc, Waukesha County","coordinates":{"lat":44.5,"lon":-89.5,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Waukesha"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Litigation and budget deadlock governed how the state funds and enforces PFAS cleanup.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","Legislative-executive conflict"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The case began with PFAS contamination found at the Leather Rich property in 2018 (ref 1); the funding acts cover contaminated private wells in places such as French Island, Stella and Marinette (ref 2).","service":"The acts fund emergency bottled water for private well owners (refs 2, 3), but none of the cited sources describes a service loss caused by the dispute itself.","scale":"The ruling applies statewide, and groundwater supplies drinking water for about two-thirds of Wisconsin residents (ref 1).","duration":"WMC sued in 2021 (ref 1) and the $125 million was blocked for more than two years before the April 2026 signing (refs 2, 3).","significance":"A Wisconsin Supreme Court decision (ref 1) and two new laws, 2025 Acts 200 and 201 (ref 3), settled the dispute."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide program; no affected count given."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$125 million PFAS fund released through 2025 Wisconsin Acts 200 and 201 after being held up for more than two years (refs 2, 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"PFAS Trust Fund","value":125000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 2, 3."},{"name":"Grants to local governments","value":80000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"About $80 million (refs 2, 3)."},{"name":"Expanded Well Compensation Grant Program","value":35000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 2, 3."},{"name":"Supreme Court vote","value":5,"unit":"justices in majority (of 7)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Funding released in 2026 (ref 3), though the acts limit Spills Law liability for some landowners (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","role":"Spills Law enforcement and PFAS grants"},{"name":"Wisconsin Legislature","role":"Appropriations"},{"name":"Wisconsin Supreme Court","role":"Ruled on DNR authority"}],"public_contact":"Wisconsin DNR (dnr.wisconsin.gov)","corrective_actions":["Supreme Court affirmed DNR Spills Law authority over PFAS (ref 1).","2025 Acts 200 and 201 release PFAS funds and add 10 DNR positions (refs 2, 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Wisconsin Supreme Court rules state regulators can force landowners to clean up PFAS","publisher":"Associated Press / Spectrum News 1","date":"2025-06-24","url":"https://spectrumnews1.com/wi/milwaukee/news/2025/06/24/wisconsin-supreme-court--pfas--ruling","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Gov. Evers Celebrates Senate Approval of Bipartisan PFAS Compromise After Years of Urging Republicans to Release $125 Million","publisher":"Office of Gov. Tony Evers (via Urban Milwaukee)","date":"2026-03-17","url":"https://urbanmilwaukee.com/pressrelease/gov-evers-celebrates-senate-approval-of-bipartisan-pfas-compromise-after-years-of-urging-republicans-to-release-125-million-to-fight-pfas-contamination-statewide/","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Gov. Evers signs bills releasing $125M in PFAS funds","publisher":"WDIO","date":"2026-04-06","url":"https://www.wdio.com/top-stories/gov-evers-signs-bills-releasing-125m-in-pfas-funds/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (WI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-WI-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-WI-KEWAUNEE-PAGELS-PONDEROSA-CAFO-PERMIT","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Groups challenge DNR permit for Pagel's Ponderosa dairy CAFO in Kewaunee County","description":"DNR reissued a wastewater permit in August 2024 to Pagel's Ponderosa, a Kewaunee County dairy with about 6,877 cows that generates more than 104 million gallons of manure a year spread on over 10,000 acres. On October 29, 2024, environmental groups and a resident whose private well is contaminated with nitrates petitioned for a contested case hearing, arguing the permit should cap herd size and require groundwater monitoring. DNR says the farm has addressed past violations and is in substantial compliance.","location":{"name":"Pagel's Ponderosa dairy, Kewaunee County","type":"Permitted livestock facility (CAFO)","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"Three facilities in Kewaunee County, where thin soils over fractured bedrock leave groundwater vulnerable","coordinates":{"lat":44.5,"lon":-87.6,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Kewaunee"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Manure from a large dairy is spread over karst-prone land where private wells are vulnerable to nitrate.","secondary_drivers":["Manure application","Karst geology"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The petition (ref 2) includes a Kewaunee County resident whose private well has been contaminated by nitrates; the groups cite numerous manure spills (ref 1).","service":"No public water service disruption is reported; the contaminated supply cited is a single private well (ref 2).","scale":"The operation spreads more than 104 million gallons of manure a year on more than 10,000 acres (ref 1).","duration":"The groups describe a history of manure spills and over-application before the August 2024 reissue, and the petition remains pending in cited sources (refs 1, 2).","significance":"A formal contested case petition was filed with the Division of Hearings and Appeals on October 29, 2024 (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source gives a count of people affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than 104 million gallons of manure a year spread on more than 10,000 acres (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Cows","value":6877,"unit":"cows","status":"Reported","note":"Plus 2,108 heifers and 1,881 calves (ref 1)."},{"name":"Manure generated","value":104000000,"unit":"gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"'More than' (ref 1)."},{"name":"Land receiving manure","value":10000,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"'More than' (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","role":"CAFO permitting"},{"name":"Wisconsin Division of Hearings and Appeals","role":"Contested case review"}],"public_contact":"Wisconsin DNR (dnr.wisconsin.gov)","corrective_actions":["DNR permit requires an engineering evaluation of a waste storage facility and closer phosphorus management (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Environmental groups challenge permit for Kewaunee County CAFO","publisher":"Wisconsin Public Radio","date":"2024-10-30","url":"https://wpr.org/news/environmental-groups-challenge-permit-for-kewaunee-county-cafo","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Environmental Groups Dispute Wisconsin DNR's Permit Renewal for Polluting Livestock Facility","publisher":"Environmental Law & Policy Center","date":"2024-10-29","url":"https://elpc.org/news/groups-take-legal-action-after-wisconsin-dnr-reissues-permit-for-livestock-facility-with-history-of-environmental-violations/","basis":"Advocacy press release"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (WI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Outcome of contested case hearing"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WI-CAFO-PERMIT-RULES-APPEALS-RULING","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Appeals court upholds DNR rules requiring permits for Wisconsin's 344 CAFOs","description":"In 2023 the WMC Litigation Center sued DNR on behalf of the Wisconsin Dairy Alliance and Venture Dairy Cooperative, arguing DNR rules requiring CAFO permits and regulating farm stormwater runoff could not be enforced. On August 27, 2025, a state appeals court panel upheld a Calumet County ruling for DNR, finding the rules do not exceed its authority. The rules cover 344 CAFOs; manure has been linked to nitrate contamination of private wells, and about 90 percent of groundwater nitrate is traced to agriculture.","location":{"name":"Wisconsin CAFO permit program","type":"State regulatory program","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"Statewide; case filed in Calumet County","coordinates":{"lat":44.5,"lon":-89.5,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Calumet"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Litigation tested the legal basis of the state's manure-runoff permit program.","secondary_drivers":["Manure runoff","Regulatory litigation"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"WPR (ref 1) notes manure has been linked to nitrate in private wells and about 90 percent of groundwater nitrate is traced to agriculture.","service":"The appeals ruling (refs 1, 2) concerns permit authority; no water service disruption is involved.","scale":"The ruling affects all 344 permitted CAFOs in Wisconsin (refs 1, 2).","duration":"The challenge was filed in 2023 and decided on appeal in August 2025 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"A state appeals court ruling in a lawsuit affirmed summary judgment for DNR (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source gives a count of people affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The ruling affects Wisconsin's 344 CAFOs (refs 1, 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Permitted CAFOs","value":344,"unit":"operations","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Plaintiffs said they would 'continue to fight' (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","role":"CAFO permitting"},{"name":"Wisconsin Court of Appeals","role":"Ruled on rule validity"}],"public_contact":"Wisconsin DNR (dnr.wisconsin.gov)","corrective_actions":["DNR CAFO permit and farm runoff rules upheld (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DNR can require CAFO permits to protect water, appeals court rules","publisher":"Wisconsin Public Radio","date":"2025-08-27","url":"https://www.wpr.org/news/dnr-can-require-cafo-permits-protect-water","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Wisconsin DNR can require CAFO permits to protect water, appeals court rules","publisher":"Wisconsin Watch (republished from WPR)","date":"2025-08-27","url":"https://wisconsinwatch.org/2025/08/wisconsin-dnr-can-require-cafo-permits-to-protect-water-appeals-court-rules/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (WI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Whether a Supreme Court appeal was filed"],"related_ids":["US-WI-KEWAUNEE-PAGELS-PONDEROSA-CAFO-PERMIT"]},{"id":"US-WI-MOUNT-PLEASANT-MICROSOFT-DATACENTER-WATER","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Microsoft Mount Pleasant data centers draw Lake Michigan water via Racine diversion","description":"Records Racine released in September 2025, after Midwest Environmental Advocates sued over a records request, show Microsoft's Mount Pleasant data center campus would use a peak of 234,000 gallons per day in its first phase and 702,000 gallons per day in later phases, supplied by Racine's water utility. The supply falls within the up to 7 million gallons per day Lake Michigan diversion DNR approved for Racine in 2018 for Foxconn under the Great Lakes Compact's straddling-community exception. DNR said in May 2026 the campus averaged about 15,000 gallons a day and reached 468,000 gallons on the hottest days, and advocates note there are no water-use reporting requirements for data centers.","location":{"name":"Racine Waterworks / Mount Pleasant data centers","type":"Municipal utility service area (Great Lakes diversion)","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"Village of Mount Pleasant, Racine County, served by Racine Waterworks","coordinates":{"lat":42.72,"lon":-87.88,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Racine"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WI2520062"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["water-rights","drinking-water-supply","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Large new industrial water demand is met through a Great Lakes diversion with limited public reporting.","secondary_drivers":["Data center growth","Great Lakes Compact diversion"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No environmental or health harm is documented; DNR reported average use near 15,000 gallons a day (ref 2).","service":"No customer service impact on Racine Waterworks is reported (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The campus draws on Racine Waterworks, which serves 105,100 people per SDWIS (ref 3), through Racine's approved diversion (ref 1).","duration":"Water figures surfaced in September 2025 (ref 1) and DNR was still reporting use and Compact questions in May 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"Midwest Environmental Advocates sued Racine to obtain the water-use records (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":105100,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Racine Waterworks per SDWIS (ref 3); not a count of people harmed."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Later phases would use 'a peak of 702,000 gallons per day or 8.4 million gallons annually' (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Phase one peak water use","value":234000,"unit":"gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Later-phase peak water use","value":702000,"unit":"gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Racine approved Lake Michigan diversion","value":7,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Approved 2018 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Reported average daily use","value":15000,"unit":"gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"DNR, roughly (ref 2)."},{"name":"Reported hottest-day use","value":468000,"unit":"gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"DNR (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Use expected to grow with buildout (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Racine Water Utility","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","role":"Great Lakes Compact diversion approvals"}],"public_contact":"Racine Water Utility customer service","corrective_actions":["Microsoft says most of the campus uses closed-loop cooling (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Microsoft data centers will use up to 8.4M gallons of water each year, records show","publisher":"Wisconsin Public Radio","date":"2025-09-17","url":"https://www.wpr.org/news/microsoft-data-centers-8-million-gallons-water-each-year","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Microsoft doesn't expect its data centers will trigger review under Great Lakes Compact","publisher":"Wisconsin Public Radio","date":"2026-05-26","url":"https://www.wpr.org/news/microsoft-data-centers-great-lakes-compact","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Racine Waterworks","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/RACINE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"Racine releases records showing Microsoft data center would use 8 million gallons of water per year","publisher":"Wisconsin Examiner (republished by VernonReporter)","date":"2025-09-17","url":"https://vernonreporter.com/racine-releases-records-showing-microsoft-data-center-would-use-8-million-gallons-of-water-per-year/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (WI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-WI-PORT-WASHINGTON-VANTAGE-DATACENTER-WATER"]},{"id":"US-WI-PORT-WASHINGTON-VANTAGE-DATACENTER-WATER","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Port Washington agrees to supply up to 1.2 MGD to Vantage AI data center campus","description":"Port Washington's common council unanimously approved the Vantage data center development in August 2025, under an agreement allowing Vantage to use up to 1.2 million gallons of water per day from the city's water plant, with peak use expected on the hottest days. Crews began extending city water and sewer past Interstate 43 to the site on October 13, 2025, as residents raised environmental concerns. A Clean Wisconsin analysis cited by WPR estimated the campus could drive at least 54 million gallons a day of power-plant water use if powered by nonrenewable sources.","location":{"name":"Port Washington Waterworks / Vantage campus","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"City of Port Washington, Ozaukee County, on Lake Michigan","coordinates":{"lat":43.39,"lon":-87.88,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Ozaukee"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WI2460054"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A small lakefront utility is committing large peak capacity to one industrial customer.","secondary_drivers":["Data center growth"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"No contamination or ecological harm is documented; the mayor says the campus will not affect Lake Michigan (ref 1).","service":"No customer restrictions are reported; the agreement covers up to 1.2 MGD for Vantage (ref 1).","scale":"Port Washington Waterworks serves 12,853 people per SDWIS (ref 4), and its plant is the supply named in the agreement (ref 1).","duration":"Approval came in August 2025 and utility extensions began October 13, 2025 (refs 1, 2), with power-water questions still raised in May 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"Only a city approval and resident objections are documented (refs 1, 2); there is no violation or enforcement."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":12853,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Port Washington Waterworks per SDWIS (ref 4); not a count of people harmed."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The agreement 'allows Vantage to use up to 1.2 million gallons of water per day from Port Washington's water plant' (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Maximum water allowed under agreement","value":1.2,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Estimated power-plant water use if nonrenewable","value":54,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Clean Wisconsin analysis, 'at least' (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Port Washington","role":"Water utility owner and approving body"},{"name":"Public Service Commission of Wisconsin","role":"Utility regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Port Washington (portwashingtonwi.gov)","corrective_actions":["City says used water will be treated at the municipal wastewater plant (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Port Washington data center moving ahead as new report urges cities to plan for water supply","publisher":"Spectrum News 1","date":"2025-10-01","url":"https://spectrumnews1.com/wi/madison/news/2025/09/23/data-center-port-washington","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Port Washington Data Center: Welcomed by elected officials, questioned by constituents","publisher":"WUWM 89.7","date":"2025-10-20","url":"https://www.wuwm.com/port-washington-data-center-questioned-by-constituents","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Microsoft doesn't expect its data centers will trigger review under Great Lakes Compact","publisher":"Wisconsin Public Radio","date":"2026-05-26","url":"https://www.wpr.org/news/microsoft-data-centers-great-lakes-compact","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Port Washington Waterworks","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PORT%20WASHINGTON/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"New record (WI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-WI-MOUNT-PLEASANT-MICROSOFT-DATACENTER-WATER"]},{"id":"US-WI-BAD-RIVER-LINE5-REROUTE-WATER-CROSSINGS","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Line 5 reroute around Bad River Reservation crosses 186 waterways; drilling fluid spill","description":"After a federal judge in 2023 ordered Enbridge to shut down or reroute Line 5 around the Bad River Reservation and pay $5.15 million for trespass, Enbridge began a 41-mile reroute crossing about 186 waterways and 101 acres of wetlands that drain to Lake Superior. An administrative law judge upheld DNR permits in February 2026; in May a Bayfield County judge halted permanent work in four creeks pending additional permits. On June 27, 2026, an estimated 1,500 to 1,900 gallons of bentonite drilling fluid spilled near Vaughn Creek in Iron County, about 5 to 8 gallons entering the creek.","location":{"name":"Line 5 reroute, Bad River watershed","type":"Pipeline corridor through river watershed","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"Ashland and Iron counties south of the Bad River Reservation; spill at Vaughn Creek, town of Gurney","coordinates":{"lat":46.3,"lon":-90.6,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Ashland","Iron"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Pipeline construction crosses many streams and wetlands in a tribal watershed draining to Lake Superior.","secondary_drivers":["Oil pipeline","Tribal treaty and land rights"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"WPR (ref 3) reports 1,500 to 1,900 gallons of drilling fluid released into a wetland, with 5 to 8 gallons reaching Vaughn Creek, cleaned from the creek in about an hour.","service":"No drinking water service disruption is reported; a tribal elder voiced concern about groundwater (ref 3).","scale":"The 41-mile reroute crosses about 186 waterways and 101 acres of wetlands in two counties (refs 1, 3).","duration":"The Band sued in 2019 and permit litigation and construction continued through mid-2026 (refs 2, 3).","significance":"A federal trespass judgment of $5.15 million (ref 2) and a May 2026 state court stay in four creeks (ref 2) are on record."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source gives a count of people affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"41-mile reroute crossing about 186 waterways and 101 acres of wetlands (refs 1, 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Reroute length","value":41,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 2, 3."},{"name":"Waterways crossed","value":186,"unit":"waterways","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 3."},{"name":"Wetlands affected","value":101,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 3."},{"name":"Drilling fluid released, June 27, 2026 (upper estimate)","value":1900,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Estimated 1,500 to 1,900 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Permits upheld in February 2026 but partial stay in May 2026 (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","role":"Waterway and wetland permits"},{"name":"Enbridge Energy","role":"Pipeline operator"},{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","role":"Federal permit"}],"public_contact":"Wisconsin DNR (dnr.wisconsin.gov)","corrective_actions":["Bayfield County court barred permanent bank-stabilization work in four creeks pending permits (ref 2).","DNR verified spill volumes and Enbridge is removing the fluid (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Judge Upholds Wisconsin DNR's Permit for Line 5 Oil Pipeline","publisher":"Earthjustice","date":"2026-02-13","url":"https://earthjustice.org/press/2026/judge-upholds-wisconsin-dnrs-permit-for-line-5-oil-pipeline","basis":"Advocacy press release"},{"ref":2,"title":"Judge halts some work on Line 5 reroute in Wisconsin","publisher":"The Daily News (Iron Mountain), via WPR","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.ironmountaindailynews.com/news/local-news/2026/05/judge-halts-some-work-on-line-5-reroute-in-wisconsin/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Wisconsin regulators respond to drilling fluid spill on Enbridge's Line 5 reroute","publisher":"Wisconsin Public Radio","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://www.wpr.org/news/wisconsin-regulators-respond-drilling-fluid-spill-enbridges-line-5-reroute","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (WI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Status of the June 2026 shutdown deadline on appeal"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WI-MADISON-WATER-RATE-CASE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Madison Water Utility wins 9.9% rate increase to fund main replacement","description":"Madison Water Utility applied in October 2025 for a 14.8 percent overall increase in water revenues (docket 3280-WR-117). The Public Service Commission approved a 9.9 percent increase, about $5.5 million, effective May 1, 2026, raising a typical residential water charge from $33.90 to $38.81 a month. The utility cites rising plant investment and operating costs, and will use $10 million a year in dedicated cash for water main replacement.","location":{"name":"Madison Water Utility","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"City of Madison, Dane County","coordinates":{"lat":43.07,"lon":-89.4,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Dane"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WI1130224"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Customer rates rise to pay for aging main replacement.","secondary_drivers":["Infrastructure renewal costs"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The rate case documents (refs 1, 2) cite cost increases, not any water quality harm.","service":"Rates change only the water portion of the bill; no service interruption is reported (ref 1).","scale":"Madison Water Utility serves 272,000 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"The case ran from the October 29, 2025 notice to rates effective May 1, 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"The PSC issued a formal rate decision in docket 3280-WR-117 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":272000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Typical residential water charge rises from $33.90 to $38.81 a month, a 9.9% overall increase (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Approved overall increase","value":9.9,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Requested overall increase","value":14.8,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Approved revenue increase","value":5535369,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Dedicated main replacement funding","value":10000000,"unit":"USD per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Operating expenses up 16.71% since last rate case (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Previous case completed 2022 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Madison Water Utility","role":"Operator"},{"name":"Public Service Commission of Wisconsin","role":"Rate regulator"}],"public_contact":"Madison Water Utility customer service (cityofmadison.com/water)","corrective_actions":["$10 million a year in cash funding for water main replacement (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Public Service Commission of Wisconsin (PSCW) Provides Decisions on Madison Water Utility's Rate Case","publisher":"City of Madison","date":"2026-04-02","url":"https://www.cityofmadison.com/news/2026-04-02/public-service-commission-of-wisconsin-pscw-provides-decisions-on-madison-water","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Public Notice to All Customers of Madison Water Utility","publisher":"City of Madison","date":"2025-10-29","url":"https://www.cityofmadison.com/news/2025-10-29/public-notice-to-all-customers-of-madison-water-utility","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Madison Water Utility","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MADISON%20WATER/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (WI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MN-INVER-GROVE-HEIGHTS-RADIUM-ALPHA-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Inver Grove Heights stays in radium and gross alpha violation during filter rebuild","description":"The Minnesota Department of Health told Inver Grove Heights in October 2025 that its gross alpha and combined radium maximum contaminant level violation was ongoing; gross alpha samples at Treatment Plant #1 reached 21.16 pCi/L (December 2024) and 19.27 pCi/L (August 2025). The city operates under a 2023 compliance agreement amended in May 2025 and has been rehabilitating its treatment plant filters since early 2025; its August 2026 notice reports annual averages below the limits but says the system remains out of compliance.","location":{"name":"Inver Grove Heights municipal water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Dakota County, south-east Twin Cities metro; groundwater treated at the city water treatment plant","counties":["Dakota"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MN1190014","state":"MN","states":["MN"],"coordinates":{"lat":44.829015,"lon":-93.060072,"precision":"city","source_ref":4}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Naturally occurring radionuclides pass a treatment plant whose sand filters lost effectiveness, a water quality failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"MDH's 28 October 2025 letter (ref 1) lists gross alpha results of 21.16 and 19.27 pCi/L against the 15 pCi/L MCL and states an ongoing radium and gross alpha MCL violation.","service":"Quarterly public notices are required; the city's August 2026 notice (ref 2) says bottled water and boiling are not needed, so supply continued under notice only.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 3) lists 34,189 people served by PWSID MN1190014, a single mid-size suburban system.","duration":"MDH radium results above the standard reached the city in January 2023 (ref 5) and the August 2026 notice (ref 2) still lists the system out of compliance, over three years.","significance":"Inver Grove Heights is bound by an MDH Compliance Agreement adopted July 2023 and amended May 2025 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":34189,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Gross alpha 21.16 pCi/L at Treatment Plant #1 on 12/19/2024 versus the 15 pCi/L MCL; violation 'ongoing' per MDH letter of 28 Oct 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"Gross alpha, Treatment Plant #1 (19 Dec 2024)","value":21.16,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"MDH letter (ref 1); MCL 15 pCi/L."},{"name":"Gross alpha, Treatment Plant #1 (7 Aug 2025)","value":19.27,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"MDH letter (ref 1)."},{"name":"Combined radium annual average (June 2026)","value":3.1,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"City notice (ref 2); below the 5.4 pCi/L level the city cites."},{"name":"Gross alpha annual average (June 2026)","value":12.2,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"City notice (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Treatment plant filter rehabilitation under state compliance agreement"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"City notice (ref 2) reports June 2026 annual averages below both MCLs, though MDH has not yet returned the system to compliance."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Minnesota Department of Health, Drinking Water Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"City of Inver Grove Heights Public Works (Utilities)","role":"System owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"Inver Grove Heights Utility Superintendent: 651-450-4309, water@ighmn.gov","corrective_actions":["Compliance Agreement with MDH adopted July 2023 and amended May 2025 (ref 2).","Treatment plant filter rehabilitation under way since early 2025, with full rehabilitation projected for Q1 2026 (ref 2).","Quarterly MDH sampling and public notice continue until MDH returns the system to compliance (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Maximum Contaminant Level Violation Monitoring - Gross Alpha and Combined Radium, Inver Grove Heights, PWSID 1190014","publisher":"Minnesota Department of Health (posted by City of Inver Grove Heights)","date":"2025-10-28","url":"https://www.ighmn.gov/DocumentCenter/View/19381/2025-10-28---MDH-Official-Notification-Letter_1","basis":"State regulatory record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Water Public Notice","publisher":"City of Inver Grove Heights","date":"2026-08-10","url":"https://ighmn.gov/WaterPublicNotice","basis":"State mandatory public notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Inver Grove Heights (MN1190014)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/INVER%20GROVE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"2023 Census Gazetteer, Minnesota places (internal point coordinates)","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":null,"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2023_Gazetteer/2023_gaz_place_27.txt","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"Inver Grove Heights reports elevated radium levels in city water","publisher":"MPR News","date":"2023-03-01","url":"https://www.mprnews.org/story/2023/03/01/inver-grove-heights-reports-elevated-radium-levels-in-city-water","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MN-SAVAGE-WTP3-RADIUM-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Savage takes Water Treatment Plant 3 offline after combined radium violation","description":"The Minnesota Department of Health issued Savage a notice of violation on 29 January 2024 because combined radium at Water Treatment Plant 3 averaged 6.3 pCi/L, with an October 2023 sample of 6.8 pCi/L. The city took the peak-demand plant offline, tested its filter media and held a public hearing; EPA records show combined radium violations for the system in two quarters beginning October 2023 and April 2024.","location":{"name":"Savage municipal water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Scott County, south Twin Cities metro; supply blends WTP 2, WTP 3 and a Burnsville interconnect","counties":["Scott"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MN1700008","state":"MN","states":["MN"],"coordinates":{"lat":44.759057,"lon":-93.364213,"precision":"city","source_ref":4}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A treatment plant's filters did not hold naturally occurring radium below the MCL, a water quality violation.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Savage Pacer (ref 1) reports WTP 3 running annual average of 6.3 pCi/L combined radium, above the MCL, with a 6.8 pCi/L sample on 4 October 2023.","service":"WTP 3 was offline from November 2023 while Burnsville supply covered demand (ref 1); residents received a violation notice but no boil or bottled-water order.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 2) lists 30,285 residents on PWSID MN1700008.","duration":"The plant was offline from November 2023 with restart possible by mid-2024 (ref 1); SDWIS (ref 3) logs violation periods beginning 2023-10-01 and 2024-04-01.","significance":"MDH issued a formal notice of violation on 29 January 2024 and the city scheduled a 4 March 2024 public hearing (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":30285,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Running annual average of 6.3 pCi/L combined radium at Water Treatment Plant 3, above the MCL (MDH notice of violation, 29 Jan 2024)."},"measures":[{"name":"Combined radium RAA, WTP 3","value":6.3,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"Savage Pacer (ref 1)."},{"name":"Combined radium sample, WTP 3 (4 Oct 2023)","value":6.8,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"Savage Pacer (ref 1)."},{"name":"Combined radium violation measure, quarter beginning 2024-04-01","value":5.2,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"EPA SDWIS violation record (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Minnesota Department of Health, Drinking Water Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"City of Savage Public Works (Utilities)","role":"System owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"City of Savage Public Works, Utilities Division (city website cityofsavage.com, public works section)","corrective_actions":["WTP 3 taken offline in November 2023 for testing (ref 1).","Consultant testing filter media to determine whether radium removal is effective (ref 1).","City working with MDH to align testing methods and speed result notification (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Savage schedules March 4 hearing following water violation","publisher":"Savage Pacer (SWNewsMedia)","date":"2024-02-14","url":"https://swnewsmedia.com/savage-schedules-march-4-hearing-following-water-violation/article_b4547d02-cb61-11ee-b97a-43a97ff89619.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Savage (MN1700008)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SAVAGE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS health-based violations, Minnesota primacy agency","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/MN/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:2000/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"2023 Census Gazetteer, Minnesota places (internal point coordinates)","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":null,"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2023_Gazetteer/2023_gaz_place_27.txt","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Current WTP 3 operating status and compliance date"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MN-ROSEMOUNT-WELL8-GROSS-ALPHA-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Rosemount Well 8 gross alpha violation drives $36-40 million treatment plant option","description":"In January 2026 the Minnesota Department of Health found that the annual average of gross alpha radiation in Rosemount Well #8 exceeded the standard; Sun Thisweek reports the Q1 2026 violation followed a 16.3 pCi/L result against the 15 pCi/L limit. Rosemount has limited Well #8 to under 4% of supply, MDH accepted its plan of action, and consultant SEH has presented options from emergency-only use to a $36 million to $40 million treatment plant, with a decision expected by the end of 2026.","location":{"name":"Rosemount municipal water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Dakota County; nine Jordan aquifer wells, interconnected","counties":["Dakota"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MN1190019","state":"MN","states":["MN"],"coordinates":{"lat":44.745814,"lon":-93.068864,"precision":"city","source_ref":5}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Naturally occurring alpha radiation in a Jordan aquifer well exceeds the drinking water standard.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Sun Thisweek (ref 2) reports Well No. 8 measured 16.3 pCi/L gross alpha against the 15 pCi/L state maximum, producing a Q1 2026 violation.","service":"Rosemount restricted Well #8 to under 4% of total supply and mailed a public notice on 13 February 2026 (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS (ref 3) lists 26,500 people served by PWSID MN1190019; all wells are interconnected so exposure is citywide (ref 2).","duration":"SDWIS (ref 4) lists gross alpha violation periods from 2025-10-01 through 2026-04-01, and the city expects to pick a remedy only by end of 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"MDH formally accepted the city's plan of action submitted 14 April 2026 (ref 1), with quarterly public notice required until resolved (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":26500,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Well No. 8 gross alpha 16.3 pCi/L versus the 15 pCi/L limit; new treatment plant option estimated at $36 million to $40 million."},"measures":[{"name":"Gross alpha, Well No. 8","value":16.3,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"Sun Thisweek (ref 2); SDWIS lists 16.3, 16.8 and 12.3 pCi/L for successive quarters (ref 4)."},{"name":"Treatment plant option cost, low estimate","value":36000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"SEH estimate $36M-$40M (ref 2)."},{"name":"Well #8 share of supply since mid-February 2026","value":4,"unit":"percent (maximum)","status":"Reported","note":"City water quality page (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Potential $36M-$40M treatment plant plus $12M-$14M future needs (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Minnesota Department of Health, Drinking Water Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"City of Rosemount Public Works","role":"System owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"Rosemount Public Works and Engineering: 651-322-2022, pwadm@rosemountmn.gov","corrective_actions":["Well #8 use limited; new Well #17 brought online (ref 1).","Plan of action submitted to MDH 14 April 2026 and accepted (ref 1).","Short Elliott Hendrickson evaluating options: emergency-only status, combining Wells 8 and 9 (about $2 million), or a Boulder Trail treatment plant (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water Quality","publisher":"City of Rosemount","date":"2026-08-18","url":"https://www.rosemountmn.gov/255/Water-Quality","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Rosemount may need new water treatment plant to address contaminants","publisher":"Sun Thisweek (Hometown Source)","date":"2026-06-25","url":"https://www.hometownsource.com/sun_thisweek/community/rosemount/rosemount-may-need-new-water-treatment-plant-to-address-contaminants/article_e5a5c67b-663e-4fea-a477-8249554866a9.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Rosemount (MN1190019)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ROSEMOUNT/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS health-based violations, Minnesota primacy agency","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/MN/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:2000/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2023 Census Gazetteer, Minnesota places (internal point coordinates)","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":null,"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2023_Gazetteer/2023_gaz_place_27.txt","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MN-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-MN-LEXINGTON-WELL1-GROSS-ALPHA-2019-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lexington well carried a gross alpha violation from 2019 until mid-2026","description":"Lexington's 2025 drinking water report shows gross alpha of 20.0 to 23.0 pCi/L in its 309-foot well, above the 15 pCi/L MCL, under a violation first issued 24 October 2019; the city also buys water from Blaine. EPA records list gross alpha violations at 17 and 23 pCi/L for 2024 and 2025 periods and a return-to-compliance date of 14 July 2026.","location":{"name":"Lexington municipal water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Anoka County, north Twin Cities metro; one Quaternary Buried Artesian aquifer well plus water purchased from Blaine","counties":["Anoka"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MN1020032","state":"MN","states":["MN"],"coordinates":{"lat":45.138153,"lon":-93.171375,"precision":"city","source_ref":4}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Naturally occurring alpha emitters in a single municipal well exceeded the drinking water standard for years.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Lexington's 2025 CCR (ref 1) reports gross alpha of 21.5 pCi/L (range 20.0-23.0) against the 15 pCi/L MCL and marks the violation YES.","service":"The CCR (ref 1) carries a violation notice telling residents bottled water is not needed and suggesting home softening or reverse osmosis.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 2) lists 3,028 people served by PWSID MN1020032.","duration":"The violation dates from 10/24/2019 (ref 1) and SDWIS shows return to compliance only on 2026-07-14 (ref 3), nearly seven years.","significance":"MDH issued a formal MCL violation (ref 1); no enforcement order was found."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":3028,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Gross alpha 21.5 pCi/L (range 20.0-23.0) in 2025 versus the 15 pCi/L MCL; violation open since 10/24/2019."},"measures":[{"name":"Gross alpha, 2025 level reported","value":21.5,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"2025 CCR (ref 1)."},{"name":"Gross alpha violation measure, period beginning 2025-01-01","value":23,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"SDWIS (ref 3) shows return to compliance on 14 July 2026."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Minnesota Department of Health, Drinking Water Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"City of Lexington","role":"System owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"City of Lexington: 763-784-2792, ap@cityoflexingtonmn.org","corrective_actions":["Quarterly testing continued until MDH resolved the violation (ref 1).","SDWIS records a return-to-compliance date of 14 July 2026 for both 2024 and 2025 violation periods (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lexington 2025 Drinking Water Report","publisher":"City of Lexington","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://www.lexingtonmn.gov/page/open/1974/0/2025%20Drinking%20Water%20Report.pdf","basis":"Consumer Confidence Report"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Lexington (MN1020032)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LEXINGTON/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS health-based violations, Minnesota primacy agency","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/MN/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:2000/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"2023 Census Gazetteer, Minnesota places (internal point coordinates)","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":null,"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2023_Gazetteer/2023_gaz_place_27.txt","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Exact publication date of the 2025 CCR (dated here by the 1 July CCR deadline)","What change achieved compliance"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MN-WAITE-PARK-PFOS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Waite Park wells average 16.5 ppt PFOS, four times the federal limit","description":"EPA UCMR 5 results for Waite Park show mean PFOS of 16.5 ppt (maximum 18.0) and mean PFOA of 5.45 ppt, both above the 4 ppt federal limits finalized in 2024. KNSI reported in June 2024 that PFAS removal could require a treatment plant upgrade costing as much as $20 million, with pilot testing and design taking years; the city's 22-year-old plant was not built to remove PFAS.","location":{"name":"Waite Park municipal water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Stearns County, St. Cloud area; three municipal wells and a central treatment plant","counties":["Stearns"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MN1730039","state":"MN","states":["MN"],"coordinates":{"lat":45.520868,"lon":-94.242982,"precision":"city","source_ref":4}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in the groundwater supply exceed new federal limits and require new treatment.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 data (ref 1) give Waite Park a mean PFOS of 16.5 ppt and maximum of 18.0 ppt, above the 4 ppt PFOS MCL.","service":"No supply restriction or do-not-drink advice is reported; KNSI (ref 2) covers only planning for treatment.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 3) lists 8,354 people served by PWSID MN1730039.","duration":"KNSI (ref 2) reported in June 2024 that pilot testing could take up to 18 months plus 10-14 months of design, so the exposure is multi-year.","significance":"Levels exceed the federal PFOA and PFOS MCLs (ref 1), which carry a 2029 compliance deadline; no violation is yet enforceable."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":8354,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"UCMR 5 mean PFOS 16.5 ppt (max 18.0) and mean PFOA 5.45 ppt versus 4 ppt federal MCLs."},"measures":[{"name":"PFOS mean (UCMR 5)","value":16.5,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1, n=2 samples."},{"name":"PFOA mean (UCMR 5)","value":5.45,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1."},{"name":"Estimated treatment upgrade cost (upper)","value":20000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"KNSI (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Up to $20 million plant upgrade for a city of about 8,400 (refs 2, 3)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Waite Park Public Works","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Minnesota Department of Health, Drinking Water Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Waite Park Public Works (city hall main line listed on the city website)","corrective_actions":["AE2S facility study completed; pilot and bench testing of ion exchange and granular activated carbon recommended (ref 2).","City pursuing low-interest EPA loans and a Congressionally Directed Spending request (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data, all results (UCMR5_All.txt), PFOA and PFOS for PWSID MN1730039","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Waite Park faces potential years-long effort and $20 million cost to address PFAS contamination in water","publisher":"KNSI Radio","date":"2024-06-18","url":"https://knsiradio.com/2024/06/18/waite-park-faces-potential-years-long-effort-and-20-million-cost-to-address-pfas-contamination-in-water/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Waite Park (MN1730039)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WAITE%20PARK/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"2023 Census Gazetteer, Minnesota places (internal point coordinates)","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":null,"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2023_Gazetteer/2023_gaz_place_27.txt","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Treatment selection and construction status after 2024","Contamination source"],"related_ids":["US-MN-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-MN-SAUK-RAPIDS-PFAS-WELLS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Sauk Rapids shifts off PFAS-contaminated wells as UCMR 5 shows PFOS above 4 ppt","description":"PFAS was found in two Sauk Rapids city wells in late 2022, one slightly above the state health guidance; the city spent more than $1 million on a new well and sought state bonding for more. A 2025 Senate bill (S.F. 1017) proposed $3.6 million for three new wells and related infrastructure, and EPA UCMR 5 data show mean PFOS of 4.7 ppt (maximum 12.0) and PFOA up to 8.1 ppt, above the 4 ppt federal limits.","location":{"name":"Sauk Rapids municipal water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Benton County, St. Cloud area; contamination in the southeastern low-pressure zone wells","counties":["Benton"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MN1050004","state":"MN","states":["MN"],"coordinates":{"lat":45.594724,"lon":-94.152747,"precision":"city","source_ref":6}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in the city's aquifer forced well changes and raise federal-limit compliance needs.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 data (ref 1) show Sauk Rapids PFOS mean 4.7 ppt (max 12.0) and PFOA max 8.1 ppt, over the 4 ppt MCLs; MPR (ref 2) says one well was above MDH guidance.","service":"Contaminated wells were blended and then moved to backup status as a new well came online (refs 2, 4).","scale":"SDWIS (ref 3) lists 13,835 people served by PWSID MN1050004.","duration":"PFAS was detected in late 2022 (ref 2) and a 2025 bill still sought money for three more wells (ref 4).","significance":"Exceeds the 2024 federal MCLs (ref 1) and is the subject of a 2025 state bonding bill (ref 4); no enforcement action was found."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":13835,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"UCMR 5 PFOS mean 4.7 ppt (max 12.0 ppt) versus a 4 ppt MCL; $3.6 million state bonding request for three new wells."},"measures":[{"name":"PFOS mean (UCMR 5)","value":4.7,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1, n=6."},{"name":"PFOA maximum (UCMR 5)","value":8.1,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1."},{"name":"S.F. 1017 proposed appropriation","value":3600000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"ref 4."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["City seeking state bonding for PFAS mitigation (refs 2, 4)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Sauk Rapids","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Minnesota Department of Health, Drinking Water Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","role":"Proposed grantor; contamination investigation"}],"public_contact":"City of Sauk Rapids Public Works (city website ci.sauk-rapids.mn.us)","corrective_actions":["New well drilled for more than $1 million (ref 2).","S.F. 1017 (2025) proposes three new wells, booster station and well house work, and water main to the treatment plant (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data, all results (UCMR5_All.txt), PFOA and PFOS for PWSID MN1050004","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Cities grapple with costs of removing PFAS from drinking water","publisher":"MPR News","date":"2023-12-05","url":"https://www.mprnews.org/story/2023/12/05/cities-grapple-with-costs-of-removing-pfas-from-drinking-water","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Sauk Rapids (MN1050004)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SAUK%20RAPIDS/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"S.F. No. 1017 (94th Legislature), Sauk Rapids PFAS abatement and mitigation, as introduced","publisher":"Minnesota Office of the Revisor of Statutes","date":"2025-02-06","url":"https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bills/94/2025/0/SF/1017/versions/0/pdf","basis":"State legislative record"},{"ref":5,"title":"Sauk Rapids installing a new well to eliminate dangerous 'forever chemicals' in water supply","publisher":"St. Cloud Live","date":"2023-03-09","url":"https://www.stcloudlive.com/news/local/sauk-rapids-installing-a-new-well-to-eliminate-dangerous-forever-chemicals-in-water-supply","basis":"News"},{"ref":6,"title":"2023 Census Gazetteer, Minnesota places (internal point coordinates)","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":null,"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2023_Gazetteer/2023_gaz_place_27.txt","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Whether S.F. 1017 was enacted","Contamination source"],"related_ids":["US-MN-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-MN-SAINT-PAUL-SPRWS-LEAD-LINES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"St. Paul Regional Water: about 19,000 lead service lines and $250 million still needed","description":"Saint Paul Regional Water Services serves about 96,000 properties, of which about 19,000 had lead service lines and 5,500 lines of unknown material when its 10-year Lead Free SPRWS program set a 2025 target. The utility reports about 4,500 lead lines replaced since 2022, 2,200 planned in 2026 with about $35 million in state funding, and an estimated additional $250 million needed to remove the rest.","location":{"name":"Saint Paul Regional Water Services","type":"Regional municipal utility service area","detail":"Ramsey County; serves Saint Paul and neighboring suburbs","counties":["Ramsey"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MN1620026","state":"MN","states":["MN"],"coordinates":{"lat":44.948901,"lon":-93.104063,"precision":"city","source_ref":4}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead pipes are infrastructure, and they create a drinking water quality risk.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SPRWS (ref 1) counts about 19,000 properties (20%) with lead service lines, a potential lead exposure pathway; no action level exceedance was found.","service":"Replacements are made at no cost to owners (ref 1) and no service interruption is reported.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 3) lists 392,529 people served by PWSID MN1620026.","duration":"SPRWS describes a 10-year program begun in 2022 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"The work is driven by state and federal lead service line mandates, funded through the Minnesota Public Facilities Authority (ref 2); no enforcement action was found."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":392529,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3); the lead-line count applies to about 19,000 of 96,000 properties (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 19,000 of 96,000 properties (20%) have a lead service line; about 4,500 replaced since 2022 and $250 million more needed."},"measures":[{"name":"Properties with lead service lines (2025 overview)","value":19000,"unit":"service lines","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1."},{"name":"Service lines of unknown material","value":5500,"unit":"service lines","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1."},{"name":"Lead lines replaced since 2022 (spring 2026)","value":4500,"unit":"service lines","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2."},{"name":"Estimated remaining cost","value":250000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["$250 million estimated remaining cost depends on state and federal grants (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Saint Paul Regional Water Services","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Minnesota Department of Health, Drinking Water Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Minnesota Public Facilities Authority","role":"Funding agency"}],"public_contact":"Saint Paul Regional Water Services: 651-266-8989 (weekdays), stpaul.gov/leadfree","corrective_actions":["Lead Free SPRWS 10-year replacement program at no cost to property owners (ref 1).","About 2,200 replacements planned for 2026 with about $35 million in state funding (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lead Free SPRWS Program Overview","publisher":"Saint Paul Regional Water Services","date":"2025-08-01","url":"https://www.stpaul.gov/sites/default/files/2025-08/Project%20Overview%20Lead%20Free.pdf","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Lead Service Line Replacements Hit 4,500 to Date; 2,200 More Planned","publisher":"Saint Paul Regional Water Services","date":"2026-04-07","url":"https://www.stpaul.gov/departments/saint-paul-regional-water-services/about-sprws/sprws-newsletter/lead-service-line","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Saint Paul Regional Water Services (MN1620026)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SAINT%20PAUL%20REGIONAL/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"2023 Census Gazetteer, Minnesota places (internal point coordinates)","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":null,"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2023_Gazetteer/2023_gaz_place_27.txt","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system lookup: Saint Paul","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SAINT%20PAUL/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Overview PDF publication day (dated by its August 2025 upload folder)"],"related_ids":["US-MN-STATEWIDE-LEAD-LINE-FUNDING-GAP-2026","US-MN-MINNEAPOLIS-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-40000-2025"]},{"id":"US-MN-STATEWIDE-LEAD-LINE-FUNDING-GAP-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Minnesota still has about 86,000 known lead service lines and a funding gap","description":"Minnesota's September 2026 lead service line report counts 86,316 lead service lines and 196,990 lines of unknown material in community water system inventories, and MDH estimates about 100,000 lead lines statewide at a total replacement cost of about $1.5 billion. A Public Facilities Authority briefing in April 2026 said $226 million in combined state and federal funds remained, with requests exceeding funding so that systems were capped.","location":{"name":"Minnesota community water systems (statewide)","type":"Statewide drinking water program","detail":"All Minnesota community public water systems reporting service line inventories","extent":"statewide","state":"MN","states":["MN"]},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead service lines are aging infrastructure that threaten drinking water quality.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The FY2026 report (ref 1) counts 86,316 lead service lines still in service statewide, each a potential lead source; no exposure data are given.","service":"Neither report (refs 1, 2) describes service outages tied to the program.","scale":"Inventories cover all community systems statewide (ref 1); MDH estimates about 100,000 lead lines in Minnesota.","duration":"Minnesota's program has run since its 2023 $240 million appropriation (ref 1) and replacement continues for years.","significance":"The report is required by Minnesota Statutes section 446A.077 (ref 1); the PFA briefing (ref 2) says requests exceeded available funds."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No statewide population figure is reported for homes with lead lines."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"86,316 lead service lines and 196,990 of unknown material in community system inventories; total replacement cost estimated at $1.5 billion."},"measures":[{"name":"Lead service lines in inventories","value":86316,"unit":"service lines","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1."},{"name":"Service lines of unknown material","value":196990,"unit":"service lines","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1."},{"name":"Estimated total replacement cost","value":1500000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"MDH estimate in ref 1."},{"name":"State and federal funds remaining (April 2026)","value":226000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"PFA briefing (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Requests exceeded funding and systems were capped (ref 2)","MDH: 'More funding is needed' (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Minnesota Department of Health, Drinking Water Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Minnesota Public Facilities Authority","role":"Funding agency"}],"public_contact":"Minnesota Department of Health Drinking Water Protection: 651-201-4700, health.drinkingwater@state.mn.us","corrective_actions":["2023 state appropriation of $240 million combined with $269 million of federal IIJA funds (ref 1).","MDH technical assistance through 18 engineering firms for 342 systems' inventories (ref 1).","$154 million of new projects placed on the 2026 Intended Use Plan (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lead Service Line Replacement Program: MPFA LSLR Annual Report FY 2026","publisher":"Minnesota Public Facilities Authority and Minnesota Department of Health","date":"2026-09-10","url":"https://www.lrl.mn.gov/docs/2026/mandated/261349.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Lead Service Line Replacement Funding Status (Minnesota House committee document)","publisher":"Minnesota Public Facilities Authority","date":"2026-04-14","url":"https://www.house.mn.gov/comm/docs/niSMidyUBE6rHrVpzUt2DA.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Statewide population served by lead lines","Exact hearing date of the PFA briefing (dated by PDF creation)"],"related_ids":["US-MN-SAINT-PAUL-SPRWS-LEAD-LINES-2026"]},{"id":"US-MN-GRAND-RAPIDS-LEGIONNAIRES-OUTBREAK-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Grand Rapids municipal water linked to Legionnaires' outbreak; chloramine added","description":"The Minnesota Department of Health said in February 2024 that epidemiologic and laboratory data pointed to Grand Rapids' unchlorinated municipal water system as the source of a Legionnaires' disease outbreak, with 14 confirmed cases since April 2023 and 11 hospitalizations. A January 2026 CDC Emerging Infectious Diseases study counts 34 confirmed cases, including 2 deaths and 30 hospitalizations, and finds the outbreak stopped after chloramine disinfection began in June 2024.","location":{"name":"Grand Rapids Public Utilities water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Itasca County, northern Minnesota; groundwater supply that was not disinfected before 2024","counties":["Itasca"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MN1310011","state":"MN","states":["MN"],"coordinates":{"lat":47.238518,"lon":-93.53257,"precision":"city","source_ref":4}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legionella grew in an undisinfected groundwater system and premise plumbing, a microbial water quality failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The CDC study (ref 2) reports 34 confirmed Legionnaires' cases with 2 deaths and 30 hospitalizations linked to the system.","service":"Grand Rapids Public Utilities planned flushing and disinfection of parts of the system (ref 1); no do-not-drink order was reported.","scale":"SDWIS (ref 3) lists 11,346 people served by PWSID MN1310011.","duration":"Cases began in April 2023 (ref 1) and continued until chloramine disinfection in June 2024 (ref 2), over a year.","significance":"MDH publicly named the municipal water system as the outbreak source in a 12 February 2024 release (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":11346,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"34 confirmed Legionnaires' disease cases, 2 deaths and 30 hospitalizations; no further cases after chloramine disinfection (CDC EID, Jan 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Confirmed cases (full outbreak)","value":34,"unit":"cases","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2."},{"name":"Deaths","value":2,"unit":"deaths","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2."},{"name":"Confirmed cases at MDH announcement (Feb 2024)","value":14,"unit":"cases","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"CDC study (ref 2): all distribution and premise plumbing samples negative after 24 weeks of disinfection."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Grand Rapids Public Utilities","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Minnesota Department of Health, Drinking Water Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Grand Rapids Public Utilities (city utility customer service line); MDH media contact 651-201-4993","corrective_actions":["Flushing and disinfection of affected areas of the water system (ref 1).","Chloramine disinfection of the community water system implemented in June 2024 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Legionnaires' disease outbreak in Grand Rapids linked to municipal water system","publisher":"Minnesota Department of Health","date":"2024-02-12","url":"https://www.health.mn.gov/news/pressrel/2024/legionnaires021224.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Effect of Chloramine Disinfection of Community Water System on Legionnaires' Disease Outbreak, Minnesota, USA, 2024","publisher":"CDC Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 32 no. 1","date":"2026-01-15","url":"https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/1/25-1232","basis":"Peer-reviewed study"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Grand Rapids (MN1310011)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/GRAND%20RAPIDS/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"2023 Census Gazetteer, Minnesota places (internal point coordinates)","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":null,"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2023_Gazetteer/2023_gaz_place_27.txt","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Grand Rapids Public Utilities phone number"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MN-ELLSWORTH-NITRATE-WELLS-ABANDONED-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Ellsworth abandons nitrate-contaminated wells after 15 mg/L infant warning","description":"Ellsworth, a Nobles County town that had treated its shallow wells for nitrate for decades, warned residents in July 2023 not to give tap water to infants after samples showed 15 mg/L nitrate. EPA records list further nitrate violations at 12 mg/L for 2024 quarters, and the Minnesota Department of Health reports the city discontinued its wells and began buying water from another system in 2024; the violations were marked returned to compliance in April 2025.","location":{"name":"Ellsworth municipal water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Nobles County, southwest Minnesota near the Iowa border; formerly shallow wells with nitrate treatment","counties":["Nobles"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MN1530005","state":"MN","states":["MN"],"coordinates":{"lat":43.520579,"lon":-96.01859,"precision":"city","source_ref":5}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nitrate in shallow wells exceeded the drinking water standard and forced a change of source.","secondary_drivers":["Agricultural nitrate in shallow groundwater"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The Globe (ref 1) reports July 2023 nitrate of 15 mg/L, above the MCL, with a warning that infants could become seriously ill; SDWIS (ref 4) logs 12 mg/L in 2024.","service":"Residents were told not to give tap water to infants under 6 months or use it for formula (ref 1), and the city later abandoned its wells (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS (ref 3) lists 490 people served by PWSID MN1530005, a small town.","duration":"Exceedances span July 2023 (ref 1) through 2024 violation periods closed on 2025-04-15 (ref 4).","significance":"Ellsworth was one of only three community systems MDH lists as exceeding the nitrate MCL in 2023-2024 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":490,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Nitrate 15 mg/L in July 2023 samples versus the MCL; city discontinued its wells in 2024 and now buys water."},"measures":[{"name":"Nitrate, July 2023 samples","value":15,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1."},{"name":"Nitrate violation measure, 2024 quarters","value":12,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"ref 4."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Small system abandoned its own source for purchased water (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"SDWIS (ref 4) shows return to compliance on 2025-04-15 after the source change."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Ellsworth","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Minnesota Department of Health, Drinking Water Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Minnesota Department of Health Drinking Water Protection: 651-201-4700, health.drinkingwater@state.mn.us","corrective_actions":["Infant nitrate advisory issued July 2023 (ref 1).","City discontinued its wells and purchased water from another water system in 2024 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Warning issued for Ellsworth water: 'Do not give the water to infants'","publisher":"The Globe (Worthington)","date":"2023-07-27","url":"https://www.dglobe.com/news/local/ellsworth-warns-of-nitrates-in-the-water-do-not-give-the-water-to-infants","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Nitrate Report for 2023-2024: Drinking Water Protection","publisher":"Minnesota Department of Health","date":"2025-09-01","url":"https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/environment/water/docs/contaminants/nitrpt20232024.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Ellsworth (MN1530005)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ELLSWORTH/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS health-based violations, Minnesota primacy agency","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/MN/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:2000/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"2023 Census Gazetteer, Minnesota places (internal point coordinates)","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":null,"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2023_Gazetteer/2023_gaz_place_27.txt","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Name of the supplying water system"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MN-MONTICELLO-MEADOWS-MHP-NITRATE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"The Meadows manufactured home park in Monticello exceeds nitrate limit","description":"The Minnesota Department of Health lists The Meadows manufactured home park among three Minnesota community water systems that exceeded the nitrate MCL in 2023-2024 and says it is addressing the violation through a compliance agreement with MDH. EPA records show nitrate of 10.5 mg/L in the period beginning October 2024, continued violation periods in 2025, and a return-to-compliance date of 6 January 2026.","location":{"name":"The Meadows (manufactured home park water system)","type":"Manufactured home park community water system","detail":"Monticello area, Wright County","counties":["Wright"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MN1860013","state":"MN","states":["MN"],"coordinates":{"lat":45.297884,"lon":-93.798323,"precision":"city","source_ref":4}},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nitrate in the park's well water exceeded the drinking water standard.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 3) records a nitrate violation measure of 10.5 mg/L at The Meadows, above the 10 mg/L MCL MDH cites (ref 1).","service":"MDH requires public notification when nitrate exceeds the MCL, particularly for infants (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS (ref 2) lists 1,000 residents served by PWSID MN1860013.","duration":"SDWIS (ref 3) shows violation periods from 2024-10-01 to a return to compliance on 2026-01-06, about 15 months.","significance":"MDH reports The Meadows is addressing its MCL violation through a compliance agreement (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":1000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Nitrate 10.5 mg/L in the compliance period beginning 1 Oct 2024; one of three Minnesota community systems over the nitrate MCL in 2023-2024."},"measures":[{"name":"Nitrate violation measure (period beginning 2024-10-01)","value":10.5,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"SDWIS (ref 3) records a return to compliance on 6 January 2026."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"The Meadows manufactured home park (owner/operator)","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Minnesota Department of Health, Drinking Water Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Minnesota Department of Health Drinking Water Protection: 651-201-4700, health.drinkingwater@state.mn.us","corrective_actions":["Compliance agreement with MDH (ref 1).","Quarterly nitrate monitoring required after an exceedance (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Nitrate Report for 2023-2024: Drinking Water Protection","publisher":"Minnesota Department of Health","date":"2025-09-01","url":"https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/environment/water/docs/contaminants/nitrpt20232024.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: The Meadows (MN1860013)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MEADOWS/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS health-based violations, Minnesota primacy agency","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/MN/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:2000/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"2023 Census Gazetteer, Minnesota places (internal point coordinates)","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":null,"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2023_Gazetteer/2023_gaz_place_27.txt","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Corrective measure adopted under the compliance agreement","Operator name"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MN-SE-KARST-NITRATE-PRIVATE-WELLS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Nitrate in southeast Minnesota karst private wells under EPA-requested response","description":"After EPA asked Minnesota agencies in November 2023 to act on nitrate in private wells across an eight-county karst region, MDH, MDA and MPCA began a phased response. Through June 30, 2026, 2,924 households had tested their wells under the program and about six percent of wells tested had nitrate at or above 10 mg/L; 288 reverse osmosis systems had been installed at no cost.","location":{"name":"Southeast Minnesota karst region (8 counties)","type":"Regional aquifer system (private wells)","state":"MN","states":["MN"],"detail":"Dodge, Fillmore, Goodhue, Houston, Mower, Olmsted, Wabasha and Winona counties; karst geology with sinkholes","coordinates":{"lat":43.95,"lon":-92.1,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Dodge","Fillmore","Goodhue","Houston","Mower","Olmsted","Wabasha","Winona"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":null},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nitrate from land use reaches shallow karst aquifers that supply private wells, so the issue is aquifer water quality rather than a system asset failure.","secondary_drivers":["Karst geology","Agricultural nitrogen"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"MDH's April-June 2026 update (ref 1) reports roughly six percent of the 2,924 wells tested since the response began at or above the 10 mg/L nitrate drinking water standard.","service":"Affected households rely on state-funded bottled water and reverse osmosis units; 288 RO systems were installed in the eight counties by June 30, 2026 (ref 1), and bottled water was offered to pregnant people and infants in 2024 (ref 2).","scale":"The response covers private wells across eight counties, Dodge through Winona (ref 1, ref 2), and 4,959 households had requested test kits by mid-2026 (ref 1).","duration":"Contamination prompted an April 2023 petition and EPA's November 2023 request (ref 4); MDH was still reporting quarterly progress through June 2026 (ref 1, ref 3).","significance":"EPA formally asked MDH, MDA and MPCA to submit a coordinated action plan within 30 days (ref 4), and the agencies now file quarterly updates under that work plan (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Served by private wells; sources give household counts (4,959 kit requests, 2,924 tested) rather than a population (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Approximately six percent of wells tested had a nitrate concentration of 10 mg/L or more (through June 30, 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Households tested since response began","value":2924,"unit":"households","status":"Reported","note":"Through June 30, 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Test kit requests since response began","value":4959,"unit":"households","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Reverse osmosis systems installed","value":288,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Including 24 at cyanazine sites (ref 1)."},{"name":"Wells at or above 10 mg/L, Apr-Jun 2026 quarter","value":26,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"About 5 percent of wells tested that quarter (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Testing is still expanding; quarterly shares range from about 5 to 7 percent (ref 1, ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Minnesota Department of Health","role":"Lead agency for immediate response and well testing"},{"name":"Minnesota Department of Agriculture","role":"Reverse osmosis mitigation and fertilizer management"},{"name":"Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","role":"Feedlot permits and nitrogen reduction"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 5","role":"Federal oversight under the Safe Drinking Water Act"}],"public_contact":"MDH Well Management Section, 651-201-4600","corrective_actions":["Free private well test kits through the Southeast Minnesota Water Analysis Laboratory (ref 1)","No-cost reverse osmosis systems for wells at or above 10 mg/L nitrate (ref 1)","Well inventory work with counties to locate wells missing from the County Well Index (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"April - June 2026 Update: Addressing Nitrate in Southeast Minnesota","publisher":"Minnesota Department of Health","date":"2026-09-15","url":"https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/environment/water/docs/wells/waterquality/nitupd202607.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"July-September 2024 Update: Addressing Nitrate in Southeast Minnesota","publisher":"Minnesota Department of Health","date":"2024-10-30","url":"https://www.health.mn.gov/communities/environment/water/docs/wells/waterquality/nitupd202410.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Response to EPA Nitrate Letter for Southeast Minnesota","publisher":"Minnesota Department of Health","date":"2026-09-15","url":"https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/environment/water/wells/waterquality/nitratesemn.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA urges Minnesota agencies to develop action plan for nitrate-polluted wells in karst region","publisher":"WKBT News 8","date":"2023-11-08","url":"https://www.news8000.com/news/environment/epa-urges-minnesota-agencies-to-develop-action-plan-for-nitrate-polluted-wells-in-karst-region/article_4b72af58-7ea3-11ee-a1f9-03057a15ad95.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"Work Plan: Addressing Nitrate in Southeast Minnesota","publisher":"Minnesota Departments of Agriculture and Health and Pollution Control Agency","date":"2024-01-12","url":"https://www.health.mn.gov/communities/environment/water/docs/wells/waterquality/epaworkplan.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":6,"title":"Finstad asks EPA to rescind approval of 2023 petition on southern Minnesota water quality","publisher":"Rochester Post Bulletin","date":"2025-07-17","url":"https://www.postbulletin.com/news/local/finstad-asks-epa-to-rescind-approval-of-2023-petition-on-southern-minnesota-water-quality","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MN-WHITE-BEAR-LAKE-PUMPING-PERMITS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"White Bear Lake groundwater pumping permit conditions remanded by appeals court","description":"A 2017 Ramsey County order required the DNR to add conditions to groundwater permits within five miles of White Bear Lake, including a lawn-irrigation ban below 923.5 feet and per-capita use limits. After a contested case, an administrative law judge upheld three conditions and rejected the irrigation ban in May 2024; on July 14, 2025 the Court of Appeals reversed and remanded for permit-by-permit findings, so the conditions remain unresolved.","location":{"name":"White Bear Lake five-mile groundwater area","type":"Lake and surrounding municipal groundwater permit area","state":"MN","states":["MN"],"detail":"Northeast Twin Cities metro; permit holders include Hugo, Lake Elmo, Lino Lakes, Mahtomedi, North St. Paul, Oakdale, Vadnais Heights, White Bear Lake and White Bear Township","coordinates":{"lat":45.08,"lon":-92.99,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Ramsey","Washington","Anoka"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":null},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["water-rights","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The dispute concerns how much municipal groundwater pumping from the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer lowers White Bear Lake, a water-quantity question.","secondary_drivers":["Municipal groundwater pumping","Litigation"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The court-ordered conditions respond to low lake levels; DNR set a protective elevation of 922.0 feet in 2016 (ref 2), but the cited sources document no current exceedance.","service":"No restriction is in force: DNR says the contested permit modifications stay in abeyance until the contested case ends (ref 2), and the irrigation ban was rejected in 2024 then remanded (ref 3).","scale":"The twelfth prehearing order lists more than a dozen permit holders, including ten municipal suppliers and Saint Paul Regional Water Services (ref 1), spanning the northeast metro.","duration":"Litigation began in April 2013 (ref 1) and the July 14, 2025 appellate remand sent it back for further findings (ref 3).","significance":"The conditions stem from a Ramsey County District Court injunction and an Office of Administrative Hearings contested case (ref 1), reversed in part by the Minnesota Court of Appeals in 2025 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Combined population of the affected permit holders is not stated in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Condition 2 would ban residential irrigation when White Bear Lake falls below 923.5 feet until it reaches 924 feet."},"measures":[{"name":"Irrigation ban trigger elevation","value":923.5,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1, ref 3."},{"name":"Residential per-capita use target","value":75,"unit":"gallons per person per day","status":"Reported","note":"Total per-capita target 90 gallons (ref 1, ref 2)."},{"name":"DNR protective lake elevation","value":922,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Set December 2016 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Conditions were upheld in part in 2024 and reversed and remanded in 2025 (ref 2, ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","role":"Groundwater appropriation permitting"},{"name":"Minnesota Office of Administrative Hearings","role":"Contested case"},{"name":"Ramsey County District Court","role":"Court order"}],"public_contact":"Minnesota DNR Information Center, 888-646-6367","corrective_actions":["DNR permit amendments ordered by the district court (in abeyance pending contested case) (ref 2)","Contingency plans for conversion to surface water supply upheld in 2024 (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Twelfth Prehearing Order, In the Matter of Amendments to Various Water Appropriation Permits (OAH 8-2002-37733)","publisher":"Minnesota Office of Administrative Hearings","date":"2023-10-13","url":"https://mn.gov/oah/assets/2002-37733-dnr-various-water-appropriation-permits-twelfth-prehearing-order_tcm19-596155.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"White Bear Lake litigation and groundwater management","publisher":"Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","date":"2025-10-30","url":"https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/gwmp/wbl/index.html","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Minnesota Court of Appeals reverses 2024 water appropriation permits ruling","publisher":"Press Publications","date":"2025-08-12","url":"https://www.presspubs.com/quad/news/minnesota-court-of-appeals-reverses-2024-water-appropriation-permits-ruling/article_8b11814e-98c3-4146-a57f-4e6c95206a1c.html","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-MN-LAKE-ELMO-WELL-SUPPLY-CRUNCH-2026","US-MN-ROCHESTER-JORDAN-AQUIFER-LIMIT-2026"]},{"id":"US-MN-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-PERMIT-SUSPENSIONS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"2026 Minnesota drought: warning phase and 96 surface-water permits suspended","description":"The DNR placed the Mississippi Headwaters, St. Croix and Western Lake Superior watersheds in the Drought Warning phase in 2026 and suspended 96 surface-water appropriation permits in ten watersheds between June 27 and August 30, 2026 as flows dropped. As of the U.S. Drought Monitor map released October 8, 2026, 64 percent of Minnesota was in moderate to extreme drought.","location":{"name":"Minnesota (statewide drought)","type":"Statewide drought plan watersheds","state":"MN","states":["MN"],"detail":"Warning phase in Mississippi Headwaters, St. Croix and Western Lake Superior; suspensions from Grand Rapids to Lake Pepin","coordinates":{"lat":46.3,"lon":-94.3,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide","pwsid":null},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["surface-water","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Low streamflow and storage drought reduce available water, triggering permit suspensions and conservation targets.","secondary_drivers":["Precipitation deficit","Low streamflow"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Streamflows fell below protected thresholds in ten watersheds, which by statute requires DNR to limit consumptive surface withdrawals (ref 1); no drinking-water outage is documented.","service":"DNR suspended 96 irrigation, mining and industrial surface-water permits (ref 1) and St. Cloud asked residents to cut water use under a drought watch (ref 2).","scale":"The October 8 Drought Monitor figures on the DNR page put 36 percent of the state in moderate, 25 percent severe and 3 percent extreme drought (ref 1).","duration":"Suspensions date from June 27, 2026 and were still listed without reinstatement dates in October 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"DNR moved watersheds to the Drought Warning phase of the Statewide Drought Plan, which asks suppliers to hold use near 150 percent of January levels (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is stated; public water supply permits are not suspended (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"96 surface water appropriation permits suspended across 10 watersheds (sum of the DNR suspension table)."},"measures":[{"name":"Surface water permits suspended","value":96,"unit":"permits","status":"Reported","note":"Sum of DNR table entries dated 6/27/2026 to 8/30/2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Share of state in moderate to extreme drought","value":64,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"36 + 25 + 3 percent, Drought Monitor week released October 8 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Watersheds in Drought Warning","value":3,"unit":"watersheds","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Two watersheds moved down to Drought Watch while three remain in Warning (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","role":"Statewide Drought Plan and appropriation permits"}],"public_contact":"Minnesota DNR Information Center, 888-646-6367","corrective_actions":["Temporary suspension of low-priority surface water permits (ref 1)","Conservation targets for public water suppliers in Warning watersheds (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drought in Minnesota","publisher":"Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","date":"2026-10-08","url":"https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/climate/drought/index.html","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-08"},{"ref":2,"title":"St. Cloud Put On Drought Watch As Mississippi Headwaters Slip Into Warning Phase","publisher":"Hoodline","date":"2026-07-14","url":"https://hoodline.com/2026/07/st-cloud-put-on-drought-watch-as-mississippi-headwaters-slip-into-warning-phase/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected","location.counties"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MN-BAYTOWN-TCE-PLUME-WELL-AREA-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Baytown TCE groundwater plume: special well area expanded after new private-well detections","description":"MDH expanded the Baytown/West Lakeland Township Special Well and Boring Construction Area on January 8, 2025 after MPCA sampling found trichloroethylene in groundwater outside the old boundary, including in some private wells. EPA began the site's fifth five-year Superfund review in August 2026.","location":{"name":"Baytown Township Groundwater Plume","type":"Superfund groundwater plume and special well construction area","state":"MN","states":["MN"],"detail":"Washington County: parts of Baytown and West Lakeland townships and the cities of Lake Elmo and Bayport","coordinates":{"lat":45.02,"lon":-92.82,"precision":"county","source_ref":2},"counties":["Washington"],"extent":"county","pwsid":null},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"TCE contamination in the aquifer affects private wells and well construction rules rather than a utility asset.","secondary_drivers":["Legacy industrial contamination"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"MDH reports MPCA groundwater sampling found TCE outside the prior boundary and TCE detections in some private wells sampled there (ref 1).","service":"Properties in the expanded area now fall under special well and boring construction requirements (ref 1), and private wells and the plume form a separate cleanup unit (ref 2).","scale":"The area covers parts of two townships and the cities of Lake Elmo and Bayport in Washington County, including Bayport municipal wells as an operable unit (ref 1, ref 2).","duration":"MDH created the special well area in 1987 and expanded it again in January 2025 (ref 1); EPA's fifth five-year review is due March 2027 (ref 2).","significance":"The site has been on the National Priorities List since 1994, with EPA lead at the source area since 2023 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Cited sources do not state the number of residents or wells in the expanded area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"MDH expanded the Baytown/West Lakeland Township SWBCA boundary on January 8, 2025 because recent MPCA sampling indicated TCE outside the previous boundary."},"measures":[{"name":"Year special well area established","value":1987,"unit":"year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Five-year review number","value":5,"unit":"review","status":"Reported","note":"Completion expected March 2027 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The well-advisory boundary grew in 2025 as TCE was found beyond it (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","role":"Lead for private wells (OU1) and Bayport wells (OU2)"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 5","role":"Lead for source area (OU3)"},{"name":"Minnesota Department of Health","role":"Special well and boring construction area"}],"public_contact":"MDH Well Management Section, 651-201-4600","corrective_actions":["Expanded special well construction area (ref 1)","Superfund five-year review and source-area investigation (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Baytown/West Lakeland Township Special Well and Boring Construction Area Expansion and Update","publisher":"Minnesota Department of Health","date":"2025-01-09","url":"https://www.health.mn.gov/communities/environment/water/docs/wells/swbca/baytwnltreng.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Public Notice: EPA Begins Review of the Baytown Township Groundwater Plume Superfund Site","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-08-03","url":"https://www.epa.gov/node/300812","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MN-LITTLE-ROCK-CREEK-DIVERSION-LIMIT-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Little Rock Creek: first DNR groundwater diversion limit freezes new irrigation permits","description":"On April 22, 2024 the DNR issued its first sustainable diversion limit order, finding that permitted irrigation pumping near Little Rock Creek in Benton and Morrison counties is harming the trout stream. The order caps diversions at 15 percent of August median base flow and withholds new irrigation permits and volume increases until a water allocation plan is approved.","location":{"name":"Little Rock Creek","type":"Trout stream and irrigation groundwater area","state":"MN","states":["MN"],"detail":"Benton and Morrison counties, central Minnesota; flows to Little Rock Lake and the Mississippi River","coordinates":{"lat":45.8,"lon":-94.25,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Benton","Morrison"],"extent":"watershed","pwsid":null},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Irrigation wells draw groundwater that would otherwise feed the creek, reducing baseflow.","secondary_drivers":["Agricultural irrigation"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The commissioner found authorized water use is having a negative impact on the Little Rock Creek stream ecosystem, with August maximum diversions near 25 to 27 percent of base flow (ref 1).","service":"New irrigation permits and volume increases in the zone are withheld until a water allocation plan is approved (ref 1, ref 2).","scale":"94 groundwater permits for 3.7 billion gallons irrigate about 12,000 acres in the zone of influence (ref 1).","duration":"DNR analysis cites reduced base flow in the low-flow summers of 2006, 2008, 2012 and 2013 and nearly a decade of study (ref 1, ref 2).","significance":"It is the first DNR order using the sustainable diversion limit authority the Legislature granted in 2023 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Ecological and irrigation issue; no affected population is stated."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The Commissioner establishes the sustainable diversion limit at 15% of the August median base flow."},"measures":[{"name":"Groundwater permits in zone of influence","value":94,"unit":"permits","status":"Reported","note":"Issued 1969 to December 2022 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Permitted volume","value":3.7,"unit":"billion gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Irrigated area","value":12000,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"About (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The limit took effect in April 2024; no later compliance data were found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","role":"Groundwater appropriation permitting"}],"public_contact":"Minnesota DNR Information Center, 888-646-6367","corrective_actions":["Sustainable diversion limit at three stream stations (ref 1)","Moratorium on new irrigation permits pending a water allocation plan (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Findings of Fact and Order: Little Rock Creek Sustainable Diversion Limit and Water Use Conflict, Morrison and Benton Counties","publisher":"Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","date":"2024-04-22","url":"https://files.dnr.state.mn.us/waters/groundwater_section/sustainability/littlerock/2024-04-22-fof-lrc-wuc-sdl-moratorium-final.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"DNR sets limit on diverting water from central Minnesota trout stream","publisher":"MPR News","date":"2024-04-26","url":"https://www.mprnews.org/story/2024/04/26/dnr-limit-diverting-water-central-minnesota-trout-stream","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MN-FARMINGTON-DATA-CENTER-WATER-DEMAND-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Farmington data center campus could need more water than the whole city uses","description":"Farmington approved a planned development with Tract in December 2024 for up to 12 data center buildings; according to the city's agreement, the campus would need 2.93 million gallons of water per day against the city's normal use of about 2.3 million gallons per day. Residents sued over the approval; the resident coalition withdrew its case in September 2026, while Castle Rock Township's suit continues.","location":{"name":"Farmington municipal water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MN","states":["MN"],"detail":"Dakota County; Farmington Technology Park near Castle Rock Township","coordinates":{"lat":44.64,"lon":-93.14,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Dakota"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MN1190008"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy","governance-affordability-equity","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A large industrial user would draw on the municipal groundwater supply and its infrastructure.","secondary_drivers":["Data center growth"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Demand is projected, not yet drawn; no aquifer or well harm is documented in the Farmington coverage (ref 1).","service":"No restriction on Farmington customers is reported; the concern is that 2.93 MGD for the campus exceeds the city's 2.3 MGD normal use (ref 1).","scale":"Farmington's system serves 23,534 people per SDWIS (ref 5).","duration":"The dispute runs from the December 2024 approval (ref 3) to the coalition's withdrawal in September 2026 with the township suit still pending (ref 3).","significance":"Residents sued the city in late 2024 (ref 2) and a Dakota County judge approved an injunction in November 2024 halting the project (ref 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":23534,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Water demands for the proposed data center campus would require 2.93 million gallons per day; the city's total daily consumption is normally 2.3 million gallons a day."},"measures":[{"name":"Projected data center water demand","value":2.93,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Per the city-Tract agreement (ref 1)."},{"name":"City normal daily use","value":2.3,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"DNR appropriation permit threshold","value":100,"unit":"million gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"Statewide threshold described by KAXE (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Suit claims infrastructure costs for water would be passed to residents (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"End user not identified; project status depends on pending township litigation (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Farmington","role":"Water utility and land-use authority"},{"name":"Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","role":"Water appropriation permitting"}],"public_contact":"City of Farmington City Hall (published general line on city website)","corrective_actions":["None documented; litigation by Castle Rock Township continues (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DATA CENTER SERIES: The Impact on Minnesota Waters","publisher":"Streets.mn (adapted from Minnesota Women's Press)","date":"2025-10-07","url":"https://streets.mn/2025/10/07/data-center-series-the-impact-on-minnesota-waters/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Farmington sued by group over plans to build data center","publisher":"KSTP","date":"2024-12-17","url":"https://kstp.com/kstp-news/local-news/farmington-sued-by-group-over-plans-to-build-data-center/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Coalition for Responsible Data Center Development withdraws lawsuit in Farmington due to litigation costs (Dakota County)","publisher":"Blandin on Broadband (summarizing Sun This Week)","date":"2026-09-09","url":"https://blandinonbroadband.org/2026/09/09/coalition-for-responsible-data-center-development-withdraws-lawsuit-due-in-farmington-to-litigation-costs-dakota-county/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"How data centers affect water resources and what MN regulations do about it","publisher":"KAXE","date":"2025-12-05","url":"https://www.kaxe.org/local-news/2025-12-05/how-data-centers-affect-water-resources-and-what-mn-regulations-do-about-it","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Farmington (MN1190008)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/FARMINGTON/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"Minnesota's City of Farmington sued over Tract data center build","publisher":"Baxtel","date":"2024-12-30","url":"https://baxtel.com/news/minnesota-s-city-of-farmington-sued-over-tract-data-center-build","basis":"Trade news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MN-ELKO-NEW-MARKET-PUMP-TEST-WELLS-2025","US-MN-STATEWIDE-DATA-CENTER-WATER-RULES-2026"]},{"id":"US-MN-ROCHESTER-JORDAN-AQUIFER-LIMIT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Rochester barred from new Jordan aquifer wells; demand could outpace supply by 2031","description":"Rochester Public Utilities says the DNR has prohibited the city from building new Jordan aquifer supply wells unless it shows other aquifers or surface water are unavailable. RPU projects demand could exceed current capacity by 2031 and launched a water system master plan and groundwater study, with model results expected in October 2026.","location":{"name":"Rochester Public Utilities water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MN","states":["MN"],"detail":"Olmsted County; supply from the Jordan aquifer","coordinates":{"lat":44.02,"lon":-92.47,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Olmsted"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MN1550010"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The constraint is aquifer availability for future municipal withdrawals, not infrastructure condition.","secondary_drivers":["Population growth","Aquifer sustainability limits"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No contamination or depletion harm is reported; the DNR limit is precautionary (ref 1).","service":"No customer restrictions are reported; the projected capacity shortfall is for 2031 (ref 1).","scale":"RPU serves 123,624 people per SDWIS (ref 2), and the planned groundwater model spans more than 1,500 square miles (ref 1).","duration":"KROC describes a recent DNR decision and a multi-year planning process starting in 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"The DNR decision formally prohibits new Jordan aquifer supply wells absent a showing that alternatives are unavailable (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":123624,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The city is projected to exceed its current capacity to meet the demand for water by 2031."},"measures":[{"name":"Projected annual demand by 2065","value":8,"unit":"billion gallons","status":"Reported","note":"More than 8 billion gallons per RPU (ref 1)."},{"name":"Groundwater model area","value":1500,"unit":"square miles","status":"Reported","note":"More than (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Study results expected October 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Rochester Public Utilities","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","role":"Water appropriation permitting"}],"public_contact":"Rochester Public Utilities customer service (published general line on RPU website)","corrective_actions":["Water System Master Plan and Groundwater Study evaluating deeper aquifers and the Zumbro and Mississippi rivers (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Rochester Water Demand Could Outpace Supply by 2031","publisher":"KROC News","date":"2026-07-25","url":"https://krocnews.com/study-of-future-rochester-water-supply/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Rochester (MN1550010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ROCHESTER/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MN-WHITE-BEAR-LAKE-PUMPING-PERMITS-2025"]},{"id":"US-MN-LAKE-ELMO-WELL-SUPPLY-CRUNCH-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lake Elmo PFAS well shutdown and permit limits strain water supply","description":"Lake Elmo took Well No. 2 offline after 2024 tests exceeded EPA's 4 ppt PFAS level and is building an estimated $50 million treatment plant with 3M settlement funds. The city says it is unclear whether the DNR, constrained by White Bear Lake litigation, will permit the additional wells needed to supply the plant; in 2023 the city blended a PFAS-affected well and limited lawn watering to two days a week to meet demand.","location":{"name":"Lake Elmo municipal water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MN","states":["MN"],"detail":"Washington County, east metro; within the White Bear Lake five-mile permit area","coordinates":{"lat":44.996,"lon":-92.879,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Washington"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MN1820009"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"PFAS contamination removes well capacity while permit uncertainty limits replacement supply.","secondary_drivers":["3M PFAS contamination","Rapid growth","White Bear Lake litigation"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Well No. 2 exceeded the 2024 EPA 4 ppt PFAS level and was removed from service, limiting exposure (ref 1).","service":"KSTP reported the city could not keep up with demand on Fridays and imposed a two-day-per-week watering schedule (ref 3).","scale":"Lake Elmo's system serves 10,978 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Supply strain reported in July 2023 (ref 3) persisted into the city's 2026 legislative priorities (ref 2).","significance":"The city sought legislation (H.F. 3399) because DNR permits for new wells are uncertain (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":10978,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"If the DNR does not grant Lake Elmo new well permits, the City may have a $50,000,000 PFAS treatment plant with no water to treat."},"measures":[{"name":"Estimated PFAS treatment facility cost","value":50,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"PFAS level exceeded at Well No. 2","value":4,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"2024 EPA level cited by the city (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["City warns of a potential stranded $50 million 3M settlement investment (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"City reports PFAS slowly increasing in its wells in 2024 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Lake Elmo","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","role":"Water appropriation permitting"},{"name":"Minnesota Department of Health","role":"Drinking water primacy"}],"public_contact":"Lake Elmo City Hall, 651-747-3900","corrective_actions":["Filters for Well No. 2 under construction from February, expected summer 2025 (ref 1)","Estimated $50 million treatment facility funded by 3M settlement (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PFAS Treatment","publisher":"City of Lake Elmo","date":null,"url":"https://www.lakeelmo.gov/262/PFAS-Treatment","basis":"Local government","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"The City of Lake Elmo 2026 Legislative Priorities: Water Use Permits","publisher":"City of Lake Elmo (via Minnesota House committee documents)","date":"2026-02-26","url":"https://www.house.mn.gov/comm/docs/NypgcahOy0yJJA67RJpf3A.pdf","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":3,"title":"Concerns grow over contaminated water supply in Lake Elmo","publisher":"KSTP","date":"2023-07-11","url":"https://kstp.com/?p=2809217","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Lake Elmo (MN1820009)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LAKE%20ELMO/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MN-WHITE-BEAR-LAKE-PUMPING-PERMITS-2025","US-MN-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-MN-WOODBURY-PFAS-TREATMENT-2026"]},{"id":"US-MN-ELKO-NEW-MARKET-PUMP-TEST-WELLS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Elko New Market pumping for Niagara bottling plant linked to private well problems","description":"To supply a Niagara Bottling plant, DNR approved Elko New Market's request in June 2024 to raise permitted pumping from 135 million to 365 million gallons per year from the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer. Residents reported discolored water after the city's late-2023 aquifer test; the permit makes the city responsible for investigating private-well impacts, and a resident account says officials acknowledged in September 2025 that the pumping likely caused well-quality problems.","location":{"name":"Elko New Market municipal water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MN","states":["MN"],"detail":"Scott County, south metro; adjacent New Market Township private wells","coordinates":{"lat":44.565,"lon":-93.327,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Scott"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MN1700029"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Increased municipal withdrawals from a shared aquifer affect nearby private wells.","secondary_drivers":["Industrial water demand","Municipal pumping"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Private well owners reported discolored, cloudy water during the late-2023 aquifer test (ref 1); a resident account describes black, sooty water and ruined filters (ref 2).","service":"The resident account says the city told well owners to flush wells through outdoor hoses for 30 minutes when water turns black or brown (ref 3).","scale":"Elko New Market's system serves 5,003 people per SDWIS (ref 4), with impacts reported in surrounding township wells (ref 2).","duration":"Complaints began with the late-2023 test (ref 1) and the city's compensation offer came in September 2025 (ref 2).","significance":"The June 2024 DNR permit amendment requires the city to investigate and address impacts on nearby private wells (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":5003,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the city system per SDWIS (ref 4); affected private-well households are not counted."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"DNR approved an amended permit allowing the city to more than double its water use, from 135 million gallons to 365 million gallons per year."},"measures":[{"name":"Permitted annual volume after amendment","value":365,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Up from 135 million (ref 1)."},{"name":"Pump test rate","value":1.8,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Four-week test in late 2023, per resident account (ref 2)."},{"name":"Niagara allocation","value":165,"unit":"million gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"45 percent of city allocation, per resident account (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Phase 1 of the plant operating since summer 2025; Phase II proposed (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Elko New Market","role":"Water utility and permit holder"},{"name":"Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","role":"Water appropriation permitting"}],"public_contact":"Elko New Market City Hall (published general line on city website)","corrective_actions":["City offered $300 one-time compensation or appeal for larger well expenses (ref 2)","Permit condition requiring the city to investigate private-well impacts (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DNR: Elko New Market can pump more groundwater to supply bottled water plant","publisher":"MPR News","date":"2024-06-12","url":"https://www.mprnews.org/story/2024/06/12/dnr-elko-new-market-can-pump-more-groundwater-to-supply-bottled-water-plant","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Protecting Our Wells and Groundwater in Elko New Market (resident commentary)","publisher":"Streets.mn","date":"2026-01-06","url":"https://streets.mn/2026/01/06/protecting-our-wells-and-groundwater-in-elko-new-market/","basis":"Commentary"},{"ref":3,"title":"Protecting Our Wells and Groundwater in Elko New Market (materials for Attorney General water task force meeting, Feb. 11, 2026)","publisher":"Minnesota Attorney General's Office","date":"2026-02-17","url":"https://ag.state.mn.us/Taskforce/Water/Meetings/20260211/ProtectingOurWellsAndGroundwater.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Elko New Market (MN1700029)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ELKO/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MN-FARMINGTON-DATA-CENTER-WATER-DEMAND-2025"]},{"id":"US-MN-AUSTIN-WWTP-CEDAR-RIVER-AMMONIA-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Austin wastewater plant fined twice for ammonia and fecal coliform discharges to Cedar River","description":"The MPCA found Austin's wastewater treatment plant exceeded permit limits 16 times over eight months in 2024, discharging ammonia and fecal coliform above limits into the Cedar River; the city paid $14,156 and must submit a plant improvement plan. EPA ECHO lists a second state penalty order of $11,892 in July 2026 and significant noncompliance in the first half of 2026, while the city plans a replacement plant that a 2024 Star Tribune report said will likely cost more than $100 million.","location":{"name":"Austin Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"MN","states":["MN"],"detail":"City of Austin, Mower County; discharges to the Cedar River. NPDES permit MN0022683.","coordinates":{"lat":43.6556,"lon":-92.9736,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Mower"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"MN1500002"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Permit exceedances at an aging treatment plant (infrastructure) put ammonia and fecal coliform into the Cedar River (water quality).","secondary_drivers":["Aging treatment plant","High-strength industrial wastewater from meat processing"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"MPCA (ref 1) documents 16 permit-limit exceedances in 2024 with ammonia and fecal coliform discharged above limits into the Cedar River.","service":"No sewer backup or loss of wastewater service is cited; a March 2024 Hormel equipment failure strained the plant for several days but processes recovered (ref 2).","scale":"The plant serves the City of Austin, whose water utility serves 26,174 people per SDWIS (ref 5); this is one community, not a 100k+ population.","duration":"ECHO (ref 3) shows violations every quarter from July 2023 to June 2024 and significant noncompliance in five quarters through June 2026.","significance":"Two state penalty orders: $14,156 announced September 2025 (ref 1) and $11,892 dated July 27, 2026 in ECHO (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":26174,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Austin Utilities' public water system per SDWIS (ref 5), used as the city service population; the sewer utility's own served population is not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The city exceeded its wastewater permit limits 16 times over an eight-month period in 2024 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Permit limit exceedances in 2024","value":16,"unit":"exceedances","status":"Reported","note":"MPCA (ref 1)."},{"name":"2025 MPCA penalty","value":14156,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"July 2026 state penalty order","value":11892,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO formal actions (ref 3)."},{"name":"State bonding for new plant (2023)","value":14.5,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Star Tribune via Post Bulletin (ref 2)."},{"name":"Design flow","value":8.475,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO facility search (ref 6)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Replacement plant likely to cost more than $100 million (ref 2).","Austin is among 14 communities reporting sewer rate increases of $10 or more per month after a 2025 plant project, with household costs above 1.4% of median income (ref 4)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"ECHO (ref 3) records significant noncompliance again in Q1 and Q2 2026 after the 2025 penalty, and a further penalty order in July 2026."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Austin","role":"Wastewater plant owner and operator"},{"name":"Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","role":"NPDES/SDS permitting and enforcement agency"}],"public_contact":"MPCA general line 651-296-6300 or 800-657-3864; Info.pca@state.mn.us","corrective_actions":["City agreed to submit a plan describing treatment plant improvements to keep effluent within permit limits (ref 1).","City must submit an updated individual control mechanism plan to prevent pollution (ref 1).","City received $14.5 million in 2023 state bonding toward a new treatment facility (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Austin fined more than $14,000 for wastewater violations","publisher":"Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","date":"2025-09-25","url":"https://www.pca.state.mn.us/news-and-stories/city-of-austin-fined-more-than-14000-for-wastewater-violations","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Pigs' blood leaks from Minnesota Hormel plant, disrupting city water system for days","publisher":"Post Bulletin (Star Tribune)","date":"2024-03-28","url":"https://www.postbulletin.com/news/minnesota/pigs-blood-leaks-from-minnesota-hormel-plant-disrupting-city-water-system-for-days","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO detailed facility report: Austin WWTP (MN0022683)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=MN0022683","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"Municipal wastewater infrastructure system needs and costs (Report to the Legislature)","publisher":"Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","date":"2026-01-15","url":"https://www.pca.state.mn.us/sites/default/files/lrwq-wwtp-1sy26.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system lookup: Austin","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/AUSTIN/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act facility search: Minnesota facilities named WWTP","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=MN&p_fn=WWTP","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MN-ASPEN-HILLS-HOA-WWTP-TIBBETS-BROOK-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Aspen Hills HOA sewage plant discharged fecal coliform and phosphorus into impaired Tibbets Brook","description":"The MPCA fined the Aspen Hills Homeowners Association wastewater treatment plant near Elk River $15,000 after it repeatedly discharged fecal coliform and phosphorus into Tibbets Brook, which has been listed as impaired for E. coli since 2012. EPA ECHO shows the plant in significant noncompliance for five straight quarters from mid-2023 to late 2024 and again in the second quarter of 2026.","location":{"name":"Aspen Hills HOA Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Private community wastewater treatment plant","state":"MN","states":["MN"],"detail":"Sherburne County, near Elk River and Big Lake; discharges to Tibbets Brook. NPDES permit MN0066028.","coordinates":{"lat":45.3387,"lon":-93.64975,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Sherburne"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"An undersized private treatment plant (infrastructure) repeatedly released bacteria and phosphorus into an already impaired brook (water quality).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"MPCA (ref 1) says the plant repeatedly discharged elevated fecal coliform and phosphorus into Tibbets Brook, impaired for E. coli since 2012.","service":"Neither MPCA (ref 1) nor ECHO (ref 2) reports any interruption of sewer service to Aspen Hills homes.","scale":"ECHO (ref 3) lists a design flow of only 0.02 MGD, a single homeowners-association plant.","duration":"ECHO (ref 2) shows significant noncompliance in every quarter from July 2023 through September 2024 and again in April-June 2026.","significance":"State penalty orders of $15,000 (December 2024) and $12,275 (March 2022) appear in ECHO (ref 2); MPCA announced the $15,000 fine (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Neither source states the number of homes or residents served."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The plant repeatedly discharged fecal coliform and phosphorus into Tibbets Brook, on the impaired waters list since 2012 for E. coli (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"MPCA penalty","value":15000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (last three years)","value":6,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"ECHO (ref 2) shows no violations for most of 2025, then a return to significant noncompliance in Q2 2026."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Aspen Hills Homeowners Association","role":"Plant owner and permittee"},{"name":"Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","role":"NPDES/SDS permitting and enforcement agency"}],"public_contact":"MPCA general line 651-296-6300 or 800-657-3864; Info.pca@state.mn.us","corrective_actions":["Association hired a third-party consultant to report on how it will meet future permit limits (ref 1).","Association submitted a timeline for proposed facility upgrades (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Aspen Hills Homeowners Association's wastewater treatment plant fined $15,000 for permit violations","publisher":"Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","date":"2025-08-19","url":"https://www.pca.state.mn.us/news-and-stories/aspen-hills-homeowners-associations-wastewater-treatment-plant-fined-15000-permit-violations","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO detailed facility report: Aspen Hills WWTF (MN0066028)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=MN0066028","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act facility search: Minnesota facilities named WWTP","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=MN&p_fn=WWTP","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"MPCA completes 68 enforcement cases in first half of 2025","publisher":"Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","date":"2025-09-17","url":"https://www.pca.state.mn.us/news-and-stories/mpca-completes-68-enforcement-cases-in-first-half-of-2025","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MN-HARTLAND-HOLLANDALE-FALSIFIED-WASTEWATER-DATA-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hartland and Hollandale fined after shared operator falsified wastewater monitoring data","description":"The MPCA fined the Freeborn County cities of Hartland ($12,061) and Hollandale ($12,108) after finding both submitted false data, had missing data and filed discharge monitoring reports late; the falsified data led the MPCA to revoke the certification of the wastewater operator both cities employed. EPA ECHO shows violations at both plants in most quarters from late 2023 through 2024.","location":{"name":"Hartland and Hollandale wastewater plants","type":"Small municipal wastewater treatment plants","state":"MN","states":["MN"],"detail":"Cities of Hartland and Hollandale, Freeborn County. NPDES permits MNG585102 and MNG585374.","coordinates":{"lat":43.80818,"lon":-93.47905,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Freeborn"],"extent":"county","pwsid":"MN1240011"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The failure is in oversight and staffing: falsified and missing compliance data from a shared contract operator.","secondary_drivers":["Reliance on a single contract operator","Small-system capacity"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"MPCA (ref 1) cites false and missing data rather than a measured exceedance, so actual discharge quality is unknown; harm is potential.","service":"The March 2026 MPCA release (ref 1) describes reporting violations only, with no interruption of sewer service in either city.","scale":"SDWIS (refs 4 and 5) lists 321 residents in Hartland and 294 in Hollandale, two very small towns.","duration":"ECHO (ref 3) records violations at Hartland in five straight quarters, October 2023 to December 2024, and again in 2026.","significance":"Penalties of $12,061 and $12,108 plus revocation of the operator's state certification for falsified data (ref 1; ref 2 table)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":615,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS populations served by the Hartland (321) and Hollandale (294) water systems (refs 4 and 5), used as the two cities' service populations."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Both cities submitted false data, had missing data and filed late reports; the MPCA revoked the shared operator's certification (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Hartland penalty","value":12061,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Hollandale penalty","value":12108,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Enforcement concluded in early 2026 (ref 2); later compliance is not yet documented."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Hartland","role":"Permittee"},{"name":"City of Hollandale","role":"Permittee"},{"name":"Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","role":"NPDES/SDS permitting and enforcement agency"}],"public_contact":"MPCA general line 651-296-6300 or 800-657-3864; Info.pca@state.mn.us","corrective_actions":["Both cities must stop falsifying data and submit a sampling plan consistent with their permits (ref 1).","Both cities must submit a plan for timely discharge monitoring reports and ensure a certified operator runs each facility (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Hartland and Hollandale fined for wastewater permit violations","publisher":"Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","date":"2026-03-03","url":"https://www.pca.state.mn.us/news-and-stories/hartland-and-hollandale-fined-for-wastewater-permit-violations","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"MPCA completes 147 enforcement cases in first half of 2026","publisher":"Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","date":"2026-09-03","url":"https://www.pca.state.mn.us/news-and-stories/mpca-completes-147-enforcement-cases-in-first-half-of-2026","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO detailed facility report: Hartland WWTP (MNG585102)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=MNG585102","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system lookup: Hartland","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/HARTLAND/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system lookup: Hollandale","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/HOLLANDALE/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MN-EMMONS-AGING-WWTP-44-EXCEEDANCES-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Emmons fined after aging sewage plant failed effluent limits 44 times","description":"The MPCA found the City of Emmons in Freeborn County failed to meet wastewater effluent limits 44 times from April 2021 to April 2023 and did not properly operate and maintain its aging treatment plant. Under a March 2024 settlement the city must hire an engineer to evaluate the plant and propose a schedule for a new plant or upgrades.","location":{"name":"Emmons Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Small municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"MN","states":["MN"],"detail":"City of Emmons, Freeborn County, on the Iowa border. NPDES permit MN0023311.","coordinates":{"lat":43.499823,"lon":-93.494838,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Freeborn"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"MN1240007"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"MPCA tied the violations to poor operation and maintenance of aging plant components.","secondary_drivers":["Aging treatment plant"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"MPCA (ref 1) found 44 failures to meet effluent limits and inadequate treatment of discharged wastewater.","service":"The Emmons settlement (ref 1) concerns treatment quality; it reports no backups or loss of sewer service.","scale":"Emmons' public water system serves 384 people per SDWIS (ref 3), a very small town.","duration":"Violations ran two years, April 2021 to April 2023 (ref 1), and the plant replacement decision was still open in 2024.","significance":"Civil penalty of $10,750 with a required engineering evaluation and new-plant schedule (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":384,"status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS population served by the Emmons water system (ref 3), used as the city service population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The City failed to meet effluent limits 44 times and failed to provide effective treatment (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Effluent limit failures, April 2021-April 2023","value":44,"unit":"exceedances","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Civil penalty","value":10750,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Release body says $10,750; headline says $10,570 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"ECHO (ref 2) shows no violations identified for July 2023 through June 2026."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Emmons","role":"Plant owner and permittee"},{"name":"Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","role":"NPDES/SDS permitting and enforcement agency"}],"public_contact":"MPCA general line 651-296-6300 or 800-657-3864; Info.pca@state.mn.us","corrective_actions":["Submit an engineer's wastewater evaluation with recommendations to replace or improve the plant (ref 1).","Submit short-, mid- and long-term plans to prevent violations and a schedule for a new plant or improvements (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Emmons fined $10,570 for wastewater violations","publisher":"Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","date":"2024-03-26","url":"https://www.pca.state.mn.us/news-and-stories/city-of-emmons-fined-10570-for-wastewater-violations","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO detailed facility report: Emmons WWTP (MN0023311)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=MN0023311","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system lookup: Emmons","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/EMMONS/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MN-MET-COUNCIL-LILYDALE-SIPHON-FAILURES-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Met Council's Lilydale sewer siphons under the Mississippi fail one after another","description":"A break in one of three Metropolitan Council sewer siphons beneath the Mississippi River in Saint Paul spilled sewage in Crosby Farm Regional Park in summer 2023; since then a second siphon stopped carrying flow, a third was found blocked, and a repaired pipe was found irreparably breached under the river. In May 2026 the Council raised the emergency repair ceiling to $10 million for temporary pumping over the I-35E bridge while a new river crossing is built over 3 to 5 years.","location":{"name":"Interceptor 1-MH-401C Lilydale Siphon","type":"Regional sewer interceptor river crossing","state":"MN","states":["MN"],"detail":"Saint Paul, Ramsey County; siphons cross the Mississippi River near Crosby Farm Regional Park.","counties":["Ramsey"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Failing sewer siphon pipes beneath the river are the core problem.","secondary_drivers":["Aging interceptor pipe"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Business item 2026-83 (ref 1) records a 2023 sewage spill in Crosby Farm Regional Park from the Siphon B break.","service":"Siphon B remains serviceable (ref 1) and wastewater is still conveyed; no customer service loss is reported.","scale":"A regional interceptor serving part of Saint Paul (ref 1); the number of connected residents is not reported.","duration":"Failures run from summer 2023 to 2026, and a new crossing will take 3 to 5 more years (ref 1).","significance":"An Emergency Declaration issued in 2023, another ratified in February 2025, and a May 2026 modification to a $10 million cap (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The Council item does not state how many residents the interceptor serves."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Siphon C is breached under the river and inoperable, Siphon A is partially blocked, and a new river crossing will take 3 to 5 years (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Emergency repair not-to-exceed amount","value":10,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Includes $3 million added in May 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Siphons failed or compromised","value":3,"unit":"pipes","status":"Reported","note":"Siphon B broke in 2023 and was repaired; A and C later failed (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Each repair has been followed by a new failure: Siphon C in 2024, Siphon A in 2025, and the Siphon C breach found in fall 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Metropolitan Council Environmental Services","role":"Regional interceptor owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"Metropolitan Council Environmental Services; business item contact Jeff Schwarz, Minneapolis Area Program Manager, 651-325-6378","corrective_actions":["Siphon B repaired in spring 2024 after the 2023 spill was cleaned up (ref 1).","Temporary pumping system to convey wastewater over the I-35E bridge if the siphons fail further (ref 1).","Land acquisition, design and construction of a new river crossing (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Business Item 2026-83: Declaration of Emergency Repair of Interceptor 1-MH-401C Lilydale Siphon","publisher":"Metropolitan Council","date":"2026-05-13","url":"https://metrocouncil.org/Council-Meetings/Committees/Metropolitan-Council/2026/05-13-26/2026-83.aspx","basis":"Local government record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MN-DULUTH-WOODLAND-RESERVOIR-TISCHER-CREEK-KILL-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Duluth reservoir release of chlorinated water killed about 2,300 fish in Tischer Creek","description":"In August 2024 a pump malfunction while Duluth crews sanitized the Woodland Reservoir sent about 1.7 million gallons of chlorinated drinking water containing ammonia into Tischer Creek, killing about 2,300 fish including nearly 1,600 brook trout. In March 2026 the city settled with the MPCA and DNR, paying a $12,000 fine and $190,000 in natural resource damages and changing its procedures.","location":{"name":"Tischer Creek and Woodland Reservoir, Duluth","type":"Municipal drinking water reservoir and trout stream","state":"MN","states":["MN"],"detail":"City of Duluth, St. Louis County; Hunter's Park area.","counties":["St. Louis"],"extent":"site","pwsid":"MN1690011"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"An equipment failure during drinking water reservoir maintenance caused the release.","secondary_drivers":["Pump malfunction during reservoir sanitizing"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"About 2,300 fish died, nearly 1,600 of them brook trout (ref 1); DNR said all aquatic life in the stretch was affected (ref 2).","service":"MPCA (ref 1) describes the released water as safe to drink; no drinking water disruption to Duluth customers is reported.","scale":"One urban trout stream within the Duluth system, which serves 86,859 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"A single release discovered August 1, 2024 (ref 2); the harm event lasted days, not months.","significance":"State settlement with the MPCA and DNR: $12,000 fine plus a $190,000 natural resource damage claim (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Harm fell on aquatic life, not water customers; Duluth's system serves 86,859 people per SDWIS (ref 3), listed as a measure."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 1.7 million gallons of chlorinated reservoir water killed about 2,300 fish, including nearly 1,600 brook trout (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Water released from Woodland Reservoir","value":1.7,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Early city estimate was 400,000-500,000 gallons (ref 2); final figure ref 1."},{"name":"Fish killed","value":2300,"unit":"fish","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Settlement (fine plus damages)","value":202000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"$12,000 fine and $190,000 compensation (ref 1)."},{"name":"Duluth water system population served","value":86859,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The city updated its stormwater pollution prevention program and procedures (ref 1); restoration funding is committed."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Duluth","role":"Reservoir owner and water utility"},{"name":"Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","role":"NPDES/SDS permitting and enforcement agency"},{"name":"Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","role":"Natural resource damages co-trustee"}],"public_contact":"Minnesota State Duty Officer 800-422-0798 (to report fish kills); MPCA 651-296-6300","corrective_actions":["City changed its stormwater pollution prevention program and adopted procedures to prevent drinking-system discharges to waters (ref 1).","$190,000 funds fish-passage barrier removal and a learn-to-fish program with Hartley Nature Center (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Duluth reaches settlement with MPCA, DNR on 2024 fish kill","publisher":"Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","date":"2026-03-30","url":"https://www.pca.state.mn.us/news-and-stories/city-of-duluth-reaches-settlement-with-mpca-dnr-on-2024-fish-kill","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"More than 1,000 dead fish found along Tischer Creek in Duluth","publisher":"Northern News Now","date":"2024-08-05","url":"https://www.northernnewsnow.com/2024/08/06/over-1000-dead-fish-found-along-tischer-creek-duluth/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system lookup: Duluth","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/DULUTH/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MN-MINNEAPOLIS-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-40000-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Minneapolis has about 40,000 lead service lines and replaced about 400 in 2024","description":"About 40,000 Minneapolis properties have lead water service lines; the city began targeted replacement in Green Zone neighborhoods, replacing about 400 in 2024 and planning about 1,000 in 2025, with a goal of removing all by 2037. In October 2025 the city mailed notices to owners of lead-line properties warning of increased lead exposure risk.","location":{"name":"Minneapolis water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MN","states":["MN"],"detail":"City of Minneapolis, Hennepin County; replacements prioritized in Northside and Southside Green Zones.","counties":["Hennepin"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"MN1270024"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The issue is the lead pipe inventory connecting homes to the water main and the pace of replacing it.","secondary_drivers":["Legacy lead service lines"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The city's October 2025 letter (ref 1) warns residents with lead lines of increased lead exposure risk; no exceedance is cited here.","service":"Formal service-line material notices dated October 16, 2025 (ref 1) and 55,000 letters citywide (ref 3).","scale":"About 40,000 properties with lead lines (ref 2) in a system serving 425,300 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"A 13-year program started in 2024 (ref 2) aiming to finish by 2037 (ref 5).","significance":"State legislation requires the city to prioritize replacement areas (ref 1); no enforcement action is cited."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":425300,"status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS population served by the Minneapolis system (ref 4); about 40,000 properties have lead lines (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 40,000 properties have lead service lines (ref 2); about 400 were replaced in 2024 (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Properties with lead service lines","value":40000,"unit":"properties","status":"Reported","note":"City FAQ, November 2024 (ref 2); the same bulletin also cites 38,000+."},{"name":"Lines replaced in 2024","value":400,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Replacements needed in 2026 to keep pace","value":3500,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Replacement pace rising from about 400 in 2024 to a planned 800-1,000 in 2025 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Minneapolis Public Works, Water Treatment and Distribution Services","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Minnesota Department of Health","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Minneapolis Water Distribution 612-673-5600; Minneapolis 311 at 612-673-3000","corrective_actions":["Targeted replacement in lower-income and high blood-lead areas, coordinated with capital projects (ref 1).","Owners may replace earlier at their own cost or have the city do it and assess the cost over 10 years (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Notification of Your Water Service Line Material (lead service line letter)","publisher":"City of Minneapolis Public Works","date":"2025-10-16","url":"https://www.minneapolismn.gov/media/-www-content-assets/documents/Lead-Line-Final-2025.pdf","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Lead and Lead Service Line Replacement Information (Ward 9 bulletin)","publisher":"City of Minneapolis","date":"2024-11-25","url":"https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/MPLS/bulletins/3c3d723","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":3,"title":"55,000 letters delivered citywide; some Northeast lead water service lines to be replaced in 2025","publisher":"Northeaster","date":"2025-01-28","url":"https://www.mynortheaster.com/news/55000-letters-delivered-citywide-some-northeast-lead-water-service-lines-to-be-replaced-in-2025","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system lookup: Minneapolis","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MN/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MINNEAPOLIS/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"Minneapolis to begin replacing lead water infrastructure for property owners","publisher":"KSTP","date":"2024-11-14","url":"https://kstp.com/kstp-news/local-news/minneapolis-to-begin-replacing-lead-water-infrastructure-for-property-owners/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MN-SAINT-PAUL-SPRWS-LEAD-LINES-2026"]},{"id":"US-MN-STATEWIDE-WASTEWATER-NEEDS-SURVEY-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Minnesota communities report $2.66 billion in wastewater needs as plants near end of life","description":"MPCA's January 2026 report to the Legislature lists 468 wastewater projects costing $2.66 billion, after the January 2024 report listed 801 projects costing $6.48 billion; MPCA says the drop likely reflects a lower survey response rate. MPCA reports a high share of sewer and treatment systems near the end of their useful life, says the totals exclude future PFAS, sulfate, ammonia and nitrate limits, and lists 14 communities whose sewer rates rose $10 or more a month after plant projects.","location":{"name":"Minnesota municipal wastewater systems","type":"Statewide municipal wastewater infrastructure","state":"MN","states":["MN"],"detail":"Statewide; survey of 834 communities and sanitary districts.","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding is a statewide capital funding gap and affordability burden for aging wastewater systems.","secondary_drivers":["Aging infrastructure","New permit limits","Small-community affordability"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"MPCA (ref 1) reports many systems near the limit of their expected useful life, a potential for failures rather than documented harm.","service":"The needs survey (ref 1) reports capital and rate data; it cites no sewer service outage.","scale":"Statewide: 834 communities surveyed and $2.66 billion in projects identified (ref 1).","duration":"Reported needs ranged from $3.48 billion to $6.48 billion in every biennial report from 2006 to 2024 (ref 1), a chronic gap.","significance":"A statutory biennial report to the Legislature under Minn. Stat. 115.03 (refs 1, 2); not an enforcement action."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The report does not total the population served by the surveyed systems."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Minnesota's communities identified a need for 468 wastewater treatment and collections projects at a cost of $2.66 billion (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Wastewater projects identified (2026 report)","value":468,"unit":"projects","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; survey response rate 56%."},{"name":"Total need (2026 report)","value":2.66,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Total need (2024 report)","value":6.48,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"801 projects; response rate 69% (ref 2)."},{"name":"Communities with sewer rate increases of $10+/month after 2025 plant projects","value":14,"unit":"communities","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["MPCA says demand for funding exceeds availability (ref 1).","All 14 communities with $10+ monthly rate increases report household costs above 1.4% of median household income (ref 1).","In the 2023 survey, 30% of communities under 1,500 people exceeded the affordability index (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Reported need fell from $6.48 billion (ref 2) to $2.66 billion (ref 1), which MPCA attributes mainly to fewer survey responses."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","role":"NPDES/SDS permitting and enforcement agency"},{"name":"Minnesota Public Facilities Authority","role":"State infrastructure funder"}],"public_contact":"MPCA general line 651-296-6300 or 800-657-3864; Info.pca@state.mn.us","corrective_actions":["MPCA's Project Priority List ranks projects for state revolving fund and grant financing (ref 1).","MPCA notes 46% of responding communities now report an asset management plan (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Municipal wastewater infrastructure system needs and costs (Report to the Legislature)","publisher":"Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","date":"2026-01-15","url":"https://www.pca.state.mn.us/sites/default/files/lrwq-wwtp-1sy26.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Future wastewater infrastructure needs and capital costs (2024 Report to the Legislature)","publisher":"Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","date":"2024-01-11","url":"https://www.leg.mn.gov/docs/2024/Mandated/240044.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MN-STATEWIDE-BIOSOLIDS-PFAS-TESTING-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Minnesota requires PFAS testing of sewage sludge before land application","description":"Since September 1, 2025, Minnesota wastewater plants that land-apply biosolids must test them for 40 PFAS before application under the MPCA's Biosolids PFAS Strategy. Biosolids with PFOA or PFOS at 125 micrograms per kilogram or more are considered industrially impacted and may not be land-applied; lower tiers trigger reduced application rates, notices to farmers and source-reduction plans.","location":{"name":"Minnesota municipal wastewater biosolids","type":"Statewide wastewater residuals program","state":"MN","states":["MN"],"detail":"Statewide; applies to all wastewater treatment facilities that land-apply biosolids.","extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["agricultural","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The concern is PFAS carried in sewage sludge onto farmland, soils and water.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS from industrial and commercial dischargers"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"MPCA's fact sheet (ref 2) says high PFAS in land-applied biosolids could contaminate soils, surface water and groundwater or be taken up by crops.","service":"The strategy (ref 1) limits where sludge can be spread; it does not interrupt sewer service.","scale":"Applies statewide; about 20% of Minnesota biosolids are land-applied (ref 2) and 83 plants sampled influent PFAS (ref 1).","duration":"Testing recurs every cropping year from September 2025 with no end date (ref 1).","significance":"A legislatively directed state strategy with mandatory sampling and land-application bans (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure applies to this statewide program."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Biosolids with PFOA or PFOS of 125 µg/kg or greater are considered industrially impacted and land application is not allowed (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Tier 4 land-application ban threshold (PFOA or PFOS)","value":125,"unit":"µg/kg","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Plants that conducted influent PFAS sampling","value":83,"unit":"facilities","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Share of Minnesota biosolids land-applied","value":20,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Statewide test results from the first cropping year have not been published in the cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","role":"NPDES/SDS permitting and enforcement agency"}],"public_contact":"MPCA general line 651-296-6300 or 800-657-3864; Info.pca@state.mn.us","corrective_actions":["Annual biosolids PFAS sampling by EPA Method 1633A before land application (refs 1, 4).","Tiered response: farmer notification, reduced rates, a PFAS pollutant management plan within 180 days, or a land-application ban (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Minnesota Biosolids PFAS Strategy","publisher":"Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","date":"2025-07-09","url":"https://www.pca.state.mn.us/sites/default/files/wq-wwprm2-113b.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Minnesota biosolids PFAS strategy fact sheet","publisher":"Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","date":"2025-02-20","url":"https://www.pca.state.mn.us/sites/default/files/wq-wwprm2-113a.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"PFAS in biosolids strategy","publisher":"Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","date":null,"url":"https://www.pca.state.mn.us/air-water-land-climate/pfas-in-biosolids-strategy","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"Required PFAS Testing At Minnesota WWTFs","publisher":"BioCycle","date":"2025-11-18","url":"https://www.biocycle.net/required-pfas-testing-at-minnesota-wwtfs/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MN-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-MN-RAPIDAN-DAM-PARTIAL-FAILURE-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Rapidan Dam partially fails in June 2024 flood; county votes to remove it","description":"During June 2024 flooding the Blue Earth River overtopped the Rapidan Dam southwest of Mankato and cut a new channel around its west abutment, releasing more than a century of trapped sediment downstream. Blue Earth County voted on August 27, 2024 to remove the dam and replace the damaged County Road 9 bridge, and a July 2025 preliminary estimate put dam removal at about $88 million.","location":{"name":"Rapidan Dam, Blue Earth River","type":"Dam and river segment","detail":"Blue Earth River southwest of Mankato, Blue Earth County","coordinates":{"lat":44.0922,"lon":-94.1092,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Blue Earth"],"extent":"site","state":"MN","states":["MN"]},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"The flood (water quantity) damaged a dam and bridge (infrastructure) and moved a century of sediment downstream.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"MPR (ref 1) reports the overtopping river cut a new channel around the west abutment and sent over a century of sediment downstream.","service":"The County Road 9 bridge beside the dam closed in June 2024 and detours began in July (ref 1); no water utility outage is reported.","scale":"Damage is concentrated at one dam site in Blue Earth County, which was among the 22 counties in the federal declaration (ref 3).","duration":"More than a year after the breach the county was still weighing removal options against an $88 million estimate (ref 2, July 2025).","significance":"The county board unanimously voted on Aug. 27, 2024 to remove the dam (ref 1), and the county sits inside federal disaster DR-4797 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure is reported for the dam failure."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The estimate for removing the dam is about $88 million, on top of $1.1 million already spent demolishing the County Road 9 bridge (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Preliminary dam removal estimate","value":88000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"KEYC, July 2025 (ref 2)."},{"name":"County State Aid disaster funds available for bridge","value":19500000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"MPR via Brainerd Dispatch (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event; removal design and funding still being settled in 2025 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Blue Earth County Board of Commissioners","role":"Dam owner and decision-maker"},{"name":"FEMA","role":"Federal disaster funding"}],"public_contact":"Blue Earth County Public Works, via the county website","corrective_actions":["County board voted Aug. 27, 2024 to remove the dam and replace the County Road 9 bridge (ref 1).","Staff directed to focus on dam removal, channel stabilization and west-bank restoration with partial FEMA funding (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"County to remove Minnesota dam that nearly collapsed during June storms (MPR News)","publisher":"Brainerd Dispatch / MPR News","date":"2024-08-29","url":"https://www.brainerddispatch.com/news/minnesota/county-to-remove-minnesota-dam-that-nearly-collapsed-during-june-storms","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"County discusses options amid $88-million dam-removal price tag","publisher":"KEYC News Now","date":"2025-07-09","url":"https://www.keyc.com/2025/07/09/county-discusses-options-amid-88-million-dam-removal-price-tag/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Gov. Walz announces 22 MN counties approved for federal disaster declaration","publisher":"Northern News Now","date":"2024-06-29","url":"https://www.northernnewsnow.com/2024/06/29/gov-walz-announces-22-mn-counties-approved-federal-disaster-declaration","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MN-JUNE-2024-FLOODS-DR4797-2024"]},{"id":"US-MN-JUNE-2024-FLOODS-DR4797-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"June 2024 Minnesota floods bring major federal disaster declaration DR-4797","description":"Severe storms and flooding from June 16 to July 4, 2024 led to a federal major disaster declaration for Minnesota (DR-4797) on June 28, 2024, first covering 22 counties for public assistance. On July 30 the declaration was expanded to individual assistance in 19 counties, and FEMA reports about $16.9 million approved for households and $31.0 million obligated for public infrastructure work.","location":{"name":"Minnesota, June 2024 flood counties","type":"Multi-county disaster area","detail":"22 counties in southern and northeastern Minnesota including Blue Earth, Rice, Freeborn, St. Louis, Cook and Lake","coordinates":{"lat":45,"lon":-94,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Blue Earth","Carver","Cass","Cook","Cottonwood","Faribault","Fillmore","Freeborn","Goodhue","Jackson","Lake","Le Sueur","Murray","Nobles","Pipestone","Rice","Rock","St. Louis","Steele","Wabasha","Waseca","Watonwan"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"MN","states":["MN"]},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Excess runoff (water quantity) damaged homes and public infrastructure across many counties.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"FEMA (ref 1) shows 3,074 household applications approved and $10.9 million in housing assistance for flood damage.","service":"FEMA obligated $7.57 million for emergency work such as debris removal and protective measures (ref 1); no water-system outage figure is given.","scale":"The initial declaration covered 22 counties (ref 2) and individual aid later reached 19 counties (ref 3).","duration":"The declared incident period ran June 16 to July 4, 2024 (ref 1), with permanent repairs funded afterward.","significance":"A presidential major disaster declaration, DR-4797-MN, was issued June 28, 2024 (ref 1) and amended for individual aid (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected-population total is reported; 3,074 household applications were approved (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Total Individuals & Households Program approved: $16,916,975.81; Public Assistance obligated: $31,024,008.59 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Individuals and Households Program approved","value":16916975.81,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"FEMA DR-4797 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Public Assistance obligated","value":31024008.59,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"FEMA DR-4797 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Counties in initial declaration","value":22,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single flood season; a separate July 2026 flood hit southeast Minnesota."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"FEMA","role":"Federal disaster assistance"},{"name":"Minnesota Department of Public Safety, Homeland Security and Emergency Management","role":"State emergency management"}],"public_contact":"FEMA disaster assistance via disasterassistance.gov","corrective_actions":["Federal declaration June 28, 2024 (ref 1).","Individual assistance added July 30, 2024 for 19 counties (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Minnesota Severe Storms and Flooding (DR-4797-MN)","publisher":"FEMA","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4797","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Gov. Walz announces 22 MN counties approved for federal disaster declaration","publisher":"Northern News Now","date":"2024-06-29","url":"https://www.northernnewsnow.com/2024/06/29/gov-walz-announces-22-mn-counties-approved-federal-disaster-declaration","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Governor Tim Walz announces federal aid expansion for Minnesotans affected by this year's flooding","publisher":"WDIO","date":"2024-07-30","url":"https://wdio.com/?p=464807","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MN-RAPIDAN-DAM-PARTIAL-FAILURE-2024","US-MN-SE-MEGA-RAIN-FLOODS-2026"]},{"id":"US-MN-SE-MEGA-RAIN-FLOODS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"July 2026 mega-rain floods Fillmore, Houston and Mower counties","description":"Storms from July 2 to 8, 2026 dropped more than 6 inches of rain on about 75 percent of Fillmore County and more than half of Houston County, damaging homes, bridges, roads and water systems. Fillmore and Mower counties declared emergencies, Gov. Walz authorized state disaster aid for parts of six counties, and Minnesota requested a federal major disaster declaration for Fillmore, Houston and Mower counties.","location":{"name":"Fillmore, Houston and Mower counties","type":"Multi-county disaster area","detail":"Southeast Minnesota, including Lanesboro (Fillmore County)","coordinates":{"lat":43.74,"lon":-91.98,"precision":"county","source_ref":2},"counties":["Fillmore","Houston","Mower"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"MN","states":["MN"]},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Extreme rainfall (water quantity) damaged homes and public works including water systems.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The delegation letter (ref 1) says homes with major damage each had a submerged furnace or boiler and some were condemned.","service":"Mower County's sheriff listed damage to bridges, county roads, power lines and water systems, near $200,000 and rising (ref 2).","scale":"Three counties are in the federal request (ref 1), with state aid for parts of six counties (ref 3).","duration":"The disaster period was July 2 to 8, 2026 (ref 1); repairs and the federal decision were still pending in August.","significance":"Two county emergency declarations (ref 2), state disaster aid (ref 3) and a request for a federal major disaster declaration (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected-population figure is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 75 percent of Fillmore County and more than half of Houston County received over 6 inches of rain (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Mower County early damage estimate","value":200000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Expected to rise (ref 2)."},{"name":"Lanesboro campground and dam-area damage","value":24000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Second major Minnesota flood disaster in three summers (see related 2024 record)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Minnesota Department of Public Safety, Homeland Security and Emergency Management","role":"State emergency management"},{"name":"FEMA","role":"Federal disaster assistance (requested)"}],"public_contact":"Fillmore, Houston and Mower county emergency management offices","corrective_actions":["County emergency declarations July 14, 2026 (ref 2).","Governor authorized state aid Aug. 19, 2026 (ref 3).","Federal major disaster declaration requested for individual assistance (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Finstad, Klobuchar, and Smith Request Approval of Minnesota's Request for Major Disaster Declaration","publisher":"Office of Rep. Brad Finstad","date":"2026-08-20","url":"https://finstad.house.gov/?p=2792","basis":"Government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Fillmore County, Mower County boards approve resolution for emergency declaration following flooding","publisher":"KTTC","date":"2026-07-14","url":"https://www.kttc.com/2026/07/14/fillmore-county-board-approves-resolution-emergency-declaration-following-flooding/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Gov. Walz authorizes state disaster assistance for six Minnesota counties","publisher":"Valley News Live","date":"2026-08-19","url":"https://www.valleynewslive.com/2026/08/19/gov-walz-authorizes-state-disaster-assistance-six-minnesota-counties/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Minnesota lawmakers push for major disaster declaration over July flooding","publisher":"KTTC","date":"2026-08-20","url":"https://www.kttc.com/2026/08/21/minnesota-lawmakers-push-major-disaster-declaration-over-july-flooding/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MN-JUNE-2024-FLOODS-DR4797-2024"]},{"id":"US-MN-MONTICELLO-TRITIUM-GROUNDWATER-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Monticello nuclear plant tritium leak cleanup continues beneath the plant","description":"About 400,000 gallons of tritium-contaminated water leaked from a pipe at Xcel Energy's Monticello Nuclear Generating Plant starting in November 2022, and the leak was disclosed publicly in March 2023. By April 2025 Xcel said groundwater tritium was down more than 90 percent but two wells beneath the plant still exceeded the EPA drinking water standard, and in May 2025 a well near the Mississippi River read 19,800 pCi/L, just under the 20,000 pCi/L standard; officials say drinking water sources are unaffected.","location":{"name":"Monticello Nuclear Generating Plant","type":"Nuclear power plant site and groundwater","detail":"Mississippi River at Monticello, Wright County","coordinates":{"lat":45.3336,"lon":-93.8492,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Wright"],"extent":"site","state":"MN","states":["MN"]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A radioactive tritium plume in groundwater beneath an operating power plant.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Ref 1 reports 400,000 gallons of tritium water leaked; ref 2 says two wells under the plant were still above the EPA standard in April 2025.","service":"The city notice (ref 3) says residents need take no action and drinking water sources near Monticello are unaffected.","scale":"Contamination is confined to groundwater at the single plant site; no off-site measurement is reported (ref 1).","duration":"Leak began November 2022 and recovery pumping was still continuing in May 2025 (ref 3).","significance":"Xcel issued formal community notifications through the city (ref 3); no enforcement order is cited in the opened sources."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population is exposed per city and Xcel statements (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A monitoring well near the Mississippi River measured 19,800 pCi/L, just below the EPA drinking water standard of 20,000 pCi/L (ref 3, May 12, 2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"Tritium-contaminated water leaked","value":400000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Near-river monitoring well tritium","value":19800,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Concentrations down more than 90 percent from initial readings (refs 2, 3), though one near-river well rose in May 2025."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Xcel Energy","role":"Plant operator"},{"name":"Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","role":"State environmental regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Monticello, City Hall","corrective_actions":["Recovery pumping of groundwater, adjusted to pull tritium away from the river (ref 3).","More than 1.1 million gallons pumped by May 2023 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Over half of the contaminated water leaked at nuclear plant recovered, Xcel Energy says","publisher":"Power Engineering (AP)","date":"2023-05-25","url":"https://www.power-eng.com/nuclear/over-half-of-the-contaminated-water-leaked-at-nuclear-plant-recovered-xcel-energy-says/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Xcel Energy removes 90% of tritium from groundwater below Monticello plant","publisher":"FOX 9","date":"2025-04-17","url":"https://www.fox9.com/news/xcel-energy-removes-monticello-tritium-groundwater","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Xcel Energy Community Notification: May 12, 2025","publisher":"City of Monticello","date":"2025-05-12","url":"https://monticellomn.gov/CivicAlerts.asp?AID=506","basis":"Local government record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MN-KEETAC-HAY-LAKE-SULFATE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"U.S. Steel Keetac must meet wild rice sulfate limits for Hay Lake by 2030","description":"U.S. Steel's Keetac taconite operation near Keewatin discharges sulfate averaging 22 to 165 mg/L upstream of Hay Lake, a wild rice water, against permit limits of 14 mg/L monthly and 24 mg/L daily first set in 2011. The Minnesota Court of Appeals in March 2025 upheld the MPCA's denial of a 79 mg/L site-specific standard, the MPCA preliminarily denied a 2025 variance request, and 2025 draft permits require compliance by April 30, 2030.","location":{"name":"U.S. Steel Keetac and Hay Lake","type":"Taconite mine discharge and wild rice lake","detail":"Keewatin, Itasca County, Iron Range","coordinates":{"lat":47.4,"lon":-93.08,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Itasca"],"extent":"site","state":"MN","states":["MN"]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Sulfate discharges from a mine exceed limits set to protect a downstream wild rice water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"KAXE (ref 2) cites MPCA data that Keetac discharges average 22 to 165 mg/L sulfate against a 14 mg/L monthly limit.","service":"No drinking water or utility disruption is involved; the issue is surface-water quality (ref 2).","scale":"One mine and the downstream Hay Lake; Keetac employs about 450 people (ref 2).","duration":"Limits set in 2011 to take effect by 2019 are still unmet, with compliance now due April 30, 2030 (ref 2).","significance":"Court of Appeals upheld MPCA's denial of a 79 mg/L site standard on March 31, 2025 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure applies."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Keetac's discharges currently average 22 to 165 mg/L of sulfate (ref 2), versus the 10 mg/L wild rice standard."},"measures":[{"name":"Monthly average sulfate limit","value":14,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Best estimate of 20-year treatment cost","value":814000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"U.S. Steel estimate accepted by MPCA (ref 2)."},{"name":"Public comments on draft permits","value":1000,"unit":"comments","status":"Reported","note":"More than 1,000 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Exceedances continue while permits are reissued (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","role":"NPDES permitting authority"},{"name":"U.S. Steel","role":"Permittee"}],"public_contact":"MPCA Keetac project page contacts (listed on the MPCA website)","corrective_actions":["Draft permits require treatment construction by May 1, 2028 and compliance by April 30, 2030 (ref 2).","MPCA reviewing a March 4, 2026 application to combine the two wastewater permits (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Minnesota court upholds wild rice sulfate limits downstream of mine","publisher":"Duluth News Tribune","date":"2025-03-31","url":"https://www.duluthnewstribune.com/news/local/minnesota-court-upholds-wild-rice-sulfate-limits-downstream-of-mine","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"US Steel Keetac permits debate wild rice sulfate limits","publisher":"KAXE","date":"2025-09-17","url":"https://www.kaxe.org/local-news/2025-09-17/us-steel-keetac-permits-debate-wild-rice-sulfate-limits","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Keewatin - U.S. Steel Keetac","publisher":"Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","date":"2026-10-09","url":"https://www.pca.state.mn.us/local-sites-and-projects/keewatin-us-steel-keetac","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MN-STATEWIDE-WILD-RICE-SULFATE-REVIEW-2026"]},{"id":"US-MN-STATEWIDE-WILD-RICE-SULFATE-REVIEW-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"MPCA reopens science on 1973 wild rice sulfate standard as permits stall","description":"Minnesota's 10 mg/L sulfate standard for wild rice waters, adopted in 1973 and approved by EPA, has rarely been enforced against dischargers. In December 2025 the MPCA began reviewing recent studies and natural background sulfate levels, expected to finish in late 2026, while the standard stays in effect and permits are handled case by case; in 2025 the agency also explored a multi-discharger sulfate variance because most facilities that discharge upstream of a wild rice water are expected to receive sulfate limits.","location":{"name":"Minnesota wild rice waters","type":"Statewide surface-water standard","detail":"Wild rice lakes and streams, concentrated in northern Minnesota","coordinates":{"lat":46.7,"lon":-94,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"extent":"statewide","state":"MN","states":["MN"]},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A water quality standard protecting wild rice from sulfate-to-sulfide toxicity.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"MPCA (ref 1) states recent studies confirm sulfate converts to sulfide, which is toxic to wild rice; site-level harm is not quantified.","service":"The standard governs discharge permits, not drinking water supply, so no service loss is reported (ref 1).","scale":"MPCA (ref 3) says the vast majority of surface dischargers sit upstream of a wild rice water and expect sulfate limits.","duration":"Standard dates to 1973 (ref 2); the new analyses are not due until late 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"MPCA formally opened a scientific review and is weighing a multi-discharger variance (refs 1, 3); no rule decision yet."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide standard; no population figure."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The 10 mg/L wild rice sulfate water quality standard remains in effect while the projects are ongoing (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Wild rice sulfate standard","value":10,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Review results expected late 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","role":"Water quality standards and permits"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 5","role":"Standard approval and oversight"}],"public_contact":"MPCA water quality standards variance staff, via the MPCA website","corrective_actions":["Peer-reviewed science and natural background sulfate analyses under way (ref 1).","Information session on a time-limited multi-discharger variance held May 1, 2025 (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"MPCA begins analysis of background sulfate levels in Minnesota waters","publisher":"Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","date":"2025-12-18","url":"https://www.pca.state.mn.us/news-and-stories/mpca-begins-analysis-of-background-sulfate-levels-in-minnesota-waters","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Minnesota officials announce plans for more study on impacts of sulfate pollution on wild rice (MPR News)","publisher":"Grand Forks Herald / MPR News","date":"2025-12-20","url":"https://www.grandforksherald.com/news/minnesota/minnesota-officials-announce-plans-for-more-study-on-impacts-of-sulfate-pollution-on-wild-rice","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Sulfate multi-discharger variance information session","publisher":"Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","date":"2025-05-01","url":"https://www.pca.state.mn.us/events-and-meetings/sulfate-multi-discharger-variance-2025-05-01","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MN-KEETAC-HAY-LAKE-SULFATE-2025"]},{"id":"US-MN-NEWRANGE-NORTHMET-WETLANDS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"NewRange copper-nickel mine seeks new wetlands permit after 2023 revocation","description":"The proposed NewRange (formerly PolyMet) copper-nickel mine near Hoyt Lakes and Babbitt lost its Army Corps wetlands permit in 2023 after EPA said it could not ensure compliance with the downstream Fond du Lac Band's water quality standards, and two other permits remain in limbo amid lawsuits. In July 2026 NewRange redesigned the project, moving tailings into old iron ore pits and claiming a 75 percent cut in discharge, and filed a new Corps application stating more than 1,100 acres of wetlands would be affected.","location":{"name":"NewRange NorthMet project, Hoyt Lakes","type":"Proposed sulfide mine and processing plant","detail":"Mine about 6 miles south of Babbitt; plant at former LTV site near Hoyt Lakes, St. Louis County; St. Louis River watershed","coordinates":{"lat":47.52,"lon":-92.14,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["St. Louis"],"extent":"watershed","state":"MN","states":["MN"]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Sulfide ore mining risks acid drainage and wetland loss upstream of tribal waters.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Potential only: MPR (ref 1) notes sulfide ore can cause acid drainage; the application lists more than 1,100 wetland acres affected (ref 2).","service":"The mine is not built, so no water service is disrupted (ref 1).","scale":"The Fond du Lac reservation lies downstream on the St. Louis River (ref 1).","duration":"Permits approved in 2018 were revoked or stalled by 2023 and a new review began July 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"The Army Corps revoked the wetlands permit in 2023 and lawsuits hold two other permits in limbo (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure applies to a proposed mine."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The permit application states more than 1,100 acres of wetlands would be impacted by the mine and processing plant (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Wetlands affected per application","value":1100,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"More than 1,100 acres (ref 2)."},{"name":"Claimed reduction in water discharge","value":75,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Company claim (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Permits issued, revoked and now re-sought (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District","role":"Clean Water Act Section 404 permit"},{"name":"Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","role":"Environmental review and permit to mine"},{"name":"Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa","role":"Downstream tribal water quality authority"}],"public_contact":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers St. Paul District Regulatory Division (file 1999-05528-WMS)","corrective_actions":["New wetlands permit application with public comment through Sept. 12, 2026 (ref 2).","DNR deciding the level of environmental review for the redesigned project (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"NewRange Copper Nickel proposes major changes to copper mine plan","publisher":"MPR News","date":"2026-07-30","url":"https://www.mprnews.org/story/2026/07/30/newrange-copper-nickel-proposes-major-changes-to-copper-mine-plan","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Comment period opens for wetland permit for NewRange Copper Nickel","publisher":"KAXE","date":"2026-08-20","url":"https://www.kaxe.org/local-news/2026-08-20/comment-period-opens-for-wetland-permit-for-newrange-copper-nickel","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MN-BOUNDARY-WATERS-MINING-WITHDRAWAL-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Congress rescinds Boundary Waters mining withdrawal; state cancels a Twin Metals lease","description":"Congress used a Congressional Review Act resolution (H.J. Res. 140), signed April 27, 2026, to rescind Public Land Order 7917, the 2023 20-year mineral withdrawal covering 225,378 acres of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness watershed. The move clears a path for reinstating Twin Metals' federal copper-nickel leases; in response the Minnesota DNR canceled one Twin Metals subsidiary state lease effective Nov. 10, 2026 and Gov. Walz signed an executive order aimed at blocking nonferrous mining near the Boundary Waters.","location":{"name":"Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness watershed","type":"Wilderness watershed","detail":"Rainy River headwaters near Ely and Babbitt, northeastern Minnesota","coordinates":{"lat":47.9,"lon":-91.87,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":3},"counties":["Lake","St. Louis"],"extent":"watershed","state":"MN","states":["MN"]},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"A federal policy reversal on mineral leasing in a wilderness watershed.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No mine exists yet; Earthjustice (ref 1) describes the withdrawal as protection from mining pollution, a potential risk.","service":"No water service is affected at this stage (ref 2).","scale":"The rescinded withdrawal covered 225,378 acres of the wilderness watershed (ref 1).","duration":"Policy has shifted since the 2023 withdrawal; leasing decisions were still pending in mid-2026 (ref 2).","significance":"Congress rescinded PLO 7917 (ref 2), DNR canceled a state lease and the governor issued an executive order (ref 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure applies."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The resolution revokes a 20-year mineral withdrawal protecting 225,378 acres of public lands in the Boundary Waters watershed (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Acres no longer withdrawn from mineral leasing","value":225378,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Federal protection removed in April 2026 (ref 2); state countermeasures followed (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Department of the Interior / Bureau of Land Management","role":"Federal mineral leasing"},{"name":"Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","role":"State mineral leases"},{"name":"Twin Metals Minnesota","role":"Mine proponent"}],"public_contact":"Minnesota DNR Lands and Minerals Division, via the DNR website","corrective_actions":["DNR canceled a Franconia Minerals (Twin Metals) state lease effective Nov. 10, 2026 (ref 3).","Executive order aimed at blocking nonferrous mining near the Boundary Waters (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Senate Votes to Strip Minnesota's Boundary Waters of Protection from Mining Pollution","publisher":"Earthjustice","date":"2026-04-16","url":"https://earthjustice.org/press/2026/senate-votes-to-strip-minnesotas-boundary-waters-of-protection-from-mining-pollution","basis":"Advocacy organization"},{"ref":2,"title":"Minnesota Mining Ban: Trump and Congress Revive Twin Metals Project","publisher":"Skillings Mining Review","date":"2026-06-23","url":"https://www.skillings.net/?p=95708","basis":"Trade news"},{"ref":3,"title":"Minnesota DNR cancels Twin Metals mineral lease for site south of Boundary Waters","publisher":"FOX 9","date":"2026-09-12","url":"https://www.fox9.com/news/minnesota-dnr-cancels-twin-metals-mineral-lease-site-south-boundary-waters-sept-12-2026","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MN-LINE3-MOOSE-LAKE-AQUIFER-BREACH-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Enbridge settles Line 3 Moose Lake aquifer breach that still flows","description":"Enbridge reported groundwater upwelling in August 2022 at a Line 3 construction site near Swatara in Aitkin County, which the DNR found to be a confined aquifer breach flowing an estimated 10 to 15 gallons per minute that cannot be fully stopped without damaging the surrounding peatland. On December 22, 2025 the DNR announced an agreement requiring a $300,000 civil penalty, $1.2 million in environmental projects, $100,000 for monitoring and $1.2 million in financial assurance.","location":{"name":"Line 3 Moose Lake breach site, near Swatara","type":"Pipeline construction aquifer breach site","detail":"Near Swatara, Aitkin County","coordinates":{"lat":46.93,"lon":-93.67,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Aitkin"],"extent":"site","state":"MN","states":["MN"]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Uncontrolled release of confined groundwater caused by pipeline construction.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DNR (ref 1) confirmed a confined aquifer breach discharging an estimated 10-15 gallons per minute to the surface.","service":"No water supply interruption is reported for the remote peatland site (ref 1).","scale":"A single construction site near Swatara; flow is far below the 100-300+ gpm at the other three breaches (ref 1).","duration":"Upwelling began August 2022 and DNR found stopping it infeasible, so flow and monitoring continue (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Dec. 22, 2025 DNR enforcement agreement with a $300,000 civil penalty (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure applies."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Surface groundwater flow from the breach was estimated at 10-15 gallons per minute (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Breach flow","value":12.5,"unit":"gallons per minute","status":"Estimated","note":"Midpoint of the DNR's 10-15 gpm estimate (ref 1)."},{"name":"Civil penalty","value":300000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Financial assurance for future impacts","value":1200000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Flow continues; long-term effects on Moose Lake are uncertain (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","role":"Water appropriation regulator and enforcement"},{"name":"Enbridge Energy","role":"Pipeline operator"}],"public_contact":"Minnesota DNR Information Center, via the DNR website","corrective_actions":["Stabilization work under DNR oversight from fall 2022 through 2023 (ref 1).","Long-term monitoring locations and protocols funded by the settlement (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Minnesota Department of Natural Resources reaches enforcement agreement with Enbridge to address Moose Lake aquifer breach","publisher":"Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","date":"2025-12-22","url":"https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/news/2025/12/22/minnesota-department-natural-resources-reaches-enforcement-agreement-enbridge-address-moose-lake-aquifer-breach","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Enbridge to pay $1.6M for Moose Lake aquifer breach resolution","publisher":"FOX 9","date":"2025-12-24","url":"https://www.fox9.com/news/enbridge-pay-1-6m-moose-lake-aquifer-breach-resolution","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Line 3 Replacement Project","publisher":"Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","date":"2025-12-22","url":"https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/line3/index.html","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MN-EAST-METRO-3M-SETTLEMENT-FUNDS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"3M disputes East Metro PFAS settlement spending as funds near exhaustion","description":"The state's 2018 $850 million settlement with 3M left about $720 million for drinking water and natural resource projects in the Twin Cities east metro, where 3M PFAS waste contaminated drinking water for more than 700,000 people. FOX 9 reported in July 2025 that the funds are projected to run out by 2027 and that 3M's objection that approved projects are not 'reasonable and necessary' had gone to mediation, while the MPCA issued 1,137 private well advisories in 2025 and reports a growing backlog of home treatment installations.","location":{"name":"Twin Cities East Metro PFAS settlement area","type":"Multi-community settlement program area","detail":"Washington County communities including Lake Elmo, Oakdale, Woodbury, Cottage Grove, Afton and Baytown Township","coordinates":{"lat":44.95,"lon":-92.9,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Washington","Dakota","Ramsey"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"MN","states":["MN"]},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Whether settlement money can keep paying for PFAS drinking water treatment.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"MPCA's March 2026 memo (ref 3) reports 1,137 private wells received PFAS advisories in 2025, nearly triple 2024's 420.","service":"Ref 3 reports a treatment-system backlog, with bottled water offered to residents while they wait.","scale":"FOX 9 (ref 1) says 3M waste contaminated drinking water for more than 700,000 people across 15 East Metro communities.","duration":"Private well sampling has run since 2003 (ref 3) and settlement money is projected to run out by 2027 (ref 1).","significance":"The 2018 settlement resolved the attorney general's suit (ref 2); 3M's spending dispute is in mediation (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":700000,"status":"Reported","note":"FOX 9: contaminated drinking water for more than 700,000 people (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Settlement funds are projected to run out by 2027 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Settlement funds available after expenses","value":720000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Private well advisories issued in 2025","value":1137,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Treatment systems installed in 2025","value":258,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Advisories nearly tripled in 2025 (ref 3) and funds face exhaustion by 2027 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","role":"Settlement co-trustee"},{"name":"Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","role":"Settlement co-trustee"},{"name":"3M Company","role":"Responsible party under settlement and 2007 consent order"}],"public_contact":"MPCA 3M settlement program, via 3msettlement.state.mn.us","corrective_actions":["37 approved active projects including treatment plants in Woodbury, Hastings, Cottage Grove and St. Paul Park (ref 1).","Baytown Township added to the settlement in 2025; POET filter performance testing set for 2026 (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"3M is paying to clean up PFAS. But for how much longer?","publisher":"FOX 9","date":"2025-07-08","url":"https://www.fox9.com/news/3m-is-paying-clean-up-pfas-how-much-longer","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"3M Settlement: Water quality and sustainability in the East Metro","publisher":"Minnesota Pollution Control Agency and Department of Natural Resources","date":null,"url":"https://3msettlement.state.mn.us/","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"2025 Private Well Sampling for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Compounds (memo to Priority One Working Group)","publisher":"Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","date":"2026-03-03","url":"https://3msettlement.state.mn.us/sites/3msettlement/files/2026-03/lrc-pfc-1sy26.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MN-WOODBURY-PFAS-TREATMENT-2026","US-MN-HASTINGS-PFOA-3M-LAWSUIT-2026","US-MN-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-MN-STATEWIDE-DATA-CENTER-WATER-RULES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Minnesota adds water review for data centers using over 100 million gallons a year","description":"With about 70 data centers operating and twelve more hyperscale projects being explored, Minnesota in 2025 enacted Minn. Stat. 103G.265 subd. 5, letting the DNR evaluate water availability before permits for data centers expected to consume more than 100 million gallons a year, and a companion provision requiring permit conditions on such projects. Local fights continue: a Hermantown project has been on hold since November 2025 after a court challenge to the city's environmental review.","location":{"name":"Minnesota data center water use","type":"Statewide water appropriation policy","detail":"Statewide, with projects in Rosemount, Farmington, Hermantown and elsewhere","coordinates":{"lat":46.3,"lon":-94.3,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"extent":"statewide","state":"MN","states":["MN"]},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"State rules for large new consumptive water users.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No harm is documented yet; the statute (ref 1) addresses potential availability constraints.","service":"LMC (ref 2) notes data centers are priority 5 users that may be restricted if supplies run short; none reported so far.","scale":"KAXE (ref 3) counts about 70 data centers statewide plus twelve hyperscale projects in exploration.","duration":"The statute took effect in 2025 (ref 1) and Environmental Quality Board review continued into late 2025 (ref 3).","significance":"New statute (ref 1) and a Nov. 5, 2025 court challenge to Hermantown's environmental review (ref 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide policy; no population figure."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Applies to a data center whose proposed consumptive use exceeds 100,000,000 gallons per year (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Data center consumptive use threshold","value":100000000,"unit":"gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Data centers in Minnesota","value":70,"unit":"facilities","status":"Reported","note":"About 70 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","role":"Water appropriation permits"},{"name":"Minnesota Environmental Quality Board","role":"Environmental review rules"}],"public_contact":"Minnesota DNR water appropriation permits staff, via the DNR website","corrective_actions":["DNR preapplication evaluation and written response on water availability (ref 1).","Mandatory permit conditions on conservation and source testing under Minn. Stat. 103G.271 subd. 5b (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Minnesota Statutes 103G.265 (subdivision 5, added 1Sp2025 c 12 s 3)","publisher":"Minnesota Office of the Revisor of Statutes","date":null,"url":"https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/103G.265","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Water Law Changes Affect Data Centers (Minnesota Cities, Mar-Apr 2026)","publisher":"League of Minnesota Cities","date":"2026-03-01","url":"https://www.lmc.org/?p=46783","basis":"Local government association"},{"ref":3,"title":"How data centers affect water resources and what MN regulations do about it","publisher":"KAXE","date":"2025-12-05","url":"https://www.kaxe.org/local-news/2025-12-05/how-data-centers-affect-water-resources-and-what-mn-regulations-do-about-it","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (MN in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MN-FARMINGTON-DATA-CENTER-WATER-DEMAND-2025"]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","secondary_drivers":[],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (GU in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"public_contact":"Guam Waterworks Authority, via guamwaterworks.org","id":"US-GU-GWA-SEWER-CONSENT-DECREE-2024","title":"Guam Waterworks sewer system: $400M federal consent decree over 237 overflows","description":"The United States sued Guam Waterworks Authority and the Government of Guam under the Clean Water Act, alleging repeated discharges of untreated sewage (at least 237 sanitary sewer overflows since 2018) and treatment plants exceeding permit limits. A partial consent decree filed in January 2024 requires about $400 million of sewer assessment, rehabilitation, pump station and grease-control work over 10 years, plus a plan to bring the Hagatna plant to secondary treatment. In March 2026 GWA said fats, oil and grease cause half of its overflows and sought stronger rules to enforce its grease program.","location":{"name":"GWA wastewater collection system","type":"Territorial sewer utility service area","state":"GU","states":["GU"],"detail":"Islandwide Guam: about 320 miles of sewer mains, 82 pump stations and four GWA wastewater treatment plants","coordinates":{"lat":13.4757,"lon":144.7489,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Guam"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Aging sewers, pump stations and a primary-only plant cause overflows and permit exceedances.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DOJ and EPA (ref 1) cite at least 237 overflows of untreated sewage from GWA's collection system since 2018 and plant discharges above permit limits.","service":"No interruption of customer sewer or water service is documented in the cited releases (refs 1-3); the harm is discharge to the environment.","scale":"The decree covers GWA's whole island system: about 320 miles of sewer mains, 6,500 manholes and 82 pump or ejector stations (ref 2).","duration":"GWA said the decree took more than six years to negotiate (ref 3) and the injunctive relief runs about 10 years (ref 2).","significance":"A federal partial consent decree with the United States, lodged in the U.S. District Court of Guam in January 2024 (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sewer customer count is not given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"At least 237 sanitary sewer overflows have occurred since 2018; required measures cost approximately $400 million (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Sanitary sewer overflows since 2018","value":237,"unit":"overflows","status":"Reported","note":"At least, per DOJ/EPA (ref 1)."},{"name":"Estimated cost of required work","value":400,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Over about 10 years (ref 2)."},{"name":"Share of overflows caused by fats, oil and grease","value":50,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"GWA testimony, March 2026 (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Decree-driven capital program of about $400 million over 10 years"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No post-decree overflow counts were found in the cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Guam Waterworks Authority","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Consolidated Commission on Utilities","role":"Utility governing board"},{"name":"Government of Guam","role":"Co-defendant and party to the decree"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 9","role":"Federal Clean Water Act enforcement"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Justice","role":"Plaintiff's counsel"}],"corrective_actions":["Sewer condition assessment and prioritized rehabilitation of pipes and gravity mains","Rehabilitation of three critical pump stations in the first three years","Systemwide capacity assessment and capacity, management, operation and maintenance program","Fats, oil and grease program, with amended rules heard by the legislature in March 2026","Feasibility study and plan for secondary treatment at the Hagatna plant"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"United States reaches agreement with Guam Waterworks Authority requiring investment in sewer system","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2024-01-30","url":"https://19january2025snapshot.epa.gov/newsreleases/united-states-reaches-agreement-guam-waterworks-authority-requiring-investment-sewer","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Guam Waterworks Authority Clean Water Act Settlement Information Sheet","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-01-15","url":"https://epa.gov/enforcement/guam-waterworks-authority-clean-water-act-settlement-information-sheet","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"GWA reaches proposed partial consent decree with federal authorities","publisher":"The Guam Daily Post","date":"2024-01-31","url":"https://www.postguam.com/news/local/gwa-reaches-proposed-partial-consent-decree-with-federal-authorities/article_1b910c7e-c009-11ee-977a-b30da58e1809.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"GWA seeks changes to fat, oil and grease disposal program","publisher":"The Guam Daily Post","date":"2026-03-06","url":"https://www.postguam.com/news/local/gwa-seeks-changes-to-fat-oil-and-grease-disposal-program/article_1abbd901-a729-433d-8e65-818e2be3ec2d.html","basis":"News"}],"related_ids":["US-GU-HAGATNA-STP-NONCOMPLIANCE-2026"]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (GU in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"public_contact":"Guam Waterworks Authority, via guamwaterworks.org","id":"US-GU-HAGATNA-STP-NONCOMPLIANCE-2026","title":"Hagatna sewage treatment plant: 12 straight quarters in significant noncompliance","description":"EPA's ECHO system lists GWA's Agana (Hagatna) sewage treatment plant, NPDES permit GU0020087, in significant noncompliance in all 12 quarters from July 2023 to June 2026, with monthly effluent BOD reported at roughly 200% to 337% of its limit in most quarters. GWA describes Hagatna as the last of its plants still needing a major upgrade to secondary treatment, and the 2024 federal partial consent decree requires a plan for that upgrade, with construction left to a later settlement.","location":{"name":"Agana (Hagatna) Sewage Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"GU","states":["GU"],"detail":"Hagatna, Guam; NPDES permit GU0020087, ocean outfall","coordinates":{"lat":13.4809,"lon":144.7475,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Guam"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The plant provides only primary treatment and cannot meet secondary-treatment permit limits without an upgrade.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO (ref 1) shows effluent BOD at 200%, 303%, 337% and 310% of the monthly limit in various quarters of 2023-2025.","service":"Plant noncompliance has not interrupted sewer service in the cited record (refs 1-2).","scale":"A single plant serving central Guam, the island's capital district (refs 1, 3).","duration":"Significant noncompliance in all 12 quarters from July 2023 through June 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"ECHO records an EPA civil judicial action dated 2024-08-09 (ref 1), and the federal decree requires a Hagatna secondary-treatment plan (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sewershed population is not given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Significant/Category I Noncompliance in 12 of 12 quarters, July 2023 to June 2026 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (3 years)","value":12,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO, through June 30, 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Peak effluent BOD exceedance","value":337,"unit":"percent of limit","status":"Reported","note":"Quarter April-June 2024, outfall 002 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Secondary-treatment upgrade is a future capital obligation"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Noncompliance persisted every quarter of the three-year ECHO window (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Guam Waterworks Authority","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Consolidated Commission on Utilities","role":"Utility governing board"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 9","role":"Federal Clean Water Act enforcement"}],"corrective_actions":["Feasibility study and plan for secondary treatment, including climate change and sea level rise analyses, required by the 2024 partial consent decree","Upgrade implementation to be set in a later judicial settlement"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ECHO detailed facility report, Agana Sewerage Treatment Plant (GU0020087)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=GU0020087","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"United States reaches agreement with Guam Waterworks Authority requiring investment in sewer system","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2024-01-30","url":"https://19january2025snapshot.epa.gov/newsreleases/united-states-reaches-agreement-guam-waterworks-authority-requiring-investment-sewer","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"GWA reaches proposed partial consent decree with federal authorities","publisher":"The Guam Daily Post","date":"2024-01-31","url":"https://www.postguam.com/news/local/gwa-reaches-proposed-partial-consent-decree-with-federal-authorities/article_1b910c7e-c009-11ee-977a-b30da58e1809.html","basis":"News"}],"related_ids":["US-GU-GWA-SEWER-CONSENT-DECREE-2024"]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (GU in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"public_contact":"Guam Waterworks Authority, via guamwaterworks.org","id":"US-GU-YIGO-Y15-DIELDRIN-2025","title":"Yigo well Y-15: dieldrin at 1.75 ug/L, do-not-drink advisory for 1,112 customers","description":"GWA learned on July 30, 2025 that its Y-15 well in Yigo averaged 1.75 micrograms per liter of dieldrin, a banned pesticide, far above Guam EPA's new interim action level. Do-not-drink-without-treatment advisories reached 1,112 customers in the Mount Santa Rosa area only in mid-September, and an emergency was declared. Guam EPA lifted the advisory in November 2025 after interim treatment. Families have filed claims against GWA and Guam EPA, and nine other wells show dieldrin above half the action level.","location":{"name":"GWA well Y-15, Mount Santa Rosa, Yigo","type":"Territorial utility production well and service zone","state":"GU","states":["GU"],"detail":"Yigo, northern Guam; GWA Northern Water System; Northern Guam Lens Aquifer","coordinates":{"lat":13.536,"lon":144.889,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Guam"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"GU0000006"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A legacy pesticide in aquifer groundwater reached customers' taps before treatment was installed.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Y-15 averaged 1.75 ug/L dieldrin, above the 0.5 ug/L level that triggers 24-hour notice under Guam EPA's interim action level (ref 2).","service":"About 1,112 Yigo customers were told not to drink tap water without treatment and were served by fill stations and a tanker (refs 2, 3).","scale":"The advisory covered 1,112 customer accounts in Yigo's Mount Santa Rosa area (ref 1).","duration":"Advisories went out in mid-September and were lifted in mid-November 2025; permanent treatment is due summer 2026 (refs 2, 3).","significance":"Acting Governor Tenorio declared an emergency on Sept. 25, 2025 (ref 1), and Government Claims Act claims of $500,000 each were filed in January 2026 (ref 5)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1112,"status":"Reported","note":"Customer accounts sent advisories (refs 1, 2); people per account not reported. The Northern system serves 139,207 people per SDWIS (ref 6)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Dieldrin averaged 1.75 micrograms per liter at the Y-15 well (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Dieldrin at Y-15 (average)","value":1.75,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"Samples through July 30, 2025 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Customers advised not to drink without treatment","value":1112,"unit":"customers","status":"Reported","note":"Mid-September 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Other wells above half the interim action level","value":9,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"GWA engineering, late 2025 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Administrative claims of up to $500,000 each against GWA and Guam EPA"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Advisory lifted after four weeks of non-detect results from interim treatment (ref 2); dieldrin persists at lower levels in other wells (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Guam Waterworks Authority","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Guam Environmental Protection Agency","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Guam Department of Public Health and Social Services","role":"Public health partner"},{"name":"Consolidated Commission on Utilities","role":"Utility governing board"}],"corrective_actions":["Interim treatment system at Y-15 installed mid-October 2025","Permanent granular activated carbon treatment for Y-15 and other dieldrin wells, scheduled for summer 2026","Well D-17 in Dededo shut down","Monthly monitoring mandated by Guam EPA; revision of the dieldrin interim action level","Bottled water, fill stations and point-of-use filters at Upi Elementary School"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Pesticide in village well spurs water testing on Guam military bases","publisher":"Stars and Stripes","date":"2025-09-29","url":"https://www.stripes.com/branches/air_force/2025-09-29/guam-water-pesticide-military-bases-19259007.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Guam EPA lifts dieldrin advisory","publisher":"The Guam Daily Post","date":"2025-11-14","url":"https://www.postguam.com/news/local/guam-epa-lifts-dieldrin-advisory/article_9816c9af-7936-4547-b52a-0c7614ad03c6.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"YEAR IN REVIEW: Dieldrin contamination takes the spotlight","publisher":"The Guam Daily Post","date":"2025-12-31","url":"https://www.postguam.com/news/local/year-in-review-dieldrin-contamination-takes-the-spotlight/article_589d8f6e-fc9b-4912-9036-ecc2a14055f7.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Military tests wells after Yigo water alert","publisher":"KUAM News","date":"2025-09-29","url":"https://www.kuam.com/story/53120222/military-tests-wells-after-yigo-water-alert","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"Claims filed against GWA, Guam EPA over dieldrin contamination","publisher":"The Guam Daily Post","date":"2026-01-27","url":"https://www.postguam.com/news/local/claims-filed-against-gwa-guam-epa-over-dieldrin-contamination/article_6467bc21-2d80-4476-b5f2-6eca4bdcdd07.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":6,"title":"SDWIS water system records for Guam","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/GU/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"related_ids":["US-GU-GWA-NORTHERN-PFAS-2026"]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (GU in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"public_contact":"Guam Waterworks Authority, via guamwaterworks.org","id":"US-GU-NGLA-CHLORIDE-2026","title":"Northern Guam Lens Aquifer: rising chloride in about 70% of production wells","description":"About 90% of Guam's municipal water comes from wells in the Northern Guam Lens Aquifer, where fresh water floats on seawater. University of Guam research finds about 70% of production wells have shown rising chloride, an indicator of saltwater intrusion, since the 1970s, with some above the federal secondary standard. A June 2026 study of 40 years of data from two GWA wells in Finegayan found a shift in the coastal well's chloride pattern after 1993, when sea-level rise near Guam accelerated.","location":{"name":"Northern Guam Lens Aquifer","type":"Sole-source karst limestone aquifer","state":"GU","states":["GU"],"detail":"Northern Guam (Dededo, Yigo, Finegayan, Barrigada, Mangilao); GWA Northern Water System wells","coordinates":{"lat":13.52,"lon":144.86,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Guam"],"extent":"watershed","pwsid":"GU0000006"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Saltwater intrusion limits how much fresh water the island's main aquifer can supply.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"UOG (ref 1) reports some production wells above the federal secondary chloride standard, a taste and supply concern rather than a health limit.","service":"No outages or restrictions tied to chloride are reported in the cited sources (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The aquifer supplies about 90% of Guam's municipal water (ref 2), and the GWA Northern system serves 139,207 people (ref 3).","duration":"Chloride has risen in about 70% of production wells since the 1970s (ref 1).","significance":"Documented by peer-reviewed university research (ref 1); no regulatory order or notice was found."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":139207,"status":"Reported","note":"GWA Northern Water System population per SDWIS (ref 3), which draws on the aquifer."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Approximately 70% of Guam's production wells have experienced increasing chloride levels since the 1970s (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Production wells with rising chloride","value":70,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"WERI research cited by UOG (ref 1)."},{"name":"Share of municipal water from the aquifer","value":90,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"WERI, as reported (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Long-term rise in most wells; a coastal Finegayan well shifted after 1993 (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Guam Waterworks Authority","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Guam Environmental Protection Agency","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"University of Guam Water and Environmental Research Institute","role":"Aquifer research and monitoring"}],"corrective_actions":["Continued chloride monitoring of GWA production wells with UOG WERI and USGS support"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UOG study finds evidence that rising sea levels may be increasing salt in Guam's groundwater","publisher":"University of Guam","date":"2026-06-29","url":"https://www.uog.edu/news-announcements/2025-2026/2026-uog-study-finds-evidence-that-rising-sea-levels-may-be-increasing-salt-in-guams-groundwater","basis":"Territorial university"},{"ref":2,"title":"Rising salt threatens Guam's groundwater","publisher":"The Guam Daily Post","date":"2026-08-25","url":"https://www.postguam.com/news/local/rising-salt-threatens-guam-s-groundwater/article_0f9bd630-925d-41de-af88-6f8ba9fd112c.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system records for Guam","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/GU/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"related_ids":["US-GU-GWA-NORTHERN-PFAS-2026"]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","secondary_drivers":[],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (GU in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Machananao Elementary follow-up result"],"public_contact":"Guam Department of Education, via gdoe.net","id":"US-GU-GDOE-SCHOOL-LEAD-2023","title":"Guam public schools: lead above action level in two elementary cafeteria sinks","description":"Testing by the University of Guam's water institute found lead at 22.7 and 20.6 parts per billion in cafeteria sink water at Juan M. Guerrero and Machananao elementary schools, above EPA's 15 ppb action level. The education department said the sinks were scrub sinks, not drinking sources, and Guam EPA had the faucets shut off. In February 2024 Guam EPA cleared Juan M. Guerrero after sink renovations, while Machananao results were still pending.","location":{"name":"Juan M. Guerrero and Machananao elementary schools","type":"Public school buildings","state":"GU","states":["GU"],"detail":"Guam Department of Education campuses in Dededo, northern Guam, supplied by the GWA Northern Water System","coordinates":{"lat":13.518,"lon":144.839,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Guam"],"extent":"site","pwsid":"GU0000006"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Lead came from building plumbing fixtures, not the public water supply.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Cafeteria sink samples measured 22.7 and 20.6 ppb lead, above the 15 ppb action level, but at scrub sinks students do not drink from (ref 1).","service":"The two affected faucets were disconnected (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Two fixtures at two elementary schools out of 20 campuses tested (ref 1).","duration":"Found in September 2023; Machananao was still awaiting results in February 2024 (ref 2).","significance":"Guam EPA shut down the faucets and required follow-up inspections (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Enrollment at the two schools is not given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Lead at 22.7 and 20.6 ppb in cafeteria sink water at Juan M. Guerrero and Machananao elementary schools (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest lead result","value":22.7,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Juan M. Guerrero cafeteria sink (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Juan M. Guerrero cleared in February 2024 (ref 2); no later Machananao result found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Guam Department of Education","role":"School building owner"},{"name":"Guam Environmental Protection Agency","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"corrective_actions":["Faucets disconnected and sink plumbing renovated","Retesting at campuses planned with UOG WERI"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lead found in water of two GDOE schools","publisher":"KUAM News","date":"2023-10-02","url":"https://www.kuam.com/story/49755961/lead-found-in-water-of-two-gdoe-schools","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Guam EPA clears Juan M. Guerrero, Machananao waiting for results","publisher":"KUAM News","date":"2024-02-20","url":"https://www.kuam.com/story/50471323/guam-epa-clears-juan-m-guerrero-machananao-waiting-for-results","basis":"News"}],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GU-GWA-TYPHOONS-SINLAKU-BAVI-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Super Typhoons Sinlaku and Bavi cut Guam water service, prompt boil notices (2026)","description":"Super Typhoon Sinlaku (April 2026) and Super Typhoon Bavi (July 2026) knocked out power to much of Guam, leaving parts of the Guam Waterworks Authority system with low or no water pressure, water tankers deployed in northern villages, and precautionary boil water notices that were mandatory for customers who lost service for 48 hours or more. FEMA approved a major disaster declaration for Sinlaku (DR-4921) on June 30, 2026 and an emergency declaration for Bavi (EM-3648); GWA was still seeking FEMA reimbursement for 2023 Typhoon Mawar utility repairs. After Bavi, 74 wells were online, nearly all on generators, against 97 before the storm, and about 2,740 customers had no water (ref 12).","location":{"name":"Guam Waterworks Authority service area","type":"Territorial water utility service area","state":"GU","states":["GU"],"detail":"Islandwide GWA water and wastewater system; outages concentrated in Dededo, Yigo, Mangilao, Barrigada and Yona","coordinates":{"lat":13.4757,"lon":144.7489,"precision":"state","source_ref":5},"counties":["Dededo","Yigo","Mangilao","Barrigada","Yona"],"extent":"statewide","pwsid":"GU0000006"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Typhoon winds and rain disabled power to wells and pumps, depressurizing the distribution system and triggering boil notices.","secondary_drivers":["Typhoon","Power outage","Federal disaster declaration"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Boil notices were precautionary: GWA reported all 112 distribution samples from July 7-14, 2026 negative for total coliform after Bavi (ref 4) and 101 negative samples after Sinlaku (ref 2), so harm is potential rather than documented.","service":"After Bavi, 2,521 of 43,646 GWA customers were still without water on July 12, 2026 (ref 3), and a boil notice was mandatory for anyone out of service 48 hours or more after Sinlaku (ref 1).","scale":"GWA serves about 43,600 water accounts islandwide (refs 3, 4); its Northern, Central and Southern systems serve about 153,800 people per SDWIS (ref 8).","duration":"Sinlaku restoration ran from April 14 to about April 22, 2026, when 99.7% of accounts were restored (ref 10); the Bavi boil notice issued July 8 was still in effect on July 17 (ref 4). Together the disruptions span several months.","significance":"FEMA declared a major disaster for Sinlaku (DR-4921, June 30, 2026) and an emergency for Bavi (EM-3648, July 3, 2026), per OpenFEMA (ref 5)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":153836,"status":"Reported","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served for GWA Northern (139,207), Central (8,828) and Southern (5,801) systems (ref 8); not everyone lost service."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"GWA has 43,646 customers. 2,521 in various parts of the island are still without water."},"measures":[{"name":"GWA customers without water after Bavi (July 12, 2026)","value":2521,"unit":"customers","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"GWA accounts restored after Sinlaku (April 22, 2026)","value":43540,"unit":"customers","status":"Reported","note":"About 99.7% of accounts (ref 10)."},{"name":"FEMA Public Assistance obligated for Typhoon Mawar (DR-4715)","value":74819911.58,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 6; 2023 storm, recovery reimbursements still pending per GWA (ref 7)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Three typhoon-driven water outages since 2023 (Mawar, Sinlaku, Bavi); each was restored within weeks."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Guam Waterworks Authority","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Guam Homeland Security/Office of Civil Defense","role":"Territorial emergency management"},{"name":"FEMA Region 9","role":"Federal disaster assistance"},{"name":"Guam Power Authority","role":"Power supply to wells and pumps"}],"public_contact":"Guam Waterworks Authority 24/7 dispatch, (671) 646-4211","corrective_actions":["GWA deployed water tankers and flextanks to Dededo, Yigo, Mangilao, Barrigada and Yona (refs 1, 3).","GWA enforced special water conservation measures under 28 GAR 2103(i), rescinded July 17, 2026 (refs 2, 4).","GWA is working with FEMA on reimbursement, including Typhoon Mawar Category F utility repairs (ref 7)."],"sources":[{"title":"JIC Release No. 34 - GWA Precautionary Boil Water Notice; GWA Tanker Update","publisher":"Guam Homeland Security/Office of Civil Defense","date":"2026-04-16","url":"https://ghs.guam.gov/node/4184","basis":"Territorial agency release","ref":1},{"title":"Guam's water service restored but remains unstable after Sinlaku","publisher":"Pacific Island Times","date":"2026-04-22","url":"https://www.pacificislandtimes.com/post/guam-s-water-service-restored-but-remains-unstable-after-sinlaku","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"JIC Recovery Release No. 19 - GWA Update; GPA Update; NWS Latest (Bavi)","publisher":"Guam Homeland Security/Office of Civil Defense","date":"2026-07-12","url":"https://ghs.guam.gov/joint-information-center-jic-recovery-release-no-19-gwa-update-gpa-update-nws-latest","basis":"Territorial agency release","ref":3},{"title":"JIC Recovery Release No. 32 - Water conservation measures rescinded; boil water notice remains in effect","publisher":"Guam Homeland Security/Office of Civil Defense","date":"2026-07-17","url":"https://ghs.guam.gov/joint-information-center-jic-recovery-release-no-32-water-conservation-measures-rescinded-boil-water","basis":"Territorial agency release","ref":4},{"title":"OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries for Guam (DR-4921 Sinlaku, EM-3648 Bavi, DR-4715 Mawar)","publisher":"FEMA","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v2/DisasterDeclarationsSummaries?$filter=state%20eq%20'GU'%20and%20declarationDate%20gt%20'2023-01-01'","basis":"Federal data","ref":5,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"Guam Typhoon Mawar (DR-4715-GU)","publisher":"FEMA","date":"2023-05-25","url":"https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4715","basis":"Federal disaster record","ref":6},{"title":"2026 Investor Symposium: Guam Waterworks Authority presentation","publisher":"Guam Waterworks Authority / Invest Guam","date":"2026-04-21","url":"https://www.investguam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/IG2026/8.%202026%20Investor%20Symposium%20GWA%20Presentation%20vF%20%282026.04.21%29%20%281%29.pdf","basis":"Utility disclosure","ref":7},{"ref":8,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system records for Guam (GWA Northern, Central and Southern systems)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/GU/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"Sinlaku downs power, water, telecom in Guam; 1,800 tourists stranded","publisher":"Pacific Island Times","date":"2026-04-15","url":"https://www.pacificislandtimes.com/post/sinlaku-downs-power-water-telecom-in-guam-1-800-tourists-stranded","basis":"News","ref":9},{"title":"JIC Recovery Release No. 17 - GWA Update; GPA Update (Sinlaku)","publisher":"Guam Homeland Security/Office of Civil Defense","date":"2026-04-22","url":"https://ghs.guam.gov/node/4204","basis":"Territorial agency release","ref":10},{"ref":11,"title":"95% of load restored for power, 99.7% of customers have water","publisher":"The Guam Daily Post","date":"2026-04-22","url":"https://www.postguam.com/news/local/95-of-load-restored-for-power-99-7-of-customers-have-water/article_16b1ff59-a001-459e-a33c-7c983e15d9fb.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":12,"title":"GPA continues restoration work as GWA issues boil water notice","publisher":"The Guam Daily Post","date":"2026-07-08","url":"https://www.postguam.com/news/local/gpa-continues-restoration-work-as-gwa-issues-boil-water-notice/article_f23495b7-ff6d-48de-9bc8-6f72ede45600.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":13,"title":"Guam power restoration at 66%, vice speaker seeks relief for families","publisher":"Marianas Variety (The Guam Daily Post)","date":"2026-07-11","url":"https://www.mvariety.com/news/local/guam-power-restoration-at-66-vice-speaker-seeks-relief-for-families/article_981cc59e-4950-4295-a0bd-036c896878d4.html","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (GU in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-GU-GWA-NORTHERN-PFAS-2026"]},{"id":"US-GU-GWA-RATE-INCREASES-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"GWA water and sewer rates rise each year under $899M five-year plan, Navy water cost","description":"The Guam Public Utilities Commission authorized Guam Waterworks Authority rate increases of 11.5% for fiscal 2025 (including lifeline rates), 8.2% for fiscal 2026 and 6.25% for fiscal 2027, to fund an $898.8 million capital plan that includes work required under GWA's 2024 partial consent decree with EPA and PFAS planning. Utility commissioners said nearly half of the fiscal 2025 increase reflected the Navy raising what GWA pays for Fena Reservoir water, which pushed GWA's Navy water spending from $6 million to $15 million.","location":{"name":"Guam Waterworks Authority service area","type":"Territorial water utility service area","state":"GU","states":["GU"],"detail":"Islandwide GWA water and wastewater customers","coordinates":{"lat":13.4757,"lon":144.7489,"precision":"state","source_ref":4},"counties":["Hagåtña"],"extent":"statewide","pwsid":"GU0000006"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Repeated rate increases to finance federally required capital work and higher Navy wholesale water costs fall on all GWA ratepayers.","secondary_drivers":["Rate increase","Consent decree capital costs","Wholesale water price (U.S. Navy)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health or environmental harm is tied to the rate cases themselves (refs 1-4).","service":"The rate orders change prices, not service; no shutoff counts were found in the cited PUC coverage (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Increases apply to all nonlifeline components for about 43,694 GWA water accounts islandwide (ref 4).","duration":"Annual increases run across the fiscal 2025-2029 financial plan, the third approved in August 2026 for fiscal 2027 (ref 1); GWA initially proposed a 29% first-year hike and cumulative 71.5% over five years (ref 3).","significance":"Formal PUC rate orders on Sept. 25, 2025 and Aug. 20, 2026 (refs 1, 2); the plan carries capital requirements of a 2024 partial consent decree (ref 4)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":153836,"status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS population served by GWA's three systems (ref 6)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"6.25% to all nonlifeline water and wastewater rate components effective Oct. 1, 2026; residential bills for 3/4-inch meters using 1,000 to 15,000 gallons rise 2.55% to 4.99%."},"measures":[{"name":"FY2025 rate increase (incl. lifeline)","value":11.5,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"FY2026 nonlifeline rate increase","value":8.2,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"FY2027 nonlifeline rate increase","value":6.25,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; originally 7.75%."},{"name":"FY2025-2029 capital improvement plan","value":898.8,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."},{"name":"GWA spending on Navy Fena water","value":15,"unit":"million USD per year","status":"Reported","note":"Up from $6 million (ref 5)."},{"name":"Typical GWA combined residential bill at 5,000 gallons","value":90.72,"unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","note":"FY2025 rates, from GWA bond feasibility comparison (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Capital plan of $898.8M financed largely with new revenue bonds (ref 4)","Customer collection ratio fell to 93% in FY2024 before 95% in FY2025 (ref 4)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Third consecutive annual increase; fiscal 2028-2029 increases planned subject to true-up (refs 1, 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Guam Public Utilities Commission","role":"Rate regulator"},{"name":"Consolidated Commission on Utilities","role":"GWA governing board"},{"name":"Guam Waterworks Authority","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"U.S. Navy (NAVFAC Marianas)","role":"Wholesale supplier of Fena water"}],"public_contact":"Guam Waterworks Authority 24/7 dispatch, (671) 646-4211","corrective_actions":["PUC trimmed the FY2026 increase from 10.75% to 8.2% and the FY2027 increase from 7.75% to 6.25% through stipulations with its consultant (refs 1, 2).","CCU directed GWA to seek legislative approval of tax-exempt commercial paper to soften rate increases (ref 3).","PUC opened a new docket on GWA's capitalized-interest proposal (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"title":"GWA gets OK for rate increase","publisher":"The Guam Daily Post","date":"2026-09-01","url":"https://www.postguam.com/news/local/gwa-gets-ok-for-rate-increase/article_43724a1c-1467-4e95-82f2-e79b96fe4505.html","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"8.2% GWA rate increase set for Oct. 1","publisher":"The Guam Daily Post","date":"2025-09-26","url":"https://www.postguam.com/news/local/8-2-gwa-rate-increase-set-for-oct-1/article_42255ccc-cd7f-455e-af79-0657ff9fcc03.html","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"CCU approves GWA plan, utility required to mitigate rate hikes","publisher":"The Guam Daily Post","date":"2024-03-05","url":"https://www.postguam.com/news/local/ccu-approves-gwa-plan-utility-required-to-mitigate-rate-hikes/article_744cd34c-d9fa-11ee-8b0c-4b125805c7ab.html","basis":"News","ref":3},{"title":"2026 Investor Symposium: Guam Waterworks Authority presentation","publisher":"Guam Waterworks Authority / Invest Guam","date":"2026-04-21","url":"https://www.investguam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/IG2026/8.%202026%20Investor%20Symposium%20GWA%20Presentation%20vF%20%282026.04.21%29%20%281%29.pdf","basis":"Utility disclosure","ref":4},{"title":"Guam's congressional candidates trade barbs over Navy's water rate hike","publisher":"Pacific Island Times","date":"2024-08-22","url":"https://www.pacificislandtimes.com/post/guam-s-congressional-candidates-trade-barbs-over-navy-s-water-rate-hike","basis":"News","ref":5},{"ref":6,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system records for Guam (GWA Northern, Central and Southern systems)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/GU/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (GU in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-GU-GWA-NORTHERN-PFAS-2026"]},{"id":"US-GU-BEACHES-ENTEROCOCCUS-ADVISORIES-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Guam EPA flags up to 23 of 43 beaches for bacteria above swimming standards","description":"Guam EPA samples 43 recreational beaches weekly for enterococcus bacteria and posts advisories where results exceed territorial standards. Samples taken December 26, 2024 found 23 beaches polluted, including sites in Hagåtña, Piti, Asan, Inalåhan, Talo'fo'fo and Humåtak, while Santos Memorial in Piti and Togcha Beach bridge in Yona were again on the list in April 2025. A federal-territorial watershed plan names septic and cesspool discharge and agricultural runoff as main nutrient sources to Guam's nearshore waters.","location":{"name":"Guam recreational beaches","type":"Coastal recreational waters","state":"GU","states":["GU"],"detail":"43 monitored beaches around Guam; repeat advisories at Hagåtña Bay, Piti (Santos Memorial), Togcha (Yona) and Toguan Bay (Humåtak)","coordinates":{"lat":13.4757,"lon":144.7489,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Hagåtña","Piti","Yona","Humåtak","Inalåhan"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Fecal-indicator bacteria in coastal recreational water exceed territorial standards at many beaches, often after rain and runoff.","secondary_drivers":["Stormwater runoff","Septic and cesspool discharge"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"23 beaches exceeded the enterococcus standard (STV 130 per 100 mL; geometric mean 35 per 100 mL) in Dec. 26, 2024 sampling (ref 1).","service":"Guam EPA advises against swimming, fishing or playing at listed beaches, an advisory rather than a closure (refs 1, 3).","scale":"Advisories covered 23 of the 43 monitored beaches around the island in one week (ref 1).","duration":"Weekly monitoring since 1974 (ref 1); Santos Memorial in Piti and Togcha Beach bridge appear in both the Dec. 2024 and April 2025 lists (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Formal Guam EPA public advisories issued through its Recreational Waters Pollution Report (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Beach users are not counted in the sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Beach Advisories: 23. The results of 43 samples taken by the Guam Environmental Protection Agency on December 26, 2024, identified that the following recreational waters were polluted above the accepted bacteriological standards."},"measures":[{"name":"Beaches above bacteria standard (Dec. 26, 2024)","value":23,"unit":"beaches","status":"Reported","note":"Of 43 sampled (ref 1)."},{"name":"Beaches above bacteria standard (April 16, 2025)","value":3,"unit":"beaches","status":"Reported","note":"Of 43 sampled (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Weekly counts swing from 3 to 23 beaches (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Guam Environmental Protection Agency","role":"Beach monitoring and water quality regulator"},{"name":"Guam Waterworks Authority","role":"Sewer utility"}],"public_contact":"Guam EPA Environmental Monitoring and Analytical Services Division, (671) 300-4751","corrective_actions":["Guam EPA samples 43 beaches every Thursday and posts weekly advisories (refs 1, 3).","The Guam watershed plan lists evaluation of nutrient loading and nearshore sedimentation controls (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"title":"23 beaches not safe this weekend","publisher":"KUAM News","date":"2024-12-27","url":"https://kuam.com/story/52074572/23-beaches-not-safe-this-weekend","basis":"News (Guam EPA advisory)","ref":1},{"title":"Guam Environmental Protection Agency reports three polluted beaches","publisher":"KUAM News","date":"2025-04-17","url":"https://kuam.com/story/52700247/guam-environmental-protection-agency-reports-three-polluted-beaches","basis":"News (Guam EPA advisory)","ref":2},{"title":"Beach Report","publisher":"Guam Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2011-09-07","url":"https://epa.guam.gov/current-beach-report/","basis":"Territorial agency","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"title":"Guam Final Watershed Plan (July 2022)","publisher":"Guam Bureau of Statistics and Plans / U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","date":"2022-07-01","url":"https://bsp.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Guam_Watershed_Plan.pdf","basis":"Territorial plan","ref":4}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (GU in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GU-ORDOT-DUMP-LEACHATE-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Closed Ordot dump still generates millions of gallons of leachate; litigation stalled","description":"The former Ordot dump, closed in 2016 under a federal consent decree and receivership, still produces leachate and impacted groundwater that is pumped to GWA for treatment: 10.5 million gallons in 2025 and 6.1 million gallons in January-April 2026 amid record rainfall. The government of Guam is suing closure contractors and the receiver over design and construction flaws it says increased leachate, while the receiver is suing GWA over water-line leaks; court-ordered mediation in March 2026 did not settle the cases.","location":{"name":"Former Ordot dump","type":"Closed municipal landfill","state":"GU","states":["GU"],"detail":"Chalan Pago-Ordot, central Guam; leachate sent to GWA for treatment","coordinates":{"lat":13.444,"lon":144.757,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Chalan Pago-Ordot"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["surface-water","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Leachate from the closed dump must be collected and treated indefinitely, and disputes over its causes and costs are in federal court.","secondary_drivers":["Landfill leachate","Federal consent decree","Litigation"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The receiver reports ongoing leachate and impacted groundwater volumes of 10,477,530 gallons in 2025 (ref 1); no discharge to waters in the window was confirmed in sources opened.","service":"No water service disruption is linked to the dump in the cited sources (refs 1-3).","scale":"A single closed landfill whose leachate and post-closure costs are borne by the government of Guam (ref 3).","duration":"Leachate has continued every year since closure in 2016, with 40,976,930 gallons in 2022 and 6,066,360 gallons through April 30, 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Federal consent decree case with a court-appointed receiver since 2008, plus GovGuam's contractor lawsuit and a 9th Circuit appeal (refs 2, 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is stated in the sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Leachate volume of 6,066.36 Kgals at a cost of $111,563.30 for January through April 2026; February and March were record months for precipitation in 26 years per NOAA."},"measures":[{"name":"Leachate treated by GWA, 2025","value":10477530,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Leachate treated by GWA, Jan-Apr 2026","value":6066360,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Leachate treatment cost, Jan-Apr 2026","value":111563.3,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Volumes fell from 41.0M gallons (2022) to 9.5M (2024) after GWA leak repairs, then rose in 2025-2026 with heavy rain (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Gershman, Brickner & Bratton (federal receiver)","role":"Post-closure manager under consent decree"},{"name":"District Court of Guam","role":"Court overseeing consent decree"},{"name":"Government of Guam","role":"Owner and plaintiff in contractor case"},{"name":"Guam Waterworks Authority","role":"Leachate treatment and defendant in receiver suit"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 9","role":"Federal plaintiff in consent decree case"}],"public_contact":"Guam Solid Waste Receiver (Gershman, Brickner & Bratton), via guamsolidwastereceiver.org","corrective_actions":["Receiver is sampling for chlorine in wells along Dero Road to find possible GWA water-line leaks (ref 1).","District Court ordered global mediation; GovGuam moved in April 2026 to lift the stay after mediation failed (refs 2, 3)."],"sources":[{"title":"GBB Receiver - GSWA Board Meeting May 28 2026","publisher":"Guam Solid Waste Receiver (GBB)","date":"2026-05-28","url":"https://guamsolidwastereceiver.org/pdf/GBB%20Receiver%20-%20GSWA%20Board%20Meeting%20May%2028%202026.pdf","basis":"Court-appointed receiver report","ref":1},{"title":"GovGuam wants to proceed with Ordot dump closure lawsuit","publisher":"The Guam Daily Post","date":"2026-04-24","url":"https://www.postguam.com/news/local/govguam-wants-to-proceed-with-ordot-dump-closure-lawsuit/article_8e86dc0e-8766-47a7-8d07-6d4c0165db6d.html","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"YEAR IN REVIEW: Ordot dump - from claims to mediation","publisher":"The Guam Daily Post","date":"2025-12-31","url":"https://www.postguam.com/news/local/year-in-review-ordot-dump---from-claims-to-mediation/article_4c0c8d31-c646-493b-8eda-cff708e97748.html","basis":"News","ref":3}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (GU in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GU-APRA-HARBOR-INDUSTRIAL-DISCHARGES-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"EPA orders Cabras Island fuel terminal and shipyard to stop oily waste reaching Apra Harbor","description":"In May 2025 EPA settled Clean Water Act claims with South Pacific Petroleum Corp. after a February 2025 inspection found poorly maintained treatment units let excess oily wastewater flow from its Cabras Island fuel terminal into Apra Harbor. In October 2025 EPA ordered Cabras Marine, a ship repair yard on the harbor, to clean up sandblast debris and accumulated oily and hazardous waste, a problem EPA said had persisted since 2017.","location":{"name":"Apra Harbor (Cabras Island, Piti)","type":"Harbor and industrial waterfront","state":"GU","states":["GU"],"detail":"Cabras Island industrial area, Piti, on Apra Harbor","coordinates":{"lat":13.4627,"lon":144.693,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Piti"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Industrial fuel and ship-repair operations discharged or risked discharging oily wastes to harbor waters.","secondary_drivers":["Petroleum storage","Ship repair","NPDES noncompliance"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA found excess oily wastewater flowing from the South Pacific Petroleum terminal into Apra Harbor (refs 1, 2); no measured harm to reef or fish was reported.","service":"No drinking water or recreation closure is linked to these discharges in the sources (refs 1-4).","scale":"Two industrial facilities on Cabras Island (refs 1, 4).","duration":"EPA said waste build-up at Cabras Marine had been an ongoing issue since 2017 (ref 4); the terminal problem was found in Feb. 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"EPA Clean Water Act settlement order with South Pacific Petroleum (May 2025, ref 1) and EPA order with Cabras Marine (Oct. 2025, ref 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Harbor users are not counted in the sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Inadequate treatment and excess oily wastewater leaving the facility and flowing into Apra Harbor."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 9","role":"Clean Water Act and hazardous waste enforcement"},{"name":"South Pacific Petroleum Corp.","role":"Fuel terminal operator"},{"name":"Cabras Marine Corp.","role":"Ship repair operator"},{"name":"Guam Environmental Protection Agency","role":"Territorial environmental regulator"}],"public_contact":"U.S. EPA Pacific Southwest Region press office, (808) 284-7084","corrective_actions":["South Pacific Petroleum must clean oil-water separators and trench drains, update its pollution prevention plan and plan replacement of corroded loading-rack equipment (refs 1, 3).","Cabras Marine must remove accumulated oily and hazardous waste, build new storage units, inspect twice monthly and evaluate bilge water handling (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"title":"EPA Order Protects Guam Water Resources","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2025-05-27","url":"https://www.epa.gov/node/296249","basis":"Federal enforcement release","ref":1},{"title":"Company settles with US EPA on Clean Water Act violation claims","publisher":"The Guam Daily Post","date":"2025-05-28","url":"https://www.postguam.com/news/local/company-settles-with-us-epa-on-clean-water-act-violation-claims/article_4e3a7628-d2c3-46b8-862f-9f41f1e815be.html","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"SPPC says it will fulfil settlement","publisher":"The Guam Daily Post","date":"2025-05-29","url":"https://www.postguam.com/news/local/sppc-says-it-will-fulfil-settlement/article_5a6578dc-ae75-4f55-b714-547201e9d25d.html","basis":"News","ref":3},{"title":"U.S. EPA orders Cabras Marine to clean up hazardous waste management","publisher":"Isla Public Media (Public Radio Guam)","date":"2025-10-22","url":"https://www.islapublic.org/news/2025-10-22/u-s-epa-orders-cabras-marine-to-clean-up-hazardous-waste-management","basis":"News","ref":4}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (GU in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GU-GWA-NDWWTP-LAND-DISPUTE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Ownership fight over GWA's Northern District sewage plant land, $220M claim","description":"A private company, Core Tech International, claims title to the land under GWA's Northern District Wastewater Treatment Plant in Dededo and seeks $220 million in damages and future rent, a cost GWA says could fall on ratepayers. The Guam Superior Court ruled for Core Tech in 2023-2024; the Supreme Court of Guam took GWA's interlocutory appeal in January 2025 and heard arguments in August 2025, with a decision pending.","location":{"name":"GWA Northern District Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Wastewater treatment plant site","state":"GU","states":["GU"],"detail":"Dededo, northern Guam","coordinates":{"lat":13.518,"lon":144.839,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Dededo"],"extent":"site","pwsid":"GU0000006"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"A title dispute over a core sewage plant site creates a large contingent liability for the ratepayer-funded utility.","secondary_drivers":["Land title litigation","Contingent liability"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No environmental or health harm is alleged in the title dispute (refs 1, 2).","service":"The plant keeps operating; GWA reports no service effect from the case (ref 2).","scale":"The plant serves GWA's northern sewer system; the claim would be borne by GWA ratepayers (ref 1).","duration":"Litigation began in 2018 and lower-court proceedings remain stayed pending a Supreme Court of Guam decision expected in 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"Active lawsuit with Core Tech counterclaims of $220 million for inverse condemnation, trespass and encroachment (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":139207,"status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS population of the GWA Northern Water System (ref 3), used as a proxy for the northern service area; sewer customers are fewer."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Core Tech is seeking $220 million in damages and future rent payments - a cost that could ultimately fall on GWA ratepayers."},"measures":[{"name":"Core Tech counterclaim","value":220,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["$220M counterclaim against a utility with an $898.8M capital plan (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Guam Waterworks Authority","role":"Plant operator and appellant"},{"name":"Supreme Court of Guam","role":"Appellate court"},{"name":"Government of Guam","role":"Original plaintiff seeking to rescind title"}],"public_contact":"Guam Waterworks Authority 24/7 dispatch, (671) 646-4211","corrective_actions":["GWA's interlocutory appeal was granted in January 2025; the governor and legislature filed amicus briefs supporting GWA (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"title":"Supreme court grants GWA appeal in Core Tech land dispute case","publisher":"KUAM News","date":"2025-01-13","url":"https://kuam.com/story/52159606/supreme-court-grants-gwa-appeal-in-core-tech-land-dispute-case","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"2026 Investor Symposium: Guam Waterworks Authority presentation","publisher":"Guam Waterworks Authority / Invest Guam","date":"2026-04-21","url":"https://www.investguam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/IG2026/8.%202026%20Investor%20Symposium%20GWA%20Presentation%20vF%20%282026.04.21%29%20%281%29.pdf","basis":"Utility disclosure","ref":2},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system records for Guam (GWA Northern, Central and Southern systems)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/GU/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (GU in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AS-CENTRAL-ASG-SWTR-AOC-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Central ASG water system: turbidity violations, boil notice and EPA consent order","description":"ASPA's Central ASG system, the main public water system on Tutuila, draws much of its supply from Fagaima Well Field wells classified as groundwater under the direct influence of surface water, and its cartridge filtration at the Nu'uuli plant has not shown it reliably removes pathogens. AS-EPA issued a notice of violation in November 2025, and EPA Region 9 signed a Safe Drinking Water Act administrative order on consent on August 26, 2026. In July 2026, 100 percent of turbidity measurements exceeded 1.0 NTU, and the boil water notice for the Nu'uuli plant service area remains in effect.","location":{"name":"Central ASG water system (Nu'uuli plant, Fagaima wells)","type":"Territorial utility public water system","state":"AS","states":["AS"],"detail":"Tutuila Island; serves communities from Fagamalo to Onenoa, with the boil water area covering the Nu'uuli Water Filtration Plant zone eastward to Pago Pago","coordinates":{"lat":-14.3127,"lon":-170.6989,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Western District","Eastern District"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AS9711948"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Inadequate filtration of surface-influenced wells (quality) is compounded by distribution deficiencies in pressure, storage and cross-connection control (infrastructure).","secondary_drivers":["Groundwater under direct influence of surface water","Heavy rainfall turbidity","Distribution system pressure and storage deficits"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 4) records E. coli MCL violations at AS9711948 in March 2023 and May 2024, and an open microbial treatment technique violation since January 2025.","service":"Residents of the Nu'uuli Water Filtration Plant zone must boil water before drinking, per the September 2026 Samoa News report (ref 1); no do-not-drink order is reported.","scale":"SDWIS lists 45,315 people served (ref 5), and the consent order puts it at about 48,000 (ref 2). That is a single large system, below the 100k threshold.","duration":"ASPA's Fagaima study scope (ref 3) calls this one of the longest-standing boil water notices under U.S. jurisdiction, and the violations run from the 2023 cartridge-filter start-up into 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"EPA Region 9 Administrative Order on Consent, Docket PWS-AOC-2026-179, signed August 26, 2026 (ref 2), after AS-EPA's November 24, 2025 notice of violation and an April 30, 2026 referral."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":45315,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Central ASG per SDWIS (ref 5). The boil water notice covers only part of this system."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"In July 2026, 100 percent of turbidity measurements exceeded 1.0 NTU; the standard allows only 5 percent in a month (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Share of July 2026 turbidity measurements above 1.0 NTU","value":100,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Samoa News (ref 1)."},{"name":"GWUDI wells in Fagaima Well Field","value":10,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"ASPA scope of work (ref 3)."},{"name":"Service connections","value":9076,"unit":"connections","status":"Reported","note":"Consent order paragraph 14 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Federal consent order requires pilot study, engineering report and treatment upgrades"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Treatment technique violations escalated from an AS-EPA notice (November 2025) to an EPA consent order (August 2026); July 2026 turbidity was out of compliance in every measurement (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"American Samoa Power Authority (ASPA)","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency (AS-EPA)","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 9","role":"Federal enforcement (consent order)"}],"public_contact":"American Samoa Power Authority customer line, (684) 699-1234","corrective_actions":["Consent order requires a Fagaima Well Field pilot and feasibility study protocol by August 24, 2026 and an engineering firm under contract by January 15, 2027 (ref 2); ASPA issued RFP ASPA27.004 on October 5, 2026 (ref 3).","Hydraulic isolation evaluation between GWUDI and groundwater pressure zones, a systemwide pressure and storage assessment, and a cross-connection control plan (ref 2).","Tier 2 public notice of the treatment technique violations, repeated every three months until resolved (ref 2).","EPA Office of Inspector General evaluation of EPA oversight of American Samoa's drinking water program, announced December 6, 2024 (ref 6)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Boil water notice in effect for residents served by Nu'uuli Water Filtration Plant","publisher":"Samoa News","date":"2026-09-14","url":"https://www.samoanews.com/local-news/boil-water-notice-effect-residents-served-nuuuli-water-filtration-plant","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Administrative Order on Consent, Docket No. PWS-AOC-2026-179, ASPA Central System ASG (AS9711948)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 9 (posted by ASPA)","date":"2026-08-26","url":"https://www.aspower.com/ASPAWEB/Bids/ASPA27.004%20-%20AOC.pdf","basis":"Federal enforcement order"},{"ref":3,"title":"RFP ASPA27.004 Fagaima Well Field Pilot and Feasibility Study Protocol, scope of work","publisher":"American Samoa Power Authority","date":"2026-10-05","url":"https://www.aspower.com/ASPAWEB/Bids/ASPA27.004%20-%20Attachment%20G%20%28SOW%29.pdf","basis":"Utility record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, American Samoa","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/AS/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON/rows/0:4999","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record AS9711948 (Central ASG)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AS9711948/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"Notification: Evaluation of the EPA's Oversight of American Samoa's Drinking Water Program (OSRE-FY25-0031)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Office of Inspector General","date":"2024-12-06","url":"https://www.epa.gov/node/299391","basis":"Federal oversight notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (AS in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Re-verified: cited sources were reopened and the headline figures and dates match the source pages (a few sites blocked automated access; their figures were confirmed in other cited sources). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AS-TUTUILA-WWTP-CWA-ORDERS-2025"]},{"id":"US-AS-TUTUILA-WWTP-CWA-ORDERS-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Utulei and Tafuna sewage plants: chronic permit violations under EPA orders","description":"ASPA's Utulei and Tafuna sewage treatment plants, Tutuila's two primary-treatment plants with ocean outfalls, were in Clean Water Act noncompliance in 11 of the 12 quarters through June 2026, according to EPA ECHO. Utulei reported enterococci exceedances of up to 654 percent of its limit, and its NPDES permit expired on December 31, 2024. EPA issued compliance orders in 2022 and amended them in 2025. An August 2025 EPA letter has ASPA studying advanced primary treatment and a Tafuna outfall extension.","location":{"name":"Utulei and Tafuna sewage treatment plants","type":"Territorial utility wastewater treatment plants","state":"AS","states":["AS"],"detail":"Utulei plant at Tulutulu Point on Pago Pago Harbor (NPDES AS0020001); Tafuna plant at Fogagogo (AS0020010); both discharge through ocean outfalls","coordinates":{"lat":-14.28383,"lon":-170.67789,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Eastern District","Western District"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Primary-only treatment and an aging, below-sea-level collection system (infrastructure) produce effluent bacteria and nutrient exceedances at the ocean outfalls (quality).","secondary_drivers":["Primary-only treatment under expired permit","Inflow and infiltration in collection system"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO effluent data for Utulei (ref 1) show enterococci exceedances of up to 654 percent of the limit in several quarters from 2023 to 2025, and total nitrogen exceedances of 28 to 40 percent in late 2025 and early 2026.","service":"No sewer service interruption or customer restriction is reported in the ECHO records or ASPA scopes (refs 1-4).","scale":"ASPA's I&I study scope (ref 5) says more than 20,000 people are connected to the Tafuna and Utulei collection systems.","duration":"Each plant shows 11 of 12 quarters in noncompliance for July 2023 to June 2026 in ECHO (refs 1, 2), continuing a record that drew EPA orders in 2011 and 2022.","significance":"EPA Clean Water Act section 309(a) compliance orders (case 09-2022-1514 Utulei, 09-2022-1513 Tafuna) issued August 2, 2022, with later settlements dated April 30, 2025 and January 31, 2025 (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":20000,"status":"Reported","note":"ASPA says about 20,000+ people are connected to the Tafuna and Utulei collection systems (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Utulei and Tafuna each in Clean Water Act noncompliance in 11 of 12 quarters (July 2023 to June 2026) per EPA ECHO (refs 1, 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters in noncompliance, Utulei STP (Jul 2023 to Jun 2026)","value":11,"unit":"of 12 quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO (ref 1)."},{"name":"Quarters in noncompliance, Tafuna STP (Jul 2023 to Jun 2026)","value":11,"unit":"of 12 quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO (ref 2)."},{"name":"Highest enterococci exceedance, Utulei","value":654,"unit":"percent over limit","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO effluent compliance (ref 1)."},{"name":"Current plant flow range","value":3.5,"unit":"MGD (upper end of 1.5-3.5 range)","status":"Reported","note":"ASPA scope ASPA26.033 (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["EPA requires effluent-quality upgrades; secondary treatment deferred pending outfall and advanced primary studies"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Noncompliance persisted in nearly every quarter of the three-year ECHO window, including the current quarter (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"American Samoa Power Authority (ASPA)","role":"Permittee and operator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 9","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"},{"name":"American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency (AS-EPA)","role":"Territorial water quality standards"}],"public_contact":"American Samoa Power Authority customer line, (684) 699-1234","corrective_actions":["RFP ASPA26.033 (issued September 2, 2026): feasibility study for chemically enhanced or advanced primary treatment at both plants, following EPA's August 6, 2025 letter and a 2025 Secondary Treatment Feasibility Study (refs 3, 4).","RFP ASPA26.034: Tafuna outfall extension and diffuser upgrade study to improve dilution and meet nutrient limits (ref 3).","RFP ASPA26.042: inflow and infiltration study of 25 miles of sewer pipe and 10 lift stations, recommended by ASPA's 2025 Wastewater Utility Plan (refs 3, 5)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Utulei Sewage Treatment Plant (AS0020001)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=AS0020001","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report: Tafuna Sewage Treatment Plant (AS0020010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=AS0020010","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"ASPA procurement listings (wastewater studies ASPA26.033, ASPA26.034, ASPA26.042)","publisher":"American Samoa Power Authority","date":"2026-10-07","url":"https://www.aspower.com/aspa-procurement-01.html","basis":"Utility record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Scope of Work: Wastewater Advanced Primary Treatment Upgrade Study (Utulei and Tafuna WWTP)","publisher":"American Samoa Power Authority","date":"2026-09-02","url":"https://www.aspower.com/ASPAWEB/Bids/SOW%20-%20ASPA26.033.pdf","basis":"Utility record"},{"ref":5,"title":"Scope of Work: Inflow and Infiltration Study Project","publisher":"American Samoa Power Authority","date":"2026-09-28","url":"https://www.aspower.com/ASPAWEB/Bids/ASPA26.042%20-%20SOW%20%28Rev092826%29.pdf","basis":"Utility record"},{"ref":6,"title":"NPDES permit AS0020001: ASPA Utulei Sewage Treatment Plant","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 9","date":"2026-07-10","url":"https://www.epa.gov/npdes-permits/as0020001-american-samoa-power-authority-utulei-sewage-treatment-plant-pago-pago","basis":"Federal permit record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (AS in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"ECHO database lookups are not re-readable by date; web sources and the EPA permit page opened. No change."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AS-CENTRAL-ASG-SWTR-AOC-2026"]},{"id":"US-AS-AUNUU-SALINE-SUPPLY-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Aunu'u Island: saltwater-intruded wells, E. coli violation and desalination plan","description":"On Aunu'u Island, ASPA draws on a few coastal wells in a thin freshwater lens that has chronic saltwater intrusion and high chloride. Residents also rely on rain catchment and on water barged from Tutuila. The Aunuu ASG system (about 400 people) had an E. coli MCL violation in July 2024. In September 2026, ASPA solicited the design of a desalination plant, along with injection wells for brine disposal.","location":{"name":"Aunu'u Island (Aunuu ASG water system)","type":"Territorial utility public water system","state":"AS","states":["AS"],"detail":"Small island off the east end of Tutuila, Eastern District","coordinates":{"lat":-14.2833,"lon":-170.55,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Eastern District"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AS9310751"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The island's only groundwater is a thin, saltwater-intruded lens, and the system has had bacterial contamination.","secondary_drivers":["Saltwater intrusion","Sea-level rise and drought vulnerability"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 4) records an E. coli MCL violation at Aunuu ASG (AS9310751) for July 2024, returned to compliance August 21, 2024.","service":"NationGraph (ref 3) reports that residents depend on rooftop catchment and water barged from Au'asi, a setup that falters in dry seasons and after storms.","scale":"SDWIS lists 402 people served by Aunuu ASG (ref 5), a single small island community.","duration":"ASPA's design scope (ref 1) calls the saltwater intrusion and elevated chloride chronic, and the desalination plant is still at the design-procurement stage in 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"The July 2024 E. coli MCL violation and the Level 2 assessment trigger recorded in SDWIS (ref 4) are formal violations; there is no enforcement order."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":402,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"ASPA operates a limited number of coastal wells tapping a thin and highly vulnerable basal freshwater lens, with chronic saltwater intrusion and elevated chloride (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Population served","value":402,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 5)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Desalination design is only now being procured (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"American Samoa Power Authority (ASPA)","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency (AS-EPA)","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"American Samoa Power Authority customer line, (684) 699-1234","corrective_actions":["RFP ASPA26.046, design of the Aunu'u desalination plant using a Moerk Water package unit ASPA already holds (rebid issued September 28, 2026) (refs 1, 2).","RFP ASPA26.045, design of underground injection wells for brine disposal (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"RFP ASPA26.046 Design of Aunu'u Desalination Plant, Attachment G scope of work","publisher":"American Samoa Power Authority","date":"2026-09-28","url":"https://www.aspower.com/ASPAWEB/Bids/ASPA26.046%20-%20Attachment%20G%20%28SOW%29.pdf","basis":"Utility record"},{"ref":2,"title":"ASPA procurement listings (ASPA26.046, ASPA26.045)","publisher":"American Samoa Power Authority","date":"2026-10-07","url":"https://www.aspower.com/aspa-procurement-01.html","basis":"Utility record"},{"ref":3,"title":"American Samoa Planning Its First Desalination Plant for Water-Scarce Island","publisher":"NationGraph News","date":"2026-08-13","url":"https://news.nationgraph.com/articles/american-samoa-planning-its-first-desalination-plant-for-water-scarce-island","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, American Samoa","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/AS/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON/rows/0:4999","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record AS9310751 (Aunuu ASG)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AS9310751/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (AS in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Re-verified: cited sources were reopened and the headline figures and dates match the source pages (a few sites blocked automated access; their figures were confirmed in other cited sources). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AS-VAIFANUA-WELL-SALINITY-2024"]},{"id":"US-AS-VAIFANUA-WELL-SALINITY-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"East Tutuila (Vaifanua) wells: saltwater intrusion leaves tap water undrinkable","description":"Vaifanua District residents in east Tutuila have not been able to drink ASPA-supplied water for more than 30 years, their senator told a February 2024 Senate hearing. The Aua and Alao wells are highly saline, and ASPA cited saltwater intrusion. Filters promised for December 2023 were not working, because of malfunctions at Alao and incompatible fittings at Aua, and ASPA said it expected to finish in March 2024.","location":{"name":"Vaifanua District, east Tutuila (Aua and Alao wells)","type":"Utility groundwater well supply area","state":"AS","states":["AS"],"detail":"Eastern District, Tutuila; affected villages include Alao, Tula, Auasi and Utumea, within the Fagamalo-to-Onenoa area served by ASPA's Central ASG system (ref 3)","coordinates":{"lat":-14.2667,"lon":-170.5667,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Eastern District"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"AS9711948"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Saltwater intrusion into coastal wells makes the delivered water unfit to drink.","secondary_drivers":["Saltwater intrusion","Treatment equipment failures"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Samoa News (ref 1) reports high salinity in Aua and Alao well water, with corroded sinks and damaged toilets, but no health-based exceedance.","service":"Residents buy bottled water, and Auasi, Utumea, Alao and Tula use designated pump stations for non-drinking, non-cooking purposes (ref 1).","scale":"Several villages of the Vaifanua District on east Tutuila are affected (ref 1); no population count is given.","duration":"Senator Satele told the February 13, 2024 hearing that residents had been unable to drink the water for over 30 years (ref 1), and ASPA's 2022 ARPA list already included east-side salinity reduction (ref 2).","significance":"This was raised at a legislative oversight hearing (ref 1). No regulatory notice or order is reported."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources name the villages but give no population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Vaifanua District residents have been unable to drink ASPA water for more than 30 years; Aua and Alao well water has high salinity (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No source after February 2024 confirms whether the Aua well filters were completed."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"American Samoa Power Authority (ASPA)","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"American Samoa Senate ASPA Power and Water Committee","role":"Legislative oversight"}],"public_contact":"American Samoa Power Authority customer line, (684) 699-1234","corrective_actions":["ASPA installing pumps and salinity filters at the Aua well, with completion targeted for March 2024 (ref 1).","2022 ARPA priority list included water salinity reduction for Tutuila's east side and Aunu'u (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Vaifanua District still facing 'non' drinkable water — for over 30 years","publisher":"Samoa News","date":"2024-02-14","url":"https://samoanews.com/node/128251","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Clean drinking water projects top ASPA's list for ARPA spending","publisher":"Samoa News","date":"2022-03-01","url":"https://samoanews.com/local-news/clean-drinking-water-projects-top-aspas-list-arpa-spending","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Boil water notice in effect for residents served by Nu'uuli Water Filtration Plant","publisher":"Samoa News","date":"2026-09-14","url":"https://www.samoanews.com/local-news/boil-water-notice-effect-residents-served-nuuuli-water-filtration-plant","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (AS in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Re-verified: cited sources were reopened and the headline figures and dates match the source pages (a few sites blocked automated access; their figures were confirmed in other cited sources). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-AS-AUNUU-SALINE-SUPPLY-2026","US-AS-CENTRAL-ASG-SWTR-AOC-2026"]},{"id":"US-AS-VILLAGE-SYSTEMS-BOIL-ADVISORY-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Village-run water systems on Tutuila under standing boil water advisory","description":"AS-EPA keeps a boil water advisory in place for the village-operated water systems of Afono, Amouli, Auasi, Fagali'i, Fagamalo, Masausi, Onenoa, Pago Pago, Poloa and Vatia. It says bacteria has been detected in village water historically and continues to be detected. These systems sit outside ASPA's Central system, and their SDWIS entries are mostly inactive.","location":{"name":"Village water systems, Tutuila","type":"Village-operated water systems","state":"AS","states":["AS"],"detail":"Ten villages across Eastern and Western Districts of Tutuila","coordinates":{"lat":-14.295,"lon":-170.7,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Eastern District","Western District"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Recurring bacterial detections in untreated or minimally treated village sources.","secondary_drivers":["Unregulated or inactive village systems"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"AS-EPA (ref 1) states that bacteria continue to be detected in village water and may pose a risk to infants, young children and immunocompromised people. No specific results are published.","service":"AS-EPA's advisory (ref 1) requires village water to be boiled before any domestic use in the ten listed villages.","scale":"Ten village systems on Tutuila are named in the advisory (ref 1).","duration":"AS-EPA (ref 1) describes bacterial detections as historical and continuing, so the advisory is a standing one.","significance":"The advisory is a formal public health notice from the territorial regulator (ref 1). No enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"AS-EPA does not give the number of people on village systems."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Village water must be boiled before domestic use as bacteria has been detected in village water historically and continues to be detected (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Villages under advisory","value":10,"unit":"villages","status":"Reported","note":"AS-EPA (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The advisory page gives no issue date."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency (AS-EPA), Safe Drinking Water Branch","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Village councils","role":"Village system operators"}],"public_contact":"AS-EPA Safe Drinking Water Branch, (684) 633-2304","corrective_actions":["Standing boil water advisory (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drinking Water: Boil Water Advisory (Village Water Systems)","publisher":"American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency","date":null,"url":"https://www.asepa.gov/drinking-water","basis":"Territorial agency record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water systems, American Samoa","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/AS/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (AS in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Re-verified: cited sources were reopened and the headline figures and dates match the source pages (a few sites blocked automated access; their figures were confirmed in other cited sources). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-AS-CENTRAL-ASG-SWTR-AOC-2026"]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Exceedances vary week to week (ref 1); the 2026 list added enterococcus watersheds (ref 2)."},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AS-STATEWIDE-IMPAIRED-WATERS-2026","US-AS-TUTUILA-PIGGERY-WASTE-2024"],"id":"US-AS-TUTUILA-BEACH-ENTEROCOCCUS-2026","title":"Enterococcus advisories at 26 Tutuila beaches and stream mouths","description":"AS-EPA's June 17, 2026 beach advisory listed 26 Tutuila beaches, stream mouths and lagoon sites, including Pala Lagoon, Utulei Beach and Fagaalu Beach, where June 16 samples exceeded the territorial Enterococci standard. The agency says Enterococci indicate human and/or animal waste, and it issues Tutuila advisories weekly. Its 2026 Integrated Report added three ocean-shoreline watersheds to the 303(d) list for enterococcus.","location":{"name":"Tutuila recreational beaches","type":"Coastal recreational waters (territory beach monitoring network)","state":"AS","states":["AS"],"detail":"Tutuila Island, Eastern and Western districts; AS-EPA monitors 40 Tutuila beaches, the Aunu'u wharf and 5 Manu'a beaches","coordinates":{"lat":-14.2756,"lon":-170.702,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Eastern","Western"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is fecal-indicator bacteria in recreational coastal and stream waters, not a failure of a specific asset.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The June 17, 2026 advisory (ref 1) reports Enterococci above the American Samoa Water Quality Standards at 26 sampled sites on June 16, 2026.","service":"Swimmers are advised to avoid contact or take precautions at the listed beaches until resampling clears them (ref 1); no closures are reported.","scale":"The listed sites run from Amanave and Leone in the west to Aoa and Amouli in the east, covering most of Tutuila, where about 97% of the territory's 49,710 people live (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Tutuila advisories are issued weekly (ref 1), and the 2026 303(d) list carries enterococcus listings dating from 2016 and 2018 and adds watersheds 18, 36 and 38 in 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"These are formal territorial public advisories and 303(d) listings (refs 1, 2). No enforcement order is tied to them."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Beachgoers at the listed sites; no exposed-population count is published."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"On June 16, 2026, 26 recreational beaches and stream sites tested positive for Enterococci bacteria exceeding American Samoa Water Quality Standards (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Sites exceeding the Enterococci standard (June 16, 2026 sampling)","value":26,"unit":"sites","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Beaches monitored on Tutuila","value":40,"unit":"beaches","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Ocean-shoreline watersheds newly listed for enterococcus in 2026","value":3,"unit":"watersheds","status":"Reported","note":"Watersheds 18, 36 and 38; watershed 19 had enterococcus added in 2026 (ref 2, Table A3)."}],"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency","role":"Water quality monitoring and beach advisories"},{"name":"US EPA Region 9","role":"BEACH Act and 303(d) oversight"}],"public_contact":"AS-EPA Water Program, (684) 633-2304","corrective_actions":["Weekly Tutuila beach sampling and advisories, monthly for Aunu'u and Manu'a (ref 1).","Enterococcus TMDL for beaches and streams, completed in 2013 and approved in 2015 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"title":"Beach Advisory (release date June 17, 2026)","publisher":"American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2026-06-17","url":"https://www.asepa.gov/_files/ugd/7916d7_849e39438b8d4067ad4b8169a1f50c64.pdf","basis":"Territorial agency notice","ref":1},{"title":"Territory of American Samoa Integrated Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment Report 2026","publisher":"American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2026-05-27","url":"https://www.asepa.gov/_files/ugd/bcdca0_bf6cd8c8c8244f62b2e6b1204a9b03e5.pdf","basis":"Territorial agency report","ref":2}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (AS in-depth pass)."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Five shoreline watersheds were added in 2026 and none removed for streams (ref 1)."},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AS-TUTUILA-BEACH-ENTEROCOCCUS-2026","US-AS-TUTUILA-PIGGERY-WASTE-2024"],"id":"US-AS-STATEWIDE-IMPAIRED-WATERS-2026","title":"2026 303(d) list: 26 stream and 31 shoreline watersheds impaired","description":"AS-EPA's 2026 Integrated Report lists 26 watersheds with impaired streams and 31 with impaired ocean shorelines, five of them new in 2026. The pollutants include nitrogen, phosphorus, turbidity and enterococcus. A nitrogen and phosphorus TMDL that a USEPA and AS-EPA contractor began in 2022 is unfinished, and the report says it needs more funding.","location":{"name":"American Samoa streams and ocean shorelines","type":"Territory-wide surface waters (42 assessment watersheds)","state":"AS","states":["AS"],"detail":"Tutuila, Aunu'u and Manu'a; 258 stream miles and 149 miles of coast","coordinates":{"lat":-14.2756,"lon":-170.702,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Eastern","Western","Manu'a"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["agricultural","wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding is a documented failure of territorial water quality standards across watersheds.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Table A3 of the 2026 report (ref 1) lists streams impaired for TN, TP, turbidity, DO and pH, and shorelines impaired for nutrients, temperature and chlorophyll a.","service":"The report (ref 1) describes no supply or recreation shutdown tied to the nutrient listings.","scale":"Ref 1 counts 57 watershed listings across a territory of 49,710 people, and puts 59.5 stream miles in Category 5.","duration":"Many stream listings date to 2004 and 2010 and remain on the 2026 list (ref 1); EPA's 2020 review (ref 2) also added Aunu'u Harbor for enterococcus.","significance":"The listings are formal Clean Water Act 303(d) determinations (refs 1, 2), and the projected TN/TP TMDL date is 2028."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":49710,"status":"Reported","note":"Territory population (2020 census) cited in ref 1. The listed watersheds cover most of it; water monitoring covers more than 95% of the population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Twenty-six watersheds are listed for impaired streams ... Thirty-one watersheds are listed for impaired ocean shorelines ... Five of the thirty-one watersheds were added to the list in 2026 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Watersheds with impaired streams","value":26,"unit":"watersheds","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Watersheds with impaired ocean shorelines","value":31,"unit":"watersheds","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Stream miles in Category 5 (FY24-FY25 data)","value":59.5,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1, Table B2."}],"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency","role":"303(d) listing and TMDL development"},{"name":"US EPA Region 9","role":"303(d) approval authority"}],"public_contact":"AS-EPA Water Program, (684) 633-2304","corrective_actions":["TN/TP TMDL for streams and ocean shorelines started in 2022; projected submittal in 2028, pending funding (ref 1).","Piggery Compliance Program and Coastal Nonpoint Source Monitoring Strategy (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"title":"Territory of American Samoa Integrated Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment Report 2026","publisher":"American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2026-05-27","url":"https://www.asepa.gov/_files/ugd/bcdca0_bf6cd8c8c8244f62b2e6b1204a9b03e5.pdf","basis":"Territorial agency report","ref":1},{"title":"EPA Review of American Samoa's 2020 CWA Section 303(d) List (partial approval rationale)","publisher":"US EPA Region 9","date":"2021-10-29","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-11/american-samoa-2020-303d-decision-enclosure-decision-rationale.pdf","basis":"Federal record","ref":2}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (AS in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Re-verified: cited sources were reopened and the headline figures and dates match the source pages (a few sites blocked automated access; their figures were confirmed in other cited sources). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"2025 was Pago Pago's wettest year to date on record (ref 3)."},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected.value","damage_estimate"],"related_ids":["US-AS-TUTUILA-SUBSIDENCE-SEALEVEL-2024"],"id":"US-AS-TUTUILA-FLASH-FLOODING-2025","title":"Recurring flash floods and landslides on Tutuila, 2023-2025","description":"Governor Lemanu Mauga declared a territorial state of emergency, effective December 15, 2023, for flooding and landslide hazards. On February 3, 2024, NWS reported overflowing streams flooding the main road in Nu'uuli after about 3 inches of rain in two hours. In 2025, Pago Pago recorded its wettest year to date and its second-wettest September to November, with flash flooding and landslides between Asili and Amaluia.","location":{"name":"Tutuila Island","type":"Island-wide watersheds and coastal road corridor","state":"AS","states":["AS"],"detail":"Eastern and Western districts, Tutuila; reported impacts at Nu'uuli, Asili and Amaluia","coordinates":{"lat":-14.31,"lon":-170.71,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Eastern","Western"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is extreme rainfall and stream overflow on steep watersheds.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The NWS storm reports (ref 2) record road flooding with upstream debris in Nu'uuli and a landslide in Asili; no injuries are reported.","service":"Flooding and debris covered the main road in Nu'uuli (ref 2), and the fall 2025 outlook (ref 3) records landslides between Asili and Amaluia.","scale":"Reported impacts are village-level on Tutuila (refs 2, 3), though the December 2023 emergency order (ref 1) applied territory-wide.","duration":"Events recur from December 2023 (ref 1) and February 2024 (ref 2) to the record-wet 2025, when Pago Pago had 49.55 in. in Sep-Nov, 170% of normal (ref 3).","significance":"The Governor's executive order declared a state of emergency and activated the Emergency Operation Center (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No count of affected residents is published in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Pago Pago SON 2025 precipitation was 49.55 in., 170% of normal, the 2nd wettest on record, with its wettest Oct-Nov (38.19 in) (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Pago Pago Sep-Nov 2025 rainfall","value":49.55,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"170% of normal (ref 3)."},{"name":"Estimated rainfall, Nu'uuli area, 9-11 PM Feb 3, 2024","value":3,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"NWS preliminary local storm report (ref 2)."}],"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Office of the Governor of American Samoa","role":"Emergency declarations"},{"name":"NWS Weather Service Office Pago Pago","role":"Flash flood warnings"},{"name":"American Samoa Department of Homeland Security","role":"Emergency management"}],"public_contact":"NWS Weather Service Office Pago Pago, weather.gov/ppg","corrective_actions":["State of emergency activated the Emergency Operation Center and barred price gouging (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"title":"Governor declares state of emergency following heavy rains and flooding","publisher":"Samoa News","date":"2023-12-22","url":"https://samoanews.com/local-news/governor-declares-state-emergency-following-heavy-rains-and-flooding","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"Preliminary Local Storm Reports, NWS Pago Pago, Feb 4 2024 (archived by CIMSS)","publisher":"NOAA National Weather Service Pago Pago / CIMSS","date":"2024-02-04","url":"https://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/satellite-blog/images/2024/02/240204_NSTU_lsr.text","basis":"Federal weather record","ref":2},{"title":"Drought Status Update and Climate Outlook: Hawaii and US Affiliated Pacific Islands, Fall 2025","publisher":"NOAA NIDIS / drought.gov","date":"2025-12-01","url":"https://www.drought.gov/sites/default/files/2025-12/Pacific%20Fall%202025.pdf","basis":"Federal climate report","ref":3}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (AS in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Re-verified: cited sources were reopened and the headline figures and dates match the source pages (a few sites blocked automated access; their figures were confirmed in other cited sources). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Subsidence rates rose after 2009 (ref 1), and 2025 set record daily high sea levels at Pago Pago (ref 3)."},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected.value"],"related_ids":["US-AS-TUTUILA-FLASH-FLOODING-2025"],"id":"US-AS-TUTUILA-SUBSIDENCE-SEALEVEL-2024","title":"Tutuila land subsidence drives sea-level rise about 4x global rate","description":"NASA researchers measured Tutuila sinking about 6 to 9 mm a year from 2015 to 2022, against 1 to 2 mm before the 2009 earthquake. University of Hawai'i research reported by Eos and Samoa News puts local sea-level rise near 16 mm a year, about four times the global average, and warns that saltwater intrusion endangers aquifers. NOAA reported record daily high sea levels at Pago Pago in fall 2025.","location":{"name":"Tutuila Island coastline","type":"Island coastal zone and coastal aquifers","state":"AS","states":["AS"],"detail":"Tutuila, Aunu'u and Manu'a; coastal villages and the Tafuna-Leone plain","coordinates":{"lat":-14.2756,"lon":-170.702,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Eastern","Western","Manu'a"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Relative sea-level rise raises coastal flooding risk and saltwater intrusion into freshwater lenses.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Ref 2 states that saltwater intrusion into aquifers endangers the water supply; ref 1 says subsidence increases coastal flooding frequency. These are risks, not measured losses.","service":"The cited subsidence studies report no service interruption.","scale":"Subsidence was mapped across all of Tutuila (ref 1), and coastal infrastructure including sewerage, ports and the airport is exposed (ref 2).","duration":"Sinking accelerated after the 2009 earthquake and continued through 2015-2022 (ref 1); record daily high sea levels at Pago Pago were set in Sep-Nov 2025 (ref 3).","significance":"The sources are research and monitoring products (refs 1-3); no formal regulatory action is cited."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Most of the territory lives on Tutuila's coastal lowlands, but no exposed-population figure is given."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Tutuila Island experienced annual average subsidence of 6 to 9 mm (0.24 to 0.35 inches) between 2015 and 2022, versus 1 to 2 mm before the 2009 earthquake (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Subsidence rate 2015-2022 (upper end of range)","value":9,"unit":"mm/yr","status":"Reported","note":"InSAR study reports 6 to 9 mm/yr (ref 1)."},{"name":"Local sea-level rise","value":16,"unit":"mm/yr","status":"Reported","note":"About four times the ~4 mm/yr global rate (ref 2)."},{"name":"Share of post-2009 sea-level rise due to land sinking","value":84,"unit":"%","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"American Samoa Government","role":"Coastal and land-use planning"},{"name":"American Samoa Power Authority","role":"Water and wastewater utility with coastal assets"},{"name":"University of Hawai'i Sea Grant","role":"Monitoring partner"}],"public_contact":"American Samoa Government, Office of the Governor, Utulei","corrective_actions":["New tide and land-motion instruments installed at Ofu, Ta'u, Aunu'u and 'Au'asi harbors (ref 2).","Interactive flood-risk viewer developed for planning (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"title":"NASA researchers measure sinking land in American Samoa","publisher":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center","date":"2023-08-25","url":"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/esnt/2023/nasa-researchers-measure-sinking-land-in-american-samoa/","basis":"Federal research","ref":1},{"title":"American Samoa's sinking land speeds up sea level rise","publisher":"Samoa News (from Eos/AGU)","date":"2024-04-02","url":"https://www.samoanews.com/node/128690","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"Drought Status Update and Climate Outlook: Hawaii and US Affiliated Pacific Islands, Fall 2025","publisher":"NOAA NIDIS / drought.gov","date":"2025-12-01","url":"https://www.drought.gov/sites/default/files/2025-12/Pacific%20Fall%202025.pdf","basis":"Federal climate report","ref":3}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (AS in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Re-verified: cited sources were reopened and the headline figures and dates match the source pages (a few sites blocked automated access; their figures were confirmed in other cited sources). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":3,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Board reported missing monthly financial and operational reports (ref 1)","Fraud case involving an off-island engineer (ref 1)","About 50% non-revenue water in the Central system (ref 3)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"id":"US-AS-ASPA-GOVERNANCE-2026","title":"ASPA leadership upheaval: CEO terminated, board chair not confirmed","description":"In March 2026 the American Samoa Senate declined to confirm ASPA board chair Ted Le'iato for a new term (7 votes for, 10 needed). The board then terminated Executive Director Wallon Young and named board member Douglas Buhr acting CEO. Le'iato had cited missing monthly financial and operational reports, slow management responses and a fraud case involving an off-island engineer. ASPA runs the Central water system, which serves 45,315 people and loses about 50% of its water as non-revenue water.","location":{"name":"American Samoa Power Authority (Central system)","type":"Territorial public utility (water, wastewater, power, solid waste)","state":"AS","states":["AS"],"detail":"Tutuila; Central ASG public water system","coordinates":{"lat":-14.2756,"lon":-170.702,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Eastern","Western"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AS9711948"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns utility governance, oversight and financial reporting rather than a specific water-quality event.","severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Neither Samoa News report (refs 1, 2) ties a health or environmental harm to the leadership dispute.","service":"Refs 1 and 2 describe no service interruption caused by the turnover.","scale":"ASPA's Central ASG system serves 45,315 people per SDWIS (ref 4), most of the territory.","duration":"The dispute spans the Senate vote and the March 6, 2026 termination letter (refs 1, 2), and the CEO post was filled on an acting basis.","significance":"The board resolution ended the CEO's contract, and the Senate formally declined confirmation, 7 to 5 against a 10-vote threshold (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":45315,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Central ASG (AS9711948) per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Executive Director Wallon Young was served a termination letter on March 6, 2026; board member Douglas Buhr was appointed acting CEO (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Senate confirmation votes for board chair (needed 10)","value":7,"unit":"votes","status":"Reported","note":"7 for, 5 against (ref 1)."},{"name":"Non-revenue water, Central system","value":50,"unit":"%","status":"Reported","note":"Down from 65% in 2013 and 70% in 2010 (ref 3)."}],"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"American Samoa Power Authority Board of Directors","role":"Utility governing board"},{"name":"Office of the Governor of American Samoa","role":"Appoints board members and chair"},{"name":"American Samoa Senate (Fono)","role":"Confirms board appointments"}],"public_contact":"American Samoa Power Authority, Tafuna, Tutuila","corrective_actions":["Board-led investigation of workforce issues, described as safeguarding ASPA's integrity and transparency (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"title":"Senate votes fall short to confirm nominee for ASPA board of directors","publisher":"Samoa News","date":"2026-03-09","url":"https://www.samoanews.com/node/135295","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"ASPA board terminates services of CEO Wallon Young","publisher":"Samoa News","date":"2026-03-11","url":"https://samoanews.com/local-news/aspa-board-terminates-services-ceo-wallon-young","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"Territory of American Samoa Integrated Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment Report 2026","publisher":"American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2026-05-27","url":"https://www.asepa.gov/_files/ugd/bcdca0_bf6cd8c8c8244f62b2e6b1204a9b03e5.pdf","basis":"Territorial agency report","ref":3},{"title":"SDWIS water system records, American Samoa","publisher":"US EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/AS/JSON","basis":"Federal data","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (AS in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Re-verified: cited sources were reopened and the headline figures and dates match the source pages (a few sites blocked automated access; their figures were confirmed in other cited sources). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"The 2026 report notes improved pig waste management in some areas but says enforcement is not seen as a priority (ref 2)."},"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected.value","current_loading_estimate"],"related_ids":["US-AS-STATEWIDE-IMPAIRED-WATERS-2026","US-AS-TUTUILA-BEACH-ENTEROCOCCUS-2026"],"id":"US-AS-TUTUILA-PIGGERY-WASTE-2024","title":"Piggery waste polluting Tutuila streams and beaches","description":"AS-EPA identifies poorly built human and pig waste disposal systems as a main source of nutrient and bacterial pollution in streams and coastal waters. In FY23 its Piggery Compliance Program issued 14 letters of warning, closed 156 piggeries and conducted 320 follow-up inspections. The agency also slowed piggery permit approvals because existing dry-litter systems were poorly maintained, and no new systems have been built under the NRCS program since FY17.","location":{"name":"Tutuila watersheds (piggeries)","type":"Agricultural nonpoint source area","state":"AS","states":["AS"],"detail":"Villages across Tutuila, Eastern and Western districts","coordinates":{"lat":-14.2756,"lon":-170.702,"precision":"state","source_ref":2},"counties":["Eastern","Western"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["surface-water","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Animal waste runoff is a nonpoint water-quality stressor in streams, groundwater and nearshore waters.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The 2026 report (ref 2) names pig waste as a leading source of stream and shoreline nutrient and bacteria pollution, but it does not quantify current loads from piggeries.","service":"The cited AS-EPA reports describe no supply or beach closure tied specifically to piggeries.","scale":"The FY23 report (ref 1) logs enforcement across many Tutuila watersheds, and the program's Phase I counted 1,017 illegal piggeries holding 8,373 pigs.","duration":"The program has run since 2006, and the FY23 report (ref 1) says no new dry-litter systems have been built since FY17. The 2026 report (ref 2) still lists pig waste among the main threats.","significance":"In FY23 AS-EPA issued 14 letters of warning, closed 156 piggeries and took difficult cases to court (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected-population figure is published."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"In FY23, 14 Letters of Warnings were issued, 156 piggeries were closed, 182 pigs were removed, and 320 follow-up inspections were conducted (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Piggeries closed in FY23","value":156,"unit":"piggeries","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Land-use permits for piggeries","value":13,"unit":"permits (FY23)","status":"Reported","note":"Down from 98 in FY14 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Illegal piggeries identified in program Phase I","value":1017,"unit":"piggeries","status":"Reported","note":"Holding 8,373 pigs (ref 1)."}],"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency","role":"Piggery Compliance Program and enforcement"},{"name":"USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service","role":"Dry-litter system cost-share (EQIP)"}],"public_contact":"AS-EPA Water Program, (684) 633-2304","corrective_actions":["Piggery Compliance Program inspections, warnings, closures and court cases (ref 1).","Dry-litter piggery systems with wood-chip support from Land Grant and the Soil and Water Conservation District (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"title":"American Samoa Watershed Management and Protection Program FY23 Annual Report","publisher":"American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2024-05-01","url":"https://www.asepa.gov/_files/ugd/3b8212_c19db7edcb914d509c33262693445a25.pdf","basis":"Territorial agency report","ref":1},{"title":"Territory of American Samoa Integrated Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment Report 2026","publisher":"American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency","date":"2026-05-27","url":"https://www.asepa.gov/_files/ugd/bcdca0_bf6cd8c8c8244f62b2e6b1204a9b03e5.pdf","basis":"Territorial agency report","ref":2}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (AS in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Re-verified: cited sources were reopened and the headline figures and dates match the source pages (a few sites blocked automated access; their figures were confirmed in other cited sources). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["BECQ said maintaining GAC filters and shipping spent media off-island is expensive and logistically difficult (ref 2).","A roughly $1 million congressional earmark was directed to replacing GAC media in CUC drinking water treatment units (ref 3)."]},"public_contact":"CUC hotline (670) 236-4333; CUC Customer Service (670) 664-4282; www.cucgov.org","first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"id":"US-MP-SAIPAN-PFAS-2025","title":"PFAS above federal limits in most CUC Saipan wells","description":"The CNMI Bureau of Environmental and Coastal Quality reported in 2025 that 64 of 73 CUC wells tested on Saipan had PFAS detections above the new EPA thresholds, with south-central and southern Saipan most affected; one well near the airport, a former firefighting training area, exceeded the federal MCL more than 1,700 times. The BECQ drinking water program manager publicly advised residents of southern villages not to drink tap water; CUC has installed granular activated carbon filters at multiple sites, but levels fluctuate when filter media is exhausted.","location":{"name":"CUC Saipan water system","type":"Territorial utility service area","state":"MP","states":["MP"],"detail":"Saipan; south-central and southern villages most affected, wells near Francisco C. Ada/Saipan International Airport","coordinates":{"lat":15.18,"lon":145.75,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Saipan"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MP0000001"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS from historic firefighting foam use has contaminated the groundwater wells that supply Saipan's tap water.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"BECQ said 64 of 73 CUC wells tested exceeded new EPA PFAS thresholds and six wells were 10 times over (ref 1); one airport-area well was more than 1,700 times the federal MCL (ref 2).","service":"BECQ's safe drinking water program manager told southern-village residents he did not know that they should drink the tap water and urged bottled water for drinking and cooking (ref 1).","scale":"The affected CUC Saipan system serves 48,524 people per SDWIS (ref 4), below the 100k threshold.","duration":"CUC and BECQ have tracked PFAS on Saipan since 2015 and the official said fixing it will take years (ref 1).","significance":"The territorial regulator publicly flagged levels exceeding the federal MCLs, which CNMI must meet by 2029 or 2031 as variously reported (refs 1, 2); no enforcement order was found."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":48524,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the CUC Saipan system per SDWIS (ref 4); the most affected area is the south-central and southern part of the island (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Recent sampling showed that 64 of 73 CUC wells tested had PFAS detections above new EPA thresholds, with six wells measuring 10 times higher than allowed levels."},"measures":[{"name":"CUC wells above EPA PFAS thresholds","value":64,"unit":"wells (of 73 tested)","status":"Reported","note":"BECQ presentation, May 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Highest well exceedance of federal MCL","value":1700,"unit":"times the MCL","status":"Reported","note":"Well near the Saipan airport, formerly used for firefighting training (ref 2)."}],"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"GAC brought PFAS to undetectable levels at some sites (ref 2) but breakthrough recurs once media is exhausted (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Commonwealth Utilities Corporation (CUC)","role":"Water and wastewater utility operator"},{"name":"CNMI Bureau of Environmental and Coastal Quality (BECQ)","role":"Primacy regulator (Safe Drinking Water Program)"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 9","role":"Federal regulator"}],"corrective_actions":["CUC installed granular activated carbon treatment at multiple sites (ref 2).","Federal earmark of about $1 million to replace GAC media in drinking water treatment units (ref 3).","BECQ cited desalination, aquifer remediation and expanded rainwater catchment as long-term options and is exploring cleanup support from the U.S. military and FAA (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Saipan tap water unsafe to drink in some areas, CNMI water official warns","publisher":"RNZ Pacific","date":"2025-05-12","url":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/pacific/560680/saipan-tap-water-unsafe-to-drink-in-some-areas-cnmi-water-official-warns","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Tests show 'forever chemicals' in CNMI, Guam","publisher":"RNZ Pacific","date":"2025-06-17","url":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/564337/pacific","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Despite millions in US aid, CUC still lacks sustainability plan","publisher":"Marianas Variety","date":"2025-07-14","url":"https://www.mvariety.com/news/local/despite-millions-in-us-aid-cuc-still-lacks-sustainability-plan/article_efcf8662-5a9d-4f9d-b679-ec813c43b309.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record MP0000001","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MP0000001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"conflicts":["RNZ reported the federal PFAS compliance deadline as 2029 in May 2025 (ref 1) and as 2031 in June 2025 (ref 2)."],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (MP in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["CUC filed a $75 million FEMA reimbursement package and its executive director said it may not get 50% of what it submitted (ref 4).","CUC said it is funding recovery with whatever it has while awaiting reimbursement (ref 4)."]},"public_contact":"CUC hotline (670) 236-4333; CUC Customer Service (670) 664-4282; www.cucgov.org","first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MP-ROTA-WATER-BOIL-NOTICES-2026"],"id":"US-MP-SAIPAN-TYPHOON-WATER-OUTAGE-2026","title":"Super Typhoon Sinlaku knocks out most of Saipan's water service","description":"Super Typhoon Sinlaku made landfall on Saipan and Tinian on April 13-15, 2026; with the island grid down, only 1,038 of 9,433 residential CUC customers on Saipan had running water on April 20 and only 28 of 138 wells were online on April 26. Service recovered on FEMA and Army Corps generators to about 80% by May 11 and CUC reported 100% of customers restored by September 11, but CUC says the storms and Super Typhoon Bavi left multiple tanks compromised, dozens of wells offline and wastewater systems damaged. A federal major disaster declaration covered Saipan, Tinian, Rota and the Northern Islands (ref 10).","location":{"name":"CUC Saipan water system","type":"Territorial utility service area","state":"MP","states":["MP"],"detail":"Saipan (13 tank service areas, about 127-138 wells); Tinian also affected","coordinates":{"lat":15.18,"lon":145.75,"precision":"city","source_ref":8},"counties":["Saipan","Tinian"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MP0000001"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A grid collapse after the typhoon left power-dependent wells and booster pumps unable to deliver water.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"CUC told the media that storm damage left multiple tanks compromised and dozens of wells offline (ref 6); no contamination outbreak was documented in opened sources.","service":"On April 20 only 1,038 of 9,433 Saipan residential customers had running water and CUC opened public filling stations (ref 1).","scale":"Saipan's system serves 48,524 people per SDWIS (ref 8); Sinlaku left more than 15,000 customers on Saipan and Tinian without power and water (ref 4).","duration":"Restoration ran from mid-April to September 11, when CUC reported water back for 100% of customers (refs 3, 5).","significance":"The governor's State of Significant Emergency for Sinlaku and Bavi was extended again on September 29, 2026 under Executive Order 2026-021 (ref 7)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":48524,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the CUC Saipan system per SDWIS (ref 8); about 89% of residential customers were without water on April 20 (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"As of April 20, 1,038 of 9,433 residential water customers had running water."},"measures":[{"name":"Saipan residential customers with water, April 20, 2026","value":1038,"unit":"customers (of 9,433)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Saipan wells online, April 26, 2026","value":28,"unit":"wells (of 138)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"CUC federal request for water and wastewater","value":600,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 6."}],"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Water service went from about 11% of customers on April 20 (ref 1) to 80% by May 11 (ref 3) and 100% by September 11 (ref 5)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Commonwealth Utilities Corporation (CUC)","role":"Water and wastewater utility operator"},{"name":"FEMA","role":"Federal disaster response (generators, water deliveries)"},{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","role":"Emergency generator support for wells"},{"name":"Office of the Governor, CNMI","role":"Emergency declaration"}],"corrective_actions":["FEMA and the Army Corps powered dozens of wells with generators; six Kagman wells were added to supply Papago and San Vicente tanks (ref 3).","A new 1-million-gallon Dan Dan tank passed final inspection in May 2026 (ref 3).","After Bavi, about 60% of CUC wells were back on the power grid by July 8 (ref 9).","CUC submitted a roughly $600 million water and wastewater package to the Office of Local Defense Community Cooperation (ref 6)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Most Saipan residents still without power and water one week after Sinlaku's onslaught","publisher":"Pacific Island Times","date":"2026-04-21","url":"https://www.pacificislandtimes.com/post/usace-provides-power-generators-for-response-efforts-in-guam-cnmi","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Three islands, three realities: Saipan struggles, Tinian dark, Rota near normal","publisher":"Isla Public Media (KPRG)","date":"2026-04-26","url":"https://www.islapublic.org/news/2026-04-26/three-islands-three-realities-saipan-struggles-tinian-dark-rota-near-normal","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Saipan water restoration reaches 80%, CUC reports steady progress","publisher":"Isla Public Media (KPRG)","date":"2026-05-11","url":"https://www.islapublic.org/news/2026-05-11/saipan-water-restoration-reaches-80-cuc-reports-steady-progress","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"CNMI utility agency seeks $75M in FEMA reimbursement","publisher":"Isla Public Media (KPRG)","date":"2026-05-19","url":"https://www.islapublic.org/news/2026-05-19/cnmi-utility-agency-seeks-75m-in-fema-reimbursement","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"Saipan power restoration reaches 91%; Tinian 96%, Rota 52%","publisher":"Marianas Variety (CUC release)","date":"2026-09-11","url":"https://www.mvariety.com/news/local/saipan-power-restoration-reaches-91-tinian-96-rota-52/article_9c4e9bb9-5135-4068-811b-c56157a876ef.html","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":6,"title":"CUC requests $700M for power, $600M for water in federal assistance","publisher":"Isla Public Media (KPRG)","date":"2026-09-28","url":"https://www.islapublic.org/news/2026-09-28/cuc-requests-700m-for-power-600m-for-water-in-federal-assistance","basis":"News"},{"ref":7,"title":"Governor extends State of Significant Emergency as typhoon recovery drags on","publisher":"Marianas Variety","date":"2026-09-29","url":"https://www.mvariety.com/news/local/governor-extends-state-of-significant-emergency-as-typhoon-recovery-drags-on/article_e1a2ef1c-585e-402c-b4ab-5bcb6e294a00.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":8,"title":"SDWIS water system record MP0000001","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MP0000001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":9,"title":"Power, water restoration push forward across Saipan, Tinian and Rota after Bavi","publisher":"Isla Public Media (KPRG)","date":"2026-07-09","url":"https://www.islapublic.org/news/2026-07-09/power-water-restoration-push-forward-across-saipan-tinian-and-rota-after-bavi","basis":"News"},{"ref":10,"title":"Major disaster declaration granted for CNMI as Sinlaku recovery begins","publisher":"Pacific Island Times","date":"2026-04-25","url":"https://www.pacificislandtimes.com/post/major-disaster-declaration-granted-for-cnmi-as-sinlaku-recovery-begins","basis":"News"},{"ref":11,"title":"FEMA assesses damage after Super Typhoon Sinlaku made landfall in the CNMI","publisher":"Isla Public Media (KPRG)","date":"2026-04-19","url":"https://www.islapublic.org/news/2026-04-19/fema-assesses-damage-after-super-typhoon-sinlaku-made-landfall-in-the-cnmi","basis":"News"},{"ref":12,"title":"CNMI's utility body eyes borrowing, warns of systems collapse due to depleting cash and fuel reserve","publisher":"Pacific Island Times","date":"2026-05-22","url":"https://www.pacificislandtimes.com/post/cnmi-s-utility-body-eyes-borrowing-warns-of-systems-collapse-due-to-depleting-cash-and-fuel-reserve","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (MP in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"conflicts":[{"field":"landfall_dates","values":["April 13-15, 2026","April 14-16, 2026"],"note":"Outlets give Sinlaku's passage over the CNMI as April 13-15 or April 14-16 depending on time zone and which island."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"public_contact":"CUC hotline (670) 236-4333; CUC Customer Service (670) 664-4282; www.cucgov.org","first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MP-SAIPAN-TYPHOON-WATER-OUTAGE-2026"],"id":"US-MP-ROTA-WATER-BOIL-NOTICES-2026","title":"Rota water outages and repeated boil-water notices from cave source","description":"CUC's Rota system draws on a mountain cave spring, and heavy rain repeatedly drives turbidity-based precautionary boil-water notices, as in September 2024 when the notice stayed in effect despite clear coliform samples. After Super Typhoon Bavi struck on July 6, 2026, a major pipeline break between the cave source and the treatment plant took the island's water offline under a boil-water notice, with residents waiting up to six hours at refill stations; CUC reported service restored to all customers by September 11, while the governor said crews were still rebuilding Rota's water infrastructure at the end of September.","location":{"name":"CUC Rota water system","type":"Territorial utility service area","state":"MP","states":["MP"],"detail":"Rota; cave spring source, 0.5-million-gallon tank, emergency wells SP1 and SP3","coordinates":{"lat":14.14,"lon":145.14,"precision":"city","source_ref":7},"counties":["Rota"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MP0000003"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A rain-sensitive spring source causes turbidity notices, and a fragile transmission main caused a full outage after Bavi.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Rota's September 2024 samples were clear of coliform and E. coli, but the notice stayed on while operators monitored rain-driven turbidity (ref 1).","service":"After Bavi, water service on Rota was offline after a major pipeline break and residents waited up to six hours at refilling stations (ref 3).","scale":"The Rota system serves 2,504 people per SDWIS (ref 7).","duration":"Boil-water notices on Rota are documented in September 2024 (ref 1) and again from July 2026 after Bavi (refs 2, 3), with rebuilding still under way in late September 2026 (ref 4).","significance":"The CNMI State of Significant Emergency renewed on September 29, 2026 cites Bavi's damage to Rota's water infrastructure (ref 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":2504,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the CUC Rota system per SDWIS (ref 7)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The transmission system has been down since July 4 due to a leak. A boil-water notice remains in effect."},"measures":[{"name":"Rota storage tank being refilled by emergency wells","value":0.5,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Rota was fully restored after Sinlaku in April (ref 6), lost service after Bavi in July (ref 3), and was reported back to 100% by September 11 (ref 5)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Commonwealth Utilities Corporation (CUC)","role":"Water and wastewater utility operator"},{"name":"CNMI Bureau of Environmental and Coastal Quality (BECQ)","role":"Primacy regulator (Safe Drinking Water Program)"},{"name":"Office of the Governor, CNMI","role":"Emergency declaration"}],"corrective_actions":["Emergency wells SP1 and SP3 were used to refill the 0.5-million-gallon tank while the transmission line awaited repair (ref 2).","CUC crews arrived on Rota to repair the cave-to-plant pipeline after Bavi (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Precautionary boil water notice for Rota","publisher":"Marianas Variety (CUC release)","date":"2024-09-16","url":"https://www.mvariety.com/news/local/precautionary-boil-water-notice-for-rota/article_09adba94-7354-11ef-8852-9f36a3f45419.html","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Power, water restoration push forward across Saipan, Tinian and Rota after Bavi","publisher":"Isla Public Media (KPRG)","date":"2026-07-09","url":"https://www.islapublic.org/news/2026-07-09/power-water-restoration-push-forward-across-saipan-tinian-and-rota-after-bavi","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Aid arrives as Rota begins recovery from Bavi","publisher":"Marianas Variety","date":"2026-07-10","url":"https://www.mvariety.com/news/local/aid-arrives-as-rota-begins-recovery-from-bavi/article_e321d258-0e20-444b-8acf-b89064beea4c.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Governor extends State of Significant Emergency as typhoon recovery drags on","publisher":"Marianas Variety","date":"2026-09-29","url":"https://www.mvariety.com/news/local/governor-extends-state-of-significant-emergency-as-typhoon-recovery-drags-on/article_e1a2ef1c-585e-402c-b4ab-5bcb6e294a00.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"Saipan power restoration reaches 91%; Tinian 96%, Rota 52%","publisher":"Marianas Variety (CUC release)","date":"2026-09-11","url":"https://www.mvariety.com/news/local/saipan-power-restoration-reaches-91-tinian-96-rota-52/article_9c4e9bb9-5135-4068-811b-c56157a876ef.html","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":6,"title":"Three islands, three realities: Saipan struggles, Tinian dark, Rota near normal","publisher":"Isla Public Media (KPRG)","date":"2026-04-26","url":"https://www.islapublic.org/news/2026-04-26/three-islands-three-realities-saipan-struggles-tinian-dark-rota-near-normal","basis":"News"},{"ref":7,"title":"SDWIS water system record MP0000003","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MP0000003/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (MP in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["A July 2025 federal status report said CUC has not ensured revenues cover everyday operating and maintenance expenses (ref 4).","DOJ cited substantial arrears from the CNMI government and the Commonwealth Healthcare Corp. (ref 2)."]},"public_contact":"CUC hotline (670) 236-4333; CUC Customer Service (670) 664-4282; www.cucgov.org","first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MP-SADOG-TASI-WWTP-2026","US-MP-SAIPAN-NONREVENUE-WATER-2023"],"id":"US-MP-CUC-STIPULATED-ORDER-1-2025","title":"CUC still under 2008 federal court order for water and wastewater","description":"Stipulated Order 1 in United States v. CUC (D. N. Mar. I., 08-cv-0051) requires CUC to provide 24-hour safe drinking water and properly treat wastewater. After an EPA NEIC inspection in December 2023 found multiple sanitary deficiencies in Saipan's drinking water system, including missing tank and wellhead vents, inadequate sanitary seals and leaking, corroded piping, the parties filed a January 2025 modification adding corrective-action, operations and maintenance requirements. CUC reported 60 of 69 original items complete in January 2025; EPA had imposed a $162,600 stipulated penalty in February 2024 and DOJ said critical equipment, including lift station pumps and leaking water lines, often sits inoperable for months or years.","location":{"name":"CUC water and wastewater systems","type":"Territorial utility service area","state":"MP","states":["MP"],"detail":"Saipan, Tinian and Rota drinking water systems; Agingan and Sadog Tasi wastewater plants on Saipan","coordinates":{"lat":15.18,"lon":145.75,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Saipan","Tinian","Rota"],"extent":"statewide","pwsid":"MP0000001"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The order targets deficient operation and maintenance of drinking water and wastewater assets.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA's December 2023 inspection found missing vents or vent screens on tanks and wellheads, inadequate sanitary seals and structural problems with water tanks (ref 1).","service":"The opened filings and articles document no service interruption caused by the order's deficiencies themselves.","scale":"The Saipan system covered by the order serves 48,524 people per SDWIS (ref 5).","duration":"The orders date from November 2008 (ref 2), and nine of 69 SO1 items remained incomplete in January 2025 (ref 3).","significance":"Federal court order modified on January 9, 2025 (ref 1); EPA imposed a $162,600 stipulated penalty on February 8, 2024 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":48524,"status":"Reported","note":"Saipan system population per SDWIS (ref 5); the order also covers Tinian and Rota."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"CUC said it has completed 60 of the original 69 items in Stipulated Order 1."},"measures":[{"name":"SO1 items completed","value":60,"unit":"items (of 69)","status":"Reported","note":"CUC status report, January 22, 2025 (ref 3)."},{"name":"EPA stipulated penalty","value":162600,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"For executive director and CFO vacancies (ref 2)."},{"name":"EPA grant funding for SO1 systems since 2008","value":200,"unit":"million USD (approx.)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."}],"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Key management posts were filled in 2024 and a maintenance management system was contracted (ref 3), but the financial sustainability requirement remained unmet in July 2025 (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Commonwealth Utilities Corporation (CUC)","role":"Water and wastewater utility operator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 9","role":"Federal regulator and stipulated order plaintiff agency"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Justice, Environmental Enforcement Section","role":"Plaintiff counsel"},{"name":"U.S. District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands","role":"Court overseeing the stipulated orders"}],"corrective_actions":["January 2025 modification requires CUC to report corrections of NEIC-identified sanitary deficiencies, a compliance schedule and monthly updates from February 2025 (ref 1).","CUC contracted MentorAPM for a computerized maintenance management system and is running the five-year SWIMS non-revenue water program begun in 2023 (ref 3).","CUC received $42.5 million for FY2025, including Bipartisan Infrastructure Law water and wastewater funds (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Proposed Joint Stipulation and Order re: Material Modification of Stipulated Order Number One, United States v. CUC, No. 08-cv-0051","publisher":"U.S. Department of Justice / U.S. District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands","date":"2025-01-09","url":"https://justice.gov/enrd/media/1383911/dl?inline=","basis":"Court record"},{"ref":2,"title":"DOJ: Court intervention may be needed to address CUC issues","publisher":"The Guam Daily Post","date":"2024-02-20","url":"https://www.postguam.com/news/cnmi/doj-court-intervention-may-be-needed-to-address-cuc-issues/article_3be68e0e-cf8b-11ee-a789-5b33e5bead66.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"CUC: 60 of 69 items in Stipulated Order 1 completed","publisher":"Marianas Variety","date":"2025-01-27","url":"https://www.mvariety.com/news/local/cuc-60-of-69-items-in-stipulated-order-1-completed/article_9d0f0160-dbca-11ef-b8f2-1f8bec32904b.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Despite millions in US aid, CUC still lacks sustainability plan","publisher":"Marianas Variety","date":"2025-07-14","url":"https://www.mvariety.com/news/local/despite-millions-in-us-aid-cuc-still-lacks-sustainability-plan/article_efcf8662-5a9d-4f9d-b679-ec813c43b309.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record MP0000001","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MP0000001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (MP in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Officials said about 60% of water revenue is lost and could not yet give a dollar figure (ref 1)."]},"public_contact":"CUC hotline (670) 236-4333; CUC Customer Service (670) 664-4282; www.cucgov.org","first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MP-CUC-STIPULATED-ORDER-1-2025"],"id":"US-MP-SAIPAN-NONREVENUE-WATER-2023","title":"Saipan water system loses about 60% of revenue water to leaks and meters","description":"CUC officials told the CNMI Senate in November 2023 that the utility loses around 60% of water revenue, largely through inaccurate meters, which high chloride in Saipan's water degrades, and through leaks in an old pipe network. DOJ told the federal court in 2024 that leaking water lines and meters often remain broken for months or years; CUC began a five-year Sustainable Water Infrastructure Management Strategy (SWIMS) program in 2023, and after Sinlaku crews were fixing roughly 100 or more leaks a day.","location":{"name":"CUC Saipan water system","type":"Territorial utility service area","state":"MP","states":["MP"],"detail":"Saipan distribution system, 15 reservoir sites serving tank service areas","coordinates":{"lat":15.18,"lon":145.75,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Saipan"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MP0000001"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Aging leaking pipes and chloride-degraded meters waste scarce groundwater and undercut utility revenue.","severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The Senate testimony and court filings describe lost water and revenue, not a documented health effect (refs 1, 2).","service":"In May 2026 the Dan Dan homestead and As Lito/Obyan areas were still on limited hours while crews fixed about 100 or more leaks a day (ref 4).","scale":"The Saipan system serves 48,524 people per SDWIS (ref 5).","duration":"DOJ said leaking water lines and meters stay inoperable for months and in many cases years (ref 2); SWIMS is a five-year program begun in 2023 (ref 3).","significance":"Leak detection and repair is a requirement of the federal Stipulated Order 1, and DOJ raised the broken equipment in a 2024 court status report (refs 2, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":48524,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the CUC Saipan system per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"CUC is losing 60% in water revenue due to inaccurate meter readings and pipeline leaks."},"measures":[{"name":"Water revenue lost","value":60,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Deputy Executive Director Kevin Watson, November 2023 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Leaks repaired per day after Sinlaku","value":100,"unit":"leaks per day (or more)","status":"Reported","note":"CUC utility coordinator, May 2026 (ref 4)."}],"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No later non-revenue water percentage was found after the November 2023 figure."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Commonwealth Utilities Corporation (CUC)","role":"Water and wastewater utility operator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 9","role":"Federal regulator and stipulated order plaintiff agency"},{"name":"CNMI Senate","role":"Legislative oversight"}],"corrective_actions":["CUC is installing new meters at its 15 reservoir sites and invested over $900,000 in grant money in meter testing (ref 1).","Five-year SWIMS program to manage non-revenue water and correct underlying system design defects, begun in 2023 (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"CUC loses 60% in water revenue due to inaccurate meters, leaks","publisher":"The Guam Daily Post","date":"2023-11-27","url":"https://www.postguam.com/news/cnmi/cuc-loses-60-in-water-revenue-due-to-inaccurate-meters-leaks/article_e0558ac2-8bec-11ee-9205-db720f1d898b.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"DOJ: Court intervention may be needed to address CUC issues","publisher":"The Guam Daily Post","date":"2024-02-20","url":"https://www.postguam.com/news/cnmi/doj-court-intervention-may-be-needed-to-address-cuc-issues/article_3be68e0e-cf8b-11ee-a789-5b33e5bead66.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"CUC: 60 of 69 items in Stipulated Order 1 completed","publisher":"Marianas Variety","date":"2025-01-27","url":"https://www.mvariety.com/news/local/cuc-60-of-69-items-in-stipulated-order-1-completed/article_9d0f0160-dbca-11ef-b8f2-1f8bec32904b.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Saipan water restoration reaches 80%, CUC reports steady progress","publisher":"Isla Public Media (KPRG)","date":"2026-05-11","url":"https://www.islapublic.org/news/2026-05-11/saipan-water-restoration-reaches-80-cuc-reports-steady-progress","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record MP0000001","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MP0000001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (MP in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"public_contact":"CUC hotline (670) 236-4333; CUC Customer Service (670) 664-4282; www.cucgov.org","first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-MP-CUC-STIPULATED-ORDER-1-2025"],"id":"US-MP-SADOG-TASI-WWTP-2026","title":"Sadog Tasi sewage plant repeatedly exceeds enterococci limits","description":"CUC's Sadog Tasi wastewater treatment plant, which serves about 20,000 people and discharges through an outfall about 1,200 feet into Saipan Lagoon in Tanapag Harbor, was in noncompliance for 11 of 12 quarters from July 2023 to June 2026 in EPA ECHO, including two quarters of significant noncompliance in late 2023. Monthly effluent enterococci exceeded permit limits by up to 833% (December 2023) and limit violations recurred into April and May 2026; EPA's 2023 permit fact sheet also found 16 of 54 lagoon enterococcus results above 130 MPN/100 mL. A congressional earmark of about $1 million was directed to rehabilitating a collapsed tank at the plant site.","location":{"name":"Sadog Tasi Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant (NPDES MP0020010)","state":"MP","states":["MP"],"detail":"Sadog Tasi, Saipan; discharges to Saipan Lagoon within Tanapag Harbor","coordinates":{"lat":15.21192,"lon":145.71758,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Saipan"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Treated effluent repeatedly exceeds bacterial limits in a lagoon used for recreation.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO shows effluent enterococci 833% over the limit in December 2023 and 792% over in October 2023 (ref 1); EPA found 16 of 54 Saipan Lagoon enterococcus results above 130 MPN/100 mL (ref 2).","service":"Wastewater service continued; the only customer notice found was a March 2026 odor advisory for the plant's digester aerator start-up (ref 4).","scale":"EPA's fact sheet says the plant serves approximately 20,000 people (ref 2).","duration":"ECHO lists 11 of 12 quarters in noncompliance from July 2023 to June 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"ECHO flagged significant noncompliance in two 2023 quarters, but lists no formal enforcement action in five years (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":20000,"status":"Reported","note":"Approximate sewered population served, EPA permit fact sheet (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"ECHO: 11 quarters in noncompliance (July 2023 to June 2026), with 2 quarters in significant noncompliance."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak monthly enterococci exceedance","value":833,"unit":"percent over limit","status":"Reported","note":"December 2023, ECHO (ref 1)."},{"name":"Design flow","value":4.8,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Average reported flow 2.6 MGD (ref 2)."}],"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"ECHO shows no violation identified for April to June 2026 after recurring exceedances (ref 1), though monthly enterococci limit violations were still logged for April and May 2026."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Commonwealth Utilities Corporation (CUC)","role":"Water and wastewater utility operator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 9","role":"NPDES permitting authority"},{"name":"CNMI Bureau of Environmental and Coastal Quality (BECQ)","role":"Primacy regulator (Safe Drinking Water Program)"}],"corrective_actions":["About $1 million congressional earmark to rehabilitate the collapsed tank at the Sadog Tasi plant site (ref 3).","Digester aerator unit start-up in March 2026 (ref 4).","The 2023 permit application workplan included secondary clarifier repair and sludge dewatering replacement (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report, Sadog Tasi WWTP (MP0020010)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?output=JSON&p_id=MP0020010&p_system=NPDES","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"NPDES Permit Fact Sheet, Sadog Tasi WWTP, MP0020010","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 9","date":"2023-06-21","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2023-06/mp0020010-sadog-tasi-npdes-permit-factsheet-2023-06.pdf","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Despite millions in US aid, CUC still lacks sustainability plan","publisher":"Marianas Variety","date":"2025-07-14","url":"https://www.mvariety.com/news/local/despite-millions-in-us-aid-cuc-still-lacks-sustainability-plan/article_efcf8662-5a9d-4f9d-b679-ec813c43b309.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Sewer odor in Sadog Tasi, Puerto Rico from March 27 to 30","publisher":"Marianas Variety (CUC release)","date":"2026-03-25","url":"https://www.mvariety.com/news/local/local-news-sewer-odor-in-sadog-tasi-puerto-rico-from-march-27-to-30/article_590f061a-3c6f-45a7-a68f-6ae5f81b8235.html","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":5,"title":"CUC: Structural collapse at Sadog Tasi","publisher":"Marianas Variety (CUC release)","date":"2022-09-01","url":"https://www.mvariety.com/news/cuc-structural-collapse-at-sadog-tasi/article_55d4a800-2915-11ed-a22c-4f268337d541.html","basis":"Utility notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (MP in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}]},{"id":"US-MP-CUC-FINANCIAL-CRISIS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"CUC cash crisis: fuel charge nearly doubles, utility seeks $40M credit line (2026)","description":"The Commonwealth Utilities Corporation, which runs power, water and wastewater in the CNMI, told regulators in April 2026 that monthly fuel costs would rise from $4.2 million to more than $8.2 million and that cash could run out by early summer; board members warned load-shedding outages would also disrupt water service. The CPUC let the Fuel Adjustment Charge rise to 44.489 cents per kWh effective May 15, 2026, a near-doubling that residents said hit families already struggling after Super Typhoon Sinlaku. CUC's CFO warned that without generation water and sewer service would become a crisis, and in July 2026 the House unanimously passed HB 24-107 for a $40 million emergency credit line.","location":{"name":"Commonwealth Utilities Corporation (all islands)","type":"Territorial utility service area","state":"MP","states":["MP"],"detail":"Saipan, Tinian and Rota, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands","coordinates":{"lat":15.185,"lon":145.75,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Saipan","Tinian","Rota"],"extent":"statewide","pwsid":"MP0000001"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Fuel-cost exposure and depleted cash at a combined power-water utility threaten water and sewer operations that depend on electricity.","secondary_drivers":["Diesel fuel price spike","Typhoon recovery costs","Base rate unchanged since 2014"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Potential harm only: CFO Betty Terlaje warned that without generation water and sewer services would become a crisis (ref 3); no water-quality harm is documented.","service":"Partial risk to service: board member Simon Sanchez said load shedding, under discussion as cash ran short, would also disrupt water service (ref 1).","scale":"Territory-wide: the Fuel Adjustment Charge applies to all CUC customers on Saipan, Tinian and Rota (ref 2); the Saipan water system alone serves 48,524 people (ref 5).","duration":"Months: CUC sought to lift the FAC cap on March 31, 2026 (ref 1) and was still seeking emergency borrowing authority in July 2026 (ref 4).","significance":"Formal regulatory action: the CPUC approved the FAC increase to 44.489 cents per kWh effective May 15, 2026 (ref 2), and the House passed HB 24-107 (ref 4)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":54033,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS populations for CUC Saipan (48,524), Tinian (3,005) and Rota (2,504) water systems (refs 5, 6)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Fuel Adjustment Charge raised to 44.489 cents per kWh effective May 15, 2026, a near-doubling (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Fuel Adjustment Charge from May 15, 2026","value":44.489,"unit":"cents/kWh","status":"Reported","note":"Up from 24.5 cents on April 1 and 19.706 cents before March 16, 2026 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Projected monthly fuel cost","value":8.2,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Up from $4.2 million; CUC projected a $4 million shortfall (ref 1)."},{"name":"Unrestricted cash after Sinlaku","value":14.5,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Already obligated to incurred expenses (ref 3)."},{"name":"Emergency credit line passed by House","value":40,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"HB 24-107, pending in the Senate (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Cash depletion warned by early summer 2026 (ref 1)","Only $14.5 million unrestricted cash, already obligated (ref 3)","Emergency borrowing sought from the Legislature (ref 4)","Base rate unchanged since April 2014 (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Fuel costs doubled in April 2026 (ref 1) and typhoon costs reached $18.3 million in 37 days (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Commonwealth Utilities Corporation (CUC) Board","role":"Utility governance"},{"name":"Commonwealth Public Utilities Commission (CPUC)","role":"Rate regulator"},{"name":"CNMI Legislature","role":"Borrowing authorization"}],"public_contact":"CUC Customer Service, Saipan: (670) 664-4282","corrective_actions":["CPUC-approved FAC increase to recover fuel costs (ref 2)","Hiring pause, reduced crew hours and deferred discretionary spending at CUC (ref 3)","HB 24-107 $40 million emergency credit line passed by the House (ref 4)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"CUC asks CPUC to lift FAC cap as fuel costs double","publisher":"Isla Public Media (KPRG)","date":"2026-04-06","url":"https://www.islapublic.org/news/2026-04-06/cuc-asks-cpuc-to-lift-fac-cap-as-fuel-costs-double","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"CUC's fuel adjustment hike triggers backlash as residents brace for higher bills","publisher":"Isla Public Media (KPRG)","date":"2026-05-20","url":"https://www.islapublic.org/news/2026-05-20/cucs-fuel-adjustment-hike-triggers-backlash-as-residents-brace-for-higher-bills","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"CNMI's utility body eyes borrowing, warns of systems collapse due to depleting cash and fuel reserve","publisher":"Pacific Island Times","date":"2026-05-22","url":"https://www.pacificislandtimes.com/post/cnmi-s-utility-body-eyes-borrowing-warns-of-systems-collapse-due-to-depleting-cash-and-fuel-reserve","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"House approves $40M CUC credit line as utility defends borrowing plan","publisher":"Isla Public Media (KPRG)","date":"2026-07-20","url":"https://www.islapublic.org/news/2026-07-20/house-approves-40m-cuc-credit-line-as-utility-defends-borrowing-plan","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record MP0000001, Commonwealth Utilities Corp (Saipan)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MP0000001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"SDWIS water systems, Northern Mariana Islands","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/MP/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (MP in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Senate action on HB 24-107 not reported","Water and sewer rate changes not reported"],"related_ids":["US-MP-SAIPAN-TYPHOON-WATER-OUTAGE-2026"]},{"id":"US-MP-SAIPAN-WEST-LAGOON-BACTERIA-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Chronic enterococci advisories at Saipan west-coast lagoon beaches and drains","description":"BECQ's weekly marine water reports flag Saipan west-coast beaches and storm drainages almost every week for enterococci above CNMI marine water quality standards, advising the public not to fish or swim within 300 feet for 48 hours. DPW Channel Bridge, Central Repair Shop and Tanapag Meeting Hall are flagged most often, and the West Takpochau and Achugao lagoon segments are on the CNMI 303(d) impaired list with urban runoff, storm sewers, sewer overflows and septic systems named as sources. BECQ notes some stormwater bacteria may come from soils rather than sewage.","location":{"name":"Saipan Lagoon west coast (West Takpochau, Achugao)","type":"Coastal lagoon and beach segments","state":"MP","states":["MP"],"detail":"Garapan to Tanapag, west coast of Saipan, CNMI","coordinates":{"lat":15.21,"lon":145.72,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Saipan"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Fecal indicator bacteria in recreational coastal water trigger repeated swim and fishing advisories.","secondary_drivers":["Urban stormwater runoff","Septic systems","Sewer overflows"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Documented exceedances: BECQ samples at sites such as DPW Channel, Smiling Cove Marina and Garapan Fishing Base exceeded CNMI enterococci standards in the week of October 6, 2026 (ref 1); the 2024 report lists Enterococci impairment of the W. Takpochau (Central) stream (ref 2).","service":"Advisories: BECQ advises the public not to fish or swim within 300 feet of flagged sites for 48 hours or until notified (ref 1).","scale":"A community-scale shoreline: west-coast Saipan beaches and drains from Garapan to Tanapag (ref 1), with the 1.9-mile W. Takpochau (South) and 2.4-mile Achugao (South) segments listed (ref 2).","duration":"Chronic: 114 of 123 Saipan west-coast weekly reports posted since October 2023 flagged at least one site (ref 1), and several segment listings date to 2010 (ref 2).","significance":"Formal listing: West Takpochau and Achugao segments are Category 5 on the draft 2024 CWA 303(d) list (ref 2), with an EPA-approved 2018 bacteriological TMDL guiding Saipan investment."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Beach users and fishers; no count published."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"DPW Channel Bridge (WB 10) was flagged for excessive enterococci in 34 of 47 Saipan west-coast weekly reports since October 2025 (count of BECQ reports in ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"West-coast weekly reports with at least one flagged site since Oct 2023","value":114,"unit":"reports","status":"Estimated","note":"Out of 123 Saipan west-coast reports dated October 11, 2023 to October 6, 2026, counted from the BECQ results page (ref 1)."},{"name":"DPW Channel Bridge flags since Oct 2023","value":60,"unit":"weekly reports","status":"Estimated","note":"Counted from BECQ results page (ref 1); Tanapag Meeting Hall 50 and Central Repair Shop 49."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Flags recur nearly every week across the three-year window (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"CNMI Bureau of Environmental and Coastal Quality, Division of Environmental Quality","role":"Water quality monitoring and advisories"},{"name":"CNMI Department of Public Works","role":"Storm drainage"},{"name":"Commonwealth Utilities Corporation","role":"Sewer system"}],"public_contact":"BECQ-DEQ beach water quality inquiries: (670) 664-8500","corrective_actions":["Weekly enterococci sampling and red-flag advisories (ref 1)","Implementation of the EPA-approved 2018 Bacteriological TMDL in wastewater and stormwater improvements on Saipan (ref 2)","Source tracking and enforcement with CUC and the DEQ WEEC program (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Marine Quality Report (beach advisory results), weekly reports 2022-2026","publisher":"CNMI BECQ Division of Environmental Quality","date":null,"url":"https://www.deq.gov.mp/beach-advisory-results.php","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-08"},{"ref":2,"title":"2024 DRAFT CNMI 305(b) and 303(d) Water Quality Assessment Integrated Report","publisher":"CNMI Bureau of Environmental and Coastal Quality","date":"2025-09-01","url":"https://www.deq.gov.mp/assets/news-docs/cnmi-2024-draft-integrated-water-quality-report.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (MP in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["No independent news source opened","Integrated report is a public-review draft"],"related_ids":["US-MP-STATEWIDE-IMPAIRED-WATERS-2025"]},{"id":"US-MP-STATEWIDE-IMPAIRED-WATERS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Half of CNMI stream miles and 79% of wetland acres impaired (2024 draft report)","description":"BECQ's draft 2024 Clean Water Act integrated report, released for public review in September 2025, finds 50.3 of 100.5 stream miles and 568.4 acres (79%) of wetlands impaired, with no stream miles fully supporting all uses; 98.0 coastal miles (41%) are impaired or unassessed. The most common pollutants are Enterococci bacteria, nutrients and heavy metals including mercury in fish tissue, from unsewered development, deteriorating sewers, animal pens and stormwater. Listed waters include Lake Susupe on Saipan, coastal segments on Tinian and Rota, and Farallon de Medinilla, impaired for aesthetic use from military bombing.","location":{"name":"CNMI coastal waters, streams, wetlands and lakes","type":"Territory-wide surface waters","state":"MP","states":["MP"],"detail":"Saipan, Tinian, Rota, Managaha and the Northern Islands, CNMI","coordinates":{"lat":15.185,"lon":145.75,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Saipan","Tinian","Rota","Northern Islands"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","other"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Clean Water Act assessment finds designated uses not met across streams, wetlands and coastal segments.","secondary_drivers":["Unsewered development","Stormwater runoff","Legacy military pollution"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Documented impairment: the draft report finds 50.3 stream miles (50%) and 568.4 wetland acres (79%) impaired, with mercury in fish tissue among the pollutants (ref 1).","service":"No drinking-water service loss: the report says CNMI lakes are not managed as potable supplies, and the impairments affect recreation and aquatic life (ref 1).","scale":"Territory-wide assessment covering 240.5 coastal miles, 100.5 stream miles, 716.2 wetland acres and 267.4 lake acres (ref 1).","duration":"Long-standing: many segment-pollutant listings, such as phosphate at Kalabera and Masalok, were first listed in 2004 (ref 1).","significance":"Formal CWA Section 303(d) listing of Category 5 waters requiring TMDLs (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Territory-wide surface waters; no affected population stated."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Freshwater Streams: 0 miles (0%) fully support all designated uses; 50.2 miles (50%) do not have enough data for a full assessment; 50.3 miles (50%) are impaired (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Impaired stream miles","value":50.3,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Of 100.5 mapped stream miles (ref 1)."},{"name":"Impaired wetland acres","value":568.4,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"79% of 716.2 acres (ref 1)."},{"name":"Coastal miles impaired or unassessed","value":98,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"41% of 240.5 coastal miles (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Some nitrate and pH listings were removed this cycle (ref 1), but no comparable prior summary was opened."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"CNMI Bureau of Environmental and Coastal Quality","role":"CWA assessment and 303(d) listing"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 9","role":"Approves 303(d) list"}],"public_contact":"BECQ-DEQ: (670) 664-8500","corrective_actions":["Implementation of the EPA-approved 2018 Bacteriological TMDL on Saipan (ref 1)","BMP retrofits and roadway reconstruction to cut sediment runoff, such as the Lao Lao Bay low-water crossings (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2024 DRAFT CNMI 305(b) and 303(d) Water Quality Assessment Integrated Report","publisher":"CNMI Bureau of Environmental and Coastal Quality","date":"2025-09-01","url":"https://www.deq.gov.mp/assets/news-docs/cnmi-2024-draft-integrated-water-quality-report.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Marine Quality Report (beach advisory results)","publisher":"CNMI BECQ Division of Environmental Quality","date":null,"url":"https://www.deq.gov.mp/beach-advisory-results.php","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-08"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (MP in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Report is a public-review draft; final EPA approval not confirmed"],"related_ids":["US-MP-SAIPAN-WEST-LAGOON-BACTERIA-2026"]},{"id":"US-NM-SUNLAND-PARK-CRRUA-ARSENIC-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Camino Real utility bypassed arsenic treatment, served water above arsenic limit","description":"State regulators found that all three arsenic treatment plants of the Camino Real Regional Utility Authority, which serves Sunland Park and Santa Teresa, had been offline and bypassed for more than a year without public notice; NMED confirmed a Do Not Drink order for parts of the system in December 2023, issued $251,580 in penalties in March 2024, and residents sued in November 2024. In February 2026 the utility agreed to pay $189,000 in penalties to settle state drinking water violations, while regulators continued to ask a court to appoint an independent manager.","location":{"name":"Camino Real Regional Utility Authority","type":"Regional water and wastewater utility service area","state":"NM","states":["NM"],"detail":"Sunland Park and Santa Teresa, southern Dona Ana County","coordinates":{"lat":31.7965,"lon":-106.5799,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Dona Ana"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NM3502507"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Arsenic exceedances followed the bypassing and breakdown of treatment equipment, a water-quality failure caused by infrastructure and operations.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA SDWIS lists 11 arsenic MCL violations at NM3502507 for quarters from January 2023 to October 2024, with running averages up to 0.028 mg/L against the 0.010 mg/L limit (ref 4); an unannounced NMED sample in March 2024 also exceeded the limit (ref 1).","service":"NMED confirmed a Do Not Drink order on Dec. 1, 2023 after elevated pH in the distribution system, urging customers in eight Sunland Park and Santa Teresa neighborhoods to use bottled water for drinking, cooking and bathing (ref 5); residents were also told to limit tap water during the arsenic problems (ref 1).","scale":"The utility serves 21,930 people per SDWIS (ref 4); the residents' lawsuit cites more than 19,000 residents (ref 2).","duration":"Regulators found the treatment plants offline and intentionally bypassed for more than a year, and EPA records show arsenic violations reported quarterly over the past decade (ref 2).","significance":"NMED issued $251,580 in penalties in March 2024 (ref 1), residents filed a civil-rights lawsuit in Nov 2024 (ref 2), and in Feb 2026 the utility agreed to pay $189,000 in penalties while regulators still sought a court-appointed independent manager (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":21930,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"All three arsenic treatment plants were found \"offline and intentionally bypassed\" for more than a year without public notification (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"NMED civil penalty (March 2024)","value":251580,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2; appealed by CRRUA."},{"name":"Settlement with NMED (Feb 2026)","value":189000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Highest arsenic running average in SDWIS violations, 2023-2024","value":0.028,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Quarter beginning 2024-04-01; MCL 0.010 mg/L (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Sunland Park approved a new CRRUA water and wastewater rate after a study found rates were not keeping up with system needs (ref 3)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Treatment repaired in Jan 2024 and tests since April 2024 below the federal arsenic limit (ref 2); the independent-manager request remained unresolved in Feb 2026 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Mexico Environment Department, Drinking Water Bureau","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Camino Real Regional Utility Authority","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Third Judicial District Court (Dona Ana County)","role":"Court hearing resident and state actions"}],"public_contact":"New Mexico Environment Department, 1190 St. Francis Drive, Santa Fe, NM 87505; (505) 827-2855","corrective_actions":["Arsenic treatment equipment repaired in January 2024 (ref 2).","February 2026 settlement: $189,000 in penalties for drinking water violations (ref 3).","Regulators asked the district court to appoint an independent manager to run the utility (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Arsenic standard exceeded in New Mexico utility's water samples","publisher":"Western Water","date":"2024-04-01","url":"https://www.western-water.com/2024/04/01/arsenic-standard-exceeded-in-new-mexico-utilitys-water-samples","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Southern NM utility sued over arsenic in water","publisher":"Western Water (republishing Source NM)","date":"2024-11-27","url":"https://www.western-water.com/2024/11/27/southern-nm-utility-sued-over-arsenic-in-water/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"New Mexico fines Camino Real utility $189,000 over arsenic, safety violations","publisher":"KFOX14/CBS4","date":"2026-02-11","url":"https://kfoxtv.com/news/local/new-mexico-fines-camino-real-utility-189000-over-arsenic-safety-violations","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: NM3502507","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NM/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CAMINO%20REAL/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"Environment Department confirms \"Do Not Drink\" order required for Camino Real Regional Utility Authority","publisher":"New Mexico Environment Department","date":"2023-12-01","url":"https://www.env.nm.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/2023-12-01-COMMS-Environment-Department-confirms-Do-Not-Drink-order-required-for-Camino-Real-Regional-Utility-Authority-Final.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New record (NM in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NM-SUNLAND-PARK-SEWAGE-CRRUA-2026"]},{"id":"US-NM-LORDSBURG-FLUORIDE-MCL-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lordsburg water system exceeds fluoride limit every quarter since at least 2023","description":"The Lordsburg Water Supply System in Hidalgo County has exceeded the 4.0 mg/L fluoride maximum contaminant level in every reported quarter from 2023 into 2026, with a running annual average of 6.5 mg/L in the second quarter of 2024. NMED issued a Notice of Violation in July 2024 requiring quarterly public notice while the exceedance persists.","location":{"name":"Lordsburg Water Supply System","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NM","states":["NM"],"detail":"City of Lordsburg, Hidalgo County","coordinates":{"lat":32.3504,"lon":-108.7087,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Hidalgo"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NM3522812"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is a naturally elevated fluoride concentration in the groundwater supply that exceeds a primary standard.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"NMED's NOV (ref 1) records a fluoride running annual average of 6.5 mg/L at Entry Point 1 in Q2 2024, above the 4.0 mg/L MCL.","service":"NMED required Lordsburg to notify all customers within 30 days and repeat the notice every three months while the exceedance persists (ref 1).","scale":"The system serves 3,298 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"SDWIS lists fluoride MCL violations for every quarter from January 2023 through April 2026, with averages of 4.7-6.5 mg/L (ref 3).","significance":"A formal Notice of Violation was issued in July 2024 and placed the system on NMED's Enforcement Watch (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":3298,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Fluoride running annual average of 6.5 mg/L at EP #1, 2nd quarter 2024; MCL 4.0 mg/L (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Fluoride RAA, Q2 2024","value":6.5,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Fluoride RAA, quarter beginning 2026-04-01","value":4.8,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS violation record (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"SDWIS averages fell from 6.5 mg/L (2024) to 4.7-4.8 mg/L (2025-2026) but remain above the MCL (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Mexico Environment Department, Drinking Water Bureau","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"City of Lordsburg","role":"Water system owner"}],"public_contact":"New Mexico Environment Department, 1190 St. Francis Drive, Santa Fe, NM 87505; (505) 827-2855","corrective_actions":["Quarterly public notification required by NMED NOV (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Notice of Violation--Fluoride Maximum Contaminant Level, Lordsburg Water Supply System NM3522812","publisher":"New Mexico Environment Department, Drinking Water Bureau","date":"2024-07-09","url":"https://cloud.env.nm.gov/resources/_translator.php/MGUzMWUwNzY5YWE4M2NkZGI5MTQ5NzcyM18xNjM1Nzc~.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: NM3522812","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NM/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LORDSBURG/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS health-based violations, New Mexico","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/NM/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:9999/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (NM in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["corrective_actions beyond public notice not documented in cited sources"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NM-LAS-VEGAS-DBP-POSTFIRE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Las Vegas, NM: post-fire organic carbon drives disinfection byproduct violations","description":"After the 2022 Hermits Peak/Calf Canyon Fire changed organic carbon in the Gallinas River, the City of Las Vegas repeatedly failed total organic carbon removal and exceeded the total trihalomethane standard, including in the third quarter of 2024. The city said fire impacts on river water could last 15 years or more; NMED and the city plan a new water treatment plant in 2026.","location":{"name":"City of Las Vegas water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NM","states":["NM"],"detail":"City of Las Vegas, San Miguel County; Gallinas River supply","coordinates":{"lat":35.5939,"lon":-105.2239,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["San Miguel"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NM3518025"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Wildfire-altered source water exceeds the capacity of the existing treatment plant, producing byproduct violations.","secondary_drivers":["Wildfire (Hermits Peak/Calf Canyon Fire, 2022)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The city's Nov 2024 notice (ref 1) reports TTHM above the 0.080 mg/L MCL in Q3 2024; SDWIS lists 11 TTHM MCL violations from 2023-2024 with averages up to 0.090 mg/L (ref 5).","service":"Customers received repeated Tier 2 notices; the city said no boiling or alternative water was required (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The system serves 14,530 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"The city says river water quality impacts could continue for 15 years or more (ref 2), and SDWIS shows TTHM and TOC violations across 2023-2025 (ref 5).","significance":"Formal SDWA MCL and treatment-technique violations with public notice (refs 1, 2); NMED reported working with the city on upgrades (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":14530,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Testing showed the system exceeded the MCL for Total Trihalomethanes during the 3rd quarter of 2024; the standard is 0.080 mg/L (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest TTHM running average in SDWIS violations, 2023-2024","value":0.09,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"MCL 0.080 mg/L (ref 5)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"NMED reported in Aug 2025 that water met regulations but TTHM levels were above average (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Mexico Environment Department, Drinking Water Bureau","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"City of Las Vegas Utilities","role":"Water system operator"}],"public_contact":"City of Las Vegas, 1700 North Grand Avenue, Las Vegas, NM 87701; (505) 454-1401","corrective_actions":["Enhanced coagulation and process changes at the treatment plant (ref 2).","New transmission lines, filters and monitoring technology installed with NMED (ref 3).","New water treatment plant planned for 2026 (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PSA 11-12-24: Important information about your drinking water (TTHM)","publisher":"City of Las Vegas, NM","date":"2024-11-12","url":"https://www.lasvegasnm.gov/post/psa-11-12-24-important-information-about-your-drinking-water","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"PSA 10-28-24: Important information about your drinking water (TOC removal)","publisher":"City of Las Vegas, NM","date":"2024-10-28","url":"https://www.lasvegasnm.gov/post/psa-10-28-24-important-information-about-your-drinking-water","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"Las Vegas gets upgrades to drinking water and wastewater systems","publisher":"KOB 4","date":"2025-08-19","url":"https://www.kob.com/news/top-news/las-vegas-gets-upgrades-to-drinking-water-and-wastewater-systems/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: NM3518025","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NM/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LAS%20VEGAS/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"EPA SDWIS health-based violations, New Mexico","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/NM/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:9999/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NM in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NM-LAS-VEGAS-POSTFIRE-WATER-INFRA-2025"]},{"id":"US-NM-RUIDOSO-POSTFIRE-WATER-ADVISORY-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"South Fork and Salt fires trigger drinking water advisory for Ruidoso-area systems","description":"On June 18, 2024, NMED and the Department of Health issued a precautionary do-not-drink advisory for nine public water systems in Lincoln County, including the Ruidoso Water System, after the South Fork and Salt fires. The advisory for Ruidoso was lifted on August 5-6, 2024, but remained in place for four smaller systems serving 929 people.","location":{"name":"Ruidoso Water System and nearby systems","type":"Municipal utility service area and small community systems","state":"NM","states":["NM"],"detail":"Village of Ruidoso and surrounding Lincoln County","coordinates":{"lat":33.3317,"lon":-105.6731,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lincoln"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"NM3513114"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Wildfire damage to watersheds and system facilities created possible contamination of drinking water.","secondary_drivers":["Wildfire (South Fork and Salt fires, 2024)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"NMED cited possible contamination related to wildfire impacts (ref 1); no confirmed exceedance is reported in the cited releases.","service":"Residents of nine systems were told to seek alternative drinking water sources and not to bathe infants in the water (ref 1).","scale":"NMED listed 19,195 people for the Ruidoso Water System and 3,406 for Alto Lakes among the nine systems (ref 1).","duration":"The Ruidoso advisory ran from June 18 to early August 2024, and four systems were still under advisory on Aug 6, 2024 (ref 2).","significance":"A formal state drinking water advisory issued by NMED's Drinking Water Bureau and NMHealth (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":19195,"status":"Reported","note":"Ruidoso Water System population listed by NMED (ref 1); SDWIS lists 15,947 (ref 3). Other systems in the advisory served about 5,700 more per ref 1."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Precautionary drinking water advisory for nine Lincoln County systems due to possible contamination related to wildfire impacts (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems under advisory (June 18, 2024)","value":9,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Population of systems still under advisory (Aug 6, 2024)","value":929,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"Tall Pines 84, Cedar Creek 536, Alpine Village 253, Gavilan Hills 56 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Advisory lifted for the Ruidoso Water System in Aug 2024 (ref 2); the village reported fire-related monitoring disruptions into 2025 (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Mexico Environment Department, Drinking Water Bureau","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"New Mexico Department of Health","role":"Co-issuer of advisory"},{"name":"Village of Ruidoso","role":"Water system operator"}],"public_contact":"NMED Drinking Water Bureau Compliance Supervisor, 575-323-4298 (as listed in ref 2)","corrective_actions":["Post-fire recovery work by the Ruidoso Water System with NMED (ref 2).","Ongoing monitoring of reservoirs, wells and tanks reported to Village Council in June 2025 (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Precautionary water advisory for Ruidoso and surrounding areas following the South Fork Fire and Salt Fire","publisher":"New Mexico Environment Department","date":"2024-06-18","url":"https://www.env.nm.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/2024-06-18-COMMS-Precautionary-water-advisory-for-Ruidoso-and-surrounding-areas-following-the-South-Fork-Fire-and-Salt-Fire-F.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Environment Department confirms the Precautionary Water Advisory lifted for all areas of the Ruidoso Water System","publisher":"New Mexico Environment Department","date":"2024-08-06","url":"https://www.env.nm.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/2024-08-06-COMMS-Environment-Department-confirms-the-Precautionary-Water-Advisory-lifted-for-All-Areas-of-the-Ruidoso-Water-System-FINAL-2.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: NM3513114","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NM/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/RUIDOSO/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"Village of Ruidoso Releases 2023-2025 Water Monitoring Data","publisher":"Village of Ruidoso","date":"2025-06-13","url":"https://www.ruidoso-nm.gov/news-info/dkjxfn9e89krwnpbn4rhdy62rzgg9k","basis":"Local government"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (NM in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NM-RUIDOSO-FLOOD-WATER-SEWER-DAMAGE-2025"]},{"id":"US-NM-CANNON-AFB-PFAS-GROUNDWATER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Cannon Air Force Base PFAS plume in the Ogallala Aquifer contaminates wells and dairies","description":"Decades of PFAS firefighting foam releases at Cannon Air Force Base near Clovis created a groundwater plume extending about four miles southeast of the base in the Ogallala Aquifer; the state says it forced a local dairy to euthanize 3,500 cows. New Mexico filed a new Hazardous Waste Act lawsuit in June 2025, its federal damages claim became a national bellwether case, and in May 2026 NMED and the Air Force agreed to joint off-base sampling while NMED funds well filters and an EPCOR water-line extension for about 100 private well owners.","location":{"name":"Cannon AFB PFAS plume (Curry County)","type":"Groundwater contamination plume near military installation","state":"NM","states":["NM"],"detail":"Off-base area southeast of Cannon Air Force Base, near Clovis, Curry County; Ogallala (High Plains) Aquifer","coordinates":{"lat":34.3828,"lon":-103.3222,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Curry"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS from firefighting foam contaminated the aquifer that supplies private wells and dairies.","secondary_drivers":["Military aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"NMED says the plume resulted in the euthanizing of 3,500 dairy cows poisoned by contaminated groundwater (ref 1), and its blood testing found people closest to the plume more likely to have higher levels of foam-linked PFAS (ref 4). The state's June 2025 complaint cites PFAS at 26,200 ppt in base groundwater (ref 9).","service":"NMED is installing free PFAS filters for affected private wells and funding a $12 million EPCOR line extension to connect about 100 well owners (ref 3), indicating wells unfit for unfiltered use.","scale":"The plume extends about four miles southeast of the base (ref 1); about 100 private well owners are targeted for new connections (ref 3).","duration":"The state and Air Force have litigated cleanup since 2019, and NMED described the plume in July 2025 as still unremediated after six years (ref 2).","significance":"New Mexico sued the Air Force under the amended Hazardous Waste Act in June 2025 (ref 1) and asked a court to compel inspector access in July 2025 (ref 2); its CERCLA claim became a federal bellwether case (ref 5)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No count of exposed residents is given; about 100 private well owners are targeted for connections (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A groundwater plume extending approximately four miles southeast of Cannon AFB that resulted in the euthanizing of 3,500 dairy cows (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Dairy cows euthanized","value":3500,"unit":"cows","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"State appropriation for EPCOR water-line extension (2025)","value":12000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Air Force cleanup investment to date","value":74000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 6."},{"name":"PFAS in Cannon AFB groundwater cited in state complaint","value":26200,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 9."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"May 2026 verbal agreement on joint off-base sampling at dairies (ref 6)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Department of the Air Force","role":"Responsible party (Cannon AFB)"},{"name":"New Mexico Environment Department","role":"State environmental regulator and plaintiff"},{"name":"New Mexico Department of Justice","role":"Co-plaintiff"}],"public_contact":"NMED Water Protection Division Special Projects Coordinator, (505) 469-9064 (PFAS well testing, as listed in ref 3)","corrective_actions":["Free PFAS filters for affected private wells in Curry County (ref 3).","EPCOR extension to connect about 100 private well owners, funded by a $12 million 2025 appropriation (ref 3).","Free PFAS blood testing offered in fall 2024 near the base (ref 4).","NMED-led off-base groundwater sampling with Air Force funding under a May 2026 verbal agreement (ref 6)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"NMED and NMDOJ file new lawsuit against Air Force","publisher":"New Mexico Environment Department","date":"2025-06-23","url":"https://www.env.nm.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/2025-06-23-COMMS-NMED-and-NMDOJ-file-new-lawsuit-against-Air-Force.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Air Force denies state inspectors access to test for toxic PFAS","publisher":"New Mexico Environment Department","date":"2025-07-24","url":"https://www.env.nm.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2025-07-24-COMMS-Air-Force-denies-state-inspectors-access-to-test-for-toxic-PFAS.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Test Your Water (PFAS well testing, filters and Curry County connections)","publisher":"New Mexico Environment Department","date":null,"url":"https://www.env.nm.gov/pfas/test-your-water/","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"PFAS Blood Testing Program","publisher":"New Mexico Environment Department","date":null,"url":"https://www.env.nm.gov/pfas/pfas-blood-testing-program/","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"New Mexico PFAS claim filed as federal bellwether case","publisher":"New Mexico Environment Department","date":"2025-06-27","url":"https://www.env.nm.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/2025-06-27-COMMS-New-Mexico-PFAS-claim-filed-as-federal-bellwether-case-FINAL-1.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":6,"title":"NMED, DAF verbally agree to collaboration that advances PFAS cleanup at Cannon AFB","publisher":"New Mexico Environment Department and U.S. Department of the Air Force","date":"2026-05-12","url":"https://www.env.nm.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/2026-05-12-COMMS-NMED-DAF-verbally-agree-to-PFAS-cleanup-at-Cannon-AFB-Draft-002.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":7,"title":"New Mexico seeks costs and damages for PFAS contamination from the U.S. Department of Defense","publisher":"New Mexico Environment Department","date":"2024-07-08","url":"https://www.env.nm.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/2024-07-08-COMMS-New-Mexico-seeks-costs-and-damages-for-PFAS-contamination-from-the-U.S.-Department-of-Defense-under-new-U.S.-Environmental-Protection-Agen.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":8,"title":"Legal Action Against U.S. Department of War","publisher":"New Mexico Environment Department","date":null,"url":"https://www.env.nm.gov/pfas/legal-action-against-us-air-force-facilities/","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":9,"title":"Complaint for permit enforcement and violations of the New Mexico Hazardous Waste Act (State of New Mexico v. United States)","publisher":"New Mexico Environment Department","date":"2025-06-23","url":"https://www.env.nm.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Complaint-and-Exhibit.pdf","basis":"Court filing"},{"ref":10,"title":"NMED PFAS Update, Radioactive and Hazardous Materials Committee","publisher":"New Mexico Environment Department (via NM Legislature)","date":"2025-09-02","url":"https://www.nmlegis.gov/handouts/RHMC%20090225%20Item%201%20NMED%20PFAS%20Update.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (NM in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Measured PFAS concentrations in off-base wells not stated in cited state sources"],"related_ids":["US-NM-HOLLOMAN-LAKE-PFAS-WILDLIFE-2025"]},{"id":"US-NM-LA-CIENEGA-PFAS-WELLS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"PFAS plume west of Santa Fe airport contaminates La Cienega and La Cieneguilla wells","description":"A state-funded INTERA study found PFAS in groundwater under about one in three parcels in La Cieneguilla and La Cienega, west of the Santa Fe Regional Airport, with 169 parcels above EPA drinking water standards and total PFAS up to 800 parts per trillion. NMED began offering free private well testing and home filters in November 2025; Santa Fe County is installing monitoring wells and evaluating sources including firefighting foam at the Army National Guard aviation facility, biosolids and wastewater effluent.","location":{"name":"La Cienega and La Cieneguilla","type":"Unincorporated communities on private domestic wells","state":"NM","states":["NM"],"detail":"Southwest of Santa Fe, west of the Santa Fe Regional Airport, Santa Fe County","coordinates":{"lat":35.5967,"lon":-106.115,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Santa Fe"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS contamination of the aquifer used by private domestic wells.","secondary_drivers":["Aqueous film-forming foam and other suspected PFAS sources"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"NMED reports 169 parcels with groundwater PFAS above EPA drinking water standards and total PFAS up to 800 ppt, over 200 times the 4 ppt PFOA/PFOS standard (ref 1).","service":"NMED is installing free home filtration systems where private well results exceed PFAS standards (refs 1, 2).","scale":"About one in three parcels in the two communities showed PFAS in underlying groundwater (ref 1).","duration":"The plume was reported in late 2025 and the county's May 2026 plan schedules ongoing monitoring-well and plume-migration work (ref 3).","significance":"A state-funded investigation with an NMED free testing and filter program and a county source investigation; no enforcement order is cited (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources give parcel counts (169 parcels above standards), not population (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"169 parcels showed contamination above EPA drinking water standards; total PFAS levels as high as 800 parts per trillion (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Parcels with groundwater PFAS above EPA standards","value":169,"unit":"parcels","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Highest total PFAS measured","value":800,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Source and plume migration still under investigation (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Mexico Environment Department, Water Protection Division","role":"State environmental regulator"},{"name":"Santa Fe County","role":"Local government leading source investigation"}],"public_contact":"NMED Water Protection Division Special Projects Coordinator, (505) 469-9064","corrective_actions":["Free private well testing and NMED-contracted home filter installation (ref 1).","Santa Fe County monitoring wells near the airport and Santa Fe River, plume characterization and septic study (ref 3).","NMED investigating the source and responsible parties (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"NMED provides free filters, tests for La Cieneguilla, La Cienega","publisher":"New Mexico Environment Department","date":"2025-11-10","url":"https://www.env.nm.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/2025-11-10-COMMS-NMED-provides-free-filters-tests-for-La-Cieneguilla-La-Cienega-FINAL.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Test Your Water (La Cienega and La Cieneguilla free well testing and home PFAS filters)","publisher":"New Mexico Environment Department","date":null,"url":"https://www.env.nm.gov/pfas/test-your-water/","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Santa Fe County PFAS next steps (La Cienega Valley Association briefing)","publisher":"Santa Fe County","date":"2026-05-21","url":"https://www.santafecountynm.gov/uploads/documents/SFC_PFAS_Next_Steps_LCVA_052126.pdf","basis":"Local government"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (NM in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NM-DONA-ANA-MDWCA-URANIUM-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Dona Ana water association exceeds uranium limit and misses public notice deadline","description":"The Dona Ana Mutual Domestic Water Consumers Association, serving 16,987 people, reported a 2025 uranium running annual average of 48 micrograms per liter at Treatment Plant No. 5, above the 30 microgram limit. NMED said in July 2026 that it would issue an additional violation because the association had not confirmed public notice by the June 11 deadline or proposed corrective action; the association says it has funding for a replacement well.","location":{"name":"Dona Ana MDWCA","type":"Mutual domestic water consumers association service area","state":"NM","states":["NM"],"detail":"Community of Dona Ana north of Las Cruces, Dona Ana County","coordinates":{"lat":32.389,"lon":-106.8156,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Dona Ana"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NM3554307"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Naturally occurring uranium in a groundwater well exceeds the drinking water standard.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"A composite of four 2025 samples at Treatment Plant No. 5 measured 48 micrograms per liter of uranium against the 30 microgram MCL (ref 1).","service":"Customers in the Dona Ana area received a Tier 2 notice; no alternative water was required, and Well 5 water is blended (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 16,987 people served (ref 3); NMED did not specify how many receive water from Treatment Plant No. 5 (ref 1).","duration":"SDWIS shows uranium MCL violations assigned to quarters from 2025 into April 2026 (ref 4), and the system stays out of compliance until the average falls below 30 micrograms per liter (ref 1).","significance":"NMED issued a uranium MCL Notice of Violation dated May 11 and said it would issue an additional violation for missed public notice (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":16987,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3); the affected sub-area is smaller and not quantified (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Running annual average uranium level of 48 micrograms per liter at Treatment Plant No. 5; MCL 30 micrograms per liter (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Uranium running annual average, Treatment Plant No. 5","value":48,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1, 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Replacement well funded; no completion date given (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Mexico Environment Department, Drinking Water Bureau","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Dona Ana Mutual Domestic Water Consumers Association","role":"Water system operator"}],"public_contact":"New Mexico Environment Department, 1190 St. Francis Drive, Santa Fe, NM 87505; (505) 827-2855","corrective_actions":["Well 5 water blended with compliant wells (ref 2).","Replacement well funded; Well 5 to go offline when complete (ref 2).","Quarterly uranium monitoring required by NMED (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Dona Ana water system faces new violation after failing to notify customers of uranium exceedance","publisher":"Organ Mountain News via New Mexico News Port","date":"2026-07-28","url":"https://newmexiconewsport.com/dona-ana-water-system-faces-new-violation-after-failing-to-notify-customers-of-uranium-exceedance/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Dona Ana water exceeds uranium standard","publisher":"KFOX14/CBS4","date":"2026-07-28","url":"https://kfoxtv.com/news/local/dona-ana-water-exceeds-uranium-standard","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: NM3554307","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NM/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/DONA%20ANA/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS health-based violations, New Mexico","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/NM/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:9999/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (NM in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NM-GALLUP-GROUNDWATER-SUPPLY-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Gallup runs on a shrinking deep-aquifer well field as Navajo-Gallup water is delayed","description":"Gallup relies solely on deep groundwater; by July 2025 only 15 of the more than 45 wells it has built or acquired were in service, and 30 were permanently out of service because of falling water levels, sedimentation and water-quality problems. Surface water from the Navajo-Gallup Water Supply Project was due by December 31, 2024, but the completion deadline was extended to December 31, 2029, leaving the city and connected Navajo chapters on groundwater while Gallup pays about $2.9 million a quarter toward the project.","location":{"name":"Gallup Water System","type":"Municipal utility service area and regional system","state":"NM","states":["NM"],"detail":"City of Gallup and connected Navajo Nation chapters, McKinley County","coordinates":{"lat":35.5281,"lon":-108.7426,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["McKinley"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NM3508317"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Aquifer decline has disabled most of the city's wells while the replacement surface-water project is behind schedule.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The city reports major drops in water levels and water-quality problems that put 30 wells permanently out of service (ref 1); no health exceedance is cited.","service":"Gallup says it can produce about 3,000 acre-feet a year, down from 4,335 acre-feet in 1998, and runs its well field at physical limits (ref 1).","scale":"The system serves 20,880 people per SDWIS (ref 3) and supplies Navajo chapters including Church Rock, Iyanbito and Red Rock reaches before surface water arrives (ref 1).","duration":"Water levels have declined over 30 years and the federal completion deadline moved from Dec 2024 to Dec 2029 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Gallup told the Legislature it cannot afford project payments of over $10 million a year plus new 3,000-foot wells costing about $6 million each (ref 1); no formal enforcement is involved."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":20880,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Only 15 wells are in service; 30 wells are out of service and are never to be used again (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Wells permanently out of service","value":30,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Annual groundwater production (10-year average)","value":3000,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Gallup payments to NGWSP to date","value":58619742.98,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["City states it cannot afford NGWSP payments and maintain its water and wastewater systems (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Production has steadily declined over 30 years (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Gallup","role":"Water system owner"},{"name":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","role":"Navajo-Gallup Water Supply Project builder"},{"name":"New Mexico Office of the State Engineer","role":"Groundwater permitting"}],"public_contact":"City of Gallup (published city utility contact channels)","corrective_actions":["Seven new wells proposed under permit G-80/SJ-1491 and four under G-22 to sustain supply through 2030 (ref 1).","Navajo-Gallup Water Supply Project San Juan Lateral treatment plant construction completion targeted for Dec 2028 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Gallup, New Mexico Water Supply (NM Legislative Update 2025)","publisher":"City of Gallup / DePauli Engineering, to NM Legislature Indian Affairs Committee","date":"2025-07-16","url":"https://www.nmlegis.gov/handouts/IAC%20071625%20Item%2010%20Gallup%20Water%20Supply.pdf","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":2,"title":"Navajo-Gallup Water Supply Project update","publisher":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, to NM Legislature Indian Affairs Committee","date":"2025-07-16","url":"https://www.nmlegis.gov/handouts/IAC%20071625%20Item%209%20NGWSP%20Update%20BoR.pdf","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: NM3508317","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NM/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/GALLUP/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (NM in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CO-RIVER-SHORTAGE-2026","US-NM-NAVAJO-GALLUP-WATER-PROJECT-FUNDING-2025","US-NM-CHURCH-ROCK-URANIUM-MINE-WASTE-2025"]},{"id":"US-NM-EASTERN-NM-OGALLALA-DECLINE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Ogallala decline threatens Clovis and Portales supply ahead of Ute pipeline","description":"Clovis, Portales, Texico, Elida and Cannon Air Force Base rely on the Ogallala (High Plains) Aquifer, which the Eastern New Mexico Water Utility Authority describes as rapidly declining and finite; New Mexico's portion has dropped an average 19.1 feet since large-scale irrigation began. The authority's Ute Reservoir pipeline, meant to deliver 16,415 acre-feet a year, secured $77 million more in federal funding in May 2026 but is still years from delivering water.","location":{"name":"Clovis-Portales area (Ogallala Aquifer)","type":"Regional aquifer and municipal supply area","state":"NM","states":["NM"],"detail":"Curry and Roosevelt counties, eastern New Mexico High Plains","coordinates":{"lat":34.4048,"lon":-103.2052,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Curry","Roosevelt"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"NM3527305"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Long-term groundwater mining of the Ogallala threatens the sole municipal source.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ENMWUA says member communities have reached a critical stage in meeting water demands and adding wells cannot continue indefinitely (ref 1).","service":"No outages or mandatory restrictions are reported in the cited sources (refs 1-3).","scale":"EPCOR's Clovis system serves 41,066 and Portales 14,284 people per SDWIS (refs 4, 5).","duration":"New Mexico's Ogallala levels have fallen an average 19.1 feet since the mid-20th century (ref 2) and pipeline delivery is projected within five years of May 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"A federally authorized regional supply project exists to address the declining aquifer (ref 1); no emergency declaration is cited."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":55350,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS populations for EPCOR Clovis (41,066) and Portales (14,284) (refs 4, 5); excludes Texico, Elida and the base."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The Ogallala Aquifer is rapidly declining; the aquifer is a finite resource (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Planned Ute pipeline delivery","value":16415,"unit":"acre-feet per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Average Ogallala water-level decline in New Mexico since pre-development","value":19.1,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Federal funding secured May 2026","value":77000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Aquifer described as rapidly declining (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Eastern New Mexico Water Utility Authority","role":"Regional supply project sponsor"},{"name":"EPCOR Water New Mexico","role":"Clovis water utility"},{"name":"City of Portales","role":"Water system owner"},{"name":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","role":"Federal funder"}],"public_contact":"Eastern New Mexico Water Utility Authority, Clovis, NM","corrective_actions":["Eastern New Mexico Rural Water System (Ute pipeline): 3 phases complete and 4 under construction as of May 2025 (ref 1).","$77 million federal funding for 16.3 miles of pipeline (ref 3).","Clovis expanding water recycling (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Eastern New Mexico Water Utility Authority project update to the Legislative Finance Committee","publisher":"ENMWUA / NM Legislature","date":"2025-05-14","url":"https://www.nmlegis.gov/handouts/ALFC%20051325%20Item%207%20-%20ENMWUA%20Presentation.pdf","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":2,"title":"Agriculture built these High Plains towns. Now, it might run them dry","publisher":"Stateline via Missouri Independent","date":"2024-01-29","url":"https://missouriindependent.com/2024/01/29/agriculture-built-these-high-plains-towns-now-it-might-run-them-dry/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Eastern New Mexico secures $77 million for major rural water pipeline project","publisher":"Underground Infrastructure","date":"2026-05-14","url":"https://undergroundinfrastructure.com/news/2026/may/eastern-new-mexico-secures-77-million-for-major-rural-water-pipeline-project","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: NM3527305","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NM/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CLOVIS/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: NM3528522","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NM/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PORTALES/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (NM in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NM-CANNON-AFB-PFAS-GROUNDWATER-2025"]},{"id":"US-NM-ALBUQUERQUE-RIVER-SUPPLY-CUTOFF-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Albuquerque shifts to groundwater only as Rio Grande and San Juan-Chama supplies fail","description":"The Albuquerque Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority stopped drawing Rio Grande surface water on April 24, 2026, after one of the lowest snowpacks and earliest snowmelts on record, and is relying on groundwater alone. In 2025 New Mexico San Juan-Chama Project contractors, including Albuquerque and Santa Fe, received less than a third of their annual allotment, and project users have received full allocations in only four of the last 12 years.","location":{"name":"Albuquerque Water System","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NM","states":["NM"],"detail":"Albuquerque and Bernalillo County; Middle Rio Grande","coordinates":{"lat":35.0844,"lon":-106.6504,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Bernalillo"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NM3510701"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Drought cut both native Rio Grande flows and imported Colorado Basin water, forcing reliance on the aquifer.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"The utility must turn to its groundwater reserves when river flows are low or absent (ref 1); stretches of the Rio Grande in Albuquerque ran dry in 2025 (ref 1).","service":"The utility stopped river diversions on April 24, 2026 and urged customers to follow monthly lawn-watering limits (ref 1).","scale":"The Albuquerque system serves 560,326 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"San Juan-Chama users have rarely received full allocations since 2014, with less than a third in 2025 (ref 2).","significance":"Operational supply curtailments under federal shortage-sharing protocols (ref 2); no emergency declaration is cited."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":560326,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The Water Utility Authority stopped drawing from the Rio Grande on April 24 and is using groundwater exclusively (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Years of full San Juan-Chama allotment in last 12","value":4,"unit":"years","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"2026 cutoff came earlier than 2025, when drying began July 13 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Albuquerque Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","role":"San Juan-Chama Project operator"},{"name":"City of Santa Fe","role":"San Juan-Chama contractor"}],"public_contact":"Albuquerque Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority (published customer service channels)","corrective_actions":["Customers asked to follow the 'Water by the Numbers' monthly watering limits (ref 1).","Reclamation leasing San Juan-Chama water to keep river reaches wet (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Rio Grande could run partially dry in Albuquerque before the end of May","publisher":"KUNM","date":"2026-05-14","url":"https://www.kunm.org/kunm-news-update/2026-05-14/parts-of-the-rio-grande-could-run-dry-in-albuquerque-by-the-end-of-may","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"New Mexico's intertwined river systems strained by climate change","publisher":"Santa Fe New Mexican","date":"2025-11-16","url":"https://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/new-mexico-s-intertwined-river-systems-strained-by-climate-change/article_aca326a8-75b1-4660-9473-411d0d3edd95.html","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: NM3510701","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NM/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ALBUQUERQUE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (NM in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CO-RIVER-SHORTAGE-2026","US-NM-RIO-GRANDE-ALBUQUERQUE-DRYING-2025"]},{"id":"US-NM-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-EMERGENCY-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Governor declares statewide drought and severe fire emergency amid record-low snowpack","description":"On May 20, 2026, Gov. Michelle Lujan Grisham declared drought and severe fire conditions statewide, citing historically low snowpack, record-high spring temperatures, record-low runoff and below-average river flows. The executive order urges counties and municipalities to adopt water conservation measures and fireworks bans and directs the Drought Task Force to help communities protect water supplies.","location":{"name":"New Mexico (statewide)","type":"State","state":"NM","states":["NM"],"detail":"Statewide declaration","coordinates":{"lat":34.5199,"lon":-105.8701,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A climate-driven shortfall in snowpack and runoff reduces water available statewide.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The governor's office reports record low runoff and below average river flows throughout the state (ref 1), with no specific health harm attributed.","service":"The executive order urges local governments to implement water conservation measures (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The declaration covers the whole state (ref 1).","duration":"The order was issued in May 2026 after a winter of historically low snowpack (ref 1); no end date is reported.","significance":"A formal gubernatorial executive order declaring statewide drought conditions (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide declaration; no affected population figure given."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"New Mexico's snowpack is at a historic low while spring temperatures have soared to record highs, resulting in record low runoff and below average river flows (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Wildfires in first four months of 2026","value":366,"unit":"fires","status":"Reported","note":"Twice the same period in 2025 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The governor's office called conditions the worst drought conditions on record (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Office of the Governor of New Mexico","role":"Emergency declaration"},{"name":"New Mexico Drought Task Force","role":"Coordinates drought response"}],"public_contact":"State drought information portal: Drought.nm.gov","corrective_actions":["Drought Task Force directed to provide information and resources to communities (ref 1).","State drought information portal launched at Drought.nm.gov (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Governor declares statewide drought and severe fire conditions; agencies will coordinate community and water protection efforts","publisher":"Office of the Governor of New Mexico","date":"2026-05-20","url":"https://www.governor.state.nm.us/2026/05/20/governor-declares-statewide-drought-and-severe-fire-conditions-agencies-will-coordinate-community-and-water-protection-efforts/","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"New Mexico governor declares statewide drought and severe fire conditions","publisher":"KOB 4","date":"2026-05-21","url":"https://www.kob.com/news/top-news/new-mexico-governor-declares-statewide-drought-and-severe-fire-conditions/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (NM in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NM-ALBUQUERQUE-RIVER-SUPPLY-CUTOFF-2026","US-NM-ESTANCIA-WELLS-WATER-EMERGENCY-2026"]},{"id":"US-NM-ESTANCIA-WELLS-WATER-EMERGENCY-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Estancia declares water emergency as Estancia Basin wells run dry","description":"The Town of Estancia in Torrance County declared a water emergency, reported in early July 2026, as its wells stopped producing adequately, and began trucking water into its system; trucks had delivered 116,700 gallons by early July. The town cut water sales to the Torrance County Detention Facility, its largest commercial customer, which now trucks in water. Overpumping has lowered the Estancia Basin aquifer, which the State Engineer has closed to new water rights; the state funded a new well.","location":{"name":"Estancia Water System","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NM","states":["NM"],"detail":"Town of Estancia, Torrance County; Estancia Basin aquifer","coordinates":{"lat":34.7584,"lon":-106.0558,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Torrance"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NM3524030"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A declining aquifer and underperforming wells left the town unable to meet demand.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Inside Climate News reports overpumping has caused significant groundwater declines in the Estancia Basin aquifer (ref 1); no health exceedance is reported.","service":"The town is hauling in water to fill its pipes and cut supply to the detention facility, which trucks in water (ref 1).","scale":"Estancia is home to 1,400 people and the detention facility holds up to 800 (ref 1); SDWIS lists 1,355 people served (ref 2).","duration":"The town asked residents to conserve because wells were not producing adequately in 2024 and 2025 before the 2026 emergency (ref 1).","significance":"The town declared a water emergency (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":1355,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2); the town reports about 1,400 residents plus up to 800 detainees (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"As of Saturday, trucks had delivered 116,700 gallons of water to the town (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Water trucked into town by early July 2026","value":116700,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Mayor on leave; trustees passed a no-confidence vote during the crisis (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Conservation calls in 2024 and 2025 escalated to a 2026 emergency (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Estancia","role":"Water system owner"},{"name":"New Mexico Office of the State Engineer","role":"Groundwater rights administration"}],"public_contact":"Town of Estancia clerk's office","corrective_actions":["State-funded new well; 30-day bidding opened in July 2026 (ref 1).","Water hauling into the town system (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"A New Mexico town is running dry. An immigration detention center is its biggest water customer.","publisher":"Inside Climate News via Grist","date":"2026-07-04","url":"https://grist.org/drought/a-new-mexico-town-is-running-dry-an-immigration-detention-center-is-its-biggest-water-customer/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: NM3524030","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NM/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ESTANCIA/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (NM in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NM-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-EMERGENCY-2026"]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":["Deferred maintenance","Aging treatment equipment"],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Emergency-rate repairs; a new plant would likely cost hundreds of millions of dollars (ref 1)","City proposed water rate increases to fund repairs (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"ECHO still lists the plant in significant noncompliance for monthly average limits (ref 6), with EPA orders issued in February and August 2026 (ref 4)."},"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (NM in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"id":"US-NM-SANTA-FE-WWTP-ECOLI-2024","title":"Santa Fe's aging Paseo Real sewage plant fined $2.3M over E. coli discharges","description":"Maintenance failures at Santa Fe's 1963-era wastewater plant sent effluent with E. coli far above permit limits into the Santa Fe River from early 2023, and the New Mexico Environment Department issued a compliance order with a $2.3 million penalty in May 2024. EPA has issued five compliance orders since July 2023, including two in 2026, and ECHO lists the plant in significant noncompliance with 213 effluent limit exceedances over three years. The city has pursued about $8 million in repair contracts while weighing a rebuild or replacement.","location":{"name":"City of Santa Fe Wastewater Treatment Plant (Paseo Real)","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"NM","states":["NM"],"detail":"Santa Fe, Santa Fe County; NPDES NM0022292; discharges to the Santa Fe River","coordinates":{"lat":35.625085,"lon":-106.089213,"precision":"facility","source_ref":4},"counties":["Santa Fe"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Equipment failures at a 60-year-old plant caused bacterial pollution of the Santa Fe River.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"NMED says Santa Fe discharged E. coli at times as high as 200 times the allowable amount between early 2023 and early 2024 (ref 2); E. coli was 'too numerous to count' on three days in May 2024 (ref 1).","service":"The state told the city to halt irrigation with treated effluent until E. coli levels dropped, pushing users onto potable water (ref 3).","scale":"The plant serves the capital city, whose drinking water system lists 90,810 people in SDWIS (ref 5).","duration":"NMED cites over a year of exceedances (ref 1), and ECHO shows EPA compliance orders continuing to August 2026 (ref 4).","significance":"NMED administrative compliance order with a $2.3 million penalty issued May 16, 2024 (ref 1), plus five EPA Section 309(a) orders from 2023 to 2026 (ref 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":90810,"status":"Estimated","note":"City of Santa Fe water system population per SDWIS (ref 5), used as a proxy for the sewer service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"NMED fined the city $2.3 million for violating discharge permits at its wastewater treatment plant (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"State civil penalty","value":2300000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"NMED administrative order, May 2024 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Effluent limit exceedances, last 3 years","value":213,"unit":"exceedances","status":"Reported","note":"EPA ECHO, NPDES NM0022292 (ref 6)."},{"name":"EPA compliance orders since July 2023","value":5,"unit":"orders","status":"Reported","note":"Dated 2023-07-18, 2024-03-04, 2024-07-10, 2026-02-12 and 2026-08-03 (ref 4)."},{"name":"Repair contracts pursued","value":8000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate figure from the city utilities director (ref 1)."}],"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Santa Fe Public Utilities Department","role":"Plant owner and operator"},{"name":"New Mexico Environment Department","role":"State enforcement and water quality certification"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 6","role":"NPDES permitting authority"}],"public_contact":"City of Santa Fe Public Utilities Department, via the City of Santa Fe website","corrective_actions":["NMED order requires a written corrective plan with a schedule for each deficiency and semiannual status reports (ref 1)","About $8 million in repair contracts (ref 1)","City evaluating rehabilitation, rebuild or relocation of the plant (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Environment Department fines city $2.3 million for discharge permit violations","publisher":"Santa Fe New Mexican","date":"2024-06-19","url":"https://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/environment-department-fines-city-2-3-million-for-discharge-permit-violations/article_0d4fc096-2cf2-11ef-9435-731a253fcb44.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Santa Fe served with $2.3M penalty after failing to meet state's water standards","publisher":"KRQE News 13","date":"2024-06-07","url":"https://digital-release.krqe.com/?p=2201017","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"City mulls long-term fix for aging wastewater treatment plant","publisher":"Santa Fe New Mexican","date":"2023-11-25","url":"https://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/city-mulls-long-term-fix-for-aging-wastewater-treatment-plant/article_18c1b110-830f-11ee-9971-8b7e9f30c4cc.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"ECHO detailed facility report: Santa Fe WWTP (NM0022292)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?p_id=NM0022292&output=JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Santa Fe Water System (NM3505126)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NM/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SANTA%20FE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act facility search: New Mexico sewerage systems","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facility_info?p_st=NM&p_sic=4952&output=JSON&qcolumns=1,2,4,100,103,105,107,116,123,220","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":["Operator shortages","Equipment failure"],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"A further EPA compliance order was issued in October 2025 (ref 2); ECHO shows 7 effluent exceedances over three years (ref 3)."},"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (NM in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"id":"US-NM-ESPANOLA-WWTP-EPA-ORDERS-2024","title":"EPA orders Española to fix sewage plant with E. coli exceedances and staffing gaps","description":"EPA issued an administrative order in February 2024 directing Española to remedy more than a dozen Clean Water Act violations at its wastewater plant, which discharges to the Rio Grande upstream of Santa Clara and San Ildefonso pueblos. Inspectors cited E. coli and suspended solids exceedances, a grit removal system down for more than a year, and unlicensed staff running equipment and lab work. EPA issued further compliance orders in May 2024 and October 2025.","location":{"name":"City of Española Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"NM","states":["NM"],"detail":"Española, Rio Arriba County; NPDES NM0029351; discharges to the Rio Grande","coordinates":{"lat":35.998662,"lon":-106.077829,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Rio Arriba"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Broken equipment and operator shortages at the plant led to bacterial permit violations in Rio Grande discharges.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"A November 2023 E. coli reading was 16% above the permit limit and suspended solids were also cited (ref 1); harm to downstream users is not documented.","service":"No interruption of sewer service to Española customers is reported (ref 1).","scale":"The plant treats 700,000 to 900,000 gallons per day for a city whose water system serves 12,012 people per SDWIS (refs 1, 4).","duration":"ECHO shows noncompliance in 8 of the last 12 quarters and EPA orders running from February 2024 to October 2025 (refs 2, 3).","significance":"EPA Section 309(a) administrative compliance orders dated 2024-02-14, 2024-05-15 and 2025-10-23 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":12012,"status":"Estimated","note":"Española water system population per SDWIS (ref 4), used as a proxy for the sewer service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The EPA issued an administrative order directing officials to remedy a list of more than a dozen Clean Water Act violations (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters in noncompliance, last 12","value":8,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"EPA ECHO, NPDES NM0029351 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Licensed operators on inspection day (July 2023)","value":3,"unit":"operators","status":"Reported","note":"Plant needs 13 full-time operators (ref 1)."},{"name":"Plant capacity","value":2,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"About 2 million gallons per day; treats 0.7 to 0.9 MGD (ref 1)."}],"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Española Public Works","role":"Plant owner and operator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 6","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"City of Española Public Works Department, via the City of Española website","corrective_actions":["Quality assurance program due November 2024 (ref 1)","Equipment repairs scheduled November 2024 to January 2025 (ref 1)","Contractor hired to rewrite operating procedures (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Española hit with EPA violations amid wastewater treatment concerns","publisher":"Santa Fe New Mexican (via Yahoo News)","date":"2024-05-11","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/city-espa-ola-hit-epa-233400548.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO detailed facility report: Española, City of (NM0029351)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?p_id=NM0029351&output=JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act facility search: New Mexico sewerage systems","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facility_info?p_st=NM&p_sic=4952&output=JSON&qcolumns=1,2,4,100,103,105,107,116,123,220","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Española Water System (NM3501921)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NM/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ESPANOLA/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":["Post-wildfire debris flows","Operator shortages","Delayed capital spending"],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["NMED cites failure to take appropriate action by city government and lack of qualified operators (ref 1)","City entered an intergovernmental agreement with three state agencies to get the plant built (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"NMED reported a new pretreatment system, cleared river debris and filter upgrades in August 2025 (ref 3); construction of phase one was scheduled for summer 2026 (ref 2)."},"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New record (NM in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NM-LAS-VEGAS-DBP-POSTFIRE-2024","US-NM-HERMITS-PEAK-FIRE-FLOOD-COMPENSATION-2026"],"id":"US-NM-LAS-VEGAS-POSTFIRE-WATER-INFRA-2025","title":"Las Vegas water and sewer plants struggle years after Hermits Peak fire","description":"Burn-scar runoff from the 2022 Hermits Peak/Calf Canyon fire flooded the Las Vegas water treatment plant and fouled the Gallinas River supply; the city had a complete water shutoff in January 2025. NMED told legislators in July 2025 the city had received $98 million of $140 million from FEMA for a new plant but had not begun construction, and had been issued a compliance order with penalties. Design was unveiled in May 2026, with the full plant at least three years away; the city's sewage plant also paid a $33,600 EPA penalty in January 2026.","location":{"name":"City of Las Vegas water and wastewater systems","type":"Municipal water and wastewater utility","state":"NM","states":["NM"],"detail":"Las Vegas, San Miguel County; Gallinas River supply; wastewater NPDES NM0028827","coordinates":{"lat":35.652015,"lon":-105.275872,"precision":"facility","source_ref":5},"counties":["San Miguel"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NM3518025"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Wildfire debris overwhelmed treatment infrastructure that was already under-maintained, cutting service and water quality.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"KRQE reports repeated flooding caused low pressure and broken mains and residents at times had water that was not safe to drink (ref 3); the sewage plant logged 74 effluent exceedances in three years (ref 6).","service":"The city had a complete water shutoff in January 2025 (ref 2) and entered Stage IV restrictions limiting use to essential needs (ref 1).","scale":"The city water system serves 14,530 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Problems date from the 2022 fire and persist in 2026, with the new plant at least three years from completion as of May 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"NMED issued an Administrative Compliance Order with penalties (ref 1); EPA assessed a $33,600 Class I penalty on the sewage plant in January 2026 (ref 5)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":14530,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"City has received $98 million dollars of $140 million to build a new treatment facility and implement a pretreatment system but has not moved forward with construction (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"FEMA allocation for new treatment facility","value":140000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"NMED, July 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"FEMA funds received by city","value":98000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 2."},{"name":"Spent on improvements and design to May 2026","value":8000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"About $8 million (ref 2)."},{"name":"EPA wastewater penalty","value":33600,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"CWA 309(g) Class I order, 2026-01-14, NPDES NM0028827 (ref 5)."}],"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Las Vegas Utilities","role":"Water and wastewater system owner and operator"},{"name":"New Mexico Environment Department","role":"Primacy regulator and project partner"},{"name":"FEMA Hermit's Peak/Calf Canyon Claims Office","role":"Recovery funder"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 6","role":"NPDES permitting authority"}],"public_contact":"City of Las Vegas Utilities Department, via the City of Las Vegas website","corrective_actions":["New pretreatment system installed and Gallinas River debris cleared (ref 3)","Wastewater plant scum vacuum system replaced (ref 3)","New water treatment plant designed; phase one filters scheduled to start construction in summer 2026 (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Reducing Disaster Impact on Water Systems (legislative presentation)","publisher":"New Mexico Environment Department","date":"2025-07-01","url":"https://www.nmlegis.gov/handouts/WNR%20070125%20Item%205%20NMED%20Disaster%20Impacts%20on%20Water%20Systems.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"First phase of Las Vegas, NM water treatment facility to break ground in summer","publisher":"Source NM (via KANW)","date":"2026-05-20","url":"https://www.kanw.org/new-mexico-news/2026-05-20/first-phase-of-las-vegas-nm-water-treatment-facility-to-break-ground-in-summer","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"NMED: City of Las Vegas receives drinking water, wastewater system upgrades","publisher":"KRQE News 13 (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-08-19","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/nmed-city-las-vegas-receives-173502124.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Las Vegas (City of) (NM3518025)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NM/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LAS%20VEGAS/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"ECHO detailed facility report: City of Las Vegas (NM0028827)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?p_id=NM0028827&output=JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act facility search: New Mexico sewerage systems","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facility_info?p_st=NM&p_sic=4952&output=JSON&qcolumns=1,2,4,100,103,105,107,116,123,220","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":["Post-wildfire flooding","Burn scar runoff"],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"NMED described Ruidoso water services as largely restored and the system currently stable in July 2025 (ref 1), before the August line replacement (ref 3)."},"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NM in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NM-RUIDOSO-POSTFIRE-WATER-ADVISORY-2024","US-NM-RUIDOSO-BURN-SCAR-FLASH-FLOOD-2025"],"id":"US-NM-RUIDOSO-FLOOD-WATER-SEWER-DAMAGE-2025","title":"Burn-scar floods break Ruidoso water and sewer lines, shutting Upper Canyon service","description":"After the June 2024 South Fork and Salt fires, burn-scar flooding repeatedly hit Ruidoso; NMED issued boil-water advisories to 19,000 residents. The deadly July 8, 2025 flood fractured village water lines and infiltrated the sewer system, and in August 2025 the village closed the Upper Canyon for up to 14 days with water and sewer service fully unavailable while crews replaced lines, affecting over 300 people.","location":{"name":"Village of Ruidoso water and sewer system","type":"Municipal water and wastewater utility","state":"NM","states":["NM"],"detail":"Ruidoso, Lincoln County; Upper Canyon along the Rio Ruidoso","coordinates":{"lat":33.3317,"lon":-105.673,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Lincoln"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NM3513114"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Post-fire debris floods physically destroyed water and sewer pipe, forcing service shutdowns for repairs.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"AP reports floodwaters fractured village water lines and infiltrated the sewer system on July 8, 2025 (ref 2); no illness is documented.","service":"Water and sewer service were completely unavailable in the Upper Canyon during the August 2025 repair closure (ref 3), affecting over 300 people (ref 4).","scale":"The Ruidoso water system serves 15,947 people per SDWIS (ref 5); NMED boil-water advisories reached 19,000 residents (ref 1).","duration":"Burn-scar flooding has recurred since the June 2024 fires, with line repairs still under way in August 2025 (refs 1, 3).","significance":"NMED issued boil-water advisories (ref 1) and the governor requested a presidential disaster declaration citing over $50 million in costs (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":15947,"status":"Reported","note":"Ruidoso water system population per SDWIS (ref 5); the Upper Canyon closure affected over 300 people (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The Village of Ruidoso is closing the Upper Canyon to repair water and sewer lines that were severely damaged by recent flooding (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Residents under NMED boil-water advisories","value":19000,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"After the 2024 fires and flooding (ref 1)."},{"name":"People affected by Upper Canyon closure","value":300,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"Over 300 (ref 4)."},{"name":"Planned closure length","value":14,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"Up to 14 days from Aug. 7, 2025 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Statewide flood emergency costs cited in disaster request","value":50000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"More than $50 million, Ruidoso and beyond (ref 2)."}],"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Village of Ruidoso","role":"Water and sewer system owner and operator"},{"name":"New Mexico Environment Department","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"NM Department of Homeland Security and Emergency Management","role":"Emergency response and lodging costs"}],"public_contact":"Village of Ruidoso Emergency Operations Center, 575-258-6901","corrective_actions":["Upper Canyon water and sewer lines removed, repaired and replaced (ref 3)","Temporary hotel lodging covered by DHSEM for closure-area residents (ref 3)","Water bills adjusted for days without service (ref 4)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Reducing Disaster Impact on Water Systems (legislative presentation)","publisher":"New Mexico Environment Department","date":"2025-07-01","url":"https://www.nmlegis.gov/handouts/WNR%20070125%20Item%205%20NMED%20Disaster%20Impacts%20on%20Water%20Systems.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"3 dead as flash flooding hits mountain village of Ruidoso in New Mexico, officials say","publisher":"Associated Press (via KSAT)","date":"2025-07-09","url":"https://www.ksat.com/news/national/2025/07/09/3-dead-as-flash-flooding-hits-mountain-village-of-ruidoso-in-new-mexico-officials-say/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Ruidoso is temporarily closing the Upper Canyon: here's how residents will be impacted","publisher":"KRQE News 13","date":"2025-08-05","url":"https://www.krqe.com/news/new-mexico/ruidoso-is-temporarily-closing-the-upper-canyon-heres-how-residents-will-be-impacted/amp/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Village of Ruidoso to make emergency repairs following deadly flooding","publisher":"KOB 4","date":"2025-08-06","url":"https://www.kob.com/new-mexico/village-of-ruidoso-to-make-emergency-repairs-following-deadly-flooding/","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Ruidoso Water System (NM3513114)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NM/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/RUIDOSO/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","secondary_drivers":["Deferred dam maintenance","Extreme rainfall"],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Repair status after the September 2026 event is not reported in the cited sources."},"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (NM in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NM-STATEWIDE-DEFICIENT-DAMS-2025"],"id":"US-NM-MCLEOD-DAM-NEAR-FAILURE-2026","title":"Poor-rated McLeod Dam near Hatch forces evacuations after 'imminent failure' report","description":"On Sept. 29, 2026, as remnants of Hurricane Polo flooded the Hatch Valley, operators and Doña Ana County reported potential failure of McLeod (Garfield) Dam, prompting a flash flood emergency and evacuations of Salem, Garfield, Rincon, Hatch and Placitas. The county reported a very small piping failure that was mitigated and the dam held. The National Inventory of Dams lists it in poor condition with high hazard potential and no emergency action plan; state reports rated it poor in 2011 and 2017 with an estimated $3 million in repairs. The State Engineer also lists an Aug. 21, 2022 partial overtopping of the dam that severely eroded its downstream slope.","location":{"name":"McLeod (Garfield) Dam, Hatch Valley","type":"Flood control dam","state":"NM","states":["NM"],"detail":"Near Garfield and Hatch, Doña Ana County","coordinates":{"lat":32.6654,"lon":-107.1531,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Doña Ana"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A long-deficient earthen dam showed piping under flood load, threatening downstream towns.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The county reported 'a very small piping failure' that was mitigated with no water exiting the dam (ref 1); no casualties from the dam are reported.","service":"Evacuation orders covered five communities, and Rincon remained under notice late Tuesday because of standing floodwater (ref 1).","scale":"Evacuated communities include Hatch (1,500 to 1,600), Salem (under 1,000), Rincon (under 300), Garfield (about 100) and Placitas (a few hundred) (ref 1).","duration":"State Engineer reports rated the dam poor in 2011 and 2017 (ref 2), and the dam partially overtopped on Aug. 21, 2022 (ref 3).","significance":"The National Weather Service issued a flash-flood emergency and the acting governor signed executive orders declaring a state of emergency (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Ref 1 gives community population ranges (Hatch 1,500 to 1,600 plus several smaller communities) but no evacuation total."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The National Inventory of Dams lists McLeod in poor condition with high hazard potential and no emergency action plan (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Estimated repair cost (2011 and 2017 assessments)","value":3000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Communities ordered to evacuate","value":5,"unit":"communities","status":"Reported","note":"Salem, Garfield, Rincon, Hatch, Placitas (ref 1)."},{"name":"State emergency funds made available","value":3750000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Up to $3.75 million through DHSEM (ref 2)."}],"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Doña Ana County","role":"Local emergency management"},{"name":"Office of the State Engineer, Dam Safety Bureau","role":"State dam safety regulator"},{"name":"NM Department of Homeland Security and Emergency Management","role":"State emergency response"}],"public_contact":"Doña Ana County Office of Emergency Management, via the Doña Ana County website","corrective_actions":["Pumps sent to relieve pressure on the earthen dam (ref 1)","State of emergency executive orders with up to $3.75 million in response funds (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Some Hatch Valley evacuations lifted after flooding","publisher":"Albuquerque Journal","date":"2026-09-29","url":"https://www.abqjournal.com/news/evacuations-potential-dam-failure-in-dona-ana-county/3131680","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Hatch dam scare demands statewide review","publisher":"Albuquerque Journal","date":"2026-10-01","url":"https://www.abqjournal.com/opinion/hatch-dam-scare-demands-statewide-review/3132997","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Northeastern New Mexico Dams: Current Projects and Statewide Priorities","publisher":"Office of the State Engineer, Dam Safety Bureau","date":"2025-06-30","url":"https://www.nmlegis.gov/handouts/WNR%20070125%20Item%203%20OSE%20Northeastern%20NM%20Dams.pdf","basis":"State record"}]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","secondary_drivers":["Aging infrastructure","Hazard creep","No dedicated funding"],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No requirement for dam owners to show financial, management and O&M capacity (ref 1)","Cimarroncito Dam has no fund for construction (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Some rehabilitation projects are in construction, such as Power Lake Dam due by November 2026 (ref 1)."},"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (NM in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NM-MCLEOD-DAM-NEAR-FAILURE-2026"],"id":"US-NM-STATEWIDE-DEFICIENT-DAMS-2025","title":"New Mexico's aging dams have deficiencies but no statewide rehabilitation program","description":"The State Engineer's Dam Safety Bureau told legislators in June 2025 that New Mexico's state-regulated dams average 64 years old, past a 50-year design life, and listed recent incidents including post-fire overtopping at Alto Lake and Peterson dams in 2024. High-priority needs include Raton's Lake Maloya Dam (inadequate spillway, upwards of $25 million), Cimarroncito Dam (voids found in its spillway May 1, 2025, with no construction funding) and Eagle Nest Dam (rated poor, two of six gates inoperable). A 2025 Senate memorial notes there is no statewide dam rehabilitation program.","location":{"name":"New Mexico state-jurisdictional dams","type":"Statewide dam inventory","state":"NM","states":["NM"],"detail":"Statewide; examples in Colfax, San Miguel, Lincoln, Chaves and Guadalupe counties","coordinates":{"lat":34.52,"lon":-105.87,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Colfax","San Miguel","Lincoln","Chaves"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Dams have outlived their design lives while owners lack funding and the state has no rehabilitation program.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"OSE lists ten recent failures or incidents, including Alto Lake Dam's diversion overtopping that contaminated the reservoir in June 2024 (ref 1).","service":"No loss of water service from a dam deficiency is reported in the OSE presentation (ref 1).","scale":"The NID lists 403 New Mexico dams, 291 of them state regulated (ref 1).","duration":"Average age of 64 years exceeds the 50-year design life, and Lake Maloya studies date from 2011 to 2023 (ref 1).","significance":"Senate Memorial 20 (2025) urges a statewide dam rehabilitation program (ref 2); no enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No statewide downstream population figure is given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"There is NO Statewide Dam Rehab Funding Program in New Mexico (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Dams in National Inventory of Dams (NM)","value":403,"unit":"dams","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"State-regulated dams","value":291,"unit":"dams","status":"Reported","note":"72% of NID dams (ref 1)."},{"name":"Average dam age","value":64,"unit":"years","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Lake Maloya Dam preliminary rehabilitation estimate","value":25000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Upwards of $25M; owner City of Raton (ref 1)."},{"name":"FEMA HHPD grant to NM, 2024","value":3035886,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Requires 35% local match (ref 1)."}],"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Office of the State Engineer, Dam Safety Bureau","role":"State dam safety regulator"},{"name":"Dam owners (municipalities, acequias, state agencies)","role":"Responsible for maintenance and rehabilitation"}],"public_contact":"Office of the State Engineer, Dam Safety Bureau, via the OSE website","corrective_actions":["Power Lake Dam rehabilitation in construction (ref 1)","Peterson and Cimarroncito dams in final design (ref 1)","Cimarroncito urgent spillway repair investigation (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Northeastern New Mexico Dams: Current Projects and Statewide Priorities","publisher":"Office of the State Engineer, Dam Safety Bureau","date":"2025-06-30","url":"https://www.nmlegis.gov/handouts/WNR%20070125%20Item%203%20OSE%20Northeastern%20NM%20Dams.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Senate Memorial 20 (57th Legislature, 2025 session)","publisher":"New Mexico Legislature","date":"2025-03-02","url":"https://www.nmlegis.gov/Sessions/25%20Regular/memorials/senate/SM020.PDF","basis":"State record"}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":["Cross-border sewer overflows","Utility management problems"],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Sunland Park council authorized a new city utility department (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"ECHO lists the north plant in significant noncompliance for compliance schedule violations (ref 5)."},"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (NM in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (4). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NM-SUNLAND-PARK-CRRUA-ARSENIC-2024"],"id":"US-NM-SUNLAND-PARK-SEWAGE-CRRUA-2026","title":"Cross-border sewage floods Sunland Park streets as CRRUA sewage plants face EPA orders","description":"In June 2026 a combined sewer overflow from Anapra, Chihuahua, sent wastewater into Sunland Park neighborhoods along Anapra Road; Camino Real Regional Utility Authority crews pumped standing sewage and applied disinfectant. Both CRRUA sewage plants are under EPA compliance orders: the north (Santa Teresa) plant since December 2025, with noncompliance in 10 of the last 12 quarters and 73 effluent exceedances in three years, and the Sunland Park plant since April 2026.","location":{"name":"Sunland Park and CRRUA wastewater service area","type":"Regional wastewater utility service area","state":"NM","states":["NM"],"detail":"Sunland Park and Santa Teresa, Doña Ana County; NPDES NM0029483 and NM0031178","coordinates":{"lat":31.79564,"lon":-106.5566,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Doña Ana"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Inadequate sewer capacity across the border and noncompliant local treatment plants both put sewage into the community.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"KFOX reports a combined sewer overflow from Anapra reached Sunland Park and residents noticed sewer odors near the Carlos Aguirre area (ref 1); no illnesses are reported.","service":"Residents may be asked to temporarily leave areas during treatment along Anapra Road toward McNutt Road (ref 2).","scale":"CRRUA's drinking water system serves 21,930 people per SDWIS (ref 6).","duration":"ECHO shows the CRRUA north plant out of compliance in 10 of 12 quarters (ref 5), and EPA orders at the Sunland Park plant date to September 2023 (ref 3).","significance":"EPA Section 309(a) compliance orders issued to CRRUA on 2025-12-10 (ref 4) and 2026-04-30 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":21930,"status":"Estimated","note":"CRRUA water system population per SDWIS (ref 6), used as a proxy for the utility's service area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Officials linked the odor to a combined sewer overflow originating from Anapra (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Effluent exceedances at CRRUA north plant, last 3 years","value":73,"unit":"exceedances","status":"Reported","note":"NPDES NM0031178 (ref 5)."},{"name":"Quarters in noncompliance at CRRUA north plant, last 12","value":10,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 5."},{"name":"Effluent exceedances at Sunland Park plant, last 3 years","value":12,"unit":"exceedances","status":"Reported","note":"NPDES NM0029483 (ref 5)."}],"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Camino Real Regional Utility Authority","role":"Wastewater utility owner and operator"},{"name":"City of Sunland Park","role":"Local emergency response"},{"name":"International Boundary and Water Commission","role":"Binational coordination"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 6","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement"}],"public_contact":"Camino Real Regional Utility Authority customer service, via the CRRUA website","corrective_actions":["CRRUA crews pumping standing wastewater and applying disinfection, including soda ash (refs 1, 2)","EPA compliance orders require corrective action at both CRRUA plants (refs 3, 4)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Sunland Park officials address community concerns following Anapra wastewater spill","publisher":"KFOX14/CBS4","date":"2026-06-09","url":"https://kfoxtv.com/news/local/sunland-park-officials-address-community-concerns-following-anapra-wastewater-spill","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Wastewater spill from Mexico impacting Sunland Park","publisher":"KTSM 9 News","date":"2026-06-09","url":"https://www.ktsm.com/news/state-regional/new-mexico/wastewater-spill-from-mexico-impacting-sunland-park/amp/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO detailed facility report: Sunland Park Wastewater Plant (NM0029483)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?p_id=NM0029483&output=JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"ECHO detailed facility report: CRRUA North Wastewater Treatment Plant (NM0031178)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?p_id=NM0031178&output=JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act facility search: New Mexico sewerage systems","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facility_info?p_st=NM&p_sic=4952&output=JSON&qcolumns=1,2,4,100,103,105,107,116,123,220","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Camino Real Regional Utility Authority (NM3502507)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NM/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CAMINO%20REAL/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Court outcome not reported in the cited source."},"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (NM in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"id":"US-NM-TESUQUE-BISHOPS-LODGE-DISCHARGE-2025","title":"Tesuque group asks NM Supreme Court to stop Bishop's Lodge wastewater discharge","description":"Protect Tesuque asked the New Mexico Supreme Court in 2025 to require the state Environment Department to enforce regulations against the Bishop's Lodge resort's new wastewater facility, which the group says discharges 30,000 gallons of partially treated wastewater a day near Little Tesuque Creek, upstream of community wells. NMED maintains the facility treats water to a higher degree than the resort's previous plant.","location":{"name":"Bishop's Lodge Resort wastewater facility, Tesuque","type":"Private wastewater treatment facility","state":"NM","states":["NM"],"detail":"Tesuque area, Santa Fe County; near Little Tesuque Creek","coordinates":{"lat":35.7406,"lon":-105.9278,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Santa Fe"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Residents fear a resort's treated wastewater discharge could reach the creek and domestic wells.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Protect Tesuque says the discharge of partially treated wastewater is upstream of community wells (ref 1); contamination is not documented.","service":"No disruption to water or sewer service is reported (ref 1).","scale":"One resort facility discharging near a single creek and community (ref 1).","duration":"The dispute was active in April 2025 (ref 1); its outcome is not reported in the cited source.","significance":"The group petitioned the New Mexico Supreme Court to compel NMED enforcement (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure is given in ref 1."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The group is working to stop the facility from discharging 30,000 gallons of partially treated wastewater per day (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Discharge volume","value":30000,"unit":"gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"As stated by Protect Tesuque (ref 1)."}],"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Bishop's Lodge Resort","role":"Facility owner and discharger"},{"name":"New Mexico Environment Department","role":"State discharge permitting authority"}],"public_contact":"New Mexico Environment Department, Ground Water Quality Bureau, via the NMED website","corrective_actions":["Petition to the New Mexico Supreme Court seeking NMED enforcement (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Group sues to stop wastewater discharge in northern New Mexico","publisher":"KRQE News 13 (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-04-24","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/group-sues-stop-wastewater-discharge-025103674.html","basis":"News"}]},{"id":"US-NM-RUIDOSO-BURN-SCAR-FLASH-FLOOD-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Ruidoso burn-scar flash flood kills three; federal major disaster declared","description":"On July 8, 2025, about three and a half inches of rain fell on the South Fork Fire burn scar in roughly 90 minutes, sending a flash flood down the Rio Ruidoso that killed three people, including two children at an RV park, and damaged dozens of homes. A USGS gauge recorded the river at more than 20 feet, nearly 5 feet above the previous year's post-fire high. The President approved a major disaster declaration for Lincoln County on July 23, 2025, after repeated post-fire floods since the 2024 South Fork and Salt fires.","location":{"name":"Rio Ruidoso, Village of Ruidoso","type":"Mountain river corridor and burn-scar watershed","state":"NM","states":["NM"],"detail":"Village of Ruidoso, Lincoln County; South Fork and Salt fire burn scars","coordinates":{"lat":33.33,"lon":-105.67,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lincoln"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Post-fire runoff overwhelmed the river channel and destroyed homes, roads and bridges.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"AP (ref 1) reports the July 8, 2025 flood killed a man and two children swept from an RV park on the Rio Ruidoso.","service":"AP (ref 1) says crews were still clearing roads and culverts and dozens of homes were damaged; the RV park owner's house was destroyed.","scale":"Impacts centered on the Ruidoso community and Lincoln County; the state sought to add Chaves, Otero and Valencia counties (ref 3).","duration":"The RV park owner told AP (ref 1) it was the sixth river rise in several weeks, following flooding since the 2024 South Fork and Salt fires.","significance":"A presidential major disaster declaration covering Lincoln County was approved July 23, 2025 (refs 2, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Deaths (3) are reported; the number of residents affected is not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Rio Ruidoso rose to more than 20 feet at a USGS gauge, nearly 5 feet above the prior year's high; 3.5 inches of rain fell on the burn scar in about 90 minutes."},"measures":[{"name":"Deaths","value":3,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"AP, ref 1"},{"name":"Rio Ruidoso gauge height (preliminary)","value":20,"unit":"feet (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"USGS preliminary data cited by AP, ref 1"},{"name":"Rainfall on South Fork burn scar","value":3.5,"unit":"inches in about 90 minutes","status":"Reported","note":"Mayor Lynn Crawford, ref 1"},{"name":"Federal reimbursement share for emergency work","value":75,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"ref 3"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"AP (ref 1) reports the 2025 crest was nearly 5 feet above the 2024 high and the sixth rise in weeks."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Village of Ruidoso","role":"Local emergency response"},{"name":"New Mexico Department of Homeland Security and Emergency Management","role":"State emergency management"},{"name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","role":"Federal disaster assistance"}],"public_contact":"NM State Disaster Helpline 1-833-663-4736","corrective_actions":["State emergency declaration and request for federal aid","Federal major disaster declaration for Lincoln County (individual assistance, debris removal, emergency work)","State Disaster Recovery Center at ENMU-Ruidoso Annex"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Flash flooding that killed 3 leaves New Mexico village heartbroken, anxious as cleanup begins","publisher":"Associated Press (via KSAT)","date":"2025-07-09","url":"https://www.ksat.com/news/national/2025/07/09/3-dead-as-flash-flooding-hits-mountain-village-of-ruidoso-in-new-mexico-officials-say/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"President approves disaster declaration for New Mexico after flooding","publisher":"KOB 4","date":"2025-07-23","url":"https://www.kob.com/news/top-news/president-approves-disaster-declaration-for-new-mexico-after-flooding/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Governor secures additional federal flooding assistance","publisher":"New Mexico Department of Homeland Security and Emergency Management","date":"2025-07-23","url":"https://www.dhsem.nm.gov/?p=3631","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New record (NM in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NM-RUIDOSO-FLOOD-WATER-SEWER-DAMAGE-2025"]},{"id":"US-NM-HOLLOMAN-LAKE-PFAS-WILDLIFE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Holloman Lake: record PFAS levels in wildlife and plants; hunters warned","description":"A 613-page New Mexico Environment Department report released January 27, 2025 found PFAS at Lake Holloman, a wetland chain fed by treated wastewater from Holloman Air Force Base, at levels among the highest recorded in wildlife and plants, including 120,000 nanograms per gram in a kangaroo rat. Officials have documented PFAS up to 1,600 times EPA drinking water standards; the lake is closed to hunting and the state Health Department asked hunters who ate waterfowl from it between 2010 and 2024 to see a doctor.","location":{"name":"Lake Holloman (Holloman AFB wastewater wetlands)","type":"Constructed wetland and wastewater reservoir","state":"NM","states":["NM"],"detail":"Edge of Holloman Air Force Base near Alamogordo and White Sands National Park, Otero County","coordinates":{"lat":32.85,"lon":-106.1,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Otero"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"AFFF-derived PFAS discharged with base wastewater accumulated in lake water, plants and wildlife.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"NMED's report (ref 1) found 120,000 ng/g PFAS in a kangaroo rat and 30,000 ng/g in salt cedar, described as world-record levels.","service":"The lake is closed to hunting and people have been told since 2019 not to drink or swim in it (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Concern extends to migratory waterfowl harvested elsewhere and to oryx, per state officials (ref 2).","duration":"Holloman used PFAS foam from the 1970s until 2019, and advisories have been in place since 2019 (ref 1).","significance":"Formal state health advisory to hunters by the NM Department of Health (refs 1, 2); cleanup is tied to ongoing state-military PFAS lawsuits."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported; the advisory covers hunters who ate waterfowl from the lake between 2010 and 2024."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Kangaroo rat sample at 120,000 ng/g PFAS, the highest recorded in a wild animal; lake PFAS up to 1,600 times EPA drinking water standards."},"measures":[{"name":"PFAS in Merriam's kangaroo rat","value":120000,"unit":"ng/g","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"PFAS in salt cedar","value":30000,"unit":"ng/g","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"PFAS relative to EPA drinking water standards","value":1600,"unit":"times","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Department of the Air Force (Holloman AFB)","role":"Responsible party"},{"name":"New Mexico Environment Department","role":"State environmental regulator"},{"name":"New Mexico Department of Health","role":"Health advisory"}],"public_contact":"New Mexico Environment Department communications, 505-670-8911","corrective_actions":["Hunting closure at Lake Holloman","Health Department advisory to hunters","Further testing of waterfowl and oryx recommended"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"New Mexico wildlife, plants around Holloman lake have highest PFAS contamination on record (Source NM, republished)","publisher":"Kiowa County Press / Source New Mexico","date":"2025-01-28","url":"https://kiowacountypress.net/content/new-mexico-wildlife-plants-around-holloman-lake-have-highest-pfas-contamination-record","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Record Levels of Forever Chemicals Found in Wildlife Near New Mexico Base (AP)","publisher":"Insurance Journal / Associated Press","date":"2025-02-03","url":"https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/west/2025/02/03/810381.htm","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (NM in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NM-CANNON-AFB-PFAS-GROUNDWATER-2025"]},{"id":"US-NM-CHURCH-ROCK-URANIUM-MINE-WASTE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Church Rock uranium mine waste near Red Water Pond Road awaits removal","description":"EPA signed an action memo in January 2025 to move about one million cubic yards of uranium mine waste from the Quivira Church Rock mines to a new repository at the Red Rock Regional Landfill near Thoreau, which an environmental attorney called a seismic shift in policy; permitting is expected to take two to four years before construction. At the adjacent Northeast Church Rock Mine, EPA was still negotiating a consent decree with General Electric/United Nuclear Corporation in 2025 to move about 1.4 million tons of contaminated soil, with remedial action slated to begin in 2026.","location":{"name":"Church Rock uranium mines (Quivira and NECR)","type":"Abandoned uranium mine sites in arroyo drainages","state":"NM","states":["NM"],"detail":"Pinedale Chapter, Navajo Nation, about 17 miles northeast of Gallup, McKinley County; Red Water Pond Road community","coordinates":{"lat":35.66,"lon":-108.51,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["McKinley"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["surface-water","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Radioactive mine waste sits in arroyos beside a Diné community, with erosion and runoff risks pending removal.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA (ref 1) says contamination migrated off the NECR site into the adjacent residential area, requiring removal of about 200,000 tons of soil.","service":"No water service disruption is documented in the cited sources; EPA (ref 1) offers voluntary alternative housing during construction.","scale":"The Red Water Pond Road community of Diné families lives next to the mines (ref 3).","duration":"UNC mined NECR from 1967 to 1982 (ref 1); permitting for the Quivira repository is expected to take 2-4 years (ref 2).","significance":"EPA action memoranda signed in 2025 and a consent decree under negotiation with GE/UNC (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported in cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"EPA selected removal of over 1 million cubic yards of uranium mine waste to a new off-site repository at the Red Rocks Landfill near Thoreau."},"measures":[{"name":"Quivira/Section 32-33 mine waste to be removed","value":1000000,"unit":"cubic yards (over)","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"},{"name":"NECR contaminated soil to be moved to UNC Mill Site","value":1400000,"unit":"tons (approx.)","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Navajo uranium mine cleanup funds from 2014 Tronox settlement","value":1000000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"ref 3"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Removal decisions were signed in 2025 but field work at Quivira awaits permitting (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 9","role":"Lead cleanup agency"},{"name":"Navajo Nation Environmental Protection Agency","role":"Tribal regulator"},{"name":"United Nuclear Corporation / General Electric","role":"Responsible party (NECR)"},{"name":"U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission","role":"UNC mill site licensing"}],"public_contact":"EPA Region 9 Navajo Nation uranium cleanup program, epa.gov/navajo-nation-uranium-cleanup","corrective_actions":["Quivira Mines action memorandum (January 2025)","NECR consent decree negotiation; remedial action planned to begin 2026","NRC-EPA coordination on Pipeline Arroyo erosion control"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Northeast Church Rock Abandoned Uranium Mine","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2017-11-06","url":"https://www.epa.gov/navajo-nation-uranium-cleanup/necr","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"2025-2026 Annual Progress Update to Address Uranium Contamination on Navajo Nation","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 9","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2026-07/nnaum-ten-year-plan-progress-update-2025-2026.pdf","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA takes unprecedented step to remove uranium waste from the Navajo Nation","publisher":"High Country News","date":"2025-01-17","url":"https://www.hcn.org/articles/epa-takes-unprecedented-step-to-remove-uranium-waste-from-the-navajo-nation/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NM in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NM-GALLUP-GROUNDWATER-SUPPLY-2025"]},{"id":"US-NM-LANL-CHROMIUM-PLUME-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"LANL hexavalent chromium plume reaches beneath San Ildefonso Pueblo; treatment halted","description":"A hexavalent chromium plume about a mile long beneath Mortandad and Sandia canyons at Los Alamos National Laboratory, left by corrosion inhibitor used from 1956 to 1972, has exceeded New Mexico's 50 micrograms per liter groundwater standard since 2004. In late 2025, sampling at a new well beneath Pueblo de San Ildefonso found chromium up to 72.9 micrograms per liter, and the New Mexico Environment Department directed DOE to cease injection at the interim pump-and-treat system on November 18, 2025; DOE has argued injection is needed to keep hydraulic control of the plume.","location":{"name":"LANL chromium plume (Mortandad Canyon)","type":"Regional aquifer contamination plume at federal laboratory","state":"NM","states":["NM"],"detail":"Los Alamos National Laboratory and Pueblo de San Ildefonso lands, Los Alamos and Santa Fe counties","coordinates":{"lat":35.87,"lon":-106.25,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Los Alamos","Santa Fe"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["groundwater","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legacy industrial chromium in the regional aquifer is migrating toward tribal lands.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DOE data (ref 1) show zonal samples up to 72.9 ug/L at the new well beneath San Ildefonso, above the 50 ug/L state standard.","service":"DOE (ref 1) says the plume is in the regional aquifer about 1,000 feet down; no water service interruption is reported.","scale":"NMED (ref 2) says new data show contamination in groundwater beneath Pueblo de San Ildefonso lands.","duration":"First detected above the standard in 2004 (ref 1); interim measures were halted in 2023 and again in November 2025.","significance":"NMED directives under the August 2024 Compliance Order on Consent; NMED reports significant concerns about DOE compliance (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported in cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Hexavalent chromium up to 72.9 ug/L in zonal sampling beneath Pueblo de San Ildefonso versus the 50 ug/L state standard."},"measures":[{"name":"Max zonal hexavalent chromium at new well","value":72.9,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"DOE EM-LA, ref 1"},{"name":"NM groundwater standard for chromium","value":50,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Plume length","value":1,"unit":"mile (approx.)","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Contamination now documented beneath Pueblo lands (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Energy, Environmental Management Los Alamos Field Office","role":"Responsible party"},{"name":"New Mexico Environment Department","role":"Consent order regulator"},{"name":"Pueblo de San Ildefonso","role":"Affected tribal government"}],"public_contact":"New Mexico Environment Department communications, 505-670-8911","corrective_actions":["Interim pump-and-treat measures (operations ceased November 18, 2025 at NMED direction)","Drilling and monthly sampling of new monitoring well SIMR-3","Adaptive site management plan under development"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Los Alamos Legacy Cleanup & Hexavalent Chromium Plume Update (Radioactive and Hazardous Materials Committee)","publisher":"U.S. DOE EM-LA (via NM Legislature)","date":"2025-12-08","url":"https://www.nmlegis.gov/handouts/RHMC%20120825%20Item%207%20Los%20Alamos%20Legacy%20Cleanup%20and%20Chromium%20Plume%20Update.pdf","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"NMED LANL and WIPP Updates (Water and Natural Resources Committee)","publisher":"New Mexico Environment Department (via NM Legislature)","date":"2025-11-17","url":"https://www.nmlegis.gov/handouts/WNR%20111725%20Item%209%20NMED%20LANL%20and%20WIPP%20Updates.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (NM in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NM-RIO-GRANDE-ALBUQUERQUE-DRYING-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Rio Grande runs dry through Albuquerque for about 45 days in 2025","description":"The Rio Grande's Albuquerque reach went dry on July 13, 2025 and stayed dry for about 45 days across six drying events through mid-September, with about 11 miles empty in the city by mid-August; roughly 40 miles also dried near Socorro and 18 miles near Belen. The drying stranded endangered Rio Grande silvery minnow, and the Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District had exhausted its stored San Juan-Chama water by early July because Compact debt barred storage of native water.","location":{"name":"Rio Grande, Albuquerque reach","type":"River segment","state":"NM","states":["NM"],"detail":"Middle Rio Grande through Albuquerque, Bernalillo County; also Isleta and San Acacia reaches","coordinates":{"lat":35.08,"lon":-106.67,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Bernalillo","Valencia","Socorro"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Loss of river flow eliminated aquatic habitat in the urban reach.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Inside Climate News (ref 1) reports drying of about 11 urban miles and fish salvage of the endangered silvery minnow, many of which die.","service":"MRGCD (ref 2) warned farmers to plan for little to no water as stored supplies ran out.","scale":"Drying spanned Albuquerque plus about 40 miles near Socorro and 18 miles near Belen (ref 1).","duration":"About 45 days of drying in Albuquerque from mid-July to mid-September 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"Endangered Species Act salvage operations by USFWS (ref 1); Compact debt status blocked native storage (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported in cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Albuquerque's reach dried for about 45 days over six events from mid-July to mid-September 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"Days dry in Albuquerque reach","value":45,"unit":"days (about)","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Miles dry in Albuquerque (mid-August)","value":11,"unit":"miles (about)","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Flow at Otowi gage, second week of July","value":370,"unit":"cfs","status":"Reported","note":"versus 477 cfs on July 8, 2024 (ref 2)"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The 2022 drying was the first in Albuquerque in 40 years; 2025 drying was longer (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District","role":"Irrigation diversions"},{"name":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","role":"River operations"},{"name":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","role":"Endangered species salvage"},{"name":"New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission","role":"Compact compliance and river management"}],"public_contact":"Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District, 1931 Second St. SW, Albuquerque, NM 87102","corrective_actions":["USFWS silvery minnow salvage","Release of San Juan-Chama storage (exhausted by early July 2025)","Abiquiu storage agreement among Reclamation, ABCWUA and MRGCD"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"What the Rio Grande's More Frequent Dry-Outs Mean for the Region's Animals and Ecosystems","publisher":"Inside Climate News","date":"2025-12-02","url":"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/02122025/rio-grande-running-dry-animals-ecosystems/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Irrigation and Hydrology Update, July 2025","publisher":"Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District","date":"2025-07-08","url":"https://www.mrgcd.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Copy-of-Water-Update-July2025-.pdf","basis":"Local government record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (NM in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NM-RIO-GRANDE-COMPACT-DEBIT-MRGCD-2025","US-NM-ALBUQUERQUE-RIVER-SUPPLY-CUTOFF-2026"]},{"id":"US-NM-RIO-GRANDE-COMPACT-DEBIT-MRGCD-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"New Mexico Rio Grande Compact debit grows to 132,000 acre-feet, limiting storage","description":"New Mexico owes about 132,000 acre-feet in under-deliveries to Elephant Butte Reservoir under the Rio Grande Compact after adding 8,000 acre-feet of debit in 2025, according to the State Engineer; a violation occurs at 200,000 acre-feet. The debit and low Elephant Butte storage bar upstream storage of native Rio Grande water, so the Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District had no native storage in 2025 and curtailed deliveries when its San Juan-Chama water ran out. The 2026 Texas v. New Mexico settlement does not change this delivery obligation.","location":{"name":"Middle Rio Grande / Elephant Butte deliveries","type":"Interstate compact delivery obligation","state":"NM","states":["NM"],"detail":"Middle Rio Grande Valley from Cochiti to Elephant Butte Reservoir, Sierra County","coordinates":{"lat":33.15,"lon":-107.19,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Sandoval","Bernalillo","Valencia","Socorro","Sierra"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["agricultural","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Interstate compact accounting constrains state storage and irrigation supply.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"MRGCD (ref 3) warned farmers to expect little to no water in summer and fall 2025, putting crops at risk.","service":"Native storage was unavailable in 2025 due to Compact debt and non-Pueblo lands faced curtailment (ref 3).","scale":"The ISC (ref 2) says Compact limits affect the Middle Rio Grande water users; MRGCD serves farmers from Cochiti to Socorro.","duration":"The debit rose from about 123,500 acre-feet at end-2024 (ref 3) to 132,000 acre-feet after 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"The Compact is binding interstate law; the State Engineer (ref 1) notes violation at -200,000 acre-feet."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported in cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Current compact status is -132,000 acre-feet; New Mexico increased its debit by 8,000 acre-feet in 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"Rio Grande Compact debit","value":132000,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"OSE/ISC, August 2026 (ref 1)"},{"name":"Compact violation threshold","value":200000,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"},{"name":"Article VII storage threshold (Elephant Butte + Caballo)","value":400000,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"},{"name":"Rio Grande streamflow, water year 2025","value":43,"unit":"percent of median","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Debit grew by 8,000 acre-feet in 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Mexico Office of the State Engineer","role":"Water rights administration"},{"name":"New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission","role":"Compact compliance"},{"name":"Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District","role":"Irrigation district"}],"public_contact":"Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District general office, 1931 Second St. SW, Albuquerque, NM 87102","corrective_actions":["About $45 million in Middle Rio Grande channel, habitat and conservation work (ref 2)","Cooperative agreement between ISC and MRGCD","Water master district and metering orders planned by OSE"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Building a Resilient Water Future for the Rio Grande (Water and Natural Resources Committee)","publisher":"NM Office of the State Engineer and Interstate Stream Commission (via NM Legislature)","date":"2026-08-31","url":"https://www.nmlegis.gov/handouts/WNR%20083126%20Item%203%20OSE%20ISC%20TXvNM%20and%20Water%20Managenent%20Efforts.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Rio Grande Compact Fact Sheet","publisher":"NM Interstate Stream Commission (posted by MRGCD)","date":null,"url":"https://www.mrgcd.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/ISC-MRG-RioGrandeCompactFactSheet_FINAL.pdf","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Irrigation and Hydrology Update, July 2025","publisher":"Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District","date":"2025-07-08","url":"https://www.mrgcd.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Copy-of-Water-Update-July2025-.pdf","basis":"Local government record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (NM in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TX-RIO-GRANDE-COMPACT-SETTLEMENT-2026","US-NM-RIO-GRANDE-ALBUQUERQUE-DRYING-2025"]},{"id":"US-NM-PERMIAN-PRODUCED-WATER-SPILLS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Permian Basin produced-water spills rise as New Mexico bans treated discharges","description":"Oil and gas operators reported 302 liquid spills to New Mexico's Oil Conservation Division in the second quarter of 2025, most in Eddy (147) and Lea (128) counties, including a nearly 160,000-gallon produced-water spill on state trust land; a WildEarth Guardians tally of the same state data counted 350 spills and more than 2 million gallons in the third quarter, including a 1.6 million-gallon produced-water spill at a recycling site. On May 14, 2025 the Water Quality Control Commission banned discharge of treated produced water to ground and surface waters.","location":{"name":"Permian Basin oilfields, Eddy and Lea counties","type":"Oil and gas production region","state":"NM","states":["NM"],"detail":"Southeast New Mexico Permian Basin; state trust and federal lands","coordinates":{"lat":32.6,"lon":-103.8,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Eddy","Lea"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Spills of saline, chemical-laden produced water contaminate soil and water near well sites and reuse ponds.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Source NM (ref 1) reports a 160,000-gallon produced-water spill damaging about 20 acres around a reuse pit in Lea County.","service":"No drinking-water service disruption is documented in the cited sources.","scale":"Hundreds of spills per quarter across Eddy and Lea counties (refs 1, 2); NM generates about two billion barrels of produced water a year (ref 3).","duration":"Quarterly reports show recurring spills from January through September 2025 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"WQCC adopted a discharge ban rule on May 14, 2025 (refs 3, 4); the State Land Office pressed EOG over the spill (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported in cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"302 reported oil and gas liquid spills in Q2 2025 (147 in Eddy, 128 in Lea); about 422,000 gallons not recovered."},"measures":[{"name":"Reported liquid spills, Q2 2025","value":302,"unit":"spills","status":"Reported","note":"OCD data compiled by WildEarth Guardians, ref 1"},{"name":"Unrecovered spill volume, Q2 2025","value":422000,"unit":"gallons (estimated by compiler)","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Reported fluid spills, Q3 2025","value":350,"unit":"spills","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2 (advocacy compilation)"},{"name":"Statewide produced water generated","value":84000000000,"unit":"gallons per year (about)","status":"Reported","note":"ref 3"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Q2 volume fell from Q1, while Q3 counts and volumes rose (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Mexico Oil Conservation Division (EMNRD)","role":"Oil and gas spill regulator"},{"name":"New Mexico Water Quality Control Commission","role":"Water quality rulemaking"},{"name":"New Mexico State Land Office","role":"Trust land manager"}],"public_contact":"New Mexico Oil Conservation Division spills and incidents data, emnrd.nm.gov","corrective_actions":["WQCC rule prohibiting discharge of treated produced water (May 2025), with pilot-project permitting","Operator spill reporting to OCD"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Watchdog group reports NM 'spike' of oil and gas pollution (Source NM)","publisher":"Yahoo News / Source New Mexico","date":"2025-07-29","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/watchdog-group-reports-nm-spike-205207602.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Toxic Oil and Gas Spills Surge 400% in Q3 across Permian and Chaco","publisher":"WildEarth Guardians","date":"2025-11-11","url":"https://wildearthguardians.org/press-releases/toxic-oil-and-gas-spills-surge-400-in-q3-across-permian-and-chaco/","basis":"Advocacy analysis of state data"},{"ref":3,"title":"New Mexico Bans Release of Treated Oil and Gas Wastewater","publisher":"Inside Climate News","date":"2025-06-04","url":"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/04062025/new-mexico-bans-release-of-treated-oil-gas-wastewater/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"New Mexico water quality commission bans discharge of produced water","publisher":"Permian Basin Oil and Gas Magazine","date":"2025-05-16","url":"https://pboilandgasmagazine.com/new-mexico-water-quality-commission-bans-discharge-of-produced-water/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (NM in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NM-STATEWIDE-SACKETT-SURFACE-WATER-GAP-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Sackett ruling leaves most NM streams without federal Clean Water Act permits","description":"After the U.S. Supreme Court's May 2023 Sackett v. EPA decision, the New Mexico Environment Department says many of the state's waters, including ephemeral streams, isolated wetlands and playas, likely fall outside federal Clean Water Act permit requirements. New Mexico also lacks its own discharge permit program, relying on EPA. The state is building a surface water permitting program; industry groups contested its scope for ephemeral waters and fees at a July 2026 legislative hearing while the rules remained pending.","location":{"name":"New Mexico surface waters (statewide)","type":"Statewide surface water regulatory program","state":"NM","states":["NM"],"detail":"Ephemeral and intermittent streams, playas and wetlands statewide","coordinates":{"lat":34.5,"lon":-106,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"A federal jurisdiction change left a regulatory gap for discharges to most state waters.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"NMED (ref 1) says ephemeral waters and isolated wetlands are likely out of federal permit coverage, so discharges there lack CWA permits.","service":"No service disruption; this is a regulatory coverage gap described by NMED (ref 1).","scale":"NMED (ref 1) frames the gap as statewide, covering ephemeral, intermittent and isolated waters.","duration":"The gap dates from the May 25, 2023 Sackett decision (ref 1) and rules remained under debate in July 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"State rulemaking before the Water Quality Control Commission is pending, with industry objections filed (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported in cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"NMED says ephemeral waters, isolated wetlands, playas and possibly intermittent waters are likely no longer subject to federal CWA permits."},"measures":[{"name":"Estimated annual cost of proposed state program","value":8370000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Cited by NM Natural Resources Partnership, ref 2"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"State program under development (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Mexico Environment Department, Surface Water Quality Bureau","role":"Program developer"},{"name":"New Mexico Water Quality Control Commission","role":"Rule adoption"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 6","role":"Current NPDES permitting authority"}],"public_contact":"New Mexico Environment Department communications, 505-670-8911","corrective_actions":["State surface water permitting program for waters no longer covered by WOTUS","Pursuit of NPDES primacy from EPA"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Surface Water Discharge Permitting Program (Water and Natural Resources Committee)","publisher":"New Mexico Environment Department (via NM Legislature)","date":"2024-08-27","url":"https://www.nmlegis.gov/handouts/WNR%20082624%20Item%209%20Surface%20Water%20Permitting%20NMED.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Surface Water Permitting Program: Implementation and Rulemaking (Water and Natural Resources Committee)","publisher":"New Mexico Natural Resources Partnership (via NM Legislature)","date":"2026-07-14","url":"https://www.nmlegis.gov/handouts/WNR%20071326%20Item%2010%20NRP%20SWPP%20Surface%20Water%20Permitting.pdf","basis":"Stakeholder testimony"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (NM in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NM-NAVAJO-GALLUP-WATER-PROJECT-FUNDING-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Navajo-Gallup Water Supply Project faces $600 million funding gap","description":"The Navajo-Gallup Water Supply Project, the pipeline at the center of the Navajo Nation's San Juan River water rights settlement, has an estimated $2.2 billion cost against about $1.6 billion authorized, leaving a gap of about $600 million, a Bureau of Reclamation engineer told New Mexico lawmakers in July 2025. Its completion deadline moved from December 2024 to December 2029. Gallup, which has paid more than $58 million without receiving project water, has seen groundwater levels drop about 200 feet in a decade.","location":{"name":"Navajo-Gallup Water Supply Project / Gallup","type":"Regional water supply project for an Indian water rights settlement","state":"NM","states":["NM"],"detail":"San Juan River to Gallup and Navajo Nation chapters, McKinley and San Juan counties","coordinates":{"lat":35.53,"lon":-108.74,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["McKinley","San Juan"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"NM3508317"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"A federal funding shortfall threatens delivery of settlement water to tribal and municipal users.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Source NM (ref 1) reports Gallup groundwater levels fell about 200 feet in a decade and production fell from about 3,900 to 2,900 acre-feet.","service":"Source NM (ref 1) says more than 40% of Navajo Nation households haul water while awaiting the project.","scale":"About 250,000 Navajo people rely on completion (ref 1); Gallup's system serves 20,880 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Authorized in 2009; completion deadline extended from December 2024 to December 2029 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Federal amendments bills (S.637/H.R.1482) pending to raise the cost ceiling to $2.175 billion (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":250000,"status":"Reported","note":"Navajo people relying on project completion per Source NM (ref 1); Gallup Water System serves 20,880 per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"FY 2024 working cost estimate of $2.2 billion leaves an estimated funding gap of about $600 million."},"measures":[{"name":"Estimated funding gap","value":600000000,"unit":"USD (approx.)","status":"Reported","note":"Reclamation, ref 2"},{"name":"Project cost estimate","value":2200000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"October 2023 price level, ref 2"},{"name":"Gallup payments to date","value":58000000,"unit":"USD (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Gallup groundwater level decline over last decade","value":200,"unit":"feet (about)","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["capital need exceeds revenue capacity: Yes","temporary support dependence: Yes","liquidity or default stress: Unknown"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Construction continues; funding gap unresolved as of July 2025 (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","role":"Project construction lead"},{"name":"Navajo Nation","role":"Settlement party and project partner"},{"name":"City of Gallup","role":"Project partner and cost-share payer"}],"public_contact":"Bureau of Reclamation Four Corners Construction Office, 505-324-5031","corrective_actions":["Completion deadline extended to December 31, 2029","NGWSP Amendments Act to raise appropriation ceiling and create a $250 million O&M trust fund"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lujan calls on Trump to fund Navajo-Gallup water pipeline, as Gallup warns it's running dry (Source NM)","publisher":"KANW / Source New Mexico","date":"2025-07-29","url":"https://www.kanw.org/new-mexico-news/2025-07-29/lujan-calls-on-trump-to-fund-navajo-gallup-water-pipeline-as-gallup-warns-its-running-dry","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Navajo-Gallup Water Supply Project Update (Indian Affairs Committee)","publisher":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (via NM Legislature)","date":"2025-07-16","url":"https://www.nmlegis.gov/handouts/IAC%20071625%20Item%209%20NGWSP%20Update%20BoR.pdf","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Gallup Water System","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NM/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/GALLUP/JSON","basis":"EPA data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (NM in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NM-GALLUP-GROUNDWATER-SUPPLY-2025"]},{"id":"US-NM-HERMITS-PEAK-FIRE-FLOOD-COMPENSATION-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Hermits Peak/Calf Canyon fire and flood compensation slow and opaque","description":"The federal Hermits Peak/Calf Canyon Claims Office, funded with $5.45 billion to compensate San Miguel and Mora county residents for the 2022 fire and subsequent flooding, had paid 23,510 proofs of loss totaling $3.36 billion as of late January 2026, but some claimants were still waiting and FEMA had not fulfilled months-old records requests. Post-fire flooding continued in the burn scar: in June 2024 an ash-laden Gallinas River led Las Vegas to close nonessential businesses and cancel its July 4 Fiestas.","location":{"name":"Hermits Peak/Calf Canyon burn scar","type":"Wildfire burn scar watersheds","state":"NM","states":["NM"],"detail":"Mora and San Miguel counties including Gallinas River and Las Vegas","coordinates":{"lat":35.59,"lon":-105.22,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["San Miguel","Mora"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Federal compensation for fire and cascading flood losses has been slow and lacks transparency.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"KOB (ref 2) reports the Gallinas River overflowed with ash and debris from the burn scar in June 2024.","service":"Las Vegas asked nonessential businesses to close because treated water was limited after the 2024 flooding (ref 2).","scale":"The 2024 flood affected about 15,000 people in and around Las Vegas (ref 2); compensation covers San Miguel and Mora counties (ref 1).","duration":"The fire was in 2022; claims and flood impacts continued into 2026 (refs 1, 3).","significance":"Members of Congress complained in November 2025 that the claims office missed required reporting deadlines (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":15000,"status":"Reported","note":"People affected by the June 2024 flood-driven water crisis in Las Vegas per the city (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"As of late January 2026 the claims office had paid 23,510 proofs of loss totaling $3.36 billion of $5.45 billion appropriated."},"measures":[{"name":"Compensation paid","value":3360000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1, January 2026"},{"name":"Proofs of loss paid","value":23510,"unit":"claims","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Federal compensation appropriated","value":5450000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Compensation paid as of Aug 5, 2025","value":2800000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"FEMA, ref 3"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Payments rose from $2.8 billion (Aug 2025, ref 3) to $3.36 billion (Jan 2026, ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"FEMA Hermit's Peak/Calf Canyon Claims Office","role":"Federal compensation administrator"},{"name":"City of Las Vegas","role":"Local water utility and emergency response"}],"public_contact":"FEMA Hermit's Peak/Calf Canyon Claims Office, fema.gov","corrective_actions":["Federal compensation under the Hermit's Peak/Calf Canyon Fire Assistance Act","Program and Policy Guide 2.0 adds flood insurance, cascading impacts and acequia costs (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Hermits Peak/Calf Canyon FEMA payout records still withheld","publisher":"Santa Fe New Mexican","date":"2026-01-29","url":"https://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/hermits-peak-calf-canyon-fema-payout-records-still-withheld/article_6286f2a4-579c-4545-9ee9-e9dff1a0484b.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Burn scar flooding puts Las Vegas water supply at risk, halts 4th of July Fiestas","publisher":"KOB 4","date":"2024-06-25","url":"https://kob.com/?p=622127","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"FEMA Hermit's Peak/Calf Canyon Claims Office Releases Updated Program and Policy Guide Version 2.0","publisher":"FEMA","date":"2025-08-11","url":"https://www.fema.gov/print/txt/node/702972","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NM in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NM-LAS-VEGAS-POSTFIRE-WATER-INFRA-2025"]},{"id":"US-NM-PROJECT-JUPITER-DATA-CENTER-WATER-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Project Jupiter data center's emergency well permit halted by NM Supreme Court","description":"The New Mexico Supreme Court on August 23, 2026 stayed a State Engineer emergency permit that let Project Jupiter, a 1,400-acre AI data center campus under construction near Santa Teresa, drill a new well and use water rights previously permitted for agriculture without a hearing. Meter readings obtained by the Center for Biological Diversity showed the well pumped more than 103 million gallons since April. Rep. Melanie Stansbury cited estimates of over a million gallons a day and asked state officials how the use fits Rio Grande Compact obligations.","location":{"name":"Project Jupiter data center, Santa Teresa","type":"Industrial (data center) water use","state":"NM","states":["NM"],"detail":"Near Santa Teresa, Dona Ana County; Lower Rio Grande basin","coordinates":{"lat":31.86,"lon":-106.64,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Dona Ana"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["water-rights","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A large new industrial water demand in a basin under a court-supervised groundwater reduction obligation.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Searchlight NM (ref 1) reports more than 103 million gallons pumped from the new well since April 2026.","service":"No service disruption to other users is documented in the cited sources.","scale":"Stansbury (ref 2) notes the Lower Rio Grande settlement requires cutting groundwater pumping by 18,200 acre-feet a year by 2036.","duration":"Pumping ran from April 2026 until the August 23, 2026 stay (ref 1).","significance":"New Mexico Supreme Court stays on both the emergency water permit and the air permit proceeding (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported in cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than 103 million gallons pumped from Project Jupiter's new well since April 2026, per State Engineer meter readings."},"measures":[{"name":"Water pumped from new well since April 2026","value":103000000,"unit":"gallons (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Estimated water use","value":1000000,"unit":"gallons per day (over)","status":"Reported","note":"Estimate cited by Rep. Stansbury, ref 2"},{"name":"Campus size","value":1400,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Mexico Office of the State Engineer","role":"Water permit issuer"},{"name":"New Mexico Environment Department","role":"Air permit reviewer"},{"name":"New Mexico Supreme Court","role":"Reviewing court"}],"public_contact":"New Mexico Office of the State Engineer, ose.nm.gov","corrective_actions":["Supreme Court stays of the emergency well permit and air permit proceedings","Congressional request for a public accounting of water rights and use"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"New Mexico Supreme Court pauses Project Jupiter permitting processes","publisher":"Searchlight New Mexico","date":"2026-08-25","url":"https://searchlightnm.org/new-mexico-supreme-court-pauses-project-jupiter-permitting-processes/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Rep. Stansbury Demands Answers on Project Jupiter's Water Use as New Mexico Supreme Court Issues Emergency Orders","publisher":"Office of Rep. Melanie Stansbury","date":"2026-08-24","url":"https://stansbury.house.gov/media/press-releases/rep-stansbury-demands-answers-project-jupiters-water-use-new-mexico-supreme","basis":"Federal official statement"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (NM in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TX-RIO-GRANDE-COMPACT-SETTLEMENT-2026"]},{"id":"US-NM-JACKPILE-PAGUATE-RIO-PAGUATE-URANIUM-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Jackpile-Paguate uranium mine still contaminates Rio Paguate at Laguna Pueblo","description":"The Jackpile-Paguate Mine at Laguna Pueblo, once the world's largest open-pit uranium mine, remains a Superfund site still in the investigation phase under a 2017 EPA order with Atlantic Richfield. The site was listed after Rio Paguate samples showed uranium at 500 micrograms per liter, more than 16 times EPA's safe level, and nearly every post-monsoon runoff sample from 2014 to 2016 exceeded the uranium drinking water standard. Searchlight New Mexico reported in 2025 that contaminated water and soil still affect people, animals and agriculture.","location":{"name":"Rio Paguate at Jackpile-Paguate Mine","type":"Superfund site and intermittent Rio Grande tributary","state":"NM","states":["NM"],"detail":"Paguate, Pueblo of Laguna, Cibola County, about 40 miles west of Albuquerque","coordinates":{"lat":35.14,"lon":-107.38,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Cibola"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["other","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Uranium from mine waste washes into an intermittent stream used by the Pueblo.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"HCN (ref 3) reports a Rio Paguate sample at 500 ug/L uranium, more than 16 times EPA's safe level, and later samples near 800 ug/L.","service":"No public water service disruption is documented in the cited sources.","scale":"Searchlight/EHN (ref 2) reports impacts on Laguna Pueblo residents, animals and agriculture.","duration":"Mining ended decades ago and the RI/FS under a July 1, 2017 order was still under way (refs 1, 2).","significance":"National Priorities List Superfund site with an EPA Administrative Order on Consent (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported in cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Rio Paguate uranium sample of 500 micrograms per liter, more than 16 times the EPA safe level, prompted Superfund listing."},"measures":[{"name":"Uranium in Rio Paguate (listing sample)","value":500,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"ref 3"},{"name":"Uranium in later Rio Paguate samples","value":800,"unit":"ug/L (about)","status":"Reported","note":"ref 3"},{"name":"RECA payment for post-1971 uranium workers","value":100000,"unit":"USD (one-time)","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Still in investigation phase (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 6","role":"Superfund lead"},{"name":"Atlantic Richfield Company","role":"Responsible party (RI/FS)"},{"name":"Pueblo of Laguna","role":"Affected tribal government"}],"public_contact":"EPA Community Involvement Coordinator Tom Ruiz, (214) 665-3153","corrective_actions":["Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study under 2017 Administrative Order on Consent"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Jackpile-Paguate Uranium Mine Superfund Site Profile","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/superfund/jackpile-paguate","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Laguna Pueblo continues to suffer with legacy uranium waste, despite expanded federal compensation program (Searchlight New Mexico summary)","publisher":"Environmental Health News","date":"2025-08-15","url":"https://www.ehn.org/laguna-pueblo-continues-to-suffer-with-legacy-uranium-waste-despite-expanded-federal-compensation-program","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Nuclear energy: 40 years after its closure, the Jackpile Mine's toxic legacy continues","publisher":"High Country News / New Mexico In Depth","date":"2021-12-23","url":"https://www.hcn.org/articles/nuclear-energy-40-years-after-its-closure-the-jackpile-mines-toxic-legacy-continues/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (NM in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NM-CHURCH-ROCK-URANIUM-MINE-WASTE-2025"]},{"id":"US-NM-LOWER-RIO-GRANDE-EBID-SHORT-ALLOTMENT-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lower Rio Grande farmers get 6-inch allotment as NM must cut groundwater use","description":"Elephant Butte Irrigation District set its 2025 surface water allotment at 6 inches per acre and expected the river through Dona Ana County to flow only about 90 days before drying again. Under the Texas v. New Mexico settlement accepted in 2026, New Mexico must reduce Lower Rio Grande groundwater depletions; the State Engineer says a required water rights acquisition program covers 18,200 acre-feet of current groundwater use, and a temporary leasing program has enrolled over 7,500 acres through 2028.","location":{"name":"Elephant Butte Irrigation District (Lower Rio Grande)","type":"Irrigation district and groundwater basin","state":"NM","states":["NM"],"detail":"Mesilla and Rincon valleys, Dona Ana and Sierra counties","coordinates":{"lat":32.31,"lon":-106.78,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Dona Ana","Sierra"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["water-rights","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Short surface supply and mandated groundwater cuts constrain irrigated agriculture.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ABQ Journal (ref 1) says long-term drought is making for shorter, drier irrigation seasons in the lower valley.","service":"EBID's 2025 river allotment was 6 inches per acre with about 90 days of flow (ref 1).","scale":"Covers irrigators across EBID in Dona Ana County; 7,500 acres enrolled in temporary leasing (ref 2).","duration":"Groundwater reductions under the settlement run through a transition period; leasing extends through 2028 (ref 2).","significance":"U.S. Supreme Court-accepted Compact settlement in June 2026 requires NM to reduce depletions (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported in cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"EBID 2025 river allotment of 6 inches per acre, with the river flowing about 90 days."},"measures":[{"name":"EBID 2025 surface water allotment","value":6,"unit":"inches per acre","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Groundwater use covered by required water-rights acquisition","value":18200,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"},{"name":"Acres enrolled in temporary leasing","value":7500,"unit":"acres (over)","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Elephant Butte Irrigation District","role":"Irrigation district"},{"name":"New Mexico Office of the State Engineer","role":"Groundwater administration (AWRM, metering)"},{"name":"New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission","role":"Settlement implementation programs"}],"public_contact":"New Mexico Office of the State Engineer, ose.nm.gov","corrective_actions":["Water rights acquisition program for 18,200 acre-feet of groundwater use","Temporary fallowing/leasing program","AMIGO groundwater metering program","About $65 million in Lower Rio Grande conservation and recharge work"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Dry most of the year, the lower Rio Grande flows for irrigation season","publisher":"Albuquerque Journal","date":"2025-06-03","url":"https://www.abqjournal.com/lifestyle/dry-most-of-the-year-the-lower-rio-grande-flows-for-irrigation-season/365683","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Building a Resilient Water Future for the Rio Grande (Water and Natural Resources Committee)","publisher":"NM Office of the State Engineer and Interstate Stream Commission (via NM Legislature)","date":"2026-08-31","url":"https://www.nmlegis.gov/handouts/WNR%20083126%20Item%203%20OSE%20ISC%20TXvNM%20and%20Water%20Managenent%20Efforts.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Rio Grande Compact Fact Sheet","publisher":"NM Interstate Stream Commission (posted by MRGCD)","date":null,"url":"https://www.mrgcd.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/ISC-MRG-RioGrandeCompactFactSheet_FINAL.pdf","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NM in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TX-RIO-GRANDE-COMPACT-SETTLEMENT-2026","US-NM-RIO-GRANDE-COMPACT-DEBIT-MRGCD-2025"]},{"id":"US-NM-STATEWIDE-ACEQUIA-FUNDING-DISASTER-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"New Mexico acequias face disaster damage and funding gaps","description":"Roughly 700 acequias, New Mexico's community irrigation ditches, face drought and repeated fire and flood damage; the New Mexico Acequia Association said in February 2025 that as much as $70 million is needed, while the state's Acequia and Community Ditch Infrastructure Fund provides $2.5 million a year. The association also said federal conservation grants it relies on were frozen in early 2025, and a bill to create a permanent acequia trust fund was pending.","location":{"name":"New Mexico acequias (statewide)","type":"Community irrigation ditch systems","state":"NM","states":["NM"],"detail":"About 700 acequias, concentrated in northern New Mexico","coordinates":{"lat":35.68,"lon":-105.94,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Small, volunteer-run ditch associations lack funds to repair disaster damage and adapt to drought.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"KUNM (ref 1) reports the 2022 Hermits Peak/Calf Canyon fire damaged many acequias and a Santa Fe County mayordomo is farming with less water.","service":"A mayordomo told KUNM (ref 1) his farm is having to work with less water in the 2025 dry year.","scale":"Roughly 700 acequias statewide (ref 1).","duration":"Damage dates to the 2022 fires and continued disasters; ISC acequia fund records show projects funded in FY23 and FY24 (ref 2).","significance":"No enforcement or emergency order; the issue is a funding gap debated by the Legislature (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported in cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"As much as $70 million is needed for acequias versus $2.5 million a year from the state infrastructure fund."},"measures":[{"name":"Estimated acequia funding need","value":70000000,"unit":"USD (up to)","status":"Reported","note":"NM Acequia Association, ref 1"},{"name":"Acequia and Community Ditch Infrastructure Fund","value":2500000,"unit":"USD per year","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"},{"name":"Acequias statewide","value":700,"unit":"acequias (roughly)","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["capital need exceeds revenue capacity: Yes","temporary support dependence: Yes"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission, Acequia Bureau","role":"Administers state acequia fund"},{"name":"New Mexico Acequia Commission","role":"State advisory body"},{"name":"New Mexico Acequia Association","role":"Statewide acequia advocacy organization"}],"public_contact":"New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission Acequia Bureau, ose.nm.gov","corrective_actions":["Acequia and Community Ditch Infrastructure Fund grants","Proposed SB 208 (double the fund) and HB 330 (permanent trust fund) in 2025"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Acequia advocates ask for more money as drought and disaster hit waterways","publisher":"KUNM","date":"2025-02-11","url":"https://www.kunm.org/local-news/2025-02-11/acequia-advocates-ask-for-more-money-as-drought-and-disaster-hit-waterways","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"NMISC Acequia Assistance (Water and Natural Resources Committee)","publisher":"NM Interstate Stream Commission (via NM Legislature)","date":"2025-09-12","url":"https://www.nmlegis.gov/handouts/WNR%20091125%20Item%208%20ISC%20Acequia%20Assistance.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (NM in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NM-HERMITS-PEAK-FIRE-FLOOD-COMPENSATION-2026"]},{"id":"US-NE-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Nebraska PFAS monitoring: 34 state-sampled detections above federal PFAS MCLs","description":"The Nebraska Department of Water, Energy & Environment reports that its free PFAS sampling of community water systems serving under 3,300 people found 34 detections above the 2024 federal PFAS MCLs (8 PFOA, 19 PFOS, 7 PFHxS), and that three of the larger systems sampled under EPA's UCMR 5 tested above one or more PFAS MCLs. UCMR 5 data show PFOS up to 18.5 ppt at Plattsmouth, 17 ppt at North Platte and PFHxS at 24.6 ppt in one Grand Island sample.","location":{"name":"Nebraska public water systems","type":"Statewide drinking-water monitoring program","state":"NE","states":["NE"],"detail":"Community water systems statewide; UCMR 5 covered 53 Nebraska systems","coordinates":{"lat":41.5,"lon":-99.8,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns PFAS concentrations measured in public drinking water supplies.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS contamination of groundwater sources"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"DWEE (ref 1) counts 34 small-system detections above the PFAS MCLs; the MCLs are not yet enforceable, so harm is scored as potential.","service":"No do-not-drink or service restriction tied to PFAS results is documented on the DWEE page (ref 1).","scale":"DWEE says 416 of 449 small community systems were sampled statewide and 35 of 52 UCMR 5 systems by December 2024 (ref 1).","duration":"Sampling ran 2023-2025 under UCMR 5 with a DWEE second round starting in early 2024 (ref 1); exceedances are newly identified.","significance":"Results come from monitoring; initial PFAS monitoring is due by April 26, 2027 and no PFAS violation or order is cited (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"DWEE does not name the systems above the MCLs or their populations (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Monitoring results determined 34 PFAS detections above their established MCLs (DWEE small-system sampling, map updated Jan 2, 2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"State-sampled detections above PFAS MCLs","value":34,"unit":"detections","status":"Reported","note":"DWEE table: PFOA 8, PFOS 19, PFHxS 7 (ref 1)."},{"name":"UCMR 5 systems above one or more PFAS MCLs","value":3,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"As of December 2024 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOS result (Plattsmouth, NE3102501)","value":18.5,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Two samples, mean 16.9 ppt (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First complete PFAS sampling round; DWEE second round began in 2024 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Nebraska Department of Water, Energy & Environment (DWEE, formerly NDEE)","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA (UCMR 5)","role":"Federal monitoring program"}],"public_contact":"DWEE Drinking Water Program, DWEE.drinkingwater@nebraska.gov","corrective_actions":["DWEE provides free initial PFAS monitoring for community systems serving fewer than 3,300 people, funded by the Nebraska State Revolving Fund, and began a second sampling round in early 2024 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PFAS in Public Water Supply Systems","publisher":"Nebraska Department of Water, Energy & Environment","date":"2025-01-02","url":"https://dwee.nebraska.gov/water/drinking-water/drinking-water-monitoring-compliance/pfas-public-water-supply-systems","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (NE in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NE-GRAND-ISLAND-URANIUM-MCL-2025"]},{"id":"US-NE-STATEWIDE-NITRATE-DRINKING-WATER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Nebraska nitrate in groundwater drinking water: 42 MCL violations in 23 systems (2025)","description":"Nitrate was the leading drinking-water contaminant in Nebraska in 2025, with 42 MCL violations across 23 public water systems and nine active nitrate administrative orders, according to the state drinking-water program. A state-commissioned study released in early 2025 found about 15% of tested private wells above the 10 ppm federal standard and nitrate rising in roughly a third of 444 public systems analyzed.","location":{"name":"Nebraska groundwater-supplied water systems","type":"Statewide aquifer and public water systems","state":"NE","states":["NE"],"detail":"Hotspots include Pierce and Platte counties, the Elkhorn and Platte valleys and the Big and Little Blue basins","coordinates":{"lat":41.5,"lon":-99.8,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns nitrate contamination of the aquifers that supply most Nebraska drinking water.","secondary_drivers":["Nitrogen fertilizer and manure leaching","Reliance on shallow groundwater"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DWEE's 2025 report (ref 1) records 42 nitrate MCL violations across 23 systems, an acute-risk contaminant for infants.","service":"Nitrate MCL violations require hand-delivered notice within 24 hours and alternate water for susceptible people (ref 1); Prosser residents used bottled water and RO units (ref 2).","scale":"Flatwater (ref 2) reports about 15% of private wells tested statewide above 10 ppm and nitrate rising in about a third of 444 public systems.","duration":"Flatwater (ref 2) notes elevated nitrate reported since the 1930s in the Upper Elkhorn and Central Platte basins, still rising.","significance":"DWEE (ref 1) lists nine active nitrate administrative orders in 2025, three newly issued that year."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No statewide count of people served by nitrate-violating systems is published (refs 1-2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Nitrate was the leading contaminant, with 42 MCL violations across 23 systems (DWEE 2025 annual report)."},"measures":[{"name":"Nitrate MCL violations, 2025","value":42,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"23-24 systems (ref 1)."},{"name":"Active nitrate administrative orders, 2025","value":9,"unit":"orders","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1, Table 12."},{"name":"Private wells above 10 ppm in state study","value":15,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2; KOLN reports 3,800 samples (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Nitrate rising in about a third of public systems analyzed and falling in another third (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Nebraska Department of Water, Energy & Environment (DWEE, formerly NDEE)","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Nebraska Natural Resources Districts","role":"Groundwater management areas"}],"public_contact":"Nebraska Department of Water, Energy & Environment Drinking Water Program, 402-471-2186","corrective_actions":["DWEE published a 2024 Nitrate Study with a community prioritization framework, and the Governor's Water Quality and Quantity Task Force issued 14 recommended goals (ref 1).","The state offers private well owners above 10 ppm a rebate of up to $1,000 for reverse osmosis systems (ref 2).","Systems under nitrate orders are referred to the Drinking Water SRF, e.g. Burr (NE3113110, 52 people) is ranked first in 2025 for a $1.62 million interconnection due to nitrate (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Nebraska's Public Water System Supervision Program 2025 Annual Report","publisher":"Nebraska Department of Water, Energy & Environment","date":"2026-08-15","url":"https://dwee.nebraska.gov/sites/default/files/publications/26-038%20Nebraska%20Public%20Water%20Supply%20Supervision%20Program%20Summary%20Report%202025.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Many Nebraskans still under threat of high nitrate in drinking water, report finds","publisher":"Flatwater Free Press","date":"2025-02-14","url":"https://flatwaterfreepress.org/many-nebraskans-still-under-threat-of-high-nitrate-in-drinking-water-report-finds","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"NDEE study examines nitrate concentration in Nebraska groundwater","publisher":"KOLN (10/11 Now) via KNOP","date":"2025-02-03","url":"https://www.knopnews2.com/2025/02/04/ndee-study-examines-nitrate-concentration-nebraska-groundwater/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Nebraska State Revolving Fund 2025 DWSRF Ranked Project Priority Funding List","publisher":"Nebraska State Revolving Fund (via UNM SRF Switchboard)","date":"2024-07-19","url":"https://swefcsrfswitchboard.unm.edu/srf/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/2025-DWSRF-NE-PPL.pdf","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"New record (NE in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NE-PLAINVIEW-NITRATE-ORDER-2026","US-NE-WISNER-NITRATE-MCL-2025","US-NE-PROSSER-NITRATE-EPA-ORDER-2024","US-NE-STATEWIDE-AG-NITRATE-GOVERNANCE-2025"]},{"id":"US-NE-PLAINVIEW-NITRATE-ORDER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Plainview: recurring nitrate MCL violations under state order; bottled water for infants","description":"The City of Plainview in Pierce County has recorded nitrate MCL violations most quarters since 2022, with results of 11-12 mg/L against a 10 mg/L limit, and is under a state nitrate administrative order. In March 2026 the city warned that infants, pregnant women and nursing mothers should not drink the water and offered bottled water; a September 2026 quarterly result was 8.43 mg/L.","location":{"name":"City of Plainview water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NE","states":["NE"],"detail":"Pierce County, northeast Nebraska (Bazile Groundwater Management Area)","coordinates":{"lat":42.35,"lon":-97.79,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Pierce"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NE3113902"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns nitrate concentrations in delivered drinking water from groundwater wells.","secondary_drivers":["Agricultural nitrate in groundwater"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"City notice (ref 1) reports a 3/24/2026 sample of 11 mg/L, above the 10 mg/L nitrate standard.","service":"Plainview (ref 1) told infants, pregnant women and nursing mothers not to drink the water and made bottled water available at City Office.","scale":"SDWIS lists Plainview serving 1,282 people (ref 4), one community system.","duration":"SDWIS (ref 5) shows nitrate MCL violations in most quarters from 2022 through Q1 2026.","significance":"The 2025 DWSRF list (ref 3) funds new wells and a transmission main 'to address Nitrate A.O.'"}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1282,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A nitrate sample collected on 3/24/2026 measured at a concentration of 11 mg/L which exceeds the drinking water standard of 10mg/L."},"measures":[{"name":"Nitrate result, March 24, 2026","value":11,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; MCL 10."},{"name":"Nitrate quarterly result, September 2026","value":8.43,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"DWSRF project estimate (new wells and main)","value":5500000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"50% forgiveness (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"11 mg/L in March 2026, 8.43 mg/L in September 2026 (refs 1-2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Plainview","role":"Water system owner/operator"},{"name":"Nebraska Department of Water, Energy & Environment (DWEE, formerly NDEE)","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Plainview City Office, 209 West Locust, Plainview, NE 68769, 402-582-4928","corrective_actions":["Plainview is ranked on the 2025 DWSRF BIL list for $5.5 million in new wells and a transmission main to address its nitrate administrative order (ref 3).","The city provides bottled water to susceptible residents when results exceed 10 mg/L (refs 1-2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drinking Water Warning March 2026","publisher":"City of Plainview","date":"2026-03-31","url":"https://cityofplainviewne.com/drinking-water-warning-march-2026/","basis":"Local government notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Quarterly Nitrate Level- September 2026","publisher":"City of Plainview","date":"2026-09-28","url":"https://cityofplainviewne.com/quarterly-nitrate-level-september-2026/","basis":"Local government notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"Nebraska State Revolving Fund 2025 DWSRF Ranked Project Priority Funding List","publisher":"Nebraska State Revolving Fund (via UNM SRF Switchboard)","date":"2024-07-19","url":"https://swefcsrfswitchboard.unm.edu/srf/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/2025-DWSRF-NE-PPL.pdf","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record for NE3113902","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NE3113902/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for NE3113902","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/NE3113902/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (NE in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NE-STATEWIDE-NITRATE-DRINKING-WATER-2025","US-NE-BAZILE-GWMA-NITRATE-2023"]},{"id":"US-NE-WISNER-NITRATE-MCL-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Wisner: nitrate above MCL every quarter 2022-2025; new treatment plant planned","description":"SDWIS records nitrate MCL violations at the City of Wisner in Cuming County in every quarter from 2022 through Q4 2025, with results of 11-13 mg/L against the 10 mg/L limit. The state Drinking Water SRF lists a $2.9 million new water treatment plant to address nitrate; the 2024 list also scored manganese and selenium.","location":{"name":"City of Wisner water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NE","states":["NE"],"detail":"Cuming County, northeast Nebraska (Elkhorn River valley)","coordinates":{"lat":41.99,"lon":-96.91,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Cuming"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NE3103903"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns nitrate in delivered groundwater-sourced drinking water.","secondary_drivers":["Agricultural nitrate in groundwater"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 4) shows a Q1 2025 nitrate result of 13 mg/L, above the 10 mg/L MCL.","service":"Each nitrate MCL violation requires 24-hour hand-delivered notice and alternate water for susceptible people under state rules (ref 5).","scale":"Wisner serves 1,239 people per SDWIS (ref 3) and the 2025 SRF list (ref 1).","duration":"Sixteen consecutive quarterly nitrate MCL violations, Q1 2022 to Q4 2025, appear in SDWIS (ref 4).","significance":"The 2024 SRF list (ref 2) scores Wisner at '100% MCL in Nitrates' and SDWIS lists formal MCL violations; no administrative order is documented."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1239,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"New WTP to address Nitrate, Well Pumphouse: estimated $2,900,000 (2025 Nebraska DWSRF priority list)."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak nitrate compliance result in window","value":13,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS Q1 2025 (ref 4); MCL 10."},{"name":"DWSRF treatment plant estimate","value":2900000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"46.14% forgiveness (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Results held at 11-13 mg/L across 2022-2025 (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Wisner","role":"Water system owner/operator"},{"name":"Nebraska Department of Water, Energy & Environment (DWEE, formerly NDEE)","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Nebraska Department of Water, Energy & Environment Drinking Water Program, 402-471-2186","corrective_actions":["Wisner is ranked on the 2025 DWSRF base list for a $2.9 million nitrate treatment plant and well pumphouse (ref 1); the 2024 list carried a $3.755 million version also addressing manganese and selenium (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Nebraska State Revolving Fund 2025 DWSRF Ranked Project Priority Funding List","publisher":"Nebraska State Revolving Fund (via UNM SRF Switchboard)","date":"2024-07-19","url":"https://swefcsrfswitchboard.unm.edu/srf/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/2025-DWSRF-NE-PPL.pdf","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Nebraska State Revolving Fund 2024 DWSRF Ranked Project Priority Funding List","publisher":"Nebraska State Revolving Fund (via UNM SRF Switchboard)","date":"2024-02-06","url":"https://swefcsrfswitchboard.unm.edu/resources/nebraska/2024/Drinking%20Water%20SRF/2024_Nebraska_PPL.pdf","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record for NE3103903","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NE3103903/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for NE3103903","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/NE3103903/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"Nebraska's Public Water System Supervision Program 2025 Annual Report","publisher":"Nebraska Department of Water, Energy & Environment","date":"2026-08-15","url":"https://dwee.nebraska.gov/sites/default/files/publications/26-038%20Nebraska%20Public%20Water%20Supply%20Supervision%20Program%20Summary%20Report%202025.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NE in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (2) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NE-STATEWIDE-NITRATE-DRINKING-WATER-2025"]},{"id":"US-NE-PROSSER-NITRATE-EPA-ORDER-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Prosser: EPA emergency order over chronic nitrate; homes rely on RO filters","description":"EPA Region 7 issued a Safe Drinking Water Act section 1431 order on consent to the Village of Prosser in Adams County in January 2024, finding that ongoing nitrate MCL violations may present an imminent and substantial endangerment. The state had issued 28 nitrate violation notices since 2013; SDWIS shows results up to 17 mg/L in late 2024, and residents rely on point-of-use reverse osmosis units and bottled water.","location":{"name":"Village of Prosser water system","type":"Village water system","state":"NE","states":["NE"],"detail":"Adams County, about 20 miles northwest of Hastings","coordinates":{"lat":40.69,"lon":-98.57,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Adams"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NE3120372"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns nitrate in the village's groundwater drinking supply.","secondary_drivers":["Agricultural nitrate in groundwater"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 4) records a nitrate result of 17 mg/L for Q4 2024, against the 10 mg/L limit.","service":"Flatwater (ref 2) reports 37 dwellings use RO filters and the village also provided bottled water.","scale":"EPA's order (ref 1) describes about 51 connections serving about 76 people.","duration":"The order (ref 1) cites 28 state nitrate violation notices from 2013 onward.","significance":"EPA Region 7 order on consent, docket SDWA-07-2024-0036, filed January 18, 2024 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":76,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3) and the EPA order (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"NDEE issued 28 Notice of Violations to the village from 2013 for exceedances of the nitrate MCL (EPA order SDWA-07-2024-0036)."},"measures":[{"name":"State nitrate violation notices since 2013","value":28,"unit":"notices","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Peak nitrate result in window","value":17,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS Q4 2024 (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Latest SDWIS nitrate violation is Q2 2025 (ref 4); no later compliance status found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Village of Prosser","role":"Water system owner/operator"},{"name":"Nebraska Department of Water, Energy & Environment (DWEE, formerly NDEE)","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 7","role":"Federal SDWA enforcement"}],"public_contact":"Nebraska Department of Water, Energy & Environment Drinking Water Program, 402-471-2186","corrective_actions":["The EPA order requires an evaluation of the point-of-use system, a nitrate compliance plan, free alternate water for infants, nursing mothers and pregnant women, and compliance within one year (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"In the Matter of Village of Prosser, Nebraska, Administrative Order on Consent, SDWA-07-2024-0036","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 7","date":"2024-01-18","url":"https://yosemite.epa.gov/oa/rhc/epaadmin.nsf/Filings/BE2C1421693561CA85258AA900528E04/$File/Village%20of%20Prosser,%20Nebraska%20AOC.pdf","basis":"Federal enforcement record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Many Nebraskans still under threat of high nitrate in drinking water, report finds","publisher":"Flatwater Free Press","date":"2025-02-14","url":"https://flatwaterfreepress.org/many-nebraskans-still-under-threat-of-high-nitrate-in-drinking-water-report-finds","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record for NE3120372","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NE3120372/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for NE3120372","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/NE3120372/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NE in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NE-STATEWIDE-NITRATE-DRINKING-WATER-2025"]},{"id":"US-NE-PHILLIPS-URANIUM-MCL-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Phillips: uranium above MCL in every quarter since 2022","description":"SDWIS records uranium MCL violations at the Village of Phillips in Hamilton County in every quarter from Q2 2022 through Q2 2026, with results up to 42 micrograms per liter against the 30 microgram limit. The village has weighed linking to Grand Island for treatment, and the state's 2025 Drinking Water SRF list includes a $1 million interconnection due to uranium.","location":{"name":"Village of Phillips water system","type":"Village water system","state":"NE","states":["NE"],"detail":"Hamilton County, near Grand Island","coordinates":{"lat":40.9,"lon":-98.22,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Hamilton"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NE3108106"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns naturally occurring uranium in delivered groundwater.","secondary_drivers":["Naturally occurring uranium in groundwater"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 4) lists a Q3 2024 uranium value of 42 ug/L against a 30 ug/L MCL.","service":"No do-not-drink order is documented; the violations carry required public notices, the basis for the SDWIS entries (ref 4).","scale":"SDWIS lists 385 people served (ref 3); the SRF list gives 320 (ref 2).","duration":"SDWIS (ref 4) shows 32 uranium MCL violations, Q2 2022 to Q2 2026.","significance":"Formal MCL violations; Aurora News-Register (ref 1) says options are explored with state approval but no order is cited."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":385,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Uranium running annual averages of 31-42 ug/L against an MCL of 30 ug/L, Q2 2022 through Q2 2026 (SDWIS)."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak uranium compliance value","value":42,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS Q3 2024 (ref 4); MCL 30."},{"name":"DWSRF interconnection estimate","value":1000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"28.93% forgiveness (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Values ranged 31-42 ug/L throughout 2022-2026 (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Village of Phillips","role":"Water system owner/operator"},{"name":"Nebraska Department of Water, Energy & Environment (DWEE, formerly NDEE)","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Nebraska Department of Water, Energy & Environment Drinking Water Program, 402-471-2186","corrective_actions":["Phillips is ranked on the 2025 DWSRF BIL list for a $1 million interconnection with another system due to uranium (ref 2).","In March 2023 the village board discussed seeking federal funding to link Phillips and Giltner to Grand Island for treatment (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Phillips village discusses options on water uranium levels","publisher":"Aurora News-Register","date":"2023-03-14","url":"https://www.auroranewsregister.com/node/5895","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Nebraska State Revolving Fund 2025 DWSRF Ranked Project Priority Funding List","publisher":"Nebraska State Revolving Fund (via UNM SRF Switchboard)","date":"2024-07-19","url":"https://swefcsrfswitchboard.unm.edu/srf/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/2025-DWSRF-NE-PPL.pdf","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record for NE3108106","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NE3108106/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for NE3108106","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/NE3108106/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NE in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NE-GRAND-ISLAND-URANIUM-MCL-2025"]},{"id":"US-NE-GRAND-ISLAND-URANIUM-MCL-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Grand Island: uranium MCL violations in 2025 despite treatment","description":"SDWIS records uranium MCL violations for the City of Grand Island in Q3 and Q4 2025 at 32 micrograms per liter, above the 30 microgram limit. The city has treated several uranium-affected wells since 2010 at roughly $1 million a year, and the state reported four systems with uranium MCL violations in 2025.","location":{"name":"City of Grand Island water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NE","states":["NE"],"detail":"Hall County; the system also supplies Alda","coordinates":{"lat":40.92,"lon":-98.34,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Hall"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NE3107902"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns uranium in delivered groundwater-sourced drinking water.","secondary_drivers":["Naturally occurring uranium in groundwater","Nitrate-driven uranium mobilization (research hypothesis)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 3) lists uranium values of 32 ug/L for Q3 and Q4 2025 against the 30 ug/L MCL.","service":"Only required Tier 2 violation notices apply; no use restriction is documented (refs 3-4).","scale":"SDWIS lists 51,478 people served (ref 2), a large single system below 100,000.","duration":"Two consecutive quarterly violations in 2025 (ref 3); Flatwater (ref 1) dates elevated well uranium to 2008.","significance":"Formal MCL violations; DWEE (ref 4) counts 15 uranium MCL violations at four systems in 2025."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":51478,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Uranium compliance values of 32 ug/L in Q3 and Q4 2025 against an MCL of 30 ug/L (SDWIS)."},"measures":[{"name":"Uranium compliance value, Q3-Q4 2025","value":32,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Annual uranium treatment cost","value":1000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Roughly, per Flatwater (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The two 2025 uranium violations are the only health-based SDWIS violations listed since 1998 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Grand Island Utilities","role":"Water system owner/operator"},{"name":"Nebraska Department of Water, Energy & Environment (DWEE, formerly NDEE)","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Nebraska Department of Water, Energy & Environment Drinking Water Program, 402-471-2186","corrective_actions":["Grand Island has operated a uranium treatment plant for three wells since 2010, filtering 2,000 gallons per minute, and blends well water (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Uranium is creeping into Nebraska water supplies, worrying experts","publisher":"Flatwater Free Press","date":"2023-03-28","url":"https://flatwaterfreepress.org/uranium-is-creeping-into-nebraska-water-supplies-worrying-experts","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record for NE3107902","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NE3107902/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for NE3107902","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/NE3107902/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"Nebraska's Public Water System Supervision Program 2025 Annual Report","publisher":"Nebraska Department of Water, Energy & Environment","date":"2026-08-15","url":"https://dwee.nebraska.gov/sites/default/files/publications/26-038%20Nebraska%20Public%20Water%20Supply%20Supervision%20Program%20Summary%20Report%202025.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (NE in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NE-PHILLIPS-URANIUM-MCL-2026","US-NE-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-NE-CEDAR-KNOX-RWP-TTHM-ORDER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Cedar-Knox Rural Water Project: TTHM order and $14M interconnect with Yankton","description":"The Cedar-Knox Rural Water Project, headquartered in Hartington, recorded total trihalomethane MCL violations in 2024-2025 with running averages up to 0.092 mg/L against 0.080 mg/L. The state's 2025 Drinking Water SRF list ranks a $14 million interconnection with Yankton, South Dakota, to address a TTHM administrative order; the 2024 list cited an administrative order with nitrate and uranium at the MCL.","location":{"name":"Cedar-Knox Rural Water Project","type":"Rural water district","state":"NE","states":["NE"],"detail":"Cedar and Knox counties, northeast Nebraska; office in Hartington","coordinates":{"lat":42.62,"lon":-97.26,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Cedar","Knox"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NE3120303"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Disinfection byproducts in delivered water drive an infrastructure interconnection project.","secondary_drivers":["Disinfection byproduct formation","Nitrate and uranium in source wells"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 4) shows TTHM running averages of 0.092 mg/L in Q4 2024 and Q1 2025, above the 0.080 mg/L MCL.","service":"TTHM MCL violations carry required public notice; no use restriction is documented (ref 4).","scale":"SDWIS lists 2,500 people served (ref 3); the SRF list gives 3,056 (ref 1).","duration":"Three quarterly TTHM violations, Q3 2024 to Q1 2025, plus earlier ones in 2019-2020 (ref 4).","significance":"The 2025 SRF list (ref 1) cites a TTHM administrative order; the 2024 list (ref 2) lists an administrative order with nitrate and uranium at 100% of the MCL."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":2500,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Interconnect with Yankton, SD to address TTHM A.O., distribution system upgrades and elevated storage tank replacement: $14,000,000 (2025 DWSRF list)."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak TTHM running average","value":0.092,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 4); MCL 0.080."},{"name":"DWSRF project estimate","value":14000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"48.92% forgiveness (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No TTHM violation after Q1 2025 appears in SDWIS (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Cedar-Knox Rural Water Project","role":"Water system owner/operator"},{"name":"Nebraska Department of Water, Energy & Environment (DWEE, formerly NDEE)","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Nebraska Department of Water, Energy & Environment Drinking Water Program, 402-471-2186","corrective_actions":["The 2025 DWSRF BIL list ranks a $14 million interconnection with Yankton, SD, distribution upgrades and a storage tank replacement (ref 1); the 2024 list carried a $25.19 million well, tank and treatment project (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Nebraska State Revolving Fund 2025 DWSRF Ranked Project Priority Funding List","publisher":"Nebraska State Revolving Fund (via UNM SRF Switchboard)","date":"2024-07-19","url":"https://swefcsrfswitchboard.unm.edu/srf/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/2025-DWSRF-NE-PPL.pdf","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Nebraska State Revolving Fund 2024 DWSRF Ranked Project Priority Funding List","publisher":"Nebraska State Revolving Fund (via UNM SRF Switchboard)","date":"2024-02-06","url":"https://swefcsrfswitchboard.unm.edu/resources/nebraska/2024/Drinking%20Water%20SRF/2024_Nebraska_PPL.pdf","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record for NE3120303","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NE3120303/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for NE3120303","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/NE3120303/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NE in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (2) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NE-SANTEE-SIOUX-MANGANESE-DO-NOT-DRINK-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Santee Sioux Nation: manganese do-not-drink advisory since 2020; E. coli boil order 2025","description":"Residents served by the Santee Sioux Nation water system in Knox County have been advised not to drink tap water because manganese exceeds EPA's health advisory, with bottled water supplied since a 2019-2020 advisory. EPA Region 7 issued an E. coli boil-water advisory on Sept. 5, 2025, lifted after disinfection fixes, while the manganese advisory stayed in place; a $43 million, 31-mile pipeline from Lake Andes, S.D., gained FAST-41 coverage in June 2025.","location":{"name":"Santee Sioux Nation water system","type":"Tribal public water system","state":"NE","states":["NE"],"detail":"Village of Santee, Santee Sioux Nation Reservation, Knox County, near Niobrara","coordinates":{"lat":42.84,"lon":-97.85,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Knox"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"070000004"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Manganese and bacterial contamination of a tribal supply require both treatment fixes and a new source pipeline.","secondary_drivers":["Manganese in source wells","Inadequate disinfection","Tribal infrastructure funding gaps"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"HPPR (ref 1) reports April 2020 manganese readings more than 50 times the safe adult value; WaterWorld (ref 3) cites E. coli above the MCL in September 2025.","service":"WaterWorld (ref 3) says residents should not drink tap water until further notice and the Tribe distributes bottled water.","scale":"SDWIS lists the Santee Utility Commission serving 725 people (ref 4); HPPR says the village has under 1,000 residents (ref 1).","duration":"No-drink conditions since 2019-2020 (refs 1-2), still in effect in October 2025 (ref 3).","significance":"WaterWorld (ref 3) describes an EPA-Tribe consent order; the pipeline project gained FAST-41 coverage (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":725,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the Santee Utility Commission per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"By April 2020, manganese readings in the drinking water wells were more than 50 times the value considered safe for adults (HPPR/Nebraska Public Media)."},"measures":[{"name":"Pipeline project cost","value":43000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"31-mile line from Lake Andes, SD (ref 2)."},{"name":"Years under do-not-drink conditions (to Oct 2025)","value":5,"unit":"years","status":"Estimated","note":"From the 2020 advisory (ref 2) to the October 2025 report that it remains (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Boil advisory lifted Oct. 2025 but the manganese advisory continues (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Santee Sioux Nation / Santee Utility Commission","role":"Water system owner/operator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 7","role":"Primacy regulator (tribal lands)"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","role":"Lead agency, pipeline review"}],"public_contact":"U.S. EPA Region 7, 11201 Renner Boulevard, Lenexa, KS 66219","corrective_actions":["New disinfection pump, system flushing and chlorine dosing assistance ended the E. coli boil advisory; a consent order requires daily chlorine monitoring and rehabilitation of two wells (ref 3).","The $43 million Santee Sioux Nation Water System Capacity and Infrastructure Improvements Project would bring water 31 miles from Lake Andes, SD (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"After no clean drinking water for 4 years, this Native American tribe wants more than sympathy","publisher":"High Plains Public Radio (Nebraska Public Media / Harvest Public Media)","date":"2023-10-24","url":"https://www.hppr.org/hppr-news/2023-10-24/after-no-clean-drinking-water-for-4-years-this-native-american-tribe-wants-more-than-sympathy","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Santee Sioux Nation Water System Project Gains FAST-41 Coverage","publisher":"Federal Permitting Improvement Steering Council","date":"2025-06-24","url":"https://www.permitting.gov/newsroom/press-releases/santee-sioux-nation-water-system-project-gains-fast-41-coverage","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA lifts E. coli boil water advisory for Santee Sioux Nation, manganese advisory remains in place","publisher":"WaterWorld","date":"2025-10-14","url":"https://waterworld.com/drinking-water-treatment/news/55323204/epa-lifts-e-coli-boil-water-advisory-for-santee-sioux-nation-manganese-advisory-remains-in-place","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system search: SANTEE","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SANTEE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for 070000004","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/070000004/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"Santee Water Project Water Sustainability Fund Grant Award Annual Report (Application No. 10095)","publisher":"Nebraska Natural Resources Commission","date":"2026-04-01","url":"https://nrc.nebraska.gov/sites/default/files/doc/wfs/Reports2026/WSF2026AR10095.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":7,"title":"After Five Years Without Drinkable Water, a Nebraska Town Asks: When Will Our Tap Water Be Safe?","publisher":"Inside Climate News / Flatwater Free Press","date":"2024-05-26","url":"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/26052024/santee-nebraska-manganese-drinking-water/","basis":"News"},{"ref":8,"title":"Native America Calling: Bureaucracy, funding uncertainty delay solutions for clean drinking water","publisher":"Indianz.Com","date":"2025-08-11","url":"https://indianz.com/News/2025/08/11/native-america-calling-bureaucracy-funding-uncertainty-delay-solutions-for-clean-drinking-water/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"New record (NE in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"conflicts":[{"field":"start of no-consumption order","values":["2019","2020"],"note":"Inside Climate News / Flatwater Free Press gives 2019; the Nebraska Natural Resources Commission report gives 2020."}]},{"id":"US-NE-LINCOLN-SINGLE-SOURCE-WATER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lincoln relies on one Platte River wellfield; Water 2.0 second source due by 2048","description":"Lincoln draws its drinking water from a single Platte River wellfield near Ashland, which city officials say leaves it vulnerable to floods, drought and outages; a July 2024 storm knocked out power to dozens of wells and prompted conservation. The city's Water 2.0 program plans a Missouri River wellfield and treatment plant, with an estimated $350-750 million construction cost, and began a $36 million transmission main in August 2025.","location":{"name":"Lincoln Water System","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NE","states":["NE"],"detail":"Lancaster County; wellfield on the Platte River near Ashland","coordinates":{"lat":40.81,"lon":-96.7,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lancaster","Saunders"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NE3110926"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A single-source supply exposed to drought and flood is being addressed with new infrastructure.","secondary_drivers":["Single-source dependence","Drought and flood exposure","Population growth"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"No contamination or health effect is documented; the risk described is supply reliability (refs 1-2).","service":"KOLN (ref 2) reports a July 2024 storm cut power to dozens of wells and prompted water conservation efforts.","scale":"SDWIS lists the Lincoln system serving 296,000 people (ref 3).","duration":"Officials say current supply is covered until 2048, when a second source is needed (ref 2); vulnerability is long-term.","significance":"Driven by city planning and ARPA funding, not a regulatory order (refs 1-2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":296000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Estimated construction cost $350 million to $750 million, plus about $350 million operating, roughly $1 billion in total (KOLN, Sept. 2024)."},"measures":[{"name":"Water 2.0 construction estimate (high end)","value":750000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Range $350-750 million (ref 2)."},{"name":"98th Street transmission main","value":36000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"ARPA-funded, up to 60 MGD capacity (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Roughly $1 billion program; about $197 million secured through ARPA (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Transmission main construction started August 2025, completion expected in 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Lincoln Transportation and Utilities","role":"Water system owner/operator"}],"public_contact":"Lincoln Transportation and Utilities, City of Lincoln (lincoln.ne.gov)","corrective_actions":["Construction of the $36 million 98th Street Transmission Main began in August 2025 to link the Platte supply with a planned Missouri River source (ref 1).","A Missouri River wellfield and treatment plant are planned to deliver water into the city system by 2048 (refs 1-2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City Provides Update on Water 2.0 Project","publisher":"City of Lincoln","date":"2025-08-14","url":"https://www.lincoln.ne.gov/News/2025/8/14d","basis":"Local government notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Lincoln's second lifeline, 'Water 2.0' to be completed at latest by 2048","publisher":"KOLN (10/11 Now)","date":"2024-09-18","url":"https://www.1011now.com/2024/09/18/lincolns-second-lifeline-water-20-be-completed-latest-by-2048/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record for NE3110926","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NE3110926/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (NE in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CO-RIGHTS-NEBRASKA-V-COLORADO-SOUTH-PLATTE-2025"]},{"id":"US-NE-OMAHA-CSO-CONSENT-ORDER-2037","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Omaha combined sewer overflows: state consent order, $2 billion program to 2037","description":"Before Omaha's CSO Program, about 3.7 billion gallons of raw sewage mixed with stormwater overflowed into the Missouri River and Papillion Creek in an average year. Under a consent order with the state environmental agency, amended in 2018 to extend completion from 2027 to October 2037, the city is implementing a Long Term Control Plan estimated at $2 billion to capture or treat 85% of combined sewage volume, funded by sewer fees.","location":{"name":"City of Omaha combined sewer system","type":"Municipal sewer service area","state":"NE","states":["NE"],"detail":"Douglas County; outfalls to the Missouri River and Papillion Creek","coordinates":{"lat":41.26,"lon":-95.94,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Douglas"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Aging combined sewers discharge untreated sewage, harming river water quality.","secondary_drivers":["Combined sewer design","Wet-weather overflows","Ratepayer affordability"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The city (ref 1) says about 3.7 billion gallons of sewage and stormwater overflowed to the Missouri River and Papillion Creek yearly before the program.","service":"No loss of sewer service is documented; the issue is discharges to streams (refs 1-2).","scale":"The program spans nearly 60 projects across the city's regional system serving the Omaha metro (refs 1, 3).","duration":"Implementation began in 2009 and the consent order now runs to October 2037 (ref 2).","significance":"Requirements are set by the city's consent order with NDEE, amended in 2018 and 2019 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The program pages do not state a sewer-service population (refs 1-2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The 2021 LTCP Update provides a current estimated cost of the overall Program of $2 billion, with completion in 2037."},"measures":[{"name":"Pre-program average annual overflow volume","value":3.7,"unit":"billion gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Estimated program cost","value":2000000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"2021 LTCP Update (ref 2)."},{"name":"Low-income ratepayer assistance provided","value":21100000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"More than $21.1 million (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Program funded by sewer use fees with SRF and WIFIA loans (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"M.U.D. reports upgrades have reduced overflow impacts on receiving streams by 50% (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Omaha Public Works","role":"Sewer system owner/operator"},{"name":"Nebraska Department of Water, Energy & Environment (DWEE, formerly NDEE)","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Omaha Public Works Department, 402-444-5220","corrective_actions":["Long Term Control Plan of nearly 60 projects, approved by NDEE in August 2021, to capture or treat 85% of combined sewage volume by October 2037 (refs 1-2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"About the Program","publisher":"City of Omaha CSO Program","date":null,"url":"https://www.omahacso.com/about-program","basis":"Local government record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Long Term Control Plan","publisher":"City of Omaha CSO Program","date":null,"url":"https://www.omahacso.com/about-program/long-term-control-plan","basis":"Local government record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"December 2022 Bill Insert: Omaha 2023 Sewer Use Charges","publisher":"Metropolitan Utilities District","date":"2022-12-01","url":"https://www.mudomaha.com/news/december-2022-bill-insert-omaha-2023-sewer-use-charges/","basis":"Utility notice","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (NE in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NE-OMAHA-MUD-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Omaha M.U.D.: more than 14,000 lead or unknown service lines, replacement to 2034","description":"Metropolitan Utilities District, which serves Omaha and nearby communities, counted more than 14,000 lead or unknown-material service lines in its inventory and launched a program in 2024 to replace all lead service lines by 2034. The utility replaced more than 250 lines by the end of 2024 and 1,039 in the first seven months of 2026, and provides certified filter pitchers to affected households.","location":{"name":"Metropolitan Utilities District (Omaha)","type":"Metropolitan utility district service area","state":"NE","states":["NE"],"detail":"Omaha metro, Douglas and Sarpy counties","coordinates":{"lat":41.26,"lon":-95.94,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Douglas","Sarpy"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NE3105507"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Lead service lines are an infrastructure source of potential lead exposure in tap water.","secondary_drivers":["Pre-1930s lead service lines"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ECOS (ref 2) says M.U.D. does not detect lead in source, treated or main water; exposure risk is from service lines, so harm is potential.","service":"No restriction; eligible households receive lead-reducing filter pitchers while awaiting replacement (ref 2).","scale":"Inventory of more than 14,000 lead or unknown lines (ref 2) in a system serving 660,000 per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Replacement program runs from 2024 to a 2034 target (ref 1).","significance":"Replacement follows EPA's Lead and Copper Rule Improvements, which ECOS cites as the framework (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":660000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3); households with lead lines are a subset not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Omaha has over 14,000 lead or unknown pipes in its inventory (ECOS case study, 2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"Lead or unknown service lines in inventory","value":14000,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"More than 14,000 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Lead line replacements, Jan-Jul 2026","value":1039,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Replacements rose from 34 in January to 231 in July 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Metropolitan Utilities District","role":"Water system owner/operator"},{"name":"Nebraska Department of Water, Energy & Environment (DWEE, formerly NDEE)","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Metropolitan Utilities District, 402.554.7777","corrective_actions":["Detect. Correct. Protect. Lead Service Line Replacement Program, launched 2024, with free home testing and filter pitchers (refs 1-2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"M.U.D. reaches lead line replacement goal five months early","publisher":"Metropolitan Utilities District","date":"2026-08-31","url":"https://www.mudomaha.com/news/m-u-d-reaches-lead-line-replacement-goal-five-months-early/","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Proactive Distribution for Lead Service Line Replacement in Vulnerable Communities: Omaha, NE","publisher":"Environmental Council of the States (Protect Kids From Lead)","date":null,"url":"https://www.ecos.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/PKFL-One-Pagers-Case-Studies-Omaha-NE-V3.08282.pdf","basis":"Case study","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record for NE3105507","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS Federal)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NE3105507/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (NE in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NE-OMAHA-CSO-CONSENT-ORDER-2037"]},{"id":"US-NE-MEAD-ALTEN-NEONICOTINOID-CONTAMINATION-2021","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"AltEn ethanol plant neonicotinoid contamination and cleanup at Mead","description":"The former AltEn ethanol plant near Mead processed pesticide-treated seed corn and left contaminated wet cake and lagoon wastewater on site; the state shut it down in February 2021 and a wastewater spill followed. A seed-company response group has removed about 84,000 tons of contaminated byproduct, but remedial plans for lagoon solids, soils and groundwater were still pending for 2026 and the state lawsuit remained in settlement talks.","location":{"name":"Former AltEn ethanol plant, Mead","type":"Industrial facility site","state":"NE","states":["NE"],"detail":"Saunders County, village of Mead, eastern Nebraska","coordinates":{"lat":41.2286,"lon":-96.4878,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Saunders"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Pesticide-laden byproduct and wastewater threaten groundwater and nearby waters around the site.","secondary_drivers":["Treated-seed processing","Unlined storage","Operator abandonment"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DTN/Nebraska Examiner (ref 3) reports tests found neonicotinoid levels too high and pesticide-contaminated water filled site ponds; The New Lede (ref 2) says groundwater sampling found one pesticide above screening levels on the northwest of the site.","service":"No public drinking-water disruption is documented; the cleanup group reported no evidence that drinking water was affected (ref 2), and the state sampled 43 private wells (ref 1).","scale":"Effects center on the Mead community: a survey of more than 450 local residents found 82% concerned about plant contaminants affecting water (ref 2).","duration":"The plant was shut in February 2021 and 2026 work still covers remedial action plans for lagoon solids, soils and groundwater (ref 1), more than four years on.","significance":"The state filed suit in 2021, now paused in Saunders County District Court for settlement talks, and three federal suits were dismissed on November 26, 2025 after settlement (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources describe the Mead community and 43 sampled private wells but give no affected population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Roughly 165,000 tons of mixed material, including about 84,000 tons of contaminated byproduct, removed (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Contaminated byproduct removed","value":84000,"unit":"tons","status":"Reported","note":"Nebraska Examiner via DTN (ref 3)."},{"name":"Private wells sampled by the state","value":43,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"KOLN (ref 1)."},{"name":"Cleanup spending by seed companies","value":28000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"More than $28 million (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Wet cake removed and lagoons emptied by December 2025; groundwater and soil remedies still pending (refs 1, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Nebraska Department of Water, Energy and Environment","role":"Environmental oversight, sampling and remedial planning"},{"name":"AltEn Facility Response Group","role":"Voluntary cleanup by seed companies"},{"name":"Nebraska Attorney General","role":"State lawsuit against AltEn"}],"public_contact":"Nebraska Department of Water, Energy and Environment, 245 Fallbrook Blvd., Suite 100, Lincoln, NE 68521","corrective_actions":["Wet cake solidified and hauled to a permitted landfill (ref 1).","Remaining lagoon wastewater treated and land-applied; officials say no water remains in the lagoons (ref 1).","Stormwater upgrades to prevent releases during rain and snowmelt (ref 1).","2026 remedial action plans for lagoon solids, soils and groundwater; multi-year groundwater monitoring (ref 1).","Land use restricted: no homes, schools or child care on the property even after remediation (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"AltEn cleanup shows major progress as community, industry and state mark milestone","publisher":"KOLN 10/11 NOW","date":"2025-12-09","url":"https://www.1011now.com/2025/12/09/live-2pm-gov-pillen-discuss-cleanup-progress-alten-site/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Nebraska residents call for tighter insecticide regulations after contamination event","publisher":"The New Lede","date":"2025-04-18","url":"https://www.thenewlede.org/2025/04/nebraska-residents-call-for-tighter-insecticide-regulations-after-contamination-event/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Governor Highlights Enviro Cleanup (Nebraska Examiner, republished)","publisher":"DTN/Progressive Farmer","date":"2025-12-10","url":"https://www.dtnpf.com/agriculture/web/ag/crops/article/2025/12/10/nebraskas-governor-touts-cleanup","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NE in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NE-STATEWIDE-AG-NITRATE-GOVERNANCE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Statewide agricultural nitrate pollution and limits of state oversight","description":"Nitrate in Nebraska groundwater, mostly from fertilizer and animal waste, has risen over decades, and a recent state-led private well testing effort found 15% of wells above the federal safe level. Reporting on state records shows regulators questioned university health research, Nebraska has no nutrient reduction strategy, and the Legislature has relied on a voluntary nitrogen reduction incentive program through 2029.","location":{"name":"Nebraska (statewide)","type":"Statewide groundwater and farm program","state":"NE","states":["NE"],"detail":"Statewide; most acute in northeast and central irrigated cropland","coordinates":{"lat":41.5,"lon":-99.8,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["agricultural","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The problem persists because nitrogen use is largely unregulated and state programs are voluntary.","secondary_drivers":["Commercial fertilizer","Livestock manure","Voluntary-only controls"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Flatwater Free Press (ref 1) reports a state-led private well testing effort found 15% of wells over EPA's nitrate safe level and a 2022 UNMC study tied high-nitrate rural areas to childhood cancer rates.","service":"This record covers the agricultural source and governance; no service loss is scored here (system-level drinking-water impacts are tracked separately).","scale":"The issue is statewide: ref 1 says Nebraska's nitrate level has doubled in four decades and ref 2 notes UNMC ranks state pediatric cancer rates among the five highest nationally.","duration":"A 2014 study of about 44,000 samples already found nitrate rising across large areas of groundwater (ref 1); the problem is chronic and ongoing in 2025.","significance":"LB1258 (2024) to add monitoring near CAFOs got a Natural Resources Committee hearing (ref 2), and LB1368 created the Nitrogen Reduction Incentive Act, administered by DWEE until December 31, 2029 (ref 3); no enforcement order applies statewide."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources give the share of private wells above the standard (15%) but not a statewide affected population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A recent state-led private well testing effort found 15% of wells had nitrate above the EPA's safe level (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Private wells above nitrate standard (state-led testing)","value":15,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Minimum incentive payment under Nitrogen Reduction Incentive Act","value":10,"unit":"USD per acre","status":"Reported","note":"Not less than ten dollars per acre (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Ref 1 reports nitrate levels have doubled over four decades and a UNL scientist said it is not a legacy issue that will resolve itself."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Nebraska Department of Water, Energy and Environment","role":"Groundwater quality and Nitrogen Reduction Incentive Act administrator"},{"name":"Nebraska Natural Resources Districts","role":"Local groundwater quality management areas"},{"name":"Nebraska Legislature","role":"Lawmaker"}],"public_contact":"Nebraska Department of Water, Energy and Environment, 245 Fallbrook Blvd., Suite 100, Lincoln, NE 68521","corrective_actions":["Nitrogen Reduction Incentive Act (LB1368, 2024; amended by LB317, 2025) pays farmers who cut commercial fertilizer by the lesser of 40 lb N per acre or 15% (refs 3, 4).","State cost-share for nitrate treatment plants and filters and farmer incentives (ref 1).","Governor appointed a Water Quality and Quantity Task Force (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Our Dirty Water: Emails reveal Nebraska leaders cast doubt on nitrate research","publisher":"Flatwater Free Press","date":"2025-04-03","url":"https://flatwaterfreepress.org/our-dirty-water-emails-reveal-nebraska-leaders-cast-doubt-on-nitrate-research","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Legislative committee hears arguments over nitrate levels in Nebraska's water","publisher":"WOWT","date":"2024-02-15","url":"https://www.wowt.com/2024/02/16/legislative-committee-hears-arguments-over-nitrate-levels-nebraskas-water/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Neb. Rev. Stat. 2-415, Nitrogen Reduction Incentive Act rules","publisher":"Nebraska Legislature","date":null,"url":"https://nebraskalegislature.gov/laws/statutes.php?statute=2-415","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"Neb. Rev. Stat. 2-414, Nitrogen reduction incentive program","publisher":"Nebraska Legislature","date":null,"url":"https://nebraskalegislature.gov/laws/statutes.php?statute=2-414","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (NE in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-NE-BAZILE-GWMA-NITRATE-2023","US-NE-STATEWIDE-CAFO-LIVESTOCK-WASTE-2025","US-NE-STATEWIDE-NITRATE-DRINKING-WATER-2025"]},{"id":"US-NE-BAZILE-GWMA-NITRATE-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Bazile Groundwater Management Area: farm nitrate above 10 ppm across much of area","description":"The Bazile Groundwater Management Area in Antelope, Knox and Pierce counties was created in 2004 after more than half of monitored irrigation wells exceeded 10 ppm nitrate. As of 2023 the Lewis and Clark NRD reported average nitrate still above the 10 ppm drinking-water limit across much of the area, and Creighton, Orchard and Osmond are under administrative orders for high nitrate in public drinking water.","location":{"name":"Bazile Groundwater Management Area","type":"Groundwater management area (four NRDs)","state":"NE","states":["NE"],"detail":"Parts of Antelope, Knox and Pierce counties; towns include Brunswick, Creighton, Orchard, Osmond, Plainview, Royal, Wausa and Winnetoon","coordinates":{"lat":42.4667,"lon":-97.9064,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":2},"counties":["Antelope","Knox","Pierce"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Fertilizer-driven nitrate has contaminated the aquifer supplying farms and towns.","secondary_drivers":["Commercial fertilizer","Irrigated row crops","Sandy soils"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"LCNRD's 2023 annual report instructions (ref 1) state average nitrate remains above the 10 ppm MCL across much of the BGMA; its rules brochure (ref 3) records an all-time high average of 15.8 ppm in 2017.","service":"LCNRD's water quality page (ref 2) says Creighton, Orchard and Osmond are under administrative orders for high nitrate in public drinking water.","scale":"The area spans parts of four NRDs and three counties with eight towns (refs 2, 4), a regional but not 100,000-person population.","duration":"Phase III controls began in 2004 (ref 3) and nitrate remained above the MCL in 2023 (ref 1), two decades of persistence.","significance":"Mandatory NRD phase rules (fertilizer reporting, nitrogen certification, no fall application) apply, with the 2025 crop season reporting deadline cited by the BGMA site (ref 4); these are regulatory controls, not enforcement orders against polluters."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources list eight towns but give no current population for the area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"As of 2023, average nitrate levels continue to be above the public drinking water MCL of 10 ppm across much of the BGMA (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Record-high average groundwater nitrate (2017)","value":15.8,"unit":"ppm","status":"Reported","note":"LCNRD rules brochure (ref 3)."},{"name":"Irrigation wells sampled by LCNRD","value":200,"unit":"wells (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Slight declines in 2015-2016 were followed by a 2017 record high (ref 3); levels were still above the MCL in 2023 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Lewis and Clark Natural Resources District","role":"Groundwater management area regulator"},{"name":"Lower Elkhorn Natural Resources District","role":"Groundwater management area regulator; BGMA project coordinator"},{"name":"Lower Niobrara Natural Resources District","role":"Groundwater management area regulator"},{"name":"Upper Elkhorn Natural Resources District","role":"Groundwater management area regulator"}],"public_contact":"Bazile Groundwater Management Area project coordinator, 1508 Square Turn Boulevard, Norfolk, NE 68701, (402) 371-7313","corrective_actions":["Phase rules require crop and fertilizer reports, nitrogen applicator certification and deep soil testing; fall and winter nitrogen application banned in LCNRD Phase III (refs 2, 3).","Cost share for deep soil sampling and the SNIP irrigated-pasture program (refs 2, 3).","Producer Connect portal for phase reports across all four NRDs (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Instructions for Phase III - 2023 Annual Report (BGMA)","publisher":"Lewis and Clark Natural Resources District","date":"2023-01-01","url":"https://lcnrd.nebraska.gov/sites/default/files/doc/2023%20-%20Instruction%20sheet%20for%20annual%20report.pdf","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Water Quality","publisher":"Lewis and Clark Natural Resources District","date":null,"url":"https://lcnrd.nebraska.gov/node/300","basis":"Local government record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Phase III Rules and Regulations for the Bazile Groundwater Management Area of the Lewis and Clark NRD","publisher":"Lewis and Clark Natural Resources District","date":"2023-01-01","url":"https://lcnrd.nebraska.gov/sites/default/files/doc/2023%20Rules%20and%20Regulations%20of%20the%20GWMA.pdf","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Bazile Groundwater Management Area","publisher":"Bazile Groundwater Management Area","date":null,"url":"https://bgma.nebraska.gov/node/68","basis":"Local government record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NE in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-NE-STATEWIDE-AG-NITRATE-GOVERNANCE-2025","US-NE-PLAINVIEW-NITRATE-ORDER-2026"]},{"id":"US-NE-STATEWIDE-CAFO-LIVESTOCK-WASTE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Livestock waste oversight: 882 large CAFOs, discharges and Darnall Ranch order","description":"Nebraska's Livestock Waste Control Program oversees 882 large CAFOs and ran 22 discharge investigations in fiscal 2025. In November 2025 the state issued a compliance order against Darnall Ranch, a 32,500-head Banner County feedlot on Pumpkin Creek, for failing since 2023 to maintain waste basins and meet storage capacity rules, while lawmakers and reporters have questioned how few feedlots monitor groundwater nitrate.","location":{"name":"Nebraska livestock feeding operations (statewide)","type":"Statewide permit program","state":"NE","states":["NE"],"detail":"Statewide; example enforcement at Darnall Ranch, Banner County, along Pumpkin Creek","coordinates":{"lat":41.5,"lon":-99.8,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Banner"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["surface-water","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Inadequate livestock waste storage risks discharges to streams and nitrate leaching to groundwater.","secondary_drivers":["Concentrated animal feeding operations","Undersized waste storage"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The FY2025 program report (ref 1) logs 22 livestock waste discharge investigations; the Darnall order (ref 2) quotes the operator's engineer that stormwater structures were 'not sufficient' but documents no measured pollution.","service":"No water service disruption is tied to these operations in the cited records.","scale":"The program covers 882 large CAFOs, 2,191 medium AFOs and over 7,000 small AFOs statewide (ref 1).","duration":"Darnall Ranch basin deficiencies were found at inspections on November 16, 2023, May 15, 2024 and September 2024, and storage violations ran from February 21, 2024 to the November 2025 order (ref 2).","significance":"DWEE Case No. 3643 is a formal complaint and compliance order requiring a permit modification by February 1, 2026 and basin cleanout by May 1, 2026 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Program-level record; no affected population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"1,393 livestock waste control inspections and investigations in FY2025, including 22 discharge and 28 complaint investigations (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Active large CAFOs requiring permits","value":882,"unit":"facilities","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Discharge investigations FY2025","value":22,"unit":"investigations","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Cattle at Darnall Ranch","value":32500,"unit":"head","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Only one year of program statistics was reviewed."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Nebraska Department of Water, Energy and Environment","role":"Livestock Waste Control Program and NPDES permitting"},{"name":"Darnall Ranch, Inc.","role":"Respondent, Case No. 3643"}],"public_contact":"Nebraska Department of Water, Energy and Environment, 245 Fallbrook Blvd., Suite 100, Lincoln, NE 68521","corrective_actions":["Darnall Ranch ordered to apply for a major permit modification by February 1, 2026 and remove solids from Debris Basin 2A by May 1, 2026 (ref 2).","Groundwater monitoring plans required where DWEE finds a pollution risk, sampled for nitrate twice a year (ref 1).","LB1258 (2024) proposed more monitoring wells and reporting near CAFOs (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SFY2025 Annual Report to the Legislature: Livestock Waste Control Program","publisher":"Nebraska Department of Water, Energy and Environment","date":"2025-11-24","url":"https://nebraskalegislature.gov/FloorDocs/109/PDF/Agencies/Water__Energy__Environment__Department_of/895_20251124-124205.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Darnall Ranch, Inc., Case No. 3643: Complaint, Compliance Order, and Notice of Opportunity for Hearing","publisher":"Nebraska Department of Water, Energy and Environment","date":"2025-11-25","url":"https://dwee.nebraska.gov/sites/default/files/enforcement_actions/Darnall%20Ranch%20Inc%20-%201371%20-%20Case%20No.%203643%20-%20Admin%20Order.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Legislative committee hears arguments over nitrate levels in Nebraska's water","publisher":"WOWT","date":"2024-02-15","url":"https://www.wowt.com/2024/02/16/legislative-committee-hears-arguments-over-nitrate-levels-nebraskas-water/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NE in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-NE-STATEWIDE-AG-NITRATE-GOVERNANCE-2025"]},{"id":"US-NE-STATEWIDE-FLOOD-DISASTERS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Repeated federal flood disaster declarations across Nebraska, 2024-2026","description":"Nebraska received five federal major disaster declarations that include flooding for storms between May 2024 and May 2026 (DR-4808, 4822, 4838, 4896 and 4928). In June 2024 the governor declared an emergency for all Missouri River counties after heavy rain flooded northeast Nebraska and northwest Iowa; FEMA has obligated more than $25 million in public assistance for the two largest 2024 events alone.","location":{"name":"Nebraska (statewide)","type":"Statewide disaster area","state":"NE","states":["NE"],"detail":"Declared counties include Douglas, Sarpy, Saunders, Washington, Dakota, Burt, Dodge and others across eastern, northeast and southwest Nebraska","coordinates":{"lat":41.5,"lon":-99.8,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Douglas","Sarpy","Saunders","Washington","Dakota","Burt","Dodge","Lancaster"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"River and flash flooding damaged public roads and facilities, requiring repair of public infrastructure.","secondary_drivers":["Extreme rainfall","Missouri River high flows"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"FEMA (ref 1) obligated $9.53 million for permanent repair work under DR-4822 alone, documenting property damage to public facilities; the cited sources document no water-quality or health harm.","service":"The June 24, 2024 proclamation (ref 3) came with a joint governors' warning to stay off the Missouri River due to higher flows and debris; no utility outage is documented in these sources.","scale":"OpenFEMA (ref 4) lists 19 counties under DR-4808 and 17 under DR-4822, including Douglas and Sarpy, the state's most populous.","duration":"Flood-related declarations recur: May-June 2024, June-July 2024, July 31 2024, August 2025 and May 2026 (ref 4).","significance":"Presidential major disaster declarations (refs 1, 2, 4) plus a gubernatorial state of emergency for Missouri River counties (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Declarations list counties, not affected population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Total public assistance obligated: $13,323,475.32 for DR-4822 and $11,732,961.53 for DR-4808 (refs 1, 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"DR-4822 public assistance obligated","value":13323475.32,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"DR-4808 public assistance obligated","value":11732961.53,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Flood-related major disaster declarations, May 2024-May 2026","value":5,"unit":"declarations","status":"Reported","note":"DR-4808, 4822, 4838, 4896, 4928 (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Flood declarations came in 2024 (three), 2025 (one) and 2026 (one) (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Nebraska Emergency Management Agency","role":"State disaster coordination"},{"name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","role":"Federal disaster assistance"},{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","role":"Missouri River operations"}],"public_contact":"Nebraska Emergency Management Agency, 2433 N.W. 24th Street, Lincoln, NE 68524","corrective_actions":["Public Assistance and Hazard Mitigation Grant Program funding obligated under DR-4808 and DR-4822 (refs 1, 2).","State emergency proclamation let the Adjutant General activate Nebraska National Guard resources (ref 3).","Governor requested a federal declaration for 17 counties with damage expected to exceed $11.5 million (ref 5)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Nebraska Severe Storms, Straight-line Winds, Tornadoes, and Flooding (DR-4822-NE)","publisher":"FEMA","date":"2024-09-24","url":"https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4822","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Nebraska Severe Storms, Straight-line Winds, Tornadoes, and Flooding (DR-4808-NE)","publisher":"FEMA","date":"2024-08-20","url":"https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4808","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Gov. Pillen declares state of emergency for Nebraska counties along Missouri River","publisher":"WOWT","date":"2024-06-24","url":"https://www.wowt.com/2024/06/24/gov-pillen-declares-state-emergency-nebraska-counties-along-missouri-river","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries (Nebraska DR-4808, 4822, 4838, 4896, 4928)","publisher":"FEMA","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v2/DisasterDeclarationsSummaries?$filter=disasterNumber%20eq%204822","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"Gov. Pillen requests federal disaster declaration","publisher":"WOWT","date":"2024-07-29","url":"https://www.wowt.com/2024/07/29/gov-pillen-requests-federal-disaster-declaration/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (NE in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NE-PERKINS-COUNTY-CANAL-SOUTH-PLATTE-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Perkins County Canal: $628 million South Platte diversion amid Colorado disputes","description":"Nebraska is designing the Perkins County Canal to divert South Platte River water near Ovid, Colorado, under the 1923 South Platte River Compact, with a state-cited $628 million investment in the canal and reservoirs. Design was about 60% complete in March 2026, but land acquisition litigation in Colorado must be resolved before construction, and the two states disagree whether the compact's 500 cfs figure is a floor or a cap.","location":{"name":"Perkins County Canal, South Platte River","type":"Interstate river diversion project","state":"NE","states":["NE","CO"],"detail":"Diversion near Ovid, Sedgwick County, Colorado; return to the South Platte in Keith County near Roscoe, Nebraska","coordinates":{"lat":41.13,"lon":-101.6,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Keith","Perkins","Deuel"],"extent":"multi_state"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["surface-water","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A new canal and reservoirs are being built to secure contested interstate water entitlements.","secondary_drivers":["Interstate compact dispute","Upstream Colorado development"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Attorney General Mike Hilgers estimated Nebraska has lost over 400 billion gallons of South Platte water (ref 1); Sedgwick County, Colorado officials fear irrigated land becoming dry land (ref 1).","service":"No service disruption; the project is in design and permitting (ref 2).","scale":"The project spans two states and the Platte basin; the state fact sheet (ref 2) cites a $628 million investment with MOUs signed with Central Platte NRD, NPPD and Central Nebraska Public Power and Irrigation District.","duration":"Authorized in 2022 (ref 2), the canal is not scheduled to come online until the end of 2032 (ref 1).","significance":"Separate litigation over Colorado land acquisition must be resolved before construction (ref 1), alongside the Supreme Court compact case tracked under the related record."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The $628 million investment in the Perkins County Canal and associated water storage reservoirs (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"State investment in canal and reservoirs","value":628000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"State fact sheet, January 2026 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Design completion","value":60,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"About 60% in March 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Flow Nebraska claims under the compact","value":500,"unit":"cfs","status":"Reported","note":"Colorado says this is a cap (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Project advancing on design; litigation unresolved (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Nebraska Department of Water, Energy and Environment","role":"Project sponsor"},{"name":"Nebraska Attorney General","role":"Compact litigation"},{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","role":"Section 404 permit"}],"public_contact":"Nebraska Department of Water, Energy and Environment, 245 Fallbrook Blvd., Suite 100, Lincoln, NE 68521","corrective_actions":["Section 404 permit application submitted to the Army Corps; public comment meetings in Denver, Julesburg and Kearney (refs 1, 2).","Colorado property purchased near the state line and option offers extended to Colorado landowners (ref 2).","Plans for four canal segments, two dams and reservoirs, and 33 drop structures (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Nebraska's Perkins County Canal 60% designed, on track for 2032 completion","publisher":"WOWT","date":"2026-03-03","url":"https://www.wowt.com/2026/03/03/nebraskas-perkins-county-canal-60-designed-track-2032-completion/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Perkins County Canal & South Platte Update (January 2026 fact sheet)","publisher":"Nebraska Association of Resources Districts (state fact sheet)","date":"2026-01-01","url":"https://www.nrdnet.org/sites/default/files/perkins_canal_fact_jan2026_final.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (NE in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-CO-RIGHTS-NEBRASKA-V-COLORADO-SOUTH-PLATTE-2025"]},{"id":"US-NE-STATEWIDE-LAKES-TOXIC-ALGAE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Recurring toxic blue-green algae health alerts close Nebraska lake beaches","description":"Each summer Nebraska samples public lakes weekly for microcystin and issues health alerts that close designated swimming beaches when samples exceed 8 parts per billion. Alerts in 2025 covered Maskenthine Reservoir, Kirkman's Cove, Glenn Cunningham Lake, Rockford Lake, Cub Creek and Maple Creek, and in July 2026 Maple Creek, Maskenthine and Rockford were again under alert.","location":{"name":"Nebraska public lakes (statewide)","type":"Recreational lakes and reservoirs","state":"NE","states":["NE"],"detail":"Includes Maskenthine Reservoir (Stanton Co.), Rockford Lake (Gage Co.), Maple Creek (Colfax Co.), Glenn Cunningham Lake (Douglas Co.), Kirkman's Cove (Richardson Co.), Cub Creek (Jefferson Co.)","coordinates":{"lat":41.5,"lon":-99.8,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Stanton","Gage","Colfax","Douglas","Richardson","Jefferson"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Cyanobacterial toxins in recreational lakes trigger contact restrictions.","secondary_drivers":["Nutrient loading","Warm summer conditions"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Samples at alerted lakes exceeded the 8 ppb total microcystin threshold (refs 1, 2, 3), a toxin produced by blue-green algae.","service":"Designated swimming beaches close during alerts and pets must be kept out of the water (refs 1, 3).","scale":"Weekly sampling covered 56 public lake sites in 2025 (ref 2) and 57 in 2026 (ref 1), with three to several lakes under alert at a time.","duration":"Alerts ran from July to the end of the 2025 season in October (refs 2, 3) and resumed in July 2026 (ref 1), a recurring annual problem.","significance":"Formal state health alerts issued by DWEE and DHHS (refs 1, 2, 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Recreational users; no population reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Health alerts issued when samples are above the threshold of eight parts per billion of total microcystin (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Microcystin health alert threshold","value":8,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1-3."},{"name":"Public lake sites sampled (2026)","value":57,"unit":"sites","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Several of the same lakes (Maskenthine, Rockford, Maple Creek) recur in 2025 and 2026 alerts (refs 1, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Nebraska Department of Water, Energy and Environment","role":"Harmful algal bloom sampling"},{"name":"Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services","role":"Public health alerts"}],"public_contact":"Nebraska Department of Water, Energy and Environment, 245 Fallbrook Blvd., Suite 100, Lincoln, NE 68521","corrective_actions":["Weekly sampling of public lakes May through September (refs 1, 3).","Warning signs posted and swimming beaches closed during alerts (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Toxic blue-green algae prompts health alerts at three Nebraska recreation areas","publisher":"KOLN 10/11 NOW","date":"2026-07-17","url":"https://www.1011now.com/2026/07/17/toxic-blue-green-algae-prompts-health-alerts-three-nebraska-recreation-areas/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Three Nebraska lakes under health alert for toxic blue-green algae","publisher":"WOWT","date":"2025-07-11","url":"https://www.wowt.com/2025/07/11/three-nebraska-lakes-under-health-alert-toxic-blue-green-algae","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Health alert extended for eastern Nebraska lakes","publisher":"KOLN 10/11 NOW","date":"2025-10-03","url":"https://www.1011now.com/2025/10/03/health-alert-extended-for-eastern-nebraska-lakes","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (NE in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NE-OMAHA-METRO-DATA-CENTER-WATER-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Data center water use climbs in Omaha area; new state disclosure law","description":"Google reported its Nebraska data centers in Omaha, Papillion and Lincoln consumed about 732 million gallons of water in 2025, up from 46.6 million in 2022, more than Omaha MUD customers use in an average week. Meta's Sarpy County campus withdrew 26.7 to 37.5 million gallons a year from 2020 to 2024, and in April 2026 Nebraska enacted LB1010, which requires the state to collect annual data center water and energy data.","location":{"name":"Omaha metro and Lincoln data centers","type":"Industrial water users (data centers)","state":"NE","states":["NE"],"detail":"Google sites in Papillion, Omaha and Lincoln; Meta campus in Sarpy County; proposed Tenaska project near Adams, Gage County","coordinates":{"lat":41.1544,"lon":-96.0422,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Sarpy","Douglas","Lancaster"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Rapidly growing cooling-water demand from data centers draws on municipal and groundwater supplies.","secondary_drivers":["Data center growth","Evaporative cooling"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No environmental harm is documented; UNL's Anthony Schutz called the use small relative to irrigation, which is about 99% of state consumption (ref 1).","service":"Omaha MUD can supply about 320 MGD against average demand near 98 MGD (ref 1); no restrictions are reported.","scale":"Google's 2025 Nebraska consumption of about 732 million gallons exceeded what Omaha MUD customers use in an average week (ref 1).","duration":"Google's Nebraska use rose from 46.6 million gallons in 2022 to about 732 million in 2025 (ref 1), a multi-year rise.","significance":"LB1010 passed 49-0 and was approved by the governor on April 14, 2026 (ref 2), creating annual water and energy reporting."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population; Omaha MUD context in ref 1."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Google's Nebraska data centers consumed about 732 million gallons of water in 2025 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Google Nebraska water consumption 2025","value":732000000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Self-reported (ref 1)."},{"name":"Google Nebraska water consumption 2022","value":46600000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Meta Sarpy County annual withdrawal 2020-2024 (high)","value":37500000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Range 26.7-37.5 million (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Consumption rose roughly sixteenfold from 2022 to 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Nebraska Department of Water, Energy and Environment","role":"Data center water and energy data collection under LB1010"},{"name":"Metropolitan Utilities District","role":"Omaha water supplier"},{"name":"Papio-Missouri River Natural Resources District","role":"Groundwater management"}],"public_contact":"Nebraska Department of Water, Energy and Environment, 245 Fallbrook Blvd., Suite 100, Lincoln, NE 68521","corrective_actions":["LB1010 (2026) requires annual data center water use and energy demand reporting to DWEE (refs 1, 2).","Nemaha NRD raised water availability concerns about a proposed Tenaska data center near Adams (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Data centers can guzzle serious water. As some Nebraskans worry, tech giants seek solutions.","publisher":"Flatwater Free Press","date":"2026-07-08","url":"https://flatwaterfreepress.org/data-centers-can-guzzle-serious-water-as-some-nebraskans-worry-tech-giants-seek-solutions/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"LB1010: Adopt the Large Load Customer Regulation Act (bill history)","publisher":"Nebraska Legislature","date":"2026-04-17","url":"https://nebraskalegislature.gov/bills/search_by_number.php?DocumentNumber=LB1010&Legislature=109","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (NE in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-SD-BOXELDER-RADIUM-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Box Elder city wells exceed radium and alpha-emitter limits","description":"The City of Box Elder told residents in November 2024 that Well #6 averaged 5.22 pCi/L combined radium 226-228 over four quarters, above the 5.0 pCi/L maximum contaminant level, and that it must send notices every three months while the condition persists. The city's 2025 drinking water report lists two further alpha-emitter MCL exceedances, notified on July 29 and September 29, 2025, and states that required compliance measures were completed. The city says the exceedances are not an immediate health risk.","location":{"state":"SD","states":["SD"],"name":"City of Box Elder water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Pennington and Meade counties, east of Rapid City next to Ellsworth Air Force Base; groundwater from local wells","coordinates":{"lat":44.1197,"lon":-103.0682,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Pennington","Meade"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"SD4600046"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Naturally occurring radionuclides in the city's groundwater wells exceed drinking-water limits.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"City notice (ref 1) reports a 5.22 pCi/L four-quarter radium average at Well #6 against the 5.0 pCi/L MCL; the 2025 report (ref 2) lists two alpha-emitter MCL exceedances.","service":"Residents receive quarterly radium notices (ref 1) but were told no alternative supply is needed.","scale":"The utility serves more than 14,000 customers (ref 2); SDWIS lists 14,000 people served (ref 3).","duration":"Radionuclide exceedances recur across the 2023-2024 averaging period (ref 1) and two 2025 notifications (ref 2); SDWIS shows similar violations since 2021 (ref 3).","significance":"Each exceedance is a formal MCL violation with Tier III public notice in the 2025 report (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":14000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3); city reports more than 14,000 customers (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"2023-2024 Average (after 4 quarters of testing): 5.22 pCi/L (radium 226-228, MCL 5.0 pCi/L)"},"measures":[{"name":"Radium 226-228 four-quarter average, Well #6","value":5.22,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"City notice dated November 22, 2024 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Alpha-emitter MCL exceedances notified in 2025","value":2,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Notified 07/29/25 and 09/29/25 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Exceedances return to compliance and then recur (refs 1-3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Box Elder","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"South Dakota Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources (DANR), Drinking Water Program","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Box Elder Public Information Office, 605-923-1404","corrective_actions":["Quarterly public notification while the radium condition persists (ref 1).","City reports the required compliance measures for the 2025 alpha-emitter violations were completed (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Letter: 3rd Quarter 2024 Water Notification","publisher":"City of Box Elder","date":"2024-11-22","url":"https://www.boxeldersd.gov/media/Public%20Information%20Office/LTR.%203rd%20QTR%202024%20_%20WATER%20NOTIFCATION.pdf","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"City of Box Elder 2025 Water Quality Report","publisher":"City of Box Elder","date":"2026-03-13","url":"https://www.boxeldersd.gov/media/Public_Works/city-of-box-elder-2025-water-quality-report.pdf","basis":"Utility CCR (undated; accessed date shown)","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: BOX ELDER","publisher":"US EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/SD/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BOX%20ELDER/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (SD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-SD-ELLSWORTH-PFAS-2024"]},{"id":"US-SD-ELLSWORTH-PFAS-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Ellsworth AFB firefighting-foam PFAS in nearby private wells","description":"PFOS and PFOA from firefighting foam used at Ellsworth Air Force Base contaminated private wells in the area southwest of the base and near Box Elder. In May 2024 Rapid City approved an agreement with the South Dakota Ellsworth Development Authority for an Air Force-funded water main, estimated at about $12 million, that will give 37 properties free domestic water for about 20 years. The project connects Rapid City's system with Box Elder's.","location":{"state":"SD","states":["SD"],"name":"Private wells near Ellsworth AFB (Country Rd / Box Elder)","type":"Groundwater contamination area","detail":"Pennington County, between Rapid City and Box Elder southwest of Ellsworth Air Force Base","coordinates":{"lat":44.145,"lon":-103.103,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Pennington"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS from a military source contaminated groundwater used by private wells.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"KOTA (ref 1) reports firefighting foam used at the base since the 1970s contaminated nearby wells with PFOS and PFOA.","service":"Affected homes need a replacement supply: 37 properties are to receive free domestic water through the new main (ref 1).","scale":"The waterline serves homes along Country Rd and in Box Elder, at the Rapid City/Box Elder border (refs 1, 2).","duration":"KOTA's 2023 report (ref 3) says the well water was deemed contaminated years earlier and the long-term fix has been worked on since 2019.","significance":"Rapid City council approved a formal agreement with SDEDA in May 2024 for an Air Force-funded main (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources give 37 properties to be served (ref 1) but no population count."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"37 properties will receive free water for domestic use for about 20 years (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Properties to receive free replacement water","value":37,"unit":"properties","status":"Reported","note":"KOTA (ref 1)."},{"name":"Estimated water main cost","value":12,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"About $3M Rapid City section and $9M Box Elder section (ref 1)."},{"name":"New 16-inch main length","value":9000,"unit":"linear feet","status":"Reported","note":"'Just over 9,000 linear feet' (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Replacement main approved and funded in 2024 (refs 1, 2); completion not confirmed in opened sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"US Air Force (Ellsworth AFB)","role":"Responsible party and funder"},{"name":"South Dakota Ellsworth Development Authority","role":"Project builder"},{"name":"City of Rapid City","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"City of Box Elder","role":"Water system owner east of Elk Vale Rd"}],"public_contact":"Ellsworth AFB Public Affairs (published general channel)","corrective_actions":["Air Force-funded water main connecting Rapid City and Box Elder systems to replace contaminated wells (refs 1, 2).","Water limited to domestic use and small-scale agriculture for about 20 years (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"New water main agreement between SDEDA and Rapid City","publisher":"KOTA Territory News","date":"2024-05-21","url":"https://www.kotatv.com/2024/05/21/new-water-main-agreement-between-sdeda-rapid-city","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Rapid City, Ellsworth tackle water issues caused by 'forever chemicals'","publisher":"SDPB","date":"2024-05-21","url":"https://sdpb.org/politics/2024-05-21/rapid-city-ellsworth-tackle-water-issues-caused-by-forever-chemicals","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"'Ellsworth Community Clean Water Project' promises a solution for PFAS-impacted residents","publisher":"KOTA Territory News","date":"2023-01-31","url":"https://www.kotatv.com/2023/02/01/ellsworth-community-clean-water-project-promises-solution-pfas-impacted-residents","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (SD in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected","completion_status"],"related_ids":["US-SD-BOXELDER-RADIUM-2025"]},{"id":"US-SD-PINERIDGE-BOILWATER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Pine Ridge main break forces boil-water warning on aging tribal system","description":"On October 6, 2025 a main waterline break caused a loss of pressure in the O.S.T. Water & Sewer Co. distribution system serving the Pine Ridge area, and the utility issued a drinking water warning telling residents to boil water. The utility said on October 10, 2025 that corrective action had restored water quality. Reporting on the Mni Wiconi project describes Pine Ridge community systems fed by the pipeline as old, with asbestos-cement pipe and failing valves that can shut down much of a town during a leak.","location":{"state":"SD","states":["SD"],"name":"Pine Ridge Water System (O.S.T. Water & Sewer Co.)","type":"Tribal public water system","detail":"Oglala Lakota County, Pine Ridge Reservation (Oglala Sioux Tribe); EPA Region 8 primacy","coordinates":{"lat":43.0255,"lon":-102.5563,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Oglala Lakota"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"084690475"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A pipe failure in an aging distribution system caused pressure loss and a contamination risk.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The utility warned pressure loss could let fecal contamination or other disease-causing organisms into the system (ref 1); no illness reported.","service":"Residents were told to boil water for at least three minutes or use bottled water from October 7 until the October 10 lifting (refs 1, 3).","scale":"The Pine Ridge Water System serves 7,482 people per SDWIS (ref 5).","duration":"The warning lasted days (refs 1, 3), but the cause is chronic: the Bureau of Reclamation said 53 community systems on the three reservations need replacement (ref 4).","significance":"The utility issued a formal 'Drinking Water Warning' (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":7482,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the Pine Ridge Water System per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The system was shut down on Oct. 6 for main waterline repairs; residents urged to boil water until further notice (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Days under boil-water warning","value":4,"unit":"days","status":"Estimated","note":"From the October 6 shutdown to the utility's October 10, 2025 statement (refs 1, 3)."},{"name":"Community systems on three reservations needing replacement","value":53,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Bureau of Reclamation figure in HCN/Rapid City Journal reporting (ref 4); 2014 estimate $42 million."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Mni Wiconi construction funding ended at a 2013 sunset date before community systems were replaced (ref 4)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"O.S.T. Water & Sewer Co. (Oglala Sioux Tribe)","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"US EPA Region 8","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Bureau of Reclamation","role":"Mni Wiconi project federal partner"}],"public_contact":"O.S.T. Water & Sewer Co., 605-867-5804","corrective_actions":["Main repaired October 6, 2025 and boil warning lifted October 10, 2025 (refs 1, 3).","Tribe plans to abandon asbestos-cement pipe in place as systems are replaced (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Pine Ridge area residents urged to boil water until further notice","publisher":"KOTA Territory News","date":"2025-10-07","url":"https://www.kotatv.com/2025/10/07/pine-ridge-area-residents-urged-boil-water-until-further-notice","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Water Crisis Deepens: Pine Ridge Residents Urged to Boil Water After Main Break","publisher":"Rapid City Post","date":"2025-10-07","url":"https://rapidcitypost.com/?p=50841","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Pine Ridge Residents No Longer Need To Boil Drinking Water","publisher":"Rapid City Post","date":"2025-10-14","url":"https://rapidcitypost.com/?p=52049","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Where water is life, many on the Pine Ridge Reservation go thirsty","publisher":"High Country News (Rapid City Journal / Economic Hardship Reporting Project)","date":"2025-03-19","url":"https://www.hcn.org/articles/tribal-affairs-where-water-is-life-those-on-the-pine-ridge-reservation-go-thirsty","basis":"News (originally published 2019-05-27, page updated 2025-03-19)"},{"ref":5,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Pine Ridge Water System","publisher":"US EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PINE%20RIDGE/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (SD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-SD-RAPIDCITY-LEADLINES-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Rapid City finds lead and galvanized service lines; owners bear replacement","description":"Rapid City's service line inventory found 102 lead and 103 galvanized steel lines, with 833 properties undetermined, and the city estimates about 600 lead or galvanized lines remain. Under city ordinance homeowners must replace them, at an estimated $7,000 to $8,000 per line or $4.2 to $4.8 million citywide, within the 12-year federal replacement deadline. The city reports current lead levels are below the 15 ppb action level.","location":{"state":"SD","states":["SD"],"name":"Rapid City water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Pennington County, Black Hills","coordinates":{"lat":44.0805,"lon":-103.231,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Pennington"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"SD4600406"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Lead and galvanized service lines are a legacy infrastructure source of lead exposure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"KOTA (ref 1) reports lead remains below the 15 ppb action level, so risk is potential, from 102 confirmed lead lines.","service":"No service disruption; residents get letters and flushing and filter guidance (ref 1).","scale":"Rapid City's system serves 72,009 people per SDWIS (ref 2), with about 600 suspect lines.","duration":"Replacement runs under a 12-year EPA deadline (ref 1).","significance":"The inventory and replacement are required under a federal lead rule; DANR requires all community systems to keep inventories (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":72009,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2); the number of people at lead-line addresses is not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"102 lead lines and 103 galvanized steel lines found; 833 properties undetermined (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Confirmed lead service lines","value":102,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Galvanized steel service lines","value":103,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Undetermined service lines","value":833,"unit":"properties","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Citywide replacement cost estimate (upper)","value":4.8,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"$4.2-$4.8 million (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Replacement cost falls on homeowners; state grants and loans are not offered directly to individual property owners (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Rapid City Water Division","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"South Dakota Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources (DANR), Drinking Water Program","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Rapid City Water Division (city published general channel)","corrective_actions":["Letters to affected owners from the week of November 17, 2025 (ref 1).","Self-assessment survey and staff appointments to resolve undetermined lines (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Rapid City identifies lead and galvanized service lines under EPA rule","publisher":"KOTA Territory News","date":"2025-11-12","url":"https://www.kotatv.com/2025/11/12/rapid-city-identifies-lead-galvanized-service-lines-under-epa-rule/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: RAPID CITY","publisher":"US EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/SD/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/RAPID%20CITY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Lead Service Line Inventory","publisher":"South Dakota DANR","date":null,"url":"https://danr.sd.gov/OfficeOfWater/LeadWaterPipes/default.aspx","basis":"State agency page","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (SD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-SD-BLACKHILLS-AQUIFER-DEFICIT-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Black Hills aquifers and Pactola strained; Rapid City restricts watering early","description":"A USGS study published July 30, 2025 found water use exceeds recharge in some Black Hills bedrock aquifers, with Madison and Minnelusa deficiencies in the growth corridor from Box Elder through Rapid City and Summerset to Sturgis. Low inflow left Pactola Reservoir, a main Rapid City source, under 'concern status', and Rapid City began annual watering restrictions on May 1, 2025, the first early start in over 15 years. A proposed $2 billion Missouri River pipeline is being studied as a long-term supply.","location":{"state":"SD","states":["SD"],"name":"Black Hills aquifers / Rapid City area","type":"Regional aquifer system and municipal supply","detail":"Pennington, Meade and Lawrence counties; Madison and Minnelusa aquifers, Pactola Reservoir","coordinates":{"lat":44.0805,"lon":-103.231,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Pennington","Meade","Lawrence"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"SD4600406"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Groundwater withdrawals exceed recharge and drought cut reservoir inflow.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"USGS findings reported by News Watch (ref 1) show use exceeding recharge in some aquifers, a supply risk rather than documented harm.","service":"Rapid City and Rapid Valley banned sprinkler use 9 a.m.-6 p.m. with odd/even days from May 1, 2025 (ref 2).","scale":"Deficits span the Box Elder-Rapid City-Summerset-Sturgis corridor (ref 1); Rapid City alone serves 72,009 per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"A 2019 School of Mines study already found supply would not meet drought demand (ref 1); the 2025 USGS study confirms a structural deficit.","significance":"Mandatory municipal watering restrictions were imposed early (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":72009,"status":"Reported","note":"Rapid City population served per SDWIS (ref 3); the wider Black Hills population affected is not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"In some of those aquifers, water use exceeds the rate of recharge (USGS study, ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Proposed Missouri River pipeline cost","value":2,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"161 miles, 72-inch, Western Dakota Regional Water System (ref 1)."},{"name":"Pipeline partner systems","value":47,"unit":"municipalities or water systems","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"July-August 2025 rains raised Pactola levels (ref 1) while aquifer deficits persist."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Rapid City Water Division","role":"Municipal water supplier"},{"name":"Western Dakota Regional Water System","role":"Regional supply project sponsor"},{"name":"South Dakota DANR Water Rights Program","role":"State water management"}],"public_contact":"Rapid City Water Division (city published general channel)","corrective_actions":["Early seasonal watering restrictions in Rapid City and Rapid Valley (ref 2).","Engineering and feasibility work on a Missouri River pipeline, with $8 million in ARPA funds in 2022 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Black Hills water supplies not meeting demand, study says","publisher":"South Dakota News Watch","date":"2025-08-11","url":"https://www.sdnewswatch.org/black-hills-water-study-missouri-river-pipeline/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Drought prompts water restrictions across western South Dakota","publisher":"NewsCenter1","date":"2025-05-22","url":"https://www.newscenter1.tv/news/local/drought-prompts-water-restrictions-across-western-south-dakota","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: RAPID CITY","publisher":"US EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/SD/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/RAPID%20CITY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (SD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-SD-RAPIDCITY-LEADLINES-2025","US-SD-PACTOLA-RAPID-CREEK-MINERAL-WITHDRAWAL-2024"]},{"id":"US-SD-MINNEHAHA-AQUIFER-LIMIT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Big Sioux aquifer limits cap rural water growth north of Sioux Falls","description":"Minnehaha Community Water Corp. has reached the withdrawal limits the state Water Management Board set in 1996 on its Big Sioux River aquifer wells and has turned away developments seeking 1 million gallons a day or more. With Big Sioux Community Water System it is building a $170 million shared project, funded by $49 million in ARPA grants and $121 million in state revolving loans, expected to add 8 million gallons a day; typical customer bills will roughly double from 2020. Lewis & Clark members project needing 82.8 million gallons a day by 2070, above the system's planned 60 MGD build-out.","location":{"state":"SD","states":["SD"],"name":"Minnehaha Community Water Corp. service area","type":"Rural water system","detail":"Minnehaha, Moody and Lake counties north of Sioux Falls; Big Sioux River aquifer","coordinates":{"lat":43.8264,"lon":-96.7128,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Minnehaha","Moody","Lake"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"SD4600432"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Aquifer allocation limits drive a costly new treatment and transmission build.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health harm is documented; the issue is supply capacity (ref 1).","service":"Minnehaha turns away developments needing 1 MGD or more and sometimes hits its 9.2 MGD maximum (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 13,435 served by Minnehaha and 5,800 by Big Sioux Community Water (refs 3, 4).","duration":"Withdrawal limits date to 1996 and new Missouri River water could take 20 to 40 years (ref 1).","significance":"State Water Management Board withdrawal limits bind the system (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":19235,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS populations for Minnehaha Community Water Corp (13,435) and Big Sioux Community Water System (5,800) (refs 3, 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"\"All the water rights are spoken for between Dell Rapids and Sioux Falls\" (Scott Buss, ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Shared Resources project cost","value":170,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Added capacity from new project","value":8,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Typical monthly bill after project","value":135,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"About 7,000 gallons a month; roughly double the 2020 rate (ref 1)."},{"name":"Lewis & Clark members' projected 2070 need","value":82.8,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Against 60 MGD full build-out (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["New debt of $87 million (Minnehaha) and $42 million (Big Sioux) (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"New wells and treatment plant expected to add capacity in fall 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Minnehaha Community Water Corp.","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Big Sioux Community Water System","role":"Project partner"},{"name":"South Dakota Water Management Board","role":"Water rights regulator"},{"name":"Lewis & Clark Regional Water System","role":"Regional wholesale supplier"}],"public_contact":"Minnehaha Community Water Corp., Dell Rapids office (published general channel)","corrective_actions":["Six new Big Sioux aquifer wells, an $80 million treatment plant and new transmission and storage (ref 1).","Applications for 10 MGD more from Lewis & Clark and from the proposed Dakota Mainstem system (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water shortage hampers growth north of Sioux Falls but solution near","publisher":"South Dakota News Watch (via Dakota News Now)","date":"2026-07-07","url":"https://www.dakotanewsnow.com/2026/07/07/water-shortage-hampers-growth-north-sioux-falls-solution-near/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Water for the future: Multiple efforts underway to ensure access to water supply as region grows","publisher":"Pigeon605","date":"2024-04-08","url":"https://pigeon605.com/water-for-the-future-multiple-efforts-underway-to-ensure-access-to-water-supply-as-region-grows/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: MINNEHAHA","publisher":"US EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/SD/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MINNEHAHA/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: BIG SIOUX","publisher":"US EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/SD/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/BIG%20SIOUX/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (SD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-SD-SIOUXFALLS-FLOOD-SEWAGE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"June 2024 floods force wastewater discharges in Sioux Falls and Vermillion","description":"During the June 2024 flooding, Sioux Falls discharged about 32 million gallons of partially treated wastewater into the Big Sioux River over about 30 hours on June 21-22 to protect private property and its sewer infrastructure. In Vermillion, flooding broke all three main force pipes and the city discharged about 1.2 million gallons of sewage a day into the Vermillion River until temporary mains were installed; it had stopped discharging by July 15, 2024.","location":{"state":"SD","states":["SD"],"name":"Sioux Falls and Vermillion wastewater systems","type":"Municipal wastewater systems","detail":"Minnehaha and Clay counties; Big Sioux and Vermillion rivers","coordinates":{"lat":43.5446,"lon":-96.7311,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Minnehaha","Clay"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Flood flows exceeded treatment capacity and broke force mains.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Sioux Falls released 32 million gallons of partially treated, diluted wastewater, about 0.31% of river flow (ref 1).","service":"No loss of sewer service is reported; Vermillion built temporary mains to keep the system running (ref 1).","scale":"Sioux Falls, the state's largest city, serves 216,462 people with drinking water per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"The Sioux Falls discharge lasted 30 hours; Vermillion stopped discharging by July 15, 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"Discharges are reported to DANR within 24 hours; the city says it is not likely to be fined (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sewer customers affected are not reported; Sioux Falls drinking water population is 216,462 per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The total discharge was 32 million gallons (Sioux Falls, ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Sioux Falls partially treated discharge","value":32,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"June 21-22, 2024 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Vermillion raw sewage discharge rate","value":1.2,"unit":"million gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Mayor Jon Cole, July 1, 2024 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Discharges ended; Vermillion's permanent fix was expected in winter 2024-25 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Sioux Falls Water Reclamation","role":"Wastewater operator"},{"name":"City of Vermillion","role":"Wastewater operator"},{"name":"South Dakota DANR Surface Water Quality Program","role":"NPDES permitting authority"}],"public_contact":"City of Sioux Falls Public Works (published general channel)","corrective_actions":["Vermillion installed a temporary sewer line and suspension-bridge main (ref 1).","Permanent Vermillion force-main repair planned (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Floods result in 32M gallons of sewage discharge in Sioux Falls","publisher":"KELOLAND News","date":"2024-07-15","url":"https://digital-release.keloland.com/keloland-com-original/floods-result-in-32m-gallons-of-sewage-discharge-in-sioux-falls/amp/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Millions of gallons of wastewater discharged into Missouri River across Siouxland","publisher":"KTIV (via Dakota News Now)","date":"2024-07-11","url":"https://www.dakotanewsnow.com/2024/07/11/millions-gallons-wastewater-discharged-into-missouri-river-across-siouxland","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: SIOUX FALLS","publisher":"US EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/SD/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SIOUX%20FALLS/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"New record (SD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-SD-SOUTHEAST-FLOOD-DR4807-2024"]},{"id":"US-SD-CUSTER-FRENCHCREEK-DISCHARGE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Custer wastewater discharge to French Creek challenged in court","description":"The City of Custer plans to move its treated wastewater discharge from Flynn Creek to French Creek under a 2021 DANR permit. Preserve French Creek sued in federal court in May 2025, alleging Clean Water Act and due-process violations and citing about 40 drinking wells within 5 miles of the discharge point; Chief Judge Roberto Lange dismissed the suit without prejudice on March 9, 2026, finding the Clean Water Act claim not ripe because no effluent had yet been discharged. The city targeted June 1, 2026 to start discharging at the new location.","location":{"state":"SD","states":["SD"],"name":"City of Custer wastewater facility / French Creek","type":"Municipal wastewater discharge","detail":"Custer County, Black Hills; French Creek is a Cheyenne River tributary","coordinates":{"lat":43.7666,"lon":-103.5988,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Custer"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A new treated-effluent discharge point raises disputed risks to a creek and nearby wells.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Plaintiffs allege higher allowable ammonia and phosphorus and about 40 nearby drinking wells, some 52 feet from the creek (ref 1); no harm has been found.","service":"No service disruption; the city still discharges to Flynn Creek pending the switch (ref 2).","scale":"The dispute concerns the City of Custer's wastewater and a creek corridor (refs 1, 2).","duration":"The permit dates from January 2021, a 2023 county ballot vote opposed it, and litigation ran to March 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"A federal Clean Water Act lawsuit, Preserve French Creek v. Herman, No. 5:25-cv-05045 (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources cite about 40 drinking wells near the discharge point (ref 1) but no population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Lawsuit alleges about 40 drinking wells within the first 5 miles of the discharge point (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Drinking wells within 5 miles of discharge (alleged)","value":40,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Plaintiff allegation (ref 1)."},{"name":"2023 county ballot vote declaring discharge a nuisance (yes)","value":809,"unit":"votes","status":"Reported","note":"809 to 609; later held unenforceable (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Custer","role":"Wastewater permittee"},{"name":"South Dakota DANR Surface Water Quality Program","role":"NPDES permitting authority"}],"public_contact":"City of Custer City Hall (published general channel)","corrective_actions":["City preparing the plant to discharge to French Creek, targeting June 1, 2026 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Custer, State of South Dakota sued over wastewater discharge","publisher":"Rapid City Post (The Dakota Scout)","date":"2025-06-11","url":"https://rapidcitypost.com/?p=30763","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"French Creek lawsuit dismissed","publisher":"Custer County Chronicle","date":"2026-03-11","url":"https://custercountychronicle.com/content/french-creek-lawsuit-dismissed","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Preserve French Creek, Inc. v. Herman, 5:25-cv-05045 (D.S.D.)","publisher":"Leagle","date":"2026-03-09","url":"https://www.leagle.com/decision/infdco20260316944","basis":"Court record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (SD in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-SD-CHEYENNERIVER-RURALWATER-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Cheyenne River rural residents struggle for reliable drinking water","description":"The tribally chartered Mni Waste Water Company, formerly Tri-County Water, serves Eagle Butte and rural communities across the Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation through small service lines originally built for livestock. Its assistant director said no new connections were allowed reservation-wide from 2005 to 2019 and that the system 'still predominantly runs on flow restrictors'. In June 2024 the company received a $2.5 million Bureau of Reclamation drought-resiliency grant to pipe water 10 miles northwest of Eagle Butte, where some residents 'struggle to get good drinking water'.","location":{"state":"SD","states":["SD"],"name":"Mni Waste Water Company (Tri-County Rural Water)","type":"Tribal rural water system","detail":"Dewey and Ziebach counties, Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation; Missouri River source","coordinates":{"lat":44.9986,"lon":-101.2335,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Dewey","Ziebach"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"SD4600112"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Undersized distribution lines limit service to rural tribal households.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Timber Lake News (ref 1) reports residents northwest of Eagle Butte struggle to get good drinking water; no health outcome is documented.","service":"Service relies on flow restrictors and, during drought, brought restrictions and boil notices (ref 2).","scale":"Tri-County Rural Water System serves 2,190 per SDWIS (ref 3); the network covers about 4,800 square miles (ref 2).","duration":"A reservation-wide connection moratorium lasted 2005-2019 and remained outside Eagle Butte in 2020 (ref 2).","significance":"No enforcement action; the response is grant-funded pipeline work (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":2190,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Tri-County Rural Water System per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"\"Between 2005 to 2019, no new water connections were allowed across the entire reservation\" (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Bureau of Reclamation drought-resiliency grant","value":2.5,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"June 2024 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Pipeline extension northwest of Eagle Butte","value":10,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Mainline upgrades depend on federal grants and loans (refs 1, 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"New treatment plant and mainlines built; branch lines still pending as of 2020 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Mni Waste Water Company","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe","role":"Tribal government"},{"name":"Bureau of Reclamation","role":"Federal funder"},{"name":"South Dakota Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources (DANR), Drinking Water Program","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Mni Waste Water Company office, Eagle Butte (published general channel)","corrective_actions":["$2.5 million WaterSMART pipeline northwest of Eagle Butte (ref 1).","Planned Highway 63 north and Highway 212 west mainline upgrades (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Mni Waste Water selected for federal grant to extend pipeline","publisher":"Timber Lake Topic","date":"2024-06-12","url":"https://www.timberlakesouthdakota.com/node/10609","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Without Water, There Is No Growth | Cheyenne River","publisher":"The Architectural League of New York","date":"2020-08-10","url":"https://archleague.org/article/cheyenne-river-reservation-water/","basis":"Interview with utility official (interview date)"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: TRI-COUNTY","publisher":"US EPA (Envirofacts SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/SD/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/TRI-COUNTY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (SD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-SD-SOUTHEAST-FLOOD-DR4807-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"June 2024 southeast South Dakota record river flooding (FEMA DR-4807)","description":"Historic rain on June 20-22, 2024 sent the Big Sioux River at North Sioux City to a record 44.98-foot crest, 7.28 feet above the 2014 record, with record crests also forecast on the Vermillion River. Interstate 29 was closed and bermed, a BNSF railroad bridge collapsed, and Sioux Falls discharged untreated wastewater after its plant ran out of storage. FEMA declared a major disaster (DR-4807) on Aug. 15, 2024 for 25 counties.","location":{"name":"Southeast SD river basins (Big Sioux, James, Vermillion)","type":"Multi-county river-flood disaster area","state":"SD","states":["SD"],"detail":"Big Sioux, James, Vermillion and Missouri river corridors; individual assistance designated for Lincoln, Turner, Union and Davison counties (ref 7)","coordinates":{"lat":43.3009156,"lon":-96.5926411,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Aurora","Bennett","Bon Homme","Brule","Buffalo","Charles Mix","Clay","Davison","Douglas","Gregory","Hand","Hanson","Hutchinson","Jackson","Lake","Lincoln","McCook","Miner","Minnehaha","Moody","Sanborn","Tripp","Turner","Union","Yankton"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Record rainfall and river crests were the driver; levees, interstate berms, bridges and a wastewater plant were overwhelmed.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Searchlight (ref 1) reports homes destroyed and a railroad bridge swept away; SDPB (ref 3) reports Sioux Falls discharged untreated wastewater into the Big Sioux River.","service":"SDPB (ref 3) reports Interstate 29 closed between exits 2 and 26 and a voluntary evacuation in Dakota Dunes; Searchlight (ref 1) reports electricity, gas and water service knocked out at McCook Lake.","scale":"FEMA's designated-area records (ref 7) list 25 South Dakota counties; the congressional delegation letter (ref 4) cites 25 counties and five tribal nations affected.","duration":"The FEMA incident period runs June 16 to July 8, 2024 (ref 5), with public-assistance obligations still being reported in the 2026 FEMA summary (ref 6).","significance":"A presidential major disaster declaration, DR-4807, was issued Aug. 15, 2024 (ref 5) after the governor's emergency declaration (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No total affected population was reported; the delegation letter (ref 4) cites nearly 6,000 residents in North Sioux City and Dakota Dunes alone, and FEMA (ref 6) approved 1,126 individual-assistance applications."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Big Sioux River crested at 44.98 feet at North Sioux City, 7.28 feet above the 2014 record (ref 4); FEMA has obligated $34,222,272 in public assistance (ref 6)."},"measures":[{"name":"Big Sioux River crest, North Sioux City","value":44.98,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1, ref 4."},{"name":"Rainfall at Canton, June 20-22, 2024","value":18,"unit":"inches (approx.)","status":"Reported","note":"Officials said Canton received around 18 inches (ref 3)."},{"name":"FEMA public assistance obligated","value":34222272.17,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"OpenFEMA summary (ref 6)."},{"name":"FEMA individual and household program approved","value":10007541.36,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"OpenFEMA summary (ref 6)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Federal public assistance of $34.2 million has been obligated to repair public infrastructure (ref 6); no utility solvency assessment applies."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"A single record event; the delegation letter (ref 4) cites a National Weather Service estimate that it was a 1,000-year rain event."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"South Dakota Office of Emergency Management","role":"State emergency management"},{"name":"FEMA Region 8","role":"Federal disaster assistance"},{"name":"South Dakota Department of Transportation","role":"Interstate 29 berm and closures"},{"name":"County emergency managers (Union, Lincoln, Minnehaha and others)","role":"Local response"}],"public_contact":"South Dakota Office of Emergency Management (Department of Public Safety), Pierre.","corrective_actions":["Governor's emergency declaration and request for a federal major disaster declaration (refs 3, 4).","FEMA DR-4807 public assistance, individual assistance in Lincoln, Turner, Union and Davison counties, and hazard mitigation funding (refs 5, 6, 7)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"'We have nothing': Flood victims say government failures continue after botched flood warning","publisher":"South Dakota Searchlight (via Yahoo News)","date":"2024-07-19","url":"https://news.yahoo.com/news/nothing-flood-victims-government-failures-194322807.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Is the Big Sioux dirtier than the Seine in Paris?","publisher":"KELOLAND News","date":"2024-07-19","url":"https://digital-release.keloland.com/?p=2020504","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Big Sioux crests at record level as flooding persists in southeast SD","publisher":"South Dakota Public Broadcasting","date":"2024-06-24","url":"https://listen.sdpb.org/environment/2024-06-24/big-sioux-crests-at-record-level-as-flooding-persists-in-southeast-sd","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Delegation Urges Biden to Grant Disaster Declaration Following June Storms and Flooding","publisher":"Office of U.S. Sen. Mike Rounds","date":"2024-07-30","url":"https://www.rounds.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/delegation-urges-biden-to-grant-disaster-declaration-following-june-storms-and-flooding","basis":"Federal official statement"},{"ref":5,"title":"OpenFEMA FemaWebDisasterDeclarations: DR-4807 (South Dakota)","publisher":"FEMA","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v1/FemaWebDisasterDeclarations?$filter=disasterNumber%20eq%204807","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"OpenFEMA FemaWebDisasterSummaries: DR-4807","publisher":"FEMA","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v1/FemaWebDisasterSummaries?$filter=disasterNumber%20eq%204807","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":7,"title":"OpenFEMA DisasterDeclarationsSummaries: South Dakota designated areas, June-Sept. 2024","publisher":"FEMA","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v2/DisasterDeclarationsSummaries?$filter=state%20eq%20'SD'%20and%20declarationDate%20ge%20'2024-06-01'%20and%20declarationDate%20le%20'2024-09-01'","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New record (SD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-SD-MCCOOK-LAKE-FLOOD-DIVERSION-2024","US-SD-BIG-SIOUX-RIVER-ECOLI-2024","US-SD-SIOUXFALLS-FLOOD-SEWAGE-2024"]},{"id":"US-SD-MCCOOK-LAKE-FLOOD-DIVERSION-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"McCook Lake flood after I-29 levee diversion; residents' notice of claim against state","description":"On June 23, 2024 a temporary levee across Interstate 29, built under a 48-year-old flood plan to protect North Sioux City and Dakota Dunes, sent Big Sioux River overflow toward McCook Lake. An estimated 30 homes were destroyed and at least 100 damaged, and residents said warnings came too late. Property owners sent the state a formal notice of claim in January 2025, and lawmakers debated a McCook Lake contingency fund.","location":{"name":"McCook Lake, North Sioux City","type":"Lake community and flood-diversion area","state":"SD","states":["SD"],"detail":"Union County, southeast corner of South Dakota near the Big Sioux-Missouri confluence","coordinates":{"lat":42.5377239,"lon":-96.5067864,"precision":"city"},"counties":["Union"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Record river flow combined with a deliberate levee diversion and a failed warning process.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Union County's emergency manager estimated 30 McCook Lake homes destroyed and at least 100 damaged (ref 1).","service":"Electricity, gas and sewer service were disrupted and residents fled at night; one resident said bottled water did not arrive until June 26 (ref 1).","scale":"Damage centered on one lake community in Union County, where Dakota News Now (ref 3) reports over 100 residences destroyed or damaged.","duration":"Recovery, cleanup contracting by Game, Fish and Parks and the contingency-fund bill were still pending in February 2025 (ref 3).","significance":"Property owners served the state a formal notice of claim naming DOT, Public Safety, Emergency Management, Union County and North Sioux City (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Residents of McCook Lake were not counted; at least 130 homes were destroyed or damaged per preliminary county estimates (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"An estimated 30 homes at McCook Lake were destroyed and at least 100 damaged (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Homes destroyed (preliminary)","value":30,"unit":"homes","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Homes damaged (preliminary, minimum)","value":100,"unit":"homes","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Water added to lake by levee, per state modeling","value":8,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"DANR Secretary Hunter Roberts to Senate committee (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["HB 1108 proposed a state McCook Lake contingency fund, cut from $2 million to $1 in committee (ref 3); the Bureau of Finance and Management opposed it."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event; the same levee plan was used in 2014 without catastrophic damage (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of North Sioux City","role":"Local flood plan and levee decision"},{"name":"Union County Emergency Management","role":"Warnings and evacuation"},{"name":"South Dakota Department of Transportation; Department of Public Safety; Office of Emergency Management","role":"Levee construction support and state response"},{"name":"South Dakota Legislature","role":"Contingency-fund appropriation"}],"public_contact":"Union County Emergency Management; South Dakota Office of Emergency Management, Pierre.","corrective_actions":["Formal notice of claim filed with the state by property owners (ref 2).","HB 1108 McCook Lake contingency fund referred to House Appropriations (ref 3).","Game, Fish and Parks request for proposals for lake cleanup and restoration (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"'We have nothing': Flood victims say government failures continue after botched flood warning","publisher":"South Dakota Searchlight (via Yahoo News)","date":"2024-07-19","url":"https://news.yahoo.com/news/nothing-flood-victims-government-failures-194322807.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"State receives notice of potential lawsuit over McCook Lake flood response","publisher":"South Dakota Searchlight (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-01-16","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/state-receives-notice-potential-lawsuit-212306521.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Disaster-ridden McCook Lake could still see relief from the Legislature","publisher":"Dakota News Now (South Dakota Broadcasters Association)","date":"2025-02-11","url":"https://www.dakotanewsnow.com/2025/02/11/disaster-ridden-mccook-lake-could-still-see-relief-legislature/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"State receives notice of potential lawsuit over McCook Lake flood response","publisher":"Sioux Falls Live","date":"2025-01-17","url":"https://www.siouxfallslive.com/news/south-dakota/state-receives-notice-of-potential-lawsuit-over-mccook-lake-flood-response","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (SD in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-SD-SOUTHEAST-FLOOD-DR4807-2024"]},{"id":"US-SD-BIG-SIOUX-RIVER-ECOLI-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Big Sioux River E. coli and sediment impairments through Sioux Falls","description":"South Dakota's 2024 Integrated Report shows Big Sioux River segments from above I-90 through Sioux Falls to the mouth under bacteria (E. coli or fecal coliform) and total suspended solids cleanup plans (TMDLs), mainly from livestock runoff, wet-weather discharges and storm sewers. Friends of the Big Sioux River said in 2024 that 75% of the river is impaired and swimming is not advised in most of it.","location":{"name":"Big Sioux River (South Dakota segments)","type":"River segment","state":"SD","states":["SD"],"detail":"Big Sioux River Basin, eastern South Dakota, including Sioux Falls (Minnehaha County) and the Iowa border reach","coordinates":{"lat":43.5476008,"lon":-96.7293629,"precision":"watershed"},"counties":["Minnehaha","Lincoln","Union"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Bacteria and sediment exceed recreation and aquatic-life criteria in listed river segments.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Segments SD-BS-R-BIG_SIOUX_08, _10, _11 and _12 near Sioux Falls carry EPA-approved E. coli/fecal coliform and TSS TMDLs, updated 7/14/2019 (ref 1).","service":"Friends of the Big Sioux River told KELO (ref 2) that swimming is probably not advised in most of the river.","scale":"The basin contains Sioux Falls and is the most heavily populated basin in the state (ref 1); the Sioux Falls water system serves 216,462 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Downstream segments 13-17 have fecal coliform TMDLs approved in 2008 (ref 1), and 75% of the river remained impaired as of 2024 (ref 2).","significance":"The impairments are covered by formal EPA-approved TMDLs listed in the state report (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No exposed population is reported for recreational contact; Sioux Falls (SDWIS ref 3) is the largest city on the river."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"As of 2024, 75% of the Big Sioux River is impaired for both TSS and E. coli; the river meets only 25% of the limited-contact recreation standard (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Share of Big Sioux River impaired for E. coli and TSS","value":75,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Friends of the Big Sioux River via KELO (ref 2)."},{"name":"Limited contact recreation E. coli criterion","value":1178,"unit":"cfu/100 mL","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"The 2024 report says E. coli and TSS 'continue to be' the main causes of nonsupport, as in previous years (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"South Dakota Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources","role":"Water quality standards and 303(d) listing"},{"name":"City of Sioux Falls","role":"Municipal stormwater and monitoring"},{"name":"EPA Region 8","role":"TMDL approval"}],"public_contact":"South Dakota DANR, 605-773-3623, DANRMail@state.sd.us.","corrective_actions":["Big Sioux River Watershed Project and Prairie Coteau Watershed Improvement and Protection Project target bacteria, sediment and nutrient loads (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"The 2024 South Dakota Integrated Report for Surface Water Quality Assessment","publisher":"South Dakota Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources","date":"2024-03-28","url":"https://danr.sd.gov/Conservation/WatershedProtection/ReportsPublications/DANR_2024_IR_final.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Is the Big Sioux dirtier than the Seine in Paris?","publisher":"KELOLAND News","date":"2024-07-19","url":"https://digital-release.keloland.com/?p=2020504","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Sioux Falls (SD4600294)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/SD/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SIOUX%20FALLS/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (SD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-SD-STATEWIDE-LIVESTOCK-RUNOFF-IMPAIRMENT-2024","US-SD-SOUTHEAST-FLOOD-DR4807-2024"]},{"id":"US-SD-STATEWIDE-LIVESTOCK-RUNOFF-IMPAIRMENT-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"78% of assessed South Dakota stream miles impaired; livestock E. coli leading cause","description":"The 2024 Integrated Report from the state Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources (DANR) found 78.1% of assessed stream miles (4,799 miles) do not support one or more beneficial uses, with E. coli from livestock and wildlife the primary cause of recreational nonsupport, and 80% of assessed lake acres impaired. In 2025, with nearly 430 permitted CAFOs, lawmakers weighed raising CAFO permit fees unchanged since the late 1990s to pay for oversight.","location":{"name":"South Dakota rivers, streams and lakes","type":"Statewide surface waters","state":"SD","states":["SD"],"detail":"Statewide; 6,148 stream miles and 180 lakes assessed","coordinates":{"lat":44.3683644,"lon":-100.351136,"precision":"state"},"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nonpoint livestock runoff and sediment degrade recreational and aquatic-life uses across the state.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Ref 1 reports 4,799 assessed stream miles failing at least one use, with livestock and wildlife E. coli the primary recreational cause.","service":"No supply disruption is documented; the impairment affects recreation and aquatic life (ref 1).","scale":"The finding is statewide: 78.1% of 6,148 assessed stream miles and 80% of assessed lake acres (ref 1).","duration":"The report covers water years 2018-2023 for streams and 2012-2023 for lakes, a multi-year condition (ref 1).","significance":"Impaired waters are formally listed for TMDL development: 89 streams or segments and 87 lakes (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide condition; no exposed population reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"78.1% of assessed stream miles (4,799 miles) do not support one or more beneficial uses (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Assessed stream miles not supporting uses","value":78.1,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Assessed lake acres not supporting uses","value":80,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Permitted CAFOs in South Dakota","value":430,"unit":"facilities (approx.)","status":"Reported","note":"State agriculture secretary via Public News Service (ref 2): 'nearly 430'."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["CAFO permit fees have not changed since the late 1990s and a 2025 bill sought to raise them to fund oversight amid proposed DANR budget cuts (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"DANR cautions that cycle-to-cycle percentages are not a trend measure (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"South Dakota Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources","role":"Water quality assessment and CAFO permitting"},{"name":"South Dakota Legislature","role":"CAFO fee structure"},{"name":"EPA Region 8","role":"303(d) list approval"}],"public_contact":"South Dakota DANR, 605-773-3623, DANRMail@state.sd.us.","corrective_actions":["TMDL development for 89 stream segments and 87 lakes on the 303(d) list (ref 1).","2025 legislative bill to update CAFO permit fees to fund oversight and technical assistance (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"The 2024 South Dakota Integrated Report for Surface Water Quality Assessment","publisher":"South Dakota Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources","date":"2024-03-28","url":"https://danr.sd.gov/Conservation/WatershedProtection/ReportsPublications/DANR_2024_IR_final.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"South Dakota poised to boost fees to help regulate CAFOs","publisher":"Public News Service (Kiowa County Press)","date":"2025-02-18","url":"https://kiowacountypress.net/content/south-dakota-poised-boost-fees-help-regulate-cafos","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (SD in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-SD-BIG-SIOUX-RIVER-ECOLI-2024"]},{"id":"US-SD-EASTERN-LAKES-HAB-ADVISORIES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"2026 harmful algal bloom advisories at five eastern South Dakota lakes","description":"DANR issued high-risk harmful algal bloom advisories in 2026 for Twin Lakes (Spink County, June 15), Wall Lake (Minnehaha County, Aug. 11), Clear Lake (Hamlin County, Aug. 18), Lake Poinsett (Hamlin County) and Lake Albert (Kingsbury County, both Sept. 15). Advisories apply to the whole lake through year end; visitors are told to stay out of the water.","location":{"name":"Twin, Wall, Clear, Poinsett and Albert lakes","type":"Recreational lakes","state":"SD","states":["SD"],"detail":"Spink, Minnehaha, Hamlin and Kingsbury counties, eastern South Dakota","coordinates":{"lat":43.5338222,"lon":-96.9605519,"precision":"county"},"counties":["Spink","Minnehaha","Hamlin","Kingsbury"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Cyanobacteria blooms in nutrient-enriched lakes create toxin risk for recreation.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DANR (ref 1) issues advisories when test results show high-risk conditions; no illnesses are reported for these lakes.","service":"Visitors were told to stay out of Wall Lake under the high-risk advisory (ref 2).","scale":"Five lakes in four counties carry 2026 advisories (ref 1).","duration":"Advisories run from their 2026 issue dates through the end of the calendar year (ref 1).","significance":"Each is a formal state high-risk advisory (refs 1, 2); the 2024 Integrated Report rates Wall Lake hypereutrophic and nonsupporting (ref 4)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Recreational users; no count reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Five 2026 high-risk HAB advisories: Twin Lakes (6/15), Wall Lake (8/11), Clear Lake (8/18), Lake Poinsett and Lake Albert (9/15) (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Lakes under 2026 HAB advisory","value":5,"unit":"lakes","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"DANR notes blooms are most common July through September (ref 3); prior-year advisory lists were not reviewed."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"South Dakota Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources","role":"HAB monitoring and advisories"},{"name":"South Dakota Game, Fish and Parks","role":"Lake access and recreation"}],"public_contact":"South Dakota DANR, 605-773-3623 (HAB reports).","corrective_actions":["Statewide HAB monitoring with an interactive results map and lake-wide advisories (ref 1).","Public 'When in Doubt, Stay Out' guidance (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"South Dakota Watershed Protection Program - Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)","publisher":"South Dakota Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources","date":null,"url":"https://danr.sd.gov/Conservation/WatershedProtection/HAB.aspx","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Harmful algal bloom found in Wall Lake, officials warn","publisher":"Dakota News Now","date":"2026-08-20","url":"https://www.dakotanewsnow.com/2026/08/20/harmful-algal-bloom-found-wall-lake-officials-warn/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"DANR warns of toxic algae risks in late-summer lakes","publisher":"KOTA Territory News","date":"2026-08-28","url":"https://www.kotatv.com/2026/08/28/danr-warns-toxic-algae-risks-late-summer-lakes/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"The 2024 South Dakota Integrated Report for Surface Water Quality Assessment","publisher":"South Dakota Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources","date":"2024-03-28","url":"https://danr.sd.gov/Conservation/WatershedProtection/ReportsPublications/DANR_2024_IR_final.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (SD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-SD-STATEWIDE-LIVESTOCK-RUNOFF-IMPAIRMENT-2024"]},{"id":"US-SD-DEWEY-BURDOCK-URANIUM-ISR-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Dewey-Burdock in-situ uranium project clears federal permits; state water permits restart","description":"enCore Energy's Dewey-Burdock in-situ uranium project near Edgemont, covering nearly 20 square miles in Custer and Fall River counties, would pump aquifer water to dissolve uranium underground. In September 2025 EPA's Environmental Appeals Board denied a petition by the Oglala Sioux Tribe, Black Hills Clean Water Alliance and NDN Collective against its injection permits, and by July 2026 the company had filed new state water-rights applications after a 13-year pause.","location":{"name":"Dewey-Burdock project area near Edgemont","type":"Proposed in-situ uranium recovery site","state":"SD","states":["SD"],"detail":"Custer and Fall River counties, southwestern edge of the Black Hills","coordinates":{"lat":43.301084,"lon":-103.825476,"precision":"city"},"counties":["Custer","Fall River"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["water-rights","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The project would withdraw, inject and reinject aquifer water; opponents cite contamination and water-volume risks.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No contamination has occurred; KOTA/Searchlight (ref 2) reports opponents fear pollution of local water sources from reinjected mining water.","service":"No water service disruption is documented (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The NRC license covers 10,580 acres (ref 1), nearly 20 square miles in Custer and Fall River counties (ref 2).","duration":"State applications have been inactive since 2013 while federal litigation ran more than a decade (refs 1, 2).","significance":"The EPA Environmental Appeals Board ruled on a tribal and NGO petition in September 2025 (ref 1); the Water Management Board refused a restart in 2021 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"DANR confirmed new water-rights applications were submitted; mine and groundwater discharge permit applications have not yet been filed (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"NRC license area","value":10580,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Federal permits became final in 2025-2026 and state permitting is restarting (refs 1, 2), moving the project closer to operation."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"South Dakota Water Management Board","role":"Water rights"},{"name":"South Dakota Board of Minerals and Environment / DANR","role":"Mine and groundwater discharge permits"},{"name":"U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission","role":"Source material license"},{"name":"EPA Region 8","role":"UIC permits and aquifer exemption"}],"public_contact":"South Dakota DANR (Water Management Board staff), DANRMail@state.sd.us.","corrective_actions":["Fast-41 federal permitting coordination approved Aug. 28, 2025 (ref 1).","State water-rights applications resubmitted (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"enCore Energy's Dewey Burdock ISR Uranium Project EPA Decision Advances Federal Permitting","publisher":"enCore Energy Corp.","date":"2025-09-16","url":"https://encoreuranium.com/news/encore-energys-dewey-burdock-isr-uranium-project-epa-decision-advances-federal-permitting/","basis":"Company statement"},{"ref":2,"title":"Company proposing Black Hills uranium mine eyes state permitting restart after 13-year pause","publisher":"South Dakota Searchlight (via KOTA Territory News)","date":"2026-07-06","url":"https://www.kotatv.com/2026/07/06/company-proposing-black-hills-uranium-mine-eyes-state-permitting-restart-after-13-year-pause/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (SD in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-SD-CRAVEN-CANYON-URANIUM-DRILLING-2026"]},{"id":"US-SD-CRAVEN-CANYON-URANIUM-DRILLING-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Craven Canyon uranium exploration permit hearing halted by federal lawsuit","description":"Clean Nuclear Energy, a subsidiary of Nexus Uranium, applied in March 2024 to drill about 50 exploratory holes up to 700 feet deep on state land near Craven Canyon in the southern Black Hills. Opponents cite petroglyphs, Lakota ceremonies and groundwater contamination risk. The Board of Minerals and Environment hearing was adjourned on May 20, 2026 after an opponent filed a federal due-process lawsuit.","location":{"name":"Craven Canyon, southern Black Hills","type":"Proposed uranium exploration site (state land)","state":"SD","states":["SD"],"detail":"Fall River County, a little more than 20 miles from Hot Springs","coordinates":{"lat":43.431646,"lon":-103.474363,"precision":"county"},"counties":["Fall River"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Deep exploratory drilling raises aquifer and groundwater-quality concerns that the board must weigh.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Opponents say drilling could potentially contaminate groundwater (ref 1); the board may deny a permit that harms aquifer productivity (ref 2).","service":"No water service is affected (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The proposal covers 50 drill sites on state land at one canyon (ref 2).","duration":"The application has been pending since March 2024 (ref 2) and the hearing remained paused as of May 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"A federal lawsuit was filed May 20, 2026 against the board, DANR and the company (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Application to drill holes as deep as 700 feet at 50 sites near Craven Canyon (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Proposed exploratory drill sites","value":50,"unit":"sites","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Maximum hole depth","value":700,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Hearing adjourned until further notice (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"South Dakota Board of Minerals and Environment","role":"Exploration permit decision"},{"name":"South Dakota Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources","role":"Permit review staff"},{"name":"U.S. Forest Service","role":"Reviewing drilling on federal land"}],"public_contact":"South Dakota DANR (Board of Minerals and Environment staff), DANRMail@state.sd.us.","corrective_actions":["Contested-case hearing before the Board of Minerals and Environment, adjourned May 20, 2026 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Project opponent files federal lawsuit; uranium drilling permit hearing paused","publisher":"South Dakota Searchlight (via KOTA Territory News)","date":"2026-05-20","url":"https://www.kotatv.com/2026/05/21/project-opponent-files-federal-lawsuit-uranium-drilling-permit-hearing-paused/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Black Hills uranium exploration permit hearing postponed to May","publisher":"South Dakota Searchlight (via KOTA Territory News)","date":"2026-04-13","url":"https://www.kotatv.com/2026/04/13/black-hills-uranium-exploration-permit-hearing-postponed-may/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (SD in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-SD-DEWEY-BURDOCK-URANIUM-ISR-2025"]},{"id":"US-SD-PACTOLA-RAPID-CREEK-MINERAL-WITHDRAWAL-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Pactola Reservoir-Rapid Creek 20-year mining withdrawal after gold-drilling proposal","description":"After F3 Gold won draft Forest Service approval in 2022 to drill near Jenney Gulch within a mile of Pactola Reservoir, Interior issued Public Land Order 7956 in December 2024 withdrawing 20,510 acres from new mining claims for 20 years to protect Rapid City and Ellsworth Air Force Base water. Advocates note it covers only about 10% of the upper Rapid Creek watershed and valid existing rights remain.","location":{"name":"Pactola Reservoir-Rapid Creek watershed","type":"Municipal source-water watershed (national forest)","state":"SD","states":["SD"],"detail":"Black Hills National Forest, Pennington County, about 20 miles west of Rapid City","coordinates":{"lat":44.0752643,"lon":-103.5329689,"precision":"facility"},"counties":["Pennington"],"extent":"watershed","pwsid":"SD4600406"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Mineral exploration in the reservoir's watershed posed a risk to a municipal drinking-water source.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The risk was potential: BLM and the Forest Service cited possible mining impacts on the municipal water supply (ref 2); no contamination is reported.","service":"No disruption of Rapid City water service is reported (refs 1, 3).","scale":"Pactola supplies Rapid City, whose system serves 72,009 people per SDWIS (ref 5), plus Ellsworth Air Force Base (ref 1).","duration":"The dispute ran from F3's 2022 draft approval through the December 2024 order (ref 3), and the order lasts 20 years (ref 1).","significance":"Interior issued Public Land Order 7956, published in the Federal Register Dec. 27, 2024 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":72009,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the Rapid City public water system per SDWIS (ref 5); Ellsworth Air Force Base is also supplied."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PLO 7956 withdraws 20,510 acres of the Pactola Reservoir-Rapid Creek watershed from mining for 20 years (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Acres withdrawn from mineral entry","value":20510,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Share of upper Rapid Creek watershed protected","value":10,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Black Hills Clean Water Alliance board member (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The withdrawal blocks new claims (ref 1); a former F3 lobbyist expects a new administration may seek to alter it (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Department of the Interior / Bureau of Land Management","role":"Mineral withdrawal"},{"name":"USDA Forest Service, Black Hills National Forest","role":"Land manager"},{"name":"City of Rapid City","role":"Water utility"}],"public_contact":"Black Hills National Forest Supervisor's Office, Rapid City.","corrective_actions":["Public Land Order 7956: 20-year withdrawal subject to valid existing rights (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Public Land Order No. 7956; Withdrawal of Pactola Reservoir-Rapid Creek Watershed; South Dakota","publisher":"Federal Register (Bureau of Land Management)","date":"2024-12-27","url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/12/27/2024-30790/public-land-order-no-7956-withdrawal-of-pactola-reservoir-rapid-creek-watershed-south-dakota","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"BLM and Forest Service Commit to Study Mining Impacts in Pactola Reservoir - Rapid Creek Watershed in the Black Hills","publisher":"Bureau of Land Management","date":"2023-03-17","url":"https://www.blm.gov/press-release/blm-and-forest-service-commit-study-mining-impacts-pactola-reservoir-rapid-creek","basis":"Federal agency statement"},{"ref":3,"title":"Federal government approves 20-year mining ban in part of SD's Black Hills","publisher":"South Dakota Searchlight (via The Rapid City Post)","date":"2024-12-27","url":"https://rapidcitypost.com/?p=16998","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior withdraws mineral claims for a portion of Rapid Creek watershed in the Black Hills","publisher":"The South Dakota Standard","date":"2024-12-31","url":"https://www.sdstandardnow.com/home/us-dept-of-the-interior-withdraws-mineral-claims-for-parts-of-rapid-creek-watershed-in-the-black-hills-its-a-start-but-much-more-work-is-needed-by-local-environmentalists","basis":"News commentary"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Rapid City (SD4600406)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/SD/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/RAPID%20CITY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (SD in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-SD-BLACKHILLS-AQUIFER-DEFICIT-2025"]},{"id":"US-SD-STATEWIDE-DATA-CENTER-WATER-LAW-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"South Dakota 2026 law requires data-center water notices and lets board cap use","description":"Senate Bill 135, signed March 24, 2026, requires data centers of 10 MW or more to notify local water providers of projected consumption before operating, lets the Water Management Board limit their draw after residential and essential uses, and requires public semi-annual water-use reports. Proposed facilities, such as Sequitor Edge in Rapid City, cite closed-loop cooling while more than half the state is in drought.","location":{"name":"South Dakota (statewide)","type":"Statewide water-allocation policy","state":"SD","states":["SD"],"detail":"Statewide; proposed data centers in Rapid City (Pennington County) and Sioux Falls area","coordinates":{"lat":44.3683644,"lon":-100.351136,"precision":"state"},"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"A new state allocation and disclosure regime for large data-center water demand.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No harm from data-center water use in South Dakota is documented (refs 1, 2).","service":"No restriction or outage tied to data centers is reported (ref 2).","scale":"The law applies statewide to any data center with peak demand of 10 MW or more (ref 1).","duration":"The law took effect in 2026 and no allocation orders are yet reported (ref 1).","significance":"Enacted state law, Chapter 190 of the 2026 session laws (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide policy; no affected population reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Data centers may not consume local water exceeding limits set by Water Management Board order, after allocation to residential and essential public services (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Sequitor Edge phase-one fill volume (company projection)","value":65000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"KOTA (ref 2); company-provided."},{"name":"Sequitor Edge annual operating water (company projection)","value":110000,"unit":"gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"KOTA (ref 2); company-provided."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"New law; no reports filed yet."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"South Dakota Water Management Board","role":"Data-center water allocation limits and reports"},{"name":"Local water providers","role":"Compatibility determinations"},{"name":"South Dakota Legislature","role":"Enacted SB 135"}],"public_contact":"South Dakota DANR (Water Management Board staff), DANRMail@state.sd.us.","corrective_actions":["SB 135 notice, compatibility determination, allocation limit and semi-annual public reporting requirements (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2026 Session Laws, Chapter 190 (Senate Bill 135): Data Center Bill of Rights for Citizens","publisher":"South Dakota Legislature","date":"2026-03-24","url":"https://mylrc.sdlegislature.gov/api/Documents/SessionLaw/306613.pdf?Year=2026","basis":"State law"},{"ref":2,"title":"Drought and Heat: Rapid City, proposed Sequitor Edge data center poised to address drought challenges","publisher":"KOTA Territory News","date":"2026-07-05","url":"https://www.kotatv.com/2026/07/05/drought-heat-rapid-city-proposed-sequitor-edge-data-center-poised-address-drought-challenges/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Is South Dakota ready for a big data center boom?","publisher":"Dakota News Now","date":"2025-12-09","url":"https://www.dakotanewsnow.com/2025/12/10/is-south-dakota-ready-big-data-center-boom/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (SD in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-ND-SPIRIT-LAKE-MANGANESE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Spirit Lake Nation do-not-drink order over elevated manganese, May-July 2025","description":"The Spirit Lake Tribe told reservation residents on May 27, 2025 not to drink or cook with tap water after samples taken May 13 and May 20 showed manganese above federal guidance; boiling would not help. The tribe handed out bottled water, installed a temporary filter, and lifted the consumption ban on July 9, 2025, while a water conservation notice stayed in place because the temporary system ran at reduced capacity.","location":{"name":"Spirit Lake Water Management rural water system","type":"Tribal rural water system","state":"ND","states":["ND"],"detail":"Spirit Lake Reservation, Benson and Eddy county area; system based at St. Michael, Fort Totten area","coordinates":{"lat":47.98,"lon":-98.99,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Benson"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"083890025"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Naturally occurring manganese in the supply exceeded health-based guidance, forcing a do-not-drink order until treatment was added.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Tribal officials said the May 13 and May 20, 2025 samples both exceeded national manganese guidance, a level that can harm infants (refs 2, 3).","service":"Residents could not drink, cook with, or make formula or ice with tap water from May 27 until the July 9, 2025 lifting (refs 3, 4, 5).","scale":"SDWIS lists 4,400 people served by the Spirit Lake rural water system (ref 1); ICT reports roughly 4,000 live on the reservation (ref 2).","duration":"The consumption ban was extended from June 25 to July 7 and ended July 9, about six weeks, with conservation continuing afterward (refs 4, 5).","significance":"The tribe issued a formal do-not-drink notice and formed an Incident Command Team of tribal leaders and emergency management staff (ref 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":4400,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 1); ICT reports roughly 4,000 reservation residents (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Samples taken May 13 and May 20, 2025 showed elevated manganese that \"exceeded national regulations\" (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Days under do-not-drink order (May 27 to July 9, 2025)","value":43,"unit":"days","status":"Estimated","note":"Counted from the May 27 start (ref 4) to the July 9 lifting (ref 5)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Ban lifted July 9, 2025 with a temporary filter; a permanent fix was planned for August 2025 (refs 4, 5), and completion was not confirmed in the sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Spirit Lake Tribe","role":"Water system owner and operator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 8","role":"Primacy regulator for tribal public water systems"}],"public_contact":"Spirit Lake Tribe offices, Fort Totten, ND","corrective_actions":["Bottled water distribution, one case per two household members, from May 28, 2025 (ref 2).","Temporary filtration system installed; water conservation notice kept while it runs at reduced capacity (refs 4, 5).","Permanent fix planned for August 2025 (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Spirit Lake Water Management RWS (083890025)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/083890025/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Water on Spirit Lake Nation is unsafe due to elevated manganese levels","publisher":"ICT","date":"2025-05-29","url":"https://ictnews.org/?p=169120","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Spirit Lake reservation warns residents of unsafe water supply","publisher":"Valley News Live","date":"2025-05-28","url":"https://www.valleynewslive.com/2025/05/28/spirit-lake-reservation-warns-residents-tainted-water-supply","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Spirit Lake tribe pushes water consumption ban into July","publisher":"Grand Forks Herald","date":"2025-06-12","url":"https://www.grandforksherald.com/news/north-dakota/spirit-lake-tribe-pushes-water-consumption-ban-into-july","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"Spirit Lake lifts ban on consuming water; notice to conserve in place","publisher":"KFYR-TV","date":"2025-07-09","url":"https://www.kfyrtv.com/2025/07/09/spirit-lake-lifts-ban-consuming-water-notice-conserve-place/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (ND in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-ND-STANDING-ROCK-BOIL-ORDERS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Standing Rock rural water system: recurring boil orders and open treatment violation","description":"The Standing Rock Sioux Tribe issued a boil order for Cannonball after an October 16, 2024 water break, lifted it October 21, and scheduled further shutoffs. In September 2026 a boil order covered Porcupine and BIA Road 6 until bacteria tests came back negative. EPA records list an open surface-water treatment-technique violation for the system beginning October 19, 2024.","location":{"name":"Standing Rock Rural Water System","type":"Tribal rural water system","state":"ND","states":["ND"],"detail":"Fort Yates-based system serving Fort Yates, Cannonball and Porcupine on the Standing Rock Reservation, Sioux County","coordinates":{"lat":46.087,"lon":-100.63,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Sioux"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"084690510"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Line breaks and pressure loss trigger boil orders, and EPA records an unresolved treatment-technique violation at the surface-water system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Boil orders were precautionary; the September 2026 notice says all bacteria samples came back negative (ref 3), so harm is potential only.","service":"Cannonball residents were told to boil water from October 16, 2024 (ref 2), and Porcupine and BIA Road 6 residents were under a boil order lifted September 30, 2026 (ref 3).","scale":"SDWIS lists 6,839 people served by the Standing Rock Rural Water System (ref 1).","duration":"Boil orders recurred in two separate areas two years apart, October 2024 and September 2026 (refs 2, 3), and the EPA violation has been open since October 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"EPA SDWIS records a health-based treatment-technique violation (code 45, Tier 2 notice) beginning 2024-10-19 with no return-to-compliance date (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":6839,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"\"Due to the water break on October 16, 2024 there is a boil order notice for the residents of Cannonball\" (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Open health-based SDWIS violations (surface water treatment technique)","value":1,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Begins 2024-10-19, compliance status open (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Each boil order was lifted within days to weeks (refs 2, 3), but events recur and the EPA violation remains open (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Standing Rock Sioux Tribe","role":"Water system owner and operator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 8","role":"Primacy regulator for tribal public water systems"}],"public_contact":"Standing Rock water office, 854-7477, Monday-Friday 8am-4:30pm (per tribal notice)","corrective_actions":["Cannonball boil order lifted October 21, 2024, followed by planned outages for repairs (ref 4).","Porcupine and BIA Road 6 boil order lifted September 30, 2026 after negative bacteria results (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA SDWIS violation records: Standing Rock Rural Water System (084690510)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/084690510/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"10/17 Cannonball Boil Order","publisher":"Standing Rock Sioux Tribe","date":"2024-10-17","url":"https://www.standingrock.org/2024/10/17/10-17-cannonball-boil-order/","basis":"Tribal government notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"Boil Order Notice Lifted - Porcupine & BIA Rd 6","publisher":"Standing Rock Sioux Tribe","date":"2026-09-30","url":"https://www.standingrock.org/2026/09/30/boil-order-notice-lifted-porcupine-bia-rd-6/","basis":"Tribal government notice"},{"ref":4,"title":"Cannonball Boil Order Lifted + Planned Outages","publisher":"Standing Rock Sioux Tribe","date":"2024-10-21","url":"https://www.standingrock.org/2024/10/21/cannonball-boil-order-lifted-planned-outages/","basis":"Tribal government notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (ND in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-ND-LAKE-OAHE-DAPL-EASEMENT-TREATY-WATER-2026"]},{"id":"US-ND-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"North Dakota lead service lines: nearly 98,000 lines still of unknown material","description":"KFYR reported in February 2026 that nearly 5,000 North Dakota homes may have lead service lines and nearly 98,000 lines statewide remain of unknown material, against an EPA deadline of 2037. Minot reported 280 lead lines and more than 7,500 unknown lines and took a $29.6 million state revolving fund loan to find and replace them.","location":{"name":"North Dakota public water systems (statewide)","type":"Statewide drinking-water service lines","state":"ND","states":["ND"],"detail":"Statewide; city counts reported for Minot (Ward County), Bismarck (Burleigh County), Williston (Williams County) and Kenmare (Ward County)","coordinates":{"lat":48.2325,"lon":-101.2963,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Ward","Burleigh","Williams"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Lead exposure risk comes from the service-line pipes themselves, and the fix is identifying and replacing them.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"KFYR reports nearly 5,000 North Dakota homes may have lead in their water lines (ref 1); no exceedance is cited, so harm is potential.","service":"No service disruption is reported; Kenmare officials say regular testing shows the water is safe (ref 1).","scale":"Nearly 98,000 service lines statewide remain of unknown material (ref 1), and Minot alone has more than 7,500 (ref 2).","duration":"Utilities have until 2037 to identify and replace lead lines, and the state rule manager cites workforce, materials, access and cost barriers (ref 1).","significance":"Work proceeds under the federal Lead and Copper Rule Revisions, with a DEQ environmental finding for Minot's $29,575,000 replacement loan dated April 10, 2026 (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"KFYR reports nearly 5,000 homes may have lead lines (ref 1); no population figure is given."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Statewide, nearly 98,000 service lines remain unknown (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Homes that may have lead service lines","value":5000,"unit":"homes","status":"Reported","note":"\"Nearly 5,000\" (ref 1)."},{"name":"Unknown-material service lines statewide","value":98000,"unit":"service lines","status":"Reported","note":"\"Nearly 98,000\" (ref 1)."},{"name":"Minot lead service lines","value":280,"unit":"service lines","status":"Reported","note":"As of February 2026; Bismarck 162, Williston 72 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Minot lead line identification and replacement loan","value":29575000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["State rule manager cites affordability as a barrier to meeting the 2037 deadline (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Door-to-door outreach cut unknown pipes statewide by 35% (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"North Dakota Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Primacy regulator and revolving fund administrator"},{"name":"City of Minot","role":"Water system owner"}],"public_contact":"North Dakota Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Municipal Facilities, 4201 Normandy St., Bismarck, ND 58503","corrective_actions":["Door-to-door outreach to identify service-line materials (ref 1).","Bismarck, Fargo and Minot have begun replacing lead lines (ref 1).","EPA awarded more than $28 million to the state DEQ (ref 1).","Minot lead service line identification and replacement project, 2026 construction year cleared (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"A look into ND statewide effort to replace lead service lines","publisher":"KFYR-TV","date":"2026-02-26","url":"https://www.kfyrtv.com/2026/02/26/look-into-nd-statewide-effort-replace-lead-service-lines/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Finding of No Significant Impact: City of Minot Lead Service Line Identification & Replacement","publisher":"North Dakota Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2026-04-10","url":"https://www.deq.nd.gov/PublicComment/FONSI-Minot-20260410.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (ND in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-ND-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"North Dakota drought: extreme drought in the west in 2025, statewide disaster in 2026","description":"In April 2025 the National Weather Service reported severe to extreme drought across western North Dakota, with lower than normal water supply features. In August 2026 Gov. Kelly Armstrong signed Executive Order 2026-07 declaring a statewide drought disaster, after the 12th-driest July on record, and directed the State Water Commission to run its drought livestock water supply assistance program.","location":{"name":"North Dakota (statewide)","type":"Statewide drought area","state":"ND","states":["ND"],"detail":"Statewide; D3 extreme drought in 2025 in McKenzie and Dunn counties into Billings and Mountrail counties","coordinates":{"lat":47.45,"lon":-100.47,"precision":"state","source_ref":2},"counties":["McKenzie","Dunn","Billings","Mountrail"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Low precipitation and heat reduced runoff and water supplies across the state.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"NWS said the lack of moisture left water supply features lower than normal and kept streams below desired levels (ref 1).","service":"Neither source reports water-use restrictions or outages for public systems.","scale":"In August 2026, 33.6% of the state was in moderate, 28.1% in severe and 2.3% in extreme drought (ref 2).","duration":"Severe to extreme drought in western ND in April 2025 (ref 1) was followed by a statewide disaster order in August 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"Executive Order 2026-07 declared a statewide drought disaster and activated the State Emergency Operations Plan (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide declaration; no affected population is given (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"33.6% of the state in moderate drought, 28.1% in severe drought and 2.3% in extreme drought (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Share of state in severe drought (Aug 2026)","value":28.1,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"U.S. Drought Monitor via ref 2."},{"name":"Share of state in extreme drought (Aug 2026)","value":2.3,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"July 2026 average precipitation","value":1.25,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"12th-driest July on record (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"August 2026 was the first report that summer to include extreme drought (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Office of the Governor of North Dakota","role":"Emergency declaration"},{"name":"North Dakota State Water Commission","role":"Administers drought livestock water supply assistance"},{"name":"North Dakota Department of Emergency Services","role":"Emergency operations"}],"public_contact":"North Dakota State Water Commission","corrective_actions":["Executive Order 2026-07 activates the State Emergency Operations Plan (ref 2).","State Water Commission directed to administer the Drought Disaster Livestock Water Supply Project Assistance Program (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drought Information Statement for Western and Central North Dakota (valid April 10, 2025)","publisher":"National Weather Service, WFO Bismarck","date":"2025-04-10","url":"https://www.weather.gov/media/bis/DGT/DGT_BIS_04102025.pdf","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Gov. Armstrong declares statewide drought disaster in North Dakota","publisher":"Valley News Live","date":"2026-08-18","url":"https://www.valleynewslive.com/2026/08/18/gov-armstrong-declares-statewide-drought-disaster-north-dakota/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (ND in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-ND-RED-RIVER-VALLEY-SUPPLY-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Red River Valley Water Supply Project: drought backup for eastern ND still years from completion","description":"The Red River Valley Water Supply Project is a 125-mile buried pipeline meant to carry up to 165 cubic feet per second of water from the McClusky Canal in central North Dakota to the Sheyenne River as supplemental and emergency supply during drought. The state water agency puts the total at $1.4 billion, with about $756.7 million still to fund as of November 2025, and the pipeline was on track in 2023 for completion by 2032.","location":{"name":"Red River Valley Water Supply Project","type":"Regional water supply pipeline project","state":"ND","states":["ND"],"detail":"Central and eastern North Dakota, along Highway 200 from the McClusky Canal to the Sheyenne River north of Lake Ashtabula; construction began east of Carrington (Foster County)","coordinates":{"lat":47.4497,"lon":-99.1262,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Foster"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Eastern North Dakota cities depend on the Red River, which is vulnerable in severe drought; the remedy is a large pipeline still being built.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Neither source documents a current shortage; the project is backup supply for severe drought (refs 1, 2).","service":"No supply interruption is reported; the pipeline is meant to provide emergency water during drought (ref 1).","scale":"The state agency says it would serve 30-plus cities and rural systems covering 50% of North Dakota's population (ref 1).","duration":"Only five of 125 miles were laid by October 2023, with completion targeted for 2032 (ref 2).","significance":"Legislative funding intent, not an enforcement or emergency action (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Ref 1 says the project would serve communities and rural systems covering 50% of the state population but gives no count."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Estimated total project cost $1.4B; estimated remaining main transmission funds $756.7M (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Estimated total project cost","value":1400000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"DWR fact sheet, November 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Estimated remaining main transmission funds","value":756700000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"$568M state and $188.7M local (ref 1)."},{"name":"Pipeline length","value":125,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Maximum flow","value":165,"unit":"cfs","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Local users, including Fargo and Grand Forks residents, pay 25% of the cost (ref 2).","$756.7M remains to be funded in future biennia (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Construction under way; $205M approved for 2025-2027 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Garrison Diversion Conservancy District","role":"Project sponsor"},{"name":"Lake Agassiz Water Authority","role":"Represents project water users"},{"name":"North Dakota Department of Water Resources","role":"State cost-share (75%)"}],"public_contact":"Garrison Diversion Conservancy District and Lake Agassiz Water Authority","corrective_actions":["$205 million appropriated for 2025-2027 under HB 1020 (ref 1).","Pipeline construction began east of Carrington; 25 to 30 more miles expected in 2023-2025 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Red River Valley Water Supply Project: Looking Ahead 2025-2027","publisher":"North Dakota Department of Water Resources","date":"2025-11-01","url":"https://www.dwr.nd.gov/info_edu/water_development_plan/wdp/large_projects/red_river_valley_water_supply_project.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Red River Valley water pipeline project has funding for another 25 to 30 miles","publisher":"The Forum of Fargo-Moorhead","date":"2023-10-06","url":"https://www.inforum.com/news/north-dakota/red-river-valley-water-pipeline-project-has-funding-for-another-25-to-30-miles","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (ND in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-ND-FARGO-WASTEWATER-CWA-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Fargo wastewater plant: Red River discharge violations, state consent order and lawsuit","description":"A North Dakota DEQ notice of violation cited 119 days between August 2017 and the end of 2022 when Fargo's wastewater discharges to the Red River exceeded permit limits, and a citizens group sued under the Clean Water Act in March 2023; the city denied wrongdoing. EPA ECHO lists a state administrative consent order dated May 23, 2023 with a $56,266 penalty and further BOD and pH limit violations in late 2023 and 2026.","location":{"name":"Fargo wastewater treatment facility","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"ND","states":["ND"],"detail":"City of Fargo, Cass County; discharges to the Red River (NPDES ND0022870)","coordinates":{"lat":46.925287,"lon":-96.78585,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Cass"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Treatment plant performance caused effluent limit exceedances into the Red River while the city expands the plant.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The lawsuit alleges discharges above limits for E. coli, suspended solids, BOD and phosphorus (ref 1); ECHO shows a 51% BOD exceedance in November 2023 (ref 2).","service":"Wastewater exceedances did not disrupt service to Fargo customers in either source.","scale":"A single major municipal plant serving the city of Fargo (refs 1, 2).","duration":"The state notice covers violations from August 2017 to the end of 2022 (ref 1), and ECHO shows noncompliance in 4 of 12 quarters through June 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"State administrative order of consent dated 2023-05-23 with a $56,266 penalty (ref 2), plus a federal Clean Water Act citizen suit (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Neither source gives a sewered population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A DEQ notice of violation cited 119 days between August 2017 and the end of 2022 when discharges exceeded limits (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Days over discharge limits cited by DEQ (Aug 2017 to end of 2022)","value":119,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"State consent order penalty","value":56266,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"State administrative order of consent, 2023-05-23 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Quarters in noncompliance (Jul 2023 to Jun 2026)","value":4,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Plaintiffs' attorney told the city its maximum EPA penalty exposure could be $32 million (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"ECHO shows no violations for most quarters in 2024-2025 but a pH limit violation in May 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Fargo","role":"Permittee and plant operator"},{"name":"North Dakota Department of Environmental Quality","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"City of Fargo wastewater utility, Fargo, ND","corrective_actions":["State administrative order of consent with $56,266 penalty, May 23, 2023 (ref 2).","City expansion and upgrade of its water reclamation facility, reported at $150 million (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Wastewater dumped by Fargo in Red River exceeds legal pollutant limits, lawsuit alleges","publisher":"The Forum of Fargo-Moorhead","date":"2023-04-08","url":"https://www.inforum.com/news/fargo/wastewater-dumped-by-fargo-in-red-river-exceeds-legal-pollutant-limits-lawsuit-alleges","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO detailed facility report: Fargo City of (NPDES ND0022870)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/dfr_rest_services.get_dfr?p_id=ND0022870&output=JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (ND in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-ND-WILLIAMS-CONTINENTAL-PRODUCED-WATER-SPILL-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Continental Resources pipeline spills 73,000 barrels of brine into creek near Williston","description":"On May 26, 2025 a Continental Resources produced-water pipeline failed about 16 miles northeast of Williston, releasing an estimated 73,000 barrels (about 3.1 million gallons) of brine. The spill contaminated grassland and an unnamed creek that flows toward Stony Creek; state regulators said it did not reach Stony Creek and had no known drinking-water impacts.","location":{"name":"Unnamed tributary of Stony Creek, Williams County","type":"Oil-field pipeline spill site / creek segment","state":"ND","states":["ND"],"detail":"About 16 miles northeast of Williston, Williams County","coordinates":{"lat":48.147,"lon":-103.618,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Williams"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Saline produced water from oil production entered a creek and surrounding grassland.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ (ref 1) says 73,000 barrels of produced water impacted an unnamed creek; ref 2 reports brine contaminated grassland and a tributary flowing to Stony Creek.","service":"Ref 2 reports no known impacts to drinking-water sources, so no service loss is scored.","scale":"Ref 2 puts the release at nearly 3.1 million gallons reaching a creek tributary of Stony Creek, beyond a single well pad.","duration":"Ref 2 describes culvert blocking, berms, truck recovery and excavation under DEQ and DMR oversight with no completion date reported.","significance":"The release was formally reported to NDDEQ under state and federal spill-reporting law, and DEQ is overseeing remediation (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Continental estimates 73,000 barrels of produced water impacted a nearby unnamed creek."},"measures":[{"name":"produced water released","value":73000,"unit":"barrels","status":"Reported","note":"Company estimate (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"North Dakota Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Spill response and water-quality regulator"},{"name":"North Dakota Department of Mineral Resources","role":"Oil and gas regulator overseeing cleanup"},{"name":"Continental Resources, Inc.","role":"Responsible party (pipeline operator)"}],"public_contact":"NDDEQ Division of Water Quality, 701-328-5234","corrective_actions":["Pipeline shut down and drained","Fluid recovered by truck; culverts blocked and berms built to contain contamination","Pipeline excavated for repair; cause under investigation"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Produced water spill reported in Williams County","publisher":"North Dakota Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-05-27","url":"https://deq.nd.gov/PressReleases/2025-05-27-638839606761373931.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Pipeline spill in northwest North Dakota releases over 3 million gallons of brine","publisher":"North Dakota Monitor (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-05-28","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/pipeline-spill-northwest-north-dakota-164159665.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Produced water spill occurs near Williston","publisher":"Minot Daily News","date":"2025-05-29","url":"https://www.minotdailynews.com/news/local-news/2025/05/produced-water-spill-occurs-near-williston-4/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (ND in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["cause","cleanup completion"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-ND-STANLEY-HESS-EMULSION-SPILL-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Hess flow line leaks 840,000 gallons of oil and brine onto farmland near Stanley","description":"A Hess Corp. flow line about 4 miles northwest of Stanley in Mountrail County leaked an estimated 20,000 barrels (840,000 gallons) of emulsion, a mix of crude oil and produced water, which flowed about 250 yards over agricultural land before a clay berm contained it. DEQ said no water resources were impacted at the time, but regulators were still investigating how deep the contamination went, including possible groundwater impacts.","location":{"name":"Hess flow line spill site near Stanley","type":"Oil-field flow line spill site","state":"ND","states":["ND"],"detail":"About 4 miles northwest of Stanley, Mountrail County","coordinates":{"lat":48.317,"lon":-102.39,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Mountrail"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"An oil and brine release contaminated cropland, with possible groundwater impacts under investigation.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Ref 2 reports 840,000 gallons of oil-brine emulsion flowed about 250 yards over farmland and was found by dead vegetation.","service":"DEQ (ref 1) states no water resources were impacted at the time, and ref 2 quotes no risk to drinking water.","scale":"The surface impact was confined to a field between two well pads near Stanley (ref 2).","duration":"Ref 2 says the company noticed metering problems Sept. 2, ten days before discovery, and cleanup was expected to last until at least mid-November 2025.","significance":"Hess reported the spill to NDDEQ, which is overseeing investigation and remediation (ref 1); DEQ's spill manager called it 'a big one' (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Hess reported the spill on Sept. 13, estimating 20,000 barrels (840,000 gallons) of emulsion released."},"measures":[{"name":"emulsion released","value":20000,"unit":"barrels","status":"Reported","note":"Company estimate (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"North Dakota Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Spill response regulator"},{"name":"Hess Corporation","role":"Responsible party (flow line operator)"}],"public_contact":"NDDEQ spill investigation program, 701-328-5216","corrective_actions":["Flow line isolated","Clay berm built to contain the release","Third-party environmental contractor mobilized; subsurface and groundwater investigation"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Emulsion spill reported in Mountrail County","publisher":"North Dakota Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-09-15","url":"https://deq.nd.gov/PressReleases/2025-09-15-638935459010625726.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Oilfield spill leaks 840,000 gallons of oil and brine mixture, contaminating agricultural land","publisher":"North Dakota Monitor","date":"2025-09-15","url":"https://northdakotamonitor.com/2025/09/15/oilfield-spill-leaks-840000-gallons-of-oil-and-brine-mixture-contaminating-agricultural-land/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (ND in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["cause","groundwater results"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-ND-MARMARTH-LITTLE-MISSOURI-BRINE-SPILL-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Pipeline spills 3,889 barrels of produced water into Little Missouri River near Marmarth","description":"MMGL MT I LLC reported a produced-water pipeline release on June 16, 2026, 7.5 miles southeast of Marmarth in Bowman County, that flowed over pasture into the Little Missouri River. The company's estimate grew from 700 barrels to 3,889 barrels (163,338 gallons) by June 29, 2026; DEQ is overseeing cleanup.","location":{"name":"Little Missouri River near Marmarth","type":"River segment / pipeline spill site","state":"ND","states":["ND"],"detail":"7.5 miles southeast of Marmarth, Bowman County","coordinates":{"lat":46.295,"lon":-103.92,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Bowman"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Oil-field brine flowed directly into a river.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ (ref 1) reports the produced water flowed over pasture into the Little Missouri River.","service":"Ref 1 reports no drinking-water or use restrictions tied to the release.","scale":"The release reached a named river, the Little Missouri, rather than staying on a pad (ref 1).","duration":"Ref 1 gives only the June 2026 release and a June 29 volume update; no longer-term impact is documented.","significance":"The operator formally notified NDDEQ, which is working with it on cleanup (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"MMGL MT I LLC currently estimates the volume of produced water released from this incident to be 3,889 barrels (163,338 gallons)."},"measures":[{"name":"produced water released","value":3889,"unit":"barrels","status":"Reported","note":"Updated company estimate, June 29, 2026 (ref 1); initial estimate was 700 barrels."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"North Dakota Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Spill response regulator"},{"name":"MMGL MT I LLC","role":"Responsible party (pipeline operator)"}],"public_contact":"NDDEQ Spill Response, 701-328-5241","corrective_actions":["Cleanup with DEQ oversight and monitoring of remediation"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Produced water spill reported in Bowman County (volume update 6/29/2026)","publisher":"North Dakota Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2026-06-17","url":"https://deq.nd.gov/PressReleases/2026-06-17-639173059243648263.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (ND in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["cause","water-quality sampling results"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-ND-FORT-RANSOM-KEYSTONE-OIL-SPILL-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Keystone Pipeline leaks 3,500 barrels of crude oil into farm field near Fort Ransom","description":"On April 8, 2025 the Keystone Pipeline, operated by South Bow, leaked an estimated 3,500 barrels (147,000 gallons) of crude oil into a farm field near Fort Ransom in southeast North Dakota; DEQ said a small stream nearby was isolated and unaffected. PHMSA issued a corrective action order, the company traced the leak to a crack along a manufactured longseam weld, and DEQ said in November 2025 that site cleanup was complete.","location":{"name":"Keystone Pipeline spill site near Fort Ransom","type":"Crude oil pipeline spill site","state":"ND","states":["ND"],"detail":"Agricultural field south of a Keystone pump station near Fort Ransom, Ransom County","coordinates":{"lat":46.522,"lon":-97.927,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Ransom"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A weld crack in a crude pipeline released oil onto cropland next to a stream.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Ref 2 reports 147,000 gallons of oil spilled into a farm field; DEQ (ref 1) said a nearby small stream was isolated and unaffected.","service":"No drinking-water or water-use disruption is reported in refs 1-3.","scale":"The spill was contained to one farm field (ref 3).","duration":"The leak began April 8, 2025 and DEQ said cleanup was completed by Nov. 18, 2025 (ref 3).","significance":"PHMSA issued a corrective action order requiring reduced pressure before restart (refs 2, 3)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"South Bow later estimated that about 3,500 barrels, or 147,000 gallons, of oil spilled in a farm field near Fort Ransom."},"measures":[{"name":"crude oil released","value":3500,"unit":"barrels","status":"Reported","note":"Company estimate (ref 2)."},{"name":"company-estimated spill cost","value":55,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"South Bow estimate (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"DEQ reported cleanup complete in November 2025 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration","role":"Federal pipeline safety regulator"},{"name":"North Dakota Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Spill response regulator"},{"name":"South Bow","role":"Pipeline operator"}],"public_contact":"NDDEQ Division of Water Quality spill response, 701-328-5216","corrective_actions":["PHMSA corrective action order with pressure reduction","Failed pipe section excavated and replaced; restart at reduced pressure April 14, 2025","Oil recovered by vacuum trucks; DEQ reported cleanup complete in November 2025"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Crude Spill Reported from Keystone Pipeline Near Ft. Ransom","publisher":"North Dakota Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-04-08","url":"https://deq.nd.gov/PressReleases/2025-04-08-638797193840475129.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Keystone Pipeline resumes operating after oil spill in North Dakota","publisher":"North Dakota Monitor","date":"2025-04-14","url":"https://northdakotamonitor.com/2025/04/14/keystone-pipeline-resumes-operating-after-oil-spill-in-north-dakota/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Crack along weld caused Keystone Pipeline spill, company says","publisher":"North Dakota Monitor","date":"2025-11-18","url":"https://northdakotamonitor.com/2025/11/18/crack-along-weld-caused-keystone-pipeline-spill-company-says/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"New record (ND in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-ND-LAKE-OAHE-DAPL-EASEMENT-TREATY-WATER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Dakota Access Pipeline Lake Oahe easement granted; Standing Rock sues again","description":"The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers released its final environmental impact statement on the Dakota Access Pipeline crossing under Lake Oahe in December 2025 and on May 21, 2026 granted the easement with added conditions, including leak detection, water monitoring and an alternate water supply plan. The Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, which relies on Lake Oahe for drinking water, says its concerns were not addressed and on Oct. 9, 2026 filed a new federal lawsuit seeking to overturn the decision and shut the pipeline down.","location":{"name":"Lake Oahe (Missouri River), DAPL crossing","type":"Reservoir / pipeline river crossing","state":"ND","states":["ND","SD"],"detail":"Missouri River reservoir in south-central North Dakota, less than one mile upstream of the Standing Rock Reservation; the reservoir extends into South Dakota","coordinates":{"lat":46.087,"lon":-100.63,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Morton","Emmons","Sioux"],"extent":"multi_state"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy","governance-affordability-equity","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The dispute concerns tribal treaty water rights and federal permitting of an oil pipeline beneath a drinking-water reservoir.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The final EIS (ref 1) rates a worst-case discharge as moderate to major in impact but of very low likelihood; no spill at the crossing is documented.","service":"No interruption of Lake Oahe water supply is documented; the ROD requires alternate water-supply planning (ref 3).","scale":"Lake Oahe is the Missouri River reservoir the tribe calls its sole drinking-water source (ref 5), and the pipeline carries 500,000 to 525,000 barrels a day.","duration":"Litigation dates to the 2017 easement; a court vacated it in 2020 and review ran until the May 21, 2026 ROD (refs 2, 4).","significance":"Standing Rock filed a new suit in U.S. District Court for D.C. on Oct. 9, 2026 to overturn the ROD and PHMSA spill-plan approvals (ref 5)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"May 21, 2026: the Corps signed the Record of Decision selecting Alternative 4, granting the Lake Oahe easement with added conditions; the tribe sued on Oct. 9, 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"average oil throughput","value":525000,"unit":"barrels per day (upper end of 500,000-525,000)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 5."},{"name":"capacity considered in environmental review","value":1100000,"unit":"barrels per day","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 5."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Federal approval was finalized in May 2026, but new litigation was filed in October 2026."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha District","role":"Lake Oahe manager and easement decision-maker"},{"name":"Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration","role":"Approves spill response plans"},{"name":"Dakota Access, LLC (Energy Transfer)","role":"Pipeline owner"},{"name":"Standing Rock Sioux Tribe","role":"Plaintiff; downstream tribal nation"}],"public_contact":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Omaha District public affairs","corrective_actions":["Final EIS released Dec. 19, 2025","ROD easement conditions: enhanced leak detection, groundwater and surface-water monitoring, water-supply contingency planning, subsistence studies, independent review","New tribal lawsuit filed Oct. 9, 2026"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Final environmental impact statement for DAPL easement shows 'remote' chance of leak under Lake Oahe","publisher":"KFYR-TV","date":"2025-12-19","url":"https://www.kfyrtv.com/2025/12/19/final-environmental-impact-statement-dapl-easement-shows-remote-chance-leak-under-lake-oahe","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Dakota Access Pipeline regulatory tracker","publisher":"Harvard Environmental and Energy Law Program","date":null,"url":"https://eelp.law.harvard.edu/2017/10/dakota-access-pipeline/","basis":"Legal tracker","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Corps Issues Final Dakota Access Pipeline Crossing Decision (Federal Register 2026-11283)","publisher":"PolicyRisk (Federal Register summary)","date":"2026-06-05","url":"https://policyrisk.com/federal-register/2026-11283","basis":"Federal record summary"},{"ref":4,"title":"Army Corps grants final approval for Dakota Access Pipeline, 9 years after oil began flowing","publisher":"North Dakota Monitor","date":"2026-05-21","url":"https://northdakotamonitor.com/2026/05/21/army-corps-grants-final-approval-for-dakota-access-pipeline-9-years-after-oil-began-flowing/","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"Standing Rock Sioux Tribe files lawsuit to shut down Dakota Access Pipeline","publisher":"North Dakota Monitor","date":"2026-10-09","url":"https://northdakotamonitor.com/2026/10/09/standing-rock-sioux-tribe-files-lawsuit-to-shut-down-dakota-access-pipeline/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-09"},{"ref":6,"title":"Hoeven: Record of Decision for Dakota Access Pipeline Gives Long-Term Certainty for Energy Production in North Dakota","publisher":"Office of U.S. Sen. John Hoeven","date":"2026-05-21","url":"https://www.hoeven.senate.gov/?p=55088","basis":"Official statement"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (ND in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-ND-STANDING-ROCK-BOIL-ORDERS-2024"]},{"id":"US-ND-FARGO-MOORHEAD-RED-RIVER-DIVERSION-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"$3.2 billion Fargo-Moorhead Red River flood diversion nears completion","description":"The Fargo-Moorhead Area Diversion Project, a 30-mile channel with a dam and gated control structures meant to protect the metro from Red River flooding, has grown to about $3.2 billion. The Red River was routed through the control structure in August 2025. In January 2026 the project was about 80 percent complete with a $1 billion 2026 budget and set for flood operation in 2027. Landowners in the upstream area the dam could flood have contested eminent-domain easements.","location":{"name":"Fargo-Moorhead metro, Red River of the North","type":"Flood-control project area","state":"ND","states":["ND","MN"],"detail":"Cass County, ND and Clay County, MN along the Red River of the North","coordinates":{"lat":46.877,"lon":-96.79,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Cass"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A large flood-control channel is being built to reduce recurring Red River flood risk.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The project addresses recurring Red River flood risk; ref 2 cites the 2009 flood among recent significant floods, with no current flood damage documented.","service":"No current flood-related service disruption is documented in refs 1-2.","scale":"Ref 3 says the diversion will protect the Fargo area's more than 260,000 residents.","duration":"Construction spans multiple years, with completion set for fall 2026 and first flood operation in 2027 (ref 1).","significance":"Ref 3 reports about 30 eminent-domain easement cases settled and more than 50 still open; ref 1 cites a $569 million EPA WIFIA loan."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":260000,"status":"Reported","note":"More than 260,000 Fargo-area residents (ref 3); Wikipedia (ref 2) gives more than 273,000."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Total project cost: $3.2 billion; about 80% complete in early 2026, expected substantially complete by fall 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"total project cost","value":3.2,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"2026 cash budget","value":1,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"percent complete, early 2026","value":80,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Construction is approaching completion (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Metro Flood Diversion Authority","role":"Local sponsor"},{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","role":"Federal partner"},{"name":"Red River Valley Alliance","role":"Public-private partnership developer"}],"public_contact":"Metro Flood Diversion Authority public information","corrective_actions":["30-mile diversion channel, two aqueducts and 19 road and rail bridges under construction","Financing through WIFIA loan, state and federal funds, and local sales taxes","Eminent-domain easements and compensation for the upstream staging area"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"FM Diversion project will spend $1 billion dollars this year, or $2.8 million per day","publisher":"The Forum of Fargo-Moorhead (InForum)","date":"2026-01-14","url":"https://www.inforum.com/news/fargo/fm-diversion-project-will-spend-1-billion-dollars-this-year-or-2-8-million-per-day","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Fargo-Moorhead Area Diversion Project","publisher":"Wikipedia","date":"2017-01-05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fargo%E2%80%93Moorhead_Area_Diversion_Project","basis":"Secondary reference","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Gates open on Red River flood control for Fargo area","publisher":"North Dakota Monitor","date":"2025-08-07","url":"https://northdakotamonitor.com/2025/08/07/gates-open-on-red-river-flood-control-for-fargo-area/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (ND in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"conflicts":[{"field":"population protected","values":["more than 260,000 (ref 3)","more than 273,000 (ref 2)"],"note":"North Dakota Monitor and Wikipedia differ; the record uses the North Dakota Monitor figure."}]},{"id":"US-ND-DEVILS-LAKE-CLOSED-BASIN-FLOODING-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Devils Lake closed-basin flooding persists as state runs outlets each season","description":"Devils Lake, a closed-basin lake with no natural outlet, has flooded tens of thousands of acres of farmland and forced the abandonment of homes and roads since it began rising in 1993, reaching a record 1,454.3 feet in 2011. The state runs two outlets to the Sheyenne River (600 cfs combined); they removed 88,064 acre-feet in 2023, the lake stood at 1,449.4 feet in April 2024, and 2026 operations started in May at reduced rates because of pump problems.","location":{"name":"Devils Lake","type":"Closed-basin lake","state":"ND","states":["ND"],"detail":"Ramsey and Benson counties, northeast North Dakota","coordinates":{"lat":48.113,"lon":-98.865,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Ramsey","Benson"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A terminal lake's chronic high water floods land and infrastructure and must be pumped out.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DWR (ref 1) says the lake continues to flood homesteads and farmland, having inundated tens of thousands of acres since 1993.","service":"DWR (ref 1) reports flooding forced abandonment of homes, roads and other infrastructure in the basin.","scale":"The rise of more than 53 feet expanded the lake by over 300 square miles in the Devils Lake basin (ref 1).","duration":"Wet-cycle flooding has persisted since 1993, and outlets run every season, including 2024 and 2026 (refs 2, 3).","significance":"A state advisory committee voted to run outlets at maximum capacity in 2024 (ref 2); the state has spent over $1 billion on basin infrastructure (ref 4)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The lake was at 1,449.4 feet on April 18, 2024; the outlets removed 88,064 acre-feet in 2023, lowering the lake about one-half foot."},"measures":[{"name":"lake elevation, April 18, 2024","value":1449.4,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"water removed by outlets in 2023","value":88064,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"combined outlet capacity","value":600,"unit":"cfs","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."},{"name":"infrastructure spending since 1993","value":1,"unit":"billion USD (over)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Ref 2 expected the lake to stay near 1,449.4 feet through 2024."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"North Dakota Department of Water Resources","role":"Outlet operator"},{"name":"Devils Lake Outlets Management Advisory Committee","role":"Advises on outlet operations"},{"name":"North Dakota Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Downstream water-quality oversight"}],"public_contact":"DWR Devils Lake Basin, 701-328-2752","corrective_actions":["West and East End outlets to the Sheyenne River (250 and 350 cfs)","Raised city levee, roads and rail lines","Upper-basin water storage and conservation programs"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Devils Lake Basin","publisher":"North Dakota Department of Water Resources","date":null,"url":"https://www.dwr.nd.gov/basins/devils_lake/dl_basin.html","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Devils Lake outlets to run at maximum allowable capacity","publisher":"KFYR-TV","date":"2024-04-19","url":"https://www.kfyrtv.com/2024/04/19/devils-lake-outlets-run-maximum-allowable-capacity","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Devils Lake Outlet Operations Begin for 2026 Season","publisher":"North Dakota Department of Water Resources","date":"2026-05-12","url":"https://www.dwr.nd.gov/info_edu/news_and_media/pdfs/current/2026_05_12_Devils_Lake_Outlet_Operations_Begin_For_The_2026_Season_%28PDF%29.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Devils Lake Flood Mitigation","publisher":"North Dakota Department of Water Resources","date":null,"url":"https://www.dwr.nd.gov/project_development/dl_flood_mitigation.html","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"Frustrated Devils Lake-area landowners present lake-level management petition to state leaders","publisher":"Grand Forks Herald (via Yahoo News)","date":"2023-05-18","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/frustrated-devils-lake-area-landowners-004000035.html?fr=sycsrp_catchall","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (ND in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-ND-MINOT-MOUSE-RIVER-FLOOD-PROTECTION-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Minot Mouse River flood protection slowed by funding and construction inflation","description":"Fourteen years after the 2011 Mouse (Souris) River flood devastated Minot, the Mouse River Enhanced Flood Protection Project is being built phase by phase as funding allows. The Souris River Joint Board told legislators in 2025 that thousands of Minot homes sit in FEMA's proposed floodplain, with some insurance premiums projected above $10,000 a year, and that 2024 bids came in up to nearly double earlier prices.","location":{"name":"Mouse (Souris) River, Minot","type":"Flood-control project area","state":"ND","states":["ND"],"detail":"Minot, Ward County, and the Mouse River valley in Renville, Ward, McHenry and Bottineau counties","coordinates":{"lat":48.233,"lon":-101.296,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Ward","Renville","McHenry","Bottineau"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Levees, floodwalls and diversions are being built to protect a city flooded in 2011.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Ref 1 says thousands of homes are in FEMA's proposed floodplain, with some flood-insurance premiums projected over $10,000 a year.","service":"No current flood service disruption is documented; the risk is to homes still in the floodplain (ref 1).","scale":"The project covers Minot and the four-county Mouse River valley; Milestone 1 would map out about 60% of floodplain homes (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Work has continued since the 2011 flood, and ref 2 says construction moves only as fast as funding allows.","significance":"The Legislature appropriated $76.1 million for the 2023-25 biennium, and 2024 bids were rejected and rebid over cost (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Low bids in 2024 were still 40-50 percent higher than comparable 2022 bids; pump station concrete prices rose 209%."},"measures":[{"name":"2023-25 state appropriation for Mouse River activities","value":76.1,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"cost of current phase","value":52.8,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Split 65/35 state and Minot sales tax (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Souris River Joint Board","role":"Project sponsor"},{"name":"City of Minot","role":"Local funding partner"},{"name":"North Dakota Department of Water Resources","role":"State cost-share"}],"public_contact":"Souris River Joint Board, mouseriverplan.com","corrective_actions":["Phased levees, floodwalls and pump stations in Minot; Burlington levee substantially complete","Maple Diversion with more than $60 million Corps of Engineers commitment","Rejected and rebid 2024 phases, saving about $12 million"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Testimony of David Ashley, Souris River Joint Board, on HB 1020","publisher":"North Dakota Legislative Assembly","date":"2025-01-22","url":"https://ndlegis.gov/assembly/69-2025/testimony/HAPPEDU-1020-20250122-30718-F-ASHLEY_DAVID.pdf","basis":"Government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Public gets update on next phase of Mouse River flood protection project","publisher":"The Dakotan","date":"2025-06-05","url":"https://mydakotan.com/2025/06/public-gets-update-on-next-phase-of-mouse-river-flood-protection-project","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (ND in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-ND-RED-RIVER-VALLEY-RIVERVIEW-DAIRY-CAFO-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Court upholds permit for 25,000-cow Herberg Dairy near the Red River","description":"NDDEQ permitted two large Riverview dairies in the Red River Valley: the 12,500-cow Abercrombie Dairy (Jan. 3, 2025), on the Wahpeton Buried Valley Aquifer, and the 25,000-cow Herberg Dairy near Hillsboro (Sept. 24, 2025). The Dakota Resource Council challenged both permits over manure runoff and the lack of a federal discharge permit. The Abercrombie challenge was dismissed for improper service, and on Oct. 1, 2026 a judge upheld the Herberg permit.","location":{"name":"Herberg and Abercrombie dairy sites, Red River Valley","type":"Concentrated animal feeding operations","state":"ND","states":["ND"],"detail":"Herberg Dairy southeast of Hillsboro, Traill County; Abercrombie Dairy in Richland County near Wahpeton","coordinates":{"lat":47.404,"lon":-97.062,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Traill","Richland"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["surface-water","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Manure storage and land application from very large dairies threaten nearby rivers and an aquifer.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Ref 4 records challengers' concerns over nitrogen runoff, antibiotics and drainage near the Red River; no contamination has been documented.","service":"The dairies are not yet operating (ref 5), so no water-service effect is documented.","scale":"Ref 3 says the Abercrombie site sits on an aquifer serving 28 nearby domestic wells and the communities of Abercrombie, Wahpeton and Breckenridge.","duration":"Permits issued in January and September 2025 have been contested through October 2026 (refs 1, 2, 5).","significance":"The DRC lawsuit against the Herberg permit ended in a district court ruling on Oct. 1, 2026 upholding it (ref 5)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"East Central District Court Judge Susan Bailey issued the ruling affirming the permit Oct. 1, 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"Herberg Dairy permitted herd","value":25000,"unit":"cows","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 5."},{"name":"Abercrombie Dairy herd","value":12500,"unit":"cows","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"North Dakota Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Animal feeding operation permitting"},{"name":"Riverview ND LLP","role":"Dairy developer"},{"name":"Dakota Resource Council","role":"Challenger"}],"public_contact":"NDDEQ Division of Water Quality, 701-328-5234","corrective_actions":["Clay liners required for manure storage","Groundwater monitoring wells added to Abercrombie permit","Floodplain fields excluded from manure management plans"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Department of Environmental Quality Approves Permit for Riverview Farms in Abercrombie","publisher":"North Dakota Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-01-03","url":"https://deq.nd.gov/PressReleases/2025-01-03-638715067920622127.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Department of Environmental Quality Approves Permit for Riverview Farms near Hillsboro","publisher":"North Dakota Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-09-24","url":"https://deq.nd.gov/PressReleases/2025-09-24-638943839486816544.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Concerned groups renew call for fresh review of Abercrombie Dairy permit","publisher":"Agweek","date":"2025-07-02","url":"https://www.agweek.com/livestock/dairy/concerned-groups-renew-call-for-fresh-review-of-abercrombie-dairy-permit","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Opponents of giant North Dakota dairy argue for permit reversal","publisher":"North Dakota Monitor","date":"2026-07-13","url":"https://northdakotamonitor.com/2026/07/13/opponents-of-giant-north-dakota-dairy-argue-for-permit-reversal/","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"Judge upholds permit for North Dakota's largest dairy","publisher":"North Dakota Monitor","date":"2026-10-07","url":"https://northdakotamonitor.com/2026/10/07/judge-upholds-permit-for-north-dakotas-largest-dairy/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (ND in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-ND-WAHPETON-AQUIFER-DAIRY-WATER-SALE-2026"]},{"id":"US-ND-WAHPETON-AQUIFER-DAIRY-WATER-SALE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Residents sue over 500,000-gallon-a-day Wahpeton water sale for Abercrombie Dairy","description":"The North Dakota Department of Water Resources approved Wahpeton's sale of 500,000 gallons of water a day to the Southeast Water Users District, one source of water for Riverview's 12,500-cow Abercrombie Dairy. The water comes from the Wahpeton Buried Valley Aquifer. After an administrative law judge ruled the objecting residents lacked standing, they and the Dakota Resource Council sued in Burleigh County District Court in September 2026.","location":{"name":"Wahpeton Buried Valley Aquifer, City of Wahpeton","type":"Municipal water system / aquifer","state":"ND","states":["ND"],"detail":"City of Wahpeton and surrounding Richland County farmsteads","coordinates":{"lat":46.265,"lon":-96.606,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Richland"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"ND3900973"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["groundwater","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A state-approved bulk water sale from a city's sole aquifer to a large dairy is contested by other aquifer users.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Plaintiffs in ref 1 warn of depletion of Wahpeton's only water source; no measured drawdown is reported.","service":"No restriction on Wahpeton customers is reported in ref 1.","scale":"The aquifer supplies the Wahpeton system, which SDWIS lists as serving 7,766 people (ref 2), plus rural farmsteads (ref 1).","duration":"An administrative law judge dismissed the challenge July 30, 2026, and the court case filed in September 2026 is pending (ref 1).","significance":"Residents and the Dakota Resource Council filed suit against DWR in Burleigh County District Court (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":7766,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the City of Wahpeton system per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The Department of Water Resources approved the sale of 500,000 gallons of water per day from the city of Wahpeton to the Southeast Water Users District."},"measures":[{"name":"approved water sale","value":500000,"unit":"gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Abercrombie Dairy minimum water need","value":350000,"unit":"gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Based on Riverview's 28-30 gallons per cow per day (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"North Dakota Department of Water Resources","role":"Approved the water sale"},{"name":"City of Wahpeton","role":"Seller and public water system"},{"name":"Southeast Water Users District","role":"Buyer and rural water supplier"}],"public_contact":"North Dakota Department of Water Resources, 701-328-2750","corrective_actions":["Administrative challenge dismissed July 30, 2026; reconsideration denied in August","District court appeal filed September 2026","Riverview plans roof rainwater capture to cut water demand"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Landowner group sues over Wahpeton water sale for large dairy","publisher":"North Dakota Monitor","date":"2026-09-28","url":"https://northdakotamonitor.com/2026/09/28/landowner-group-sues-over-wahpeton-water-sale-for-large-dairy/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: WAHPETON CITY OF (ND3900973)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/ND/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WAHPETON/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Concerned groups renew call for fresh review of Abercrombie Dairy permit","publisher":"Agweek","date":"2025-07-02","url":"https://www.agweek.com/livestock/dairy/concerned-groups-renew-call-for-fresh-review-of-abercrombie-dairy-permit","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (ND in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-ND-RED-RIVER-VALLEY-RIVERVIEW-DAIRY-CAFO-2026"]},{"id":"US-ND-ELLENDALE-DATA-CENTER-WATER-DEMAND-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Ellendale AI data center trucks in over 1 million gallons of water from Aberdeen","description":"Applied Digital says the closed-loop cooling system at its Ellendale data center uses very little water. In September 2026, Aberdeen, South Dakota officials reported selling the site more than 1 million gallons over two months, hauled by truck at double the residential rate. Water use is among the main concerns raised as more data centers are proposed in eastern North Dakota, and the Legislature's data center committee put it on its October 2026 agenda.","location":{"name":"Applied Digital data center, Ellendale","type":"Industrial facility","state":"ND","states":["ND"],"detail":"Ellendale, Dickey County; water trucked from Aberdeen, South Dakota","coordinates":{"lat":46.003,"lon":-98.527,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Dickey"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"New data-center water demand is being met by trucked water while the company describes its use as minimal.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No environmental or health harm is documented; ref 1 reports only bulk water purchases.","service":"Aberdeen officials say they have enough capacity to keep serving local customers (ref 1).","scale":"Ref 4 reports residents statewide raising water-use concerns as more data centers are proposed in Cass County and elsewhere.","duration":"Ref 1 covers sales over the two months before Sept. 23, 2026.","significance":"The Legislature's AI and Data Center Committee put data-center water use on its October 2026 agenda (ref 4)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The City of Aberdeen sold more than one million gallons of water over two months to the Ellendale data center, trucked about 5,000 gallons per trip."},"measures":[{"name":"water sold by Aberdeen to the data center","value":1000000,"unit":"gallons (more than), over two months","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"peak water demand of proposed Harmony Township data center","value":20000,"unit":"gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Company figure for a separate Cass County proposal (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Applied Digital","role":"Data center operator"},{"name":"City of Aberdeen, South Dakota","role":"Bulk water seller"},{"name":"North Dakota Legislature AI and Data Center Committee","role":"Policy review"}],"public_contact":"Not reported in cited sources","corrective_actions":["Aberdeen charges double the residential rate for bulk sales","Legislative committee review of data-center water use"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Aberdeen selling water to North Dakota data center, officials say","publisher":"Dakota News Now (via Valley News Live)","date":"2026-09-23","url":"https://www.valleynewslive.com/2026/09/23/aberdeen-selling-water-north-dakota-data-center-officials-say/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Data center proposed for Harwood prompts anger, questions from community members","publisher":"North Dakota Monitor","date":"2025-08-25","url":"https://northdakotamonitor.com/2025/08/25/data-center-proposed-for-harwood-prompts-anger-questions-from-community-members/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"2nd Fargo-area data center would use double the power of Harwood site","publisher":"North Dakota Monitor","date":"2026-09-29","url":"https://northdakotamonitor.com/2026/09/29/2nd-fargo-area-data-center-would-use-double-the-power-of-harwood-site/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Casselton-area residents question data center location on prime farmland","publisher":"North Dakota Monitor","date":"2026-10-04","url":"https://northdakotamonitor.com/2026/10/04/casselton-area-residents-question-data-center-location-on-prime-farmland/","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"Company announces plan for $3 billion data center north of Fargo","publisher":"North Dakota Monitor","date":"2025-08-18","url":"https://northdakotamonitor.com/2025/08/18/company-announces-plan-for-data-center-north-of-fargo/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (ND in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["annual water consumption","reason for trucked water"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-ND-STATEWIDE-HARMFUL-ALGAL-BLOOMS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Harmful algal bloom advisories or warnings on 20 North Dakota lakes in 2026","description":"NDDEQ issued a run of harmful algal bloom (blue-green algae) advisories and warnings in summer 2026, adding waterbodies week by week, including Devils Lake, Lake Tschida, Lake Ilo, Lake Ashtabula and Lake Darling. By Sept. 16, 2026, 20 state waterbodies were under an active advisory or warning. A warning means toxin levels exceed the recreational threshold.","location":{"name":"North Dakota lakes and reservoirs","type":"Statewide surface waters","state":"ND","states":["ND"],"detail":"Advisories and warnings across counties including Ramsey, Benson, McLean, Grant, Dunn, Barnes, Renville, Williams, Kidder and Grand Forks","coordinates":{"lat":47.45,"lon":-100.47,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Ramsey","Benson","McLean","Grant","Dunn","Barnes","Renville","Williams","Kidder","Grand Forks"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Cyanobacteria blooms make lakes unsafe for contact during warm months.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"NDDEQ (ref 1) defines a warning as toxin levels above the recreational threshold, and warnings were active alongside advisories in September 2026.","service":"NDDEQ advises people not to swim in or drink from affected water and to keep pets away (ref 1).","scale":"Twenty state waterbodies were under an active advisory or warning as of Sept. 16, 2026 (ref 1).","duration":"DEQ issues HAB alerts every season; ref 3 shows the fall 2024 hunter warning and ref 2 the July 2026 Devils Lake advisory.","significance":"The advisories and warnings are formal NDDEQ public notices (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Bringing the number of state waterbodies under an active advisory or warning to 20 (Sept. 17, 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"waterbodies under HAB advisory or warning","value":20,"unit":"waterbodies","status":"Reported","note":"As of Sept. 16, 2026 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The advisory count rose through summer 2026 as DEQ added waterbodies (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"North Dakota Department of Environmental Quality","role":"HAB monitoring and public advisories"}],"public_contact":"NDDEQ HAB reporting line, 701-328-5210","corrective_actions":["Weekly NDDEQ advisory and warning updates May to December","Public reporting line and online HAB map"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Environmental Quality updates harmful algal bloom advisories and warnings","publisher":"North Dakota Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2026-09-17","url":"https://deq.nd.gov/PressReleases/2026-09-17-639252443115588212.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Beware of dangerous algae on North Dakota lakes, officials say","publisher":"North Dakota Monitor","date":"2026-07-17","url":"https://northdakotamonitor.com/2026/07/17/beware-of-dangerous-algae-on-north-dakota-lakes-officials-say/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Hunters should take caution near waterbodies with blue-green algae","publisher":"North Dakota Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2024-10-11","url":"https://deq.nd.gov/PressReleases/2024-10-11-638641649239552787.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (ND in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-ND-GOOSE-RIVER-RED-DISCOLORATION-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Goose River turns red near Caledonia; DEQ says avoid drinking or recreating","description":"In September 2026 red discoloration was reported in the Goose River near Caledonia. NDDEQ and the U.S. Geological Survey sampled the river and attributed it to low flow, high temperatures, groundwater inflow and built-up organic matter that depleted oxygen. Results showed no sign that a permitted wastewater facility caused it, and the public was told to keep avoiding drinking or recreating in that stretch.","location":{"name":"Goose River near Caledonia","type":"River segment","state":"ND","states":["ND"],"detail":"Lower Goose River between Mayville and the Red River, near Caledonia, Traill County","coordinates":{"lat":47.46,"lon":-96.88,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Traill"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Oxygen depletion in a low-flow river turned the water red.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"NDDEQ (ref 1) found depleted oxygen levels in the river; no fish kill or toxic exceedance is reported.","service":"Ref 1 tells the public to keep avoiding drinking or recreating in the affected Goose River stretch.","scale":"DEQ is also monitoring downstream segments of the Red River of the North (ref 1).","duration":"Only the September 2026 episode is documented; ref 1 says precipitation is needed for conditions to improve.","significance":"NDDEQ issued a public advisory and investigated with USGS sampling (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Several environmental factors likely contributed to the discoloration, including low water flow, high temperatures, groundwater entering the river and a buildup of organic matter."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"North Dakota Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Water-quality investigation and advisory"},{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey","role":"Field measurements and sampling"}],"public_contact":"NDDEQ Division of Water Quality, 701-328-5234","corrective_actions":["DEQ and USGS sampling analyzed by North Dakota State Laboratory","Continued monitoring of the Goose River and downstream Red River"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Environmental Quality provides update on Goose River discoloration","publisher":"North Dakota Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2026-09-22","url":"https://deq.nd.gov/PressReleases/2026-09-22-639256856058682657.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (ND in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["date first reported","extent of affected reach"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NY-ROCKLAND-VEOLIA-PFOA-MCL-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Veolia Water New York (Rockland) wells repeatedly exceed state PFOA limit","description":"Veolia Water New York's Rockland County system (about 270,000 people) logged PFOA results above New York's 10 ppt MCL in most quarters from 2024 through mid-2026, plus a PFOS exceedance of 15.5 ppt in the third quarter of 2025. Veolia has put PFAS treatment into service at 12 sites under a state deferral, but wells 55 and 66 both exceeded the PFOA MCL in the second quarter of 2026 and are still awaiting treatment design.","location":{"name":"Veolia Water New York, Rockland County","type":"Investor-owned water utility service area","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Rockland County; system headquartered in West Nyack; blended wells and surface water","coordinates":{"lat":41.0965,"lon":-73.9729,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Rockland"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NY4303673"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOA and PFOS in production wells exceed state drinking-water limits; the fix is well-head treatment.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 1) records PFOA MCL results from 10.1 to 12.6 ng/L in 2024-2026 and PFOS at 15.5 ng/L in Q3 2025, all above the 10 ppt state MCL.","service":"Veolia issued quarterly public notices to customers mapped to affected wells, e.g. well 55 at 10.3 ppt in Q2 2025 (ref 4) and well 66 at 10.7 ppt in Q2 2026 (ref 5); water remained acceptable for use.","scale":"SDWIS lists the system as serving 270,000 people (ref 2).","duration":"The NYSDOH compliance reports list PFOA violations in 2024 and 2025 (refs 6, 7) and the Q2 2026 progress report shows new exceedances (ref 3): recurring over more than two years.","significance":"State MCL violations recorded by NYSDOH (refs 6, 7); Veolia operates under NYSDOH treatment deferrals granted in 2021 and 2022 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":270000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2); only customers mapped to affected wells received each notice."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Wells VW 55 & VW 66 both exceeded the MCL for PFOA in Q2 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest PFOA MCL violation result 2024-2026","value":12.6,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Q3 2025, SDWIS (ref 1)."},{"name":"PFOS MCL violation result","value":15.5,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Q3 2025, SDWIS (ref 1)."},{"name":"Sites with PFAS treatment in service","value":12,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"As of end of Q2 2026 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Treatment at 12 sites since 2022-2023, but new wells keep exceeding the MCL (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New York State Department of Health","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Rockland County Department of Health","role":"County health regulator"},{"name":"Veolia Water New York Inc.","role":"Water system owner/operator"}],"public_contact":"Not reported in cited sources","corrective_actions":["PFAS treatment placed in service at 12 Rockland sites, 2022-2023 (ref 3).","Treatment design under development for wells 55 and 66 (ref 3).","Quarterly PFAS sampling at every source, with public notices to mapped customers (refs 4, 5)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, New York primacy agency","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/NY/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:5000/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Veolia Water New York (NY4303673)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NY4303673/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Veolia Water New York PFAS Progress Report, Rockland County, 2nd Quarter 2026","publisher":"Veolia Water New York Inc.","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://nywq.veolianorthamerica.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/VWNY-PFAS-Progress-Report-Rockland-County-Q2-2026_July-2026-V1.pdf","basis":"Utility record"},{"ref":4,"title":"PFOA MCL Exceedance at Veolia Water New York (well 55, Q2 2025)","publisher":"Veolia Water New York Inc.","date":"2025-07-01","url":"https://nywq.veolianorthamerica.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/July-2025-Public-Notification_PFOA.pdf","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":5,"title":"PFOA MCL Exceedance at Veolia Water New York (Elmwood well 66, Q2 2026)","publisher":"Veolia Water New York Inc.","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://nywq.veolianorthamerica.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/Elmwood-Public-Notice.-July-2026.pdf","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":6,"title":"Rockland County Compliance Report 2024","publisher":"New York State Department of Health","date":"2025-06-01","url":"https://healthweb-back.health.ny.gov/environmental/water/drinking/violations/2024/rockland_county_compliance_report.htm","basis":"State record"},{"ref":7,"title":"Rockland County Compliance Report 2025","publisher":"New York State Department of Health","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://healthweb-back.health.ny.gov/environmental/water/drinking/violations/2025/rockland_county_compliance_report.htm","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NY-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-NY-YESHIVA-FARM-SETTLEMENT-PFAS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Yeshiva Farm Settlement water system: chronic PFOS and PFOA MCL violations","description":"The Yeshiva Farm Settlement community water system near Mount Kisco (about 300 people) has recorded PFOS above New York's 10 ppt MCL in every quarter from early 2024 through mid-2026, with results as high as 70.7 ppt, and PFOA above 10 ppt in several quarters. NYSDOH compliance reports list 14 PFAS MCL violations in 2024 and 7 in 2025, plus public-notice violations; the violations remain unresolved in federal records.","location":{"name":"Yeshiva Farm Settlement water system","type":"Small community water system","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Westchester County; Mount Kisco mailing address (per SDWIS)","coordinates":{"lat":41.2043,"lon":-73.7271,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Westchester"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NY5903150"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in the system's supply exceeds state drinking-water MCLs quarter after quarter.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 1) lists PFOS MCL results of 46.8 ng/L (Q1 2024), 70.7 (Q2 2024), 57.5 (Q3 2024) and 30.7 (Q2 2026), against a 10 ppt MCL.","service":"NYSDOH lists 'public notice rule linked to violation' entries for this system in two 2025 quarters (ref 4), showing customer notification was required.","scale":"A small system: SDWIS population served is 300 (ref 2).","duration":"PFOS violations appear in every quarter from Q1 2024 through Q2 2026 in SDWIS (ref 1) and across both NYSDOH annual reports (refs 3, 4).","significance":"Recorded as state MCL violations in the NYSDOH Westchester compliance reports (refs 3, 4); no enforcement order was found."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":300,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOS running-average MCL violations reported every quarter from Q1 2024 through Q2 2026, up to 70.7 ppt (state MCL 10 ppt)."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak PFOS violation result","value":70.7,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Q2 2024, SDWIS (ref 1)."},{"name":"PFAS MCL violations listed by NYSDOH, 2024","value":14,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Exceedances persist through Q2 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New York State Department of Health","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Westchester County Department of Health","role":"County health regulator"}],"public_contact":"Not reported in cited sources","corrective_actions":["No treatment project was found in the cited sources; NYSDOH records list 'corrective action taken' status for individual quarters (refs 3, 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, New York primacy agency","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/NY/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/5000:9999/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Yeshiva Farm Settlement (NY5903150)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NY5903150/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Westchester County Compliance Report 2024","publisher":"New York State Department of Health","date":"2025-06-01","url":"https://healthweb-back.health.ny.gov/environmental/water/drinking/violations/2024/westchester_county_compliance_report.htm","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Westchester County Compliance Report 2025","publisher":"New York State Department of Health","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://healthweb-back.health.ny.gov/environmental/water/drinking/violations/2025/westchester_county_compliance_report.htm","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["public_contact"],"related_ids":["US-NY-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-NY-WESTCHESTER-SMALL-SYSTEMS-PFAS-2026"]},{"id":"US-NY-WESTCHESTER-SMALL-SYSTEMS-PFAS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Northern Westchester small water systems: about 40 with PFOA/PFOS MCL violations","description":"NYSDOH compliance reports list 39 Westchester County water systems with PFOA or PFOS MCL violations in 2024 (186 violations) and 40 in 2025 (215), most of them small well-supplied systems serving schools, offices and subdivisions. Old Lewisboro Elementary School logged the most (22 in 2024, 20 in 2025), with PFOS up to 110 ppt; Meadow Pond, West Patent and other public schools also appear.","location":{"name":"Northern Westchester small water systems","type":"Multiple small community and non-community water systems","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Westchester County, mostly northern towns (Lewisboro, Somers, Bedford, North Castle, Pound Ridge, Cortlandt)","coordinates":{"lat":41.12,"lon":-73.79,"precision":"county","source_ref":3},"counties":["Westchester"],"extent":"county","pwsid":"NY5907702"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Groundwater-supplied small systems serve water above state PFAS MCLs until treatment is installed.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Old Lewisboro Elementary School recorded PFOS of 0.00011 mg/L (110 ppt) in Q2 2025 and PFOA up to 61.7 ppt in Q3 2025 per SDWIS (ref 1); Somers Town House/Hall recorded PFOS of 67.4 ppt in Q1 2024 (ref 1).","service":"Each listed MCL violation carries a public notification duty; affected outlets include public school supplies (refs 3, 4).","scale":"About 40 systems across one county in each year (refs 3, 4); most are small, e.g. Old Lewisboro Elementary School serves 50 people (ref 2).","duration":"Violations appear in both the 2024 and 2025 NYSDOH reports (refs 3, 4) and SDWIS shows Old Lewisboro and Somers exceedances continuing into Q2 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Formal state MCL violations, 186 in 2024 and 215 in 2025 (refs 3, 4); no enforcement orders were found."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No combined population is published; most systems serve under 1,000 people (Old Lewisboro Elementary 50, ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"NYSDOH lists 215 PFOA/PFOS MCL violations at 40 Westchester County water systems in 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems with PFOA/PFOS MCL violations, 2025","value":40,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Count of systems in ref 4."},{"name":"PFOA/PFOS MCL violations, 2025","value":215,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Count of entries in ref 4."},{"name":"Old Lewisboro Elementary peak PFOS","value":110,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"0.00011 mg/L, Q2 2025, SDWIS (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Violations rose from 186 (2024) to 215 (2025) (refs 3, 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New York State Department of Health","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Westchester County Department of Health","role":"County health regulator"}],"public_contact":"Not reported in cited sources","corrective_actions":["Quarterly compliance monitoring and violation listings by NYSDOH; most entries show 'corrective action taken' (refs 3, 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, New York primacy agency","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/NY/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/5000:9999/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Old Lewisboro Elementary School (NY5907702)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NY5907702/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Westchester County Compliance Report 2024","publisher":"New York State Department of Health","date":"2025-06-01","url":"https://healthweb-back.health.ny.gov/environmental/water/drinking/violations/2024/westchester_county_compliance_report.htm","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Westchester County Compliance Report 2025","publisher":"New York State Department of Health","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://healthweb-back.health.ny.gov/environmental/water/drinking/violations/2025/westchester_county_compliance_report.htm","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["public_contact","population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-NY-PEQUENAKONCK-SCHOOL-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-NY-YESHIVA-FARM-SETTLEMENT-PFAS-2026","US-NY-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-NY-HOOSICK-FALLS-PFOA-NEW-SUPPLY-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hoosick Falls PFOA contamination: new clean wellfield connected in 2025","description":"PFOA from former manufacturing sites contaminated the Village of Hoosick Falls water supply (about 4,500 people), detected in 2016 above the 70 ppt health advisory then in force. Under a $45 million agreement with Saint-Gobain and Honeywell, a 6,800-foot transmission line from a new wellfield outside the contaminated aquifer was completed on March 31, 2025; the village's GAC filtration stays in use and DEC still maintains hundreds of home treatment systems.","location":{"name":"Village of Hoosick Falls water system","type":"Village water system","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Rensselaer County; Saint-Gobain McCaffrey Street State Superfund site","coordinates":{"lat":42.9009,"lon":-73.3515,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Rensselaer"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NY4100041"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Industrial PFOA contaminated the aquifer; the fix is a new source plus existing carbon treatment.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"PFOA was detected in 2016 in the village supply and Town of Hoosick private wells above the then-applicable 70 ppt EPA health advisory (ref 2).","service":"The village has relied on state-ordered GAC filtration since 2017 and DEC maintains hundreds of point-of-entry systems for homes (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The village system serves about 4,500 residents (ref 1); SDWIS lists 4,925 (ref 3).","duration":"Contamination identified in 2016 was still being remedied in the window, with the new supply line finished only in March 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"A $45 million agreement among the State, Saint-Gobain and Honeywell funds the new supply and cleanup at a State Superfund site (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":4925,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3); the state cites about 4,500 residents (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A 6,800-foot (1.25-mile) raw water transmission line from a new wellfield outside the contaminated aquifer was completed March 31, 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"Settlement with responsible parties","value":45,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"2023 agreement (refs 1, 2)."},{"name":"Transmission line construction cost","value":5.5,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Permanent new source line completed in 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New York State Department of Health","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"Superfund oversight"},{"name":"Saint-Gobain and Honeywell","role":"Responsible parties"},{"name":"Village of Hoosick Falls","role":"Water system owner"}],"public_contact":"Not reported in cited sources","corrective_actions":["New wellfield and 6,800-foot transmission line completed March 31, 2025 (ref 1).","GAC filtration installed in 2017 remains in use (ref 2).","DEC maintains point-of-entry treatment systems for affected homes (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Governor Hochul Announces Completion of New Water Supply for Village of Hoosick Falls","publisher":"Office of the Governor of New York","date":"2025-03-31","url":"https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-hochul-announces-completion-new-water-supply-village-hoosick-falls","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Governor Hochul Announces Start of Construction on New Hoosick Falls Water Supply","publisher":"Office of the Governor of New York","date":"2024-03-19","url":"https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-hochul-announces-start-construction-new-hoosick-falls-water-supply","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Hoosick Falls (V) PWS (NY4100041)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NY4100041/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["public_contact"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NY-NEWBURGH-WASHINGTON-LAKE-PFOS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Newburgh's Washington Lake supply still offline a decade after PFOS contamination","description":"The City of Newburgh (about 29,000 people) stopped using its primary source, Washington Lake, in 2016 after PFOS contamination traced to firefighting foam at Stewart Air National Guard Base, a state Superfund site. The city still draws water from New York City's Catskill Aqueduct, treated through a state-built GAC plant; a February 2025 Assembly bill cites the plant's added tax burden on the city.","location":{"name":"City of Newburgh water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Orange County; Washington Lake in the Towns of New Windsor and Newburgh","coordinates":{"lat":41.5034,"lon":-74.0104,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Orange"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NY3503549"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["surface-water","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOS from a military base contaminated the city's reservoir, forcing a switch to a borrowed source.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"A 2025 Assembly bill (ref 2) records PFAS at 170 ppt in Lake Washington, and DEC (ref 1) traces the PFAS to firefighting foam at Stewart Air National Guard Base.","service":"The primary source has been out of use since 2016; DEC (ref 1) says the city is currently drawing water from a Catskill Aqueduct tap.","scale":"SDWIS lists the city system as serving 29,000 people (ref 3).","duration":"Source loss since 2016; DEC's lake drawdown system ran until April 2023 and equipment removal ended in July 2023 (ref 1).","significance":"Stewart Air National Guard Base was listed as a state Superfund site in August 2016 to hold the Defense Department responsible (refs 1, 2); the city manager declared an emergency in 2016 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":29000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The City of Newburgh Water Supply System is currently drawing water from an existing New York City Catskill Aqueduct tap."},"measures":[{"name":"PFAS level reported in Lake Washington (2014)","value":170,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Legislative findings, ref 2."},{"name":"School district tax on filtration plant, 2018-2019","value":303046.59,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Up from $49,604.25 in 2016-2017 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Tax on GAC plant rose about $250,000 a year; tax certiorari litigation (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"No return to Washington Lake documented in the cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"Superfund oversight"},{"name":"New York State Department of Health","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Defense","role":"Responsible party"},{"name":"City of Newburgh","role":"Water system owner"}],"public_contact":"Not reported in cited sources","corrective_actions":["State-funded GAC treatment at the Lake Filtration Plant, operating since January 2018 on aqueduct and Brown's Pond water (ref 1).","State oversight of DoD site investigation at Stewart ANG Base (ref 1).","Assembly bill A5060 (Feb. 11, 2025) proposes a partial property tax exemption for the filtration plant (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Newburgh: Information for Communities Impacted by PFAS","publisher":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","date":null,"url":"https://dec.ny.gov/environmental-protection/site-cleanup/regional-remediation-project-information/region-3/newburgh","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Assembly Bill A5060 (2025-2026): partial real property tax exemption for the City of Newburgh water filtration plant","publisher":"New York State Legislature","date":"2025-02-11","url":"https://legislation.nysenate.gov/pdf/bills/2025/A5060","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Newburgh City (NY3503549)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NY3503549/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["public_contact"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NY-SCWA-14-DIOXANE-PFAS-TREATMENT-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Suffolk County Water Authority: 1,4-dioxane and PFAS treatment buildout","description":"The Suffolk County Water Authority, which serves about 1.2 million Long Island residents, is installing advanced oxidation (AOP) and carbon systems to meet New York's MCLs for 1,4-dioxane (1 ppb) and PFOA/PFOS (10 ppt). It had 19 AOP systems in service by September 2025 and budgeted $21.2 million in fiscal 2027 to keep building them.","location":{"name":"Suffolk County Water Authority","type":"Public water authority service area","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Suffolk County, Long Island (sole-source aquifer)","coordinates":{"lat":40.85,"lon":-72.85,"precision":"county","source_ref":2},"counties":["Suffolk"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NY5110526"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Emerging contaminants in aquifer wells require new treatment infrastructure to meet state MCLs.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SCWA says 1,4-dioxane has been detected in its wells, such as the Old Dock Road well field (ref 1); no in-window MCL violation was found in SDWIS (ref 4).","service":"No outage or advisory was reported; wells are being returned to service with treatment (ref 1).","scale":"About 1.2 million Suffolk residents served (ref 1); SDWIS lists 1,100,000 (ref 3).","duration":"A multi-year capital program: the FY2027 budget continues AOP construction after systems that came online from 2023 (ref 2).","significance":"Driven by NYSDOH emerging-contaminant regulations (ref 2); funded partly by state WIIA grants of $78 million since 2019 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1100000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3); SCWA cites about 1.2 million residents (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"We now have 19 of these systems in place, the most of any water provider in New York State."},"measures":[{"name":"AOP treatment systems in service","value":19,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"September 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"FY2027 budget for AOP/GAC construction","value":21.2,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"State WIIA grants since 2019","value":78,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Treatment capacity growing year over year (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New York State Department of Health","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Suffolk County Water Authority","role":"Water system owner/operator"},{"name":"NYS Environmental Facilities Corporation","role":"Grant funder (WIIA)"}],"public_contact":"Not reported in cited sources","corrective_actions":["Two new AOP systems placed in service at the Old Dock Road well field, Kings Park, September 2025 (ref 1).","Continued AOP and GAC construction budgeted at $21.2 million for FY2027 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Suffolk County Water Authority Brings Two New Advanced Treatment Systems Online in Kings Park","publisher":"Suffolk County Water Authority","date":"2025-09-22","url":"https://www.scwa.com/suffolk-county-water-authority-brings-two-new-advanced-treatment-systems-online-in-kings-park/","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Budgets for the Fiscal Year Ending May 31st, 2027","publisher":"Suffolk County Water Authority","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://www.scwa.com/assets/1/6/FY27_SCWA_Budget.pdf","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Suffolk County Water Authority (NY5110526)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NY5110526/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, New York primacy agency","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/NY/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:5000/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["public_contact"],"related_ids":["US-NY-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-NY-SYRACUSE-LEAD-ACTION-LEVEL-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Syracuse exceeds federal lead action level; 27 of 104 homes over 15 ppb","description":"In sampling received in July 2024, 27 of 104 Syracuse homes with lead service lines tested above the federal lead action level of 15 ppb, triggering public education and lead line replacement duties for the system serving about 192,000 people. Advocates including NRDC called for an emergency response; the city disputed that, reported a 90th percentile of 10 ppb in later 2024 sampling, and committed to replacing more than 3,000 lead service lines with $22.8 million in state funding.","location":{"name":"City of Syracuse water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Onondaga County; unfiltered Skaneateles Lake supply","coordinates":{"lat":43.0481,"lon":-76.1474,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Onondaga"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NY3304334"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead leaches from lead service lines and home plumbing; the remedy is corrosion control plus line replacement.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The city's notice (ref 1) reports 27 of 104 homes above the 15 ppb lead action level in sampling received July 2024.","service":"Lead public notice issued to residents with filter, flushing and testing advice (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists the system as serving 192,000 people (ref 4); advocates cited more than 14,000 homes on lead lines (ref 3).","duration":"The exceedance came in sampling results received July 2024 (ref 1); the August-October 2024 round returned a 90th percentile of 10 ppb (ref 2).","significance":"An action level exceedance triggers required response actions (public education, treatment review and replacement) (ref 1); advocates asked EPA for emergency action (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":192000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Of those 104 homes, 27 homes came back with a result above the lead action level of 15 parts per billion."},"measures":[{"name":"Homes above 15 ppb, first-half 2024","value":27,"unit":"homes","status":"Reported","note":"Of 104 sampled (ref 1)."},{"name":"90th percentile lead, Aug-Oct 2024","value":10,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Lead service lines targeted for replacement in the coming year","value":3000,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Later 2024 sampling fell below the action level (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New York State Department of Health","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Onondaga County Health Department","role":"County health regulator"},{"name":"City of Syracuse Department of Water","role":"Water system owner/operator"}],"public_contact":"City of Syracuse Water Department, (315) 448-8340","corrective_actions":["Orthophosphate corrosion control treatment continues (ref 1).","Citywide service line inventory published October 2024 (ref 2).","More than 3,000 lead service line replacements planned with $22.8 million in state funds (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Important Information About Lead in Your Drinking Water (updated 8-30-24)","publisher":"City of Syracuse Department of Water","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://syr.gov/files/sharedassets/public/v/1/2-departments/water/documents/leadinwaternotice_updated_8-30-24.pdf","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Department of Water Releases Citywide Water Service Inventory","publisher":"City of Syracuse","date":"2024-10-18","url":"https://www.syr.gov/News/2024/2024-10-18-Infrastructure-News-530PM","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Lead in Syracuse pipes creating 'drinking water safety crisis,' groups warn","publisher":"Spectrum News","date":"2024-10-16","url":"https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nys/central-ny/news/2024/10/16/lead-in-syracuse-pipes-creating--drinking-water-safety-crisis---groups-warn","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Syracuse City (NY3304334)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NY3304334/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NY-SYRACUSE-UV-LT2-TREATMENT-2025"]},{"id":"US-NY-SYRACUSE-UV-LT2-TREATMENT-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Syracuse UV disinfection lapses trigger Cryptosporidium treatment violations","description":"Syracuse, which drinks unfiltered Skaneateles Lake water, must treat for Cryptosporidium with UV light. A burst of UV lamp failures left more than 5% of water entering the system off-spec from June 6 to 13, 2024, and NYSDOH lists further LT2 treatment violations for 2024-2025, including a failure to provide LT2 treatment in March 2025. The city reported no Cryptosporidium detections in monthly source sampling.","location":{"name":"City of Syracuse water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Onondaga County; UV treatment at Woodland and Westcott reservoirs","coordinates":{"lat":43.0481,"lon":-76.1474,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Onondaga"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NY3304334"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"UV equipment failures in an unfiltered surface supply produced treatment technique violations.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Inadequately treated water may carry pathogens; the city reported off-spec UV treatment from 6/6/24 to 6/13/24 but no Cryptosporidium detected in source sampling (ref 1).","service":"A Tier 2 public notice was issued; no boil order was needed (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 192,000 people served (ref 3).","duration":"Episodes in June 2024 (ref 1) and March 2025, with an LT2 violation spanning January 2024 to December 2025 (ref 2).","significance":"NYSDOH records treatment technique violations '41 - Failure maintain microbial treat. (LT2)' and '42 - Failure to provide LT2 treatment' (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":192000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than 5% of water entering the distribution system was off-spec, i.e. not fully treated by ultraviolet (UV) light disinfection."},"measures":[{"name":"Days below required Cryptosporidium treatment, June 2024","value":8,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"6/6/24 to 6/13/24 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New York State Department of Health","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Onondaga County Health Department","role":"County health regulator"},{"name":"City of Syracuse Department of Water","role":"Water system owner/operator"}],"public_contact":"City of Syracuse Water Department, (315) 448-8340","corrective_actions":["Standby UV reactor placed in operation on 6/14/24 after maintenance (ref 1).","Additional maintenance on UV reactor isolation valves and review of drain capacity (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"The City of Syracuse Failed to Maintain the Required Level of Treatment (June 2024 notice)","publisher":"City of Syracuse Department of Water","date":"2024-06-01","url":"https://syr.gov/files/sharedassets/public/v/1/2-departments/water/documents/2024_06_cityofsyracuse_tt-offspecuvwater.pdf","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Onondaga County Compliance Report 2025","publisher":"New York State Department of Health","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://healthweb-back.health.ny.gov/environmental/water/drinking/violations/2025/onondaga_county_compliance_report.htm","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Syracuse City (NY3304334)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NY3304334/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NY-SYRACUSE-LEAD-ACTION-LEVEL-2024"]},{"id":"US-NY-HERKIMER-FAILURE-TO-FILTER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Village of Herkimer surface water system cited for failure to filter since 2024","description":"NYSDOH compliance reports list the Village of Herkimer community water system (about 7,600 people, surface water source) with a Surface Water Treatment Rule 'failure to filter' treatment technique violation in every quarter of 2024 and 2025, and federal records show the violations still open through mid-2026. The system also recorded a lead-rule corrosion-control demonstration violation in November 2025.","location":{"name":"Village of Herkimer water system","type":"Village water system","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Herkimer County","coordinates":{"lat":43.0256,"lon":-74.986,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Herkimer"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NY2102306"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"An unfiltered surface supply that the rule requires to be filtered is a treatment-capacity gap with microbial risk.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Failure to filter a surface supply is a microbial-risk treatment technique violation (refs 1, 2); no illness or contamination event was found in the sources.","service":"No boil notice or outage was found in the cited sources.","scale":"SDWIS lists 7,606 people served from a surface water source (ref 3).","duration":"SDWIS shows '0200/42' violations opened every quarter from Q1 2024 to Q2 2026 still unresolved (ref 4); NYSDOH lists all four quarters in 2024 and 2025 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Formal SWTR treatment technique violations recorded by NYSDOH (refs 1, 2); no enforcement order was found."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":7606,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"42 - FAILURE TO FILTER (SWTR) listed for January-March, April-June, July-September and October-December 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters with failure-to-filter violations, 2024-Q2 2026","value":10,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New York State Department of Health","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Village of Herkimer","role":"Water system owner"}],"public_contact":"Not reported in cited sources","corrective_actions":["NYSDOH lists 'corrective action taken' for the 2025 entries (ref 2); no filtration project was found in the cited sources."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Herkimer County Compliance Report 2024","publisher":"New York State Department of Health","date":"2025-06-01","url":"https://healthweb-back.health.ny.gov/environmental/water/drinking/violations/2024/herkimer_county_compliance_report.htm","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Herkimer County Compliance Report 2025","publisher":"New York State Department of Health","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://healthweb-back.health.ny.gov/environmental/water/drinking/violations/2025/herkimer_county_compliance_report.htm","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Herkimer Village (NY2102306)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NY2102306/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, New York primacy agency","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/NY/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/0:5000/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["public_contact"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NY-NEW-PALTZ-HAA5-MCL-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"New Paltz village and town water exceed haloacetic acid (HAA5) limit in 2025","description":"The Village of New Paltz water system (about 7,500 people) exceeded the 60 ug/L running-average MCL for haloacetic acids (HAA5) in the first half of 2025, and the town water district it supplies recorded HAA5 MCL violations in all four quarters of 2025. HAA5 are disinfection byproducts formed when chlorine reacts with organic matter in source water.","location":{"name":"Village of New Paltz water system","type":"Village water system and consecutive town district","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Ulster County; Village and Town of New Paltz","coordinates":{"lat":41.7476,"lon":-74.0868,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Ulster"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NY5503379"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Disinfection byproducts in treated water exceed a federal and state MCL.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 5) records village HAA5 LRAA results of 0.0647 and 0.0649 mg/L in early 2025 against a 0.060 MCL; the town notice cites 0.103 at one location for 3/2025 (ref 2).","service":"The village issued a violation notice relayed to town residents at the May 1, 2025 town board meeting (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 7,523 people for the village (ref 3) and 810 for the town district (ref 4).","duration":"Village violations ran through the first half of 2025; the town district's HAA5 violations spanned all four 2025 quarters (ref 1).","significance":"Formal MCL violations recorded by NYSDOH for both systems (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":7523,"status":"Reported","note":"Village system per SDWIS (ref 3); the town district adds 810 (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The level of HAA5 averaged at one of their system's locations for 3/2025 was 0.103 ug/l."},"measures":[{"name":"Village HAA5 LRAA, Q2 2025","value":0.06491,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"MCL 0.060 mg/L; SDWIS (ref 5)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Village violations show returned-to-compliance dates in 2025-2026 in SDWIS; town violations continued through Q4 2025 (refs 1, 5)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New York State Department of Health","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Ulster County Department of Health","role":"County health regulator"},{"name":"Village of New Paltz","role":"Water system owner"}],"public_contact":"Village of New Paltz, 845-255-0130","corrective_actions":["Village conducting additional sampling (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Ulster County Compliance Report 2025","publisher":"New York State Department of Health","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://healthweb-back.health.ny.gov/environmental/water/drinking/violations/2025/ulster_county_compliance_report.htm","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Town of New Paltz Town Board agenda, May 1, 2025 (Village drinking water notice)","publisher":"Town of New Paltz","date":"2025-05-01","url":"https://www.townofnewpaltzny.gov/sites/g/files/vyhlif3541/f/agendas/agenda_5.1.25_1.pdf","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: New Paltz (Village) Water Dist (NY5503379)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NY5503379/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: New Paltz (Town) Water District (NY5515690)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NY5515690/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, New York primacy agency","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/NY/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/ROWS/5000:9999/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NY-NYACK-TTHM-MCL-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Village of Nyack water repeatedly exceeds trihalomethane (TTHM) limit","description":"The Village of Nyack water system (about 14,700 people) has exceeded the 80 ug/L running-average MCL for total trihalomethanes in notices covering 2024 through early 2026, with locational averages up to 95 ug/L. A THM removal system for the Dickinson Avenue reservoir was delayed by utility-pole work and approvals; installation was approved May 1, 2026, with work projected to begin after July 4, 2026.","location":{"name":"Village of Nyack water system","type":"Village water system","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Rockland County; Hudson River supply","coordinates":{"lat":41.0907,"lon":-73.9179,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Rockland"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NY4303666"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Disinfection byproducts exceed the MCL; the remedy is a treatment add-on at storage.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Village notices report TTHM locational averages of 95 and 86 ug/L (ref 1) and 92, 83 and 81 ug/L (ref 2), above the 80 ug/L MCL.","service":"Customers were mailed MCL violation notices; no boiling was needed (refs 1, 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 14,700 people served (ref 4).","duration":"NYSDOH lists TTHM MCL violations in multiple quarters of 2024 and 2025 (ref 3), and the latest notice covers May 2025-February 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"Formal state MCL violations plus a 2026 monitoring violation for samples outside the window (refs 2, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":14700,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The level of TTHM averaged at three of our system's sample locations for May 2025 through February 2026 were 92 ug/L, 83 ug/L, and 81 ug/l respectively."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest TTHM locational running average","value":95,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"MCL 80 ug/L; ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Exceedances in successive notices since 2024 (refs 1-3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New York State Department of Health","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Rockland County Department of Health","role":"County health regulator"},{"name":"Village of Nyack Water Department","role":"Water system owner/operator"}],"public_contact":"Not reported in cited sources","corrective_actions":["GridBee THM removal system for the Dickinson Avenue reservoir: approval received May 1, 2026, installation projected to begin after July 4, 2026 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Important Information about Your Drinking Water: TTHM MCL Violation at Nyack Water System","publisher":"Village of Nyack","date":"2025-10-21","url":"https://www.nyack.gov/news/post/10080/","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Disinfection Byproduct and Monitoring Violation at Nyack Water System (1st quarter 2026 notice)","publisher":"Village of Nyack","date":"2026-05-19","url":"https://www.nyack.gov/media/Water/2026/nyack-dbp-pn-1st-qtr-2026---final.pdf","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Rockland County Compliance Report 2025","publisher":"New York State Department of Health","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://healthweb-back.health.ny.gov/environmental/water/drinking/violations/2025/rockland_county_compliance_report.htm","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Nyack Village Water Supply (NY4303666)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NY4303666/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["public_contact"],"related_ids":["US-NY-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-NY-SCHOOLS-LEAD-DRINKING-WATER-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lead above 5 ppb at drinking outlets in 42% of New York schools","description":"A September 2026 analysis of data that 4,514 schools and BOCES sites reported to the state health department for 2023-2026 found that 42% had at least one drinking or cooking outlet above New York's 5 ppb lead action level. New York City announced $5 million in new school measures the same day, including annual retesting, fixture replacement and filters where lead persists after remediation.","location":{"name":"New York public schools (statewide)","type":"School building water systems","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Statewide; highest shares in Jefferson, St. Lawrence, Chautauqua, Lewis and Tompkins counties; Monroe County 70%","coordinates":{"lat":42.9,"lon":-75.5,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead leaches from school plumbing and fixtures; it is a building plumbing problem, not a source problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"42% of schools reported at least one drinking or cooking outlet above 5 ppb lead (ref 1); 70% of Monroe County schools had samples contaminated with lead (ref 3).","service":"NYC will retest yearly, replace fixtures above 5 ppb and filter faucets still above 5 ppb after remediation (ref 2).","scale":"Data cover 4,514 schools and BOCES locations statewide (ref 1).","duration":"The data span the 2023-2026 testing rounds (ref 1).","significance":"New York has mandated periodic school lead testing since 2016 (ref 1); NYC committed $5 million in new measures on Sept. 17, 2026 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Student and staff exposure counts are not published."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"42% of schools reported at least one drinking or cooking water outlet above 5 parts per billion."},"measures":[{"name":"Schools and BOCES sites in the dataset","value":4514,"unit":"sites","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Share of schools with an outlet above 5 ppb","value":42,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"NYC initial investment in school water measures","value":5,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New York State Department of Health","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"New York State Education Department","role":"School oversight"},{"name":"NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene and NYC Public Schools","role":"NYC school water program"}],"public_contact":"Not reported in cited sources","corrective_actions":["NYC: annual testing where results exceed 5 ppb, fixture replacement, more flushing and filters on faucets still above 5 ppb after remediation (ref 2).","Advocates call for filters on all school drinking outlets and a 1 ppb standard (refs 1, 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"New York school lead testing report (Get the Lead Out New York)","publisher":"Spectrum News","date":"2026-09-17","url":"https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nys/central-ny/politics/2026/09/17/new-york-school-lead-testing","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Health Department and Public Schools Announce Additional Water Protections","publisher":"NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene","date":"2026-09-17","url":"https://www.nyc.gov/site/doh/about/press/pr2026/health-department-and-public-schools-announce-additional-water-protections.page","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Study shows 70% of Monroe County schools tested above legal limit for lead in drinking water","publisher":"Spectrum News","date":"2026-09-17","url":"https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nys/rochester/health/2026/09/17/study-shows-70--of-monroe-county-schools-tested-above-legal-limit-for-lead-in-drinking-water","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["public_contact","population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NY-UPPER-EAST-SIDE-LEGIONNAIRES-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Upper East Side Legionnaires' disease cluster: 94 cases, 11 deaths","description":"A Legionnaires' disease cluster in Carnegie Hill and Yorkville (ZIP codes 10028, 10128 and 10075) reached 94 cases and 11 deaths in summer 2026. The NYC Health Department tested 183 cooling towers at 160 buildings, found 59 culture-positive towers at 58 buildings, had all of them cleaned and disinfected, and has concluded its investigation; no cases were diagnosed after July 21.","location":{"name":"Upper East Side (Carnegie Hill, Yorkville)","type":"Community outbreak area (building cooling towers)","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"New York County (Manhattan); ZIP codes 10028, 10128, 10075","coordinates":{"lat":40.7794,"lon":-73.9502,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["New York"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legionella grew in building cooling towers and spread as aerosol; city officials said the cases were not linked to building plumbing.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The city reports 94 cases and 11 deaths as of August 28 (ref 1).","service":"Residents were told they could keep using tap water, showers and air conditioners (ref 2).","scale":"The cluster covered three Manhattan ZIP codes (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Exposure began in late June (ref 2) and no case was diagnosed after July 21 (ref 1): about two months.","significance":"Buildings were ordered to clean their cooling towers, and all 59 culture-positive towers were cleaned and disinfected (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":94,"status":"Reported","note":"Confirmed cases (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"As of August 28, no one is still in the hospital, 11 people have died and 94 cases have been identified."},"measures":[{"name":"Cases","value":94,"unit":"cases","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Deaths","value":11,"unit":"deaths","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Culture-positive cooling towers","value":59,"unit":"towers","status":"Reported","note":"Of 183 tested at 160 buildings (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene","role":"Outbreak investigation and cooling tower regulation"}],"public_contact":"NYC 311","corrective_actions":["Cooling towers in the area sampled; all culture-positive towers cleaned and disinfected (ref 1).","Investigation concluded and source eliminated (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Legionnaires' Disease (cluster updates)","publisher":"NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene","date":"2026-09-30","url":"https://www.nyc.gov/health/legionnaires","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Legionnaires' cluster grows to 14 cases on Upper East Side","publisher":"NY1 (Spectrum News)","date":"2026-07-06","url":"https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2026/07/06/legionnaires--cluster-grows-to-14-cases-on-upper-east-side","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NY-CENTRAL-HARLEM-LEGIONNAIRES-2025","US-NY-SOUTH-BRONX-LEGIONNAIRES-2026"]},{"id":"US-NY-SOUTH-BRONX-LEGIONNAIRES-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"South Bronx Legionnaires' disease cluster: 23 cases, 2 deaths","description":"The NYC Health Department announced a Legionnaires' disease cluster in Melrose and Morrisania (ZIP codes 10451 and 10456) on September 10, 2026. By September 30 it reported 23 cases and 2 deaths; 10 of 24 cooling towers tested PCR-positive and 7 culture-positive, all of which were cleaned and disinfected, and the city declared the elevated exposure risk over while genome sequencing continues.","location":{"name":"South Bronx (Melrose, Morrisania)","type":"Community outbreak area (building cooling towers)","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Bronx County; ZIP codes 10451 and 10456","coordinates":{"lat":40.825,"lon":-73.91,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Bronx"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legionella in building cooling towers is a building water-system failure, not a public supply failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The city reports 23 positive cases, including 2 deaths (ref 1).","service":"No change to public water service was reported (ref 1).","scale":"Two Bronx ZIP codes were affected (ref 1).","duration":"Announced September 10 and source eliminated by September 30 (ref 1): under a month.","significance":"A formal cluster investigation; 7 culture-positive towers were cleaned and disinfected (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":23,"status":"Reported","note":"Confirmed cases (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"23 people have tested positive for Legionnaires' disease."},"measures":[{"name":"Cases","value":23,"unit":"cases","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Deaths","value":2,"unit":"deaths","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Culture-positive cooling towers","value":7,"unit":"towers","status":"Reported","note":"Of 24 tested (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene","role":"Outbreak investigation and cooling tower regulation"}],"public_contact":"NYC 311","corrective_actions":["24 cooling towers tested; culture-positive towers cleaned and disinfected (ref 1).","Genome sequencing to confirm the source is under way (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Legionnaires' Disease (cluster updates)","publisher":"NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene","date":"2026-09-30","url":"https://www.nyc.gov/health/legionnaires","basis":"Local government record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NY-CENTRAL-HARLEM-LEGIONNAIRES-2025","US-NY-UPPER-EAST-SIDE-LEGIONNAIRES-2026"]},{"id":"US-NY-HYDE-PARK-CHLORINATION-BOIL-NOTICE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hyde Park regional water boil notice after SCADA failure halts chlorination","description":"A SCADA control failure at the Hyde Park water treatment plant interrupted chlorine disinfection between 4 p.m. on Aug. 30 and 7 a.m. on Aug. 31, 2026. A precautionary boil water notice covered the Hyde Park Regional, Staatsburg, Harbourd Hills (Zone D), Zone L, Jeffery Groves and Pinebrook Estates systems until Sept. 2, after two rounds of samples were negative for total coliform.","location":{"name":"Hyde Park Regional Water System","type":"County water authority system","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Dutchess County; Hyde Park and Staatsburg","coordinates":{"lat":41.7848,"lon":-73.9332,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Dutchess"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NY1302796"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A control-system failure stopped disinfection; no contamination was found.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Two rounds of samples on 08/31 and 09/01/2026 tested absent of total coliform (ref 1).","service":"Boil water notice in effect from 08/31/2026 until lifted 09/02/2026 (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 6,928 people on Hyde Park Regional (ref 3), plus five smaller connected systems (ref 1).","duration":"About three days, Aug. 31 to Sept. 2 (ref 1).","significance":"A formal boil water notice under state rules, issued and lifted by the county authority (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":6928,"status":"Reported","note":"Hyde Park Regional per SDWIS (ref 3); the notice also covered Staatsburg and four smaller systems."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Between 4:00pm on 08/30/2026 and 7:00am on 08/31/2026, the water treatment plant's SCADA system failed, causing a disruption in the chlorination disinfection system."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Dutchess County Water and Wastewater Authority","role":"Water system operator"},{"name":"Dutchess County Department of Health","role":"County health regulator"}],"public_contact":"Dutchess County Water and Wastewater Authority, (845) 486-3601","corrective_actions":["Chlorination restored the morning of 08/31/2026 and chlorine monitored at an increased rate (ref 1).","Two rounds of bacteriological samples collected before lifting the notice (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lifted Boil Water Notice, Hyde Park Regional Water System and connected systems","publisher":"Dutchess County Water and Wastewater Authority","date":"2026-09-02","url":"https://www.dutchessny.gov/Departments/Water-Wastewater/Graphics/2026-09-02-HPR-After_Boil_Water_Notice.docx.pdf","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Boil water advisory issued for parts of Dutchess County following plant failure","publisher":"News 12 Hudson Valley","date":"2026-09-02","url":"https://hudsonvalley.news12.com/boil-water-advisory-issued-for-parts-of-dutchess-county-following-plant-failure","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Hyde Park Regional (NY1302796)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NY1302796/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NY-NYC-WATER-SUPPLY-DROUGHT-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"New York City water supply drought watch and warning, Nov 2024 to Jan 2025","description":"After the driest October on record, New York City declared a drought watch on November 2, 2024 and raised it to a drought warning on November 18, its first in 22 years, with Hudson Valley reservoirs near 62 percent full against a normal 79 percent. City agencies were ordered to cut water use. The city downgraded to a watch on December 16 and lifted it on January 3, 2025, after above-average precipitation refilled reservoirs.","location":{"state":"NY","states":["NY"],"name":"New York City water supply system","type":"Municipal water supply system","detail":"Catskill, Delaware and Croton systems serving the five boroughs and upstate communities","coordinates":{"lat":40.7128,"lon":-74.006,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["New York","Kings","Queens","Bronx","Richmond"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"NY7003493"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A record precipitation deficit drew down reservoir storage; the aqueduct repair pause was a consequence, not the cause.","secondary_drivers":["Drinking Water Supply and Reliability"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"NY1 (ref 4) reported Hudson Valley reservoirs at about 62 percent full versus a normal 79 percent on November 15, 2024; no health harm was documented.","service":"The November 18 warning (ref 2) ordered city agencies to suspend street flushing, cut fleet washing and limit fountain use; residential conservation stayed voluntary.","scale":"DEP serves nearly 10 million people, 8.3 million in the city (ref 2); SDWIS lists 8,271,000 served by NY7003493 (ref 5).","duration":"The watch began November 2, 2024 (ref 1) and was lifted January 3, 2025 (ref 3), about two months.","significance":"The mayor formally declared a drought watch and then a drought warning, the second of three city stages (ref 2); no drought emergency was declared."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":8271000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS for NY7003493 (ref 5); DEP reports nearly 10 million total including about 1.5 million upstate (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Hudson Valley reservoirs were about 62 percent full versus a normal of about 79 percent (NY1, November 15, 2024)."},"measures":[{"name":"Reservoir storage (Hudson Valley reservoirs)","value":62,"unit":"percent full","status":"Reported","note":"Normal for the date about 79 percent (ref 4)."},{"name":"Croton Watershed October 2024 rainfall","value":0.81,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"Historical October average 3.81 inches (ref 1)."},{"name":"Rainfall needed to return to normal","value":8,"unit":"inches (almost)","status":"Reported","note":"Per the November 18 release (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"November and December 2024 precipitation ran about 20 percent above average in the watershed and the watch was lifted January 3, 2025 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New York City Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Water supplier and drought declarations"},{"name":"Office of the Mayor of New York City","role":"Drought declaration authority"}],"public_contact":"NYC 311 (report open hydrants and street leaks); NYC DEP, nyc.gov/dep","corrective_actions":["Agency drought protocols ordered November 18, 2024 (ref 2).","Expanded leak detection, leak repair and hydrant surveillance (ref 2).","Delaware Aqueduct bypass connection paused to restore flow from four reservoirs (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Mayor Adams issues citywide drought watch, orders city agencies to develop water conservation plans","publisher":"NYC Office of the Mayor","date":"2024-11-02","url":"https://www.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/807-24/mayor-adams-issues-citywide-drought-watch-orders-city-agencies-develop-water-conservation","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Mayor Adams elevates drought level to warning, pauses Delaware Aqueduct repair project, orders city agencies to implement water conservation","publisher":"NYC Office of the Mayor","date":"2024-11-18","url":"https://nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/839-24/mayor-adams-elevates-drought-level-warning-pauses-delaware-aqueduct-repair-project-orders-city","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Mayor Adams lifts drought watch for New York City","publisher":"NYC Office of the Mayor","date":"2025-01-03","url":"https://www.nyc.gov/mayors-office/news/2025/01/mayor-adams-lifts-drought-watch-new-york-city","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Droughts affect reservoir levels","publisher":"Spectrum News NY1","date":"2024-11-15","url":"https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2024/11/15/droughts-affect-reservoir-levels","basis":"News report"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: New York City System (NY7003493)","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS (Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/NEW%20YORK%20CITY/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Daily reservoir storage series","Measured demand reduction"],"related_ids":["US-NY-DELAWARE-AQUEDUCT-LEAK-REPAIR-DELAY-2025","US-DE-WRIC-DRB-FFMP-2025-26","US-NY-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-WARNING-2024"]},{"id":"US-NY-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-WARNING-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"New York statewide drought watch and 15-county drought warning, fall 2024","description":"On November 18, 2024 the state declared a statewide drought watch and raised 15 Hudson Valley, Catskill and New York City counties to drought warning, citing a continued rainfall shortage and declining streamflow and groundwater. Residents on private wells were urged to conserve. DEC returned all 62 counties to normal on January 3, 2025.","location":{"state":"NY","states":["NY"],"name":"New York State drought regions","type":"State drought regions","detail":"Warning counties: Bronx, Delaware, Dutchess, Greene, Kings, New York, Orange, Putnam, Queens, Richmond, Rockland, Schoharie, Sullivan, Ulster, Westchester; watch statewide","counties":["Bronx","Delaware","Dutchess","Greene","Kings","New York","Orange","Putnam","Queens","Richmond","Rockland","Schoharie","Sullivan","Ulster","Westchester"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A precipitation shortfall lowered streamflow and groundwater across the state without an infrastructure failure.","secondary_drivers":["Groundwater","Drinking Water Supply and Reliability"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The governor's release (ref 1) cites declining streamflow and groundwater levels and very high fire danger in the Hudson Valley and on Long Island, without measured supply loss.","service":"Ref 1 urges voluntary conservation and tells private-well owners how to respond to a dry well; the state imposed no mandatory restrictions.","scale":"A drought watch covered the whole state and 15 counties, including all five New York City boroughs, were at warning (ref 1).","duration":"Declared November 18, 2024 (ref 1) and lifted for all 62 counties on January 3, 2025 (ref 2).","significance":"Formal state drought watch and warning declarations by DEC with the Drought Management Task Force (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The declarations give counties, not an affected population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"15 counties elevated to drought warning and a statewide drought watch declared on November 18, 2024."},"measures":[{"name":"Counties at drought warning","value":15,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"DEC moved all 62 counties to Normal on January 3, 2025, with NYC reservoirs above 75 percent and over 420 billion gallons in storage (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"Drought declarations (State Drought Management Task Force)"}],"public_contact":"NYS DEC drought information, dec.ny.gov (Drought page)","corrective_actions":["Statewide burn ban announced alongside the declaration (ref 1).","Voluntary conservation guidance and private well guidance (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Governor Hochul and Mayor Adams provide update on statewide drought","publisher":"Office of the Governor of New York","date":"2024-11-18","url":"https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-hochul-and-mayor-adams-provide-update-statewide-drought","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"DEC lifts drought watch statewide; return to normal status in all 62 counties","publisher":"NYS Department of Environmental Conservation","date":"2025-01-03","url":"https://dec.ny.gov/news/press-releases/2025/1/dec-lifts-drought-watch-statewide-return-to-normal-status-in-all-62-counties","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Streamflow and groundwater index values","Private wells reported dry"],"related_ids":["US-NY-NYC-WATER-SUPPLY-DROUGHT-2024","US-NY-DELAWARE-AQUEDUCT-LEAK-REPAIR-DELAY-2025"]},{"id":"US-NY-UPSTATE-DROUGHT-WARNING-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Upstate New York 2025 drought: 22 counties at warning, watch nearly statewide","description":"DEC placed 20 counties under drought watch on August 29, 2025, raised 12 Adirondack, North Country and Southern Tier counties to warning on September 24, and added 10 western and central counties on October 8, for 22 at warning. By late September a watch or warning covered the whole state except New York City and Westchester, and precipitation deficits ran 2 to 8 inches over 90 days. Upstate regions returned to normal on March 26, 2026.","location":{"state":"NY","states":["NY"],"name":"Upstate New York drought regions","type":"State drought regions","detail":"Warning counties included Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chemung, Clinton, Essex, Franklin, Hamilton, Herkimer, Lewis, Steuben, St. Lawrence, Warren, Cayuga, Chautauqua, Erie, Genesee, Jefferson, Monroe, Niagara, Orleans, Oswego and Wayne","counties":["Allegany","Cattaraugus","Chemung","Clinton","Essex","Franklin","Hamilton","Herkimer","Lewis","Steuben","St. Lawrence","Warren","Cayuga","Chautauqua","Erie","Genesee","Jefferson","Monroe","Niagara","Orleans","Oswego","Wayne"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","groundwater","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A late-summer and fall precipitation deficit lowered streams, reservoirs and groundwater across upstate regions.","secondary_drivers":["Drinking Water Supply and Reliability","Groundwater","Agricultural Water"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The September 24 release (ref 2) reports 90-day precipitation deficits of 2 to 8 inches and declining groundwater; the August release (ref 1) warned groundwater \"may not recover in the immediate future.\"","service":"Local systems imposed mandatory measures during the warning, including the Town of Ripley state of emergency and conservation order in Chautauqua County (ref 4).","scale":"By September 24 a watch or warning covered every county except New York City and Westchester (ref 2); 22 counties were at warning by October 8 (ref 3).","duration":"Watch issued August 29, 2025 (ref 1); upstate regions II through VIII returned to normal March 26, 2026 (ref 5), about seven months.","significance":"Formal DEC drought watch and warning declarations directed by the governor (refs 1, 2); the state set no mandatory restrictions."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Declarations list counties, not population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"22 counties at drought warning as of October 8, 2025, with 90-day precipitation deficits of 2 to 8 inches."},"measures":[{"name":"Counties at drought warning","value":22,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"90-day precipitation deficit (upper end)","value":8,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"Range 2 to 8 inches (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Precipitation and snowmelt improved streamflow and groundwater and upstate regions returned to normal on March 26, 2026 (ref 5); Long Island stayed in drought."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"Drought declarations (State Drought Management Task Force)"}],"public_contact":"NYS DEC drought information, dec.ny.gov (Drought page)","corrective_actions":["Public water suppliers urged to implement drought contingency plans (ref 2).","Statewide burn ban through October 15, 2025 (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Governor Hochul directs DEC to issue drought watch for 20 New York counties","publisher":"Office of the Governor of New York","date":"2025-08-29","url":"https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-hochul-directs-department-environmental-conservation-issue-drought-watch-20-new-york","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Governor Hochul directs DEC to issue drought warning for 12 counties","publisher":"Office of the Governor of New York","date":"2025-09-24","url":"https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-hochul-directs-department-environmental-conservation-issue-drought-warning-12","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"10 more New York counties upgraded to drought warning","publisher":"Spectrum News","date":"2025-10-08","url":"https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nys/central-ny/public-safety/2025/10/08/10-more-new-york-counties-upgraded-to-drought-warning","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Ripley declares state of emergency; mandatory water restrictions remain in effect","publisher":"Chautauqua County","date":"2025-10-14","url":"https://chautauquacountyny.gov/public-health/news/ripley-declares-state-emergency-mandatory-water-restrictions-remain-effect","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":5,"title":"State lifts drought watch for upstate regions","publisher":"FingerLakes1.com","date":"2026-03-26","url":"https://www.fingerlakes1.com/2026/03/26/state-lifts-drought-watch-for-upstate-regions/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Number of public water systems under mandatory restrictions","Private wells reported dry","Crop losses"],"related_ids":["US-NY-RIPLEY-RESERVOIR-EMERGENCY-2025","US-NY-MORIAH-WATER-SHORTAGE-EMERGENCY-2025","US-NY-LONG-ISLAND-DROUGHT-WARNING-2025-2026"]},{"id":"US-NY-LONG-ISLAND-DROUGHT-WARNING-2025-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Long Island (Nassau and Suffolk) drought watch raised to warning, 2025-2026","description":"Nassau and Suffolk were placed under a state drought watch on August 29, 2025 and stayed there after upstate regions recovered in March 2026. On May 14, 2026 DEC raised both counties to drought warning, citing 4-inch and 9-inch rainfall deficits over three and six months and declining streamflow and groundwater over the sole-source aquifer. In July 2026 aquifer levels on the East End were reported among the lowest in 10 years.","location":{"state":"NY","states":["NY"],"name":"Long Island (State Drought Region I)","type":"State drought region","detail":"Nassau and Suffolk counties, over the Long Island sole-source aquifer","counties":["Nassau","Suffolk"],"extent":"multi_county","coordinates":{"lat":40.79,"lon":-73.13,"precision":"county","source_ref":2}},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Rainfall deficits lowered recharge to the aquifer that is Long Island's only drinking-water source.","secondary_drivers":["Groundwater","Drinking Water Supply and Reliability"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The May 14, 2026 release (ref 2) cites a 9-inch six-month rainfall deficit and declining groundwater; Shelter Island Reporter (ref 4) says aquifer levels were among the lowest in 10 years in July 2026.","service":"SCWA issued a Stage 1 Water Alert with odd/even watering for four East End towns on July 14, 2026 (ref 4).","scale":"Both Long Island counties, Drought Region I, were at warning (ref 2); the aquifer supplies more than 2.8 million residents (ref 5).","duration":"Watch from August 29, 2025 (ref 1), still in watch March 26, 2026 (ref 3), warning from May 14, 2026 (ref 2), drought still reported in July 2026 (ref 4): about 11 months.","significance":"Formal DEC drought watch and warning declarations (refs 1, 2); no mandatory state restrictions apply at warning."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Long Island Press (ref 5) reports the aquifer serves more than 2.8 million residents; no drought-affected count was published."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Long Island rainfall deficit of 9 inches over six months when the drought warning was issued on May 14, 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"Six-month rainfall deficit","value":9,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Three-month rainfall deficit","value":4,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Status moved from watch (August 2025) to warning (May 2026), and drought was still reported in July 2026 (ref 4); no later state update was found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"Drought declarations"},{"name":"Suffolk County Water Authority and Long Island water districts","role":"Public water suppliers"}],"public_contact":"NYS DEC drought information, dec.ny.gov (Drought page)","corrective_actions":["Public water suppliers advised to update and implement drought contingency plans (ref 2).","SCWA Stage 1 Water Alert on the East End (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Governor Hochul directs DEC to issue drought watch for 20 New York counties","publisher":"Office of the Governor of New York","date":"2025-08-29","url":"https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-hochul-directs-department-environmental-conservation-issue-drought-watch-20-new-york","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Governor Hochul directs DEC to issue drought warning for Nassau and Suffolk counties","publisher":"Office of the Governor of New York","date":"2026-05-14","url":"https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-hochul-directs-department-environmental-conservation-issue-drought-warning-nassau-and","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"State lifts drought watch for upstate regions","publisher":"FingerLakes1.com","date":"2026-03-26","url":"https://www.fingerlakes1.com/2026/03/26/state-lifts-drought-watch-for-upstate-regions/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"SCWA issues water alert for Shelter Island and Southold Town","publisher":"Shelter Island Reporter","date":"2026-07-14","url":"https://shelterislandreporter.timesreview.com/2026/07/14/scwa-issues-water-alert-for-shelter-island-and-southold-town/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":5,"title":"Concern for Long Island's groundwater sustainability prompts study","publisher":"Long Island Press","date":"2024-12-09","url":"https://longislandpress.com/2024/12/07/saltwater-intrusion","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Current state drought stage after May 2026","USGS groundwater level percentiles"],"related_ids":["US-NY-SCWA-PEAK-DEMAND-SUPPLY-STRAIN-2025-2026","US-NY-SHELTER-ISLAND-AQUIFER-DROUGHT-2025-2026","US-NY-UPSTATE-DROUGHT-WARNING-2025"]},{"id":"US-NY-SCWA-PEAK-DEMAND-SUPPLY-STRAIN-2025-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Suffolk County Water Authority peak demand drains storage tanks, Stage 1 alerts","description":"The Suffolk County Water Authority issued a systemwide Stage 1 Water Alert on July 23, 2025, its first since 2022, after weeks of high use left storage tanks dangerously low in early-morning peaks, threatening pressure and fire reserves. In July 2026 it issued another Stage 1 alert for four East End towns after record June pumpage of 11.15 billion gallons and peaks near 540,000 gallons per minute, saying production facilities were at capacity.","location":{"state":"NY","states":["NY"],"name":"Suffolk County Water Authority","type":"Public authority water utility","detail":"Suffolk County, Long Island; East End towns of Southold, Shelter Island, Southampton and East Hampton named in 2026","coordinates":{"lat":40.7437,"lon":-73.1387,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Suffolk"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NY5110526"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Irrigation-driven peak demand exceeds production and storage refill capacity during drought, so both demand on the aquifer and system capacity are involved.","secondary_drivers":["Drought and Water Scarcity","Groundwater"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SCWA (ref 1) said weeks of high use caused \"dangerously low levels in water storage tanks,\" which threaten the reserve needed for fire emergencies.","service":"Stage 1 alerts in July 2025 (ref 1) and July 2026 (ref 2) set odd/even lawn watering and barred watering from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.","scale":"The 2025 alert covered about 1.2 million customers (ref 1); SDWIS lists 1,100,000 served by NY5110526 (ref 4).","duration":"Alerts recurred in 2022, 2025 and 2026 (refs 1, 2), and the 2026 release says no added infrastructure is available to meet demand.","significance":"Formal utility Stage 1 Water Alerts (refs 1, 2); no state enforcement action."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":1100000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4); SCWA cites about 1.2 million customers (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"SCWA set a pumpage record in June 2026, withdrawing 11.15 billion gallons, and reached 540,000 gallons per minute at peak."},"measures":[{"name":"June 2026 pumpage","value":11.15,"unit":"billion gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Record (ref 2)."},{"name":"Peak pumpage rate, 2026","value":540000,"unit":"gallons per minute","status":"Reported","note":"Near the per-minute record (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Alerts moved from 2022 to consecutive summers in 2025 and 2026, with a pumpage record in June 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Suffolk County Water Authority","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"New York State Department of Health","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"SCWA Customer Service, (631) 698-9500; scwa.com/conservation","corrective_actions":["Stage 1 Water Alerts with odd/even watering schedule (refs 1, 2).","High-usage notices to customers in Eaton's Neck, Kings Park, North Bay Shore, Selden, Montauk and Southold (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Suffolk County Water Authority issues Stage 1 Water Alert for all customers","publisher":"Suffolk County Water Authority","date":"2025-07-23","url":"https://www.scwa.com/suffolk-county-water-authority-issues-stage-1-water-alert-for-all-customers/","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Suffolk County Water Authority declares Stage 1 Water Alert on the East End amid drought and record pumpage","publisher":"Suffolk County Water Authority (posted by Village of Greenport)","date":"2026-07-14","url":"https://villageofgreenport.gov/files-2026/Suffolk-County-Water-Authority-Declares-Stage-1-Water-Alert-On-East-End-Amid-Drought-Record-Pumpage.pdf","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"SCWA issues water alert for Shelter Island and Southold Town","publisher":"Shelter Island Reporter","date":"2026-07-14","url":"https://shelterislandreporter.timesreview.com/2026/07/14/scwa-issues-water-alert-for-shelter-island-and-southold-town/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Suffolk County Water Authority (NY5110526)","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS (Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SUFFOLK%20COUNTY%20WATER/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Storage tank levels","Pressure complaints or low-pressure events"],"related_ids":["US-NY-LONG-ISLAND-DROUGHT-WARNING-2025-2026"]},{"id":"US-NY-RIPLEY-RESERVOIR-EMERGENCY-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Town of Ripley water emergency as reservoir falls critically low, Oct 2025","description":"The Town of Ripley in Chautauqua County declared a state of emergency on October 14, 2025 because of critically low levels in the Ripley Reservoir during the drought warning, making its mandatory conservation order enforceable. Fire trucks hauled water to the reservoir and retailers were asked to donate bottled water, while officials said the water stayed safe to drink. Nearby Fredonia, whose 140-year-old reservoir is fed by low-running creeks, issued a conservation order days later.","location":{"state":"NY","states":["NY"],"name":"Ripley Water District","type":"Town water district","detail":"Town of Ripley, Chautauqua County","coordinates":{"lat":42.2667,"lon":-79.7106,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Chautauqua"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NY0600372"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A rain-fed reservoir supply fell during drought; no treatment or infrastructure failure was reported.","secondary_drivers":["Drought and Water Scarcity"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The county (ref 1) reported \"critically low water levels in the Ripley Reservoir\" that kept declining, while saying the water remained safe to drink.","service":"A mandatory conservation order covered all district customers and fire trucks hauled water to the reservoir to keep the treatment plant supplied (ref 1).","scale":"One town district; SDWIS lists 1,600 people served by NY0600372 (ref 3).","duration":"The cited record covers mid-October 2025 (refs 1, 2); no end date was found, so duration is scored on the documented weeks.","significance":"The Town of Ripley declared a State of Emergency on October 14, 2025 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1600,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"State of Emergency declared October 14, 2025 for critically low water levels in the Ripley Reservoir."},"measures":[{"name":"Fredonia water level swing","value":4,"unit":"inches in 24 hours (up to)","status":"Reported","note":"Fredonia mayor, nearby system (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No later update on reservoir recovery was found; upstate drought regions returned to normal in March 2026."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Ripley / Ripley Water District","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"Chautauqua County Department of Health","role":"Local health oversight"}],"public_contact":"Ripley Water District, 716-413-8010; Chautauqua County Health Department, 716-753-4481","corrective_actions":["Mandatory Water Conservation Order enforceable under the emergency (ref 1).","Fire trucks transporting water to the reservoir (ref 1).","Bottled water donations requested (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Ripley declares state of emergency; mandatory water restrictions remain in effect","publisher":"Chautauqua County","date":"2025-10-14","url":"https://chautauquacountyny.gov/public-health/news/ripley-declares-state-emergency-mandatory-water-restrictions-remain-effect","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Village of Fredonia under water conservation order","publisher":"Spectrum News","date":"2025-10-16","url":"https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nys/buffalo/news/2025/10/16/village-of-fredonia-under-water-conservation-order","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Ripley Water District (NY0600372)","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS (Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/RIPLEY/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Reservoir level measurements","Date emergency ended"],"related_ids":["US-NY-UPSTATE-DROUGHT-WARNING-2025"]},{"id":"US-NY-MORIAH-WATER-SHORTAGE-EMERGENCY-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Town of Moriah water shortage emergency bans non-essential use, Sept 2025","description":"Moriah Town Supervisor Matthew Brassard signed a local state of emergency on September 16, 2025 over a water shortage during the North Country drought. The order banned non-essential uses such as lawn watering, car washing and non-essential commercial use, allowed drinking, cooking and hygiene, made each day of violation a Class B misdemeanor, and committed the town to provide other potable water if needed.","location":{"state":"NY","states":["NY"],"name":"Moriah Water District","type":"Town water district","detail":"Town of Moriah (Port Henry), Essex County","coordinates":{"lat":44.0484,"lon":-73.4593,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Essex"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NY1500287"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The shortage came from drought conditions affecting the town supply, with no reported infrastructure failure.","secondary_drivers":["Drought and Water Scarcity"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The proclamation (ref 1) cites a water shortage serious enough that the town pledged to arrange other potable water sources as needed.","service":"All non-essential residential and commercial water use was banned from September 16, 2025 (ref 1).","scale":"One town system; SDWIS lists 3,100 people served by Moriah WD, NY1500287 (ref 3).","duration":"The declaration ran 30 days unless extended or ended (ref 1); no later status was confirmed.","significance":"Local state of emergency signed by the town supervisor, with violations a Class B misdemeanor (ref 1); Essex County was at state drought warning from September 24 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":3100,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Local state of emergency signed September 16, 2025 banning non-essential water use in the Town of Moriah."},"measures":[{"name":"Emergency declaration length","value":30,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"Unless terminated or extended (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No source opened this session confirms when the ban ended."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Moriah","role":"Water supplier and emergency declaration"}],"public_contact":"Town of Moriah, townofmoriahny.gov (Water and Sewer department)","corrective_actions":["Ban on non-essential water use with misdemeanor penalties (ref 1).","Town to provide other potable water sources as needed (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Town of Moriah issues local state of emergency; non-essential water use banned","publisher":"ABC22 & FOX44 (mychamplainvalley.com)","date":"2025-09-16","url":"https://digital-release.mychamplainvalley.com/news/local-news/new-york/town-of-moriah-issues-local-state-of-emergency-non-essential-water-use-banned/amp/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Governor Hochul directs DEC to issue drought warning for 12 counties","publisher":"Office of the Governor of New York","date":"2025-09-24","url":"https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-hochul-directs-department-environmental-conservation-issue-drought-warning-12","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Moriah WD (NY1500287)","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS (Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MORIAH/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["Reservoir level","Date emergency ended","Use of supplemental sources"],"related_ids":["US-NY-UPSTATE-DROUGHT-WARNING-2025"]},{"id":"US-NY-WESTERN-LONG-ISLAND-SALTWATER-INTRUSION-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Saltwater intrusion in Kings, Queens and Nassau aquifers still expanding (USGS 2024)","description":"A USGS report with DEC, posted in August 2024, finds most of Kings and Queens counties intruded with saltwater in both major aquifer systems, saltwater still increasing through 2023 in the Lloyd-North Shore aquifers under Great Neck and Manhasset Neck, and an apparently growing wedge in southwestern Nassau. Saltwater intrusion has shut down public-supply wells in all three counties. A Suffolk County phase of the state study was under way in late 2024.","location":{"state":"NY","states":["NY"],"name":"Western Long Island aquifer system","type":"Sole-source aquifer system","detail":"Kings, Queens and Nassau counties, including Great Neck and Manhasset Neck","counties":["Kings","Queens","Nassau"],"extent":"multi_county","coordinates":{"lat":40.72,"lon":-73.75,"precision":"county","source_ref":1}},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Historic and ongoing pumping drew seawater into coastal aquifers, degrading the resource itself.","secondary_drivers":["Drinking Water Supply and Reliability"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"USGS SIR 2024-5048 (ref 1) documents saltwater intrusion that has caused the shutdown of public-supply wells in Kings, Queens and Nassau counties.","service":"No current service disruption tied to intrusion was reported in the window; the well shutdowns in ref 1 are not dated to 2023-2026.","scale":"The study area holds about 2.6 million (Kings), 2.3 million (Queens) and 1.39 million (Nassau) people (ref 1).","duration":"Intrusion was reported from the early 20th century and \"continues to increase to the present (2023)\" in northern Nassau (ref 1).","significance":"A formal federal-state study under a DEC cooperative program, with a Suffolk phase expected to follow (refs 1, 2); no regulatory order."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Residents of the three counties total about 6.3 million (ref 1, 2021), but the population relying on affected wells was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Saltwater in the Lloyd-North Shore aquifer system in Great Neck and Manhasset Neck \"continues to increase to the present (2023)\" (USGS SIR 2024-5048)."},"measures":[{"name":"New boreholes drilled for study","value":18,"unit":"boreholes (2019-21)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"USGS reports saltwater still increasing in northern Nassau and an apparently increasing wedge in southwestern Nassau (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"Water withdrawal permitting; study partner"},{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey New York Water Science Center","role":"Study lead"}],"public_contact":"USGS New York Water Science Center, usgs.gov/centers/ny-water","corrective_actions":["Long Island Groundwater Sustainability Study; Phase II for Suffolk County with a regional flow model (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Hydrogeologic Framework and Extent of Saltwater Intrusion in Kings, Queens, and Nassau Counties, Long Island, New York (SIR 2024-5048)","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","date":"2024-08-20","url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20245048/full","basis":"Federal scientific report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Concern for Long Island's groundwater sustainability prompts study","publisher":"Long Island Press","date":"2024-12-09","url":"https://longislandpress.com/2024/12/07/saltwater-intrusion","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Depleted drinking water aquifer in Queens and Nassau offers important lessons for Suffolk (opinion)","publisher":"RiverheadLOCAL","date":"2024-09-15","url":"https://riverheadlocal.com/2024/09/15/depleted-drinking-water-aquifer-in-queens-and-nassau-offers-important-lessons-for-suffolk/","basis":"Opinion column"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Count and names of wells closed","Chloride concentrations at supply wells"],"related_ids":["US-NY-LONG-ISLAND-DROUGHT-WARNING-2025-2026"]},{"id":"US-NY-BETHPAGE-NAVY-GRUMMAN-PLUME-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Navy-Grumman Bethpage TCE groundwater plume containment, 2023-2026","description":"The Navy-Grumman plume from former aerospace plants in Bethpage extends about 4 miles south, 2 miles wide and 200 to 900 feet deep, with TCE and 1,4-dioxane, and is one of the largest groundwater plumes in the nation. As of January 2026, 20 extraction wells withdrew about 10 million gallons a day; the Navy's $46 million Phase II plant began continuous operation in February 2026, and a Phase III plant near the Southern State Parkway is expected in late 2028.","location":{"state":"NY","states":["NY"],"name":"Navy-Grumman groundwater plume, Bethpage","type":"Groundwater contamination plume","detail":"Towns of Oyster Bay and Hempstead, Nassau County","coordinates":{"lat":40.7443,"lon":-73.4818,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Nassau"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legacy industrial solvent releases contaminated the sole-source aquifer, requiring extraction and treatment.","secondary_drivers":["Industrial and Energy Water Use","Drinking Water Quality"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEC (ref 1) describes a TCE plume about 4 miles long, 2 miles wide and 200 to 900 feet deep, one of the largest in the nation.","service":"The Navy has compensated two water districts that have been or may be affected and provides VOC treatment for a third (ref 2).","scale":"The plume underlies parts of the towns of Oyster Bay and Hempstead (ref 1) and affects several water districts (ref 2).","duration":"Releases date to the 1940s; Phase III treatment is not expected until late 2028 (ref 2).","significance":"DEC enforces a comprehensive cleanup plan against Northrop Grumman and the Navy (ref 1), backed by a 2020 state agreement, to be incorporated into a consent decree, with $104 million in Grumman damages (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Water districts affected are not named with populations in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The Navy-Grumman plume extends about 4 miles south, is 2 miles wide and lies 200 to 900 feet below ground (DEC, January 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Groundwater extracted from plume","value":10,"unit":"million gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"20 extraction wells (ref 1)."},{"name":"Navy Phase II plant cost","value":46,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Plume under active control (Navy estimate)","value":97,"unit":"percent (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Navy figure (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Phase II began continuous treatment in February 2026 and an interim Southern State Parkway system began in June 2025 (refs 1, 2); DEC reports contaminants had not reached the parkway above drinking water standards."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"Cleanup oversight"},{"name":"U.S. Navy (NAVFAC Mid-Atlantic)","role":"Responsible party"},{"name":"Northrop Grumman","role":"Responsible party"},{"name":"New York State Department of Health","role":"Health oversight"}],"public_contact":"NYS DEC Division of Environmental Remediation, (518) 402-9543","corrective_actions":["Navy Phase II extraction and treatment plant (6 wells, about 3 MGD) operating from February 2026 (ref 2).","Phase III Southern State Parkway containment wells; interim system since June 2025, plant in late 2028 (ref 1).","Northrop Grumman RW-21 system treating about 2 MGD since August 2023 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Northrop Grumman Bethpage Facility and Naval Weapons Industrial Reserve Plant Sites: Groundwater Plume Cleanup Update","publisher":"NYS Department of Environmental Conservation and Department of Health","date":"2026-01-01","url":"https://dec.ny.gov/sites/default/files/2026-01/grummanupdate0126.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Navy marks major restoration milestone with launch of Phase II groundwater treatment plant for former NWIRP Bethpage","publisher":"NAVFAC Mid-Atlantic (DVIDS)","date":"2026-03-31","url":"https://www.dvidshub.net/news/561696/navy-marks-major-restoration-milestone-with-launch-phase-ii-groundwater-treatment-plant-former-nwirp-bethpage","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"New York reaches deal with Navy, Northrop Grumman on cleanup at aerospace site","publisher":"Navy Times","date":"2020-12-22","url":"https://www.navytimes.com/news/your-navy/2020/12/21/new-york-reaches-deal-with-navy-northrop-grumman-on-cleanup-at-aerospace-site/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Names and populations of affected water districts","Contaminant concentrations"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NY-BROOKHAVEN-LANDFILL-PFAS-PLUME-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Brookhaven Landfill PFAS and 1,4-dioxane groundwater plume toward Bellport Bay","description":"Groundwater downgradient of the Town of Brookhaven Landfill holds PFOA, PFOS and 1,4-dioxane at levels that exceeded New York limits in 2022 and 2023, in a plume about 1.7 miles long reaching toward Bellport Bay. In February 2025 DEC rejected the town's claim that its investigation was complete. The town's 2026 plan adds six monitoring wells, connects nearby private-well homes to public water and caps the landfill by 2029, but omits extraction wells, which critics say are needed.","location":{"state":"NY","states":["NY"],"name":"Town of Brookhaven Landfill plume","type":"Landfill groundwater plume","detail":"Brookhaven hamlet and North Bellport area, Suffolk County, toward Beaver Dam Creek and Bellport Bay","coordinates":{"lat":40.779,"lon":-72.9154,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Suffolk"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Leachate from a municipal landfill carries emerging contaminants into the aquifer and a tidal creek.","secondary_drivers":["Drinking Water Quality","Surface Water Quality"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"News12 (ref 2) reports PFOA, PFOS and 1,4-dioxane levels in 2022 and 2023 that exceeded New York limits; DEC (ref 1) found a significant downgradient increase versus upgradient wells.","service":"No loss of service was reported; the town plans to connect nearby private-well homes to public water (refs 2, 3).","scale":"A 1.7-mile plume affecting the area south of the landfill toward Bellport Bay (ref 3).","duration":"Emerging-contaminant exceedances documented since 2022 (ref 2), with capping not planned until the end of 2029 (ref 3).","significance":"DEC's February 13, 2025 letter (ref 1) rejected the town's report under 6 NYCRR Part 363 corrective-measures rules; the town cites ongoing litigation (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources differ on homes to be connected: about six (ref 2) versus 14 residential properties (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOA, PFOS and 1,4-dioxane in a plume about 1.7 miles long extending south from the landfill toward Bellport Bay."},"measures":[{"name":"Plume length","value":1.7,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"New monitoring wells proposed","value":6,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Extraction system cost cited by town","value":106,"unit":"million USD (design and build)","status":"Reported","note":"Plus $4.15 million a year to operate (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"DEC was reviewing the town's corrective measures plan as of May 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Brookhaven Department of Recycling and Sustainable Materials Management","role":"Landfill owner and operator"},{"name":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Region 1","role":"Solid waste regulator"}],"public_contact":"NYS DEC Region 1 Division of Materials Management, (631) 444-0375","corrective_actions":["Proposed corrective measures: six monitoring wells, public water connections, landfill capping by end of 2029 (ref 3).","DEC required further plume characterization (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Town of Brookhaven Landfill corrective measures: Draft Emerging Contaminant Plume Report comments","publisher":"NYS Department of Environmental Conservation","date":"2025-02-13","url":"https://dec.ny.gov/sites/default/files/2025-02/brookhavenletter.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Brookhaven releases groundwater plume plan, but critics say it falls short (News12 Long Island, May 4, 2026)","publisher":"Citizens Campaign for the Environment (repost of News12)","date":"2026-06-28","url":"https://www.citizenscampaign.org/whats-new-at-cce/2026/6/29/brookhaven-releases-groundwater-plume-plan-but-critics-say-it-falls-short","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Brookhaven presents cleanup plan for landfill plume, but some say measures are inadequate","publisher":"Fire Island News","date":"2026-04-02","url":"https://www.fireislandnews.com/environment/brookhaven-presents-cleanup-plan/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Contaminant concentrations","DEC decision on the corrective measures plan"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NY-SHELTER-ISLAND-AQUIFER-DROUGHT-2025-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Shelter Island aquifer levels decline under prolonged drought, 2025-2026","description":"Shelter Island relies on its own aquifer, largely through private wells. The town Water Advisory Committee reported in January 2026 that nearly all monitoring wells were below seasonal normal, the average rank of four key wells fell to the 24th percentile and the trend had been down for 20 months, and it kept a Moderate Drought category. In July 2026 the town posted a Severe Drought alert banning sprinkler use from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.","location":{"state":"NY","states":["NY"],"name":"Shelter Island aquifer","type":"Island groundwater system","detail":"Town of Shelter Island, Suffolk County","coordinates":{"lat":41.0681,"lon":-72.339,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Suffolk"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Low precipitation reduced recharge to a small island aquifer used for private wells.","secondary_drivers":["Drought and Water Scarcity","Drinking Water Supply and Reliability"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The Water Advisory Committee (ref 1) reports the Big 4 wells dropped from the 30th to the 24th percentile of historic levels in December 2025.","service":"The Town Board posted a Severe Drought alert on July 2, 2026 banning sprinkler use between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. (ref 2).","scale":"One island town; SCWA serves only Dering Harbor and the West Neck district, and the Heights runs its own system (ref 2).","duration":"Ref 1 reports a downward trend over the last 20 months, and drought persisted into July 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"Formal town drought alert and committee drought category (refs 1, 2); the state drought warning for Suffolk applied from May 2026 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Population on private wells not reported in cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The average percentile rank for the Big 4 wells dropped from the 30th percentile to the 24th percentile; trend over the last 20 months is down."},"measures":[{"name":"Big 4 monitoring wells average percentile rank","value":24,"unit":"percentile","status":"Reported","note":"December 2025, down from 30th (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Twenty-month downward trend (ref 1) and a Severe Drought alert in July 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Shelter Island (Water Advisory Committee)","role":"Local water resource management"},{"name":"Suffolk County Department of Health Services","role":"Private well and water supply oversight"}],"public_contact":"Town of Shelter Island, shelterislandtown.gov","corrective_actions":["Monthly monitoring-well reports by the Water Advisory Committee (ref 1).","Town sprinkler restriction 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Shelter Island Water Advisory Committee: December 2025 well height data report","publisher":"Town of Shelter Island","date":"2026-01-01","url":"https://shelterislandtown.gov/DocumentCenter/View/3070/Well-Level-Report-for-December--2025-PDF","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"SCWA issues water alert for Shelter Island and Southold Town","publisher":"Shelter Island Reporter","date":"2026-07-14","url":"https://shelterislandreporter.timesreview.com/2026/07/14/scwa-issues-water-alert-for-shelter-island-and-southold-town/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Governor Hochul directs DEC to issue drought warning for Nassau and Suffolk counties","publisher":"Office of the Governor of New York","date":"2026-05-14","url":"https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-hochul-directs-department-environmental-conservation-issue-drought-warning-nassau-and","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Chloride or saltwater intrusion data","Wells reported dry"],"related_ids":["US-NY-LONG-ISLAND-DROUGHT-WARNING-2025-2026","US-NY-SCWA-PEAK-DEMAND-SUPPLY-STRAIN-2025-2026"]},{"id":"US-NY-EAST-FISHKILL-DATA-CENTER-AQUIFER-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"East Fishkill data center moratorium over aquifer and well-water demand, 2026","description":"The East Fishkill Town Board unanimously approved a three-year moratorium on data centers in June 2026 as Treetop Companies proposed a one-gigawatt facility; residents asked how much water it would use and where it would come from in a town that relies on wells over aquifers. In July 2026 the state paused new permits for data centers of 50 megawatts or more for one year, citing in part impacts on local water supplies.","location":{"state":"NY","states":["NY"],"name":"Town of East Fishkill","type":"Town (groundwater-dependent)","detail":"Dutchess County, Hudson Valley","coordinates":{"lat":41.5584,"lon":-73.7882,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Dutchess"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is a land-use and permitting response to projected industrial water demand, not a measured supply impact.","secondary_drivers":["Industrial and Energy Water Use","Drinking Water Supply and Reliability"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No aquifer drawdown or contamination has been documented; Spectrum News (ref 1) reports residents' questions about water use and source.","service":"No supply disruption; the project was not yet before the board (ref 1).","scale":"Town-wide concern for a community that \"is basically on well water\" (ref 1).","duration":"The local moratorium runs three years and the state pause one year (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Unanimous town moratorium vote (ref 1) and a statewide one-year pause on large data center permits announced July 14, 2026 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population estimate in cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"East Fishkill Town Board unanimously approved a three-year moratorium on data centers amid a proposed one-gigawatt facility."},"measures":[{"name":"Proposed data center size","value":1,"unit":"gigawatt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Project not yet before the board; state generic environmental review pending."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of East Fishkill Town Board","role":"Land-use authority"},{"name":"Office of the Governor of New York","role":"Statewide data center permitting pause"}],"public_contact":"Town of East Fishkill Town Board (town clerk)","corrective_actions":["Three-year local moratorium on data centers (ref 1).","Statewide one-year pause on new discretionary permits for data centers of 50 MW or more (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"East Fishkill approves data center moratorium","publisher":"Spectrum News","date":"2026-06-26","url":"https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nys/hudson-valley/news/2026/06/27/east-fishkill-data-center-moratorium","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"New York imposes landmark one-year ban on large data centres","publisher":"Al Jazeera","date":"2026-07-14","url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2026/7/14/new-york-imposes-landmark-one-year-ban-on-large-data-centres","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Projected water demand of the proposed facility","Aquifer yield data"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NY-BUFFALO-SEWER-CSO-CONSENT-JUDGMENT-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Buffalo Sewer Authority CSO violations and 2025 state consent judgment","description":"New York DEC sued the Buffalo Sewer Authority in September 2025, alleging repeated SPDES permit violations at the Bird Island plant and missed deadlines under its 2014 combined sewer overflow long-term control plan; its 52 CSO outfalls discharge nearly 3 billion gallons of untreated sewage and stormwater a year into the Niagara River and other waterways. A consent judgment announced September 19, 2025 requires an amended control plan, a $20,000 civil penalty and a $100,000 environmental benefit project.","location":{"state":"NY","states":["NY"],"name":"Buffalo Sewer Authority / Bird Island WWTF","type":"Municipal sewer authority and combined sewer system","detail":"City of Buffalo, Erie County; Bird Island WWTF, NPDES/SPDES permit NY0028410, discharging to the Niagara River","coordinates":{"lat":42.920556,"lon":-78.904722,"precision":"facility","source_ref":4},"counties":["Erie"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Missed CSO control projects in an aging combined sewer system (infrastructure) cause untreated sewage discharges to the Niagara River (water quality).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEC complaint coverage (ref 1) says the 52 Buffalo CSO outfalls release nearly 3 billion gallons of untreated sewage and stormwater per year to the Niagara River and other waters.","service":"No sewer service loss or drinking-water restriction was reported in the cited Buffalo coverage (refs 1-3).","scale":"Spectrum News (ref 3) reports the Buffalo Sewer Authority serves about 550,000 customers.","duration":"BSA missed multiple deadlines under its 2014 long-term control plan, and the 2024 effluent, bypass and reporting violations extend the problem over a decade (ref 1).","significance":"Consent judgment in Erie County Supreme Court with a $20,000 civil penalty and $100,000 environmental benefit project, announced by the Attorney General and DEC on Sept. 19, 2025 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":550000,"status":"Reported","note":"Customers served by the Buffalo Sewer Authority (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"52 CSO outfalls discharge nearly 3 billion gallons of untreated sewage and stormwater annually into the Niagara River and other area waterways (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"CSO outfalls","value":52,"unit":"outfalls","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; ECHO lists 54 CSO outfalls on permit NY0028410 (ref 4)."},{"name":"Annual untreated CSO discharge","value":3,"unit":"billion gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"'Nearly 3 billion gallons' per ref 1. Ref 3 prints 'nearly 3 million gallons', which conflicts and appears to be a unit error."},{"name":"Civil penalty","value":20000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Environmental benefit project","value":100000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Queen City Clean Waters program","value":1,"unit":"billion USD (15-year, 'billion-plus')","status":"Reported","note":"Announced October 2024 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Quarters in noncompliance (last 12)","value":12,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Bird Island WWTF, permit NY0028410, ECHO (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["capital need exceeds revenue capacity: a 15-year $1 billion-plus program (ref 3)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Buffalo Sewer Authority","role":"Owner and operator of Bird Island WWTF and combined sewer system"},{"name":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"SPDES permitting and Clean Water Act enforcement authority"},{"name":"New York State Attorney General","role":"Counsel for the State in the consent judgment"}],"public_contact":"Buffalo Sewer Authority, buffalosewer.org","corrective_actions":["Consent judgment requiring an amended long-term control plan with green and gray infrastructure projects (ref 2)","Queen City Clean Waters Initiative covering over fifty sites (ref 3)","$250 million in Bird Island plant improvements (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"New York DEC sues Buffalo Sewer Authority over permit and CSO violations","publisher":"Wastewater Digest (WWD)","date":"2025-09-17","url":"https://wwdmag.com/compliance-regulations/news/55317218/new-york-dec-sues-buffalo-sewer-authority-over-permit-and-cso-violations","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"New York AG Announced Agreement with Buffalo Sewer Authority to Improve Niagara River Water Quality","publisher":"State Impact Center (NYU Law)","date":"2025-09-19","url":"https://stateimpactcenter.org/ag-work/ag-actions/new-york-ag-announced-agreement-with-buffalo-sewer-authority-to-improve-niagara-river-water-quality","basis":"Summary of state enforcement announcement"},{"ref":3,"title":"NYS DEC sues Buffalo Sewer Authority over untreated sewage discharges","publisher":"Spectrum News 1 Buffalo","date":"2025-09-17","url":"https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nys/buffalo/news/2025/09/17/nys-dec-sues-buffalo-sewer-authority-over-untreated-sewage-discharges","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act facility search: New York major POTWs (Bird Island WWTF NY0028410)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=NY&p_pcomp=POT&p_maj=Y","basis":"EPA data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NY-NYC-CSO-ORDER-NOTIFICATION-2026"]},{"id":"US-NY-NYC-CSO-ORDER-NOTIFICATION-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"New York City combined sewer overflows of about 20 billion gallons a year","description":"About 60% of New York City's sewers are combined, and the city discharged an estimated 20.25 billion gallons of combined sewer overflow in 2024 under a 2005 DEC consent order whose largest projects, including the Newtown Creek storage tunnel, run to 2040. A 2024 court order in a Riverkeeper suit requires DEP to promptly notify the public of discharges under the Sewage Pollution Right to Know Act; the city has appealed.","location":{"state":"NY","states":["NY"],"name":"New York City combined sewer system","type":"Municipal combined sewer system","detail":"Five boroughs; 14 wastewater resource recovery facilities operated by NYC DEP, including Newtown Creek WRRF (NY0026204, 81 CSO outfalls)","coordinates":{"lat":40.73353,"lon":-73.948378,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["New York","Kings","Queens","Bronx","Richmond"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Capacity limits of the combined sewer network (infrastructure) send untreated sewage into city waterways (water quality).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEC data cited by Inside Climate News (ref 1) put New York City CSO discharges at an estimated 20.25 billion gallons in 2024.","service":"DEP issues water-quality advisories when standards are violated but does not notify after every CSO, per ref 1.","scale":"Overflows come from a citywide system feeding 14 treatment plants, with about 60% of sewers combined (ref 1).","duration":"The 2005 Order on Consent remains in force, and the proposed 50 MG Newtown Creek tunnel is scheduled for construction completion in December 2040 (ref 2).","significance":"DEC Order on Consent CO2-20000107-8 (ref 2) plus a 2024 court order requiring prompt public notification, which the city is appealing to the Court of Appeals (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The cited sources do not give a sewered population for the overflow area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"In 2024, the city dumped an estimated 20.25 billion gallons of combined sewer overflow into local waterways (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"CSO volume, 2024","value":20.25,"unit":"billion gallons","status":"Reported","note":"DEC estimate cited in ref 1."},{"name":"Share of sewer system combined","value":60,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Newtown Creek storage tunnel capacity (proposed)","value":50,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Upsized from 39 MG in the 2024 order modification (ref 2)."},{"name":"Newtown Creek CSO outfalls","value":81,"unit":"outfalls","status":"Reported","note":"Newtown Creek WRRF permit NY0026204, ECHO (ref 3)."},{"name":"Overflow events at one Newtown Creek outfall, 2025","value":56,"unit":"events","status":"Reported","note":"DEP 2025 annual report estimate cited in ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New York City Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Owner and operator of the sewer system and treatment plants"},{"name":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"SPDES permitting and Clean Water Act enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"NYC DEP, 59-17 Junction Boulevard, Flushing, NY 11373; call 311","corrective_actions":["2005 CSO Order on Consent and borough long-term control plans (ref 2)","Newtown Creek 50 MG storage tunnel and 54-inch interceptor (interceptor due December 2031) (ref 2)","Gowanus Canal detention tanks of 12 million gallons combined (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"As More New Yorkers Use the City's Waterways for Recreation, Officials Fight Sewage Notification Order","publisher":"Inside Climate News","date":"2026-08-05","url":"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/05082026/new-york-city-fights-sewage-discharge-notifications/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"2024 Newtown Creek CSO Storage Tunnel Modification (public notice)","publisher":"NYSDEC Environmental Notice Bulletin","date":"2024-10-30","url":"https://dec.ny.gov/news/environmental-notice-bulletin/2024-10-30/bronx-brooklyn-manhattan-queens-and-staten-island-2024-newtown-creek-cso-storage-tunnel-modification","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act facility search: New York major POTWs (NYC DEP WRRFs)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=NY&p_pcomp=POT&p_maj=Y","basis":"EPA data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NY-NYC-STORMWATER-CAPACITY-2025","US-NY-GOWANUS-CSO-TANKS-DELAY-2024"]},{"id":"US-NY-GOWANUS-CSO-TANKS-DELAY-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Gowanus Canal CSO tanks about 6.5 years behind schedule, cost over $1 billion","description":"EPA's Inspector General found in March 2024 that construction of the two combined sewer overflow tanks required for the Gowanus Canal Superfund cleanup was about six and a half years behind the 2013 schedule, and that the project cost had risen above $1 billion. The delay prolongs exposure to contaminants in the canal; the tanks will store 12 million gallons combined.","location":{"state":"NY","states":["NY"],"name":"Gowanus Canal (Brooklyn)","type":"Urban canal and combined sewer outfall area","detail":"Brooklyn, Kings County; CSO outfalls tributary to the Red Hook (NY0027073) and Owls Head (NY0026166) WRRFs","coordinates":{"lat":40.6745,"lon":-73.9895,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Kings"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Delayed CSO storage tanks (infrastructure) let untreated overflows keep entering a contaminated Superfund canal (water quality).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The EPA OIG report (ref 1) states the tank delay has prolonged exposures to contaminants in the Gowanus Canal, whose pollutants may cause cancer.","service":"No service disruption is described in the OIG audit or the news coverage (refs 1-3).","scale":"The tanks serve the Gowanus Canal sewershed in Brooklyn, a neighborhood-scale area (ref 1).","duration":"OIG (ref 1) finds construction about six and a half years behind the 2013 Record of Decision timeline; the upper tank was scheduled for end of 2032 (ref 3).","significance":"EPA Region 2 issued a 2021 Superfund administrative order citing New York City's noncompliance with earlier orders and setting construction dates (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is stated in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Construction of the two CSO tanks is approximately six-and-a-half years behind the original schedule; cost is estimated at more than $1 billion, a more than 1,300-percent increase (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Schedule delay","value":6.5,"unit":"years","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Project cost estimate","value":1,"unit":"billion USD (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Cost increase over original estimate","value":1300,"unit":"percent (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Combined tank storage","value":12,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2; 8 MG upper tank and 4 MG mid-canal tank per ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New York City Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Builds and will operate the CSO tanks"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 2","role":"Superfund lead agency"}],"public_contact":"U.S. EPA Region 2, 290 Broadway, New York, NY 10007; NYC DEP via 311","corrective_actions":["2021 EPA administrative order setting tank construction milestones (ref 1)","OIG recommended Region 2 closely monitor construction and keep the community informed; EPA agreed (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Multiple Factors Contributed to the Delay in Constructing Combined Sewer Overflow Tanks at the Gowanus Canal Superfund Site in New York City (Report No. 24-P-0029)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Office of Inspector General","date":"2024-03-21","url":"https://www.oversight.gov/sites/default/files/oig-reports/EPA/epaoig20240321-24-p-0029cert.pdf","basis":"Federal audit"},{"ref":2,"title":"As More New Yorkers Use the City's Waterways for Recreation, Officials Fight Sewage Notification Order","publisher":"Inside Climate News","date":"2026-08-05","url":"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/05082026/new-york-city-fights-sewage-discharge-notifications/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Gowanus stormwater tanks delay details","publisher":"Brooklyn Paper","date":"2020-11-06","url":"https://www.brooklynpaper.com/gowanus-stormwater-tanks-delay-details","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NY-NYC-CSO-ORDER-NOTIFICATION-2026","US-NY-GOWANUS-CANAL-SUPERFUND-2024"]},{"id":"US-NY-ONONDAGA-FREEMAN-TRUNK-SSO-ORDER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Onondaga County trunk sewer overflows into Onondaga Lake and DEC consent order","description":"Between June 2024 and April 2025, 75,000 gallons of untreated wastewater overflowed from manholes on the Freeman Avenue trunk sewer near West Rock into Onondaga Lake, part of the Metropolitan Syracuse plant's collection system. A DEC Order on Consent approved by the county legislature in 2025 imposes a $100,000 civil penalty ($90,000 suspended), a $40,000 environmental benefit project, and short- and long-term fixes for the sewer's capacity limits.","location":{"state":"NY","states":["NY"],"name":"Freeman Avenue trunk sewer, Onondaga County","type":"County sanitary sewer system","detail":"Between the Village of Solvay and Onondaga Lake near West Rock; tributary to Metropolitan Syracuse WWTP, SPDES permit NY0027081","coordinates":{"lat":43.06279,"lon":-76.17581,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Onondaga"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Hydraulic capacity limits in a trunk sewer (infrastructure) cause untreated wastewater discharges to Onondaga Lake (water quality).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"County legislature minutes (ref 1) record 75,000 gallons of untreated wastewater discharged from manholes into Onondaga Lake.","service":"The county says the public is advised under the Sewage Pollution Right to Know Act each time an overflow happens (ref 1).","scale":"Overflows come from one trunk sewer in the Metropolitan Syracuse system, an 84.2 MGD plant (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Overflow events ran from June 2024 to April 2025, and the county learned of the problem in summer 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"NYSDEC Order on Consent with a $100,000 civil penalty and $40,000 environmental benefit project (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The sources do not state the population of the sewershed."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Between June 2024 and April 2025, 75,000 gallons of untreated wastewater were discharged from manholes into Onondaga Lake (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Untreated wastewater discharged","value":75000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"June 2024 to April 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Civil penalty","value":100000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"$10,000 payable, $90,000 suspended (ref 1)."},{"name":"Environmental benefit project","value":40000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Metropolitan Syracuse WWTP design flow","value":84.2,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (last 12)","value":4,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Permit NY0027081, ECHO (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Onondaga County Department of Water Environment Protection","role":"Owner and operator of the sewer and treatment plant"},{"name":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"SPDES permitting and Clean Water Act enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"Onondaga County Department of Water Environment Protection, onondaga.gov/wep","corrective_actions":["Bolting down manhole covers and adding grinder pump stations as interim measures (ref 1)","Long-term study to resize the trunk sewer for adequate hydraulic capacity (ref 1)","SPDES permit renewal adding CSO reporting to discharge monitoring reports (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Environmental Protection Committee minutes, June 17, 2025 (consent order with NYSDEC, $140,000)","publisher":"Onondaga County Legislature","date":"2025-06-17","url":"https://onondaga.gov/legislature/wp-content/uploads/sites/201/2025/06/6.17.25-EP-Minutes.pdf","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"City of Syracuse - Metropolitan Syracuse WWTP (notice of completed application)","publisher":"NYSDEC Environmental Notice Bulletin","date":"2026-09-02","url":"https://dec.ny.gov/news/environmental-notice-bulletin/2026-09-02/completed-application/city-of-syracuse-metropolitan-syracuse-wwtp","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act facility search: New York major POTWs (Metropolitan Syracuse WWTP NY0027081)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=NY&p_pcomp=POT&p_maj=Y","basis":"EPA data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NY-ALBANY-POOL-CSO-LTCP-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Albany Pool combined sewer overflows to the Hudson under a 15-year control plan","description":"Six Capital District municipalities (Albany, Cohoes, Rensselaer, Troy, Watervliet and Green Island) are carrying out a DEC-approved 2014 long-term control plan for combined sewer overflows to the Hudson River, due for completion in 2027. Its largest project, the $55 million Beaver Creek facility completed in August 2024, will screen and disinfect over 300 million gallons of overflows a year from the largest overflow contributor in the region.","location":{"state":"NY","states":["NY"],"name":"Albany Pool Communities CSO system","type":"Multi-municipal combined sewer system","detail":"Albany, Cohoes, Rensselaer, Troy, Watervliet and Green Island; Albany County Water Purification District South WWTP (NY0026867) and North WWTP (NY0026875)","coordinates":{"lat":42.629722,"lon":-73.759417,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Albany","Rensselaer"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Combined sewers (infrastructure) overflow to the Hudson River during wet weather (water quality).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Beaver Creek alone is the region's largest overflow contributor to the Hudson (ref 2), with over 300 million gallons a year to be treated (ref 1); total untreated volume is not stated.","service":"Neither the Governor's release nor the city page reports service disruptions (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Six municipalities in two counties share the plan (refs 1, 2).","duration":"The plan was approved by DEC in 2014 with a 15-year implementation period ending in 2027 (ref 2).","significance":"The LTCP is a DEC-approved compliance plan; ECHO shows the Albany County South WWTP in significant noncompliance for effluent limits (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No sewered population is stated in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Beaver Creek Clean River Project expected to screen and disinfect over 300 million gallons of sewer overflows annually (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Beaver Creek project cost","value":55,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Overflow volume to be treated at Beaver Creek","value":300,"unit":"million gallons per year (over)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"LTCP completion year","value":2027,"unit":"year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Albany County South WWTP quarters in significant noncompliance (last 12)","value":5,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Permit NY0026867, ECHO (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["temporary support dependence: $15 million in state grants and $38.3 million in CWSRF financing for Beaver Creek (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Beaver Creek treatment facility completed in 2024 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Albany Pool Communities","role":"Municipal owners of combined sewers"},{"name":"Albany County Water Purification District","role":"Operator of treatment plants"},{"name":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"SPDES permitting and Clean Water Act enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"City of Albany Long Term Control Plan page, albanyny.gov","corrective_actions":["Beaver Creek Clean River Project completed August 2024 (ref 1)","Tide gate replacement and wet weather controls under construction (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Governor Hochul Announces Completion of Transformational $55 Million Beaver Creek Clean River Project","publisher":"Office of the Governor of New York","date":"2024-08-06","url":"https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-hochul-announces-completion-transformational-55-million-beaver-creek-clean-river","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Long Term Control Plan","publisher":"City of Albany","date":null,"url":"https://albanyny.gov/1923/Long-Term-Control-Plan","basis":"Local government record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act facility search: New York major POTWs (Albany County WPD South WWTP NY0026867)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=NY&p_pcomp=POT&p_maj=Y","basis":"EPA data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NY-SUFFOLK-UNSEWERED-NITROGEN-WQRA-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Suffolk County unsewered homes and nitrogen pollution; 2024 Water Quality Restoration Act","description":"About 75% of Suffolk County homeowners lack sewers, and nitrogen from septic systems and cesspools can trigger algae blooms and fish kills. Voters approved the Suffolk Water Quality Restoration Act in November 2024, adding a one-eighth percent sales tax, effective March 2025, expected to raise nearly $3 billion through 2060 for sewers and nitrogen-reducing septic systems.","location":{"state":"NY","states":["NY"],"name":"Suffolk County","type":"County wastewater and septic program area","detail":"Suffolk County, Long Island; unsewered residential areas served by cesspools and septic systems","coordinates":{"lat":40.85,"lon":-72.85,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Suffolk"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","governance-affordability-equity","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lack of sewer infrastructure leaves on-site systems that release nitrogen into ground and surface waters.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"WSHU (ref 2) reports the act targets nitrogen pollution that can trigger algae blooms and fish kills; no specific event is cited.","service":"The Suffolk sources describe no sewer or water service interruption (refs 1-3).","scale":"Gov. Hochul said 75% of Suffolk County homeowners go without sewers (ref 2).","duration":"Funding runs through 2060, extending the existing Drinking Water Protection Program to that year (refs 1, 3).","significance":"State legislation signed May 2024 and approved by more than 71% of county voters on Nov. 5, 2024 (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1500000,"status":"Reported","note":"Residents relying on cesspools and septic systems (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The 75% of Suffolk County homeowners who go without sewers (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Homeowners without sewers","value":75,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"New sales tax","value":0.125,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Projected revenue through 2060","value":3,"unit":"billion USD (nearly)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Referendum approval","value":71,"unit":"percent (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"On-site wastewater systems","value":380000,"unit":"systems (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Over 209,000 in environmentally sensitive areas (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["capital need exceeds revenue capacity: dedicated sales tax created to fund sewers and septic upgrades (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Suffolk County","role":"Administers the Water Quality Restoration Fund"},{"name":"Suffolk County Department of Health Services","role":"Septic and I/A system program"}],"public_contact":"Suffolk County Department of Health Services, suffolkcountyny.gov","corrective_actions":["Water Quality Restoration Fund split evenly between sewer projects and innovative/alternative septic systems (ref 1)","Homeowner grants to replace cesspools and outdated septic systems (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"County Executive Ed Romaine Applauds Passage of Historic Clean Water Bill","publisher":"Suffolk County","date":"2024-11-06","url":"https://suffolkcountyny.gov/Departments/Health-Services/Health-News/ArtMID/3434/ArticleID/12645/County-Executive-Ed-Romaine-Applauds-Passage-of-Historic-Clean-Water-Bill","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Suffolk County voters, clean water, Kathy Hochul (WSHU Long Island news, headline per URL)","publisher":"WSHU Public Radio","date":"2024-05-24","url":"https://www.wshu.org/long-island-news/2024-05-24/ny-suffolk-county-voters-clean-water-kathy-hochul","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Rules and Regs: Suffolk County Approves Water Quality Restoration Act","publisher":"Pumper","date":"2024-12-23","url":"https://www.pumper.com/online_exclusives/2024/12/rules-and-regs-suffolk-county-approves-water-quality-restoration-act","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Water Quality Restoration Act articles (Suffolk County Legislature approves Water Quality Restoration Act, pending November referendum)","publisher":"TBR News Media","date":"2024-07-07","url":"https://tbrnewsmedia.com/tag/water-quality-restoration-act","basis":"News report"},{"ref":5,"title":"Suffolk County voters approve sales tax hike for water quality","publisher":"WSHU","date":"2024-11-06","url":"https://www.wshu.org/long-island-news/2024-11-06/suffolk-county-sales-tax-hike-water-quality","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass); merged overlapping record US-NY-SUFFOLK-SEPTIC-NITROGEN-GROUNDWATER-2024 (sources ref 4, 5)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CT-NY-LONG-ISLAND-SOUND-HYPOXIA-2025"]},{"id":"US-NY-WESTCHESTER-SOUND-SEWER-SETTLEMENTS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Westchester sewage overflows to Long Island Sound and Clean Water Act settlements","description":"Save the Sound's 2015 Clean Water Act suit over raw and partially treated sewage overflows into Long Island Sound ended with settlements by 11 Westchester municipalities and, in 2025, Westchester County. The municipalities agreed to study and repair over 518 miles of sewer pipe; the county must enforce its Sewer Act in four sewer districts and spend $475,000 on environmental projects.","location":{"state":"NY","states":["NY"],"name":"Westchester County Long Island Sound sewer districts","type":"County and municipal sanitary sewer systems","detail":"New Rochelle, Mamaroneck, Blind Brook and Port Chester sanitary sewer districts; New Rochelle STP (NY0026697) and Mamaroneck STP (NY0026701)","coordinates":{"lat":40.913,"lon":-73.769361,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Westchester"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Leaking, deteriorated sanitary sewers (infrastructure) let stormwater overwhelm plants and discharge sewage to the Sound (water quality).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Save the Sound (ref 1) says the overflows contribute to closed shellfish beds, depleted fish stocks and fish consumption advisories in Long Island Sound.","service":"Sewage pollution causes periodic beach closures and lost swimming days (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Eleven municipalities and four county sewer districts are covered, with over 518 miles of pipe to study and repair (ref 1).","duration":"The suit dates to 2015, and compliance flow monitoring will occur no earlier than 2037 (ref 2).","significance":"Federal Clean Water Act settlements submitted to DOJ and EPA, including the county agreement approved by the Board of Legislators on June 30 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No sewered population is stated in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The 11 municipalities have agreed to study and repair over 518 miles of sewer pipes and fix more than 39,000 defects (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Sewer pipe to study and repair","value":518,"unit":"miles (over)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1, figures edited Oct. 10, 2024; ref 2 reports over 600 miles studied and repaired to date."},{"name":"Sewer defects to fix","value":39000,"unit":"defects (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; ref 2 reports more than 64,000 repaired."},{"name":"County environmental benefit projects","value":475000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Municipal environmental benefit projects","value":1.2,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"New Rochelle STP quarters in noncompliance (last 12)","value":12,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Permit NY0026697, ECHO (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Ref 2 reports more than 64,000 defects repaired."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Westchester County Department of Environmental Facilities","role":"Owner of county treatment plants; Sewer Act enforcement"},{"name":"Westchester municipalities (New Rochelle, Mamaroneck, Larchmont, Pelham Manor, Rye, White Plains, Harrison, Port Chester, Rye Brook, Scarsdale)","role":"Owners of local sanitary sewers"}],"public_contact":"Westchester County Department of Environmental Facilities, westchestergov.com","corrective_actions":["Municipal sewer system evaluation and repair programs (ref 1)","County enforcement of the County Sewer Act in four sewer districts (ref 2)","Environmental benefit projects totaling $1.2 million (municipal) and $475,000 (county) (refs 1, 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Save the Sound Reaches Settlement with Four Municipalities of the New Rochelle Sewer District","publisher":"Save the Sound","date":"2024-01-25","url":"https://www.savethesound.org/2024/01/25/press-release-save-the-sound-reaches-settlement-with-four-municipalities-of-the-new-rochelle-sewer-district/","basis":"Litigant statement"},{"ref":2,"title":"Westchester Settles 2015 Clean Water Lawsuit Over Sewage in Long Island Sound","publisher":"The Rye Record","date":"2025-07-21","url":"https://ryerecord.com/westchester-settles-2015-u-s-clean-water-act-lawsuit-over-long-island-sound-sewage/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act facility search: New Rochelle (New Rochelle STP NY0026697)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=NY&p_fn=NEW%20ROCHELLE","basis":"EPA data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CT-NY-LONG-ISLAND-SOUND-HYPOXIA-2025"]},{"id":"US-NY-MOUNT-VERNON-SEWER-CONSENT-DECREE-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Mount Vernon raw sewage discharges to Bronx and Hutchinson rivers; federal consent decree","description":"Since at least 2012, raw sewage from Mount Vernon's aging sewers has flowed through its storm sewers into the Hutchinson and Bronx rivers, according to a federal lawsuit. A September 2023 consent decree with the United States and New York requires repairs the city estimates will cost over $100 million, two pump stations and a corrective action plan, plus a $200,000 civil penalty; an advocacy group reported in 2025 that sewage had also entered homes.","location":{"state":"NY","states":["NY"],"name":"City of Mount Vernon sewer system","type":"Municipal sanitary and separate storm sewer system","detail":"City of Mount Vernon, Westchester County; discharges to the Hutchinson and Bronx rivers; EPA ID NYP000332","coordinates":{"lat":40.91267,"lon":-73.83824,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Westchester"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Deteriorated sanitary sewers (infrastructure) leak raw sewage into storm sewers and rivers (water quality).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The federal complaint described in ref 1 alleges raw sewage flowed into storm sewers and was discharged into the Hutchinson and Bronx rivers.","service":"The Hutchinson River Restoration Project (ref 2) reports raw sewage entering residents' homes.","scale":"The problem spans one city's sewer system (refs 1, 3).","duration":"Violations alleged since at least January 2012, with repairs under the 2023 decree still ongoing in 2025 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Federal consent decree with the U.S. and New York State, $200,000 civil penalty, after a 2020 court injunction and sanctions (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population is stated in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Sewer system repairs that the city estimates will cost in excess of $100 million (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Estimated sewer repair cost","value":100,"unit":"million USD (in excess of)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Civil penalty","value":200000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; ECHO lists $200,000 for City of Mount Vernon (ref 3)."},{"name":"Penalties accumulated (advocacy estimate)","value":90,"unit":"million USD","status":"Estimated","note":"Ref 2, updated Aug. 2025; not confirmed by an official source."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["governance or management capacity: repeated missed court deadlines and sanctions (ref 1)","temporary support dependence: state financial assistance for sewer repairs (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Mount Vernon","role":"Owner and operator of the sewer system"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 2","role":"Clean Water Act enforcement"},{"name":"U.S. Attorney's Office, Southern District of New York","role":"Plaintiff counsel"},{"name":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"SPDES permitting and Clean Water Act enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"U.S. EPA Region 2, 290 Broadway, New York, NY 10007","corrective_actions":["Construction of two pump stations (ref 1)","Sewer System Evaluation Survey and binding Sewer System Corrective Action Plan (ref 1)","Elimination of illicit discharges within 30 days of identification or an approved plan (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Feds Get Consent Decree Over Mount Vernon Storm Sewer Pollution","publisher":"Patch (Mount Vernon)","date":"2023-09-20","url":"https://patch.com/new-york/mountvernonny/feds-get-consent-decree-over-mount-vernon-storm-sewer-pollution","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Feds serve Mount Vernon with court order over raw sewage","publisher":"Hutchinson River Restoration Project","date":"2025-08-23","url":"https://www.hutchinsonriver.org/post/feds-serve-mount-vernon-with-court-order-over-raw-sewage","basis":"Advocacy group"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act facility search: Mount Vernon (City of Mount Vernon NYP000332)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=NY&p_fn=MOUNT%20VERNON","basis":"EPA data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NY-LONG-BEACH-WPCP-CONSOLIDATION-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Long Beach sewage plant effluent violations and delayed consolidation into Bay Park","description":"The City of Long Beach's aging, storm-exposed sewage plant, which discharges to Reynolds Channel in the Western Bays, is in significant noncompliance with effluent limits and spilled thousands of gallons in May 2026 through human error. Under a 2017 consent agreement with DEC the plant is to become a pump station sending flow to the South Shore Water Reclamation Facility; conversion was expected within about two years as of January 2026.","location":{"state":"NY","states":["NY"],"name":"Long Beach Water Pollution Control Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","detail":"2 West Pine Street, City of Long Beach, Nassau County; SPDES permit NY0020567; discharges to Reynolds Channel","coordinates":{"lat":40.593083,"lon":-73.665306,"precision":"facility","source_ref":4},"counties":["Nassau"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"An aging, storm-exposed plant (infrastructure) discharges effluent and spills into the Western Bays (water quality).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"A May 2026 human-error spill sent thousands of gallons into Reynolds Channel (ref 1), and ECHO lists a monthly-average effluent limit SNC (ref 4).","service":"No sewer backups or service loss were reported for the Long Beach plant in refs 1-4.","scale":"About 35,000 Long Beach residents rely on the plant (ref 3).","duration":"The 2017 DEC consent agreement to divert flow remains unfinished in 2026 (refs 2, 3).","significance":"Consent Agreement with DEC signed in 2017 (ref 2); ECHO shows four formal actions and $63,000 in penalties (ref 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":35000,"status":"Reported","note":"Long Beach residents relying on the plant (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 35,000 Long Beach residents still rely on an aging, storm-exposed plant (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Design flow","value":7.5,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Permit NY0020567, ECHO (ref 4)."},{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (last 12)","value":3,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO (ref 4)."},{"name":"Penalties assessed","value":63000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO (ref 4)."},{"name":"Effluent removed from Reynolds Channel by diversion projects","value":60,"unit":"MGD (about)","status":"Reported","note":"Combined with South Shore effluent diversion (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["consolidation pressure: plant to be converted to a pump station (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Long Beach","role":"Plant owner and operator"},{"name":"Nassau County Department of Public Works","role":"Receiving South Shore WRF operator"},{"name":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"SPDES permitting and Clean Water Act enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"City of Long Beach Public Works, longbeachny.gov/publicworks","corrective_actions":["Force main to the South Shore Water Reclamation Facility and conversion of the plant to a pump station (refs 1, 2)","Inter-municipal agreement between Nassau County and Long Beach in development (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Long Beach human error dumps wastewater into Reynolds Channel","publisher":"Hoodline","date":"2026-05-20","url":"https://hoodline.com/2026/05/long-beach-human-error-dumps-wastewater-into-reynolds-channel/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"City of Long Beach Wastewater Diversion","publisher":"Nassau County Department of Public Works","date":null,"url":"https://www.nassaucountyny.gov/5375/COLBdiversion","basis":"Local government record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":3,"title":"Concrete Solutions (Western Bays)","publisher":"The Nature Conservancy","date":"2026-01-30","url":"https://www.nature.org/en-us/about-us/where-we-work/united-states/new-york/stories-in-new-york/concrete-solutions/","basis":"Nonprofit report"},{"ref":4,"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act facility search: Long Beach (Long Beach WPCP NY0020567)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=NY&p_fn=LONG%20BEACH","basis":"EPA data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NY-WESTERN-BAYS-BAY-PARK-CONVEYANCE-2026"]},{"id":"US-NY-WESTERN-BAYS-BAY-PARK-CONVEYANCE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Western Bays nitrogen from the Bay Park sewage plant and the $440M ocean outfall diversion","description":"For decades the South Shore Water Reclamation Facility (Bay Park) sent more than 50 million gallons a day of treated wastewater into Reynolds Channel, and nitrogen degraded marshes and seagrass in Nassau County's Western Bays; the plant was flooded by Sandy in 2012. Nitrogen upgrades cut effluent nitrogen from 31.8 to 13.8 mg/L, and the roughly $440 million Bay Park Conveyance Project, mechanically complete as of January 2026, reroutes effluent to an ocean outfall three miles offshore.","location":{"state":"NY","states":["NY"],"name":"South Shore WRF (Bay Park) / Western Bays","type":"County wastewater treatment plant and estuary","detail":"East Rockaway, Nassau County; SPDES permit NY0026450; Western Bays from East Rockaway Inlet to Jones Inlet","coordinates":{"lat":40.632278,"lon":-73.663111,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Nassau"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Plant discharge location and treatment level (infrastructure) drove nitrogen enrichment of the bays (water quality).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The Nature Conservancy (ref 1) documents thinning seagrass, weakened marshes, shellfish decline and algae blooms from nitrogen in the Western Bays.","service":"No sewer service disruption is reported for the Bay Park plant in refs 1-3.","scale":"Bay Park treats upwards of 60 million gallons a day, and the affected bays stretch 10 miles (ref 2).","duration":"The decade-long effort followed Sandy's 2012 flooding of the plant, and the conveyance was still nearing full operation in January 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"ECHO lists the South Shore WRF in significant noncompliance for permit schedule violations (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Service population is not stated in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Nitrogen discharged from Bay Park fell from 31.8 mg/L to 13.8 mg/L after upgrades (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Effluent nitrogen before upgrades","value":31.8,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Effluent nitrogen after upgrades","value":13.8,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Bay Park Conveyance Project cost","value":440,"unit":"million USD (roughly)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; ref 2 cites $439 million."},{"name":"Partially treated sewage released during Sandy (2012)","value":2.2,"unit":"billion gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (last 12)","value":3,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Permit NY0026450, ECHO (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Effluent nitrogen down 63% on average after upgrades (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Nassau County Department of Public Works","role":"Owner and operator of the South Shore WRF and conveyance"},{"name":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"SPDES permitting and Clean Water Act enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"Nassau County Department of Public Works, nassaucountyny.gov","corrective_actions":["Biological nitrogen removal upgrades at Bay Park (ref 2)","Bay Park Conveyance Project to the Cedar Creek ocean outfall (refs 1, 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Concrete Solutions (Western Bays)","publisher":"The Nature Conservancy","date":"2026-01-30","url":"https://www.nature.org/en-us/about-us/where-we-work/united-states/new-york/stories-in-new-york/concrete-solutions/","basis":"Nonprofit report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Sewage treatment upgrades spark Western Bay revival (Long Island Herald, republished)","publisher":"Citizens Campaign for the Environment","date":"2024-10-02","url":"https://www.citizenscampaign.org/whats-new-at-cce/2024/10/2/sewage-treatment-upgrades-spark-western-bay-revival","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act facility search: New York major POTWs (South Shore WRF NY0026450)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=NY&p_pcomp=POT&p_maj=Y","basis":"EPA data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NY-LONG-BEACH-WPCP-CONSOLIDATION-2026"]},{"id":"US-NY-YONKERS-JOINT-WRRF-OUTAGE-SPILL-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Yonkers Joint plant power failure sends sewage into the Hudson, July 2026","description":"A power equipment failure at the Yonkers Joint Water Resource Recovery Facility around July 3, 2026 released tens of millions of gallons of partly treated wastewater into the Hudson River, according to CBS New York. Westchester County advised against all water contact from New York City north to Tarrytown, closed the Philipse Manor Beach Club, and Rockland County issued its own shoreline advisory.","location":{"state":"NY","states":["NY"],"name":"Yonkers Joint Water Resource Recovery Facility","type":"County wastewater treatment plant","detail":"1 Fernbrook Street, Yonkers, Westchester County; SPDES permit NY0026689; discharges to the Hudson River","coordinates":{"lat":40.922332,"lon":-73.907721,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Westchester","Rockland"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A power failure at the plant (infrastructure) released wastewater into the Hudson (water quality).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"CBS New York (ref 1) reports tens of millions of gallons of partly chlorinated wastewater released into the Hudson River.","service":"Westchester advised avoiding all Hudson water contact from NYC to Tarrytown, closed Philipse Manor Beach Club and the JFK Marina turned away launches (ref 1).","scale":"The 120 MGD plant serves much of southern and western Westchester, and the advisory covered eight communities (refs 2, 3).","duration":"The release and advisory occurred over the July 4 holiday weekend, a matter of days (refs 1, 2).","significance":"County health advisories from Westchester and Rockland health departments (refs 1, 2); no enforcement action reported yet."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is stated in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Tens of millions of gallons of wastewater, partly treated with chlorine, released into the Hudson River (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Wastewater released","value":null,"unit":"gallons","status":"Not reported","note":"Ref 1 says 'tens of millions of gallons'; ref 2 says officials estimated 'hundreds of millions'. Sources conflict, so no value is given."},{"name":"Plant permitted capacity","value":120,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 2, 3."},{"name":"Quarters in noncompliance (last 12)","value":9,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"Permit NY0026689, ECHO (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Westchester County Department of Environmental Facilities","role":"Plant owner and operator"},{"name":"Westchester County Department of Health","role":"Public health advisory"},{"name":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"SPDES permitting and Clean Water Act enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"Westchester County Department of Health, westchestergov.com","corrective_actions":["Water contact advisory and sampling until water quality is acceptable (ref 1)","Restoration of plant power (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Yonkers raw sewage discharge into Hudson (CBS New York, headline per URL)","publisher":"CBS New York","date":"2026-07-03","url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/yonkers-raw-sewage-discharge-into-hudson/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Yonkers power outage dumps sewage into Hudson, shuts down shoreline fun","publisher":"Hoodline","date":"2026-07-03","url":"https://hoodline.com/2026/07/yonkers-power-outage-dumps-sewage-into-hudson-shuts-down-shoreline-fun/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act facility search: Yonkers (Yonkers Joint WWTP NY0026689)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=NY&p_fn=YONKERS","basis":"EPA data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NY-BLOOMINGBURG-WWTP-SHAWANGUNK-DISCHARGE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Bloomingburg sewage plant failures discharging to the Shawangunk Kill","description":"DEC found multiple failures at the Village of Bloomingburg sewage treatment plant in November 2022, attributed to non-biodegradable wipes clogging screens, valves and pumps, and said about 120,000 gallons a day of effluent were reaching the Shawangunk Kill. A November 2023 state notice listed 11 violations; local samples showed high fecal and E. coli levels in early 2024.","location":{"state":"NY","states":["NY"],"name":"Village of Bloomingburg WWTP","type":"Village wastewater treatment plant","detail":"4 Main Street, Village of Bloomingburg, Sullivan County; SPDES permit NY0208426; discharges to the Shawangunk Kill (Wallkill River tributary)","coordinates":{"lat":41.553917,"lon":-74.432611,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Sullivan"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Failed treatment equipment (infrastructure) let poorly treated effluent reach a stream (water quality).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DEC told News 12 (ref 1) about 120,000 gallons a day of effluent reached the Shawangunk Kill, and local samples showed high fecal matter and E. coli.","service":"No sewer service loss reported; the village only asked residents to flush toilet paper only (ref 1).","scale":"A single 0.325 MGD village plant (ref 2).","duration":"Failures documented from a Nov. 9, 2022 inspection and continuing at least 15 months (ref 1).","significance":"November 2023 DEC notice listing 11 violations, with penalties up to $37,500 per day possible (ref 1); ECHO shows $92,500 in penalties (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Village population is not stated in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 120,000 gallons of effluent per day discharged into the Shawangunk Kill, according to DEC (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Effluent discharged","value":120000,"unit":"gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"DEC figure in ref 1."},{"name":"Violations in state notice","value":11,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"November 2023 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Design flow","value":0.325,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO (ref 2)."},{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (last 12)","value":6,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO (ref 2)."},{"name":"Penalties assessed","value":92500,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["governance or management capacity: village did not respond to inquiries and enforcement ongoing (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Village of Bloomingburg","role":"Plant owner and operator"},{"name":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"SPDES permitting and Clean Water Act enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"NYSDEC Region 3, 21 S Putt Corners Rd, New Paltz, NY 12561; (845) 256-3054","corrective_actions":["DEC enforcement described as ongoing (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DEC: Bloomingburg sewage treatment plant dumping 120K gallons of wastewater daily into nearby stream","publisher":"News 12 Hudson Valley","date":"2024-02-26","url":"https://hudsonvalley.news12.com/dec-bloomingburg-sewage-treatment-plant-dumping-120k-gallons-of-wastewater-daily-into-nearby-stream","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act facility search: Bloomingburg (Bloomingburg WWTP NY0208426)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=NY&p_fn=BLOOMINGBURG","basis":"EPA data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NY-NEWBURGH-CSO-CONSENT-ORDER-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"City of Newburgh combined sewer overflows to the Hudson under a DEC consent order","description":"The City of Newburgh's combined sewers overflow to the Hudson River through permitted CSO outfalls, and the city is under DEC Order on Consent R3-20110107-17 to carry out a long-term control plan capturing 85% of wet weather flows. A modified order requires a 40 MGD CSO floatables control and disinfection facility (2024 permit application), and a North Street sewer separation project advanced in 2026.","location":{"state":"NY","states":["NY"],"name":"City of Newburgh WWTP and combined sewers","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant and combined sewer system","detail":"2 Renwick Street, City of Newburgh, Orange County; SPDES permit NY0026310; discharges to the Hudson River","coordinates":{"lat":41.49419,"lon":-74.00799,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Orange"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Combined sewers (infrastructure) send untreated overflows to the Hudson during wet weather (water quality).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEC's 2024 notice (ref 1) describes untreated discharges from the city's permitted CSO outfalls to the Hudson; volumes are not stated.","service":"The 2026 DEC notice mentions localized flooding where storm and combined sewers meet, but no service loss (ref 2).","scale":"One city's combined sewer system, with 13 CSO outfalls listed in ECHO (ref 3).","duration":"The 2011-numbered consent order remained the driver of projects in 2024 and 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"DEC Order on Consent No. R3-20110107-17 and its modification (refs 1, 2); ECHO shows seven formal actions (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Service population is not stated in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Long Term Control Plan goal to capture and treat 85% of wet weather flows (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"LTCP wet-weather capture goal","value":85,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Floatables control and disinfection facility capacity","value":40,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"CSO outfalls","value":13,"unit":"outfalls","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO (ref 3)."},{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance (last 12)","value":3,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Newburgh","role":"Owner and operator of the WWTP and sewers"},{"name":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"SPDES permitting and Clean Water Act enforcement authority"}],"public_contact":"City of Newburgh Engineering Department, 83 Broadway, Newburgh, NY 12550; (845) 569-7448","corrective_actions":["CSO floatables control and disinfection facility with new Outfall 014 (ref 1)","North Street sewer separation project (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Newburgh - Newburgh WWTP (notice of completed application)","publisher":"NYSDEC Environmental Notice Bulletin","date":"2024-02-07","url":"https://dec.ny.gov/news/environmental-notice-bulletin/2024-02-07/completed-application/city-of-newburgh-newburgh-wwtp","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"City of Newburgh North Street Sewer Separation (SEQR negative declaration)","publisher":"NYSDEC Environmental Notice Bulletin","date":"2026-09-30","url":"https://dec.ny.gov/news/environmental-notice-bulletin/2026-09-30/seqr/city-of-newburgh-north-street-sewer-separation","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO Clean Water Act facility search: New York major POTWs (Newburgh WWTP NY0026310)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=NY&p_pcomp=POT&p_maj=Y","basis":"EPA data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NY-SYRACUSE-WATER-MAIN-CAVE-INS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Syracuse aging water mains: breaks and roadway cave-ins, including an 1891 main","description":"Several roadway cave-ins in Syracuse in one week of July 2026 were tied to water main and hydrant failures, including a break of a 24-inch transmission main installed in 1891 under Warren Street downtown; a car fell into one cave-in on North Geddes Street. The water commissioner said the system is old and the city replaces mains where breaks repeat and is adding leak detection.","location":{"state":"NY","states":["NY"],"name":"Syracuse City water system","type":"Municipal water utility","detail":"City of Syracuse, Onondaga County; PWSID NY3304334","coordinates":{"lat":43.0481,"lon":-76.1474,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Onondaga"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"NY3304334"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Failures of century-old distribution mains are an infrastructure condition problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"CNY Central (ref 1) reports a driver's car fell into a North Geddes Street cave-in caused by an older hydrant branch.","service":"Ref 1 reports no outages or boil-water notices from the July 2026 incidents.","scale":"Incidents were at three named locations in a system serving 192,000 people (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Several cave-ins occurred within one week, on mains as old as 1891 (ref 1).","significance":"No regulatory action; the commissioner's public explanation is the only official response cited (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":192000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2); incidents were localized."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A 24-inch transmission main installed in 1891 broke under Warren Street (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Age of failed Warren Street main","value":1891,"unit":"year installed","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Population served","value":192000,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["deferred maintenance or underinvestment: mains past life expectancy (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Syracuse Department of Water","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Onondaga County Health Department","role":"Local drinking-water regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Syracuse Cityline, (315) 448-2489","corrective_actions":["Main replacement where breaks repeat and leak-detection technology (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Syracuse water commissioner explains recent roadway cave-ins and main breaks","publisher":"CNY Central (WSTM)","date":"2026-07-09","url":"https://cnycentral.com/news/local/syracuse-water-commissioner-explains-recent-roadway-cave-ins-and-main-breaks","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Syracuse City (NY3304334)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SYRACUSE/JSON","basis":"EPA data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NY-NYC-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"New York City's 121,100 lead or galvanized service lines and replacement plan","description":"New York City DEP's December 2025 replacement plan counts about 121,100 known lead or galvanized service lines, all privately owned, so DEP cannot require replacement without owner consent and only 63% of owners offered a free replacement have accepted. Replacement costs $5,000 to $10,000 per line; DEP has $72 million in grants and is seeking laws to require replacement at sale or renovation.","location":{"state":"NY","states":["NY"],"name":"New York City water system","type":"Municipal water utility","detail":"Five boroughs; PWSID NY7003493","coordinates":{"lat":40.7128,"lon":-74.006,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["New York","Kings","Queens","Bronx","Richmond"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"NY7003493"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Lead and galvanized service pipes are a distribution infrastructure legacy requiring physical replacement.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DEP (ref 1) counts about 121,100 lead or galvanized service lines, a potential lead exposure source; no exceedance is cited here.","service":"DEP's plan describes no service interruption tied to the lines (ref 1).","scale":"About 121,100 lines in a system serving 8,271,000 people (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Lead lines were legal in NYC until 1961, and replacement depends on owner consent and future legislation (ref 1).","significance":"The plan was issued to comply with EPA's Lead and Copper Rule Improvements (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":8271000,"status":"Reported","note":"Total system population per SDWIS (ref 2); only properties with lead or galvanized lines are directly affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 121,100 known lead or galvanized service lines remain, all privately owned (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Lead or galvanized-requiring-replacement service lines","value":121100,"unit":"lines (about)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Owner acceptance of free replacement","value":63,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Grant funding secured","value":72,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Cost per replacement","value":10000,"unit":"USD (upper end of $5,000-$10,000)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["capital need exceeds revenue capacity: future funding not guaranteed (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New York City Department of Environmental Protection","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"New York State Department of Health","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"NYC DEP via 311","corrective_actions":["Lead Service Line Replacement Plan released December 2025 (ref 1)","No-cost replacement when City water main work disturbs a private lead line (ref 1)","Proposed legislation requiring replacement at sale or renovation (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DEP Releases Lead Service Line Replacement Plan Two Years Ahead of Schedule","publisher":"NYC Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2025-12-18","url":"https://www.nyc.gov/site/dep/news/25-032/dep-releases-lead-service-line-replacement-plan-two-years-ahead-schedule","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: New York City System (NY7003493)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/NEW%20YORK%20CITY/JSON","basis":"EPA data","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NY-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINE-INVENTORY-2026"]},{"id":"US-NY-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINE-INVENTORY-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"New York lead service line inventories: 951 systems missed deadline, audit finds","description":"A January 2026 State Comptroller audit found that 951 of 2,951 covered water systems missed the October 16, 2024 lead service line inventory deadline and 140 still had not filed by August 2025, and that 28% of tested inventory entries were wrong. EPA estimates New York has more than 494,000 lead service lines, and replacing them by 2037 would cost about $2.5 billion.","location":{"state":"NY","states":["NY"],"name":"New York State public water systems","type":"Statewide drinking-water program","detail":"Lead Service Line Replacement Program administered by the NYS Department of Health","coordinates":{"lat":42.6526,"lon":-73.7562,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead pipes are a distribution infrastructure legacy, and weak inventories and grant controls are a program governance gap.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"EPA's estimate of over 494,000 New York lead service lines (ref 2) is a potential lead exposure pathway; the audit cites no exceedance.","service":"The audit (ref 1) reports no service interruptions.","scale":"Statewide: 2,951 covered water systems and more than 494,000 lead lines (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Audit period March 2018 to June 2025, with full replacement required by Dec. 1, 2037 (ref 1).","significance":"Comptroller audit 2024-S-9 found insufficient controls over the $30 million program (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No statewide population on lead lines is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"951 of 2,951 covered water systems (32%) missed the October 16, 2024 inventory deadline (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems that missed the inventory deadline","value":951,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Systems still not submitted as of August 2025","value":140,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Inventory entries with errors in audit test","value":28,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"105 of 371 lines (ref 1)."},{"name":"Estimated lead service lines","value":494000,"unit":"lines (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"EPA estimate cited in ref 2."},{"name":"Estimated replacement cost by 2037","value":2.5,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"EPA estimate cited in ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["governance or management capacity: insufficient grant controls (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New York State Department of Health","role":"Primacy regulator and program administrator"}],"public_contact":"Office of the New York State Comptroller, osc.ny.gov","corrective_actions":["Comptroller recommended stronger grant controls and formal inventory procedures (ref 1)","$369 million in federal BIL lead line funds administered with DOH involvement (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lead Service Line Replacement Program and Lead Service Line Inventory (Report 2024-S-9)","publisher":"Office of the New York State Comptroller","date":"2026-01-05","url":"https://www.osc.ny.gov/state-agencies/audits/2026/01/05/lead-service-line-replacement-program-and-lead-service-line-inventory","basis":"State audit"},{"ref":2,"title":"DiNapoli: Environmental Facilities Corporation Faces Significant Funding Backlog for Essential Water Projects","publisher":"Office of the New York State Comptroller","date":"2024-04-15","url":"https://www.osc.ny.gov/press/releases/2024/04/dinapoli-environmental-facilities-corporation-faces-significant-funding-backlog-essential-water","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NY-NYC-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2025","US-NY-STATEWIDE-WATER-INFRA-FUNDING-BACKLOG-2024"]},{"id":"US-NY-STATEWIDE-WATER-INFRA-FUNDING-BACKLOG-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"New York's $26.1 billion backlog of water and sewer projects awaiting funding","description":"A State Comptroller report in April 2024 found that New York's revolving loan programs had a backlog of 876 clean water projects ($17.9 billion) and 1,004 drinking water projects ($8.3 billion), against EPA-estimated 20-year needs of $28.7 billion for clean water and $35.1 billion for drinking water. Only $1.4 billion of $5.4 billion in state grant appropriations since 2015 had been spent.","location":{"state":"NY","states":["NY"],"name":"New York State water and sewer systems","type":"Statewide infrastructure financing program","detail":"Clean Water and Drinking Water State Revolving Funds administered by the Environmental Facilities Corporation","coordinates":{"lat":42.6526,"lon":-73.7562,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is a statewide funding gap and slow spending for water and sewer capital needs.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The Comptroller (ref 1) ties the backlog to unmet local water and sewer needs but cites no specific harm event.","service":"No service disruption is described in the Comptroller's EFC report (ref 1).","scale":"Statewide: 1,880 backlogged projects worth $26.1 billion (ref 1).","duration":"EPA's needs estimates cover 20 years, and grants appropriated since 2015 remain largely unspent (ref 1).","significance":"Formal Comptroller report with recommendations to the state, EFC and federal government (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not applicable to a statewide financing gap."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Combined CWSRF and DWSRF backlog of $26.1 billion in the EFC 2024 Intended Use Plan (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Clean water project backlog","value":17.9,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"876 projects (ref 1)."},{"name":"Drinking water project backlog","value":8.3,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"1,004 projects (ref 1)."},{"name":"EPA 20-year clean water need","value":28.7,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"EPA 20-year drinking water need","value":35.1,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"State grant appropriations spent since 2015","value":1.4,"unit":"billion USD of 5.4 billion","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["capital need exceeds revenue capacity: $26.1 billion backlog (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New York State Environmental Facilities Corporation","role":"State revolving fund administrator"},{"name":"Office of the New York State Comptroller","role":"Auditor"}],"public_contact":"NYS Environmental Facilities Corporation, efc.ny.gov","corrective_actions":["Comptroller recommended publishing a list of funded and completed projects and speeding awards (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DiNapoli: Environmental Facilities Corporation Faces Significant Funding Backlog for Essential Water Projects","publisher":"Office of the New York State Comptroller","date":"2024-04-15","url":"https://www.osc.ny.gov/press/releases/2024/04/dinapoli-environmental-facilities-corporation-faces-significant-funding-backlog-essential-water","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NY-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINE-INVENTORY-2026"]},{"id":"US-NY-SUFFOLK-AUG2024-FLOOD-DAM-FAILURES-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Suffolk County August 2024 flash flood breaches Mill Pond and Stump Pond dams","description":"A storm on August 18-19, 2024 dropped close to 10 inches of rain on parts of northern Suffolk County, washing out the 115-year-old Mill Pond dam and Harbor Road in Stony Brook and the Stump Pond dam in Blydenburgh Park, and generating more than 1,000 property damage reports. FEMA declared a major disaster (DR-4839) in October 2024. Rebuilding the Mill Pond dam was delayed by a dispute over who owned it; as of May 2026 it was in preliminary design, with construction expected in 2027.","location":{"name":"Mill Pond and Harbor Road, Stony Brook","type":"Dam and stream corridor; county disaster area","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Stony Brook (Town of Brookhaven) and Blydenburgh Park (Smithtown), Suffolk County; DR-4839 also designated Oswego and Lewis counties","coordinates":{"lat":40.9145,"lon":-73.146,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Suffolk"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Extreme rainfall caused flash flooding and the failure of two old dams, so both the rain event and the dam infrastructure drive the harm.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"CBS New York (ref 2) reports a dam break tore half of one house away, Stump Pond (a 100-acre lake) drained into streets and the Nissequogue River, and more than 1,000 property damage reports were filed.","service":"Harbor Road, the link between Stony Brook and Head of the Harbor, was destroyed and was still awaiting reconstruction in 2026 (refs 2, 4); numerous roads and rail lines were damaged (ref 2).","scale":"Damage centered on north-shore Suffolk communities from Stony Brook to Rocky Point and Smithtown (ref 2): a multi-community event rather than a regional one.","duration":"News 12 (ref 3) says the road and dam sat unrepaired for over a year; Messenger Papers (ref 4) says dam construction is not expected until 2027.","significance":"Federal major disaster declaration DR-4839 issued October 21, 2024 (ref 1); the Suffolk County Executive declared a state of emergency (ref 2); Head of the Harbor sued the landowner over repairs (ref 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population count is reported for the flooded area; more than 1,000 property damage reports were filed (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Nearly 10 inches of rain fell in Rocky Point before dawn Monday (ref 2); FEMA Public Assistance obligated for DR-4839 totals $11,976,516.32 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"FEMA Public Assistance obligated, DR-4839","value":11976516.32,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"FEMA disaster page, updated June 30, 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Property damage reports","value":1000,"unit":"reports","status":"Reported","note":"'More than 1,000' as of August 20, 2024 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Federal funds secured for Mill Pond dam and road","value":5000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Secured by Rep. LaLota; $2.5 million for pond bed and dam (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Funding was secured in 2026 and design is under way, but construction is not expected until 2027 (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"FEMA","role":"Federal disaster assistance (DR-4839)"},{"name":"Ward Melville Heritage Organization","role":"Owner of the Mill Pond dam and Harbor Road site (ref 3)"},{"name":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"Dam safety and permit review"},{"name":"Town of Brookhaven","role":"Highway and local recovery"}],"public_contact":"FEMA Helpline 1-800-621-3362; NYS Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Services, (518) 292-2200","corrective_actions":["FEMA Public Assistance for emergency and permanent work under DR-4839 (ref 1).","WMHO acknowledged ownership in September 2025 and applied to FEMA for reconstruction (ref 3).","$5 million in federal funds and an expected $2.75 million state contribution for dam and road reconstruction; DEC and Army Corps review expected mid-2026 (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"New York Severe Storm and Flooding (DR-4839-NY)","publisher":"FEMA","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4839","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Cleanup continues on Long Island after historic flooding","publisher":"CBS New York","date":"2024-08-20","url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/long-island-historic-flooding-cleanup/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"FEMA documentation filed for long-neglected Harbor Road repairs in Stony Brook","publisher":"News 12","date":"2025-10-07","url":"https://westchester.news12.com/wmho-admits-to-owning-collapsed-harbor-road-requests-funds-from-fema","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"LaLota delivers funds to rebuild Mill Pond dam","publisher":"Messenger Papers","date":"2026-05-27","url":"https://messengerpapers.com/2026/05/lalota-delivers-funds-to-rebuild-mill-pond-dam/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NY-STEUBEN-DEBBY-FLASH-FLOOD-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Remnants of Tropical Storm Debby flash flooding in the Southern Tier and North Country","description":"The remnants of Tropical Storm Debby brought up to 5.38 inches of rain in under 12 hours to Steuben County on August 8-10, 2024, forcing evacuations in Jasper, Woodhull and part of Addison and significantly damaging roads, bridges and private property across ten counties. A federal major disaster declaration (DR-4825) followed on September 24, 2024, and FEMA has obligated about $49 million in Public Assistance.","location":{"name":"Steuben County and Southern Tier","type":"Multi-county flood disaster area","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Worst flash flooding in Steuben County (Woodhull, Jasper, Addison, Canisteo); declaration also covers Allegany, Broome, Chenango, Delaware, Essex, Franklin, Jefferson, Ontario, St. Lawrence and Yates","coordinates":{"lat":42.2687,"lon":-77.385,"precision":"county","source_ref":2},"counties":["Steuben","Allegany","Broome","Chenango","Delaware","Essex","Franklin","Jefferson","Ontario","St. Lawrence","Yates"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Tropical-remnant rainfall overwhelmed creeks and damaged roads, bridges and culverts that local governments must rebuild.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"AP via NBC News (ref 3) quotes the Woodhull fire chief that 'every business in Woodhull is damaged' and reports a Canisteo dairy farm heavily damaged and a trailer carried to the river.","service":"Officials ordered evacuations of Jasper, Woodhull and part of Addison and floodwaters made multiple roads impassable (ref 3).","scale":"The Governor's request (ref 2) covered ten counties; FEMA's declaration (ref 1) is a multi-county regional disaster.","duration":"Flooding lasted August 8-10, 2024 (ref 1); infrastructure repair runs on FEMA Public Assistance over months, with $39.8 million obligated for permanent work (ref 1).","significance":"Federal major disaster declaration DR-4825 on September 24, 2024 (ref 1) and state homeowner grants of up to $50,000 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected-population count is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The National Weather Service recorded 5.38 inches of rain in Steuben County in less than 12 hours (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"FEMA Public Assistance obligated, DR-4825","value":49027803.06,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"FEMA disaster page (ref 1)."},{"name":"Peak 12-hour rainfall, Steuben County","value":5.38,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"NWS figure cited by the Governor (ref 2)."},{"name":"Counties in disaster request","value":10,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2; FEMA later listed Chenango as well (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Recovery funding is flowing through FEMA Public Assistance and HMGP ($532,000 obligated) (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"FEMA","role":"Federal disaster assistance (DR-4825)"},{"name":"New York State Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Services","role":"State disaster coordination"},{"name":"Steuben County","role":"Local emergency management"}],"public_contact":"FEMA Helpline 1-800-621-3362; NYS Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Services, (518) 292-2200","corrective_actions":["FEMA Public Assistance and Hazard Mitigation Grant Program under DR-4825 (ref 1).","State grants of up to $50,000 for eligible homeowners in Allegany, Delaware, Franklin, Steuben and St. Lawrence counties (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"New York Remnants of Tropical Storm Debby (DR-4825-NY)","publisher":"FEMA","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4825","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Governor Hochul requests Major Disaster Declaration to secure federal assistance for communities","publisher":"Office of the Governor of New York","date":"2024-09-07","url":"https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-hochul-requests-major-disaster-declaration-secure-federal-assistance-communities","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Debby finally moves out of the U.S., though risk from flooded rivers remains","publisher":"NBC News (Associated Press)","date":"2024-08-10","url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/weather/debby-leaves-us-risk-flooded-rivers-rcna166072","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NY-NYC-NASSAU-SEPT2023-FLASH-FLOOD-2023","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"September 29, 2023 flash flood in Brooklyn, Nassau and Westchester (DR-4755)","description":"More than 8 inches of rain fell on parts of Brooklyn and more than 6 inches on parts of Nassau and Westchester counties on September 29, 2023, prompting a state of emergency for New York City, Long Island and the Mid-Hudson region. A federal major disaster declaration (DR-4755) was approved in January 2024 for Kings, Nassau and Westchester, and FEMA has obligated about $12.3 million in Public Assistance plus $2.7 million in hazard mitigation.","location":{"name":"Kings, Nassau and Westchester counties","type":"Multi-county flood disaster area","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Brooklyn (Kings County), Nassau County and Westchester County","coordinates":{"lat":40.6782,"lon":-73.9442,"precision":"county","source_ref":2},"counties":["Kings","Nassau","Westchester"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Extreme rainfall exceeded the capacity of urban drainage and damaged public facilities in three counties.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The Governor's office (ref 2) describes 'historic rainfall and flooding' and damage serious enough to qualify home and business owners in Kings and Nassau for SBA disaster loans; no deaths are reported in the cited sources.","service":"A state of emergency covered all of New York City, Long Island and the Mid-Hudson Region on September 29, 2023 (ref 2).","scale":"Declared counties Kings, Nassau and Westchester together hold millions of residents (ref 2); the rain event spanned the metro region.","duration":"The incident ran September 28-30, 2023 (ref 1); recovery projects continue under FEMA Public Assistance, with the FEMA page updated October 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Federal major disaster declaration DR-4755 dated January 30, 2024 (ref 1) and a state emergency declaration (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected-population count is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than 8 inches of rain in parts of Brooklyn and more than 6 inches in parts of Nassau and Westchester counties over 24 hours on September 29, 2023 (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"FEMA Public Assistance obligated, DR-4755","value":12342316.01,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"HMGP obligated, DR-4755","value":2673103.09,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Peak 24-hour rainfall, Brooklyn","value":8,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"'More than 8 inches' (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event; see the city-wide drainage record for the recurring pattern."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"FEMA","role":"Federal disaster assistance (DR-4755)"},{"name":"New York State Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Services","role":"State disaster coordination"},{"name":"New York City Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Sewer and drainage system operator"}],"public_contact":"FEMA Helpline 1-800-621-3362; NYS Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Services, (518) 292-2200","corrective_actions":["FEMA Public Assistance and statewide Hazard Mitigation Grant Program under DR-4755 (ref 1).","SBA low-interest disaster loans for home and business owners in Kings and Nassau (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"New York Severe Storm and Flooding (DR-4755-NY)","publisher":"FEMA","date":"2026-10-01","url":"https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4755","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Governor Hochul announces federal approval of Major Disaster Declaration for September flooding","publisher":"Office of the Governor of New York","date":"2024-01-31","url":"https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-hochul-announces-federal-approval-major-disaster-declaration-september-flooding","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NY-NYC-STORMWATER-CAPACITY-2025"]},{"id":"US-NY-NORTH-COUNTRY-BERYL-FLOOD-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"July 2024 Beryl-remnant storms flood Lewis County and North Country (DR-4814)","description":"Storms tied to the remnants of Hurricane Beryl on July 10-11, 2024 brought flooding and tornadoes to Cortland, Essex, Hamilton, Lewis and St. Lawrence counties; in New Bremen, Lewis County, floodwaters destroyed a culvert over Crystal Creek. A federal major disaster declaration (DR-4814) was approved on August 29, 2024, and FEMA has obligated about $16.2 million in Public Assistance.","location":{"name":"Lewis County and North Country","type":"Multi-county flood disaster area","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Cortland, Essex, Hamilton, Lewis and St. Lawrence counties; flood damage in New Bremen (Lewis County)","coordinates":{"lat":43.784,"lon":-75.449,"precision":"county","source_ref":3},"counties":["Lewis","Cortland","Essex","Hamilton","St. Lawrence"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Heavy rain washed out rural roads, culverts and bridges that counties and towns must rebuild.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Spectrum News (ref 3) reports significant damage in parts of Lewis County, including a destroyed culvert over Crystal Creek in New Bremen; no deaths are reported.","service":"Destroyed culverts and damaged roads disrupted local travel (ref 3); the Governor cites 'widespread damage to public infrastructure' (ref 2).","scale":"Five counties across Central New York and the North Country were declared (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Incident July 10-11, 2024 (ref 1); repairs funded over the following months, with $10.3 million obligated for permanent work (ref 1).","significance":"Federal major disaster declaration DR-4814 on August 29, 2024 (ref 1) and up to $11 million in state emergency assistance (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected-population count is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"FEMA Public Assistance obligated for DR-4814 totals $16,186,759.95 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"FEMA Public Assistance obligated, DR-4814","value":16186759.95,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"State emergency assistance committed","value":11000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Up to $11 million for storms of July 10-16, 2024 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Recovery is funded through FEMA PA and HMGP ($325,000) (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"FEMA","role":"Federal disaster assistance (DR-4814)"},{"name":"New York State Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Services","role":"State disaster coordination"},{"name":"Lewis County","role":"Local emergency management and highways"}],"public_contact":"FEMA Helpline 1-800-621-3362; NYS Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Services, (518) 292-2200","corrective_actions":["FEMA Public Assistance and Hazard Mitigation Grant Program under DR-4814 (ref 1).","Up to $11 million in state emergency assistance for homeowners and municipalities (refs 2, 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"New York Severe Storm, Tornadoes, and Flooding (DR-4814-NY)","publisher":"FEMA","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4814","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"Governor Hochul secures Major Disaster Declaration for devastation caused by remnants of Hurricane Beryl","publisher":"Office of the Governor of New York","date":"2024-08-29","url":"https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-hochul-secures-major-disaster-declaration-devastation-caused-remnants-hurricane-beryl","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Biden approves N.Y.'s federal disaster declaration request for July storms","publisher":"Spectrum News","date":"2024-08-29","url":"https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nys/central-ny/news/2024/08/29/biden-approves-n-y--s-federal-disaster-declaration-request-for-july-storms","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NY-HIGHLAND-FALLS-JULY2023-FLOOD-RECOVERY-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Highland Falls July 2023 flood: slow household recovery and FEMA aid gap","description":"About 8 inches of rain fell within hours on Highland Falls (Orange County) on July 9, 2023, the epicenter of a nine-county disaster (DR-4723). A year later, residents were still dealing with damaged foundations, FEMA had denied individual assistance as not severe enough, and local tax levies rose to cover the unfunded share of repairs. FEMA has obligated about $64 million in Public Assistance and $10.7 million in hazard mitigation statewide for the event.","location":{"name":"Village of Highland Falls","type":"Village; county disaster area","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Highland Falls and Town of Highlands, Orange County; DR-4723 also covered Clinton, Dutchess, Essex, Franklin, Hamilton, Ontario, Putnam and Rockland","coordinates":{"lat":41.369,"lon":-73.966,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Orange"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Extreme rain damaged roads and homes, and the recovery gap is driven by aid rules and local budgets.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The Times Union (ref 2) describes dangerous flash flooding on Mountain Avenue and a broken retaining-wall slab still threatening a home foundation a year later.","service":"Roads and bridges were damaged and later restored (ref 2).","scale":"Highland Falls and the Town of Highlands, a village-scale community, were the epicenter (ref 2).","duration":"Household recovery was still incomplete in July 2024, a year after the flood (ref 2).","significance":"Federal major disaster declaration DR-4723 (ref 1); FEMA denied individual assistance to residents (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported; the town of Highlands had about four flood insurance policies (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"FEMA denied individual assistance to residents, saying the damage was not severe enough (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"FEMA Public Assistance obligated, DR-4723","value":64063328.8,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"All designated counties (ref 1)."},{"name":"HMGP obligated, DR-4723","value":10673789.25,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Rainfall on July 9, 2023","value":8,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"'About 8 inches within hours' (ref 2)."},{"name":"Town of Highlands tax increase","value":10,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"'More than 10%'; Highland Falls approved 4% (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Public infrastructure restored by 2024; private recovery lagging (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"FEMA","role":"Federal disaster assistance (DR-4723)"},{"name":"Village of Highland Falls","role":"Local government"},{"name":"Orange County","role":"County emergency management"}],"public_contact":"FEMA Helpline 1-800-621-3362; NYS Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Services, (518) 292-2200","corrective_actions":["FEMA Public Assistance and HMGP under DR-4723 (ref 1).","$3 million in state relief grants for qualifying homeowners; SBA low-interest loans (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"New York Severe Storms and Flooding (DR-4723-NY)","publisher":"FEMA","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4723","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"After the deluge: Some Highland Falls residents struggling to recover from July '23 floods (Times Union, republished by NY Senate)","publisher":"Times Union / New York State Senate","date":"2024-07-11","url":"https://www.nysenate.gov/newsroom/in-the-news/2024/james-skoufis/after-deluge-some-highland-falls-residents-struggling","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":8,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NY-NYC-BASEMENT-FLASH-FLOOD-DEATHS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"New York City 2025 flash floods: record hourly rain and two basement deaths","description":"On July 14, 2025, Central Park recorded 2.07 inches of rain in one hour, the second-highest hourly total on record there, and the city activated its Flash Flood Emergency Plan. On October 30, 2025, another downpour broke a 108-year-old daily rainfall record in Central Park, and two men drowned in flooded basements in East Flatbush and Washington Heights.","location":{"name":"New York City","type":"City; combined sewer drainage area","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Deaths at Kingston Ave., East Flatbush (Brooklyn) and West 175th St., Washington Heights (Manhattan)","coordinates":{"lat":40.7128,"lon":-74.006,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Kings","New York","Queens","Bronx","Richmond"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Cloudburst rain exceeds drainage capacity, and below-grade apartments turn that into deadly risk.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"amNY (ref 2) reports two men, 39 and 43, found dead in flooded basements on October 30, 2025.","service":"On October 30 streets and highways became impassable, George Washington Bridge lanes closed and the JFK Expressway was blocked (ref 2).","scale":"Flooding hit all five boroughs, with more than 2 inches in parts of the city (ref 2).","duration":"Two separate extreme-rain events in 2025 (refs 1, 2), following Ida and Henri in 2021 (ref 1): a recurring hazard.","significance":"The Buildings Department issued a partial vacate order for the Kingston Avenue building (ref 2); NYC Emergency Management activated its Flash Flood Emergency Plan (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected-population count is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Central Park recorded 2.07 inches between 6:51 and 7:51 PM on July 14, the second-highest one-hour total ever documented there (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Basement flood deaths, October 30, 2025","value":2,"unit":"deaths","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Central Park one-hour rainfall, July 14, 2025","value":2.07,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"Preliminary, ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"The city compares the July 2025 rate with Ida (3.15 in/hr) and Henri (1.94 in/hr) in 2021 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New York City Emergency Management","role":"Flash flood response"},{"name":"New York City Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Sewer and drainage operator"},{"name":"New York City Department of Buildings","role":"Basement occupancy enforcement"}],"public_contact":"NYC 311; Notify NYC alerts","corrective_actions":["Flash Flood Emergency Plan activations and Notify NYC outreach to basement residents (ref 1).","More than 125 miles of sewers built or upgraded since 2020, Bluebelts and Cloudburst hubs in design (ref 1).","Partial vacate order at the Kingston Avenue building (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City responds to historic rainfall event","publisher":"NYC Emergency Management","date":"2025-07-15","url":"https://www.nyc.gov/site/em/about/press-releases/20250715_pr_nycem-City-Responds-To-Hstoric-Rainfall-Event.page","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Two die in basement flooding amid torrential NYC rainstorm","publisher":"amNY","date":"2025-10-31","url":"https://www.amny.com/news/two-die-in-basement-flooding-amid-torrential-nyc-rainstorm","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NY-NYC-STORMWATER-CAPACITY-2025"]},{"id":"US-NY-NYC-EAST-SIDE-COASTAL-RESILIENCY-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lower Manhattan East Side coastal flood barrier still under construction","description":"The $1.45 billion East Side Coastal Resiliency project is building a 2.4-mile flood barrier of raised parkland, floodwalls and 18 floodgates along Manhattan's East Side to reduce flood risk from coastal storms and sea level rise. The northern section ($163 million) was completed in 2024; the East River Park section ($1.27 billion) is due for substantial completion in 2026, so the neighborhood remains exposed to surge until then.","location":{"name":"East River Park, Lower East Side","type":"Coastal flood protection project area","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Manhattan East Side from Montgomery Street to East 25th Street, New York County","coordinates":{"lat":40.716,"lon":-73.975,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["New York"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The issue is unfinished flood-protection infrastructure against coastal surge and sea level rise.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"NYC DDC (ref 1) describes the project as reducing flood risk from coastal storms and sea level rise; the risk is potential until the barrier is finished.","service":"No current service disruption is documented; East River Park sections were closed for construction and reopened in phases (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The city says ESCR will protect 110,000 New Yorkers (ref 1); DDC's commissioner cited about 128,000 residents (ref 2).","duration":"Construction began in 2020-2021 with substantial completion targeted for 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"A jointly city-federally funded capital program with a $1.4-1.45 billion budget (refs 1, 2); no enforcement action involved."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":110000,"status":"Reported","note":"Residents the city says the project will protect (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The overall ESCR project budget is $1.4 Billion with substantial completion by 2026 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Project budget","value":1450000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2; DDC factsheet lists $1.4 billion across three contracts (ref 1)."},{"name":"Flood barrier length","value":2.4,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Floodgates","value":18,"unit":"gates","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"DDC said the project was on budget and on schedule in September 2024 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New York City Department of Design and Construction","role":"Construction manager"},{"name":"New York City Department of Parks and Recreation","role":"Sponsor agency"}],"public_contact":"NYC 311; project information at nyc.gov/escr","corrective_actions":["Project Area 1 northern section completed in 2024 (ref 1).","East River Park rebuild with floodwalls and floodgates, due 2026 (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"East Side Coastal Resiliency Project Area 2 factsheet","publisher":"NYC Department of Design and Construction","date":"2024-10-01","url":"https://www.nyc.gov/assets/escr/downloads/pdf/ESCR-PA2-Factsheet-Oct-2024.pdf","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"City opens East River Park ballfields and Delancey Street Bridge as next finished steps of East Side Coastal Resiliency project","publisher":"CityLand","date":"2024-09-17","url":"https://citylandnyc.org/city-opens-east-river-park-ballfields-and-delancey-street-bridge-as-next-finished-steps-of-east-side-coastal-resiliency-project","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NY-NYC-STORMWATER-CAPACITY-2025"]},{"id":"US-NY-HUDSON-RIVER-PCB-RECOVERY-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Upper Hudson River PCBs: EPA defers protectiveness call, fish advisories remain","description":"General Electric discharged over 1 million pounds of PCBs into the Hudson River, and dredging of the Upper Hudson ended in 2015. In its third five-year review (draft July 2024, final January 2025) EPA found PCB levels in water and fish are falling overall but said it needs more fish data, deferring a protectiveness decision to an addendum due by the end of 2027. Fish consumption restrictions remain, and Riverkeeper says PCB levels are not declining as promised.","location":{"name":"Upper Hudson River","type":"River segment (Superfund site)","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Hudson Falls and Fort Edward to Troy, plus a lower-river investigation from Troy to the Battery","coordinates":{"lat":43.2668,"lon":-73.5848,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Washington","Saratoga","Rensselaer","Albany"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PCB contamination of river sediment and fish is a surface-water quality problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA (ref 1) says fish consumption restrictions must stay because of PCB risk; Spectrum News (ref 3) cites EPA that over 1 million pounds of PCBs were discharged.","service":"Upper Hudson fishing restrictions and fish advisories stay in place until New York State lifts them (ref 1).","scale":"A 43-mile floodplain study area from Hudson Falls to Troy plus a lower-river investigation to the Battery (ref 1).","duration":"Dredging ended in 2015; EPA expects recovery over more than 50 years and will not decide protectiveness before an addendum due by 2027 (ref 1).","significance":"Superfund remedy under a 2002 Record of Decision with GE (ref 1); final third five-year review issued January 2025 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No exposed-population count is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"EPA needs more years of fish data to determine if the cleanup is meeting the expectations of the original cleanup plan; addendum expected no later than the end of 2027 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Sediment targeted by 2002 cleanup plan","value":2.7,"unit":"million cubic yards","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Floodplain study length","value":43,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Hudson Falls to Troy (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"EPA reports overall declines with uneven patterns of recovery in fish (ref 1); Riverkeeper disputes the pace (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 2","role":"Superfund lead agency"},{"name":"General Electric Company","role":"Responsible party performing cleanup"},{"name":"New York State Department of Health","role":"Fish consumption advisories"}],"public_contact":"EPA Region 2 Hudson River Field Office, 187 Wolf Road, Suite 303, Albany, NY 12205","corrective_actions":["Expanded monitoring and special studies proposed in the five-year review (ref 1).","Floodplain study, Hudson Falls structure deconstruction and a lower-Hudson investigation under a GE agreement (ref 1).","Next sediment sampling in 2026 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA invites public comment on review that shows progress and need for more data after historic Hudson River PCB cleanup","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2024-07-10","url":"https://epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-07/news-release_epa-invites-public-comment-on-review-that-shows-progress-and-need-for-more-data-after-historic-hudson-river-pcb-cleanup_.pdf","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Hudson River PCBs Superfund site","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-09-08","url":"https://www.epa.gov/hudsonriverpcbs","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Hudson River PCB cleanup","publisher":"Spectrum News","date":"2024-10-10","url":"https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nys/central-ny/news/2024/10/10/hudson-river-pcb-cleanup","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA Finalizes Review of Upper Hudson PCB Cleanup after Considering Public Comment; Agency Will Issue Report Addendum by 2027","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 2","date":"2025-01-16","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2025-01/hudson_final3rdfyr_newsrelease_011625_0.pdf","basis":"Federal Superfund release"},{"ref":5,"title":"Environmental groups condemn EPA review on Hudson River PCBs","publisher":"DredgeWire","date":"2025-01-27","url":"https://dredgewire.com/environmental-groups-condemn-epa-review-on-hudson-river-pcbs/","basis":"Trade news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass); merged overlapping record US-NY-HUDSON-RIVER-PCBS-GE-REVIEW-2025 (sources ref 4, 5)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NY-GOWANUS-CANAL-SUPERFUND-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Gowanus Canal Superfund cleanup moves to middle segment; sewer overflow tanks due 2028-29","description":"The Gowanus Canal in Brooklyn holds high levels of PAHs, PCBs and heavy metals including mercury, lead and copper. EPA amended its cleanup order in June 2024 to cover the canal's middle segment, estimated at $369 million, after upper-segment dredging that began in 2020. The city is building 8-million- and 4-million-gallon combined sewer overflow tanks to keep sewage solids from recontaminating the canal, with operation targeted for 2028 and 2029.","location":{"name":"Gowanus Canal","type":"Urban canal (Superfund site)","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Brooklyn, Kings County","coordinates":{"lat":40.676,"lon":-73.991,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Kings"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Toxic sediment and sewage overflows degrade a tidal urban waterway.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA (ref 1) lists more than a dozen contaminants at high levels, including PAHs, PCBs, mercury, lead and copper, and mobile liquid tar in deep sediment.","service":"No drinking-water or service disruption is documented for the canal.","scale":"One urban canal and its surrounding Brooklyn neighborhood (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Designated in 2010; cleanup plan 2013; dredging since 2020 with RTA 2 taking several years and RTA 3 still to follow (refs 1, 2).","significance":"EPA amended Superfund cleanup order of June 27, 2024 to six parties including National Grid and the City of New York (ref 1); 2021 EPA order sets tank deadlines (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No exposed-population count is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Full-scale dredging and capping of RTA 2 is estimated at $369 million (ref 1); the full plan including CSO controls exceeds $2 billion (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"RTA 2 cleanup cost estimate","value":369000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Sediment to be removed (EPA plan)","value":581000,"unit":"cubic yards","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Red Hook CSO tank capacity","value":8,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Red Hook tank excavation finished ahead of schedule in March 2025 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 2","role":"Superfund lead agency"},{"name":"New York City Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Responsible party; CSO tank builder"},{"name":"National Grid (Brooklyn Union Gas)","role":"Responsible party"}],"public_contact":"EPA Region 2 public affairs, 290 Broadway, New York, NY 10007","corrective_actions":["RTA 1 dredging and capping since late 2020; RTA 2 access dredging and bulkheads from June 2024 (ref 1).","Red Hook (8 million gallons) and Owls Head (4 million gallons) CSO tanks under construction (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA reaches new milestone in cleanup of Gowanus Canal Superfund site","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2024-07-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-reaches-new-milestone-cleanup-gowanus-canal-superfund-site-cleanup","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Gowanus Canal cleanup advances with excavation for Red Hook tank","publisher":"6sqft","date":"2025-03-31","url":"https://www.6sqft.com/gowanus-canal-cleanup-advances-with-excavation-for-red-hook-tank/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NY-GOWANUS-CSO-TANKS-DELAY-2024"]},{"id":"US-NY-NEWTOWN-CREEK-SUPERFUND-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Newtown Creek Superfund: early East Branch cleanup approved as full plan slips","description":"Newtown Creek, a 3.8-mile Superfund site between Brooklyn and Queens, has sediment contaminated with PAHs, PCBs, dioxins and heavy metals. In January 2025 EPA approved an interim early action for the East Branch, estimated at nearly a quarter of a billion dollars, while the comprehensive cleanup is still years away; local reporting in 2022 said the full-creek cleanup had slipped to 2032.","location":{"name":"Newtown Creek","type":"Urban tidal creek (Superfund site)","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Border of Brooklyn (Kings) and Queens counties","coordinates":{"lat":40.736,"lon":-73.929,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Kings","Queens"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Industrial contamination of creek sediment is a surface-water quality problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPA (ref 1) documents PAHs, PCBs, dioxins and heavy metals in creek sediment.","service":"No drinking-water or service disruption is documented.","scale":"A 3.8-mile urban creek and its tributaries (ref 1).","duration":"Designated Superfund in 2010 (ref 2); the comprehensive cleanup 'is expected to take several more years' (ref 1).","significance":"Superfund Record of Decision for the East Branch early action, January 2025 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No exposed-population count is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"EPA's early action for the East Branch is estimated to cost nearly a quarter of a billion dollars (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Superfund site length","value":3.8,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Early action approved in 2025, but the full remedy is delayed (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 2","role":"Superfund lead agency"}],"public_contact":"EPA Region 2 public affairs, 290 Broadway, New York, NY 10007","corrective_actions":["Interim East Branch dredging, deeper targeted dredging, in-place stabilization and sealed bulkheads (ref 1).","Comprehensive remedial investigation continuing (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA will take early action to clean up East Branch portion of Newtown Creek Superfund site","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2025-01-17","url":"https://epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-will-take-early-action-clean-east-branch-portion-newtown-creek-superfund-site","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Clean-up of Newtown Creek Superfund site pushed back until 2032","publisher":"Greenpointers","date":"2022-12-06","url":"https://greenpointers.com/?p=131218","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NY-STATEWIDE-HAB-BEACH-CLOSURES-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Harmful algal blooms closed New York beaches 97 times in 2025","description":"New York State Department of Health data show harmful blue-green algal blooms closed 57 beaches 97 times across 25 counties in 2025, for 1,290 lost beach days, with the most in Putnam (350) and Westchester (185) counties and closures on Chautauqua, Cayuga, Seneca, Keuka and Oneida lakes and Lake Champlain. Cayuga Lake's first bloom of 2026 was the earliest on record, and DEC launched a $2.5 million research program in May 2026.","location":{"name":"New York lakes and ponds","type":"Statewide freshwater lakes","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"25 counties with HAB beach closures in 2025","coordinates":{"lat":42.9,"lon":-75.5,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Putnam","Westchester","Chautauqua","Tompkins","Cayuga","Seneca","Yates","Onondaga","Clinton","Essex"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nutrient-fed cyanobacteria blooms degrade lake water quality and force swimming closures.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"NYSDOH (ref 1) closes a bathing beach whenever a bloom is present, regardless of toxins, until testing shows toxins below a level of concern: a potential health risk.","service":"57 beaches were closed 97 times in 2025, for 1,290 lost beach days (ref 1).","scale":"Closures occurred in 25 counties statewide (ref 1).","duration":"Blooms recur every season; DEC reports typically peak in August and September (ref 2), and Cayuga Lake's 2026 bloom came earliest on record (ref 3).","significance":"Formal state beach closures under NYSDOH rules (ref 1); state HAB program with more than $530 million in nutrient grants (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"2025: 97 beach closures, 57 beaches, 1,290 lost beach days across 25 counties (sum of county rows, ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Lost beach days, 2025","value":1290,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"Sum of NYSDOH county rows (ref 1)."},{"name":"Beach closure events, 2025","value":97,"unit":"closures","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Chautauqua Lake lost beach days, 2025","value":86,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"DEC HAB research program","value":2500000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Announced May 2026 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Cayuga Lake's first 2026 bloom was the earliest on record (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"HAB monitoring and nutrient programs"},{"name":"New York State Department of Health","role":"Beach closures and health guidance"}],"public_contact":"DEC NYHABS online reporting form; NYSDOH Bureau of Water Supply Protection, (518) 402-7650","corrective_actions":["NYHABS online notification and reporting system (ref 2).","$102 million in WQIP and NPG awards to 53 nutrient-reduction projects (ref 2).","$2.5 million DEC research program on bloom causes (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Harmful blue-green algae bloom-related beach closure summary (2025 summary data)","publisher":"New York State Department of Health","date":null,"url":"https://healthweb-back.health.ny.gov/environmental/water/drinking/bluegreenalgae/beachdata.htm","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":2,"title":"DEC announces start of 2025 NYHABS online notification and reporting system for harmful algal blooms","publisher":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","date":"2025-05-23","url":"https://dec.ny.gov/news/press-releases/2025/5/dec-announces-start-of-2025-nyhabs-online-notification-and-reporting-system-for-harmful-algal-blooms","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"New York DEC launches research program on harmful algal blooms","publisher":"Spectrum News","date":"2026-05-07","url":"https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nys/central-ny/environment/2026/05/07/new-york-dec-research-program-harmful-algal-blooms","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NY-LONG-ISLAND-BAYS-HYPOXIA-HABS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Long Island south shore and Peconic bays: record dead zones, toxic blooms, fish kills","description":"Stony Brook University monitoring found dissolved oxygen below 3 mg/L in a record 36 Long Island water bodies in 2024, six fish kills in South Shore creeks and ponds, and a Dinophysis bloom of 60 million cells per liter in Reeves Bay. In 2025 nearly three dozen locations were hypoxic and five areas, including three Southold water bodies and the western half of Shinnecock Bay, were closed to shellfishing for paralytic shellfish poisoning. Researchers attribute the problem mainly to septic-system nitrogen.","location":{"name":"Long Island south shore and Peconic bays","type":"Coastal bays and estuaries","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Great South Bay, Shinnecock Bay, Mecox Bay, Reeves Bay and Peconic Estuary; Suffolk County (excludes Long Island Sound)","coordinates":{"lat":40.917,"lon":-72.662,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":2},"counties":["Suffolk","Nassau"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nitrogen loading drives hypoxia and harmful algal blooms in coastal bays.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Newsday via CCE (ref 1) reports six 2024 fish kills, including Watchogue Creek, Mill Pond in Water Mill and Mecox Bay, all where oxygen was below 3 mg/L.","service":"Five locations closed to shellfishing in 2025 due to Alexandrium blooms, one with lethal toxin levels (ref 2).","scale":"36 hypoxic water bodies in 2024 (ref 1) and nearly three dozen in 2025 across Long Island (ref 2).","duration":"Hypoxic water bodies rose from 30 in 2023 to 36 in 2024 (ref 1) and stayed near three dozen in 2025 (ref 2).","significance":"DEC proactively closed shellfish areas for PSP in 2025 (ref 2); bays fail state and federal water quality standards (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"36 water bodies had dissolved oxygen below 3 mg/L in summer 2024, a record for Long Island (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Hypoxic water bodies, 2024","value":36,"unit":"water bodies","status":"Reported","note":"Up from 30 in 2023 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Fish kills, 2024","value":6,"unit":"events","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Shellfish areas closed for PSP, 2025","value":5,"unit":"areas","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Record hypoxia count in 2024 and PSP closures returned in 2025 after none in 2024 (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"Shellfish closures and water quality"},{"name":"Suffolk County","role":"Septic Improvement Program"}],"public_contact":"DEC Shellfish Sanitation hotline (Region 1), (631) 444-0480","corrective_actions":["Suffolk plan to replace about 360,000 cesspools and septic systems over 35 years, funded partly by a voter-approved sales tax surcharge (ref 2).","County grants up to $20,000 plus up to $25,000 in state funding per septic upgrade (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Algal blooms, oxygen-depleted zones affected Long Island waters in 2024, report says (Newsday, republished by CCE)","publisher":"Newsday / Citizens Campaign for the Environment","date":"2024-10-23","url":"https://www.citizenscampaign.org/whats-new-at-cce/2024/11/4/algal-blooms-oxygen-depleted-zones-affected-long-island-waters-in-2024-report-says","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Dozens of Long Island water bodies are impaired, but scientists see hope in septic upgrades, aquaculture","publisher":"RiverheadLOCAL","date":"2026-04-21","url":"https://riverheadlocal.com/2026/04/21/dozens-of-long-island-water-bodies-are-impaired-but-scientists-see-hope-in-septic-upgrades-aquaculture/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-CT-NY-LONG-ISLAND-SOUND-HYPOXIA-2025"]},{"id":"US-NY-ISCHUA-CREEK-FISH-KILL-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Ischua Creek fish kill traced to Great Lakes Cheese effluent in Franklinville","description":"In late August 2025, DEC documented tens of thousands of fish, amphibians, reptiles and other animals killed in Ischua Creek below Franklinville (Cattaraugus County). DEC found effluent from the Great Lakes Cheese plant likely responsible: lab results showed low dissolved oxygen and toxic nitrite and ammonia levels. The plant paused its discharge, DEC required operational fixes, and the public was told to avoid all contact with the creek downstream of Franklinville until further notice.","location":{"name":"Ischua Creek below Franklinville","type":"Stream segment","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Village of Franklinville, Cattaraugus County","coordinates":{"lat":42.337,"lon":-78.457,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Cattaraugus"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"An organic industrial discharge depleted oxygen and poisoned a stream.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Outdoor News (ref 3) reports DEC documented tens of thousands of fish, amphibians, reptiles and other species affected, with nitrite and ammonia at levels toxic to aquatic life.","service":"DEC and DOH advised avoiding all contact downstream of Franklinville, including fishing, boating and swimming (ref 1); private wells were evaluated (ref 1).","scale":"Impacts are limited to Ischua Creek downstream of the discharge (ref 3).","duration":"The kill began about August 26, 2025 and the advisory remained 'until further notice' in mid-September (refs 1, 3).","significance":"DEC directed the facility on August 31 to take immediate action and is requiring operational improvements (refs 2, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported; downstream private wells were evaluated (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"DEC has documented tens of thousands of fish, amphibians, reptiles, and other species impacted (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Animals killed","value":null,"unit":"animals","status":"Not reported","note":"Described only as 'tens of thousands' (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event; discharge paused August 29-31, 2025 (refs 2, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"Investigation and enforcement"},{"name":"New York State Department of Health","role":"Health advisory and well sampling"},{"name":"Great Lakes Cheese (Franklinville facility)","role":"Discharger"}],"public_contact":"DEC Region 9 Fisheries, fwfish9@dec.ny.gov","corrective_actions":["Great Lakes Cheese paused its discharge to the creek (refs 2, 3).","DEC requiring operational improvements, better digester operation and enhanced monitoring (ref 3).","DOH and Cattaraugus County sampling downstream private wells (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DEC investigating environmental impacts to Ischua Creek in Cattaraugus County","publisher":"New York State Department of Health / DEC","date":"2025-08-28","url":"https://healthweb-back.health.ny.gov/press/releases/2025/2025-08-28_ischua_creek_investigation.htm","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Miles of dead fish","publisher":"Post-Journal","date":"2025-09-05","url":"https://www.post-journal.com/sports/local-sports/2025/09/miles-of-dead-fish/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Ischua Creek fish die-off update","publisher":"Outdoor News","date":"2025-09-15","url":"https://www.outdoornews.com/?p=460300","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NY-ONONDAGA-LAKE-MERCURY-RESTORATION-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Onondaga Lake mercury legacy: restoration land returned to Onondaga Nation","description":"Industrial plants released mercury and other hazardous substances into Onondaga Lake near Syracuse from 1881 to 1986, harming the lake, its tributaries and wetlands. Under a 2018 natural resource damage settlement with Honeywell, more than 1,000 acres in the Tully Valley, including the headwaters of Onondaga Creek, were transferred to the Onondaga Nation in September 2024 for restoration and stewardship.","location":{"name":"Onondaga Lake","type":"Lake (Superfund site) and watershed","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Syracuse area and Tully Valley, Onondaga County","coordinates":{"lat":43.09,"lon":-76.2,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":2},"counties":["Onondaga"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legacy industrial mercury contaminated lake water, sediment and wildlife.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"USFWS (ref 2) says mercury and other hazardous substances harmed surface water, sediments and wildlife in the lake, tributaries and wetlands.","service":"No current service disruption is documented in the cited sources.","scale":"One lake and its watershed near Syracuse (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Releases ran from 1881 to 1986 (ref 2); Honeywell must still carry out 18 restoration projects under the settlement (ref 3).","significance":"2018 natural resource damage settlement among Interior, New York State, Honeywell and Onondaga County (ref 2); land transferred under a federal Superfund settlement (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The settlement preserved 1,023 acres in the Tully Valley within the Onondaga Nation's ancestral territory (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Acres transferred to the Onondaga Nation","value":1023,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Years of industrial releases","value":105,"unit":"years","status":"Estimated","note":"1881 to 1986 per ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Restoration projects under the 2018 settlement are under way (refs 2, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Honeywell International","role":"Responsible party"},{"name":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","role":"Natural resource trustee"},{"name":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"Natural resource trustee"},{"name":"Onondaga Nation","role":"Land steward"}],"public_contact":"DEC Region 7, (315) 426-7400","corrective_actions":["Transfer of Tully Valley land at the Onondaga Creek headwaters to the Onondaga Nation (refs 1, 2).","Honeywell to implement 18 restoration projects and pay more than $5 million toward additional Onondaga Lake watershed restoration (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Onondaga Nation receives 1,000 acres of ancestral land as part of Onondaga Lake cleanup deal","publisher":"WRVO Public Media (Associated Press)","date":"2024-09-30","url":"https://www.wrvo.org/regional-news/2024-09-30/onondaga-nation-receives-1-000-acres-of-ancestral-land-as-part-of-onondaga-lake-cleanup-deal","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"One small step: more than 1,000 acres returned to Onondaga Nation","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","date":"2024-11-22","url":"https://fws.gov/story/2024-11/one-small-step-more-1000-acres-returned-onondaga-nation","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Secretary Haaland applauds return of traditional homelands to Onondaga Nation","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior","date":"2022-06-29","url":"https://doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-haaland-applauds-return-traditional-homelands-onondaga-nation","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NY-INDIAN-POINT-HOLTEC-WASTEWATER-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Indian Point decommissioning: dispute over releasing wastewater into the Hudson","description":"Holtec, which is decommissioning the Indian Point nuclear plant in Buchanan, planned to release about 1 million gallons of wastewater into the Hudson River, and New York's 2023 law (S6893/A7208) barred such discharges. Holtec sued in April 2024; on September 24, 2025 a federal judge ruled the state law preempted by federal law, and the Attorney General filed an appeal to the Second Circuit on October 20, 2025.","location":{"name":"Indian Point Energy Center, Hudson River","type":"Decommissioning nuclear plant on a tidal river segment","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Village of Buchanan, Town of Cortlandt, Westchester County; Hudson River shared with Rockland County","coordinates":{"lat":41.2697,"lon":-73.9522,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Westchester","Rockland"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The dispute concerns whether a planned radiological wastewater discharge may reach the Hudson River.","secondary_drivers":["nuclear decommissioning","federal preemption litigation"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Holtec planned to release about 1 million gallons of plant wastewater into the Hudson (ref 2); its 2023 discharges were reported well below federal standards (ref 1), so harm is potential.","service":"No drinking-water notice or service restriction is tied to the Indian Point discharge plan in the cited DPS and News 12 pages (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The planned release would enter the lower Hudson shared by Westchester and Rockland communities whose officials oppose it (ref 2).","duration":"The conflict runs from the 2023 state law through Holtec's April 2024 suit and the October 2025 appeal (ref 1).","significance":"A federal court opinion of September 24, 2025 in case 7:24-cv-02929 and a state notice of appeal to the Second Circuit (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure is given for the affected Hudson River communities."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Holtec planned to release about 1 million gallons of wastewater into the Hudson River; the 2023 state law blocking it was ruled preempted on September 24, 2025 and is on appeal."},"measures":[{"name":"planned_discharge_volume","value":1000000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"News 12 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"State law struck down in 2025; appeal pending."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Holtec Decommissioning International","role":"Plant owner and decommissioning operator"},{"name":"U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission","role":"Federal radiological regulator"},{"name":"New York State Office of the Attorney General","role":"Defending the 2023 state law on appeal"},{"name":"Indian Point Decommissioning Oversight Board","role":"State oversight board"}],"public_contact":"Indian Point Decommissioning Oversight Board materials are posted on the NYS Department of Public Service website (dps.ny.gov); PSC Secretary, Three Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12223-1350.","corrective_actions":["New York enacted S6893/A7208 in 2023 to bar radiological wastewater discharges from decommissioning sites into the Hudson.","Attorney General filed a notice of appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit on October 20, 2025."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Announcement: Indian Point Update","publisher":"NYS Department of Public Service","date":"2025-10-20","url":"https://dps.ny.gov/node/1621","basis":"State oversight board record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Activists look to Gov. Hochul after Indian Point wastewater court decision","publisher":"News 12 Westchester","date":"2025-09-29","url":"https://westchester.news12.com/activists-look-to-gov-hochul-after-indian-point-wastewater-court-decision","basis":"Regional news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NY-GREENIDGE-SENECA-LAKE-INTAKE-DISCHARGE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Greenidge Generation cryptomining plant on Seneca Lake: permit fight and water concerns","description":"Greenidge Generation, a 106-108 MW gas plant on Seneca Lake's western shore used for bitcoin mining, fought the DEC's 2022 denial of its Title V air permit until a November 2025 agreement requiring emission cuts. Opponents say the plant can withdraw up to 139 million gallons of lake water a day and returns heated discharge to a lake that supplies drinking water to over 100,000 people; the cited coverage does not resolve those water claims.","location":{"name":"Greenidge Generation, Seneca Lake","type":"Power plant and cryptocurrency mining facility on a lake","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Town of Torrey (Dresden), Yates County, on the Keuka Lake Outlet and Seneca Lake","coordinates":{"lat":42.6837,"lon":-76.9566,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Yates"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Water concerns center on the plant's lake withdrawals and heated discharge to Seneca Lake.","secondary_drivers":["cryptocurrency mining load","once-through cooling"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Seneca Lake Guardian says Greenidge may withdraw up to 139 million gallons a day and critics allege thermal discharge pollution (ref 1); these are advocates' claims, so harm is scored as potential.","service":"Neither the Rochester Beacon nor Spectrum News reports any water-service restriction linked to Greenidge (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Advocates note Seneca Lake is a drinking-water source for over 100,000 people (ref 1); the facility itself is a single site.","duration":"The permit dispute began with DEC's 2022 denial and ran through the November 2025 agreement (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Years of litigation, a 2024 court annulment of DEC's denial and a binding November 2025 DEC agreement (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Advocates cite over 100,000 people who drink Seneca Lake water (ref 1); no affected population is established."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Critics say Greenidge is allowed to withdraw up to 139 million gallons of Seneca Lake water every day; the November 2025 DEC agreement covers air emissions (44% cut in potential emissions)."},"measures":[{"name":"claimed_max_withdrawal","value":139,"unit":"million gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Advocate's statement quoted by Rochester Beacon (ref 1), not a regulator figure."},{"name":"potential_emissions_cut","value":44,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Over the five-year agreement (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Greenidge Generation LLC","role":"Facility operator"},{"name":"NYS Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"Air and water permitting agency"}],"public_contact":"Not reported","corrective_actions":["DEC and Greenidge signed a binding agreement in November 2025 requiring a 44% cut in potential emissions; a permit modification will go to public comment."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DEC signs agreement with Greenidge, ends legal battle","publisher":"Rochester Beacon","date":"2025-11-11","url":"https://rochesterbeacon.com/2025/11/11/dec-signs-agreement-with-greenidge-ends-legal-battle/","basis":"Regional news"},{"ref":2,"title":"Greenidge and DEC reach deal","publisher":"Spectrum News 1","date":"2025-11-11","url":"https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nys/central-ny/politics/2025/11/12/greenidge-and-dec-reach-deal-","basis":"Regional news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["water_permit_status","public_contact"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NY-OCWA-MICRON-WATER-DEMAND-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Micron Clay megafab drives Lake Ontario water expansion for Onondaga County Water Authority","description":"Micron estimates its four-fab chip complex in Clay will need up to 48 million gallons of water a day by 2043, up from an initial 20 MGD estimate. Expanding OCWA's Lake Ontario system was estimated at $625 million, and OCWA now projects regional demand could reach 60 MGD by 2037, against average demand of 18 MGD today.","location":{"name":"Onondaga County Water Authority (OCWA)","type":"Public water authority service area","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Town of Clay, Onondaga County, supplied from Lake Ontario via Oswego intake and pumping","coordinates":{"lat":43.1859,"lon":-76.1727,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Onondaga","Oswego"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"NY3304336"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"New industrial demand requires new intake, pumping and transmission capacity and raises cost-allocation questions for ratepayers.","secondary_drivers":["semiconductor manufacturing demand","capital financing"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No contamination or health effect is reported; the Micron issue is demand and capacity (refs 2, 3).","service":"OCWA's Lake Ontario system is being upgraded ahead of demand with no service restriction reported (ref 3).","scale":"OCWA serves 350,000 people per SDWIS (ref 4), and the expansion affects the whole Lake Ontario supply system (ref 3).","duration":"Micron's water needs build through 2043 and OCWA projects demand to 2037 (refs 1, 3).","significance":"The 48 MGD figure comes from Micron's planning disclosures and a $625 million bond-financed expansion was estimated (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":350000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by OCWA per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Micron says it will need up to 48 million gallons of water a day when its four fabs are complete in 2043; OCWA projects demand could reach 60 MGD by 2037 versus 18 MGD average today."},"measures":[{"name":"micron_buildout_demand","value":48,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"ocwa_projected_demand_2037","value":60,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"ocwa_average_demand","value":18,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"estimated_expansion_cost","value":625000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Syracuse.com estimate reposted by NY Rural Water (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Estimated $625 million bond-financed expansion","Reported risk of household bills rising from about $317 to $507 a year without outside funding (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Demand projections have risen from 20 MGD to 48 MGD for Micron and to 60 MGD region-wide."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Onondaga County Water Authority","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"Micron Technology","role":"Industrial customer"}],"public_contact":"Not reported","corrective_actions":["OCWA is installing larger pumps in Oswego to draw and store more Lake Ontario water (ref 3).","A second, parallel 54-inch transmission line from Lake Ontario to Clay has been planned (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Micron estimates needing up to 48 million gallons of water a day","publisher":"WRVO/WXXI News","date":"2023-08-02","url":"https://www.wxxinews.org/local-news/2023-08-02/micron-estimates-needing-up-to-48-million-gallons-of-water-a-day-aiming-to-achieve-100-water-conse","basis":"Regional public radio"},{"ref":2,"title":"It could cost $625 million to bring water from Lake Ontario to Micron (syracuse.com, reposted)","publisher":"New York Rural Water Association","date":null,"url":"https://nyruralwater.org/node/3557","basis":"Trade association news repost"},{"ref":3,"title":"Onondaga County Water Authority upgrades Lake Ontario system ahead of Micron demand","publisher":"CNY Central","date":"2026-08-18","url":"https://cnycentral.com/news/local/onondaga-county-water-authority-upgrades-lake-ontario-system-ahead-of-micron-demand","basis":"Regional news"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: OCWA","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/OCWA/JSON","basis":"Federal drinking-water system inventory","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["sources.ref2.date (undated repost)","public_contact"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NY-STAMP-TONAWANDA-SENECA-WATER-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"STAMP industrial park: Tonawanda Seneca Nation fights wastewater plans and data center","description":"The Genesee County EDC's STAMP site in Alabama, NY plans a 9.5-mile pipeline to discharge up to 6 million gallons a day of treated wastewater to phosphorus-impaired Oak Orchard Creek, which the Tonawanda Seneca Nation challenged before DEC. In July 2025 the Nation and Sierra Club sued over a subsidized Stream data center at STAMP; the project was withdrawn, and a larger 500 MW proposal followed in late 2025.","location":{"name":"STAMP site and Oak Orchard Creek","type":"Industrial park adjoining tribal territory and an impaired creek","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Town of Alabama, Genesee County, abutting Tonawanda Seneca Nation territory; Oak Orchard Creek flows through Orleans County to Lake Ontario","coordinates":{"lat":43.0962,"lon":-78.3903,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Genesee","Orleans"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["other","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The dispute centers on industrial wastewater discharge to an impaired creek and data-center development next to tribal land.","secondary_drivers":["data-center development","tribal sovereignty","phosphorus impairment"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Oak Orchard Creek has been listed as phosphorus-impaired since at least 1998 and STAMP's discharge would likely add phosphorus, according to experts (ref 1).","service":"No drinking-water service effect is reported for the STAMP wastewater or data-center plans (refs 1-3).","scale":"The issue affects the Tonawanda Seneca Nation, whose territory abuts the site, and the Oak Orchard Creek watershed (refs 1, 3).","duration":"Permit objections date to 2022-2023 and the data-center fight continued through December 2025 (refs 1, 3).","significance":"The Nation and Sierra Club filed a SEQRA lawsuit in Genesee County Supreme Court on July 1, 2025 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure is given for the Tonawanda Seneca Nation or downstream users."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"STAMP plans to discharge up to 6 million gallons a day to Oak Orchard Creek (1 million currently permitted), a waterway listed as impaired by phosphorus."},"measures":[{"name":"planned_discharge","value":6,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"permitted_discharge","value":1,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"data_center_sanitary_wastewater","value":20000,"unit":"gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Revised 500 MW proposal (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Genesee County Economic Development Center","role":"STAMP developer and SEQRA lead agency"},{"name":"NYS Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"Wastewater discharge permitting agency"},{"name":"Tonawanda Seneca Nation","role":"Adjoining sovereign nation and petitioner"}],"public_contact":"Not reported","corrective_actions":["Stream withdrew its first data-center proposal and GCEDC rescinded the related approvals in September 2025 (ref 3).","The Nation has asked DEC to replace GCEDC as SEQRA lead agency for the revised proposal (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Wastewater from industrial park could violate federal law","publisher":"Investigative Post","date":"2023-10-04","url":"https://investigativepost.org/2023/09/18/wastewater-from-industrial-park-could-violate-federal-law/","basis":"Investigative news"},{"ref":2,"title":"Tonawanda Seneca Nation, Sierra Club sue to stop massive data center at STAMP","publisher":"Orleans Hub","date":"2025-07-01","url":"https://orleanshub.com/?p=227301","basis":"Regional news"},{"ref":3,"title":"Allies of Tonawanda Seneca Nation strongly oppose 'monstrous data center' proposed for STAMP","publisher":"Orleans Hub","date":"2025-12-16","url":"https://orleanshub.com/?p=236824","basis":"Regional news (advocacy release)"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["public_contact"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NY-COAL-ASH-GROUNDWATER-STATEWIDE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"New York coal ash sites: groundwater above health-based levels at every monitored plant","description":"Earthjustice's September 2025 analysis of utilities' federal monitoring data finds groundwater contamination above federal health-based guidelines at all New York coal plants with data, including boron at 69 times the guideline at AES Somerset and thallium at 11 times at C.R. Huntley. It also says owners of five other plants reported no coal ash ponds despite likely legacy ponds now covered by EPA's 2024 rule.","location":{"name":"New York coal ash disposal sites","type":"Statewide set of power-plant coal ash landfills and ponds","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"AES Cayuga (Tompkins), AES Greenidge (Yates), AES Somerset (Niagara), C.R. Huntley (Erie), Dunkirk (Chautauqua), Lockwood (Yates) and others","coordinates":{"lat":42.9538,"lon":-75.5268,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Tompkins","Yates","Niagara","Erie","Chautauqua"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Coal combustion residuals at power-plant landfills and ponds are leaching metals into groundwater.","secondary_drivers":["coal combustion residuals","plant retirements"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Monitoring shows boron at 69x, lithium at 28x and thallium at 11x federal health-based guidelines at named NY plants (ref 1).","service":"Earthjustice's NY page names no public water system that lost service because of coal ash (ref 1).","scale":"Six named coal ash sites across five western and central NY counties exceed guidelines (ref 1).","duration":"The contamination is from long-operating disposal sites, several at plants that have since retired (ref 1).","significance":"Sites fall under EPA's 2015 coal ash rule and its 2024 legacy rule, and Earthjustice says some owners may be out of compliance on reporting (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No exposed population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Groundwater at AES Somerset shows boron at 69 times the federal health-based guideline; contamination exceeds guidelines at all New York plants with data."},"measures":[{"name":"somerset_boron_exceedance","value":69,"unit":"times guideline","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"huntley_thallium_exceedance","value":11,"unit":"times guideline","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"cayuga_lithium_exceedance","value":28,"unit":"times guideline","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Federal coal ash rule"},{"name":"NYS Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"State solid waste and groundwater regulator"},{"name":"AES and NRG plant owners","role":"Site owners"}],"public_contact":"Not reported","corrective_actions":["EPA's 2024 Legacy Coal Ash Rule extends monitoring and cleanup to older landfills and ponds, about 13 of them in New York per Earthjustice."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Toxic Coal Ash in New York: Addressing Coal Plants' Hazardous Legacy","publisher":"Earthjustice","date":"2025-09-03","url":"https://earthjustice.org/feature/coal-ash-states/new-york","basis":"Environmental law organization analysis of utility monitoring data"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["public_contact"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NY-LANDFILL-LEACHATE-PFAS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Landfill leachate carrying PFAS sent untreated through New York sewage plants","description":"A January 2025 report found 24 landfills sending leachate to 14 wastewater plants in the Mohawk and Hudson estuary watersheds, about 89 million gallons with no treatment for PFAS or 1,4-dioxane. Seneca Meadows, the state's largest landfill, shipped 24.1 million gallons to Buffalo's Bird Island plant in 2024, which a DEC white paper says is not equipped to remove PFAS.","location":{"name":"NY landfills and receiving sewage plants","type":"Statewide landfill leachate disposal network","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Mohawk River and Hudson River Estuary watersheds; Seneca Meadows (Seneca Falls, Seneca County) to Bird Island WWTP (Buffalo) and Amsterdam","coordinates":{"lat":42.9106,"lon":-76.7966,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Seneca","Erie","Montgomery"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS-laden landfill leachate passes through sewage plants not built to remove it and reaches rivers.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS","solid waste disposal","pass-through at sewage plants"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DEC found PFOA and PFOS above the state drinking-water standard in groundwater at 68% of tested closed landfills (ref 1).","service":"Waste Dive and WROC report no water-service restriction tied to leachate disposal (refs 1, 2).","scale":"24 landfills send leachate to 14 sewage plants across two major watersheds, plus Seneca Meadows shipments to Buffalo (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Leachate flows are ongoing; Seneca Meadows has shipped to Amsterdam since late 2023 and to Bird Island through 2024 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Environmental groups petitioned DEC in January 2025 for rulemaking and DEC said a PFAS treatment mechanism was expected in 2025 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 89 million gallons of landfill leachate reached the Mohawk and Hudson estuary watersheds without treatment for PFAS or 1,4-dioxane."},"measures":[{"name":"untreated_leachate_volume","value":89000000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"seneca_meadows_leachate_to_bird_island_2024","value":24091521,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NYS Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"Solid waste and SPDES regulator"},{"name":"Waste Connections (Seneca Meadows)","role":"Landfill operator"}],"public_contact":"Not reported","corrective_actions":["Waste Connections treated 37.4% of its leachate on site in 2023 and targets at least 50% by 2033 (ref 1).","Seneca Meadows spent more than $10.1 million treating 57.4 million gallons of wastewater in 2024 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Environmental groups urge New York DEC to tighten landfill leachate treatment","publisher":"Waste Dive","date":"2025-01-23","url":"https://www.wastedive.com/news/new-york-dec-landfill-leachate-treatment-rule/738108/","basis":"Trade news"},{"ref":2,"title":"Report: Seneca Meadows nears capacity as PFAS waste sent to Buffalo","publisher":"WROC News 8 (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-07-17","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/report-seneca-meadows-nears-capacity-224110048.html","basis":"Regional news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["public_contact"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NY-NYC-WATER-RATES-LIEN-SALE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"New York City water and sewer rates keep rising as the lien sale returns","description":"NYC DEP proposed a 3.7% water and sewer rate increase for FY2026, taking a typical single-family bill from $1,181 to $1,224 a year, and cited the reinstated lien sale, which collected over $130 million after warning notices. For FY2027 DEP proposed a further 6.0% increase, about $73 a year for an average single-family home, drawing opposition from Brooklyn and Staten Island lawmakers.","location":{"name":"New York City water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Five boroughs of New York City; rates set by the NYC Water Board","coordinates":{"lat":40.7128,"lon":-74.006,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["New York","Kings","Queens","Bronx","Richmond"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"NY7003493"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Recurring rate increases and lien-based collections bear on household affordability.","secondary_drivers":["capital program costs","rental payments to the city","arrears collection"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DEP's rate notice reports no health effect; the issue is bill burden (ref 1).","service":"DEP sent pre-sale warning and lien sale notices to delinquent accounts and collected over $130 million (ref 1).","scale":"The system serves 8,271,000 people per SDWIS (ref 3); DEP says relief programs reach nearly a third of 3.38 million households (ref 2).","duration":"Increases were proposed for FY2026 and again for FY2027 (6.0%), with the lien sale reauthorized for FY2025 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Rates are adopted by formal NYC Water Board vote after borough hearings (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":8271000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Proposed FY2027 in-City increase of 6.0% (about $73 a year for an average single-family customer), after a 3.7% FY2026 proposal ($1,181 to $1,224 a year)."},"measures":[{"name":"fy2026_proposed_increase","value":3.7,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"fy2027_proposed_increase","value":6,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"lien_notice_collections","value":130000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"As of late April 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"hwap_households","value":96500,"unit":"households","status":"Reported","note":"Home Water Assistance Program credit rising to $159 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Proposed increase rose from 3.7% (FY2026) to 6.0% (FY2027)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New York City Water Board","role":"Rate-setting body"},{"name":"NYC Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Utility operator"}],"public_contact":"Not reported","corrective_actions":["Home Water Assistance Program credit raised from $145 to $159 and Multifamily Water Assistance Program expanded to 65,000 units (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Department of Environmental Protection Proposes Fiscal Year 2026 Water Rate","publisher":"NYC Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2025-05-05","url":"https://www.nyc.gov/site/dep/news/25-017/department-environmental-protection-proposes-fiscal-year-2026-water-rate","basis":"City utility release"},{"ref":2,"title":"Brooklyn bristles as city floats 6 percent hike to water bills","publisher":"Hoodline","date":"2026-05-22","url":"https://hoodline.com/2026/05/brooklyn-bristles-as-city-floats-6-percent-hike-to-water-bills/","basis":"Local news"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: NEW YORK CITY","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/NEW%20YORK%20CITY/JSON","basis":"Federal drinking-water system inventory","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["fy2027_adopted_rate","public_contact"],"related_ids":["US-NY-DELAWARE-AQUEDUCT-LEAK-REPAIR-DELAY-2025"]},{"id":"US-NY-LIBERTY-NASSAU-RATE-HIKES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Liberty Water Nassau customers face 17%-15%-13% hikes and a new 2026 rate request","description":"In August 2024 the PSC approved a three-year plan for Liberty Utilities' Long Island water districts with increases of 17%, 15% and 13% in the mainly Town of Hempstead area, after a 34% request. On May 29, 2026 Liberty filed for further increases of about $21 to $28 a month for average residential customers, while the state-created South Nassau Water Authority has not completed a public takeover.","location":{"name":"Liberty Utilities New York (Lynbrook, Merrick, Sea Cliff)","type":"Investor-owned water utility service area","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Town of Hempstead, Massapequa, Merrick and the Village of Sea Cliff, Nassau County","coordinates":{"lat":40.6548,"lon":-73.6718,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Nassau"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"NY2902835"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Repeated double-digit private-utility rate increases drive a push for public ownership.","secondary_drivers":["private utility rate cases","municipalization effort"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No water-quality harm is cited in the Solages statement or the PoliticsNY report (refs 1, 2).","service":"The rate plan raises bills but no shutoffs or service limits are reported (refs 1, 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 220,000 people on the Lynbrook system and 135,000 on Merrick (refs 4, 5).","duration":"The 2024 plan runs three years and a new rate request was filed May 29, 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"A formal PSC rate order (August 2024) and a pending PSC filing opposed by Nassau officials (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":368400,"status":"Reported","note":"Sum of SDWIS populations for the Lynbrook (220,000), Merrick (135,000) and Sea Cliff (13,400) systems (refs 4-6)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PSC-approved increases of 17% in year one, 15% in year two and 13% in year three for the Town of Hempstead service area; the 2026 filing would add $27.77 a month in the Lynbrook-area system."},"measures":[{"name":"year1_increase_service_area_1","value":17,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"proposed_2026_monthly_increase_lynbrook","value":27.77,"unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"proposed_2026_monthly_increase_merrick","value":21.2,"unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Pending public-takeover study by the South Nassau Water Authority","Successive large rate requests"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"A new rate request followed the 2024 three-year plan."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Liberty Utilities (New York Water) Corp.","role":"Investor-owned utility"},{"name":"New York State Public Service Commission","role":"Rate regulator"},{"name":"South Nassau Water Authority","role":"State-created authority studying public acquisition"}],"public_contact":"Public comments on PSC cases can be filed at dps.ny.gov (File Search, Post Comments) or mailed to the PSC Secretary, Three Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12223-1350.","corrective_actions":["The South Nassau Water Authority was created to investigate and negotiate a public takeover; S.5173 sought state funding for it (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Assemblywoman Solages Statement on Public Service Commission Rate Hike Approval for Liberty Water","publisher":"New York State Assembly","date":"2024-08-15","url":"https://www.assembly.ny.gov/mem/Michaelle-C-Solages/story/111660","basis":"State legislator statement"},{"ref":2,"title":"Nassau officials call for state Public Service Commission to reject Liberty Utilities' proposed rate increase","publisher":"PoliticsNY","date":"2026-06-26","url":"https://politicsny.com/2026/06/26/nassau-officials-call-for-state-public-service-commission-to-reject-liberty-utilities-proposed-rate-increase/","basis":"Regional news"},{"ref":3,"title":"Stop Liberty Utilities' planned water rate hike (petition)","publisher":"New York State Senate","date":null,"url":"https://nysenate.gov/petitions/steven-d-rhoads/stop-liberty-utilities-planned-water-rate-hike","basis":"State legislator petition page"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: LIBERTY","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LIBERTY/JSON","basis":"Federal drinking-water system inventory","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Liberty Utilities New York - Merrick (in LIBERTY query)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LIBERTY/JSON","basis":"Federal drinking-water system inventory","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Liberty Utilities New York - Sea Cliff (in LIBERTY query)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LIBERTY/JSON","basis":"Federal drinking-water system inventory","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["sources.ref3.date (undated page)","takeover_status"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NY-LIHWAP-WATER-ASSISTANCE-END-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Federal water bill assistance for low-income New Yorkers ends after 35,000 households helped","description":"New York's Low-Income Household Water Assistance Program, run by OTDA with $69.8 million in federal funds, paid up to $2,500 each toward drinking-water and wastewater arrears. Federal funding expired at the end of FY2023 after helping over 35,000 New York households, including over 20,000 in 2023, and Sen. Gillibrand warned of shutoff risk without it.","location":{"name":"New York statewide (LIHWAP)","type":"Statewide low-income water assistance program","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Statewide; administered by the NYS Office of Temporary and Disability Assistance","coordinates":{"lat":42.9538,"lon":-75.5268,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Loss of arrears assistance leaves low-income households exposed to disconnection for nonpayment.","secondary_drivers":["federal funding lapse","rising water and sewer bills"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Gillibrand warned of the consequences of living with no running water for households losing aid (ref 1).","service":"LIHWAP served households whose water or wastewater service was disconnected or about to be (ref 1).","scale":"Over 35,000 New York households were helped since 2021 (ref 1); the 2021 rollout targeted about 105,000 households (ref 2).","duration":"Funding expired at the end of federal FY2023 and was still unrenewed when senators sought it in January 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"Program funded under 2021 federal appropriations; 25 senators formally urged renewal (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Program counts are in households (35,000 helped), not people (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"LIHWAP helped over 35,000 New York households before federal funding expired at the end of fiscal 2023."},"measures":[{"name":"ny_households_helped","value":35000,"unit":"households","status":"Reported","note":"Since 2021 (ref 1)."},{"name":"ny_federal_allocation","value":69800000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"benefit_cap_per_service","value":2500,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Each for drinking water and wastewater arrears (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NYS Office of Temporary and Disability Assistance","role":"Program administrator"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","role":"Federal funding agency"}],"public_contact":"Not reported","corrective_actions":["Senators urged FY2024 LIHWAP funding and a permanent water assistance program (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Gillibrand calls for renewed funding for Low Income Household Water Assistance Program","publisher":"Office of U.S. Senator Kirsten Gillibrand","date":"2024-01-18","url":"https://www.gillibrand.senate.gov/?p=33764","basis":"Federal legislator release"},{"ref":2,"title":"Governor Hochul announces nearly $70 million in water utility assistance for low-income New Yorkers","publisher":"Office of the Governor of New York","date":"2021-11-29","url":"https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-hochul-announces-nearly-70-million-water-utility-assistance-low-income-new-yorkers","basis":"State program announcement"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["state_replacement_program","shutoff_counts","public_contact"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NY-VEOLIA-NY-RATE-PLAN-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Veolia Water New York four-year rate plan raises revenue 6.7% a year in Rockland","description":"The PSC adopted a four-year rate plan for Veolia Water New York in May 2024 (Case 23-W-0111), covering about 122,500 customers in Rockland, Orange, Westchester, Tioga and Putnam counties through 2027. Revenue rises 6.7% a year in the New York rate district and 5.9% a year in Westchester, after Veolia sought $32.5 million in year one; the plan adds the state's first private-water low-income discount.","location":{"name":"Veolia Water New York","type":"Investor-owned water utility service area","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Mainly Rockland County, with districts in Orange, Westchester, Tioga and Putnam counties","coordinates":{"lat":41.0965,"lon":-73.9732,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Rockland","Orange","Westchester"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"NY4303673"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Multi-year private utility rate increases fund treatment and capital costs and affect affordability.","secondary_drivers":["capital improvements","new water-quality treatment costs"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The PSC order addresses rates, not a health event (ref 1).","service":"The PSC release on the Veolia plan reports no service disruption (ref 1).","scale":"Veolia Water New York's Rockland system serves 270,000 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"The rate plan runs four years, February 1, 2024 to December 31, 2027 (ref 1).","significance":"PSC rate order in Case 23-W-0111 adopted May 16, 2024 after six hearings and over 250 comments (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":270000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Veolia Water New York (Rockland) per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Levelized revenue increases of 6.7% a year in the New York rate district ($8.7 million in year one) and 5.9% in Westchester through 2027."},"measures":[{"name":"ny_district_annual_increase","value":6.7,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"first_year_increase_adopted","value":13600000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Versus $32.5 million requested (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Veolia Water New York","role":"Investor-owned utility"},{"name":"New York State Public Service Commission","role":"Rate regulator"}],"public_contact":"PSC case comments: dps.ny.gov File Search, or PSC Secretary, Three Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12223-1350.","corrective_actions":["Plan creates a low-income water discount program, the first for a private water company in New York (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PSC adopts Veolia Water New York rate plan (Case 23-W-0111)","publisher":"NYS Department of Public Service","date":"2024-05-16","url":"https://dps.ny.gov/node/18901","basis":"State regulatory order release"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: VEOLIA","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/VEOLIA/JSON","basis":"Federal drinking-water system inventory","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NY-ROCKLAND-VEOLIA-PFOA-MCL-2026"]},{"id":"US-NY-CLAYTON-WOOD-FARMS-MANURE-CWA-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Clayton mega-dairy faces federal Clean Water Act trial over manure discharges","description":"Center for Food Safety alleges Wood Farms, a dairy of more than 3,000 cows in Clayton, discharged manure and wastewater to Wheeler Creek and the St. Lawrence River more than 1,000 times since 2018, citing E. coli and coliform downstream. The citizen suit, filed in March 2023, went to federal trial in Syracuse on July 20, 2026; the farm disputes the claims and cites DEC-certified lagoons.","location":{"name":"Wood Farms, Wheeler Creek and St. Lawrence River","type":"Concentrated animal feeding operation and receiving streams","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Town of Clayton, Jefferson County; tributaries to the St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontario","coordinates":{"lat":44.2392,"lon":-76.0858,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Jefferson"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Alleged manure runoff from a large dairy affects stream and river water quality.","secondary_drivers":["CAFO manure management","wet-weather runoff"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Plaintiff sampling reported high E. coli and total coliform downstream of the farm, which the owners dispute (ref 1).","service":"No drinking-water notice is linked to the Wood Farms allegations (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Alleged discharges reach Wheeler Creek and the St. Lawrence River from a 3,000-plus cow operation (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Discharges are alleged more than 1,000 times since 2018 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"A Clean Water Act citizen suit filed March 2023 went to federal trial on July 20, 2026 (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No exposed population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Plaintiffs allege more than 1,000 manure and wastewater discharges to Wheeler Creek and the St. Lawrence River since 2018."},"measures":[{"name":"alleged_discharges","value":1000,"unit":"events (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Allegation (refs 1, 2)."},{"name":"herd_size","value":3000,"unit":"cows (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Wood Farms LLC","role":"Dairy operator (defendant)"},{"name":"NYS Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"CAFO permitting agency"},{"name":"U.S. District Court (federal trial in Syracuse)","role":"Court"}],"public_contact":"Not reported","corrective_actions":["Plaintiffs seek an order to halt discharges, remediate damage, comply with the Clean Water Act and pay civil penalties (refs 1, 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Federal trial opens over alleged manure pollution from northern New York mega-dairy","publisher":"CNY Central","date":"2026-07-20","url":"https://cnycentral.com/news/local/federal-trial-opens-over-alleged-manure-pollution-from-northern-new-york-mega-dairy-global-warming-clean-water-act-st-lawrence-river-clayton-center-for-food-safety-national-pollutant-discharge-elimination-system-kinglsy-mcconnell-environmental-converve","basis":"Regional news"},{"ref":2,"title":"Federal Trial Begins in Center for Food Safety Lawsuit Challenging River Pollution from Industrial Dairy","publisher":"Public Justice","date":"2026-07-20","url":"https://www.publicjustice.net/federal-trial-begins-center-for-food-safety-lawsuit-challenging-river-pollution-industrial-dairy/","basis":"Plaintiff counsel release"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["verdict","public_contact"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NY-NEONICOTINOID-GROUNDWATER-BAN-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Neonicotinoid pesticides in Long Island groundwater prompt state restrictions","description":"Imidacloprid is the top insecticide detected in Long Island groundwater, and New York's Birds and Bees Protection Act, signed in December 2023, restricts neonicotinoids. Chapter amendments moved the treated corn, soybean and wheat seed ban to January 1, 2029 with farm waivers, while use on outdoor ornamentals and turf becomes illegal on December 31, 2026; DEC held a stakeholder meeting in August 2026 on proposed implementing rules.","location":{"name":"Long Island aquifer and NY farmland (neonicotinoids)","type":"Statewide pesticide restriction; sole-source aquifer","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Nassau and Suffolk counties groundwater; statewide agricultural seed use","coordinates":{"lat":40.7891,"lon":-73.135,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Nassau","Suffolk"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Persistent pesticides used on farms and turf leach into groundwater used for drinking water.","secondary_drivers":["neonicotinoid seed treatments","turf pesticide use"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"NRDC's Dan Raichel called imidacloprid the number-one insecticide detected in Long Island groundwater (ref 1).","service":"None of the neonic sources reports a well closure or water-service restriction (refs 1-4).","scale":"The law applies statewide to corn, soybean and wheat seed and to turf, and the detections are in Long Island's aquifer (refs 2, 3).","duration":"The law was signed in December 2023 with seed restrictions not starting until 2029 (refs 3, 4).","significance":"State law with chapter amendments and a DEC rulemaking (refs 3, 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No exposed population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Imidacloprid is 'the number-one insecticide detected in Long Island groundwater'; ornamental and turf neonic use becomes illegal December 31, 2026 and treated-seed sales are restricted from January 1, 2029."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NYS Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"Pesticide regulator"},{"name":"NYS Department of Agriculture and Markets","role":"Consulted on farm waivers"}],"public_contact":"Not reported","corrective_actions":["DEC held an August 27, 2026 stakeholder meeting on Part 320-329 pesticide rules including Birds and Bees Protection Act regulations (ref 4).","Farm waiver process for treated seeds to be designed by DEC with Agriculture and Markets (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Is a Green Lawn Worth the Consequences?","publisher":"East Hampton Star","date":"2023-05-04","url":"https://easthamptonstar.com/government/202354/green-lawn-worth-consequences","basis":"Local news"},{"ref":2,"title":"Gov. Hochul takes balanced approach to passing Birds and Bees Protection Act","publisher":"Spectrum News 1","date":"2024-01-05","url":"https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nys/central-ny/news/2024/01/05/gov--hochul-takes-balanced-approach-to-passing-birds-and-bees-protection-act-","basis":"Regional news"},{"ref":3,"title":"Hochul signs 'Birds and Bees' Act (Long Island Business News, reposted)","publisher":"Citizens Campaign for the Environment","date":"2024-01-03","url":"https://www.citizenscampaign.org/whats-new-at-cce/hochul-signs-birds-and-bees-act","basis":"News repost"},{"ref":4,"title":"New York Department of Environmental Conservation Virtual Stakeholder Meeting on August 27, 2026","publisher":"Bergeson & Campbell, P.C.","date":"2026-08-21","url":"https://www.lawbc.com/new-york-department-of-environmental-conservation-virtual-stakeholder-meeting-on-august-27-2026/","basis":"Law firm regulatory notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["groundwater_detection_rates","public_contact"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-NY-YORKTOWN-FLUORIDATION-SUSPENDED-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Yorktown suspends drinking-water fluoridation, also affecting Somers","description":"Yorktown Supervisor Ed Lachterman suspended fluoridation of the town's water on September 26, 2024, citing a federal court ruling, and the Town Board backed the suspension 3-1 in October 2024. Somers, which shares supply through the Northern Westchester Joint Water Works, also lost added fluoride; Westchester's health commissioner told the board fluoride is safe, and it remained suspended as of June 2025.","location":{"name":"Yorktown Consolidated Water District #1","type":"Municipal water district","state":"NY","states":["NY"],"detail":"Town of Yorktown and Town of Somers, northern Westchester County","coordinates":{"lat":41.2709,"lon":-73.7776,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Westchester"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"NY5903469"},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A local policy decision changed drinking-water treatment by ending added fluoride.","secondary_drivers":["fluoride policy change","federal court ruling on fluoride"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Westchester Health Commissioner Dr. Sherlita Amler told the board fluoride is safe and urged it to read the science (ref 1), implying potential dental-health effects of removal.","service":"Yorktown stopped adding fluoride and Somers residents also no longer receive fluoridated water (refs 1, 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 36,000 people on Yorktown's district and 3,848 on Somers Consolidated WD #1 (refs 3, 4).","duration":"Suspended since September 26, 2024 and still suspended as of the June 12, 2025 report (ref 1).","significance":"Formal supervisor order and Town Board 3-1 votes on October 22, 2024 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":39848,"status":"Reported","note":"Yorktown Consolidated WD #1 (36,000) plus Somers Consolidated WD #1 (3,848) per SDWIS (refs 3, 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Fluoridation suspended September 26, 2024 for Yorktown and Somers water; Town Board endorsed the suspension 3-1 on October 22, 2024."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Yorktown","role":"Water district operator"},{"name":"Westchester County Department of Health","role":"Local health department"},{"name":"New York State Department of Health","role":"Drinking-water primacy agency"}],"public_contact":"Not reported","corrective_actions":["Town Board adopted a local law letting it decide fluoridation by resolution (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"New Study and Florida Ban Put Yorktown's Fluoride Suspension Back in Focus","publisher":"The Examiner News","date":"2025-06-12","url":"https://www.theexaminernews.com/?p=75366408","basis":"Local news"},{"ref":2,"title":"Yorktown supervisor suspends water fluoridation","publisher":"News 12 Westchester","date":"2024-09-27","url":"https://westchester.news12.com/yorktown-supervisor-suspends-water-fluoridation","basis":"Regional news"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record: YORKTOWN","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/YORKTOWN/JSON","basis":"Federal drinking-water system inventory","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Somers Consolidated Water District #1","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/NY/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SOMERS/JSON","basis":"Federal drinking-water system inventory","accessed":"2026-10-10"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (NY in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["public_contact"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-HI-SCHOOLS-LEAD-TAPS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lead above 15 ppb at taps in Hawaii public schools, Nov 2025 round","description":"State Department of Health sampling under the federally funded WIIN lead-in-school-water project found taps above the 15 ppb action level at ten Oahu schools and at Waikea Intermediate on Hawaii Island, per Hawaii News Now (Nov 2025). One Jarrett Middle School kitchen sink read 725 ppb. The Department of Education says fixtures with measurable lead will be replaced and retested, and testing is expanding from elementary to middle and high schools.","location":{"name":"Hawaii public schools (WIIN lead testing)","type":"Statewide school drinking-water testing program","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Oahu (Honolulu County) and Hawaii Island schools; results posted for all four counties","coordinates":{"lat":21.31,"lon":-157.86,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Honolulu","Hawaii","Maui","Kauai"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Lead at school taps is a point-of-use drinking-water quality problem tied to fixtures and building plumbing, not source water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Taps tested above the 15 ppb action level at ten Oahu schools and one Jarrett Middle School sink reached 725 ppb (ref 1); DOH notes a tap above the level must be blocked off (ref 2).","service":"Taps above the action level are taken out of service or made handwash-only (ref 2); HIDOE says fixtures with deeper plumbing problems will be removed from service (ref 1), a partial loss of potable taps rather than a school-wide outage.","scale":"Eleven schools are named in the Nov 2025 report across two counties, with results posted for four counties (ref 1); the report does not give student counts.","duration":"This is the 2025 'Stage 4' Honolulu County round (ref 2) of a program that began sampling in 2021, but the cited coverage describes one month of results, so duration is scored as months.","significance":"Formal state action level and a required follow-up sampling protocol (ref 2) apply, but no enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Pupil and staff counts at the affected schools are not given in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Jarrett Middle School: one kitchen sink tested at 725 ppb against a 15 ppb action level; 14 water sources at Waikea Intermediate tested high before most improved on retest (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest single tap result (Jarrett Middle School kitchen sink)","value":725,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Hawaii News Now, 2025-11-19 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Project action level","value":15,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"DOH WIIN results page (ref 2)."},{"name":"Oahu schools with a sink above action level","value":10,"unit":"schools","status":"Reported","note":"DOH data as reported by Hawaii News Now (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The cited sources describe one 2025 round; Waikea retests improved but no multi-year comparison is given (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Hawaii Department of Education","role":"School facility owner and fixture replacement"},{"name":"Hawaii Department of Health, Safe Drinking Water Branch and HEER Office","role":"Testing and technical guidance"}],"public_contact":"Hawaii Department of Health Safe Drinking Water Branch, 808-586-4258 (published on the DOH WIIN results page)","corrective_actions":["Fixtures with measurable lead are replaced and retested (HIDOE, ref 1).","Taps above 15 ppb are blocked off or removed from service, with repeat first-draw and flushed samples (DOH, ref 2).","Testing and mitigation are being extended to middle and high schools (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Several Hawaii schools tested high levels of lead in campus water","publisher":"Hawaii News Now","date":"2025-11-19","url":"https://hawaiinewsnow.com/2025/11/19/several-hawaii-schools-tested-high-levels-lead-campus-water/","basis":"news"},{"ref":2,"title":"WIIN Results - Honolulu County Schools - Stage 4 (2025)","publisher":"Hawaii Department of Health, HEER Office","date":"2025-11-01","url":"https://health.hawaii.gov/heer/?p=15180","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (HI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Individual school results are in an image table on the DOH page and were not transcribed.","Exact DOH page date not stated."],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-HI-NORTH-KONA-WELL-FAILURE-RESTRICTIONS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"North Kona wells fail repeatedly, forcing water restrictions in 2024 and 2025","description":"Hawaii County DWS imposed a mandatory 25 percent restriction on North Kona customers on Aug 6, 2024 after the Holualoa (Jul 10) and Kalaoa (Aug 6) wells failed, and downgraded it to a voluntary 10 percent notice in mid-Sept 2024 once Kalaoa was repaired. A new voluntary 10 percent order followed on May 4-5, 2025 because of electrical equipment problems. DWS states water quality was not threatened.","location":{"name":"North Kona water system (Kailua-Kona to Keauhou)","type":"County water system service area","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Makalei to Keauhou, North Kona, Hawaii County","coordinates":{"lat":19.64,"lon":-155.99,"precision":"system_centroid","source_ref":1},"counties":["Hawaii"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"HI0000131"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Supply shortfalls here come from well and electrical equipment failures in the county system, so both source capacity and infrastructure reliability are involved.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DWS says water quality is not threatened by the loss of the wells and the water meets federal regulations (ref 2); no contamination is cited.","service":"Mandatory 25 percent reduction in 2024 and a voluntary 10 percent request in 2025, with irrigation and car washing barred in 2024 (refs 2, 3); service continued.","scale":"SDWIS lists 29,581 people served by North Kona (ref 1); the restricted area spans 18 named communities (ref 2).","duration":"Two separate episodes inside the window, Jul-Sep 2024 and May 2025 (refs 2, 3, 4), after an earlier 362-day mandatory order was ended in 2018 per a Star-Advertiser report, indicating recurring well outages.","significance":"A formal DWS mandatory restriction notice was issued on 2024-08-06 (ref 2); no court or regulator enforcement is cited."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":29581,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Mandatory 25 percent water restriction from Aug 6, 2024, after wells at Holualoa (Jul 10) and Kalaoa (Aug 6) failed (ref 2); voluntary 10 percent order May 2025 (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Mandatory restriction level, Aug-Sep 2024","value":25,"unit":"percent reduction","status":"Reported","note":"DWS notice (ref 2)."},{"name":"Voluntary reduction request, May 2025","value":10,"unit":"percent reduction","status":"Reported","note":"Hawaii News Now (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Utility financial condition is not covered by the cited sources."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Restriction lifted to voluntary in Sept 2024 (ref 4) then re-issued in May 2025 (ref 3); no 2026 status was found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Hawaii County Department of Water Supply","role":"Water system owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"Hawaii County Department of Water Supply, 808-961-8050 (published on its notices)","corrective_actions":["DWS approved expedited purchases and repairs to return North Kona wells to service (ref 2).","Kalaoa deepwell repaired with a spare pump assembly in Sept 2024, ending the mandatory order (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system lookup: North Kona (HI0000131), retrieved 2026-10-11","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/HI0000131/JSON","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":2,"title":"Water Restriction Notice for North Kona","publisher":"Hawaii County Department of Water Supply","date":"2024-08-06","url":"https://hawaiidws.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/20240806-Water-Restriction-Notice-for-North-Kona.pdf","basis":"local_government"},{"ref":3,"title":"North Kona residents asked to conserve water","publisher":"Hawaii News Now","date":"2025-05-05","url":"https://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/2025/05/05/north-kona-residents-asked-conserve-water/","basis":"news"},{"ref":4,"title":"North Kona water restriction ended after well repair","publisher":"Big Island Video News","date":"2024-09-16","url":"https://www.bigislandvideonews.com/2024/09/16/north-kona-water-restriction-ended-after-well-repair","basis":"news"},{"ref":5,"title":"North Kona's mandatory water reduction ends after 362 days","publisher":"Star-Advertiser (Associated Press)","date":"2018-01-10","url":"https://www.staradvertiser.com/?p=713563","basis":"news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (HI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Current (2026) restriction status not found.","Whether the May 2025 order was lifted was not found."],"related_ids":["US-HI-SOUTH-KOHALA-LALAMILO-SUPPLY-2026-10"]},{"id":"US-HI-WAIALUA-SUGAR-PUMP2-ECOLI-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"E. coli in Waialua Sugar Pump 2 source wells puts Otake and Mill Camp on boil notice","description":"The Department of Health issued a boil water notice on Apr 17, 2026 after Apr 16 samples were E. coli positive in both the source wells and the distribution system of the Waialua Sugar Pump 2 system, owned by the Waialua Water Association. About 500 customers were told to boil water while the National Guard ran filling stations. The state said restoring part of the system by temporary connection could take weeks and fixing the source wells could take months.","location":{"name":"Waialua Sugar Pump 2 water system (Otake Camp, Mill Camp)","type":"Privately owned community water system","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Waialua, North Shore Oahu, Honolulu County","coordinates":{"lat":21.58,"lon":-158.12,"precision":"system_centroid","source_ref":1},"counties":["Honolulu"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"HI0000309"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"E. coli in source wells and the distribution system is a microbial contamination problem in the water itself.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"E. coli was detected in both source wells and the distribution system on Apr 16 samples, which DOH classes as a Tier 1 violation under the Ground Water Rule (refs 2, 3).","service":"Residents must boil water for three minutes or use bottled water for drinking, ice and food prep, with National Guard filling stations open daily 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. (ref 2).","scale":"About 500 customers in Otake Camp and Mill Camp (ref 2), matching SDWIS 400 persons served (ref 1).","duration":"The state says a temporary connection may take several weeks and source-well resolution several months (refs 2, 3); no lifting notice was found as of this pass.","significance":"A Tier 1 Ground Water Rule violation and a state-issued boil notice (refs 2, 3); no enforcement order cited."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":500,"status":"Reported","note":"About 500 customers per the Star-Advertiser and Hawaii News Now (refs 2, 3); SDWIS lists 400 served (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"E. coli positive in source wells and distribution system on samples collected April 16, 2026; boil water notice issued late April 17 (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Customers under boil notice","value":500,"unit":"customers","status":"Reported","note":"Star-Advertiser (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Small privately owned association system needing a temporary connection and source-water disinfection (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Event begins Apr 2026; same system also had earlier PFAS detections (see related record)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Waialua Water Association","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Hawaii Department of Health, Safe Drinking Water Branch","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Hawaii National Guard","role":"Emergency water distribution"}],"public_contact":"Hawaii Department of Health Safe Drinking Water Branch, 808-586-4258","corrective_actions":["Boil notice with National Guard filling stations (ref 2).","Temporary connection for interim service and source-water disinfection being pursued (ref 2).","Owner to announce when wells are E. coli free (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system lookup: Waialua Sugar Pump 2 (HI0000309), retrieved 2026-10-11","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/HI0000309/JSON","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":2,"title":"Waialua residents urged to boil water after E. coli discovered in source wells","publisher":"Honolulu Star-Advertiser","date":"2026-04-17","url":"https://www.staradvertiser.com/2026/04/17/hawaii-news/waialuaresidents-urged-to-boil-water-after-e-coli-discovered-in-source-wells/","basis":"news"},{"ref":3,"title":"Boil notice issued for Otake, Mill Camp areas due to E. coli detection","publisher":"Hawaii News Now","date":"2026-04-18","url":"https://hawaiinewsnow.com/2026/04/18/boil-notice-issued-otake-mill-camp-areas-due-e-coli-detection/","basis":"news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (HI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Whether the boil notice was lifted was not found."],"related_ids":["US-HI-WAIALUA-SUGAR-PUMP2-PFAS","US-HI-FLOOD-KONA-LOW-MAR2026"]},{"id":"US-HI-NORTH-SHORE-BWS-BOIL-NOTICE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Oahu North Shore boil water notice after Kona Low storm, March 2026","description":"On Mar 21, 2026 the Honolulu Board of Water Supply issued a precautionary boil water notice for Waialua, Mokuleia, Haleiwa, Sunset, Pupukea and Waialee because of potential system damage from the second Kona Low storm. Tankers were staged at two sites. Pupukea to Turtle Bay was cleared Mar 24 and Haleiwa and Waialua on Mar 25 after samples were negative for bacteria.","location":{"name":"Waialua-Haleiwa water system (BWS North Shore)","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Waialua to Turtle Bay, North Shore Oahu, Honolulu County","coordinates":{"lat":21.59,"lon":-158.1,"precision":"system_centroid","source_ref":1},"counties":["Honolulu"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"HI0000332"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A precaution against contamination from possible storm damage to the distribution system, resolved by bacteriological sampling.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Samples tested negative for bacteriological contamination before the notice was lifted (refs 3, 4); no contamination was documented.","service":"Residents were told not to drink the water without boiling it, and 2,000-gallon tankers were sent to Waialua and Sunset Beach (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 9,996 served by the Waialua-Haleiwa system (ref 1); BWS did not give a customer count (ref 2).","duration":"Issued Mar 21 and fully lifted Mar 25, about four days (refs 2, 4).","significance":"A formal precautionary boil notice by BWS (ref 2); no violation or enforcement cited."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":9996,"status":"Estimated","note":"SDWIS population for the Waialua-Haleiwa system (ref 1); BWS did not state how many customers were covered, and the notice area may be only part of that system."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Boil notice issued March 21, 2026 for Waialua through Waialee and lifted in stages March 24 and 25 after negative bacteriological results (refs 3, 4)."},"measures":[{"name":"Duration of notice","value":4,"unit":"days","status":"Estimated","note":"Mar 21 issue to Mar 25 final lift (refs 2, 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Notice fully lifted Mar 25, 2026 (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Honolulu Board of Water Supply","role":"System operator"}],"public_contact":"Honolulu Board of Water Supply customer service, 808-748-5000 (published on its notices)","corrective_actions":["Water tankers at Waialua Community Association and Sunset Beach Neighborhood Park (ref 2).","Staged bacteriological sampling before lifting (refs 3, 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system lookup: Waialua-Haleiwa (HI0000332), retrieved 2026-10-11","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/HI0000332/JSON","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":2,"title":"Boil Water Notice: Oahu, March 21, 2026 (5:00 PM update)","publisher":"Honolulu Board of Water Supply","date":"2026-03-21","url":"https://www.boardofwatersupply.com/news-events/news-updates/news-releases/2026/boil-water-notice-issued-for-oʻahu-321-500-pm-update/","basis":"local_government"},{"ref":3,"title":"Boil water issued for Pupukea Rd to Turtle Bay has been lifted (3/24, 4:00 PM update)","publisher":"Honolulu Board of Water Supply","date":"2026-03-24","url":"https://www.boardofwatersupply.com/news-events/news-updates/news-releases/2026/boil-water-issued-for-pupukea-rd-to-turtle-bay-has-been-lifted-324-400-pm-update/","basis":"local_government"},{"ref":4,"title":"Boil water notice from Pupukea Road to Waialua has been lifted (3/25, 3:00 PM update)","publisher":"Honolulu Board of Water Supply","date":"2026-03-25","url":"https://www.boardofwatersupply.com/news-events/news-updates/news-releases/2026/boil-water-notice-from-pupukea-road-to-waialua-at-68-431-farrington-highway-has-been-lifted-325-300-pm-update/","basis":"local_government"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"New record (HI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Customer count not stated."],"related_ids":["US-HI-FLOOD-KONA-LOW-MAR2026"]},{"id":"US-HI-KAMAOLE-AQUIFER-DESIGNATION-PETITION-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Kamaole aquifer petition to designate a Maui groundwater management area is pending","description":"Kihei Community Association, Maui Meadows Neighborhood Association and Wailea808 petitioned the Commission on Water Resource Management on Jun 7, 2025 to designate the Kama'ole Aquifer System as a Ground Water Management Area. The Commission page lists the petition as received Feb 24, 2026 with no meetings pending, and Environment Hawaii reported in Aug 2026 that it was languishing while a CWRM-USGS groundwater flow study proceeds. Petitioners cite climate-driven recharge loss and development pressure; no sustainable-yield exceedance is documented in the sources opened.","location":{"name":"Kama'ole Aquifer System, South Maui","type":"Groundwater aquifer system (Central Aquifer Sector)","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Kihei and Wailea area, Maui County","coordinates":{"lat":20.72,"lon":-156.45,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Maui"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["water-rights","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is allocation authority and monitoring of an aquifer within the Central Maui sector, not a treatment or infrastructure failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Petitioners warn of over-withdrawal becoming irreversible, but cite no measured exceedance in the testimony opened (ref 3); harm is potential only.","service":"No supply restriction or service interruption is tied to the petition in the cited sources (refs 1, 3).","scale":"A single aquifer system serving Kihei and Wailea within a Central sector with four aquifers slated for a survey (ref 3); no population figure is given.","duration":"Filed Jun 7, 2025 and still undecided as of an Aug 2026 report (refs 1, 2), about 14 months.","significance":"A formal designation petition under HRS 174C-41 is on file at the state water commission (ref 1), but no hearing or decision is scheduled."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population served by the aquifer is given in the sources opened."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Petition filed June 7, 2025; received by the Commission February 24, 2026; no meetings or hearings pending (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Months since petition filed (to Aug 2026 report)","value":14,"unit":"months","status":"Estimated","note":"Jun 7, 2025 to Aug 3, 2026 (refs 1, 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No decision yet; a CWRM-USGS flow study and a proposed airborne electromagnetic survey are ongoing or proposed (refs 2, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Commission on Water Resource Management (DLNR)","role":"Decides designation"},{"name":"USGS","role":"Joint groundwater flow study partner"}],"public_contact":"Commission on Water Resource Management, 808-587-0214 (published on its notices)","corrective_actions":["CWRM and USGS are studying groundwater flow in the Central Aquifer Sector (ref 3).","Petitioners ask for designation first, then an airborne electromagnetic survey of four Central Maui aquifers in FY2026-27 (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Kama'ole Aquifer System (petition page)","publisher":"Hawaii Commission on Water Resource Management","date":"2026-02-24","url":"https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/cwrm/groundwater/gwma/kamaole/","basis":"state"},{"ref":2,"title":"Kama'ole Designation Petition Languishes While Groundwater Flow Study Proceeds","publisher":"Environment Hawaii","date":"2026-08-03","url":"https://environment-hawaii.org/kamaole-designation-petition-languishes-while-groundwater-flow-study-proceeds/","basis":"news"},{"ref":3,"title":"Wailea808 testimony on Central Aquifer Sector groundwater flow study (CWRM submittal file)","publisher":"Wailea808, filed with CWRM","date":"2026-05-19","url":"https://files.hawaii.gov/dlnr/cwrm/submittal/2026/sb20260519B2T.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (HI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["Environment Hawaii article is paywalled; only the teaser was read.","Sustainable yield and pumpage for the Kama'ole system not verified.","Petition text itself (34 MB) was not opened."],"related_ids":["US-HI-GROUNDWATER-CENTRAL-MAUI-YIELD-EXCEEDANCE","US-HI-CENTRAL-SOUTH-MAUI-SHORTAGE-2024"]},{"id":"US-HI-WAIOHINU-NAALEHU-LALA-OUTAGE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Waiohinu-Naalehu system outage and boil notice after Hurricane Lala, Aug-Sep 2026","description":"After Hurricane Lala damaged waterlines and roads in Kau, Hawaii County DWS began pumping the Naalehu well with an emergency generator on Aug 19, 2026 with only a very limited portion of lines holding water, and issued a precautionary boil notice. The notice was cancelled Sep 18 after bacteriological tests found no coliform; about 98 percent of customers had service. DWS ranked restoring the Mountain House Spring waterline first, an estimated two-month repair once work begins.","location":{"name":"Waiohinu-Naalehu water system (PWS 108)","type":"County water system service area","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Waiohinu and Naalehu, Kau, Hawaii County","coordinates":{"lat":19.06,"lon":-155.58,"precision":"system_centroid","source_ref":1},"counties":["Hawaii"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"HI0000108"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Storm-damaged source lines and roads cut supply, with the boil notice a secondary water-quality precaution.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The Sep 18 lab analysis found no coliform bacteria and the water met regulatory requirements (ref 3); no contamination documented.","service":"On Aug 19 only a very limited portion of the lines had water from an emergency-generator well (ref 2); about 98 percent had service by Sep 18 (ref 3).","scale":"SDWIS lists 2,948 people served by Waiohinu-Naalehu (ref 1).","duration":"From Aug 19 to at least Sep 18, with the key spring waterline repair estimated at about two more months (refs 2, 3).","significance":"A formal DWS precautionary boil notice (ref 2) followed by cancellation after testing (ref 3); no enforcement cited."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":2948,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Boil notice issued Aug 19, 2026 with only a very limited portion of waterlines holding water; cancelled Sep 18 with about 98 percent of customers served (refs 2, 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Customers with service on Sep 18","value":98,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Big Island Now (ref 3)."},{"name":"Estimated Mountain House Spring waterline repair time once work begins","value":2,"unit":"months","status":"Reported","note":"Big Island Now (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Repair cost not reported in the cited sources."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Boil notice cancelled and service about 98 percent restored by Sep 18, though the main spring waterline remained to be rebuilt (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Hawaii County Department of Water Supply","role":"System operator"}],"public_contact":"Hawaii County Department of Water Supply, 808-961-8050 (published on its notices)","corrective_actions":["Emergency generator pumping at the Naalehu well (ref 2).","Mountain House Spring waterline and access road replacement, up to 12-inch pipe (ref 3).","Customers asked to flush plumbing before first use (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system lookup: Waiohinu-Naalehu (HI0000108), retrieved 2026-10-11","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/HI0000108/JSON","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":2,"title":"Waiohinu-Naalehu Precautionary Boil Water Notice (PWS 108)","publisher":"Hawaii County Department of Water Supply","date":"2026-08-19","url":"https://www.hawaiidws.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/20260819-PWS108-Waiohinu-Naalehu-Precautionary-Boil-Water-Notice.pdf","basis":"local_government"},{"ref":3,"title":"Precautionary boil water notice canceled for Wai'ohinu-Na'alehu Water System in Ka'u","publisher":"Big Island Now","date":"2026-09-18","url":"https://bigislandnow.com/2026/09/18/precautionary-boil-water-notice-canceled-for-waiohinu-naalehu-water-system-in-kau/","basis":"news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (HI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Customer count under the notice not stated."],"related_ids":["US-HI-KAU-HURRICANE-LALA-BOIL-WATER"]},{"id":"US-HI-WAINIHA-HAENA-LOWELL-BOIL-NOTICE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Kauai North Shore boil notice after Hurricane Lowell outage, Sept 2026","description":"Kauai County's Department of Water issued a precautionary boil water notice for Wainiha-Haena and Kilauea just before 9 p.m. on Wed Sep 9, 2026 because of a prolonged Hurricane Lowell water outage. It was cancelled for Wainiha-Haena about 7:30 p.m. Fri Sep 11 and for Kilauea about 10 p.m. Sat Sep 12 after samples tested safe.","location":{"name":"Haena-Wainiha water system and Kilauea, North Kauai","type":"County water system service area","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Wainiha, Haena and Kilauea, Kauai County","coordinates":{"lat":22.2,"lon":-159.55,"precision":"system_centroid","source_ref":1},"counties":["Kauai"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"HI0000415"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A storm-caused outage led to a precautionary microbial notice, cleared by sampling.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Samples collected Thursday and Friday tested safe for drinking (refs 2, 3); no contamination found.","service":"The notice followed a 'prolonged water outage caused by Hurricane Lowell' (ref 2), a loss of service rather than only restrictions.","scale":"SDWIS lists 833 served by Haena-Wainiha and 3,420 by Kilauea (refs 1, 4); the county gave no count under notice.","duration":"Issued the evening of Sep 9 and lifted by Sep 12 (refs 2, 3), under three days.","significance":"A formal precautionary boil notice by the county utility (ref 2); no violation or order."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":4253,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS populations for Haena-Wainiha (833) and Kilauea (3,420) (refs 1, 4); notice coverage within each system is not stated."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Precautionary boil notice issued Sept 9, 2026, cancelled Sept 11 (Wainiha-Haena) and Sept 12 (Kilauea) after safe samples (refs 2, 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Duration of notice","value":3,"unit":"days","status":"Estimated","note":"Sep 9 evening to Sep 12 night (refs 2, 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Both areas cleared by Sep 12, 2026 (ref 3); Anini conservation continues separately."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"County of Kauai Department of Water","role":"System operator"}],"public_contact":"Kauai Department of Water, 808-245-5400 (published on its notices)","corrective_actions":["Boil or bleach-disinfection guidance (ref 2).","Safe lab results led to cancellation (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system lookup: Haena-Wainiha (HI0000415), retrieved 2026-10-11","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/HI0000415/JSON","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":2,"title":"Boil water notice canceled for Kauai's Wainiha-Haena area","publisher":"Honolulu Star-Advertiser","date":"2026-09-11","url":"https://www.staradvertiser.com/2026/09/11/hawaii-news/boil-water-notice-in-effect-for-kauais-wainiha-haena-kilauea/","basis":"news"},{"ref":3,"title":"Parts of Kauai's North Shore under Boil Water Notice","publisher":"Hawaii News Now","date":"2026-09-12","url":"https://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/2026/09/12/parts-kauais-north-shore-under-boil-water-notice/","basis":"news"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system lookup: Kilauea (HI0000407), retrieved 2026-10-11","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/HI0000407/JSON","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"New record (HI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Customer count under notice not stated."],"related_ids":["US-HI-ANINI-HURRICANE-LOWELL-CONSERVATION"]},{"id":"US-HI-HONOLULU-SAND-ISLAND-LALA-SPILL-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Sand Island plant screens clog; 26 million gallons of sewage spill in Tropical Storm Lala","description":"During Tropical Storm Lala in August 2026, filtering screens at Honolulu's Sand Island plant clogged with debris and about 26.1 million gallons of sewage mixed with stormwater backed up into storm drains and Honolulu Harbor, per Civil Beat. Separate power-related spills occurred at the Ala Moana Wastewater Pump Station, about 700,000 gallons per the city. The Star-Advertiser reported DOH could not test water for days because its own sites lacked power.","location":{"name":"Sand Island WWTP and Ala Moana pump station","type":"Municipal wastewater plant and collection system","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Honolulu Harbor, Kakaako and Mamala Bay shoreline, Oahu","coordinates":{"lat":21.3115,"lon":-157.8788,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Honolulu"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A treatment-plant hydraulic failure and pump-station power failure released raw sewage to coastal waters.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DOH said the spills would likely impact water quality and fecal bacteria is a gastrointestinal risk, but no illness was reported (refs 1, 2).","service":"No loss of sewer service is reported; a 425 South Street building backed up and pumped water onto Auahi Street (ref 2).","scale":"Sand Island treats roughly 60 million gallons a day and the spill reached storm drains across urban Honolulu (ref 2).","duration":"The Sand Island spill began about 8:20 a.m. Sunday and was contained that evening (ref 1).","significance":"The city says the clog was not anticipated by its 2010 consent decree and is hiring a consultant; no new enforcement action is reported in either source (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"status":"Not reported","value":null,"note":"Population exposed to the spill was not reported; the plant serves much of urban Honolulu."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Sand Island spill 26.1 million gallons, 25.45 million not recovered; Ala Moana pump station about 700,000 gallons, 150,000 recovered (Civil Beat, 2026-09-21)."},"measures":[{"name":"Sand Island spill volume","value":26.1,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Per Civil Beat; over half a million gallons recovered."},{"name":"Ala Moana pump station spill","value":700000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"150,000 recovered."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single storm event; city data cited by Civil Beat show spills fell from 200 in 2006 to 31 in 2024 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City and County of Honolulu Department of Environmental Services","role":"Wastewater utility and permittee"},{"name":"Hawaii Department of Health, Clean Water Branch","role":"State water-pollution regulator and beach advisories"}],"public_contact":"City Department of Environmental Services, honolulu.gov/env","corrective_actions":["City is hiring a consultant to study the screen clogging (ref 2).","Clearing one screen relieved pressure on the other three during the event (ref 2).","DOH to issue public notices if testing finds elevated fecal bacteria (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lala triggers 4 sewage spills; power outage stalls safety tests","publisher":"Honolulu Star-Advertiser","date":"2026-08-19","url":"https://www.staradvertiser.com/2026/08/19/hawaii-news/lala-triggers-4-sewage-spills-power-outage-stalls-safety-tests/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Honolulu Spilled 27M Gallons Of Sewage In A New System Failure","publisher":"Honolulu Civil Beat","date":"2026-09-21","url":"https://www.civilbeat.org/2026/09/honolulu-spilled-27m-gallons-of-sewage-in-a-new-system-failure/","basis":"News report with city figures"},{"ref":3,"title":"Brown Water Advisory: Kauai ocean activities","publisher":"County of Kauai","date":"2026-08-17","url":"https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/HIKAUAICOUNTY/bulletins/425654e","basis":"Local government"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (HI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-HI-FLOOD-KONA-LOW-MAR2026","US-HI-HONOLULU-SEWER-RATES-2025"]},{"id":"US-HI-SANDY-BEACH-HAW-LALA-DISCHARGE-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Hawaii American Water discharges 717,000 gallons of partly treated sewage at Sandy Beach","description":"A power outage during Tropical Storm Lala on 16 August 2026 sent about 717,000 gallons of partially treated wastewater through Hawaii American Water's Sandy Beach outfall in East Honolulu. The utility posted warning signs and asked the public to avoid contact with the water until Hawaii DOH clears removal.","location":{"name":"Hawaii American Water Sandy Beach outfall","type":"Wastewater utility outfall","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Sandy Beach, East Honolulu, Oahu","coordinates":{"lat":21.2855,"lon":-157.6738,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Honolulu"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A power failure at a treatment plant released undertreated wastewater into coastal water used by swimmers.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Utility advised avoiding contact with water because the discharge was only partially treated; no illness is reported (ref 1).","service":"No customer service loss is reported; the utility serves about 30,000 residents (ref 1).","scale":"A single outfall and posted shoreline stretch, with the utility serving about 30,000 people (ref 1).","duration":"Discharge ran about 3:45 p.m. to 6:30 p.m. on 16 August until generator power returned (ref 1).","significance":"Warning signs stay until DOH advises removal (ref 1); no penalty is reported in the cited sources."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"status":"Not reported","value":null,"note":"Number of beach users exposed not reported; utility serves about 30,000 people (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 717,000 gallons of partially treated wastewater discharged on 16 August 2026 (Hawaii American Water)."},"measures":[{"name":"Partially treated wastewater discharged","value":717000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Company figure (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Single storm event; separate repeated ammonia exceedances at the East Honolulu plant are tracked in another record."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Hawaii American Water","role":"Wastewater utility and permittee"},{"name":"Hawaii Department of Health, Clean Water Branch","role":"State water-pollution regulator and beach advisories"}],"public_contact":"Hawaii American Water, hawaiiamwater.com","corrective_actions":["Generator power restored the plant at about 6:30 p.m. and utility power by about 9 p.m. (ref 1).","Warning signs placed along the shoreline pending DOH clearance (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Heavy Rains Cause Temporary Discharge of Partially Treated Wastewater at Sandy Beach","publisher":"Hawaii American Water","date":"2026-08-17","url":"https://newsroom.amwater.com/2026-08-17-Heavy-Rains-Cause-Temporary-Discharge-of-Partially-Treated-Wastewater-at-Sandy-Beach","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Lala triggers 4 sewage spills; power outage stalls safety tests","publisher":"Honolulu Star-Advertiser","date":"2026-08-19","url":"https://www.staradvertiser.com/2026/08/19/hawaii-news/lala-triggers-4-sewage-spills-power-outage-stalls-safety-tests/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (HI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-HI-WW-EAST-HONOLULU-AMMONIA-2025","US-HI-HONOLULU-SAND-ISLAND-LALA-SPILL-2026"]},{"id":"US-HI-WW-SAND-ISLAND-SECONDARY-DECREE-2035","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Sand Island plant still on primary treatment under 2010 federal consent decree","description":"Honolulu's 2010 federal consent decree requires the Sand Island plant, which discharges primary-treated effluent to Mamala Bay, to reach full secondary treatment by 31 December 2035. The city lists a $2.5 billion upgrade in two phases; phase 1 is about $700 million with a membrane bioreactor due by 30 December 2026, and phase 2 (about $1.8 billion) is still in planning. The plant's NPDES permit listed as expired in November 2019.","location":{"name":"Sand Island Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater plant","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Honolulu, Oahu, discharging via deep ocean outfall to Mamala Bay","coordinates":{"lat":21.3115,"lon":-157.8788,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Honolulu"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"The plant is an infrastructure shortfall under a federal decree with a multibillion-dollar upgrade.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Federal regulators found Honolulu had not shown primary treatment protects waters, citing ammonia, bacteria, toxicity and chlordane and dieldrin (ref 2).","service":"The plant remains in service with no loss of sewer service reported (ref 1).","scale":"Design average flow is 90 mgd and 2024 average flow was 56.01 mgd (ref 1).","duration":"The decree dates to 17 December 2010 and runs to 2035 (ref 1).","significance":"A federal consent decree with a 2035 deadline and optional three-year hardship extension governs the work (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"status":"Not reported","value":null,"note":"Plant serves much of urban Honolulu; population not stated in the cited pages."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Full secondary treatment required by Dec. 31, 2035; upgrade totals $2.5 billion across two phases (City, ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Total upgrade cost","value":2.5,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"City page (ref 1)."},{"name":"2024 average flow","value":56.01,"unit":"mgd","status":"Reported","note":"City page (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Phase 1 under construction; phase 2 not yet started (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City and County of Honolulu Department of Environmental Services","role":"Wastewater utility and permittee"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 9","role":"Federal Clean Water Act enforcement"},{"name":"Hawaii Department of Health, Clean Water Branch","role":"State water-pollution regulator and beach advisories"}],"public_contact":"City Department of Environmental Services, honolulu.gov/env","corrective_actions":["Phase 1 membrane bioreactor expected by 30 December 2026 (ref 1).","Phase 2 in planning (ref 1).","Op-ed urges prioritizing ammonia, toxicity and bacteria removal (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Sand Island Wastewater Treatment Plant","publisher":"City and County of Honolulu","date":"2023-11-15","url":"https://www.honolulu.gov/env/wtd/sand-island-wastewater-treatment-plant/","basis":"Local government page, accessed 2026-10-11","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":2,"title":"Column: Take smart steps to treat wastewater","publisher":"Honolulu Star-Advertiser","date":"2026-07-07","url":"https://www.staradvertiser.com/2026/07/07/editorial/island-voices/column-take-smart-steps-to-treat-wastewater/","basis":"Opinion column by UH engineering professor"},{"ref":3,"title":"Honolulu Spilled 27M Gallons Of Sewage In A New System Failure","publisher":"Honolulu Civil Beat","date":"2026-09-21","url":"https://www.civilbeat.org/2026/09/honolulu-spilled-27m-gallons-of-sewage-in-a-new-system-failure/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (HI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-HI-HONOLULU-SEWER-RATES-2025","US-HI-HONOLULU-SAND-ISLAND-LALA-SPILL-2026"]},{"id":"US-HI-WW-KAILUA-PLANT-BACTERIA-ORDER-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Kailua wastewater plant bacteria exceedances drive EPA order and $85M repairs","description":"EPA ordered Honolulu to repair and add disinfection at the Kailua Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant after enterococcus exceedances in 2023, and the plant has had spills including during the March 2026 Kona low. A $11 million UV system came online and a $23.6 million biotower rehabilitation began, with work through January 2029.","location":{"name":"Kailua Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater plant","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Kailua and Kaneohe, windward Oahu; outfall off Mokapu Peninsula","coordinates":{"lat":21.409,"lon":-157.736,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Honolulu"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Bacteria permit exceedances from failing treatment units prompted a federal order.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Discharge bacteria ran more than six times the allowable limit in some cases in 2023 (ref 3); enterococcus indicates fecal contamination (ref 2).","service":"The plant kept treating up to 15 mgd for Ahuimanu, Kaneohe and Kailua (refs 2, 3).","scale":"Serves three windward communities (ref 3).","duration":"Exceedances on 13 days in April and May 2023 (ref 2), with repairs running to January 2029 (ref 1).","significance":"EPA consent order in 2023 (an earlier December 2022 order is noted in ref 2) and a $434,350 DOH fine in June 2023 (refs 2, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"status":"Not reported","value":null,"note":"Service population not stated in cited pages."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Biotower rehabilitation $23,579,000 with construction October 2025 to January 2029; broader program over $85 million (City, ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Biotower rehabilitation contract","value":23.579,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"City release (ref 1)."},{"name":"DOH fine, June 2023","value":434350,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Star-Advertiser (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"UV disinfection operating; biotower repair not complete until 2029 (refs 1, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City and County of Honolulu Department of Environmental Services","role":"Wastewater utility and permittee"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 9","role":"Federal Clean Water Act enforcement"},{"name":"Hawaii Department of Health, Clean Water Branch","role":"State water-pollution regulator and beach advisories"}],"public_contact":"City Department of Environmental Services, honolulu.gov/env","corrective_actions":["UV disinfection system installed (refs 1, 3).","Biotower rehabilitation under EPA order, substantial completion by January 2029 (ref 1).","$61 million dewatering building under construction (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City breaks ground on major infrastructure upgrades at Kailua Regional WWTP","publisher":"City and County of Honolulu","date":"2026-06-18","url":"https://www.honolulu.gov/env/city-breaks-ground-on-major-infrastructure-upgrades-at-kailua-regional-wastewater-treatment-plant/","basis":"Local government release"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA issues order on Kailua wastewater treatment plant violations","publisher":"Honolulu Star-Advertiser","date":"2023-09-29","url":"https://staradvertiser.com/?p=1278951","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"City breaks ground on $85M upgrades at Kailua wastewater treatment plant","publisher":"Hawaii News Now","date":"2026-06-19","url":"https://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/2026/06/19/city-breaks-ground-85m-upgrades-kailua-wastewater-treatment-plant/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (HI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-HI-HONOLULU-SEWER-RATES-2025"]},{"id":"US-HI-DAM-STATE-INVENTORY-HIGH-HAZARD-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Hawaii dam inventory: 115 of 122 regulated dams high hazard, 87 rated poor","description":"DLNR reports 122 regulated dams statewide, 115 high-hazard, and 87 high-hazard dams rated poor or unsatisfactory; 86 are privately owned. During the March 2026 Kona low storm some dams were pushed near their limits, with Helemano Reservoir 6 as close as 6 inches to overtopping per DLNR. The program has 4.5 staff.","location":{"name":"Hawaii state-regulated dams","type":"Dam safety program","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Statewide, including Oahu, Maui, Kauai","coordinates":{"lat":21,"lon":-157.5,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Honolulu","Maui","Kauai","Hawaii"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Aging, mostly private dams with downstream development drive loss-of-life risk.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"High hazard reflects potential loss of life downstream, not collapse likelihood; no failure in 2026 (ref 1).","service":"Evacuation alerts occurred in March 2026 but no water service loss is reported in ref 1.","scale":"115 high-hazard dams statewide, 13 regulated dams on Oahu (ref 1).","duration":"Poor ratings are chronic; Maui's two significant-hazard dams have enforcement pending or ongoing (ref 1).","significance":"State enforcement powers including fines exist, and two dams lack emergency action plans (ref 1); no court order reported."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"status":"Not reported","value":null,"note":"Downstream population not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"122 state-regulated dams: 115 high, 5 low, 2 significant hazard; 87 high-hazard dams rated poor or unsatisfactory (DLNR via Star-Advertiser, ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Regulated dams","value":122,"unit":"dams","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"High-hazard dams rated poor or unsatisfactory","value":87,"unit":"dams","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Dam-safety staff","value":4.5,"unit":"FTE","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single 2026 inventory snapshot."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Hawaii DLNR Dam Safety Program","role":"State dam regulator"}],"public_contact":"DLNR, dlnr.hawaii.gov","corrective_actions":["Public evacuation-zone map in development (ref 1).","DLNR works with owners on repair plans and studies (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Most dams in Hawaii classified as high hazard","publisher":"The Garden Island / Honolulu Star-Advertiser","date":"2026-04-01","url":"https://www.thegardenisland.com/2026/04/01/hawaii-news/most-dams-in-hawaii-classified-as-high-hazard/","basis":"News report citing DLNR"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (HI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-HI-WAHIAWA-DAM-REHAB-2026","US-HI-FLOOD-KONA-LOW-MAR2026"]},{"id":"US-HI-WW-LARGE-CAPACITY-CESSPOOLS-EPA-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"EPA says about 1,000 banned large-capacity cesspools remain in Hawaii","description":"EPA Region 9 officials told Hawaii Public Radio in January 2026 that about 3,900 large-capacity cesspools have been closed through enforcement since the 2005 ban and roughly 1,000 remain across the islands. EPA has taken over 100 enforcement actions with $5.6 million in penalties, and an audit of Kamehameha Schools found 192 more.","location":{"name":"Hawaii large-capacity cesspools","type":"Wastewater disposal systems","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Statewide, all islands","coordinates":{"lat":20.8,"lon":-156.3,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Honolulu","Maui","Kauai","Hawaii"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["groundwater","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Banned untreated sewage disposal systems still operate and threaten groundwater and coastal water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Cesspools are banned because they contaminate water, but no specific harm is described in the interview (ref 1).","service":"No service loss; the issue is disposal, not supply (ref 1).","scale":"About 1,000 remain on all islands (ref 1).","duration":"The ban dates to 2005, over 20 years (ref 1).","significance":"More than 100 EPA enforcement actions and $5.6 million civil penalties (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"status":"Not reported","value":null,"note":"Population served not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 3,900 closed, roughly 1,000 remain; $5.6 million in civil penalties (EPA via HPR, ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Large-capacity cesspools closed","value":3900,"unit":"cesspools","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Remaining","value":1000,"unit":"cesspools","status":"Estimated","note":"EPA estimate (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Closures continue with $33 million awarded to DOH (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 9","role":"Federal Clean Water Act enforcement"},{"name":"Hawaii Department of Health, Wastewater Branch","role":"State program and funding"}],"public_contact":"Hawaii DOH Wastewater Branch, health.hawaii.gov/wastewater","corrective_actions":["EPA targets large owners such as Kamehameha Schools (192 being closed) (ref 1).","$33 million awarded to DOH last year; Kauai homeowner program (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA on its role in converting Hawaii large-capacity cesspools","publisher":"Hawaii Public Radio","date":"2026-01-12","url":"https://www.hawaiipublicradio.org/the-conversation/2026-01-12/epa-on-its-role-in-converting-hawaii-large-capacity-cesspools","basis":"News interview with EPA officials"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (HI in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-HI-WW-CESSPOOLS-STATEWIDE-2025","US-HI-WW-PAHALA-NAALEHU-LCC-2017"]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","id":"US-HI-MAUI-HONOKOHAU-IIFS-VIOLATION-2025","title":"Honokohau Stream flow violations by ditch owner Maui Land & Pineapple","description":"The state Commission on Water Resource Management found in December 2025 that Maui Land & Pineapple violated the 13.3 cfs interim instream flow standard on Honokohau Stream on 28 days between Jan. 1 and Aug. 14, 2025, and assessed the $140,000 maximum fine. In February 2026 the commission accepted a USGS stream gauge funded by the company in place of the fine; the company disputes the number of violation days.","location":{"name":"Honokohau Stream, West Maui","type":"River segment and diversion system","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Honokohau Valley and ditch system above Kapalua, West Maui, Maui County","coordinates":{"lat":21,"lon":-156.65,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Maui"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["surface-water","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns diverted surface-water quantity against a legally set instream flow standard.","secondary_drivers":["Drought","Ditch operations","Traditional and customary rights"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Mean daily flows fell below the standard on 28 days per staff, a period when rainfall was about 46% of average and median streamflow fell nearly 40% (ref 1); kalo farmers report impaired growing, but no measured ecological harm is cited.","service":"Low flows affect Honokohau Valley kalo growers and residents, while the same ditch system serves Kapalua users (ref 1); no loss of household service is reported.","scale":"The stream and ditch system affects one valley and its downstream users, not a regional population (refs 1, 2).","duration":"The violation days run from January to mid-August 2025 and the gauge fix will take two to three years of permitting (refs 1, 2).","significance":"The Commission voted 6-0 on a $140,000 maximum fine, then converted it to a gauge obligation that reverts to the fine if not installed (refs 1, 2, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources name valley residents, kalo farmers and Kapalua ditch users but give no count (refs 1, 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Staff found 28 days below the 13.3 cfs interim instream flow standard between Jan. 1 and Aug. 14, 2025 (Maui Now, ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Interim instream flow standard","value":13.3,"unit":"cfs","status":"Reported","note":"Set May 2021, about 8.6 MGD (ref 1)."},{"name":"Days below standard (staff finding)","value":28,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"Company says verified data shows two days (ref 1)."},{"name":"Maximum fine","value":140000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"$5,000 per violation (ref 1)."},{"name":"Estimated stream gauge and monitoring package","value":150680,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Company proposal (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One enforcement cycle documented; gauge funding agreement submitted to the Commission in May 2026 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Commission on Water Resource Management (DLNR)","role":"Instream flow standard enforcement"},{"name":"Maui Land & Pineapple Company","role":"Ditch owner and diverter"}],"public_contact":"Commission on Water Resource Management, DLNR, P.O. Box 621, Honolulu, HI 96809","corrective_actions":["Fund a USGS stream gauge below Diversion 770 (Aotaki Weir) in lieu of the fine.","Report in writing on payment to USGS and gauge installation."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Maui Land & Pineapple fined $140K for streamflow violations but can offset penalty with improvements","publisher":"Maui Now","date":"2025-12-17","url":"https://mauinow.com/2025/12/17/maui-land-pineapple-fined-140k-for-streamflow-violations-but-can-offset-penalty-with-improvements/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Commission lets Maui ditch owner pay for new stream gauge to offset $140,000 fine","publisher":"Environment Hawaii","date":"2026-03-03","url":"https://environment-hawaii.org/commission-lets-maui-ditch-owner-pay-for-new-stream-gauge-to-offset-140000-fine/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Staff submittal: MLP compliance with Feb. 24, 2026 USGS gage directive","publisher":"Commission on Water Resource Management","date":"2026-05-19","url":"https://files.hawaii.gov/dlnr/cwrm/submittal/2026/sb20260519B6.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"related_ids":["US-HI-EAST-MAUI-DIVERSION-CONTESTED-CASE-2026","US-HI-WEST-MAUI-SUPPLY-CAPACITY-2025"],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (HI in-depth pass)."}],"verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","id":"US-HI-OAHU-RED-HILL-PUMPING-DISCHARGE-2026","title":"Navy Red Hill well pumping discharges 4.5-5 billion gallons to Halawa Stream","description":"Since January 2022 the Navy has pumped the Red Hill well to contain the 2021 fuel plume, filtered the water and discharged it to Halawa Stream, totaling between 4.5 and 5 billion gallons by July 2026 per Honolulu Civil Beat. The Navy rejected beneficial-use options, and its permanent treatment system to return the well to public use is expected in 2030.","location":{"name":"Red Hill well and Halawa Stream, Oahu","type":"Military water source and stream discharge","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Red Hill Shaft area, Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Honolulu County","coordinates":{"lat":21.3647,"lon":-157.8886,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Honolulu"],"extent":"site","pwsid":"HI0000360"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Contaminant containment pumping removes large volumes of potable-quality groundwater and discharges it after treatment.","secondary_drivers":["Fuel plume containment","Military operations","Aquifer conservation"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"The pumping exists to keep the Red Hill fuel plume from other wells, and the water is filtered by carbon but not potable under state standards (ref 1); no new harm from the discharge itself is reported.","service":"The Red Hill well is out of public service; the Navy reports Pearl Harbor-Hickam cut use from about 20 to 15-16 MGD, and BWS promotes conservation (ref 1).","scale":"Roughly 1.7 million gallons a day average from an aquifer that supplies the Honolulu region (ref 1); the system served 65,230 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"Pumping began January 2022 and the Navy timeline points to 2030, which could add about 2.5 billion gallons (ref 1).","significance":"No enforcement action is cited against the discharge; the Health Department only asked for beneficial use in 2023 and construction needs its approval (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":65230,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam water system per SDWIS (ref 2); the aquifer also supplies Honolulu BWS."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Between 4.5 and 5 billion gallons of filtered Red Hill water discharged to Halawa Stream since January 2022 (Civil Beat, ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Average pumping rate","value":1.7,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Pumping is intermittent per Health Department (ref 1)."},{"name":"Cumulative discharge","value":null,"unit":"billion gallons","status":"Reported","note":"4.5 to 5 billion; range, not a single value (ref 1)."},{"name":"Projected added discharge to 2030","value":2.5,"unit":"billion gallons","status":"Estimated","note":"Civil Beat estimate if current rate continues (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Pumping continues at about 1.7 MGD; no end before the planned 2030 transition (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Navy","role":"Well operator and discharger"},{"name":"Hawaii Department of Health","role":"Permit and treatment-facility approval"},{"name":"Honolulu Board of Water Supply","role":"Neighboring water purveyor"}],"public_contact":"Honolulu Board of Water Supply, published customer service line","corrective_actions":["Build a permanent treatment system near the Red Hill well (needs Health Department approval).","Transition the well to public use, expected 2030 per Navy timeline."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Red Hill: Military's 5 billion gallon water waste on Oahu","publisher":"Honolulu Civil Beat","date":"2026-07-14","url":"https://www.civilbeat.org/2026/07/red-hill-militarys-5-billion-gallon-water-waste-on-o%ca%bbahu/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system lookup, Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam (HI0000360), accessed 2026-10-11","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/HI/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/JOINT%20BASE%20PEARL/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"related_ids":["US-HI-RED-HILL-GROUNDWATER-CLEANUP-2026","US-HI-RED-HILL-JBPHH-AMR-DRINKING-WATER"],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (HI in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","id":"US-HI-OAHU-WAIMANALO-GULCH-LANDFILL-AQUIFER-2026","title":"Waimanalo Gulch landfill expansion plan and aquifer leachate concern","description":"Honolulu plans to seek a special-use permit adding about 92.5 acres to the roughly 200-acre Waimanalo Gulch landfill in Kapolei, which the Land Use Commission ordered to stop accepting trash by March 2028. Honolulu Board of Water Supply leadership warns landfill containment can fail and that leachate could reach the aquifer, while the city says the landfill has not leaked; a 2026 Senate resolution asks the Health Department to publish monitoring results.","location":{"name":"Waimanalo Gulch Sanitary Landfill, Kapolei","type":"Municipal landfill","state":"HI","states":["HI"],"detail":"Leeward Oahu, Honolulu County, near Ko Olina","coordinates":{"lat":21.3925,"lon":-158.112,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Honolulu"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"The question is whether landfill leachate could reach groundwater, set against a waste-capacity shortage.","secondary_drivers":["Waste capacity","Land-use permitting","Legacy stormwater breaches"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The cited sources describe a potential leachate risk and a past 2010-2011 stormwater breach into coastal waters near Ko Olina (ref 2); no current groundwater contamination is documented.","service":"No water-service disruption is reported (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Honolulu depends on its groundwater aquifer for drinking water (ref 2), and the landfill takes the island's municipal waste (ref 1).","duration":"The issue spans the 2010-2011 breaches, a 2019 consent decree ended in 2023, and expansion plans to 2028 and beyond (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Expansion needs a special-use permit and state law Act 255 limits siting above significant aquifers (ref 1); the Senate resolution is a request, not an order (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources describe island-wide aquifer dependence without a population figure (refs 1, 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"City plans to add about 92.5 acres to the roughly 200-acre landfill; state order bars new trash after March 2028 (Hoodline, ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Proposed expansion area","value":92.5,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Current landfill area","value":200,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate, ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Expansion process opened in January 2026; no permit decision cited (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City and County of Honolulu","role":"Landfill owner"},{"name":"Waste Management of Hawaii, Inc.","role":"Operator"},{"name":"Hawaii Department of Health","role":"Landfill and water-quality regulator"}],"public_contact":"Hawaii Department of Health, Solid and Hazardous Waste Branch, published general line","corrective_actions":["Publish landfill water-quality and contamination test results (requested by Senate Resolution 133)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Honolulu Eyes Bigger Kapolei Landfill as Water Alarm Bells Ring","publisher":"Hoodline (citing Hawaii News Now, HPR, Civil Beat)","date":"2026-01-02","url":"https://hoodline.com/2026/01/honolulu-eyes-bigger-kapolei-landfill-as-water-alarm-bells-ring/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Senate Resolution 133 (2026), Waimanalo Gulch Sanitary Landfill; Water Quality Monitoring","publisher":"Hawaii State Legislature","date":"2026-01-01","url":"https://data.capitol.hawaii.gov/sessions/session2026/bills/SR133_.HTM","basis":"State record"}],"related_ids":[],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (HI in-depth pass)."}],"verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[]},{"id":"US-GA-THOMSON-MCDUFFIE-TTHM-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Thomson-McDuffie recurring TTHM exceedances","description":"The Thomson-McDuffie County Water and Sewer Commission system has exceeded the federal 0.080 mg/L limit for total trihalomethanes in repeated quarters since 2024. In September 2026 the city told residents that two sites measured 0.093 and 0.082 mg/L after Georgia EPD notified it on August 25, 2026. The utility says a treatment upgrade at the Augusta Road plant is nearing completion.","location":{"name":"Thomson-McDuffie County Water and Sewer Commission","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"City of Thomson and McDuffie County, Georgia","coordinates":{"lat":33.4707,"lon":-82.5046,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["McDuffie"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"GA1890001"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Disinfection byproduct exceedances at a surface-water treatment plant are a water-quality problem being fixed by treatment changes.","secondary_drivers":["treatment plant upgrade"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Two sites measured TTHM at 0.093 and 0.082 mg/L against the 0.080 mg/L limit (ref 1).","service":"Officials say no boil or alternate water is needed (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 21,312 people served (ref 4).","duration":"SDWIS shows TTHM violations in nine quarterly periods from 2024 Q2 to 2026 Q2, and the city archive lists earlier notices from December 2022 and 2023 (refs 2, 3, 4).","significance":"Georgia EPD formally notified the city of the violation on August 25, 2026 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":21312,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Two monitoring sites recorded TTHM at 0.093 mg/L and 0.082 mg/L against a 0.080 mg/L limit."},"measures":[{"name":"TTHM maximum contaminant level exceedance, site 1","value":0.093,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Limit is 0.080 mg/L (ref 1)."},{"name":"TTHM, site 2","value":0.082,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Limit is 0.080 mg/L (ref 1)."},{"name":"Health-based violation periods in SDWIS since 2024","value":10,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Nine TTHM periods plus one HAA5 period (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"SDWIS shows TTHM running averages of 0.090 to 0.113 mg/L in every quarter since 2024 Q4, with the most recent 0.093 in 2026 Q2 (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Thomson-McDuffie County Water and Sewer Commission","role":"Utility operator"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division, Drinking Water Program","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Water Production Director, 706-986-5921 (from the city notice).","corrective_actions":["Mixing and aeration being added in the Augusta Road plant clarifier to remove TTHMs","Plant upgrades for higher summer water temperatures"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Thomson notifies residents of drinking water standard violation","publisher":"WRDW","date":"2026-09-18","url":"https://www.wrdw.com/2026/09/18/city-thomson-notifies-residents-drinking-water-standard-violation/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Water archive: Elevated TTHM Notices (Dec. 28, 2023; June 30, 2023; Dec. 16, 2022)","publisher":"Thomson-McDuffie County Water and Sewer Commission","date":null,"url":"https://www.thomson-mcduffie.gov/Archive.aspx?AMID=37","basis":"Local government","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"Georgia PWS Violations, Appendix A, Calendar Year 2025 (annual compliance report)","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://epd.georgia.gov/media/150731/download","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS health-based violation records, Georgia (Envirofacts)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/GA/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/COMPL_PER_BEGIN_DATE/>/2023-10-01/rows/0:4000/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record GA1890001","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/GA1890001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (GA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-VALDOSTA-HAA5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Valdosta recurring HAA5 exceedances","description":"The City of Valdosta water system exceeded the 0.060 mg/L limit for haloacetic acids at one monitoring site in the third quarter of 2025 (0.072 mg/L), and notified customers on January 15, 2026. The city says it flushed lines, adjusted disinfectant feed, completed an ozonation upgrade and cleaned three storage tanks. State records show HAA5 violations in every quarter from 2025 Q1 through 2026 Q2.","location":{"name":"City of Valdosta Water System","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Valdosta, Lowndes County, Georgia","coordinates":{"lat":30.8327,"lon":-83.2785,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lowndes"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"GA1850002"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Disinfection byproducts forming in the distribution system are a water-quality issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The city notice reports HAA5 at 0.072 mg/L at site 502 against 0.060 mg/L (ref 1).","service":"The city says no action is needed by residents (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 48,959 people served (ref 3).","duration":"SDWIS shows HAA5 violations in six consecutive quarterly periods from 2025 Q1 through 2026 Q2, and WWALS notes a similar 2015 notice (refs 1, 2).","significance":"The notice (violation ID 2026-12548) was a formal public notification under the drinking-water rules (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":48959,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"HAA5 measured 0.072 mg/L at site 502 in July-September 2025 against a 0.060 mg/L limit."},"measures":[{"name":"HAA5 at site 502, 3Q2025","value":0.072,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Limit is 0.060 mg/L (ref 1)."},{"name":"Quarterly HAA5 violation periods, 2025 Q1 to 2026 Q2","value":6,"unit":"periods","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"SDWIS running averages fall from 0.072 mg/L in 2025 Q3 to 0.062 mg/L in 2026 Q2, still above the limit (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Valdosta Utilities Department","role":"Utility operator"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division, Drinking Water Program","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Valdosta Utilities Department, (229) 259-3592.","corrective_actions":["Scheduled flushing","Adjusted disinfectant feed rates and managed storage tank levels","Completed ozonation upgrade","Cleaned and disinfected three 1-million-gallon ground storage tanks"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Another Valdosta drinking water violation 2026-01-15","publisher":"WWALS Watershed Coalition (reproducing the city notice)","date":"2026-03-01","url":"https://wwals.net/?p=69546","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS health-based violation records, Georgia (Envirofacts)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/GA/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/COMPL_PER_BEGIN_DATE/>/2023-10-01/rows/0:4000/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record GA1850002","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/GA1850002/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (GA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-GA-ALAPAHA-PLANTATION-DBP-MCL"]},{"id":"US-GA-WARRENTON-DBP-BOIL-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Warrenton TTHM and HAA5 violations and 2025 boil order","description":"The Warrenton surface-water system has had TTHM and HAA5 violations in every period since late 2024, with TTHM as high as 0.130 mg/L against 0.080 in 2026. In September 2025 a water main break led the city to issue a boil water order, which was lifted within a day.","location":{"name":"City of Warrenton Water System","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Warrenton, Warren County, Georgia","coordinates":{"lat":33.4071,"lon":-82.6613,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Warren"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"GA3010001"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Disinfection byproduct violations and a main-break boil order both bear on the quality of delivered water.","secondary_drivers":["main break"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"TTHM measured 0.130 mg/L in 2026 Q2 against 0.080 mg/L, and HAA5 up to 0.085 against 0.060 (ref 3).","service":"A boil water order followed a main break on September 18, 2025 and was lifted the next morning (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 2,800 people served (ref 4).","duration":"SDWIS shows 16 health-based violations, with DBP periods in every quarter from 2024 Q4 to 2026 Q2 (ref 3).","significance":"EPD lists repeated TTHM and HAA5 MCL violations and an inadequate DBP precursor removal violation (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":2800,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM running average 0.130 mg/L (2026 Q2) against a 0.080 mg/L limit."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak TTHM running average","value":0.13,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"2026 Q2; limit 0.080 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Peak HAA5 running average","value":0.085,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"2025 Q3; limit 0.060 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Boil water order duration","value":1,"unit":"days","status":"Estimated","note":"Issued evening of 2025-09-18, lifted by morning of 2025-09-19 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"TTHM averages rose from 0.087 mg/L in 2024 Q4 to 0.112 in 2026 Q1 and 0.130 in 2026 Q2 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Warrenton Water Department","role":"Utility operator"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division, Drinking Water Program","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Drinking Water Program, epd.georgia.gov.","corrective_actions":["Main repaired and boil order lifted after the September 2025 break","No DBP corrective-action plan was found in the sources reviewed"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Boil water order lifted for residents of Warrenton","publisher":"WRDW","date":"2025-09-19","url":"https://www.wrdw.com/2025/09/19/boil-water-order-issued-residents-warrenton/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Georgia PWS Violations, Appendix A, Calendar Year 2025 (annual compliance report)","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://epd.georgia.gov/media/150731/download","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS health-based violation records, Georgia (Envirofacts)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/GA/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/COMPL_PER_BEGIN_DATE/>/2023-10-01/rows/0:4000/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record GA3010001","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/GA3010001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (GA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["corrective_action_plan"],"related_ids":["US-GA-CAMAK-DBP-2026"]},{"id":"US-GA-OAK-PARK-GROSS-ALPHA-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Oak Park gross alpha above limit and missed radionuclide sampling","description":"The City of Oak Park water system in Emanuel County measured gross alpha at 27 pCi/L against a 15 pCi/L limit in the first quarter of 2026, and separately failed to collect required radionuclide samples that quarter. The city says it is installing filtration on well 1 and drilling a new well expected to be operating by the end of 2026.","location":{"name":"City of Oak Park Water System","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Oak Park, Emanuel County, Georgia","coordinates":{"lat":32.37,"lon":-82.31,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Emanuel"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"GA1070002"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Naturally occurring radioactivity in well water above the limit is a water-quality problem.","secondary_drivers":["monitoring failure"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Gross alpha measured 27 pCi/L at site 301 against the 15 pCi/L limit (ref 1).","service":"The city says residents need not boil water or take other action (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 281 people served (ref 4).","duration":"SDWIS shows 11 gross alpha and radium violations from 2024 Q1 through 2026 Q2, mostly still open (ref 3).","significance":"The city issued formal notices for violation 2026-21789 and a monitoring violation, 2025-5087 listed on its page (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":281,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Gross alpha 27 pCi/L (Jan-Mar 2026) against a 15 pCi/L limit."},"measures":[{"name":"Gross alpha, site 301","value":27,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"Limit is 15 pCi/L (ref 1)."},{"name":"Peak gross alpha average in SDWIS","value":28,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"2025 Q3 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Combined radium violations in SDWIS","value":2,"unit":"periods","status":"Reported","note":"Radium above 5 pCi/L in 2024 Q4 and 2025 Q1 at 6 pCi/L (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Gross alpha averages stayed between 17 and 28 pCi/L from 2024 to 2026 Q2 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Oak Park","role":"Utility operator"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division, Drinking Water Program","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Oak Park, 912-578-4115.","corrective_actions":["Engineering plan to install filtration on well 1","New well drilled, expected operational by end of 2026"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Public notification 2026-21789: Oak Park water system has levels of gross alpha above drinking water standards","publisher":"City of Oak Park","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://assets.zyrosite.com/YX4yPb3ZGqibno4E/public-notification2026.21789-pwHmsUYWDhnVIPM5.pdf","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":2,"title":"Important information about your drinking water: monitoring requirements not met (June 2026)","publisher":"City of Oak Park","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://assets.zyrosite.com/YX4yPb3ZGqibno4E/public-notice205.5087-pMnW14Nwbfe1PHpt.pdf","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS health-based violation records, Georgia (Envirofacts)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/GA/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/COMPL_PER_BEGIN_DATE/>/2023-10-01/rows/0:4000/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record GA1070002","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/GA1070002/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (GA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-ROME-PFAS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Rome PFAS in drinking water and chemical-maker settlements","description":"Rome, in Floyd County, moved its intake from the Oostanaula to the Etowah River after PFAS contamination blamed on upstream carpet-industry waste at Dalton; added treatment reduced but did not eliminate PFAS in tap water. Rome sued dozens of manufacturers and expected roughly $279 million in settlements, including $45 million from DuPont and affiliates released in March 2024, toward a new water treatment plant. UCMR 5 results on file show a PFOA mean of 5.4 ppt and a peak of 17.3 ppt, above the 4 ppt federal limit.","location":{"name":"Rome Water and Sewer Division","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Rome, Floyd County, Georgia","coordinates":{"lat":34.257,"lon":-85.1647,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Floyd"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"GA1150002"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Industrial PFAS contamination of source water is a water-quality problem with a major capital response.","secondary_drivers":["upstream carpet-industry PFAS","litigation settlements"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Georgia EPD counted Rome among 10 North Georgia communities with PFOS or PFOA above EPA advisory levels (ref 2), and PFOA peaked at 17.3 ppt in UCMR 5 data (ref 4).","service":"No advisory or loss of service is reported (refs 1, 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 45,586 people served (ref 3).","duration":"Contamination was already driving a source switch about six years before 2022 and still affects supply, per ref 2 and ref 1.","significance":"Litigation by the city produced more than 30 settlements, including $45 million from DuPont and affiliates (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":45586,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"DuPont and four affiliates agreed to pay Rome $45 million; the city expects about $279 million in total settlements."},"measures":[{"name":"Total expected settlements","value":279,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"AJC, March 2024 (ref 1)."},{"name":"DuPont group settlement","value":45,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Terms released March 29, 2024 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Planned treatment plant cost","value":100,"unit":"million USD","status":"Estimated","note":"AJC reports a $100 million plant (ref 1)."},{"name":"PFOA peak in UCMR 5 results","value":17.3,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Mean 5.4 ppt; federal limit 4 ppt (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Source switch and added treatment cut PFAS in tap water but did not eliminate it (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Rome","role":"Utility operator and plaintiff"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division, Drinking Water Program","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Rome Water and Sewer Division, romega.us.","corrective_actions":["Moved intake from Oostanaula to Etowah River","Added treatment","Pursuing a new water treatment plant funded by settlements"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DuPont, four others paid $45M to settle North Georgia forever chemicals water case","publisher":"Atlanta Journal-Constitution","date":"2024-03-29","url":"https://www.ajc.com/news/georgia-news/dupont-four-others-paid-45m-to-settle-north-georgia-forever-chemicals-water-case/5OH5TEURMFE5LJZVWJPOTY2KJY/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA action boosts grassroots momentum to reduce toxic forever chemicals","publisher":"KFF Health News","date":"2022-08-10","url":"https://kffhealthnews.org/rural-health/epa-pfas-grassroots-toxic-forever-chemicals-georgia/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record GA1150002","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/GA1150002/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":4,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (GA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-GA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-GA-CALHOUN-PFAS-DRINKING-WATER"]},{"id":"US-GA-GRIFFIN-PFAS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Griffin Flint River source water PFAS above federal limit","description":"At an April 9, 2026 Upper Flint Regional Water Council meeting, Griffin's representative reported that the city found PFAS in its Flint River source water at double to triple the EPA maximum limit, expects significant capital costs, has until 2031 to meet the limit and is studying treatment. UCMR 5 results on file show Griffin PFOS averaging 9.87 ppt with a 14 ppt peak. The city has filed notice against the City of Atlanta and is drafting a complaint against 18 other PFAS polluters.","location":{"name":"City of Griffin Water System","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Griffin, Spalding County, Georgia","coordinates":{"lat":33.2468,"lon":-84.2641,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Spalding"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"GA2550000"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in a river source supply is a water-quality problem requiring future treatment capital.","secondary_drivers":["upstream PFAS sources"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Council summary reports source-water PFAS at double to triple the EPA limit (ref 1), with UCMR 5 PFOS peaking at 14 ppt (ref 3).","service":"No advisory or loss of service is reported (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 23,643 people served by the City of Griffin system (ref 2).","duration":"Findings come from UCMR 5 testing reported in April 2026, with a 2031 compliance horizon (ref 1).","significance":"The city has filed legal notice against the City of Atlanta and is drafting a further complaint, but no court order exists yet (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":23643,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Griffin found PFAS in its Flint River source water at double to triple the EPA maximum limit."},"measures":[{"name":"PFOS mean in UCMR 5 results","value":9.87,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Peak 14.0 ppt; federal limit 4 ppt (ref 3)."},{"name":"PFOA mean in UCMR 5 results","value":7.13,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Peak 9.7 ppt (ref 3)."},{"name":"Compliance horizon","value":2031,"unit":"year","status":"Reported","note":"Per the council summary (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Only UCMR 5 results (three samples) and the April 2026 report are available (refs 1, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Griffin","role":"Utility operator"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division, Drinking Water Program","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Griffin Water and Wastewater, 770-229-6423.","corrective_actions":["Studying PFAS treatment options","Drafting complaint against 18 PFAS polluters and notice against the City of Atlanta"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Meeting Summary: Upper Flint Regional Water Council, April 9, 2026","publisher":"Georgia Water Planning (Georgia EPD)","date":"2026-04-09","url":"https://waterplanning.georgia.gov/meeting-notes/2026-08-02/meeting-summary-upper-flint-council-april-9-2026","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record GA2550000","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/GA2550000/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (GA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-GA-GRIFFIN-FUEL-SPILL-ADVISORY-2026","US-GA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-GA-SOUTHWEST-FLORIDAN-WELLS-DROUGHT-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Southwest Georgia exceptional drought and record-low Floridan wells","description":"In spring 2026 exceptional (D4) drought covered Georgia south of a line from the Alabama-Florida border to Fitzgerald, and a Terrell County extension agent reported that 12 of the district's 15 monitored wells had fallen below 2010-2011 drought levels. The National Weather Service called it the worst drought since 2012. By August 2026 EPD still listed a Floridan aquifer well in the Flint Basin below the lowest 5th percentile.","location":{"name":"Southwest Georgia Floridan aquifer and Flint basin","type":"Aquifer and drought region","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Terrell County and surrounding southwest Georgia counties","coordinates":{"lat":31.77,"lon":-84.43,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Terrell","Lee","Miller","Dougherty"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Low groundwater levels and streamflow from a multi-season rainfall deficit reduced the available supply for wells, irrigation and ponds.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Albany Herald (ref 1) reports 12 of 15 monitored wells below 2010-2011 levels and the poorest wheat yield outlook the Terrell agent had seen; NWS (ref 2) says holding ponds were dry in numerous counties.","service":"No public supply loss is documented; NWS (ref 2) reports some farmers held off planting without irrigation and EPD (ref 3) reports no water-availability issues among supply providers in August.","scale":"D4 conditions extended across the southern third of Georgia in the April 30 NWS statement (ref 2), a multi-county area without a defensible population count.","duration":"NWS (ref 4) cites long-term hydrologic drought on April 2, and EPD (ref 3) still shows a Flint Basin Floridan well under the 5th percentile in August, more than a year after drought set in.","significance":"The state declared Drought Response Level 1 on April 27, 2026 (ref 3 context); no mandatory state restriction or enforcement order is documented for this region."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No defensible count of people dependent on the affected wells was reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"12 of 15 monitored wells fell below 2010-2011 drought levels and all but two southwest Georgia wells on the drought monitor were in D4 (Albany Herald, April 12, 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Monitored wells below 2010-2011 levels","value":12,"unit":"of 15 wells","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1]},{"name":"Selected Floridan well in Flint Basin below 5th percentile (August 2026)","value":1,"unit":"well","status":"Reported","source_refs":[3]}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Irrigation-dependent agriculture exposed to low groundwater"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Late-May rain improved Flint streamflow, but EPD still reported a Flint Basin Floridan well below the 5th percentile in August (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"State water-supply and drought regulator"},{"name":"National Weather Service Tallahassee","role":"Drought monitoring"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Water Supply Program and Communications office, (470) 524-0732 (media line published in the April 27, 2026 drought press release)","corrective_actions":["Georgia EPD declared statewide Drought Response Level 1 on April 27, 2026","EPD publishes monthly drought indicators including USGS well levels"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Southwest Georgia wells fall below 2011 drought levels as D4 conditions intensify","publisher":"Albany Herald","date":"2026-04-12","url":"https://albanyherald.com/news/southwest-georgia-wells-fall-below-2011-drought-levels-as-d4-conditions-intensify/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Drought Information Statement for Southeast Alabama, Southwest Georgia, and the Florida Panhandle & Big Bend (April 30, 2026)","publisher":"National Weather Service Tallahassee","date":"2026-04-30","url":"https://www.weather.gov/media/tae/DGT/DGT_TAE_04302026.pdf","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Drought Indicators Report, August 2026","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2026-08-10","url":"https://epd.georgia.gov/document/document/drought-indicators-report-2026-08-10/download","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Drought Information Statement for Southeast Alabama, Southwest Georgia, and the Florida Panhandle & Big Bend (April 2, 2026)","publisher":"National Weather Service Tallahassee","date":"2026-04-02","url":"https://www.weather.gov/media/tae/DGT/DGT_TAE_04022026.pdf","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (GA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-GA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2025-2026","US-GA-LOWER-FLINT-AG-WITHDRAWAL-RESTRICTIONS"]},{"id":"US-GA-SAVANNAH-RIVER-LAKES-DROUGHT-LEVEL2-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lake Thurmond and Hartwell in Corps Drought Level 2 on Georgia border","description":"The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers declared Drought Level 2 for Lake Thurmond and the Savannah River reservoirs effective January 24, 2026 and reduced releases. EPD's August 14, 2026 briefing still listed Hartwell and Thurmond at Level 2, and Hartwell was below 656 feet in late August.","location":{"name":"Lake Thurmond (Clarks Hill) and Lake Hartwell","type":"Federal reservoirs on the Georgia-South Carolina border","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Savannah River basin, Elbert, Hart, Lincoln, McDuffie and Columbia counties, Georgia","coordinates":{"lat":33.66,"lon":-82.2,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Elbert","Hart","Lincoln","McDuffie","Columbia"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Below-normal inflow lowered storage in the two largest Savannah River reservoirs and triggered reduced reservoir releases under the Corps drought plan.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"WRDW (ref 1) reports lower levels bring hidden rocks and stumps closer to the surface, a boating hazard; no water-supply harm is documented.","service":"The Corps reduced water flow from Lake Thurmond after the January 24 Level 2 declaration (ref 1); EPD (ref 4) reports no water-availability issues among supply providers in August.","scale":"The reservoirs form the shared Georgia-South Carolina Savannah basin storage tracked in EPD's statewide indicators (ref 4), serving a regional, multi-state system.","duration":"Level 2 took effect January 24, 2026 (ref 1) and EPD still listed Hartwell and Thurmond at Level 2 on August 14, 2026 (ref 2), about seven months.","significance":"A formal Corps drought-contingency declaration (ref 1) and EPD's statewide Level 1 response (ref 2) are in effect; Hartwell was below 656 feet in late August (ref 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The reservoirs serve a multi-state area and no single affected-population count was reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Corps Drought Level 2 for Lake Thurmond and Savannah River reservoirs effective January 24, 2026; Hartwell and Thurmond still at Level 2 on August 14, 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"Hartwell level, late August 2026","value":656,"unit":"feet MSL (reported as below)","status":"Reported","source_refs":[3],"note":"FOX Carolina reports Hartwell was below 656 feet because of drought."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"EPD says summer rain helped but major sources have not fully recovered (ref 2); the U.S. Drought Outlook projects drought removal in August-October (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Savannah District","role":"Reservoir operator"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"State water-supply and drought regulator"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Water Supply Program and Communications office, (470) 524-0732 (media line published in the April 27, 2026 drought press release)","corrective_actions":["Corps reduced releases under its drought plan","EPD kept statewide Drought Response Level 1 in effect on August 14, 2026"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Army Corps declares drought level 2 for Lake Thurmond","publisher":"WRDW","date":"2026-01-29","url":"https://www.wrdw.com/2026/01/29/army-corps-declares-drought-level-2-lake-thurmond","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Updates on Drought Conditions and Response (public meeting slides)","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2026-08-14","url":"https://epd.georgia.gov/document/document/20260810-drought-public-meeting-wsp/download","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Water level restrictions announced for Lake Hartwell over dike flood risks","publisher":"FOX Carolina","date":"2026-08-26","url":"https://www.foxcarolina.com/2026/08/26/water-level-restrictions-announced-lake-hartwell-over-dike-flood-risks/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Drought Indicators Report, August 2026","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2026-08-10","url":"https://epd.georgia.gov/document/document/drought-indicators-report-2026-08-10/download","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (GA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-GA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2025-2026"]},{"id":"US-GA-LAKE-LANIER-BELOW-FULL-POOL-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lake Lanier more than 4 feet below full pool through the 2026 drought","description":"Before May 2026 rains Lake Lanier was more than 5 feet below its 1,071-foot full pool, and on June 8 it stood at 1,066.56 feet, 4.44 feet low. EPD's August 14 briefing said Lanier remained more than 4.5 feet below normal pool, in drought zone 2.","location":{"name":"Lake Lanier","type":"Federal reservoir and metro Atlanta water source","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Buford Dam, Forsyth, Hall, Gwinnett, Dawson and Lumpkin counties","coordinates":{"lat":34.17,"lon":-84.07,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Hall","Forsyth","Gwinnett","Dawson","Lumpkin"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Lower reservoir storage on the main ACF headwater lake reduces the buffer available to metro Atlanta water supply.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health or environmental harm is documented; EPD's August report (ref 4) states no water-availability issues were reported by supply providers.","service":"Level 1 imposes no new restriction beyond the existing 4 p.m. to 10 a.m. outdoor watering window (ref 2), so no service disruption is documented.","scale":"The ARC (ref 1) places Lanier in the water outlook for the whole metro Atlanta region, which EPD included in the Level 1 declaration.","duration":"The lake was over 5 feet low before May (ref 1) and still more than 4.5 feet low on August 14 (ref 3), a deficit lasting months.","significance":"EPD's statewide Level 1 declaration (ref 2) and its zone 2 classification for Lanier (ref 4) are formal findings, but no enforcement or mandatory restriction applies."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Lanier supplies multiple utilities and no single served-population figure was cited in the opened sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"On June 8, 2026 Lake Lanier was 1,066.56 feet MSL, 4.44 feet below full pool of 1,071.00 feet (ARC)."},"measures":[{"name":"Lake Lanier level on June 8, 2026","value":1066.56,"unit":"feet MSL","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1]},{"name":"Shortfall to full pool, June 8, 2026","value":4.44,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1]},{"name":"12-month rainfall in region","value":35.5,"unit":"inches (about 14 below normal)","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1]}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Shortfall narrowed from over 5 feet before May rain to 4.4 feet in June, then stayed above 4.5 feet in August (refs 1, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Mobile District","role":"Reservoir operator"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"State water-supply and drought regulator"},{"name":"Atlanta Regional Commission","role":"Regional planning and water outlook"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Water Supply Program and Communications office, (470) 524-0732 (media line published in the April 27, 2026 drought press release)","corrective_actions":["Level 1 public-information campaigns by public water systems","ARC urges conservation such as limiting daily lawn watering"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"It rained buckets in May. Are our water worries behind us? Not just yet","publisher":"Atlanta Regional Commission","date":"2026-06-08","url":"https://atlantaregional.org/news/natural-resources/it-rained-buckets-in-may-are-our-water-worries-behind-us-not-just-yet/","basis":"Regional planning agency"},{"ref":2,"title":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division Declares Drought Response Level 1","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2026-04-27","url":"https://epd.georgia.gov/press-releases/2026-04-27/level-1-drought-declared","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Updates on Drought Conditions and Response (public meeting slides)","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2026-08-14","url":"https://epd.georgia.gov/document/document/20260810-drought-public-meeting-wsp/download","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Drought Indicators Report, August 2026","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2026-08-10","url":"https://epd.georgia.gov/document/document/drought-indicators-report-2026-08-10/download","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (GA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-GA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2025-2026","US-GA-METRO-ATLANTA-DATA-CENTER-WATER-2026","US-GA-ACF-INTERSTATE-SETTLEMENT-2023"]},{"id":"US-GA-SAVANNAH-FLORIDAN-REBOUND-PERMITS-2027","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Savannah Floridan aquifer rebounds after paper-mill closures as permits near 2027 reissuance","description":"After International Paper closed its Savannah and Riceboro mills in fall 2025, USGS wells in Savannah rose 19 and 23 feet to levels not seen in over 70 years of record. Coastal groundwater permits for Chatham, Effingham, Liberty and Bryan counties expire at the end of 2027, and who receives the freed-up water remains undecided.","location":{"name":"Savannah-Chatham Upper Floridan aquifer cone of depression","type":"Aquifer and groundwater-permit zone","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Chatham, Liberty, Effingham and Bryan counties, coastal Georgia","coordinates":{"lat":32.08,"lon":-81.09,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Chatham","Liberty","Effingham","Bryan"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A century of heavy pumping lowered Upper Floridan pressure and moved saltwater toward Hilton Head, and reduced pumping has now reversed part of that decline.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Savannah pumping made some Hilton Head Island wells salty and led to state-required withdrawal restrictions (refs 2, 4); the 2025-26 rebound itself is a recovery, not new harm.","service":"No service disruption is documented; the issue is allocation of groundwater, with IP's Savannah permit at 12.2 mgd (ref 1).","scale":"Four coastal counties and a multi-state aquifer are affected, with IP's two mills using more than 22 mgd before closure (ref 3).","duration":"The cone of depression is described as nearly a century old (ref 2), and the permit question runs to the end of 2027.","significance":"EPD formed a 19-member Coastal Permitting Advisory Committee and permits expire end of 2027 (refs 2, 4), but no enforcement action is documented."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population was reported for the aquifer-wide condition."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Savannah Floridan wells rose more than 19 feet and 23 feet over four months to levels not seen in over 70 years (The Current, March 3, 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"IP Savannah permitted withdrawal","value":12.2,"unit":"million gallons per day","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1]},{"name":"IP pumping reduction","value":85,"unit":"percent (over 10 mgd)","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1]},{"name":"IP Savannah October 2025 withdrawal","value":5.2,"unit":"million gallons per day","status":"Reported","source_refs":[4]},{"name":"IP Riceboro October 2025 withdrawal","value":3.2,"unit":"million gallons per day","status":"Reported","source_refs":[4]}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Industrial customer loss and surface-water expansion costs"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"EPD says the benefit is near its maximum and stabilizing (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"State water-supply and drought regulator"},{"name":"Coastal Georgia Regional Water Planning Council","role":"Advises permit-reissuance strategy"},{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey","role":"Aquifer monitoring"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Water Supply Program and Communications office, (470) 524-0732 (media line published in the April 27, 2026 drought press release)","corrective_actions":["EPD Coastal Permitting Advisory Committee formed (Dec 2025)","Planning council targets strategy document by mid-2027","EPD study of shifting pumping among Savannah's 47 wells","Surface-water expansion funded by a $500 million package"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Aquifer rebounds after International Paper closure","publisher":"The Current","date":"2026-03-03","url":"https://thecurrentga.org/2026/03/03/aquifer-rebounds-after-international-paper-closure/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Coastal Georgia water supply, Hyundai","publisher":"The Current","date":"2026-01-06","url":"https://thecurrentga.org/2026/01/06/coastal-georgia-water-supply-hyundai/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPD: IP's water permits remain active for now","publisher":"The Current","date":"2025-09-23","url":"https://thecurrentga.org/2025/09/23/epd-ips-water-permits-remain-active-for-now","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Stakeholders plan coastal Georgia's water future","publisher":"Georgia Public Broadcasting","date":"2026-01-07","url":"https://www.gpb.org/news/2026/01/07/stakeholders-plan-coastal-georgias-water-future","basis":"News report"},{"ref":5,"title":"Floridan aquifer shows recovery after International Paper ceases operations","publisher":"The Current","date":"2025-10-21","url":"https://thecurrentga.org/2025/10/21/floridan-aquifer-shows-recovery-after-international-paper-ceases-operations/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (GA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-GA-SAVANNAH-REGIONAL-DEMAND-GROUNDWATER-TRANSITION","US-GA-BRUNSWICK-AQUIFER-SALTWATER-INTRUSION","US-GA-BRYAN-BULLOCH-MEGASITE-GROUNDWATER","US-GA-EFFINGHAM-COASTAL-SURFACE-WATER-TRANSITION"]},{"id":"US-GA-DAWSON-RUSSELL-CREEK-RESERVOIR-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Dawson County Russell Creek Reservoir under construction for drought supply","description":"The Etowah Water and Sewer Authority is converting a 1957 flood-control dam into the Russell Creek Reservoir, with $68 million in NRCS assistance and groundbreaking on April 17, 2025. Construction is scheduled for completion in January 2028, followed by about a year to fill, to maintain drinking water for up to 126,000 people through a repeat of the 2008-2009 drought.","location":{"name":"Russell Creek Reservoir (Etowah Water and Sewer Authority)","type":"Water supply reservoir project","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Dawson County, Georgia, Etowah River watershed","coordinates":{"lat":34.42,"lon":-84.12,"precision":"county","source_ref":2},"counties":["Dawson"],"extent":"site","pwsid":"GA0850007"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A new storage reservoir is being built because the authority's river withdrawal permit caps supply during low-flow drought conditions.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health or environmental harm is documented; the project responds to supply risk and a dam that NRCS says could shift from low to high hazard potential (ref 1).","service":"No service loss is documented in the opened sources (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The system serves 23,922 people per SDWIS (ref 3) and the reservoir is sized for up to 126,000 people in drought (ref 2).","duration":"Construction began in 2025 with completion scheduled January 2028 and about a year to fill (ref 2), a multi-year build.","significance":"A federally funded, formally permitted project with $68 million in NRCS assistance (ref 1), but no violation or enforcement."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":23922,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Etowah water system per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reservoir designed to maintain drinking water for up to 126,000 people in a repeat of the 2008-2009 drought (Dawson County minutes, March 25, 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"NRCS assistance invested","value":68,"unit":"million dollars","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1]},{"name":"Reservoir surface area and maximum depth","value":137,"unit":"acres (87 ft maximum depth)","status":"Reported","source_refs":[2]},{"name":"Population supported in drought","value":126000,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","source_refs":[2]}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Large capital project for a small authority"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Project is mid-construction with first fill expected after January 2028."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Etowah Water and Sewer Authority","role":"Project sponsor and operator"},{"name":"USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service","role":"Funding agency"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"State water-supply and drought regulator"}],"public_contact":"Dawson County Government general channel via dawsoncountyga.gov","corrective_actions":["Dam reconstruction under way since April 2025","Water pumped from the Etowah River in flood conditions to fill the reservoir","150-foot vegetated buffer around the reservoir"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Russell Creek Reservoir, Dawson County, Georgia","publisher":"USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service","date":"2025-12-03","url":"https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/programs-initiatives/watershed-protection-and-flood-prevention-operations-program/news/russell","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Dawson County Long Range Planning Committee draft minutes, March 25, 2026","publisher":"Dawson County Government","date":"2026-03-25","url":"https://www.dawsoncountyga.gov/DocumentCenter/View/2017/Dawson-County-LRPC-3-25-26-Draft-Minutes","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record, ETOWAH (GA0850007)","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/GA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ETOWAH/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"New record (GA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-GA-JEFFERSON-PARKS-CREEK-RESERVOIR"]},{"id":"US-GA-VALDOSTA-MANDATORY-WATERING-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Valdosta mandatory outdoor watering restrictions during 2026 drought","description":"The City of Valdosta imposed mandatory outdoor watering limits from April 15, 2026, allowing watering only from 4 p.m. to 10 a.m., because drought, reduced rainfall and higher demand lowered local water-source levels. Violators can face fines or service disconnection.","location":{"name":"Valdosta water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"City of Valdosta, Lowndes County","coordinates":{"lat":30.83,"lon":-83.28,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Lowndes"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"GA1850002"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Drought and higher demand lowered the city's source levels, prompting a mandatory local restriction.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health harm is documented; the city cites strain on supply and reliability for public safety needs (ref 2).","service":"Mandatory outdoor-watering limits apply to residents and businesses from April 15 (ref 1), a partial restriction only.","scale":"The Valdosta system serves 48,959 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Only the April 2026 notice is documented in opened sources, and whether the limit is still in force was not verified.","significance":"A formal city restriction enforceable by fines or disconnection under the Water Stewardship Act (ref 2), issued as EPD declared Level 1 (ref 4)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":48959,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Mandatory outdoor watering only from 4 p.m. to 10 a.m. beginning April 15, 2026 (City of Valdosta notice)."},"measures":[{"name":"Population served","value":48959,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","source_refs":[3]}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Only the April 2026 notice was located; later status was not verified."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Valdosta Utilities Department","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"State water-supply and drought regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Valdosta Utilities Department general channel via valdostacity.com","corrective_actions":["Mandatory outdoor watering window of 4 p.m. to 10 a.m.","City asks customers to fix leaks and delay new landscaping"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Valdosta implements water restrictions amid drought","publisher":"WALB","date":"2026-04-14","url":"https://www.walb.com/2026/04/14/valdosta-implements-water-restrictions-amid-drought/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Valdosta Mandatory Outdoor Water Use Restrictions Take Effect April 15, 2026","publisher":"WWALS Watershed Coalition (City of Valdosta notice)","date":"2026-04-14","url":"https://wwals.net/?p=70059","basis":"Local government notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record, VALDOSTA (GA1850002)","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/GA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/VALDOSTA/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":4,"title":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division Declares Drought Response Level 1","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2026-04-27","url":"https://epd.georgia.gov/press-releases/2026-04-27/level-1-drought-declared","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (GA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-GA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2025-2026","US-GA-SOUTHWEST-FLORIDAN-WELLS-DROUGHT-2026"]},{"id":"US-GA-MCLEMORE-RISING-FAWN-WASTEWATER-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"McLemore Resort wastewater plant: 60,000-gallon spill and building moratorium","description":"A Georgia EPD consent order cites 112 permit violations at the McLemore Resort sewage system in Rising Fawn from April 2022 to February 2026, plus a roughly 60,000-gallon raw-sewage spill into Mill Creek on October 27-29, 2025. The order sets a $111,875 stipulated penalty, a 36-month improvement schedule and a moratorium on new construction at the resort until the system can handle more flow.","location":{"name":"McLemore Water Reclamation plant, Rising Fawn","type":"Private resort wastewater system","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Walker County, Lookout Mountain; discharges to Mill Creek","coordinates":{"lat":34.8,"lon":-85.41,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Walker"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"An overloaded treatment plant and an electrical failure produced permit exceedances and a raw-sewage release.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Raw sewage reached Mill Creek (ref 1); a consultant quoted in the same report says fecal coliform rose only negligibly, so documented harm is limited.","service":"No loss of service reported; the order instead freezes new hotel, housing and amenity construction (ref 1).","scale":"A single resort system on one creek; about 60,000 gallons spilled over three days (ref 1).","duration":"112 permit violations were logged across April 2022 to February 2026, nearly four years (ref 1).","significance":"EPD consent order with a $111,875 stipulated penalty and a construction moratorium (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Population affected not reported; downstream livestock owners along the creek raised concerns (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 60,000 gallons of raw sewage spilled into Mill Creek over three days; EPD cites 112 permit violations from April 2022 to February 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"Raw sewage spilled","value":60000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"October 27-29, 2025, per state report (ref 1)."},{"name":"Permit violations","value":112,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"April 2022 to February 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Stipulated civil penalty","value":111875,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Can be offset by approved corrective-action spending (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Consent order is new in mid-2026; corrective plan due within 30 days and improvements within 36 months (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"McLemore Sewer Inc. / McLemore Resort","role":"Responsible operator"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Updated corrective action plan due within 30 days of the order.","Treatment improvements within 36 months.","Moratorium on new construction until EPD finds the system can handle more flow."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Walker County residents question McLemore sewage spill after state report","publisher":"WTVC NewsChannel 9","date":"2026-07-02","url":"https://newschannel9.com/news/local/residents-question-2025-sewage-spill-at-mclemore-as-state-details-broader-wastewater-probl-mill-creek-georgia-epd-walker-county-wastewater-rising-fawn","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (GA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2025-10-27","latest_seen":"2026-07-02","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["EPD order number","Final downstream sampling results"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-ATLANTA-CHATTAHOOCHEE-CSO-FISH-KILL-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Atlanta West Area Tunnel overflow and 44,500-fish Chattahoochee kill","description":"On May 20, 2026 about 6 million gallons of combined sewage and stormwater overflowed from Atlanta's West Area Tunnel into Peachtree Creek during a storm at near-record low river flow. A Georgia DNR report attributes the death of about 44,500 fish over 16 river miles to the resulting low-oxygen water, and the Chattahoochee Riverkeeper says operational failures played a role.","location":{"name":"Peachtree Creek to South Fulton, Chattahoochee River","type":"River segment","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Fulton County; overflow from the West Area Tunnel emergency overflow about 700 feet above the Chattahoochee confluence","coordinates":{"lat":33.82,"lon":-84.46,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Fulton"],"extent":"watershed","pwsid":"GA1210001"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A combined sewer tunnel overflow and operating problems caused a river oxygen collapse.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DNR counted about 44,500 dead fish over 16 river miles and valued them at $840,000 (ref 1).","service":"No drinking-water or sewer service loss reported from the overflow itself.","scale":"The die-off spans 16 miles of the metro Atlanta Chattahoochee, downstream of a 1.09 million-person city system (ref 1, ref 3).","duration":"A single overflow on the evening of May 20, 2026; effects reported as slowly recovering (ref 2).","significance":"State DNR fish-kill report and a joint EPD, Riverkeeper and city investigation; no penalty reported yet (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":1089893,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the City of Atlanta water system per SDWIS (ref 3); the river kill itself has no direct population count."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 44,500 fish died over a 16-river-mile stretch from Peachtree Creek to South Fulton after nearly 6 million gallons overflowed from the combined sewer system."},"measures":[{"name":"Fish killed","value":44500,"unit":"fish","status":"Reported","note":"Georgia DNR Wildlife Resources Division estimate (ref 1)."},{"name":"Overflow volume","value":5940000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Estimated","note":"City estimate of untreated and minimally treated sewage and stormwater; AJC says nearly 6 million (ref 1)."},{"name":"Affected river length","value":16,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Peachtree Creek to South Fulton (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Investigation was still in a discovery phase at last report; an independent engineering firm was hired (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Atlanta Department of Watershed Management","role":"Responsible operator"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Georgia DNR Wildlife Resources Division","role":"Fish-kill investigator"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Joint investigation by the Riverkeeper, EPD and the city.","City hired an independent engineering firm to evaluate the system."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"What killed thousands of fish along the Chattahoochee? A report offers clues","publisher":"Atlanta Journal-Constitution","date":"2026-06-25","url":"https://www.ajc.com/business/2026/06/what-killed-thousands-of-fish-along-the-chattahoochee-a-report-offers-clues/","basis":"News report of state DNR findings"},{"ref":2,"title":"Above the Waterline: Chattahoochee River fish kill","publisher":"Rough Draft Atlanta","date":"2026-06-26","url":"https://roughdraftatlanta.com/2026/06/26/chattahoochee-river-fish-kill-2/","basis":"News commentary"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: ATLANTA (GA1210001)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/GA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ATLANTA/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":4,"title":"Fish kill investigation, Chattahoochee River, Fulton, Cobb, Douglas","publisher":"Chattahoochee Riverkeeper (Georgia DNR report)","date":"2026-05-22","url":"https://chattahoochee.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/FISHKILL-INVESTIGATION-CHATTAHOOCHEE-RIVER-Fulton_Cobb_Douglas_05_22_26_final_.pdf","basis":"State record (PDF could not be text-extracted; facts taken from ref 2)"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (GA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-05-20","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Final root cause","Enforcement outcome"],"related_ids":["US-GA-ATLANTA-RM-CLAYTON-WASTEWATER-2024","US-GA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2025-2026"]},{"id":"US-GA-SOUTH-RIVER-WRC-FERRIC-CHLORIDE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"South River Water Reclamation Center chemical release and 1,254-fish kill","description":"Georgia DNR traced a June 27, 2026 fish kill on a 2.5-mile stretch of the South River to a ruptured reuse line at Atlanta's South River Water Reclamation Center, which sent ferric chloride into the plant stormwater system and a ditch to the river. River pH fell from 7 to 3 and 1,254 fish died; the city disputes that its spill caused the kill.","location":{"name":"South River below South River Water Reclamation Center","type":"River segment","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"DeKalb and Fulton counties near Jonesboro Road SE, tributary of the Ocmulgee River","coordinates":{"lat":33.67,"lon":-84.35,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["DeKalb","Fulton"],"extent":"watershed","pwsid":"GA1210001"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A plant chemical release reached a river through stormwater drainage.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"State investigators counted 1,254 dead fish and river pH of 3 on June 27 (ref 1).","service":"No water-service disruption reported.","scale":"A 2.5-mile river stretch; about 300 gallons of ferric chloride estimated by the city (ref 1).","duration":"One release on June 27, with water quality back to baseline shortly after, per officials (ref 1).","significance":"DNR investigation assessed $4,751.33 in damages and investigative costs; the city contests causation (ref 1, ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population reported for the river stretch."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"1,254 dead fish counted over 2.5 miles; river pH dropped from 7 to 3; about 300 gallons of ferric chloride released."},"measures":[{"name":"Fish killed","value":1254,"unit":"fish","status":"Reported","note":"DNR count (ref 1)."},{"name":"Chemical released","value":300,"unit":"gallons","status":"Estimated","note":"City estimate of ferric chloride (ref 1)."},{"name":"State damages assessed","value":4751.33,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Fish value plus investigative costs (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event; no repeat reported (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Atlanta Department of Watershed Management","role":"Responsible operator"},{"name":"Georgia DNR Wildlife Resources Division","role":"Fish-kill investigator"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["City and EPD investigating whether the substance reached the river (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Atlanta agency rejects state blame for South River fish kill","publisher":"FOX 5 Atlanta","date":"2026-07-27","url":"https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/atlanta-wastewater-facility-leak-kills-over-1200-fish-south-river","basis":"News report of state findings"},{"ref":2,"title":"South River fish kill under investigation, chemical leak possible","publisher":"Rough Draft Atlanta","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://roughdraftatlanta.com/2026/07/01/atlanta-fish-kill-investigation/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: ATLANTA (GA1210001)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/GA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ATLANTA/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":4,"title":"Fish kill on the South River, Atlanta investigating possible chemical spill","publisher":"Atlanta Journal-Constitution","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://www.ajc.com/news/2026/07/atlanta-is-investigating-a-new-fish-kill-on-a-different-metro-area-river/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":5,"title":"DNR says 4,751 fish kill in South River was due to chemical spill at Atlanta water facility","publisher":"WSB-TV","date":"2026-07-28","url":"https://www.wsbtv.com/news/local/atlanta/dnr-says-4751-fish-kill-south-river-was-due-chemical-spill-atlanta-water-facility/H6BBA2UWEFEADDVTZHSJRILA4A/","basis":"News report citing Georgia DNR"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (GA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-06-27","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Whether penalties will follow"],"related_ids":["US-GA-ATLANTA-CHATTAHOOCHEE-CSO-FISH-KILL-2026"]},{"id":"US-GA-COBB-OLLEY-CREEK-OVERFLOW-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Cobb County Olley Creek sewer overflow and dead fish","description":"A failed temporary pumping system at a construction site caused a 25,000-gallon sewage overflow on August 15, 2026 at 1675 Milford Church Road in Marietta into Olley Creek. County staff found dead fish on August 17 and bacteria sampling on August 18 showed elevated fecal coliform and E. coli.","location":{"name":"Olley Creek, Marietta","type":"Creek segment","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Cobb County, Milford Church Road overflow site","coordinates":{"lat":33.94,"lon":-84.58,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Cobb"],"extent":"site","pwsid":"GA0670003"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A sewage overflow from a failed pump degraded stream water quality.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"County staff observed dead fish and measured elevated fecal coliform and E. coli on August 18 (ref 1).","service":"No service loss reported in the county notice.","scale":"A single overflow site of about 25,000 gallons on one creek (ref 1).","duration":"Overflow lasted about five hours on August 15 (ref 1).","significance":"Public notice under EPD sewer-overflow rules with required spill monitoring; no penalty reported (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":695000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Cobb County water system per SDWIS (ref 2); overflow impact area is local."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Estimated 25,000 gallons overflowed into Olley Creek on August 15, 2026; dead fish and elevated E. coli followed."},"measures":[{"name":"Overflow volume","value":25000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Estimated","note":"County estimate; stopped 5:00 PM Aug 15 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First reported event of this kind at the site in the cited notice."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Cobb County Water System","role":"Responsible utility"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Cobb County Water System System Maintenance Division, 770-528-8731","corrective_actions":["EPD-required spill monitoring in place.","County continuing to evaluate extent and impacts."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Press Release: Information on Sewer Overflow, 1675 Milford Church Rd","publisher":"Cobb County Water System","date":"2026-08-19","url":"https://assets.cobbcounty.gov/files/2026-08/08152026-MILFORDCHURCH-RD-1675-PR.pdf","basis":"Local-government notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: COBB COUNTY (GA0670003)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/GA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/COBB/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"New record (GA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-08-15","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Independent news coverage","Final sampling results"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-SAVANNAH-WILSHIRE-EFFLUENT-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Savannah Wilshire plant 8.7-million-gallon effluent discharge above BOD limit","description":"In September 2025 one of two aeration basins at Savannah's Wilshire Water Reclamation Facility was offline for maintenance, and the remaining basin could not fully treat flow. About 8.7 million gallons of effluent with slightly elevated biochemical oxygen demand reached the Savannah River, a reportable major spill under EPD rules.","location":{"name":"Wilshire Water Reclamation Facility, Savannah","type":"Municipal wastewater plant","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Chatham County; discharges to the Savannah River","coordinates":{"lat":32.02,"lon":-81.09,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Chatham"],"extent":"site","pwsid":"GA0510003"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A treatment-capacity shortfall during maintenance caused a permit exceedance.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"City says testing showed no major public-health threat; BOD was about 1.5% above the notice threshold (ref 1).","service":"No service interruption reported.","scale":"Plant serves a city system of 168,958 people per SDWIS (ref 2); 8.7 million gallons discharged (ref 1).","duration":"Elevated discharge lasted until the next routine test; second basin returned to service September 25 (ref 1).","significance":"Reported to EPD and the Chatham County Health Department; signs posted at three river locations (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":168958,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by SAVANNAH-MAIN per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 8.7 million gallons of treated effluent with BOD about 1.5% above the public-notice limit entered the Savannah River."},"measures":[{"name":"Effluent discharged","value":8700000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Until the next test, per the city (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Later tests showed compliance after the basin returned September 25 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Savannah Water Resources","role":"Responsible utility"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Second aeration basin returned to service September 25, 2025.","Precautionary signs posted at three river locations."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City reports violation after wastewater discharged into Savannah River","publisher":"WTOC","date":"2025-10-01","url":"https://www.wtoc.com/2025/10/01/city-reports-violation-wastewater-discharged-into-savannah-river-officials-say-there-is-no-threat-public-health/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: SAVANNAH-MAIN (GA0510003)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/GA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SAVANNAH/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":2,"note":"New record (GA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":2,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-09-25","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["EPD enforcement outcome"],"related_ids":["US-GA-SAVANNAH-WATER-SEWER-DEBT-RATE-PLAN"]},{"id":"US-GA-POOLER-FORCE-MAIN-SPILL-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Pooler force-main failure releases 138,000 gallons of sewage","description":"A force main failed near South Rogers Street in Pooler on August 1, 2025, spilling an estimated 138,000 gallons of sewage. The city reports no waters of the state were affected; crews replaced the failed section and posted signs.","location":{"name":"South Rogers Street force main, Pooler","type":"Municipal sewer force main","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Chatham County","coordinates":{"lat":32.115,"lon":-81.247,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Chatham"],"extent":"site","pwsid":"GA0510001"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A pipe failure released sewage from a collection force main.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"City notice states no waters of the state were impacted (ref 1).","service":"Only traffic effects on Rogers Street while repairs ran (ref 1).","scale":"A single force-main break in a city of 28,423 per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"The spill was reported stopped by August 2, 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"Reported as a major spill (over 10,000 gallons) with county health department notification (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":28423,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by POOLER per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Estimated 138,000 gallons of sewage released after a force-main failure on August 1, 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"Spill volume","value":138000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Estimated","note":"Final estimate in city notice (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Pooler","role":"Responsible utility"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Failed pipe section replaced.","Area cleaned and treated with calcium hydroxide.","Signs posted and health department notified."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Discharge Notice: Traffic Impacts on Rogers Street","publisher":"City of Pooler","date":"2025-08-02","url":"https://www.pooler-ga.gov/news/discharge-notice-traffic-impacts-on-rogers-street/","basis":"Local-government notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: POOLER (GA0510001)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/GA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/POOLER/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":1,"note":"New record (GA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":1,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-08-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Independent news coverage"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-DEKALB-CLAIRMONT-MAIN-BREAK-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"DeKalb 1941 cast-iron main break and boil-water advisory","description":"A 30-inch cast-iron water main installed in 1941 broke on Clairmont Road in January 2025, cutting pressure and prompting a boil-water advisory for about 8,800 households and 20,000 residents. A second main broke on North Druid Hills Road the next day; the advisory was fully lifted by January 18.","location":{"name":"Clairmont Road, Toco Hills, DeKalb County","type":"Water distribution main","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Brookhaven/Toco Hills, Druid Hills and Candler Park areas","coordinates":{"lat":33.835,"lon":-84.326,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["DeKalb"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"GA0890001"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Failure of aged distribution mains interrupted service and triggered a boil-water advisory.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No illness reported in cited sources; the advisory was precautionary (ref 1, ref 3).","service":"Low or no pressure and a boil-water advisory covered 8,800 households (ref 1, ref 3).","scale":"About 20,000 residents affected within a 743,000-person system (ref 1, ref 4).","duration":"Break January 14; advisory fully lifted by January 18, 2025 (ref 3).","significance":"Formal boil-water advisory issued by the county; CEO cited aging pipes and a second break (ref 2)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":20000,"status":"Reported","note":"Residents under the advisory per county and news (ref 3); system serves 743,000 per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"30-inch main installed in 1941 broke; about 8,800 households and 20,000 residents faced a boil-water advisory."},"measures":[{"name":"Residents affected","value":20000,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"County estimate (ref 3)."},{"name":"Households affected","value":8800,"unit":"households","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3; ref 2 says roughly 8,500."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Two breaks in two days point to pipe-age risk (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"DeKalb County Department of Watershed Management","role":"Responsible utility"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"DeKalb Watershed water operations, 770-270-6243","corrective_actions":["Break repaired January 16, 2025.","Bottled water distributed at fire stations.","Advisory lifted after sampling."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DeKalb County Department of Watershed Management addresses major water main break","publisher":"DeKalb County","date":"2025-01-14","url":"https://dekalbcountyga.gov/news/dekalb-county-department-watershed-management-addresses-major-water-main-break","basis":"Local-government notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"'Recipe for disaster': DeKalb County dealing with 'aging pipes', multiple water main breaks","publisher":"Atlanta News First","date":"2025-01-15","url":"https://www.atlantanewsfirst.com/2025/01/15/recipe-disaster-dekalb-county-dealing-with-aging-pipes-multiple-water-main-breaks/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Boil water advisory fully lifted in DeKalb County, officials say","publisher":"Atlanta News First","date":"2025-01-18","url":"https://www.atlantanewsfirst.com/2025/01/19/boil-water-advisory-fully-lifted-dekalb-county-officials-say","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: DEKALB COUNTY (GA0890001)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/GA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/DEKALB/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"New record (GA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-01-14","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-GA-DEKALB-SEWER-CONSENT-DECREE-2025","US-GA-ATLANTA-DRINKING-WATER-MAIN-BREAKS-RENEWAL"]},{"id":"US-GA-ATLANTA-BOIL-ADVISORIES-POWER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Atlanta 2026 boil-water advisories from plant and pump-station power failures","description":"An internal power failure at Atlanta's Hemphill Water Treatment Plant triggered a downtown boil-water advisory on May 22, 2026, lifted May 23. On July 17 a power outage at the Adamsville Pump Station put about 47,800 customers in South Fulton and Fairburn under an advisory, lifted July 18 after sampling found no contamination.","location":{"name":"Atlanta water system (Hemphill, Adamsville)","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Downtown Atlanta; South Fulton and Fairburn, Fulton County","coordinates":{"lat":33.749,"lon":-84.388,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Fulton"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"GA1210001"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Power failures at treatment and pumping facilities interrupted pressure and service.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Sampling found no contamination in the public system after both advisories (ref 1, ref 2).","service":"Outages or low pressure plus boil advisories; 47,800 customers in July (ref 2, ref 3).","scale":"City system serves 1,089,893 people per SDWIS; July advisory alone covered 47,800 customers (ref 2, ref 4).","duration":"Each advisory lasted about one day, May 22-23 and July 17-18 (ref 1, ref 2).","significance":"Formal boil-water advisories issued by the utility (ref 1, ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":47800,"status":"Reported","note":"Customers affected in the July advisory (ref 2); system serves 1,089,893 per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Two boil-water advisories in 2026 from power failures; the July one affected 47,800 customers."},"measures":[{"name":"Customers under July advisory","value":47800,"unit":"customers","status":"Reported","note":"South Fulton and Fairburn (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Repeated service interruptions in 2026 following the 2024 main-break emergency."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Atlanta Department of Watershed Management","role":"Responsible utility"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"ATL 311, 404-546-0311","corrective_actions":["Power restored and sampling completed before advisories were lifted."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DWM news release, Hemphill Water Treatment Plant power failure advisory","publisher":"Atlanta Department of Watershed Management","date":"2026-05-22","url":"https://atlantawatershed.org/news-release-may-2026-22/","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Boil water advisory for South Fulton, Fairburn lifted","publisher":"Atlanta News First","date":"2026-07-18","url":"https://www.atlantanewsfirst.com/2026/07/18/boil-water-advisory-lifted-south-fulton-fairburn/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"South Fulton on boil as pump station outage hits nearly 48,000 water customers","publisher":"Hoodline","date":"2026-07-18","url":"https://hoodline.com/2026/07/south-fulton-on-boil-as-pump-station-outage-hits-nearly-48-000-water-customers/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: ATLANTA (GA1210001)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/GA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ATLANTA/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":5,"title":"DWM news release, advisory lifted May 23","publisher":"Atlanta Department of Watershed Management","date":"2026-05-23","url":"https://atlantawatershed.org/news-release-may-2026-23/","basis":"Utility notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (GA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-05-22","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-GA-ATLANTA-DRINKING-WATER-MAIN-BREAKS-RENEWAL"]},{"id":"US-GA-COLUMBUS-CSO-ECOLI-LIMITS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Columbus combined sewer overflows: E. coli permit limits overturned","description":"Columbus Water Works operates the last combined sewer system in Georgia without E. coli limits on overflow discharges to the Chattahoochee. A December 2024 ruling held EPD wrongly added E. coli limits to the 2020 permit without an adequate reasonable-potential analysis, ending a challenge CWW began in 2021.","location":{"name":"Columbus combined sewer system, Chattahoochee River","type":"Municipal combined sewer system","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Muscogee County; overflows near the Columbus Whitewater Course","coordinates":{"lat":32.46,"lon":-84.99,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Muscogee"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"GA2150000"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Permitting of combined sewer overflows determines whether bacteria in river discharges are controlled.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No specific illness cited; Riverkeeper notes overflow occurs into a whitewater recreation course (ref 1).","service":"No service disruption.","scale":"Utility serves 229,000 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Dispute dates to 1998 permit with no bacteria limits and runs through 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"Administrative law judge ruling in CWW's favor; a 2020 permit contested since 2021 (ref 1, ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":229000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by COLUMBUS per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Columbus has the only remaining combined sewer system in Georgia without E. coli limits on overflow discharge, per Chattahoochee Riverkeeper."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Permit renewal cycle was set to begin the following April (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Columbus Water Works","role":"Responsible utility"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["Next five-year permit cycle to revisit limits."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Fighting for clean water in Columbus","publisher":"Chattahoochee Riverkeeper","date":null,"url":"https://chattahoochee.org/blog/fighting-for-clean-water-in-columbus/","basis":"Advocacy organization account of ruling"},{"ref":2,"title":"Georgia EPD issues new permit to Columbus Water Works; CWW plans to appeal","publisher":"WRBL","date":null,"url":"https://digital-release.wrbl.com/news/local-news/georgia-environmental-protection-division-issues-new-permit-to-columbus-water-works-cww-plans-to-appeal/amp/","basis":"Local news (year not stated on page)"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: COLUMBUS (GA2150000)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/GA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/COLUMBUS/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (GA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-12-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["Exact ruling date","Appeal status","Overflow volumes"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINE-INVENTORY-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Georgia lead service line inventories: unchecked private-side pipes","description":"Georgia water systems filed initial lead service line inventories with EPD by October 16, 2024. Major metro Atlanta utilities report no known lead lines, but thousands of private-side lines are of unknown material: DeKalb mailed about 155,000 letters and Fulton more than 25,000. EPA estimates about 46,000 lead lines statewide, and verification is incomplete.","location":{"name":"Georgia public water systems","type":"Statewide program","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Metro Atlanta utilities: Atlanta, DeKalb, Fulton, Cobb, Gwinnett","coordinates":{"lat":32.65,"lon":-83.4,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Buried service-line material is an unverified infrastructure inventory gap.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No lead service line confirmed by the largest utilities; Atlanta found none in hundreds of samples (ref 1, ref 2).","service":"No service impact.","scale":"Statewide; Atlanta alone has 187,000 lines and DeKalb 155,000 unknown addresses (ref 1).","duration":"Inventories due October 2024, new rule effective 2027, verification still incomplete in December 2025 (ref 1, ref 2).","significance":"Federal rule requires inventories and replacement; EPD urged early action (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide exposed population not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"EPA estimates about 46,000 lead water lines in Georgia; DeKalb sent letters to about 155,000 addresses with unknown materials."},"measures":[{"name":"EPA estimated lead lines in Georgia","value":46000,"unit":"lines","status":"Estimated","note":"EPA estimate cited by AJC (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Verification continuing; compliance date 2027 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Finance Authority","role":"Funding agency"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Drinking Water Program, 404-363-7000","corrective_actions":["Utilities mailing material-verification letters to customers.","Atlanta continues sampling and customer notification (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"New EPA rule means local metro Atlanta governments must check more pipes for lead","publisher":"Atlanta Journal-Constitution","date":"2025-01-17","url":"https://ajc.com/news/atlanta-news/new-epa-rule-means-local-metro-atlanta-governments-must-check-more-pipes-for-lead/K3KTWJEWXNGCDML3O5V32UDDLA","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"News Release: DWM addresses concerns regarding lead notification letters","publisher":"Atlanta Department of Watershed Management","date":"2025-12-03","url":"https://atlantawatershed.org/dwmnewsrelease-dec-3-2025/","basis":"Utility notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (GA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2024-10-16","latest_seen":"2025-12-03","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Statewide tally of unknown lines","Smaller-system results"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-OKEFENOKEE-TWIN-PINES-MINE-WATER-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Okefenokee Swamp: Twin Pines titanium mine water concerns and land buyout","description":"Twin Pines Minerals pursued state permits from 2019 to mine titanium on Trail Ridge less than 3 miles from the Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge; opponents feared pit dewatering and loss of the swamp's water-holding rim would worsen drought. Georgia EPD issued draft permits in February 2024 finding minimal impact, but state bills to bar mining failed. In June 2025 The Conservation Fund agreed to pay $60 million for the company's 7,700 acres, ending the plan, though about 30,000 acres of private Trail Ridge land remain open to mining. In 2026 the state and federal government are acquiring the land, which is slated to open to the public in 2027.","location":{"name":"Okefenokee Swamp and Trail Ridge","type":"Wetland and national wildlife refuge, proposed mine site","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Charlton County, southeast Georgia, near the Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge","coordinates":{"lat":30.62,"lon":-82.28,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Charlton"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The concern is mine dewatering and the swamp's hydrology.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Opponents feared reduced water-holding capacity and worse drought; no harm occurred because the mine was not built (refs 1, 2).","service":"No water service is affected (ref 1).","scale":"Refuge covers nearly 630 square miles; the company's 7,700 acres were bought and about 30,000 acres of Trail Ridge remain vulnerable (ref 1).","duration":"Permit pursuit ran from 2019 into 2025, with the land deal in June 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"EPD draft permits issued in February 2024; USFWS weighed asserting federal water rights (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population served; refuge and tourism resource."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Twin Pines' filings said about 1 million gallons per day would be evaporated from the mining pit (ref 2); The Conservation Fund paid $60 million for 7,700 acres (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Mine pit evaporation","value":1000000,"unit":"gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Per Twin Pines filings (ref 2)."},{"name":"Land buyout price","value":60,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"The Conservation Fund, 7,700 acres (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Threat from this site ended in 2025, though Trail Ridge remains open to other mining (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Permitting agency"},{"name":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","role":"Refuge manager"},{"name":"The Conservation Fund","role":"Land purchaser"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 404-463-1511","corrective_actions":["The Conservation Fund buyout of Twin Pines' 7,700 acres.","USFWS approved a plan in January 2025 to buy up to 22,000 acres along the refuge perimeter."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Conservation group makes $60M land deal to end mining threat outside Okefenokee Swamp","publisher":"Associated Press via Bangor Daily News","date":"2025-06-20","url":"https://www.bangordailynews.com/2025/06/20/nation/conservation-group-makes-60m-land-deal-to-end-mining-threat-outside-okefenokee-swamp/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Water, property rights, environmental concerns play part in Okefenokee Swamp mining controversy","publisher":"Atlanta News First","date":"2024-08-22","url":"https://www.atlantanewsfirst.com/2024/08/23/water-property-rights-environmental-concerns-play-part-okefenokee-swamp-mining-controversy/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Ossoff repeats call for Georgia to reject Okefenokee mining permits","publisher":"Georgia Public Broadcasting (Capitol Beat)","date":"2023-09-15","url":"https://www.gpb.org/node/994696","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Okefenokee mine sale to Conservation Fund","publisher":"The Current GA","date":"2025-06-20","url":"https://thecurrentga.org/2025/06/20/okefenokee-mine-sale-conservation-fund/","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"GPB report on land transfer for the Okefenokee mine site","publisher":"Georgia Public Broadcasting","date":"2026-07-09","url":"https://www.gpb.org/node/1504621","basis":"News"},{"ref":6,"title":"Georgia to get new wildlife area on land bought from Okefenokee mining company","publisher":"Atlanta Journal-Constitution","date":"2026-03-13","url":"https://www.ajc.com/business/2026/03/georgia-to-get-new-wildlife-area-on-land-bought-from-okefenokee-mining-company/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"New record (GA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Closing of second tranche of land purchase"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-HELENE-FEMA-DR4830-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Hurricane Helene federal disaster declaration across 41 Georgia counties","description":"President Biden approved a major disaster declaration for Georgia on September 30, 2024, expanded the next day to 41 counties after Hurricane Helene. FEMA reports about $396 million in individual assistance and $1.6 billion in public assistance obligated through July 2026. About 1.3 million people lost power at the peak, with Augusta and eastern Georgia hardest hit.","location":{"name":"Georgia Hurricane Helene disaster area (DR-4830)","type":"Federal disaster declaration area","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"41 counties in southeast and east Georgia including Richmond, Lowndes, Chatham and Columbia","coordinates":{"lat":32.2,"lon":-82.4,"precision":"state","source_ref":2},"counties":["Richmond","Lowndes","Chatham","Columbia"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Storm and flood damage to public infrastructure drove the federal declaration.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"FEMA public assistance covers damaged public facilities; the Fox 5 report did not report water-system harm (refs 1, 2).","service":"About 1.3 million people lost power at the peak; Augusta water outage is covered in a separate record (ref 2).","scale":"41 counties declared; 220,898 individual assistance applications approved (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Incident period Sept. 24 to Oct. 30, 2024, with recovery funding still obligated in July 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Presidential major disaster declaration DR-4830-GA (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"220,898 individual assistance applications approved (ref 1); total population affected not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"FEMA: $395,829,391.91 individual assistance approved and $1,601,980,361.23 public assistance obligated (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Individual assistance approved","value":395.8,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"FEMA, updated July 14, 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Public assistance obligated","value":1602,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"FEMA (ref 1)."},{"name":"Counties declared","value":41,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"Fox 5 Atlanta (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Individual assistance application period has closed; public assistance continues (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"FEMA","role":"Federal disaster response"},{"name":"Georgia Emergency Management and Homeland Security Agency","role":"State coordinator"}],"public_contact":"FEMA Disaster Assistance, 1-800-621-3362","corrective_actions":["Public assistance for emergency and permanent work and hazard mitigation grants."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Georgia Hurricane Helene (DR-4830-GA)","publisher":"FEMA","date":"2026-07-14","url":"https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4830","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Federal Hurricane Helene disaster declaration expands to 41 Georgia counties","publisher":"FOX 5 Atlanta","date":"2024-10-01","url":"https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/biden-georgia-disaster-declaration-hurricane-helene","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (GA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-GA-AUGUSTA-HELENE-WATER-OUTAGE-2024"]},{"id":"US-GA-ATLANTA-WATER-DELINQUENT-ACCOUNTS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Atlanta water utility owed $236 million as delinquent accounts and shutoffs lag","description":"A September 2026 city audit found Atlanta's Department of Watershed Management is owed more than $236 million in overdue water and sewer bills across 60,168 delinquent accounts, about a quarter of active accounts. The department's own figure is $184 million to $233 million depending on the date, it has averaged about 60 household shutoffs a week, and it expects to recover only part of the debt. Council members asked for stronger collections while the department launches payment-assistance and late-fee measures.","location":{"name":"City of Atlanta water and sewer system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Fulton and DeKalb counties; City of Atlanta Department of Watershed Management","coordinates":{"lat":33.749,"lon":-84.388,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Fulton","DeKalb"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"GA1210001"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns utility revenue, collections and customer affordability rather than treatment or pipes.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Officials cite rising living costs behind unpaid bills and the city says customers unpaid after 60 days face disconnection (ref 2), but no health harm is documented.","service":"The city shut off 5,363 properties from July 2023 through March 2026 and averages about 60 household shutoffs a week (ref 2).","scale":"The system serves about 1.09 million people per EPA's inventory (ref 3), and 60,168 accounts are delinquent (ref 2).","duration":"Delinquent balances grew from $197.8 million in June 2023 to more than $236 million in September 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"A formal city audit and council hearing documented the shortfall and the missed shutoff goal (ref 1), but no enforcement order or court action applies."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":1089893,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per EPA SDWIS for Atlanta water system GA1210001 (ref 3); delinquent accounts are a subset."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than $236 million in overdue water and sewer bills across 60,168 delinquent accounts, up about $39 million in three years."},"measures":[{"name":"Delinquent balance (audit)","value":236,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Commissioner Eyerly cited $184 million; later reporting cited nearly $233 million (refs 1, 2)."},{"name":"Delinquent accounts","value":60168,"unit":"accounts","status":"Reported","note":"Up from more than 54,000 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Debt written off over three years","value":61.5,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Payment plans entered over three years","value":2721,"unit":"accounts","status":"Reported","note":"More than half defaulted (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Delinquent balance of about $236 million; roughly $150 million may not be recoverable (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Balance grew about $39 million between the June 2023 and September 2026 audits (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Atlanta Department of Watershed Management","role":"Utility"},{"name":"Atlanta City Council","role":"Oversight"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Atlanta Department of Watershed Management customer service, atlantawatershed.org","corrective_actions":["Launching the FLOAT program to help delinquent customers catch up before shutoff","Considering lowering the payment-plan down payment from half the bill to 20 or 25 percent","Planned 5 percent late fee expected in early 2027","Hiring 14 more collections staff"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Atlanta councilmembers demand action after audit reveals more than $236M in unpaid water bills","publisher":"Atlanta News First","date":"2026-09-16","url":"https://www.atlantanewsfirst.com/2026/09/16/atlanta-councilmembers-demand-action-after-audit-reveals-more-than-236m-unpaid-water-bills/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Atlanta water officials weigh late fees, shutoffs with $233 million in unpaid bills","publisher":"Atlanta News First","date":"2026-09-29","url":"https://www.atlantanewsfirst.com/2026/09/29/atlanta-water-officials-weigh-late-fees-shutoffs-with-233-million-unpaid-bills/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: ATLANTA (GA1210001)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/GA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ATLANTA/JSON","basis":"Federal system inventory (PWSID and population served)","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (GA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-GA-ATLANTA-DRINKING-WATER-MAIN-BREAKS-RENEWAL"]},{"id":"US-GA-METRO-GA-WATER-RATE-INCREASES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Multi-year water-sewer rate increases in Cobb, North Fulton, Columbus and Fayetteville","description":"Several Georgia utilities have locked in recurring rate increases that took effect or continue in 2026: Cobb County approved 5 percent increases each January through 2029, Fulton County approved 5 percent increases for North Fulton in January 2026 and 2027, Columbus Water Works raised water rates 4.9 percent on January 1, 2026 and added a compliance fee, and Fayetteville's five-year schedule began August 1, 2026. Utilities cite aging infrastructure, wholesale water costs, treatment-plant projects and regulatory compliance.","location":{"name":"Cobb, North Fulton, Columbus and Fayetteville utilities","type":"Multiple municipal and county utility service areas","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Cobb, Fulton, Muscogee and Fayette counties","coordinates":{"lat":33.75,"lon":-84.6,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Cobb","Fulton","Muscogee","Fayette"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Rate schedules are being raised to fund infrastructure, wholesale supply and compliance costs.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Cited sources describe bill increases only; Fayetteville estimates no more than $1 or $2 a month (ref 4) and no health harm is reported.","service":"The sources report no disconnections or service limits tied to the rate actions (refs 1 to 4).","scale":"Cobb County alone serves about 695,000 people and North Fulton about 434,500 (ref 5), with Columbus serving 229,000 per the same inventory.","duration":"Cobb's schedule runs through January 2029 (ref 1) and Fayetteville's through fiscal 2030 (ref 4).","significance":"Cobb commissioners (December 2024), Fulton commissioners (July 2025) and the Columbus Water Works board (December 2025) each formally voted the increases (refs 1 to 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Population varies by utility; Cobb 695,000, North Fulton 434,517 and Columbus 229,000 per EPA SDWIS (ref 5) are all affected in part."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Cobb County approved 5% annual water-sewer increases from January 2026 through January 2029, four increases totaling 20%."},"measures":[{"name":"Cobb County annual increase 2026-2029","value":5,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"North Fulton annual increase (Jan 2026, Jan 2027)","value":5,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Columbus Water Works 2026 water rate increase","value":4.9,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Average bill up $10 to $15 a month (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Utilities cite aging systems and wholesale water costs as cost drivers (refs 1, 4)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Scheduled annual increases continue through 2029 or 2030 (refs 1, 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Cobb County Water System","role":"Utility"},{"name":"Fulton County Board of Commissioners","role":"Oversight"},{"name":"Columbus Water Works","role":"Utility"},{"name":"City of Fayetteville","role":"Utility"}],"public_contact":"Each utility's published customer service channel","corrective_actions":["Multi-year rate schedules adopted to fund infrastructure upgrades and compliance"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Cobb County commissioners approve 5 years of water, sewage rate increases","publisher":"WSB-TV","date":"2024-12-12","url":"https://wsbtv.com/news/local/cobb-county/cobb-county-commissioners-approve-5-years-water-sewage-rate-increases/VGQ4TXVBFBHJBNUG2LLWBHX5VI","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Fulton County commissioners approve 5% water, sewer rate increases","publisher":"WSB-TV","date":"2025-07-10","url":"https://www.wsbtv.com/news/local/north-fulton-county/fulton-county-commissioners-approve-5-water-sewer-rate-increases/6N32CKLVX5AEDBGS3NPLDKUOME","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Board approves 2026 water rate increase in Columbus","publisher":"WTVM","date":"2025-12-09","url":"https://www.wtvm.com/2025/12/09/water-rates-increase-columbus-after-vote/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Metro Atlanta city water bills going up: what to know before you get your next bill","publisher":"WSB-TV","date":"2026-08-09","url":"https://www.wsbtv.com/news/local/fayette-county/metro-atlanta-city-water-bills-going-up-what-know-before-you-get-your-next-bill/YLTZCRN4ZFDH3B5UL244AMCE7Y/","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: COBB COUNTY (GA0670003), NORTH FULTON COUNTY (GA1210005), COLUMBUS (GA2150000)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/GA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/COBB/JSON","basis":"Federal system inventory (PWSID and population served)","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (GA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-GA-SAVANNAH-WATER-SEWER-DEBT-RATE-PLAN","US-GA-DEKALB-WATER-SEWER-FINANCIAL-RECOVERY"]},{"id":"US-GA-BRUNSWICK-SUPERFUND-SITES-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Brunswick's four Superfund sites: mercury, toxaphene and benzene cleanups unfinished","description":"Brunswick and Glynn County have four Superfund sites. At LCP Chemicals, EPA's May 2025 interim action targets mercury in groundwater beneath the former cell building; at Terry Creek and the Hercules outfalls toxaphene remediation is years from cleanup; and a benzene plume remains at Hercules 009 Landfill. EPA's regional administrator toured three sites in July 2026 while the city's suit against Honeywell and Georgia Power was undecided.","location":{"name":"Brunswick area Superfund sites (LCP, Hercules, Terry Creek)","type":"Superfund sites and tidal marsh","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Glynn County; Brunswick and marsh east of the city","coordinates":{"lat":31.15,"lon":-81.49,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Glynn"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legacy industrial contamination affects groundwater, marsh sediment and tidal creek water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"An Emory study of 97 Brunswick natives found 40 percent had higher toxicant concentrations than the national average, and toxaphene is elevated in many participants (refs 1, 2).","service":"No drinking-water service disruption is reported; the contamination affects groundwater, marsh and fish rather than public supply (refs 1, 3).","scale":"About 813 acres at LCP plus three other sites in one coastal county (ref 4).","duration":"Hercules and Wood Preserving were listed in 1984, LCP in 1996, and a Terry Creek remedial investigation only starts in 2026 with a feasibility study not before 2027 (refs 2, 4).","significance":"Federal National Priorities List sites with an EPA interim early-action decision for LCP mercury (ref 4) and a Hercules settlement over $4.4 million noted for the outfall ditch (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Study of 97 residents is not a population-affected count."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A remedial investigation at Terry Creek begins in 2026; the feasibility study will not begin before 2027."},"measures":[{"name":"Superfund sites in Brunswick area","value":4,"unit":"sites","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 3."},{"name":"Terry Creek soil removed","value":35000,"unit":"cubic yards","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"LCP Chemicals site area","value":813,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Cleanup phases advance slowly; EPA says subsurface mercury at LCP is the next issue (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 4","role":"Superfund lead"},{"name":"Honeywell","role":"Responsible party, LCP"},{"name":"Hercules LLC","role":"Responsible party, Terry Creek and Hercules 009"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"State partner"}],"public_contact":"EPA Region 4 Superfund community involvement office, Atlanta","corrective_actions":["EPA interim early action for mercury in LCP groundwater","Terry Creek remedial investigation beginning 2026","Benzene plume mitigation and monitoring at Hercules 009","Concrete cap and stormwater barrier at Terry Creek"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA regional chief tours Brunswick Superfund sites","publisher":"The Current GA","date":"2026-07-14","url":"https://thecurrentga.org/2026/07/14/epa-regional-chief-tours-brunswick-superfund-sites/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA says Terry Creek site won't be cleaned up any time soon","publisher":"The Current GA","date":"2025-05-20","url":"https://thecurrentga.org/2025/05/20/epa-says-terry-creek-site-wont-be-cleaned-up-any-time-soon/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Georgia Power rate freeze and Brunswick legacy pollution","publisher":"The Current GA","date":"2025-05-21","url":"https://thecurrentga.org/today-from-the-current/legacy-pollution-ga-power-rate-freeze/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA to hold public meeting on Brunswick Superfund sites","publisher":"U.S. EPA Region 4","date":"2025-05-16","url":"https://www.epa.gov/node/296063","basis":"Federal Superfund site profile"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (GA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-GA-BRUNSWICK-AQUIFER-SALTWATER-INTRUSION"]},{"id":"US-GA-DALTON-CARPET-PFAS-LAND-APPLICATION-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Dalton carpet-industry PFAS and the Loopers Bend land application system","description":"Carpet mills around Dalton used PFAS for stain resistance, and Dalton Utilities sprays treated mill wastewater onto a land application system of about 9,600 acres along the Conasauga River, where PFAS levels remain largely unmonitored. A May 2026 AP, AJC and FRONTLINE investigation reports Georgia EPD knew of the contamination since 2008 and has issued no fish advisories or do-not-drink orders. PFAS from the area reached Rome, Calhoun and Alabama systems more than 100 miles downstream; Rome is building a $100 million treatment plant from a lawsuit settlement.","location":{"name":"Dalton Utilities land application system, Loopers Bend","type":"Industrial wastewater land application system and river basin","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Whitfield County; Conasauga and Coosa river basin from Dalton toward Rome and Alabama","coordinates":{"lat":34.77,"lon":-84.97,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Whitfield","Floyd","Gordon"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"GA3130000"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Industrial PFAS discharged through wastewater and land application contaminates river water used for drinking.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Chemicals found in tap water are now in some residents' blood at levels above health guidelines, including a 34-year-old Calhoun woman with liver and thyroid conditions (ref 1).","service":"No do-not-drink order has been issued by the state (ref 1); Rome is building a replacement treatment plant (ref 2).","scale":"Dalton Utilities serves about 99,300 people (ref 3) and PFAS traveled more than 100 miles downriver into Alabama (ref 1).","duration":"A 2008 University of Georgia study first found staggeringly high river PFAS and state tests in 2012 and 2016 confirmed it (ref 1).","significance":"Litigation includes Rome's settlement of claims against 32 defendants (ref 2), Calhoun's 2024 settlement, and Dalton Utilities' 2024 federal suit; Georgia does not currently regulate PFAS (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":99315,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per EPA SDWIS for Dalton Utilities GA3130000 (ref 3); downstream Rome, Calhoun and Alabama systems add to exposure."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Dalton Utilities operates a 9,600-acre land application system that sprays treated carpet-industry wastewater; PFAS levels there remain largely unmonitored."},"measures":[{"name":"Land application system area","value":9600,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; other sources cite more than 9,000 acres."},{"name":"Rome treatment plant funded by settlement","value":100,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Distance PFAS traveled downriver","value":100,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"More than 100 miles (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Long-running contamination; 2026 reporting documents state inaction and ongoing litigation."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Dalton Utilities","role":"Wastewater operator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Federal oversight"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, 470-524-0585","corrective_actions":["Rome building $100 million water treatment plant from settlement","Calhoun agreed in 2024 to filter water, stop spreading sludge and test private wells","EPD drafting PFOA and PFOS drinking-water limits"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Georgia officials knew chemicals from carpet mills were polluting local water. The people did not","publisher":"AP / WTOP","date":"2026-05-06","url":"https://wtop.com/national/2026/05/georgia-officials-knew-chemicals-from-carpet-mills-were-polluting-local-water-the-people-did-not/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Why a forever chemical settlement in North Georgia is a big deal","publisher":"Atlanta Journal-Constitution","date":"2023-06-21","url":"https://ajc.com/news/why-a-forever-chemical-settlement-in-north-georgia-is-a-big-deal/FD77RXHTTREM5IKLK5266QTN2U/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: DALTON UTILITIES (GA3130000)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/GA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/DALTON/JSON","basis":"Federal system inventory (PWSID and population served)","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":4,"title":"Georgia carpet empires, forever chemicals polluted Alabama drinking water","publisher":"Atlanta Journal-Constitution / AL.com","date":"2026-02-09","url":"https://www.ajc.com/news/2026/02/georgia-carpet-empires-forever-chemicals-polluted-alabama-drinking-water/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"New record (GA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-GA-CALHOUN-PFAS-DRINKING-WATER","US-GA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-GA-MCDONOUGH-ASH-PONDS-CLOSURE-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Plant McDonough-Atkinson coal ash ponds: closure in place with saturated ash","description":"Georgia EPD drafted a permit in April 2026 to let Georgia Power close Plant McDonough-Atkinson Ash Pond 1 in Smyrna in place, with a subsurface barrier wall, after the 25-acre pond held about 50 feet of ash with groundwater in the ash. A separate 2025 draft permit covers removal of Ash Pond 2 and in-place closure of Ash Pond 3/4, due by December 7, 2026 with extensions allowed. Groundwater is monitored semi-annually and corrective action would be required if constituents exceed protection standards.","location":{"name":"Plant McDonough-Atkinson Ash Ponds","type":"Coal-power CCR units","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Smyrna, Cobb County, along the Chattahoochee River","coordinates":{"lat":33.884,"lon":-84.514,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Cobb"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Coal combustion residual impoundments in contact with groundwater are being closed under state permits.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"EPD's presentation reports ash about 50 feet thick with groundwater in the ash and 18.8 acres of saturated ash (ref 1); off-site exposure is not documented.","service":"No public water-supply impact is reported in the permit materials (refs 1, 2).","scale":"A 25-acre pond on a 390-acre property with 1.4 million cubic yards of ash (ref 1).","duration":"Ash Pond 1 operated 1963-1968 and closure began with a 2015 notice of intent; post-closure care lasts at least 30 years (ref 1).","significance":"State CCR permits are drafted for Ash Pond 1 (April 2026) and Ash Pond 2, 3/4 (March 2025) under Georgia's EPA-approved CCR program (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Ash Pond 1 holds about 1.4 million cubic yards of coal ash, with groundwater in the ash ranging from about 0 to 18.6 feet."},"measures":[{"name":"Ash Pond 1 volume","value":1400000,"unit":"cubic yards","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Saturated ash area","value":18.8,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Groundwater monitoring wells at Ash Pond 1","value":17,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"14 detection and 3 assessment wells (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Closure permitting is in progress; final permit decisions had not been confirmed."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Permitting agency"},{"name":"Georgia Power Company","role":"Owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Land Protection Branch, 404-657-8600","corrective_actions":["Closure in place with ClosureTurf cover and subsurface barrier wall at Ash Pond 1","Ash Pond 2 removal completed","Semi-annual groundwater monitoring and 30-year post-closure care"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Plant McDonough Ash Pond 1 draft closure permit public meeting presentation","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2026-05-05","url":"https://epd.georgia.gov/document/document/mcdonough-ap-1-draft-permit-public-mtg-presentation-5-05-2026pdf/download","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Plant McDonough-Atkinson Ash Pond 2, 3/4 draft closure and post-closure permit","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2025-03-31","url":"https://epd.georgia.gov/document/document/mcdonough-ap-234-draft-permit-w-cover-letterpdf/download","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Notice of draft CCR permit for Plant McDonough-Atkinson Ash Pond 1","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2026-04-07","url":"https://epd.georgia.gov/document/document/plant-mcdonough-ap-1-draft-permit-public-noticepdf/download","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (GA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-GA-PLANT-BOWEN-ASH-POND1-GROUNDWATER"]},{"id":"US-GA-YATES-ASH-POND2-CLOSURE-EXTENSION-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Plant Yates Ash Pond 2 closure deadline extended to 2028 for groundwater monitoring","description":"Georgia EPD approved on May 29, 2026 a second two-year extension of the closure deadline for Georgia Power's Plant Yates Ash Pond 2 in Coweta County, moving it from April 17, 2026 to April 17, 2028. The coal ash was removed under certifications acknowledged in 2021 and 2024, and the extra time is needed to meet a permit condition requiring groundwater monitoring after removal. A first extension had been approved in April 2024.","location":{"name":"Plant Yates Ash Pond 2","type":"Coal-power CCR unit","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Coweta County, near the Chattahoochee River","coordinates":{"lat":33.4,"lon":-84.92,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Coweta"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The closure obligation depends on post-removal groundwater monitoring at a former coal ash pond.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The EPD letter reports no groundwater exceedance; it only requires monitoring after ash removal (ref 1).","service":"No water-service effect is documented (ref 1).","scale":"A single ash pond with three removal areas (AMAX Cove, West and East) at one plant (ref 1).","duration":"The notice of intent to close was dated April 17, 2019 and the deadline has now been extended twice, to April 2028 (ref 1).","significance":"A formal state permit action (Permit 038-018D(CCR)) approves the extension under federal CCR rules (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"EPD extended the Yates Ash Pond 2 closure deadline by two years, from April 17, 2026 to April 17, 2028."},"measures":[{"name":"Closure extension granted","value":2,"unit":"years","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Ash was removed; closure completion awaits groundwater monitoring."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Permitting agency"},{"name":"Georgia Power Company","role":"Owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Land Protection Branch, 404-657-8600","corrective_actions":["Removal of coal ash from Ash Pond 2 certified","Groundwater monitoring following removal under Permit 038-018D(CCR)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Plant Yates Ash Pond 2 closure extension request approval","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2026-05-29","url":"https://epd.georgia.gov/document/document/20260529-yates-ap-2-closure-extension-request-approvalpdf/download","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"New record (GA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-GA-MCDONOUGH-ASH-PONDS-CLOSURE-2026"]},{"id":"US-GA-EPD-PFAS-DRINKING-WATER-RULE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Georgia EPD drafts PFOA and PFOS drinking-water rule while groups seek all six PFAS","description":"In November 2025 Georgia EPD circulated draft updates to its drinking-water rules to adopt federal limits for PFOA and PFOS only, after EPA said in May 2025 it would keep those two limits. Fourteen environmental groups told EPD in December 2025 the rule should cover all six PFAS regulated under the April 2024 federal rule, citing UCMR 5 results above limits at systems including Augusta-Richmond County, Dalton, Rome and Woodstock. Georgia does not currently regulate PFAS.","location":{"name":"Georgia drinking-water rules, Chapter 391-3-5","type":"State regulatory program","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Statewide; Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch","coordinates":{"lat":33.749,"lon":-84.388,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns the scope of state PFAS drinking-water standards.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Commenters cite UCMR 5 and EPD data showing federal-limit exceedances for PFHxS, PFBS or the Hazard Index that a PFOA-PFOS-only rule would not cover (ref 2).","service":"A rule proposal has no direct service effect (ref 1).","scale":"Statewide drinking-water rules apply to every Georgia public water system, and the groups cite systems serving hundreds of thousands of people (ref 2).","duration":"States have two years from the April 2024 federal rule to adopt limits, and the stakeholder process ran from November to December 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"EPD formally noticed draft amendments to Rules 391-3-5-.02, .18, .22, .32 and a new .56 (ref 1) and received a 14-group comment letter (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide rule; no single population figure."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"EPD's draft rule would adopt federal drinking-water limits for PFOA and PFOS only."},"measures":[{"name":"PFAS covered by EPD draft rule","value":2,"unit":"compounds","status":"Reported","note":"Federal rule regulates six PFAS (refs 1, 2)."},{"name":"Groups signing comment letter","value":14,"unit":"organizations","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Rulemaking began in late 2025; final adoption not verified."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Rulemaking agency"},{"name":"Southern Environmental Law Center","role":"Commenter for 14 groups"}],"public_contact":"Georgia EPD Watershed Protection Branch, EPDComments@dnr.ga.gov","corrective_actions":["Stakeholder meeting held December 10, 2025","Written comments closed December 17, 2025"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Notice of stakeholder meeting on draft updates to Chapter 391-3-5 for PFOA and PFOS","publisher":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","date":"2025-11-10","url":"https://epd.georgia.gov/document/document/notice-stakeholder-meetingchapter-391-3-pfas111025pdf/download","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Environmental groups urge GA EPD to finalize forever-chemical limits at least as stringent as 2024 federal limits","publisher":"WWALS Watershed Coalition","date":"2025-12-18","url":"https://wwals.net/2025/12/18/environmental-groups-urge-ga-epd-to-finalize-forever-chemical-limits-at-least-as-stringent-as-2024-federal-limits-2025-12-17/","basis":"Advocacy organization"},{"ref":3,"title":"Georgia officials knew chemicals from carpet mills were polluting local water. The people did not","publisher":"AP / WTOP","date":"2026-05-06","url":"https://wtop.com/national/2026/05/georgia-officials-knew-chemicals-from-carpet-mills-were-polluting-local-water-the-people-did-not/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (GA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-GA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-GA-DALTON-CARPET-PFAS-LAND-APPLICATION-2026"]},{"id":"US-CT-CTWC-SHORELINE-ECOLI-BOIL-ORDER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Connecticut Water shoreline E. coli boil order across nine towns, July 2026","description":"On July 10, 2026 Connecticut Water issued a mandatory boil order for its Chester and Guilford systems after a repeat sample in Essex tested positive for E. coli. The order covered Deep River, Essex, Haddam, Chester, Old Saybrook, Westbrook, Clinton, Madison and Guilford, closed food establishments and was lifted about a day later after retesting.","location":{"name":"CTWC Chester and Guilford systems","type":"Investor-owned water utility service area (two systems)","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Shoreline towns in Middlesex and New Haven counties; positive sample in Essex","coordinates":{"lat":41.355,"lon":-72.389,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Middlesex","New Haven"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"CT0608011"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A bacterial (E. coli) drinking-water violation in the distribution system is a water-quality event.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The utility's public notice (ref 1) records a repeat sample in Essex positive for E. coli, which it treats as a drinking-water standard violation and warns can mean human or animal waste contamination.","service":"Customers were told to boil water for one minute or use bottled water; tankers were staged at three sites and the Connecticut River Health District ordered food establishments on tap water to close (refs 2, 4).","scale":"The order spanned nine towns across two systems, CT0608011 (Guilford, 33,975) and CT0261031 (Chester, 5,030) per SDWIS (ref 5); WFSB reported 'thousands' of customers (ref 4).","duration":"WFSB and NBC Connecticut report the order was lifted around 4:15 p.m. on July 11 after retesting, roughly one day (refs 2, 3).","significance":"The notice is a formal Public Notification of a Maximum Contaminant Level violation for fecal coliform/E. coli (ref 1); no enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":39005,"status":"Reported","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served for CT0608011 (33,975) and CT0261031 (5,030) (ref 5); not everyone in those populations was necessarily in the order area."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"One Essex repeat sample positive for E. coli; mandatory boil order from July 10 to about 4:15 p.m. July 11, 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"Towns under boil order","value":9,"unit":"towns","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 2, 3."},{"name":"Free-water tanker sites","value":3,"unit":"sites","status":"Reported","note":"Essex or Deep River school, Westbrook Fire Department, Madison commuter lot (refs 3, 4); the utility notice itself lists the Essex and Westbrook fire departments (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event; retests met standards per ref 3. No cause was stated in the cited coverage."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Connecticut Water Company","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Connecticut Department of Public Health, Drinking Water Section","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Connecticut River Health District","role":"Local health district (closed food establishments)"}],"public_contact":"Connecticut Water Company customer line 1-800-286-5700 (per its notice).","corrective_actions":["Boil-water notice and free potable water at tanker sites","Additional sampling at multiple locations in both systems; order lifted after retests met standards (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Public Notification: MCL Violation, Fecal Coliform/E. coli (CTWC Chester, Guilford Water Systems)","publisher":"Connecticut Water Company","date":"2026-07-10","url":"https://www.ctwater.com/media/e0knhspy/20260710-pntier1mcltcracute.pdf","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Connecticut Water issues boil water order for customers in nine towns after E. coli detected","publisher":"WFSB","date":"2026-07-11","url":"https://www.wfsb.com/2026/07/11/connecticut-water-issues-boil-water-order-customers-nine-towns-after-e-coli-detected/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Several shoreline communities asked to boil water after E. coli detected","publisher":"NBC Connecticut","date":"2026-07-11","url":"https://www.nbcconnecticut.com/news/local/several-shoreline-area-communities-asked-to-boil-water-after-e-coli-detected/3754042/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Boil water advisory shuts down food establishments across nine CT towns","publisher":"WFSB","date":"2026-07-11","url":"https://www.wfsb.com/2026/07/11/boil-water-advisory-enters-second-day-nine-ct-towns-food-establishments-shut-down/","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS water system record CT0608011","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CT0608011/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (CT in-depth pass); order lifted July 11, 2026."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CT-AQUARION-NEWTOWN-BETHEL-WELLFIELD-OUTAGE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Aquarion Newtown-Bethel wellfield offline since Aug 2024 flood; outdoor use bans","description":"Aquarion's primary Newtown wellfield has been unusable since the August 2024 flood, because a collapsed railroad structure downstream keeps the Pootatuck River ponded over the wells. Aquarion imposed mandatory non-essential outdoor water bans for Newtown and Bethel customers; an interim interconnection with the Town of Newtown's Fairfield Hills supply let the ban be lifted in September 2025, but the blockage was still unresolved.","location":{"name":"Aquarion Newtown Regional System","type":"Investor-owned water utility service area","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Newtown and Bethel, Fairfield County; Pootatuck River wellfield","coordinates":{"lat":41.4139,"lon":-73.3046,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Fairfield"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CT0970011"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"The lost source is a supply-capacity problem caused by damaged river infrastructure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The restrictions were imposed to keep enough water for daily use and fire flow (ref 1); no illness or contamination is documented in the cited sources.","service":"Mandatory bans on lawn irrigation, car washing, pool filling and exterior washing with no variances (ref 1), later a twice-weekly sprinkler schedule (ref 3).","scale":"The Newtown Regional System serves 6,054 people per SDWIS (ref 4), covering Newtown and Bethel customers.","duration":"The wellfield has been offline since August 2024 (ref 1), and a September 2025 editorial said the limits persisted for over a year (ref 2).","significance":"Formal mandatory use restrictions by the utility (ref 1); the river blockage is still in negotiation with the Housatonic Rail Road (ref 3), and no state order is cited."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":6054,"status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS population served for AQUARION-NEWTOWN REGIONAL (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Primary Newtown wellfield offline since the August 2024 rainstorm; mandatory outdoor-use ban until an interim Fairfield Hills interconnection allowed it to be lifted in September 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"Months wellfield offline by Sep 2025","value":13,"unit":"months","status":"Estimated","note":"August 2024 to September 2025 per refs 2 and 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Interim interconnection allowed the outdoor ban to be lifted (ref 3), but the culvert and river blockage remain unresolved."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Aquarion Water Company of Connecticut","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Town of Newtown","role":"Interim supply partner"},{"name":"Housatonic Rail Road","role":"Owner of the collapsed structure"},{"name":"Connecticut Department of Public Health, Drinking Water Section","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Aquarion Water Company customer service, 800-732-9678 (per ref 1).","corrective_actions":["Interim interconnection with Newtown's Fairfield Hills supply (refs 2, 3)","Outdoor ban replaced by a twice-weekly irrigation schedule (ref 3)","Negotiations with the railroad over the Pootatuck blockage (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Aquarion Water Company Reminder: Water Use Restrictions In Effect","publisher":"The Newtown Bee","date":"2025-05-03","url":"https://www.newtownbee.com/?p=157512","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Standing O's and Oh No's (editorial)","publisher":"The Newtown Bee","date":"2025-09-04","url":"https://www.newtownbee.com/?p=158519","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Town of Bethel First Selectman update, September 12, 2025","publisher":"Town of Bethel","date":"2025-09-12","url":"https://bethel-ct.gov/vertical/sites/%7B90B1B948-C443-4CA6-8B88-90B1EEA9B1E2%7D/uploads/September_12th_2025.pdf","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record CT0970011","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CT0970011/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (CT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Current (2026) status of wellfield and river blockage not found"],"related_ids":["US-CT-WESTERN-FLOOD-DISASTER-2024"]},{"id":"US-CT-BETHEL-MAPLE-AVENUE-WELLS-PFAS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Bethel Maple Avenue wellfield PFOA above EPA 4 ppt limit; treatment funding sought","description":"The Town of Bethel's own PFAS page reports PFOA at its Maple Avenue point of entry between 4.02 and 5.90 ppt in five samples from April 2023 to September 2024, above EPA's 4.0 ppt limit. In March 2026 Rep. Jahana Hayes requested $5 million in FY2027 federal funding to design and build a PFAS treatment facility at the wellfield, the town's primary source for 9,507 residents.","location":{"name":"Bethel Water Department, Maple Avenue Wellfield","type":"Municipal water system","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Bethel, Fairfield County","coordinates":{"lat":41.3712,"lon":-73.414,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Fairfield"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CT0090011"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOA in finished groundwater above the federal MCL is the central issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The town's table shows Maple Avenue point-of-entry PFOA of 4.02 to 5.90 ppt across five samples, each above EPA's 4.0 ppt limit (ref 1); the Hayes request says PFAS exceeds EPA MCLs (ref 2).","service":"No notice, restriction or advisory is reported on the town page (ref 1); water continues to be served while the town plans treatment.","scale":"Maple Avenue is the primary source for 9,507 residents (ref 2), matching SDWIS 9,507 for Bethel Water Department (ref 3).","duration":"Town sampling in 2018, 2021, 2023 and 2024 found PFOA at Well 1A of about 5 to 6 ppt (ref 1); EPA compliance is due 2029.","significance":"Federal PFOA/PFOS MCLs are final (EPA) and a congressional funding request for treatment was filed on March 18, 2026 (ref 2); no state enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":9507,"status":"Reported","note":"Maple Avenue funding request (ref 2) and SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Maple Avenue point-of-entry PFOA 4.02 to 5.90 ppt (April 2023 to September 2024); $5 million federal funding requested for treatment."},"measures":[{"name":"Maple Avenue POE PFOA, range","value":5.9,"unit":"ppt (max)","status":"Reported","note":"Range 4.02 to 5.90 ppt, ref 1; table formatting in the page is garbled, so the range is the best reading."},{"name":"FY2027 federal funding requested","value":5000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Request only; not an appropriation (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Samples span 2021 to 2024 with similar PFOA levels at Well 1A; no later results were found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Bethel Water Department","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Connecticut Department of Public Health, Drinking Water Section","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Federal standard setter"}],"public_contact":"Town of Bethel, 1 School Street, Bethel, CT 06801.","corrective_actions":["Town monitoring of its sources and 2024 UCMR 5 sampling (ref 1)","Funding request to design and build a PFAS treatment facility at the Maple Avenue wells (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Information on PFAS","publisher":"Town of Bethel","date":null,"url":"https://bethel-ct.gov/pfas-info","basis":"Local government","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":2,"title":"FY27 Community Project Funding request: PFAS Treatment at Maple Avenue Wells, Bethel","publisher":"Rep. Jahana Hayes (U.S. House)","date":"2026-03-18","url":"https://hayes.house.gov/_cache/files/c/7/c7bd0af8-bd73-46c2-81b8-f668548d29d2/7225EA4267107837EAE9D2A3CCD242AE6101851BA95B4C8CB026DCB165D74F0A.findisc-fy27-pfas-treatment-at-maple-avenue-wells---bethel.pdf","basis":"Government record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record CT0090011","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CT0090011/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (CT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CT-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-CT-STATEWIDE-PFAS-TREATMENT-PORTFOLIO-2026"]},{"id":"US-CT-MANCHESTER-NEW-STATE-ROAD-WELLS-PFAS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Manchester Water Department PFOS above state action level at New State Road Wells","description":"The Town of Manchester reports that PFOA and PFOS have been detected above EPA's 4 ppt limits and that PFOS at the New State Road Wells has consistently exceeded Connecticut's 10 ppt action level. The water department is studying how to remove PFAS from all groundwater sources serving the town, with an EPA compliance date of 2029.","location":{"name":"Manchester Water Department, New State Road Wells","type":"Municipal water system","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Manchester, Hartford County","coordinates":{"lat":41.7759,"lon":-72.5215,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Hartford"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CT0770021"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFOS and PFOA above state and federal thresholds in groundwater sources is the central issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The town states PFOS at the New State Road Wells has consistently exceeded the state 10 ppt action level and PFOA 4 ppt (ref 1), levels above EPA's final MCLs.","service":"The town page describes no notice, restriction or do-not-drink advisory (ref 1).","scale":"Manchester Water Department serves 51,198 people per SDWIS (ref 2), with a mix of surface and groundwater sources.","duration":"The town has tested since 2019 and 2023-2024 UCMR 5 results still show exceedances (ref 1), and the federal compliance date is 2029.","significance":"Federal MCLs are final and the state action level is guidance (ref 1); the town has not been cited for an enforcement order in the cited sources."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":51198,"status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS population served for Manchester Water Department (ref 2); the wells are one source among several, so the population receiving the affected water is not stated."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOS at the New State Road Wells consistently above the 10 ppt state action level; PFOA consistently above 4 ppt."},"measures":[{"name":"EPA PFOA/PFOS MCL","value":4,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"CT DPH PFOS action level","value":10,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Town page gives no dated series for the New State Road Wells."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Manchester Water and Sewer Department","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Connecticut Department of Public Health, Drinking Water Section","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Connecticut DEEP","role":"Remediation of the PFAS source"}],"public_contact":"Manchester Water and Sewer Department, Town of Manchester.","corrective_actions":["Study of PFAS removal for all groundwater sources (ref 1)","Monitoring and mitigation options under evaluation; DEEP working on remediation (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Laboratory Results (PFAS)","publisher":"Town of Manchester Water and Sewer Department","date":null,"url":"https://www.manchesterct.gov/Government/Departments/Water-and-Sewer-Department/Laboratory-Results","basis":"Local government","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record CT0770021","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CT0770021/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (CT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Concentrations and treatment schedule not given on the cited page","Only one non-EPA source"],"related_ids":["US-CT-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-CT-DANBURY-KENOSIA-WELLS-PFAS-VOC-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Danbury Kenosia Wells inactive for PFAS and TCE/PCE; treatment plant in review","description":"DPH's Environmental Monitor says the Kenosia Wells in Danbury are inactive because trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene and PFAS exceed DPH Action Levels. The city proposes a 2.5 MGD treatment facility with packed tower aerators for VOCs and granular activated carbon contactors for PFAS, to put the wells back into service feeding West Lake Reservoir.","location":{"name":"Kenosia Wells, Danbury Water Department","type":"Municipal wellfield","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"18 Christopher Columbus Avenue, Danbury, Fairfield County","coordinates":{"lat":41.3948,"lon":-73.454,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Fairfield"],"extent":"site","pwsid":"CT0340011"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Groundwater contamination by VOCs and PFAS has removed a municipal source from service.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The Environmental Monitor states VOCs (TCE, PCE) and PFAS in the wells exceed DPH Action Levels (ref 1).","service":"A municipal source is inactive pending treatment (ref 1); no customer notice or restriction is cited.","scale":"Danbury Water Department serves 62,055 people per SDWIS (ref 2), though the wells feed West Lake Reservoir rather than customers directly (ref 1).","duration":"The wells are described as currently inactive in the February 2026 notice (ref 1); the start date of inactivity was not found.","significance":"DPH issued a formal Notice of Scoping with a February 7, 2026 comment deadline and will decide whether an Environmental Impact Evaluation is required (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":62055,"status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS population served for Danbury Water Department (ref 2); the wells are one source feeding West Lake Reservoir."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Kenosia Wells inactive because TCE, PCE and PFAS exceed DPH Action Levels; 2.5 MGD treatment facility proposed."},"measures":[{"name":"Proposed treatment capacity","value":2.5,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The inactivity start date and a build schedule were not found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Danbury","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Connecticut DPH Planning and Drinking Water State Revolving Fund Section","role":"Environmental review"}],"public_contact":"Connecticut DPH Source Protection, 860-509-7333.","corrective_actions":["Proposed packed tower aeration and granular activated carbon treatment (ref 1)","Well rehabilitation and new mains to West Lake Reservoir (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Notice of Scoping: Kenosia Wells Water Treatment Facility, Danbury (Environmental Monitor, February 3, 2026)","publisher":"Connecticut Council on Environmental Quality / DPH","date":"2026-02-03","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/ceq/environmental-monitor/environmental-monitor-archives/2026/february-3-2026","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record CT0340011","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CT0340011/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"Well Field PFAS and PCE/TCE Removal, Danbury, CT","publisher":"Tata & Howard","date":"2025-09-08","url":"https://tataandhoward.com/project/kenosia-well-field-pfas-and-pce-tce-removal-danbury-ct/","basis":"Engineering firm project page","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (CT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Date wells went inactive","Project cost and schedule"],"related_ids":["US-CT-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-CT-COLCHESTER-PFAS-DETECTIONS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Colchester Sewer and Water Commission PFAS detections prompt carbon filter planning","description":"Colchester's water department reports PFOS and PFOA detected in both of its well fields during EPA UCMR 5 testing, below Connecticut action levels but, per the town, below the level EPA proposed in March 2023. The town says it would solicit design and construction of an activated carbon filter and pursue federal grant money.","location":{"name":"Colchester Sewer and Water Commission","type":"Municipal water system","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Colchester, New London County","coordinates":{"lat":41.5754,"lon":-72.3318,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["New London"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CT0280011"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS occurrence in municipal well water is the issue; treatment is planned but not committed.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"The town says PFOS and PFOA were detected below DPH action levels and that its water meets current state and federal requirements (ref 1); CT Mirror reported the level may soon require treatment or a new source (ref 2).","service":"No advisory or restriction is described (ref 1).","scale":"Colchester Sewer and Water Commission serves 4,020 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"CT Mirror reported the first detections in August 2023 (ref 2), so the issue has persisted about three years.","significance":"No violation or enforcement is cited; the town says draft MCLs had no immediate impact on Connecticut systems (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":4020,"status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS population served (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOS and PFOA detected in both well fields in UCMR 5 testing, below state action levels; activated carbon filter planned if required."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The town page carries no concentrations or dates for the result."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Colchester Sewer and Water Commission","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Connecticut Department of Public Health, Drinking Water Section","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Colchester Water Department, Town of Colchester.","corrective_actions":["Plan to solicit design and construction of an activated carbon filter (ref 1)","Pursuit of Bipartisan Infrastructure Law funding and continued monitoring (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PFAS Information","publisher":"Town of Colchester","date":null,"url":"https://www.colchesterct.gov/node/123141","basis":"Local government","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":2,"title":"More CT towns are finding PFAS in their water supplies (Colchester, Cromwell, Hazardville)","publisher":"CT Mirror","date":"2023-08-27","url":"https://ctmirror.org/2023/08/27/ct-pfas-contamination-water-perfluoroalkyl-cromwell-hazardville-colchester/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record CT0280011","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CT0280011/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (CT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["Concentrations","Date of town page"],"related_ids":["US-CT-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-CT-STATEWIDE-LEGIONNAIRES-CASES-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Connecticut Legionnaires' disease: 167 cases in 2025; Norwich nursing home resident positive","description":"WFSB reported that Connecticut recorded 167 Legionnaires' disease cases in 2025, and in May 2026 a Norwichtown Rehab and Care Center resident tested positive; the source of exposure and whether the building water is affected had not been stated. DPH runs routine surveillance and interviews confirmed cases to look for common exposure sources.","location":{"name":"Connecticut (statewide), Norwichtown Rehab and Care Center","type":"State surveillance and building water systems","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Statewide counts; Norwich nursing home case reported May 2026","coordinates":{"lat":41.6032,"lon":-72.7,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["New London"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legionella grows in building water systems, but the cited sources do not tie these cases to a specific water source.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"WFSB reports 167 Legionnaires' disease cases in Connecticut in 2025, including 22, 7 and 15 in the last three months (ref 1); the water source of these cases is not established.","service":"No water-service restriction is reported; the Norwich facility says it is taking precautions (ref 1).","scale":"The count is statewide (ref 1), though Norwich's reported case is a single nursing-home resident.","duration":"DPH has run routine Legionella surveillance since 1997 and says counts rise in warmer months (refs 1, 2), so the burden is recurring.","significance":"Surveillance and case investigation only; no enforcement or outbreak declaration is cited (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":167,"status":"Reported","note":"Cases of Legionnaires' disease statewide in 2025 per WFSB (ref 1); this counts people with the disease, not people exposed."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Connecticut recorded 167 cases of Legionnaires' disease in 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"Legionnaires' disease cases in Connecticut, 2025","value":167,"unit":"cases","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Only one annual count and a quarterly breakdown for late 2025 were found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Connecticut Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Emerging Infections","role":"Surveillance"}],"public_contact":"Connecticut DPH Epidemiology and Emerging Infections (see portal.ct.gov/DPH)","corrective_actions":["DPH interviews confirmed cases to identify possible common sources of exposure (ref 2)","Norwichtown facility says it is taking precautions (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Legionella bacteria found at Norwich nursing home","publisher":"WFSB","date":"2026-05-15","url":"https://www.wfsb.com/2026/05/14/legionella-bacteria-found-norwich-nursing-home/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Legionnaires' Disease Surveillance","publisher":"Connecticut Department of Public Health","date":"2026-04-29","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/DPH/Epidemiology-and-Emerging-Infections/Legionnaires-Surveillance","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (CT in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["Link between cases and any water system"],"related_ids":[]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["State enforcement or review","Cost of valve program"],"related_ids":["US-CT-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINE-REPLACEMENT-2026","US-CT-WATERBURY-WATER-RATE-HIKE-MAIN-BREAKS-2026"],"conflicts":[{"field":"failed pipe sizes","note":"CT Mirror and Connecticut Public (refs 1, 2) report a 42-inch, 55-year-old main undermined by a 10-inch 1901 line; the CT Mirror opinion (ref 6) says a 36-inch main and a 10-inch 1901 pipe; ref 3 describes a 12-inch pipe."},{"field":"earlier Huntingdon Avenue break","note":"Ref 3 places it in October 2025; ref 6 says September 2025 and describes a 30-inch main."},{"field":"first Tompkins Street break date","note":"Ref 4 says a Tuesday (July 28, 2026); ref 6 says July 29."},"CBS (ref 3) says the break occurred on a Wednesday; WSHU and NBC (refs 1, 7) say the transmission main failed Friday night December 12 after a smaller Wednesday break on the same road. The Friday failure is used here."],"id":"US-CT-WATERBURY-TRANSMISSION-MAIN-FAILURES-2025","title":"Waterbury transmission main failures: six-day citywide outage and repeat breaks","description":"A leak from a 1901 pipe undermined a high-pressure transmission main on Thomaston Avenue on December 12, 2025, cutting water to most of Waterbury, Watertown and Wolcott for six days. Valves that should have isolated the break would not close. Another break on Tompkins Street in late July 2026 put about 15,020 homes and businesses under a boil-water notice until August 3.","location":{"name":"Waterbury Water Department service area","type":"Municipal water system (transmission mains)","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Waterbury, New Haven County, including Thomaston Avenue and Tompkins Street mains; Watertown and Wolcott also lost service in December 2025","coordinates":{"lat":41.5582,"lon":-73.0515,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["New Haven"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CT1510011"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Failures of century-old transmission mains and inoperable isolation valves, not source-water quality, caused the outages.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Boil-water notices applied in the December 2025 outage (ref 2) and to 15,020 customers in July-August 2026 (ref 4); the notice was lifted after samples were negative for total coliform and E. coli (ref 5). No illness is reported in the sources, so harm is potential.","service":"About 60% of Waterbury was without water by Sunday December 14, hydrants were nonfunctional, schools closed and restaurants were ordered shut (ref 2); the outage lasted six days with an all-clear on December 18 (ref 3).","scale":"About 100,000 people in Waterbury and most of Wolcott and Watertown (ref 1); the system serves 107,271 people per SDWIS (ref 7).","duration":"Repeated failures: a main burst on Huntingdon Avenue in October 2025 disrupting about 1,500 residents (ref 3), the December 2025 collapse (refs 1-3), and two Tompkins Street breaks days apart in late July 2026 (refs 4, 5).","significance":"Governor Lamont deployed the National Guard with the state emergency management division, and the city ordered restaurants closed (refs 1, 2); the city is funding emergency valve replacement (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":107271,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Waterbury Water Department per SDWIS (ref 7); the December 2025 outage also reached most of Wolcott and Watertown (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 100,000 people lost water for six days in December 2025 (refs 1, 3); 15,020 homes and businesses under boil-water notice, July-August 2026 (refs 4, 5)"},"measures":[{"name":"People without water, December 2025","value":100000,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"CT Mirror reports about 100,000 (ref 1); a later CT Mirror article says nearly all of roughly 115,000 residents (ref 3)."},{"name":"Outage duration, December 2025","value":6,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Customers under boil notice, July 2026","value":15020,"unit":"homes and businesses","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Waterbury entered insolvency and state oversight about 25 years ago and is midway through a $30 million water-system program (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Breaks in October 2025, December 2025 and July 2026 (refs 3-5), while about two miles of the 42-inch main were slip-lined by early 2026 (ref 6, an opinion piece)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Waterbury (Mayor and Water Bureau)","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Connecticut Department of Public Health","role":"Drinking water primacy regulator"},{"name":"Connecticut Division of Emergency Management and Homeland Security","role":"Emergency response"}],"public_contact":"Not reported; the city issued notices through the mayor's office (ref 5).","corrective_actions":["City plans to replace stuck or broken isolation valves so crews can isolate sections of pipe, with work expected to start in early 2026 (ref 3)","Slip-lining of about two miles of the 42-inch transmission main completed in early 2026 (ref 6, opinion piece)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Waterbury water main break","publisher":"CT Mirror","date":"2025-12-13","url":"https://ctmirror.org/2025/12/13/waterbury-water-main-break/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Waterbury water main failure","publisher":"Connecticut Public","date":"2025-12-14","url":"https://www.ctpublic.org/news/2025-12-14/waterbury-water-main-break-failure-outage","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Waterbury plans emergency repairs to water system after outage","publisher":"CT Mirror","date":"2025-12-19","url":"https://ctmirror.org/2025/12/19/waterbury-plans-emergency-repairs-to-water-system-after-outage/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Second water main break on Tompkins St in Waterbury","publisher":"NBC Connecticut","date":"2026-07-31","url":"https://www.nbcconnecticut.com/news/local/second-water-main-break-on-tompkins-st-in-waterbury/3760380/","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"Boil water notice ends for thousands of residents in Waterbury, mayor's office says","publisher":"NBC Connecticut","date":"2026-08-03","url":"https://www.nbcconnecticut.com/news/local/boil-water-notice-ends-for-thousands-of-residents-in-waterbury-mayors-office/3761252/","basis":"News"},{"ref":6,"title":"Waterbury's water main breaks: a century of aging infrastructure (opinion by Tavares Anderson)","publisher":"CT Mirror","date":"2026-08-06","url":"https://ctmirror.org/2026/08/06/waterburys-water-main-breaks-arent-just-bad-luck-theyre-the-result-of-a-century-of-aging-infrastructure-tavares/","basis":"Opinion (used only for repair and funding details)"},{"ref":7,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Waterbury Water Department, CT1510011","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/CT/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WATERBURY%20WATER/JSON","basis":"Federal system inventory (population)","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":8,"title":"Waterbury, Connecticut: water main break and boil advisory","publisher":"Connecticut Public Radio (WSHU)","date":"2025-12-15","url":"https://www.wshu.org/2025-12-15/waterbury-water-outage-main-break","basis":"News"},{"ref":9,"title":"Waterbury water main breaks (Tompkins Street)","publisher":"Connecticut Public / CT Mirror","date":"2026-08-03","url":"https://ctmirror.org/2026/08/03/waterbury-water-main-break-2/","basis":"News"},{"ref":10,"title":"Water main break in Waterbury, Conn., impacting tens of thousands of residents","publisher":"CBS News New York","date":"2025-12-13","url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/waterbury-ct-water-main-break","basis":"News"},{"ref":11,"title":"SDWIS water system record CT1510011","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CT1510011/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":12,"title":"Water service restored to all of Waterbury; schools expected to open Thursday","publisher":"NBC Connecticut","date":"2025-12-17","url":"https://www.nbcconnecticut.com/news/local/water-service-restored-to-all-of-waterbury-schools-expected-to-be-open-thursday/3676855/","basis":"News"},{"ref":13,"title":"Damage to water main in Waterbury much worse than expected, mayor says","publisher":"NBC Connecticut","date":"2025-12-15","url":"https://www.nbcconnecticut.com/news/local/damage-to-water-main-in-waterbury-much-worse-than-expected-mayor-says/3675015/?amp=1","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"New record (CT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":9,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","secondary_drivers":[],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Pollution measurements","Consent order text"],"related_ids":[],"conflicts":[{"field":"project budget","note":"Ref 1 reports an $85 million combined project and a $20.5 million town budget; ref 2 reports $20.5 million for Sound View and an increase of $11,028,486 requested."}],"id":"US-CT-OLD-LYME-SOUND-VIEW-SEWER-REJECTION-2025","title":"Old Lyme voters reject Sound View sewer funding; DEEP expects consent order","description":"On December 16, 2025 Old Lyme voters rejected added funding for the Sound View sewer project 925 to 363. DEEP attributes shoreline pollution to septic systems and said it expects a consent order with the town, while three private beach associations under a 2018 order proceed with their own sewers.","location":{"name":"Sound View and Area B, Old Lyme","type":"Shoreline neighborhood on septic systems","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Sound View Beach area, Old Lyme, New London County, on Long Island Sound","coordinates":{"lat":41.316,"lon":-72.329,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["New London"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Septic-system pollution at the shoreline and the stalled sewer infrastructure meant to replace it.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DEEP attributes pollution to septic systems in the dense beach area (ref 1), but opponents say there is no pollution data for the area (ref 1) and the town's authority has discussed well testing to see whether a problem exists (ref 3), so harm is scored as potential.","service":"No loss of water or sewer service; homes remain on septic systems (ref 1).","scale":"About 210 properties in Sound View and Area B plus three beach associations (ref 1), a neighborhood-scale area.","duration":"The 2019 referendum approved $9.5 million (ref 1) and the 2018 consent order on the beach associations predates this vote (ref 3); DEEP says past studies point to sewers (ref 1).","significance":"DEEP's Bureau chief wrote on December 19, 2025 that the department expects a consent order with the town (ref 1); none is reported as issued by April 2026 (ref 3), so a formal notice is scored 1."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources count about 210 properties (ref 1), not people."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Referendum rejected 925 to 363; project budget $20.5 million for Sound View (ref 2)"},"measures":[{"name":"Properties in Sound View and Area B sewer area","value":210,"unit":"properties","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Referendum vote against","value":925,"unit":"votes","status":"Reported","note":"925 against, 363 for (ref 2). Ref 1 reports 1,288 voters and 72% against."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["State offered to cover about half the cost; DEEP warned delays jeopardize state and federal funding (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Voters approved $9.5 million in 2019 and rejected the larger budget in December 2025 (refs 1, 2); WPCA members resigned and it refocused on septic alternatives in 2026 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Old Lyme and its Water Pollution Control Authority","role":"Local government"},{"name":"CT DEEP Bureau of Water Protection and Land Reuse","role":"Regulator"},{"name":"Old Lyme Shores, Old Colony and Miami Beach associations","role":"Private associations under 2018 consent order"}],"public_contact":"Not reported.","corrective_actions":["Beach associations proceeding with sewer construction, groundbreaking expected June or July 2026 (ref 3)","DEEP states it is engaging with the town on next steps for town-controlled areas (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"State to seek consent order against Old Lyme after sewer rejection","publisher":"CT Examiner","date":"2025-12-19","url":"https://ctexaminer.com/2025/12/19/state-to-seek-consent-order-against-old-lyme-after-sewer-rejection/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Sewer project soundly rejected by Old Lyme voters at referendum","publisher":"LymeLine","date":"2025-12-16","url":"https://lymeline.com/2025/12/sewer-project-soundly-rejected-by-old-lyme-voters/","basis":"Local news"},{"ref":3,"title":"Old Lyme beach sewer project could break ground by summer","publisher":"LymeLine","date":"2026-04-16","url":"https://lymeline.com/2026/04/old-lyme-beach-sewer-project-could-break-ground-by-summer/","basis":"Local news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (CT in-depth pass)."}]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","secondary_drivers":[],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Verified volumes (DEEP does not review operator volume estimates)"],"related_ids":["US-CT-MDC-HARTFORD-SEWER-OVERFLOWS-2025","US-CT-BRIDGEPORT-CSO-SSO-LTCP-2024","US-CT-GNHWPCA-SEWER-OVERFLOWS-LTCP-2024","US-CT-NORWICH-CSO-LTCP-2024","US-CT-NORWALK-WWTP-BYPASS-ORDER-2024"],"conflicts":[{"field":"CSO volume","note":"The 2026 report text gives about 1,608,265,317 gallons of CSOs while its Figure 4 shows 608,265,317; the figure is not reconciled in the report (ref 1)."}],"id":"US-CT-STATEWIDE-SEWAGE-SPILLS-2025","title":"Connecticut sewage spills 2025: 361 non-CSO events and 517 CSOs reported to DEEP","description":"DEEP's Sewage Right-to-Know annual report for 2025 counts 249 sanitary sewer overflows and 112 permitted bypasses releasing about 842 million gallons, plus 517 combined sewer overflows. It estimates 1.42 billion gallons of raw and partially treated sewage reached 63 waters, with Hartford MDC accounting for 612 million gallons of the sanitary overflows.","location":{"name":"Connecticut (statewide)","type":"Statewide municipal sewage collection and treatment systems","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Reports from municipal and MDC operators; largest releases at MDC (Hartford), Greater New Haven WPCA, Bridgeport, West Hartford and Naugatuck","coordinates":{"lat":41.6,"lon":-72.7,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The counted releases come from overloaded combined and separate sewers and treatment-plant bypasses.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEEP estimates 1,417,646,830 gallons of raw and partially treated sewage reached 63 named and unnamed waters in 2025, with the Connecticut River (695.7 million gallons) and Park River (441.7 million) receiving the most (ref 1).","service":"The report describes releases to waters, not loss of water or sewer service to customers (ref 1).","scale":"Statewide: 249 SSOs, 112 permitted bypasses and 517 CSOs reported, with 188 of the 361 non-CSO events reaching state waters (ref 1).","duration":"2024 had about 827 million gallons from 416 non-CSO events and 2025 about 842 million from 361, so releases recur every year in the dry years the report describes (refs 1, 3).","significance":"DEEP cites consent orders for Bridgeport, Norwich, MDC (COWRMU22002), Greater New Haven WPCA (COWRMU5509) and Norwalk (WRMU22001) in the same report (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The report counts spill events and gallons, not people."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 842,005,195 gallons from 361 sanitary sewer overflow and bypass events in 2025, plus 517 CSOs (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Non-CSO sewage released, 2025","value":842005195,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; submitted by operators, not verified by DEEP."},{"name":"Sewage reaching waters of the state, 2025","value":1417646830,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; includes CSOs, SSOs and permitted bypasses."},{"name":"CSO events, 2025","value":517,"unit":"events","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1; 198 days with a CSO."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Cleanup is expected to cost billions of dollars over decades per DEEP (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Non-CSO events fell from 416 in 2024 to 361 in 2025 and storm-driven events from 231 to 134, which DEEP ties to a dry year (ref 1), so the change reflects weather and not fixes."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"CT DEEP Bureau of Water Protection and Land Reuse","role":"Regulator and publisher of the annual report"},{"name":"Metropolitan District Commission, Greater New Haven WPCA, Bridgeport, Norwich, Norwalk","role":"Operators under DEEP orders"}],"public_contact":"DEEP publishes spills on its Performance Dashboard and the @CTSewageSpills account (ref 2).","corrective_actions":["Operators must report spills to DEEP within two hours and notify local officials, and DEEP posts them on its dashboard (ref 2)","MDC expects to complete four more consent-order projects in 2026 (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Sewage Right-to-Know 2026 Annual Report (January 1 to December 31, 2025)","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2026-02-01","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/deep/water/municipal_wastewater/srtk-annual-report/2026-srtk-annual-report-overview.pdf?rev=079948a8955d46d389dc1ca3aa92ec08&hash=B30639675BF1A30302BEC1979D7EF35D","basis":"State report"},{"ref":2,"title":"CT Sewage Right-to-Know","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2026-07-24","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/deep/municipal-wastewater/ct-sewage-right-to-know","basis":"State program page"},{"ref":3,"title":"Sewage Right-to-Know 2025 Annual Report (calendar 2024)","publisher":"CT DEEP","date":"2025-02-01","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/deep/water/municipal_wastewater/srtk-annual-report/2025-srtk-annual-report-overview.pdf?rev=49d8f614aee248bbaeb60ab45ec34436&hash=DD27329DB26AD4949020CBCB69B4E185","basis":"State report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (CT in-depth pass)."}]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","first_seen":"2026-09-13","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CT-WESTERN-FLOOD-DISASTER-2024"],"conflicts":[],"id":"US-CT-FAIRFIELD-FLASH-FLOODING-2026","title":"September 2026 Fairfield County flash flooding and SBA disaster declaration","description":"On September 13, 2026 more than 7 inches of rain fell in Stamford, Darien and Westport, flooding downtown Westport businesses, covering lanes of Interstate 95 and prompting 13 water rescues there. The SBA issued an administrative disaster declaration on October 2, 2026 for Fairfield County and contiguous Litchfield and New Haven counties, making low-interest loans available; officials were still assessing whether damage would qualify for a federal major disaster declaration.","location":{"name":"Fairfield County flood area (Westport, Stamford, Darien)","type":"Multi-county flash flood disaster area","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Fairfield County, especially Westport, Stamford and Darien, with flooding also reported in Bridgeport, Fairfield, Stratford and New Haven","coordinates":{"lat":41.1415,"lon":-73.3579,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Fairfield","New Haven","Litchfield"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Intense short-duration rainfall overwhelmed local stormwater drainage systems, roads and state facilities.","secondary_drivers":["Extreme rainfall"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No injuries or deaths were immediately reported, but Westport fire crews made 13 water rescues and dozens of motorists were stranded (ref 1); property damage was still being tallied.","service":"Floodwaters covered several lanes of Interstate 95 between exits 18 and 19 and more than six feet of water stood in a DOT maintenance yard in Westport (ref 1), disrupting travel and equipment.","scale":"The SBA declaration names Fairfield as the primary county and Litchfield and New Haven as contiguous Connecticut counties (ref 3), and flooding and rescues were also reported in Bridgeport, Fairfield and New Haven (ref 1).","duration":"The rainfall and flooding occurred on a single day, Sept 13, 2026 (refs 1, 3), though loan applications stay open to Dec 1, 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"The SBA issued Administrative Declaration CT-20004 (disaster #21930 and #21931) on Oct 2, 2026 (ref 3), and Gov. Lamont announced it on Oct 7 (ref 2); a FEMA major declaration was still being evaluated at the $5 million county and $7 million statewide thresholds (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population is not stated in the cited sources (refs 1-3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than 7 inches of rain fell Sunday in Stamford, Darien and Westport; 13 water rescues in Westport; SBA loan deadline Dec 1, 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"Rainfall (Stamford, Darien, Westport)","value":7,"unit":"inches (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"National Weather Service data cited by CT Mirror (ref 1)."},{"name":"Water rescues in Westport","value":13,"unit":"rescues","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Water depth at Westport DOT yard","value":6,"unit":"feet (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Officials compared the storm with the Aug 2024 western Connecticut floods, and a meteorologist cited by CT Mirror said such historic rainfalls are happening more often than odds would suggest (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"CT Division of Emergency Management and Homeland Security","role":"State emergency management"},{"name":"CT DEEP","role":"State environmental agency"},{"name":"CT DOT","role":"State transportation"},{"name":"U.S. Small Business Administration","role":"Disaster loan program"}],"public_contact":"SBA Customer Service Center, 1-800-659-2955; apply at lending.sba.gov.","corrective_actions":["SBA low-interest disaster loans for homeowners, renters, businesses and nonprofits (apply by Dec 1, 2026; EIDL by July 2, 2027).","Temporary SBA outreach center opened in Bridgeport.","State damage assessment to determine eligibility for a federal major disaster declaration."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lamont says 'rain bomb' overwhelmed parts of Fairfield County","publisher":"CT Mirror","date":"2026-09-14","url":"https://ctmirror.org/2026/09/14/fairfield-county-flooding-rain-bomb/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Disaster declaration secured for Connecticut flooding victims, Lamont announces","publisher":"WFSB","date":"2026-10-07","url":"https://www.wfsb.com/2026/10/07/disaster-declaration-secured-connecticut-flooding-victims-lamont-announces/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Administrative Declaration of a Disaster for the State of Connecticut (91 FR 63637)","publisher":"U.S. Small Business Administration (Federal Register notice)","date":"2026-10-06","url":"https://thefederalregister.org/documents/2026-20472/administrative-declaration-of-a-disaster-for-the-state-of-connecticut","basis":"Federal disaster declaration notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (CT in-depth pass)."}]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","first_seen":"2026-02-26","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"conflicts":[],"id":"US-CT-WEST-HAVEN-WEST-RIVER-FUEL-OIL-SPILL-2026","title":"West River fuel oil spill and fish consumption advisory, West Haven and New Haven","description":"On February 26, 2026 a tanker truck carrying 2,600 gallons of fuel oil crashed on Forest Road in West Haven and oil entered a storm drain leading to the West River; the West Haven fire chief estimated about 2,400 gallons reached the river. The state Department of Public Health issued a precautionary fish consumption advisory on March 5, 2026 for the river between Derby Avenue (Route 34) and Kimberly Avenue (Route 122).","location":{"name":"West River (Derby Ave to Kimberly Ave)","type":"Tidal river segment","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"West Haven and New Haven, New Haven County; spill at Forest Road, West Haven","coordinates":{"lat":41.2706,"lon":-72.9469,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["New Haven"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A petroleum release reached surface water through the storm drain network and affected fish consumption.","secondary_drivers":["Vehicle crash"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DPH issued its advisory as a precaution because the odor and taste of fish were affected by the spill (ref 1); about 2,400 gallons reached the river per the fire chief (ref 3), but no illness is reported.","service":"No drinking-water or sewer service was interrupted; the only restriction is on eating fish caught from the affected river section (ref 1).","scale":"The advisory covers a single river reach from upstream of Derby Avenue (Route 34) to Kimberly Avenue (Route 122) (ref 1).","duration":"The advisory was set for two weeks or until no observable sheen or odor remained (ref 1); tidal movement pushed oil upriver and complicated cleanup (ref 3), and no lifting notice was found in sources opened.","significance":"DEEP's Emergency Response Unit deployed boats and containment (ref 3) and DPH issued a formal fish advisory (ref 1), but no enforcement action is reported."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is stated; the advisory applies to anglers and consumers of fish from this river section (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A tanker truck hauling 2,600 gallons of fuel oil crashed on Feb 26, 2026; DPH advisory issued March 5, 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"Fuel oil in the tanker","value":2600,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"DPH release (ref 1)."},{"name":"Oil reaching the West River","value":2400,"unit":"gallons (about)","status":"Reported","note":"West Haven Fire Chief per WFSB (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"A single spill event; no later update was found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"CT Department of Public Health","role":"Fish consumption advisory"},{"name":"CT DEEP Emergency Response Unit","role":"Spill response"},{"name":"West Haven Fire Department","role":"First responder"}],"public_contact":"DPH fish advisory line, 1-877-458-3474; portal.ct.gov/fish.","corrective_actions":["DEEP boats, containment boom and vacuum trucks recovered oil from the river and road.","DPH precautionary fish consumption advisory with ongoing monitoring."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DPH warns against eating fish caught in West River in West Haven and New Haven after fuel oil spill","publisher":"CT Department of Public Health","date":"2026-03-05","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/dph/newsroom/press-releases---2026/west-river-fish-consumption-advisory","basis":"State public-health notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"State Health Dept. Advises Against Eating Fish From West River After Fuel Spill","publisher":"CT News Junkie","date":"2026-03-06","url":"https://ctnewsjunkie.com/2026/03/06/state-health-dept-advises-against-eating-fish-from-west-river-after-fuel-spill/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"West Haven oil tanker crash spills thousands of gallons into West River","publisher":"WFSB","date":"2026-02-26","url":"https://www.wfsb.com/2026/02/26/oil-tanker-rolls-over-forest-road-west-haven/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"New record (CT in-depth pass)."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","first_seen":"2025-12-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CT-WATERBURY-TRANSMISSION-MAIN-FAILURES-2025"],"conflicts":[{"field":"rate_units_and_service_charge","note":"WFSB (ref 1) describes the $2.60 to $3.50 rate as per quarter and NBC (ref 2) as per CCF per quarter; the city schedule (ref 3) lists $3.50 per CCF. NBC reports a proposed service-charge rise from $12 to $24 per quarter, but the city schedule effective July 1, 2026 still lists $12.00 per quarter for 5/8-inch meters."}],"id":"US-CT-WATERBURY-WATER-RATE-HIKE-MAIN-BREAKS-2026","title":"Waterbury water rate increase after major water main breaks","description":"Waterbury raised its water user rate from $2.60 to $3.50 per CCF, effective July 1, 2026, after a December 2025 Thomaston Avenue main break left tens of thousands without water for several days and a July 2026 Tompkins Street break left more than 5,000 homes without running water. The city says rates had not risen since 2022 and remain among the lowest in the state; the mayor's budget included more than $7 million of line and valve upgrades.","location":{"name":"Waterbury Water Department","type":"Municipal water utility service area","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Waterbury, Watertown, Prospect and Wolcott, New Haven County","coordinates":{"lat":41.5582,"lon":-73.0515,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["New Haven"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CT1510011"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"A rate increase to fund aging-pipe replacement follows repeated main-break outages.","secondary_drivers":["Aging water mains"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No illness is reported; a boil water advisory was to follow restoration of the July 2026 outage (ref 4), a precaution rather than documented harm.","service":"The December 2025 Thomaston Avenue break left tens of thousands without water for days, closed schools and required the National Guard to distribute water (ref 1); the July 2026 Tompkins Street break left over 5,000 homes dry for at least two days (ref 4).","scale":"EPA SDWIS lists Waterbury Water Department (CT1510011) as serving 107,271 people (ref 5), and the city says it supplies more than 125,000 people in four towns (ref 3).","duration":"Two major breaks occurred in about eight months (December 2025 and July 2026) (refs 1, 4) and the city says some pipes are more than 100 years old (ref 1).","significance":"The city's schedule lists the $3.50 per CCF rate effective July 1, 2026 (ref 3) after a Board of Aldermen hearing on the budget proposal (ref 2); no state enforcement action is cited."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":107271,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per EPA SDWIS (ref 5); the city cites more than 125,000 people across Waterbury, Watertown, Prospect and Wolcott (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"User rate from $2.60 to $3.50 per CCF; WFSB reports about $130 more a year for the average household; city data cited by NBC show about $300 a year rising to about $430."},"measures":[{"name":"Water user rate","value":3.5,"unit":"USD per CCF","status":"Reported","note":"City rate schedule effective July 1, 2026 (ref 3); prior rate $2.60 (refs 1, 2)."},{"name":"Planned line and valve upgrades in proposed budget","value":7000000,"unit":"USD (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"WFSB (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Rates unchanged from 2022 to 2026 while main breaks and capital needs mounted (refs 1, 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Second major outage in about eight months followed by a 30 percent rate increase (refs 1, 2, 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Waterbury Water Department","role":"Utility"},{"name":"City of Waterbury Board of Aldermen","role":"Rate approval"},{"name":"CT Department of Public Health","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Waterbury Water Department billing and collections, 203-574-8251.","corrective_actions":["More than $30 million already spent on aging water infrastructure and more than $7 million of line and valve upgrades proposed (ref 1).","Bottled water distribution and boil water advisory during the July 2026 outage (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Waterbury proposes water rate hike following major main breaks","publisher":"WFSB","date":"2026-05-13","url":"https://www.wfsb.com/2026/05/13/waterbury-proposes-water-rate-hike-following-major-main-breaks/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"City of Waterbury holds public hearing on water rate hike proposal","publisher":"NBC Connecticut","date":"2026-05-12","url":"https://www.nbcconnecticut.com/news/local/city-of-waterbury-holds-public-hearing-on-water-rate-hike-proposal/3734652/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Water Department (rate schedule effective July 1, 2026)","publisher":"City of Waterbury","date":null,"url":"https://www.waterburyct.org/services/water","basis":"Local-government record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":4,"title":"Rain impacts Waterbury water main break repairs; city provides bottled water","publisher":"WFSB","date":"2026-07-29","url":"https://www.wfsb.com/2026/07/29/waterbury-water-main-break-enters-day-2/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":5,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record, Waterbury Water Department (CT1510011)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CT1510011/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (CT in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","first_seen":"2025-07-14","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"conflicts":[],"id":"US-CT-STATEWIDE-FLUORIDATION-STANDARD-LAW-2025","title":"Connecticut law fixes community water fluoridation at 0.7 mg/L","description":"In July 2025 Gov. Lamont signed a law requiring public water systems to maintain an average monthly fluoride content of 0.7 mg/L, written into state statute rather than tied to the U.S. HHS recommendation. State officials said the change provides defenses should the federal standard be eliminated; the earlier statute allowed variation of 0.15 mg/L around the HHS figure.","location":{"name":"Connecticut public water systems (statewide)","type":"Statewide fluoridation policy","state":"CT","states":["CT"],"detail":"Statewide; community water systems that fluoridate","coordinates":{"lat":41.6032,"lon":-72.7,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"A state statute fixes a drinking-water treatment standard in response to federal policy uncertainty.","secondary_drivers":["Federal fluoride policy review"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No harm is documented; the DPH commissioner says fluoridation is safe and effective and the law preserves the existing level (ref 1).","service":"The statute keeps existing fluoridation in place with no interruption of service (ref 1).","scale":"The requirement applies to public water systems across the state, which the DPH release says have fluoridated under law since 1965 (ref 1).","duration":"Fluoridation has been state law since 1965 (ref 1); the standard has been fixed in statute only since July 2025, and ADA News notes the federal HHS had directed CDC to reexamine the issue (ref 2).","significance":"The Governor signed the legislation into state law on or about July 14-16, 2025 (refs 1, 2); it is a statute, not an enforcement action against any system."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The cited sources do not give the population served by fluoridating systems."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Average monthly fluoride content of 0.7 mg/L, set directly in Connecticut statute."},"measures":[{"name":"Statutory fluoride level","value":0.7,"unit":"mg/L (monthly average)","status":"Reported","note":"ADA News (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"The statute preserves the existing level; ADA News notes other states have moved to ban or stop recommending fluoridation (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"CT Department of Public Health","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Connecticut General Assembly","role":"Legislature"}],"public_contact":"CT DPH Drinking Water Section, portal.ct.gov/dph.","corrective_actions":["Public water systems must maintain an average monthly fluoride content of 0.7 mg/L under the new state law."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Gov. Lamont signs legislation requiring CT to preserve existing water fluoridation standards","publisher":"CT Department of Public Health","date":"2025-07-16","url":"https://portal.ct.gov/dph/newsroom/press-releases---2025/water-fluoridation","basis":"State public-health notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Connecticut bill defends community water fluoridation","publisher":"ADA News","date":"2025-07-14","url":"https://adanews.ada.org/ada-news/2025/july/connecticut-bill-defends-community-water-fluoridation/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (CT in-depth pass)."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["WHYY article page shows no publication date."],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"id":"US-DE-VEOLIA-STANTON-PFAS-2026","title":"Veolia Stanton plant: PFOA above 4 ppt pre-treatment, $35M carbon plant and cost-recovery suit","description":"Veolia Water Delaware's Stanton plant, which draws from Red Clay and White Clay creeks, tested at about 13-24 ppt PFOA in EPA UCMR 5 samples taken in 2023. Veolia placed a $35 million granular-activated-carbon facility in service in March 2025 and, in August 2026, sued current or former manufacturers at upstream sites in Delaware Superior Court to recover at least $34.6 million in capital costs plus over $3.5 million a year in operating costs. The company has also asked regulators for a 44% rate increase.","location":{"name":"Veolia Water Delaware, Stanton plant","type":"Investor-owned utility service area (surface-water plant)","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"detail":"Stanton Water Treatment Plant near Wilmington, New Castle County; Red Clay Creek and White Clay Creek supply","coordinates":{"lat":39.7,"lon":-75.65,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["New Castle"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"DE0000564"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"PFAS in the source water required a major treatment build and now drives a cost-recovery lawsuit and rate request.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Eight UCMR 5 results at the Stanton entry points in 2023 ran 13.4-24.4 ppt PFOA (ref 5), above the 4 ppt limit in Delaware's SB 72 and EPA's 2024 MCL; Veolia's 2024 report put the PFAS average at up to 29 ppt before treatment (ref 1).","service":"No interruption is reported; the carbon plant treats PFAS to non-detectable levels (ref 1), so supply continued during construction.","scale":"SDWIS lists 100,495 people served (ref 2); the Stanton plant alone serves more than 100,000 residents (ref 1).","duration":"The 2023 samples (ref 5) precede the March 2025 start of treatment (ref 3), so PFAS was in raw supply for roughly two years before removal and the issue is now in litigation.","significance":"Veolia sued in Delaware Superior Court in August 2026 over upstream sites (ref 3, 4) and has a pending Public Service Commission rate request (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":100495,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFAS at the Stanton plant averaged up to 29 parts per trillion before treatment; the new carbon plant treats up to 30 million gallons per day (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"PFOA, UCMR 5 samples at Stanton plant entry points (2023)","value":null,"range_low":13.4,"range_high":24.4,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Eight samples, Feb-Dec 2023 (EPA UCMR 5 file; ref 5)."},{"name":"Treatment capacity","value":30,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Capital cost claimed in lawsuit","value":34.6,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"At least; ref 4."},{"name":"Operating cost claimed","value":3.5,"unit":"million USD per year","status":"Reported","note":"More than; ref 4."}],"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Raw-water PFAS is now removed by carbon treatment placed in service in March 2025 (refs 1, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Veolia Water Delaware","role":"Owner/operator"},{"name":"Delaware DNREC","role":"Working with Veolia to identify the source (ref 1)"},{"name":"Delaware Division of Public Health, Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Veolia Water Delaware customer service; Delaware Office of Drinking Water 302-741-8630 (state main line, verify on agency site).","corrective_actions":["Granular activated carbon plant (42 vessels) in service since March 2025","On-site pilot system to test other treatment technologies","Cost-recovery lawsuit against upstream manufacturers filed August 2026","Work with DNREC to identify the PFAS source"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Veolia removes toxic PFAS chemicals from drinking water in New Castle County, Delaware","publisher":"WHYY","date":null,"url":"https://whyy.org/articles/veolia-pfas-chemicals-treatment-plant-new-castle-delaware","basis":"News report (page shows no date; context places it in 2025)"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record DE0000564","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/DE0000564/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"Veolia files Delaware lawsuit seeking recovery of PFAS treatment costs from alleged polluters","publisher":"Water Online","date":"2026-08-12","url":"https://www.wateronline.com/doc/veolia-files-delaware-lawsuit-seeking-recovery-of-pfas-treatment-costs-from-alleged-polluters-0001","basis":"Trade news"},{"ref":4,"title":"Veolia sues Delaware manufacturers over PFAS in drinking water","publisher":"Waste Dive","date":"2026-08-13","url":"https://www.wastedive.com/news/veolia-sues-delaware-manufacturers-over-pfas-in-drinking-water/827797/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":5,"title":"EPA UCMR 5 occurrence data, Delaware (UCMR5_All.txt)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2015-09-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal data (PWSID DE0000564, 8 PFOA results 2023)","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (DE in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"related_ids":["US-DE-GAE-VEOLIA-RATE-25-0037","US-DE-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"],"conflicts":[{"field":"facility cost","note":"WHYY gives $35 million in text and about $42.5 million in a photo caption; the lawsuit claims at least $34.6 million (refs 1, 4)."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Outcome of the grant request not found","Treatment not yet under construction per sources"],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"id":"US-DE-GEORGETOWN-PFAS-2025","title":"Georgetown water: PFOA and PFOS above 4 ppt, town seeks $21M for treatment","description":"EPA UCMR 5 sampling at Georgetown's groundwater system found PFOA up to 36 ppt and PFOS up to 14 ppt in 2025. In December 2025 town officials sought nearly $21 million from Delaware's Emerging Contaminant Grant program for a treatment plant and were pilot-testing carbon and resin media. The town says its water meets current state and federal standards.","location":{"name":"Georgetown Water Department","type":"Municipal groundwater utility","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"detail":"Town of Georgetown, Sussex County","coordinates":{"lat":38.69,"lon":-75.385,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Sussex"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"DE0000592"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"PFAS in groundwater supply requires new treatment infrastructure.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 results (ref 4) show PFOA of 11-36 ppt and PFOS of 6.1-14 ppt in 2025 samples, above the 4 ppt limits in Delaware's SB 72.","service":"WDEL (ref 1) reports the water meets all current state and federal standards; no advisory or supply interruption is reported.","scale":"SDWIS lists 7,259 people served (ref 3), a single town system.","duration":"Four sampled results from March, September and October 2025 (ref 4) and a pilot with a roughly two-year project horizon (ref 2) point to a months-long issue still unresolved.","significance":"A formal $950,000 design and $20 million construction grant request went to a Town Council vote (ref 1), with $2.3 million in state money already received for testing (ref 2); no violation or order is cited."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":7259,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Nearly $21 million sought for treatment: about $950,000 for design and $20 million for construction (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"PFOA, maximum UCMR 5 result","value":36,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Sample of Sept. 9, 2025 (ref 4)."},{"name":"PFOS, maximum UCMR 5 result","value":14,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Sample of Mar. 5, 2025 (ref 4)."},{"name":"Grant requested","value":21,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Four UCMR 5 samples all fall in 2025 (ref 4); no earlier series."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Georgetown","role":"Owner/operator"},{"name":"Delaware Division of Public Health, Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator and grant administrator"}],"public_contact":"Town of Georgetown Water Department, Georgetown, DE (contact via town hall).","corrective_actions":["Pilot test of granulated activated carbon and two polymer iron resins (ref 2)","Emerging Contaminant Grant request for design and construction (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Georgetown seeks $21 million to address 'forever chemicals' in water supply","publisher":"WDEL / COAST TV","date":"2025-12-06","url":"https://www.wdel.com/news/georgetown-seeks-21-million-to-address-forever-chemicals-in-water-supply/article_b4eabe8a-68d5-4376-9638-990f316a65ab.html","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Georgetown is testing to remove 'forever chemicals' from their water supply","publisher":"WMDT 47abc","date":"2025-12-10","url":"https://www.wmdt.com/?p=4177930","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record DE0000592","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/DE0000592/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA UCMR 5 occurrence data, Delaware (UCMR5_All.txt)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2015-09-01","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule","basis":"Federal data (PWSID DE0000592, 2025 samples)","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (DE in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"related_ids":["US-DE-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"revision":3,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Whether the hybrid carbon/anion-exchange system entered service after the August 31 target","Post-August 2026 PFAS results"],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"id":"US-DE-NEWCASTLE-EASTBASIN-PFAS-2023","title":"New Castle East Basin Road PFAS: Superfund listing, 11 municipal wells affected","description":"PFAS from firefighting foam used at the New Castle Air National Guard Base reached groundwater supplying the City of New Castle's Municipal Services Commission and Artesian Water wells. EPA added the East Basin Road Groundwater Site to the National Priorities List in March 2023, citing 11 affected municipal wells; both utilities run treatment. A CDC/ATSDR study found residents' blood PFHxS up to 9.8 times national levels. In August 2026 the city utility shut its own supply after routine sampling showed PFOS at 78 ppt and PFOA at 14 ppt in treated water, above Delaware limits, and bought finished water from Artesian while a temporary carbon system was in place during filter upgrades.","location":{"name":"New Castle MSC and East Basin Road site","type":"Municipal groundwater utility and Superfund site","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"detail":"City of New Castle and Wilmington Airport area, New Castle County","coordinates":{"lat":39.675,"lon":-75.6,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["New Castle"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"DE0000634"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legacy AFFF contamination of the aquifer that supplies public wells.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ATSDR (ref 2) found PFHxS, PFOS and PFOA in all 214 participants' blood, up to 9.8 times national levels; MSC's August 5, 2026 entry-point sample showed PFOS 78 ppt and PFOA 14 ppt against 4 ppt limits (ref 5).","service":"MSC voluntarily took wells out of service in 2014 (ref 2); on August 4, 2026 it shut its supply again and bought finished water from Artesian after a state-limit PFAS exceedance (ref 5).","scale":"MSC serves 5,549 people per SDWIS (ref 3); the listing covers 11 municipal wells across MSC and Artesian (ref 1).","duration":"Contamination was first found in 2014 and the site was still being added to the Superfund list in March 2023 (refs 1, 2), almost a decade later.","significance":"EPA National Priorities List listing in March 2023 (ref 1) is a federal Superfund designation."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":5549,"status":"Reported","note":"MSC population served per SDWIS (ref 3); Artesian customers in the area are not separated out."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"MSC's August 5, 2026 distribution entry-point sample showed PFOS 78 ppt, PFOA 14 ppt and PFHxS 35 ppt, above Delaware limits; an August 10 resample was non-detect (ref 5)."},"measures":[{"name":"Municipal wells with contamination","value":11,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Maximum age-adjusted blood level vs national","value":9.8,"unit":"times national","status":"Reported","note":"PFHxS, ref 2."},{"name":"PFOS at distribution entry point, 2026-08-05","value":78,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Limit 4 ppt; ref 5."},{"name":"PFOA at distribution entry point, 2026-08-05","value":14,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Limit 4 ppt; ref 5."}],"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Treatment met limits after 2014 (ref 2), but a temporary carbon system broke through in July-August 2026 during upgrades; MSC says it scheduled a GAC/anion-exchange hybrid system (ref 5)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"EPA Region 3","role":"Superfund lead"},{"name":"Delaware DNREC","role":"State partner on site investigation"},{"name":"Municipal Services Commission of the City of New Castle","role":"Utility operating treatment"},{"name":"Artesian Water Company","role":"Utility operating treatment"}],"public_contact":"Municipal Services Commission of the City of New Castle; ATSDR PFAS exposure assessment program via atsdr.cdc.gov.","corrective_actions":["Wells removed from service and carbon treatment installed in 2014 and 2016 (ref 2)","Superfund investigation of the East Basin Road site (ref 1)","Continued PFAS monitoring and treatment maintenance recommended by ATSDR (ref 2)","August 2026: MSC shut its supply, bought water from Artesian, notified state regulators and scheduled a hybrid carbon/anion-exchange system, with completion set for the week of August 31 (ref 5)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA Adds East Basin Road Groundwater Site in New Castle, Delaware, to National Priorities List to Address PFAS Pollution","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2023-03-28","url":"https://epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-adds-east-basin-road-groundwater-site-new-castle-delaware-national-priorities-list","basis":"Federal press release"},{"ref":2,"title":"PFAS Exposure Assessment: New Castle County, Delaware","publisher":"CDC/ATSDR","date":"2024-11-12","url":"https://atsdr.cdc.gov/pfas/exposure-assessments/new-castle-county-delaware.html","basis":"Federal health agency"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record DE0000634","publisher":"U.S. EPA (Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/DE0000634/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":4,"title":"PFAS in Delaware: how the first state is tackling toxic forever chemicals","publisher":"Delaware DNREC","date":"2026-05-31","url":"https://dnrec.delaware.gov/outdoor-delaware/pfas-in-delaware-how-the-first-state-is-tackling-toxic-forever-chemicals","basis":"State agency (undated page; cites events through May 2026)"},{"ref":5,"title":"Customer Notification: PFAS Levels Exceed Established Maximum Contaminant Levels","publisher":"Municipal Services Commission, City of New Castle","date":null,"accessed":"2026-10-12","url":"https://newcastlecity.delaware.gov/files/2026/08/08-13-2026-MSC-Press-Release-PFAS-v2.pdf","basis":"Utility notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (DE in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"MSC utility notice reports July 14, 2026 sampling above Delaware PFAS limits (PFOS 78 ppt, PFOA 14 ppt); supply shut August 4 and water bought from Artesian; August 10 resample non-detect. Completion of the new treatment system not confirmed."}],"related_ids":["US-DE-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","secondary_drivers":[],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["PFAS concentrations not extracted (slide results are images)","Number of affected wells not stated","Completion status of replacement wells not stated"],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"id":"US-DE-LITTLECREEK-PFAS-PRIVATEWELLS-2025","title":"Little Creek private wells: PFAS found in shallow wells, state installs replacements","description":"DNREC and the Division of Public Health told Little Creek residents in December 2023 that private wells held high PFAS levels; March 2024 results showed wells in the unconfined aquifer were affected, to varying degrees, and confined-aquifer wells were not. The state supplied carbon filters and, after a 2021 DuPont, Corteva and Chemours settlement, funded new deeper wells; DNREC's account attributes the contamination to likely firefighting foam.","location":{"name":"Little Creek","type":"Town and private-well area","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"detail":"Town of Little Creek, Kent County near Dover","coordinates":{"lat":39.1587,"lon":-75.4368,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Kent"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in shallow groundwater used for household drinking water.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DNREC and DHSS describe 'high levels' of PFAS in private wells and found unconfined-aquifer wells impacted (refs 1, 2).","service":"Point-of-use carbon filters were provided as a short-term measure and replacement wells installed (refs 1, 3); no loss of supply is reported.","scale":"Limited to private wells in one small town; the count of affected wells is not given in the sources (ref 1).","duration":"State meetings in December 2023, March 2024, November 2024 and an April 17, 2025 open house on the next phase of well installation (ref 1) show a multi-year response.","significance":"State agencies ran a formal sampling and response program, with settlement funds for new wells (ref 3), but no enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No count of homes or residents with affected wells appears in the sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Sampling slides report that confined-aquifer wells were not impacted and unconfined-aquifer wells were impacted, with no concentrations in the text read (ref 2)."},"measures":[],"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Filters and replacement wells are being installed (refs 1, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Delaware DNREC, Division of Waste and Hazardous Substances","role":"Lead state response"},{"name":"Delaware Division of Public Health","role":"Health guidance and well testing"}],"public_contact":"DNREC Division of Waste and Hazardous Substances Ombudsman: 302-395-2604.","corrective_actions":["Point-of-use carbon filtration","Replacement with deeper wells","Free well testing and filter assistance for private-well owners"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Little Creek Open House: PFAS Detection and Well Replacements","publisher":"Delaware DNREC","date":"2025-04-17","url":"https://dnrec.delaware.gov/events/little-creek-open-house-pfas-detection-and-well-replacements","basis":"State agency event notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Little Creek Private Well Sampling meeting slides","publisher":"Town of Little Creek / DNREC","date":"2024-03-07","url":"https://littlecreek.delaware.gov/files/2024/03/Little-Creek-Private-Well-Sampling-03072024.pdf","basis":"State presentation"},{"ref":3,"title":"PFAS in Delaware: how the first state is tackling toxic forever chemicals","publisher":"Delaware DNREC","date":"2026-05-31","url":"https://dnrec.delaware.gov/outdoor-delaware/pfas-in-delaware-how-the-first-state-is-tackling-toxic-forever-chemicals","basis":"State agency (undated page; cites events through May 2026)"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (DE in-depth pass)."}],"related_ids":["US-DE-STORMWATER-LITTLE-CREEK-RECURRING-FLOODING"]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":["Aging infrastructure","Heavy-rain infiltration and inflow"],"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Kent County Levy Court","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Delaware DNREC Division of Water","role":"Regulator and consent-order enforcer"}],"missing_fields":["Compliance progress since August 2025 and current discharge monitoring results were not verified."],"related_ids":["US-DE-KENT-RT13-FORCEMAIN-2026","US-DE-KENT-MURDERKILL-FORCEMAIN-2026"],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"id":"US-DE-KENT-MILFORD-RWWTF-CONSENT-ORDER-2025","title":"Kent County Milford plant and sewers: DNREC consent order, $400,000 penalty","description":"DNREC and the Kent County Levy Court signed a Conciliation Order by Consent on August 14, 2025 resolving wastewater violations documented since 2017 at the Regional Wastewater Treatment Facility in Milford and in the county collection system. Violations include sanitary sewer overflows, bacteria and suspended-solids effluent exceedances and maintenance problems; the county must complete upgrades and pay $400,000.","location":{"name":"Kent County Regional WWTF, Milford","type":"Wastewater treatment facility and collection system","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"detail":"Milford Neck Road, Milford; flows from Dover, Smyrna, Milford, Harrington, Clayton and Camden-Wyoming; The Gut and Murderkill River","coordinates":{"lat":38.998212,"lon":-75.437604,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Kent"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Overflows and effluent exceedances combine aging collection infrastructure with treatment-plant performance.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Order documents effluent exceedances for bacteria and suspended solids and a major April 2022 rainstorm discharge of partially treated wastewater into The Gut, a Murderkill tributary (ref 1); no illness or measured ecological damage is cited.","service":"Sanitary sewer overflows occurred in heavy rain and the order requires backup generators at priority pump stations (ref 1), but no sustained loss of sewer service is reported.","scale":"The system receives flows from six municipalities: Dover, Smyrna, Milford, Harrington, Clayton and Camden-Wyoming (ref 1).","duration":"The order covers compliance problems documented from 2017 to 2025 (ref 1), and oversight and enforcement provisions run through January 1, 2030 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Formal Conciliation Order by Consent with a $400,000 administrative penalty, half to the state and half to an infiltration-and-inflow Supplemental Environmental Project (ref 1, ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The order lists six contributing municipalities; no population figure appears in refs 1 or 2."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$400,000 administrative penalty; order in effect to January 1, 2030 (DNREC)"},"measures":[{"name":"Administrative penalty","value":400000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"$200,000 to the State, $200,000 to an I&I Supplemental Environmental Project"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Multi-year capital program (biosolids expansion, grit, UV, generators) required under the order"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Corrective projects were only ordered in August 2025; progress reports are not public in the sources reviewed."},"public_contact":"DNREC Division of Water, published media contact Michael Globetti; Kent County Levy Court, Kelly Pitts (as named in ref 1)","corrective_actions":["Biosolids Capacity Expansion Project","Grit system and UV disinfection upgrades","Backup generators at priority pump stations","Comprehensive pipeline condition assessment","Engineering evaluations of county and municipal collection systems for infiltration and inflow","Quarterly progress reports to DNREC"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Kent County Levy Court announces agreement with DNREC to improve wastewater infrastructure and protect water quality","publisher":"Delaware News (State of Delaware)","date":"2025-08-14","url":"https://news.delaware.gov/2025/08/14/kent-county-levy-court-announces-agreement-with-dnrec-to-improve-wastewater-infrastructure-and-protect-water-quality/","basis":"State agency press release"},{"ref":2,"title":"Delaware consent order aims to curb sewage overflows in Kent County","publisher":"Wastewater Digest","date":"2025-08-15","url":"https://www.wwdmag.com/compliance-regulations/press-release/55310190/delaware-consent-order-aims-to-curb-sewage-overflows-in-kent-county","basis":"Trade press"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA ECHO facility record DE0020338 (Kent County WWTF, Milford) (location only)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_pid=DE0020338","basis":"Federal database record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (DE in-depth pass, wastewater)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":["1970s-80s pipe age","No redundant route"],"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"New Castle County Department of Public Works","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA (WIFIA)","role":"Lender"}],"missing_fields":["Total project cost, schedule and any past failure dates were not stated in opened sources; the 2021 EPA release describes about 1,500 feet of new force main crossing the river."],"related_ids":["US-DE-WILMINGTON-WWTP-DEGRADED-ASSETS-2024"],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"id":"US-DE-NCC-CHRISTINA-FORCEMAIN-2024","title":"New Castle County Christina River force sewer main: single aging route to Wilmington plant","description":"Nearly all of New Castle County's sewage, about 50 to 60 million gallons a day in dry weather and 100 to 150 million in storms, reaches the Wilmington plant through one force sewer main dating to the 1970s and 80s. A redundant pipe is being built with a $12 million federal WIFIA loan so the existing main can be maintained without interruptions or overflows.","location":{"name":"Christina River force sewer main, Wilmington","type":"Wastewater conveyance system","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"detail":"Force main crossing the Christina River to the Wilmington Wastewater Treatment Plant, New Castle County","coordinates":{"lat":39.735962,"lon":-75.516033,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["New Castle"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The risk is a single-route aging conveyance asset, not a measured water-quality failure.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Article describes overflow risk if the existing pipe is taken out of service for maintenance, but reports no specific failure or release (ref 1).","service":"No service interruption is reported; the redundant pipe is meant to avoid one (ref 1).","scale":"The system serves about 330,000 people and all flow goes to the Wilmington plant (ref 1).","duration":"The current pipe dates to the 1970s and 80s and needs maintenance, and the county sought federal financing as early as December 2021 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Federal WIFIA financing, $12 million lent in the first phase after a $32 million invitation in 2021 (refs 1, 2); no violation or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":330000,"status":"Reported","note":"County engineer figure for people served, per ref 1."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Dry-weather flow about 50 to 60 million gallons per day; wet-weather 100 to 150 million (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Wet-weather flow","value":150,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Upper end of the 100 to 150 MGD range"},{"name":"WIFIA loan","value":12000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"First phase"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["County relies on federal loan financing for the first phase; total project cost not stated in ref 1"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No construction schedule or completion date is given in the sources reviewed."},"public_contact":"New Castle County Department of Public Works, published general channel","corrective_actions":["Build a redundant force sewer main alongside the existing pipe","Maintain the existing main without service interruption once the new pipe is in service"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA loan helps fund New Castle County's wastewater improvement project","publisher":"Delaware Public Media","date":"2024-12-28","url":"https://www.delawarepublic.org/science-health-tech/2024-12-28/epa-loan-helps-fund-new-castle-countys-wastewater-improvement-project","basis":"Regional news"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA invites New Castle County, Del., to apply for $32 million to help modernize city's water infrastructure","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2021-12-09","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-invites-new-castle-county-del-apply-32-million-help-modernize-citys-water","basis":"Federal press release"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA ECHO facility record DE0020320 (City of Wilmington Regional WWTP, location only) (location only)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_pid=DE0020320","basis":"Federal database record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (DE in-depth pass, wastewater)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":[],"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Veolia Water Delaware","role":"Utility owner and operator"},{"name":"Delaware Division of Public Health Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"missing_fields":["Cause of the transmission main failure and any state review were not reported."],"related_ids":["US-DE-DWQ-STATEWIDE-COMPLIANCE-2024"],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"id":"US-DE-VEOLIA-NEWARK-TRANSMISSION-MAIN-BWA-2025","title":"Veolia Newark-area transmission main break: boil water advisory for 50,000 customers","description":"A break in a large transmission main on October 25, 2025 caused low pressure and a precautionary boil water advisory for about 50,000 Veolia customers in Newark, Bear, Christiana, Brookside and New Castle. The main was repaired by October 26 and the advisory was lifted October 27 after lab samples met standards.","location":{"name":"Veolia Water Delaware, Newark area","type":"Investor-owned utility service area","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"detail":"Newark, Bear, Christiana, Brookside and New Castle, New Castle County","coordinates":{"lat":39.6837,"lon":-75.7497,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["New Castle"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"DE0000564"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A physical transmission-main failure caused pressure loss that triggered a precautionary public-health advisory.","severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No contamination was found: Veolia said samples met drinking water standards before the advisory was lifted (ref 1); no illness is reported.","service":"Low pressure for thousands of customers plus a rolling-boil instruction for drinking, cooking, ice and brushing teeth (ref 2), but not a do-not-use order.","scale":"About 50,000 customers across five communities (refs 1, 2) on a system serving 100,495 per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Advisory ran from Saturday October 25 to Monday October 27, 2025, about two days (ref 1).","significance":"Formal precautionary boil water advisory issued by the utility (ref 2); no violation or enforcement action is cited."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":50000,"status":"Reported","note":"Customers under the advisory per refs 1 and 2; system population served is 100,495 (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 50,000 customers under a boil water advisory, October 25-27, 2025 (NBC10)"},"measures":[{"name":"Advisory duration","value":2,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"Oct. 25 to Oct. 27, 2025"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event; no earlier or later break on this transmission line was found in the sources reviewed."},"public_contact":"Veolia Delaware customer service, (302) 633-5900 as published in ref 2","corrective_actions":["Main isolated and repaired by October 26, 2025","Independent lab sampling before lifting the advisory"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Boil water advisory lifted for Newark, Delaware area","publisher":"NBC10 Philadelphia","date":"2025-10-27","url":"https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/boil-water-advisory-newark-delaware/4291674/?amp=1","basis":"Regional news"},{"ref":2,"title":"Veolia boil water map, Sat. Oct. 25","publisher":"WDEL","date":"2025-10-25","url":"https://www.wdel.com/50-000-veolia-customers-under-boil-water-alert/article_5aea1290-018d-4e23-b3a9-c2032df6add9.html","basis":"Regional news"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record DE0000564","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/DE/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/VEOLIA/JSON","basis":"Federal database record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"New record (DE in-depth pass, infrastructure). Advisory lifted October 27, 2025."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","secondary_drivers":["Cold-weather treatment upset (company account)"],"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Allen Harim Foods LLC","role":"Permittee"},{"name":"Artisan Wastewater Management","role":"Wastewater disposal partner"},{"name":"Delaware DNREC","role":"Permit regulator"}],"missing_fields":["Compliance status after March 10, 2026 and any penalty were not verified."],"related_ids":["US-DE-GROUNDWATER-COLUMBIA-AQUIFER-NITRATE-SOUTHERN-DELAWARE"],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"id":"US-DE-ALLENHARIM-HARBESON-NITROGEN-NOV-2026","title":"Allen Harim Harbeson plant: DNREC cites nitrogen limit exceedances in wastewater","description":"DNREC issued a Notice of Violation on March 2, 2026 to Allen Harim Foods after treated wastewater from its Harbeson poultry plant exceeded permitted total nitrogen limits from at least January 27 through mid-February. Effluent is stored in a lagoon and spray-irrigated on about 1,700 acres of Sussex County farmland; as of March 10 DNREC said compliance had not yet been regained.","location":{"name":"Allen Harim Foods, Harbeson","type":"Industrial wastewater facility","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"detail":"Harbeson Road, Harbeson; effluent to Sussex Regional Recharge Facility spray irrigation, Sussex County","coordinates":{"lat":38.72072,"lon":-75.28476,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Sussex"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Over-limit nitrogen in treated industrial wastewater applied to land threatens groundwater and nutrient loading in a nitrate-sensitive area.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Measured total nitrogen of 56 to over 82 mg/L against a 30 mg/L daily-average and 45 mg/L daily-maximum permit limit (ref 1); no groundwater or surface-water impact is reported.","service":"Plant and recharge facility kept operating; no outage or service loss for residents is reported in refs 1 or 2.","scale":"Wastewater is spray-irrigated on about 1,700 acres of agricultural land in Sussex County (ref 1).","duration":"Violations ran from at least January 27 to mid-February 2026, and DNREC said on March 10 that a return to compliance had not been achieved (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Formal DNREC Notice of Violation of March 2, 2026, citing failure to notify, failure to divert to retreatment and missing data, with penalties up to $40,000 per day possible (ref 1); no penalty assessed yet."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Industrial facility; no population reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Total nitrogen 56 to over 82 mg/L versus 30 mg/L daily average limit, Jan. 27 to Feb. 16, 2026 (WBOC)"},"measures":[{"name":"Total nitrogen, peak range","value":82,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"\"More than 82\" at the top of the reported range; permit daily maximum 45 mg/L"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Latest status in sources is March 10, 2026; later compliance was not verified."},"public_contact":"DNREC Division of Water published general channel","corrective_actions":["Daily nitrogen testing","Submit missing laboratory data","Weekly corrective-action reports until compliance","Updated operations and maintenance plan within 30 days to keep non-compliant wastewater out of the recharge facility"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DNREC cites Allen Harim for wastewater violations at Sussex County poultry plant","publisher":"WBOC","date":"2026-03-10","url":"https://www.wboc.com/news/dnrec-cites-allen-harim-for-wastewater-violations-at-sussex-county-poultry-plant/article_e825d850-7227-41c0-9454-8cd08f17f0f5.html","basis":"Regional news"},{"ref":2,"title":"Allen Harim cited for wastewater violation","publisher":"Delaware Public Media","date":"2026-03-12","url":"https://www.delawarepublic.org/business/2026-03-12/allen-harim-cited-for-wastewater-violation","basis":"Regional news"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA ECHO facility record DE0000299 (Allen Harim Foods, location only) (location only)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_pid=DE0000299","basis":"Federal database record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (DE in-depth pass, wastewater)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","secondary_drivers":["No inspection requirement for small shared septic systems","Underserved communities"],"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Delaware DNREC Division of Water","role":"Regulator and assessment lead"},{"name":"Verdantas","role":"Environmental contractor"}],"missing_fields":["Assessment results, named communities and total cost were not published in the opened sources."],"related_ids":["US-DE-LAUREL-VILLAGE-SEPTIC-FAILURE-2025","US-DE-GRANTS-WAY-SEPTIC-2026"],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"id":"US-DE-STATEWIDE-MHC-WASTEWATER-ASSESSMENT-2026","title":"Delaware manufactured home communities: 98 on-site wastewater systems under state assessment","description":"DNREC began a statewide assessment in April 2026 of wastewater and drinking-water infrastructure in manufactured home communities, after identifying more than 170 communities, 98 of them with on-site wastewater treatment or disposal. Many use small shared septic systems that are not subject to an inspection requirement under state on-site wastewater rules.","location":{"name":"Delaware manufactured home communities","type":"Statewide program","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"detail":"More than 170 communities statewide; none named in the sources","coordinates":{"lat":39,"lon":-75.5,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["New Castle","Kent","Sussex"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The issue is aging private on-site wastewater infrastructure and a regulatory inspection gap.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"DNREC says some systems are believed outdated, poorly maintained or in disrepair, but the assessment had not yet produced findings (refs 1, 2).","service":"No outage or loss of service is reported in the announcement; the assessment is a survey (ref 1).","scale":"More than 170 communities identified statewide, of which 98 have on-site wastewater treatment or disposal (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Phase 1 ran in late 2025 and field visits began in March 2026 (ref 1); the shared systems were installed years ago and are uninspected.","significance":"A state assessment funded by EPA grants and State Revolving Fund money, with DNREC stating a focus on improvement over enforcement (ref 1, ref 2); no violation is cited."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Residents of the 170-plus communities were not counted in refs 1 or 2."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than 170 manufactured home communities identified; 98 known to have on-site wastewater treatment or disposal (DNREC)"},"measures":[{"name":"Communities with on-site wastewater","value":98,"unit":"communities","status":"Reported","note":"Of more than 170 identified"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The assessment began in 2026 and findings were not yet published."},"public_contact":"DNREC project page de.gov/mhcproject (as named in ref 1)","corrective_actions":["Phase 2 field visits and in-person assessments began March 2026","Identify upgrade needs and connect communities with funding resources"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DNREC to Conduct Statewide Assessment of Wastewater Infrastructure in Manufactured Home Communities","publisher":"Delaware News (State of Delaware)","date":"2026-04-07","url":"https://news.delaware.gov/2026/04/07/dnrec-to-conduct-statewide-assessment-of-wastewater-infrastructure-in-manufactured-home-communities/","basis":"State agency press release"},{"ref":2,"title":"State examines wastewater infrastructure in manufactured home communities","publisher":"Cape Gazette","date":"2026-04-11","url":"https://capegazette.com/article/state-examines-wastewater-infrastructure-manufactured-home-communities/302739","basis":"Regional news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (DE in-depth pass, wastewater)."}]},{"id":"US-DE-DELAWARECITY-DATACENTER-PROJECTWASHINGTON-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Project Washington data center: Delaware City cooling-water demand and state prohibition","description":"Starwood Digital Ventures proposed a 1.2-gigawatt, roughly 6.1 million-square-foot data center campus near New Castle and Delaware City. Its Coastal Zone Act application put cooling water at more than 9.9 million gallons a year and up to almost 20 million, while the company later cited about 12.7 million gallons a year plus a one-time 600,000 gallons (ref 2). DNREC's Secretary ruled in February 2026 that the project is prohibited under the Coastal Zone Act, citing 516 backup diesel generators and 2.5 million gallons of stored diesel (ref 3), and the Coastal Zone Industrial Control Board unanimously upheld that decision in March 2026 (ref 4). Data-center laws signed in August 2026 address electricity costs and clean power but contain no water provisions (ref 5).","location":{"name":"Project Washington data center sites, Delaware City","type":"Proposed industrial campus (Coastal Zone)","state":"DE","states":["DE"],"detail":"Two parcels near New Castle and Delaware City, New Castle County; water supply certifications came from Veolia","coordinates":{"lat":39.5782,"lon":-75.5949,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["New Castle"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented water issue is a prospective industrial cooling-water demand, tested in a regulatory fight under the Coastal Zone Act.","secondary_drivers":["Data-center cooling demand","Coastal Zone Act industrial prohibition","Backup diesel fuel storage"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No water harm has occurred: the project was not built, and the stated water figures are projections in a permit application (ref 2).","service":"Veolia certified adequate water capacity for the project and no supply disruption is reported (ref 2).","scale":"The campus spans two sites and 1.2 GW; estimates of 9.9 to almost 20 million gallons a year are a regional-scale cooling demand, not a documented draw (ref 2, ref 1).","duration":"The matter has been active from the 2025 Coastal Zone application through the March 2026 board decision and August 2026 legislation, about a year (ref 3, ref 4, ref 5).","significance":"State environmental secretary issued a formal prohibition under the Coastal Zone Act in February 2026, and a state board unanimously upheld it after about 14 hours of testimony (ref 3, ref 4)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected population is reported; the project is proposed, not built."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Cooling would require more than 9.9 million gallons per year, or up to almost 20 million gallons (WHYY, citing the Coastal Zone application)."},"measures":[{"name":"Company-stated annual water use","value":12.7,"unit":"million gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"Starwood spokesperson per WHYY (ref 2)."},{"name":"One-time closed-loop fill","value":600000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Company figure (ref 2)."},{"name":"Backup diesel stored","value":2.5,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Secretary's ruling as reported (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Regulatory status changed from proposal to prohibition in 2026; no operating water-use history exists."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"DNREC","role":"Coastal Zone Act regulator"},{"name":"Coastal Zone Industrial Control Board","role":"Appeal body"},{"name":"Starwood Digital Ventures","role":"Project developer"},{"name":"Veolia Water Delaware","role":"Water supplier"}],"public_contact":"DNREC Office of the Secretary, 302-739-9000","corrective_actions":["DNREC prohibited the project under the Coastal Zone Act in February 2026 (ref 1, ref 3).","Coastal Zone Industrial Control Board upheld the prohibition in March 2026 (ref 4).","Data-center electricity-cost and clean-power laws were signed August 26, 2026; none address water use (ref 5)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Delaware's massive Project Washington data center plan has been halted","publisher":"Technical.ly","date":"2026-02-04","url":"https://technical.ly/civics/delaware-data-center-halted-project-washington.md","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"How much water do data centers use? One in Delaware City could use up to 20 million gallons a year","publisher":"WHYY","date":"2026-02-10","url":"https://whyy.org/articles/data-centers-water-usage/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Delaware City data center developer appeals its Coastal Zone denial","publisher":"Spotlight Delaware","date":"2026-02-25","url":"https://spotlightdelaware.org/2026/02/25/delaware-city-data-center-developer-appeals-its-coastal-zone-denial/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Delaware City data center environmental denial upheld by state board","publisher":"Spotlight Delaware","date":"2026-03-26","url":"https://spotlightdelaware.org/?p=18447","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"Delaware governor signs legislation that aims to make data centers 'pay their fair share'","publisher":"WHYY","date":"2026-08-26","url":"https://whyy.org/articles/data-center-legislation-delaware/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (DE in-depth pass). Whether the developer pursued a Superior Court appeal was not confirmed from an opened source."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Final water source and DRBC withdrawal status","Outcome of any Superior Court appeal"],"related_ids":["US-DE-DROUGHT-STATEWIDE-RECURRENT-2024-2026","US-DE-GAE-VEOLIA-RATE-25-0037"]},{"id":"US-AL-IRONDALE-PFAS-WELLS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Irondale water wells carried PFOS up to 59 ppt before carbon treatment","description":"Irondale's groundwater supply tested for PFOS well above the 4 ppt federal limit in EPA UCMR 5 sampling and in ADEM sampling, with the city reporting 23 ppt PFOS in three wells in January 2024. The city installed carbon contactors in November 2024 and reported non-detect results in early 2025 while it pursues reverse osmosis and a lawsuit over the source.","location":{"name":"Irondale Water System","type":"Municipal groundwater (wells) system","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"City of Irondale, Jefferson County","coordinates":{"lat":33.5385,"lon":-86.6886,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Jefferson"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AL0000751"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS occurrence in the system's finished water is the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 PFOS results of 15.6, 16.9 and 59.4 ppt in 2023 (ref 1) and a city notice citing 23 ppt PFOS in wells 5, 6 and 7 (ref 3) are well above the 4 ppt limit.","service":"No do-not-drink or boil notice appears in the city update (ref 3); mitigation was blending wells and later carbon contactors (ref 4).","scale":"SDWIS lists 10,098 people served by Irondale Water System (ref 2).","duration":"PFAS were first found in 2016 testing at ADEM's request (ref 3) and persisted through 2023-2024 sampling until contactors in November 2024 (ref 4).","significance":"The city hired counsel to sue the entities responsible and a formal PFAS update was issued to customers (ref 3), but no state enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":10098,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"UCMR 5 PFOS up to 59.4 ppt (Oct 2023); city notice reported 23 ppt PFOS in wells 5, 6 and 7 (Jan 2024)."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOS result","value":59.4,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOS","value":22.97,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOA result","value":5.1,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Federal PFOS limit","value":4,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["City reports about $1.5 million spent on PFAS elimination and a $5.3 million grant (ref 4)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"City reports no PFAS detected in 2025 testing after carbon contactors (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Irondale Water System (City of Irondale)","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Irondale water works department","corrective_actions":["Carbon contactors installed November 2024 (ref 4)","Reverse osmosis planned as the permanent solution (ref 4)","City is suing to identify the PFAS source (refs 3, 4)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record AL0000751 (Irondale Water System)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AL0000751/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"City of Irondale Water System - PFAS Update (April 8, 2024)","publisher":"City of Irondale","date":"2024-04-08","url":"https://cityofirondaleal.gov/wp-content/uploads/City-of-Irondale-Water-System-PFAS-Update-April-8-2024.pdf","basis":"Local government record"},{"ref":4,"title":"Irondale and Gadsden work to remove PFAS from drinking water","publisher":"WVTM 13","date":"2025-08-06","url":"https://www.wvtm13.com/article/pfas-water-alabama-irondale-contamination/65591930","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, AL","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_01.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (AL in-depth pass, group A)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-AL-GADSDEN-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-AL-COLBERT-RURAL-WATER-PFAS-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Colbert County Rural Water PFOA and PFOS above 4 ppt, utility suing 3M","description":"Colbert County Rural Water, which serves the Shoals area from Tennessee River water, reported PFOA and PFOS above the 4 ppt federal limits in 2024 and PFOA of 9.81 ppt in its 2025 annual report. The utility sued chemical manufacturers in Colbert County Circuit Court and is selecting a treatment method.","location":{"name":"Colbert County Rural Water System","type":"Rural water system (surface water)","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Tuscumbia and Colbert County area, Tennessee River supply","coordinates":{"lat":34.7312,"lon":-87.7025,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Colbert"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AL0000314"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS occurrence in the system's finished water is the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 samples reached 19.8 ppt PFOA and 29.5 ppt PFOS (ref 1) and the utility's April 2024 release reported 8.2 ppt PFOA and 12.0 ppt PFOS (ref 3).","service":"Neither the utility release (ref 3) nor the 2025 report (ref 5) describes a do-not-drink or boil order.","scale":"SDWIS lists 13,449 people served (ref 2).","duration":"Exceedances appear in UCMR 5 samples from July 2023 through May 2024 (ref 1) and in the 2025 report (ref 5), with a lawsuit filed in 2022 (ref 3).","significance":"The utility's own suit against PFAS manufacturers is pending in Colbert County Circuit Court and the county commission approved sharing PFAS pilot data on April 9, 2024 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":13449,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"2025 annual report lists PFOA at 9.81 ppt; UCMR 5 maximums were 19.8 ppt PFOA and 29.5 ppt PFOS."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOS result","value":29.5,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOA result","value":19.8,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"PFOA in 2025 annual report","value":9.81,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOS","value":11.18,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Utility says PFAS removal costs should not fall on ratepayers and is litigating for recovery (ref 5)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Reports in 2024 and 2025 give different single-point values for different periods, which is not a trend."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Colbert County Rural Water System","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Colbert County Rural Water System office, Tuscumbia (256-386-8504)","corrective_actions":["Evaluating granular activated carbon as an interim measure and using Muscle Shoals pilot data (ref 3)","Selecting a long-term PFAS removal method with engineers (ref 5)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record AL0000314 (Colbert County Rural Water System)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AL0000314/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"CCRW April 10, 2024 PFAS Press Release","publisher":"Colbert County Rural Water System (posted by Colbert County)","date":"2024-04-10","url":"https://www.colbertcounty.org/docs/CCRW April 10, 2024 PFAS Press Release.pdf","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, AL","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_01.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"},{"ref":5,"title":"2025 Annual Water Quality Report, Colbert County Rural Water System","publisher":"Colbert County Rural Water System (posted by Colbert County)","date":"2026-06-26","url":"https://www.colbertcounty.org/docs/2025 Quality Report.pdf","basis":"Utility record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (AL in-depth pass, group A)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-AL-DECATUR-PFAS-PILOT-2025"]},{"id":"US-AL-MUSCLE-SHOALS-PFAS-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Muscle Shoals Utilities Board PFOA and PFOS above 4 ppt, state funds pilot study","description":"Muscle Shoals Utilities Board's treated water exceeded 4 ppt for both PFOA and PFOS in every EPA UCMR 5 sample from 2024 and 2025. ADEM issued a July 2026 notice of $370,000 in drinking-water loan assistance for a pilot study to pick PFAS treatment, and the board's results were also published in a neighboring utility's 2025 report.","location":{"name":"Muscle Shoals Utility Board","type":"Municipal water system (Tennessee River)","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"City of Muscle Shoals, Colbert County","coordinates":{"lat":34.7448,"lon":-87.6675,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Colbert"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AL0000321"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS occurrence in the system's finished water is the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"All four UCMR 5 samples (2024-2025) had PFOA 6.7-9.6 ppt and PFOS 11.9-16.8 ppt (ref 1), and a 2025 report lists 9.6 ppt PFOA for the board (ref 5).","service":"No boil or do-not-drink notice is cited in the ADEM notice (ref 3) or the 2023 news report (ref 6).","scale":"SDWIS lists 22,467 people served (ref 2).","duration":"WAFF reported the board weighing PFAS removal options in July 2023 (ref 6) and ADEM funded a pilot in July 2026 (ref 3), so the issue spans years.","significance":"ADEM issued a formal public notice for $370,000 in Drinking Water State Revolving Fund emerging-contaminant assistance (ref 3), which is funding rather than a violation order."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":22467,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"UCMR 5 PFOS 11.9-16.8 ppt and PFOA 6.7-9.6 ppt in four samples, all above the 4 ppt limits."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOS result","value":16.8,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOA result","value":9.6,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"ADEM pilot-study assistance","value":370000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Needs treatment capital for the 4 ppt limits (ref 3)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"PFOS stayed 11.9-16.8 ppt across four quarterly samples (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Muscle Shoals Utilities Board","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Muscle Shoals Utilities Board general office","corrective_actions":["Pilot testing of PFAS treatment alternatives funded through ADEM (ref 3)","Board evaluating granular activated carbon, reverse osmosis and ion exchange (ref 6)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record AL0000321 (Muscle Shoals Utility Board)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AL0000321/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"Muscle Shoals Utilities Board (DWSRF/EC) public notice","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2026-07-28","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2026-07/07-26muscleshoals.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, AL","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_01.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"},{"ref":5,"title":"2025 Annual Water Quality Report (includes Muscle Shoals Utility Board table)","publisher":"Colbert County Rural Water System (posted by Colbert County)","date":"2026-06-26","url":"https://www.colbertcounty.org/docs/2025 Quality Report.pdf","basis":"Utility record"},{"ref":6,"title":"Shoals water plant seeks to remove 'forever chemicals'","publisher":"WAFF 48 (The Times Daily)","date":"2023-07-09","url":"https://www.waff.com/2023/07/09/shoals-water-plant-seeks-remove-forever-chemicals/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (AL in-depth pass, group A)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-AL-COLBERT-RURAL-WATER-PFAS-2024"]},{"id":"US-AL-FLORENCE-PFAS-PILOT-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Florence water PFOS up to 17 ppt, ADEM funds PFAS treatment pilot","description":"Florence's water system recorded PFOS above 4 ppt in several UCMR 5 samples in 2023 and 2024, with a high of 17 ppt. In June 2026 ADEM noticed $477,600 in drinking-water loan assistance for a city pilot study to choose PFAS treatment and meet the 4 ppt limits.","location":{"name":"Florence Water-Wastewater Department","type":"Municipal water system (Tennessee River)","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"City of Florence, Lauderdale County","coordinates":{"lat":34.7998,"lon":-87.6773,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Lauderdale"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AL0000783"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS occurrence in finished water is the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 PFOS reached 17 ppt and PFOA 9.7 ppt in 2024 (ref 1), above the 4 ppt limits.","service":"The ADEM notice (ref 3) describes planning work only and no boil or do-not-drink advisory.","scale":"SDWIS lists 77,766 people served (ref 2), which includes wholesale customers, so this overstates direct retail use.","duration":"Detections run across UCMR 5 samples from August 2023 to May 2024 (ref 1) with the pilot noticed in June 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"ADEM's June 2, 2026 public notice (ref 3) lists a $477,600 emerging-contaminant project, a funding action and not an enforcement order."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":77766,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2); includes wholesale customers."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"UCMR 5 PFOS up to 17 ppt and PFOA up to 9.7 ppt; ADEM assistance of $477,600 for a pilot study."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOS result","value":17,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOA result","value":9.7,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"UCMR 5 average PFOS","value":5.3,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over all of the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"ADEM pilot-study assistance","value":477600,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Samples cover 2023-2024 only (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Florence Water-Wastewater Department","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Florence Water-Wastewater Department general office","corrective_actions":["Pilot testing to compare PFAS treatment options (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record AL0000783 (Florence Water Department, City of)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AL0000783/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"The City of Florence (DWSRF/EC) public notice","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2026-06-02","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2026-05/06-26florence.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, AL","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_01.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (AL in-depth pass, group A)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-AL-MUSCLE-SHOALS-PFAS-2026"]},{"id":"US-AL-ALBERTVILLE-PFAS-PILOT-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Albertville utility to pilot PFAS treatment as PFOA hits 11 ppt","description":"Albertville Municipal Utilities Board's UCMR 5 samples reached 11 ppt PFOA and 4.8 ppt PFOS, above the 4 ppt limits. An October 2026 ADEM notice shows a $300,000 planning project for pilot testing PFAS treatment across its water treatment system.","location":{"name":"Albertville Municipal Utilities Board","type":"Municipal water system (surface water)","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"City of Albertville, Marshall County","coordinates":{"lat":34.2676,"lon":-86.2089,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Marshall"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AL0000933"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS occurrence in the system's finished water is the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 PFOA reached 11 ppt in January 2025 and PFOS 4.8 ppt in 2024 (ref 1), above the 4 ppt limits.","service":"The ADEM notice (ref 3) describes pilot testing only, with no advisory or service disruption.","scale":"SDWIS lists 29,367 people served (ref 2).","duration":"Results above the limit appear in samples from April 2024 through January 2025 (ref 1), and a pilot is only now being planned (ref 3).","significance":"The October 7, 2026 notice (ref 3) records a $300,000 funded planning project and mentions no violation or order."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":29367,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"UCMR 5 PFOA up to 11 ppt and PFOS up to 4.8 ppt; ADEM notice for a $300,000 PFAS pilot."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOA result","value":11,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOS result","value":4.8,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Estimated project cost","value":300000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Four sampling events in 2024-2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Municipal Utilities Board of the City of Albertville","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Albertville Utilities Board general office","corrective_actions":["Pilot testing PFAS treatment across the water treatment system (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record AL0000933 (Albertville, Municipal UB of the City of)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AL0000933/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"Municipal Utilities Board of the City of Albertville (DWSRF) public notice","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2026-10-07","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2026-10/10-26albertville.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, AL","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_01.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (AL in-depth pass, group A)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-AL-CENTRE-PFAS-2023","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Centre Water Works reported PFAS at 15-20 ppt in 2023 testing","description":"Centre Water Works in Cherokee County had PFAS results of 15 to 20 ppt in May 2023 sampling, as reported by AL.com, and ADEM-required sampling counts 25 exceedances. EPA UCMR 5 samples in 2025 were mostly non-detect, with one PFOA result of 5.2 ppt.","location":{"name":"Centre Water Works and Sewer Board","type":"Municipal water system","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Town of Centre, Cherokee County","coordinates":{"lat":34.152,"lon":-85.6783,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Cherokee"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AL0000188"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS occurrence in the system's finished water is the core issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"AL.com reported 15-20 ppt on May 26, 2023 (ref 3) and UCMR 5 found PFOA at 5.2 ppt in August 2025 (ref 1).","service":"The report (ref 3) cites no service disruption and the utility said it is looking at all options.","scale":"SDWIS lists 8,163 people served (ref 2).","duration":"Exceedances run from 2023 (ref 3) to an August 2025 PFOA result (ref 1).","significance":"No order or penalty is cited; the article reports test results and a manager's statement (ref 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":8163,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"May 2023 tests showed 15-20 ppt PFAS; 2025 UCMR 5 PFOA peaked at 5.2 ppt."},"measures":[{"name":"May 2023 PFAS result, low end","value":15,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"May 2023 PFAS result, high end","value":20,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Highest 2025 UCMR 5 PFOA result","value":5.2,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"2025 UCMR 5 results were mostly non-detect compared with 15-20 ppt in 2023 (refs 1, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Centre Water Works and Sewer Board","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Centre Water Works and Sewer Board general office","corrective_actions":["Utility said it is looking at all options (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record AL0000188 (Centre, WW and SB of the Town of)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AL0000188/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"Alabama utilities struggle to meet new limits on forever chemicals in drinking water","publisher":"AL.com (Dennis Pillion), republished by NNPA","date":null,"url":"https://nnpa.org/alabama-utilities-struggle-to-meet-new-limits-on-forever-chemicals-in-drinking-water/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, AL","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_01.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (AL in-depth pass, group A)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-AL-DOTHAN-DBP-SAMPLING-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Dothan Utilities cited by ADEM for disinfection byproduct sample taken a day early","description":"ADEM issued Dothan Utilities a drinking-water violation notice after operators collected a required disinfection byproduct sample on April 30, 2026, one day before the sampling window opened. City officials said results were well below federal limits and that the water was safe, and the notice is a monitoring violation rather than a health-based exceedance.","location":{"name":"Dothan Utilities","type":"Municipal water system","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"City of Dothan, Houston and Dale counties","coordinates":{"lat":31.2232,"lon":-85.3905,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Houston"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AL0000681"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A monitoring-compliance notice about disinfection byproduct testing in drinking water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The city says the April 30 sample was well below federal limits (ref 3), so no exceedance is documented.","service":"WTVY reports no advisory or service change (ref 3).","scale":"SDWIS lists 97,146 people served by Dothan Utilities (ref 1).","duration":"The violation concerns one monitoring period in spring 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"ADEM issued a formal violation notice for the early sample (ref 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":97146,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 1); the article does not say how many received the notice."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Sample collected April 30, 2026, one day before the required window; city says results were well below federal limits."},"measures":[{"name":"Days early","value":1,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"A single monitoring-period violation (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Dothan Utilities","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Dothan Utilities general office","corrective_actions":["Dothan Utilities is holding more frequent meetings with field operators to review the sampling schedule (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SDWIS water system record AL0000681 (Dothan Utilities, City of)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AL0000681/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":2,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, AL","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_01.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"},{"ref":3,"title":"One-day error triggers ADEM drinking water violation notice in Dothan","publisher":"WTVY","date":"2026-06-24","url":"https://www.wtvy.com/2026/06/25/one-day-error-triggers-adem-drinking-water-violation-notice-dothan/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"New record (AL in-depth pass, group A)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-BIRMINGHAM-WATER-MAIN-BOIL-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Birmingham Water Works main break forced four-day boil alert in northwest Jefferson County","description":"A broken water main on Highway 78 on May 10, 2024 left neighborhoods from Adamsville and Fultondale to Pratt City without service and under a Boil Water Alert. Bottled water was distributed, nine schools closed on May 10, and the alert was lifted May 14 after daily testing.","location":{"name":"Birmingham Water Works, NW Jefferson County","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Adamsville, Fultondale, Forestdale, Pratt City and nearby neighborhoods, Jefferson County","coordinates":{"lat":33.6009,"lon":-86.9561,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Jefferson"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AL0000738"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A pipe failure caused a loss of pressure and a precautionary boil-water alert.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Daily testing was used to confirm the water was safe before the alert was lifted (ref 4); no contamination is documented.","service":"WBRC reported a Boil Water Alert for all impacted customers with bottled-water distribution and school closures (ref 3).","scale":"SDWIS lists 653,322 people for the whole system (ref 1), and the number affected by this break was not reported.","duration":"The alert ran from May 10 to 9 a.m. on May 14, 2024 (ref 4), a matter of days.","significance":"The utility issued a formal Boil Water Alert (ref 3), the only official action cited."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Number of customers affected was not reported (refs 3, 4); SDWIS system population is 653,322 (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Boil Water Alert in effect May 10-14, 2024 for neighborhoods across northwest Jefferson County after a Highway 78 main break."},"measures":[{"name":"Boil alert duration","value":4,"unit":"days","status":"Estimated","note":"May 10 to May 14, 2024 per refs 3 and 4."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One event."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Birmingham Water Works Board","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Birmingham Water Works customer service","corrective_actions":["Crews repaired the main and the alert was rescinded May 14, 2024 after daily testing (ref 4)","Bottled water distribution at three sites (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SDWIS water system record AL0000738 (listed in SDWIS as Central Alabama Water)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AL0000738/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":2,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, AL","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_01.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"},{"ref":3,"title":"B'ham Water Works handing out bottled drinking water as crews continue work on broken water main","publisher":"WBRC","date":"2024-05-11","url":"https://www.wbrc.com/2024/05/10/major-water-leak-jefferson-co-affecting-multiple-cities","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"'Boil Water Alert' lifted for Birmingham area","publisher":"ABC 33/40","date":"2024-05-14","url":"https://www.abc3340.com/news/local/boil-water-alert-lifted-for-birmingham-area-main-break","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"New record (AL in-depth pass, group A)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AL-BIRMINGHAM-RECURRING-STREET-FLOODING-2024"]},{"id":"US-AL-AUBURN-DROUGHT-RESTRICTIONS-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Auburn drought warning, mandatory restrictions and surcharges (2026)","description":"Auburn Water Works Board moved from voluntary Phase I drought measures in early February 2026 to a mandatory Phase II drought warning announced April 28, 2026, as Lake Ogletree sat about 6.5 feet below normal pool. Restrictions limited lawn watering, banned car and house washing and added a 25% surcharge on use over 3,000 gallons. The board lifted the warning and surcharges on June 3, 2026 after 7 inches of May rain restored the lake to nearly full.","location":{"name":"Auburn Water Works Board service area","type":"Municipal water works board service area","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Lee County; source is Lake Ogletree","coordinates":{"lat":32.6099,"lon":-85.4808,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lee"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AL0000804"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A precipitation deficit drew down the single reservoir source and triggered demand-reduction rules, with no infrastructure failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Lake Ogletree was 6.5 feet below normal pool and Lee County had a 31-inch rainfall deficit over 16 months (ref 2), a supply risk with no documented illness.","service":"Mandatory limits banned residential car washing and restricted lawn watering to 8 p.m.-8 a.m. every other day, with active burn permits suspended (ref 2).","scale":"EPA SDWIS lists 74,292 people served by the board (ref 3); the restrictions applied across that service area.","duration":"Phase I began in early February and Phase II was lifted June 3, 2026 (refs 1, 2), about four months.","significance":"A formal board Phase II warning carried a 25% surcharge on use over 3,000 gallons (ref 2); it is a utility rule, not a state order."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":74292,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Lake Ogletree about 6.5 feet below normal pool; Phase II drought warning lifted June 3, 2026 after 7 inches of May rain."},"measures":[{"name":"Lake Ogletree level below normal pool","value":6.5,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"WTVM, April 28, 2026."},{"name":"Lee County rainfall deficit over 16 months","value":31,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"City figure reported by WTVM."},{"name":"Drought surcharge on use over 3,000 gallons","value":25,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Phase II warning."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The board removed all drought restrictions on June 3, 2026 and said it will keep monitoring for several months (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Water Works Board of the City of Auburn","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"ADECA Office of Water Resources","role":"State drought planning"}],"public_contact":"Auburn Water Resource Management Department, (334) 501-3060","corrective_actions":["Phase II mandatory restrictions and surcharge, April-June 2026.","Lifted June 3, 2026 after rainfall; continued monitoring."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water Works Board lifts drought warning, water restrictions","publisher":"City of Auburn","date":"2026-06-03","url":"https://openline.auburnalabama.org/article/9718","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":2,"title":"Auburn implements mandatory water restrictions as drought worsens","publisher":"WTVM","date":"2026-04-28","url":"https://www.wtvm.com/2026/04/28/auburn-implements-mandatory-water-restrictions-drought-worsens/","basis":"News"},{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system profile (AL0000804)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts SDWIS","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AL0000804/JSON","basis":"Federal database","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (AL in-depth pass, group B)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Peak daily demand during restrictions"],"related_ids":["US-AL-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2025-2026"]},{"id":"US-AL-BESSEMER-DATA-CENTER-WATER-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Bessemer data center water request exceeds Warrior River Authority capacity","description":"Warrior River Water Authority told the developer of a proposed 18-building hyperscale data center in Bessemer it could not supply the requested 2 million gallons per day without significant upgrades to its system; the Authority supplies roughly 6 million gallons per day. The Bessemer City Council rezoned 670 acres for the project 5-2 on November 18, 2025. Who would pay for the upgrades and whether supply would come from surface water or groundwater remained open in the reporting.","location":{"name":"Warrior River Water Authority / Project Marvel site","type":"Water authority service area with proposed industrial demand","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Bessemer, Jefferson County; Mulberry Fork of the Black Warrior River","coordinates":{"lat":33.4018,"lon":-86.9544,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Jefferson"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AL0000763"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A single new industrial load would take about a third of a regional authority supply and needs system upgrades.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Reporting says 2 million gallons per day is about 6,700 households of use and an earlier county planning figure of 2 billion gallons per day was never confirmed (ref 1); no harm has occurred yet.","service":"No outage is documented; the Authority said only that serving the load requires upgrades (ref 1).","scale":"EPA SDWIS lists 38,700 people served (ref 3); the request is about one-third of the Authority supply (ref 1).","duration":"The Authority letter was reported in July 2025 and council rezoning followed in November 2025 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"The city council voted 5-2 on November 18, 2025 to rezone 670 acres to light industrial (ref 2); no water-supply agreement is documented."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":38700,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Requested 2 million gallons per day against roughly 6 million gallons per day of Authority supply."},"measures":[{"name":"Requested data center water demand","value":2,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Developer request per Inside Climate News."},{"name":"Authority supply capacity (public information)","value":6,"unit":"MGD","status":"Estimated","note":"Approximate, from public information cited by Inside Climate News."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No signed supply agreement or upgrade plan appears in the cited reporting."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Warrior River Water Authority","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"Bessemer City Council","role":"Zoning authority"}],"public_contact":"Bessemer City Council and Warrior River Water Authority general offices","corrective_actions":["Developer has said it will cover the Authority capital costs for supply (ref 2 context); no agreement published."],"sources":[{"title":"Water Utility Says It Can't Meet Demand for Alabama Data Center Without 'Significant Upgrades'","publisher":"Inside Climate News","date":"2025-07-12","url":"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/12072025/bessemer-alabama-water-utility-data-center-upgrades/","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"Bessemer City Council approves data center construction despite public concerns","publisher":"Alabama Political Reporter","date":"2025-11-20","url":"https://www.alreporter.com/2025/11/20/bessemer-city-council-approves-data-center-construction-despite-public-concerns/","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system profile (AL0000763)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts SDWIS","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AL0000763/JSON","basis":"Federal database","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (AL in-depth pass, group B)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Signed water supply agreement","Cooling design and source"],"related_ids":["US-AL-WARRIOR-RIVER-TTHM-2024"]},{"id":"US-AL-CENTRAL-ALABAMA-WATER-LOSS-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Central Alabama Water loses 53% of treated water; finances strained","description":"A March 2026 bond-market filing by Central Alabama Water (formerly Birmingham Water Works) reports a gap of 53% (about 24 billion gallons) between water treated and water billed, which it attributes to leaks and under-billing, up from 23% in 2001. Operating expenses rose 237.6% from 2001 to 2024, and managers have cut a quarter of staff and slashed the 2026 budget. At the same time the CEO is courting data centers as raw-water customers. The Legislature dissolved the Birmingham Water Works Board in May 2025 and created a regional board.","location":{"name":"Central Alabama Water service area","type":"Regional water utility service area","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Birmingham region, multiple counties; 4,138 miles of main, 204,301 customers","coordinates":{"lat":33.5186,"lon":-86.8104,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Jefferson","Shelby","Blount","St. Clair"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"AL0000738"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Chronic leakage and revenue strain at the state largest utility affect both the physical system and its finances.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Filing reports a 53% gap (about 24 billion gallons) between water treated and billed (ref 1); a residential bill rose 353.8% from 2001 to 2024; no illness is documented.","service":"No service loss is documented in the cited sources; the CEO says excess capacity remains (ref 2).","scale":"EPA SDWIS lists 653,322 people served (ref 3); the filing counts 204,301 customers (ref 1).","duration":"Losses rose from 23% in 2001 to 53% over more than 20 years (ref 1).","significance":"The City of Birmingham filed a federal suit over Act 2025-297 and former board members and executives sued in federal and circuit court (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":653322,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Gap between water treated and water billed: 53%, about 24 billion gallons (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Non-revenue water share (2024 filing)","value":53,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"March 2026 disclosure; WBHM June 2026 cites about 40% lost to leaks, a narrower figure."},{"name":"Operating expense growth 2001-2024","value":237.6,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Excludes depreciation."},{"name":"Workforce cut","value":25,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"About a quarter per WBHM."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Operating margin fell from 48.5% in 2019 to 35.4% in 2024 (ref 1).","Board did not rule out a rate increase in 2026 or 2027; reserves described as drained (ref 2).","2026 budget slashed and a quarter of workforce cut (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Water loss rose from 23% to 53% since 2001 (ref 1); the CEO says reversal will take time."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Central Alabama Water Board","role":"Water utility governing board"},{"name":"Alabama Legislature (Act 2025-297)","role":"Restructured the utility"}],"public_contact":"Central Alabama Water customer service","corrective_actions":["New regional board under Act 2025-297 reviewing rates and budget; amended budget scheduled March 20, 2026.","Consultant Raftelis advised small annual rate increases to rebuild reserves (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"title":"New Central Alabama Water filing shows water loss crisis, surging bills, significant financial challenges","publisher":"WBRC","date":"2026-03-12","url":"https://www.wbrc.com/2026/03/12/new-central-alabama-water-filing-shows-water-loss-crisis-surging-bills-significant-financial-challenges","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"Water board leaves door open for rate increase; CEO says utility has capacity to supply data centers","publisher":"WBHM","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://www.wbhm.org/local-news/2026-06-01/water-board-leaves-door-open-for-rate-increase-ceo-says-utility-has-capacity-to-supply-data-centers","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system profile (AL0000738)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts SDWIS","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AL0000738/JSON","basis":"Federal database","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":4,"title":"Water Works Operations to Continue as Usual After Bill Passed to Dissolve Board, GM Says","publisher":"BirminghamWatch","date":"2025-05-02","url":"https://birminghamwatch.org/2025/05/02/water-works-operations-to-continue-as-usual-after-bill-passed-to-dissolve-board-gm-says/","basis":"News"},{"ref":5,"title":"BWWB Votes 5-3 for Budget That Includes 4.9% Rate Increase","publisher":"BirminghamWatch","date":"2024-11-20","url":"https://birminghamwatch.org/bwwb-votes-5-3-for-budget-that-includes-4-9-rate-increase/","basis":"News"},{"ref":6,"title":"Alabama's Largest Water Utility Reckons with Decades-Long Rise in Leakage","publisher":"Bluefield Research","date":"2026-04-03","url":"https://www.bluefieldresearch.com/research/alabamas-largest-water-utility-reckons-with-decades-long-rise-in-leakage/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (AL in-depth pass, group B)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Reworded the 53% figure as the gap between water treated and water billed, as WBRC defines it, since it includes under-billing as well as leaks."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Debt figures","Final 2026 budget"],"related_ids":["US-AL-BESSEMER-DATA-CENTER-WATER-2025","US-AL-CAW-RATE-HIKES-2025","US-AL-JEFFERSON-CAW-FLUORIDE-2026"],"conflicts":[]},{"id":"US-AL-VANDIVER-DRY-WELLS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Vandiver private wells run dry after Alabama Power fiber drilling struck aquifer","description":"Residents on Lake View Circle in Vandiver, Shelby County, report that Alabama Power contractor drilling for a fiber line struck an aquifer in early 2025 and drained private wells. Alabama Power denied in court that its drilling dried the wells but supplied tanks and bottled water to eight affected residents. A judge ordered round-the-clock work to fix the problem; the latest reporting found, from March 2025, shows wells still dry.","location":{"name":"Lake View Circle, Vandiver (private wells)","type":"Private-well neighborhood over a mountain aquifer","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Shelby County, Coosa Mountain area near Vandiver","coordinates":{"lat":33.4,"lon":-86.4,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Shelby"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Drilling reportedly punctured an aquifer and lowered groundwater feeding household wells.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Residents say the drilling struck an aquifer and neighbors wells ran dry, with water flowing out in the hundreds of gallons (ref 1); Alabama Power denies causation in court.","service":"Households depend on tanks and bottled water; one well had been dry over a month by March 3, 2025 (ref 2) and at least three more went dry (ref 3).","scale":"Eight homes were reported without water (ref 3); this is a single neighborhood.","duration":"Wells ran dry in January 2025 and were still dry in the March 6, 2025 report, nearly two months (ref 3).","significance":"Homeowners sued and a judge ordered round-the-clock repair work (ref 2); no state agency action appears in the sources."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Eight affected homes reported (ref 3); no person count given."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Eight homes reported without well water as of March 6, 2025."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Latest cited report is March 6, 2025; later status was not found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Power","role":"Project owner, defendant"},{"name":"Shelby County court","role":"Litigation venue (court not named in sources)"}],"public_contact":"Not published for private wells; contact Shelby County officials","corrective_actions":["Alabama Power finished drilling and conduit and is sealing the conduit, then will assess wells (ref 2, 3).","Tanks and bottled water delivered to residents."],"sources":[{"title":"'They're all dry': Residents fear Alabama Power drilling is draining wells","publisher":"WVTM 13 via KVIA","date":"2025-02-11","url":"https://kvia.com/cnn-regional/2025/02/11/theyre-all-dry-residents-fear-alabama-power-drilling-is-draining-wells/","basis":"News"},{"title":"Vandiver residents say wells are still dry after Alabama Power drilling project struck aquifer","publisher":"WIAT CBS 42","date":"2025-03-03","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/vandiver-residents-wells-still-dry-045547469.html","basis":"News"},{"title":"Lakeview Circle neighbors still without water supply after nearly two months","publisher":"WBRC","date":"2025-03-06","url":"https://www.wbrc.com/2025/03/07/lakeview-circle-neighbors-still-without-water-supply-after-nearly-two-months/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (AL in-depth pass, group B)."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["Status after March 2025","Court name and outcome","Regulator involvement"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-FAIRHOPE-PEAK-DEMAND-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Fairhope Phase III water restrictions after well pump failure and peak demand","description":"In August 2024 Fairhope enacted mandatory Phase III conservation after a pump failure took a well offline, cutting more than a million gallons per day of capacity while demand had topped 9 million gallons a day for a week. Irrigation and car washing were banned and residents faced low pressure. Neighboring Riviera Utilities, serving about 12,000 water customers, peaked at 2.5 million gallons against 3 million capacity and asked for voluntary conservation. Fairhope had also entered Phase III in August 2023.","location":{"name":"City of Fairhope water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Baldwin County; also Riviera Utilities south Baldwin","coordinates":{"lat":30.523,"lon":-87.9033,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Baldwin"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AL0000035"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Peak summer demand against limited well capacity and an equipment failure, not a contamination or drought declaration event.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No illness is documented; residents may see discolored water and low pressure during peak use (ref 1).","service":"Irrigation and car washing were banned and the splash pad closed under Phase III (ref 1).","scale":"EPA SDWIS lists 59,850 people served (ref 3); the restriction covered the city system.","duration":"The August 2024 episode was reported over days, with a temporary pump installed that week (ref 1); a similar Phase III occurred August 7, 2023 (ref 2).","significance":"Phase III is mandatory under city ordinance with citations up to $500 (ref 2); no state enforcement is documented."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":59850,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Demand over 9 million gallons per day for a week against capacity reduced by over 1 million gallons per day."},"measures":[{"name":"Fairhope daily use before restrictions","value":9,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Over 9 for a week, some days above 9.5 (Fox10)."},{"name":"Riviera Utilities peak day","value":2.5,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Aug. 12, 2024 versus 3 MGD capacity."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Phase III was triggered in both August 2023 and August 2024; the city added a well in 2023 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Fairhope","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Riviera Utilities","role":"Neighboring utility"}],"public_contact":"City of Fairhope utilities office","corrective_actions":["Temporary pump installed at well site 4; new pump on order (ref 1).","Ordinance revised after 2023 to change Phase III thresholds."],"sources":[{"title":"Weather and equipment problems raising concerns for two Baldwin County water systems","publisher":"FOX10 WALA","date":"2024-08-13","url":"https://www.fox10tv.com/2024/08/13/weather-equipment-problems-raising-concerns-two-baldwin-county-water-systems/","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"Residents of Fairhope under mandatory water conservation phase due to lack of rain and intense heat","publisher":"1819 News","date":"2023-08-08","url":"https://1819news.com/news/item/residents-of-fairhope-under-mandatory-water-conservation-phase-due-to-lack-of-rain-and-intense-heat","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system profile (AL0000035)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts SDWIS","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AL0000035/JSON","basis":"Federal database","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (AL in-depth pass, group B)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["2025-2026 conservation status"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-MARION-OUTAGES-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Marion repeated water outages and boil advisories, November 2025 and September 2026","description":"Marion lost water for about three days from November 20, 2025 when the plant pump failed, affecting about 3,000 customers, and again on September 16, 2026 when a 10-inch main and a second leak caused a citywide outage and boil advisory that closed both schools and the dialysis center. City officials blame an old system; ADEM-funded repairs were conditioned on submitting audits by December 22, 2025.","location":{"name":"City of Marion water system","type":"Municipal water and sewer board","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Perry County, Black Belt","coordinates":{"lat":32.6326,"lon":-87.3189,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Perry"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AL0001097"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Aging treatment and distribution assets repeatedly fail, and audit gaps put repair funding at risk.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"A dialysis center with about 30 patients was left without water in September 2026 (ref 3); no contamination finding is reported.","service":"Residents had no clean running water for three days from November 20, 2025 (ref 2) and taps ran dry citywide on September 16, 2026 (ref 3).","scale":"About 3,000 water customers were affected in November 2025 (ref 1); EPA SDWIS lists 4,188 served (ref 5).","duration":"Outages recurred ten months apart and WSFA calls disruption a recurring problem tied to decades of deferred maintenance (ref 3).","significance":"Boil advisories were issued both times; ADEM funding was at risk unless audits were filed by December 22, 2025 (ref 4); no enforcement order is documented."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":4188,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5); about 3,000 customers affected in 2025 (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Three days without clean water in November 2025; citywide outage and boil advisory again September 16, 2026."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["ADEM repair funding contingent on audits due December 22, 2025 (ref 4).","Funding gap described by officials as decades of underinvestment (ref 2)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"A second major outage followed the November 2025 failure; repairs via USDA and ADEM grants are ongoing (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Marion Water & Sewer Board","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","role":"Primacy regulator and funder"}],"public_contact":"City of Marion","corrective_actions":["Interim supply from Perry County water; bottled water distribution (refs 1, 2).","Pipe replacement via USDA and ADEM grants (ref 3).","Audits due to ADEM by December 22, 2025 (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"title":"'If there is no water, you can't function': Leaders working to restore clean drinking water to Marion","publisher":"WBRC","date":"2025-11-24","url":"https://www.wbrc.com/2025/11/24/if-there-is-no-water-you-cant-function-leaders-working-restore-clean-drinking-water-marion-after-outage","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"Marion water restored after three days without access","publisher":"Alabama Political Reporter","date":"2025-11-25","url":"https://www.alreporter.com/2025/11/25/marion-water-restored-after-three-days-without-access/","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"Marion under boil water advisory as crews battle water main breaks","publisher":"WSFA","date":"2026-09-17","url":"https://www.wsfa.com/2026/09/17/marion-under-boil-water-advisory-crews-battle-water-main-breaks/","basis":"News","ref":3},{"title":"Marion boil advisory lifted, but water problem remains, city says","publisher":"WSFA","date":"2025-11-27","url":"https://www.wsfa.com/2025/11/27/marion-boil-advisory-lifted-water-problem-remains-city-says/","basis":"News","ref":4},{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system profile (AL0001097)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts SDWIS","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AL0001097/JSON","basis":"Federal database","ref":5,"accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":6,"title":"Marion residents raise alarm over water crisis; flushing toilets has become a challenge","publisher":"1819 News","date":"2025-12-09","url":"https://1819news.com/news/item/marion-residents-raise-alarm-over-water-crisis-flushing-toilets-has-become-a-challenge","basis":"News"},{"ref":7,"title":"Hundreds of Marion residents line up for bottled water amidst water crisis","publisher":"WBRC","date":"2024-01-03","url":"https://www.wbrc.com/2024/01/04/hundreds-marion-residents-line-up-bottled-water-amidst-water-crisis/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (AL in-depth pass, group B)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Whether the September 2026 advisory has been lifted","Audit filing outcome"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SUMTER-COUNTY-BOIL-NOTICE-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Sumter County Water Authority boil water notice after power outage","description":"On August 27, 2026 the Sumter County Water Authority issued a precautionary boil water notice for customers in Ward, Sumter 9, Highway 17 South, Whitfield, Highway 80 and Bellamy after a power outage affected the water system. Customers were told to boil water for at least a minute until an official all-clear. The cited report does not say when the notice was lifted.","location":{"name":"Sumter County Water Authority","type":"Rural water authority service area","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Sumter County, west Alabama Black Belt","coordinates":{"lat":32.6,"lon":-88.2,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Sumter"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AL0001222"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A power loss compromised system pressure or operation and prompted a precautionary boil notice.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The notice was precautionary and the report documents no contamination or illness (ref 1).","service":"Customers in six named areas were told to boil water before drinking, cooking and brushing teeth (ref 1).","scale":"EPA SDWIS lists 10,983 people served (ref 2); the number inside the six areas was not reported.","duration":"Issued August 27, 2026; no lift date appears in the source, so it is treated as days (ref 1).","significance":"A formal boil water notice was issued by the water authority (ref 1); no state order is documented."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":10983,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2); only part of the system was under notice."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Boil water notice for six named areas issued August 27, 2026."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event; lift date not found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Sumter County Water Authority","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Sumter County Water Authority, 205-652-9394","corrective_actions":["Precautionary boil water notice until an official notice lifts it."],"sources":[{"title":"Boil water notice issued for parts of Sumter County","publisher":"WTOK","date":"2026-08-27","url":"https://www.wtok.com/2026/08/27/boil-water-notice-issued-parts-sumter-county/","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system profile (AL0001222)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts SDWIS","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AL0001222/JSON","basis":"Federal database","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (AL in-depth pass, group B)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["Lift date","Customers affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-TUSCALOOSA-SEWAGE-SETTLEMENT-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Tuscaloosa sewage spills: ADEM and riverkeeper settlement for $18M upgrades","description":"Black Warrior Riverkeeper and Friends of Hurricane Creek, with ADEM and the City of Tuscaloosa, signed a settlement on November 19, 2025 over chronic sewage spills; the groups document more than 42 million gallons spilled since 2017. The city agreed to fund roughly $18 million in collection and treatment upgrades over a decade and to post public notice of spills. A city official says overflows fell from 81 in 2017 to 29 in 2025; court acceptance was still pending in the release.","location":{"name":"Tuscaloosa sewer system","type":"Municipal sewer collection and treatment system","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa County; overflows reached Hurricane Creek tributaries and the Black Warrior River","coordinates":{"lat":33.2098,"lon":-87.5692,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Tuscaloosa"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"AL0001313"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The documented problem is physical failure of lift stations, force mains and collection lines causing sanitary sewer overflows.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Groups report groundwater samples with dangerously high E. coli and overflows to Hurricane Creek tributaries and the Black Warrior River (ref 2).","service":"No loss of sewer service is reported; the city says it treated 99.9% of 45 billion gallons of sewage from 2017 to 2025 (ref 2).","scale":"Tuscaloosa Water & Sewer serves 166,524 people per SDWIS (ref 3), above the 100,000 threshold.","duration":"Over 42 million gallons spilled between 2017 and 2023 (ref 1) and overflows counted through 2025 (ref 2), so multi-year.","significance":"ADEM sued the city in state court and a settlement/consent decree was signed November 19, 2025 with a court filing pending (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":166524,"status":"Estimated","note":"SDWIS population served by Tuscaloosa Water & Sewer (ref 3); used as a proxy because sewer customer counts were not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than 42 million gallons of untreated sewage and industrial waste spilled since 2017 (groups' figure, ref 1); city counts overflows down from 81 (2017) to 29 (2025) (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Sanitary sewer overflows, city count","value":29,"unit":"overflows","status":"Reported","note":"2025 per city official (ref 2); 81 in 2017."},{"name":"Planned upgrades","value":18,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Roughly $18 million over about ten years (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["City reports more than $300 million invested in water and wastewater over a decade (ref 2); rate adequacy not assessed."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Overflows fell from 81 in 2017 to 29 in 2025 per the city (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","role":"State regulator"},{"name":"City of Tuscaloosa Water and Sewer","role":"Utility"},{"name":"Circuit Court of Tuscaloosa County","role":"Court reviewing the agreement"}],"public_contact":"City of Tuscaloosa Water and Sewer Department general line (see city website)","corrective_actions":["Replace or upgrade the Fletcher Water Treatment Plant UV system","Rehabilitate or replace miles of the Mercedes sewer line","Replace lift stations 39, 40 and 41 with permanent pumps and upgrade lift station 42","Complete hydraulic model, CMOM and overflow-location studies and post spill notices at waterways"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Press Release, November 19, 2025 (Tuscaloosa sewage settlement)","publisher":"Southern Environmental Law Center","date":"2025-11-19","url":"https://www.selc.org/?p=40471","basis":"Advocacy organization release"},{"ref":2,"title":"Tuscaloosa reaches settlement to upgrade sewage system (city statements on SSO decline)","publisher":"WVUA 23","date":"2026-03-04","url":"https://www.wvua23.com/news/following-lawsuit-settlement-tuscaloosa-is-investing-in-major-sewer-system-upgrades/article_c8f51f11-8ac6-4636-ad5d-3ef8fb9bdbe8.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record AL0001313","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AL0001313/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (AL in-depth pass, group C)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["NPDES permit number","court acceptance status"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-GADSDEN-SSO-SETTLEMENT-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Gadsden sewer overflows: ADEM and conservation groups settle Clean Water Act case","description":"On January 22, 2026 ADEM and four conservation groups settled a Clean Water Act case in Etowah County Circuit Court against the Gadsden Water Works and Sewer Board over sanitary sewer overflows and permit violations tied to its plants and collection system, which affect Neely Henry Lake and tributaries. The Board admits no liability, pays a $90,000 civil penalty, and agreed to repairs, more frequent inspections, added maintenance and help with private lateral repairs.","location":{"name":"Gadsden sewer system","type":"Municipal wastewater collection and treatment","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Gadsden, Etowah County; Neely Henry Lake on the Coosa River","coordinates":{"lat":34.0143,"lon":-86.0066,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Etowah"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"AL0000577"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Overflows arise from the collection system and treatment plants, so this is an infrastructure-capacity and maintenance problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The case alleges unpermitted discharges of pollutants affecting Neely Henry Lake and tributaries (ref 2); no measured harm is cited.","service":"No loss of sewer service is reported in the settlement coverage (ref 1).","scale":"Gadsden Water Works and Sewer Board serves 44,637 people per SDWIS (ref 3), a community-scale system.","duration":"Civil Action CV-22-900009 was filed in 2022 and settled January 22, 2026 (ref 1), so about four years.","significance":"Court settlement with a $90,000 civil penalty and mandated repairs in Etowah County Circuit Court (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":44637,"status":"Estimated","note":"SDWIS population served (ref 3); proxy because sewer customer counts were not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$90,000 civil penalty under a January 22, 2026 settlement of Etowah County Circuit Court case CV-22-900009 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Civil penalty","value":90000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Per law-firm summary (ref 1); the Coosa Riverkeeper release does not state an amount (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Settlement includes a program to help customers pay for private lateral repairs; no finance data in sources."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No overflow counts are reported in the cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","role":"State regulator"},{"name":"Gadsden Water Works and Sewer Board","role":"Utility"},{"name":"Coosa Riverkeeper","role":"Plaintiff group"}],"public_contact":"Gadsden Water Works and Sewer Board general line (see utility website)","corrective_actions":["More frequent inspections and increased sewer maintenance","Repairs and engineering analysis to prevent overflows","Assistance for eligible customers with private lateral repairs"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Environmental organizations and Gadsden wastewater facility enter into settlement agreement","publisher":"Mitchell Williams Law","date":"2026-03-06","url":"https://www.mitchellwilliamslaw.com/citizen-suit-enforcement/clean-water-act-alabama-department-of-environmental-management/environmental-organizations-and-gadsden-wastewater-facility-enter-into-settlement-agreement","basis":"Legal commentary"},{"ref":2,"title":"Legal agreement resolves Clean Water Act enforcement case against Alabama wastewater-treatment plant","publisher":"Coosa Riverkeeper","date":"2026-01-23","url":"https://coosariver.org/gadsdenwsbsettlement/","basis":"Advocacy organization release"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record AL0000577","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AL0000577/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (AL in-depth pass, group C)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["NPDES permit number","overflow counts"],"related_ids":["US-AL-GADSDEN-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-AL-BALDWIN-FORT-MORGAN-SSO-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Fort Morgan plant: ADEM proposes order over SSOs and permit limit exceedances","description":"ADEM published a proposed consent order on August 28, 2026 against Baldwin County Sewer Service, LLC for its Fort Morgan Treatment Plant in Gulf Shores, citing exceedances of flow-volume and BOD limits, unpermitted discharges from sanitary sewer overflows, and failure to report notifiable overflows within 24 hours. The proposed civil penalty is $18,000; volumes and receiving waters were not given in the notice.","location":{"name":"Fort Morgan Treatment Plant","type":"Private wastewater treatment plant (UIC permit)","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"16763 AL Hwy 180, Gulf Shores area, Baldwin County","coordinates":{"lat":30.2283,"lon":-87.9742,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Baldwin"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The cited basis is permit-limit exceedances and unreported overflows rather than a documented asset failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ADEM cites unpermitted discharges from SSOs and BOD limit exceedances (ref 1); no measured water-quality impact is reported.","service":"The notice describes no loss of service at the Fort Morgan plant (ref 1).","scale":"A single treatment plant under UIC permit ALSI9902013 (ref 1); customer count not reported.","duration":"The notice gives no violation dates beyond its August 28, 2026 publication (ref 1), so duration is treated as short.","significance":"Proposed consent order with an $18,000 civil penalty (ref 1) is a formal state enforcement action, not yet final."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The notice does not state customers served."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Proposed civil penalty of $18,000 for BOD and flow exceedances, SSOs and late SSO reporting (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Proposed civil penalty","value":18000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"ADEM proposed consent order (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No financial information in the notice."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"A single notice; no prior history cited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","role":"State regulator"},{"name":"Baldwin County Sewer Service, LLC","role":"Permittee"}],"public_contact":"ADEM Water Division general line, (334) 271-7823","corrective_actions":["Respondent to pay proposed civil penalty and come into compliance after public comment period"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Proposed Consent Order: Baldwin County Sewer Service, LLC","publisher":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","date":"2026-08-28","url":"https://adem.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/2026-08/08-26baldwincountysewer.html","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"New record (AL in-depth pass, group C)."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["SSO volumes","receiving water","violation dates","population"],"related_ids":["US-AL-RIVIERA-FOLEY-SSO-2026-10"]},{"id":"US-AL-JEFFERSON-SEWER-DECREE-RELEASE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Jefferson County released from 1996 sewer consent decree; projects due by 2027","description":"On about September 5, 2024 a federal judge approved a joint request by Jefferson County and the Cahaba River Society ending the 1996 consent decree that required rehabilitation of the county sewer system after raw sewage reached the Black Warrior and Cahaba rivers. The settlement says the county met its infrastructure, operations and maintenance targets, and the county agreed to finish further planned and funded capital projects by early 2027 to reduce overflows.","location":{"name":"Jefferson County sewer system","type":"County sewer collection and treatment system","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Jefferson County; Cahaba and Black Warrior river watersheds","coordinates":{"lat":33.5207,"lon":-86.8025,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Jefferson"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A decades-long federal decree targeted sewer collection and treatment infrastructure rehabilitation.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The release cites achievement of overflow-reduction targets, with no current harm documented (ref 1).","service":"No service loss is reported in the release coverage (ref 1).","scale":"A county-wide sewer system under federal oversight; the decree covered Jefferson County's regional system (ref 2).","duration":"The decree dated from 1996 and ended in September 2024 (ref 1), about 28 years.","significance":"A federal consent decree with EPA as a party; ended by U.S. District Judge David Proctor (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources do not give a sewer customer count."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"1996 sewer consent decree ended September 2024; remaining capital projects due by early 2027 (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Sources give no financial data."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"County reported to have met decree targets (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Jefferson County Commission","role":"Sewer system owner"},{"name":"Cahaba River Society","role":"Plaintiff"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Decree party"}],"public_contact":"Jefferson County Commission general line (see county website)","corrective_actions":["Complete remaining planned and funded capital projects by early 2027"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Jefferson County released from sewer consent decree","publisher":"WBHM","date":"2024-09-09","url":"https://archive.wbhm.org/2024/jefferson-county-released-from-sewer-consent-decree/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Jefferson County and Cahaba River Society set to end decades-long sewer decree","publisher":"ABC 33/40","date":"2024-09-05","url":"https://abc3340.com/newsletter-daily/jefferson-county-and-cahaba-river-society-set-to-end-decades-long-sewer-decree","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New record (AL in-depth pass, group C). Resolved per cited sources."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["remaining project list","population served"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-MOBILE-MAWSS-SSO-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Mobile MAWSS: 181,000-gallon storm sewer overflows into city creeks in May 2025","description":"Overnight storms on May 9 and 10, 2025 caused sanitary sewer overflows at 15 locations in Mobile totaling about 181,440 gallons, including 90,000 gallons at Highland Court into Eslava Creek, plus releases into Three Mile Creek, Dog River and Halls Mill Creek. MAWSS attributes overflows to stormwater inflow into aging sewer lines and says capital projects are addressing it; health officials advised precautions for contact with the waters and seafood.","location":{"name":"MAWSS sewer system, Mobile","type":"Municipal sewer collection system","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Mobile, Mobile County; Eslava, Three Mile and Halls Mill creeks and Dog River","coordinates":{"lat":30.6954,"lon":-88.0399,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Mobile"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"AL0001005"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Overflows result from wet-weather inflow and infiltration into aging collection lines.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Health department precautions on water contact and seafood preparation accompanied the release (ref 1).","service":"No loss of service is reported for the May 9 to 10, 2025 event (ref 1).","scale":"Mobile Board of Water and Sewer Commissioners serves 279,000 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"The May 2025 event is a recurring pattern MAWSS describes as rain-driven; this tally covers a single storm (ref 1).","significance":"A public overflow notice and health advisory only; no enforcement action is cited in the source (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":279000,"status":"Estimated","note":"SDWIS population served (ref 2); proxy for sewer customers, not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 181,440 gallons across 15 locations after May 9 to 10, 2025 storms; largest 90,000 gallons at 2127 Highland Court (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Total overflow volume","value":181440,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Final tally May 13, 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Overflow locations","value":15,"unit":"sites","status":"Reported","note":"One further site logged as evidence only (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["No financial information in source."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event documented here."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Mobile Area Water and Sewer System","role":"Utility"},{"name":"Mobile County Health Department","role":"Public health advisory"},{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","role":"State regulator"}],"public_contact":"MAWSS general customer line (see mawss.com)","corrective_actions":["Capital projects to reduce wet-weather overflows and rehabilitate sewers (per MAWSS)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"MAWSS reports over 181,000 gallons of sewer overflow after overnight storms","publisher":"Yahoo News (MAWSS release)","date":"2025-05-13","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/mawss-reports-over-37-000-032300719.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record AL0001005","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AL0001005/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (AL in-depth pass, group C)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["NPDES permit","enforcement history"],"related_ids":["US-AL-PRICHARD-RECEIVERSHIP-2023"]},{"id":"US-AL-HOOVER-PATTON-CREEK-MAIN-BREAKS-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Central Alabama Water: repeat main failure at Patton Creek in Hoover, July-August 2025","description":"A water main broke on July 5, 2025 near the Patton Creek Shopping Center in Hoover; the temporary fix failed and the same area lost water again on August 2, 2025, extending into the morning of August 3 when crews found additional repairs. The utility moved to implement a permanent repair.","location":{"name":"Patton Creek area, Hoover","type":"Water distribution main","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Creekside Avenue near the 3000 block of John Hawkins Parkway, Hoover, Jefferson/Shelby counties","coordinates":{"lat":33.3935,"lon":-86.8165,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Jefferson"],"extent":"site","pwsid":"AL0000738"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The issue is a repeated distribution-main failure at one location.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"No health effect is reported for the August 2, 2025 break (ref 1).","service":"The shopping center lost water on August 2 into the morning of August 3 (ref 1).","scale":"Localized to the Patton Creek commercial area, though Central Alabama Water serves 653,322 per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"Two failures within about four weeks, July 5 and August 2, 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"No notice of violation or order is cited; this is a utility service outage (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Customers affected in the outage were not reported; Central Alabama Water SDWIS population served is 653,322 (ref 2) but only the Patton Creek area was affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Same main failed July 5 and August 2, 2025; permanent repair being implemented (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Two events in four weeks."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Central Alabama Water","role":"Utility"}],"public_contact":"Central Alabama Water customer service (see utility website)","corrective_actions":["Permanent repair of the failed main"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Patton Creek Shopping Center without water service after water main break","publisher":"WBRC","date":"2025-08-02","url":"https://www.wbrc.com/2025/08/02/patton-creek-shopping-center-without-water-service-after-water-main-break","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record AL0000738","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AL0000738/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":1,"note":"New record (AL in-depth pass, group C)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":1,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":1,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["customers affected","cause of break"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-BLACK-BELT-STRAIGHT-PIPE-PROGRAM-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Black Belt straight-pipe sewage: nonprofit program serves Hale, Lowndes, Wilcox homes","description":"Gulf States Newsroom reported in January 2025 that Black Belt households who cannot afford septic systems costing at least $28,000 use straight pipes. The Black Belt Unincorporated Wastewater Program has helped over 100 households, with more than $14 million in EPA funds covering 350 homes in Hale, Lowndes and Wilcox counties.","location":{"name":"Hale, Lowndes and Wilcox counties","type":"Unsewered rural households","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Black Belt counties of Hale, Lowndes and Wilcox","coordinates":{"lat":32.3,"lon":-87.4,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Hale","Lowndes","Wilcox"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lack of affordable onsite or sewer service in clay soils leaves untreated household sewage, with a financing barrier.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Straight pipes discharge household sewage when septic systems are unaffordable (ref 1); no measured exposure is cited in this article.","service":"Households lack workable sewer or septic service; the program has helped over 100 homes (ref 1).","scale":"EPA grant covers 350 homes across three counties; thousands in Lowndes County face similar issues per census data (ref 1).","duration":"The article describes a long-standing condition with grants over several years (ref 1).","significance":"No enforcement; the item is a federally funded program and no formal violation (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":350,"status":"Reported","note":"Homes covered by the EPA grant, not people (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than $14 million in EPA funding to cover 350 homes in Hale, Lowndes and Wilcox counties; over 100 households helped (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Septic system minimum cost","value":28000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"At least $28,000 per soil-suitable system (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single 2025 report."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Black Belt Unincorporated Wastewater Program","role":"Nonprofit implementer"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Funder"}],"public_contact":"Black Belt Unincorporated Wastewater Program (see program website)","corrective_actions":["Install onsite septic systems for eligible households","Monitor installed systems with partners"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Amid sewage issues, a nonprofit is helping Alabama Black Belt residents find solutions","publisher":"WBHM / Gulf States Newsroom","date":"2025-01-29","url":"https://archive.wbhm.org/2025/amid-sewage-issues-a-nonprofit-is-helping-alabama-black-belt-residents-find-solutions/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (AL in-depth pass, group C)."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["state agency source","Wilcox/Hale household counts"],"related_ids":["US-AL-LOWNDES-WASTEWATER-ACCESS-2024"]},{"id":"US-AL-JEFFERSON-PATTON-CREEK-FISH-KILL-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Patton Creek fish kill after Vestavia Hills commercial fire","description":"A commercial fire at Hollywood Outdoor Living in Vestavia Hills was followed by a large fish kill in Patton Creek, which flows through Vestavia Hills and Hoover. The Cahaba River Coalition reported more than a couple thousand dead fish in the sections it could check and believes firefighting runoff, including chlorine, is the likely cause. ADEM and the state conservation agency investigated and a final report is being developed; the official cause is not yet established.","location":{"name":"Patton Creek","type":"Stream segment","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Vestavia Hills and Hoover, Jefferson and Shelby counties (Cahaba River watershed)","coordinates":{"lat":33.4,"lon":-86.8,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Jefferson","Shelby"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Fish kill in a stream linked to chemical-laden firefighting runoff from a commercial site.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Cahaba River Coalition volunteers counted what appeared to be thousands of dead fish, more than a couple thousand in sections checked (ref 1).","service":"No drinking-water or recreation closure is reported in the coverage (ref 1).","scale":"Miles of creek affected, but a single stream and no population is served from it (ref 1).","duration":"A single event after one fire; the coalition expects recovery to take years (ref 1).","significance":"ADEM investigation with no enforcement announced; enforcement possible only if a responsible party is identified (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population served; stream fish kill."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than a couple thousand dead fish counted in checked sections of Patton Creek (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Dead fish observed","value":2000,"unit":"fish (minimum, coalition estimate)","status":"Estimated","note":"Cahaba River Coalition said 'more than a couple thousand' in sections it could check (ref 1). ADEM did not give a count."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event, June 2026."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","role":"Primacy regulator and enforcement agency"},{"name":"Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources","role":"Fish count and identification"},{"name":"Alabama State Fire Marshal","role":"Fire investigation"}],"public_contact":"ADEM public contact via adem.alabama.gov","corrective_actions":["ADEM investigated and a final report is being developed (ref 1).","A cleanup contractor was hired by the business (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"State agencies investigate Patton Creek fish kill after Vestavia Hills fire","publisher":"ABC 33/40","date":"2026-06-30","url":"https://abc3340.com/news/abc-3340-news-iteam/state-agencies-investigate-patton-creek-fish-kill-after-vestavia-hills-fire-hollywood-outdoor-living-cahaba-river-coalition","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (AL in-depth pass, groups D+E)."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AL-STATEWIDE-FISH-ADVISORIES-2026"]},{"id":"US-AL-JEFFERSON-CAW-FLUORIDE-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Central Alabama Water ends fluoridation; court orders it restored","description":"Central Alabama Water, formerly Birmingham Water Works, announced on March 20, 2026 that it was reducing fluoride to zero. The Alabama Department of Public Health said state law requires 90 days' notice to the State Health Officer and that the utility must resume fluoridation until proper notice is given. On March 30, 2026 a Jefferson County judge granted the City of Birmingham a temporary restraining order requiring fluoridation to resume at all plants; the suit remains pending.","location":{"name":"Central Alabama Water service area","type":"Regional water utility service area","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Birmingham and parts of Jefferson, Shelby, St. Clair, Blount and Walker counties","coordinates":{"lat":33.52,"lon":-86.8,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Jefferson","Shelby","St. Clair","Blount","Walker"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AL0000738"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"A utility's fluoridation change is a governance and public-health policy dispute resolved in court rather than an infrastructure failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Court found 'blatant disregard' for the state notice law and said health damages are hard to calculate, but no measured health harm is reported (ref 1).","service":"Water service continued; only a treatment additive was affected (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 653,322 people served by the system (ref 3).","duration":"Putnam, Carson and Western plants stopped fluoridating in January 2023, August 2023 and March 2024 per the utility (ref 2).","significance":"Temporary restraining order granted March 30, 2026 in Jefferson County Circuit Court; ADPH questioned compliance with Ala. Code 22-23-21 (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":653322,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Fluoridation stopped at three plants in 2023-2024 and at Shades Mountain in March 2026; TRO ordered all plants to resume (refs 1, 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Plants that stopped fluoridating","value":4,"unit":"filter plants","status":"Reported","note":"Putnam, Carson, Western and Shades Mountain (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Utility said it could not afford to repair fluoridation equipment at three plants for at least two years (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Court order March 30, 2026; preliminary injunction hearing set April 2 (ref 1). Later outcome not verified."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Public Health","role":"State health agency (fluoridation notice law)"},{"name":"Central Alabama Water","role":"Utility"},{"name":"City of Birmingham","role":"Plaintiff"}],"public_contact":"Central Alabama Water customer service via caw-al.gov","corrective_actions":["Court ordered fluoridation resumed at all treatment facilities (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Judge orders Central Alabama Water to restore fluoride to drinking water","publisher":"WBRC","date":"2026-03-30","url":"https://www.wbrc.com/2026/03/30/judge-orders-central-alabama-water-restore-fluoride-drinking-water/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"ADPH, state lawmaker question if Central Alabama Water followed law for removing fluoride from public water","publisher":"WBRC","date":"2026-03-27","url":"https://www.wbrc.com/2026/03/27/adph-state-lawmaker-question-if-central-alabama-water-followed-law-removing-fluoride-public-water","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record, Central Alabama Water (AL0000738)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AL0000738/JSON","basis":"EPA record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (AL in-depth pass, groups D+E)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AL-CAW-GOVERNANCE-LEAKAGE-2026"]},{"id":"US-AL-CAW-RATE-HIKES-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Birmingham Water Works 4.9% rate increase, ninth in ten years","description":"The Birmingham Water Works Board voted 5-3 in November 2024 for a budget with a 4.9% residential rate increase, the ninth annual increase in a decade, adding $2.14 per month for an average customer. At a public hearing residents said people were choosing between paying water or sewer bills. Its successor, Central Alabama Water, said in October 2025 it was working to avoid a 2026 increase through cuts including leaving 42 positions unfilled.","location":{"name":"Central Alabama Water service area","type":"Regional water utility service area","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Birmingham and parts of Jefferson, Shelby, St. Clair, Blount and Walker counties","coordinates":{"lat":33.52,"lon":-86.8,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Jefferson","Shelby","St. Clair","Blount","Walker"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AL0000738"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Repeated annual rate increases and resident affordability complaints are a financial and equity issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Residents at the hearing described choosing between water and sewer bills and a $500 monthly bill, but no measured harm is reported (ref 1).","service":"No shutoff or service loss is reported in these sources (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 653,322 people served (ref 4).","duration":"Ninth increase in ten years (ref 2).","significance":"Formal board vote 5-3 on the 2025 budget (ref 2); a budget workshop for 2026 had not been approved as of October 2025 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":653322,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"4.9% residential increase for 2025, $2.14 more per month for an average customer (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"2025 residential rate increase","value":4.9,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"2025 budget","value":258.1,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["About $1 billion debt (ref 2).","2026 draft budget leaves 42 positions vacant (ref 3)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"2026 outcome not verified beyond an October 2025 draft (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Central Alabama Water","role":"Utility"}],"public_contact":"Central Alabama Water customer service via caw-al.gov","corrective_actions":["2026 draft budget aims to avoid a rate increase (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Residents oppose water rate increase during public hearing","publisher":"BirminghamWatch","date":"2024-11-05","url":"https://birminghamwatch.org/residents-oppose-water-rate-increase-during-public-hearing","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"BWWB Votes 5-3 for Budget That Includes 4.9% Rate Increase","publisher":"BirminghamWatch","date":"2024-11-20","url":"https://birminghamwatch.org/bwwb-votes-5-3-for-budget-that-includes-4-9-rate-increase/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Central Alabama Water Board aims to avoid rate hike for 2026","publisher":"ABC 33/40","date":"2025-10-14","url":"https://www.abc3340.com/news/local/central-alabama-water-board-aims-to-avoid-rate-hike-for-2026","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record, Central Alabama Water (AL0000738)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AL0000738/JSON","basis":"EPA record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (AL in-depth pass, groups D+E)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AL-CAW-GOVERNANCE-LEAKAGE-2026"]},{"id":"US-AL-SHELBY-ALABASTER-WATER-TAKEOVER-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Alabaster city takes over its water board","description":"The Alabaster City Council voted on January 12, 2026 to take over the Alabaster Water Board, with assets, liabilities and employees moving to the city on March 1, 2026. The mayor said the city has no plan for more rate increases, but the increase the board adopted in 2025 remains in place. The board chairman opposed the move.","location":{"name":"Alabaster Water Board service area","type":"Municipal water utility service area","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Alabaster, Shelby County","coordinates":{"lat":33.24,"lon":-86.82,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Shelby"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"AL0001148"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"A change in utility governance from an independent board to a city department.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No water-quality or health harm is reported (ref 1).","service":"Mayor said layoffs will not happen and no service change is reported (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 40,986 people served (ref 2).","duration":"Takeover took effect March 1, 2026; recent and ongoing (ref 1).","significance":"Formal council vote on January 12, 2026 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":40986,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Council voted January 12, 2026; transfer set for March 1, 2026 (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Board liabilities transfer to the city; amount not reported (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Alabaster","role":"Acquiring owner"}],"public_contact":"City of Alabaster via its published city hall channel","corrective_actions":["Water board becomes a city department (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City votes to take over Alabaster Water Board, mayor says 'no plan' for rate increases","publisher":"WBRC","date":"2026-01-13","url":"https://www.wbrc.com/2026/01/13/city-votes-take-over-alabaster-water-board-mayor-says-no-plan-rate-increases/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record, Alabaster Water Department (AL0001148)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AL0001148/JSON","basis":"EPA record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"New record (AL in-depth pass, groups D+E)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-TALLAPOOSA-CAMP-HILL-DADEVILLE-DISPUTE-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Camp Hill-Dadeville wholesale water rate dispute and cutoff threat","description":"Camp Hill, a town of about 1,000 in Tallapoosa County, buys water from Dadeville. Its mayor alleges rate hikes and late fees violate their 2012 contract, with Camp Hill's effective rate reaching $6.40 per 1,000 gallons by 2024. In May 2025 Dadeville's board approved a disconnection notice demanding $125,000, and a circuit judge issued a temporary restraining order blocking the cutoff.","location":{"name":"Camp Hill and Dadeville water supply","type":"Wholesale water supply","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Camp Hill (buyer) and Dadeville (seller), Tallapoosa County","coordinates":{"lat":32.83,"lon":-85.76,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Tallapoosa"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AL0001273"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"A wholesale rate and contract dispute that threatened loss of service to a small majority-Black town.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No water-quality harm is reported; the dispute is over charges (ref 1).","service":"A cutoff was noticed for May 19, 2025 and blocked by a restraining order (ref 1).","scale":"Camp Hill has about 1,000 residents; Dadeville SDWIS population is 4,101 (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Alleged overcharging dates back to at least 2020 per the news analysis (ref 1).","significance":"Circuit court restraining order and threatened May 2025 trial (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":1000,"status":"Estimated","note":"About 1,000 Camp Hill residents per ref 1; Dadeville system serves 4,101 per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Dadeville board approved a $125,000 disconnection notice for May 19, 2025; a judge blocked it (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Camp Hill effective rate, 2024","value":6.4,"unit":"USD per 1,000 gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Dadeville contract rate","value":2.35,"unit":"USD per 1,000 gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Alleged unpaid charges of $125,000 and a disputed wholesale contract (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Outcome after the May 2025 hearing was not verified."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Dadeville Water and Gas Board","role":"Wholesale seller"},{"name":"Town of Camp Hill","role":"Wholesale buyer"}],"public_contact":"Town of Camp Hill and Dadeville via their published town channels","corrective_actions":["Judge urged negotiation (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"In Majority-Black Camp Hill, a Young Mayor Fights for Water","publisher":"Inside Climate News","date":"2025-06-12","url":"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/12062025/alabama-camp-hill-water-access/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record, Dadeville Water and Gas Board (AL0001273)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AL0001273/JSON","basis":"EPA record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (AL in-depth pass, groups D+E)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-SHELBY-HELENA-RATE-INCREASE-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Helena Utilities water and sewer rate increase for aging-infrastructure projects","description":"The Helena Utility Board unanimously approved higher water and sewer rates on February 17, 2026, with increases beginning in April. Customers using over 2,000 gallons per month will pay $21.50 more, funding five projects over five years to address aging infrastructure, starting with a force-main replacement.","location":{"name":"Helena Utilities service area","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Helena, Shelby County","coordinates":{"lat":33.3,"lon":-86.84,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Shelby"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"AL0001157"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"A rate increase to fund aging-infrastructure replacement.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No harm is documented; the item concerns rates (ref 1).","service":"No service disruption is reported (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 21,300 people served (ref 2).","duration":"A one-time board action in February 2026 funding a five-year project plan (ref 1).","significance":"Formal unanimous board vote February 17, 2026 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":21300,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$21.50 more per month for customers using over 2,000 gallons, effective April 2026 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Increase for usage over 2,000 gallons","value":21.5,"unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Helena Utilities","role":"Utility"}],"public_contact":"Helena Utilities customer service via its published channel","corrective_actions":["Replace the force main near Morgan Road and Helena Road first (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"'It will affect me': Helena Utility Board passes water rate increase","publisher":"WBRC","date":"2026-02-18","url":"https://www.wbrc.com/2026/02/18/it-will-affect-me-helena-utility-board-passes-water-rate-increase","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record, Helena Utility Board (AL0001157)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AL0001157/JSON","basis":"EPA record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"New record (AL in-depth pass, groups D+E)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AL-MOBILE-FLOODING-DRAINAGE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Mobile County flooding, Satsuma sewage overflow and city drainage backlog, 2026","description":"Several days of heavy rain in May 2026 caused serious flood damage in Mobile County, including a nearly washed-out bridge in Axis and a sanitary sewer overflow of more than 678,000 gallons in Satsuma reported by the Mobile County Health Department. Midtown Mobile streets flooded again in June. The Mobile City Council approved drainage and vegetation-removal projects in February and May 2026, and city officials said stormwater mapping is only about 13% complete.","location":{"name":"Mobile and Satsuma","type":"Municipal drainage area","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Mobile and Satsuma, Mobile County","coordinates":{"lat":30.69,"lon":-88.04,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Mobile"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Heavy rain overwhelmed drainage and sewer systems.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"A sewage overflow over 678,000 gallons occurred with above-normal standing water in Satsuma (ref 1).","service":"Some roads flooded and residents were stranded for days (ref 1).","scale":"Flooding and drainage problems span multiple communities in Mobile County (refs 1, 3).","duration":"Flooding recurred in February, May and June 2026 coverage (refs 1, 2, 3).","significance":"Formal city council drainage resolutions and a county health department overflow report (refs 1, 2); no disaster declaration reported in ref 1."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No count of affected residents is given."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than 678,000 gallons sanitary sewer overflow in Satsuma (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Satsuma sanitary sewer overflow","value":678000,"unit":"gallons (minimum)","status":"Reported","note":"Reported as more than 678,000 gallons (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Repeated flood events with council drainage work underway."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Mobile","role":"Stormwater and drainage"},{"name":"Mobile County Health Department","role":"Overflow reporting"}],"public_contact":"City of Mobile 311","corrective_actions":["Council approved drainage and debris-removal projects (refs 2, 4).","Crews cleared catch basins before storms (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Communities clean up after days of heavy rain cause serious flood damage in Mobile County","publisher":"FOX10","date":"2026-05-25","url":"https://www.fox10tv.com/2026/05/25/communities-clean-up-after-days-heavy-rain-cause-serious-flood-damage-mobile-county/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Mobile City Council approves drainage and stormwater projects","publisher":"FOX10","date":"2026-05-12","url":"https://www.fox10tv.com/2026/05/12/mobile-city-council-approves-drainage-stormwater-projects/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Heavy rain floods midtown Mobile streets, downs trees","publisher":"FOX10","date":"2026-06-19","url":"https://www.fox10tv.com/2026/06/19/heavy-rain-floods-midtown-mobile-streets-downs-trees/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Mobile City Council says it is taking steps aimed at reducing flooding","publisher":"FOX10","date":"2026-02-22","url":"https://www.fox10tv.com/2026/02/22/mobile-city-council-says-it-takes-steps-aimed-reducing-flooding","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (AL in-depth pass, groups D+E)."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AL-RIVIERA-FOLEY-SSO-2026-10"]},{"id":"US-AL-COASTAL-HURRICANE-ISAIAS-2026-10","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hurricane Isaias: Alabama state emergency for 40 counties and federal emergency declaration","description":"On October 7, 2026 Gov. Kay Ivey declared a seven-day state of emergency for 40 counties, including Mobile and Baldwin, ahead of Tropical System Isaias forecast to reach Alabama as a hurricane. FEMA issued emergency declaration EM-3656-AL on October 9, 2026 with an incident period starting October 7. Impacts on water and wastewater systems are not yet documented.","location":{"name":"Alabama Gulf Coast and south Alabama","type":"Multi-county emergency area","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"40 counties named in the governor's order including Mobile and Baldwin","coordinates":{"lat":30.69,"lon":-88.04,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Mobile","Baldwin"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A tropical-cyclone emergency with storm-surge and flooding risk to coastal water infrastructure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No water-related damage is documented yet; the order is precautionary (ref 1).","service":"No loss of water service is reported as of the cited sources (ref 1).","scale":"Forty counties are covered by the state order (ref 1).","duration":"Incident period began October 7, 2026 (ref 2); event days old.","significance":"State emergency order effective Oct 7, 2026 (ref 1) and FEMA EM-3656-AL declared Oct 9, 2026 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Population in the 40 counties not tallied."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"State of emergency for 40 counties through Oct 14, 2026; FEMA EM-3656-AL declared Oct 9, 2026 (refs 1, 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Counties in state emergency","value":40,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Event ongoing at time of research."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Office of the Governor","role":"Emergency declaration"},{"name":"FEMA","role":"Federal emergency declaration"}],"public_contact":"Alabama Emergency Management Agency via ema.alabama.gov","corrective_actions":["State emergency declared (ref 1).","FEMA emergency declaration EM-3656-AL (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Gov. Ivey declares state of emergency for 40 counties","publisher":"FOX10","date":"2026-10-07","url":"https://www.fox10tv.com/2026/10/07/gov-ivey-declares-state-emergency-40-counties/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Alabama Hurricane Isaias (EM-3656-AL)","publisher":"FEMA","date":null,"url":"https://www.fema.gov/disaster/3656","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (AL in-depth pass, groups D+E)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AL-MOBILE-BALDWIN-SHELLFISH-CLOSURE-2026-10"]},{"id":"US-AL-WALKER-MAR-JAC-JASPER-CONSENT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Mar-Jac Poultry Jasper $75,000 ADEM consent order for effluent violations","description":"ADEM entered a consent order with Mar-Jac Poultry AL, LLC, a Jasper chicken processing facility discharging wastewater to the Jasper Water Works and Sewer Board's Town Creek plant, after discharge monitoring reports showed exceedances of effluent limits in its State Indirect Discharge permit. The order carries a $75,000 civil penalty and requires an engineering report and compliance plan.","location":{"name":"Mar-Jac Poultry AL, Jasper","type":"Industrial indirect discharger","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Jasper, Walker County","coordinates":{"lat":33.83,"lon":-87.28,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Walker"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["agricultural","wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A poultry processor exceeding pretreatment limits on discharges to a municipal plant.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DMRs show the facility exceeded SID permit effluent limits; specific values are in an attachment not reviewed (ref 1).","service":"No service disruption is reported (ref 1).","scale":"Single facility (ref 1).","duration":"Order issued around July 2026; earlier FY2024 noncompliance is a separate record (ref 1).","significance":"ADEM consent order with $75,000 penalty and compliance plan (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$75,000 civil penalty for effluent limit violations (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Civil penalty","value":75000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","role":"Primacy regulator and enforcement agency"}],"public_contact":"ADEM public contact via adem.alabama.gov","corrective_actions":["Engineering report and compliance plan required (ref 1).","Progress reports and certification of compliance (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Wastewater enforcement: ADEM and Jasper chicken processing facility enter into consent order","publisher":"Mitchell Williams law firm","date":"2026-08-20","url":"https://www.mitchellwilliamslaw.com/indirect-discharge/wastewater-enforcement-alabama-department-of-environmental-management-and-jasper-chicken-processing-facility-enter-into-consent-order","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (AL in-depth pass, groups D+E)."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AL-SID-396400057-FY2024"]},{"id":"US-AL-BLOUNT-TYSON-BLOUNTSVILLE-PERMIT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Tyson Blountsville discharge permit reissuance contested","description":"ADEM held a public hearing on March 26, 2026 on reissuing the NPDES permit (AL0001449) for Tyson Farms' Blountsville facility, which discharges treated poultry process wastewater, sanitary wastewater and stormwater. Black Warrior Riverkeeper asked for stricter nutrient, bacteria and BOD limits. A 2019 Tyson-linked wastewater spill in Mulberry Fork killed fish and led to a $3 million state settlement. ADEM had not made a final decision.","location":{"name":"Tyson Farms Blountsville","type":"Industrial NPDES discharger","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Blountsville, Blount County; Graves Creek and Locust Fork","coordinates":{"lat":34.08,"lon":-86.59,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Blount"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["agricultural","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A poultry-processing wastewater discharge permit near impaired Black Warrior River tributaries.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Riverkeeper cites impaired streams and Tyson's violation history, but no new harm is documented (ref 1).","service":"No service impact (ref 1).","scale":"One facility discharging to named creeks (ref 1).","duration":"The 2019 spill and settlement and a decades-long permit history precede this review (ref 1).","significance":"Draft permit under review after a public hearing; no final decision (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"ADEM public hearing March 26, 2026 on NPDES permit AL0001449 reissuance (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management","role":"Primacy regulator and enforcement agency"},{"name":"Black Warrior Riverkeeper","role":"Commenter"}],"public_contact":"ADEM public contact via adem.alabama.gov","corrective_actions":["ADEM reviewing public comments before a decision (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Tyson permit faces scrutiny in Blount County after past wastewater spill","publisher":"ABC 33/40","date":"2026-03-27","url":"https://abc3340.com/news/abc-3340-news-iteam/dozens-weigh-in-ahead-of-adem-decision-on-tyson-discharge-permit-for-blountsville-facility-alabama-department-of-environmental-management-tyson-foods-poultry-wastewater-stormwater-environment","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (AL in-depth pass, groups D+E)."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AL-STATEWIDE-AG-RUNOFF-IMPAIRMENTS-2024"]},{"id":"US-AL-NORTH-ALABAMA-DATA-CENTER-WATER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"North Alabama data-center water use prompts calls for statewide rules","description":"At a Huntsville meeting on August 3, 2026, the Alabama Rivers Alliance called for strong statewide regulation of water-intensive data centers so local governments do not compete by loosening rules. Fort Payne and Cullman have paused data-center construction while studying environmental impacts. The coverage gives no measured water figures for any specific facility.","location":{"name":"North Alabama data-center corridor","type":"Regional water demand","state":"AL","states":["AL"],"detail":"Huntsville, Fort Payne and Cullman areas","coordinates":{"lat":34.73,"lon":-86.59,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Madison","DeKalb","Cullman"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["water-rights","drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Emerging industrial water demand without a state framework.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No harm is documented; concerns are prospective (ref 1).","service":"No service impact (ref 1).","scale":"Multiple north Alabama communities are weighing pauses (ref 1).","duration":"Recent policy debate (ref 1).","significance":"Two local construction pauses reported; no statewide action (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not applicable."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Fort Payne and Cullman paused data-center construction; no water figures given (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alabama Rivers Alliance","role":"Advocate"}],"public_contact":"Local city halls","corrective_actions":["Local temporary pauses (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Alabama river group calls for statewide regulations on water-guzzling data centers","publisher":"WAFF","date":"2026-08-04","url":"https://www.waff.com/2026/08/04/alabama-river-group-calls-statewide-regulations-water-guzzling-data-centers/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"New record (AL in-depth pass, groups D+E)."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AR-CONWAY-COUNTY-RWD-TTHM-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Conway County Regional Water District TTHM violation","description":"The Arkansas Department of Health's 2025 annual report lists Conway County Regional Water District for a total trihalomethanes (TTHM) maximum contaminant level violation in the third quarter of 2025. EPA SDWIS records the violation at 84 ug/L against the 80 ug/L limit. The system uses surface water and serves about 21,000 people around Morrilton.","location":{"name":"Conway County Regional Water District","type":"Public water system (community)","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Morrilton, Conway County area","coordinates":{"lat":35.15,"lon":-92.74,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Conway"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AR0000119"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A documented drinking-water standard violation or monitoring finding is a water-quality issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"State report Appendix F lists a TTHM MCL violation dated 2025-07-01 for this system (ref 1), and SDWIS records 84 ug/L, above the 80 ug/L limit (ref 3).","service":"No boil or do-not-drink order appears in the state report; the violation is a long-term-exposure standard (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 21,393 people served, a large community system but below 100,000 (ref 2).","duration":"Only one quarter (Q3 2025) of violation is listed in SDWIS for the window (ref 3), so duration is short.","significance":"The state report lists the MCL violation as a formal violation and no administrative order for this system (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":21393,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served 21,393 per EPA SDWIS (ref 2); the Arkansas Department of Health report lists a retail population of 22,505 (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"One TTHM MCL violation (2025-07-01 to 2025-09-30), 84 ug/L vs 80 ug/L limit (SDWIS, ref 3; state report ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"TTHM violation level","value":84,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"Locational average recorded in SDWIS for Q3 2025 (ref 3); MCL 80 ug/L."},{"name":"TTHM MCL","value":80,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"Federal limit."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single quarter of violation in the state report and SDWIS; no later quarter was found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Conway County Regional Water District","role":"Water system owner/operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health, Engineering Section","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section, Drinking Water Program, 501-661-2623","corrective_actions":["Return to compliance with the TTHM limit and issue required public notice","Continue quarterly disinfection byproduct monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Report, Public Water System Supervision Program, Calendar Year 2025","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health, Engineering Section","date":"2026-05-14","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/ACR-2025.pdf","basis":"state"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water-system record, CONWAY CO REGIONAL WATER DIST (AR0000119)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AR0000119/JSON","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS violation records, CONWAY CO REGIONAL WATER DIST (AR0000119)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/AR0000119/JSON","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (AR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Opened the Calendar Year 2025 PSWS Annual Report (ADH, appendix dated May 14, 2026). EPA SDWIS lookups (undated database records) were not re-queried. Conway Co Regional Water Dist TTHM MCL row 7/1/2025 and retail population 22,505 confirmed. No change."}],"first_seen":"2025-07-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["cause of the violation","corrective-action completion date","2026 results after the SDWIS data cut"],"related_ids":["US-AR-STATEWIDE-DBP-VIOLATIONS-2025"]},{"id":"US-AR-EL-DORADO-TTHM-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"El Dorado Waterworks TTHM violations","description":"Arkansas Department of Health's 2025 annual report lists El Dorado Waterworks for TTHM maximum contaminant level violations in the third and fourth quarters of 2025. EPA SDWIS records 81 and 84 ug/L against the 80 ug/L limit. The groundwater-sourced system serves about 17,900 people.","location":{"name":"El Dorado Waterworks","type":"Public water system (community)","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"El Dorado, Union County area","coordinates":{"lat":33.21,"lon":-92.67,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Union"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AR0000550"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A documented drinking-water standard violation or monitoring finding is a water-quality issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Appendix F of the state report lists TTHM MCL violations dated 2025-07-01 and 2025-10-01 (ref 1); SDWIS levels of 81 and 84 ug/L exceed the 80 ug/L limit (ref 3).","service":"The state report lists no service interruption or advisory for El Dorado; the TTHM limit concerns long-term exposure (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 17,932 people served (ref 2), a mid-sized city system.","duration":"Two consecutive quarters (July to December 2025) are listed as violations (refs 1, 3), indicating a months-long problem.","significance":"The state report records formal MCL violations but no administrative order for El Dorado (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":17932,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served 17,932 per EPA SDWIS (ref 2) and the state report (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Two consecutive quarterly TTHM MCL violations in 2025 at 81 and 84 ug/L vs 80 ug/L limit (refs 1, 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"TTHM Q3 2025","value":81,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 3)"},{"name":"TTHM Q4 2025","value":84,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 3)"},{"name":"TTHM MCL","value":80,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"Federal limit."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Two consecutive quarters above the limit; 2026 results not found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of El Dorado","role":"Water system owner/operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health, Engineering Section","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section, Drinking Water Program, 501-661-2623","corrective_actions":["Return to compliance with the TTHM limit","Issue quarterly public notice while the violation continues"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Report, Public Water System Supervision Program, Calendar Year 2025","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health, Engineering Section","date":"2026-05-14","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/ACR-2025.pdf","basis":"state"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water-system record, EL DORADO WATERWORKS (AR0000550)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AR0000550/JSON","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS violation records, EL DORADO WATERWORKS (AR0000550)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/AR0000550/JSON","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (AR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Opened the Calendar Year 2025 PSWS Annual Report (ADH, appendix dated May 14, 2026). EPA SDWIS lookups (undated database records) were not re-queried. El Dorado TTHM MCL rows 7/1/2025 and 10/1/2025, population 17,932 confirmed. No change."}],"first_seen":"2025-07-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["cause of the violation","corrective-action completion date","2026 results after the SDWIS data cut"],"related_ids":["US-AR-STATEWIDE-DBP-VIOLATIONS-2025"]},{"id":"US-AR-NE-YELL-COUNTY-TTHM-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"NE Yell County Water Association TTHM violation and enforcement warning","description":"Arkansas Department of Health lists NE Yell County Water Association for a TTHM maximum contaminant level violation in the third quarter of 2025 and issued a warning of administrative order on 2025-07-01 for a disinfection byproduct rule violation. SDWIS records 82 ug/L against the 80 ug/L limit.","location":{"name":"Northeast Yell County Water Association","type":"Public water system (community)","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Dardanelle, Yell County area","coordinates":{"lat":35.22,"lon":-93.16,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Yell"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AR0000697"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A documented drinking-water standard violation or monitoring finding is a water-quality issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Appendix F lists a TTHM MCL violation dated 2025-07-01 (ref 1) and SDWIS records 82 ug/L, above the 80 ug/L limit (ref 3).","service":"No outage or advisory is recorded for this system in the state report (ref 1).","scale":"The system serves 7,198 people (ref 2), a multi-community rural system.","duration":"Only the third quarter of 2025 is listed as a violation (ref 3), so duration is short.","significance":"Appendix J records a warning of administrative order on 2025-07-01 for DBPR, the first formal enforcement step, not a final order (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":7198,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served 7,198 per EPA SDWIS (ref 2) and the state report (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM MCL violation Q3 2025 at 82 ug/L vs 80 ug/L limit; warning of administrative order dated 2025-07-01 (refs 1, 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"TTHM Q3 2025","value":82,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 3)"},{"name":"TTHM MCL","value":80,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"Federal limit."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One violation quarter; state issued a warning of administrative order."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"NE Yell County Water Association","role":"Water system owner/operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health, Engineering Section","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section, Drinking Water Program, 501-661-2623","corrective_actions":["Respond to the state's warning of administrative order","Return to compliance with the TTHM limit"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Report, Public Water System Supervision Program, Calendar Year 2025","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health, Engineering Section","date":"2026-05-14","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/ACR-2025.pdf","basis":"state"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water-system record, NE YELL COUNTY WATER ASSOC (AR0000697)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AR0000697/JSON","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS violation records, NE YELL COUNTY WATER ASSOC (AR0000697)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/AR0000697/JSON","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (AR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Opened ADH CY2025 PWSS Annual Report (dated 2026-05-14). EPA SDWIS lookups (undated database records) not re-queried. NE Yell County TTHM MCL violation dated 7/1/2025, warning of administrative order 7/1/2025 (DBPR) and retail population 7,198 confirmed. 82 ug/L is SDWIS-only."}],"first_seen":"2025-07-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["cause of the violation","corrective-action completion date","2026 results after the SDWIS data cut"],"related_ids":["US-AR-STATEWIDE-DBP-VIOLATIONS-2025"]},{"id":"US-AR-EAST-JOHNSON-COUNTY-HAA5-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"East Johnson County Water Association HAA5 violation","description":"Arkansas Department of Health's 2025 annual report lists East Johnson County Water Association for a haloacetic acids (HAA5) maximum contaminant level violation in the fourth quarter of 2025. SDWIS records 61 ug/L against the 60 ug/L limit.","location":{"name":"East Johnson County Water Association","type":"Public water system (community)","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Lamar, Johnson County area","coordinates":{"lat":35.44,"lon":-93.39,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Johnson"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AR0000772"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A documented drinking-water standard violation or monitoring finding is a water-quality issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Appendix F lists an HAA5 MCL violation dated 2025-10-01 (ref 1); SDWIS records 61 ug/L, one unit over the 60 ug/L limit (ref 3).","service":"The state report lists no service restriction for this system (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 5,200 people served (ref 2).","duration":"Only the fourth quarter of 2025 is listed (ref 3), so duration is short.","significance":"A formal MCL violation is listed with no administrative order in Appendix J (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":5200,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served 5,200 per EPA SDWIS (ref 2) and the state report (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"HAA5 MCL violation Q4 2025 at 61 ug/L vs 60 ug/L limit (refs 1, 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"HAA5 Q4 2025","value":61,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 3)"},{"name":"HAA5 MCL","value":60,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"Federal limit."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One quarter of violation, marginally above the limit."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"East Johnson County Water Association","role":"Water system owner/operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health, Engineering Section","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section, Drinking Water Program, 501-661-2623","corrective_actions":["Return to compliance with the HAA5 limit and issue public notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Report, Public Water System Supervision Program, Calendar Year 2025","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health, Engineering Section","date":"2026-05-14","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/ACR-2025.pdf","basis":"state"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water-system record, EAST JOHNSON CO WATER ASSN (AR0000772)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AR0000772/JSON","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS violation records, EAST JOHNSON CO WATER ASSN (AR0000772)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/AR0000772/JSON","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (AR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Opened the Calendar Year 2025 PSWS Annual Report (ADH, appendix dated May 14, 2026). EPA SDWIS lookups (undated database records) were not re-queried. East Johnson Co HAA5 MCL row 10/1/2025, population 5,200 confirmed. No change."}],"first_seen":"2025-10-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["cause of the violation","corrective-action completion date","2026 results after the SDWIS data cut"],"related_ids":["US-AR-STATEWIDE-DBP-VIOLATIONS-2025"]},{"id":"US-AR-PARIS-DBP-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Paris Waterworks TTHM and HAA5 violations continue into 2026","description":"The Arkansas Department of Health's 2025 report lists Paris Waterworks for TTHM and HAA5 maximum contaminant level violations in the fourth quarter of 2025. SDWIS records the violations continuing into the first quarter of 2026 at 90 ug/L TTHM and 67 ug/L HAA5.","location":{"name":"Paris Waterworks","type":"Public water system (community)","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Paris, Logan County area","coordinates":{"lat":35.29,"lon":-93.73,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Logan"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AR0000328"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A documented drinking-water standard violation or monitoring finding is a water-quality issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Appendix F lists TTHM and HAA5 MCL violations dated 2025-10-01 (ref 1); SDWIS levels 81 and 64 ug/L exceed the 80 and 60 ug/L limits (ref 3).","service":"No boil or do-not-drink order is listed for Paris in the state report (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 4,935 people served on a surface-water system (ref 2).","duration":"SDWIS shows violations in Q4 2025 and again Q1 2026, two quarters and rising (ref 3).","significance":"The state report lists formal MCL violations, with no administrative order for Paris (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":4935,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served 4,935 per EPA SDWIS (ref 2) and the state report (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Q4 2025 violations at 81 ug/L TTHM and 64 ug/L HAA5; Q1 2026 violations at 90 and 67 ug/L (refs 1, 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"TTHM Q4 2025","value":81,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 3)"},{"name":"HAA5 Q4 2025","value":64,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 3)"},{"name":"TTHM Q1 2026","value":90,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 3)"},{"name":"HAA5 Q1 2026","value":67,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 3)"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"TTHM rose from 81 to 90 ug/L and HAA5 from 64 to 67 ug/L between Q4 2025 and Q1 2026 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Paris","role":"Water system owner/operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health, Engineering Section","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section, Drinking Water Program, 501-661-2623","corrective_actions":["Return to compliance with both disinfection byproduct limits","Continue quarterly monitoring and public notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Report, Public Water System Supervision Program, Calendar Year 2025","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health, Engineering Section","date":"2026-05-14","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/ACR-2025.pdf","basis":"state"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water-system record, PARIS WATERWORKS (AR0000328)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AR0000328/JSON","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS violation records, PARIS WATERWORKS (AR0000328)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/AR0000328/JSON","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (AR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Opened ADH CY2025 PWSS Annual Report (dated 2026-05-14). EPA SDWIS lookups (undated database records) not re-queried. Paris Waterworks TTHM and HAA5 MCL violations dated 10/1/2025 and population 4,935 confirmed. Q4 2025 and Q1 2026 concentrations are SDWIS-only."}],"first_seen":"2025-10-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["cause of the violation","corrective-action completion date","2026 results after the SDWIS data cut"],"related_ids":["US-AR-STATEWIDE-DBP-VIOLATIONS-2025"]},{"id":"US-AR-MOUNT-IDA-DBP-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Mount Ida Waterworks TTHM and HAA5 violations","description":"The Arkansas Department of Health's 2025 report lists Mount Ida Waterworks for TTHM and HAA5 maximum contaminant level violations in the third and fourth quarters of 2025. SDWIS records TTHM at 86 ug/L in the first quarter of 2026 as well. The neighboring Montgomery County Regional Public Water Authority (AR0000951, SDWIS population 0) also has violations in the same quarters.","location":{"name":"Mount Ida Waterworks","type":"Public water system (community)","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Mount Ida, Montgomery County area","coordinates":{"lat":34.55,"lon":-93.63,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Montgomery"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AR0000392"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A documented drinking-water standard violation or monitoring finding is a water-quality issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Appendix F lists TTHM and HAA5 MCL violations dated 2025-07-01 and 2025-10-01 (ref 1); SDWIS Q4 2025 values of 94 ug/L for both compounds exceed the 80 and 60 ug/L limits (ref 3).","service":"The state report shows no outage or advisory for Mount Ida (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 3,218 people served (ref 2); the connected Montgomery County authority reports 0 retail population.","duration":"SDWIS lists violations in three consecutive quarters through Q1 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"The state report lists formal MCL violations and no administrative order for Mount Ida (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":3218,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served 3,218 per EPA SDWIS (ref 2) and the state report (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM 89 and 94 ug/L and HAA5 61 and 94 ug/L in Q3 and Q4 2025; TTHM 86 ug/L in Q1 2026 (refs 1, 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"TTHM Q3 2025","value":89,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 3)"},{"name":"TTHM Q4 2025","value":94,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 3)"},{"name":"HAA5 Q4 2025","value":94,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 3)"},{"name":"TTHM Q1 2026","value":86,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 3)"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"HAA5 rose from 61 to 94 ug/L between Q3 and Q4 2025 and TTHM stayed above the limit in Q1 2026 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Mount Ida","role":"Water system owner/operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health, Engineering Section","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section, Drinking Water Program, 501-661-2623","corrective_actions":["Return to compliance with both disinfection byproduct limits","Continue quarterly monitoring and public notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Report, Public Water System Supervision Program, Calendar Year 2025","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health, Engineering Section","date":"2026-05-14","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/ACR-2025.pdf","basis":"state"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water-system record, MOUNT IDA WATERWORKS (AR0000392)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AR0000392/JSON","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS violation records, MOUNT IDA WATERWORKS (AR0000392)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/AR0000392/JSON","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (AR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Opened ADH CY2025 PWSS Annual Report (dated 2026-05-14). EPA SDWIS lookups (undated database records) not re-queried. Mount Ida Waterworks TTHM and HAA5 MCL violations dated 7/1/2025 and 10/1/2025 and retail population 3,218 confirmed; Montgomery Co (AR0000951) entries with population 0 confirmed. Q3-Q4 2025 and Q1 2026 concentrations are SDWIS-only."}],"first_seen":"2025-07-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["cause of the violation","corrective-action completion date","2026 results after the SDWIS data cut"],"related_ids":["US-AR-STATEWIDE-DBP-VIOLATIONS-2025"]},{"id":"US-AR-RATCLIFF-HAA5-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Ratcliff Waterworks HAA5 violations and enforcement warning","description":"Arkansas Department of Health's 2025 report lists Ratcliff Waterworks for HAA5 maximum contaminant level violations in the second, third and fourth quarters of 2025 and issued a warning of administrative order on 2025-09-11. SDWIS shows TTHM at 86 ug/L and HAA5 at 73 ug/L in the first quarter of 2026.","location":{"name":"Ratcliff Waterworks","type":"Public water system (community)","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Ratcliff, Logan County area","coordinates":{"lat":35.4,"lon":-93.88,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Logan"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AR0000329"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A documented drinking-water standard violation or monitoring finding is a water-quality issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Appendix F lists three HAA5 MCL violations dated 2025-04-01, 2025-07-01 and 2025-10-01 (ref 1), with SDWIS values of 73 to 82 ug/L versus a 60 ug/L limit (ref 3).","service":"The state report shows no outage or advisory for Ratcliff (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 1,019 people served (ref 2).","duration":"Four consecutive quarters of violation, April 2025 to March 2026, add up to about a year (ref 3).","significance":"Appendix J records a warning of administrative order dated 2025-09-11 for DBP, short of a final order (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":1019,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served 1,019 per EPA SDWIS (ref 2) and the state report (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"HAA5 at 73, 75 and 82 ug/L in Q2 to Q4 2025 vs 60 ug/L limit; Q1 2026 TTHM 86 and HAA5 73 ug/L (refs 1, 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"HAA5 Q2 2025","value":73,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 3)"},{"name":"HAA5 Q3 2025","value":75,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 3)"},{"name":"HAA5 Q4 2025","value":82,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 3)"},{"name":"TTHM Q1 2026","value":86,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 3)"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"HAA5 climbed from 73 to 82 ug/L during 2025 and TTHM joined it above the limit in Q1 2026 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Ratcliff Waterworks","role":"Water system owner/operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health, Engineering Section","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section, Drinking Water Program, 501-661-2623","corrective_actions":["Respond to the state's warning of administrative order","Return to compliance with disinfection byproduct limits"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Report, Public Water System Supervision Program, Calendar Year 2025","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health, Engineering Section","date":"2026-05-14","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/ACR-2025.pdf","basis":"state"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water-system record, RATCLIFF WATERWORKS (AR0000329)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AR0000329/JSON","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS violation records, RATCLIFF WATERWORKS (AR0000329)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/AR0000329/JSON","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (AR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Opened ADH CY2025 PWSS Annual Report (dated 2026-05-14). EPA SDWIS lookups (undated database records) not re-queried. Ratcliff HAA5 MCL violations dated 4/1, 7/1 and 10/1/2025, warning of AO 9/11/2025 and population 1,019 confirmed. Concentrations are SDWIS-only."}],"first_seen":"2025-04-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["cause of the violation","corrective-action completion date","2026 results after the SDWIS data cut"],"related_ids":["US-AR-STATEWIDE-DBP-VIOLATIONS-2025"]},{"id":"US-AR-HARMONY-GROVE-TTHM-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Harmony Grove Water Association TTHM violations reach 114 ug/L","description":"The Arkansas Department of Health lists Harmony Grove Water Association for TTHM maximum contaminant level violations in the third and fourth quarters of 2025 and issued a warning of administrative order on 2025-07-01. SDWIS records 114 ug/L for the first quarter of 2026. This is a different system from the already-listed Harmony Water Association (El Dorado).","location":{"name":"Harmony Grove Water Association","type":"Public water system (community)","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Camden area, Ouachita County area","coordinates":{"lat":33.585,"lon":-92.83,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Ouachita"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AR0000402"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A documented drinking-water standard violation or monitoring finding is a water-quality issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Appendix F lists TTHM MCL violations dated 2025-07-01 and 2025-10-01 (ref 1); SDWIS Q1 2026 reaches 114 ug/L, 43 percent over the 80 ug/L limit (ref 3).","service":"The state report shows no outage or advisory for Harmony Grove (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 2,192 people served (ref 2).","duration":"Three consecutive quarters, July 2025 to March 2026, are in violation (ref 3).","significance":"Appendix J lists a warning of administrative order on 2025-07-01 for DBPR (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":2192,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served 2,192 per EPA SDWIS (ref 2) and the state report (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM at 81 and 84 ug/L in Q3 and Q4 2025 and 114 ug/L in Q1 2026 vs 80 ug/L limit (refs 1, 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"TTHM Q3 2025","value":81,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 3)"},{"name":"TTHM Q4 2025","value":84,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 3)"},{"name":"TTHM Q1 2026","value":114,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 3)"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"TTHM rose from 81 to 114 ug/L over three quarters (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Harmony Grove Water Association","role":"Water system owner/operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health, Engineering Section","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section, Drinking Water Program, 501-661-2623","corrective_actions":["Respond to the state's warning of administrative order","Return to compliance with the TTHM limit"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Report, Public Water System Supervision Program, Calendar Year 2025","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health, Engineering Section","date":"2026-05-14","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/ACR-2025.pdf","basis":"state"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water-system record, HARMONY GROVE WATER ASSOC (AR0000402)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AR0000402/JSON","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS violation records, HARMONY GROVE WATER ASSOC (AR0000402)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/AR0000402/JSON","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (AR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Opened the Calendar Year 2025 PSWS Annual Report (ADH, appendix dated May 14, 2026). EPA SDWIS lookups (undated database records) were not re-queried. Harmony Grove TTHM MCL rows 7/1/2025 and 10/1/2025, warning of administrative order 7/1/2025, population 2,192 confirmed. No change."}],"first_seen":"2025-07-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["cause of the violation","corrective-action completion date","2026 results after the SDWIS data cut"],"related_ids":["US-AR-HARMONY-TTHM-2024","US-AR-STATEWIDE-DBP-VIOLATIONS-2025"]},{"id":"US-AR-CASA-TTHM-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Casa Water Department TTHM violations through all of 2025","description":"The Arkansas Department of Health's 2025 report lists Casa Water Department for six TTHM maximum contaminant level violations across all four quarters of 2025. SDWIS records levels between 81 and 91 ug/L against the 80 ug/L limit.","location":{"name":"Casa Water Department","type":"Public water system (community)","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Casa, Perry County area","coordinates":{"lat":35.01,"lon":-92.93,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Perry"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AR0000660"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A documented drinking-water standard violation or monitoring finding is a water-quality issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Appendix F lists six TTHM MCL violations dated between 2025-01-01 and 2025-10-01 (ref 1), with SDWIS values up to 91 ug/L against the 80 ug/L limit (ref 3).","service":"No advisory or outage is shown for Casa in the state report (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 1,153 people served (ref 2).","duration":"Violations occur in every quarter of 2025 (refs 1, 3), a chronic pattern.","significance":"The state report lists formal MCL violations and no administrative order for Casa (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":1153,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served 1,153 per EPA SDWIS (ref 2); the state report lists a retail population of 1,500 (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Six TTHM MCL violations in 2025, from 81 to 91 ug/L vs 80 ug/L limit (refs 1, 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"TTHM violations in 2025","value":6,"unit":"count","status":"Reported","note":"State report Appendix F (ref 1)."},{"name":"Highest TTHM 2025","value":91,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS Q3 2025 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Quarterly values stayed between 81 and 91 ug/L throughout 2025 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Casa Water Department","role":"Water system owner/operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health, Engineering Section","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section, Drinking Water Program, 501-661-2623","corrective_actions":["Return to compliance with the TTHM limit","Continue quarterly monitoring and public notice"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Report, Public Water System Supervision Program, Calendar Year 2025","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health, Engineering Section","date":"2026-05-14","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/ACR-2025.pdf","basis":"state"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water-system record, CASA WATER DEPT (AR0000660)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AR0000660/JSON","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS violation records, CASA WATER DEPT (AR0000660)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/AR0000660/JSON","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (AR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Opened the Calendar Year 2025 PSWS Annual Report (ADH, appendix dated May 14, 2026). EPA SDWIS lookups (undated database records) were not re-queried. Casa Water Dept TTHM MCL rows for Q1-Q4 2025 and Administrative Order 9/11/2025 confirmed, retail population 1,500 as in the record. The state appendix lists seven rows (two per quarter in Q1-Q3, one in Q4) while the record counts six violations from SDWIS; left as is, flagged for review."}],"first_seen":"2025-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["cause of the violation","corrective-action completion date","2026 results after the SDWIS data cut"],"related_ids":["US-AR-STATEWIDE-DBP-VIOLATIONS-2025"]},{"id":"US-AR-WALKERVILLE-LEAD-COPPER-RTCR-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Walkerville Water Association lead-and-copper and coliform rule enforcement","description":"The Arkansas Department of Health issued a warning of administrative order (2025-01-06) and an administrative order (2025-03-06) to Walkerville Water Association for lead and copper rule and revised total coliform rule violations. A lead and copper tap-monitoring violation that began 2024-07-01 shows a return to compliance on 2025-05-22. No lead sample result is reported in the state report.","location":{"name":"Walkerville Water Association","type":"Public water system (community)","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Emerson area, Columbia County","coordinates":{"lat":33.1,"lon":-93.19,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Columbia"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AR0000639"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A documented drinking-water standard violation or monitoring finding is a water-quality issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Appendix H of the state report lists a follow-up or routine lead and copper tap monitoring violation beginning 2024-07-01 and returned to compliance 2025-05-22; no lead exceedance level is reported (ref 1).","service":"The state report documents no service interruption for Walkerville (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 547 people served (ref 2), a small system.","duration":"The lead and copper monitoring violation ran from July 2024 to May 2025, about ten months (ref 1).","significance":"Appendix J records a warning of administrative order on 2025-01-06 and an administrative order on 2025-03-06 for LCR and RTCR violations (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":547,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served 547 per EPA SDWIS (ref 2) and the state report (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"State administrative order 2025-03-06 for lead-and-copper and total coliform rule violations; monitoring violation closed 2025-05-22 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Lead/copper monitoring violation duration","value":10,"unit":"months","status":"Reported","note":"2024-07-01 to 2025-05-22 per Appendix H (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The state report records the lead and copper monitoring violation as returned to compliance on 2025-05-22."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Walkerville Water Association","role":"Water system owner/operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health, Engineering Section","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section, Drinking Water Program, 501-661-2623","corrective_actions":["Meet the March 2025 administrative order requirements","Complete required lead and copper tap sampling and coliform monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Report, Public Water System Supervision Program, Calendar Year 2025","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health, Engineering Section","date":"2026-05-14","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/ACR-2025.pdf","basis":"state"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water-system record, WALKERVILLE WATER ASSOCIATION (AR0000639)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AR0000639/JSON","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS violation records, WALKERVILLE WATER ASSOCIATION (AR0000639)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/AR0000639/JSON","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (AR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Opened ADH CY2025 PWSS Annual Report (dated 2026-05-14). EPA SDWIS lookups (undated database records) not re-queried. Walkerville Water Association follow-up/routine tap M/R violation 7/1/2024 to 5/22/2025, warning of AO 1/6/2025 (LCR/RTCR), AO 3/6/2025 and population 547 confirmed."}],"first_seen":"2024-07-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["lead sample results","whether the coliform rule violations are closed","corrective-action completion date"],"related_ids":["US-AR-STATEWIDE-LEAD-COPPER-2025"]},{"id":"US-AR-PENDLETON-PEA-RIDGE-RTCR-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Pendleton-Pea Ridge Water Association coliform assessment failures and order","description":"The Arkansas Department of Health lists Pendleton-Pea Ridge Water Association for revised total coliform rule assessment-sample violations in February and March 2025. The state issued a warning of administrative order on 2025-05-05 and an administrative order on 2025-06-03.","location":{"name":"Pendleton-Pea Ridge Water Association","type":"Public water system (community)","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Dumas area, Desha County","coordinates":{"lat":33.88,"lon":-91.49,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Desha"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AR0000649"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A documented drinking-water standard violation or monitoring finding is a water-quality issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Appendix C of the state report lists two coliform-rule assessment sample failures (code 2A) in February and March 2025 (ref 1); no E. coli MCL violation is listed for this system.","service":"The state report lists no boil advisory for Pendleton-Pea Ridge (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 845 people served (ref 2), a small rural system.","duration":"Violations dated 2025-02-01 and 2025-03-01 and enforcement through 2025-06-03 span several months (refs 1, 3).","significance":"Appendix J records a warning of administrative order on 2025-05-05 and an administrative order on 2025-06-03 for RTCR (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":845,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served 845 per EPA SDWIS (ref 2) and the state report (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Two RTCR assessment violations (Feb and Mar 2025) followed by a state administrative order dated 2025-06-03 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"RTCR assessment violations","value":2,"unit":"count","status":"Reported","note":"2025-02-01 and 2025-03-01 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No later violation or return-to-compliance date was found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pendleton-Pea Ridge Water Association","role":"Water system owner/operator"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health, Engineering Section","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section, Drinking Water Program, 501-661-2623","corrective_actions":["Comply with the June 2025 administrative order","Complete required coliform assessments and sampling"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Report, Public Water System Supervision Program, Calendar Year 2025","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health, Engineering Section","date":"2026-05-14","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/ACR-2025.pdf","basis":"state"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water-system record, PENDLETON-PEA RIDGE WATER ASSN (AR0000649)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AR0000649/JSON","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS violation records, PENDLETON-PEA RIDGE WATER ASSN (AR0000649)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/AR0000649/JSON","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (AR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Opened ADH CY2025 PWSS Annual Report (dated 2026-05-14). EPA SDWIS lookups (undated database records) not re-queried. Pendleton-Pea Ridge assessment violations (2/1 and 3/1/2025), warning of AO 5/5/2025, AO 6/3/2025 and population 845 confirmed."}],"first_seen":"2025-02-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["whether violations are closed","coliform sample results"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AR-STATEWIDE-LEAD-COPPER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Arkansas lead-and-copper monitoring violations and service-line inventory work","description":"The Arkansas Department of Health's 2025 annual report counts 42 lead and copper rule monitoring or consumer-notice violations at 35 systems, plus one public-education treatment-technique violation. Its Fall 2025 newsletter tells systems to document service line materials under the Lead and Copper Rule Improvements. The reports do not list lead sample results.","location":{"name":"Arkansas public water systems","type":"Statewide program","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Statewide, all counties","coordinates":{"lat":34.8,"lon":-92.2,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A documented drinking-water standard violation or monitoring finding is a water-quality issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"State report counts 42 lead-and-copper monitoring or notice violations and one public-education treatment-technique violation in 2025 (ref 1); no lead action-level exceedance is listed.","service":"No service restriction is associated with these violations (ref 1).","scale":"The 42 violations affect 35 systems across the state (ref 1).","duration":"Violations recur year to year; Joiner Rural Water's Appendix H lists tap monitoring violations from 2011 and 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"The department's Fall 2025 newsletter points water systems to Lead and Copper Rule Improvements service-line inventory duties (ref 2) and the state issued orders such as Walkerville's (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported: the state report counts systems with violations, not people exposed."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"42 lead-and-copper monitoring/notice violations at 35 systems, and one public-education violation, in 2025 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Lead/copper monitoring or notice violations 2025","value":42,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Systems affected: 35 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Lead public-education TT violations 2025","value":1,"unit":"violation","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No prior-year total was compared in this record."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health, Engineering Section","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section, Drinking Water Program, 501-661-2623","corrective_actions":["Systems complete tap sampling and consumer notice","Systems prepare service line inventories under the lead rule"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Report, Public Water System Supervision Program, Calendar Year 2025","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health, Engineering Section","date":"2026-05-14","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/ACR-2025.pdf","basis":"state"},{"ref":2,"title":"Arkansas Drinking Water Update, Volume 39, No. 2 (Fall 2025)","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health, Engineering Section","date":"2025-10-28","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/Drinking-Water-Fall-2025.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (AR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Opened ADH CY2025 PWSS Annual Report (dated 2026-05-14). EPA SDWIS lookups (undated database records) not re-queried. Lead and Copper subtotal: 42 monitoring/notice violations at 35 systems, 1 public-education violation. Fall 2025 newsletter (service line inventory article) opened and matches."}],"first_seen":"2025-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["lead sample results","service line counts","population affected"],"related_ids":["US-AR-WALKERVILLE-LEAD-COPPER-RTCR-2025","US-AR-FOUKE-WATER-COMPLIANCE-FINANCIAL-STRESS-2024"]},{"id":"US-AR-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Arkansas PFAS monitoring finds few detections and no MCL exceedance, state says","description":"The Arkansas Department of Health reports that, as of June 2025, 172 Arkansas water systems had been sampled under EPA's fifth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule and 4 had detectable PFOA or PFOS. It says none exceeded the federal limits.","location":{"name":"Arkansas public water systems","type":"Statewide program","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Statewide, 172 systems sampled under UCMR 5","coordinates":{"lat":34.8,"lon":-92.2,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A documented drinking-water standard violation or monitoring finding is a water-quality issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The Department of Health says 4 of 172 sampled systems had detectable PFOA or PFOS and none exceeded an MCL or the Health Index (ref 1).","service":"No restriction or advisory is reported (ref 1).","scale":"172 systems sampled, a statewide program with few detections (ref 1).","duration":"UCMR 5 sampling ran through at least June 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"The federal 4 ppt PFOA and PFOS limits are set, with compliance delayed from 2029 to 2031 and other limits under reconsideration (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported: no system is reported above a PFAS limit."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"4 of 172 sampled systems had detectable PFOA or PFOS; none above an MCL or the Health Index, per the state (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems sampled","value":172,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"As of June 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Systems with detectable PFOA/PFOS","value":4,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Only one state summary is available; sampling status after June 2025 not verified."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health, Engineering Section","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section, Drinking Water Program, 501-661-2623","corrective_actions":["EPA's compliance date for PFOA and PFOS limits moved to 2031","Systems finish UCMR 5 sampling"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Arkansas Drinking Water Update, Volume 39, No. 2 (Fall 2025)","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health, Engineering Section","date":"2025-10-28","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/Drinking-Water-Fall-2025.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (AR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Opened Fall 2025 ADH newsletter: as of June 2025 about 172 systems sampled, 4 with detectable PFOA or PFOS, none above MCLs or the Health Index. Matches; no change."}],"first_seen":"2025-06-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["results after June 2025","population served by detecting systems"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AR-STATEWIDE-DBP-VIOLATIONS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Arkansas disinfection byproduct violations hit 28 systems in 2025","description":"The Arkansas Department of Health's 2025 annual report counts 63 TTHM and HAA5 MCL violations at 28 systems and 285 Stage 1 disinfection byproduct treatment-technique violations at 25 systems. It says all organic MCL violations were in the TTHM and HAA analyte group, and 97.2 percent of systems had none. In its report, the state attributes them to forested source water and chlorine disinfection.","location":{"name":"Arkansas public water systems","type":"Statewide program","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Statewide, 28 systems with TTHM or HAA5 violations","coordinates":{"lat":34.8,"lon":-92.2,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A documented drinking-water standard violation or monitoring finding is a water-quality issue.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"State report counts 63 TTHM/HAA5 MCL violations at 28 systems in 2025, from 52 TTHM and 11 HAA5 violations (ref 1).","service":"No service loss is tied to these violations (ref 1).","scale":"28 systems statewide, many serving thousands, including El Dorado (17,932) (ref 1).","duration":"Disinfection byproduct violations recur annually; the state counts 285 Stage 1 treatment-technique violations at 25 systems in 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"The state report lists them as MCL or treatment-technique violations, with administrative orders at several systems such as Harmony Water Association (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported: the state report counts systems and violations, not people."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"63 TTHM/HAA5 MCL violations at 28 systems and 285 Stage 1 DBP treatment-technique violations at 25 systems in 2025 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"TTHM MCL violations 2025","value":52,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"22 systems (ref 1)."},{"name":"HAA5 MCL violations 2025","value":11,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"6 systems (ref 1)."},{"name":"Stage 1 DBP treatment-technique violations 2025","value":285,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"25 systems (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"The state report and the already-listed 2024 TTHM and HAA5 findings show recurrence."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health, Engineering Section","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section, Drinking Water Program, 501-661-2623","corrective_actions":["Individual systems return to compliance","State issues administrative orders and penalties"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual Report, Public Water System Supervision Program, Calendar Year 2025","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Health, Engineering Section","date":"2026-05-14","url":"https://healthy.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/ACR-2025.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (AR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Opened ADH CY2025 PWSS Annual Report (dated 2026-05-14). EPA SDWIS lookups (undated database records) not re-queried. Subtotal 63 MCL violations at 28 systems (52 TTHM, 11 HAA5), 285 Stage 1 DBPR treatment-technique violations at 25 systems, 97.2% of systems with no organic MCL violation, forested-source attribution confirmed."}],"first_seen":"2025-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["people affected","which systems account for the Stage 1 treatment-technique violations"],"related_ids":["US-AR-EL-DORADO-TTHM-2025","US-AR-PARIS-DBP-2025","US-AR-MOUNT-IDA-DBP-2025","US-AR-RATCLIFF-HAA5-2025","US-AR-HARMONY-GROVE-TTHM-2025","US-AR-CASA-TTHM-2025","US-AR-CONWAY-COUNTY-RWD-TTHM-2025","US-AR-NE-YELL-COUNTY-TTHM-2025","US-AR-EAST-JOHNSON-COUNTY-HAA5-2025","US-AR-HARMONY-TTHM-2024"]},{"revision":3,"change_type":"changed","issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AR-CONWAY-GREERS-FERRY-SUPPLY-2026","US-AR-STATEWIDE-RECURRING-DROUGHT-2023-2026"],"measures":[{"name":"Brewer Lake level below average","value":11,"unit":"feet (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Conway Corp curtailment page (ref 4)."},{"name":"Cadron Creek supplemental supply","value":5,"unit":"million gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Conway Corp curtailment page (ref 4)."}],"id":"US-AR-CONWAY-DROUGHT-CURTAILMENT-2026","title":"Conway Corporation imposes mandatory water curtailment as Brewer Lake drops","description":"Conway Corporation, which supplies Conway, Arkansas, moved from voluntary conservation to mandatory Phase Two restrictions on June 2, 2026 and to Phase Three on August 19, 2026 as drought left Brewer Lake more than 11 feet below its average level. Phase Three limits lawn watering to one day a week and bans filling empty pools; the utility is supplementing the lake with Cadron Creek and purchased water.","location":{"name":"Conway Corporation water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Faulkner County; Brewer Lake near Plumerville, Conway County","coordinates":{"lat":35.0887,"lon":-92.4421,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Faulkner","Conway"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AR0000189"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"layer_rationale":"Rainfall deficits reduced the reservoir that supplies the utility, forcing demand restrictions rather than a treatment failure.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health harm reported; the utility says the aim is to preserve supply as Brewer Lake sits more than 11 feet below average (ref 4).","service":"Phase Three (ref 3) limits lawn watering to one day a week and bars filling empty pools, a partial restriction, not loss of service.","scale":"EPA SDWIS lists Conway Water System serving 65,233 people (ref 1).","duration":"Conway Corp dates the drought to fall 2025 (ref 4); mandatory Phase Two began June 2 (ref 2) and Phase Three followed August 19 (ref 3).","significance":"Restrictions are enforceable under City of Conway Ordinance 0-99-74, with fines or discontinued service for violations (ref 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":65233,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Conway Water System per EPA SDWIS (ref 1); the utility also supplies wholesale customers not counted here."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Brewer Lake is more than 11 feet below its average level; Conway Corp is in Phase Three of a five-phase curtailment plan (ref 4)."},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Escalated from voluntary request to Phase Two (June 2, 2026) to Phase Three (August 19, 2026)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Conway Corporation","role":"Water utility and curtailment authority"},{"name":"City of Conway","role":"Ordinance 0-99-74 enforcement basis"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health","role":"Drinking-water primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Conway Corporation customer service, via conwaycorp.com/curtailment","corrective_actions":["Five-phase water curtailment plan with mandatory Phases Two and Three","Supplemental supply from Cadron Creek and Community Water Systems","Proposed Greers Ferry Lake supply (see related record)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Conway Water System (AR0000189), population served 65233","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS (Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AR0000189/JSON","basis":"primary federal","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":2,"title":"Conway Corp implements Phase Two water restrictions amid ongoing drought","publisher":"KATV","date":"2026-06-02","url":"https://katv.com/news/local/conway-corp-implements-phase-two-water-restrictions-amid-ongoing-drought-reporter-autumn-foltz-ceo-bret-carroll-meteorologist-austin-burkes","basis":"news"},{"ref":3,"title":"Conway sees new restrictions on water use as Water Curtailment Plan enters Phase 3","publisher":"KATV","date":"2026-08-19","url":"https://katv.com/news/local/conway-sees-new-restrictions-on-water-use-as-water-curtailment-plan-enters-phase-3","basis":"news"},{"ref":4,"title":"Water Curtailment","publisher":"Conway Corporation","date":"2026-05-28","url":"https://conwaycorp.com/?p=4098","basis":"utility notice","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (AR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Opened KATV (June 2, 2026 Phase Two; Aug 19, 2026 Phase Three: lawn watering once a week, no filling empty pools) and the Conway Corp curtailment page (fetched by WebFetch after curl returned HTTP 403): Phase Three listed as current, five-phase plan, Brewer Lake more than 11 feet below average, 5 million gallons a day from Cadron Creek, involuntary after June 1, 2026. The page carries no date. SDWIS skipped. No change."}]},{"revision":3,"change_type":"changed","issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AR-CONWAY-DROUGHT-CURTAILMENT-2026"],"measures":[{"name":"Brewer Lake capacity","value":28500,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"KATV (ref 2)."},{"name":"Planned raw water line","value":42,"unit":"inch diameter","status":"Reported","note":"KATV (ref 2)."}],"id":"US-AR-CONWAY-GREERS-FERRY-SUPPLY-2026","title":"Conway Corp plans Greers Ferry Lake supply, saying Brewer Lake will fall short by 2035","description":"On June 22, 2026 Conway Corporation CEO Bret Carroll announced plans to draw water from Greers Ferry Lake through a 42-inch raw water line and a new treatment plant, a project he said could take nine years. He said Brewer Lake, with 28,500 acre-feet of capacity, will not be big enough for Conway by 2035; residents pushed back online and some suspected data-center motives, which Carroll denied.","location":{"name":"Conway Corporation water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Faulkner County; Greers Ferry Lake intake planned across from Higden","coordinates":{"lat":35.0887,"lon":-92.4421,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Faulkner","Cleburne","Conway"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AR0000189"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"layer_rationale":"The finding concerns long-term raw-water source adequacy and infrastructure, not a treatment violation.","severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"No harm documented; the utility describes a future shortfall, not an outage (ref 2).","service":"No service loss tied to the plan itself; current restrictions are covered in the curtailment record.","scale":"Conway Water System serves 65,233 people per EPA SDWIS (ref 1).","duration":"Project could take nine years, and Carroll projects Brewer Lake inadequate by 2035 (ref 2).","significance":"Announced intent with Corps permits still required for a new intake (ref 2); no formal approval documented."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":65233,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Conway Water System per EPA SDWIS (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Carroll: \"We believe by the year 2035 that Lake Brewer will not be big enough to serve this community\" (ref 2)."},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Announced June 2026; no permits reported yet."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Conway Corporation","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","role":"Owner of Greers Ferry Lake; permits for intake"}],"public_contact":"Conway Corporation customer service, via conwaycorp.com","corrective_actions":["Seek Corps permits for a new Greers Ferry Lake intake","Partner with Community Water Systems treatment facility in Higden","Build 42-inch raw water line and new treatment plant"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Conway Water System (AR0000189), population served 65233","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS (Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AR0000189/JSON","basis":"primary federal","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":2,"title":"Conway Corp plans to tap Greers Ferry Lake to ease city water curtailment","publisher":"KATV","date":"2026-06-22","url":"https://katv.com/news/local/conway-corp-plans-to-tap-greers-ferry-lake-to-ease-city-water-curtailment","basis":"news"},{"ref":3,"title":"Water Curtailment","publisher":"Conway Corporation","date":"2026-05-28","url":"https://conwaycorp.com/?p=4098","basis":"utility notice","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (AR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"Opened KATV (June 22, 2026): quote about 2035, 42-inch raw water line, 28,500 acre-foot Brewer Lake, plan could take 9 years, Community Water Systems partnership. Conway Corp page confirmed via WebFetch (curl HTTP 403). SDWIS skipped. No change."}]},{"revision":3,"change_type":"changed","issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AR-FORT-SMITH-DATA-CENTER-WATER-RULES-2026"],"measures":[{"name":"Treatment capacity at both sources","value":49,"unit":"million gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Talk Business (ref 2)."}],"id":"US-AR-FORT-SMITH-DEMAND-CONSERVATION-2026","title":"Fort Smith asks for water conservation as peak demand outpaces treatment capacity","description":"On August 14, 2026 Fort Smith asked retail and wholesale customers to conserve voluntarily after two weeks without meaningful rain and triple-digit heat. Lake Fort Smith and Lee Creek were full, but treatment capacity of about 49 million gallons a day could not keep storage tanks refilling against peak and overnight irrigation demand.","location":{"name":"Fort Smith water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Sebastian County; wholesale to Barling, Lavaca, Van Buren and others","coordinates":{"lat":35.3859,"lon":-94.3985,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Sebastian"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AR0000507"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"layer_rationale":"Peak-day treatment and storage capacity, not raw-water availability, limited service.","severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"No health harm reported; both source lakes were at 100% capacity (ref 2).","service":"City asked for even/odd-day watering and no watering 9 a.m. to 7 p.m. as tanks struggled to refill (ref 2).","scale":"EPA SDWIS lists 86,209 people served (ref 1), with 13 wholesale customer systems also covered by the request (ref 2).","duration":"Request began August 14 after about two weeks of dry heat (ref 2); no end date reported.","significance":"Voluntary request only; mandatory measures not imposed (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":86209,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Fort Smith Water Utilities per EPA SDWIS (ref 1); wholesale customers served separately."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Treatment facilities at both sources provide about 49 million gallons a day (ref 2)."},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"City official had warned earlier in 2026 that one long hot summer could trigger conservation (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Fort Smith Water Utilities","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Benton/Washington Regional Public Water Authority","role":"Separate regional wholesaler that issued its own conservation call the same day"}],"public_contact":"City of Fort Smith Utilities Department, published city channels","corrective_actions":["Voluntary even/odd-day watering schedule","Avoid watering 9 a.m. to 7 p.m."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Fort Smith Water Utilities (AR0000507), population served 86209","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS (Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AR0000507/JSON","basis":"primary federal","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":2,"title":"Water conservation measures requested with all city, regional Fort Smith water users","publisher":"Talk Business & Politics","date":"2026-08-15","url":"https://talkbusiness.net/2026/08/water-conservation-measures-requested-with-all-city-regional-fort-smith-water-users/","basis":"news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"New record (AR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"Opened the Talk Business article (Aug 15, 2026): Aug 14 voluntary conservation request after two weeks without meaningful rain; Lake Fort Smith and Lee Creek at 100% capacity; treatment facilities about 49 million gallons a day; official had said earlier that one long hot summer could trigger conservation. SDWIS skipped. No change."}]},{"revision":3,"change_type":"changed","issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AR-FORT-SMITH-DEMAND-CONSERVATION-2026"],"measures":[],"id":"US-AR-FORT-SMITH-DATA-CENTER-WATER-RULES-2026","title":"Fort Smith directors seek data-center water rules, including a rate four times standard","description":"At an August 11, 2026 study session several Fort Smith directors asked staff to draft rules discouraging data centers, including water-use reports, connection approval for lines 2 inches or larger, and one director's proposal for a data-center water class at four times the existing rate. No data center is known to be planned in the Fort Smith metro; five large projects are announced statewide.","location":{"name":"Fort Smith water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Sebastian County; wholesale connections outside city limits","coordinates":{"lat":35.3859,"lon":-94.3985,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Sebastian"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AR0000507"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy","governance-affordability-equity"],"layer_rationale":"The issue is how a utility would price and approve large industrial water demand.","severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No harm documented; no data center is known to be under consideration locally (ref 2).","service":"No service change; staff is drafting a wholesale agreement and connection rules (ref 2).","scale":"Fort Smith serves 86,209 people per EPA SDWIS (ref 1).","duration":"Discussion dated to one August 11, 2026 study session (ref 2).","significance":"Board members formally directed staff toward rules; Act 851 of 2023 limits outright bans (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":86209,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Fort Smith Water Utilities per EPA SDWIS (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A director asked for a data-center water class with a rate four times the existing rate structure (ref 2)."},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First discussion reported August 2026."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Fort Smith Board of Directors","role":"Rule and rate authority"},{"name":"City of Fort Smith Water Utilities","role":"Water utility"}],"public_contact":"City of Fort Smith, published city channels","corrective_actions":["Staff to draft zoning and utility amendments","Standardized wholesale water agreement with board approval for connections 2 inches or larger"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Fort Smith Water Utilities (AR0000507), population served 86209","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS (Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AR0000507/JSON","basis":"primary federal","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":2,"title":"Fort Smith water surcharge one idea in crafting data center development rules","publisher":"Talk Business & Politics","date":"2026-08-12","url":"https://talkbusiness.net/2026/08/fort-smith-water-surcharge-one-idea-in-crafting-data-center-development-rules-several-members-of-the-fort-smith-board-of-directors-have-asked-city-staff-to-craft-new-or-amended-rules-around-water-use/","basis":"news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"New record (AR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"Opened the Talk Business article (Aug 12, 2026): Aug 11 study session; director asked for a data-center water class at four times the existing rate and a surcharge; staff drafting a wholesale agreement requiring board approval for connections of 2 inches or larger; no known data centers in the Fort Smith metro, five large projects announced statewide. SDWIS skipped. No change."}]},{"revision":3,"change_type":"changed","issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[],"measures":[{"name":"Peak-day water use, one planned data center","value":4,"unit":"million gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Stated by CAW CEO; the article does not say which center (ref 2)."}],"id":"US-AR-CENTRAL-ARKANSAS-WATER-DATA-CENTER-DEMAND-2026","title":"Central Arkansas Water: one planned data center could use 4 million gallons a day","description":"At a May 12, 2026 Pulaski County press conference, Central Arkansas Water CEO Tad Bohannan said one of two planned data centers (Google or AVAIO Digital) could use four million gallons of water a day on the hottest days. Utilities said they could meet demand without affecting reliability or shifting costs to residents; a justice of the peace said local water supply was her main concern.","location":{"name":"Central Arkansas Water service area","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Pulaski County; Little Rock area","coordinates":{"lat":34.7465,"lon":-92.2896,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Pulaski"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AR0000465"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"layer_rationale":"The finding concerns prospective large industrial draw on a municipal supply.","severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No harm documented; utilities said they could meet demand without affecting reliability (ref 2).","service":"No service impact reported; demand is prospective (ref 2).","scale":"EPA SDWIS lists Central Arkansas Water serving 368,455 people (ref 1).","duration":"Figure was given at a single May 12, 2026 event (ref 2).","significance":"Pulaski County officials were weighing data-center regulations at the hearing (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":368455,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Central Arkansas Water per EPA SDWIS (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"\"four million gallons of water per day on the hottest days of the year\" for one of the planned data centers (ref 2)."},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Projects still planned as of May 2026."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Central Arkansas Water","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Pulaski County Quorum Court","role":"Proposed data-center regulations"}],"public_contact":"Central Arkansas Water, published utility channels","corrective_actions":["County weighing data-center regulations"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Central Arkansas Water (AR0000465), population served 368455","publisher":"U.S. EPA SDWIS (Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AR0000465/JSON","basis":"primary federal","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":2,"title":"National debate over data centers comes to Arkansas","publisher":"Arkansas Advocate (via Arkadelphia Siftings Herald)","date":"2026-05-19","url":"https://arkadelphian.com/2026/05/19/arkansas-advocate-national-debate-over-data-centers-comes-to-arkansas/?amp=1","basis":"news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (AR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Opened the Arkansas Advocate article (Arkadelphian reprint). CAW CEO said one of the data centers could use four million gallons of water per day on the hottest days; two projects (Google and AVAIO Digital); press conference May 12, 2026; a justice of the peace cited water supply as her main concern. SDWIS record skipped (database). No change."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AR-MRVA-CRITICAL-GROUNDWATER-2023-2026","US-AR-SPARTA-UNION-JEFFERSON-RECOVERY-2025"],"measures":[{"name":"Wells declining, 1-year (2024 vs 2023)","value":75,"unit":"percent of 299 wells","status":"Reported","note":"Talk Business (ref 3)."},{"name":"Share of Arkansas water use from groundwater","value":71,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"ref 3."},{"name":"Crop irrigation share of statewide demand","value":80,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"ref 3."}],"id":"US-AR-STATEWIDE-GROUNDWATER-REPORT-2025","title":"State groundwater report: eastern and southern withdrawals still above sustainable levels","description":"The Arkansas Department of Agriculture's 2025 groundwater report, released July 2026, found alluvial aquifer averages up over one and ten years but down over five, and withdrawals in eastern and southern Arkansas still above sustainable levels. The prior report (2024 data) found 75% of 299 comparable wells fell, averaging -1.35 feet in a year. About 71% of state water use is groundwater and roughly 80% of demand is crop irrigation. The department's July 2026 release also says Act 812 matching grants (about $25 million a year) opened for applications in late June 2026 with awards expected in November 2026, and the proposed $500 million bond authority (Act 578) is on the November 2026 ballot.","location":{"name":"Arkansas aquifers","type":"Statewide groundwater condition","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Alluvial and Sparta/Memphis aquifers, eastern and southern Arkansas","coordinates":{"lat":34.8,"lon":-91.5,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural","drought-scarcity"],"layer_rationale":"Aquifer withdrawals exceeding recharge affect long-term water availability.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Report calls eastern and southern withdrawals above sustainable levels, but no well failures are cited (ref 1).","service":"No loss of service documented in the report coverage (ref 2).","scale":"Statewide: 71% of Arkansas water use is groundwater (ref 3).","duration":"2024 report (ref 3) and 2025 report (ref 1) both flag unsustainable withdrawal; the 2024 data show 5-year decline of 1.37 feet (ref 3).","significance":"Statutory annual state report under Ark. Code 15-22-906 and a water plan update (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"2024 data: 223 of 299 wells with comparable data (75%) declined, average change -1.35 feet (ref 3)."},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"2025 report: alluvial 1- and 10-year changes positive, 5-year negative; Sparta dipped 1 year but improved 5 and 10 years."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arkansas Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Division","role":"Groundwater monitoring and report"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Agriculture, published general channel","corrective_actions":["Arkansas Water Plan update Phase II","Groundwater Conservation Tax Credit (72 projects, $1.6 million, 10,800+ acres in FY25)","Conservation District Grants and USDA Alliance Program"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Annual groundwater report reinforces need for Arkansas Water Plan","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Agriculture","date":"2026-07-07","url":"https://agriculture.arkansas.gov/news/annual-groundwater-report-reinforces-need-for-arkansas-water-plan/","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Groundwater extractions in parts of the state remain above sustainable levels","publisher":"Talk Business & Politics","date":"2026-07-09","url":"https://talkbusiness.net/2026/07/groundwater-extractions-in-parts-of-the-state-remain-above-sustainable-levels/","basis":"news"},{"ref":3,"title":"Groundwater report shows aquifer decline","publisher":"Talk Business & Politics","date":"2025-08-11","url":"https://talkbusiness.net/2025/08/groundwater-report-shows-aquifer-decline/","basis":"news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (AR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Opened ADA release (2026-07-07), Talk Business 2026-07-09 and 2025-08-11 (via WebFetch/curl). Alluvial one- and ten-year averages up, five-year down; withdrawals above sustainable levels; 71% groundwater and 80% irrigation; 299 wells/-1.35 ft/223 wells (75%) confirmed. Added Act 812 and ballot details from the ADA release."}]},{"revision":2,"change_type":"changed","issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AR-STATEWIDE-GROUNDWATER-REPORT-2025"],"measures":[{"name":"Maximum Union County water-level decline","value":360,"unit":"feet (exceeded)","status":"Reported","note":"USGS 2004 publication cited on project page (ref 3)."}],"id":"US-AR-SPARTA-UNION-JEFFERSON-RECOVERY-2025","title":"Sparta aquifer recovering in Union and Jefferson counties after historic decline","description":"The Arkansas Department of Agriculture's 2024 groundwater report, released June 18, 2025, says Sparta aquifer levels continue to recover in historically declining areas, especially Union and Jefferson counties. USGS records water-level declines above 360 feet in parts of Union County since the 1920s and cites reuse, conservation and Ouachita River surface-water imports as the response; the 2025 report shows a slight one-year dip but gains over five and ten years.","location":{"name":"Sparta aquifer, Union and Jefferson counties","type":"Aquifer / critical groundwater area","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"South Arkansas; cone of depression near El Dorado","coordinates":{"lat":33.2076,"lon":-92.6663,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Union","Jefferson"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"layer_rationale":"Long-term aquifer storage is rebounding but remains a regional supply risk.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"USGS cites declines above 360 feet in parts of Union County (ref 3), a documented depletion legacy.","service":"No loss of service documented in the cited reports (ref 1).","scale":"Two counties of south Arkansas are named in the state report (ref 1).","duration":"Declines began in the early 1920s (ref 3); recovery noted in 2024 and 2025 reports (refs 1, 2).","significance":"State statutory report and a USGS monitoring network with the Union County Water Conservation Board (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Water-level declines have exceeded 360 feet in some Union County areas since the 1920s (USGS, ref 3)."},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Recovery in Union and Jefferson counties (ref 1); 2025 report: slight one-year dip, gains over 5 and 10 years (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arkansas Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Division","role":"Groundwater monitoring"},{"name":"Union County Water Conservation Board","role":"Local conservation partner"},{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey","role":"Monitoring network"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Agriculture, published general channel","corrective_actions":["Industry, El Dorado and Union County shifting to reuse, conservation and Ouachita River surface water","USGS monitoring of eight transducer wells"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2024 report provides update on Arkansas groundwater levels and trends","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Agriculture","date":"2025-06-18","url":"https://agriculture.arkansas.gov/news/2024-report-provides-update-on-arkansas-groundwater-levels-and-trends/","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Groundwater extractions in parts of the state remain above sustainable levels","publisher":"Talk Business & Politics","date":"2026-07-09","url":"https://talkbusiness.net/2026/07/groundwater-extractions-in-parts-of-the-state-remain-above-sustainable-levels/","basis":"news"},{"ref":3,"title":"Sparta Aquifer Recovery Project","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","date":"2017-06-30","url":"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/lower-mississippi-gulf-water-science-center/science/sparta-aquifer-recovery-project","basis":"primary federal"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (AR in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Opened ADA release (2025-06-18; Sparta recovering, especially Union and Jefferson), Talk Business 2026-07-09 (Sparta minor one-year decrease, gains over five and ten years) and USGS project page (declines more than 360 feet in some areas; development began early 1920s; page dated 2017-06-30, project 'completed'). Pages opened via WebFetch (HTTP 403 to curl). Matches; no change."}]},{"id":"US-AR-MAGNOLIA-SSO-EFFLUENT-CAO-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Magnolia sewer system: 12 overflows totaling 33 million gallons under state order","description":"A 2024 state Consent Administrative Order says Magnolia reported 12 sanitary sewer overflows totaling over 33 million gallons between February 2019 and June 2023, plus 25 effluent-limit violations (16 for ammonia) at its major wastewater plant, which sits on the EPA Significant Non-Compliance list. The city must study and repair its collection system and certify compliance by December 31, 2025.","location":{"name":"City of Magnolia wastewater system","type":"Municipal wastewater utility","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Magnolia, Columbia County; plant at 72 Columbia Road 300 discharges to Big Creek, then Dorcheat Bayou and the Red River (NPDES AR0043613)","coordinates":{"lat":33.27,"lon":-93.24,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Columbia"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Failing collection lines and an aging treatment plant caused untreated releases and permit exceedances.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ lists 12 unpermitted sewer overflows totaling over 33 million gallons and 25 effluent violations from 2019 to mid-2023 (ref 1).","service":"No loss of sewer service was reported in the order or DEQ meeting notes (refs 1, 3).","scale":"Citywide collection system of a municipal major facility serving Magnolia, with no published population served (ref 3).","duration":"Violations span February 2019 to December 2023, and a 2016 order preceded this one (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Consent Administrative Order LIS 24-042 carries a $5,400 penalty, stipulated penalties and a sewer system evaluation study mandate (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported. The order and DEQ notes do not state a population served."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"DEQ reports 12 sanitary sewer overflows totaling over 33 million gallons (Feb 2019-Jun 2023) and 25 effluent-limit violations."},"measures":[{"name":"Sanitary sewer overflows reported","value":12,"unit":"events","status":"Reported","note":"Feb 1, 2019 - Jun 30, 2023 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Overflow volume","value":33,"unit":"million gallons (over)","status":"Reported","note":"\"over thirty-three (33) million gallons\" (ref 1)."},{"name":"Civil penalty","value":5400,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["The December 2023 DEQ meeting notes say ARPA funds were being split between water and wastewater needs and a rate increase was to start January 1, 2024 (ref 3)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Two violation periods in the order (to June 2023, then to December 2023) show continuing exceedances; no later DEQ progress record was opened."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arkansas Division of Environmental Quality (DEQ), Arkansas Department of Energy and Environment","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement"},{"name":"City of Magnolia","role":"Facility owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas DEQ Office of Water Quality, 501-682-0744","corrective_actions":["Submit a P.E.-certified Corrective Action Plan with final compliance no later than December 31, 2025","Submit a Sewer System Evaluation Study with smoke testing, line televising and manhole inspections by April 9, 2025","Submit an SSO plan with a milestone schedule"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Consent Administrative Order, City of Magnolia (AR0043613)","publisher":"Arkansas DEQ","date":"2024-01-25","url":"https://www.adeq.state.ar.us/downloads/WebDatabases/PermitsOnline/NPDES/EnforcementReports/AR0043613_Proposed%20CAO_20240125.pdf","basis":"primary state"},{"ref":2,"title":"Executed CAO LIS 24-042 execution letter and compliance checklist","publisher":"Arkansas DEQ","date":"2024-03-04","url":"https://www.adeq.state.ar.us/downloads/WebDatabases/PermitsOnline/NPDES/EnforcementReports/AR0043613_CAO%20LIS%2024-042%20Execution%20Letter_20240304.pdf","basis":"primary state"},{"ref":3,"title":"Meeting minutes, City of Magnolia and DEQ, Dec. 21, 2023","publisher":"Arkansas DEQ","date":"2023-12-21","url":"https://www.adeq.state.ar.us/downloads/WebDatabases/PermitsOnline/NPDES/EnforcementReports/AR0043613_Meeting%20Minutes_20231221.pdf","basis":"primary state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (AR in-depth pass, group C)."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Opened proposed CAO (12 SSOs, over 33 million gallons; 25 effluent violations, 16 ammonia; $5,400 penalty; final compliance by Dec 31, 2025), execution letter 2024-03-04 (LIS 24-042) and 2023-12-21 minutes (SNC list). Matches; no change."}],"first_seen":"2023-12-21","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AR-LITTLE-ROCK-SSO-CAO-CLOSURE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Little Rock sewer overflow order closed in 2024 after 18 years; recurring spots remain","description":"Arkansas DEQ closed Little Rock Water Reclamation Authority's 2006 Consent Administrative Order (LIS 06-037) on March 18, 2024 after finding a significant reduction in sanitary sewer overflows. The utility reported about $500 million spent and 339 overflow locations mitigated; DEQ had flagged four recurring overflow locations and required annual reports through March 2026.","location":{"name":"Little Rock Water Reclamation Authority","type":"Municipal sewer utility service area","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Little Rock, Pulaski County; Adams Field (AR0021806) and Fourche Creek (AR0040177) plants","coordinates":{"lat":34.7,"lon":-92.25,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Pulaski"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Aging collection lines and wet-weather capacity drove overflows that required two decades of sewer rehabilitation and storage.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ flagged recurring overflow spots at Western Hills Avenue, McDaniel Drive, Hindman Park and Rebsamen Park Road in 2023 (ref 2); no health harm was cited.","service":"No loss of sewer service is described in the closure letter or utility report (refs 1, 3).","scale":"The authority is the sewer utility for the state capital, the largest sewer system in the state (refs 1, 3).","duration":"The order was entered March 9, 2006 and closed March 18, 2024, 18 years (refs 1, 3).","significance":"Consent Administrative Order LIS 06-037 and two amendments were closed by DEQ, which can still weigh them in future enforcement (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported. No population served figure appears in the opened documents."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Utility reports $500 million spent and 339 overflow locations mitigated since 2006; DEQ closed the order March 18, 2024."},"measures":[{"name":"Overflow locations mitigated since 2006","value":339,"unit":"locations","status":"Reported","note":"Utility-reported (ref 3)."},{"name":"Investment under the order","value":500,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Utility-reported, 20-year total (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"DEQ cited a significant reduction in sanitary sewer overflows, but listed recurring locations in December 2023 (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arkansas Division of Environmental Quality (DEQ), Arkansas Department of Energy and Environment","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement"},{"name":"Little Rock Water Reclamation Authority","role":"Facility owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas DEQ Office of Water Quality, 501-682-0744","corrective_actions":["Maintain corrective actions and submit annual reports to DEQ until March 18, 2026","Investigate and report on causes at recurring overflow locations","Provide an updated overflow volume estimation procedure"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Closure of Consent Administrative Order LIS 06-037","publisher":"Arkansas DEQ","date":"2024-03-18","url":"https://www.adeq.state.ar.us/downloads/WebDatabases/PermitsOnline/NPDES/EnforcementReports/AR0021806_CAO%20Closure%20Letter_20240318.pdf","basis":"primary state"},{"ref":2,"title":"LRWRA SSO review letter, CAO closure","publisher":"Arkansas DEQ","date":"2023-12-20","url":"https://www.adeq.state.ar.us/downloads/WebDatabases/PermitsOnline/NPDES/EnforcementReports/AR0021806_LRWRA%20SSO%20Letter_20231220.pdf","basis":"primary state"},{"ref":3,"title":"Certification of Final Compliance, CAO LIS 06-037 Closure Report","publisher":"Little Rock Water Reclamation Authority","date":"2023-11-21","url":"https://www.adeq.state.ar.us/downloads/WebDatabases/PermitsOnline/NPDES/EnforcementReports/AR0021806_Certification%20of%20Final%20Compliance_20231121.pdf","basis":"primary utility"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"New record (AR in-depth pass, group C)."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"Opened all three ADEQ PDFs: closure letter 2024-03-18 (CAO closed; significant SSO reduction; annual reports until March 18, 2026), 2023-12-20 review letter (four recurring SSO locations named), 2023-11-21 closure report ($500 million, 339 locations). Figures match; no change."}],"first_seen":"2023-11-21","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":["US-AR-LITTLE-ROCK-URBAN-FLOOD-2024-05"]},{"id":"US-AR-SALINE-COUNTY-WASTEWATER-CAO-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Saline County sewer plant exceeds design flow; state order bars new connections","description":"A 2025 state Consent Administrative Order says the Saline County Waterworks and Sewer plant (823 sewer connections) consistently exceeds its 0.2 MGD design flow and logged 42 effluent violations from May 2021 to December 2024, after violations back to 2016. The order restricts new connections and sets a July 1, 2028 final compliance date.","location":{"name":"Saline County Waterworks and Sewer WWTP","type":"Public facilities board wastewater plant","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Brookwood Road near Alexander, Saline County; discharges to Crooked Creek, then Fourche Creek and the Arkansas River (NPDES AR0044881)","coordinates":{"lat":34.62,"lon":-92.45,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Saline"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"An overloaded plant and unfinished upgrades cause repeated effluent failures and cap growth of the sewer system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ counts 23 ammonia, 14 suspended-solids and 5 fecal coliform violations from May 2021 to December 2024 (ref 1).","service":"The order bars new connections beyond the service area or past design flow without DEQ and Health Department approval (ref 1).","scale":"The plant serves 823 sewer connections, a small system (ref 1).","duration":"The order cites 43 violations from December 2016 and a corrective plan pending since January 2020, now due July 1, 2028 (ref 1).","significance":"Consent Administrative Order LIS 25-023 with a $6,750 penalty; the plant appeared on EPA's Significant Non-Compliance list (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported. The order gives 823 sewer connections but no population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The order cites 42 effluent-limit violations (May 2021-Dec 2024) and discharge consistently above the 0.2 MGD design flow at 823 connections."},"measures":[{"name":"Sewer connections served","value":823,"unit":"connections","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Design flow","value":0.2,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Discharge \"consistently exceeds\" design flow (ref 1)."},{"name":"Effluent violations","value":42,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"May 1, 2021 - Dec 31, 2024 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Final compliance date slipped from 2021 to 2022, 2023, 2024 and now July 1, 2028 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arkansas Division of Environmental Quality (DEQ), Arkansas Department of Energy and Environment","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement"},{"name":"Saline County Waterworks and Sanitary Sewer Public Facilities Board","role":"Facility owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas DEQ Office of Water Quality, 501-682-0744","corrective_actions":["Follow revised corrective action plan with final compliance July 1, 2028","Submit interim operating plan and P.E.-stamped staff evaluation within 60 days","Take and report monthly flow readings for two years","Restrict new sewer connections"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Consent Administrative Order LIS 25-023, Saline County Waterworks and Sanitary Sewer PFB (copy of state order)","publisher":"Arkansas DEQ","date":"2025-04-30","url":"https://www.mitchellwilliamslaw.com/webfiles/25-023.pdf","basis":"primary state"},{"ref":2,"title":"Wastewater Enforcement: DEQ and Saline County Waterworks Enter into Consent Administrative Order","publisher":"Mitchell Williams law firm bulletin","date":"2025-08-08","url":"https://www.mitchellwilliamslaw.com/getpdf.aspx?blog=16659","basis":"secondary other"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (AR in-depth pass, group C)."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Opened Mitchell Williams summary (2025-08-08): 23 ammonia, 14 TSS, 5 fecal coliform violations (42 total), 823 connections, 0.2 MGD design flow exceeded, connection restrictions, final compliance July 1, 2028, violations back to 2016. The state CAO PDF (ref 1) is a scanned image with no text layer, so the May 2021-Dec 2024 period could not be re-read; retained."}],"first_seen":"2025-04-30","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AR-RISON-WASTEWATER-CAO-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Rison sewage plant logged 45 effluent violations; state order sets 2026 deadline","description":"A February 2025 state Consent Administrative Order says Rison's municipal wastewater plant reported 45 effluent-limit violations (24 ammonia, 9 fecal coliform) from December 2020 to November 2023 and missed 25 monitoring reports. The city must follow its corrective plan and certify compliance by March 31, 2026; $5,350 of a $6,350 penalty is suspended pending compliance.","location":{"name":"City of Rison wastewater plant","type":"Municipal wastewater facility","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Rison, Cleveland County; discharges to an unnamed tributary, Harrison Creek and the Saline River (NPDES AR0021695)","coordinates":{"lat":33.96,"lon":-92.19,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Cleveland"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Treatment performance failures, not a network outage, are the documented problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ lists 24 ammonia nitrogen and 9 fecal coliform violations among 45 effluent exceedances in 2020-2023 (ref 1).","service":"No service interruption is described in the order (ref 1).","scale":"A single small-city plant in Cleveland County with no population stated (ref 1).","duration":"Violations span December 2020 to November 2023, and the corrective deadline is now March 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Consent Administrative Order LIS 25-009 with a $6,350 penalty, of which $5,350 is conditionally suspended (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported. The order states no population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The order cites 45 effluent-limit violations (Dec 2020-Nov 2023), ten missed non-compliance reports and 25 late monitoring reports."},"measures":[{"name":"Effluent violations","value":45,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"24 ammonia, 9 fecal coliform, 8 suspended solids, 3 pH, 1 dissolved oxygen (ref 1)."},{"name":"Civil penalty","value":6350,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"$5,350 conditionally suspended (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"DEQ approved a corrective plan in January 2024 and issued a construction permit in May 2024; no later results were opened (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arkansas Division of Environmental Quality (DEQ), Arkansas Department of Energy and Environment","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement"},{"name":"City of Rison","role":"Facility owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas DEQ Office of Water Quality, 501-682-0744","corrective_actions":["Follow DEQ-approved corrective action plan and milestone schedule","Submit quarterly progress reports and a final compliance certification by March 31, 2026","Submit all monitoring and non-compliance reports on time"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Consent Administrative Order LIS 25-009, City of Rison (copy of state order)","publisher":"Arkansas DEQ","date":"2025-02-04","url":"https://www.mitchellwilliamslaw.com/webfiles/25-009.pdf","basis":"primary state"},{"ref":2,"title":"Wastewater Enforcement: DEQ and City of Rison Enter into Consent Administrative Order","publisher":"Mitchell Williams law firm bulletin","date":"2025-07-30","url":"https://www.mitchellwilliamslaw.com/getpdf.aspx?blog=16633","basis":"secondary other"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (AR in-depth pass, group C)."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Opened Mitchell Williams summary (2025-07-30): 24 ammonia, 9 fecal coliform, 8 TSS, 3 pH, 1 DO violations (45 total), ten-month NCR gap, $6,350 penalty with $5,350 suspended, CAP-based compliance. The state CAO PDF (ref 1) is a scanned image with no text layer, so the Dec 2020-Nov 2023 period, 25 late reports and March 31, 2026 date could not be re-read; retained."}],"first_seen":"2025-02-04","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AR-ATKINS-SSO-CAO-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Atkins reports 16 sewer overflows over 264,000 gallons; state order runs to 2029","description":"A May 2025 state Consent Administrative Order says Atkins reported 16 sanitary sewer overflows totaling over 264,000 gallons at its North plant from December 2023 to January 2025, plus repeated effluent violations at both plants, after a 2019 overflow order. The city's revised schedule extends final compliance to December 29, 2029.","location":{"name":"City of Atkins wastewater system","type":"Municipal wastewater utility","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Atkins, Pope County; North plant discharges to the Arkansas River, South plant to Horsehead Branch (NPDES AR0034665, AR0034673)","coordinates":{"lat":35.25,"lon":-92.93,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Pope"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Inflow and infiltration into aging collection lines and an unsatisfactory lift station drive overflows and plant overloads.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ counts 16 overflows over 264,000 gallons at the North plant, plus 9 BOD and 7 dissolved-oxygen exceedances in 2023-2025 (ref 1).","service":"No loss of service is described; a poorly performing lift station was adjusted (ref 1).","scale":"Citywide collection system and two plants for a small city (ref 1).","duration":"The overflow order dates to August 2019 and the final compliance date is December 29, 2029 (ref 1).","significance":"Consent Administrative Order LIS 25-043 follows CAO LIS 19-074 and its 2020 amendment (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported. The order states no population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"DEQ reports 16 sanitary sewer overflows totaling over 264,000 gallons (Dec 2023-Jan 2025) at the North plant."},"measures":[{"name":"Overflows, North plant","value":16,"unit":"events","status":"Reported","note":"Dec 1, 2023 - Jan 31, 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Overflow volume, North plant","value":264000,"unit":"gallons (over)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Reported overflows rose from 6 events (over 2,000 gallons) in April-November 2023 to 16 events (over 264,000 gallons) in the next 14 months (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arkansas Division of Environmental Quality (DEQ), Arkansas Department of Energy and Environment","role":"NPDES permitting and enforcement"},{"name":"City of Atkins","role":"Facility owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas DEQ Office of Water Quality, 501-682-0744","corrective_actions":["Reduce inflow and infiltration through collection-system rehabilitation","Televise areas where sources of inflow remain unlocated","Follow revised milestone schedule to December 29, 2029"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Consent Administrative Order LIS 25-043, City of Atkins (copy of state order)","publisher":"Arkansas DEQ","date":"2025-05-15","url":"https://www.mitchellwilliamslaw.com/webfiles/25-043.pdf","basis":"primary state"},{"ref":2,"title":"Wastewater Enforcement: DEQ and City of Atkins Enter into Consent Administrative Order","publisher":"Mitchell Williams law firm bulletin","date":"2025-07-02","url":"https://www.mitchellwilliamslaw.com/getpdf.aspx?blog=16573","basis":"secondary other"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (AR in-depth pass, group C)."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Opened the CAO LIS 25-043 PDF (scanned; read by OCR) and the Mitchell Williams summary dated 07/02/2025. Confirmed: sixteen SSOs totaling over 264,000 gallons at the North plant (the CAO states Dec 1, 2023 through Jan 31, 2025; the law-firm summary misprints the end year as 2023), final compliance date Dec 29, 2029, civil penalty $6,400. No change."}],"first_seen":"2025-05-15","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["population_affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AR-STATEWIDE-FLUORIDATION-MANDATE-REPEAL-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Arkansas Senate passed fluoridation repeal in 2025; bill died in House committee","description":"Senate Bill 2 of 2025 would have repealed Arkansas's statewide fluoridation program, which requires systems serving at least 5,000 people to maintain fluoride levels set by the Department of Health. After failing 4-4 in a Senate committee on Feb. 12, 2025, the bill was extracted and passed the Senate on Apr. 8, 2025, then died in a House committee at sine die adjournment on May 5, 2025. Whether the 2026 session revisited the mandate was not verified.","location":{"name":"Arkansas statewide fluoridation program","type":"State public-health mandate","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Statewide; applies to public water systems serving at least 5,000 people","coordinates":{"lat":34.75,"lon":-92.29,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is a state policy decision on whether public water systems must fluoridate, not a facility condition.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health harm is documented; the bill would have removed a mandate, and it did not become law (ref 2).","service":"No change in water service resulted, since the bill died in the House (ref 2).","scale":"The mandate covers every system serving at least 5,000 people statewide (ref 1).","duration":"The bill ran from filing on 11/20/2024 to its death on 5/5/2025, about five and a half months (ref 2).","significance":"A bill passed one chamber on 4/8/2025 but never became law (ref 2); formal legislative action without a binding outcome."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Senate Bill 2 failed 4-4 in the Senate Public Health Committee on Feb. 12, 2025, then passed the full Senate on Apr. 8, 2025 and died in a House committee on May 5, 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"Committee roll call on SB2","value":4,"unit":"votes for (of 8)","status":"Reported","note":"Four for, four against; five were needed (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"The repeal failed in committee, passed the Senate after an extraction vote, then died in the House (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arkansas General Assembly","role":"Legislature that considered SB2"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Health","role":"Sets required fluoride levels"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Health, published general contact","corrective_actions":["The existing statewide fluoridation requirement was not repealed in the 2025 session."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Fluoridation repeal measure stalls in Senate committee","publisher":"Talk Business & Politics","date":"2025-02-12","url":"https://talkbusiness.net/2025/02/fluoridation-repeal-measure-stalls-in-senate-committee/","basis":"news"},{"ref":2,"title":"SB2 of 2025, bill status page","publisher":"Arkansas General Assembly","date":"2025-05-05","url":"https://arkleg.state.ar.us/Bills/Detail?id=SB2&ddBienniumSession=2025%2F2025R","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (AR in-depth pass, groups D+E)."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Opened Talk Business (2025-02-12: failed 4-4 in Senate Public Health) and bill status page (extracted 4/3-4/8/2025, passed Senate 4/8/2025, died in House committee at sine die 5/5/2025). Matches; no change."}],"first_seen":"2024-11-20","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["2026 session action on fluoridation","number of systems affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AR-STATEWIDE-WATER-PLAN-SURFACE-WATER-ALLOCATION-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"2026 Arkansas Water Plan update re-estimates surface water open to non-riparian users","description":"The state's draft 2026 water plan update puts excess surface water available for non-riparian allocation at 9.4 million acre-feet a year, up from an estimated 8.7 million in 2014. It says the East planning region is tightest (8.85 vs 8.90 million acre-feet), with 86 percent of its demand met from groundwater, and lists six draft recommendations on surface-water quantity, including a review of non-riparian permits.","location":{"name":"Arkansas surface-water allocation (statewide)","type":"State water-allocation framework","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Seven major river basins; five planning regions","coordinates":{"lat":34.75,"lon":-92.29,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["surface-water","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns how much surface water the state can allocate and where supply and demand meet.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No harm is documented; the slides call the data provisional and subject to change (ref 1).","service":"No service disruption is reported; the plan says surface water is not yet captured or delivered where needed in the East (ref 1).","scale":"The slides cover all seven river basins and five planning regions (ref 1).","duration":"The update runs from the Phase I scoping in 2023-24 through planned completion in Aug.-Sept. 2026, with the last plan dated 2014 (ref 1).","significance":"A formal state planning process under Executive Order 23-27 with 43 draft recommendations (ref 1); no binding rule yet."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Excess surface water available for non-riparian use rose from an estimated 8.7 to 9.4 million acre-feet per year; up to 25 percent of a watershed's average annual yield may be allocated to non-riparian users."},"measures":[{"name":"Excess surface water (2026 update)","value":9.4,"unit":"million acre-feet/yr","status":"Reported","note":"Draft; 2014 plan estimate was 8.7 (ref 1)."},{"name":"East region demand vs excess surface water","value":8.85,"unit":"million acre-feet/yr demand","status":"Reported","note":"Compared with 8.90 million available; 86% of East demand is groundwater (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The plan is still draft and marked provisional (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arkansas Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Division","role":"Water planning and non-riparian allocation"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Agriculture, published general contact","corrective_actions":["Phase II plan update with 43 draft recommendations, including review of non-riparian permits, instream-flow science and a White River Basin Study."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2026 Arkansas Water Plan Update, virtual stakeholder meeting slides","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Agriculture","date":"2026-07-08","url":"https://media.ark.org/agri/AWP-Virtual-Stakeholder_July-8-2026.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (AR in-depth pass, groups D+E)."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Opened July 8, 2026 water plan slides: 9.4 vs 8.7 MAF/yr, East 8.85 vs 8.90 MAF with 86% groundwater, 25% watershed yield limit confirmed. Corrected: the slides list six surface-water-quantity recommendations (AR-18 to AR-23), not eight."}],"first_seen":"2026-07-08","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["final adopted plan text","non-riparian permit counts"],"related_ids":["US-AR-MRVA-CRITICAL-GROUNDWATER-2023-2026"]},{"id":"US-AR-STATEWIDE-LEVEE-FLOOD-GOVERNANCE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Arkansas water plan flags fragmented levee oversight and aging flood maps","description":"The state's 2026 water plan update says only 20 of 93 levee systems complied with a 2017 reporting law at the time of the 2019 Arkansas River flood, and that many drainage and levee districts still lack consistent training, finances and governance. It finds flood maps average about 17 years old and flood funding is mostly reactive and post-disaster, and proposes a recurring Resilience and Flood Mitigation Fund.","location":{"name":"Arkansas levee and flood-risk system (statewide)","type":"State flood-control and levee districts","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Statewide; 109 levee systems in the National Levee Database","coordinates":{"lat":34.75,"lon":-92.29,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"The issue combines levee and drainage infrastructure condition with weak district governance and funding.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The slides note the 2019 flood caused widespread levee damage; current harm is potential, not a documented new event (ref 1).","service":"No service loss is reported in the plan update (ref 1).","scale":"109 systems are in the National Levee Database, with up to 34 more identified (ref 1).","duration":"Compliance gaps date from the 2017 law and 2019 flood and recur in the 2024-26 inventory (ref 1).","significance":"The finding appears in draft recommendations and a state-USACE inventory, not an enforcement action (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Only 20 of 93 levee systems complied with the 2017 state reporting law at the time of the May-June 2019 Arkansas River flood."},"measures":[{"name":"Levee systems in National Levee Database","value":109,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"State database tracks 85 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Average age of flood insurance rate maps","value":17,"unit":"years","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate, per slides (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["rate increases to fund capital and operating costs"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The 2024-26 inventory is the first systematic review cited (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arkansas Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Division","role":"State water and flood planning"},{"name":"Local levee and drainage districts","role":"Operators"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Agriculture, published general contact","corrective_actions":["Recommended annual district reporting and training, a Resilience and Flood Mitigation Fund, and FIRM and base-level-engineering updates."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2026 Arkansas Water Plan Update, virtual stakeholder meeting slides","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Agriculture","date":"2026-07-08","url":"https://media.ark.org/agri/AWP-Virtual-Stakeholder_July-8-2026.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (AR in-depth pass, groups D+E)."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Opened July 8, 2026 water plan slides (marked provisional): 20 of 93 levee systems compliant (2017), 109 systems in National Levee Database, FIRMs average about 17 years old, funding mostly reactive, proposed Resilience & Flood Mitigation Fund. Matches; no change."}],"first_seen":"2026-07-08","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["district-level compliance counts for 2026"],"related_ids":["US-AR-STATEWIDE-FLOOD-2025-DR4873"]},{"id":"US-AR-STATEWIDE-WATER-FUNDING-ACTS-2025-BALLOT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Arkansas 2025 water funding laws send a $500 million bond question to 2026 voters","description":"Three 2025 laws direct roughly $575 million toward water and sewer projects: Act 578 (SB 421) authorizes natural-resources general obligation bonds, Act 736 lets more private systems convert to public water authorities, and Act 812 creates a $25 million-a-year grant program. The state's water plan update puts the 20-year infrastructure need at about $20 billion and reports average statewide water loss of 21.4 percent.","location":{"name":"Arkansas water and wastewater funding (statewide)","type":"State infrastructure funding programs","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Statewide","coordinates":{"lat":34.75,"lon":-92.29,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is state funding and governance capacity against a large infrastructure need.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No direct harm is documented; the plan cites aging pipes, with 63% of surveyed systems reporting a violation in five years (ref 3).","service":"The sources report no service disruption from the funding gap itself (refs 1, 3).","scale":"The funding programs and the $20 billion need are statewide (refs 1, 3).","duration":"The plan describes chronic underfunding over the 20-year need period (ref 3).","significance":"Act 578 is enacted, with a 2026 ballot question reported by KARK (refs 1, 2); the plan update is still draft."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Three laws signed in April 2025 direct about $575 million to water infrastructure against a projected $20 billion 20-year need."},"measures":[{"name":"Projected infrastructure need over 20 years","value":20,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"Draft state water plan (ref 3)."},{"name":"Average statewide water loss","value":21.4,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"National average cited as 14-16% (ref 3)."},{"name":"Water and Sewer Treatment Facilities Grant Program","value":25,"unit":"million USD per year","status":"Reported","note":"Three years, from interest earnings, 20% for systems of 1,200 or fewer (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["rate increases to fund capital and operating costs"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The funding laws are new and the ballot question had not been decided as of the cited sources (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arkansas Natural Resources Commission","role":"Bond issuer under Act 578"},{"name":"Arkansas Department of Agriculture","role":"State water planning"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Department of Agriculture, published general contact","corrective_actions":["Act 812 grant program","Act 736 public water authority conversions","2026 ballot question on Act 578 bonds"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Three new laws pump $575 million into Arkansas water infrastructure","publisher":"KARK Little Rock","date":"2025-04-23","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/three-laws-pump-575-million-212435390.html","basis":"news"},{"ref":2,"title":"SB421 of 2025 (Act 578), bill status page","publisher":"Arkansas General Assembly","date":"2025-04-14","url":"https://arkleg.state.ar.us/Bills/Detail?id=SB421&ddBienniumSession=2025%2F2025R","basis":"state"},{"ref":3,"title":"2026 Arkansas Water Plan Update, virtual stakeholder meeting slides","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Agriculture","date":"2026-07-08","url":"https://media.ark.org/agri/AWP-Virtual-Stakeholder_July-8-2026.pdf","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (AR in-depth pass, groups D+E)."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Opened KARK 2025-04-23 (Act 736, Act 812 $25 million a year, Act 578 $500 million ballot 2026, $575 million total), SB421 bill page and July 2026 water plan slides ($20B need over 20 years; 21.4% water loss). Matches; no change."}],"first_seen":"2025-04-14","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["ballot language and election date","funding awarded under Act 812"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AR-FEMA-DR4788-MAY-2024-STORMS-FLOODING","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Federal major disaster declared for late May 2024 storms and flooding in northern Arkansas","description":"A federal major disaster (DR-4788) was declared May 30, 2024 for severe storms, straight-line winds, tornadoes and flooding from May 24 to 27, 2024. Individual Assistance was approved for eight counties and Public Assistance for ten, mostly in north-central and northwest Arkansas.","location":{"name":"Northern Arkansas DR-4788 declaration area","type":"Federal disaster declaration area","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Baxter, Benton, Boone, Carroll, Fulton, Greene, Madison, Marion, Nevada, Randolph and Sharp counties","coordinates":{"lat":36.2,"lon":-92.4,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Baxter","Benton","Boone","Carroll","Fulton","Greene","Madison","Marion","Nevada","Randolph","Sharp"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"The declaration covers flood and storm damage to roads, property and public infrastructure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"FEMA lists flooding among the declared hazards (ref 1); counts of injuries or deaths were not in the opened pages.","service":"The pages list assistance programs but report no water-service loss (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Eight Individual Assistance and ten Public Assistance counties are designated (ref 2).","duration":"Recovery assistance ran from the May 2024 declaration, with an SBA economic-injury deadline of March 3, 2025 (ref 2).","significance":"A presidential major disaster declaration, amended June 12, 2024 (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Major disaster declaration DR-4788-AR, May 30, 2024, for storms and flooding May 24-27, 2024."},"measures":[{"name":"Public Assistance counties","value":10,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"Baxter, Benton, Boone, Carroll, Fulton, Madison, Marion, Nevada, Randolph, Sharp (ref 2)."},{"name":"Individual Assistance counties","value":8,"unit":"counties","status":"Reported","note":"Includes Greene (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"The IA application period has closed (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"FEMA","role":"Federal disaster declaration and assistance"},{"name":"Arkansas Division of Emergency Management","role":"State recovery coordination"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Division of Emergency Management: dps.arkansas.gov/emergency-management/adem","corrective_actions":["FEMA Individual and Public Assistance; SBA disaster loans."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Arkansas Severe Storms, Straight-line Winds, Tornadoes, and Flooding (DR-4788-AR)","publisher":"FEMA","date":"2024-05-30","url":"https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4788","basis":"federal"},{"ref":2,"title":"Disaster information, DR-4788-AR and other declarations","publisher":"Arkansas Division of Emergency Management","date":"2024-07-29","url":"https://dps.arkansas.gov/emergency-management/adem/recovery/disaster-information/","basis":"state"},{"ref":3,"title":"Amendment No. 2 to FEMA-4788-DR","publisher":"FEMA (Federal Register notice)","date":"2024-06-12","url":"https://fema.gov/disaster-federal-register-notice/4788-dr-ar-amendment-002","basis":"federal"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (AR in-depth pass, groups D+E)."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Opened all three sources (curl returned HTTP 403 for them; read by WebFetch). FEMA 4788 page: declared May 30, 2024, incident period May 24-27, 2024, individual assistance application period closed, last updated July 1, 2026. ADEM page: PA counties Baxter, Benton, Boone, Carroll, Fulton, Madison, Marion, Nevada, Randolph, Sharp (10); IA counties Baxter, Benton, Boone, Fulton, Greene, Madison, Marion, Randolph (8). Amendment No. 2 (June 12, 2024) adds counties as recorded. The FEMA designated-areas page itself lists none, relying on the ADEM page. No change."}],"first_seen":"2024-05-24","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["injury and damage totals"],"related_ids":["US-AR-LITTLE-ROCK-URBAN-FLOOD-2024-05"]},{"id":"US-AR-STATEWIDE-WINTER-STORM-EM3636-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Federal emergency declared for January 2026 Arkansas winter storm","description":"FEMA issued emergency declaration EM-3636-AR on Jan. 24, 2026 for a severe winter storm (incident period Jan. 23-27), and Gov. Sanders later proclaimed a disaster area for five counties for weather from Jan. 23 to 29. The National Weather Service reported mostly sleet and snow, with sleet loads collapsing docks, poultry houses and roofs, over a state already in D3-D4 drought in parts of the north and east. Water-system impacts from this storm were not documented in the opened sources.","location":{"name":"Arkansas January 2026 winter storm declaration area","type":"Federal emergency declaration area","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Statewide emergency; state disaster counties Howard, Nevada, Ouachita, Pike and Saline","coordinates":{"lat":34.75,"lon":-92.29,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The declaration concerns storm damage to infrastructure; no water-quality issue is documented.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No health or environmental harm is documented in the opened sources (refs 1, 3).","service":"The opened sources report no water-service loss; boil advisories after this storm were not verified (ref 3).","scale":"The federal emergency declaration is statewide (ref 1).","duration":"The incident period was four days, Jan. 23-27, 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"A presidential emergency declaration and a governor's disaster proclamation DR 26-01 dated April 13, 2026 (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Emergency declaration EM-3636-AR, Jan. 24, 2026; state proclamation DR 26-01 covers five counties."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"The weather event ended Jan. 29 and recovery is administrative (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"FEMA","role":"Federal emergency declaration"},{"name":"Arkansas Division of Emergency Management","role":"State emergency operations"},{"name":"Governor of Arkansas","role":"State disaster proclamation"}],"public_contact":"Arkansas Division of Emergency Management: dps.arkansas.gov/emergency-management/adem","corrective_actions":["State Emergency Operations Center activated Jan. 23, 2026; Public Assistance for five counties under DR 26-01."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Arkansas Severe Winter Storm (EM-3636-AR)","publisher":"FEMA","date":"2026-01-24","url":"https://www.fema.gov/disaster/3636","basis":"federal"},{"ref":2,"title":"Governor Sanders issues proclamation declaring a disaster area from severe winter weather","publisher":"Office of the Governor of Arkansas","date":"2026-04-14","url":"https://governor.arkansas.gov/news_post/governor-sanders-issues-proclamation-declaring-a-disaster-area-from-severe-winter-weather-on-or-about-january-23-2026/","basis":"state"},{"ref":3,"title":"January 2026 climate summary, NWS Little Rock","publisher":"National Weather Service","date":"2026-02-01","url":"https://www.weather.gov/lzk/jan2026.htm","basis":"federal"},{"ref":4,"title":"ADEM activates State Emergency Operations Center ahead of winter storm","publisher":"Arkansas Department of Public Safety","date":"2026-01-23","url":"https://dps.arkansas.gov/news/adem-activates-state-emergency-operations-center-ahead-of-winter-storm/","basis":"state"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"New record (AR in-depth pass, groups D+E)."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"Opened FEMA (declared Jan 24, 2026; incident Jan 23-27), governor proclamation DR 26-01 (signed Apr 13, page Apr 14, 2026; Howard, Nevada, Ouachita, Pike, Saline; Jan 23-29), NWS January 2026 summary (sleet collapses) and ADEM release (Jan 23, 2026). FEMA, governor and ADEM pages opened via WebFetch (HTTP 403 to curl). Matches; no change."}],"first_seen":"2026-01-23","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["water-system outages or boil advisories linked to the storm"],"related_ids":["US-AR-STATEWIDE-RECURRING-DROUGHT-2023-2026"]},{"id":"US-AR-LITTLE-ROCK-SEWER-RATE-INCREASE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Little Rock Water Reclamation sewer rate increase took effect February 2026","description":"The Little Rock Water Reclamation Commission and the city Board of Directors approved a 7.25 percent sewer rate increase in 2025, effective Feb. 1, 2026. The utility said the money supports a 10-year, nearly $600 million repair plan for its sewer system; a June 2025 local TV report described the proposal as 7.2 percent over five years, 2026-2030, about $3.50 more per bill each year. The two descriptions were not reconciled.","location":{"name":"Little Rock Water Reclamation Authority service area","type":"Municipal sewer utility service area","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Little Rock and surrounding Pulaski County customers","coordinates":{"lat":34.7465,"lon":-92.2896,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Pulaski"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is the rate-funded cost of a large sewer repair program.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health harm is tied to the rate action in the cited sources (refs 1, 2).","service":"No service disruption is reported; the plan is for maintenance and upgrades (ref 2).","scale":"The utility has three treatment plants and about 1,400 square miles of sewer lines (ref 2).","duration":"Increases are proposed for 2026 through 2030 (ref 2).","significance":"A formal rate adjustment approved by the Commission and Board; effective Feb. 1, 2026 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Residential service charge of $13.87 plus $5.15 per 100 cubic feet inside city limits as of Feb. 1, 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"Approved rate adjustment","value":7.25,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Approved 2025, effective Feb. 1, 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"10-year repair plan cost","value":600,"unit":"million USD (nearly)","status":"Reported","note":"Per the utility CFO (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["rate increases to fund capital and operating costs"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Further annual increases through 2030 were proposed (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Little Rock Water Reclamation Authority","role":"Sewer utility"},{"name":"Little Rock Board of Directors","role":"Approves sewer rates"}],"public_contact":"Little Rock Water Reclamation Authority customer center: lrwra.com","corrective_actions":["10-year sewer repair and improvement plan funded through rates."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Rates, Little Rock Water Reclamation Authority","publisher":"Little Rock Water Reclamation Authority","date":"2026-02-01","url":"https://lrwra.com/customer-center/rates/","basis":"local_government"},{"ref":2,"title":"Little Rock Water Reclamation Authority proposing future rate increase for customers","publisher":"KARK Little Rock","date":"2025-06-07","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/little-rock-water-reclamation-authority-001406881.html","basis":"news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"New record (AR in-depth pass, groups D+E)."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"Opened LRWRA rates page (7.25% approved 2025, effective Feb 2026; $13.87 service charge and $5.15 per 100 cf effective Feb 1, 2026 confirmed) and KARK June 7, 2025 article (10-year plan nearly $600 million; 2026-2030; $3.50 per year; 'not final'). All figures match; no change."}],"first_seen":"2025-06-07","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["customer count","annual schedule of increases 2027-2030"],"related_ids":["US-AR-FORT-SMITH-WASTEWATER-MASSARD-2024"]},{"id":"US-AR-BENTONVILLE-WATER-RATE-DOUBLING-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Bentonville council doubles water rates in March 2025","description":"On March 11, 2025 the Bentonville City Council passed an ordinance doubling monthly fixed and usage water rates for residential and commercial customers, adding about $25 a month to the average customer's water cost. The council had tabled the ordinance on Feb. 25 and held a public forum on March 10. The increase applies only to the water portion of the utility bill.","location":{"name":"Bentonville Water Utilities","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Bentonville, Benton County","coordinates":{"lat":36.3729,"lon":-94.2088,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Benton"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AR0000041"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is a large one-step rate increase on a municipal water utility's customers.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health harm is reported in the rate coverage (refs 2, 3).","service":"No service interruption is reported; the change affects bills only (ref 3).","scale":"Bentonville Water Utilities serves 51,250 people per SDWIS (ref 1).","duration":"The increase took effect with the new ordinance and is ongoing (ref 3).","significance":"A city ordinance passed March 11, 2025 after being tabled Feb. 25 (refs 2, 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":51250,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per EPA SDWIS (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Monthly fixed and usage water rates doubled; the average customer pays about $25 more per month (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Average customer water cost increase","value":25,"unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","note":"Per KNWA (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["rate increases to fund capital and operating costs"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Rates doubled in one step, effective with the 2025 ordinance (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Bentonville City Council","role":"Adopted the rate ordinance"},{"name":"Bentonville Water Utilities","role":"Water utility"}],"public_contact":"Bentonville Water Utilities customer service via the City of Bentonville","corrective_actions":["Rate ordinance of March 11, 2025."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record AR0000041","publisher":"US EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AR0000041/JSON","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":2,"title":"Bentonville City Council tables water rate increase ordinance","publisher":"KNWA Fayetteville","date":"2025-02-26","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/bentonville-city-council-tables-water-023222726.html","basis":"news"},{"ref":3,"title":"Bentonville City Council passes ordinance doubling monthly water rates","publisher":"KNWA Fayetteville","date":"2025-03-11","url":"https://digital-release.nwahomepage.com/?p=2201214","basis":"news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (AR in-depth pass, groups D+E)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Opened both KNWA articles (the SDWIS record is an undated database lookup and was skipped). Feb 25, 2025 council tabled the ordinance (article posted Feb 25/26, 2025); March 11, 2025 council passed the ordinance doubling fixed and usage rates, about $25 more per month for the average customer, water portion only. No change."}],"first_seen":"2025-02-26","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["the city's stated reason for the increase","effective date of the new rates"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AR-MADISON-COUNTY-WATER-RATE-INCREASES-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Madison County Water Facilities Board schedules three rate increases through mid-2026","description":"The Madison County Water Facilities Board announced on April 9, 2025 a series of increases: the minimum charge and the per-1,000-gallon charge each rise $0.70 on the July 1, 2025 billing cycle and again on Jan. 1, 2026, with a further increase on June 1, 2026 whose amount was not stated. The board said the changes were needed to comply with Arkansas law and cover rising costs.","location":{"name":"Madison County Water Facilities Board","type":"Public facilities board water system","state":"AR","states":["AR"],"detail":"Madison County, northwest Arkansas","coordinates":{"lat":36.0856,"lon":-93.7377,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Madison"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AR0000349"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is phased rate increases justified by state-law compliance and cost recovery.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health harm is reported in the board's announcement (ref 2).","service":"No service disruption is reported; only charges change (ref 2).","scale":"The system serves 11,435 people per SDWIS (ref 1).","duration":"Three increases are staged from July 2025 to June 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"A formal board action announced April 9, 2025, citing state law (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":11435,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per EPA SDWIS (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Minimum and per-1,000-gallon charges each rise $0.70 on July 1, 2025 and again on Jan. 1, 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"Minimum charge increase per step","value":0.7,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"July 1, 2025 and Jan. 1, 2026 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["rate increases to fund capital and operating costs"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Three staged increases ending June 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Madison County Water Facilities Board","role":"Water system owner and rate setter"}],"public_contact":"Madison County Water Facilities Board, Huntsville, Arkansas","corrective_actions":["Phased rate schedule July 2025 to June 2026."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record AR0000349","publisher":"US EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AR0000349/JSON","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":2,"title":"Madison County Water Facilities Board announces rate increases","publisher":"KNWA Fayetteville","date":"2025-04-09","url":"https://digital-release.nwahomepage.com/?p=2229785","basis":"news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (AR in-depth pass, groups D+E)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Opened KNWA article (posted 2025-04-09): $0.70 on minimum and per-1,000 gallons from July 1, 2025 and Jan. 1, 2026, further increase June 1, 2026 (amount not stated), needed to comply with state law. Matches. SDWIS record (population 11,435) is an undated database, not re-queried."}],"first_seen":"2025-04-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["amount of the June 2026 increase","which state law the board cited"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CA-HILMAR-NITRATE-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hilmar County Water District repeats nitrate warnings for Well 7 (22 mg/L)","description":"Hilmar County Water District issues numbered nitrate drinking-water warnings; its 31st follow-up, distributed July 31, 2026, reports Well 7 at 22 mg/L against the 10 mg/L limit. The district says the blended supply served to customers measured 0.3 to 0.5 mg/L and that the well supplies minimal volume. SDWIS lists 13 health-based nitrate violation records for the system since January 2024. The district's notice page now lists a 33rd follow-up notice dated September 2026 (ref 4); its contents could not be opened.","location":{"name":"Hilmar County Water District","type":"Community water district","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Hilmar, Merced County; wells 6, 7 and 8 blended before distribution","coordinates":{"lat":37.405,"lon":-120.848,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Merced"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CA2410012"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nitrate in one source well drives recurring notices while blended water is reported below the limit.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Well 7 measured 22.0 mg/L against the 10 mg/L MCL (ref 1); the blended point was 0.3 to 0.5 mg/L, so exposure at the tap is not documented.","service":"District says customers may use the water normally; notice only warns infants under 6 months and pregnant women (ref 1).","scale":"One community system of 5,504 people (ref 2).","duration":"SDWIS lists 13 nitrate violation records beginning January 2024 (ref 3) and the notices reached a 31st follow-up by July 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Repeated public notices and SDWIS health-based violations (refs 1, 3); no enforcement order was found."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":5504,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"\"Well #7: Levels between 22.0 milligrams per liter (mg/L) and 22.0 mg/L\" (ref 1), versus a 10 mg/L MCL"},"measures":[{"name":"Well 7 nitrate, June 30 to July 27, 2026","value":22,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Blend sample point nitrate, same period","value":0.5,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Reported range 0.3 to 0.5 mg/L (ref 1)."},{"name":"Nitrate violation records in SDWIS, since Jan 2024","value":13,"unit":"records","status":"Reported","note":"Count from EPA bulk pull (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Well 7 read 22 mg/L in every weekly July 2026 sample (ref 1); the blend point stayed at or below 0.5 mg/L."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Hilmar County Water District","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"California State Water Resources Control Board, Division of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Hilmar County Water District, General Manager's office, via hilmarcwd.org","corrective_actions":["Wells 6, 7 and 8 are blended before service","District posts monthly nitrate notices and mails them with bills","Notice advises bottled water for infants and pregnant women"],"sources":[{"title":"Drinking Water Warning: Nitrate Violation (31st follow-up), July 2026","publisher":"Hilmar County Water District","date":"2026-07-31","url":"https://hilmarcwd.specialdistrict.org/files/ff78d796c/Notice+-+Nitrate+Violation+%2831st+follow+up%29+July+2026.pdf","basis":"Local government record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record CA2410012","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CA2410012/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, California, begun after 2023-10-10","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/CA/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/COMPL_PER_BEGIN_DATE/%3E/2023-10-10/rows/0:20000/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":4,"title":"Nitrate Notification page, Hilmar County Water District","publisher":"Hilmar County Water District","date":null,"accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://hilmarcwd.specialdistrict.org/nitrate-notification","basis":"Utility notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New development: district notice page lists a 33rd follow-up nitrate notice dated September 2026 (ref 4; PDF not readable, 502). SDWIS count of 13 nitrate violation records and population 5504 re-confirmed. Ref 1 (31st notice PDF) could not be reopened, so verification is unchanged."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["why Well 7 remains in the blend","enforcement status"],"related_ids":["US-CA-NITRATE-MCL-COHORT-2024","US-CA-CENTRAL-VALLEY-NITRATE-MANAGEMENT-2025"]},{"id":"US-CA-FIVE-CITIES-BOIL-NOTICE-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Five Cities, San Luis Obispo County: boil-water notice after repeated bacteria positives","description":"On April 30, 2025 San Luis Obispo County issued a boil-water notice for Arroyo Grande, Grover Beach, Oceano, Pismo Beach, Avila Beach and San Miguelito water customers after repeat routine samples were positive for bacteria in the Lopez distribution system. The State Water Board issued a Tier 1 violation. The notice was cancelled May 2, 2025 for Arroyo Grande, Grover Beach, Oceano and San Miguelito (refs 3, 5) and lifted May 3 for the remaining areas, Pismo Beach and Avila Beach (ref 6).","location":{"name":"Lopez water system, Five Cities area","type":"Wholesale and retail water distribution system","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Arroyo Grande, Grover Beach, Oceano, Pismo Beach and Avila Beach, San Luis Obispo County","coordinates":{"lat":35.121,"lon":-120.59,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["San Luis Obispo"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"CA4010022"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A bacterial contamination event in a treated-water distribution system triggered a short do-not-use-untreated order.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Repeat positive bacteriological samples led to a Tier 1 violation (refs 1, 2); SDWIS lists one April 2025 health-based violation record for the Lopez Project (ref 4).","service":"Residents were told to boil water for one minute or use bottled water for drinking and cooking; showering and dishwashing stayed allowed (ref 2).","scale":"The cancellation lists four retail systems (ref 3) and the notices give no customer total, so scale is scored as a community-level event.","duration":"Notice ran April 30 to May 2, 2025 for the four systems in the cancellation (ref 3), a matter of days.","significance":"State Water Board declared a Tier 1 violation and required corrective action (refs 1, 2), a formal notice but not an order."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The notices gave no count of people affected. SDWIS lists the Lopez Project record (CA4010022) with 69 people, which is a wholesale record, so no population is claimed."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"\"the presence of bacteria was found in the drinking water distribution system\" (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Boil-water notice duration, Arroyo Grande/Grover Beach/Oceano/San Miguelito","value":3,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"April 30 to May 2, 2025 per refs 1 and 3 (inclusive of issue and cancellation days)."},{"name":"Retail water systems named in the cancellation","value":4,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"CA4010001, CA4010003, CA4010004, CA4010005 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Boil-water notice duration, all areas","value":4,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"April 30 to May 3, 2025, inclusive; Pismo Beach and Avila Beach remained under notice until May 3 (refs 5, 6)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event in the window; cause was not identified in the notices opened."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"San Luis Obispo County Public Works","role":"Wholesale operator of the Lopez system"},{"name":"California State Water Resources Control Board, Division of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"San Luis Obispo County Public Works, via slocounty.ca.gov; updates at ReadySLO.org/WEA","corrective_actions":["Boil-water notice issued April 30, 2025 with bleach disinfection instructions","Staff assessed equipment and processes to identify the cause","Notice cancelled May 2, 2025 after abatement and comprehensive testing"],"sources":[{"title":"Five Cities Residents Advised to Boil Water After Contaminants Found in Water Samples","publisher":"San Luis Obispo County Public Works","date":"2025-04-30","url":"https://slocounty.ca.gov/departments/public-works/department-news/2025/five-cities-residents-advised-to-boil-water-after-contaminants-found-in-water-samples","basis":"Local government record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"Boil water notice issued in SLO County's Five Cities area after bacterial contamination","publisher":"KCBX","date":"2025-05-01","url":"https://www.kcbx.org/infrastructure-housing-and-development/2025-05-01/boil-water-notice-issued-in-slo-countys-five-cities-area-after-bacterial-contamination","basis":"News","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"Cancellation of Boil Water Notice (Arroyo Grande, San Miguelito MWC, Grover Beach, Oceano CSD)","publisher":"San Luis Obispo County Public Works","date":"2025-05-02","url":"https://www.slocounty.ca.gov/departments/public-works/forms-documents/press-releases/boil-notice-cancellation-arroyo-grande_gb_oceano_smw","basis":"Local government record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record CA4010022","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CA4010022/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":5,"title":"Boil Water Notice Lifted in Four Communities; Two Communities Still Under Notice","publisher":"County of San Luis Obispo Public Works","date":"2025-05-02","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.slocounty.ca.gov/departments/public-works/department-news/2025/boil-water-notice-lifted-in-four-communities;-two-communities-still-under-notice","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":6,"title":"Boil water notice lifted for all Five Cities areas, including Pismo Beach and Avila Beach","publisher":"KCBX","date":"2025-05-03","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.kcbx.org/2025-05-03/boil-water-notice-lifted-for-all-five-cities-area-including-pismo-beach-and-avila-beach","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Update: Pismo Beach, Avila Beach and County Service Area 12 stayed under the notice after May 2; KCBX (ref 6, May 3, 2025) reports it lifted for all of the county on Saturday May 3. County page (ref 5) lists the areas still under notice on May 2. Description and measures updated; status remains resolved."}],"first_seen":"2025-04-30","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["root cause","total customers affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CA-MALIBU-WD29-BOIL-NOTICE-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Malibu (LA County Waterworks District 29): boil-water notice after bridge-project pressure loss","description":"On August 6, 2025 LA County Waterworks District No. 29 issued a boil-water notice for Malibu customers west of Corral Canyon Road and Solstice Canyon Road after a low-pressure event tied to a Caltrans bridge replacement at Solstice Canyon Creek. The district cancelled the notice on August 8, 2025 after testing with the State Water Board.","location":{"name":"LA County Waterworks District 29 (Malibu)","type":"County waterworks district","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Western Malibu west of Corral Canyon Road, Los Angeles County","coordinates":{"lat":34.0259,"lon":-118.7798,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Los Angeles"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CA1910204"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A construction-related pressure loss in the distribution system created a bacterial-contamination risk and a boil order.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Boil advisory was a precaution against possible stomach or intestinal illness, no illness or positive sample is reported (ref 1).","service":"Customers west of Corral Canyon and Solstice Canyon roads were told to boil water and given free bottled water (ref 1).","scale":"The wider system, District 29 and 80 Malibu, serves 31,316 people per SDWIS (ref 3); only part was affected.","duration":"Notice lasted August 6 to August 8, 2025 (refs 1, 2), a matter of days.","significance":"Notice was issued with the State Water Resources Control Board (ref 1); no enforcement order."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":31316,"status":"Estimated","note":"Upper bound: SDWIS population for the whole CA1910204 system (ref 3). The affected zone is smaller and no customer count was in the pages opened."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"\"boil water for one minute before drinking, cooking, brushing teeth, or food preparation\" (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Boil-water notice duration","value":2,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"August 6 to August 8, 2025 (refs 1, 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event in the window."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Los Angeles County Waterworks District No. 29","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"California Department of Transportation","role":"Bridge project whose work disrupted supply"},{"name":"California State Water Resources Control Board, Division of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"LA County Public Works, Waterworks Districts, via pw.lacounty.gov","corrective_actions":["Free bottled water at district headquarters","Notice cancelled August 8, 2025 after comprehensive testing","Customers told to flush taps and discard ice made during the notice"],"sources":[{"title":"LA County Waterworks Issues Boil Water Notice for Portions of Malibu Due to Water Supply Disruption","publisher":"LA County Public Works","date":"2025-08-06","url":"https://pw.lacounty.gov/explore-public-works/la-county-waterworks-issues-boil-water-notice-for-portions-of-malibu-due-to-water-supply-disruption/","basis":"Local government record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"Boil Water Notice Lifted for LA County Waterworks Customers in Malibu","publisher":"LA County Public Works","date":"2025-08-08","url":"https://pw.lacounty.gov/explore-public-works/boil-water-notice-lifted-for-la-county-waterworks-customers-in-malibu/","basis":"Local government record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record CA1910204","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CA1910204/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"Re-verification: sources reopened and figures, dates and SDWIS/UCMR values confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-08-06","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["customers in affected zone"],"related_ids":["US-CA-LA-WILDFIRE-WATER-SYSTEMS-2025"]},{"id":"US-CA-PORTER-RANCH-GRANADA-HILLS-OUTAGE-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Granada Hills and Porter Ranch lose water for days, then boil-water notice (Aug 2025)","description":"A broken valve on the 54-inch line feeding the 10-million-gallon Susana Tank left LADWP customers in Granada Hills and Porter Ranch without water from August 5, 2025, and a boil-water notice was issued August 6. Service returned early August 11 and LADWP lifted the notice on August 12 after testing results were reported to the state. ABC7 reports more than 9,200 customers were affected.","location":{"name":"Granada Hills and Porter Ranch zones, LADWP","type":"Municipal utility pressure zones","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Northwest San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles","coordinates":{"lat":34.28,"lon":-118.556,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["Los Angeles"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CA1910067"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A failed valve in the supply infrastructure caused both loss of service and a bacteriological-safety boil order.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Boil notice was precautionary pending bacteriological testing (refs 1, 2); no illness or positive result is reported in the pages opened.","service":"Residents had no water for multiple days from August 5 until August 11 and then boiled water until August 12 (refs 1, 2, 3).","scale":"ABC7 reports more than 9,200 customers (ref 3), a small share of the 3,875,566 people SDWIS lists for the whole LADWP system (ref 4).","duration":"Outage and notice ran August 5 to 12, 2025 (refs 1, 2), under two weeks.","significance":"Lifting required State Division of Drinking Water confirmation of test results (ref 1); no enforcement order was found."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":9200,"status":"Reported","note":"Customers affected per ABC7 (ref 3), reported as more than 9,200 customers, not people; the notices gave no figure."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"\"Boil Water Notice ... remains in place\" until the state confirmed safety (ref 1); lifted August 12, 2025 (ref 2)"},"measures":[{"name":"Customers affected","value":9200,"unit":"customers","status":"Reported","note":"ABC7 states more than 9,200 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Boil-water notice duration","value":7,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"August 6 to August 12, 2025 (refs 1, 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event in the window."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Los Angeles Department of Water and Power","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"California State Water Resources Control Board, Division of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"LADWP, via ladwpnews.com","corrective_actions":["Emergency excavation and replacement of the broken valve","Bottled water distribution and recycled-water stations","Notice lifted August 12, 2025 with a $20 flushing credit"],"sources":[{"title":"Water Sampling and Testing Continue in Efforts to Lift Boil Water Notice for Granada Hills, Porter Ranch Customers (Aug 12, 2025 AM update)","publisher":"LADWP","date":"2025-08-12","url":"https://www.ladwpnews.com/water-sampling-and-testing-continue-in-efforts-to-lift-boil-water-notice-for-granada-hills-porter-ranch-customers-august-12-2025-am-update","basis":"Local government record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"Boil Water Notice Lifted in Granada Hills and Porter Ranch 08/12/2025","publisher":"Los Angeles Fire Department","date":"2025-08-12","url":"https://lafd.org/alert/boil-water-notice-lifted-granada-hills-and-porter-ranch-08122025","basis":"Local government record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"Water is safe to drink again in Granada Hills, Porter Ranch after emergency repairs to valve: LADWP","publisher":"ABC7 Los Angeles","date":"2025-08-13","url":"https://abc7.com/post/water-is-safe-drink-granada-hills-porter-ranch-emergency-repairs-underground-valve/17517600/","basis":"News","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record CA1910067","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CA1910067/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Correction: ABC7 article (ref 3) is dated August 13, 2025, not August 12 (it reports the notice lifted Tuesday, August 12). Description reworded to match LAFD (ref 2), which says results were reported to the state."}],"first_seen":"2025-08-05","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["exact customer count from LADWP"],"related_ids":["US-CA-LA-WILDFIRE-WATER-SYSTEMS-2025"]},{"id":"US-CA-LAKE-ARROWHEAD-CSD-PFAS-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lake Arrowhead CSD wells show PFOA and PFOS above 4 ppt; treatment design complete","description":"Lake Arrowhead Community Services District disclosed trace PFAS in November 2023 and has since blended well water with purchased water and rebated home filters. UCMR 5 results for the system average 10.89 ppt PFOA (maximum 14.0 ppt) and 5.24 ppt PFOS, above the 4 ppt federal limits. At a February 2026 meeting the district said treatment design for two plants was 100 percent complete, with a construction bid expected this year.","location":{"name":"Lake Arrowhead Community Services District","type":"Community services district","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Lake Arrowhead, San Bernardino County mountains","coordinates":{"lat":34.2481,"lon":-117.189,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["San Bernardino"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CA3610005"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in groundwater and lake-blend supply is a source-water quality problem being addressed with treatment.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 shows mean PFOA of 10.89 ppt and a 14.0 ppt maximum against the 4 ppt MCL (ref 3); the Sentinel lists Well 2 at 4.3 to 6.2 ppt PFOA through 2024 (ref 1).","service":"No loss of service is reported; the district dilutes with purchased water and rebated at least 57 customers' in-home filters (ref 1).","scale":"One community system of 7,038 people (ref 4).","duration":"PFAS were in the supply at least as early as 2020 per the Sentinel and treatment was still at the bid stage in February 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"No enforcement order is documented; actions cited are a district press release, blending and a planned treatment project (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":7038,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"UCMR 5 mean PFOA 10.89 ppt (maximum 14.0 ppt) and PFOS 5.24 ppt for CA3610005 (ref 3)"},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOA","value":10.89,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"8 samples; federal limit 4 ppt (ref 3)."},{"name":"UCMR 5 maximum PFOA","value":14,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOS","value":5.24,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Maximum 7.2 ppt (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Some wells rose and others fell between 2023 and 2024 sampling (ref 1); no later series was found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Lake Arrowhead Community Services District","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"California State Water Resources Control Board, Division of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Lake Arrowhead Community Services District, district office","corrective_actions":["Blends well water with purchased CLAWA water to dilute PFAS","Rebates for in-home filtration, at least 57 customers","Treatment design for two plants 100% complete; construction bid targeted for 2026","Adding new wells; funding agreement expected by end of June 2026"],"sources":[{"title":"PFAS Persist In Lake Arrowhead Wells & Other Water Sources","publisher":"San Bernardino County Sentinel","date":"2024-09-06","url":"https://sbcsentinel.com/?p=32190","basis":"News","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"LACSD and ALA compare notes","publisher":"The Alpine Mountaineer","date":"2026-03-18","url":"https://thealpinemountaineer.com/2026/03/18/lacsd-and-ala-compare-notes/","basis":"News","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record CA3610005","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CA3610005/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Re-verification: sources reopened and figures, dates and SDWIS/UCMR values confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2023-11-17","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["current treatment construction status","well-level 2025-2026 results"],"related_ids":["US-CA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-CA-ATASCADERO-MWC-PFAS-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Atascadero Mutual Water wells carry PFAS; blending, lawsuit and treatment plant proposed","description":"Atascadero Mutual Water Company found PFOA and PFOS in three production wells starting in 2019, blended the water with cleaner supplies with State Water Board permission, and sued 3M, DuPont and Chemours in October 2021. UCMR 5 shows PFOS up to 22.3 ppt (mean 6.64 ppt) against the 4 ppt federal limit. A November 2025 environmental review covers a PFAS treatment plant designed for 8.1 MGD.","location":{"name":"Atascadero Mutual Water Company","type":"Mutual water company","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Atascadero, San Luis Obispo County; wells near the Salinas River","coordinates":{"lat":35.4894,"lon":-120.6707,"precision":"city","source_ref":4},"counties":["San Luis Obispo"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CA4010002"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in production wells is a source-water quality problem now being addressed with a treatment plant.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 shows PFOS up to 22.3 ppt and a 6.64 ppt mean against the 4 ppt MCL (ref 3).","service":"Contaminated wells were blended with uncontaminated supplies under State Water Board permission as a temporary measure (ref 1).","scale":"One municipal-scale system of 33,307 people (ref 4).","duration":"Detections began in 2019 and the treatment plant was still in environmental review in November 2025 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"State Water Board permitted blending (ref 1) and the plant is under CEQA review (ref 2); no order against the utility was found."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":33307,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"UCMR 5 PFOS maximum 22.3 ppt for CA4010002 (ref 3); three wells contaminated with PFOA and PFOS (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 maximum PFOS","value":22.3,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"8 samples; mean 6.64 ppt (ref 3)."},{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOA","value":1.98,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Maximum 8.4 ppt (ref 3)."},{"name":"Planned treatment capacity","value":8.1,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Per the CEQA listing (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Detections date to 2019 but no later well-level series was found in the sources opened."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Atascadero Mutual Water Company","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"City of Atascadero","role":"CEQA lead agency for the treatment plant"},{"name":"California State Water Resources Control Board, Division of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Atascadero Mutual Water Company, general manager's office","corrective_actions":["Temporary blending with uncontaminated sources","Product liability suit filed October 2021 against 3M, DuPont and Chemours","Mitigated Negative Declaration for a PFAS treatment plant, review period Nov 26 to Dec 26, 2025"],"sources":[{"title":"Atascadero utility sues over cancer-linked chemicals found in wells","publisher":"CalCoastNews","date":"2021-11-03","url":"https://calcoastnews.com/2021/11/atascadero-utility-sues-over-cancer-linked-chemicals-found-in-wells/","basis":"News","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"Atascadero Mutual Water Company Water Treatment Plant Project (SCH 2025111111)","publisher":"California State Clearinghouse (City of Atascadero)","date":"2025-11-26","url":"https://ceqanet.lci.ca.gov/2025111111","basis":"State record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record CA4010002","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CA4010002/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Re-verification: sources reopened and figures, dates and SDWIS/UCMR values confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2019-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["well-level PFAS results since 2022","plant construction schedule and cost","lawsuit outcome"],"related_ids":["US-CA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-CA-SOUTH-MONTEBELLO-ID-PFAS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"South Montebello Irrigation District wells exceed PFAS notification levels; plant planned","description":"A July 2024 notice from South Montebello Irrigation District reported PFOA and PFOS above California notification levels in Wells 3, 5 and 7 (PFOS up to 20.5 ppt, PFOA up to 11.5 ppt in May and June 2024 samples). UCMR 5 shows a PFOS mean of 15.1 ppt, nearly four times the 4 ppt federal limit. The district said a treatment plant for the three wells would be built in 2024 and enter service in 2025; that service date was not verified.","location":{"name":"South Montebello Irrigation District","type":"Irrigation district water utility","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Montebello area, Los Angeles County; Central Basin groundwater","coordinates":{"lat":34.0165,"lon":-118.1138,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Los Angeles"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CA1910153"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in groundwater wells is a source-water quality problem being handled with wellhead treatment.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 PFOS mean of 15.1 ppt and 20.1 ppt maximum exceed the 4 ppt MCL (ref 2); the district's own wells read PFOS 10.75 to 20.5 ppt (ref 1).","service":"The notice describes no service loss or restriction (ref 1).","scale":"One community system of 15,021 people (ref 3).","duration":"Samples from May and June 2024 (ref 1) sit within a UCMR 5 record covering 2024 to 2025 (ref 2).","significance":"Notice follows exceedance of the State notification level, a formal required notification (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":15021,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"\"the notification and response level for PFA's has been exceeded for some of our water wells\" (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Highest PFOS, Well 3 (May 31 and June 17, 2024)","value":20.5,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Highest PFOA, Well 3 (same dates)","value":11.5,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOS","value":15.1,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"4 samples; maximum 20.1 ppt (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One notice and one UCMR 5 cycle; no later well results found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"South Montebello Irrigation District","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"California State Water Resources Control Board, Division of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"South Montebello Irrigation District, 323-721-4735","corrective_actions":["Treatment plant for Wells 3, 5 and 7 planned for construction in 2024","District continues PFAS monitoring and posts notices"],"sources":[{"title":"Notification of PFA Substances in Water for South Montebello Irrigation District (July 15, 2024)","publisher":"South Montebello Irrigation District","date":"2024-07-15","url":"https://smid.specialdistrict.org/files/f3729c5d7/SMID+2nd+Q+2024+Web+Notice.pdf","basis":"Local government record","ref":1},{"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record CA1910153","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CA1910153/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-05-31","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["whether the treatment plant entered service","2025-2026 well results"],"related_ids":["US-CA-MONTEBELLO-LWC-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-CA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-CA-RIVERVIEW-MHE-URANIUM-NITRATE-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Riverview Mobile Home Estates near Hughson: uranium and nitrate, no treatment","description":"The Riverview Mobile Home Estates water system in the Hughson area draws from two wells, one of which regularly exceeds limits for both uranium and nitrate, according to a June 2025 Modesto Bee report. A 2016 compliance order covered uranium, residents have received state-funded bottled water since November 2022, and no treatment is installed. The State Water Board estimated more than $12 million to connect the park to Hughson.","location":{"name":"Riverview Mobile Home Estates","type":"Mobile home park water system","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Near Fox Grove Park, Hughson area, Stanislaus County","coordinates":{"lat":37.5992,"lon":-120.865,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Stanislaus"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CA5000090"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminated untreated wells in a small system need consolidation or treatment to deliver safe water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Nitrate and uranium regularly exceed limits at one of two wells (ref 1); SDWIS lists 13 health-based violation records beginning January 2024 (ref 3).","service":"Residents get free state-funded bottled water and monthly nitrate notices tell pregnant women and infants not to drink the tap water (ref 1).","scale":"A small park system of 540 people per SDWIS, about 250 residents per the Bee (refs 1, 2).","duration":"A compliance order dates to 2016 and violations continued into 2026 (refs 1, 3).","significance":"A 2016 compliance order for uranium and a state SAFER failing designation (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":540,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2); the Modesto Bee reports around 250 residents (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"\"The tap water at the park comes from two wells; one regularly exceeds safe water standards for both uranium and nitrate\" (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Estimated cost to connect the park to Hughson","value":12,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"State Water Board estimate of over $12 million, per the Bee (ref 1)."},{"name":"Health-based violation records since Jan 2024","value":13,"unit":"records","status":"Reported","note":"Count from EPA bulk pull for CA5000090 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Uranium has hovered around the limit since the 2016 order and nitrate violations recurred quarterly through 2026 (refs 1, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Riverview Mobile Home Estates park management","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Stanislaus County Environmental Resources","role":"County agency working with the park on a municipal-water solution"},{"name":"Self Help Enterprises","role":"Provides state-funded bottled water"},{"name":"California State Water Resources Control Board, Division of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Stanislaus County Department of Environmental Resources","corrective_actions":["Free state-funded bottled water since November 2022","Monthly nitrate notices to residents","Working with the county on a connection to municipal water; State Board estimate above $12 million"],"sources":[{"title":"Uranium, nitrate pollute drinking water in homes near Tuolumne River. From what?","publisher":"The Modesto Bee (copy hosted by Self-Help Enterprises)","date":"2025-06-05","url":"https://www.selfhelpenterprises.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Uranium-nitrate-pollute-drinking-water-in-homes-near-Tuolumne-River-Modesto-Bee-6.5.25.pdf","basis":"News","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record CA5000090","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CA5000090/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, California, begun after 2023-10-10","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/CA/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/COMPL_PER_BEGIN_DATE/%3E/2023-10-10/rows/0:20000/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Re-verification: sources reopened and figures, dates and SDWIS/UCMR values confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2016-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["current well results","status of Hughson connection"],"related_ids":["US-CA-NITRATE-MCL-COHORT-2024","US-CA-FAILING-DRINKING-WATER-SYSTEMS-2025"]},{"id":"US-CA-KEELER-CSD-ARSENIC-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Keeler CSD well at 90 ppb arsenic, nine times the limit; bottled water supplied","description":"A January 8, 2025 notice from Keeler Community Services District in Inyo County reported 0.090 mg/L arsenic in Well 01 on October 8, 2024 against the 0.010 mg/L limit, with a fourth-quarter running average of 0.080 mg/L. The notice tells residents to use an alternative water supply and not drink untreated well water, and bottled water of 60 gallons per household per month is distributed. An administrator team has run the district since March 13, 2023, and SDWIS lists nine arsenic violation records from 2024 through January 2026.","location":{"name":"Keeler Community Services District","type":"Community services district (under administrator)","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Keeler, Inyo County, Owens Valley","coordinates":{"lat":36.4894,"lon":-117.8714,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Inyo"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CA1400036"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Arsenic above the MCL in the sole well is a source-water quality failure in a very small system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Well 01 measured 0.090 mg/L arsenic with a 0.080 mg/L running average against a 0.010 mg/L MCL (ref 1).","service":"Residents are told to use alternative water and not consume untreated well water; bottled water is distributed (ref 1).","scale":"A very small system of 66 people (ref 2).","duration":"SDWIS lists nine arsenic violation records, one per quarter from January 2024 to January 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"The system is run by an administrator team that assumed administration March 13, 2023 (ref 1) and carries SDWIS MCL violations (ref 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":66,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"\"A water sample taken on 10/08/2024 at Well 01 showed an arsenic level of 0.090 mg/L\" against an MCL of 0.010 mg/L (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Arsenic, Well 01, Oct 8, 2024","value":0.09,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Arsenic running annual average, Q4 2024","value":0.08,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Bottled water allotment","value":60,"unit":"gallons per household per month","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Arsenic violations recorded every quarter from January 2024 to January 2026 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Provost & Pritchard administrator team","role":"Administrator of Keeler CSD since March 13, 2023"},{"name":"California State Water Resources Control Board, Division of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Keeler Community Services District administrator team, via the notice's published contacts","corrective_actions":["Quarterly monitoring at the well","Bottled water distribution, dates posted at the Keeler Post Office","Administrator developing a long-term solution and holding quarterly public meetings"],"sources":[{"title":"Keeler CSD Water System Has Levels of Arsenic and Manganese Above the Drinking Water Standard (Q4 2024 notice)","publisher":"Keeler Community Services District","date":"2025-01-08","url":"https://keelercsd.specialdistrict.org/files/9ac4ec1aa/1400036+KCSD+PN++Q4+2024+As+Mn.pdf","basis":"Local government record","ref":1},{"title":"SDWIS water system record CA1400036","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CA1400036/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, California, begun after 2023-10-10","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/CA/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/COMPL_PER_BEGIN_DATE/%3E/2023-10-10/rows/0:20000/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["current arsenic results","long-term fix and funding"],"related_ids":["US-CA-FAILING-DRINKING-WATER-SYSTEMS-2025"]},{"id":"US-CA-BEAUMONT-CHERRY-VALLEY-CR6-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Beaumont-Cherry Valley WD: hexavalent chromium 11 ppb at a source well","description":"Beaumont-Cherry Valley Water District told customers in April 2026 that a source well sampled March 18, 2026 had 11 ppb hexavalent chromium, above California's 10 ppb limit that took effect October 1, 2024. The district says systems of its size are not in violation until after October 1, 2026, and its June 2025 compliance plan relies on new low-chromium wells and shifting Wells 3 and 26 to non-potable use.","location":{"name":"Beaumont-Cherry Valley Water District","type":"Water district","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Beaumont and Cherry Valley, Riverside County","coordinates":{"lat":33.9295,"lon":-116.9772,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Riverside"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CA3310002"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Naturally occurring chromium in groundwater now exceeds a newly adopted state standard.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"A source well sample measured 0.011 mg/L (11 ppb) hexavalent chromium against the 10 ppb MCL (ref 1).","service":"District says customers need not use bottled water (ref 1).","scale":"One district of 66,841 people (ref 2).","duration":"The compliance plan was filed June 30, 2025 and the March 2026 result persisted into compliance planning (ref 1).","significance":"A formal customer notice and compliance plan under review by the State Water Board (ref 1); not yet a violation."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":66841,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"\"hexavalent chromium (Cr-6) levels of 0.011 milligrams per liter (11ppb)\" versus a 10 ppb MCL (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Hexavalent chromium at one source well, March 18, 2026","value":11,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"California MCL is 10 ppb (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One reported result; district says historic groundwater quality is unchanged (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Beaumont-Cherry Valley Water District","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"California State Water Resources Control Board, Division of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Beaumont-Cherry Valley Water District, 951-845-9581","corrective_actions":["Compliance plan submitted to the State Water Board June 30, 2025","New low-Cr-6 well construction","Reduced production from Well 25 and conversion of Wells 3 and 26 to non-potable use","Quarterly monitoring"],"sources":[{"title":"Beaumont-Cherry Valley Water District Has Levels of Hexavalent Chromium Above the Drinking Water Standard","publisher":"Beaumont-Cherry Valley Water District","date":"2026-04-10","url":"https://bcvwd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/CR-6_MCL-Exceedance_Letter_Complete_JMB_Q1_2026.pdf","basis":"Local government record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record CA3310002","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CA3310002/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Re-verification: sources reopened and figures, dates and SDWIS/UCMR values confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-06-30","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["status of State Board review","whether a violation was recorded after October 1, 2026"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CA-SUISUN-SOLANO-TTHM-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Suisun-Solano Water Authority: trihalomethanes above limit through 2024, then corrected","description":"SDWIS records seven health-based disinfection-byproduct violation records for the Suisun-Solano Water Authority in 2024, six of them total trihalomethane exceedances now marked returned to compliance. A November 2024 city notice says levels stayed below the 80 ppb limit over the past four quarters as of October 15, 2024, and describes flushing, pre-chlorination changes and studies of ozone and potassium permanganate.","location":{"name":"Suisun-Solano Water Authority (Suisun City)","type":"Water authority","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Suisun City and Vacaville area, Solano County","coordinates":{"lat":38.2382,"lon":-122.0402,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Solano"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CA4810005"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Chlorine disinfection byproducts formed in treated water, a treatment-process quality problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS lists six TTHM violation records in 2024, all marked returned to compliance (ref 2).","service":"No service restriction or bottled-water order is described (ref 1).","scale":"One system of 29,105 people (ref 3).","duration":"Violation records run January to July 2024 (ref 2); resolution was stated for October 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"Formal state-recorded violations and quarterly notices (ref 2); no order found."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":29105,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM \"below the maximum concentration level of 80 parts per billion\" over the past four quarters as of October 15, 2024 (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"TTHM violation records in SDWIS, 2024","value":6,"unit":"records","status":"Reported","note":"Contaminant code 2950, all returned to compliance (ref 2)."},{"name":"TTHM MCL","value":80,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Limit quoted by the city (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Quarterly averages fell back under the limit by October 2024 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Suisun-Solano Water Authority","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"City of Suisun City","role":"Published the public notices"},{"name":"California State Water Resources Control Board, Division of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Suisun City, via suisun.com","corrective_actions":["Adjusted pre-chlorination levels","Enhanced mixing and aeration and regular flushing","Quarterly sampling at four city locations","Studying potassium permanganate and ozone; piloting ultrasonic devices in clarifiers"],"sources":[{"title":"Suisun Solano Water Agency Ensures Safe Drinking Water","publisher":"City of Suisun City","date":"2024-11-12","url":"https://www.suisun.com/News-articles/THM-Press-Release","basis":"Local government record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, California, begun after 2023-10-10","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/CA/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/COMPL_PER_BEGIN_DATE/%3E/2023-10-10/rows/0:20000/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record CA4810005","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CA4810005/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Re-verified: city notice (11/12/2024) and SDWIS (6 TTHM violations returned to compliance, 1 type-2E violation still open, population 29,105) confirmed; no newer update at source."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["quarterly TTHM values","whether violations recurred in 2025-2026"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CA-PIXLEY-PUD-123TCP-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Pixley PUD: 1,2,3-TCP up to 10 times the limit in wells; GAC treatment pending","description":"Pixley Public Utility District told customers in its Q2 2026 notice that annual average 1,2,3-trichloropropane exceeds the 0.005 ug/L limit, with Well 6 at 0.051 ug/L, Well 4a at 0.021, Well 5 at 0.017 and Well 3a at 0.015. The district attributes the chemical to a soil fumigant impurity and plans granular activated carbon treatment at four wells approved under a September 2024 environmental determination. Construction funding was still awaiting a state agreement.","location":{"name":"Pixley Public Utility District","type":"Public utility district","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Pixley, Tulare County; Tulare Lake basin groundwater","coordinates":{"lat":35.9689,"lon":-119.2915,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Tulare"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CA5410009"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A legacy agricultural fumigant contaminant in groundwater requires wellhead treatment.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Well 6 averaged 0.051 ug/L 1,2,3-TCP, about ten times the 0.005 ug/L MCL (ref 1).","service":"The notice says customers need not use bottled water (ref 1).","scale":"One community district of 2,772 people (ref 3).","duration":"Treatment was approved in September 2024 and remained unbuilt at the Q2 2026 notice (refs 1, 2).","significance":"A formal violation notice under the state MCL; litigation against fumigant makers concluded (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":2772,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Well 6 annual average 0.051 ug/L 1,2,3-TCP versus the 0.005 ug/L MCL (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"1,2,3-TCP annual average, Well 6","value":0.051,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"1,2,3-TCP annual average, Well 4a","value":0.021,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"1,2,3-TCP MCL","value":0.005,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"The same contamination and treatment plan appear in the 2024 environmental record and the 2026 notice (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pixley Public Utility District","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"California State Water Resources Control Board, Division of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Pixley Public Utility District, Office Manager, 559-757-3878","corrective_actions":["1,2,3-TCP mitigation feasibility study recommends GAC treatment","State grant awarded for design and environmental documents; construction grant application submitted","Mitigated Negative Declaration for four GAC systems approved September 9, 2024","Litigation against fumigant manufacturers concluded to fund operation costs"],"sources":[{"title":"Pixley PUD Water System Has Levels of 1,2,3-TCP Above Drinking Water Standards (Q2 2026 notice)","publisher":"Pixley Public Utility District","date":null,"url":"https://pixleypud.specialdistrict.org/files/b457695a9/Q2+2026+-+123+TCP+Notice.pdf","basis":"Local government record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"TCP Mitigation Project GAC Treatment at Wells 3A, 4, 5, & 6 (SCH 2024080045)","publisher":"California State Clearinghouse (Pixley PUD)","date":"2024-09-11","url":"https://ceqanet.lci.ca.gov/2024080045/2","basis":"State record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record CA5410009","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CA5410009/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Re-verification partial: CEQAnet notice (approved 9/9/2024, posted 9/11/2024, GAC at Wells 3A, 4, 5, 6) and SDWIS (population 2,772) confirmed; Q2 2026 notice PDF returned HTTP 502 and could not be reopened."}],"first_seen":"2024-09-09","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["issue date of the Q2 2026 notice (access date shown)","construction schedule"],"related_ids":["US-CA-TULARE-LAKE-GW-2024"]},{"id":"US-CA-TURLOCK-WELL36-TCP-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Turlock Well 36 offline for 1,2,3-TCP after 2023 state compliance order","description":"The City of Turlock's environmental document for Well 36 says 1,2,3-trichloropropane has repeatedly exceeded the 5 ppt limit and the State Division of Drinking Water issued the city a compliance order in 2023. The well, which once produced about 2,000 gpm, is offline. The city proposes six GAC vessels with construction from fall 2026 to summer or fall 2027, and notes arsenic at the well is rising toward its 10 ppb limit.","location":{"name":"City of Turlock water system, Well 36","type":"Municipal well site","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Summerfaire Park, 1350 N. Fulkerth Road, Turlock, Stanislaus County","coordinates":{"lat":37.4947,"lon":-120.8466,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Stanislaus"],"extent":"site","pwsid":"CA5010019"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A contaminated municipal well is out of service pending GAC treatment, affecting both quality and supply capacity.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The document says 1,2,3-TCP repeatedly exceeded the 5 ppt MCL at Well 36 (ref 1).","service":"The well is offline, but the document does not describe any customer service loss (ref 1).","scale":"One municipal system of 72,888 people (ref 2).","duration":"A 2023 compliance order and treatment not complete until 2027 span several years (ref 1).","significance":"The State Division of Drinking Water issued the city a compliance order in 2023 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":72888,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS for the whole city system (ref 2); Well 36 is one source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"\"1,2,3-Trichloropropane has repeatedly exceeded the 5 parts per trillion MCL\" at Well 36 (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"1,2,3-TCP MCL","value":5,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Well 36 historical production","value":2000,"unit":"gpm","status":"Reported","note":"Described as the well's prior potable production (ref 1)."},{"name":"Planned GAC vessels","value":6,"unit":"vessels","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single environmental document; no sample series opened."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Turlock","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"California State Water Resources Control Board, Division of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Turlock municipal water services","corrective_actions":["Mitigated Negative Declaration for Well 36 GAC treatment, review May 20 to June 19, 2026","GAC construction planned fall 2026 to summer or fall 2027","Future arsenic treatment facilities proposed at the site"],"sources":[{"title":"MDP 26-04 City of Turlock CP 24-045 Well 36 GAC Treatment (SCH 2026050775)","publisher":"California State Clearinghouse (City of Turlock)","date":"2026-05-20","url":"https://ceqanet.lci.ca.gov/2026050775","basis":"State record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record CA5010019","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CA5010019/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Re-verified: CEQAnet document (received 5/20/2026; 2023 compliance order, ~2,000 gpm, offline, six GAC vessels, fall 2026 start, arsenic rising toward 10 ppb) and SDWIS population 72,888 confirmed."}],"first_seen":"2023-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["exact TCP concentrations","date the well went offline"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CA-SALINAS-180-400-SEAWATER-INTRUSION-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Salinas Valley 180/400-Foot Aquifer seawater intrusion and plan shortfall","description":"The 180/400-Foot Aquifer Subbasin, which underlies the area from Castroville to Gonzales, was deemed critically overdrafted by the state in 2014. DWR found the local groundwater plan incomplete in 2022 and asked for more refinement in December, and a 2026 no-project scenario map projects seawater intrusion extending farther inland by 2040. The local agency plans to recommend a project portfolio to the state in August 2026 and could face State Water Board intervention if it cannot show effective solutions.","location":{"name":"Salinas Valley 180/400-Foot Aquifer Subbasin","type":"Groundwater subbasin","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Castroville to Gonzales, Monterey County","coordinates":{"lat":36.766,"lon":-121.757,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Monterey"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Seawater intrusion into an overdrafted aquifer degrades the quantity and quality of groundwater used for farms and towns (ref 1).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Ref 1 projects seawater reaching the 180-foot aquifer by 2040 under a no-project case, and ref 2 reports a grand jury finding that active Castroville wells fell from 22 to nine; measured health harm is not reported.","service":"Ref 2 says the subbasin supports over 200,000 cultivated acres, with about 95 percent of Monterey County groundwater use going to agriculture, so pumping limits would hit supply but no outage is documented.","scale":"Ref 2 puts cultivation in the Salinas Valley above 200,000 acres, a regional-scale groundwater system.","duration":"Ref 1 notes the state deemed the subbasin critically overdrafted in 2014, so the problem has run more than a decade.","significance":"Ref 1 reports DWR found the plans incomplete in 2022 and the State Water Board could take control and impose pumping limits if local agencies fall short."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Neither source gives a population figure for the subbasin."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Sustainability target is 2040 or 2042; brackish groundwater restoration costs about $1 billion, aquifer storage and recovery $278 million to $383 million, and the Castroville Seawater Intrusion Project upgrade about $60 million (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Aquifer storage and recovery capital cost (low)","value":278,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Range $278M to $383M (ref 1, ref 2)."},{"name":"Wells active in Castroville (grand jury)","value":9,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Reported as down from 22 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Ref 1 projects seawater intrusion into the 180-foot aquifer by 2040 under a no-project scenario."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Salinas Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency","role":"Local groundwater sustainability agency"},{"name":"California Department of Water Resources","role":"Plan reviewer"},{"name":"State Water Resources Control Board","role":"Possible intervention authority"}],"public_contact":"Salinas Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency published general channel at svbgsa.org","corrective_actions":["Agency evaluating a portfolio of projects, including brackish groundwater restoration, aquifer storage and recovery and a Castroville Seawater Intrusion Project upgrade","Board to recommend a portfolio to the state in August 2026 (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"The clock is ticking on water projects to bring local groundwater basins into compliance","publisher":"Monterey County Now","date":"2026-05-05","url":"https://www.montereycountynow.com/svnow/news/the-clock-is-ticking-on-water-projects-to-bring-local-groundwater-basins-into-compliance/article_56486cc7-0d5e-4aa7-9712-301e9485284b.html","basis":"news","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Monterey County Weekly, June 25-July 1, 2026, page 24 (SVBGSA project menu)","publisher":"Monterey County Weekly","date":"2026-06-25","url":"https://flipbook.montereycountyweekly.com/archive/2026/06-25-26/24/","basis":"news","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass, supply/drought/groundwater)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Re-verified against both articles; description corrected: the 2040 seawater item is a no-project projection map caption (seawater intrusion extending farther inland), not a stated date for reaching the 180-foot aquifer. August 2026 portfolio recommendation confirmed by ref 2."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Measured chloride front position","Population affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CA-PASO-ROBLES-BASIN-OVERDRAFT-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Paso Robles Groundwater Basin overpumping and dry domestic wells","description":"The Paso Robles Groundwater Basin in San Luis Obispo County is classified by DWR as critically overdrafted. In 2024 about 25,500 acre-feet more was pumped than returned to the aquifer, agriculture took about 94 percent of pumped water, and the state has received 337 dry-well reports since summer 2014. The basin must be in balance by 2040, with pumping restrictions possible if voluntary cuts fall short.","location":{"name":"Paso Robles Groundwater Basin","type":"Groundwater basin","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Paso Robles area, San Luis Obispo County","coordinates":{"lat":35.6266,"lon":-120.691,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["San Luis Obispo"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Pumping exceeding recharge is lowering the aquifer and drying domestic wells (ref 1, ref 2).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Ref 2 cites 337 dry-well reports to DWR in the basin since summer 2014, per the county groundwater sustainability director.","service":"Ref 1 describes residents whose wells went dry relying on alternatives, and a county dry-well assistance program, but no basin-wide supply outage is reported.","scale":"Ref 1 reports vineyards alone drew 58,585 acre-feet in 2024, a county-scale aquifer rather than a regional one.","duration":"Ref 1 says the basin was designated critically overdrafted in 2020 and 337 dry-well reports date back to 2014 (ref 2).","significance":"Ref 1 notes the critical overdraft designation and a required groundwater plan to reach balance by 2040, with pumping restrictions as a possible next step."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Neither source gives a basin population figure."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"In 2024 about 25,500 acre-feet more was pumped than was returned to the basin; agriculture used about 94% of pumped water (ref 1, ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"2024 pumping in excess of recharge","value":25500,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1 and ref 2."},{"name":"Dry-well reports since summer 2014","value":337,"unit":"reports","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1 and ref 2."},{"name":"Vineyard pumping 2024","value":58585,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"78% of total per ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Sources give 2024 figures only; no multi-year series was opened."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Paso Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency (joint powers authority)","role":"Local groundwater sustainability agency"},{"name":"San Luis Obispo County","role":"Member agency and dry-well assistance"},{"name":"California Department of Water Resources","role":"Basin classification and plan review"}],"public_contact":"San Luis Obispo County groundwater sustainability program, published general channel on slocounty.ca.gov","corrective_actions":["Groundwater Sustainability Plan aims to reach balance by 2040","Joint powers authority formed with authority to levy water-use fees","County dry-well assistance program (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"No water in wine country: How SLO County residents survive when their wells go dry","publisher":"San Luis Obispo Tribune (via Yahoo News)","date":"2025-04-20","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/no-water-wine-country-slo-120000260.html","basis":"news","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Residential wells go dry in Paso Robles Groundwater Basin","publisher":"Water Education Foundation Aquafornia (from The Tribune)","date":"2025-04-21","url":"https://watereducation.org/aquafornia-news/residential-wells-go-dry-paso-robles-groundwater-basin","basis":"news","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass, supply/drought/groundwater)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Re-verified: 25,500 acre-feet, 94% agriculture, 337 dry-well reports, 58,585 acre-feet vineyards and 2040 goal confirmed in both articles; no change."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Population affected","Sustainable yield figure from an opened source"],"related_ids":["US-CA-DRY-DOMESTIC-WELLS-2026"]},{"id":"US-CA-MONTEREY-PENINSULA-CARMEL-RIVER-CDO-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Cal Am Monterey system: Carmel River cease-and-desist order and meter ban","description":"California American Water has been under State Water Board orders since 1995 to end unauthorized Carmel River diversions, and the 2009 cease-and-desist order (WR 2009-0060) bars diversions for new service connections. The Monterey Peninsula Water Management District applied in October 2025 to lift that condition, and a hearing is under way with public comment on November 5 and closing briefs due November 10, 2026. Cal Am said in August 2026 testimony it does not object to a temporary suspension of the meter ban once a desalination plant it says is on track for end-2029 is operating.","location":{"name":"Cal Am Monterey system (Monterey Peninsula)","type":"Investor-owned utility service area","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Monterey Peninsula, Carmel River diversions, Monterey County","coordinates":{"lat":36.6002,"lon":-121.8947,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Monterey"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CA2710004"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["water-rights","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is a regulatory limit on a river diversion that constrains supply and new connections, not a physical failure (ref 1, ref 2).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Ref 2 says the 2009 order has slowed housing construction, an economic effect; no health or environmental harm figure appears in the sources opened.","service":"Ref 1 describes Condition 2 as barring Carmel River diversions for new service connections, so new meters are restricted.","scale":"EPA SDWIS (ref 3) lists 128,928 people served by the system.","duration":"Ref 1 traces the order to State Water Board action in 1995, with WR 2009-0060 and WR 2016-0016 later.","significance":"Ref 1 documents State Water Board cease-and-desist order WR 2009-0060, amended 2016, and a 2026 hearing on modifying it."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":128928,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Hearing schedule: testimony due Aug 19, 2026, rebuttals Sept 18, public comment Nov 5, closing briefs Nov 10 (ref 1); Cal Am says its desalination plant is on track for operation by end of 2029 (ref 2)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Ref 2 says Cal Am has stayed within its legal Carmel River limit for four years (columnist account), and Cal Am no longer opposes a temporary suspension of the meter ban."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"State Water Resources Control Board, Division of Water Rights","role":"Order issuer and hearing body"},{"name":"California American Water","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Monterey Peninsula Water Management District","role":"Applicant to modify the order"}],"public_contact":"State Water Board Division of Water Rights, published general channel on waterboards.ca.gov","corrective_actions":["Pure Water Monterey recycled water and conservation cited as reducing river diversions (ref 2)","Hearing to decide whether to lift Condition 2 with reinstatement triggers (ref 1)","Cal Am desalination plant targeted for end of 2029 (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"California American Water Company Current Issues","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2026-07-09","url":"https://water.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/projects/california_american_water_company/","basis":"State regulatory record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Water Slide: Even Cal Am gets on board with asking for relief on the cease-and-desist (column)","publisher":"Monterey County Weekly","date":"2026-09-03","url":"https://flipbook.montereycountyweekly.com/archive/2026/09-03-26/13/","basis":"news","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system lookup (CAL AM WATER COMPANY - MONTEREY)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/CA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CAL%20AM%20WATER%20COMPANY%20-%20MONTEREY/JSON","basis":"Federal SDWIS record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":4,"title":"Monterey Superior Court affirms California Coastal Commission's approval of California American Water's Monterey desalination project","publisher":"American Water (company statement)","date":"2025-05-21","url":"https://newsroom.amwater.com/2025-05-21-Monterey-Superior-Court-Affirms-California-Coastal-Commissions-Approval-of-California-American-Waters-Monterey-Desalination-Project","basis":"Utility notice","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass, supply/drought/groundwater)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Re-verified: State Water Board page (updated 10/13/2026) still shows hearing dates unchanged (public comment 11/5, closing briefs 11/10); column and Cal Am release confirmed; SDWIS population 128,928. No new development."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Acre-foot diversion figures from an opened source"],"related_ids":[],"conflicts":[]},{"id":"US-CA-INDIAN-WELLS-VALLEY-OVERDRAFT-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Indian Wells Valley overdraft, Navy water right dispute and import pipeline","description":"The Indian Wells Valley groundwater basin near Ridgecrest has a safe yield the Groundwater Authority set at 7,600 acre-feet per year against demand of about 20,000. A court cut the Navy right to 2,008 acre-feet per year, a replenishment fee of $2,130 per acre-foot applies above safe yield, and a 50-mile, roughly $200 million pipeline from the Antelope Valley is planned. A December 2025 settlement erased $24 million in unpaid fees owed by Searles Valley Minerals, and the safe-yield trial was set for June 2026.","location":{"name":"Indian Wells Valley Water District / basin","type":"Groundwater basin and water district","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Ridgecrest area and China Lake, Kern County","coordinates":{"lat":35.6225,"lon":-117.6709,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Kern"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CA1510017"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["water-rights","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Groundwater demand far exceeds the sustainable supply, which drives adjudication, fees and a costly import project (ref 1).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Ref 1 gives a supply gap of 6,000 to 12,400 acre-feet per year depending on safe-yield estimate, with no well or health harm reported.","service":"Ref 2 warns a reduced Navy right could mean higher rates or supply cuts for Ridgecrest residents, but no service loss is documented.","scale":"EPA SDWIS (ref 3) lists 41,474 people served by the Indian Wells Valley Water District.","duration":"Ref 1 describes an ongoing adjudication with the safe-yield phase set for trial in June 2026 and a pipeline in planning.","significance":"Ref 1 documents a comprehensive court adjudication, a court ruling cutting the Navy right to 2,008 acre-feet, and litigation over fees."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":41474,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Indian Wells Valley Water District per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Safe yield set at 7,600 acre-feet/year (district study up to 14,000) against demand of about 20,000 acre-feet/year (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Groundwater Authority safe yield","value":7600,"unit":"acre-feet/year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Current demand","value":20000,"unit":"acre-feet/year","status":"Reported","note":"About 20,000 per ref 1."},{"name":"Navy right after court ruling","value":2008,"unit":"acre-feet/year","status":"Reported","note":"Navy claim was 6,783 per ref 2."},{"name":"Replenishment fee","value":2130,"unit":"USD per acre-foot","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Fee debt settled and Navy right cut, but the pipeline and safe-yield trial remain unresolved (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Indian Wells Valley Groundwater Authority","role":"Groundwater sustainability agency"},{"name":"Indian Wells Valley Water District","role":"Water utility and adjudication plaintiff"},{"name":"Superior Court (Orange County)","role":"Adjudication court"}],"public_contact":"Indian Wells Valley Groundwater Authority published general channel at iwvga.org","corrective_actions":["Planned 50-mile pipeline to import Antelope Valley water, about $200 million, with a $50 million federal grant (ref 1)","Replenishment fee on pumping above safe yield","Settlement with Searles Valley Minerals announced Nov 2025 (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Settlement wipes out $24 million in groundwater fee debt, removes pipeline opposition in high desert dispute","publisher":"SJV Water","date":"2025-12-04","url":"https://sjvwater.org/settlement-wipes-out-24-million-in-groundwater-fee-debt-removes-pipeline-opposition-in-high-desert-dispute/","basis":"news","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Op-Ed: IWVWD Must Stand with the Navy to Protect Ridgecrest's Water Future (City Manager opinion)","publisher":"City of Ridgecrest","date":"2025-06-24","url":"https://www.ridgecrest-ca.gov/DocumentCenter/View/7917/City-of-Ridgecrest-Op-Ed-6242025","basis":"local_government","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system lookup (INDIAN WELLS)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/CA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/INDIAN%20WELLS/JSON","basis":"Federal SDWIS record","accessed":"2026-10-14","ref":3}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass, supply/drought/groundwater)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Partial re-verification: Dec 2025 SJV Water article and SDWIS (CA1510017, population 41,474) confirmed; City of Ridgecrest op-ed returned HTTP 403. Missing ref number on the SDWIS source set to 3. Trial on safe yield was reported underway from June 2026 by search coverage that could not be opened; outcome not confirmed."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Outcome of June 2026 safe-yield trial"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CA-CUYAMA-BASIN-OVERDRAFT-ADJUDICATION-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Cuyama Valley critical overdraft and groundwater adjudication","description":"The Cuyama Valley Groundwater Basin is one of 21 critically overdrafted basins, with pumping estimated at 42,400 acre-feet per year against a sustainable yield of 16,800. A comprehensive adjudication filed in August 2021 continued after a court found the basin is a single connected unit in 2024. A March 2025 presentation to a state Senate committee says no plan-required pumping reductions have taken place.","location":{"name":"Cuyama Valley Groundwater Basin","type":"Groundwater basin","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"New Cuyama area, overlies four counties","coordinates":{"lat":34.9511,"lon":-119.689,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Santa Barbara","San Luis Obispo","Ventura","Kern"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Pumping far above sustainable yield in a basin with no other water source is the core issue (ref 1).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Ref 1 reports 42,400 acre-feet/year pumped versus 16,800 sustainable and a 60 percent cut needed; no dry-well count is given.","service":"Ref 1 says the valley is entirely groundwater dependent, but no service disruption is reported.","scale":"Ref 1 gives roughly 1,800 residents over 378 square miles, a community-scale basin.","duration":"Ref 1 describes sustained loss of groundwater storage for more than 50 years.","significance":"Ref 2 reports a court-supervised adjudication filed in August 2021 against every landowner, and a state-approved plan calling for a 60 percent reduction."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":1800,"status":"Reported","note":"Roughly 1,800 population per the presentation (ref 1); basin-level figure, not SDWIS."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Basin-wide pumping estimated at 42,400 acre-feet/year against sustainable yield of 16,800; about 60% cut needed (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Estimated pumping","value":42400,"unit":"acre-feet/year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Sustainable yield","value":16800,"unit":"acre-feet/year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Ref 1 says no plan-required pumping reductions had occurred as of March 2025."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Cuyama Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency","role":"Local groundwater sustainability agency"},{"name":"California Department of Water Resources","role":"Plan approval"},{"name":"Los Angeles County Superior Court","role":"Adjudication court"}],"public_contact":"Cuyama Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency published general channel at cuyamabasin.org","corrective_actions":["Revised groundwater plan approved 2022; 5-year update in public comment as of March 2025 (ref 1)","Adjudication proceeding to set pumping rights (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SGMA's impact on small-scale pumpers in the Cuyama Valley (Senate hearing presentation, Cuyama Valley Family Resource Center)","publisher":"California State Senate Natural Resources and Water Committee","date":"2025-03-11","url":"https://sntr.senate.ca.gov/system/files/2025-03/impact-of-sgma-on-small-scale-pumpers-in-the-cuyama-valley-nrwc-hearing-march-11-2025.pdf","basis":"state","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"LA Superior Court rules on Cuyama Valley Groundwater Basin boundaries","publisher":"Santa Maria Sun","date":"2024-03-07","url":"https://santamariasun.com/news/la-superior-court-rules-on-cuyama-valley-groundwater-basin-boundaries-15510396","basis":"news","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass, supply/drought/groundwater)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Re-verified: Senate hearing presentation figures (42,400 vs 16,800 AFY, 60% cut, population 1,800, no reductions yet) and Santa Maria Sun ruling article (3/7/2024) confirmed."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Dry-well count","Current adjudication status after 2024"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CA-HINKLEY-CHROMIUM-PLUME-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hinkley hexavalent chromium groundwater plume (PG&E)","description":"PG&E discharged chromium 6 cooling-tower water to unlined ponds from 1952 to 1966, and the Lahontan Water Board says the resulting groundwater plume is at least eight miles long and two miles wide. Under Cleanup and Abatement Order R6V-2015-0068-A1, Third Quarter 2025 data show no plume migration, though PG&E began bottled water for one residence after a 2024 rise in a monitoring well. In 2026 the Board issued Investigative Order R6-2026-0014 requiring a feasibility study on chromium 6 cleanup levels.","location":{"name":"Hinkley chromium plume","type":"Groundwater contamination plume","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Hinkley Valley, San Bernardino County","coordinates":{"lat":34.9514,"lon":-117.2,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["San Bernardino"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A long-lived industrial chromium plume contaminates the aquifer and domestic wells (ref 1, ref 2).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Ref 2 says PG&E began bottled water for a residence with domestic well 35-41 after a 2024 hexavalent chromium rise at MW-67A, though levels stabilized below 10 micrograms per liter.","service":"Ref 2 documents bottled water for one household and domestic well sampling; no community-wide service loss.","scale":"Ref 1 describes a plume at least eight miles long and two miles wide in one valley.","duration":"Ref 1 says chromium 6 was used from 1952 to 1966 and a cleanup order dates to 2015.","significance":"Ref 1 lists Cleanup and Abatement Order R6V-2015-0068 and Investigative Order R6-2026-0014."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources give no count of people served by affected wells."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Plume at least eight miles long and two miles wide; state drinking-water standard for hexavalent chromium is 10 ppb (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Plume length","value":8,"unit":"miles (minimum)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Plume width","value":2,"unit":"miles (minimum)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Ref 2 says Q2 2025 data indicate plume migration is not occurring."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board","role":"Cleanup oversight"},{"name":"Pacific Gas and Electric Company","role":"Responsible party"}],"public_contact":"Lahontan Regional Water Board general line (760) 241-6583","corrective_actions":["Plume contained south of Thompson Road per PG&E monitoring (ref 1)","Bottled water and monthly sampling for domestic well 35-41 (ref 2)","Feasibility study ordered on chromium 6 cleanup levels (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PG&E Hinkley Chromium Cleanup","publisher":"Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board","date":"2026-09-08","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/lahontan/water_issues/projects/pge/index.html","basis":"State regulatory record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Status of Actions October 2025: PG&E Hinkley Chromium Contamination","publisher":"Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board","date":"2025-10-01","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/rwqcb6/water_issues/projects/pge/docs/2025/pge-status-of-actions-october-2025.pdf","basis":"State regulatory record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"Status of Actions January 2026: PG&E Hinkley Chromium Contamination","publisher":"Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board","date":"2026-01-31","url":"https://waterboards.ca.gov/lahontan/water_issues/projects/pge/docs/2026/pge-status-of-actions-january-2026.pdf","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass, supply/drought/groundwater)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Partial re-verification: Water Board page (updated 9/8/2026) and Jan 2026 status report confirmed; Oct 2025 status PDF opened but its text could not be read. Order name corrected to the amended CAO R6V-2015-0068-A1, and plume finding updated to Q3 2025 data per ref 3."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Number of affected domestic wells","Population affected"],"related_ids":[],"conflicts":[]},{"id":"US-CA-IID-COLORADO-RIVER-CONSERVATION-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Imperial Irrigation District expands Colorado River conservation to protect Lake Mead","description":"On May 15, 2026 the Imperial Irrigation District approved an amendment to its conservation agreement with the Bureau of Reclamation that could add up to 100,000 acre-feet of Colorado River savings in 2026. Program capacity rises from 700,000 to 800,000 acre-feet, and farmers are paid to cut irrigation on certain forage crops. IID says the conserved water stays in Lake Mead and officials expect about a 12-foot elevation gain by end of 2026.","location":{"name":"Imperial Irrigation District","type":"Irrigation district","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Imperial Valley, Imperial County","coordinates":{"lat":32.792,"lon":-115.563,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Imperial"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["water-rights","agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Voluntary farm water cuts respond to Colorado River scarcity and falling reservoir elevations (ref 1).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Ref 1 says IID flags Salton Sea environmental and public-health concerns that future conservation must address, without a measured harm.","service":"Ref 1 says farmers are compensated for temporarily reducing irrigation on certain forage crops in summer.","scale":"Ref 1 describes conservation affecting Lake Mead, the nation's largest reservoir, serving a multi-state river system.","duration":"Ref 1 says IID programs have conserved more than 9.1 million acre-feet since 2003.","significance":"Ref 1 reports a formal board amendment to an agreement with the Bureau of Reclamation."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Source gives no population figure."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Amendment could create up to 100,000 acre-feet of additional savings in 2026; capacity rises from 700,000 to 800,000 acre-feet (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Additional 2026 savings (maximum)","value":100000,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Expected Lake Mead elevation gain by end of 2026","value":12,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"IID officials expect, ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One 2026 source."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Imperial Irrigation District","role":"Irrigation district"},{"name":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","role":"Agreement counterparty"}],"public_contact":"Imperial Irrigation District published general channel at iid.com","corrective_actions":["Board approved amendment on May 15, 2026","Paid forage-crop irrigation reductions and on-farm efficiency projects (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Imperial Irrigation District expands Colorado River conservation","publisher":"Western Water","date":"2026-05-16","url":"https://www.western-water.com/2026/05/16/imperial-irrigation-district-expands-colorado-river-conservation/","basis":"news","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass, supply/drought/groundwater)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Re-verified: article dated 5/15-16/2026 confirms 100,000 acre-feet, 700,000 to 800,000 capacity, forage-crop payments and 12-foot Lake Mead gain; no change."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Population affected","Payment amounts"],"related_ids":["US-CO-RIVER-SHORTAGE-2026","US-AZ-COLORADO-POST2026-ALLOCATION-2026","US-CA-SALTON-SEA-SHRINKAGE-2025"]},{"id":"US-CA-WINTERHAVEN-CWD-SINGLE-WELL-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Winterhaven County Water District relies on one working well","description":"Imperial County's 2025 environmental review says Winterhaven County Water District relies on a single active well (Well No. 3, about 350 gpm) because Well No. 2 has been out of service since 2016 after sand infiltration. The district is out of compliance with Title 22, which requires two independent sources, and has high manganese and total dissolved solids. A replacement well about 500 feet deep and treatment plant upgrades are proposed.","location":{"name":"Winterhaven County Water District","type":"County water district","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Winterhaven, Imperial County","coordinates":{"lat":32.7406,"lon":-114.618,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Imperial"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CA1300009"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A failed well leaves the system without a redundant source and its treatment needs upgrades (ref 1).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Ref 1 notes high manganese and total dissolved solids and treatment upgrades needed, with no exceedance of a standard stated.","service":"No outage is reported in ref 1; the risk is loss of the only active well.","scale":"EPA SDWIS (ref 2) lists 394 people served; ref 1 counts 107 residential and 22 commercial connections plus a 495-space RV park.","duration":"Ref 1 says Well No. 2 has been out of service since 2016.","significance":"Ref 1 states the system is out of compliance with California Title 22 source requirements."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":394,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Well No. 2 out of service since 2016; system out of compliance with Title 22 requirement for at least two independent sources (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Active well capacity (Well No. 3)","value":350,"unit":"gpm","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Proposed replacement well capacity","value":400,"unit":"gpm","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One 2025 planning document."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Imperial County Planning and Development Services","role":"CEQA lead agency"},{"name":"Winterhaven County Water District","role":"Water system"},{"name":"State Water Resources Control Board, Division of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Imperial County Planning and Development Services published general channel at icpds.com","corrective_actions":["Conditional Use Permit to drill a replacement Well No. 2 and upgrade the treatment plant (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"CUP25-0009/IS25-0023 Winterhaven County Water District (SCH 2025101513)","publisher":"Imperial County / State Clearinghouse CEQAnet","date":"2025-10-29","url":"https://ceqanet.lci.ca.gov/2025101513","basis":"local_government","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system lookup (WINTERHAVEN COUNTY WATER DISTRICT)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/CA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WINTERHAVEN%20COUNTY%20WATER%20DISTRICT/JSON","basis":"Federal SDWIS record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass, supply/drought/groundwater)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Re-verified: CEQAnet (received 10/29/2025) confirms Well No. 2 out since 2016, Well 3 ~350 gpm, Title 22 noncompliance, manganese/TDS; SDWIS population 394."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Funding source"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CA-NORCAL-WATER-WORKS-LOS-MOLINOS-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Norcal Water Works (Los Molinos) failed well and boil-water notice","description":"A Tehama County notice filed September 1, 2026 describes a replacement well, storage tank and pipeline for Norcal Water Works in Los Molinos. The existing well was built improperly and June 2024 repair attempts showed rehabilitation was not feasible. The notice records a boil water notice issued in March 2020 and gives no end date.","location":{"name":"Norcal Water Works","type":"Small community water system","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Los Molinos, Tehama County","coordinates":{"lat":40,"lon":-122.095,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Tehama"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CA5200657"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A failed source well, short storage and leaking pipes limit a small system's ability to deliver safe water (ref 1).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Ref 1 cites source and storage shortfalls and leaking pipes; no illness or exceedance is reported.","service":"Ref 1 records a boil water notice issued March 2020, meaning residents must treat water before drinking.","scale":"EPA SDWIS (ref 2) lists 45 people served.","duration":"Ref 1 dates the boil water notice to March 2020, over six years before the 2026 filing.","significance":"Ref 1 documents a boil water notice and a county-filed replacement project aimed at managerial consolidation."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":45,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Boil water notice issued March 2020; June 2024 repair attempts found well rehabilitation not feasible (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One 2026 document; current notice status not confirmed."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Tehama County Environmental Health","role":"Lead agency"},{"name":"State Water Resources Control Board, Division of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Tehama County Environmental Health published general channel on tehamacounty.com","corrective_actions":["Replace well, storage tank and distribution pipeline (ref 1)","Pursue managerial consolidation of the system"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"New Well & Water System Improvements Project (SCH 2026090021)","publisher":"Tehama County / State Clearinghouse CEQAnet","date":"2026-09-01","url":"https://ceqanet.lci.ca.gov/2026090021","basis":"local_government","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system lookup (NORCAL WATER WORKS)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/CA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/NORCAL%20WATER%20WORKS/JSON","basis":"Federal SDWIS record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass, supply/drought/groundwater)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Re-verified: CEQAnet notice received 9/1/2026 (June 2024 repair, boil water notice since March 2020, no end date) and SDWIS population 45 confirmed."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Funding source","Whether the boil water notice is still in effect"],"related_ids":["US-CA-FAILING-DRINKING-WATER-SYSTEMS-2025"]},{"id":"US-CA-SIERRA-SNOWPACK-COLLAPSE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"2026 Sierra snowpack collapse after record-hot March","description":"DWR's April 1, 2026 survey at Phillips Station found no measurable snow after a March heat dome, and statewide snowpack was reported at 12 percent of average by mid-May. Reservoirs remained strong, with Lake Oroville at 99 percent of capacity and statewide storage at 117 percent of average. The DWR director warned there is no backfill until next season.","location":{"name":"California Sierra Nevada snowpack","type":"Statewide snowpack and reservoir system","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Sierra Nevada watersheds, statewide","coordinates":{"lat":37.2,"lon":-119.5,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Early snowmelt reduces natural storage that feeds summer and next-year supply (ref 1, ref 2).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Ref 1 reports near record-low snowpack from a March heat dome; ref 2 says stored water must be used carefully, but no harm is documented.","service":"Ref 2 shows reservoirs at 117 percent of average and a 45 percent SWP allocation, so no supply interruption is reported.","scale":"Ref 2 gives statewide figures for snowpack and reservoirs.","duration":"Ref 2 says snowpack peaked in mid-February and melted off by May, a single-season event.","significance":"Ref 2 is a DWR announcement, not an emergency declaration or order."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide; no population figure in sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Statewide snowpack 12% of average in mid-May 2026; Oroville 99% of capacity; reservoirs 117% of average (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Statewide snowpack, mid-May 2026","value":12,"unit":"% of average","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Statewide reservoir storage","value":117,"unit":"% of average","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Lake Oroville storage","value":99,"unit":"% of capacity","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Snowpack peaked mid-February and melted off by May (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"California Department of Water Resources","role":"Snow survey and State Water Project operator"}],"public_contact":"California Department of Water Resources published general channel at water.ca.gov","corrective_actions":["DWR raised State Water Project allocation to 45% in May 2026 (ref 2)","Stored water to be used carefully until next season"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"California snowpack levels are near record lows due to a heat dome (April 1 survey, Phillips Station)","publisher":"RTO Insider","date":"2026-04-02","url":"https://www.rtoinsider.com/?p=129444","basis":"news","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"State Water Project Water Allocation Increased to 45% (DWR announcement repost)","publisher":"California Citrus and Grape Growers Association","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://ccgga.org/state-water-project-water-allocation-increased-to-45/","basis":"news","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass, supply/drought/groundwater)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Re-verification: every source page opened and dates and figures confirmed (ref 1 shows the April 1 survey at Phillips Station; the 12%, 99% and 117% figures and the allocation increase to 45% from 30% are in ref 2). No new development."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Statewide April 1 percent-of-average from an opened source"],"related_ids":["US-CA-SWP-PARTIAL-ALLOCATIONS-2024-2026"]},{"id":"US-CA-FAIRMEAD-DRY-WELLS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Fairmead dry domestic wells and single county well","description":"In the 432-home unincorporated community of Fairmead, Madera County, water tables fell as almond orchards appeared nearby, and domestic wells dried up during the 2020-22 drought. Residents mostly depend on one county-operated well. Madera Irrigation District built a recharge basin south of town, holding 115 acre-feet, with effects not yet measured.","location":{"name":"Fairmead","type":"Unincorporated community","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Fairmead, Madera County","coordinates":{"lat":37.0867,"lon":-120.18,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Madera"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Falling groundwater levels dried household wells and left residents dependent on a single supply (ref 1).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Ref 1 reports domestic wells dried up in the 2020-22 drought after orchards expanded around the community.","service":"Ref 1 says residents mostly depend on one county-operated well, a partial loss of independent supply.","scale":"Ref 1 describes a 432-home enclave.","duration":"Ref 1 ties well failures to orchard expansion over the past five to ten years and the 2020-22 drought.","significance":"Ref 1 reports no enforcement action; the response is a district-funded recharge project."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Ref 1 gives 432 homes, not a population figure."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"432-home community; Madera Irrigation District recharge basin holds 115 acre-feet and removed about 150 acre-feet/year of orchard pumping (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Homes in Fairmead","value":432,"unit":"homes","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Recharge basin capacity","value":115,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Effect of the recharge basin is not yet measured (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Madera Irrigation District","role":"Recharge project owner"},{"name":"Madera County","role":"Operator of the community well"}],"public_contact":"Madera Irrigation District published general channel at madera-id.org","corrective_actions":["Madera Irrigation District bought a 60-acre orchard for $900,000 and built a recharge basin (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Madera County residents plagued by dry wells hope new recharge basin will help","publisher":"GV Wire (from SJV Water)","date":"2026-09-27","url":"https://gvwire.com/2026/09/27/madera-county-residents-plagued-by-dry-wells-hope-new-recharge-basin-will-help/","basis":"news","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass, supply/drought/groundwater)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Re-verification: every source page opened and dates and figures confirmed (432 homes, 115 acre-feet basin, about 150 acre-feet a year of orchard demand removed, $900,000 orchard purchase, about $1.75 million total cost). Basin effect still unmeasured."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["PWSID for the county-operated system","Measured groundwater levels"],"related_ids":["US-CA-DRY-DOMESTIC-WELLS-2026"]},{"id":"US-CA-SOQUEL-MIDCOUNTY-SEAWATER-INTRUSION-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Soquel Creek Water District seawater intrusion and Pure Water Soquel","description":"Seawater contamination has been detected in aquifers near the Live Oak/Pleasure Point well field in the critically overdrafted Santa Cruz Mid-County basin. The Central Coast Water Board staff report of November 2023 says that without the Pure Water Soquel project the district would have to limit extraction to no more than 2,300 acre-feet per year. KAZU reported in April 2025 that the roughly $200 million project was built, with state final checks pending.","location":{"name":"Soquel Creek Water District / Mid-County basin","type":"Water district and groundwater basin","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Capitola, Soquel, Aptos, Santa Cruz County","coordinates":{"lat":36.9886,"lon":-121.9544,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Santa Cruz"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CA4410017"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Overpumping lets seawater move into the only aquifer supplying the district (ref 1, ref 2).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Ref 3 says seawater contamination has been detected in aquifers near the Live Oak/Pleasure Point well field.","service":"Ref 1 says without the project the district would need significant water use restrictions to cap extraction at 2,300 acre-feet per year.","scale":"EPA SDWIS (ref 4) lists 40,962 people served.","duration":"Ref 2 describes decades of extraction exceeding natural replenishment, and the project took about 10 years to develop.","significance":"Ref 1 documents a regional board waste discharge and reclamation order for the project; ref 3 notes the state critical overdraft designation."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":40962,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Without the project, extraction would be limited to no more than 2,300 acre-feet/year (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Extraction limit without project","value":2300,"unit":"acre-feet/year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Share of injected water to be re-extracted over 25 years","value":37,"unit":"%","status":"Estimated","note":"Groundwater modeling estimate that the district's wells will extract 37 percent of injected water over 25 years, per the Board staff report (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Ref 2 reports construction finished in April 2025; operating results not yet reported."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Soquel Creek Water District","role":"Water system and project owner"},{"name":"Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board","role":"Permit issuer"},{"name":"Mid-County Groundwater Agency","role":"Groundwater sustainability agency"}],"public_contact":"Soquel Creek Water District published general channel at soquelcreekwater.org","corrective_actions":["Pure Water Soquel purified recycled water injected through three injection wells; ref 1 lists three wells, ref 3 places seawater-intrusion wells in Capitola and Aptos (ref 1, ref 2, ref 3)","Mid-County Groundwater Agency must reach sustainability by 2040 (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Staff Report, Item 11: Pure Water Soquel Proposed Order R3-2023-0033 (Dec 14-15, 2023 meeting)","publisher":"Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board","date":"2023-11-22","url":"https://waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2023/dec/item11_stfrpt.pdf","basis":"State staff report","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Soquel water recycling project","publisher":"KAZU","date":"2025-04-22","url":"https://www.kazu.org/2025-04-22/soquel-water-recycling-project","basis":"news","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"Soquel Creek Water District FAQ: Pure Water Soquel","publisher":"Soquel Creek Water District","date":null,"url":"https://www.soquelcreekwater.org/m/faq?cat=21","basis":"utility","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system lookup (SOQUEL CREEK WATER DISTRICT)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/CA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SOQUEL%20CREEK%20WATER%20DISTRICT/JSON","basis":"Federal SDWIS record","accessed":"2026-10-14","ref":4}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass, supply/drought/groundwater)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Re-verification: ref 1 (2,300 acre-feet limit; 37 percent re-extraction from district modeling), ref 2 (April 2025: about $200 million, three injection wells, state final checks), ref 3 (undated FAQ; seawater contamination near Live Oak/Pleasure Point well field; MGA 2040 target) and SDWIS (CA4410017, population 40,962) opened. Fixed the missing ref number on the SDWIS source (now ref 4) and the attribution of the 37 percent estimate. No newer reporting opened."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Operating start date from an opened source","Measured chloride trends"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CA-FRIANT-KERN-CANAL-SUBSIDENCE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Friant-Kern Canal subsidence capacity loss and Middle Reach repair","description":"Groundwater-pumping subsidence cut the Friant-Kern Canal's middle reach from 4,000 to about 1,600 cubic feet per second, costing up to 300,000 acre-feet of deliveries in some years. Phase 1 of the Middle Reach Capacity Correction Project, 10 miles of new lined canal, was dedicated on June 21, 2024. Phase 2 for the remaining reach has more than $22 million for planning and design.","location":{"name":"Friant-Kern Canal Middle Reach","type":"Federal canal","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Friant-Kern Canal, mileposts 88 to 121, Tulare County area","coordinates":{"lat":36.2,"lon":-119,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Fresno","Tulare","Kern"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Land sinking from groundwater overdraft physically reduces the canal's capacity to carry surface water (ref 1).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Ref 1 defines subsidence as land sinking from groundwater removal and ties it to lost canal capacity; no injury is reported.","service":"Ref 1 says reduced capacity caused up to 300,000 acre-feet of lost deliveries in certain water years.","scale":"Ref 1 says the canal serves about 1 million acres of farmland and over 250,000 people.","duration":"Ref 1 notes the middle reach has lost over 50 percent of original capacity since the canal opened in 1951, and phase 2 remains.","significance":"Ref 1 reports a federal Record of Decision in November 2020 and a federal-state-local funded repair."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":250000,"status":"Reported","note":"Over 250,000 residents served by the canal per ref 1 (not SDWIS)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Capacity restored target 4,000 cfs from about 1,600 cfs; up to 300,000 acre-feet/year of lost deliveries (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Current middle-reach capacity","value":1600,"unit":"cfs","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1 and ref 3."},{"name":"Original design capacity","value":4000,"unit":"cfs","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Phase 2 planning and design funding","value":22,"unit":"million USD (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Phase 1 completed June 2024 (ref 1); phase 2 remains."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","role":"Project lead"},{"name":"Friant Water Authority","role":"Canal operator"},{"name":"California Department of Water Resources","role":"Funding partner"}],"public_contact":"Friant Water Authority published general channel at friantwater.org","corrective_actions":["Phase 1: 10 miles of new concrete-lined canal, dedicated June 21, 2024 (ref 1)","Phase 2 planning and design funded (ref 1)","Separate Friant-Kern Canal Pump Station Replacement Project, Phase 1 (five pump stations), broke ground October 1, 2026 with $200 million from Interior; this is not Middle Reach Phase 2 (ref 7)","A 2026 report says Interior's $889 million western package includes $200 million for Friant-Kern subsidence correction (ref 6)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Friant-Kern Canal Middle Reach Capacity Correction Project Phase 1 completed","publisher":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","date":"2024-06-21","url":"https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/news-release/4884","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Eight years, ten miles and $325 million later, first phase of Friant-Kern Canal fix celebrated","publisher":"Water Education Foundation Aquafornia (from SJV Water)","date":"2024-06-24","url":"https://watereducation.org/aquafornia-news/eight-years-ten-miles-and-325-million-later-first-phase-friant-kern-canal-fix","basis":"news","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"Officials award $177mil contract to begin Friant-Kern Canal repair project","publisher":"San Joaquin Valley Sun","date":"2021-10-07","url":"https://sjvsun.com/?p=62229","basis":"news","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":4,"title":"Part of California canal completed following land sinking damage","publisher":"Western Water","date":"2024-06-24","url":"https://www.western-water.com/2024/06/24/part-of-california-canal-completed-following-land-sinking-damage/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":5,"title":"Friant-Kern Canal Fix Celebrates Phase 1 Completion","publisher":"Association of California Water Agencies","date":"2024-06-25","url":"https://www.acwa.com/news/friant-kern-canal-fix-celebrates-phase-1-completion","basis":"Trade association report","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":6,"title":"Federal funding targets major fixes to Delta-Mendota Canal on the Westside","publisher":"Westside Connect","date":"2026-04-29","url":"https://www.westsideconnect.com/news/government/federal-funding-targets-major-fixes-to-delta-mendota-canal-on-the-westside/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":7,"title":"Major Federal Investment Accelerates Modernization of Friant Kern Canal","publisher":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","date":"2026-10-01","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/news-release/5422","basis":"Federal agency"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass, supply/drought/groundwater)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Re-verification: all six sources opened; 4,000 to about 1,600 cfs, up to 300,000 acre-feet of lost deliveries, 10-mile Phase 1 dedicated June 21, 2024, $22 million Phase 2 planning and design, $325 million Phase 1 cost and $177 million 2021 contract confirmed. Added ref 7 (Reclamation release of Oct 1, 2026: $200 million pump-station project groundbreaking, follows Middle Reach Phase 1). No source shows Phase 2 canal construction starting."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Phase 2 schedule","Current operating capacity"],"related_ids":["US-CA-TULE-GW-PROBATION-2024","US-CA-KAWEAH-GW-PLAN-REPAIR-2024","US-CA-SJV-CONVEYANCE-SUBSIDENCE-2025"],"conflicts":[]},{"id":"US-CA-SJV-CONVEYANCE-SUBSIDENCE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"DWR conveyance study: subsidence cut California Aqueduct capacity 44% in 2023","description":"DWR's San Joaquin Valley Conveyance Study, released November 25, 2025, finds 2023 subsidence levels reduced California Aqueduct capacity by 44 percent and that some San Luis Canal sections have sunk more than eight feet since the 1960s. It concludes stabilizing groundwater levels and repairing existing canals is the most effective path, and that new conveyance would add limited benefit.","location":{"name":"San Joaquin Valley State and federal canals","type":"Water conveyance system","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"San Joaquin Valley, State Water Project and Central Valley Project canals","coordinates":{"lat":36.75,"lon":-120.1,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Fresno","Kings","Merced","Kern","Tulare"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Groundwater-driven land subsidence damages the canals that move surface water (ref 1).","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Ref 1 reports subsidence exceeding 10 feet in some areas in 2017; no injury is reported.","service":"Ref 1 says 2023 subsidence cut California Aqueduct capacity by 44 percent and 2017 subsidence cut Friant-Kern deliveries by about 300,000 acre-feet.","scale":"Ref 1 says the Valley is home to more than 4 million Californians and four major canals are affected.","duration":"Ref 1 says some San Luis Canal sections have sunk more than eight feet since the 1960s.","significance":"Ref 1 is a state agency study under the Water Resilience Portfolio, with no enforcement."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":4000000,"status":"Reported","note":"More than 4 million Californians live in the Valley per ref 1."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"2023 subsidence levels reduced California Aqueduct capacity by 44 percent (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"California Aqueduct capacity reduction (2023)","value":44,"unit":"%","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"San Luis Canal subsidence since 1960s (minimum)","value":8,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"More than eight feet in some sections, ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Study gives point-in-time figures."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"California Department of Water Resources","role":"Study author and State Water Project operator"}],"public_contact":"California Department of Water Resources published general channel at water.ca.gov","corrective_actions":["Study recommends raising groundwater levels above critical thresholds","Study recommends prioritizing repair of existing conveyance"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"New DWR Conveyance Study Finds Groundwater Stabilization Key to Protecting Valley Water Supplies (DWR release, Nov 25, 2025)","publisher":"FISHBIO (repost of DWR release)","date":"2025-11-25","url":"https://fishbio.com/news/new-dwr-conveyance-study-finds-groundwater-stabilization-key-to-protecting-valley-water-supplies/","basis":"state","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass, supply/drought/groundwater)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Re-verification: every source page opened and dates and figures confirmed (44 percent Aqueduct capacity loss in 2023, more than eight feet on some San Luis Canal sections, over 4 million Valley residents; the page is a FISHBIO repost dated Nov 25, 2025 of the DWR release). No new development."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Repair cost estimate","Per-canal capacity current values"],"related_ids":["US-CA-FRIANT-KERN-CANAL-SUBSIDENCE-2024","US-CA-SWP-PARTIAL-ALLOCATIONS-2024-2026","US-CA-DELTA-MENDOTA-GW-PLAN-REPAIR-2026"]},{"id":"US-CA-GOLETA-WEST-FORCE-MAIN-SPILL-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Goleta West force-main spill of 1.07 million gallons draws $1.55M penalty","description":"A corroded 24-inch force main operated by Goleta West Sanitary District released about 1.07 million gallons of untreated wastewater on February 16-17, 2024 into a tributary of Tecolotito Creek, Goleta Slough and the Pacific Ocean. Goleta Beach was closed for weeks. In February 2026 the Central Coast Water Board approved a $1,551,145 administrative civil liability, to be satisfied through a four-year drinking-water well pilot project.","location":{"name":"Goleta West Sanitary District force main","type":"Sewer collection system / force main","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Near Santa Barbara Municipal Airport, Goleta Slough and Goleta Beach, Santa Barbara County","coordinates":{"lat":34.4167,"lon":-119.83,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Santa Barbara"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A failed buried force main released untreated sewage to coastal waters.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Goleta Beach was closed after the spill and a health advisory was issued (ref 1).","service":"No loss of sewer service is reported; the spill came from a broken force main that was bypassed (ref 1, ref 3).","scale":"About 1.07 million gallons reached the slough marine conservation area and ocean (ref 1), the largest in county in recent years per Channelkeeper (ref 3).","duration":"The discharge ran about 14 hours (ref 1) but the beach closure lasted over three weeks (ref 1).","significance":"The Regional Board approved a $1.55 million civil liability 3-2 in February 2026, its largest for a single discharge event (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources do not quantify exposed beach users or population served by the force main."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Over 1 million gallons spilled in about 14 hours; $1.55 million civil liability (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Untreated wastewater released","value":1071696,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"About 1.07 million gallons per ref 2; the exact 1,071,696 figure was taken from the settlement description quoted in ref 3 and could not be re-read in the document text this session."},{"name":"Administrative civil liability","value":1551145,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Suspended while the pilot project is completed (ref 1, ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single documented event or action; no earlier comparable record cited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board","role":"Enforcement"},{"name":"Goleta West Sanitary District","role":"Force-main owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"State Water Board Office of Public Affairs, (916) 341-7365","corrective_actions":["Approved a four-year pilot to test about 100 drinking-water wells and install treatment (ref 1)","District reports flow-metering and alarm upgrades and expanded force-main assessments (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Central Coast Water Board approves $1.55M penalty for sewage spill in Santa Barbara County","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2026-03-02","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2026/pr20260302-r3-approves-penalty-for-spill.html","basis":"State enforcement release","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Goleta West Sanitary District Settles with Board Over Sewage Spill","publisher":"Noozhawk","date":"2026-03-02","url":"https://www.noozhawk.com/?p=792980","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"Proposed ACL Order R3-2025-0074: public comments and prosecution team responses (Item 12, Att. 2)","publisher":"California Regional Water Quality Control Board, Central Coast Region","date":"2026-02-26","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2026/feb/item12_att02.pdf","basis":"State enforcement record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Re-verification: ref 1 (Mar 2, 2026 release: over 1 million gallons in about 14 hours, 24-inch force main, Goleta Beach closed 23 days, $1.55 million, four-year pilot testing about 100 wells), ref 2 (about 1.07 million gallons; beach closed 22 days; district upgrades) and ref 3 (public-comment period Oct 16 to Nov 17, 2025; Feb 26-27, 2026 hearing item) opened. Beach closure reported as 22 days (ref 2) or 23 days (ref 1). Exact gallon figure in ref 3 not legible in extracted text."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CA-SAN-DIEGO-SEWER-OVERFLOW-2023"]},{"id":"US-CA-LAGUNA-NIGUEL-MNWD-SPILL-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Moulton Niguel force-main failure sends sewage to Aliso Creek; $553K penalty","description":"A fiberglass force main operated by Moulton Niguel Water District failed on January 10, 2025, releasing 589,500 gallons of sewage, 464,700 gallons of which entered a storm drain and Sulphur Creek. Sewage later reached Aliso Beach and the ocean, and the beach was closed January 14-18. The San Diego Water Board adopted a $553,000 settlement order on October 8, 2025.","location":{"name":"Moulton Niguel force main, Laguna Niguel Regional Park","type":"Sewer force main","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Laguna Niguel Regional Park to Sulphur Creek, Aliso Creek and Aliso Beach, Orange County","coordinates":{"lat":33.513,"lon":-117.71,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Orange"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A failed force main discharged untreated sewage into creeks and the ocean.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The order records beach closure January 14-18 after sewage reached the Pacific shoreline at Aliso Beach (ref 1).","service":"The order describes a pipe failure and spill response, not an interruption of sewer service (ref 1).","scale":"The district serves more than 170,000 residents and 589,500 gallons were released (ref 1).","duration":"The spill was first reported and contained within hours on January 10 although closures ran to January 19 (ref 1, ref 2).","significance":"Order R9-2025-0137 imposes $553,000 in administrative civil liability, signed October 8, 2025 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":170000,"status":"Reported","note":"District serves more than 170,000 residents (ref 1); not the number exposed to the spill."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"589,500 gallons released, 464,700 gallons to Sulphur Creek; $553,000 liability (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Sewage released","value":589500,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Order recital (ref 1)."},{"name":"Liability","value":553000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Includes $19,640 in staff costs (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single documented event or action; no earlier comparable record cited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board","role":"Enforcement"},{"name":"Moulton Niguel Water District","role":"Force-main operator"}],"public_contact":"San Diego Water Board, (619) 516-1990","corrective_actions":["Crews built berms, recovered sewage by vacuum truck and pump (ref 1)","Paid or agreed to $553,000 liability under Order R9-2025-0137 (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Order R9-2025-0137: Moulton Niguel Water District January 2025 sanitary sewer system spill","publisher":"California Regional Water Quality Control Board, San Diego Region","date":"2025-10-08","url":"https://waterboards.ca.gov/sandiego/board_decisions/adopted_orders/2025/r9-2025-0137.pdf","basis":"State enforcement record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Laguna Niguel Regional Park sewage spill forces beach closures along Aliso Creek","publisher":"Laguna Beach Independent","date":"2025-01-17","url":"https://www.lagunabeachindy.com/news/laguna-niguel-regional-park-sewage-spill-forces-beach-closures-along-aliso-creek/article_7f674e9c-d508-11ef-b7c9-6728bd5dbf6a.html","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Re-verification: order R9-2025-0137 (589,500 gallons, 464,700 gallons to Sulphur Creek, $553,000 including $19,640 staff costs, beach closed Jan 14-18 and reopened Jan 19, 2025, certified Oct 8, 2025) and the Jan 17, 2025 news article (about 465,000 gallons) opened."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CA-SAN-DIEGO-SEWER-OVERFLOW-2023"]},{"id":"US-CA-SACRAMENTO-SASD-SEWER-OVERFLOWS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Sacramento Area Sewer District 184 raw-sewage spills draw $242,750 order","description":"A Central Valley Water Board stipulated order alleges the Sacramento Area Sewer District had 184 Category 1 sanitary sewer overflows between October 2021 and March 2025, discharging 362,433 gallons of raw sewage to waters of the United States. Two storm-driven spills of 104,811 and 49,520 gallons were the largest. The stipulated order imposes $242,750 in liability; the document's penalty analysis is stamped May 19, 2026, and its signature lines are blank in the copy opened.","location":{"name":"Sacramento Area Sewer District collection system","type":"Sanitary sewer collection system","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Sacramento County, including Rancho Cordova, American River watershed","coordinates":{"lat":38.5816,"lon":-121.4944,"precision":"system_centroid","source_ref":1},"counties":["Sacramento"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Repeated collection-system overflows discharged untreated sewage to creeks and rivers.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The order alleges 362,433 gallons of raw sewage reached surface waters and was not recovered, including the Morrison Creek tributary and the American River watershed (ref 1).","service":"The order concerns overflows, with no loss of sewer service reported (ref 1).","scale":"The collection system serves more than one million people in the Sacramento region (ref 1).","duration":"The 184 spills span October 1, 2021 to March 31, 2025, about 3.5 years (ref 1).","significance":"Order R5-2026-0502 imposes $242,750 administrative civil liability against a statutory minimum of $227,729.70 and a maximum of $8,406,370 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":1000000,"status":"Reported","note":"System serves more than one million people (ref 1); the order gives no exposed-population figure."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"184 Category 1 spills, 362,433 gallons, $242,750 liability (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Category 1 spills","value":184,"unit":"spills","status":"Reported","note":"Oct 2021 to Mar 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Raw sewage unrecovered","value":362433,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Order cites two earlier district settlements only in search results, not in the cited source."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board","role":"Enforcement"},{"name":"Sacramento Area Sewer District","role":"Collection-system operator"}],"public_contact":"Central Valley Water Board, (916) 464-3291","corrective_actions":["Liability payment under stipulated order (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Order R5-2026-0502: Sacramento Area Sewer District settlement agreement and stipulation for entry of ACL","publisher":"California Regional Water Quality Control Board, Central Valley Region","date":"2026-05-19","url":"https://waterboards.ca.gov/centralvalley/board_decisions/adopted_orders/sacramento/r5-2026-0502_settlement.pdf","basis":"State enforcement record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":8,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":8,"note":"Re-verification: ref 1 confirms 184 Category 1 SSOs between Oct 1, 2021 and Mar 31, 2025, 362,433 gallons discharged to surface water and not recovered, spills of 104,811 (Oct 24, 2021) and 49,520 gallons (Dec 31, 2022), and $242,750 liability. The copy opened has blank signature lines (a May 19, 2026 digital stamp appears only on the penalty calculation), so the 'signed May 19, 2026' wording was corrected; entry date not confirmed. The 'more than one million' served figure could not be re-read in the document text."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["news coverage","population exposed"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CA-SAN-YSIDRO-SBIWTP-CDO-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"South Bay border plant expansion needs cease-and-desist order for bypass blending","description":"The U.S. section of the International Boundary and Water Commission planned in August 2025 to raise the South Bay International Wastewater Treatment Plant from 25 to 35 MGD, treating the extra 10 MGD only to advanced primary and blending it with secondary effluent before ocean discharge. San Diego Water Board staff recommended Cease and Desist Order R9-2025-0139 because the plan violates or threatens to violate the permit's 25 MGD secondary-treatment limits. The Water Board's 2025 adopted-orders page lists the order as adopted, and Times of San Diego reported adoption at the August 27, 2025 meeting.","location":{"name":"South Bay International Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Federal wastewater treatment plant","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"San Ysidro, San Diego County; discharges via South Bay Ocean Outfall","coordinates":{"lat":32.5437,"lon":-117.0594,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["San Diego"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A capacity expansion relies on partial bypass of secondary treatment under a permit limited to 25 MGD.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Staff say blending bypassed primary effluent will violate or threaten to violate NPDES permit CA0108928 limits (ref 1); no measured harm is cited.","service":"The plant continues to operate and the expansion would treat 10 MGD more Tijuana wastewater (ref 1).","scale":"The plant treats Tijuana municipal flows and canyon-collector flows for a regional coast affected by transboundary pollution (ref 1).","duration":"The plant discharges under NPDES permit R9-2021-0001, as amended, and staff describe transboundary flows from Tijuana as causing significant and prolonged water quality impairment in the river, estuary and nearshore waters (ref 1).","significance":"Staff recommended adopting Cease and Desist Order R9-2025-0139 at the August 27, 2025 hearing (ref 1); the Board's adopted-orders page lists it as adopted (ref 2) and Times of San Diego reports adoption that day (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The report does not give a population served."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Expansion from 25 to 35 MGD with 10 MGD advanced-primary bypass blended with 25 MGD secondary effluent (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Permitted effluent flow","value":25,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Permit limit (ref 1)."},{"name":"Planned interim flow","value":35,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Target start August 28, 2025 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single documented event or action; no earlier comparable record cited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board","role":"Permit and enforcement"},{"name":"U.S. Section, International Boundary and Water Commission","role":"Plant operator"}],"public_contact":"San Diego Water Board, (619) 516-1990","corrective_actions":["Tentative order requires compliance schedule and design, operation and maintenance documents (ref 1)","Order R9-2025-0139 adopted; the order text and adoption date were not opened (ref 2, ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Executive Officer Summary Report, Item 1: Tentative Cease and Desist Order R9-2025-0139 (USIBWC South Bay plant)","publisher":"California Regional Water Quality Control Board, San Diego Region","date":"2025-08-27","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/sandiego/board_info/agendas/2025/aug27/item1/2025-08-22-eosr.pdf","basis":"State enforcement record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"San Diego Region - 2025 Adopted Orders, Decisions, and Resolutions","publisher":"California Regional Water Quality Control Board, San Diego Region","date":null,"accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/sandiego/board_decisions/adopted_orders/orders2025.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Supervisors praise boost to South Bay sewage treatment by 10 million gallons","publisher":"Times of San Diego","date":"2025-08-27","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://timesofsandiego.com/politics/2025/08/27/supervisors-praise-boost-south-bay-sewage-treatment-million-gallons/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass); adoption of the order not confirmed."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Adoption confirmed: the Board's 2025 adopted-orders page lists R9-2025-0139 (no date shown) and Times of San Diego (Aug 27, 2025) reports the Board adopted the order at its Aug 27 meeting. Corrected duration note (2021 reference is the NPDES permit, not a prior cease-and-desist order). Staff report figures (25 to 35 MGD, 10 MGD blended with 25 MGD secondary) re-confirmed. Adopted order text itself not opened."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CA-TIJUANA-RIVER-SEWAGE-2023"]},{"id":"US-CA-LONG-BEACH-ORANGE-AVE-MAIN-BREAK-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Long Beach century-old main breaks twice, triggering boil-water notice","description":"A significant water main break at 3502 Orange Avenue on October 9, 2024 dropped pressure and led Long Beach Utilities and the State Water Board to issue a boil-water notice for parts of ZIP codes 90805, 90806 and 90807. A second break occurred on a 20-inch cast iron line during repressurization; the damaged section was estimated at about 100 years old. The notice was lifted after tests came back clean.","location":{"name":"Long Beach Utilities water system","type":"Municipal water utility service area","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Orange Avenue near Wardlow Road, California Heights and North Long Beach, Los Angeles County","coordinates":{"lat":33.819,"lon":-118.16,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Los Angeles"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"CA1910065"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Aging cast iron pipe failed and caused a pressure loss that required a precautionary notice.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The mayor said there was no evidence the water was unsafe and testing was clean (ref 2); no illness is reported.","service":"Residents and businesses in three ZIP codes were told to boil or use bottled water (ref 2).","scale":"The utility serves about 466,772 people per SDWIS (ref 1) and the notice covered large parts of North Long Beach (ref 3).","duration":"The notice ran about one day, lifted October 11 after 117 sample analyses (ref 4).","significance":"The boil-water notice was issued with the State Water Board Division of Drinking Water (ref 2)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":466772,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Long Beach Utilities Department per SDWIS (ref 1); the notice covered only part of it."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Boil-water notice for parts of three ZIP codes; 117 sample analyses before it was lifted (ref 4)."},"measures":[{"name":"Samples analysed before notice lifted","value":117,"unit":"analyses","status":"Reported","note":"Prior 24 hours (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single documented event or action; no earlier comparable record cited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Long Beach Utilities Department","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"State Water Resources Control Board, Division of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Long Beach Utilities Department main line","corrective_actions":["Isolated and repaired the main; flushed and tested water (ref 3, ref 4)","Lifted the boil notice after clean samples (ref 4)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record, Long Beach Utilities Department (CA1910065)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/CA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LONG%20BEACH/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Long Beach issues boil water notice for some residents after 'significant' water main break","publisher":"ABC7 Los Angeles","date":"2024-10-10","url":"https://abc7.com/post/long-beach-issues-boil-water-notice-after-significant-main-break/15412171/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"Boil-water notice Long Beach water main break","publisher":"Long Beach Post","date":"2024-10-10","url":"https://lbpost.com/news/boil-water-long-beach-notice-water-main-break/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":4,"title":"Long Beach cancels boil water notice following water main break","publisher":"NBC Los Angeles","date":"2024-10-11","url":"https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/water-main-break-prompts-boil-water-notice-in-long-beach/3532309/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"Re-verification: SDWIS CA1910065 (population 466,772) and the three news pages opened. Break at 3502 Orange Ave on Oct 9, 2024; notice for parts of ZIP codes 90805, 90806, 90807 with State Water Board; second break on a 20-inch cast iron line during repressurization, section about 100 years old; notice cancelled after 117 sample analyses (NBC, updated Oct 11, 2024). No new development."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["customers affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CA-LADWP-WEST-HOLLYWOOD-1916-MAIN-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"LADWP 110-year-old trunk main rupture floods Sunset Boulevard; pipe-replacement pace short of goal","description":"A roughly 110-year-old LADWP pipeline ruptured in mid-July 2026 under Sunset Boulevard in West Hollywood, closing the street while LADWP replaced a 25-foot section and fed the area through an 8-inch pipe. ABC7 reported about 17 million gallons released and Sunset Boulevard reopened on July 26, 2026 after just over a week, with permanent paving still to come and the cause under investigation. ABC7 also reported LADWP replaced 11,500 feet of earthquake-resilient pipe in 2024-25 against a 17,600-foot goal; LADWP says it replaced over 246,000 feet of pipeline in 2024-25. A 6.4-mile large-pipe upgrade is in design with construction previously expected from 2031, which LADWP now plans to speed up.","location":{"name":"LADWP water system, Sunset Boulevard main","type":"Municipal water utility pipeline","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Sunset Boulevard at Sherbourne Drive to San Vicente Boulevard, West Hollywood, Los Angeles County","coordinates":{"lat":34.09,"lon":-118.377,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Los Angeles"],"extent":"site","pwsid":"CA1910067"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A 110-year-old pipeline failed, showing replacement lag in an aging distribution network.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"No health impact is reported; LADWP says customers continue to have reliable drinking water (ref 3).","service":"LADWP asked customers to keep conserving because demand could affect upper floors and fed the area through an 8-inch pipe (ref 3).","scale":"Roughly 17 million gallons were released in one West Hollywood neighborhood (ref 4); customers affected are not reported (ref 2, ref 3).","duration":"Street closure ran from the July 2026 rupture to the reopening on about July 26, 2026 (ref 4); the large-pipe upgrade was not expected to start construction before 2031 (ref 3, ref 4).","significance":"No violation or order is cited; LADWP reports internal repair and planning actions only (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Neither source reports customers affected by the July 2026 rupture; the utility serves 3,875,566 per SDWIS (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Roughly 17 million gallons released; 25-foot section replaced; 11,500 of 17,600 feet replaced in 2024-25 per ABC7 (ref 2, ref 3, ref 4)."},"measures":[{"name":"Pipe replaced in 2024-25 (ABC7)","value":11500,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Earthquake-resilient pipe; goal 17,600 feet (ref 2). LADWP separately cites over 246,000 feet of pipeline (ref 3)."},{"name":"Water released in the rupture","value":17000000,"unit":"gallons (roughly)","status":"Reported","note":"ABC7 report on reopening (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single documented event or action; no earlier comparable record cited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Los Angeles Department of Water and Power","role":"Water utility"}],"public_contact":"LADWP customer service line","corrective_actions":["Cut out and replaced a 25-foot section with 3-foot steel pipe (ref 3)","Designing 6.4 miles of large-diameter pipe upgrade, construction expected 2031 (ref 3)","Sunset Boulevard reopened after just over a week of repairs; crews to return for permanent paving, and LADWP plans to speed up the trunk line replacement previously set for 2031 (ref 4)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record, Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (CA1910067)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/CA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/LOS%20ANGELES/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"West Hollywood pipe break spotlights LADWP's lagging pipe-replacement pace","publisher":"ABC7 Los Angeles","date":"2026-07-17","url":"https://abc7.com/post/west-hollywood-pipe-break-spotlights-ladwps-lagging-pipereplacement-pace/19528518/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"LADWP makes significant progress replacing ruptured pipe and welding of new pipe during West Hollywood water main incident","publisher":"LADWP","date":"2026-07-18","url":"https://ladwpnews.com/ladwp-makes-significant-progress-replacing-ruptured-pipe-and-welding-of-new-pipe-during-west-hollywood-water-main-incident-1100-am-july-18-2026/","basis":"Utility notice","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":4,"title":"West Hollywood main break: Sunset Boulevard reopens to traffic after weeklong closure","publisher":"ABC7 Los Angeles","date":"2026-07-26","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://abc7.com/post/west-hollywood-main-break-sunset-boulevard-reopen-reopens-traffic-weeklong-closure/19574111/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"Re-verification plus new development: ref 4 (ABC7, Jul 26, 2026) reports Sunset Boulevard reopened after just over a week, about 17 million gallons released, cause under investigation, permanent paving pending. Corrected the pipe-age wording: ABC7 calls it a 110-year-old pipe (no source opened gives 1916 as a build year) and the rupture date is reported as July 15 (ref 2) or July 16 (ref 4), so 'July 2026' is used. SDWIS CA1910067 population 3,875,566 confirmed."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["customers affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CA-DELTA-MENDOTA-CANAL-SUBSIDENCE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Delta-Mendota Canal subsidence correction: $235M federal funding and phased repair","description":"Land subsidence has forced parts of the 116.5-mile Delta-Mendota Canal to run below its design level, and the San Luis and Delta-Mendota Water Authority is working with Reclamation to raise lining, embankments and structures. In September 2025 the Authority took up cost allocation for Phase 1 of the Upper DMC work. A 2026 report says the Interior Department allocated $235 million for embankment repairs, check structures and a possible concrete-lined segment.","location":{"name":"Delta-Mendota Canal","type":"Federal Central Valley Project canal","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Tracy to Mendota Pool, San Joaquin, Stanislaus, Merced, Fresno counties","coordinates":{"lat":36.95,"lon":-120.6,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["San Joaquin","Stanislaus","Merced","Fresno"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["agricultural","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Subsidence reduced the carrying capacity of a major federal conveyance canal.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health or environmental harm is documented; the issue is conveyance capacity (ref 1).","service":"The canal must be run at a lower level so water does not overtop banks, limiting deliveries at peak demand (ref 1, ref 2).","scale":"The canal supplies west-side San Joaquin Valley irrigation and replacement water for San Joaquin River flows (ref 2).","duration":"Subsidence has accumulated since construction and Phase 1 design and cost allocation were still being settled in September 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"A federal allocation of $235 million is reported and the Authority board is adopting cost-allocation methods (ref 1, ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources do not give a population served."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$235 million federal allocation for Delta-Mendota Canal repairs (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Canal length","value":116.5,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1 (SLDMWA document) could not be opened this session; ref 2 describes the canal as about 116 miles."},{"name":"Federal allocation","value":235000000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Westside Connect report, April 2026 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single documented event or action; no earlier comparable record cited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","role":"Canal owner"},{"name":"San Luis & Delta-Mendota Water Authority","role":"Operator"}],"public_contact":"San Luis & Delta-Mendota Water Authority main office","corrective_actions":["Phased Upper DMC subsidence correction (ref 1)","Federal funding for embankment and check structure work (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Recommendation to adopt refinements to cost allocation methodology and scope for Phase 1 of the Upper DMC portion of the DMC Subsidence Correction Project","publisher":"San Luis & Delta-Mendota Water Authority","date":"2025-09-08","url":"https://www.sldmwa.org/OHTDocs/pdf_documents/Meetings/Committees/FA%20Committee/Prepackets/AgendaItem5_2025_0908_DMC_Phase1_Recommendation.pdf","basis":"Local-government record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Federal funding targets major fixes to Delta-Mendota Canal on the Westside","publisher":"Westside Connect","date":"2026-04-29","url":"https://www.westsideconnect.com/news/government/federal-funding-targets-major-fixes-to-delta-mendota-canal-on-the-westside/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Partial re-verification: ref 2 (Westside Connect, Apr 29, 2026) opened and confirms the $235 million Interior allocation for embankment repairs, check structures and a possible concrete-lined segment, with construction timelines not yet set. Ref 1 (SLDMWA PDF) returned a bot-challenge page, so the 116.5-mile length and the September 2025 cost-allocation item were not re-confirmed."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["total project cost","completion date"],"related_ids":["US-CA-DELTA-MENDOTA-GW-PLAN-REPAIR-2026","US-CA-FRIANT-KERN-CANAL-SUBSIDENCE-2024"]},{"id":"US-CA-CALEXICO-WPCP-EFFLUENT-PENALTY-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Calexico sewage plant faces $81,000 in mandatory penalties for effluent violations","description":"The Colorado River Basin Water Board released a tentative settlement in February 2026 under which the City of Calexico would pay $81,000 in mandatory minimum penalties for effluent limitation violations at its Water Pollution Control Plant, which discharges to the New River. The plant operates under Order R7-2019-0004 and NPDES permit CA7000009. The public comment period ran February 12 to March 14, 2026.","location":{"name":"Calexico Water Pollution Control Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Calexico, Imperial County; discharges to the New River","coordinates":{"lat":32.6789,"lon":-115.4989,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Imperial"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Treated-effluent limit exceedances at a municipal plant discharging to the New River.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The notice cites effluent limitation violations subject to mandatory penalties but no measured harm (ref 1).","service":"No service interruption is reported (ref 1).","scale":"A municipal plant serving the city of Calexico in Imperial County discharges to the New River (ref 1).","duration":"The notice does not give the violation period, so the duration score reflects a multi-violation settlement only (ref 1).","significance":"Tentative order R7-2026-0001 proposes $81,000 in mandatory minimum penalties under Water Code 13385 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The notice does not state population served."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$81,000 in mandatory minimum penalties proposed (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Mandatory minimum penalties","value":81000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Tentative settlement (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single documented event or action; no earlier comparable record cited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Colorado River Basin Regional Water Quality Control Board","role":"Enforcement"},{"name":"City of Calexico","role":"Plant operator"}],"public_contact":"Colorado River Basin Water Board, (760) 346-7491","corrective_actions":["Mandatory minimum penalty settlement (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Notice of opportunity to comment: Tentative Settlement R7-2026-0001, City of Calexico Water Pollution Control Plant","publisher":"California Regional Water Quality Control Board, Colorado River Basin Region","date":"2026-02-12","url":"https://waterboards.ca.gov/coloradoriver/public_notices/2026/pn-72608.pdf","basis":"State enforcement record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass); final adoption not confirmed."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Re-verified against notice: $81,000, R7-2026-0001, comment period Feb 12 to Mar 14, 2026 confirmed; no later outcome found."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["specific violations","final adoption","news coverage"],"related_ids":["US-CA-SALTON-SEA-SHRINKAGE-2025"]},{"id":"US-CA-HOLLISTER-WWTP-VIOLATIONS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hollister wastewater plant cited for overflows and odor; city blames operator","description":"The Central Coast Water Board issued Hollister a notice of violation in February 2026 alleging eight lapses at its wastewater facility, including excessive odor and overflow from basins, some dating to 2024. The city told the board in an April 17 report that operator Veolia failed to maintain the plant since early 2025; Veolia disputes this. The city has replaced aerators and refurbished screens and may seek a new operator when the contract expires in August.","location":{"name":"Hollister wastewater treatment facility","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"City of Hollister, San Benito County","coordinates":{"lat":36.8525,"lon":-121.4016,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["San Benito"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Deferred plant maintenance and operator dispute produced permit violations including basin overflows.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The notice alleges odor and basin overflows; BenitoLink reports no measured environmental harm (ref 1).","service":"No service loss is reported (ref 1).","scale":"A city-wide municipal facility with a $1.8 million-a-year operations contract (ref 1).","duration":"Violations date back to 2024 and maintenance lapses to early 2025; Veolia has filed no completed self-monitoring reports since 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"A February 2026 notice of violation with fines of up to $5,000 per day per violation (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The article does not give population served."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Eight alleged lapses; fines up to $5,000 per day per violation (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Alleged lapses in notice of violation","value":8,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Operator contract cost","value":1800000,"unit":"USD per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Operator contract dispute and possible rebid (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single documented event or action; no earlier comparable record cited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board","role":"Enforcement"},{"name":"City of Hollister","role":"Plant owner"},{"name":"Veolia","role":"Contract operator"}],"public_contact":"City of Hollister city manager's office","corrective_actions":["Replaced aerators, refurbished screens, added solids enzymes (ref 1)","Reviewing operator contract (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Hollister blames operator for wastewater facility violations","publisher":"BenitoLink","date":"2026-05-05","url":"https://benitolink.com/hollister-blames-operator-for-wastewater-facility-violations/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Re-verified against BenitoLink: February notice of eight lapses, up to $5,000 per day, $1.8 million contract, no completed self-monitoring reports since 2024 confirmed; no later development found."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["primary regulator record","population served"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CA-ALTURAS-WWTP-ALUMINUM-CDO-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Alturas sewage plant gets more time on aluminum limit while moving to land discharge","description":"The City of Alturas could not meet final aluminum effluent limits at its 0.5 MGD wastewater plant discharging to the Pit River, and interim limits under its 2020 cease-and-desist order expired March 31, 2025. The Central Valley Water Board put a new Cease-and-Desist Order with a compliance schedule on its February 27, 2026 agenda, recommending adoption. The city plans to move to land discharge and end its NPDES coverage.","location":{"name":"City of Alturas Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Alturas, Modoc County; discharges to the Pit River","coordinates":{"lat":41.4871,"lon":-120.5425,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Modoc"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A small plant cannot meet an aluminum limit without a major upgrade to land discharge.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The plant cannot meet final aluminum effluent limits in NPDES permit CA0078921 (ref 1); no measured river impact is cited.","service":"No service loss is reported (ref 1).","scale":"The plant serves about 2,500 people (ref 1).","duration":"Cease-and-Desist Order R5-2020-0005 was issued in 2020 and interim limits expired in March 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"A new Cease-and-Desist Order was recommended for adoption on February 27, 2026 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":2500,"status":"Reported","note":"Approximate population served per the board agenda item (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Serves about 2,500 people; 0.5 MGD secondary plant; aluminum limit not met (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Plant design flow","value":0.5,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Small system funding a land-discharge upgrade (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single documented event or action; no earlier comparable record cited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board","role":"Enforcement"},{"name":"City of Alturas","role":"Plant owner"}],"public_contact":"Central Valley Water Board, (916) 464-3291","corrective_actions":["Upgrade to land discharge and permit termination (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"February 27, 2026 board meeting, uncontested item 14: City of Alturas Wastewater Treatment Plant cease-and-desist order","publisher":"California Regional Water Quality Control Board, Central Valley Region","date":"2026-02-27","url":"https://water.waterboards.ca.gov/centralvalley/board_decisions/tentative_orders/2602/13_uncon_enforcement/alturas_wwtp_sum.pdf","basis":"State enforcement record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass); board adoption not confirmed."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Re-verified against Central Valley Board agenda summary: population about 2,500, Order R5-2020-0005 interim limits expired March 31, 2025, adoption recommended at Feb 27, 2026 meeting confirmed; adoption outcome not confirmed."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["adoption outcome","news coverage"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CA-EAST-BAY-WET-WEATHER-CONSENT-DECREE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"East Bay sewer consent decree requires ending wet-weather discharges by 2035","description":"A 2014 federal consent decree requires East Bay MUD and six satellite cities and the Stege Sanitary District to end wet-weather facility discharges, starting with San Antonio in 2027 and ending with Oakport in 2035. The Bay Area Water Board's March 2025 staff report says inflow and infiltration in satellite sewers drive excess wet-weather flows, and that a 2022 check-in found the parties on track. The board proposed reissuing the satellites' NPDES permits over their objections.","location":{"name":"EBMUD wet-weather facilities and satellite sewers","type":"Municipal sewer collection and interceptor system","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Alameda, Albany, Berkeley, Emeryville, Oakland, Piedmont, Alameda County","coordinates":{"lat":37.8044,"lon":-122.2712,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Alameda"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Rain-driven inflow and infiltration overloads older sewers and forces wet-weather discharges.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Wet-weather facilities discharge excess wastewater under permit; no specific harm measurement is cited (ref 1).","service":"No service loss is reported (ref 1).","scale":"Seven satellite collection systems discharge into the EBMUD interceptor (ref 1).","duration":"The 2009 lawsuit led to a 2014 decree whose work runs through 2035 (ref 1).","significance":"A federal consent decree entered September 22, 2014 and reissued permits are before the board (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Staff report gives no population served."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Wet-weather discharge elimination from 2027 (San Antonio) to 2035 (Oakport) (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Final discharge cessation year","value":2035,"unit":"year","status":"Reported","note":"Oakport wet-weather facility (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"2022 mid-course check found the parties on track (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board","role":"Permit regulator"},{"name":"East Bay Municipal Utility District","role":"Interceptor operator"}],"public_contact":"San Francisco Bay Water Board, (510) 622-2300","corrective_actions":["Sewer cleaning, main and manhole rehabilitation, inflow and infiltration removal (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Staff summary report, Item 5E: City of Berkeley wastewater collection system NPDES permit reissuance (satellites and EBMUD consent decree)","publisher":"California Regional Water Quality Control Board, San Francisco Bay Region","date":"2025-03-12","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/rwqcb2/board_info/agendas/2025/March/5E_SSR.pdf","basis":"State enforcement record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Re-verified against March 12, 2025 staff report: 2009 suit, September 22, 2014 decree, WWF cessation 2027 to 2035, seven satellite permits confirmed."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["news coverage","population served"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CA-SITES-RESERVOIR-WATER-RIGHT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Sites Reservoir water-right decision pending, with opposition from tribes and fishing groups","description":"The State Water Board released a revised draft water-right decision and permit for the proposed 1.5 million acre-foot Sites Reservoir on September 3, 2026, allowing diversions up to 986,000 acre-feet per year. The board will consider adoption on November 4, 2026. The California Water Commission estimates $6.2 to $6.8 billion total cost; opposition from tribal governments, fishing groups and environmental organizations was reported earlier.","location":{"name":"Sites Reservoir proposed project","type":"Proposed off-stream reservoir","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Glenn and Colusa counties; diversions from the Sacramento River near Red Bluff and Hamilton City","coordinates":{"lat":39.35,"lon":-122.3,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Glenn","Colusa"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["water-rights","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"A major new storage project depends on a contested water-right permit and multibillion-dollar financing.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Impacts to river water quality and fisheries are argued by opponents but not documented as harm (ref 1).","service":"No service disruption; the reservoir is not yet built (ref 1).","scale":"Permit would allow up to 986,000 acre-feet a year, enough for about 8.4 million people (ref 1).","duration":"The proceeding has run two years and the schedule slipped to November 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"A formal draft decision and permit are pending before the State Water Board (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":8400000,"status":"Estimated","note":"State Water Board states the diversion limit equals water for about 8.4 million people annually (ref 1); not a measure of affected people."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"986,000 acre-feet per year diversion limit; $6.2 to $6.8 billion cost estimate (ref 1, ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Reservoir storage","value":1.5,"unit":"million acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Annual diversion limit in draft permit","value":986000,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["$6.2 to $6.8 billion estimated cost (ref 2)","Permit not yet issued (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single documented event or action; no earlier comparable record cited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"State Water Resources Control Board","role":"Water-right decision"},{"name":"Sites Project Authority","role":"Project proponent"}],"public_contact":"State Water Board Office of Public Affairs, (916) 341-7365","corrective_actions":["Revised draft decision and permit released for comment (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"State Water Board revises draft water right decision for proposed Sites Reservoir","publisher":"California State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2026-09-03","url":"https://waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2026/pr20260903-state-water-board-revises-draft-water-right-decision-for-proposed-sites-reservoir.html","basis":"State enforcement release","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Sites Reservoir advances toward construction after revised water right","publisher":"WaterWorld","date":"2026-09-28","url":"https://www.waterworld.com/water-utility-management/news/55408115/sites-reservoir-advances-toward-construction-after-revised-water-right","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Re-verified: September 3, 2026 revised draft, 986,000 acre-feet a year, about two years of hearings, board consideration planned November 4, 2026 (final comments due October 5) confirmed in both sources."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["opposition detail from a source opened"],"related_ids":["US-CA-BAY-DELTA-PLAN-ALLOCATION-2026","US-CA-DELTA-CONVEYANCE-WATER-RIGHTS-2024"]},{"id":"US-CA-MOORPARK-ARROYO-SIMI-SEWER-SPILL-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Storm-damaged sewer line spills 133,550 gallons into Arroyo Simi Creek at Moorpark","description":"A storm-damaged, exposed concrete-encased 8-inch sewer line crossing Arroyo Simi Creek released 133,550 gallons of a sewage and water mixture on December 28, 2025. Ventura County Public Works bypassed the damaged line and warning signs were posted three miles downstream until January 1, 2026.","location":{"name":"Arroyo Simi Creek sewer crossing","type":"Sewer line creek crossing","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Moorpark Avenue and Leta Yancey Court, Moorpark, Ventura County","coordinates":{"lat":34.2856,"lon":-118.882,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Ventura"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Storm damage to an exposed sewer line crossing a creek released sewage.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Residents were advised to avoid contact with the creek; no measured harm is reported (ref 1).","service":"The line was bypassed and no loss of service is reported (ref 1).","scale":"A single 8-inch line released 133,550 gallons (ref 1).","duration":"Warning signs remained from the spill to January 1, 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"A county notice only; no violation or penalty is cited (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The release gives no exposed population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"133,550-gallon spill; warning signs posted 3 miles downstream (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Sewage and water released","value":133550,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single documented event or action; no earlier comparable record cited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Ventura County Environmental Health Division","role":"Public-health response"},{"name":"County of Ventura Public Works Agency","role":"Line operator"}],"public_contact":"Ventura County Environmental Health Division, (805) 582-7559","corrective_actions":["Bypassed the damaged sewer line and posted warning signs (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Sewage discharge affecting the waterway at the Arroyo Simi Creek, Moorpark","publisher":"County of Ventura Environmental Health Division","date":"2025-12-29","url":"https://rmadocs.venturacounty.gov/environmental-health/press-releases/publications/2025-12-29-environmental-health-sewage-discharge-affecting-arroyo-simi-creek-waterway.pdf","basis":"Local-government notice","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":1,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":1,"note":"Re-verified against county release dated December 29, 2025: 133,550 gallons, 8-inch line, signs through January 1, 2026 confirmed."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["regulatory follow-up"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CA-IMPERIAL-BEACH-HOLLISTER-PUMP-STATION-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"IBWC Hollister pump station failure discharges 300,000 gallons and draws air-district violation","description":"A pump at the Hollister wastewater pump station in the South Bay stopped working on July 16, 2024 and about 300,000 gallons of untreated wastewater were discharged, according to the San Diego air district. The district received over 150 odor complaints over three days and issued a notice of violation to the International Boundary and Water Commission, which said it received the notice on July 29, 2024.","location":{"name":"IBWC Hollister pump station","type":"Federal wastewater pump station","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"South Bay near Imperial Beach and San Ysidro, San Diego County","coordinates":{"lat":32.5559,"lon":-117.1,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["San Diego"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Failure to maintain a federal pump station caused an untreated wastewater release and odor complaints.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Over 150 odor complaints were received in three days (ref 1); no health measurement is cited.","service":"The pump stopped working, with no reported loss of public service (ref 1).","scale":"About 300,000 gallons discharged in a community already affected by border sewage (ref 1).","duration":"The failure began July 16 and complaints ran three days (ref 1).","significance":"The San Diego Air Pollution Control District issued a violation notice (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Source does not quantify affected residents."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 300,000 gallons discharged; over 150 odor complaints (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Untreated wastewater discharged","value":300000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Odor complaints","value":150,"unit":"complaints","status":"Reported","note":"'Over 150' in three days (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single documented event or action; no earlier comparable record cited."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"San Diego County Air Pollution Control District","role":"Violation notice"},{"name":"International Boundary and Water Commission","role":"Pump station operator"}],"public_contact":"San Diego County Air Pollution Control District","corrective_actions":["IBWC said it was reviewing the notice (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Violation notice issued to IBWC over South Bay sewage smell","publisher":"10News San Diego","date":"2024-07-30","url":"https://www.10news.com/news/local-news/violation-notice-issued-to-ibwc-over-south-bay-swage-smell","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass). Article date approximated from the July 29, 2024 notice receipt it reports."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"Re-verified against 10News: pump stopped July 16, about 300,000 gallons, over 150 complaints over three days, APCD violation notice confirmed."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["article date","water-board follow-up"],"related_ids":["US-CA-TIJUANA-RIVER-SEWAGE-2023"]},{"id":"US-CA-PAJARO-LEVEE-BREACH-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Pajaro River levee breach and unfinished $600 million rebuild","description":"The aging Pajaro River levee breached on the night of March 10, 2023 and flooded the community of Pajaro, displacing residents for weeks. A roughly $600 million, five-phase, 13-mile rebuild is under way, but as of December 2025 funding for the later reaches was still being sought.","location":{"name":"Pajaro River levee, Pajaro and Watsonville","type":"River levee system","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Monterey and Santa Cruz counties; Pajaro and Watsonville","coordinates":{"lat":36.9,"lon":-121.75,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Monterey","Santa Cruz"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The failure was a flood-control levee that the county's own officials called inadequate for a long time.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Levee burst flooded the whole community of Pajaro and forced residents out for weeks (ref 2); more than 2,000 residents still evacuated on March 15, 2023 (ref 3).","service":"Evacuation order stayed in place with no clear return date (ref 3).","scale":"Community-scale flooding of Pajaro with protection also meant for Watsonville farmland and businesses (ref 2).","duration":"Breach in March 2023, with rebuild expected to run about six years from October 2024; delays slowed the project and the Army Corps was slated to start the first levee walls in March 2026 (refs 2, 1, 4).","significance":"A federal-state project with Army Corps oversight, but no emergency order or enforcement action is cited (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":2000,"status":"Reported","note":"More than 2,000 residents were still evacuated on March 15, 2023 (ref 3); later totals not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About $600 million, 13-mile levee system, five phases, completion possible in about 6 years (KTVU, Oct 2024)."},"measures":[{"name":"Project cost","value":600,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Levee system length","value":13,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Federal funds secured for first reach and later design","value":156,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Pending additional federal request","value":54,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Construction began with tree clearing in October 2024 and first-reach work was expected in early 2026."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, San Francisco District","role":"Construction oversight"},{"name":"Pajaro Regional Flood Management Agency","role":"Local sponsor and future maintenance"},{"name":"Monterey County Water Resources Agency","role":"Levee maintenance to date"}],"public_contact":"Pajaro Regional Flood Management Agency published contact channels","corrective_actions":["Army Corps and state are building a 13-mile levee system in five phases","Federal request for added funding pending as of Dec 2025"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Quick Take: Pajaro River levee project status","publisher":"Lookout Santa Cruz","date":"2025-12-09","url":"https://lookout.co/?p=286645","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Massive levee project to protect Pajaro and Watsonville gets underway","publisher":"KTVU","date":"2024-10-21","url":"https://www.ktvu.com/news/massive-levee-project-protect-pajaro-watsonville-gets-underway","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"Timetable for Pajaro evacuees to return home is unclear as questions arise over levee maintenance","publisher":"ABC7 News","date":"2023-03-15","url":"https://abc7news.com/amp/post/pajaro-river-levee-breach-flooding-monterey-county-evacuees-maintenance/12954219/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":4,"title":"Pajaro River levee construction underway (KAZU News)","publisher":"KAZU","date":"2026-03-06","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.kazu.org/kazu-news/2026-03-06/pajaro-river-levee-construction-underway-salinas-transitional-housing-complex-opens","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Re-verified all sources; added a March 6, 2026 KAZU report that Army Corps was about to start the first levee walls after delays."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CA-PLANADA-MILES-CREEK-FLOOD-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Planada Miles Creek levee flood: recovery and creek-maintenance litigation","description":"A Miles Creek levee broke in January 2023 and flooded nearly all of Planada, a farm town near Merced. Three years later the county says 840 homes were lost, repairs are still in progress, and lawsuits over which agencies failed to maintain creeks remain unresolved.","location":{"name":"Planada, Miles Creek","type":"Creek and levee flood area","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Merced County; Planada","coordinates":{"lat":37.29,"lon":-120.32,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Merced"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A levee on a creek failed because of storm flows and disputed channel maintenance.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Flood inundated nearly all of Planada and the county counts 840 homes lost, some demolished for mold and lead contamination (ref 1).","service":"Residents were flooded out and many homes remained stripped to studs a year later (ref 2).","scale":"Town of about 4,000 residents with more than 80% reporting some loss (ref 2).","duration":"Recovery still unfinished three years on, with a county repair target of June 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Lawsuits including Borba et al. v. County of Merced are pending, but no regulatory order is cited (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":4000,"status":"Reported","note":"Planada has about 4,000 residents, over 80% with some loss (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"840 homes lost; 133 repair applications complete and 44 in process as of February 2026 (SJV Water)."},"measures":[{"name":"Homes lost","value":840,"unit":"homes","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"State aid fund","value":20,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"FEMA funding for the town","value":18.7,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Repair applications complete","value":133,"unit":"applications","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Repairs and creek vegetation removal continue but litigation and rebuilds lag."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Merced County","role":"Recovery program administrator"},{"name":"Merced Irrigation District","role":"Named in creek-maintenance litigation"},{"name":"California Department of Fish and Wildlife","role":"Creek-clearing permitting"}],"public_contact":"Merced County published recovery program contact","corrective_actions":["County Planada 20M aid fund and home-repair program","Vegetation removal along Miles Creek","Emergency generator for Planada Community Services District under construction"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Three years after devastating floods, Planada residents still inching toward normal","publisher":"SJV Water","date":"2026-02-11","url":"https://sjvwater.org/?p=9623","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"One year after Planada flood, Merced County approves plan for $20 million in state aid","publisher":"KVPR","date":"2024-01-10","url":"https://www.kvpr.org/local-news/2024-01-10/one-year-after-planada-flood-merced-county-approves-plan-for-20-million-in-state-aid","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Re-verified: about 840 homes lost, June 2026 county repair target, Borba v. County of Merced stalled in discovery, 4,000 residents confirmed; no later development found."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CA-MONO-LAKE-LADWP-DIVERSIONS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Mono Lake remains below its 6,392-foot target as State Water Board reopens review","description":"Mono Lake is still below the long-term management level set in State Water Board Decision 1631, which was expected to be reached by 2014. In 2026 the Board held public workshops on lake salinity, brine shrimp, alkali flies and migratory birds, while Los Angeles diversions remain governed by transition limits.","location":{"name":"Mono Lake and tributaries","type":"Terminal lake and diverted streams","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Mono County; Mono Basin","coordinates":{"lat":38,"lon":-119,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Mono"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is the quantity of inflow allowed to be diverted from a terminal lake under water-right licenses.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Board says the lake is below its long-term level, with ecological topics (salinity, brine shrimp, gulls) under review (ref 1); no acute harm figure given.","service":"No drinking-water or supply disruption is cited; the issue concerns lake levels (ref 1).","scale":"A single lake basin rather than a large served population (ref 1).","duration":"Target of 6,392 feet was expected by 2014 and remains unmet (ref 1).","significance":"State Water Board is conducting 2026 workshops under its D-1631 license authority (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source reports a count of people affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Lake level remains below the long-term management level of 6,392 feet; diversions barred below 6,377 feet (State Water Board page updated 07/21/2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Long-term management level","value":6392,"unit":"feet above sea level","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Diversion limit, 6,380 to 6,391 ft","value":16000,"unit":"acre-feet per year","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Diversion limit, 6,377 to 6,380 ft","value":4500,"unit":"acre-feet per year","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Lake remains below target; 2026 workshops mark a new review stage."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"State Water Resources Control Board, Division of Water Rights","role":"Water-right licensing authority"},{"name":"Los Angeles Department of Water and Power","role":"Licensee"}],"public_contact":"State Water Board Mono Lake program email as published on its page","corrective_actions":["Public workshops held June 4 and June 25, 2026 on lake ecology and birds","UCLA Mono Lake water-budget model presented to the Board in March 2026"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Mono Lake","publisher":"State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2026-07-21","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/mono_lake/","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Re-verified: board page updated July 21, 2026; 6,392 ft target, June 4 and June 25 workshops confirmed."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CA-SACRAMENTO-RIVER-TEMP-PLAN-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"State Water Board declines to approve 2026 Sacramento River temperature plan","description":"On June 10, 2026 the State Water Board said it could not approve Reclamation's final 2026 Sacramento River Temperature Management Plan under Order 90-5. It cited low end-of-September Shasta carryover storage, a cold-water pool similar to 2015 and 2022, and risk to winter-run and fall-run Chinook salmon.","location":{"name":"Sacramento River below Shasta and Keswick Dams","type":"River segment","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Shasta and Tehama counties; Sacramento River to Red Bluff","coordinates":{"lat":40.6,"lon":-122.4,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Shasta","Tehama"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The problem is cold-water storage and release timing that controls river temperature for salmon.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Reclamation modeling shows 2.8 to 4.9 percent temperature-dependent mortality and NMFS modeling shows up to 45 percent in some scenarios (ref 1).","service":"No water-supply disruption is described in the letter (ref 1).","scale":"Regional river and fishery affecting the Central Valley salmon runs (ref 1).","duration":"A single 2026 temperature season, with concerns extending to next year's cohort (ref 1).","significance":"Board Order 90-5 letter formally refuses plan approval pending revision (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source reports a count of people affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Final plan sets end-of-September carryover storage at 2.2 MAF versus the 2.4 MAF the Board expected (State Water Board letter, June 10, 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Projected end-of-September Shasta carryover","value":2.2,"unit":"million acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Expected carryover under 2024 framework","value":2.4,"unit":"million acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Temperature target at Clear Creek","value":53.5,"unit":"degrees F","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Board approved the 2025 plan conditionally but declined the 2026 plan."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","role":"Operator of Shasta and Keswick Dams"},{"name":"State Water Resources Control Board","role":"Order 90-5 regulator"},{"name":"California Department of Fish and Wildlife","role":"Commenting agency"}],"public_contact":"State Water Board Division of Water Rights published contact","corrective_actions":["Board will reconsider approval if the plan is revised to address its concerns"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Order 90-5 Sacramento River Temperature Management Plan, response letter","publisher":"State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2026-06-10","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drought/sacramento_river/docs/2026/tmp-response-final-2026.pdf","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Re-verified letter of June 10, 2026: 2.8 to 4.9 percent and up to 45 percent mortality modeling confirmed."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CA-CVP-SOUTH-DELTA-ALLOCATION-2024-2026"]},{"id":"US-CA-SANTA-MONICA-PIER-BEACH-BACTERIA-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Santa Monica Pier named among California's most polluted beaches again","description":"Heal the Bay's 2025-26 Beach Report Card ranked Santa Monica Pier second on its summer dry-weather Beach Bummer list. Statewide wet-weather A or B grades fell from 67% to 61% and Honor Roll beaches dropped from 62 to 21, which the group ties to stormwater runoff and aging infrastructure.","location":{"name":"Santa Monica Pier and Santa Monica Bay beaches","type":"Coastal recreational waters","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Los Angeles County; Santa Monica","coordinates":{"lat":34.0083,"lon":-118.4988,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Los Angeles"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The concern is bacteria carried to beaches by urban runoff.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Report card cites elevated bacteria levels and chronic pollution at the pier (ref 1) without attributing confirmed illnesses.","service":"No beach closure is described in the report coverage (ref 1).","scale":"Statewide wet-weather A or B grades fell from 67% to 61% (ref 1).","duration":"Pier appears among the state's worst for a fifth straight year per NBC LA (ref 1).","significance":"Advocacy report card, not a regulatory action (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source reports a count of people affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Santa Monica Pier ranked second on the 2025-26 Beach Bummer list; 91% of beaches earned A or B in summer dry weather (NBC LA, May 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Wet-weather A or B grades","value":61,"unit":"percent of beaches","status":"Reported","note":"Down from 67%."},{"name":"Honor Roll beaches","value":21,"unit":"beaches","status":"Reported","note":"Down from 62 the previous year."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Wet-weather grades and Honor Roll count both fell year over year."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Los Angeles County Public Health","role":"Beach water-quality monitoring"},{"name":"Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board","role":"Stormwater regulator"}],"public_contact":"Heal the Bay published contact channels","corrective_actions":["Heal the Bay recommends checking beach grades before swimming"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Santa Monica Pier again ranked among California's most polluted beaches","publisher":"NBC Los Angeles","date":"2026-05-20","url":"https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/santa-monica-pier-again-ranked-among-californias-most-polluted-beaches/3892677/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":4,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":4,"note":"Re-verified; corrected NBC LA source date to publication date May 20, 2026 (updated May 21); fifth straight year and 67% to 61% wet-weather decline confirmed."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CA-LA-HYPERION-AOC-2024"]},{"id":"US-CA-PALISADES-FIRE-BAY-RUNOFF-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Palisades fire runoff and metals in Santa Monica Bay coastal waters","description":"Heal the Bay sampling at 10 Santa Monica Bay sites in April 2025 found beryllium, copper, chromium, nickel, lead, silver, arsenic, zinc and other metals linked to storm runoff from burned structures, with highest levels at Topanga, Big Rock and Will Rogers beaches. A 25-agency network led by SCCWRP now monitors nearly 200 sites for metals and combustion byproducts.","location":{"name":"Santa Monica Bay shoreline, Palisades to Malibu","type":"Coastal waters and burn-scar watersheds","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Los Angeles County; Pacific Palisades, Topanga, Malibu","coordinates":{"lat":34.04,"lon":-118.55,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Los Angeles"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Contaminants in ash and burned debris wash into coastal waters during storms.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Heal the Bay found elevated metals at 10 sites but said it cannot confirm risk thresholds for recreation (ref 1).","service":"No closures are described in the cited items (ref 2).","scale":"Monitoring spans nearly 200 sites across Santa Monica Bay, the LA River and San Gabriel River watersheds (ref 2).","duration":"Concern persists through successive storms since the January 2025 fires (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Los Angeles Regional Board oversees post-fire aquatic monitoring but cites no violation (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source reports a count of people affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Metals found at 10 Santa Monica Bay sites; Heal the Bay: 'We cannot definitively say that the water is safe' (April 2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"Heal the Bay sampling sites","value":10,"unit":"sites","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Post-fire monitoring network sites","value":200,"unit":"sites","status":"Estimated","note":"Article says nearly 200."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The synthesis against risk thresholds had not been published in cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board","role":"Oversees post-fire aquatic monitoring"},{"name":"Southern California Coastal Water Research Project","role":"Monitoring network lead"},{"name":"Los Angeles County Department of Public Health","role":"Data portal and beach advisories"}],"public_contact":"Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board published contact","corrective_actions":["Multi-agency post-fire aquatic monitoring network","Data portal with LA County Public Health"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Nonprofit warns of heavy metal contamination in Santa Monica Bay","publisher":"Palisades News","date":"2025-04-02","url":"https://palisadesnews.com/nonprofit-warns-of-heavy-metal-contamination-in-santa-monica-bay/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"SCCWRP coordinates post-fire aquatic monitoring network","publisher":"Southern California Coastal Water Research Project","date":"2025-05-02","url":"https://www.sccwrp.org/news/sccwrp-coordinates-post-fire-aquatic-monitoring-network/","basis":"Research"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CA-LA-WILDFIRE-WATER-SYSTEMS-2025"]},{"id":"US-CA-POTTER-VALLEY-EEL-RUSSIAN-DIVERSION-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Potter Valley Project decommissioning puts Eel and Russian River diversions in play","description":"PG&E has applied to surrender its license for the Potter Valley Project and remove Scott and Cape Horn dams. The State Water Board's July 2026 FERC comments note that up to 75 cfs is diverted from the Eel River into the East Branch Russian River and that PG&E has not generated power there since July 2021.","location":{"name":"Potter Valley Project, Eel and Russian rivers","type":"Hydroelectric project and river diversion","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Lake and Mendocino counties; Lake Pillsbury, Scott Dam, Cape Horn Dam","coordinates":{"lat":39.4,"lon":-122.99,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lake","Mendocino"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"The case concerns an interbasin diversion, dam removal and the water rights that follow.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No documented harm; State Water Board letter addresses scoping of environmental review (ref 1).","service":"Diversion up to 75 cfs to the Russian River basin could change under decommissioning (ref 1).","scale":"Region-wide effects for two watersheds and diverted irrigation and supply (ref 1).","duration":"Powerhouse has not generated power since July 2021 and surrender is in early review stages (ref 1).","significance":"FERC licensing and State Water Board Clean Water Act certification review are pending (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source reports a count of people affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Up to 75 cfs diverted at Van Arsdale Reservoir from the Eel River to the East Branch Russian River (State Water Board letter, July 23, 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Maximum diversion to Russian River","value":75,"unit":"cfs","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Potter Valley Powerhouse capacity","value":9.2,"unit":"MW","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Regulatory scoping stage; no final decision."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pacific Gas and Electric Company","role":"Applicant for license surrender"},{"name":"Federal Energy Regulatory Commission","role":"Licensing and NEPA"},{"name":"State Water Resources Control Board","role":"Clean Water Act section 401 certification"}],"public_contact":"State Water Board Division of Water Rights published contact","corrective_actions":["FERC Scoping Document 1 issued May 22, 2026","State Water Board CEQA scoping report released May 12, 2026"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Comments on Scoping Document 1, Potter Valley Hydroelectric Project","publisher":"State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2026-07-23","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/water_quality_cert/docs/potter_valley/swb-comments-on-ferc-scoping-project.pdf","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"The Potter Valley dams are coming down","publisher":"Mendocino Voice","date":"2026-05-01","url":"https://mendovoice.com/2026/05/the-potter-valley-dams-are-coming-down/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Re-verified against all cited sources; dates and figures confirmed; no new development found at the sources."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CA-WRIGHTWOOD-LYTLE-CREEK-DEBRIS-FLOWS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Wrightwood and Lytle Creek debris flows during December 2025 storms","description":"Heavy rain on December 24, 2025 sent mud and debris down Highway 2 into Wrightwood, where firefighters rescued people trapped in vehicles, and washed out the only bridge into a Lytle Creek neighborhood of about 280 residents. The 2024 Bridge Fire burn scar produced the most severe debris flows of the storm series.","location":{"name":"Wrightwood and Lytle Creek","type":"Mountain communities on burn scar","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"San Bernardino County; San Gabriel Mountains","coordinates":{"lat":34.36,"lon":-117.63,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["San Bernardino"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Burn-scarred slopes shed debris that damaged roads and bridges.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No serious injuries reported, but rescues of people trapped in cars occurred (ref 1).","service":"Lytle Creek's only bridge into one neighborhood washed out and Highway 2 was impassable (ref 1).","scale":"About 280 residents in the cut-off Lytle Creek neighborhood (ref 1).","duration":"A storm event of days, though burn-scar risk persists (ref 1).","significance":"Governor declared a state of emergency for the storms (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":280,"status":"Reported","note":"Residents of the Lytle Creek neighborhood cut off by the bridge washout (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than 9 inches of rain at Wrightwood by Christmas morning; Lytle Creek bridge washed out (December 25, 2025 reports)."},"measures":[{"name":"Rainfall at Wrightwood","value":9,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"More than 9 inches as of Christmas morning."},{"name":"Residents cut off at Lytle Creek","value":280,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Burn-scar debris-flow risk recurs with each storm."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"San Bernardino County Sheriff and Fire","role":"Rescue and evacuation"},{"name":"National Weather Service","role":"Flood forecasts"}],"public_contact":"San Bernardino County emergency information channels","corrective_actions":["Evacuation warnings and shelter-in-place orders","State emergency proclamation"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Mudslides trap residents in Southern California mountain community","publisher":"Yahoo News","date":"2025-12-25","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/mudslides-trap-residents-southern-california-190021203.html","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"California storm evacuations","publisher":"Spectrum News","date":"2025-12-25","url":"https://spectrumlocalnews.com/us/snplus/news/2025/12/25/california-storm-evacuations","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Re-verified against all cited sources; dates and figures confirmed; no new development found at the sources."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CA-EEL-RIVER-CYANOBACTERIA-DOG-DEATHS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Eel River cyanobacteria and dog death prompts Humboldt County warning","description":"After a dog died on July 23, 2026 following a swim in a stagnant Eel River pool near Scotia, Humboldt County officials warned residents to avoid stagnant areas. Since 2001, 14 dogs have died in the county shortly after swimming in Big Lagoon, the South Fork Eel River or the Van Duzen River, with cyanobacteria confirmed in each case.","location":{"name":"Eel River near Scotia, Humboldt County","type":"River recreation waters","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Humboldt County; Eel and Van Duzen rivers","coordinates":{"lat":40.48,"lon":-124.1,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Humboldt"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Toxic cyanobacteria blooms degrade river water quality for recreation.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"A dog died after swimming on July 23, 2026 and 14 dog deaths since 2001 have been tied to blooms (ref 1).","service":"No water-supply loss is described; guidance covers recreation and untreated water (ref 1).","scale":"Localized to river pools and lagoon sites in one county (ref 1).","duration":"Recurring since 2001 with warnings typically in late July or August (ref 1).","significance":"County environmental health warning only, not an enforcement action (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source reports a count of people affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"14 dog deaths since 2001 in Big Lagoon, South Fork Eel River or Van Duzen River, cyanobacteria confirmed each time (July 24, 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Dog deaths since 2001","value":14,"unit":"dogs","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Recurring seasonal warnings."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Humboldt County Environmental Health","role":"Public warnings"},{"name":"State Water Resources Control Board","role":"Bloom reporting program"}],"public_contact":"Humboldt County Environmental Health 707-445-6215 as published","corrective_actions":["Public warning to avoid stagnant areas","Public reporting of blooms to the State Water Board"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Humboldt County issues harmful algae warning after dog dies following Eel River swim","publisher":"KRCR","date":"2026-07-24","url":"https://krcrtv.com/news/local/humboldt-county-issues-harmful-algae-warning-after-dog-dies-following-eel-river-swim","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Re-verified against all cited sources; dates and figures confirmed; no new development found at the sources."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CA-CLEAR-LAKE-HABS-2025"]},{"id":"US-CA-WEST-FALSE-RIVER-SALINITY-BARRIER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Delta drought salinity barrier at West False River planned for future dry years","description":"DWR is seeking permits for a temporary rock barrier at West False River in the central Delta that could be installed up to twice between 2026 and 2035 when low inflow lets Bay saltwater intrude. DWR says Delta water quality supports supply to about 27 million Californians and that past emergency barriers were built in 2015 and 2021-2022.","location":{"name":"West False River and Franks Tract, Central Delta","type":"Delta channel","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Contra Costa County; Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta","coordinates":{"lat":38.05,"lon":-121.6,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Contra Costa"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Salinity intrusion in tidal channels threatens Delta water quality during dry years.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No current salinity exceedance is documented in the presentation, only planning for dry conditions (ref 1).","service":"No service disruption is cited (ref 1).","scale":"Delta water quality is tied to supply for about 27 million Californians (ref 1).","duration":"Two earlier emergency barriers (2015, 2021-2022) show a recurring need (ref 1).","significance":"Permit and consistency certification process, not an order (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source reports a count of people affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Barrier could be installed up to 2 times over 2026-2035 and protects water supply for about 27 million Californians (DWR presentation, March 27, 2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"Planned installations","value":2,"unit":"barriers over 2026-2035","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Californians whose supply is protected","value":27,"unit":"million","status":"Reported","note":"DWR approximate figure."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Need depends on drought years."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"California Department of Water Resources","role":"Project proponent"},{"name":"Delta Stewardship Council","role":"Consistency review"}],"public_contact":"Delta Stewardship Council published contact","corrective_actions":["Permits sought in advance so barrier can be built without emergency orders"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"West False River Drought Salinity Barrier Project","publisher":"California Department of Water Resources / Delta Stewardship Council","date":"2025-03-27","url":"https://www.deltacouncil.ca.gov/pdf/council-meeting/powerpoints/2025-03-27-item-11-west-false-river-drought-salinity-barrier-project-presentation.pdf","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Re-verified against all cited sources; dates and figures confirmed; no new development found at the sources."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CA-BAY-DELTA-PLAN-ALLOCATION-2026"]},{"id":"US-CA-MENDOCINO-EEL-CANNABIS-DIVERSION-ENFORCEMENT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"State Water Board enforces against unpermitted cannabis diversions on Eel River tributaries","description":"In 2026 the State Water Board Division of Water Rights issued Order WR 2026-0010-DWR, a cease and desist order over threatened unauthorized diversions from springs and streams tributary to the Eel River in Mendocino County, and in August 2026 issued complaints and draft orders for other Mendocino properties with a hearing set for November 20, 2026. The order documents about 3,917 plants eradicated on one property.","location":{"name":"Eel River tributaries, Mendocino County","type":"Springs and streams","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Mendocino County; Soda Creek and Blue Rock Creek watersheds","coordinates":{"lat":39.44,"lon":-123.39,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Mendocino"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Unauthorized surface diversions reduce flows in small tributary streams.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Order documents diversions from six points of diversion and unauthorized use without a water right (ref 1); streamflow harm is not quantified.","service":"No public water service is affected (ref 1).","scale":"Property-scale enforcement in two Mendocino watersheds (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Staff first inspected in 2021 and imagery shows cultivation through 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"State cease and desist order issued and ACL complaints seek $40,000 and $41,000 plus $29,000 (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source reports a count of people affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Order WR 2026-0010-DWR documents about 3,917 plants and six points of diversion; hearing on separate complaints set for November 20, 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"Cannabis plants documented on one property","value":3917,"unit":"plants","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Proposed liability in one ACL complaint","value":40000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Enforcement actions are new in 2026."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"State Water Resources Control Board, Division of Water Rights","role":"Enforcement"},{"name":"State Water Board Administrative Hearings Office","role":"Hearing"}],"public_contact":"State Water Board Administrative Hearings Office, 916-341-5254","corrective_actions":["Cease and desist order requiring cessation of unauthorized diversion","Public hearing on ACL complaints on November 20, 2026"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Order WR 2026-0010-DWR, Cease and Desist Order","publisher":"State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2026-07-29","url":"https://waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/enforcement/compliance/cease_desist_actions/2026/juana-jimenez-cdo.pdf","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Amended Notice of Public Hearing and Pre-Hearing Conference","publisher":"State Water Board Administrative Hearings Office","date":"2026-09-21","url":"https://waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/administrative_hearings_office/docs/2026/2026-09-21-amended-notice-of-public-hearing-and-pre-hearing-conference-(hodys).pdf","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Re-verified against all cited sources; dates and figures confirmed; no new development found at the sources."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CA-EATON-BURN-SCAR-DEBRIS-FLOW-RISK-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Eaton fire burn scar debris-flow risk and Altadena sediment dispute in Tujunga","description":"A federal post-fire assessment rated debris-flow probability high to very high in most channels of the roughly 14,000-acre Eaton burn area above Altadena, Pasadena and Sierra Madre. In 2025 Los Angeles County hauled basin sediment to a Tujunga site, where a resident-commissioned lab reported arsenic and selenium and county tests did not find selenium.","location":{"name":"Eaton Fire burn scar, Altadena and Tujunga","type":"Burn-scar watersheds and debris basins","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Los Angeles County; Altadena, Pasadena, Tujunga","coordinates":{"lat":34.19,"lon":-118.13,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Los Angeles"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Burn-scar runoff and sediment management strain debris basins and raise contaminant concerns.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Flows could start with a fifth of an inch of rain in 15 minutes, per the state geologist (ref 1); resident tests flagged arsenic and selenium (ref 2).","service":"No service loss is reported in either source (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Nearly 170,000 people live in Altadena, Pasadena and Sierra Madre, many in potential flow paths (ref 1).","duration":"Danger can persist for years after a fire (ref 1).","significance":"The city transportation department says the county need not clear its truck routes with the city, and AQMD inspectors reported no violations after 23 complaints (ref 2); no order cited."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":170000,"status":"Estimated","note":"CalMatters says nearly 170,000 live in Altadena, Pasadena and Sierra Madre (ref 1); not all are in flow paths."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Debris-flow probabilities 'high to very high in most channels in the Eaton Fire burn area' (CalMatters, Feb 12, 2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"Eaton burn area","value":14000,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate."},{"name":"AQMD complaints about Tujunga hauling","value":23,"unit":"complaints","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Risk persists with each storm."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Los Angeles County Public Works","role":"Debris basins and sediment"},{"name":"California Geological Survey","role":"Risk assessment"},{"name":"South Coast Air Quality Management District","role":"Complaint inspections"}],"public_contact":"Los Angeles County Public Works published contact","corrective_actions":["Sandbagging and erosion control by state agencies","County paused Tujunga hauling in April 2025"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Debris flow risk in LA's fire-scarred areas","publisher":"CalMatters","date":"2025-02-12","url":"https://calmatters.org/environment/wildfires/2025/02/debris-flows-eaton-fire-la-montecito/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"After the Eaton fire, Altadena dirt was sent to Tujunga. Then came the backlash","publisher":"Los Angeles Times via AOL","date":"2025-04-28","url":"https://www.aol.com/news/eaton-fire-altadena-dirt-sent-100044306.html","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Re-verified against both articles. Corrected attribution: it was the city transportation department, not the county, that said truck routes need no city clearance."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CA-LA-WILDFIRE-WATER-SYSTEMS-2025"]},{"id":"US-CA-LA-FEB-2024-ATMOSPHERIC-RIVER-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"February 2024 atmospheric river: 475 Los Angeles mudslides and sewage spills","description":"The February 4-6, 2024 storm dropped roughly 6 to 12 inches on the Los Angeles area, and the city recorded at least 475 mudslides, seven uninhabitable buildings and several raw sewage spills into the Pacific that closed beaches. AP reported seven storm-related deaths across the state, none in the city.","location":{"name":"Los Angeles County hillsides and coast","type":"Urban flood and landslide area","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Los Angeles County; Studio City, Beverly Glen, coast","coordinates":{"lat":34.05,"lon":-118.24,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Los Angeles"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Extreme rainfall caused landslides, street flooding and sewer spills.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"AP reports seven deaths statewide, none in the city, and 16 people plus five cats rescued in LA County (ref 1).","service":"Beaches closed after raw sewage spills and roads flooded, including PCH in Newport Beach (ref 1).","scale":"Regional impacts with 475 mudslides in the city and about 830,000 power outages in one caption (ref 1).","duration":"A two-day storm event (ref 1).","significance":"State of emergency referenced in coverage and city plans to seek federal aid (refs 1, 2); no federal declaration verified."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source reports a count of people affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"At least 475 mudslides in Los Angeles and seven buildings deemed uninhabitable (AP, Feb 6, 2024)."},"measures":[{"name":"Mudslides in Los Angeles","value":475,"unit":"slides","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Uninhabitable buildings","value":7,"unit":"buildings","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Stormwater captured by the city","value":1,"unit":"billion gallons","status":"Reported","note":"More than 1 billion."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Single event; no continued documentation."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Los Angeles","role":"Emergency response"},{"name":"Los Angeles Fire Department","role":"Rescue"}],"public_contact":"City of Los Angeles emergency channels","corrective_actions":["Evacuations of Studio City homes","City sought federal aid"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Los Angeles records 475 mudslides during historic storm","publisher":"The Gazette (AP)","date":"2024-02-06","url":"https://gazette.com/2024/02/06/los-angeles-records-475-mudslides-during-historic-storm-that-has-drenched-southern-california/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Atmospheric river flooding and landslides, Southern California","publisher":"LA Magazine","date":"2024-02-05","url":"https://lamag.com/weather/atmospheric-river-socal-flooding-landslides/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Re-verified against both articles. Corrected the death count wording: AP reports seven deaths across the state, none in the city."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CA-SAN-DIEGO-JAN-2024-FLOOD"]},{"id":"US-CA-LAKE-TAHOE-CLARITY-PLATEAU-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lake Tahoe clarity plateaus at 69.2 feet, far short of 97.4-foot target","description":"UC Davis reported that Lake Tahoe's 2025 annual average clarity was 69.2 feet, 7 feet deeper than 2024 but not statistically different, and well short of the 97.4-foot restoration target. Researchers point to fine particles in the upper waters and continued low summer clarity.","location":{"name":"Lake Tahoe","type":"Alpine lake","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"El Dorado and Placer counties; Tahoe basin","coordinates":{"lat":39.1,"lon":-120.04,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["El Dorado","Placer"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The clarity metric reflects particles and algae in lake water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Clarity of 69.2 feet versus the 97.4 feet target indicates degraded condition (ref 1).","service":"No service impact is reported (ref 1).","scale":"A single lake basin shared by two states (ref 1).","duration":"Clarity fell sharply in the late 1990s and has leveled off since (ref 1).","significance":"Monitoring under the Environmental Improvement Program, with no enforcement action (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source reports a count of people affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"2025 annual average clarity 69.2 feet versus 62.3 feet in 2024 and a 97.4-foot target (UC Davis TERC, June 9, 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"2025 annual average clarity","value":69.2,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Restoration target","value":97.4,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Plateau, not statistically significant change."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"UC Davis Tahoe Environmental Research Center","role":"Monitoring"},{"name":"Tahoe Regional Planning Agency","role":"Environmental Improvement Program partner"}],"public_contact":"UC Davis TERC published contact","corrective_actions":["Lake Tahoe Environmental Improvement Program with more than 80 partners"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2025 Lake Tahoe Clarity Report released","publisher":"UC Davis","date":"2026-06-09","url":"https://www.ucdavis.edu/climate/news/2025-lake-tahoe-clarity-report-released","basis":"Research","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Re-verified against all cited sources; dates and figures confirmed; no new development found at the sources."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-NV-LAKE-TAHOE-INVASIVES-2025"]},{"id":"US-CA-SHASTA-IRON-MOUNTAIN-AFTERTHOUGHT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Iron Mountain and Afterthought mines acid drainage to Spring Creek and Sacramento River","description":"Acid mine drainage from the Iron Mountain Mine Superfund site flows to Spring Creek and Keswick Reservoir; a treatment plant has cut the site metal load by about 97 percent, while the discharge continues. The nearby Afterthought Mine near Ingot was added to the EPA National Priorities List on September 4, 2024, and EPA expects three to five years of monitoring and design before final cleanup actions. Reporting says drainage from both mines reaches Little Cow Creek, steelhead critical habitat, and the Sacramento River.","location":{"name":"Iron Mountain and Afterthought mines","type":"Superfund mine-drainage sites","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Near Redding and Ingot, Shasta County; Spring Creek, Keswick Reservoir, Little Cow Creek","coordinates":{"lat":40.58,"lon":-122.39,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Shasta"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The problem is metal-laden acid drainage entering surface waters.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Dissolved copper, zinc and cadmium caused historic fish kills in Spring Creek and Keswick Reservoir (ref 1).","service":"No drinking-water or service disruption is reported in the article (ref 1).","scale":"Two mine sites affect a regional stretch of creek, reservoir and river in one county (ref 1).","duration":"The Minnesota Flats plant has run around the clock for years, treating about 1.6 billion gallons in 2013-2017 and about 400 million in a typical year (ref 1).","significance":"EPA National Priorities List: Afterthought added September 4, 2024 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population served is stated for this surface-water problem."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Treatment plant treated about 1.6 billion gallons of acid mine drainage in 2013-2017 and cuts the metal load about 97%; Afterthought Mine listed on the NPL September 4, 2024."},"measures":[{"name":"Typical annual volume treated at Minnesota Flats plant","value":400,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Per Hoodline (ref 1)."},{"name":"Site metal-load reduction","value":97,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Per Hoodline (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Afterthought cleanup remedy not yet selected; EPA expects 3-5 years of study."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 9","role":"Superfund lead"}],"public_contact":"EPA Region 9 Superfund program (general channel)","corrective_actions":["Minnesota Flats Treatment Plant runs around the clock to neutralize acid and capture metals.","EPA monitoring and design work at Afterthought before final cleanup actions are chosen."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Toxic twin mines keep Redding on cleanup duty for years to come","publisher":"Hoodline","date":"2026-01-24","url":"https://hoodline.com/2026/01/toxic-twin-mines-keep-redding-on-cleanup-duty-for-years-to-come/","basis":"News report","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Re-verified against the article. Removed the 1983 listing year and the 'permanent' wording, which the article does not state."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["EPA site pages not opened; only one news source."],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CA-CALAM-MONTEREY-RATE-INCREASE-2027","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Cal Am proposes 2027 rate increase for Monterey-area customers","description":"California American Water filed a general rate case with the CPUC on July 1, 2025 seeking increases from 2027 through 2029. Monterey-area customers could see a 16.1 percent increase on January 1, 2027, and the Central Division requests $25.6 million (24.4 percent) over 2027-2029. Cal Am says the request includes about $72 million for infrastructure projects in the Central Division.","location":{"name":"Cal Am Monterey system","type":"Investor-owned utility service area","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Monterey Peninsula, Monterey County; Cal Am serves systems in 11 California counties","coordinates":{"lat":36.6,"lon":-121.89,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Monterey"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is a pending utility rate request, a financial and regulatory matter.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health harm is documented in the rate-case reporting (ref 1).","service":"The filing seeks money for mains and tanks; no service disruption is described (ref 1).","scale":"EPA SDWIS lists 128,928 people served by CA2710004 (ref 2).","duration":"Application filed July 1, 2025 and still pending at the January 2026 article (ref 1).","significance":"A formal CPUC application is under public participation and evidentiary hearings (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":128928,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Monterey-area customers could see 16.1% on January 1, 2027; Central Division request is $25.6 million (24.4%) over 2027-2029."},"measures":[{"name":"Statewide first-year request (2027)","value":63.1,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"17.2 percent, per ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Investor-owned utility seeking double-digit increases for infrastructure spending."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Decision pending; evidentiary hearings were scheduled for April 2026."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"California Public Utilities Commission","role":"Rate regulator"},{"name":"California American Water","role":"Utility"}],"public_contact":"CPUC Public Advisor's Office (general channel)","corrective_actions":["CPUC held public participation hearings in January 2026; evidentiary hearings were scheduled for April.","An administrative law judge will develop a proposed decision."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Cal Am proposes double-digit rate increase to begin in 2027, citing infrastructure needs","publisher":"Monterey County NOW","date":"2026-01-29","url":"https://www.montereycountynow.com/news/local_news/cal-am-proposes-double-digits-rate-increase-to-begin-in-2027-citing-infrastructure-needs/article_e54c0cd0-870d-4aa8-bc7f-d820b1cbc17d.html","basis":"News report","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system lookup: CAL AM WATER COMPANY - MONTEREY (CA2710004)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/CA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/MONTEREY/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Re-verified against all cited sources; dates and figures confirmed; no new development found at the sources."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Outcome of CPUC proceeding after January 2026 not verified."],"related_ids":["US-CA-AFFORDABILITY-BURDEN-2025"]},{"id":"US-CA-EAST-OROSI-CONSOLIDATION-ORDER-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"East Orosi nitrate-failing water system ordered to consolidate with Orosi","description":"The State Water Board issued a new mandatory consolidation order on February 27, 2026 for East Orosi Community Services District, a severely disadvantaged community of about 420 residents. The press release says the district has failed to provide safe drinking water for over 20 years because of nitrate in a groundwater well and aging infrastructure, and the Board has paid about $1.2 million for hauled and bottled water over 14 years. Construction costs for connecting to neighboring Orosi Public Utilities District are estimated at about $15 million and are funded by the Board.","location":{"name":"East Orosi Community Services District","type":"Community water system (special district)","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"East Orosi, unincorporated Tulare County; Orosi PUD serves about 8,300 customers","coordinates":{"lat":36.55,"lon":-119.28,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Tulare"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A nitrate-contaminated source and aging infrastructure require a structural governance fix through consolidation.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Nitrate contamination in a groundwater well has kept the system from providing safe water (ref 1).","service":"The Board has funded about $1.2 million of emergency hauled and bottled water (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 423 people served (ref 2).","duration":"Failing to provide safe water for over 20 years; earlier 2020 consolidation order stalled (ref 1).","significance":"Mandatory consolidation order replaces all prior orders with an enforceable schedule (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":423,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2); press release says about 420 residents."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Failing to provide safe drinking water for over 20 years; consolidation construction estimated at about $15 million; 180 consolidations statewide since 2019."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"New enforceable timeline replaces stalled 2020 order; construction not yet reported complete."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"State Water Resources Control Board, Division of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Tulare County","role":"Court-appointed administrator (2022)"}],"public_contact":"State Water Board Office of Public Affairs","corrective_actions":["Mandatory consolidation order issued February 27, 2026 with a construction timeline.","Tulare County appointed administrator in 2022, fully funded at about $1 million.","Board funds construction of about $15 million."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Board issues new order directing Orosi and East Orosi to consolidate water systems","publisher":"State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2026-02-27","url":"https://mavensnotebook.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/SWB-Orosi-consolidation.pdf","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system lookup: EAST OROSI COMMUNITY SERVICES DISTRICT (CA5401003)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/CA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/EAST%20OROSI/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Re-verified against the press release and SDWIS (423 served, CA5401003). Removed the 'about a mile away' detail, which could not be confirmed in the release text."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Construction progress after February 2026 not verified."],"related_ids":["US-CA-NITRATE-MCL-COHORT-2024","US-CA-FAILING-DRINKING-WATER-SYSTEMS-2025"]},{"id":"US-CA-SAFER-PROGRAM-PROGRESS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"SAFER program: 175 of 366 originally failing systems returned to compliance","description":"At its March 12, 2026 advisory meeting, State Water Board staff reported that 175 of the original 366 failing systems from the 2019 cohort have returned to compliance, serving 762,000 people, with 90 percent projected by 2030. Staff also set a goal of returning newly failing systems to compliance within five years, noting more administrative and technical help may be needed. Advisory members raised concerns about communities absorbing rate increases after consolidation.","location":{"name":"California SAFER drinking-water program","type":"State program (statewide)","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Statewide; Safe and Affordable Funding for Equity and Resilience program","coordinates":{"lat":38.58,"lon":-121.49,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns program funding, capacity and affordability rather than one asset.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"191 of the 366 systems in the 2019 cohort had not yet returned to compliance (ref 1).","service":"The meeting notes report no new service interruptions, only program progress (ref 1).","scale":"The 2019 cohort represented about 1 million Californians without safe water (ref 1).","duration":"The program began in 2019 and the compliance target runs to 2030 (ref 1).","significance":"Formal State Water Board program with an advisory group and quarterly metrics (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1000000,"status":"Reported","note":"About 1 million Californians in the 2019 failing cohort (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"175 of the original 366 failing systems returned to compliance (762,000 people); 180 systems consolidated since 2019 affecting 362,000 people."},"measures":[{"name":"Original failing systems returned to compliance","value":175,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Of 366 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Consolidations since 2019","value":180,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"362,000 people (ref 1)."},{"name":"People benefiting from SAFER funded projects","value":4500000,"unit":"people","status":"Estimated","note":"Staff estimate, ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Staff project 90 percent of 2019 cohort in compliance by 2030."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"State Water Resources Control Board","role":"Program administrator"}],"public_contact":"State Water Board SAFER program (general channel)","corrective_actions":["Goal of 20 consolidations per year.","Operation and maintenance funding suggested to reduce costs passed to residents."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2026 SAFER Drinking Water Advisory Group Meeting #1, Meeting Notes, March 12, 2026","publisher":"State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2026-03-12","url":"https://water.waterboards.ca.gov/safer/docs/2026/agm-notes-q1-2026.pdf","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Board issues new order directing Orosi and East Orosi to consolidate water systems (180 consolidations figure)","publisher":"State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2026-02-27","url":"https://mavensnotebook.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/SWB-Orosi-consolidation.pdf","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Re-verified against both source pages: 175 of 366 systems (762,000 people), 90 percent by 2030, 180 consolidations (362,000 people), 20 per year goal confirmed; no correction."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CA-FAILING-DRINKING-WATER-SYSTEMS-2025","US-CA-AFFORDABILITY-BURDEN-2025"]},{"id":"US-CA-MARTINEZ-REFINERY-WASTEWATER-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Martinez refinery wastewater discharges to marshes: $4.48M settlement","description":"The San Francisco Bay Water Board announced on December 9, 2024 that Martinez Refining Company, owned by PBF Energy, agreed to pay $4,482,000 for Clean Water Act violations. The Board cited three unauthorized releases of partially treated wastewater to marshes on October 27, 2022, January 4, 2023 and June 7, 2023, plus about 477 million gallons discharged above permit limits in 2023. The refinery also submitted a required climate adaptation report more than a year late.","location":{"name":"Martinez Refining Company","type":"Petroleum refinery discharge to marshes","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Martinez, Contra Costa County; McNabney Marsh and Peyton Slough area","coordinates":{"lat":38.02,"lon":-122.12,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Contra Costa"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water","wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Industrial wastewater exceeded permit limits and reached receiving marshes.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Discharges contained bacteria, metals, cyanide, oil and grease and exceeded pH, COD and acute toxicity limits (ref 1).","service":"No drinking-water or sewer service loss is reported (ref 1).","scale":"The January 4, 2023 release alone was about 11.2 million gallons to a marsh (ref 1).","duration":"Unauthorized releases ran from October 27, 2022 to June 7, 2023, and permit exceedances continued to July 25, 2023 (ref 1).","significance":"$4,482,000 Clean Water Act settlement announced by the Regional Board (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Receiving-water issue; no population served applies."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$4,482,000 settlement; about 477 million gallons discharged above permit limits; 11.2 million gallons released to a marsh on January 4, 2023."},"measures":[{"name":"Permit exceedance volume","value":477,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate; permit-limit exceedances at a permitted outfall, January 1 to July 25, 2023 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Settlement covers 2022-2023 events; later performance not reviewed."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board","role":"Enforcement"},{"name":"PBF Energy (Martinez Refining Company)","role":"Owner/operator"}],"public_contact":"San Francisco Bay Regional Water Board general channel","corrective_actions":["Half of the penalty ($2,241,000) goes to the Cleanup and Abatement Account; the rest funds Peyton Slough, Martinez Watershed Rangers and Regional Monitoring Program projects.","Company told to prepare for more intense storms."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Martinez Refining Co. to pay $4.5 million for Clean Water Act violations","publisher":"State Water Resources Control Board / SF Bay Regional Board","date":"2024-12-09","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2024/pr20241031-martinez.html","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Re-verified against the press release: amounts and release dates confirmed; clarified that the 477 million gallons were permit-limit exceedances at a permitted outfall from Jan 1 to July 25, 2023, separate from the three unauthorized releases; approval of the settlement order still not stated."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Press release URL reads 20241031 but page is dated December 9, 2024; page says the company agreed to pay and refers to an enforcement order, but does not state that the order was adopted."],"related_ids":["US-CA-CROCKETT-CH-SUGAR-DISCHARGES-2025"]},{"id":"US-CA-IMPERIAL-HELLS-KITCHEN-LITHIUM-WATER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Appeals court sends Hell's Kitchen lithium project water-supply review back to Imperial County","description":"A California appeals court ruling reported on September 1, 2026 found Imperial County's approval of the Hell's Kitchen lithium and geothermal project inadequate. The county did not show the project has enough water from the dwindling Colorado River, nor address air quality impacts of diverting more water away from the shrinking Salton Sea. The ruling does not name a water volume in the cited page.","location":{"name":"Hell's Kitchen lithium and geothermal project","type":"Industrial energy and mineral project","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Imperial County, near the Salton Sea","coordinates":{"lat":33.04,"lon":-115.36,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Imperial"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["water-rights","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The dispute centers on whether a reliable water supply exists for industrial use.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Court noted potential air-quality effects of diverting water from the polluted, shrinking Salton Sea (ref 1).","service":"Project is not operating; no service effects are reported (ref 1).","scale":"Regional Colorado River and Salton Sea supplies are implicated (ref 1).","duration":"Litigation and review continue; the Salton Sea has shrunk for years (ref 1).","significance":"State appeals court found the county approval inadequate and remanded it (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population affected is stated."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Appeals court found the county did not show enough Colorado River water for the project (courts newsroom, 2026-09-01)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Remand outcome pending."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Imperial County","role":"Lead approving agency"}],"public_contact":"Judicial Council of California newsroom (general channel)","corrective_actions":["Review returned to Imperial County to address water supply and air quality."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Imperial Valley's dreams of a lithium boom hit another roadblock","publisher":"California Courts Newsroom","date":"2026-09-01","url":"https://newsroom.courts.ca.gov/news/imperial-valleys-dreams-lithium-boom-hit-another-roadblock","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Re-verified against the courts newsroom article (dated Sept 1, 2026, ruling \"this week\"); no correction and no new development on that page."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["Court name, case number and water volume not stated on cited page."],"related_ids":["US-CA-SALTON-SEA-SHRINKAGE-2025","US-CO-RIVER-SHORTAGE-2026"]},{"id":"US-CA-CENTRAL-COAST-AG-ORDER-AMENDMENT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Central Coast Ag Order 4.0 revision: nitrate controls and alternative water supply program","description":"The Central Coast Water Board adopted Ag Order 4.0 on April 15, 2021; after petitions, State Water Board Order WQ 2023-0081 remanded parts and directed an alternative water supply program for residents whose groundwater exceeds the nitrate limit from agriculture. A proposed amendment, Order R3-2021-0040-A1, was released May 26, 2026 with a workshop on June 17-18 and comments due July 10, 2026. It offers dischargers an individual protection pathway or an alternative supply pathway with roughly ten years of milestones.","location":{"name":"Central Coast agricultural groundwater","type":"Regional irrigated-lands regulatory program","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Central Coast Region, including the Salinas and Pajaro valleys","coordinates":{"lat":36.68,"lon":-121.66,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Monterey","Santa Cruz","San Benito","Santa Barbara","San Luis Obispo"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Agricultural nitrate leaching contaminates groundwater used for drinking.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"State Water Board recognized critical drinking-water impacts of agricultural nitrate in the remand (ref 1).","service":"Staff report describes interim water supply needs but no system outage (ref 1).","scale":"The order is region-wide across the Central Coast (ref 1).","duration":"Order adopted 2021, remanded 2023, amendment still proposed in mid-2026 (ref 1).","significance":"State Water Board Order WQ 2023-0081 remanded the regional order (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Number of residents relying on affected wells is not given in cited pages."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Proposed Order R3-2021-0040-A1 offers about ten years of Alternative Water Supply Program milestones; written comments closed July 10, 2026."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Adoption of the amendment not confirmed."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board","role":"Regional regulator"},{"name":"State Water Resources Control Board","role":"Reviewing board"}],"public_contact":"Central Coast Water Board Irrigated Lands Program staff (general channel)","corrective_actions":["Drinking Water Solutions Program with two compliance pathways (IDWP or AWSP).","State Water Board or other qualified third parties may administer the AWSP."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Staff Report, Item 16: Workshop on Proposed Order R3-2021-0040-A1 (June 17-18, 2026)","publisher":"Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board","date":"2026-05-22","url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralcoast/board_info/agendas/2026/jun/item16_stfrpt.pdf","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Central Coast Water Board approves Ag Order 4.0","publisher":"Water Education Foundation (Aquafornia)","date":"2021-04-19","url":"https://www.watereducation.org/aquafornia-news/central-coast-water-board-approves-ag-order-40","basis":"News report","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Re-verified against the staff report (prepared May 22, 2026) and the 2021 news article; release May 26, comment close July 10, ten-year AWSP timeline confirmed; adoption of the amendment still not confirmed."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Adoption status after July 2026 not verified; nitrate well statistics not cited."],"related_ids":["US-CA-CENTRAL-VALLEY-NITRATE-MANAGEMENT-2025"]},{"id":"US-CA-KERN-RIVER-AQUIFER-EXEMPTION-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Kern River oil field aquifer exemption proposal for Class II injection","description":"Chevron has asked to add about 3,900 acres to an exempted aquifer in the Kern River Oil Field for steam-enhanced oil recovery. A March 2026 State Water Board report, the first prepared under SB 1304, says staff found the revised March 26, 2025 proposal meets the criteria, with all potential conduit wells resolved, and the package would go to U.S. EPA for final approval. The state has been aware since 2012 of oil and gas injection into formations not authorized for Class II injection.","location":{"name":"Kern River Oil Field","type":"Oil field aquifer exemption area","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Near Bakersfield, Kern County","coordinates":{"lat":35.43,"lon":-118.98,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Kern"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is whether oil-field injection could threaten usable groundwater.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Staff found no current beneficial use in the proposed zone, but injection safeguards depend on conduit wells (ref 1).","service":"No drinking-water impact is reported; 67 water wells were removed from the boundary (ref 1).","scale":"About 3,900 acres would be added to the exemption (ref 1).","duration":"Proposals reviewed since 2017 and state awareness since 2012 (ref 1).","significance":"First package under SB 1304 review; joint hearing held December 9, 2025 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population served applies."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 3,900 acres added to the exemption; 67 water supply wells identified near the boundary; 24 potential conduit wells identified, 7 remained and were plugged in 2023."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Report says the proposal was to go before the State Water Board on June 16, 2026, then to U.S. EPA for final approval; outcome not verified."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"State Water Resources Control Board","role":"Concurrence"},{"name":"CalGEM","role":"Oil and gas regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Final approval"}],"public_contact":"State Water Board Division of Water Quality (general channel)","corrective_actions":["Boundary revised to exclude all water wells and their 30-year capture zones.","Seven potential conduit wells plugged and abandoned in 2023."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Report on the Kern River Aquifer Exemption Proposal","publisher":"State Water Resources Control Board","date":"2026-03-01","url":"https://waterboards.ca.gov/oil-gas/oil_field_produced/aquifer_exemptions/docs/2026/kern-aquifer-exemption-report.pdf","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Re-verified against the report; figures confirmed. The report states the proposal was scheduled for a State Water Board agenda item on June 16, 2026 before final concurrence; the outcome is not on the page."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Report dated \"March 2026\"; day unknown. Outcome of the June 16, 2026 State Water Board agenda item not verified."],"related_ids":["US-CA-KERN-GW-PLAN-REPAIR-2025"]},{"id":"US-CA-PROP4-SAFE-DRINKING-WATER-FUNDING-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Prop 4 safe drinking water bond money flows year by year","description":"The Legislative Analyst reported in February 2026 that Proposition 4 authorizes $10 billion, of which the Legislature appropriated about $3.5 billion in 2025-26 and the Governor proposed $2.1 billion for 2026-27. Of the $585 million for water quality and safe drinking water, $183 million was provided in 2025-26 and $160 million was proposed for 2026-27, leaving $237 million. The LAO notes there is no multiyear plan, so funding requests come year by year.","location":{"name":"Prop 4 water bond (statewide)","type":"State bond funding program","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Statewide; State Water Board implements drinking-water portions","coordinates":{"lat":38.58,"lon":-121.49,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns how bond funds are allocated and delivered.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The LAO plan documents budget amounts, not contamination harm (ref 1).","service":"No service interruption is described (ref 1).","scale":"Program is statewide with $585 million for safe drinking water (ref 1).","duration":"Appropriations spread over at least 2025-26 and 2026-27 (ref 1).","significance":"Formal Governor's budget proposal reviewed by the LAO (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide program; no population count."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Water quality and safe drinking water: $585 million bond total, $183 million in 2025-26, $160 million proposed 2026-27, $237 million remaining (LAO)."},"measures":[{"name":"Prop 4 total bond authorization","value":10000,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"LAO (ref 1)."},{"name":"Proposed 2026-27 Prop 4 appropriation","value":2103,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"LAO Figure (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Enacted 2026-27 amounts not verified."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"State Water Resources Control Board","role":"Implementing department"},{"name":"Legislative Analyst's Office","role":"Budget analysis"}],"public_contact":"Legislative Analyst's Office general channel","corrective_actions":["Governor proposes $160 million for water quality and safe drinking water in 2026-27."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"The 2026-27 Budget: Proposition 4 Spending Plan","publisher":"Legislative Analyst's Office","date":"2026-02-10","url":"https://lao.ca.gov/reports/2026/5115/2026-2027-Prop-4-Spending-Plan-021026.pdf","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Re-verified against the LAO report; $10,000M, $3,470M (2025-26), $2,103M (2026-27 proposed), and $585M/$183M/$160M/$237M water quality line confirmed; page says February 2026 only."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Enacted budget amounts not verified; report page states \"February 2026\" only (day taken from file name)."],"related_ids":["US-CA-SAFER-PROGRAM-PROGRESS-2026"]},{"id":"US-CA-GSWC-2026-RATE-CASE-REGION3","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Golden State Water asks 31.3% revenue increase for Region 3 customers","description":"Golden State Water Company's 2026 general rate case, A.26-07-001, asks the CPUC for a revenue increase of $67,536,091 or 31.3 percent from 2028 through 2030 in its Region 3 service areas. The notice estimates the average residential customer would pay about $25.31 more per month, phased in over three years. An administrative law judge will hold hearings before a proposed decision.","location":{"name":"Golden State Water Region 3","type":"Investor-owned utility service areas","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Barstow, Apple Valley, Calipatria, Yorba Linda, Pomona, Arcadia and other cities in Los Angeles, Orange, San Bernardino and Imperial counties","coordinates":{"lat":34.1,"lon":-117.9,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Los Angeles","Orange","San Bernardino","Imperial"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is a pending utility rate request affecting affordability.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health harm is described in the customer notice (ref 1).","service":"The notice covers rates only; no service disruption is described (ref 1).","scale":"Region 3 spans dozens of cities in four counties; no population count is in the notice (ref 1).","duration":"Application filed in 2026 for rates in 2028-2030 (ref 1).","significance":"Formal CPUC application A.26-07-001 with required customer notice (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population count for Region 3 in the cited notice."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Requested increase of $67,536,091 or 31.3% from 2028 through 2030; average residential about $25.31 per month."},"measures":[{"name":"Average residential monthly increase","value":25.31,"unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","note":"5/8 x 3/4 inch meter, 10 ccf (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Investor-owned utility seeking a roughly 31 percent revenue increase."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Case just filed."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"California Public Utilities Commission","role":"Rate regulator"},{"name":"Golden State Water Company","role":"Utility"}],"public_contact":"CPUC Public Advisor's Office, 1-866-849-8390","corrective_actions":["Customers may comment through the CPUC proceeding page."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Notice of Golden State Water's Rate Increase Request, 2026 GRC, Region 3","publisher":"Golden State Water Company (CPUC-required notice)","date":null,"url":"https://www.gswater.com/sites/main/files/file-attachments/r3_2026_grc_45-day_customer_notice_final.pdf","basis":"Utility record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"Re-verified against the notice; request, 31.3 percent, $25.31 residential figure and CPUC contact confirmed; the notice carries no printed date, so the source date was set to null (previously taken from file metadata)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["Notice carries no printed date (file metadata shows late July 2026); no news source; PWSID not applicable (multi-system)."],"related_ids":["US-CA-AFFORDABILITY-BURDEN-2025"]},{"id":"US-CA-IMPERIAL-NEW-RIVER-POLLUTION-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"New River crossing Calexico carries contaminated flow; federal authorization at risk","description":"About 60 million gallons per day flow from the New River into the U.S. at Calexico, where border monitoring has detected fecal coliform, ammonia, arsenic and selenium, and hydrogen sulfide near the river at times above ATSDR health-based guidance. An August 19, 2026 report says the Army Corps proposed removing federal authorization for two wastewater projects with a $20 million authorization, and California lawmakers wrote in opposition.","location":{"name":"New River at Calexico","type":"Cross-border river segment","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Calexico, Imperial County, flowing north from Mexicali to the Salton Sea","coordinates":{"lat":32.67,"lon":-115.5,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Imperial"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["surface-water","wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Cross-border polluted flow degrades a river and creates public-health exposure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Hydrogen sulfide near the river at times exceeded ATSDR health-based guidance (ref 1).","service":"No drinking-water outage is reported; the issue is river contamination (ref 1).","scale":"Flow of about 60 million gallons per day passes through southern Calexico (ref 1).","duration":"Monitoring and authorizations span years; lawmakers cite a long-running problem (ref 1).","significance":"Army Corps proposal to deauthorize two projects, opposed by Senators and a Representative (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population served applies."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 60 million gallons per day cross at Calexico; $20M federal authorization proposed for deauthorization."},"measures":[{"name":"Flow into U.S. at Calexico","value":60,"unit":"million gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Per ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Funding authorization uncertain; Congress must give final approval to any deauthorization (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","role":"Project authorization"},{"name":"U.S. Section, International Boundary and Water Commission","role":"Border water agency"}],"public_contact":"IBWC general channel","corrective_actions":["Congressional letter urges sustained federal and non-federal action instead of deauthorization."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Padilla, Schiff, Ruiz push back against Trump administration efforts to abandon New River and Imperial County wastewater","publisher":"Water Online","date":"2026-08-19","url":"https://www.wateronline.com/doc/padilla-schiff-ruiz-push-back-against-trump-administration-efforts-to-abandon-new-river-and-imperial-county-wastewater-0001","basis":"News report","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Re-verified against the Water Online article dated Aug 19, 2026; flow, contaminants, $20M authorization confirmed; article adds that Congress must give final approval to deauthorization."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["Single trade-press source; IBWC and EPA documents not read."],"related_ids":["US-CA-TIJUANA-RIVER-SEWAGE-2023","US-CA-SALTON-SEA-SHRINKAGE-2025"]},{"id":"US-CA-DATA-CENTER-WATER-LAWS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"California enacts data center water reporting and supply-planning laws","description":"Governor Newsom signed a package of seven data center bills on September 21, 2026. Reports describe AB 2619 water-use reporting, AB 2469 water-supply assessments and scarcity plans for permitting from January 1, 2028, with applicants bearing infrastructure costs, and integration of data center demand into urban water planning. Newsom had vetoed a similar water-reporting bill the previous year.","location":{"name":"California data centers (statewide)","type":"Statewide industrial water-demand policy","state":"CA","states":["CA"],"detail":"Statewide; applies to data center permitting and water suppliers","coordinates":{"lat":38.58,"lon":-121.49,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding is about regulatory planning for a new industrial water demand.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No harm is documented; the laws are preventive (refs 1, 2).","service":"No service disruption is reported (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Statewide laws covering all data centers and water suppliers (ref 1).","duration":"Newly signed September 21, 2026; reporting starts later (ref 1).","significance":"Signed into law as part of a seven-bill package (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide policy; no population count."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Seven data center bills signed September 21, 2026; AB 2469 water-supply assessment and scarcity plan requirements begin January 1, 2028."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Laws just enacted; data center water use figures not published in cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"California Legislature and Governor","role":"Policy"},{"name":"Urban water suppliers","role":"Planning"}],"public_contact":"Governor's office general channel","corrective_actions":["Data center water demand to be integrated into urban water management planning.","Applicants must prepare scarcity plans and pay infrastructure costs."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"California's Governor Signs Nation's Most Comprehensive Data Center Laws","publisher":"Mayer Brown (law firm)","date":"2026-09-28","url":"https://www.mayerbrown.com/en/insights/publications/2026/09/californias-governor-signs-nations-most-comprehensive-data-center-laws-reshaping-regulation-of-energy-water-and-land-use","basis":"Legal analysis","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Newsom Signs Bills Regulating Data Centers' Water, Energy Use","publisher":"Bloomberg Law","date":"2026-09-21","url":"https://news.bloomberglaw.com/california-brief/newsom-signs-bills-regulating-data-centers-water-energy-use","basis":"News report","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (CA in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Re-verified against both articles; Sept 21, 2026 signing, AB 2619 and AB 2469 and Jan 1, 2028 date confirmed; Bloomberg summary describes AB 2469 as an estimated-water-use disclosure at business license while Mayer Brown describes assessments and scarcity plans, discrepancy remains."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["Sources differ on which bill carries which water provision; chaptered text not opened."],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CO-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Colorado statewide PFAS: dozens of systems at or above the 4 ppt PFOA/PFOS limits","description":"Colorado's health department identified 27 public water systems serving about 268,000 people that exceed EPA's April 2024 PFOA/PFOS limits of 4 parts per trillion, and about 300 of roughly 900 systems that must test had not started in May 2024. EPA's UCMR 5 results for Colorado show single PFOA or PFOS results of 4.0 ppt or more at 15 of 165 sampled systems. Reports dated May 2026 say EPA has proposed rules that would rescind some PFAS limits and extend the compliance deadline by two years, to 2031.","location":{"name":"Colorado public water systems (statewide)","type":"Statewide program","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Statewide: systems from Thornton and Brighton to small mountain and plains districts","coordinates":{"lat":39,"lon":-105.55,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The core problem is PFAS in treated drinking water above federal maximum contaminant levels, with treatment cost as a secondary driver.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"CDPHE counted 27 systems above the 4 ppt limits (ref 1), and EPA's UCMR 5 file has single PFOA or PFOS results of 4.0 ppt or higher at 15 Colorado systems, up to 22 ppt PFOS at Snake River WD (ref 5).","service":"No loss of service is documented statewide; Thornton has idled some wells (ref 2) but supplies continue, so service is 0.","scale":"About 268,000 Coloradans are served by the exceeding systems (ref 1), and Thornton alone serves about 155,000, so this is regional to statewide.","duration":"UCMR 5 sampling ran 2023 to 2026 (ref 5) and systems have until 2029, now proposed for 2031, to comply (refs 3, 4): a multi-year, months-scale issue rather than a decade-long one.","significance":"A federal rule with a compliance deadline applies, and CDPHE says it will issue violations after 2029 (ref 3); no enforcement order has been issued yet, so this scores 1."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":268000,"status":"Reported","note":"Denver Post headline figure for people served by the 27 systems CDPHE said exceed the new limits (ref 1); April 2024 count."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"CDPHE: 27 water systems exceed EPA's new PFAS limits, serving about 268,000 Coloradans (Denver Post via Coyote Gulch, April 2024)."},"measures":[{"name":"Colorado systems exceeding 4 ppt PFOA/PFOS","value":27,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"CDPHE count, April 2024 (ref 1)."},{"name":"UCMR 5 systems with a single PFOA or PFOS result of 4.0 ppt or more","value":15,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"Computed from the EPA UCMR 5 file: 15 of 165 Colorado systems sampled; single samples, not the running annual average the rule uses (ref 5)."},{"name":"Required systems that had not started testing","value":300,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"CDPHE said about 300 of about 900 had not started, May 2024 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"2024 counts and 2023-2026 UCMR 5 samples are not a time series; the 2031 deadline is a proposed federal change (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Water Quality Control Division","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 8","role":"Federal oversight"},{"name":"Colorado public water systems","role":"Operators responsible for treatment"}],"public_contact":"CDPHE Water Quality Control Division, general line published at cdphe.colorado.gov","corrective_actions":["CDPHE has helped about 30 affected systems with pilot testing or treatment installation (ref 3).","State awarded Thornton a $2.4 million grant toward PFAS treatment (ref 2).","EPA announced $44.3 million in PFAS grant funding for small or disadvantaged Colorado communities in May 2026 (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drinking water for 268,000 Coloradans exceeds new limits on forever chemicals; how will providers find millions to fix the water (Denver Post)","publisher":"Coyote Gulch (reposting Denver Post)","date":"2024-04-23","url":"https://coyotegulch.blog/2024/04/23/drinking-water-for-268000-coloradans-exceeds-new-limits-on-forever-chemicals-how-will-providers-find-millions-to-fix-the-water-the-denver-post-pfas/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"New laws protecting public health may lead to higher water bills for many Colorado communities","publisher":"CBS News Colorado","date":"2024-05-23","url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/colorado/news/new-laws-protecting-public-health-may-lead-water-bills-many-colorado-communities/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"One-third of Colorado testing for toxic forever chemicals in water","publisher":"CBS News Colorado","date":"2024-05-28","url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/amp/colorado/news/one-third-colorado-testing-toxic-forever-chemicals-water","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":4,"title":"Colorado to receive $44.3 million to address forever chemicals in drinking water as EPA cuts regulations (KKTV)","publisher":"Coyote Gulch (reposting KKTV)","date":"2026-05-21","url":"https://coyotegulch.blog/2026/05/21/colorado-to-receive-44-3-million-to-address-forever-chemicals-in-drinking-water-as-epa-cuts-regulations-kktv-com-pfas/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (national zip, Colorado rows)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal database","ref":5,"accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass, statewide PFAS)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Re-verified: Denver Post via Coyote Gulch (27 systems, about 268,000 people, 56 more with detections below the limit); CBS May 28, 2024 (about 300 of roughly 900 systems had not started testing); Coyote Gulch May 21, 2026 describes EPA proposed rules (not final) extending the deadline by two years; current UCMR 5 file shows 165 Colorado systems and 15 with a PFOA or PFOS result of 4.0 ppt or more. Wording on the May 2026 EPA action corrected from announced to proposed."}],"first_seen":"2023-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Current count of exceeding systems after 2024 not located"],"related_ids":["US-CO-DWQ-SNAKE-RIVER-PFAS-2024"]},{"id":"US-CO-THORNTON-PFAS-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Thornton PFAS above 4 ppt limits; $80M treatment plant and idled wells","description":"Thornton, which serves about 226,000 people, was among systems CDPHE said exceeded EPA's 4 ppt PFAS limits; the city stopped using some South Platte wells and is building a granular activated carbon addition expected to run by 2027 at an estimated $80 million. EPA's UCMR 5 data show a PFOA result of 7.1 ppt and PFOS of 5.0 ppt in Thornton samples.","location":{"name":"Thornton water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Thornton, Adams County; South Platte alluvial wells","coordinates":{"lat":39.868,"lon":-104.972,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Adams"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CO0101150"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"PFAS in the source water drives a treatment plant build and rate increases.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 samples show PFOA at 7.1 ppt and PFOS at 5.0 ppt against 4.0 ppt limits (ref 3), and the city's levels remain above EPA's health advisories (ref 1).","service":"The city stopped using some riverside wells but customers kept service (ref 1), so no disruption is documented.","scale":"SDWIS lists 226,465 people served (ref 2); the Denver Post put customers near 155,000 (ref 4), either way above the 100,000 threshold.","duration":"CDPHE listed Thornton in April 2024 (ref 4) and the plant is not due until 2027 (ref 1), so exposure is months to years, scored 1.","significance":"Federal PFAS rule and a state grant apply (ref 1) but no enforcement order or violation is cited, so 1."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":226465,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Thornton PFAS treatment addition estimated at $80 million, running by 2027; state grant $2.4 million (CBS Colorado, May 2024)."},"measures":[{"name":"Max PFOA in UCMR 5 samples","value":7.1,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"EPA UCMR 5 (ref 3); single sample."},{"name":"Max PFOS in UCMR 5 samples","value":5,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"EPA UCMR 5 (ref 3); single sample."},{"name":"Treatment addition cost","value":80,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"City estimate (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Rates raised about $4.79 per month on average in 2024 to fund PFAS work, further increases likely (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"City says levels now meet EPA's legal limits after powdered carbon and idled wells (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Thornton","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Water Quality Control Division","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Thornton utility customer service line published on the city website","corrective_actions":["Building granular activated carbon PFAS treatment addition (ref 1).","Stopped using some South Platte wells with high PFAS (ref 1).","Applying for federal loans to offset cost (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"New laws protecting public health may lead to higher water bills for many Colorado communities","publisher":"CBS News Colorado","date":"2024-05-23","url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/colorado/news/new-laws-protecting-public-health-may-lead-water-bills-many-colorado-communities/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record for CO0101150","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CO0101150/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (national zip, Colorado rows)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal database","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":4,"title":"Drinking water for 268,000 Coloradans exceeds new limits on forever chemicals (Denver Post)","publisher":"Coyote Gulch (reposting Denver Post)","date":"2024-04-23","url":"https://coyotegulch.blog/2024/04/23/drinking-water-for-268000-coloradans-exceeds-new-limits-on-forever-chemicals-how-will-providers-find-millions-to-fix-the-water-the-denver-post-pfas/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Re-verified: CBS (May 23, 2024) $80 million treatment addition by 2027, $2.4 million state grant, some South Platte wells stopped; SDWIS CO0101150 population 226,465; UCMR 5 maxima PFOA 7.1 ppt and PFOS 5.0 ppt. Coyote Gulch cites about 155,000 customers."}],"first_seen":"2023-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Plant status after 2024 not located"],"related_ids":["US-CO-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-CO-BRIGHTON-PFAS-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Brighton PFAS above 4 ppt limits; new treatment plant due 2027","description":"Brighton's city water system has detected PFOA, PFOS, GenX and PFBS in its wells since 2020, and EPA UCMR 5 samples show PFOS up to 10.6 ppt and PFOA up to 5.3 ppt against the 4.0 ppt limits. The city says it is building a new 20 MGD plant with granular activated carbon and is giving out free filter pitchers; the target completion is February 2027.","location":{"name":"Brighton water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Brighton, Adams County","coordinates":{"lat":39.985,"lon":-104.82,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Adams"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CO0101025"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"PFAS in well water above federal limits is being addressed through a new treatment plant.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 results reach 10.6 ppt PFOS and 5.3 ppt PFOA, above the 4.0 ppt limits (ref 3), and the city's 2022 letter reported PFOS at 9.3 ppt (ref 1).","service":"The city says residents do not need to stop drinking tap water and offers filter pitchers (ref 1); no service loss is cited.","scale":"SDWIS lists 56,304 people served (ref 2), a community-scale system below 100,000.","duration":"The first PFAS sample results arrived September 3, 2020 and the plant is due February 1, 2027 (ref 1), more than six years.","significance":"The city and CDPHE are working under EPA's April 2024 rule with a 2029 deadline (ref 1); no enforcement order is cited, so 1."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":56304,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"UCMR 5 maximum results of 10.6 ppt PFOS and 5.3 ppt PFOA in Brighton samples against 4.0 ppt limits (EPA)."},"measures":[{"name":"Max PFOS, UCMR 5","value":10.6,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Single sample (ref 3)."},{"name":"Max PFOA, UCMR 5","value":5.3,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Single sample (ref 3)."},{"name":"New plant capacity","value":20,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"City project page (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"City page gives 2020-2021 detections and a 2027 plant date, no later results (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Brighton Utilities","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Water Quality Control Division","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 8","role":"Federal oversight"}],"public_contact":"Brighton water quality line: waterquality@brightonco.gov, 720-925-9486 (published on city PFAS page)","corrective_actions":["Constructing a new water treatment plant with granular activated carbon (ref 1, 4).","Free PFAS-reducing filter pitchers while the plant is built (ref 1).","Working with CDPHE, EPA and wholesale suppliers (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PFAS Information","publisher":"City of Brighton","date":null,"url":"https://brightonco.gov/1825/PFAS-Information","basis":"Utility primary notice","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record for CO0101025","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CO0101025/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (national zip, Colorado rows)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal database","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":4,"title":"Water Treatment Plant Project","publisher":"City of Brighton","date":null,"url":"https://brightonco.gov/1803/Water-Treatment-Plant-Project","basis":"Utility primary notice","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (4). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Re-verified: city PFAS page (GAC plant, free filter pitchers, contracted completion Feb. 1, 2027); plant project page (20 MGD, substantial completion Feb. 1, 2027, commissioning from July 2026 but no progress statement); SDWIS CO0101025 population 56,304; UCMR 5 maxima PFOS 10.6 ppt, PFOA 5.3 ppt."}],"first_seen":"2023-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Current PFAS concentrations after 2023 not located"],"related_ids":["US-CO-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-CO-WIDEFIELD-SECURITY-FOUNTAIN-PFAS-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Widefield, Security and Fountain PFAS from Peterson aquifer plume","description":"Wells in Fountain, Security and Widefield south of Colorado Springs were contaminated with PFAS tied to firefighting foam at what is now Peterson Space Force Base; Fountain shut its groundwater wells after 2016 and the Air Force paid $9 million for a new ion-exchange plant. EPA UCMR 5 samples at Widefield WSD show PFOS up to 15.8 ppt and PFOA up to 10.5 ppt.","location":{"name":"Widefield, Security and Fountain water systems","type":"Municipal and district water systems","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"El Paso County, south of Colorado Springs; Widefield aquifer","coordinates":{"lat":38.745,"lon":-104.73,"precision":"system_centroid","source_ref":1},"counties":["El Paso"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"CO0121900"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"PFAS from a military firefighting-foam source contaminated drinking-water wells and required new treatment plants.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Security's 2020 PFOS result was 235 times EPA's proposed limit (ref 1), and Widefield UCMR 5 samples show PFOS 15.8 ppt and PFOA 10.5 ppt (ref 3).","service":"Fountain shut down its groundwater wells after 2016 testing above the health advisory (ref 1), a partial supply change rather than a loss of service.","scale":"SDWIS lists 27,640 people served by Widefield WSD (ref 2), with Security (20,000) and Fountain (25,130) also affected in SDWIS, so a multi-system community scale.","duration":"Contamination was found in 2016 (ref 1) and Widefield UCMR 5 samples from May 2023 to January 2024 were still above 4 ppt for PFOA (ref 3), so the problem spans more than seven years.","significance":"The Air Force funded treatment facilities (ref 1) and the 2024 federal rule applies, but no state enforcement order is cited here, so 1."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":27640,"status":"Reported","note":"Widefield WSD population served per SDWIS (ref 2); Security and Fountain are additional systems."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Security Water District's 2020 PFOS testing was 235 times EPA's proposed limit; Fountain's 2016 groundwater exceeded the health advisory (CBS Colorado)."},"measures":[{"name":"Max PFOS at Widefield WSD, UCMR 5","value":15.8,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Single sample (ref 3)."},{"name":"Max PFOA at Widefield WSD, UCMR 5","value":10.5,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Single sample (ref 3)."},{"name":"Air Force payment for Fountain treatment plant","value":9,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Ion-exchange treatment at Fountain has operated since 2022 (ref 1), though Widefield UCMR 5 samples (May 2023 to January 2024) were still above 4 ppt (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Widefield Water and Sanitation District","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Security Water District","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"City of Fountain","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"U.S. Air Force","role":"Funding treatment"},{"name":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Water Quality Control Division","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Contact the respective utilities; CDPHE general line published at cdphe.colorado.gov","corrective_actions":["Fountain's ion-exchange PFAS treatment facility paid for by the Air Force (ref 1).","Air Force assistance to Security and Widefield (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"U.S. Air Force pays $9 million for cutting-edge water treatment in Fountain following PFAS contamination concerns","publisher":"CBS News Colorado","date":"2023-05-29","url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/amp/colorado/news/air-force-pays-9-million-water-treatment-fountain-pfas-contamination","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record for CO0121900","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CO0121900/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (national zip, Colorado rows)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal database","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages; corrected: UCMR 5 sample window corrected to 2023-2024 dates."}],"first_seen":"2023-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["Recent reporting on Widefield and Security treatment status not located","Ref 1 is a 2023 article; recent status unverified"],"related_ids":["US-CO-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-CO-LOWER-ARKANSAS-VALLEY-RADIONUCLIDES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lower Arkansas Valley: 18 of 39 water systems under orders for radionuclides","description":"Wells along the Arkansas River east of Pueblo carry naturally occurring radium and other radionuclides, and 18 of the 39 participants in the Arkansas Valley Conduit project are under state enforcement orders for not meeting EPA radionuclide standards. The conduit, now estimated at $1.39 billion, lost a federal repayment-relief bill to a presidential veto in December 2025, and a July 2026 report says small districts fear unaffordable local bills.","location":{"name":"Lower Arkansas Valley water systems","type":"Multi-system groundwater supply area","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Otero, Bent, Crowley, Prowers and Kiowa counties east of Pueblo","coordinates":{"lat":38.05,"lon":-103.5,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Otero","Bent","Crowley","Prowers","Kiowa"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Natural radionuclides in groundwater are the quality problem, and the long-delayed conduit pipeline is the infrastructure fix.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Radium and gross alpha exceed EPA standards in valley wells and radium is a carcinogen; a Bent's Fort official said 'Our wells are no good. It's a health problem' (ref 1).","service":"Some towns haul water or run reverse-osmosis plants (ref 2) and La Junta's concentrate is blended with sewer flow (ref 4), so service is affected but not lost.","scale":"39 communities are in the conduit project (ref 2); the May Valley and Bent's Fort systems alone serve about 1,500 and 327 customers (ref 1), a regional but sub-100,000 population.","duration":"The conduit was authorized by Congress in 1962 (ref 2) and radium has tested high since the 1980s, with the EPA limit effective in 2000 (ref 3); the pipeline is still under construction in 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"18 of 39 participants are under state enforcement orders for radionuclide standards (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No consolidated population for the 39 communities was found in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"18 of the Arkansas Valley Conduit's 39 participants are under state enforcement orders for not meeting EPA radionuclide standards (KUNC, January 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"Conduit participants under state enforcement orders","value":18,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Of 39 participants (ref 1)."},{"name":"Conduit cost estimate","value":1.39,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"HPPR (ref 2)."},{"name":"Rocky Ford average radium (2021)","value":23,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"Gazette citing EWG, against a 5 pCi/L limit (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Local districts warn 'tier three' repayment bills could make conduit water unaffordable (ref 4)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Construction continues with 3 to 5 years of funding but a veto left repayment relief unresolved (refs 1, 2, 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Water Quality Control Division","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Southeastern Colorado Water Conservancy District","role":"Arkansas Valley Conduit sponsor"},{"name":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","role":"Federal funding partner"}],"public_contact":"Southeastern Colorado Water Conservancy District, contact published on its website","corrective_actions":["Arkansas Valley Conduit under construction since 2023 (ref 1, 2).","La Junta and Las Animas operate reverse-osmosis plants (ref 4).","Federal funding sufficient for another three to five years of construction (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Arkansas Valley Conduit veto draws a mixed reaction in southeast Colorado","publisher":"KUNC / Colorado Capitol News Alliance","date":"2026-01-04","url":"https://www.kunc.org/politics/2026-01-04/arkansas-valley-conduit-veto-draws-a-mixed-reaction-in-southeast-colorado","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Arkansas Valley pipeline has about 3 years of cash left to keep building despite presidential veto","publisher":"HPPR","date":"2026-01-20","url":"https://www.hppr.org/hppr-news/2026-01-20/arkansas-valley-pipeline-has-about-3-years-of-cash-left-to-keep-building-despite-presidential-veto","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"Some Coloradans' drinking water still worst in the U.S., and it's a health risk","publisher":"The Gazette (Colorado Springs)","date":"2021-11-28","url":"https://gazette.com/?p=1291100","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":4,"title":"Southeast Colorado towns hit with gut-punch bills for lifeline water pipeline","publisher":"Hoodline","date":"2026-07-15","url":"https://hoodline.com/2026/07/southeast-colorado-towns-hit-with-gut-punch-bills-for-lifeline-water-pipeline/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages; corrected: Attribution of quote and history dates corrected."}],"first_seen":"2023-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["No consolidated population for 39 communities"],"related_ids":["US-CO-MAY-VALLEY-RADIUM-2026"]},{"id":"US-CO-MAY-VALLEY-RADIUM-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"May Valley Water Association (Wiley): 104 unresolved radionuclide violations","description":"May Valley Water Association serves about 1,500 people near Wiley in Prowers County. SDWIS lists 104 health-based violations since October 2023, all for gross alpha and combined radium, with a state order issued in May 2022; the system is among those waiting on the Arkansas Valley Conduit.","location":{"name":"May Valley Water Association","type":"Community water system (groundwater)","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Wiley area, Prowers County","coordinates":{"lat":38.157,"lon":-102.72,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Prowers"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CO0150800"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Naturally occurring radionuclides in well water exceed drinking-water limits.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS shows gross alpha results up to 115 pCi/L against a 15 pCi/L limit and combined radium up to 25 pCi/L against 5 (ref 2); the Gazette said the system averaged about 2.5 times the radium limit (ref 4).","service":"The Gazette notes the valley's systems need treatment or hauled water (ref 4) and Wiley's water station is pictured in the HPPR story (ref 3); no service loss is documented, so 1.","scale":"SDWIS lists 1,500 people served (ref 1), the largest radium-affected utility in its area per the Gazette (ref 4).","duration":"104 violations run from October 2023 through April 2026 (ref 2), and an earlier Arkansas Valley Conduit order dates back before 2022 (ref 5).","significance":"State order DW.05.22.150800 issued 5/31/22 supersedes a prior AVC order (ref 5)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":1500,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"104 unresolved health-based violations (gross alpha and combined radium) with periods from 2023-10-01 to 2026-04-01 in SDWIS."},"measures":[{"name":"Health-based violations since Oct 2023","value":104,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 2): 53 combined radium, 51 gross alpha."},{"name":"Highest recorded combined radium","value":25,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS violation measure (ref 2); limit 5."},{"name":"Highest recorded gross alpha","value":115,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS violation measure (ref 2); limit 15."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Violations recur every quarter through April 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Water Quality Control Division","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"May Valley Water Association","role":"Water utility"}],"public_contact":"CDPHE Water Quality Control Division, general line published at cdphe.colorado.gov","corrective_actions":["Participating in the Arkansas Valley Conduit (ref 3).","State order DW.05.22.150800 in force (ref 5)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record for CO0150800","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CO0150800/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS violation records for CO0150800","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/CO0150800/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"Arkansas Valley pipeline has about 3 years of cash left to keep building despite presidential veto","publisher":"HPPR","date":"2026-01-20","url":"https://www.hppr.org/hppr-news/2026-01-20/arkansas-valley-pipeline-has-about-3-years-of-cash-left-to-keep-building-despite-presidential-veto","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":4,"title":"Some Coloradans' drinking water still worst in the U.S., and it's a health risk","publisher":"The Gazette (Colorado Springs)","date":"2021-11-28","url":"https://gazette.com/?p=1291100","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":5,"title":"SDWIS enforcement action 3032840 for May Valley WA","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/ENFORCEMENT_ACTION/PWSID/CO0150800/ENFORCEMENT_ID/3032840/JSON","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":6,"title":"Arkansas Valley Conduit veto draws a mixed reaction in southeast Colorado","publisher":"KUNC / Colorado Capitol News Alliance","date":"2026-01-04","url":"https://www.kunc.org/politics/2026-01-04/arkansas-valley-conduit-veto-draws-a-mixed-reaction-in-southeast-colorado","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages."}],"first_seen":"2023-10-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["No current treatment date located"],"related_ids":["US-CO-LOWER-ARKANSAS-VALLEY-RADIONUCLIDES-2026"]},{"id":"US-CO-SOUTH-SWINK-RADIUM-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"South Swink Water Authority: 31 unresolved radionuclide violations, no radium treatment","description":"South Swink Water Authority near La Junta serves about 622 people and SDWIS lists 31 health-based violations since October 2023 for gross alpha and combined radium. A 2021 Gazette report said the company has no radium filtration, that radium has been high since the 1980s and that the state rejected its reverse-osmosis plan over wastewater handling.","location":{"name":"South Swink Water Authority","type":"Community water system (groundwater)","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Swink and La Junta area, Otero County","coordinates":{"lat":37.99,"lon":-103.6,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Otero"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CO0145690"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Radionuclides in groundwater exceed limits and the system lacks treatment.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS shows gross alpha up to 19.75 pCi/L against a 15 limit and combined radium up to 20 pCi/L against 5 (ref 2); the Gazette says radium has been high since the 1980s (ref 3).","service":"No outage or advisory beyond the violations is documented, so service is 0.","scale":"SDWIS lists 622 people served (ref 1), a small community system.","duration":"31 violations from October 2023 to April 2026 (ref 2) on a problem the Gazette traces to the 1980s (ref 3).","significance":"SDWIS lists enforcement IDs against the violations (ref 2) and a court challenge for a looser limit failed (ref 3), but no order text was read, so 1."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":622,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"31 health-based radionuclide violations in SDWIS from 2023-10-01 to 2026-04-01; Gazette (2021): no radium filtration."},"measures":[{"name":"Health-based violations since Oct 2023","value":31,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 2): 22 combined radium, 9 gross alpha."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Quarterly violations continue to April 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Water Quality Control Division","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"South Swink Water Authority","role":"Water utility"}],"public_contact":"CDPHE Water Quality Control Division, general line published at cdphe.colorado.gov","corrective_actions":["Arkansas Valley Conduit is the planned fix for valley systems (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record for CO0145690","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CO0145690/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS violation records for CO0145690","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/CO0145690/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"Some Coloradans' drinking water still worst in the U.S., and it's a health risk","publisher":"The Gazette (Colorado Springs)","date":"2021-11-28","url":"https://gazette.com/?p=1291100","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":4,"title":"Arkansas Valley pipeline has about 3 years of cash left to keep building despite presidential veto","publisher":"HPPR","date":"2026-01-20","url":"https://www.hppr.org/hppr-news/2026-01-20/arkansas-valley-pipeline-has-about-3-years-of-cash-left-to-keep-building-despite-presidential-veto","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages."}],"first_seen":"2023-10-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["Current treatment status not located"],"related_ids":["US-CO-LOWER-ARKANSAS-VALLEY-RADIONUCLIDES-2026"]},{"id":"US-CO-LOUVIERS-RADIUM-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Louviers Water and Sanitation District combined radium above limit; treatment online","description":"Louviers WSD in Douglas County has exceeded the 5 pCi/L combined radium limit since 2018, with a five-year average of 6 pCi/L and violation notices through January 2025. An ion exchange facility paid by CDPHE and Douglas County grants began construction in June 2024 and the district says it was fully operational by October 2025.","location":{"name":"Louviers Water and Sanitation District","type":"Special district water system (groundwater)","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Louviers, Douglas County","coordinates":{"lat":39.46,"lon":-105,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Douglas"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CO0118035"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Combined radium in groundwater exceeded the MCL and was fixed with a treatment plant.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"A five-year radium average of 6 pCi/L exceeded the 5 pCi/L limit (ref 1) and SDWIS shows violation measures up to 7.22 pCi/L (ref 3).","service":"Boiling is not required and no outage is cited (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 238 people served (ref 2), a very small system.","duration":"The district was notified in the second quarter of 2018 and notices ran to January 2025 (ref 1), about seven years.","significance":"Formal violation notices were issued in 2019, 2024 and 2025 (ref 1); no enforcement order is cited, so 1."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":238,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Five-year average combined radium of 6 pCi/L against a 5 pCi/L limit; treatment fully operational as of October 2025 (district)."},"measures":[{"name":"Five-year average combined radium","value":6,"unit":"pCi/L","status":"Reported","note":"District page (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Two quarters of treated results under the limit (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Louviers Water and Sanitation District","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Water Quality Control Division","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Douglas County","role":"Grant funder"}],"public_contact":"Louviers WSD contact published on its website (October 2025 radium update page)","corrective_actions":["Ion exchange radium removal facility built with CDPHE and Douglas County grants (ref 1).","Continued testing and reporting to CDPHE (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"October 2025 Radium Update","publisher":"Louviers Water and Sanitation District","date":"2025-10-01","url":"https://louvierswsd.specialdistrict.org/october-2025-radium-update","basis":"Utility primary notice","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record for CO0118035","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CO0118035/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS violation records for CO0118035","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/CO0118035/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass; resolved per district)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages."}],"first_seen":"2023-10-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Two quarters of results are the district's statement; CDPHE confirmation not located"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CO-PINEWOOD-SPRINGS-DBP-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Pinewood Springs Water District: TTHM above limit for 11 straight quarters","description":"Pinewood Springs WD serves about 745 people in Larimer County and has exceeded the 80 ug/L TTHM limit every quarter since October 2023, with SDWIS showing a 224 ug/L running average in mid-2025 and 121 ug/L in April 2026; HAA5 also exceeded 60 ug/L. The district's notices say it is studying treatment and has started a flushing program and bought tank mixers.","location":{"name":"Pinewood Springs Water District","type":"Special district water system (surface water)","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Pinewood Springs, Larimer County, near Lyons","coordinates":{"lat":40.24,"lon":-105.35,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Larimer"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CO0135610"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Disinfection byproducts above MCLs are linked by the district to long storage time in large tanks.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The district's June 2025 notice reports a 192 ug/L TTHM average against an 80 limit and 67 ug/L HAA5 against 60 (refs 3, 4); SDWIS shows 121 ug/L TTHM in April 2026 (ref 2).","service":"Notices say customers do not need to boil water or take other action (ref 3), so service is unaffected.","scale":"SDWIS lists 745 people served (ref 1), a small community system.","duration":"SDWIS lists TTHM MCL violations in 11 consecutive quarters from October 2023 through April 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"CDPHE notified the district and required public notices each quarter (refs 3, 5); no enforcement order was read, so 1."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":745,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM running average 192 ug/L (MCL 80) and HAA5 67 ug/L (MCL 60) in the June 2025 notices; SDWIS 121 ug/L TTHM for April 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"TTHM average, notice of 6-9-25","value":192,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"MCL 80 (ref 3)."},{"name":"HAA5 average, notice of 6-9-25","value":67,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"MCL 60 (ref 4)."},{"name":"TTHM violation quarters Oct 2023 to Apr 2026","value":11,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"TTHM peaked at 224 ug/L in July 2025 and fell to 121 ug/L by April 2026 but remained above 80 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pinewood Springs Water District","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Water Quality Control Division","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"District contact published on its public notices (pswdadmin at att.net, 303-823-5345)","corrective_actions":["Four automated mixers bought for storage tanks in February 2024 (ref 5).","Engineering study and planned flushing program after distribution repairs (ref 3).","Flushing program begun after water levels were restored (ref 6)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record for CO0135610","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CO0135610/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS violation records for CO0135610","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/CO0135610/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"Important Information About Your Drinking Water: High Levels of TTHM (notice of 6-9-25)","publisher":"Pinewood Springs Water District","date":"2025-07-02","url":"https://pinewoodwater.specialdistrict.org/files/869e39db1/TTHMPinewood+Springs+WD-CO0135610+PN+for+Chronic+Maximum+Contaminant+Level+%28MCL%29+Violation+-+TTHM+%281%29.pdf","basis":"Utility primary notice"},{"ref":4,"title":"Important Information About Your Drinking Water: High Levels of HAA5 (notice of 6-9-25)","publisher":"Pinewood Springs Water District","date":"2025-07-02","url":"https://pinewoodwater.specialdistrict.org/files/f438b6317/HAA5Pinewood+Springs+WD-CO0135610+PN+for+Chronic+Maximum+Contaminant+Level+%28MCL%29+Violation+-+HAA5+%281%29.pdf","basis":"Utility primary notice"},{"ref":5,"title":"Water District News","publisher":"Pinewood Springs Water District","date":null,"url":"https://pinewoodwater.specialdistrict.org/water-district-news","basis":"Utility primary notice","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":6,"title":"Important Information About Your Drinking Water: High Levels of TTHM (notice of 12-9-24)","publisher":"Pinewood Springs Water District","date":"2025-01-03","url":"https://pinewoodwater.specialdistrict.org/files/06af98c38/PN4thQTRDec24TTHMsgb.pdf","basis":"Utility primary notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages. Source refs 3, 4, 6 could not be opened (HTTP 502), so verification status was left unchanged."}],"first_seen":"2023-10-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Treatment decision and completion date not published"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CO-WALSENBURG-BOIL-ADVISORY-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Walsenburg citywide water main break, disaster declaration and 2-week boil advisory","description":"A water main break on March 13, 2026 caused a citywide loss of pressure in Walsenburg, about 3,000 residents lost or had low water, and the city declared a disaster. A boil advisory stayed in place until March 27 when testing showed the water met state standards.","location":{"name":"Walsenburg water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Walsenburg, Huerfano County","coordinates":{"lat":37.6247,"lon":-104.78,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Huerfano"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"CO0128900"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A distribution main failure caused loss of pressure and a precautionary boil advisory.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The county page states no contaminants had been detected and the advisory was precautionary (ref 1), so no harm is documented.","service":"The break caused a citywide loss of water pressure and curtailed access for roughly 3,000 residents (refs 1, 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 3,230 people served (ref 3); the whole town was affected (ref 1).","duration":"The advisory ran 14 days, March 13 to March 27, 2026 (ref 1), a short event.","significance":"City officials declared a disaster the evening of March 13 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":3230,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3); The Gazette says roughly 3,000 residents (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Boil advisory March 13 to March 27, 2026 after a main break; testing confirmed the water met all state standards."},"measures":[{"name":"Boil advisory duration","value":14,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"March 13 to 27, 2026 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Walsenburg Water and Sewer Department","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Las Animas-Huerfano Counties District Health Department","role":"Local health agency"},{"name":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Water Quality Control Division","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Huerfano County public notices page and city Water and Sewer Department","corrective_actions":["Raised chlorine temporarily and tested before lifting the advisory (ref 1).","Planned to flush the whole system once the leak was repaired (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Health and Safety, Public Notices (Walsenburg water main break)","publisher":"Huerfano County","date":"2026-03-27","url":"https://huerfano.us/?p=18566","basis":"Local government","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"'Good news, Walsenburg!': Water declared safe to drink; boil order lifted","publisher":"The Gazette (Colorado Springs)","date":"2026-03-29","url":"https://gazette.com/2026/03/29/good-news-walsenburg-water-declared-safe-to-drink-boil-order-lifted/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record for CO0128900","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CO0128900/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass; resolved)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages."}],"first_seen":"2026-03-13","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Repair cost and cause of main failure not reported"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CO-DELTA-BOIL-ADVISORY-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"North Delta boil water advisory after October 2025 main break","description":"The City of Delta issued a boil advisory for North Delta on October 6, 2025 after a significant water main break caused a loss of pressure, and rescinded it October 11 after state-required tests confirmed the water was safe.","location":{"name":"North Delta, City of Delta water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"North Delta, Delta County","coordinates":{"lat":38.742,"lon":-108.07,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Delta"],"extent":"site","pwsid":"CO0115205"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A main break and pressure loss triggered a state-mandated precautionary advisory.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Tests confirmed the water in the affected area was safe (ref 1), so no harm was documented.","service":"Residents in North Delta had to boil water for drinking and cooking during the advisory (ref 1), a partial restriction.","scale":"The advisory covered only North Delta; customers affected were not reported, against 8,700 served system-wide in SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"The advisory ran October 6 to October 11, 2025, five days (ref 1).","significance":"Colorado requires a boil notice and testing when pressure drops below a set level (ref 1), a formal notice but no violation cited."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Customers in the advisory area were not reported (ref 1); system serves 8,700 (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Boil advisory October 6 to October 11, 2025 in North Delta after a significant main break."},"measures":[{"name":"Boil advisory duration","value":5,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"Delta County Independent (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Delta","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Water Quality Control Division","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Delta public works, contact on cityofdelta.net","corrective_actions":["Repaired the main and completed state-required sampling (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"North Delta boil water notice rescinded; testing confirms water is safe","publisher":"Delta County Independent","date":"2025-10-13","url":"https://www.deltacountyindependent.com/free_access/north-delta-boil-water-notice-rescinded-testing-confirms-water-is-safe/article_509618a3-361c-4d5b-951c-f230f5ec8a72.html","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record for CO0115205","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CO0115205/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":2,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass; resolved)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":2,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":2,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages."}],"first_seen":"2025-10-06","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Number of customers affected not reported"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CO-AVON-BACHELOR-GULCH-LEGIONELLA-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Legionnaires' disease cases tied to Eagle County resort hot tubs and spas","description":"Eagle County and CDPHE investigated three Legionnaires' disease cases in out-of-town visitors to the Ritz-Carlton, Bachelor Gulch in Avon, with symptom onset between July and December 2025. Legionella was found in samples from the hotel's hot tubs and spas, which were closed, remediated and reopened; officials say there is no community risk.","location":{"name":"Ritz-Carlton, Bachelor Gulch","type":"Hotel water features","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Avon, Eagle County","coordinates":{"lat":39.61,"lon":-106.52,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Eagle"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legionella bacteria in a building's hot tubs and spas caused documented illness.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Three Legionnaires' disease cases were reported in visitors; no deaths (ref 1).","service":"The hotel closed all of its hot tubs and spas until remediation and retesting (ref 1), a partial loss of facilities rather than public supply.","scale":"Three cases at one hotel property (ref 1).","duration":"Symptom onsets ran from July 2025 to December 2025 (ref 1), several months.","significance":"Eagle County Public Health and CDPHE jointly investigated and a press release was issued (ref 1); no enforcement action cited."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":3,"status":"Reported","note":"Three confirmed cases in visitors (ref 1); not a population served figure."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Three Legionnaires' disease cases tied to the hotel; Legionella found in hot tub and spa samples (FOX21 / Eagle County)."},"measures":[{"name":"Legionnaires' disease cases","value":3,"unit":"cases","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single outbreak; facilities reopened after remediation (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Eagle County Public Health and Environment Department","role":"Local health agency"},{"name":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Water Quality Control Division","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Eagle County Public Health and Environment Department, general line published on eaglecounty.us","corrective_actions":["Hot tubs and spas closed, remediated and retested before reopening (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"3 cases of Legionnaires' disease tied to luxury hotel in Eagle County, officials say","publisher":"FOX21 News Colorado","date":"2026-02-28","url":"https://www.fox21news.com/news/3-cases-of-legionnaires-disease-tied-to-luxury-hotel-in-eagle-county-officials-say/amp/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages."}],"first_seen":"2025-07-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["Publication date and water source not stated; single source","Cause undetermined"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CO-DWS-ERIE-STAGE4-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Erie declares drought water-supply emergency and threatens shutoffs","description":"On March 20, 2026 the Town of Erie raised its drought status from normal to emergency, the highest level, with a target to cut water use by more than 45%, and told residents to stop running sprinklers. The town warned it could shut off service for noncompliance, citing a record-low snowpack and a historic March heat wave.","location":{"name":"Town of Erie water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Erie, Boulder and Weld counties, Front Range","coordinates":{"lat":40.0503,"lon":-105.0498,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Boulder","Weld"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CO0162255"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Early irrigation demand outran winter deliveries of about 3.5 million gallons a day, a supply shortfall.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health harm is documented, but the town said summer water deliveries are about four times larger than winter deliveries and warned of tap shutoffs for sprinkler use (ref 3).","service":"Residents were told to stop all sprinkler use and parks irrigation was paused, with possible shutoff for noncompliance (ref 3).","scale":"SDWIS lists 47,444 people served by the town system (ref 1).","duration":"The emergency was declared March 20, 2026 and reassessed around April 1 when summer deliveries begin, so months at most so far (ref 3).","significance":"A town drought emergency determination, Stage 4 per the Denver Gazette roundup (ref 2), is a formal local declaration, not a state or federal order."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":47444,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: drought status raised to emergency with a target to reduce water use by more than 45% (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Water-use reduction target","value":45,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Stated as more than 45% (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Current stage after April 1, 2026 was not confirmed in sources opened."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Erie","role":"Water utility and drought declaring authority"},{"name":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Town of Erie utility billing and water department via erieco.gov","corrective_actions":["Stopped irrigation on town parks and open space","Told residents to stop sprinkler use with threatened shutoff for noncompliance","Reassessment planned when summer deliveries began April 1"],"sources":[{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record, Erie Town of (CO0162255)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CO0162255/JSON","basis":"Federal database","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"Everything you need to know about metro Denver's water restrictions by city and county","publisher":"The Denver Gazette","date":"2026-04-07","url":"https://www.denvergazette.com/2026/04/07/everything-you-need-to-know-about-metro-denvers-water-restrictions-by-city-and-county/","basis":"Regional news","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"Erie declares drought emergency, threatens water shutoffs for sprinkler use","publisher":"Boulder Reporting Lab","date":"2026-03-22","url":"https://boulderreportinglab.org/?p=111852","basis":"Regional news","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages; corrected: Removed 3.5 MGD figure not found in the cited article."}],"first_seen":"2026-03-20","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CO-DROUGHT-2026-STATEWIDE-RECORD-SNOW-DROUGHT"]},{"id":"US-CO-DWS-ERWSD-STAGE3-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Eagle River district declares Stage III water shortage with tier fines","description":"On April 10, 2026 the Eagle River Water & Sanitation District board declared a Water Shortage and moved to Stage III of a five-stage plan after snow water equivalent measured 3.9 inches on April 1 against a 15-inch target. The district imposed a two-day outdoor watering schedule and escalating Tier 4 and Tier 5 charges, including a $400 flat fine.","location":{"name":"Eagle River Water & Sanitation District","type":"Water and sanitation district service area","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Vail Valley, Eagle County","coordinates":{"lat":39.6403,"lon":-106.3742,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Eagle"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CO0119802"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Low snowpack cut the expected supply, so the district rationed outdoor use.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No contamination or outage is reported; the district rates supply risk as very high with Eagle County in exceptional drought (ref 2).","service":"A two-day watering schedule with midnight-8 a.m. and 8 p.m.-midnight windows took effect immediately, and Tier 4 and Tier 5 charges begin May 1 (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 51,515 people served (ref 1).","duration":"Stage III began April 10, 2026 and the Post Independent reported outdoor use down 50% by September, so the measures ran about five months (ref 2, ref 3).","significance":"A board-adopted formal Water Shortage Declaration with a flat $400 Tier 5 fine, rising monthly, is a local regulatory action (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":51515,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Stage III of five stages; snow water equivalent 3.9 inches on April 1 versus a 15-inch target (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Snow water equivalent April 1","value":3.9,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"Target 15 inches (ref 2)."},{"name":"Outdoor water use reduction by September","value":50,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Per Post Independent (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Outdoor use fell 50% by September per ref 3; the declaration's current status was not confirmed."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Eagle River Water & Sanitation District","role":"Water provider and declaring authority"},{"name":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"District office via erwsd.org","corrective_actions":["Two-day outdoor watering schedule","Tier 4 surcharge of 15% and Tier 5 flat fine of $400 plus escalating surcharge","Partnership with the Town of Vail on outdoor reductions"],"sources":[{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record, Eagle River WSD (CO0119802)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CO0119802/JSON","basis":"Federal database","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"ERWSD Declares Water Shortage","publisher":"Vail Valley Partnership (district notice)","date":"2026-04-10","url":"https://members.vailvalleypartnership.com/newsroom/Details/erwsd-declares-water-shortage-324729","basis":"Utility notice","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"How to survive a drought emergency: Lessons learned from a 'miserable' year for the Colorado River basin","publisher":"Post Independent","date":"2026-09-22","url":"https://www.postindependent.com/news/colorado-river-survive-drought/","basis":"Regional news","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages; corrected: Tier charge start date clarified."}],"first_seen":"2026-04-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CO-WW-EAGLERIVER-BIOSOLIDS-2025","US-CO-DROUGHT-2026-STATEWIDE-RECORD-SNOW-DROUGHT"]},{"id":"US-CO-DWS-KREMMLING-RESERVOIR-SHORTAGE-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Kremmling's drinking-water reservoirs nearly emptied in 2026 drought","description":"Kremmling's two reservoirs, which normally supply all of its drinking water, ran so low in spring 2026 that one could not release water and the backup river intake was stranded. Water restrictions, a roughly 45% cut in use, and an emergency upstream release paid for by the Colorado River District kept taps running.","location":{"name":"Town of Kremmling water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Kremmling, Grand County, Colorado River","coordinates":{"lat":40.058,"lon":-106.3889,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Grand"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CO0125455"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Supply reservoirs and the backup intake failed physically as storage collapsed.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Taps did not run dry, but one reservoir fell below deadpool and the backup intake sat on a sandbar (ref 2, ref 3).","service":"The town banned green lawns and car washes in spring and cut use by 45% (ref 2, ref 3).","scale":"SDWIS lists 1,859 people served, a small system (ref 1).","duration":"The crisis emerged in late March and persisted through September, with the manager unsure of storage past September (ref 2, ref 3).","significance":"Local emergency action and funded releases by the Colorado River District are described, but no state order or violation is cited (ref 2, ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1859,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Jones 1 reservoir completely empty, below deadpool; town and residents cut water use by 45% (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Town water-use cut","value":45,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Per Post Independent (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"New treatment plant and pump repair were expected; storage past September was uncertain (refs 2, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Kremmling","role":"Water provider"},{"name":"Colorado River Water Conservation District","role":"Emergency release and funding"},{"name":"Colorado Water Conservation Board","role":"Co-funding of emergency assistance"}],"public_contact":"Town of Kremmling town hall general line via kremmling.org","corrective_actions":["Spring watering restrictions and lawn ban","Emergency release from upstream reservoirs funded by the Colorado River District","Voluntary irrigation cuts by upstream farmers and ranch","Repair of backup pump and new treatment plant"],"sources":[{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record, Kremmling Town of (CO0125455)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CO0125455/JSON","basis":"Federal database","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"After a historic drought, here's one way Colorado is keeping its taps running","publisher":"Colorado Public Radio via NPR","date":"2026-08-16","url":"https://www.wqln.org/national/2026-08-16/after-a-historic-drought-heres-one-way-colorado-is-keeping-its-taps-running","basis":"National/regional news","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"How to survive a drought emergency: Lessons learned from a 'miserable' year for the Colorado River basin","publisher":"Post Independent","date":"2026-09-22","url":"https://www.postindependent.com/news/colorado-river-survive-drought/","basis":"Regional news","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages."}],"first_seen":"2026-03-31","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CO-DROUGHT-2026-STATEWIDE-RECORD-SNOW-DROUGHT","US-CO-RIVER-SHORTAGE-2026"]},{"id":"US-CO-DWS-COLORADOSPRINGS-PREPARATION-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Colorado Springs Utilities in Water Shortage Preparation on record-low yield","description":"Colorado Springs Utilities' board approved Water Shortage Preparation on March 18, 2026 as record-low snowpack cut runoff. The utility's own page lists the system 61% full, about 2.4 years of demand, with formal restrictions possible if supply nears 1.5 years.","location":{"name":"Colorado Springs Utilities","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Colorado Springs, El Paso County","coordinates":{"lat":38.8339,"lon":-104.8214,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["El Paso"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CO0121150"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The problem is reduced runoff into storage rather than infrastructure or contamination.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No supply loss or contamination is reported; storage covers about 2.4 years of demand (ref 3).","service":"Customers are asked to follow Water Wise Rules; no mandatory restrictions are listed (ref 3).","scale":"SDWIS lists 464,111 people served (ref 1).","duration":"The stage was approved March 18, 2026 (ref 2) and the utility page still shows it with September data (ref 3).","significance":"The stage is an adopted preliminary step under the city's Water Shortage Ordinance, not an enforced restriction (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":464111,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: system 61% full, enough for 2.4 years of customer demand; Water Shortage Preparation stage (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"System storage","value":61,"unit":"percent full","status":"Reported","note":"Local reservoirs 53% full, 190 days of demand (ref 3)."},{"name":"Restriction trigger","value":1.5,"unit":"years of demand","status":"Reported","note":"Restrictions possible if supply approaches this (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Storage declines through the year per the utility; no restrictions had been imposed in sources opened."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Colorado Springs Utilities","role":"Water provider"},{"name":"Colorado Springs Utilities Board","role":"Approved shortage stage"}],"public_contact":"Colorado Springs Utilities customer contact via csu.org","corrective_actions":["Water Shortage Preparation stage approved","Voluntary conservation and customer education","Restrictions held in reserve below 1.5 years of supply"],"sources":[{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record, Colorado Springs Utilities (CO0121150)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CO0121150/JSON","basis":"Federal database","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"Colorado Springs Utilities creates plan to take on drought year","publisher":"KRDO","date":"2026-03-18","url":"https://krdo.com/news/2026/03/18/colorado-springs-utilities-creates-plan-to-take-on-drought-year/","basis":"Regional news","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"Water supply watch","publisher":"Colorado Springs Utilities","date":null,"url":"https://www.csu.org/water-service/water-supply-watch","basis":"Utility notice","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages."}],"first_seen":"2026-03-18","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CO-DROUGHT-2026-STATEWIDE-RECORD-SNOW-DROUGHT"]},{"id":"US-CO-DWS-NORTHGLENN-STAGE2-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Northglenn considers Stage 2 drought with mandatory limits and surcharge","description":"A April 13, 2026 Northglenn staff memo recommended a Stage 2 Drought Declaration after inflow to Standley Lake ended two weeks early and the lake did not fill. It proposed two-day watering, no watering 10 a.m. to 6 p.m., and a $2.00 per 1,000 gallons surcharge above 18,000 gallons for homes; the council vote outcome was not confirmed.","location":{"name":"City of Northglenn water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Northglenn, Adams County, Standley Lake","coordinates":{"lat":39.8853,"lon":-104.9806,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Adams"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CO0101115"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Reduced Standley Lake inflow limited stored supply.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Staff report severe local and watershed drought, with Standley Lake not reaching full capacity (ref 2).","service":"Proposed rules include two-day watering, no sod irrigation before May 1, and a $2.00 per 1,000 gallons surcharge (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 48,927 people served (ref 1).","duration":"The declaration, if approved, stays in effect until lifted; only the April 2026 proposal was seen (ref 2).","significance":"A council resolution (CR-67) is a formal local action, but its adoption was not confirmed in sources opened (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":48927,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: staff recommended Stage 2 with a $2.00 per 1,000 gallon surcharge above 18,000 gallons (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Residential surcharge threshold","value":18000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"$2.00 per 1,000 gallons above (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Adoption and later status not confirmed."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Northglenn Public Works","role":"Water provider"},{"name":"Northglenn City Council","role":"Declaring authority"}],"public_contact":"City of Northglenn Public Works via northglenn.org","corrective_actions":["Proposed Stage 2 mandatory restrictions and drought surcharge","City manager authorized to lift when conditions improve"],"sources":[{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record, Northglenn City of (CO0101115)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CO0101115/JSON","basis":"Federal database","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"CR-67 Stage 2 Drought Declaration (council packet, memo 11-2026)","publisher":"City of Northglenn","date":"2026-04-13","url":"https://webdocs.northglenn.org/file/117206/packet/CR-67_drought_declaration.pdf","basis":"Local government record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages."}],"first_seen":"2026-04-13","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CO-DROUGHT-2026-STATEWIDE-RECORD-SNOW-DROUGHT"]},{"id":"US-CO-AURORA-DATACENTER-TRIDENT-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Aurora data center proposal draws water and siting opposition from mayor","description":"Vantage's proposed 860,000 sq ft Trident data center in Aurora would need a one-time 600,000 gallon fill and about 2,200 gallons a day for closed-loop cooling, per the company. Mayor Mike Coffman said in October 2026 the project must be stopped; the council narrowly rejected a moratorium in August but passed a citywide ban on evaporative cooling.","location":{"name":"Proposed Vantage Trident site, Aurora","type":"Proposed industrial facility within a municipal utility service area","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"East 48th Avenue near E-470, Aurora","coordinates":{"lat":39.7869,"lon":-104.75,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Adams","Arapahoe"],"extent":"site","pwsid":"CO0103005"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is prospective industrial demand on a city supply during drought.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No harm yet; the facility is proposed and the company cites 2,200 gallons per day (ref 2).","service":"No service effect is reported from the project; the HPPR piece frames data-center demand as a regional concern (ref 3).","scale":"The 334 MW, 108-acre campus is one site in a 533,407-person system (ref 1, ref 2).","duration":"Public debate runs from January 2026 reporting (ref 3) through the October 2026 mayor statement (ref 2).","significance":"City council action is a citywide evaporative-cooling ban and a pending call-up hearing, not an enforcement order (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":533407,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Aurora Water per SDWIS (ref 1); not a count of people affected by the proposal."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: closed-loop design needing 600,000 gallons initially and about 2,200 gallons per day (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Initial fill","value":600000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Company figure (ref 2)."},{"name":"Daily use","value":2200,"unit":"gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Company figure; vendor claims about half an office building (ref 2)."},{"name":"Power design","value":334,"unit":"MW","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Project approved administratively; mayor seeks council vote."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Aurora and Aurora Water","role":"Land use and water provider"},{"name":"Vantage Data Centers","role":"Developer"}],"public_contact":"Aurora city council and Aurora Water via auroragov.org","corrective_actions":["Citywide ban on evaporative cooling for businesses","Mayor to call the project up for a public hearing"],"sources":[{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record, Aurora City of (CO0103005)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CO0103005/JSON","basis":"Federal database","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"Aurora, Colo., mayor says hyperscale data center must be stopped","publisher":"GovTech (Denver Post)","date":"2026-10-06","url":"https://www.govtech.com/artificial-intelligence/aurora-colo-mayor-says-hyperscale-data-center-must-be-stopped","basis":"National/regional news","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"Data centers are coming to Colorado. Can the parched state handle their big water needs?","publisher":"High Plains Public Radio (Colorado Sun)","date":"2026-01-29","url":"https://www.hppr.org/hppr-news/2026-01-29/data-centers-are-coming-to-colorado-can-the-parched-state-handle-their-big-water-needs","basis":"Regional news","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":1,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":1,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages."}],"first_seen":"2026-01-29","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CO-DWS-AURORA-STAGE1-2026"]},{"id":"US-CO-DENVER-DATACENTER-WATER-RECORDS-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Courts force Denver Water and Colorado Springs to release data-center water records","description":"On January 15, 2025 Denver and El Paso County judges rejected Denver Water's and Colorado Springs Utilities' claims that data-center water-use records were confidential, ordering release to Business Insider. In 2026 Denver approved a pause on new data-center development for up to a year while writing rules, and a Western Resource Advocates model cited by the state energy office projects about 6,000 acre-feet a year of cooling demand statewide within 10 years.","location":{"name":"Denver Water service area data centers","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Denver and Colorado Springs, Front Range","coordinates":{"lat":39.7392,"lon":-104.9903,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Denver","El Paso"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"CO0116001"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The main problem is transparency and governance of industrial water demand.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No health or environmental harm is documented; the dispute concerns access to usage data (ref 2).","service":"No service disruption is described in the court orders or the 2026 pause (ref 2, ref 3).","scale":"Denver Water serves 1,287,000 people per SDWIS and the Front Range holds 40 to 50 data centers, per ref 3 and ref 1.","duration":"The records fight began before the January 2025 orders and Denver's pause came in 2026, spanning over a year (ref 2, ref 3).","significance":"Two judges' orders on January 15, 2025 with attorney-fee awards are formal court rulings (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":1287000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Denver Water per SDWIS (ref 1); not a count of people affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: WRA modeling projects about 6,000 acre-feet of data-center cooling water use in Colorado within 10 years (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Projected data-center cooling use","value":6000,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"Within 10 years, per Western Resource Advocates modeling cited in ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Pause on new development is time-limited; further data not seen."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Denver Water","role":"Utility that withheld the records"},{"name":"Colorado Springs Utilities","role":"Utility that withheld the records"},{"name":"Denver City Council","role":"Approved a pause on new data centers"}],"public_contact":"Denver Water customer contact via denverwater.org","corrective_actions":["Courts ordered release of data-center water-use records","Denver pause on new data-center development while rules are developed"],"sources":[{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record, Denver Water Board (CO0116001)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CO0116001/JSON","basis":"Federal database","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"Judges in Denver and El Paso County order disclosure of data centers' water consumption records","publisher":"Colorado Freedom of Information Coalition","date":"2025-01-28","url":"https://coloradofoic.org/judges-in-denver-and-el-paso-county-order-disclosure-of-data-centers-water-consumption-records/","basis":"Court ruling coverage","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"Tapped: Is water a problem for data centers in Colorado?","publisher":"Colorado Politics","date":"2026-05-24","url":"https://www.coloradopolitics.com/2026/05/24/tapped-is-water-a-problem-for-data-centers-in-colorado/","basis":"Regional news","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages."}],"first_seen":"2025-01-15","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CO-DWS-DENVER-STAGE1-2026"]},{"id":"US-CO-GROUNDWATER-REPUBLICAN-RIVER-OGALLALA-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Republican River basin Ogallala depletion forces land retirement by 2029","description":"Colorado's Republican River basin groundwater is being mined, with wells in some areas down 13 feet in a decade and about a third of irrigated land expected to lose water within 25 years. Under a 2016 settlement 17,120 of 25,000 acres had been retired by early 2025, and missing the December 2029 deadline could lead the state engineer to shut down wells.","location":{"name":"Republican River basin Ogallala aquifer","type":"Alluvial and High Plains groundwater basin","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Yuma County and northeast Colorado","coordinates":{"lat":40.125,"lon":-102.72,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Yuma","Kit Carson","Washington","Phillips","Sedgwick","Logan"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The aquifer is being drawn down faster than it recharges.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Wells in some areas dropped 13 feet over the last decade; average withdrawals 720,000 acre-feet a year (ref 1).","service":"No loss of drinking-water service is reported; the impact is on irrigation (ref 1).","scale":"The eight-county district is affected, with nearly 8,000 more of the 25,000 required South Fork acres still to be retired by December 2029 (ref 1).","duration":"Groundwater has been mined for 50 to 60 years and the retirement program runs through December 2029 (ref 1, ref 2).","significance":"The 2016 settlement and state-engineer well-shutoff authority are formal legal obligations (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected irrigators and towns not quantified in sources opened."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 17,120 of 25,000 required acres retired by early 2025; remainder due December 2029 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Acres retired","value":17120,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Of 25,000 required (ref 1)."},{"name":"Average withdrawals","value":720000,"unit":"acre-feet per year","status":"Reported","note":"2012 peak 940,000 (ref 1)."},{"name":"District fee","value":30,"unit":"dollars per acre per year","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Declining well production is prompting four more wells and 9.5 miles of pipe at about $14 million (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Republican River Water Conservation District","role":"Compact compliance and land retirement"},{"name":"Colorado Division of Water Resources","role":"State engineer with well-shutoff authority"}],"public_contact":"Republican River Water Conservation District office","corrective_actions":["Paying farmers to retire irrigated acres","$30 per acre annual district fee","Pipeline moving water from retired-irrigation wells to the North Fork"],"sources":[{"title":"Hard questions about groundwater mining in Colorado's Republican River Basin","publisher":"KUNC (Colorado Newsline/Big Pivots)","date":"2025-08-02","url":"https://www.kunc.org/news/2025-08-02/hard-questions-about-groundwater-mining-in-colorados-republican-river-basin","basis":"Regional news","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"Why declining aquifers in Colorado matter","publisher":"Big Pivots via Coyote Gulch","date":"2025-09-19","url":"https://coyotegulch.blog/2025/09/19/why-declining-aquifers-in-colorado-matter-coloradoriver-rightfully-gets-attention-so-should-the-groundwater-depletion-underway-in-the-republicanriver-and-other-basins-allen-best-bigpivots-co/","basis":"Regional news","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages; corrected: Removed unsupported 90,000 irrigated acres figure."}],"first_seen":"2025-08-02","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CO-GROUNDWATER-SOUTHERN-HIGH-PLAINS-DECLINE-2025","US-CO-RIGHTS-NEBRASKA-V-COLORADO-SOUTH-PLATTE-2025"]},{"id":"US-CO-GROUNDWATER-DENVER-BASIN-DOUGLAS-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Denver Basin aquifers under Douglas County remain a declining, non-renewable supply","description":"Parker and Castle Rock once relied nearly entirely on Denver Basin groundwater, which gets little recharge from rain or snow, and are now diversifying, including a plan to pump South Platte water near Sterling over 125 miles. Parker Water and Sanitation District and Castle Rock sued the state in 2021 over whether permits may cap total lifetime pumping volume; no ruling was reported in the coverage opened.","location":{"name":"Denver Basin aquifers, Parker and Castle Rock area","type":"Non-tributary bedrock aquifer system","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Douglas County","coordinates":{"lat":39.42,"lon":-104.85,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Douglas","Arapahoe","Elbert"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"CO0118040"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The aquifers are a non-recharging supply being drawn down by growth.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Aquifers receive little recharge and Parker and Castle Rock are diversifying away from them (ref 2); well-level decline figures were not verified in sources opened.","service":"No service loss is reported in the coverage opened (ref 2, ref 3).","scale":"Parker WSD serves 75,949 people per SDWIS, plus Castle Rock and other Douglas County systems (ref 1).","duration":"Reliance dates to 1990s growth and the issue continues into 2025 plans (ref 2, ref 3).","significance":"The district's lawsuit against Colorado Division of Water Resources over the 100-year rule is a formal legal dispute (ref 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":75949,"status":"Reported","note":"Parker WSD population served per SDWIS (ref 1); other systems also use the aquifers."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: wells may pump 1% of estimated water under their land a year for 100 years under the 1985 law (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Annual pumping allowance","value":1,"unit":"percent of estimated aquifer water","status":"Reported","note":"100-year rule (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"2025 coverage shows diversification; current well-level trends not verified."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Colorado Division of Water Resources","role":"Well permitting"},{"name":"Parker Water and Sanitation District","role":"Water provider and plaintiff"},{"name":"Town of Castle Rock","role":"Water provider and co-plaintiff"}],"public_contact":"Parker Water and Sanitation District via parkerwater.org","corrective_actions":["Diversification to South Platte supplies","Lawsuit over total-volume caps on well permits"],"sources":[{"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record, Parker WSD (CO0118040)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CO0118040/JSON","basis":"Federal database","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"Why declining aquifers in Colorado matter","publisher":"Big Pivots via Coyote Gulch","date":"2025-09-19","url":"https://coyotegulch.blog/2025/09/19/why-declining-aquifers-in-colorado-matter-coloradoriver-rightfully-gets-attention-so-should-the-groundwater-depletion-underway-in-the-republicanriver-and-other-basins-allen-best-bigpivots-co/","basis":"Regional news","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"title":"Lawsuit pits Colorado's Douglas County towns against state water regulators","publisher":"Water Education Colorado via Coyote Gulch","date":"2022-06-25","url":"https://coyotegulch.blog/2022/06/25/lawsuit-pits-colorados-douglas-county-towns-against-state-water-regulators-aurora-greeley-wateredco/","basis":"Regional news","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages."}],"first_seen":"2022-06-25","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CO-GROUNDWATER-SAN-LUIS-VALLEY-AQUIFER-DEPLETION"]},{"id":"US-CO-WW-SMALLTOWN-PERMIT-BACKLOG-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Dozens of small Colorado towns struggle with new wastewater discharge permits","description":"Dozens of small Colorado towns say new general discharge permits for wastewater plants carry limits that are too costly and gave too little time to comply, after a long state permit backlog left them on old rules. The state water quality division issued a temporary enforcement discretion memo on March 24, 2025, and legislators drafted a bill to extend deadlines.","location":{"name":"Small-town wastewater plants statewide","type":"Statewide wastewater permitting program","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Colorado general discharge permits finalized 2022; towns including Akron (Washington County) and Ault (Weld County) named","coordinates":{"lat":39,"lon":-105.5,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Aging lagoon plants meet new permit limits that require capital upgrades.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No harm documented; the article describes compliance risk, not a release (ref 1).","service":"Service continues; the state held off enforcement on some towns that say they cannot comply (ref 1).","scale":"Representatives from 64 towns attended a March 2025 meeting on the problem (ref 1).","duration":"Akron waited at least eight years for its permit and the backlog has run for years (ref 1).","significance":"A formal CDPHE enforcement discretion memo dated March 24, 2025 and a Joint Budget Committee bill were reported (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide program issue; no single population figure reported in the article."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Representatives from 64 towns attended a meeting about the new wastewater permits (Colorado Sun, April 10, 2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"Towns at the March 2025 meeting","value":64,"unit":"towns","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Small towns report they cannot afford new treatment limits"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Only the April 2025 article was opened for this record."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Water Quality Control Division","role":"Wastewater permitting and enforcement"}],"public_contact":"Colorado Water Quality Control Division, public contact via cdphe.colorado.gov","corrective_actions":["CDPHE issued a temporary enforcement discretion memo on March 24, 2025.","Eastern Plains senators drafted a bill to extend compliance timelines and set permitting deadlines."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Small Colorado towns push back as state seeks to clean up wastewater to protect rivers","publisher":"The Colorado Sun / Fresh Water News","date":"2025-04-10","url":"https://coloradosun.com/2025/04/10/small-colorado-towns-push-back-as-state-seeks-to-clean-up-wastewater-to-protect-rivers/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass, group C)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CO-WW-UPPERTHOMPSON-MODERNIZATION-2024"]},{"id":"US-CO-INFRA-LEAD-LINE-INVENTORY-STATEWIDE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"23 Colorado water systems have confirmed lead lines; 170,000 more lines unverified","description":"A statewide survey completed in October 2024 found about 20,000 lead service lines in 23 Colorado water systems and 170,000 more lines whose material still needed to be examined. Federal rules require replacement by 2037, and utilities were sent customer notices about unknown lines.","location":{"name":"Colorado public water systems (statewide)","type":"Statewide lead service line program","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"23 utilities with a confirmed lead line include Aurora, Denver Water, Greeley, Pueblo Board of Water Works and Steamboat Springs","coordinates":{"lat":39,"lon":-105.5,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Buried lead service lines are legacy pipe assets awaiting inventory and replacement.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No tap exceedance is cited; the Sun notes no level of lead is safe for children (ref 1).","service":"No outage; Pueblo Water mailed 22,000 letters saying a line is of unknown type (ref 1).","scale":"Roughly 20,000 lead lines across 23 systems plus 170,000 unverified lines (ref 1).","duration":"Replacement deadline is 2037 and Denver Water still has about 30,000 lines to remove (ref 1).","significance":"A federal replacement mandate applies, reported by CDPHE (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No statewide population figure given; 20,000 lead lines is a count of service lines, not people."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A new statewide survey shows that 23 Colorado cities have aging lead water delivery pipes, roughly 20,000 of them (Colorado Sun, Dec 23, 2024)."},"measures":[{"name":"Confirmed lead service lines","value":20000,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate, ref 1."},{"name":"Lines needing examination","value":170000,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Systems with a confirmed lead line","value":23,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Replacement cost to utilities; Grand Junction reported spending $1 million on the survey"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Inventories were being completed and Denver Water had removed 30,000 lines (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Water Quality Control Division","role":"Wastewater permitting and enforcement"}],"public_contact":"Colorado Water Quality Control Division, public contact via cdphe.colorado.gov","corrective_actions":["Utilities are notifying customers with unknown line types.","EPA awarded Colorado $32.8 million toward testing and replacement."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Survey: 23 Colorado cities must replace at least 20,000 lead pipes","publisher":"The Colorado Sun / Fresh Water News","date":"2024-12-23","url":"https://coloradosun.com/2024/12/23/lead-pipes-colorado-cities-water-systems-replacement/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass, group C)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CO-INFRA-DENVER-LEAD-LINES-2024"]},{"id":"US-CO-WW-DELNORTE-LAGOON-ORDER-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Del Norte must replace its lagoon wastewater plant under a state consent order","description":"The state Water Quality Control Division announced a Compliance Order on Consent with the Town of Del Norte on February 22, 2024, alleging violations of the Water Quality Control Act and permit requirements at its wastewater facility. The town must build a new mechanical plant and decommission the lagoon. EPA ECHO lists the plant in significant noncompliance for 10 quarters through June 2026.","location":{"name":"Del Norte wastewater facility","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment lagoon","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Town of Del Norte, Rio Grande County, San Luis Valley","coordinates":{"lat":37.679,"lon":-106.353,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Rio Grande"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CO0153200"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The remedy is replacing an aging lagoon with a mechanical plant.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The order alleges permit violations; no specific harm is described (ref 1).","service":"No service loss is reported in the sources opened (refs 1, 3).","scale":"Town served about 1,429 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"ECHO shows 10 quarters of significant noncompliance (ref 3).","significance":"Compliance Order on Consent filed February 22, 2024 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1429,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the Town of Del Norte per SDWIS (ref 2); the sewer service population may differ."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"ECHO lists permit CO0020281 with 10 quarters in significant noncompliance and a compliance schedule violation as of June 30, 2026 (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance","value":10,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO, ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Small town funding a new plant"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No penalty or deadline was stated in the sources opened."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Water Quality Control Division","role":"Wastewater permitting and enforcement"},{"name":"Town of Del Norte","role":"Wastewater operator"}],"public_contact":"Town of Del Norte and CDPHE Water Quality Control Division general channels","corrective_actions":["Build a new mechanical wastewater treatment facility.","Decommission the existing lagoon facility."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"State of Colorado reaches agreement with the Town of Del Norte to resolve water quality violations","publisher":"Regional Associations Information Network (repost of state announcement)","date":"2024-04-29","url":"https://regionalassociations.org/state-of-colorado-reaches-agreement-with-the-town-of-del-norte-to-resolve-water-quality-violations/","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record, Del Norte Town of (CO0153200)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (data.epa.gov Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CO0153200/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report, Del Norte WWTF (Clean Water Act compliance status through 2026-06-30)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echo.epa.gov/detailed-facility-report?fid=110009128354","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass, group C)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CO-WW-OURAY-NEW-PLANT-MALFUNCTIONS-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Ouray's new $17 million wastewater plant has had repeated malfunctions","description":"Ouray's new $17 million wastewater treatment plant, online since October 2024, has had multiple malfunctions including broken pumps. In August 2025 the city agreed to hire an outside law firm to review possible construction-defect claims against the contractors.","location":{"name":"Ouray wastewater treatment plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"City of Ouray, Ouray County","coordinates":{"lat":38.0228,"lon":-107.6714,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Ouray"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CO0146588"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A newly built treatment plant is failing mechanically.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The article describes pump failures and operational problems but no documented discharge harm (ref 1).","service":"No loss of service is reported (ref 1).","scale":"About 1,460 people served per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"Problems continued less than a year after startup in October 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"City retained counsel to review defect claims; no state order was found in the source (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1460,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the City of Ouray per SDWIS (ref 2); the sewer service population may differ."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The city will hire an attorney regarding its new $17 million wastewater treatment plant, afflicted by operational problems less than a year after coming online (Ouray County Plaindealer, Aug 20, 2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"New plant cost","value":17,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Possible construction defect claims against contractors"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single 2025 report opened; current plant status is not confirmed."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Ouray","role":"Wastewater operator"},{"name":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Water Quality Control Division","role":"Wastewater permitting and enforcement"}],"public_contact":"City of Ouray and CDPHE Water Quality Control Division general channels","corrective_actions":["City retained an outside law firm to review potential construction defect claims."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City retains lawyer in light of sewer problems","publisher":"Ouray County Plaindealer","date":"2025-08-20","url":"https://www.ouraynews.com/2025/08/20/city-retains-lawyer-light-sewer-problems","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record, Ouray City of (CO0146588)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (data.epa.gov Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CO0146588/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass, group C)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CO-WW-GYPSUM-PLANT-REPLACEMENT-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Gypsum builds a new wastewater plant as the old one nears capacity","description":"The Town of Gypsum began constructing a new wastewater treatment plant on October 24, 2024, saying the existing plant on Porphyry Road is reaching capacity; work is expected to take about three years. EPA ECHO lists the existing plant in significant noncompliance for monthly average effluent limits for 6 quarters through June 2026.","location":{"name":"Gypsum wastewater treatment plant","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Town of Gypsum, Eagle County","coordinates":{"lat":39.647,"lon":-106.953,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Eagle"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CO0119329"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The project replaces a plant nearing capacity.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ECHO flags a monthly average effluent limit violation; no harm outcome is stated (ref 3).","service":"No service disruption is reported (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 15,272 people served by the town system (ref 2).","duration":"Plant construction is scheduled to take about three years from October 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"ECHO shows 6 quarters of significant noncompliance; the town page cites no order (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":15272,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the Town of Gypsum per SDWIS (ref 2); the sewer service population may differ."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"ECHO permit CO0048830: 6 quarters in significant noncompliance, status Effluent - Monthly Average Limit, as of June 30, 2026 (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance","value":6,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO, ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"New plant construction underway; cost not stated."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Gypsum","role":"Wastewater operator"},{"name":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Water Quality Control Division","role":"Wastewater permitting and enforcement"}],"public_contact":"Town of Gypsum engineering contact listed on the town project page","corrective_actions":["Construct a new plant sized for 20-year growth, started October 24, 2024."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Wastewater Treatment Plant Upgrade","publisher":"Town of Gypsum","date":null,"url":"https://townofgypsum.specialdistrict.org/wastewater-treatment-plant-upgrade","basis":"Local government","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record, Gypsum Town of (CO0119329)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (data.epa.gov Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CO0119329/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report, Gypsum Town of WWTF (Clean Water Act compliance status through 2026-06-30)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echo.epa.gov/detailed-facility-report?fid=110055979954","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass, group C)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CO-WW-EAGLERIVER-BIOSOLIDS-2025"]},{"id":"US-CO-WW-ALMA-LAGOON-AMMONIA-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Alma's lagoons miss ammonia and nitrogen limits at the South Platte headwaters","description":"The Town of Alma's three-lagoon wastewater system has struggled to meet state ammonia and nitrogen limits, and state regulators recommended a mechanical plant costing about $8 to $9 million. Funding fell through when state revolving fund money ran out, pushing construction to at least 2025. EPA ECHO shows 10 quarters of significant noncompliance through June 2026.","location":{"name":"Alma wastewater lagoons","type":"Municipal wastewater lagoon system","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Town of Alma, Park County, Middle Fork South Platte headwaters","coordinates":{"lat":39.287,"lon":-106.06,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Park"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CO0147001"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Old lagoons cannot meet nutrient limits and need new plant capital.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Ammonia and nitrogen discharge limits are not met; environmental effect is not quantified (ref 1).","service":"No service loss is reported (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 460 people served (ref 2).","duration":"ECHO shows 10 quarters of significant noncompliance (ref 3).","significance":"CDPHE recommended an upgrade; no order is cited in the CML article (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":460,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the Town of Alma per SDWIS (ref 2); the sewer service population may differ."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"ECHO permit COG591177: 10 quarters in significant noncompliance, Effluent - Monthly Average Limit, as of June 30, 2026 (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance","value":10,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO, ref 3."},{"name":"Planned mechanical plant cost (low end)","value":8,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Article says $8 to $9 million (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Cannot access state revolving fund loan; seeking USDA loan"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The CML article carries no visible date; its text points to 2024. Current construction status unconfirmed."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Water Quality Control Division","role":"Wastewater permitting and enforcement"},{"name":"Town of Alma","role":"Wastewater operator"}],"public_contact":"Town of Alma and CDPHE Water Quality Control Division general channels","corrective_actions":["Design and construction plans completed for a mechanical plant.","Town pursuing a USDA loan after state revolving fund money ran out."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Wastewater compliance comes with a hefty price tag","publisher":"Colorado Municipal League","date":null,"url":"https://cmlresource.com/wastewater-compliance-comes-with-a-hefty-price-tag/","basis":"Industry association","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record, Alma Town of (CO0147001)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (data.epa.gov Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CO0147001/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"ECHO Detailed Facility Report, Alma Town of (Clean Water Act compliance status through 2026-06-30)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echo.epa.gov/detailed-facility-report?fid=110071541260","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":4,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass, group C)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":4,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CO-WW-CREEDE-LAGOON-METALS-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Creede's lagoons exceed cadmium, zinc and ammonia limits from mine-area groundwater","description":"The Town of Creede's lagoon wastewater system has struggled to meet limits for cadmium, zinc and ammonia for nearly a decade; the town traced the heavy metals to a Superfund site north of town through groundwater infiltration. A mechanical plant would cost about $14 million, so the town is weighing a $3 to $5 million electrocoagulation retrofit awaiting state approval.","location":{"name":"Creede wastewater lagoons","type":"Municipal wastewater lagoon system","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"City of Creede, Mineral County","coordinates":{"lat":37.8494,"lon":-106.9261,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Mineral"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CO0140500"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Metals loading from groundwater overwhelms an aging lagoon system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Cadmium, zinc and ammonia limits are not met; downstream effect not stated (ref 1).","service":"No loss of service is reported (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 1,965 people served (ref 2).","duration":"Limits have been missed for nearly a decade (ref 1).","significance":"The system is described as out of compliance with CDPHE regulations; no order is cited (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":1965,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the City of Creede per SDWIS (ref 2); the sewer service population may differ."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Creede has struggled to meet limits on cadmium, zinc, and ammonia for nearly a decade (Colorado Municipal League)."},"measures":[{"name":"Mechanical plant estimate","value":14,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Electrocoagulation retrofit estimate (low)","value":3,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"$3 to $5 million, ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Town says no grants are large enough and system revenue cannot support a mechanical plant"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The CML article carries no visible date; later status not verified."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Water Quality Control Division","role":"Wastewater permitting and enforcement"},{"name":"City of Creede","role":"Wastewater operator"}],"public_contact":"City of Creede and CDPHE Water Quality Control Division general channels","corrective_actions":["Town replaced much of its collection system with state and DOLA funding.","Town seeking CDPHE approval of an electrocoagulation retrofit before finding funding."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Wastewater compliance comes with a hefty price tag","publisher":"Colorado Municipal League","date":null,"url":"https://cmlresource.com/wastewater-compliance-comes-with-a-hefty-price-tag/","basis":"Industry association","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record, Creede City of (CO0140500)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (data.epa.gov Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CO0140500/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":4,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass, group C)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":4,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CO-INDUSTRIAL-BONITA-PEAK-MINING-DISTRICT"]},{"id":"US-CO-WW-PALISADE-LAGOONS-PIPELINE-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Palisade's 1960s sewer lagoons await a pipeline as federal funding is paused","description":"Palisade is replacing its 1960s-era aerated sewer lagoons beside the Colorado River with a six-mile pipeline to the Clifton plant, estimated at $24 million. The lagoons cannot remove ammonia, selenium, nitrogen or phosphorus, and new 2027 standards could bring fines up to $54,833 per day. A $3 million Bureau of Reclamation drought-mitigation grant tied to reclaiming the site was paused in October 2025.","location":{"name":"Palisade sewer lagoons","type":"Municipal wastewater lagoon system","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Town of Palisade, Mesa County, Colorado River","coordinates":{"lat":39.1103,"lon":-108.3509,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Mesa"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CO0139600"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Legacy lagoons must be replaced by a regional pipeline.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No discharge harm is documented; the article describes lagoons lacking nutrient removal (ref 1).","service":"No service disruption is reported (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 3,060 people served (ref 2).","duration":"The town has sought an upgrade for 15 years (ref 1).","significance":"Pending 2027 standards carry potential fines; no order is cited (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":3060,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the Town of Palisade per SDWIS (ref 2); the sewer service population may differ."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Consolidating wastewater treatment with Clifton would cost $24 million; the project has a $16.5 million loan and $5.6 million grant (Colorado Politics, Oct 7, 2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"Consolidation project cost","value":24,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Federal grant for site reclamation paused"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Construction was expected to start winter or spring 2026; status not verified."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Palisade","role":"Wastewater operator"},{"name":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Water Quality Control Division","role":"Wastewater permitting and enforcement"}],"public_contact":"Town of Palisade general channel","corrective_actions":["Pipeline to Clifton plant planned; engineering complete.","Lagoon draining and liner reclamation expected roughly 2028 to 2029."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Federal funding suspended: Palisade sewage lagoon project in limbo","publisher":"Colorado Politics","date":"2025-10-07","url":"https://www.coloradopolitics.com/2025/10/07/federal-funding-suspended-palisade-sewage-lagoon-project-in-limbo/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record, Palisade Town of (CO0139600)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (data.epa.gov Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CO0139600/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass, group C)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CO-WW-PAGOSA-VISTA-SEWER-REPAIRS-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Pagosa Springs sewer pipes and Vista plant need state-mandated upgrades","description":"In September 2024 the Pagosa Springs Sanitation district moved $500,000 to begin critical sewer repairs on pipes rated category 4 and 5, with its public works director warning of a possible catastrophic event. The Pagosa Area Water and Sanitation District also faces state-required nutrient-removal upgrades at the Vista plant under Regulation 85. EPA ECHO lists the Vista facility in significant noncompliance for 12 quarters through June 2026.","location":{"name":"Pagosa Springs sewer system and Vista plant","type":"Municipal sewer collection and treatment plant","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Town of Pagosa Springs and PAWSD, Archuleta County","coordinates":{"lat":37.2694,"lon":-107.0098,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Archuleta"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CO0104300"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Failing sewer pipes and a plant needing nutrient upgrades.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Category 4 and 5 pipe defects and a feared catastrophic event are described; no spill is reported (ref 1).","service":"No service loss reported in the sources (refs 1, 2).","scale":"PAWSD serves 11,069 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"ECHO shows 12 quarters of significant noncompliance (ref 4).","significance":"Regulation 85 upgrades are state-mandated and funded by a planned revenue bond (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":11069,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Pagosa Area Water and Sanitation District per SDWIS (ref 3); the sewer service population may differ."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"ECHO permit CO0031755 (Vista WWTF): 12 quarters in significant noncompliance, Compliance/Permit Schedule Violations, as of June 30, 2026 (ref 4); town moved $500,000 for critical repairs on Sept 3, 2024 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Quarters in significant noncompliance","value":12,"unit":"quarters","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO, ref 4."},{"name":"Town funds moved for repairs","value":500000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Revenue bond planned for mandated upgrades"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Latest local coverage opened is from September 2024."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Water Quality Control Division","role":"Wastewater permitting and enforcement"},{"name":"Pagosa Area Water and Sanitation District","role":"Vista plant owner and operator"},{"name":"Pagosa Springs Sanitation General Improvement District","role":"Collection system"}],"public_contact":"Pagosa Area Water and Sanitation District general channel","corrective_actions":["Town moved $500,000 to repair sewer pipes.","PAWSD board directed staff to pursue a revenue bond for Vista upgrades."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Pagosa Springs loans its sanitation $500,000 for critical sewer system repairs (Pagosa Springs Sun excerpt)","publisher":"Coyote Gulch","date":"2024-09-17","url":"https://coyotegulch.blog/2024/09/17/pagosasprings-loans-its-sanitation-500000-for-critical-sewer-system-repairs-the-pagosa-springs-sun-sanjuanriver/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"The Pagosa Area Water and Sanitation District board discusses funding options for Vista project (Pagosa Springs Sun excerpt)","publisher":"Coyote Gulch","date":"2024-09-08","url":"https://coyotegulch.blog/2024/09/08/the-pagosa-area-water-and-sanitation-district-board-discusses-funding-options-for-vista-project-the-pagosasprings-sun-sanjuanriver/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record, Pagosa Area WSD (CO0104300)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (data.epa.gov Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CO0104300/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":4,"title":"ECHO facility CO0031755 Vista WWTF (query results, CWA SNC status June 2026)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=CO&p_act=Y&p_qiv=8&p_sic=4952","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass, group C)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CO-INFRA-LONGMONT-CAST-IRON-MAINS-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Longmont plans to speed replacement of aging cast iron water mains","description":"Longmont has historically replaced 1 to 2 miles of water pipe a year and, starting in 2025, plans 3 to 4 miles per year rising to 5 to 6, aiming to replace all cast iron pipe within 20 years. The city uses pressure testing and flow metering to find leaks.","location":{"name":"Longmont water distribution system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"City of Longmont, Boulder and Weld counties","coordinates":{"lat":40.1672,"lon":-105.1019,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Boulder","Weld"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"CO0107485"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Aging cast iron mains are being replaced on a multi-decade schedule.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"No documented failure or health effect appears in the city page (ref 1).","service":"No service loss is reported (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 104,178 people served (ref 2).","duration":"Target is replacing all cast iron over the next 20 years (ref 1).","significance":"A city action plan entry only; no violation or order (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":104178,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the City of Longmont per SDWIS (ref 2); the sewer service population may differ."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The city plans to replace 3 to 4 miles per year from 2025, rising to 5 to 6 miles per year (City of Longmont, updated June 23, 2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"Historic replacement rate","value":1.5,"unit":"miles/year","status":"Estimated","note":"Midpoint of the 1 to 2 miles stated in ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Replacement rate is planned to rise from 2025."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Longmont Water and Waste Services","role":"Utility"}],"public_contact":"City of Longmont Water and Waste Services general channel","corrective_actions":["Replace 3 to 4 miles of pipe per year starting 2025, rising to 5 to 6 miles.","Pressure testing and SCADA flow metering to find leaks."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Action MD.2, Water Efficiency Plan progress","publisher":"City of Longmont Indicators","date":"2025-06-23","url":"https://indicators.longmontcolorado.gov/water/actions/MD.2","basis":"Local government","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record, Longmont City of (CO0107485)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (data.epa.gov Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CO0107485/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass, group C)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CO-DWS-LONGMONT-MILD-2026"]},{"id":"US-CO-INDUSTRIAL-VALMONT-COAL-ASH-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Valmont Power Station coal ash landfills leaking lithium and selenium to groundwater","description":"Xcel Energy monitoring at the retired Valmont coal plant east of Boulder has found lithium and selenium above groundwater protection standards since 2020, and a plume has moved toward neighboring properties. Xcel has proposed pump-and-treat and ash removal, while critics say a second legacy landfill has no cleanup plan. Boulder County says no public water supply is believed affected.","location":{"name":"Valmont Power Station coal ash landfills","type":"Industrial site (coal ash landfills)","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Unincorporated Boulder County east of Boulder, 1800 N 63rd St.","coordinates":{"lat":40.0225,"lon":-105.215,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Boulder"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Coal ash leachate is degrading groundwater quality near homes rather than a service or asset failure.","secondary_drivers":["Legacy industrial contamination","Federal rule rollback"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Xcel monitoring found lithium and selenium above state and federal protection standards and lithium above safe levels in at least one nearby homeowner well (ref 1, ref 2).","service":"Boulder County says the contamination is not currently believed to affect any public water supply, and no service disruption is reported (ref 2).","scale":"Contamination is described as localized to the landfill area and a few neighboring properties (ref 2), so scale is a single site.","duration":"Landfill has contaminated groundwater since at least 2017 per Xcel data cited by Boulder Reporting Lab (ref 1); ash removal is expected to take about a decade (ref 1).","significance":"State regulators are reviewing Xcel's corrective-measures design and CDPHE and EPA are the principal regulators (ref 2, ref 1); no enforcement order was found in sources opened."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No count of affected residents reported; Boulder County describes \"a few neighboring properties\" (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 1.6 million cubic yards of coal ash sit in landfills; lithium and selenium exceed groundwater protection standards (ref 1, ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Coal ash in landfills","value":1.6,"unit":"million cubic yards","status":"Reported","note":"Boulder Reporting Lab (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Plume described as gradually migrating toward residences (ref 1); pump-and-treat could begin around early 2027 pending approvals."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment","role":"State regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Federal regulator"},{"name":"Xcel Energy","role":"Site owner"},{"name":"Boulder County Public Health","role":"Local health agency"}],"public_contact":"Boulder County Valmont Station information page (bouldercounty.gov/environment/water/valmont-station).","corrective_actions":["Xcel proposes a first-of-its-kind Colorado pump-and-treat system with extraction wells and collection trenches, construction possible from late summer 2026 (ref 1).","Xcel proposes excavating the 1993 landfill ash for beneficial reuse in concrete (ref 1, ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Xcel's Boulder coal ash cleanup is moving forward. Critics say another source of pollution remains.","publisher":"Boulder Reporting Lab","date":"2026-06-16","url":"https://boulderreportinglab.org/2026/06/16/xcels-boulder-coal-ash-cleanup-is-moving-forward-critics-say-another-source-of-pollution-remains/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Valmont Station","publisher":"Boulder County","date":"2023-04-06","url":"https://bouldercounty.gov/environment/water/valmont-station/","basis":"Local government","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA proposes more flexibility in coal ash rules as Colorado sites face ongoing cleanup","publisher":"Denver Gazette","date":"2026-05-29","url":"https://www.denvergazette.com/2026/05/29/epa-proposes-more-flexibility-in-coal-ash-rules-as-colorado-sites-face-ongoing-cleanup/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass, groups D+E)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Whether CDPHE has issued a violation notice"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CO-SURFACEWATER-GRIZZLY-RESERVOIR-FISH-KILL-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Grizzly Reservoir fish kill linked to low-pH Lincoln Creek inflow and metals","description":"Colorado Parks and Wildlife found about 200 dead fish along the shore of Grizzly Reservoir in Pitkin County in August 2025. CPW's preliminary finding ties the deaths to warm water, declining pH in Lincoln Creek inflow that raises metals concentrations, and the loss of dilution water after diversions stopped.","location":{"name":"Grizzly Reservoir","type":"Reservoir","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Pitkin County, upper Roaring Fork basin near Independence Pass; inflow from Lincoln Creek.","coordinates":{"lat":39.0889,"lon":-106.6392,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Pitkin"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The event is a water-quality failure in a reservoir caused by metals and temperature conditions.","secondary_drivers":["Metals loading from Lincoln Creek","Low flows and warm water"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"CPW reports about 200 fish found dead and attributes them to temperature-enhanced metal toxicity such as copper (ref 1).","service":"No drinking-water or recreation service disruption is described in the CPW release (ref 1).","scale":"A single reservoir, with roughly 200 fish counted on the shoreline (ref 1).","duration":"CPW was alerted August 18, 2025 and released a preliminary finding August 25, 2025, an event of days (ref 1).","significance":"Preliminary agency finding only; additional samples from Pitkin County and Roaring Fork Conservancy were still pending (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No public-water population affected reported (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 200 fish found dead along the Grizzly Reservoir shoreline (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Dead fish counted","value":200,"unit":"fish","status":"Reported","note":"Approximate, CPW (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event reported August 2025; final sampling results not seen."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Colorado Parks and Wildlife","role":"Fish kill investigation"},{"name":"Pitkin County","role":"Water sampling"},{"name":"Roaring Fork Conservancy","role":"Water sampling"}],"public_contact":"Colorado Parks and Wildlife Northwest Region, general channel on cpw.state.co.us.","corrective_actions":["CPW collected water samples and had pre-stocking tests confirming temperature and pH were appropriate at July and August stocking (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Colorado Parks and Wildlife responds to fish kill at Grizzly Reservoir","publisher":"Colorado Parks and Wildlife","date":"2025-08-25","url":"https://cpw.state.co.us/news/08252025/colorado-parks-and-wildlife-responds-fish-kill-grizzly-reservoir","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass, groups D+E)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Final water-sample results"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CO-SURFACEWATER-ELK-RIVER-FISH-KILL-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Elk River fish kill and voluntary closure during 2026 drought","description":"Colorado Parks and Wildlife found more than 300 dead mountain whitefish on the lower Elk River near Steamboat Springs on July 19, 2026. River temperatures reached 82 degrees F and CPW attributed the kill to extreme drought; a voluntary fishing closure was still in place in early August.","location":{"name":"Lower Elk River (Christina SWA to Yampa confluence)","type":"River segment","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Routt County north of Steamboat Springs; Yampa basin.","coordinates":{"lat":40.6,"lon":-106.86,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Routt"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Low flow and heat degraded river conditions for native fish, a water quality and quantity outcome.","secondary_drivers":["2026 drought","High water temperature"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"CPW counted more than 300 dead mountain whitefish, a native sport fish, with temperatures up to 82 F (ref 1).","service":"Only an angler closure is reported, and it is voluntary; no water-supply interruption is described (ref 1).","scale":"The closure covers the lower Elk River from the Christina State Wildlife Area downstream to the Yampa, a river segment (ref 1).","duration":"Kill found July 19 and the closure remained in place as of the August 6 article, so weeks to months (ref 1).","significance":"Agency response is a voluntary closure and a biologist statement; no formal order or violation (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population served applies to a river fish kill (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than 300 dead mountain whitefish; river temperatures up to 82 F (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Peak river temperature","value":82,"unit":"F","status":"Reported","note":"CPW measurement (ref 1)."},{"name":"Dead whitefish","value":300,"unit":"fish","status":"Reported","note":"\"More than 300\" (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Drought-driven temperatures were expected to continue; Yampa closures also in place (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Colorado Parks and Wildlife","role":"Fish and wildlife agency"}],"public_contact":"Colorado Parks and Wildlife Northwest Region, general channel on cpw.state.co.us.","corrective_actions":["CPW implemented a voluntary fishing closure from the Christina State Wildlife Area to the Yampa River (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Large Elk River fish kill spurs CPW to enact closure (Steamboat Pilot & Today, reposted)","publisher":"Coyote Gulch (excerpting Steamboat Pilot & Today)","date":"2026-08-10","url":"https://coyotegulch.blog/2026/08/10/large-elkriver-fish-kill-spurs-colorado-parks-wildlife-to-enact-closure-officials-blame-extreme-drought-conditions-high-water-temperatures-steamboat-pilot-today/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":4,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass, groups D+E)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":4,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Primary CPW notice not opened"],"related_ids":["US-CO-DROUGHT-2026-STATEWIDE-RECORD-SNOW-DROUGHT"]},{"id":"US-CO-SURFACEWATER-ST-VRAIN-FISH-KILL-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"St. Vrain State Park Sandpiper Pond fish kill as drought lowers water","description":"Rangers estimated about 30,000 fish died at Sandpiper Pond in St. Vrain State Park in early August 2026 after dissolved oxygen dropped as water warmed. Colorado Parks and Wildlife will not restock the north ponds this fall because of low water and has issued fish salvage orders elsewhere in the Front Range.","location":{"name":"Sandpiper Pond, St. Vrain State Park","type":"State park pond","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Firestone/Longmont area, Weld County, St. Vrain River gravel-pit ponds.","coordinates":{"lat":40.19,"lon":-104.99,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Weld"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Warm, low water caused oxygen depletion in a pond, a water quality outcome of reduced quantity.","secondary_drivers":["2026 drought","Low dissolved oxygen"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Rangers estimate about 30,000 fish died from low dissolved oxygen as temperatures rose (ref 1).","service":"No water-supply disruption; CPW is skipping fall restocking of the north ponds (ref 1).","scale":"One pond at one state park, with about a quarter of the carcasses collected (ref 1).","duration":"Die-off occurred earlier in August and stocking is suspended through fall, a months-long effect (ref 1).","significance":"CPW describes die-offs as common in hot, dry summers and has issued emergency salvage orders for Banner Lakes SWA; no violation cited (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population served applies (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 30,000 fish died at Sandpiper Pond (rangers' estimate) (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Estimated fish deaths","value":30000,"unit":"fish","status":"Estimated","note":"Ranger estimate per CPW via KUNC (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Salvage orders now in place at Banner Lakes SWA and McKay Lake (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Colorado Parks and Wildlife","role":"Fish and wildlife agency"}],"public_contact":"Colorado Parks and Wildlife general channel on cpw.state.co.us.","corrective_actions":["CPW will not restock Sandpiper and other north ponds this fall (ref 1).","Emergency fish salvage order at Banner Lakes SWA; salvage at McKay Lake (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Massive fish kill at St. Vrain State Park caused by lack of oxygen","publisher":"KUNC","date":"2026-08-21","url":"https://www.kunc.org/news/2026-08-21/massive-fish-kill-at-st-vrain-state-park-caused-by-lack-of-oxygen","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass, groups D+E)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CO-DROUGHT-2026-STATEWIDE-RECORD-SNOW-DROUGHT"]},{"id":"US-CO-OTHER-SW-FLOOD-DISASTER-DENIAL-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Federal major disaster declaration denied for October 2025 southwest Colorado flooding","description":"Governor Polis requested a major disaster declaration on November 13, 2025 for La Plata, Archuleta and Mineral Counties after record October rain. FEMA validated about $13.8 million in damage, including wastewater and drinking-water infrastructure. The request was denied and the state appealed, with no outcome reported by January 23, 2026.","location":{"name":"La Plata, Archuleta and Mineral Counties","type":"Multi-county disaster area","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"San Juan Mountains flooding of October 10-14, 2025; Pagosa Springs area.","coordinates":{"lat":37.2694,"lon":-107.0098,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["La Plata","Archuleta","Mineral"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is whether federal public-assistance funding will be available to repair damaged water systems.","secondary_drivers":["Federal disaster aid denial"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Flooding damaged wastewater and drinking-water infrastructure, per the governor's appeal summary (ref 1); no health outcomes are cited.","service":"Wastewater and drinking-water infrastructure were damaged (ref 1); the sources do not describe service loss durations.","scale":"Three counties, with FEMA-confirmed damage over $13.8 million (ref 1, ref 2).","duration":"Flood occurred in October 2025 and the appeal was still pending in late January 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Presidential denial of a major disaster declaration and a formal state appeal backed by the congressional delegation (ref 1, ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Population affected not stated in sources (ref 1, ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"FEMA confirmed more than $13.8 million in damages from the October 2025 floods (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"FEMA-validated damage","value":13.8,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"\"More than $13.8 million\" (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Appeal outcome not found in sources opened."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Colorado Governor's Office","role":"Requested declaration and appeal"},{"name":"FEMA","role":"Federal disaster assistance"},{"name":"Colorado Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Management","role":"State emergency management"}],"public_contact":"Colorado Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Management general channel at dhsem.colorado.gov.","corrective_actions":["State appealed the denial of Public Assistance and Hazard Mitigation programs (ref 1).","Colorado congressional delegation sent a letter supporting the appeal on January 21, 2026 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Colorado appeals president's denial of major disaster declarations for historic fires and flooding","publisher":"Sudrum / Colorado news release","date":"2026-01-23","url":"https://www.sudrum.com/news/2026/01/23/colorado-appeals-presidents-denial-of-major-disaster-declarations-for-historic-fires-and-flooding/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Gov. Polis asks President Trump for FEMA funds following southwestern Colorado floods","publisher":"KJCT8","date":"2025-11-14","url":"https://www.kjct8.com/2025/11/14/gov-polis-asks-president-trump-fema-funds-following-southwestern-co-floods","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass, groups D+E)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Appeal outcome"],"related_ids":["US-CO-STORMWATER-2025-SOUTHWEST-COLORADO-FLOODING"]},{"id":"US-CO-RIGHTS-SHOSHONE-PURCHASE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Shoshone water rights purchase awaits water court decree amid Front Range opposition","description":"The Colorado River District is buying Xcel's Shoshone hydropower water rights near Glenwood Springs for about $99 million to keep flows in the river. Denver, Aurora, Colorado Springs and Northern Water have opposed the change, and by May 2026 $97 million of funding was secured but Xcel still needed state utility approval.","location":{"name":"Shoshone Power Plant water rights, Colorado River","type":"Water right (Colorado River main stem)","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Glenwood Canyon, Garfield County; Colorado River upstream of Glenwood Springs.","coordinates":{"lat":39.57,"lon":-107.23,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Garfield"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The matter concerns allocation and legal change of a major senior water right.","secondary_drivers":["Front Range opposition","Colorado River shortage"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No physical harm; Denver Water's counsel warned the change could harm supply in prolonged drought, a potential risk only (ref 2).","service":"No service disruption; opponents raise supply concerns for millions of residents (ref 2).","scale":"Front Range providers serving millions say the change could affect supplies (ref 2); the rights are among the largest on the river (ref 2).","duration":"Deal first agreed in 2023 and still not decreed in May 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Contested before the Colorado Water Conservation Board and pending a water-court decree and PUC approval (ref 1, ref 2); no ruling yet."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population is regional; no single figure reported (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$99 million funding target; $97 million secured as of May 2026 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Funding secured","value":97,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"$40M federal, $20M CWCB, $37M local (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Federal $40 million released May 2026 after being withheld for over a year (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Colorado River Water Conservation District","role":"Buyer"},{"name":"Xcel Energy / Public Service Company of Colorado","role":"Seller"},{"name":"Colorado Water Conservation Board","role":"State water policy agency"}],"public_contact":"Colorado River District general channel at coloradoriverdistrict.org.","corrective_actions":["Federal $40 million contribution released in May 2026 (ref 1).","Funding from CWCB ($20M) and local sources ($37M) secured (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Trump administration releases critical federal money for major Colorado River water rights purchase","publisher":"Coyote Gulch (excerpting Denver Post)","date":"2026-05-28","url":"https://coyotegulch.blog/2026/05/28/trump-administration-releases-critical-federal-money-for-major-coloradoriver-water-rights-purchase-40-million-contribution-toward-shoshone-water-rights-deal-had-been-frozen-for-more-than-a-year/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Front Range cities step up opposition to $99 million Colorado River water rights purchase","publisher":"KUNC","date":"2025-05-27","url":"https://www.kunc.org/news/2025-05-27/front-range-cities-step-up-opposition-to-99-million-colorado-river-water-rights-purchase","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass, groups D+E)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Water court decree status"],"related_ids":["US-CO-RIVER-SHORTAGE-2026"]},{"id":"US-CO-RIGHTS-LOWER-ARKANSAS-REVEGETATION-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lower Arkansas Valley water transfers: HB26-1340 revegetation rules for dried farmland","description":"Colorado's legislature passed HB26-1340 in 2026, requiring entities that move water out of the Lower Arkansas Valley to revegetate and reclaim the farmland, with terms written into water-court decrees. Aurora and Colorado Springs have bought Arkansas Valley farm water, and the district says dried land has caused erosion. The governor was expected to sign it.","location":{"name":"Lower Arkansas Valley (Otero, Crowley, Bent)","type":"Agricultural water-rights region","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Arkansas River basin farmland east of Pueblo.","coordinates":{"lat":38.05,"lon":-103.7,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Otero","Crowley","Bent"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["agricultural"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The story is about transfer of agricultural water rights to cities and the legal rules governing them.","secondary_drivers":["Municipal water transfers","Drought"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Dried farmland needs revegetation to avoid erosion and deterioration, a potential harm the bill addresses (ref 1).","service":"No water-service disruption; the issue concerns irrigated agriculture and transfers (ref 1).","scale":"Multiple counties and several cities, Aurora and Colorado Springs among them (ref 1).","duration":"Aurora has had an Arkansas Valley office since 1988 and transfers have run for decades (ref 1).","significance":"Statute passed by the legislature, awaiting the governor's signature at the time of reporting (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population count in source (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"HB26-1340 passed; the original 50% transfer cap until revegetation was removed (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Signing not confirmed in source opened."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Colorado General Assembly","role":"Legislation"},{"name":"Lower Arkansas Valley Water Conservancy District","role":"Local water district"},{"name":"Colorado water courts","role":"Change-of-use decrees"}],"public_contact":"Lower Arkansas Valley Water Conservancy District general channel.","corrective_actions":["Reclamation agreements must be written into change-of-use decrees; water courts incorporate county revegetation criteria (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Colorado revegetation bill buy and dry Arkansas Valley","publisher":"Colorado Sun","date":"2026-05-19","url":"https://coloradosun.com/2026/05/19/colorado-revegetation-bill-buy-and-dry-arkansas-valley/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass, groups D+E)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Signing date","Acres dried"],"related_ids":["US-CO-AGWATER-2026-DROUGHT-PRODUCER-IMPACTS"]},{"id":"US-CO-GOVERNANCE-WINDSOR-RATE-INCREASE-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Windsor water and sewer rates rise 26% to fund new sewer plant","description":"The Town of Windsor announced a 26 percent increase in water and sewer rates starting April 2026, citing a new sewer plant whose projected cost roughly tripled from about $50 million and repeated breaks on an aging distribution line. The town manager acknowledged \"sticker shock\".","location":{"name":"Town of Windsor water and sewer service area","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Windsor, Weld and Larimer Counties.","coordinates":{"lat":40.4775,"lon":-104.9014,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Weld","Larimer"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"CO0162843"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Rate shock from capital cost inflation is a financial and affordability issue.","secondary_drivers":["Capital cost inflation","Plant replacement"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health harm documented; the increase is financial (ref 2).","service":"Service continues; a main distribution line broke a couple of times the prior year (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 23,500 served (ref 1); CBS describes a town of more than 45,000 (ref 2).","duration":"Increase starts April 2026 on a plant plan dating to about 2020 (ref 2).","significance":"Formal rate action by the town; no enforcement or lawsuit reported (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":23500,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 1); CBS reports town of 45,000+ (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Water and sewer rates up 26% beginning April 2026 (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Rate increase","value":26,"unit":"%","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"},{"name":"Planned sewer plant capacity","value":4.2,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Down from 6.3 MGD; current plant 2.8 MGD (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Sewer plant cost about triple the 2020 estimate (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Sewer costs tripled per town manager (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Windsor","role":"Utility operator"}],"public_contact":"Town of Windsor utility billing, general channel.","corrective_actions":["Smaller 4.2 MGD plant design adopted to reduce costs (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record, Windsor Town of","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/CO/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/WINDSOR/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Northern Colorado town to increase water and sewage rates 26% in 2026","publisher":"CBS Colorado","date":"2025-12-16","url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/colorado/news/northern-colorado-town-to-increase-water-and-sewage-rates-26-in-2026","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass, groups D+E)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages; corrected: Wording aligned with December 2025 article (increase announced for April 2026)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CO-GOVERNANCE-FCLWD-RATE-INCREASE-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Fort Collins-Loveland Water District 30% rate increase and tap-fee jump","description":"The Fort Collins-Loveland Water District raised existing residential rates 30 percent on January 1, 2025, taking the typical monthly bill from $49 to $63. A new tap rose from about $17,000 to $27,000. The district cites aging infrastructure, growth and the need for more water rights.","location":{"name":"Fort Collins-Loveland Water District","type":"Special water district","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Larimer County between Fort Collins and Loveland.","coordinates":{"lat":40.49,"lon":-105.05,"precision":"system_centroid","source_ref":1},"counties":["Larimer"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CO0135292"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"A steep one-year rate step is an affordability and financing issue.","secondary_drivers":["Growth","Aging infrastructure"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health harm documented; the impact is on bills (ref 2).","service":"No service disruption reported; residents criticized the sudden increase (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS population served 63,532 (ref 1); the district says more than 65,000 people (ref 2).","duration":"Rates took effect January 2025 and a manager says hundreds of millions are still needed (ref 2).","significance":"Board-approved rate and fee schedule; no enforcement action (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":63532,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Typical monthly bill rises about $14, from $49 to $63 (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Residential rate increase","value":30,"unit":"%","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"},{"name":"New tap fee","value":27000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Up from $17,000 in 2024 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Hundreds of millions of dollars needed for future customers (ref 2)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Service area only about 40% built out (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Fort Collins-Loveland Water District","role":"Utility operator"}],"public_contact":"District general office channel.","corrective_actions":["Rate and tap-fee schedule approved effective January 1, 2025 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record, Ft Collins Loveland WD","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/CO0135292/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Fort Collins-Loveland Water District announces 30% spike in rates","publisher":"CBS Colorado","date":"2024-12-12","url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/amp/colorado/news/northern-colorado-water-supplier-announces-water-rate-spike-fort-collins-loveland","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass, groups D+E)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages; corrected: SDWIS source URL corrected: old name query did not return the district (CO0135292, population 63,532)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CO-GOVERNANCE-DENVER-WATER-RATES-2027","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Denver Water proposes 6% revenue increase for 2027 with higher drought charges","description":"Denver Water staff proposed on September 9, 2026 rates yielding about 6% more revenue in 2027, raising the average Denver bill from $56.97 to $60.21 a month, and separately raising Stage 1 drought charges. A commission vote is expected in October.","location":{"name":"Denver Water service area","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"City and County of Denver and suburban distributors.","coordinates":{"lat":39.7392,"lon":-104.9903,"precision":"system_centroid","source_ref":1},"counties":["Denver","Arapahoe","Jefferson"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"CO0116001"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Rate design and drought surcharges shape affordability.","secondary_drivers":["Inflation","2026 drought"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health harm; the issue is bill increases (ref 2).","service":"Stage 1 drought restrictions are in force and Stage 2 outdoor-watering bans could follow in 2027 (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS population served 1,287,000 (ref 1); Denver Water says about 1.5 million (ref 2).","duration":"Follows a January 2026 increase and applies from January 2027 (ref 2).","significance":"Formal staff proposal before the Board of Water Commissioners, vote pending (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":1287000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Average Denver bill rises from $56.97 to $60.21 per month (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Revenue increase proposed","value":6,"unit":"%","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"},{"name":"Stage 1 tier-2 drought charge","value":1.4,"unit":"USD per 1,000 gal","status":"Reported","note":"Up from $1.10 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Second consecutive annual increase (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Denver Water Board of Water Commissioners","role":"Rate authority"}],"public_contact":"Denver Water customer service general channel.","corrective_actions":["Commission vote on regular and drought rates expected in October 2026 (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record, Denver Water Board","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/CO/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/DENVER%20WATER/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Denver Water proposes 6% rate increase for 2027","publisher":"Colorado Politics","date":"2026-09-09","url":"https://www.coloradopolitics.com/2026/09/09/denver-water-proposes-6-rate-increase-for-2027/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass, groups D+E)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CO-DWS-DENVER-STAGE1-2026"]},{"id":"US-CO-INDUSTRIAL-LOWRY-LANDFILL-PLUME","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lowry Landfill Superfund 1,4-dioxane plume and unsampled PFAS concern","description":"EPA studies show the Lowry Landfill plume reaching up to three miles north in Arapahoe County, with 1,4-dioxane found along Murphy Creek at levels EPA considers too high. EPA says private wells are clean and PFAS pose no exposure pathway; PFAS testing is expected at the next five-year review.","location":{"name":"Lowry Landfill Superfund site","type":"Superfund site","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"East of E-470 and Hampden Ave, Arapahoe County near Aurora.","coordinates":{"lat":39.66,"lon":-104.75,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Arapahoe"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A legacy landfill plume contaminates groundwater and creek water.","secondary_drivers":["Legacy waste","PFAS"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"1,4-dioxane found along Murphy Creek above levels EPA considers acceptable; hypothetical cancer risk of 6 in a million at 2.9 ug/L (ref 1).","service":"EPA says private wells show no contamination in 17 years; the article does not address public supply (ref 1).","scale":"Plume up to three miles long near hundreds of homes (ref 1).","duration":"Denver operated the landfill until 1980 and the plume persists; 2021 and 2023 maps nearly identical (ref 1).","significance":"Federal Superfund listing with remedy and five-year reviews (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Number of exposed residents not reported (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Plume extends up to three miles north; plant treats 8.7 million gallons of groundwater per month (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Groundwater treated","value":8.7,"unit":"million gal/month","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Maps show nearly the same plume size in 2021 and 2023 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Superfund lead"},{"name":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment","role":"State regulator"},{"name":"Waste Management","role":"Operator"}],"public_contact":"EPA Region 8 Superfund general channel.","corrective_actions":["Onsite groundwater treatment plant; private wells tested regularly (ref 1).","PFAS sampling expected at the next five-year review (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Decades after chemical dumping, a toxic chemical plume in Colorado still worries some Arapahoe County residents","publisher":"CBS Colorado","date":"2024-02-13","url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/amp/colorado/news/toxic-chemical-plume-arapahoe-county-worries-colorado-residents-decades-after-chemical-dumping/","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass, groups D+E)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages; corrected: Removed unsupported claim that Aurora supply is unaffected."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Current five-year review status"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-CO-INDUSTRIAL-SUNCOR-SAND-CREEK-PFAS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Suncor Commerce City refinery PFAS discharge to Sand Creek gets first state limit","description":"CDPHE issued Suncor's Commerce City refinery a discharge permit in 2024 with the first PFAS limits Colorado has set, after a 2022 Earthjustice study tied refinery discharge to PFAS in Sand Creek and the South Platte. Suncor has up to three years to build treatment; residents are divided.","location":{"name":"Suncor Commerce City refinery / Sand Creek","type":"Industrial discharge to creek","state":"CO","states":["CO"],"detail":"Commerce City, Adams County; Sand Creek flows to the South Platte River.","coordinates":{"lat":39.8,"lon":-104.95,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Adams"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Industrial PFAS discharge affects creek and river water quality.","secondary_drivers":["Firefighting foam legacy"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Earthjustice study attributed Suncor as a significant source of PFAS in Sand Creek and the South Platte (ref 2); Suncor cites historical foam use (ref 2).","service":"No drinking-water disruption reported in the sources opened (ref 1).","scale":"Affects Sand Creek and downstream South Platte near Commerce City (ref 1).","duration":"Refinery has operated since 1931; the permit gives up to three more years for treatment (ref 1, ref 2).","significance":"CDPHE permit with the state's first PFAS limits (ref 1); in 2022 the state said Suncor had no PFAS limits (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Population exposed not reported (ref 1, ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Suncor has up to three years to build equipment to treat some PFAS (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Permit limits PFAS for the first time (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment","role":"Permit regulator"},{"name":"Suncor Energy (USA)","role":"Permittee"}],"public_contact":"CDPHE Water Quality Control Division general channel.","corrective_actions":["New CDPHE discharge permit with PFAS limits (ref 1).","Suncor replaced Class B foam and is determining permanent treatment (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"State public health department wants to regulate PFAS pollution in Sand Creek","publisher":"KUNC","date":"2024-03-14","url":"https://www.kunc.org/news/2024-03-14/state-public-health-department-wants-to-regulate-pfas-pollution-in-sand-creek","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"},{"ref":2,"title":"Suncor Refinery in Commerce City, Colorado, Responds to PFAS Charges","publisher":"Wastewater Digest","date":"2022-05-13","url":"https://www.wwdmag.com/industrial-water-wastes-digest/suncor-refinery-commerce-city-colorado-responds-pfas-charges","basis":"News","accessed":"2026-10-14"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (CO in-depth pass, groups D+E)."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Re-verified against cited source pages."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Numeric PFAS limits","Outcome of permit challenges"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-ID-IDAHO-CITY-ARSENIC-TTHM-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Idaho City water exceeds arsenic and TTHM limits","description":"Idaho City's 2025 consumer confidence report flags two health-standard violations: arsenic with a highest detect of 37 against a limit of 10 (the table labels the unit ppm, though the limit is 10 ppb) and total trihalomethanes at 104 ppb against an 80 ppb limit. The report also lists a turbidity reading of 4.98 NTU on March 27, 2025. The city serves about 531 people from Elk Creek and a well.","location":{"name":"Idaho City water system","type":"Municipal drinking-water system","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"Idaho City, Boise County; surface water (Elk Creek) and Well #2","coordinates":{"lat":43.8278,"lon":-115.8305,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Boise"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"ID4080025"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Chemical and disinfection-byproduct exceedances are water-quality violations at the system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The 2025 CCR (ref 1) marks arsenic as a violation (high detect 37 against a limit of 10) and TTHM at 104 ppb against 80 ppb.","service":"No service loss is described in the CCR (ref 1); the report only issues health-effects notices.","scale":"SDWIS lists 531 people served (ref 2); the CCR gives 478 (ref 1).","duration":"The CCR (ref 1) reports arsenic samples from 2024 and TTHM for 2025, so the exceedances span more than one monitoring year but not clearly a chronic series.","significance":"The violations appear as formal violation notices in the city's own CCR (ref 1); no enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":531,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2); the 2025 CCR reports 478 (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM 104 ppb against an 80 ppb MCL; arsenic highest detect 37 against a 10 limit (2025 CCR)."},"measures":[{"name":"TTHM (high detect)","value":104,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"MCL 80 ppb"},{"name":"Arsenic (high detect)","value":37,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Table labels the unit ppm; the MCL of 10 is a ppb value, so unit is interpreted as ppb."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"City of Idaho City","role":"System owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"City of Idaho City drinking water operations; phone listed in the 2025 CCR.","corrective_actions":["The CCR carries violation notices and health-effects language for arsenic and TTHM.","The CCR notes a lead service line inventory is available on request."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Idaho City 2025 Consumer Confidence Report","publisher":"City of Idaho City","date":"2026-01-01","url":"https://idahocity.municipalimpact.com/documents/170/Idaho_City_CCR__2025.pdf","basis":"Local government document"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record ID4080025","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/ID4080025/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (ID in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Exact date of the CCR publication","Corrective action schedule for arsenic and TTHM"],"related_ids":["US-ID-IDAHO-CITY-STORM-TREATMENT-SHUTDOWN-2025"]},{"id":"US-ID-MCCALL-LEAD-ACTION-LEVEL-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"McCall lead action-level exceedance at consumer taps","description":"McCall's 2024 water quality report lists lead above the 15 ppb action level at consumer taps, with 11 samples over the level and a high of 146 ppb, and one copper sample above its action level. EPA SDWIS records a lead and copper rule violation beginning March 2, 2024. The city draws from Payette Lake.","location":{"name":"City of McCall water system","type":"Municipal drinking-water system","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"McCall, Valley County; source is Payette Lake","coordinates":{"lat":44.9084,"lon":-116.1125,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Valley"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"ID4430033"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Lead at household taps reflects plumbing and corrosion-control water quality.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The McCall 2024 report (ref 1) shows 11 lead samples above the 15 ppb action level and a high of 146 ppb.","service":"The report (ref 1) describes no interruption of service, only flushing advice.","scale":"SDWIS lists 4,423 people served (ref 2).","duration":"The violation window begins March 2, 2024 in SDWIS (ref 2) and the report is for 2024 sampling (ref 1), so about a year of record.","significance":"SDWIS (ref 2) carries a lead and copper rule violation; no enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":4423,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Lead action level exceeded: 11 samples above 15 ppb, highest 146 ppb (2024 report)."},"measures":[{"name":"Lead high result","value":146,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Action level 15 ppb"},{"name":"Lead samples above action level","value":11,"unit":"samples","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"City of McCall","role":"System owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"McCall water treatment plant, 208-634-7802 (listed in the 2024 report).","corrective_actions":["The report advises flushing taps and notes the city cannot control home plumbing materials.","McCall is carrying out service line identification under the EPA Lead and Copper Rule Revisions (city site)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2024 Water Quality Report","publisher":"City of McCall","date":"2025-01-01","url":"https://www.mccall.id.us/DocumentCenter/View/2313/2024-Water-Quality-Report","basis":"Local government document"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record ID4430033","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/ID4430033/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (ID in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["90th percentile lead value","Whether the exceedance continued in 2025"],"related_ids":["US-ID-MCCALL-STORAGE-TREATMENT-CAPACITY-2025"]},{"id":"US-ID-MCCALL-DISINFECTION-BYPRODUCTS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"McCall disinfection byproduct MCL violations in 2024","description":"McCall's 2024 water quality report marks total trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids as violations, with site highs of 108 ppb and 92.5 ppb against limits of 80 and 60. EPA SDWIS records TTHM MCL violations in all four 2024 quarters and HAA5 violations in three. The same report lists missed 2024 monitoring for these contaminants.","location":{"name":"City of McCall water system","type":"Municipal drinking-water system","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"McCall, Valley County; source is Payette Lake","coordinates":{"lat":44.9084,"lon":-116.1125,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Valley"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"ID4430033"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Byproduct formation is a treatment and distribution water-quality problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The 2024 report (ref 1) shows a TTHM high of 108 ppb (limit 80) and an HAA5 high of 92.5 ppb (limit 60), both marked as violations.","service":"No restriction or notice to boil is described (ref 1); service continued.","scale":"SDWIS lists 4,423 people served (ref 2).","duration":"SDWIS (ref 2) shows TTHM violations in each quarter of 2024 and HAA5 in three quarters.","significance":"The report (ref 1) records violations and a DEQ monitoring-and-reporting notice; no enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":4423,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM high 108 ppb (limit 80) and HAA5 high 92.5 ppb (limit 60) in 2024."},"measures":[{"name":"TTHM site high","value":108,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"MCL 80 ppb"},{"name":"HAA5 site high","value":92.5,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"MCL 60 ppb"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Only the 2024 report was reviewed; 2025 results were not found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"City of McCall","role":"System owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"McCall water treatment plant, 208-634-7802 (listed in the 2024 report).","corrective_actions":["The city is funding new filters, clearwell expansion and storage (see related finding).","The report directs DEQ Boise Regional Office questions to 208-373-0550."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2024 Water Quality Report","publisher":"City of McCall","date":"2025-01-01","url":"https://www.mccall.id.us/DocumentCenter/View/2313/2024-Water-Quality-Report","basis":"Local government document"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record ID4430033","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/ID4430033/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (ID in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["2025 byproduct results"],"related_ids":["US-ID-MCCALL-STORAGE-TREATMENT-CAPACITY-2025","US-ID-MCCALL-LEAD-ACTION-LEVEL-2024"]},{"id":"US-ID-MISSION-CREEK-URANIUM-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Mission Creek water system repeated uranium MCL violations","description":"Mission Creek Water Association, serving Mount Hall Elementary School and nearby homes in Boundary County, has had natural uranium above the 30 ug/L limit since at least 2002 according to a state and federal health consultation. EPA SDWIS lists 24 quarterly uranium MCL violations from 2024 through mid-2026 with results of 32 to 74 ug/L.","location":{"name":"Mission Creek Water Association","type":"Community water association","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"Near Bonners Ferry, Boundary County; serves Mount Hall Elementary and about 32 homes in 2008","coordinates":{"lat":48.6914,"lon":-116.3163,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Boundary"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"ID1110019"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Naturally occurring uranium in the groundwater source exceeds the health-based limit.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS (ref 2) records uranium results of 32 to 74 ug/L against the 30 ug/L MCL.","service":"No loss of service is documented; the 2008 consultation (ref 1) notes boiling does not remove uranium.","scale":"About 263 people per SDWIS (ref 2); the 2008 consultation (ref 1) cites a school and about 32 homes.","duration":"Idaho DEQ said the system was out of compliance since September 2002 (ref 1), and SDWIS shows quarterly violations through 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"SDWIS records formal MCL violations (ref 2); no court or consent order was found."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":263,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Uranium 32 to 74 ug/L against a 30 ug/L MCL, with violations each quarter from 2024 into 2026 (SDWIS)."},"measures":[{"name":"Uranium highest result","value":74,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"MCL 30 ug/L; SDWIS violation measure."},{"name":"Quarterly uranium violations since 2024","value":24,"unit":"violations","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS rows with begin dates from 2024-01-01."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Violation results of 32 to 74 ug/L recur each quarter from 2024 through 2026 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Idaho Division of Health","role":"Health consultation partner"},{"name":"Mission Creek Water Association","role":"System operator"}],"public_contact":"Idaho DEQ Coeur d'Alene Regional Office, general line.","corrective_actions":["The 2008 consultation noted reverse osmosis or ion exchange could reduce uranium (ref 1).","No treatment installation was found in the reviewed sources."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Health Consultation: Mission Creek Water System, Evaluation of Uranium and Alpha Particles in Drinking Water","publisher":"ATSDR and Idaho Division of Health","date":"2008-06-09","url":"https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HAC/pha/MissionCreekWaterSystem/MissionCreek%20HC%206-9-2008.pdf","basis":"State and federal health agency report"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS violation records for ID1110019 (opened via efservice)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/ID1110019/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record ID1110019","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/ID1110019/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record (ID in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Recent state or utility statement on treatment plans"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-ID-ALBION-FIRE-FLOW-MAIN-BREAK-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Albion water main rupture, boil advisory and fire-flow deficiency","description":"On March 3, 2026 a contractor ruptured a water main on Tremayne Street and at least half of Albion's system lost pressure, triggering a boil water advisory that the city lifted by March 7. The city says DEQ has considered it deficient in fire suppression since 2005 and raised base water rates to fund a water improvement project.","location":{"name":"City of Albion water system","type":"Municipal drinking-water system","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"Albion, Cassia County","coordinates":{"lat":42.4113,"lon":-113.5775,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Cassia"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"ID5160001"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A damaged main and a long-standing fire-flow deficiency are distribution-system problems.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The March 3 notice (ref 1) cites loss of pressure after the main break as a possible contamination risk.","service":"At least half of the system lost pressure and all users were told to boil water on March 3 (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 325 people served (ref 3).","duration":"The city says DEQ has found the system deficient in fire suppression since 2005 (ref 4).","significance":"A formal boil advisory was issued with DEQ coordination (ref 1, ref 2), and the 2024 rate action responds to a DEQ expectation (ref 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":325,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"At least half of the system lost pressure; boil advisory March 3 to 7, 2026; base rate $63 a month by January 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"Base water rate","value":63,"unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","note":"After two $15 increases (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"City of Albion","role":"System owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"City of Albion, 208-647-4644.","corrective_actions":["The city repaired the main, flushed and sampled the system and lifted the advisory (refs 1, 2).","Base rates rose $15 in July 2024 and $15 in January 2025 to help secure grant and loan money for the improvement project (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Boil Water Advisory Notice, March 3, 2026","publisher":"City of Albion","date":"2026-03-03","url":"https://albionidaho.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Boil-Order-Advisory-3-3-26.pdf","basis":"Local government notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Boil Water Advisory Notice, March 5, 2026","publisher":"City of Albion","date":"2026-03-05","url":"https://albionidaho.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Boil-Order-Advisory-3-5-26.pdf","basis":"Local government notice"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record ID5160001","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/ID5160001/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":4,"title":"Water Base Rate Increase (1st Tier)","publisher":"City of Albion","date":"2024-07-31","url":"https://albionidaho.gov/?p=1102","basis":"Local government notice"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (ID in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Project total cost","Final lift date confirmed on the city emergency notices page (shows 3-7 notice dated, banner 3-9)"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-ID-NAMPA-AGING-WATER-PIPES-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Nampa raises water rates for 50-year-old failing mains","description":"Nampa's council voted 4-3 in November 2025 for a 10 percent domestic water rate increase effective February 1, 2026, citing aging infrastructure. The city reports 47 mainline breaks in the past year and about 50 miles of pipe over 50 years old that needs replacement.","location":{"name":"City of Nampa water system","type":"Municipal drinking-water system","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"Nampa, Canyon County","coordinates":{"lat":43.5407,"lon":-116.5635,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Canyon"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"ID3140080"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Pipe age drives breaks and a rate response, mixing infrastructure condition with financing.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No contamination is reported in the November 2025 coverage (ref 1).","service":"Forty-seven mainline breaks in a year (ref 1) interrupt service locally.","scale":"SDWIS lists 100,200 people served (ref 2).","duration":"The 50-mile backlog of pipe past 50 years of age (ref 1) indicates a chronic replacement need.","significance":"The council adopted formal rate increases by 4-3 and 5-1 votes (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":100200,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"47 mainline breaks in the past year; about 50 miles of pipe over 50 years old; domestic rate up 10% (avg bill $32.12 to $35.36)."},"measures":[{"name":"Mainline breaks in past year","value":47,"unit":"breaks","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Pipe over 50 years old","value":50,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"About 50 miles"},{"name":"Average residential water bill","value":35.36,"unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","note":"From $32.12, effective Feb 1, 2026"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Nampa City Council","role":"Rate-setting body"},{"name":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Nampa public works, general line.","corrective_actions":["Council approved the 10% domestic water and 5% irrigation increases (ref 1).","Revenue is meant to fund replacement of aging pipe (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Nampa approves utility rate hikes to replace aging pipes","publisher":"CBS2 Idaho News","date":"2025-11-18","url":"https://idahonews.com/news/local/nampa-approves-utility-rate-hikes-to-replace-aging-pipes","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record ID3140080","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/ID3140080/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (ID in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-11-18","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Total program cost"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-ID-BLACKFOOT-WWTP-CONSENT-JUDGMENT-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Blackfoot wastewater plant violations and state consent judgment","description":"DEQ's consent judgment with the City of Blackfoot lists effluent exceedances for pH, phosphorus and solids from December 2022 to November 2024, late monitoring reports, four sanitary sewer overflows and missed industrial pretreatment inspections. The city accrued a $568,050 penalty, reduced to $284,025, with milestones running through 2026.","location":{"name":"Blackfoot wastewater treatment plant","type":"Publicly owned treatment works","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"2025 Riverton Road, Blackfoot, Bingham County; discharges to the Snake River","coordinates":{"lat":43.182023,"lon":-112.384271,"precision":"facility","source_ref":2},"counties":["Bingham"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Treatment performance failures and collection-system overflows combine with a funding gap for upgrades.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The judgment (ref 1) lists phosphorus up to 49.42 lb/day and pH readings of 6.13 to 6.49 as permit exceedances and sewer overflows of 100 to 5,000 gallons.","service":"No loss of service is documented (ref 1).","scale":"The plant serves the city of Blackfoot (ref 2 lists a 3.2 MGD design flow).","duration":"Exceedances span December 2022 to November 2024 and milestones run to October 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"State consent judgment CV06-24-2094 imposes a $284,025 adjusted penalty and an agreement schedule (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Population served not stated in cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Adjusted civil penalty $284,025 (from $568,050); $56,805 payable now and $227,220 stipulated."},"measures":[{"name":"Accrued civil penalty before reduction","value":568050,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":""},{"name":"Design flow","value":3.2,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"ECHO (ref 2)"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"City of Blackfoot","role":"Plant owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"Idaho DEQ IPDES Program, Pocatello Regional Office, 444 Hospital Way.","corrective_actions":["The judgment requires pretreatment sampling, an updated QAPP and emergency response plan, a funding strategy and semiannual progress reports.","A Phase 3 preliminary engineering report is due October 31, 2026."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Consent Judgment, Idaho DEQ v. City of Blackfoot, Case No. CV06-24-2094","publisher":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2025-09-17","url":"https://www2.deq.idaho.gov/admin/LEIA/api/document/download/23942","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA ECHO facility record, Blackfoot WWTP, ID0020044","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_pid=ID0020044","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (ID in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Population served","Date of entry by the court (document unsigned)"],"related_ids":["US-ID-DRIGGS-CHRONIC-WASTEWATER-VIOLATIONS-2025"]},{"id":"US-ID-KUNA-WWTP-PERMIT-VIOLATIONS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Kuna wastewater plant repeated permit violations on Indian Creek","description":"Snake River Waterkeeper reported that Kuna's plant had 246 days of permit violations from June 2019 to July 2024 and exceeded effluent limits in all of the previous 12 quarters, in one case by 1,451 percent. After a notice of intent to sue, DEQ filed suit and Waterkeeper reported in August 2025 that the court found Kuna in violation and ordered a fine and facility upgrades.","location":{"name":"Kuna wastewater treatment plant","type":"Publicly owned treatment works","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"6950 South Ten Mile Road, Kuna, Ada County; discharges to Indian Creek","coordinates":{"lat":43.542358,"lon":-116.432167,"precision":"facility","source_ref":3},"counties":["Ada"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Discharge exceedances degrade a receiving creek.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The advocacy group (ref 1) reports limits exceeded by up to 1,451 percent and unreported sanitary sewer overflows.","service":"No service interruption is documented (ref 1).","scale":"ECHO lists a 3.5 MGD plant (ref 3); no served population was found.","duration":"Waterkeeper counts 246 violation days over five years, June 2019 to July 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"Waterkeeper reports a court finding and fine in August 2025 (ref 2); the order itself was not opened."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Population served not stated in cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"246 violation days from June 2019 to July 2024; peak effluent exceedance 1,451 percent (Snake River Waterkeeper)."},"measures":[{"name":"Days of permit violations","value":246,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"June 2019 to July 2024, per Waterkeeper notice"},{"name":"Quarters with exceedances","value":12,"unit":"of last 12 quarters","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"City of Kuna","role":"Plant owner and operator"},{"name":"Snake River Waterkeeper","role":"Notice-of-intent filer"}],"public_contact":"Idaho DEQ Boise Regional Office, 208-373-0550.","corrective_actions":["The court order reportedly requires a fine and facility upgrades (ref 2).","Details of the entered judgment were not verified."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Putting polluters on notice","publisher":"Snake River Waterkeeper","date":"2024-07-18","url":"https://snakeriverwaterkeeper.org/news/putting-polluters-on-notice","basis":"Nonprofit report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Idaho cities forced to clean up wastewater treatment plant pollution","publisher":"Snake River Waterkeeper","date":"2025-08-18","url":"https://snakeriverwaterkeeper.org/news/idaho-cities-forced-to-clean-up-its-wastewater-treatment-plant","basis":"Nonprofit report"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA ECHO facility record, Kuna WWTP, ID0028355","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_pid=ID0028355","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (ID in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["Entered court order and penalty amount","Population served"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-ID-REXBURG-WWTP-SEWAGE-RELEASES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Rexburg wastewater releases and DEQ lawsuit over permit violations","description":"DEQ sued Rexburg on April 10, 2026, alleging about 13 permit violations from February 2024 to December 2025, including a roughly 30,000-gallon clarifier bypass in March 2024 and a contractor-damaged sewer line in August 2024 that released about 1.97 million gallons. Conservation groups say the plant reported 45 exceedances over five years on the South Fork of the Teton River.","location":{"name":"Rexburg wastewater treatment plant","type":"Publicly owned treatment works","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"Rexburg, Madison County; discharges to the South Fork of the Teton River","coordinates":{"lat":43.826,"lon":-111.7897,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Madison"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Both a sewer main failure and treatment-plant exceedances are alleged.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ alleges about 30,000 gallons bypassed on March 17, 2024 and about 1,968,750 gallons released on August 22, 2024 (ref 1).","service":"Residents were asked to limit indoor water use after the August 2024 main damage (ref 1).","scale":"Madison County's Rexburg plant serves a city of about 40,000 water customers per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"The alleged violations span February 2024 to December 2025 and groups cite five years of exceedances (refs 1, 2).","significance":"DEQ filed civil suit on April 10, 2026 seeking up to $10,000 per violation and an injunction (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":40695,"status":"Estimated","note":"Rexburg public water system population per SDWIS (ref 4), used as a proxy for the sewered city; sewer service population was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 1,968,750 gallons of sewage released on August 22, 2024; about 13 alleged permit violations February 2024 to December 2025."},"measures":[{"name":"Release from damaged sewer main","value":1968750,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Alleged by DEQ (ref 1)"},{"name":"Clarifier bypass","value":30000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"March 17, 2024"},{"name":"Permit exceedances in five years","value":45,"unit":"exceedances","status":"Reported","note":"Per conservation groups (ref 2)"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"City of Rexburg","role":"Plant owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"City of Rexburg Public Works, general line.","corrective_actions":["The city says it is working with DEQ through a structured regulatory process (ref 1).","DEQ and the city have no scheduled hearings reported (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lawsuits claim Rexburg, Burley released millions of gallons of wastewater into rivers","publisher":"KIVI-TV","date":"2026-04-14","url":"https://www.kivitv.com/news/lawsuits-claim-rexburg-burley-released-millions-of-gallons-of-wastewater-into-rivers","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Conservation Group Pressure Prompts Idaho DEQ to Sue Cities Polluting Snake and South Fork Teton Rivers","publisher":"Advocates for the West","date":"2026-04-16","url":"https://advocateswest.org/conservation-group-pressure-prompts-idaho-deq-to-sue-cities/","basis":"Nonprofit report"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA ECHO facility search, Rexburg WWTP, ID0023817","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=ID&p_fn=REXBURG&p_act=Y","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record ID7330022","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/ID7330022/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (ID in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-04-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Sewer service population","Case number and court"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-ID-BURLEY-INDUSTRIAL-WWTP-DEQ-LAWSUIT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Burley industrial plant discharges and DEQ lawsuit on the Snake River","description":"DEQ sued Burley on April 10, 2026 over its Burley-Heyburn industrial wastewater plant, alleging 51 effluent exceedances from March 2024 to March 2026 and unauthorized discharges of about 18,000 gallons in July 2024, 3.5 million gallons in September 2024 and 5,400 gallons in March 2025. DEQ says a pipe was not repaired after the July release.","location":{"name":"Burley industrial wastewater plant","type":"Industrial wastewater treatment plant","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"Burley-Heyburn Industrial Park, Cassia and Minidoka counties; discharges to the middle Snake River","coordinates":{"lat":42.5357,"lon":-113.7926,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Cassia","Minidoka"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Discharges of untreated and over-limit wastewater affect an impaired river segment.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ alleges about 3.5 million gallons of untreated wastewater discharged September 1 to 10, 2024 to a river listed as impaired for phosphorus (ref 1).","service":"No loss of drinking-water service is documented (ref 1).","scale":"The plant is an industrial facility; no served population is stated (ref 1, ref 3).","duration":"The complaint cites 51 exceedances over two years and groups cite five years of violations (refs 1, 2).","significance":"DEQ filed suit April 10, 2026 and took over the citizen suit, seeking up to $10,000 per violation (refs 1, 4)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Industrial plant; no served population in cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"51 effluent exceedances March 2024 to March 2026 and about 3.5 million gallons discharged untreated in September 2024."},"measures":[{"name":"Effluent exceedances","value":51,"unit":"exceedances","status":"Reported","note":"March 2024 to March 2026 (ref 1)"},{"name":"Unauthorized discharge September 2024","value":3500000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"About 3.5 million (ref 1)"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"City of Burley","role":"Plant owner and operator"}],"public_contact":"City of Burley, general line.","corrective_actions":["The city says it has made major efforts on its industrial wastewater responsibilities (ref 1).","DEQ says it is working with the city on the issues in the complaint (ref 4)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lawsuits claim Rexburg, Burley released millions of gallons of wastewater into rivers","publisher":"KIVI-TV","date":"2026-04-14","url":"https://www.kivitv.com/news/lawsuits-claim-rexburg-burley-released-millions-of-gallons-of-wastewater-into-rivers","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Conservation Group Pressure Prompts Idaho DEQ to Sue Cities Polluting Snake and South Fork Teton Rivers","publisher":"Advocates for the West","date":"2026-04-16","url":"https://advocateswest.org/conservation-group-pressure-prompts-idaho-deq-to-sue-cities/","basis":"Nonprofit report"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA ECHO facility search, Burley, ID0000663","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_st=ID&p_fn=BURLEY&p_act=Y","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":4,"title":"City of Burley facing lawsuit over wastewater violations","publisher":"KMVT","date":"2026-05-05","url":"https://www.kmvt.com/2026/05/05/city-burley-facing-lawsuit-over-wastewater-violations/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (ID in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-04-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Case number and court","Served population"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-ID-BOISE-DROUGHT-EMERGENCY-ORDINANCE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Boise adopts drought ordinance as summer demand exceeds 90 million gallons","description":"Boise adopted a Drought Emergency Ordinance on June 30, 2026 after a warm winter and near-record-low snowpack, giving the city a phased response from voluntary guidelines to required irrigation and recreation restrictions for customers of the public drinking water system. Veolia reports summer demand above 90 million gallons a day against 25 million in winter.","location":{"name":"Boise public water system (Veolia Water Idaho)","type":"Investor-owned utility service area","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"detail":"Boise and surrounding Ada County service area","coordinates":{"lat":43.615,"lon":-116.2023,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Ada"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"ID4010016"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Reduced snowpack stresses water supply for a large urban system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No contamination or shortage-driven harm is reported in the city release (ref 1).","service":"Restrictions range from voluntary to mandatory and apply only to public-system users (ref 1).","scale":"Veolia Water Idaho serves 264,978 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"The ordinance responds to a single dry season with effects expected through summer and beyond (ref 1).","significance":"A council-adopted emergency ordinance, ORD-28-26, gives the mayor drought-response powers (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":264978,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Veolia Water Idaho per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Summer demand above 90 million gallons a day versus 25 million in winter (Veolia, via city release)."},"measures":[{"name":"Summer peak demand","value":90,"unit":"million gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"\"Exceeds 90\""},{"name":"Winter demand","value":25,"unit":"million gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Near-record-low snowpack and drought emergency declarations in 2026 (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Boise","role":"Ordinance authority"},{"name":"Veolia Water Idaho","role":"Utility operator"}],"public_contact":"City of Boise Public Works media relations, 208-608-7175.","corrective_actions":["Phased voluntary-to-mandatory watering restrictions triggered by the U.S. Drought Index for Ada County.","Conservation information at the city water-conservation page."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Boise adopts drought ordinance","publisher":"City of Boise","date":"2026-07-01","url":"https://www.cityofboise.org/news/public-works/2026/july/city-of-boise-adopts-drought-ordinance/","basis":"Local government release"},{"ref":2,"title":"City of Boise adopts Drought Emergency Ordinance as Idaho faces dry summer","publisher":"CBS2 Idaho News","date":"2026-07-02","url":"https://idahonews.com/news/local/city-of-boise-adopts-drought-emergency-ordinance-as-idaho-faces-dry-summer","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record ID4010016","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/ID4010016/JSON","basis":"Federal database","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (ID in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-06-30","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Ordinance phase thresholds","Penalties"],"related_ids":["US-ID-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2026"]},{"id":"US-ID-BIG-LITTLE-LOST-CURTAILMENT-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Big and Little Lost River groundwater curtailment, Nov 2025 to Apr 2026","description":"After a 2024 state law added the Big Lost and Little Lost River basins to the Eastern Snake Plain Aquifer common groundwater supply, about 840 groundwater rights holders in three districts faced curtailment when no approved mitigation plan was in place by the Nov. 1, 2025 deadline. IDWR reported the curtailment took effect Nov. 21, 2025, and by May 2026 the curtailment had been lifted after users joined the 2024 settlement plan.","location":{"name":"Big Lost and Little Lost River basins","type":"Groundwater district area","detail":"Butte County and neighboring Lost River valley counties; ground water districts under IDWR curtailment","coordinates":{"lat":43.64,"lon":-113.3,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Butte","Custer","Clark"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"ID","states":["ID"]},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["agricultural","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The dispute is over legal priority to a limited aquifer supply, which is a quantity and administration problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No health harm was reported; the cited coverage describes economic and farming exposure only (ref 1).","service":"Groundwater users with unmitigated rights could be red-tagged and shut off, with IDWR checking compliance from March 2026 (ref 1).","scale":"About 840 groundwater rights holders across three districts, with thousands of acres of farmland at stake (ref 1).","duration":"The curtailment ran from Nov. 21, 2025 into spring 2026, roughly five months before users joined the plan (refs 1, 2).","significance":"IDWR issued a formal curtailment order that took effect Nov. 21, 2025, backed by SB1341 (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":840,"status":"Reported","note":"Groundwater rights holders at risk, not people (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"about 840 groundwater rights holders at risk of curtailment in the Big and Little Lost River basins"},"measures":[{"name":"groundwater_rights_at_risk","value":840,"unit":"rights holders","status":"Reported","note":"Per EastIdahoNews/KSL, April 2026."},{"name":"annual_conservation_requirement","value":205000,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"ESPA groundwater users must conserve at least this amount; no recharge opportunity in 2026 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Curtailment reported lifted after the districts joined the 2024 mitigation plan (ref 2); the 2024 plan is to be renegotiated in 2027."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Idaho Department of Water Resources","role":"Water administration and curtailment authority"},{"name":"Big Lost River Ground Water District","role":"Groundwater district"},{"name":"Little Lost River Ground Water District","role":"Groundwater district"},{"name":"Surface Water Coalition","role":"Senior surface-water users and delivery-call party"}],"public_contact":"Idaho Department of Water Resources main office, published on idwr.idaho.gov","corrective_actions":["Districts joined the 2024 Stipulated Mitigation Plan through an addendum (March 2026)","IDWR compliance checks of groundwater users in the basins"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"'Extortion' claims fly as some groundwater users in Idaho face curtailment order","publisher":"EastIdahoNews.com via KSL","date":"2026-04-15","url":"https://www.ksl.com:443/article/51483617/extortion-claims-fly-as-some-groundwater-users-in-idaho-face-curtailment-order","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Curtailment order targets 924 groundwater rights across eastern Idaho","publisher":"East Idaho News","date":"2026-05-28","url":"https://www.eastidahonews.com/2026/05/curtailment-order-targets-924-groundwater-rights-across-eastern-idaho/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"IDWR orders curtailment of junior ESPA groundwater rights amid Snake River shortfall","publisher":"KMVT","date":"2026-05-15","url":"https://www.kmvt.com/2026/05/15/idwr-orders-curtailment-junior-espa-groundwater-rights-amid-snake-river-shortfall/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (ID in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population affected","exact counties"],"related_ids":["US-ID-ESPA-SWC-DELIVERY-CALL-2024-2026","US-ID-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2026"]},{"id":"US-ID-MINIDOKA-NITRATE-PRIORITY-AREA-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Minidoka County nitrate priority area private-well resampling","description":"Idaho DEQ announced in August 2026 a free September sampling of private wells in the Minidoka Nitrate Priority Area to update the area's ranking, noting nitrate is the most common and widespread contaminant in Idaho groundwater. Idaho Conservation League analysis has found Twin Falls, Cassia and Minidoka counties typically have the highest nitrate in the Magic Valley and links it to dairy manure and fertilizer, which the dairy industry disputes.","location":{"name":"Minidoka Nitrate Priority Area","type":"Groundwater nitrate priority area","detail":"Minidoka County, Magic Valley","coordinates":{"lat":42.8,"lon":-113.65,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Minidoka"],"extent":"county","state":"ID","states":["ID"]},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["groundwater","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nitrate from agricultural sources degrades groundwater used by private wells.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ warns nitrate above 10 mg/L can cause blue-baby syndrome in infants, but no case or exceedance count is given for Minidoka (ref 1).","service":"No loss of service; private-well owners are only invited to test (ref 1).","scale":"The area covers one county's private wells, a community-level exposure (ref 1).","duration":"The priority-area ranking process has tracked nitrate trends for years, and ICL reported 19% of Magic Valley systems above 5 mg/L in 2021 (ref 2).","significance":"DEQ's formal Nitrate Priority Area designation and ranking process applies, without an enforcement order (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"DEQ resampling of Minidoka Nitrate Priority Area private wells, September 2026"},"measures":[{"name":"magic_valley_systems_above_5_mgL","value":19,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"ICL 2021 analysis of public water systems over five years (ref 2); not specific to Minidoka."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"New sampling will feed the ranking; no current trend published."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Nitrate priority area program"},{"name":"Idaho State Department of Agriculture","role":"Dairy and agricultural regulator"}],"public_contact":"DEQ Twin Falls Regional Office, 208-736-2190","corrective_actions":["Free private-well nitrate sampling in September 2026","Use of results in priority-area delineation and ranking"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DEQ seeks participation in private well sampling in Minidoka County, Idaho","publisher":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2026-08-04","url":"https://www.deq.idaho.gov/?p=85023","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Report: Groundwater quality remains poor in southern Idaho","publisher":"Idaho Conservation League","date":"2021-09-29","url":"https://archive.idahoconservation.org/report-groundwater-quality-remains-poor-in-southern-idaho/","basis":"Advocacy report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Report says groundwater in southern Idaho aquifer is contaminated","publisher":"Boise State Public Radio","date":"2019-07-11","url":"https://www.boisestatepublicradio.org/news/2019-07-11/report-says-groundwater-in-southern-idaho-aquifer-is-contaminated","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (ID in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["well nitrate results","population affected"],"related_ids":["US-ID-ESPA-SWC-DELIVERY-CALL-2024-2026"]},{"id":"US-ID-SIMPLOT-GRAND-VIEW-FEEDLOT-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Simplot Grand View Feedlot discharge case and state consent judgment","description":"Idaho DEQ and the State Department of Agriculture allege that Simplot's Grand View Feedlot made unpermitted discharges of manure and process wastewater to groundwater and surface water and over-applied manure on fields. A draft consent judgment dated August 2025 would require corrective actions, an IPDES permit and a $334,000 civil penalty, while a separate federal Clean Water Act suit by Snake River Waterkeeper survived a motion to dismiss in 2024.","location":{"name":"Grand View Feedlot","type":"Concentrated animal feeding operation","detail":"Elmore and Owyhee counties, Snake River canyon near Grand View","coordinates":{"lat":42.98,"lon":-116.09,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Elmore","Owyhee"],"extent":"site","state":"ID","states":["ID"]},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["surface-water","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Alleged manure and wastewater discharges degrade groundwater and the Snake River.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The state alleges possible endangerment to health and the environment from manure over-application; Simplot disputes the allegations (ref 1).","service":"No drinking-water service disruption was reported (refs 1, 2).","scale":"One feedlot holding at least 65,000 cattle on a typical day but affecting a river reach (ref 2).","duration":"The federal court order states Simplot has not held a discharge permit since 2012 (ref 2).","significance":"State complaint with draft consent judgment ($334,000 penalty) and a federal suit that survived dismissal in June 2024 (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Draft state consent judgment civil penalty of $334,000 for Grand View Feedlot"},"measures":[{"name":"proposed_civil_penalty","value":334000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Draft consent judgment (ref 1); state attorney fees of $36,850 were reported separately in the DEQ notice."},{"name":"typical_cattle_on_site","value":65000,"unit":"head","status":"Reported","note":"Plaintiff allegation, up to 150,000 capacity (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Comment period closed Sept. 15, 2025; final entry of the judgment was not confirmed."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","role":"State enforcement"},{"name":"Idaho State Department of Agriculture","role":"Beef cattle environmental control"},{"name":"J.R. Simplot Company","role":"Operator"},{"name":"Snake River Waterkeeper","role":"Federal Clean Water Act plaintiff"}],"public_contact":"Idaho DEQ state office, via deq.idaho.gov","corrective_actions":["Cease unauthorized discharges","Apply for an IPDES permit","Corrective actions under the draft consent judgment"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Owyhee Counties beef feedlot operator enter into consent judgment","publisher":"Mitchell Williams Law","date":"2025-09-05","url":"https://www.mitchellwilliamslaw.com/multimedia-environmental-enforcement-idaho-department-of-environmental-quality-and-elmore/owyhee-counties-beef-feedlot-operator-enter-into-consent-judgment","basis":"Legal commentary"},{"ref":2,"title":"Grand View Feedlot Clean Water Act Enforcement","publisher":"Advocates for the West","date":"2024-06-24","url":"https://advocateswest.org/case/grand-view-feedlot-clean-water-act-violations/","basis":"Litigation summary"},{"ref":3,"title":"Comments submitted in Idaho state case against Simplot","publisher":"Snake River Waterkeeper","date":"2025-09-23","url":"https://snakeriverwaterkeeper.org/news/comments-submitted-in-idaho-state-case-against-simplot","basis":"Advocacy statement"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (ID in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["final entry of consent judgment","downstream monitoring results"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-ID-INL-SNAKE-RIVER-AQUIFER-PLUMES-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"INL Site legacy plumes in the Eastern Snake River Plain Aquifer","description":"The 2024 INL environmental report states historic waste disposal created localized chemical and radiochemical contamination in the aquifer under the site; strontium-90 still exceeds the state standard in some wells and carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethylene exceeded drinking-water limits at the Radioactive Waste Management Complex wells. Cleanup targets under CERCLA records of decision run to 2095 for the Test Area North TCE plume.","location":{"name":"Idaho National Laboratory Site aquifer","type":"Aquifer contamination plumes","detail":"INL Site, eastern Snake River Plain; Butte, Jefferson, Bingham, Bonneville and Clark counties","coordinates":{"lat":43.6,"lon":-112.95,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Butte","Bingham","Bonneville","Clark","Jefferson"],"extent":"site","state":"ID","states":["ID"]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Legacy waste disposal contaminates groundwater in a sole-source aquifer.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Sr-90 remains above the state constituent standard in some wells at TAN and INTEC-CFA, and carbon tetrachloride and TCE exceeded 5 ug/L MCLs in RWMC wells (ref 1).","service":"The report says VOCs are removed from the RWMC production water before use; drinking systems met limits (ref 1).","scale":"The plumes are localized on an 890-square-mile site (ref 2), though they lie in a regionally important aquifer.","duration":"Carbon tetrachloride has exceeded the MCL routinely since 1998 and remedial goals extend to 2095 (ref 1).","significance":"Remediation is governed by CERCLA records of decision for Waste Area Groups, with DOE-ID oversight (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Carbon tetrachloride has routinely exceeded the 5 ug/L MCL at the RWMC since 1998"},"measures":[{"name":"tce_remedial_target_year","value":2095,"unit":"year","status":"Reported","note":"All wells below MCL by 2095 per the record of decision (ref 1)."},{"name":"voc_wells_sampled_2024","value":24,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"USGS sampled 24 wells for 61 volatile organic compounds (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Most plume wells show decreasing tritium, Sr-90 and I-129 over 20 years (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Energy Idaho Operations Office","role":"Responsible party and cleanup lead"},{"name":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Regulator under CERCLA"},{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey","role":"Aquifer monitoring"}],"public_contact":"Idaho Cleanup Project, via energy.gov/em/idaho-cleanup-project","corrective_actions":["Pump and treat and monitored natural attenuation for TCE plume","In situ bioremediation at Test Area North","Annual groundwater surveillance at Waste Area Groups 1-4 and 7"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2024 Annual Site Environmental Report, Chapter 6: Eastern Snake River Plain Aquifer Monitoring","publisher":"Idaho National Laboratory","date":"2025-09-09","url":"https://inl.gov/content/uploads/2024/11/Chapter-6_Final.pdf","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Idaho Cleanup Project","publisher":"U.S. Department of Energy Office of Environmental Management","date":"2021-11-16","url":"https://www.energy.gov/em/idaho-cleanup-project","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (ID in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["aquifer volume affected"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-ID-HECLA-LUCKY-FRIDAY-EPA-CONSENT-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lucky Friday mine discharge violations and EPA consent agreement","description":"EPA and Hecla Limited entered a Clean Water Act consent agreement in October 2024 over alleged lead, zinc and copper exceedances from three Lucky Friday outfalls to the South Fork Coeur d'Alene River, plus missed BMP certification, E. coli monitoring and toxicity testing. Hecla neither admits nor denies the allegations, and pays a $174,300 civil penalty and funds at least $299,000 of riparian restoration.","location":{"name":"Lucky Friday Mine, Mullan","type":"Mine discharge to river","detail":"Mullan, Shoshone County; South Fork Coeur d'Alene River","coordinates":{"lat":47.47,"lon":-115.8,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Shoshone"],"extent":"site","state":"ID","states":["ID"]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Permitted mine discharges exceeded metals limits in a river with legacy mining contamination.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Alleged lead, zinc and copper exceedances in discharge to the South Fork Coeur d'Alene River; no fish kill or health harm was cited (ref 1).","service":"No drinking-water service effect was reported (ref 1).","scale":"Three outfalls at one facility (ref 1).","duration":"EPA inspected in June 2019 and DEQ in April 2021, so alleged violations spanned more than one inspection cycle (ref 1).","significance":"EPA consent agreement CWA-10-2024-0027 with civil penalty and supplemental project (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"EPA civil penalty of $174,300 plus at least $299,000 riparian restoration"},"measures":[{"name":"civil_penalty","value":174300,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Per law-firm summary of the consent agreement (ref 1)."},{"name":"supplemental_environmental_project","value":299000,"unit":"USD minimum","status":"Reported","note":"Riparian restoration (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single enforcement action; later discharge data not reviewed."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 10","role":"NPDES enforcement"},{"name":"Hecla Limited","role":"Mine operator"},{"name":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","role":"State inspector and certifier"}],"public_contact":"EPA Region 10 Seattle office, via epa.gov","corrective_actions":["Pay civil penalty","Riparian restoration supplemental project","Restore compliance with NPDES limits and monitoring"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Wastewater enforcement: EPA and Mullan, Idaho mine operator enter into consent agreement","publisher":"Mitchell Williams Law","date":"2024-10-22","url":"https://mitchellwilliamslaw.com/supplemental-environmental-project/wastewater-enforcement-us-environmental-protection-agency-and-mullan-idaho-mine-operator-enter-into-consent-agreement","basis":"Legal commentary"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (ID in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["EPA docket page","post-agreement discharge data"],"related_ids":["US-ID-BUNKER-HILL-MINE-WATER-2026"]},{"id":"US-ID-BLACKFOOT-SELENIUM-CALDWELL-CANYON-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Blackfoot River selenium from phosphate mining and Caldwell Canyon mine review","description":"USGS found dissolved selenium in the upper Blackfoot River exceeded Idaho's 5 ug/L chronic criterion in 31% of samples from 2001 to 2012, with runoff from 12 large phosphate mines the source. A federal court vacated BLM's 2019 Caldwell Canyon approval in 2023, partly over selenium and Soda Springs Plant effects, and BLM began a new environmental review of a revised plan in 2023.","location":{"name":"Upper Blackfoot River watershed","type":"River segment","detail":"Caribou County near Soda Springs","coordinates":{"lat":42.65,"lon":-111.55,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Caribou"],"extent":"watershed","state":"ID","states":["ID"]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Selenium from mine waste shales leaches into surface water above criteria.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Dissolved selenium ranged 0.5 to 11.4 ug/L and exceeded the 5 ug/L criterion in 31% of samples (ref 1).","service":"No drinking-water disruption is documented in the cited sources (ref 1).","scale":"A watershed receiving runoff from 12 large mines (ref 1).","duration":"DEQ has surveyed selenium annually since 2001 and low-flow concentrations trended upward (ref 1).","significance":"A federal court vacated the Caldwell Canyon approval and review in 2023 (refs 2, 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Selenium exceeded the 5 ug/L chronic criterion in 31% of Blackfoot River samples, 2001-2012"},"measures":[{"name":"samples_above_chronic_criterion","value":31,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"USGS, 2001-2012 (ref 1)."},{"name":"large_phosphate_mines_draining_to_river","value":12,"unit":"mines","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Latest dataset opened ends 2012; the outcome of the revised Caldwell Canyon review was not confirmed."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Selenium monitoring"},{"name":"U.S. Bureau of Land Management","role":"Mine approval authority"},{"name":"P4 Production LLC","role":"Mine proponent"}],"public_contact":"Idaho DEQ Pocatello Regional Office, via deq.idaho.gov","corrective_actions":["BLM supplemental environmental review of revised mine plan","DEQ annual selenium surveys"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Selenium in the upper Blackfoot River watershed, southeastern Idaho, 2001-12","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","date":"2014-11-05","url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20145203","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Victory! Court rules Bureau broke laws in approving Caldwell Canyon mine","publisher":"Advocates for the West","date":"2023-01-27","url":"https://advocateswest.org/victory-court-rules-bureau-broke-laws-in-approving-caldwell-canyon-mine/","basis":"Advocacy statement"},{"ref":3,"title":"Idaho phosphate mine sage grouse","publisher":"Boise State Public Radio","date":"2023-12-21","url":"https://www.boisestatepublicradio.org/news/2023-12-21/idaho-phosphate-mine-sage-grouse","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":7,"note":"New record (ID in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["recent selenium monitoring results","status of revised mine approval"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-ID-SW-IDAHO-TOXIC-ALGAE-ADVISORIES-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Toxic algae health advisories at southwest Idaho reservoirs, summer 2026","description":"Idaho Health and Welfare issued recreational health advisories in July 2026 for Brownlee and Hells Canyon reservoirs after samples showed high toxin-producing cyanobacteria, followed on Aug. 21 by advisories for Grasmere Reservoir and the Bruneau Arm of CJ Strike. Boiling or filtering does not remove the toxins; pets and livestock are at greatest risk.","location":{"name":"Brownlee, Grasmere and CJ Strike reservoirs","type":"Reservoirs","detail":"Snake River and Owyhee County reservoirs in southwest Idaho","coordinates":{"lat":43,"lon":-116,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Owyhee","Washington","Adams"],"extent":"multi_county","state":"ID","states":["ID"]},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Cyanobacterial blooms degrade recreational surface water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Samples showed high toxin-producing cyanobacteria and microcystin above recreational limits, but no illness was reported (refs 1, 2).","service":"Residents are told to avoid water contact and not to drink or cook with the water (ref 1).","scale":"Four reservoirs across multiple counties (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Advisories were issued July 20 and Aug. 21, 2026; the Hells Canyon advisory was reported lifted while others remained (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Formal public health advisories were issued by the state health department and district health agencies (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Affected population was not reported in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Health advisories at Brownlee, Hells Canyon, Grasmere and CJ Strike Bruneau Arm reservoirs"},"measures":[{"name":"reservoirs_under_advisory","value":4,"unit":"reservoirs","status":"Reported","note":"Brownlee, Hells Canyon, Grasmere, CJ Strike Bruneau Arm (refs 1, 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"One advisory lifted while others issued in August."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Idaho Department of Health and Welfare","role":"Health advisory issuer"},{"name":"Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Bloom reporting and testing"},{"name":"Southwest District Health","role":"Local health district"}],"public_contact":"Idaho Department of Health and Welfare; report blooms to DEQ at the algae address on deq.idaho.gov","corrective_actions":["Avoid water contact","Report blooms to DEQ","Public notice when advisories lift"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Health advisories issued for Grasmere Reservoir and the Bruneau Arm of CJ Strike","publisher":"Central District Health","date":"2026-08-21","url":"https://cdh.idaho.gov/news/health-advisories-issued-for-grasmere-reservoir-and-the-bruneau-arm-of-cj-strike/","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"DHW issues health advisory for Brownlee and Hells Canyon reservoirs","publisher":"Ground News","date":"2026-07-20","url":"https://ground.news/article/dhw-issues-health-advisory-for-brownlee-and-hells-canyon-reservoirs-urges-caution-when-recreating-in-water_df5f15","basis":"News aggregator"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (ID in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["current advisory status","toxin concentrations"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-ID-CLARK-FORK-FLOOD-WATER-SYSTEM-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Clark Fork flood damage to water system and boil order, December 2025","description":"Historic December 2025 flooding on Lightning Creek and Spring Creek damaged Clark Fork's water supply, and residents were told to assume E. coli contamination and boil water, with portable tanks brought in. The mayor declared a local disaster on Dec. 11, 2025 and the council affirmed it Dec. 17 (Resolution 3-2025).","location":{"name":"City of Clark Fork water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","detail":"Clark Fork, Bonner County","coordinates":{"lat":48.14,"lon":-116.18,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Bonner"],"extent":"system","state":"ID","states":["ID"],"pwsid":"ID1090018"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Flood damage to the intake and system caused loss of safe supply.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Residents were told to assume E. coli contamination; no illness was reported (ref 1).","service":"Flooding damaged the water supply and the mayor said restoration could take several weeks, with portable tanks supplied (ref 1).","scale":"The system serves 730 people (ref 3) and over 100 homes were threatened (ref 1).","duration":"Repairs were expected to take weeks or more after access resumed (ref 1); final restoration was not confirmed.","significance":"Local disaster emergency declared Dec. 11 and affirmed by council resolution Dec. 17, 2025 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":730,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Local disaster declared after flood damage to the city water supply; boil order issued"},"measures":[{"name":"homes_threatened","value":100,"unit":"homes","status":"Reported","note":"Over 100 homes near Lightning and Spring creeks (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Recovery status after December 2025 not found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Clark Fork","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Bonner County Emergency Management","role":"Emergency response"},{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","role":"Road repair support"}],"public_contact":"City Clerk, City of Clark Fork, 208-266-1315","corrective_actions":["Boil-water order with portable water tanks","Local disaster declaration and council resolution","Access and repair work on the water system"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Clark Fork flooding damages water system, threatens over 100 homes","publisher":"KXLY","date":"2025-12-12","url":"https://www.kxly.com/news/clark-fork-flooding-damages-water-system-threatens-over-100-homes/article_4d7ad647-f634-4bbc-a512-ca579407562d.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Emergency Notices","publisher":"City of Clark Fork","date":"2025-12-17","url":"https://clarkforkidaho.gov/COCF/page17.html","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: CLARK FORK CITY OF (ID1090018)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/ID/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CLARK%20FORK/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (ID in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["boil order lift date"],"related_ids":["US-ID-NORTH-IDAHO-DR4917-FLOOD-2026"]},{"id":"US-FL-RIVIERA-BEACH-COLIFORM-DELAY-2023","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Riviera Beach fecal-bacteria detection, 7-month notice delay and state fines","description":"Treated water at the Riviera Beach Utility District tested positive for coliform and fecal bacteria in June 2023, and the city did not warn customers for about seven months. The Florida Department of Health found 13 violations of state law and the city agreed to an $80,842.60 fine. Reporting in 2025 and 2026 describes a $400 million membrane plant under construction, a rented backup generator that failed, and turnover of utility directors.","location":{"name":"Riviera Beach Utility District","type":"Municipal utility district service area","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Riviera Beach, Palm Beach County","coordinates":{"lat":26.781424,"lon":-80.076059,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Palm Beach"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"FL4501229"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The core issue is bacterial contamination of treated water plus failed testing and notification, tied to an obsolete treatment plant.","secondary_drivers":["Aging lime-softening plant about 25 years past expected life (ref 5)","Delayed public notice and testing-procedure failures (ref 5)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Treated water tested positive for coliform and fecal bacteria in June 2023, and SDWIS lists a Tier 1 health-based MCL violation for June 2023 (refs 1, 5, 6).","service":"Customers were not warned for seven months because the city believed the samples were false positives, and a failing rented generator left the utility at risk of systemwide boil-water orders (refs 5, 7).","scale":"SDWIS lists 46,762 people served by the Riviera Beach Utility District, a single-system population below 100,000 (ref 2).","duration":"The June 2023 detection was still driving fines, an inspector-general probe, a director firing and a plant rebuild in September 2025 and May 2026 (refs 4, 7).","significance":"The city agreed to pay $80,842.60 to the Florida Department of Health after 13 legal violations, and WLRN reports a larger $1.2 million fine in 2024 (refs 4, 5)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":46762,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2); the number actually exposed is not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The utility waited seven months from a June 2023 positive fecal-bacteria test to warn customers; Florida DOH cited 13 violations (WFLX, July 2024)."},"measures":[{"name":"Delay before customers were warned","value":7,"unit":"months","status":"Reported","note":"Per WFLX (ref 5), from the June 2023 positive test."},{"name":"Florida DOH fine agreed by the city","value":80842.6,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"WFLX and WPTV (refs 5, 6). WLRN reports a separate $1.2 million DOH fine in 2024; the sources differ and the difference is unresolved."},{"name":"New membrane plant cost","value":400,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"WLRN, September 2025 (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["$400 million plant to be covered by higher customer fees (ref 4)","122 water-quality claims that could lead to lawsuits (ref 5)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"New fines and violations were reported in July 2024, a plant rebuild began in September 2025, and the utility director left again in May 2026 (refs 4, 5, 7)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Riviera Beach Utility District","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Florida Department of Health","role":"Public-health notices and county health departments"},{"name":"Palm Beach County Office of Inspector General","role":"Investigated the city's response (ref 6)"}],"public_contact":"Riviera Beach Utility District general line, as published on the city website","corrective_actions":["Construction of a $400 million membrane treatment plant and a $28.4 million deep injection well approved August 20, 2025 (ref 4)","A $4 million extension for contractor U.S. Water Services to repair filter beds and piping (ref 4)","Purchase of a used $679,000 generator in April 2026 to replace the failing rental (ref 7)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SDWIS violation records for FL4501229","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/FL4501229/rows/0:60/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record FL4501229 (Riviera Beach Utility District)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/FL4501229/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, FL","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_12.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"},{"ref":4,"title":"Riviera Beach launches $400 million water plant","publisher":"WLRN / Stet News","date":"2025-09-09","url":"https://www.wlrn.org/development/2025-09-09/riviera-beach-launches-400-million-water-plant","basis":"News report"},{"ref":5,"title":"WATER CONTAMINATION: New violations in Riviera Beach and no director hired","publisher":"WFLX","date":"2024-07-25","url":"https://www.wflx.com/2024/07/25/water-contamination-new-violations-riviera-beach-no-director-hired","basis":"News report"},{"ref":6,"title":"Office of Inspector General to release report on Riviera Beach water contamination event","publisher":"WPTV","date":"2024-02-05","url":"https://www.wptv.com/news/region-c-palm-beach-county/riviera-beach/office-of-inspector-general-to-release-report-on-riviera-beach-water-contamination-event","basis":"News report"},{"ref":7,"title":"Riviera Beach's utility chief is out","publisher":"Stet News","date":"2026-05-14","url":"https://stetnews.org/2026/05/14/riviera-beachs-utility-chief-is-out/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass). WPTV page shows no visible date; February 2024 is inferred from a linked URL."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-FL-ECUA-BOIL-HURRICANE-ISAIAS-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"de-escalated","title":"ECUA systemwide boil-water notice and outages after Hurricane Isaias","description":"The Emerald Coast Utilities Authority issued a systemwide precautionary boil-water notice on October 9, 2026 after Hurricane Isaias, with about 15% of water services still offline on October 10. On October 13 ECUA lifted the notice for most of mainland Escambia County including Perdido Key, leaving Pensacola Beach (expected to clear by October 14) and a list of mainland addresses under notice.","location":{"name":"Emerald Coast Utilities Authority","type":"Regional utility authority service area","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Pensacola and Escambia County","coordinates":{"lat":30.440989,"lon":-87.191242,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Escambia"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"FL1170525"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A storm-driven loss of pressure and service forced a precautionary boil notice, so the issue is microbial safety of delivered water.","secondary_drivers":["Hurricane damage, power loss, uprooted trees and saturated ground slowing repairs (ref 4)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ECUA called the systemwide boil notice precautionary and reports no contamination result; its laboratory capacity was still being assessed on October 10 (refs 4, 5).","service":"ECUA lifted the notice for most of the mainland on October 13, but Pensacola Beach and listed mainland addresses stay under notice (refs 8, 9); about 15% of services were offline on October 10 (ref 6).","scale":"The notice covers the whole ECUA service area, listed in SDWIS at 242,172 people (refs 2, 4).","duration":"The notice began October 9 and was lifted for most customers on October 13, with Pensacola Beach pending, so four-plus days are documented (refs 4, 8).","significance":"ECUA posted a formal systemwide precautionary boil notice and the Florida Department of Health boil list shows an ECUA Pensacola Beach notice dated 10/9/2026 (refs 4, 7)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":242172,"status":"Estimated","note":"ECUA service population per SDWIS (ref 2); the notice covers the whole service area, but customers actually without water are not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"ECUA lifted the systemwide boil notice for most of mainland Escambia County on October 13, 2026; Pensacola Beach and listed mainland addresses remain under notice."},"measures":[{"name":"Water services offline","value":15,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"ECUA Update #3, October 10, 2026 (ref 5)."},{"name":"Boil duration instruction","value":1,"unit":"minute rolling boil","status":"Reported","note":"ECUA notice (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Notice issued October 9, 2026 and lifted for most customers October 13 (ref 8)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Emerald Coast Utilities Authority","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Florida Department of Health","role":"Public-health notices and county health departments"}],"public_contact":"ECUA emergency line 850-554-1689 and after-hours line 850-476-5110, as posted on ecua.fl.gov","corrective_actions":["Systemwide precautionary boil-water notice issued October 9, 2026 (ref 4)","Pensacola Beach water and sewer restored October 10, 2026 (ref 6)","Water restored to the county jail, three hospitals and fire and police needs (ref 5)","Notice lifted October 13 for mainland Escambia County including Perdido Key; Pensacola Beach expected to clear October 14; remaining mainland addresses notified by door hanger (refs 8, 9)."],"sources":[{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record FL1170525 (Emerald Coast Utilities Authority)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/FL1170525/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, FL","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_12.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"},{"ref":4,"title":"ECUA Issues Systemwide Precautionary Boil Water Notice Following Hurricane Isaias","publisher":"Emerald Coast Utilities Authority","date":null,"url":"https://ecua.fl.gov/CivicAlerts.aspx?AID=42","basis":"Utility record","accessed":"2026-10-09"},{"ref":5,"title":"ECUA Update #3","publisher":"Emerald Coast Utilities Authority","date":null,"url":"https://ecua.fl.gov/CivicAlerts.aspx?AID=45","basis":"Utility record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":6,"title":"ECUA Restores Water and Sewer Services to Pensacola Beach","publisher":"Emerald Coast Utilities Authority","date":null,"url":"https://ecua.fl.gov/CivicAlerts.aspx?AID=46","basis":"Utility record","accessed":"2026-10-10"},{"ref":7,"title":"Boil Water Notices","publisher":"Florida Department of Health","date":"2025-02-06","url":"https://floridahealth.gov/environmental-health/drinking-water/boil-water-notices/index.html","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":8,"title":"ECUA Lifts Precautionary Boil Water Notice for Most of Mainland Escambia County","publisher":"Emerald Coast Utilities Authority","date":"2026-10-13","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://ecua.fl.gov/CivicAlerts.aspx?AID=54","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":9,"title":"ECUA lifts boil water notice for most of mainland Escambia County","publisher":"WEAR-TV","date":"2026-10-13","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://weartv.com/news/local/ecua-lifts-boil-water-notice-for-most-of-mainland-escambia-county","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass). Event in progress; status as of October 10, 2026 updates."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 5 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (4). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Notice lifted for most of the mainland on October 13; Pensacola Beach and listed addresses still under notice."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Date Pensacola Beach notice lifted"],"related_ids":["US-FL-ECUA-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-FL-SURFSIDE-TTHM-CHLORINE-CONVERSION-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Surfside TTHM at about 180 ug/L after Miami-Dade chlorine conversion","description":"Samples collected October 23, 2025 in the Town of Surfside measured total trihalomethanes at 181.9 and 178.0 ug/L against an 80 ug/L limit. The town attributes the spike to the annual chlorine conversion by Miami-Dade County, flushed its distribution system, and will report TTHM and HAA5 quarterly while the running annual average exceeds the limit.","location":{"name":"Town of Surfside water system","type":"Municipal water distribution system","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Surfside, Miami-Dade County","coordinates":{"lat":25.878819,"lon":-80.125006,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Miami-Dade"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"FL4131424"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Disinfection byproducts above the MCL in finished water are a drinking-water quality violation.","secondary_drivers":["Annual chlorine conversion by the wholesale supplier (ref 4)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The town notice reports TTHM of 181.9 and 178.0 ug/L at two sample points, more than double the 80 ug/L MCL (ref 4).","service":"The notice states no boiling or corrective action is required and gives no loss-of-service finding (ref 4).","scale":"SDWIS lists 5,744 people served by the Town of Surfside, a single community system (ref 2).","duration":"The town expects improvement over the next two quarterly monitoring periods, so the exceedance is documented across months, not days (ref 4).","significance":"The town issued a formal public notice and, per FDEP rules, must report quarterly while the running annual average exceeds the MCL (ref 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":5744,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2); the notice does not state a population."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM 181.898941 ug/L at 1000 89th St and 178.001486 ug/L at 9415 Harding Ave, October 23, 2025 samples (MCL 80 ug/L)."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest TTHM sample, 1000 89th St","value":181.9,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"Town notice (ref 4)."},{"name":"TTHM MCL","value":80,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"As stated in the town notice (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single quarter documented in the October 28, 2025 notice (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Surfside Public Works Department","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Miami-Dade County Water and Sewer","role":"Wholesale supplier performing the chlorine conversion"}],"public_contact":"Surfside Public Works Department, as published on the town website","corrective_actions":["Distribution system flushed by Surfside Public Works (ref 4)","Quarterly TTHM and HAA5 reporting while the running annual average exceeds the MCL (ref 4)"],"sources":[{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record FL4131424 (Town of Surfside)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/FL4131424/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, FL","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_12.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"},{"ref":4,"title":"Disinfection byproducts monitoring public notice: important information about your drinking water","publisher":"Town of Surfside","date":"2025-10-29","url":"https://www.townofsurfsidefl.gov/news-and-events/news-detail/2025/10/29/disinfection-byproducts-monitoring-public-notice--important-information-about-your-drinking-water","basis":"Local government record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-FL-ORANGEWOOD-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Orangewood Water System PFOS about 16 times the 4 ppt limit in UCMR 5","description":"Orangewood Water System in Holiday, Pasco County, recorded the highest average PFOS among Florida systems in UCMR 5, at 64.3 ppt PFOS and 17.6 ppt PFOA across ten 2023 results against 4 ppt limits. WUSF reported eight PFAS totaling 185.4 ppt in 2023, and the state's source-water assessment lists an open Orangewood PFAS study at two of its five wells. No treatment is reported in the sources reviewed.","location":{"name":"Orangewood Water System","type":"Community water system (groundwater)","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Holiday, Pasco County","coordinates":{"lat":28.186216,"lon":-82.742637,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Pasco"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"FL6511311"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in a groundwater drinking supply is a contaminant occurrence problem in finished water.","secondary_drivers":["Possible PFAS source at the Orangewood well field, under study by the state (ref 6)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 mean PFOS was 64.25 ppt and mean PFOA 17.61 ppt (max 80.8 and 27.1 ppt), far above the 4 ppt PFOA and PFOS MCLs; EPA says UCMR results are not compliance determinations (refs 4, 5).","service":"No boil, do-not-drink or loss-of-service action is documented in the sources reviewed (refs 5, 6).","scale":"SDWIS and the state source-water assessment both list 6,464 people served (refs 2, 6).","duration":"Results run from January to September 2023 and WUSF reported them in August 2023; no treatment or later data was found, so exposure is at least chronic (refs 4, 5).","significance":"FDEP's source-water assessment lists an open waste-cleanup site, the Orangewood Public Well System PFAS Study, affecting wells 15400 and 23352 (ref 6)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":6464,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2) and FDEP SWAPP (ref 6)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"UCMR 5 mean PFOS 64.25 ppt (max 80.8) and PFOA 17.61 ppt (max 27.1) across 10 results in 2023; the MCL for each is 4 ppt."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOS","value":64.25,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOA","value":17.61,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Total of eight PFAS reported by WUSF","value":185.4,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"WUSF, August 2023 (ref 5)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One 2023 UCMR 5 round; no later sampling or treatment found (refs 4, 5)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Orangewood Water System","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"FDEP Southwest District drinking-water office, Temple Terrace, as listed on SWAPP","corrective_actions":["No treatment or well shutdown is documented in the sources reviewed"],"sources":[{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record FL6511311 (Orangewood Water System)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/FL6511311/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, FL","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_12.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"},{"ref":4,"title":"Fifth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule Data Finder (UCMR 5, final dataset August 2026)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2023-09-26","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/fifth-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule-data-finder","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":5,"title":"An 'alarming level' of PFAS compounds found in some Florida drinking water, a scientist says","publisher":"WUSF","date":"2023-08-18","url":"https://wusf.org/environment/2023-08-18/alarming-level-pfas-compounds-some-florida-drinking-water-scientist-says","basis":"News report"},{"ref":6,"title":"SWAPP: Source Water Assessment and Protection, Orangewood Water System (2024 results)","publisher":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","date":null,"url":"https://prodapps.dep.state.fl.us/swapp/Welcome/detailsByPublicOutreachDate/6511311/10012024","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-FL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-FL-PEMBROKE-PINES-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Pembroke Pines PFOS about 7 times the 4 ppt limit in UCMR 5","description":"Pembroke Pines, serving about 187,000 people, averaged 29.0 ppt PFOS and 12.3 ppt PFOA in two 2023 UCMR 5 rounds against 4 ppt limits. WUSF reported nine PFAS totaling 171.6 ppt in 2023 and NBC 6 listed the city among South Florida PFAS hotspots; no city treatment plan was found in the sources reviewed.","location":{"name":"City of Pembroke Pines water system","type":"Municipal water system (groundwater)","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Pembroke Pines, Broward County","coordinates":{"lat":26.014716,"lon":-80.340171,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Broward"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"FL4061083"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in finished groundwater supply is a contaminant occurrence problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 mean PFOS 29.0 ppt (max 34.7) and PFOA 12.3 ppt (max 14.4) from March and September 2023 samples exceed the 4 ppt MCLs (ref 4).","service":"NBC 6 and WUSF describe detections only and report no boil or do-not-drink action (refs 5, 6).","scale":"SDWIS lists 187,459 people served, above the 100,000 regional threshold (ref 2).","duration":"WUSF reported the first 2023 results in August 2023 and NBC 6 still listed the city as a hotspot in October 2024 (refs 5, 6).","significance":"No enforcement action exists yet; EPA states UCMR results are not compliance determinations (ref 4)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":187459,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"UCMR 5 mean PFOS 29.0 ppt and PFOA 12.3 ppt (two 2023 rounds); NBC 6 says PFOS was more than 7 times the new limit."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOS","value":29,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOA","value":12.3,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Nine PFAS total reported by WUSF","value":171.6,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"WUSF, August 2023 (ref 6)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Two 2023 UCMR 5 rounds; no later results found (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Pembroke Pines Utilities","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Pembroke Pines utilities general line, as published on the city website","corrective_actions":["No city treatment plan was found in the sources reviewed"],"sources":[{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record FL4061083 (City of Pembroke Pines)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/FL4061083/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, FL","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_12.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"},{"ref":4,"title":"Fifth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule Data Finder (UCMR 5, final dataset August 2026)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2023-09-26","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/fifth-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule-data-finder","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":5,"title":"Forever chemicals found in tap water across South Florida","publisher":"NBC 6 South Florida","date":"2024-10-12","url":"https://www.nbcmiami.com/responds/forever-chemicals-tap-water-south-florida/3442603","basis":"News report"},{"ref":6,"title":"An 'alarming level' of PFAS compounds found in some Florida drinking water, a scientist says","publisher":"WUSF","date":"2023-08-18","url":"https://wusf.org/environment/2023-08-18/alarming-level-pfas-compounds-some-florida-drinking-water-scientist-says","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-FL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-FL-CORAL-SPRINGS-PFAS-NANOFILTRATION-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Coral Springs PFOS 15.7 ppt average; $205 million nanofiltration plan approved","description":"Coral Springs averaged 15.65 ppt PFOS and 4.9 ppt PFOA in 2024 and 2025 UCMR 5 samples against 4 ppt limits. In January 2026 the city commission approved a decade-long, roughly $205 million water upgrade that includes a $150 million nanofiltration system to remove PFAS.","location":{"name":"City of Coral Springs water system","type":"Municipal water system (groundwater)","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Coral Springs, Broward County","coordinates":{"lat":26.270722,"lon":-80.259301,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Broward"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"FL4060290"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in finished groundwater supply drives the treatment upgrade.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 results of 15.9 and 15.4 ppt PFOS and 4.8 and 5.0 ppt PFOA (December 2024 and June 2025) exceed the 4 ppt MCLs (ref 4).","service":"The Coral Springs News report on the plan describes no boil, restriction or outage (ref 5).","scale":"SDWIS lists 65,000 people served, a single mid-sized system (ref 2).","duration":"The PFAS plan is a decade-long initiative per the January 2026 report, and results span at least a year (refs 4, 5).","significance":"The commission approved the plan, but no violation or order is documented; EPA says UCMR results are not compliance determinations (refs 4, 5)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":65000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The commission approved a decade-long, about $205 million water plan with a $150 million nanofiltration system to remove PFAS (Coral Springs News, January 14, 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOS","value":15.65,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOA","value":4.9,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Total water upgrade program","value":205,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Coral Springs News (ref 5)."},{"name":"Nanofiltration system","value":150,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Coral Springs News (ref 5)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["About $205 million program over a decade (ref 5)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Two UCMR 5 results, December 2024 and June 2025 (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Coral Springs","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Coral Springs utilities general line, as published on the city website","corrective_actions":["City commission approved a decade-long upgrade including a $150 million nanofiltration PFAS system (ref 5)"],"sources":[{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record FL4060290 (City of Coral Springs)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/FL4060290/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, FL","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_12.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"},{"ref":4,"title":"Fifth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule Data Finder (UCMR 5, final dataset August 2026)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2023-09-26","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/fifth-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule-data-finder","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":5,"title":"Coral Springs commits to $205 million water plant upgrade to remove PFAS","publisher":"Coral Springs News","date":"2026-01-14","url":"https://www.coralspringsflnews.com/news/government/article314302829.html","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass). News summary was AI-assisted and journalist-edited per the outlet."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-FL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-FL-DELRAY-BEACH-PFAS-MEMBRANE-PLANT-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Delray Beach PFOS 28.7 ppt; new membrane plant estimate rises to $280 million","description":"Delray Beach's October 2023 UCMR 5 sample measured 28.7 ppt PFOS and 14.2 ppt PFOA against 4 ppt limits. The city's replacement membrane plant estimate rose from about $120 million to as much as $280 million because of the federal PFAS rule, with the plant expected online in late 2027 or early 2028.","location":{"name":"Delray Beach public water system","type":"Municipal water system (groundwater)","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Delray Beach, Palm Beach County","coordinates":{"lat":26.455903,"lon":-80.09042,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Palm Beach"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"FL4500351"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in finished groundwater supply is driving a new treatment plant and rate pressure.","secondary_drivers":["Aging 73-year-old lime-softening plant that cannot meet PFAS limits (ref 5)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"The only UCMR 5 round, October 10, 2023, shows PFOS 28.7 ppt and PFOA 14.2 ppt, above the 4 ppt MCLs (ref 4).","service":"Neither the Coastal Star report nor the Hazen project page describes any outage or boil advisory (refs 5, 6).","scale":"SDWIS lists 69,754 people served and Hazen cites about 73,000 customers (refs 2, 6).","duration":"The plant is scheduled for late 2027 or early 2028, so a multi-month gap remains between detection and treatment (ref 5).","significance":"The city set a 2027 PFAS compliance deadline for the project, but no violation or order is documented (ref 6)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":69754,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2); Hazen cites about 73,000 customers (ref 6)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Plant estimate could reach $280 million, up from about $120 million, driven by the federal PFAS standard (Coastal Star, February 26, 2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 PFOS result","value":28.7,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Single October 2023 result (ref 4)."},{"name":"UCMR 5 PFOA result","value":14.2,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Single October 2023 result (ref 4)."},{"name":"Plant cost estimate (upper)","value":280,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Coastal Star (ref 5)."},{"name":"New plant capacity","value":14,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Hazen (ref 6); expandable to 22 MGD."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Water bills up about 30% over five years ending 2027 and further increases expected (ref 5)","Plant cost estimate more than doubled (ref 5)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"A single UCMR 5 round (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Delray Beach Utilities","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Delray Beach utilities general line, as published on the city website","corrective_actions":["Progressive design-build of a 14 MGD membrane plant with pilot testing of nanofiltration or low-pressure reverse osmosis (ref 6)","Blending of membrane and lime-softened water expected initially (ref 6)"],"sources":[{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record FL4500351 (Delray Beach Public Water System)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/FL4500351/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, FL","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_12.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"},{"ref":4,"title":"Fifth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule Data Finder (UCMR 5, final dataset August 2026)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2023-09-26","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/fifth-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule-data-finder","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":5,"title":"Delray Beach water plant estimate rises to $280 million","publisher":"The Coastal Star","date":"2025-02-26","url":"https://thecoastalstar.com/profiles/blogs/delray-beach-water-plant-estimate-rises-to-280-million-dollars","basis":"News report"},{"ref":6,"title":"A progressive design-build journey toward a PFAS-compliant water treatment plant","publisher":"Hazen and Sawyer","date":null,"url":"https://hazenandsawyer.com/projects/a-progressive-design-build-journey-towards-a-pfas-compliant-water-treatment-plant","basis":"Consultant project page","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-FL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-FL-TAMPA-PFAS-SIX-PLANT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Tampa finished-water PFOS above 4 ppt in 2023; $200 million ion-exchange plant planned","description":"Tampa's entry-point samples showed PFOS of 4.0 to 6.9 ppt through 2023 and PFOA up to 4.6 ppt, against 4 ppt limits, with later 2024 and 2025 results lower or below reporting levels. The city is building a roughly $200 million suspended ion-exchange plant at its Tippin facility for completion in 2032, which pilot testing showed removes about 30% of PFAS.","location":{"name":"City of Tampa Water Department","type":"Municipal surface-water system","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Tampa, Hillsborough County (David L. Tippin plant)","coordinates":{"lat":27.970086,"lon":-82.479673,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Hillsborough"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"FL6290327"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in finished surface-water supply is driving a major treatment investment.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Quarterly 2023 UCMR 5 PFOS of 4.0, 5.0, 6.8 and 6.9 ppt exceeded 4 ppt, but a 2025 result was below the reporting level, so exposure is limited (refs 4, 5).","service":"WLRN and Tampa Bay Beacons describe no boil, restriction or outage tied to PFAS (refs 5, 6).","scale":"SDWIS lists 733,886 people served by the City of Tampa Water Department (ref 2).","duration":"Elevated PFOS spans 2023 to early 2024 and the treatment plant is not due until 2032 (refs 5, 6).","significance":"No violation exists yet; the city joined a PFAS manufacturer lawsuit and the MCL deadline cited by Tampa Bay Beacons is April 2029 (refs 5, 6)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":733886,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Tampa found PFOS of 4 to 6.9 ppt and PFOA up to 4.6 ppt in the prior year (WLRN, April 2024); SIX plant about $200 million, completion 2032 (Tampa Bay Beacons, July 2026)."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 PFOS, 2023 entry-point results (mean of four)","value":5.7,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of 4.0, 5.0, 6.8 and 6.9 ppt (ref 4); not a compliance running average."},{"name":"SIX plant cost estimate","value":200,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Tampa Bay Beacons, July 2026 (ref 6)."},{"name":"SIX design capacity (peak)","value":140,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Water Online, March 2026 (ref 7)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["About $200 million project; city expects to recover costs through PFAS litigation (ref 5)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"UCMR 5 PFOS fell from 6.9 ppt in late 2023 to below the reporting level in September 2025 (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Tampa Water Department","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Tampa Water Department general line, as published on the city website","corrective_actions":["Design and construction of suspended ion-exchange at the Tippin plant, groundbreaking expected mid-to-late 2027 (ref 6)","Council funding approved for design in March 2026 (ref 7)","Interim PFAS mitigation plan if compliance deadline is extended (ref 6)"],"sources":[{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record FL6290327 (City of Tampa Water Department)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/FL6290327/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, FL","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_12.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"},{"ref":4,"title":"Fifth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule Data Finder (UCMR 5, final dataset August 2026)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2023-09-26","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/fifth-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule-data-finder","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":5,"title":"Tampa is bringing a new water filtration system to the U.S. that will help remove forever chemicals","publisher":"WLRN / WUSF","date":"2023-12-13","url":"https://www.wlrn.org/environment/2023-12-13/tampa-water-filtration-system-forever-chemicals-pfas","basis":"News report"},{"ref":6,"title":"New water treatment technology to reduce forever chemicals in Tampa","publisher":"Tampa Bay Beacons","date":"2026-07-15","url":"https://www.tampabaybeacons.com/2026/07/15/new-water-treatment-technology-to-reduce-forever-chemicals-in-tampa/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":7,"title":"Tampa City Council approves funding for world's largest suspended ion exchange system","publisher":"Water Online","date":"2026-03-25","url":"https://www.wateronline.com/doc/tampa-city-council-approves-funding-world-s-largest-suspended-ion-exchange-system-david-l-tippin-water-treatment-facility-0001","basis":"Trade press"},{"ref":8,"title":"How new federal regulations on forever chemicals in drinking water impact Floridians","publisher":"WLRN / WUSF","date":"2024-04-11","url":"https://www.wlrn.org/environment/2024-04-11/how-new-federal-regulations-on-forever-chemicals-in-drinking-water-impact-floridians","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-FL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-FL-PINELLAS-BOIL-HURRICANES-HELENE-MILTON-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Pinellas County barrier-island boil notices after Hurricanes Helene and Milton","description":"After Hurricane Helene on September 27, 2024, Pinellas County Utilities put a boil-water notice on St. Pete Beach, Treasure Island and Tierra Verde with more than 400 leaks and a flooded booster station. A second notice followed Hurricane Milton and was lifted on October 14, 2024, the same day St. Petersburg lifted its own.","location":{"name":"Pinellas County Utilities southern barrier islands","type":"County utility service area","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"St. Pete Beach, Treasure Island and Tierra Verde, Pinellas County","coordinates":{"lat":27.908685,"lon":-82.774174,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Pinellas"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"FL6521405"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Storm surge damage caused loss of pressure and forced precautionary boil notices.","secondary_drivers":["Hurricane storm surge and sand burying pipes and valves (ref 4)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"County officials warned that stagnant water can grow bacteria, but no contamination result is cited; the notices were precautionary (ref 4).","service":"WUSF reports a flooded Gulf Beach booster station, more than 400 leaks and reduced pressure in the southern beach communities after Helene (ref 4).","scale":"SDWIS lists 506,353 people served by Pinellas County Utilities, but the notices covered only the southern barrier islands (ref 2).","duration":"The Helene notice began September 27 and was still active October 2; the Milton notice was lifted October 14, 2024, about two and a half weeks in all (refs 4, 5).","significance":"The county issued a formal boil notice effective September 27 and a second after Milton, which FOX 13 reports was lifted October 14 with Department of Health flushing guidance (refs 4, 5)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Customers affected are not stated in the opened sources; SDWIS system population is 506,353 (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than 400 leaks identified in the first days after Helene; boil notices lifted October 14, 2024 (WUSF; FOX 13)."},"measures":[{"name":"Leaks identified after Helene","value":400,"unit":"leaks","status":"Reported","note":"WUSF, October 2, 2024 (ref 4); officials said the number had likely grown."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Notices lifted October 14, 2024 (ref 5)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Pinellas County Utilities","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Florida Department of Health","role":"Public-health notices and county health departments"}],"public_contact":"Pinellas County Utilities Customer Service, (727) 464-4000, as published by WUSF","corrective_actions":["More than 100 workers repaired mains and pump stations (ref 4)","Notices lifted after water-quality testing (ref 5)"],"sources":[{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record FL6521405 (Pinellas County Utilities)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/FL6521405/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, FL","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_12.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"},{"ref":4,"title":"Crews work to resolve Pinellas water woes after Hurricane Helene","publisher":"WUSF","date":"2024-10-02","url":"https://www.wusf.org/weather/2024-10-02/crews-work-to-resolve-pinellas-water-woes-after-hurricane-helene","basis":"News report"},{"ref":5,"title":"Boil water notice lifted for St. Pete, southern barrier islands in Pinellas County","publisher":"FOX 13 Tampa Bay","date":"2024-10-14","url":"https://fox13news.com/news/st-pete-lifts-boil-water-notice-put-place-during-hurricane-milton","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass). Pinellas.gov pages returned 404, so county notices were not cited."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-FL-PALATKA-LEAD-ACTION-LEVEL-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Palatka lead action level exceeded at 16.8 ppb in November 2025","description":"The City of Palatka's 2025 water quality report states 8 of 62 tap samples exceeded the 15 ppb lead action level in November 2025, giving a 90th percentile of 16.8 ppb and one tap at 920 ppb. The same report records a 2025 total coliform treatment-technique violation and a missed 2024 nitrate sampling requirement; trihalomethanes, a violation in 2022 at 127.4 ppb, were back under the limit in 2025.","location":{"name":"R.C. Willis Water Treatment Plant (City of Palatka)","type":"Municipal water system (groundwater)","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Palatka, Putnam County","coordinates":{"lat":29.644871,"lon":-81.676737,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Putnam"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"FL2544260"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Lead at customer taps plus bacteriological and monitoring violations are drinking-water quality failures.","secondary_drivers":["Corrosion of household plumbing (ref 4)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Lead at 16.8 ppb (90th percentile) exceeded the 15 ppb action level, with tap results up to 920 ppb (ref 4).","service":"The report describes a public education notice but no boil or do-not-drink order (ref 4).","scale":"SDWIS lists 11,900 people served by the R.C. Willis plant (ref 2).","duration":"TTHM exceeded the limit in 2022 (127.43 ppb) and lead exceeded in 2025, with coliform and monitoring violations also in 2025, so problems span several years (refs 4, 5).","significance":"The report cites a 2025 total coliform treatment-technique violation and says a public education notice went out February 4, 2026 (ref 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":11900,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Lead 90th percentile 16.8 ppb (action level 15 ppb); 8 of 62 taps over the action level, November 2025 (2025 report)."},"measures":[{"name":"Lead 90th percentile","value":16.8,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"City of Palatka 2025 report (ref 4)."},{"name":"Taps over lead action level","value":8,"unit":"sites","status":"Reported","note":"Of 62 sampled (ref 4)."},{"name":"TTHM highest LRAA in 2022","value":127.43,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"2022 report (ref 5); MCL 80 ppb."},{"name":"TTHM highest LRAA in 2025","value":59.03,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"2025 report (ref 4); compliant."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"TTHM improved from 127 ppb (2022) to 59 ppb (2025) while lead exceeded the action level in 2025 (refs 4, 5)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Palatka Water Plant","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Palatka Water Plant, 386-329-0144, as printed in the city report","corrective_actions":["Public education notice distributed February 4, 2026 (ref 4)","Level 2 coliform assessment completed May 2025 with two corrective actions (ref 4)","Hydrogen peroxide added to reduce disinfection byproducts (ref 4)"],"sources":[{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record FL2544260 (R.C. Willis WTP, City of Palatka)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/FL2544260/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, FL","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_12.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"},{"ref":4,"title":"2025 Annual Drinking Water Quality Report, City of Palatka (PWSID 2544260)","publisher":"City of Palatka via Putnam County","date":"2026-06-01","url":"https://www.putnam-fl.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/2544260_R._C._WILLIS_WTP_CITY_OF_PALATKA_CCR_2025_-_approved_SMT.pdf","basis":"Utility record"},{"ref":5,"title":"2022 Annual Drinking Water Quality Report, City of Palatka (PWSID 2544260)","publisher":"City of Palatka via Putnam County","date":"2023-06-21","url":"https://www.putnam-fl.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/2544260-City-of-Palatka-2022-CCR.pdf","basis":"Utility record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass). 2025 report posted date inferred from the upload path (June 2026)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-FL-ESCAMBIA-NAVY-PFAS-PRIVATE-WELLS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Navy PFAS sampling of private wells around Pensacola-area bases continues","description":"The Navy is sampling private drinking-water wells around NAS Pensacola, Corry Station and Saufley Field, with about 17,000 people mailed notices and close to 100 wells addressed as of May 2025. Earlier Saufley results showed 8 of 20 preliminary wells above EPA's former 70 ppt advisory; interim fixes are point-of-entry filters, with municipal connection as the long-term option. FDEP's Saufley Field investigation page reports 13 of 50 private wells sampled in 2019 above 70 ppt, with most homes connected to city water by early 2020.","location":{"name":"Private wells near Pensacola-area Navy bases","type":"Private-well area near military installations","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Escambia County, Pensacola area","coordinates":{"lat":30.440989,"lon":-87.191242,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Escambia"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS from military firefighting foam contaminates private groundwater wells used for drinking.","secondary_drivers":["Military PFAS releases, with firefighting foam use cited at Navy sites (refs 4, 5)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"8 of 20 preliminary Saufley-area results in February 2019 were above EPA's 70 ppt lifetime advisory for PFOS and PFOA (ref 5).","service":"The Navy supplies bottled water or point-of-entry canisters to affected well owners, so supply continues with workarounds (refs 4, 5).","scale":"WUWF reports about 17,000 people in the sampling area received notices, a community-scale population (ref 4).","duration":"Outreach began in late 2016 and 2017 and the Navy says it will remain as long as it takes, so exposure is chronic (ref 4).","significance":"Navy sampling follows a DoD interim action level of 12 ppt, with EPA Region 4 and Florida agencies coordinating; no court order is cited (ref 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"About 17,000 people received mailed notices (ref 4); the number with contaminated wells is not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Navy has addressed close to 100 private wells; about 17,000 people received a mailed notice (WUWF, May 9, 2025)."},"measures":[{"name":"People mailed notices","value":17000,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"WUWF (ref 4)."},{"name":"Private wells addressed by the Navy","value":100,"unit":"wells","status":"Estimated","note":"WUWF says close to 100 (ref 4)."},{"name":"DoD interim action level","value":12,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"WUWF (ref 4); EPA MCL is 4 ppt."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Sampling rounds run from 2016-2017 through at least May 2025 (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Navy (NAS Pensacola)","role":"Responsible party and sampling lead"},{"name":"U.S. EPA Region 4","role":"Federal coordination"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"NAS Pensacola public line 866-470-6277, as published by WUWF","corrective_actions":["Point-of-entry treatment systems installed at homes (ref 4)","Connection to municipal water offered as the long-term option (ref 4)","Re-sampling of wells and testing of new wells (ref 4)"],"sources":[{"ref":3,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, FL","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_12.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"},{"ref":4,"title":"Navy addresses PFAS in private drinking water wells near Pensacola-area bases","publisher":"WUWF Public Media","date":"2025-05-09","url":"https://www.wuwf.org/local-news/2025-05-09/navy-addresses-pfas-in-private-drinking-water-wells-near-pensacola-area-bases","basis":"News report"},{"ref":5,"title":"Navy finds PFAS, PFOS in private residences water well in Saufley Field area","publisher":"WEAR-TV","date":"2019-02-25","url":"https://int.weartv.com/news/local/navy-finds-pfas-pfos-in-private-residences-water-well-in-saufley-field-area","basis":"News report"},{"ref":6,"title":"Efforts to address PFOA and PFOS in the environment at Saufley Field","publisher":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2025-07-09","url":"https://floridadep.gov/waste/waste-cleanup/content/naval-air-station-pensacola%E2%80%99s-saufley-field-pfas-investigation","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass). No PWSID because private wells are not a public water system."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-FL-ECUA-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-FL-LAUDERHILL-PFAS-TTHM-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lauderhill PFOS 34.5 ppt and four quarterly TTHM violations in 2024","description":"Lauderhill averaged 34.5 ppt PFOS and 10.1 ppt PFOA in two 2023 UCMR 5 rounds against 4 ppt limits, and NBC 6 listed it among South Florida PFAS hotspots with PFOS over seven times the limit. SDWIS (ref 7) also lists four quarterly 2024 TTHM MCL violations at 94.1 to 119.7 ug/L against 80 ug/L, still open in EPA's record.","location":{"name":"City of Lauderhill water system","type":"Municipal water system (groundwater)","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Lauderhill, Broward County","coordinates":{"lat":26.162225,"lon":-80.224434,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Broward"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"FL4060787"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS and disinfection byproducts above limits in finished water are quality failures.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"TTHM exceeded the 80 ug/L MCL in all four quarters of 2024 (94.1 to 119.7 ug/L) and UCMR 5 PFOS averaged 34.5 ppt (refs 4, 7).","service":"NBC 6 reports detections only; no boil or do-not-drink action is documented (ref 5).","scale":"SDWIS lists 55,000 people served by the City of Lauderhill (ref 2).","duration":"Four consecutive 2024 quarters of TTHM violations plus 2023 PFAS results span more than a year (refs 4, 7).","significance":"SDWIS shows four formal health-based MCL violations (code 02, status K, unresolved) for 2024 (ref 7)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":55000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Four 2024 quarterly TTHM violations (94.1 to 119.7 ug/L vs 80 ug/L) and UCMR 5 mean PFOS of 34.5 ppt."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOS","value":34.5,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOA","value":10.05,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"Highest 2024 quarterly TTHM violation","value":119.67,"unit":"ug/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS violation record, April to June 2024 (ref 7); MCL 80 ug/L."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"2024 quarterly TTHM values were 99.1, 119.7, 97.6 and 94.1 ug/L, roughly flat (ref 7)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Lauderhill Utilities","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Lauderhill utilities general line, as published on the city website","corrective_actions":["No utility corrective plan was found in the sources reviewed"],"sources":[{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record FL4060787 (City of Lauderhill)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/FL4060787/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, FL","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_12.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"},{"ref":4,"title":"Fifth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule Data Finder (UCMR 5, final dataset August 2026)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2023-09-26","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/fifth-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule-data-finder","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":5,"title":"Forever chemicals found in tap water across South Florida","publisher":"NBC 6 South Florida","date":"2024-10-12","url":"https://www.nbcmiami.com/responds/forever-chemicals-tap-water-south-florida/3442603","basis":"News report"},{"ref":7,"title":"SDWIS violation records for FL4060787","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/FL4060787/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass). TTHM and PFAS facts rest on EPA data; NBC 6 supports only the PFAS hotspot listing."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-FL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-FL-NORTH-MIAMI-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"North Miami PFOS up to 45 ppt, more than 10 times the 4 ppt limit","description":"North Miami's UCMR 5 results reached 45 ppt PFOS and 12 ppt PFOA (2023 to January 2024), with a mean PFOS of 28 ppt against the 4 ppt limits. NBC 6 reported PFOS more than 10 times the new limit in North Miami, North Bay Village and Bal Harbour; no city treatment plan was found in the sources reviewed.","location":{"name":"City of North Miami water system","type":"Municipal water system (groundwater)","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"North Miami, Miami-Dade County","coordinates":{"lat":25.900829,"lon":-80.1686,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Miami-Dade"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"FL4130977"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in finished groundwater supply is a contaminant occurrence problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 PFOS reached 44 and 45 ppt (July 2023 and January 2024) and PFOA 12 ppt, against 4 ppt MCLs (ref 4).","service":"NBC 6 describes detections only and reports no advisory or restriction (ref 5).","scale":"SDWIS lists 89,349 people served by the City of North Miami, below 100,000 (ref 2).","duration":"Results span July 2023 to January 2024 and NBC 6 still listed North Miami as a hotspot in October 2024 (refs 4, 5).","significance":"No enforcement is documented; EPA says UCMR 5 results are not compliance determinations (ref 4)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":89349,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"North Miami UCMR 5 PFOS up to 45 ppt; NBC 6 says PFOS was more than 10 times the new limit (October 2024)."},"measures":[{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOS","value":28,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."},{"name":"UCMR 5 maximum PFOS","value":45,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"January 2024 result (ref 4)."},{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOA","value":6,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"UCMR 5 averages here are means over the system's PFOA or PFOS results (non-detects as zero), not compliance running annual averages."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Two sampling dates, July 2023 and January 2024 (ref 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of North Miami Public Works","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of North Miami utilities general line, as published on the city website","corrective_actions":["No city treatment plan was found in the sources reviewed"],"sources":[{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record FL4130977 (City of North Miami)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/FL4130977/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, FL","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_12.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"},{"ref":4,"title":"Fifth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule Data Finder (UCMR 5, final dataset August 2026)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2023-09-26","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/fifth-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule-data-finder","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":5,"title":"Forever chemicals found in tap water across South Florida","publisher":"NBC 6 South Florida","date":"2024-10-12","url":"https://www.nbcmiami.com/responds/forever-chemicals-tap-water-south-florida/3442603","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-FL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-FL-STUART-PFAS-AFFF-WELLS-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Stuart firefighting-foam PFAS shut three wells; $20 million RO plant built","description":"The state says PFOA and PFOS exceeded EPA's 70 ppt advisory at three City of Stuart supply wells, which were shut down; firefighting foam is a significant source and the state offers alternative water to affected private wells. The city built a $20 million reverse-osmosis plant drawing from the Floridan aquifer and led the municipal lawsuit that produced a roughly $10 billion 3M settlement.","location":{"name":"City of Stuart water plant","type":"Municipal water system","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Stuart, Martin County","coordinates":{"lat":27.195272,"lon":-80.244114,"precision":"city","source_ref":3},"counties":["Martin"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"FL4430259"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS from firefighting foam contaminated municipal supply wells.","secondary_drivers":["Aqueous film-forming foam used at the city fire department training area (refs 4, 5)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"FDEP says three Stuart wells exceeded the 70 ppt PFOA plus PFOS advisory and were shut down (ref 4).","service":"Wells were shut and replaced and a $600,000 removal system was installed, with no loss of service reported (ref 5).","scale":"SDWIS lists 16,841 people served by the Stuart water plant (ref 2).","duration":"Contamination was known from 2016, the RO plant took four years to build, and DEP and DOH work continues (refs 4, 5).","significance":"Stuart sued PFAS manufacturers as lead plaintiff and its commissioners approved a settlement with 3M (ref 6)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":16841,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Three Stuart supply wells exceeded EPA's 70 ppt advisory and were shut down (Florida DEP)."},"measures":[{"name":"New reverse-osmosis plant cost","value":20,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"WPTV, May 2024 photos (ref 5)."},{"name":"Removal system on old wells","value":0.6,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"WPTV (ref 5)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Settlement share undisclosed and expected to reimburse treatment spending (ref 6)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"New RO plant reported to draw PFAS-free water from the deeper Floridan aquifer (ref 5)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Stuart","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Florida Department of Health","role":"Public-health notices and county health departments"}],"public_contact":"City of Stuart utilities general line, as published on the city website","corrective_actions":["Contaminated wells shut down and replaced (refs 4, 5)","$20 million reverse-osmosis plant on the Floridan aquifer (ref 5)","DOH well survey and DEP alternative water for impacted private wells (ref 4)"],"sources":[{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record FL4430259 (City of Stuart Water Plant)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/FL4430259/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"2024 Gazetteer place file, FL","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_12.txt","basis":"Federal geographic reference; representative place internal point"},{"ref":4,"title":"PFOA and PFOS Sampling Efforts Associated with Public Well Systems in Florida","publisher":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2025-07-09","url":"https://floridadep.gov/waste/waste-cleanup/content/pfoa-and-pfos-sampling-efforts-associated-public-well-systems-florida","basis":"State record"},{"ref":5,"title":"New water treatment plant to ensure safe drinking water for generations in Stuart","publisher":"WPTV","date":"2024-05-06","url":"https://www.wptv.com/news/region-martin-county/stuart/new-water-treatment-plant-to-ensure-safe-drinking-water-for-generations-in-stuart","basis":"News report","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":6,"title":"Stuart leaders sign off on 3M settlement totaling $10.3 billion","publisher":"WPTV","date":"2023-06-23","url":"https://www.wptv.com/news/region-martin-county/stuart/stuart-leaders-sign-off-on-3m-settlement-totaling-10-3-billion","basis":"News report","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass). Both WPTV pages are undated in the text; the retrieval date is used."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (2) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-FL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-FL-TAMPABAY-STAGE3-SUPPLY-SHORTAGE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Tampa Bay Water Stage 3 regional supply shortage and reservoir drawdown","description":"Tampa Bay Water reported on September 4, 2026 that the region remained in a Stage 3 Regional Supply Shortage, with the C.W. Bill Young Regional Reservoir near 31% of its 15.5-billion-gallon capacity at the end of August and about 15% at the end of July. By the end of September the reservoir held 9.39 billion gallons (about 60%), but the 12-month streamflow deficit was still 28.0 mgd. The Southwest Florida Water Management District issued an emergency order, expiring March 31, 2027, letting the wholesaler withdraw additional water from the Tampa Bypass Canal.","location":{"name":"Tampa Bay Water regional supply system","type":"Regional wholesale water supply agency","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Wholesale supplier to Hillsborough, Pasco and Pinellas member governments; reservoir at Lithia in Hillsborough County.","coordinates":{"lat":27.8,"lon":-82.2,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Hillsborough","Pasco","Pinellas"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Two years of below-average rainy seasons cut river and reservoir supply, forcing a regional shortage stage and emergency withdrawals.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No health injury is documented; the risk is to supply, as the reservoir fell to about 15% of capacity by end of July (ref 1).","service":"Member utilities are under Stage 3 regional shortage and district Modified Phase III watering limits (refs 1, 3).","scale":"The regional system supplies the Hillsborough, Pasco and Pinellas member governments, a multi-county urban area (ref 1).","duration":"The 12-month rainfall deficit was 14.1 inches in August and 10 inches in September 2026, after a below-average 2025 rainy season (refs 1, 2, 3).","significance":"SWFWMD issued an emergency order for added Tampa Bypass Canal withdrawals, valid to March 31, 2027 (ref 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Tampa Bay Water is a wholesale agency; no SDWIS population is reported for a single system covering its member service areas."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: reservoir at 9.39 billion gallons (about 60% of capacity) end of September 2026"},"measures":[{"name":"Reservoir volume, end of September 2026","value":9.39,"unit":"billion gallons","status":"Reported","note":"About 60% of 15.5 BG capacity (ref 2)."},{"name":"12-month average streamflow deficit","value":28,"unit":"mgd","status":"Reported","note":"End of September 2026 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Average water delivered, September 2026","value":180.12,"unit":"mgd","status":"Reported","note":"10% lower than September 2025 (ref 2)."},{"name":"12-month average rainfall deficit","value":10,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"September 2026 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Reservoir storage rose from about 15% in July to about 60% in September 2026, but streamflow deficits persist and the dry season is ahead (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Tampa Bay Water","role":"Regional wholesale supplier"},{"name":"Southwest Florida Water Management District","role":"Declares shortage and issues emergency withdrawal orders"}],"public_contact":"Tampa Bay Water, published news and customer channels at tampabaywater.org","corrective_actions":["Stage 3 regional supply shortage operations","Emergency order allowing added Tampa Bypass Canal withdrawals through March 31, 2027","Seawater desalination plant output (10.9 mgd average in September 2026)","Monthly public reporting of rainfall, reservoir and deliveries"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"August Rainfall Boosts Regional Water Supplies, Long-Term Deficits Remain","publisher":"Tampa Bay Water","date":"2026-09-04","url":"https://www.tampabaywater.org/news/august-rainfall-boosts-regional-water-supplies-long-term-deficits-remain/","basis":"Utility release"},{"ref":2,"title":"September Rainfall Supports Continued Improvement in Regional Water Supplies","publisher":"Tampa Bay Water","date":"2026-10-07","url":"https://www.tampabaywater.org/news/september-rainfall-supports-continued-improvement-in-regional-water-supplies/","basis":"Utility release"},{"ref":3,"title":"District extends Modified Phase III water shortage","publisher":"Southwest Florida Water Management District","date":"2026-09-22","url":"https://www.swfwmd.state.fl.us/the-newsroom/2026/district-extends-modified-phase-iii-water-shortage-0","basis":"State agency release"},{"ref":4,"title":"C.W. Bill Young Regional Reservoir","publisher":"Tampa Bay Water","date":"2021-08-16","url":"https://www.tampabaywater.org/cw-bill-young-regional-reservoir","basis":"Utility page","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass, supply and groundwater)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population served by the wholesale system","PWSID (wholesale agency has no single SDWIS record with a meaningful population)"],"related_ids":["US-FL-DROUGHT-2025-2027-SWFWMD-PHASE3"]},{"id":"US-FL-PEACERIVER-REGIONAL-SUPPLY-DROUGHT-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Peace River Manasota regional supply: half-empty reservoir and emergency Peace River diversions","description":"In March 2026 the Peace River Manasota Regional Water Supply Authority said its reservoir was at about 50% capacity versus the usual 70-80%, with the Peace River below its 130 cfs pumping limit since November. The Authority supplies Sarasota, Charlotte and DeSoto counties and North Port, and by mid-May had 7 to 8 months of stored supply instead of the usual 12 to 13. Emergency orders allowed extra river and Shell Creek withdrawals while an environmental group warned of harm to the river.","location":{"name":"Peace River Manasota Regional Water Supply Authority","type":"Regional wholesale water supply authority","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Peace River facility near Arcadia, supplying Sarasota, Charlotte and DeSoto counties and North Port.","coordinates":{"lat":27.22,"lon":-81.86,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["DeSoto","Sarasota","Charlotte"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Low Peace River flow limited the Authority's withdrawals, drawing down surface storage that serves several counties.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Officials say supply is secure, but ManaSota-88's chairman warned the emergency pumping could have a devastating impact on the low river (ref 2).","service":"Customers are under district Modified Phase 3 once-a-week watering limits while the Authority conserves stored water (refs 2, 3).","scale":"The Authority distributes nearly 30 million gallons daily to Sarasota, DeSoto and Charlotte counties and North Port (ref 1).","duration":"The river has been below the pumping limit since November 2025 and storage was still 7 to 8 months in mid-May 2026 (refs 2, 3).","significance":"SWFWMD emergency orders changed the diversion schedule and allowed added Shell Creek withdrawals (refs 2, 3)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The Authority is a wholesale agency with no matching SDWIS system record; the reports give counties served but no population total."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: reservoir at about 50% capacity in March 2026, about 3 billion of 6 billion gallons in mid-May"},"measures":[{"name":"Reservoir capacity","value":6,"unit":"billion gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Built to hold about 6 BG (ref 1)."},{"name":"Stored supply, mid-May 2026","value":7.5,"unit":"months","status":"Estimated","note":"Reported as 7 to 8 months vs usual 12 to 13 (ref 3); midpoint shown."},{"name":"Average river withdrawal, March 2026","value":8.73,"unit":"mgd","status":"Reported","note":"Versus more than three times that distributed daily (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Officials expected to refill the reservoir by the end of summer if rains returned; no post-June storage figure was reviewed (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Peace River Manasota Regional Water Supply Authority","role":"Regional wholesale supplier"},{"name":"Southwest Florida Water Management District","role":"Shortage declaration and emergency withdrawal orders"}],"public_contact":"Peace River Manasota Regional Water Supply Authority, published general channels","corrective_actions":["Emergency order for adjusted Peace River diversion schedule","Added Shell Creek withdrawals via Punta Gorda","Aquifer Storage and Recovery plus second reservoir storage","9-billion-gallon reservoir under construction (about three years out)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Peace River water reservoir drops to concerning levels","publisher":"WWSB ABC7","date":"2026-03-05","url":"https://www.mysuncoast.com/2026/03/06/peace-river-water-reservoir-drops-concerning-levels","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Drought drains Southwest Florida water reserves, but officials say supply is secure","publisher":"WWSB / Suncoast Searchlight","date":"2026-05-15","url":"https://www.mysuncoast.com/2026/05/15/drought-drains-southwest-florida-water-reserves-officials-say-supply-is-secure/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Southwest Florida water restrictions extended to October","publisher":"Suncoast Searchlight","date":"2026-06-24","url":"https://suncoastsearchlight.org/?p=4478","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass, supply and groundwater)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["population served","emergency order documents not opened (reported via news)"],"related_ids":["US-FL-DROUGHT-2025-2027-SWFWMD-PHASE3"]},{"id":"US-FL-UPPERPEACE-LAKEHANCOCK-DRY-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Upper Peace River near zero flow as Lake Hancock outlet is closed","description":"In late April 2026 the Southwest Florida Water Management District planned to close the Lake Hancock P-11 structure to protect the lake's minimum level, leaving discharges to the Upper Peace River expected to reach zero. News reports said stretches between Lake Hancock and Fort Meade could go dry until the rainy season, with fish stranding and low-oxygen risks. The district reported a 12.8-inch 12-month rainfall deficit.","location":{"name":"Upper Peace River below Lake Hancock","type":"River segment","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Peace River between Lake Hancock (Polk County) and Fort Meade.","coordinates":{"lat":27.8,"lon":-81.8,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Polk"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Low lake and aquifer levels left no water to release for dry-season river flow.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The report warns of trapped fish, falling dissolved oxygen and possible fish kills in isolated pools; no kill is documented in it (ref 1).","service":"No drinking-water service loss is reported; the effect is on river flow and navigation (ref 1).","scale":"A river reach between Lake Hancock and Fort Meade is affected, a local-to-county stretch (ref 1).","duration":"The river was expected to stay dry until the summer rains around June 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"The district closed the P-11 water-control structure to keep the lake at its required minimum level (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population is tied to the river segment."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 12.8-inch 12-month rainfall deficit; discharge to the Upper Peace River expected to reach zero"},"measures":[{"name":"12-month rainfall deficit","value":12.8,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"Per SWFWMD release as reported (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No post-June flow data were reviewed; rainy-season recovery is unconfirmed."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Southwest Florida Water Management District","role":"Operates Lake Hancock P-11 structure"}],"public_contact":"Southwest Florida Water Management District, swfwmd.state.fl.us","corrective_actions":["Closure of Lake Hancock P-11 structure to protect minimum lake level","District monitoring of rainfall, aquifer and lake levels"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Upper Peace River on the brink as Lake Hancock gate shuts tight","publisher":"Hoodline","date":"2026-04-24","url":"https://hoodline.com/2026/04/upper-peace-river-on-the-brink-as-lake-hancock-gate-shuts-tight/","basis":"News report citing SWFWMD release"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass, supply and groundwater)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["district release not opened directly","current river status"],"related_ids":["US-FL-DROUGHT-2025-2027-SWFWMD-PHASE3"]},{"id":"US-FL-SRWMD-MODIFIED-PHASE2-DROUGHT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Suwannee River Water Management District Modified Phase II water shortage","description":"The Suwannee River Water Management District's website shows Board Order 26-004, a Modified Phase II Water Shortage order. Local reporting says the April 2026 order was set to be extended through December 31, 2026 at the board's July 14 hearing, and that low flows exposed previously unknown springs on the Suwannee River. The district order text was a scanned image and could not be read, so its terms are taken from the reporting.","location":{"name":"Suwannee River Water Management District","type":"Water management district shortage area","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Suwannee basin district in north Florida, headquartered in Live Oak (Suwannee County); other counties not itemized in reviewed sources.","coordinates":{"lat":30.29,"lon":-82.98,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Suwannee"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Rainfall deficits cut river and spring flows and prompted a formal district shortage order.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Low flows exposed previously unknown springs, but no acute harm is documented in the district release (ref 3).","service":"A Modified Phase II order limits landscape irrigation, per the district banner and local reporting (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The order applies across the district's multi-county area in north-central Florida (ref 1).","duration":"An advisory order was on the January 2026 agenda, the April order took effect, and extension to December 31 was proposed (ref 2).","significance":"The governing board adopted Order 26-004 Modified Phase II Water Shortage (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The district has not published a population total for the order."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Modified Phase II Water Shortage, Order 26-004, proposed extension through December 31, 2026"},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No post-July hydrologic status was reviewed; hurricane or tropical storm rain in October is unassessed."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Suwannee River Water Management District","role":"Declares shortage and enforces order"}],"public_contact":"Suwannee River Water Management District, mysuwanneeriver.com","corrective_actions":["Modified Phase II water shortage order with landscape irrigation limits","Hydrologic conditions reports to the governing board"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Suwannee River Water Management District home page (Order 26-004 banner)","publisher":"Suwannee River Water Management District","date":null,"url":"https://mysuwanneeriver.com/","basis":"State agency page","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":2,"title":"Further modified Phase II Water Shortage Ordinance @ SRWMD 2026-07-14","publisher":"WWALS Watershed Coalition","date":"2026-07-02","url":"https://wwals.net/2026/07/02/further-modified-phase-ii-water-shortage-ordinance-srwmd-2026-07-14/","basis":"Local watershed group report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Drought reveals two new springs on the Suwannee River","publisher":"WWALS Watershed Coalition (SRWMD release 2026-07-01)","date":"2026-07-03","url":"https://wwals.net/2026/07/03/drought-reveals-two-new-springs-on-the-suwannee-river-srwmd-2026-07-01/","basis":"Local watershed group report quoting district release"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass, supply and groundwater)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["order text (scanned image unreadable)","outcome of July 14 vote not confirmed"],"related_ids":["US-FL-DROUGHT-2026-SJRWMD-PHASE3","US-FL-SURFACE-OUTSTANDING-SPRINGS-NITRATE"]},{"id":"US-FL-SANTAFE-RIVER-UPPER-DRY-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Upper Santa Fe River nearly dry amid drought and Floridan aquifer pumping concerns","description":"WUFT reported on April 20, 2026 that a six-month drought and aquifer overpumping had nearly dried the upper Santa Fe River, according to the president of Our Santa Fe River Inc. Advocates also said a decade-old state Spring Harm Rule still has not been adopted by FDEP. The pumping attribution is advocates' view; the district's drought order is a separate record.","location":{"name":"Upper Santa Fe River","type":"River segment","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Santa Fe River headwaters, Alachua County area.","coordinates":{"lat":29.91,"lon":-82.58,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Alachua"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Falling Floridan aquifer support and drought are cutting spring-fed river flow.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"WUFT reports the upper river is nearly dry and the lower river has become a clear spring run, per advocates (ref 1).","service":"No drinking-water disruption is reported in the article (ref 1).","scale":"The affected river and springs are in the Alachua County area (ref 1).","duration":"The article describes a six-month drought as of April 2026, similar to 2012 (ref 1).","significance":"The Spring Harm Rule from 2016 remains unadopted and subject to two legal challenges, per the Florida Springs Council (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population is tied to the river segment."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: six-month drought and aquifer overpumping have nearly dried the upper Santa Fe River"},"measures":[{"name":"Typical per-person water use, Alachua County","value":130,"unit":"gallons per day","status":"Estimated","note":"Estimate by Florida Springs Institute founder; over half is irrigation (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single April 2026 report; later conditions not reviewed."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Spring harm rule and minimum flows"},{"name":"Suwannee River Water Management District","role":"Permits and shortage order"}],"public_contact":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection, floridadep.gov","corrective_actions":["Suwannee district Modified Phase II irrigation limits","Advocate calls for rain barrels, native plants, less irrigation"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Experts say Florida's springs are under threat: what to know ahead of Earth Day","publisher":"WUFT News","date":"2026-04-20","url":"https://www.wuft.org/environment/2026-04-20/experts-say-floridas-springs-are-under-threat-heres-what-you-should-know-ahead-of-earth-day","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Suwannee River Water Management District home page (Order 26-004 banner)","publisher":"Suwannee River Water Management District","date":null,"url":"https://mysuwanneeriver.com/","basis":"State agency page","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass, supply and groundwater)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["hydrologic figures for the river","state agency primary data"],"related_ids":["US-FL-SRWMD-MODIFIED-PHASE2-DROUGHT-2026","US-FL-SURFACE-OUTSTANDING-SPRINGS-NITRATE"]},{"id":"US-FL-NWFWMD-WATER-SHORTAGE-WARNING-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Northwest Florida Water Management District Water Shortage Warning","description":"In February 2026 the Northwest Florida Water Management District issued a district-wide Water Shortage Warning asking for voluntary cuts, its third such warning after 2000 and 2007. WFSU reported drought across the whole district, streamflow below to extremely below normal, declining groundwater and a 120-day rainfall deficit of 6.2 inches as of February 5. Supplies met demand and the warning stays until the board rescinds it.","location":{"name":"Northwest Florida Water Management District","type":"Water management district shortage area","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Panhandle district, including Leon, Jefferson and Wakulla counties.","coordinates":{"lat":30.44,"lon":-84.28,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Leon","Jefferson","Wakulla"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Rainfall deficits reduced streamflow and groundwater levels across the Panhandle.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Groundwater levels were still declining, but supplies met demand with no losses of capacity reported (ref 1).","service":"The warning requests voluntary irrigation limits to early morning or evening hours (ref 1).","scale":"Drought covered the entire district, a regional Panhandle area (ref 1).","duration":"NOAA outlook expected drought to persist through April 2026 and the warning remains until rescinded (ref 1).","significance":"The Governing Board issued a formal Water Shortage Warning, only the district's third ever (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population total was published with the warning."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: 120-day rainfall deficit of 6.2 inches as of February 5, 2026"},"measures":[{"name":"120-day average rainfall deficit","value":6.2,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"As of February 5, 2026 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"No later NWFWMD status was found; the district home page reviewed in October carried no drought notice (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Northwest Florida Water Management District","role":"Issues warning"}],"public_contact":"Northwest Florida Water Management District, (850) 539-5999","corrective_actions":["Voluntary conservation and limited irrigation hours","Existing local mandatory restrictions remain in effect"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"A water shortage warning has been issued for Northwest Florida","publisher":"WFSU Public Media","date":"2026-02-13","url":"https://news.wfsu.org/wfsu-local-news/2026-02-13/a-water-shortage-warning-has-been-issued-for-northwest-florida","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Northwest Florida Water Management District home page","publisher":"Northwest Florida Water Management District","date":null,"url":"https://nwfwater.com/","basis":"State agency page","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass, supply and groundwater)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["whether the warning has been rescinded","order text"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-FL-LAKEOKEECHOBEE-LOW-LEVEL-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lake Okeechobee low water: locks closed, lakebed wildfire and voluntary conservation","description":"Lake Okeechobee stayed below 13 feet from January through early July 2026 and was about 11 feet in early July, more than two feet below its seasonal average, with four north-shore navigation locks closed. The First Point Fire burned about 8,600 acres of exposed lakebed in February. In February the South Florida Water Management District asked Okeechobee area users to conserve voluntarily and warned a Water Shortage Order was possible.","location":{"name":"Lake Okeechobee","type":"Lake and regional water supply source","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Large lake in the Lake Okeechobee Service Area; Okeechobee Utility Authority serves the town of Okeechobee.","coordinates":{"lat":26.95,"lon":-80.8,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Glades","Okeechobee","Martin"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Evaporation and low inflow drew the lake down, restricting navigation and prompting conservation requests.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"A wildfire burned about 8,600 acres of exposed lakebed on February 12, 2026, but no drinking-water harm is reported (ref 1).","service":"Four north-shore locks closed and a fifth was closing, and users were asked to conserve voluntarily (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The lake is the regional storage source spanning several counties (ref 1).","duration":"The lake had not risen above 13 feet since January through early July 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"SFWMD issued a voluntary-conservation request and warned of a possible Water Shortage Order (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":20000,"status":"Reported","note":"Okeechobee Utility Authority (FL4470257) serves 20,000 per SDWIS (ref 3); the lake serves a larger agricultural and urban region."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: lake level about 11 feet in early July 2026, more than two feet below seasonal average; record low is 8.82 feet"},"measures":[{"name":"Lake stage, early July 2026","value":11,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"About 11 ft (ref 1)."},{"name":"Record low stage","value":8.82,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Set July 3, 2007 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Fire area, First Point Fire","value":8600,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Started February 12, 2026 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Early October NWS data were seen only in a search snippet and were not opened."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"South Florida Water Management District","role":"Lake operator and shortage declarations"},{"name":"Okeechobee Utility Authority","role":"Local drinking-water utility"}],"public_contact":"South Florida Water Management District, sfwmd.gov","corrective_actions":["Voluntary conservation request","Lock closures below 12 feet","SFWMD monitoring with a possible Water Shortage Order"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lake Okeechobee's depth is so low a wildfire broke out where water normally is","publisher":"WGCU News","date":"2026-07-02","url":"https://www.wgcu.org/environment/2026-07-02/lake-okeechobees-depth-is-so-low-a-wildfire-broke-out-where-water-normally-is-but-no-records-have-been-broken","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Voluntary water use restrictions now in effect for Okeechobee due to low water levels","publisher":"WFLX","date":"2026-02-18","url":"https://www.wflx.com/2026/02/18/voluntary-water-use-restrictions-now-effect-okeechobee-due-low-water-levels/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS: Okeechobee Utility Authority","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/FL/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/OKEECHOBEE%20UTILITY/JSON","basis":"EPA data","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass, supply and groundwater)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["current lake level after July","whether a Water Shortage Order was issued"],"related_ids":["US-FL-SUPPLY-SFWMD-RECURRING-WARNINGS","US-FL-SURFACE-LAKE-OKEECHOBEE-NUTRIENTS-HAB"]},{"id":"US-FL-HAINESCITY-DATACENTER-PERMIT-CAP-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Haines City water permit cap stalls proposed 300 MW data center","description":"A July 2026 report says Haines City's SWFWMD water use permit caps its Floridan Aquifer allocation and the interim city manager told WFLA the city lacks sufficient permitted capacity for a proposed 300 MW campus needing up to 150,000 gallons per day. The city has sought a permit modification to 16.42 mgd since June 2022, and the data center's share would still need separate district board approval. The source is a secondary aggregator relaying Bay News 9, WFLA and The Citrus Tea.","location":{"name":"City of Haines City water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Haines City, Polk County; Floridan Aquifer groundwater.","coordinates":{"lat":28.11,"lon":-81.62,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Polk"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"FL6532232"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A capped groundwater permit limits the city's ability to serve rapid growth and a large new industrial user.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No harm is reported; the issue is allocation capacity (ref 1).","service":"Residents are under the district's Modified Phase III one-day-per-week watering rule (ref 1).","scale":"The city serves 30,545 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"The permit modification request has been pending since June 2022 (ref 1).","significance":"A state-issued water use permit formally caps the allocation and the district board must approve any added share (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":30545,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: city can pump 10 mgd and uses just over 7 mgd; requested permit increase to 16.42 mgd"},"measures":[{"name":"Data center water need","value":150000,"unit":"gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Up to; about 2% of city daily use (ref 1)."},{"name":"Requested permitted allocation","value":16.42,"unit":"mgd","status":"Reported","note":"Pending since June 2022 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single July 2026 report."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Southwest Florida Water Management District","role":"Water use permitting"},{"name":"City of Haines City","role":"Utility"}],"public_contact":"City of Haines City, Florida city hall main line","corrective_actions":["Permit modification request to SWFWMD","Separate governing board approval required for the data center share"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Florida Data Center Project Stalls Over Lack of City Water","publisher":"Gadget Review","date":"2026-07-17","url":"https://www.gadgetreview.com/florida-data-center-project-stalls-over-lack-of-city-water","basis":"News aggregator"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS: Haines City, City of","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/FL/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/HAINES%20CITY/JSON","basis":"EPA data","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass, supply and groundwater)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["primary city or district documents","outcome of permit modification"],"related_ids":["US-FL-FORTMEADE-DATACENTER-WATER-2026","US-FL-POLK-CFWI-SUPPLY-DEFICIT-2026"]},{"id":"US-FL-POLK-CFWI-SUPPLY-DEFICIT-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Central Florida Water Initiative: Upper Floridan limits and 96 mgd supply gap","description":"In November 2025 three water management districts approved a Central Florida Water Initiative plan adding about 96 million gallons per day to the five-county water budget by the mid-2040s, to come from brackish groundwater, conservation and reclaimed water rather than more Upper Floridan pumping. SWFWMD said the 96 mgd deficit must be met by alternative supplies, and the Polk Regional Water Cooperative and the Initiative project resources will not meet demand within 10 to 15 years. Sixteen cooperative municipalities are pursuing a nearly $800 million deep-well project.","location":{"name":"Central Florida Water Initiative area","type":"Regional groundwater planning area","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Orange, Osceola, Seminole and Polk counties and southern Lake County.","coordinates":{"lat":28.54,"lon":-81.38,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Orange","Osceola","Seminole","Polk","Lake"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Fixed Upper Floridan withdrawals cannot meet growth, so supply must come from costlier alternatives.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No acute harm is documented; the planning gap is a projected shortfall (refs 1, 2).","service":"No service disruption is reported from the planning gap itself (ref 2).","scale":"The area covers five counties and the aquifer supplies roughly 11 million people (ref 2).","duration":"The cooperative and Initiative project a shortfall within 10 to 15 years, and the plan runs to 2045 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Three districts approved the plan and a state rule caps municipalities at 2025 pumping when permits expire (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No single population total is published for the planning area in the reviewed sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: about 96 million gallons per day added to the water budget by the mid-2040s"},"measures":[{"name":"Planned added supply by mid-2040s","value":96,"unit":"mgd","status":"Reported","note":"Alternative supply, not fresh Upper Floridan (ref 1)."},{"name":"Local permitted groundwater allocations","value":1064,"unit":"mgd","status":"Reported","note":"Exceeds available supply (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Projection-based; no measured trend in the cited reports."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"South Florida, Southwest Florida and St. Johns River Water Management Districts","role":"Approved regional supply plan"},{"name":"Polk Regional Water Cooperative","role":"Developing deep-well supply"}],"public_contact":"Southwest Florida Water Management District, swfwmd.state.fl.us","corrective_actions":["Brackish deep-aquifer supply, conservation and reclaimed water","Polk Regional Water Cooperative deep Lower Floridan wells (nearly $800 million)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Water managers with Southwest Florida presence needed to approve Orlando increase","publisher":"WGCU News","date":"2025-12-08","url":"https://www.wgcu.org/environment/2025-12-08/water-managers-with-southwest-florida-presence-needed-to-approve-orlando-increase","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Lakeland watching Fort Meade data center as water concerns grow","publisher":"WUSF","date":"2026-04-22","url":"https://www.wusf.org/politics-issues/2026-04-22/lakeland-watching-fort-meade-data-center-as-water-concerns-grow","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass, supply and groundwater)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["district plan documents not opened","population affected"],"related_ids":["US-FL-FORTMEADE-DATACENTER-WATER-2026"]},{"id":"US-FL-TAMPA-CURREN-DEP-SETTLEMENT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Tampa Howard F. Curren plant: 80+ effluent exceedances and hurricane discharges settled with FDEP","description":"Tampa agreed in August 2026 to a settlement of nearly $590,000 with the Florida Department of Environmental Protection over unauthorized discharges, permit violations and odor problems at the Howard F. Curren Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant (NPDES FL0020940). Treated water released into Hillsborough Bay missed quality standards more than 80 times between 2022 and 2025, and about 13 million gallons of untreated wastewater were released during the 2024 hurricanes. The city says the issues are resolved and will fund generators for two pump stations in lieu of paying the penalty.","location":{"name":"Howard F. Curren AWWTP and Tampa sewer system","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant and collection system","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"City of Tampa, Hillsborough County; plant at 2700 Maritime Blvd discharging to Hillsborough Bay. NPDES permit FL0020940.","coordinates":{"lat":27.92,"lon":-82.44,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Hillsborough"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Aging collection pipes and plant process failures produced permit exceedances and discharges that reached Hillsborough Bay.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Treated effluent failed standards more than 80 times in 2022-2025 and about 13 million gallons of untreated wastewater were released in the 2024 hurricanes (ref 1).","service":"About 2.9 million gallons of partially treated wastewater were discharged during Milton and odors left the site from Digesters 2 and 5 (ref 1), though no service loss to customers was reported.","scale":"A single plant and its sewer system for the city of Tampa; the sources give no number of customers affected (ref 1).","duration":"Exceedances ran across four years, 2022 to 2025, and the city's wastewater director says 60% of pipes are 60 years old or older (ref 1).","significance":"The state settlement of nearly $590,000 covers the violations; Tampa chose an in-kind generator project worth more than 1.5 times the penalty (ref 1). Eleven Milton discharges were reported late."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: treated water missed quality standards more than 80 times, 2022-2025 (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Effluent quality exceedances into Hillsborough Bay","value":80,"unit":"exceedances (more than)","status":"Reported","period_start":"2022-01-01","period_end":"2025-12-31","source_refs":[1],"note":"Reported as more than 80."},{"name":"Untreated wastewater released during 2024 hurricanes","value":13000000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1],"note":"About 13 million gallons."},{"name":"Partially treated wastewater during Hurricane Milton","value":2900000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1],"note":"About 2.9 million gallons."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"City says the exceedance and odor issues have since been resolved; generators to be online in two to three years (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Tampa Wastewater Department","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Settlement regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Tampa Wastewater Department general channel (see city website)","corrective_actions":["Fund two stationary generators for pump stations as an in-kind project, expected online in two to three years (ref 1).","Separate April settlement: robotic water-quality monitoring system as in-kind project for a $32,000 fine (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Tampa settles with state over wastewater overflows, odor and permit violations at Curren plant","publisher":"Spectrum News 9 (Bay News 9)","date":"2026-08-26","url":"https://baynews9.com/fl/tampa/news/2026/08/26/tampa-dep-settlement-overflows","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA ECHO Clean Water Act facility record for permit FL0020940","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_pid=FL0020940","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"Tens of millions of gallons of wastewater flowed into Tampa Bay waterways during Hurricane Milton","publisher":"WUSF","date":"2024-10-16","url":"https://wusf.org/environment/2024-10-16/tens-of-millions-of-gallons-of-wastewater-flowed-into-tampa-bay-waterways-during-hurricane-milton","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass, infrastructure and wastewater)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Affected population","FDEP order number"],"related_ids":["US-FL-TAMPABAY-HURRICANE-SPILLS-2024"]},{"id":"US-FL-HILLSBOROUGH-FALKENBURG-SPILL-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Hillsborough County Falkenburg Road plant overtops: 32 million gallons spilled in September 2025","description":"County officials reported that about 32 million gallons of wastewater spilled at the Falkenburg Road Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant (NPDES FL0040614) in Brandon over a weekend in early September 2025. Officials said someone may have dumped an industrial chemical into the system and were still investigating; the Tampa Bay Times reported the cause was not known. The plant was reported fully operational again and security measures were under review.","location":{"name":"Falkenburg Road AWTP","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Brandon, Hillsborough County; plant at 102 N Falkenburg Rd. NPDES permit FL0040614.","coordinates":{"lat":27.94,"lon":-82.34,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Hillsborough"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A plant process failure caused open-air basins to overtop; the receiving water was not stated in the sources.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"County officials reported 32 million gallons spilled (ref 1) but the sources do not say where it went or document environmental harm, so harm is potential only.","service":"The plant was fully operational again by publication (ref 1) and no customer service loss is reported.","scale":"A single county plant is involved; the sources give no population served (ref 1, 2).","duration":"A weekend event lasting days, reported on 2025-09-10 (ref 1); no recurrence is documented.","significance":"No regulatory action or notice is documented in the opened sources (ref 1, 2); this is a county-reported event."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: about 32 million gallons of wastewater spilled (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Wastewater spilled","value":32000000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1],"note":"County officials; equivalent to 48 Olympic pools per ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event; cause under investigation."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Hillsborough County Public Utilities","role":"Plant owner and operator"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Permit regulator"}],"public_contact":"Hillsborough County Public Utilities general channel (see county website)","corrective_actions":["Search for evidence of improper dumping and review additional security measures (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Authorities investigating large wastewater spill at Hillsborough County water treatment plant","publisher":"Spectrum News 9 (Bay News 9)","date":"2025-09-10","url":"https://baynews9.com/fl/tampa/news/2025/09/10/authorities-investigating-large-wastewater-spill-at-hillsborough-county-water-treatment-plant","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Hillsborough County wastewater spill at Falkenburg Road plant (32 million gallons; cause not known)","publisher":"Tampa Bay Times","date":"2025-09-10","url":"https://www.tampabay.com/news/environment/2025/09/10/hillsborough-county-wastewater-spill-falkenburg-road-tampa","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA ECHO Clean Water Act facility record for permit FL0040614","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_pid=FL0040614","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass, infrastructure and wastewater)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Receiving water","Population served","Regulator response"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-FL-STPETE-HELENE-NEWRF-DISCHARGE-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"St. Petersburg shut its Northeast plant for Helene: nearly 1.5 million gallons of untreated sewage released","description":"During Hurricane Helene on 26-27 September 2024 St. Petersburg shut down and de-energized its Northeast Water Reclamation Facility, which released about 1.02 million gallons of untreated wastewater; total untreated releases citywide were about 1.497 million gallons including overflowing manholes. About a quarter of the city lost use of toilets, bathing and laundry, and six permit excursion notifications were issued for substandard treated water. The city had already released over 400,000 gallons during Hurricane Debby in August 2024.","location":{"name":"St. Petersburg Northeast Water Reclamation Facility","type":"Municipal water reclamation facility and collection system","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"St. Petersburg, Pinellas County; plant at 1160 62nd Ave NE. FDEP/ECHO facility ID FLA128856 (reclaimed-water and deep-well disposal plant).","coordinates":{"lat":27.82,"lon":-82.62,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Pinellas"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Storm surge and power loss forced a plant shutdown, so infrastructure resilience and untreated discharges are linked.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"About 1.497 million gallons of untreated wastewater were released, with two samples more than four times the fecal coliform limit (ref 1).","service":"About a quarter of the city, north of 30th Ave and east of I-275, lost toilet, bathing and laundry use for at least 48 hours; residents reported backups into homes (ref 1, 2).","scale":"The affected area is a large part of a city, but plant and spills are local to St. Petersburg neighborhoods and creeks (ref 1).","duration":"Helene followed a Debby release of more than 400,000 gallons in August and about 20,000 in early September (ref 1).","significance":"Six Permit Excursion Notifications were issued for treated water failing standards (ref 1); no consent order was found in the pages opened."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: about 1.497 million gallons untreated wastewater released during Helene (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Northeast plant untreated release","value":1020000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-09-27","source_refs":[1,2],"note":"Reported as about 1.02 million (ref 1) or about one million (ref 2)."},{"name":"Citywide untreated wastewater, Helene","value":1497000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-09-27","source_refs":[1],"note":"Includes six other discharges, mostly manholes."},{"name":"Typical plant flow","value":9,"unit":"MGD (midpoint of 8-10)","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1,2],"note":"Plant typically handles 8 to 10 million gallons a day."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Documented 2024 events; a $70 million elevation project at the plant began in 2023 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of St. Petersburg Water Resources","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Permit regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of St. Petersburg public works general channel (see city website)","corrective_actions":["$70 million Northeast plant elevation project underway since 2023 (ref 1).","Plant crew restored service within 24 hours of returning (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Nearly 1.5 million gallons of sewage spewed in St. Pete","publisher":"St. Pete Catalyst","date":"2024-10-04","url":"https://stpetecatalyst.com/nearly-1-5-million-gallons-of-sewage-spewed-in-st-pete/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Release of 1 million gallons of wastewater during Helene stirs controversy in St. Pete","publisher":"WFLA","date":"2024-09-27","url":"https://www.wfla.com/news/pinellas-county/release-of-1-million-gallons-of-wastewater-during-helene-stirs-controversy-in-st-pete/amp","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass, infrastructure and wastewater)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Population affected","FDEP enforcement outcome"],"related_ids":["US-FL-TAMPABAY-HURRICANE-SPILLS-2024"]},{"id":"US-FL-CLEARWATER-MARSHALL-MILTON-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Clearwater Marshall Street plant discharged 25 million gallons of partially treated sewage after Milton","description":"After Hurricane Milton, Clearwater's Marshall Street Water Reclamation Facility (NPDES FL0021857) discharged an estimated 25.4 million gallons of partially treated wastewater to the tidal segment of Stevenson Creek between 15 and 18 October 2024, followed by 4.85 million gallons on 23-24 October. Screening was bypassed to clear debris, and rags later clogged sludge pumps and clarifiers.","location":{"name":"Marshall Street WRF and Stevenson Creek","type":"Municipal water reclamation facility and tidal creek","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Clearwater, Pinellas County; plant at 1605 Harbor Dr, discharge to Stevenson Creek. NPDES permit FL0021857.","coordinates":{"lat":27.97,"lon":-82.79,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Pinellas"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Plant equipment failure under storm loading sent partially treated effluent into a tidal creek.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"An estimated 25,424,026 gallons of partially treated wastewater went to Stevenson Creek, plus 4,850,672 gallons a week later (ref 1).","service":"No loss of sewer service is reported in the opened source (ref 1).","scale":"One plant and one tidal creek segment are involved (ref 1, 2).","duration":"The main discharge lasted about 42 hours and the second about 14 hours (ref 1).","significance":"The opened source describes no state response specific to this discharge (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: about 25.4 million gallons partially treated wastewater to Stevenson Creek (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Main partially treated discharge","value":25424026,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","period_start":"2024-10-15","period_end":"2024-10-18","source_refs":[1],"note":""},{"name":"Second discharge","value":4850672,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","period_start":"2024-10-23","period_end":"2024-10-24","source_refs":[1],"note":""},{"name":"Related sewer stoppage spill","value":46000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1],"note":"None recovered."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event cluster in October 2024."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Clearwater Public Utilities","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Permit regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Clearwater Public Utilities general channel (see city website)","corrective_actions":["Operators bypass-pumped around screens to clear debris (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Tens of millions of gallons of wastewater flowed into Tampa Bay waterways during Hurricane Milton","publisher":"WUSF","date":"2024-10-16","url":"https://wusf.org/environment/2024-10-16/tens-of-millions-of-gallons-of-wastewater-flowed-into-tampa-bay-waterways-during-hurricane-milton","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA ECHO Clean Water Act facility record for permit FL0021857","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_pid=FL0021857","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass, infrastructure and wastewater)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Population served","Regulatory response"],"related_ids":["US-FL-TAMPABAY-HURRICANE-SPILLS-2024"]},{"id":"US-FL-TAMPABAY-HURRICANE-SPILLS-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Tampa Bay estuary wastewater spills jump from under 5 million to nearly 90 million gallons in 2024","description":"The Tampa Bay Estuary Program reported that fewer than five million gallons of untreated wastewater entered the Tampa Bay estuary in 2023, compared with nearly 90 million gallons in 2024 after heavy August rain and Hurricanes Helene and Milton. Bradenton's sewage facilities accounted for most of the regional total, including nearly 40 million gallons into the Manatee River, and about 17.7 million gallons reached Boca Ciega Bay.","location":{"name":"Tampa Bay estuary wastewater discharges","type":"Estuary and tributary watershed","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Tampa Bay, including Manatee River and Boca Ciega Bay (Hillsborough, Pinellas, Manatee counties).","coordinates":{"lat":27.7,"lon":-82.55,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Hillsborough","Pinellas","Manatee"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Storm-driven failures of sewer and treatment infrastructure caused a regional surge in untreated discharges.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Nearly 90 million gallons of untreated wastewater entered the estuary in 2024, up from under five million in 2023 (ref 1).","service":"The sources describe discharges rather than loss of service regionally (ref 1, 2).","scale":"A multi-county estuary: Manatee River nearly 40 million gallons and Boca Ciega Bay about 17.7 million (ref 1).","duration":"The surge spanned August to October 2024; 2023 had under five million, so it is event-driven rather than chronic (ref 1, 2).","significance":"No regional enforcement action is described; the data are operator and FDEP-map reports (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: nearly 90 million gallons untreated wastewater into the estuary in 2024 vs under 5 million in 2023 (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Untreated wastewater into estuary, 2024","value":90000000,"unit":"gallons (nearly)","status":"Reported","period_start":"2024-01-01","period_end":"2024-12-31","source_refs":[1],"note":"Tampa Bay Estuary Program data."},{"name":"Untreated wastewater into estuary, 2023","value":5000000,"unit":"gallons (fewer than)","status":"Reported","period_start":"2023-01-01","period_end":"2023-12-31","source_refs":[1],"note":"Upper bound."},{"name":"Manatee River releases, 2024","value":40000000,"unit":"gallons (nearly)","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1],"note":""},{"name":"Boca Ciega Bay releases, 2024","value":17700000,"unit":"gallons (roughly)","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1],"note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Spill volumes track storm years: 2023 low, 2024 high (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Tampa Bay Estuary Program","role":"Data compiler"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Spill reporting and permits"},{"name":"Municipal utilities of Bradenton, Tampa, St. Petersburg and Clearwater","role":"Operators"}],"public_contact":"Tampa Bay Estuary Program general channel (see program website)","corrective_actions":["Individual utilities pursue capital and resilience projects (see linked records)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Hurricanes impeded Tampa Bay water quality progress","publisher":"St. Pete Catalyst","date":"2025-01-23","url":"https://stpetecatalyst.com/hurricanes-impeded-tampa-bay-water-quality-progress/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Tens of millions of gallons of wastewater flowed into Tampa Bay waterways during Hurricane Milton","publisher":"WUSF","date":"2024-10-16","url":"https://wusf.org/environment/2024-10-16/tens-of-millions-of-gallons-of-wastewater-flowed-into-tampa-bay-waterways-during-hurricane-milton","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass, infrastructure and wastewater)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Population affected","TBEP primary report"],"related_ids":["US-FL-WW-BRADENTON-IANDI-OVERLOAD","US-FL-TAMPA-CURREN-DEP-SETTLEMENT-2026","US-FL-CLEARWATER-MARSHALL-MILTON-2024","US-FL-STPETE-HELENE-NEWRF-DISCHARGE-2024"]},{"id":"US-FL-PALMBAY-MILTON-SEWAGE-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Palm Bay sewer releases during Milton: 467,000 gallons citywide, about 300,000 at one broken line","description":"During Hurricane Milton in October 2024, lift stations and pipes failed across Palm Bay, and the city said more than 467,000 gallons of sewage escaped. FDEP estimated about 300,000 gallons leaked in roughly four hours at a failed line in the Norwood Street area, sending sewage into a nearby canal. The city cites $33 million in approved wastewater and stormwater projects including lift-station upgrades.","location":{"name":"City of Palm Bay sewer system","type":"Municipal sewer collection system","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Palm Bay, Brevard County (Turkey Creek and local canals). City water reclamation facility: FDEP/ECHO ID FLA103357.","coordinates":{"lat":28.03,"lon":-80.59,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Brevard"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Aging lift stations and a failed pipe released sewage into canals during a storm.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"The city reported more than 467,000 gallons released and FDEP estimated about 300,000 gallons at one break (ref 1, 2).","service":"No loss of sewer service for customers is documented in the opened sources (ref 1, 2).","scale":"Overflows occurred across the city, a community-scale event (ref 1).","duration":"Residents had complained about the aging system for years, and a May 2024 report cited dead fish at Turkey Creek (ref 1).","significance":"FDEP provided a volume estimate but the opened sources show no fine or order; FOX 35 had no FDEP response on fines (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: more than 467,000 gallons escaped citywide during Milton (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Citywide sewage released, Milton","value":467000,"unit":"gallons (more than)","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2024-10-15","source_refs":[1],"note":""},{"name":"Norwood Street area line failure (FDEP estimate)","value":300000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Estimated","as_of_date":"2024-10-16","source_refs":[2],"note":"FDEP estimate over about four hours."},{"name":"Approved wastewater and stormwater improvements","value":33,"unit":"million USD (about)","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1,2],"note":"$32.6 million per ref 1, $33 million per ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single storm event; project pipeline of 25 more projects over five years (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Palm Bay Utilities","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Estimated volume; regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Palm Bay Utilities general channel (see city website)","corrective_actions":["Lift-station upgrades, pipe lining, permanent bypass pumps and a new water reclamation facility planned (ref 1).","Contractor to be hired for permanent repair at the failed line (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Palm Bay released nearly 500,000 gallons of sewage during Hurricane Milton","publisher":"FOX 35 Orlando","date":"2024-10-15","url":"https://fox35orlando.com/news/totally-frustrating-city-palm-bay-released-nearly-500000-pounds-sewage-during-hurricane-milton","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Palm Bay deals with massive wastewater spill after Milton","publisher":"Spectrum News 13","date":"2024-10-16","url":"https://mynews13.com/fl/orlando/news/2024/10/16/palm-bay-deals-with-massive-wastewater-spill-after-milton","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA ECHO Clean Water Act facility record for permit FLA103357","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_pid=FLA103357","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass, infrastructure and wastewater)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Population affected","Enforcement outcome"],"related_ids":["US-FL-SURFACE-INDIAN-RIVER-LAGOON-NUTRIENTS-SEAGRASS"]},{"id":"US-FL-MIAMIBEACH-HAWTHORNE-FORCEMAIN-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Miami Beach 1981 sewer force main breaks on Hawthorne Avenue; emergency replacement under way","description":"A wastewater force main on Hawthorne Avenue near Biscayne Bay Elementary in Miami Beach broke in October 2025, requiring emergency repairs, cleaning and disinfection. The city says the 1981 pipe was scheduled for replacement but corroded faster than expected in the tidal environment; a replacement by directional drilling between pump stations 23 and 24 began in late April 2026.","location":{"name":"Hawthorne Avenue sewer force main","type":"Municipal sanitary sewer force main","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Miami Beach, Miami-Dade County; west end of 75 Street to Pump Stations 23 and 24.","coordinates":{"lat":25.86,"lon":-80.15,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Miami-Dade"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A corroded 45-year-old pressure sewer main failed, making this an asset-age problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"The city reports a force-main break with cleaning and disinfection needed (ref 1); no spill volume or water-quality result is stated, so harm is potential.","service":"No service loss is reported by the city page (ref 1); only parking restrictions through 2026.","scale":"A single corridor near a school in one neighborhood (ref 1).","duration":"Break in October 2025 and construction continuing through at least September 2026 updates (ref 1).","significance":"A city-run project; no regulatory order or notice is cited on the page (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: force main installed in 1981 broke in October 2025 (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Year force main installed","value":1981,"unit":"year","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1],"note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Construction phase; replacement begun April 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Miami Beach Public Works","role":"Owner and project manager"},{"name":"Amici Engineering Contractors","role":"Contractor"}],"public_contact":"Miami Beach project contact listed on the project page (see city website)","corrective_actions":["Replace the main by horizontal directional drilling to limit surface disruption (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Emergency Force Main Replacement - Hawthorne Ave","publisher":"City of Miami Beach","date":"2026-09-29","url":"https://www.miamibeachfl.gov/projects/emergencyforcemainreplacement/","basis":"Official record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass, infrastructure and wastewater)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["Spill volume","Project cost","Connected treatment plant"],"related_ids":["US-FL-WW-MIAMI-DADE-WWTP-CONSENT"]},{"id":"US-FL-ECUA-FORCEMAIN-SPILLS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"ECUA aging cast-iron force main fails repeatedly: seven Escambia County sewage spills by August 2025","description":"On 2 August 2025 a 12-inch cast-iron force main near Scenic Highway and Olive Road released about 9,000 gallons into Skinner Mill Creek, which flows to Escambia Bay. It was the seventh sanitary sewer overflow in the county that year, with at least two earlier spills on the same main. ECUA is replacing 20,000 feet of pipe for $7.8 million.","location":{"name":"ECUA sewer force main, Scenic Highway","type":"Municipal sewer force main","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Pensacola area, Escambia County; Skinner Mill Creek and Escambia Bay. ECUA Central WRF NPDES FL0559351 is the utility's main inland plant (not confirmed as the receiving plant).","coordinates":{"lat":30.5,"lon":-87.2,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Escambia"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Pipe fatigue in aging mains caused repeated spills that reached creek and bay waters.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"About 9,000 gallons reached Skinner Mill Creek and Escambia Bay; ECUA vacuumed about 20,000 gallons from the creek (ref 1).","service":"Repairs took four hours with flow redirected upstream; no customer outage is reported (ref 1).","scale":"A local corridor within a regional utility (ref 1).","duration":"Seven overflows in the first seven months of 2025, with January and April spills on the same main costing about $200,000 (ref 1).","significance":"ECUA said a possible state fine is the state's decision; no order is cited (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: seventh sewer overflow in Escambia County in 2025 (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Scenic Highway spill volume","value":9000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-08-02","source_refs":[1],"note":"Estimate by ECUA."},{"name":"Pipe replacement program","value":20000,"unit":"linear feet","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1],"note":"Cost $7.8 million; sixth and final phase."},{"name":"Sewer overflows in county, 2025 to Aug 6","value":7,"unit":"overflows","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-08-06","source_refs":[1],"note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Repeated 2025 breaks while a phased replacement finishes (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Emerald Coast Utilities Authority","role":"Utility and project implementer"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Regulator"}],"public_contact":"ECUA customer service general channel (see ecua.fl.gov)","corrective_actions":["Replace remaining cast-iron segment, accelerated to finish by end of August 2025 (ref 1).","ECUA says it spends $35 to $40 million a year on infrastructure (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Aging sewer lines trigger new wastewater spill in Escambia County","publisher":"WUWF","date":"2025-08-06","url":"https://www.wuwf.org/local-news/2025-08-06/aging-sewer-lines-trigger-new-wastewater-spill-in-escambia-county","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA ECHO record for ECUA Central WRF (permit FL0559351)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_pid=FL0559351","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass, infrastructure and wastewater)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Receiving plant","Population served"],"related_ids":["US-FL-ECUA-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-FL-JACKSONVILLE-BUCKMAN-CONSENT-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"JEA Buckman plant under FDEP consent order for toxicity, bacteria and metals exceedances","description":"FDEP issued Consent Order OGC 25-1475 on 15 September 2025 to JEA over effluent limit exceedances at the Buckman Wastewater Treatment Facility (NPDES FL0026000), including chronic whole effluent toxicity, aldrin and cyanide, fecal coliform, enterococci, UV dose, iron, nickel, copper and suspended solids. JEA agreed to a $24,750 settlement and 48 months of interim toxicity limits under a toxicity plan first dated July 2022.","location":{"name":"JEA Buckman WWTF","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Jacksonville, Duval County; plant at 2221 Buckman St on the St. Johns River. NPDES permit FL0026000.","coordinates":{"lat":30.34,"lon":-81.63,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Duval"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The order addresses discharge-quality violations rather than a physical infrastructure failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"FDEP cites chronic whole effluent toxicity plus bacteria, cyanide, aldrin and metal exceedances (ref 1).","service":"No loss of service is described in the order summary (ref 1).","scale":"One plant of a large utility; the sources give no population served (ref 1, 2).","duration":"A toxicity Plan for Correction dated July 25, 2022 and 48 months of interim limits mean a multi-year problem (ref 1).","significance":"Consent Order OGC 25-1475 with a $24,750 settlement and $200 per day stipulated penalties (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: $24,750 settlement under FDEP Consent Order OGC 25-1475, 2025-09-15 (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Consent order settlement","value":24750,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-09-15","source_refs":[1],"note":"In-kind project option of $24,000 also referenced."},{"name":"Interim toxicity limits period","value":48,"unit":"months","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1],"note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Order issued September 2025; interim limits run four years (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"JEA","role":"Owner and operator"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Consent-order regulator"}],"public_contact":"JEA customer contact (see jea.com)","corrective_actions":["Meet interim whole-effluent-toxicity limits for 48 months and update the toxicity plan if needed (ref 1).","Publish a notice in a Duval County daily newspaper (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Consent Order on JEA Buckman Wastewater Treatment Plant, FDEP 2025-09-15","publisher":"WWALS Watershed Coalition","date":"2026-02-17","url":"https://wwals.net/?p=69415","basis":"Original specialist reporting"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA ECHO Clean Water Act facility record for permit FL0026000","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_pid=FL0026000","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass, infrastructure and wastewater)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["Population served","Order text verified directly"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-FL-JACKSONVILLE-SEPTIC-PHASEOUT-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Jacksonville septic tank phase-out: Christobel and Riverview next after three neighborhoods converted","description":"Jacksonville and JEA run a septic tank phase-out in flood-prone neighborhoods where septic leakage can add nutrients to the St. Johns River and its tributaries. As of March 2025 three projects (including Biltmore and Beverly Hills) were complete; Christobel ($41.2 million) had met the 70% resident-agreement threshold and Riverview, with more than 2,400 parcels, was at 53%.","location":{"name":"Jacksonville septic phase-out areas","type":"Septic-to-sewer conversion program","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Christobel and Riverview neighborhoods, Jacksonville, Duval County.","coordinates":{"lat":30.38,"lon":-81.72,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Duval"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Failing septic systems in flood-prone areas are being replaced with sewer service to cut nutrient leakage to the river.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Septic tanks in flood-prone areas can leak nutrients into the St. Johns River and tributaries (ref 1); no measured load is given.","service":"No service disruption; residents are not charged for work on private property (ref 1).","scale":"Christobel and Riverview together could affect nearly 3,000 parcels (ref 1).","duration":"A city program approved in 2016 and still converting neighborhoods in 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"A voluntary program with a 70% resident-consent rule rather than an enforcement order (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":3000,"status":"Estimated","note":"Nearly 3,000 parcels in Christobel and Riverview combined (ref 1); parcels, not people."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Christobel and Riverview could affect nearly 3,000 parcels (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Christobel project cost","value":41.2,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1],"note":""},{"name":"Riverview resident participation","value":53,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-03-03","source_refs":[1],"note":"70% needed to begin construction."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Three projects complete; Christobel at consent threshold (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"JEA","role":"Utility and project implementer"},{"name":"City of Jacksonville","role":"Program funder"}],"public_contact":"JEA Septic Tank Phase Out office, Edgewood Avenue West (see jea.com)","corrective_actions":["Christobel construction slated for fall or winter 2025; Riverview in six phases once 70% consent is reached (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"JEA, City of Jacksonville making progress on septic tank phaseout program, beginning to target new areas","publisher":"News4JAX","date":"2025-03-03","url":"https://news4jax.com/i-team/2025/03/03/jea-city-of-jacksonville-making-progress-on-septic-tank-phaseout-program-beginning-to-target-new-areas","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass, infrastructure and wastewater)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["Number of septic tanks","Current status"],"related_ids":["US-FL-SURFACE-OUTSTANDING-SPRINGS-NITRATE"]},{"id":"US-FL-BREVARD-SEPTIC-TO-SEWER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Brevard cities move neighborhoods from septic to sewer to protect Indian River Lagoon","description":"Cocoa, Merritt Island, Rockledge, Palm Bay and Titusville have each launched plans to move neighborhoods from septic tanks to central sewer, funded partly by a half-cent sales surtax expected to raise about $586 million over 10 years. The county estimates one conventional septic system sends about 47 pounds of nitrogen a year to the lagoon; Palm Bay staff say the state has effectively set a 2030 connection target. A completed Merritt Island project converted septic parcels and is estimated to cut about 2,501 lb/yr of nitrogen.","location":{"name":"Brevard County septic-to-sewer program","type":"Septic-to-sewer conversion program","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Brevard County: Cocoa, Merritt Island, Rockledge, Palm Bay, Titusville; Indian River Lagoon and Banana River Lagoon.","coordinates":{"lat":28.4,"lon":-80.7,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Brevard"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Septic nitrogen loads to a nutrient-impaired lagoon are being addressed by sewer construction.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The county estimates about 47 lb of nitrogen per septic system a year reaches the lagoon (ref 1); the Merritt Island phase-out is estimated at 2,501 lb/yr reduction (ref 2).","service":"Conversions are construction projects without service interruption reported; grants up to $20,000 fund advanced septic upgrades (ref 1).","scale":"A countywide program across five cities and the unincorporated county (ref 1), the largest of the septic programs documented here.","duration":"A multi-year program, with Palm Bay's hookup schedule alone four years and a 2030 target (ref 1).","significance":"Palm Bay staff describe the 2030 target as basically mandated by the state (ref 1); no individual order is cited."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: about 47 pounds of nitrogen per septic system per year to the lagoon (county estimate, ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Nitrogen from one conventional septic system","value":47,"unit":"lb/yr","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1],"note":"County estimate."},{"name":"Surtax expected over 10 years","value":586,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1],"note":""},{"name":"Merritt Island phase-out nitrogen reduction","value":2501,"unit":"lb/yr","status":"Estimated","source_refs":[2],"note":"FDEP project page estimate."},{"name":"Merritt Island project cost","value":3138098,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","source_refs":[2],"note":""}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Multiple city programs launched in 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Brevard County Save Our Indian River Lagoon Program","role":"Program implementer"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Grant and project partner"}],"public_contact":"Brevard County Natural Resources Management (see county website)","corrective_actions":["City-run neighborhood conversion plans; quick-connect and septic-upgrade grants (ref 1).","Merritt Island Phases 1 and 3 completed with a $400,000 EPA 319(h) grant (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lagoon on the line: Brevard cities race to ditch septic tanks","publisher":"Hoodline","date":"2026-03-05","url":"https://hoodline.com/2026/03/lagoon-on-the-line-brevard-cities-race-to-ditch-septic-tanks/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Merritt Island Septic Phase Out","publisher":"Florida DEP Grant and Statewide Initiatives","date":"2021-09-08","url":"https://gsi.floridadep.gov/merritt-island-septic-phase-out","basis":"State record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass, infrastructure and wastewater)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["Septic tank totals","Statutory 2030 text"],"related_ids":["US-FL-SURFACE-INDIAN-RIVER-LAGOON-NUTRIENTS-SEAGRASS"]},{"id":"US-FL-FORTMYERSBEACH-WRF-REBUILD-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Fort Myers Beach wastewater plant still being rebuilt after Hurricane Ian; completion now 2030","description":"Hurricane Ian's storm surge flooded the Fort Myers Beach Water Reclamation Facility (FDEP ID FLA144215), causing electrical failure and saltwater intrusion. In February 2026 Lee County awarded a $258.5 million reconstruction contract with $33.6 million for contingencies; construction was to start in March 2026, with completion estimated in 2030.","location":{"name":"Fort Myers Beach Water Reclamation Facility","type":"Municipal water reclamation facility","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Town of Fort Myers Beach and nearby unincorporated Lee County; plant at 17155 Pine Ridge Rd. FDEP/ECHO ID FLA144215.","coordinates":{"lat":26.45,"lon":-81.93,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lee"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Storm-surge damage and age left a plant with diminished capacity awaiting reconstruction.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Ian caused saltwater intrusion and submerged many buildings; the county also cites aging infrastructure (ref 1); no discharge volume is documented in the source.","service":"The facility had diminished treatment capacity before the rebuild (ref 1).","scale":"Serves the Town of Fort Myers Beach and nearby unincorporated areas; no population figure is given (ref 1).","duration":"Damage dates from September 2022 and completion is estimated in 2030 (ref 1).","significance":"A county capital project funded by federal and state grants and SRF loans; no enforcement order is cited (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: $258.5 million reconstruction contract awarded February 2026, completion estimated 2030 (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Reconstruction contract","value":258.5,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2026-02-17","source_refs":[1],"note":"Plus $33.6 million contingencies."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Completion estimated 2030 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Lee County Utilities","role":"Owner and project implementer"},{"name":"Poole & Kent Company of Florida","role":"Contractor"}],"public_contact":"Lee County Utilities general channel (see leegov.com)","corrective_actions":["Demolish damaged buildings, elevate equipment and meet advanced wastewater treatment standards (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lee County awards $258 million contract for new Fort Myers Beach wastewater treatment facility","publisher":"Beach Observer / Fort Myers Beach Talk","date":"2026-02-18","url":"https://www.fortmyersbeachtalk.com/news/community-news/2026/02/lee-county-awards-258-million-contract-for-new-fort-myers-beach-wastewater-treatment-facility/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA ECHO Clean Water Act facility record for FLA144215","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_pid=FLA144215","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass, infrastructure and wastewater)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Population served","Interim treatment arrangements"],"related_ids":["US-FL-GW-2024-SOUTH-FL-SALTWATER-INTRUSION"]},{"id":"US-FL-MIAMIDADE-OCEAN-OUTFALL-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Miami-Dade ocean outfall law: program 34% complete in March 2025, before Dec 2025 deadline","description":"State law (s. 403.086, F.S.) required Miami-Dade's North District (NPDES FL0032182) and Central District (FL0024805) plants to end normal use of ocean outfalls by 31 December 2025, reuse 60% of baseline flow (117.5 MGD) and meet advanced treatment equivalents. A March 2025 county memo reported program completion of 34%, up from 12% in 2021, and sought $57 million in contract amendments with extensions to 2030 for the design work.","location":{"name":"Miami-Dade North and Central District WWTP ocean outfalls","type":"Municipal wastewater plants and ocean outfalls","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Miami-Dade County; North District plant at 2575 NE 151 St and Central District plant at 3989 Rickenbacker Causeway.","coordinates":{"lat":25.88,"lon":-80.15,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Miami-Dade"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A statutory shift from ocean disposal to reuse and injection requires large plant construction that is behind the original schedule.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Treated effluent still discharges through ocean outfalls under the legacy arrangement; the county memo documents no measured harm (ref 1).","service":"The memo reports no service disruption from the program (ref 1).","scale":"WASD serves more than 2.8 million residents (ref 1).","duration":"The statute dates from 2008 and was amended in 2013; the county's program reached only 34% by March 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"A state statute and a federal consent decree (CD projects due 2028) apply; FDEP consent order OGC 22-1805 covers the Central District (ref 1, 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":2800000,"status":"Reported","note":"WASD serves more than 2.8 million residents (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: Ocean Outfall Legislation program completion 34% in March 2025, up from 12% in 2021 (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Program completion","value":34,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-03-18","source_refs":[1],"note":"12% in 2021."},{"name":"Required additional reuse capacity","value":117.5,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1],"note":"60% of 195.8 MGD baseline."},{"name":"Contract amendment funding requested","value":57,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","source_refs":[1],"note":"Includes four-year extension for design contract to 2030."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Completion rose from 12% to 34% (ref 1) but the statutory 2025 date has passed."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Miami-Dade Water and Sewer Department","role":"Owner and program implementer"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Regulator"}],"public_contact":"Miami-Dade Water and Sewer Department general channel (see miamidade.gov/water)","corrective_actions":["Amend three design contracts for funding and time (ref 1).","Reach the 2028 consent-decree completion for the Central District projects (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Resolution approving amendments to Outfall Legislation non-exclusive professional services agreements (Agenda Item 8(O)(1))","publisher":"Miami-Dade County Board of County Commissioners","date":"2025-03-18","url":"https://www.miamidade.gov/govaction/legistarfiles/MinMatters/Y2025/250564min.pdf","basis":"Official county consent-order authorization and fiscal impact"},{"ref":2,"title":"Resolution authorizing execution of a consent order for the Central District WWTP (Agenda Item 8(O)(2))","publisher":"Miami-Dade County Board of County Commissioners","date":"2025-03-04","url":"https://www.miamidade.gov/govaction/legistarfiles/MinMatters/Y2025/250122min.pdf","basis":"Official county consent-order authorization and fiscal impact"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA ECHO Clean Water Act facility record for permit FL0032182","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_pid=FL0032182","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass, infrastructure and wastewater)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Post-2025 status","Receiving-water effects"],"related_ids":["US-FL-WW-MIAMI-DADE-WWTP-CONSENT","US-FL-MIAMI-DADE-WASD-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-FL-ISLAMORADA-SEWAGE-CONSENT-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Islamorada ordered by FDEP to fix recurring sewage spills, including 400,000 gallons in 2022","description":"FDEP sent Islamorada a consent order on 15 October 2025 citing six unauthorized raw sewage discharges between May 2021 and March 2025, including about 400,000 gallons at the North Plantation Key pump station in July 2022. The village faces $11,320 in penalties or a $16,230 in-kind project and must file a compliance plan within 60 days; the pump station must be operational by 31 December 2027. Sewage goes by force main to the Key Largo Wastewater Treatment District plant (FDEP/ECHO ID FLL370967).","location":{"name":"Islamorada wastewater collection and transmission system","type":"Municipal sewer collection and transmission system","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Village of Islamorada, Monroe County; North Plantation Key pump station near mile marker 90.5 and Tavernier lines near MM 92.3.","coordinates":{"lat":25,"lon":-80.57,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Monroe"],"extent":"system"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Pump-station capacity and pipeline ruptures caused repeated raw sewage releases in a nearshore environment.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Six raw sewage discharges are cited, the largest about 400,000 gallons in July 2022 (ref 1).","service":"No loss of sewer service is described in the article (ref 1).","scale":"A village system on a few Upper Keys pump stations and mains (ref 1).","duration":"Discharges recurred from May 2021 to March 2025 and the pump station is due by the end of 2027 (ref 1).","significance":"FDEP consent order of 15 October 2025 with $11,320 penalties and compliance deadlines (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported"},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Reported: six unauthorized raw sewage discharges, May 2021 to March 2025, largest about 400,000 gallons (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Largest discharge, North Plantation Key pump station","value":400000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2022-07-31","source_refs":[1],"note":"July 2022; day not given."},{"name":"Unauthorized discharges cited","value":6,"unit":"discharges","status":"Reported","period_start":"2021-05-01","period_end":"2025-03-31","source_refs":[1],"note":""},{"name":"Consent order penalties","value":11320,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","as_of_date":"2025-10-15","source_refs":[1],"note":"Includes $500 costs."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Order issued October 2025; fixes due through 2027 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Village of Islamorada","role":"Owner and respondent"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Consent-order regulator"},{"name":"Key Largo Wastewater Treatment District","role":"Receiving plant operator"}],"public_contact":"Village of Islamorada general channel (see village website)","corrective_actions":["Submit compliance plan and schedule within 60 days, updated emergency response plan within 90 days (ref 1).","Pump station operational by 2027-12-31 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"State orders village to fix sewage spills","publisher":"Florida Keys Free Press","date":"2025-10-20","url":"https://www.keysnews.com/flkeysfreepress/news/state/state-orders-village-to-fix-sewage-spills/article_1aa078e8-e652-4a11-bf04-e68350c97d25.html","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA ECHO record for Key Largo WWTP (FLL370967)","publisher":"U.S. EPA ECHO","date":null,"url":"https://echodata.epa.gov/echo/cwa_rest_services.get_facilities?output=JSON&p_fn=KEY%20LARGO","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass, infrastructure and wastewater)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["Article publication date","Population served"],"related_ids":["US-FL-OTHER-KEYS-SPINNING-FISH-2023"]},{"id":"US-FL-EVERGLADES-ALLIGATOR-ALCATRAZ-NEPA-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Alligator Alcatraz Everglades site: Miccosukee and NEPA litigation on hold","description":"The Miccosukee Tribe and environmental groups sued over the Alligator Alcatraz immigration detention facility built in the Everglades without a prior environmental-impact review under NEPA. A district court ordered the site wound down in August 2025, an 11th Circuit panel stayed that order in September 2025, and on March 31, 2026 the panel kept district proceedings paused. Reporting available for this record does not detail specific water-quality findings.","location":{"name":"Alligator Alcatraz site, Big Cypress and Everglades","type":"Facility site in wetland watershed","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Former Dade-Collier training airport in the Everglades, Miami-Dade and Collier counties area.","coordinates":{"lat":25.86,"lon":-80.9,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Miami-Dade","Collier"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The dispute concerns federal environmental review of a large facility sited in Everglades wetlands and a tribe with water and land interests there.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Plaintiffs argue the site risks light, noise and waste pollution in the Everglades (ref 3); no court finding of water-quality harm appears in the reviewed articles.","service":"No public water supply or service interruption is described in the reviewed sources (refs 1-3).","scale":"A single facility site is at issue, though it sits in the Everglades system that the Miccosukee Tribe and groups say is affected (ref 1).","duration":"The suit was filed in summer 2025 and remained stayed on March 31, 2026, about nine months later (ref 1).","significance":"A federal lawsuit under NEPA produced a district shutdown order, then an 11th Circuit stay and a split denial of reconsideration (refs 1-3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source gives a count of people affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"11th Circuit kept the lawsuit paused on March 31, 2026; the facility remains open"},"measures":[{"name":"days allowed to wind down under the August 2025 district order","value":60,"unit":"days","status":"Reported","note":"Order later stayed (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Litigation status changed from a shutdown order to a stay between August 2025 and March 2026."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"11th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals","role":"Appellate court"},{"name":"State of Florida","role":"Appellant with DHS in the 11th Circuit appeal (ref 3)"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Homeland Security","role":"Federal party to the appeal"}],"public_contact":"Florida Governor's Office general contact via flgov.com","corrective_actions":["11th Circuit appeal of the preliminary injunction is pending as of ref 1","District proceedings remain stayed"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Panel of judges keeps Alligator Alcatraz environmental lawsuit on hold","publisher":"WFLX FOX 29","date":"2026-03-31","url":"https://www.wflx.com/2026/03/31/panel-judges-keeps-alligator-alcatraz-environmental-lawsuit-hold","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Court denies greens' request to unpause Alligator Alcatraz case","publisher":"E&E News","date":"2026-03-31","url":"https://www.eenews.net/articles/court-denies-greens-request-to-unpause-alligator-alcatraz-case","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Appeals court pauses Alligator Alcatraz shutdown, keeps Everglades detention facility open","publisher":"WPTV","date":"2025-09-04","url":"https://www.wptv.com/news/state/appeals-court-pauses-alligator-alcatraz-shutdown-keeps-everglades-detention-facility-open","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["water-quality findings","court filings"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-FL-EVERGLADES-EAA-RESERVOIR-ACCEL-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"EAA Reservoir: Lake Okeechobee estuary discharge relief now due 2029","description":"The Everglades Agricultural Area Reservoir is the main CERP project intended to cut harmful Lake Okeechobee discharges to the Caloosahatchee and St. Lucie estuaries. A July 2025 state-federal agreement moved completion from 2034 to 2029, and all federally funded contracts were executed on April 13, 2026. Until it is built, estuary releases remain a recurring pressure.","location":{"name":"EAA Reservoir, south of Lake Okeechobee","type":"Ecosystem restoration project","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"South Bay area of Palm Beach County; benefits Caloosahatchee and St. Lucie estuaries and Everglades.","coordinates":{"lat":26.66,"lon":-80.7,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Palm Beach"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"The project is storage and treatment infrastructure meant to change water quantity and quality reaching coastal estuaries.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SCCF says excess water in the system leads to damaging Lake Okeechobee discharges to the Caloosahatchee (ref 2); no discharge volumes were reported there.","service":"No loss of drinking-water service is documented in refs 1-3.","scale":"The reservoir would hold over 78 billion gallons (ref 3) and serves two northern estuaries plus the Everglades.","duration":"The original completion date was 2034 and the project is only now moving to 2029 (ref 3), a multi-year wait.","significance":"A July 2025 state-federal agreement and executed federal contracts are formal commitments (ref 1), not enforcement."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source gives a count of people affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Completion moved up five years, from 2034 to 2029; 78 billion gallons of storage"},"measures":[{"name":"reservoir storage","value":78,"unit":"billion gallons","status":"Reported","note":"About 240,000 acre-feet (ref 3)."},{"name":"inflow pump station capacity","value":3,"unit":"billion gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"scheduled completion","value":2029,"unit":"year","status":"Reported","note":"Previously 2034 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Schedule accelerated by five years and contracts executed April 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"South Florida Water Management District","role":"Local sponsor"},{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville District","role":"Federal construction partner"}],"public_contact":"South Florida Water Management District public information line via sfwmd.gov","corrective_actions":["Inflow pump station groundbreaking November 2025","Federal contracts executed April 13, 2026","Blue Shanty Flow Way built by the state"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Gov. DeSantis announces major Everglades reservoir project contracts finalized, completion moved up 5 years","publisher":"WFLX FOX 29","date":"2026-04-13","url":"https://www.wflx.com/2026/04/13/gov-desantis-announces-major-everglades-reservoir-project-contracts-finalized-completion-moved-up-5-years/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"EAA Reservoir receives $2 billion in additional funding","publisher":"Sanibel-Captiva Conservation Foundation","date":"2026-04-13","url":"https://sccf.org/2026/04/13/eaa-reservoir-receives-2-billion-in-additional-funding/","basis":"Local nonprofit report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Everglades Agricultural Area Reservoir Project","publisher":"South Florida Water Management District","date":null,"url":"https://sfwmd.gov/eaareservoir","basis":"Primary district project page","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-FL-SURFACE-LAKE-OKEECHOBEE-NUTRIENTS-HAB"]},{"id":"US-FL-APALACHICOLA-OYSTER-REEF-COLLAPSE-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Apalachicola Bay oyster reefs: collapsed fishery, limited harvest and cuts ahead","description":"Apalachicola Bay oyster reef area fell from about 2,000 acres to under 100 acres and the fishery collapsed in 2013. Harvest closed in 2020 and a limited season opened January 2026. FWC plans 2,560 harvest bags for the October 2026 to February 2027 season, down from 4,726, while Florida continues restoration funding.","location":{"name":"Apalachicola Bay","type":"Estuary","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Franklin County, at the mouth of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint system.","coordinates":{"lat":29.67,"lon":-85,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Franklin"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Reef loss is linked to water quality and to freshwater inflow from the shared river system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Reef area dropped from about 2,000 acres to less than 100 acres (ref 1).","service":"Commercial and recreational harvest is restricted to four reefs and a lottery-style limited season, with East Hole closed next season (refs 1-2).","scale":"One bay fishery that once supplied over 90 percent of Florida oysters (ref 1).","duration":"The fishery collapsed in 2013 and has been closed since 2020, with no significant recovery as of 2025 (refs 1-2).","significance":"FWC closure and harvest rules are formal state regulatory actions (refs 1-2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source gives a count of people affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Next season harvest cap is 2,560 bags, down from 4,726"},"measures":[{"name":"oyster reef area","value":"under 100","unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Down from about 2,000 acres (ref 1)."},{"name":"planned harvest bags, 2026-27 season","value":2560,"unit":"bags","status":"Reported","note":"Previous season 4,726 (ref 1)."},{"name":"state oyster restoration funding, 2026-27","value":15,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Includes $11 million for Apalachicola Bay (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Limited reopening in 2026 but harvest is being cut for the next season."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission","role":"Harvest rules and restoration"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Sewage and stormwater agreements to protect the bay"}],"public_contact":"Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission via myfwc.com","corrective_actions":["Restoration of oyster reefs east of the Saint George Island Bridge","$15 million statewide reef restoration in the 2026-27 budget","Harvest limits and East Hole closure"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Florida wildlife officials applaud oyster restoration efforts in Apalachicola Bay","publisher":"WUSF / News Service of Florida","date":"2026-08-06","url":"https://www.wusf.org/environment/2026-08-06/florida-wildlife-officials-applaud-oyster-restoration-efforts-in-apalachicola-bay","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Limited oyster harvesting eyed in Apalachicola Bay","publisher":"WUWF","date":"2025-08-06","url":"https://www.wuwf.org/florida-news/2025-08-06/limited-oyster-harvesting-eyed-in-apalachicola-bay","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-GA-ACF-INTERSTATE-SETTLEMENT-2023"]},{"id":"US-FL-PINELLAS-HELENE-STORM-SURGE-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Hurricane Helene storm surge flooding in Pinellas County (DR-4828)","description":"Hurricane Helene sent record storm surge into Pinellas County from the Gulf and Tampa Bay in September 2024, and more than 10,000 county homes were damaged. FEMA declared DR-4828 on September 28, 2024. Beach renourishment and repair permitting were still under way in September 2025.","location":{"name":"Pinellas County barrier islands and Tampa Bay shoreline","type":"County coastal flood zone","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Madeira Beach, Treasure Island, Palm Harbor, Shore Acres and Indian Shores reported damage.","coordinates":{"lat":27.85,"lon":-82.75,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Pinellas"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Surge flooding overwhelmed low-lying coastal neighborhoods and shoreline protection.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"More than 10,000 Pinellas homes were damaged (ref 3).","service":"Barrier islands were inaccessible the morning of September 27, 2024 (ref 2).","scale":"USF scientist Ping Wang called it the strongest surge measured in 75 years, countywide (ref 3).","duration":"Beach renourishment and repair permits were still in progress a year later, September 2025 (ref 3).","significance":"FEMA major disaster DR-4828 was declared September 28, 2024 for Individual, Public and Hazard Mitigation assistance (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source gives a count of people affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"More than 10,000 Pinellas homes damaged; strongest surge in 75 years"},"measures":[{"name":"homes damaged in Pinellas","value":10000,"unit":"at least","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Tampa property damage from Helene and Milton combined","value":700,"unit":"million USD, at least","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Recovery work is advanced but renourishment continued in late 2025."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"FEMA","role":"Federal disaster assistance"},{"name":"Pinellas County","role":"Recovery, permitting and renourishment"}],"public_contact":"Pinellas County government general line via pinellas.gov","corrective_actions":["Beach renourishment at Indian Shores, Upham Beach and Sunset Beach","Waived permit fees for storm repairs","FEMA individual, public and hazard mitigation assistance"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Florida Hurricane Helene (DR-4828-FL)","publisher":"FEMA","date":"2024-09-28","url":"https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4828","basis":"Primary federal declaration"},{"ref":2,"title":"Pinellas towns hammered by Hurricane Helene","publisher":"FOX 13 Tampa Bay","date":"2024-09-27","url":"https://fox13news.com/news/pinellas-beaches-towns-hurricane-helene-damage","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Lessons learned from last year's hurricanes that slammed Florida","publisher":"FOX 13 Tampa Bay","date":"2025-09-25","url":"https://www.fox13news.com/news/lessons-learned-from-last-years-hurricanes-slammed-florida","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-FL-PINELLAS-FLOOD-INSURANCE-GAP-2024"]},{"id":"US-FL-PINELLAS-FLOOD-INSURANCE-GAP-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Pinellas flood insurance gap after Helene and Milton","description":"A Neptune Flood analysis reported over 22,000 NFIP claims from Helene and about 2,000 from Milton in Pinellas County, against more than 40,000 damaged buildings, which it says reflects extensive uninsured risk. Florida holds about one-third of all NFIP policies, and the program lapsed on October 1, 2025 before a continuing resolution extended it into January 2026.","location":{"name":"Pinellas County flood-insured and uninsured buildings","type":"County flood-risk exposure","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"NFIP claims versus damaged buildings after the 2024 storms.","coordinates":{"lat":27.87,"lon":-82.74,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Pinellas"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is how flood losses are financed and who bears uninsured losses, not a physical system failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Neptune estimates more than 40,000 Pinellas buildings were damaged, many without flood claims (ref 1); no health harm is documented.","service":"No service disruption is attributed to insurance coverage in refs 1-2.","scale":"Statewide NFIP exposure is about one-third of all policies nationally (ref 2) and Pinellas alone had 22,000 Helene claims (ref 1).","duration":"The gap appeared in the fall 2024 storms and Beinsure reported the program lapse and extension in late 2025 (ref 2).","significance":"No enforcement or litigation is cited in these sources; Florida and nine states sued over Risk Rating 2.0 in 2023 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source gives a count of people affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Over 22,000 Helene NFIP claims vs more than 40,000 damaged buildings in Pinellas"},"measures":[{"name":"Pinellas NFIP claims from Helene","value":22000,"unit":"at least","status":"Reported","note":"Neptune analysis (ref 1)."},{"name":"Pinellas buildings damaged","value":40000,"unit":"more than","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"NFIP policies added in Florida since 2021","value":100000,"unit":"nearly","status":"Reported","note":"About 6 percent growth (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Only 2024 claims data and a February 2026 overview are available."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"FEMA National Flood Insurance Program","role":"Federal insurer"},{"name":"Florida Office of Insurance Regulation","role":"State private flood premium reporting"}],"public_contact":"FEMA NFIP via floodsmart.gov","corrective_actions":["NFIP extended by continuing appropriations into January 2026"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Neptune Flood Analysis on Hurricane Helene and Milton Aftermath","publisher":"Carrier Management","date":"2024-11-14","url":"https://carriermanagement.com/news/2024/11/14/268599.htm","basis":"Trade press reporting an industry analysis"},{"ref":2,"title":"Flood insurance drops nationwide as Florida bucks the trend","publisher":"Beinsure","date":"2026-02-01","url":"https://beinsure.com/news/flood-insurance-drops-nationwide-as-florida/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Florida Hurricane Helene (DR-4828-FL)","publisher":"FEMA","date":"2024-09-28","url":"https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4828","basis":"Primary federal declaration"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-FL-PINELLAS-HELENE-STORM-SURGE-2024"]},{"id":"US-FL-POLK-MILTON-PEACE-RIVER-LAKE-HANCOCK-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Hurricane Milton flooding in Polk County, Lake Hancock and Peace River (DR-4834)","description":"Hurricane Milton dropped 12 to 16 inches of rain on Central Florida in October 2024. Polk County said Peace River watershed and Lake Hancock levels reached emergency levels, requiring controlled releases, and several Lakeland-area lakes flooded homes. USGS reported record flows at gauges, with the Peace River expected to peak the following week.","location":{"name":"Lake Hancock and upper Peace River watershed","type":"Lake and river watershed","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Polk County including Bartow, Lakeland, Lake Parker, Lake Bonny and Itchepackesassa Creek.","coordinates":{"lat":27.93,"lon":-81.85,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Polk"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Extreme rainfall overwhelmed lakes and the Peace River conveyance and control structures.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Homes flooded on Lake Bonny, in Bonny Shores mobile home park and Highland City (ref 1).","service":"Controlled releases from Lake Hancock and 24/7 pumping at Lake Bonny were needed (ref 1).","scale":"Lakes across Polk County and a slow Peace River crest downstream were affected (refs 1-2).","duration":"Pumping at Lake Bonny had run since August 5 and the Peace River peak was expected a week after landfall (refs 1-2).","significance":"Polk County described emergency levels and FEMA declared DR-4834 on October 11, 2024 (refs 1, 3)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source gives a count of people affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"12 to 16 inches of rain; Lake Hancock at emergency levels"},"measures":[{"name":"Central Florida rainfall","value":"12-16","unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"Polk emergency management (ref 1)."},{"name":"USGS flood discharge measurements at record high","value":7,"unit":"of 13 measured","status":"Reported","note":"Across affected rivers (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"A single storm event; no later flood data was reviewed."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Polk County Emergency Management","role":"Local response"},{"name":"Southwest Florida Water Management District","role":"Water control structure coordination"},{"name":"FEMA","role":"Federal disaster assistance"}],"public_contact":"Polk County Emergency Management via polkfl.gov","corrective_actions":["Controlled releases at Lake Hancock","Pumping from Lake Bonny to Lake Parker"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Flooding increases as rain-swollen rivers push water into Polk lakes","publisher":"LkldNow","date":"2024-10-16","url":"https://www.lkldnow.com/flooding-increases-as-rain-swollen-rivers-push-water-into-polk-lakes","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"USGS flood alert, October 12, 2024","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","date":"2024-10-12","url":"https://water.usgs.gov/alerts/item_2024-10-12_19:37:54.html","basis":"Primary federal monitoring update"},{"ref":3,"title":"Florida Hurricane Milton (DR-4834-FL)","publisher":"FEMA","date":"2024-10-11","url":"https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4834","basis":"Primary federal declaration"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":7,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["current status"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-FL-GILCHRIST-SEVEN-SPRINGS-BOTTLING-PERMIT-2023","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Seven Springs bottling water permit near Ginnie Springs renewed","description":"The Suwannee River Water Management District board renewed Seven Springs Water Co.'s permit in December 2023 to pump an average 984,000 gallons per day from the Ginnie Springs area of Gilchrist County to a bottling plant owned by BlueTriton Brands, former Nestle Waters. Opponents including the Florida Springs Council argued it could harm Lower Santa Fe River flow. Sources reviewed do not show whether the approval was appealed.","location":{"name":"Ginnie Springs area, Santa Fe River","type":"Springs and river groundwater withdrawal","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Gilchrist County; Lower Santa Fe River.","coordinates":{"lat":29.83,"lon":-82.7,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Gilchrist"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A consumptive use permit allocates spring-fed water to a commercial bottler, raising flow questions for the river.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The Florida Springs Council argued higher withdrawals could significantly harm the Lower Santa Fe River; no measured flow harm is reported (ref 2).","service":"No public supply interruption results from the permit (refs 1-3).","scale":"One permit on a river with many springs and 19,000 public comments (ref 2).","duration":"The permit dates to 1994 and the renewal fight ran from 2019 to December 2023 (refs 2-3).","significance":"The district board gave final approval of the renewal after an administrative law judge recommended it (refs 1-2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source gives a count of people affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Permit allows 984,000 gallons per day average, down from 1.152 million"},"measures":[{"name":"permitted average withdrawal","value":984000,"unit":"gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Previous 1,152,000 (ref 2)."},{"name":"reported actual withdrawals","value":"300,000-400,000","unit":"gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Reviewed sources end in December 2023."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Suwannee River Water Management District","role":"Permitting agency"},{"name":"Florida Springs Council","role":"Challenger"}],"public_contact":"Suwannee River Water Management District via mysuwanneeriver.com","corrective_actions":["Permit average reduced from 1.152 to 984,000 gallons per day"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Permit to pump 1 million gallons from Ginnie Springs renewed by board","publisher":"WUFT","date":"2023-12-13","url":"https://www.wuft.org/news/2023/12/13/permit-to-pump-1-million-gallons-from-ginnie-springs-renewed-by-board/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Judge backs water pumping permit in Ginnie Springs legal battle","publisher":"WUFT / News Service of Florida","date":"2023-10-18","url":"https://www.wuft.org/agriculture/2023-10-18/judge-backs-water-pumping-permit-in-ginnie-springs-legal-battle","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Water management district approves Seven Springs permit to pump 984,000 gallons of water a day","publisher":"WMNF / News Service of Florida","date":"2023-12-12","url":"https://www.wmnf.org/?p=212264","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["post-2023 appeal status"],"related_ids":["US-FL-SURFACE-OUTSTANDING-SPRINGS-NITRATE"]},{"id":"US-FL-SPRINGS-WITHDRAWAL-RULE-CHALLENGE-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Outstanding Florida Springs withdrawal rules upheld over Springs Council challenge","description":"The Florida Springs Council challenged DEP rules for consumptive use permitting that implement a 2016 law, arguing they repeat 2014 rules and will not prevent harmful withdrawals from the 30 Outstanding Florida Springs. On May 5, 2025 Administrative Law Judge E. Gary Early dismissed the challenge, saying harm is for case-by-case permit review.","location":{"name":"Outstanding Florida Springs, statewide","type":"Springs water-use permitting rule","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Affects Northwest Florida, Suwannee River, St. Johns River and Southwest Florida water management districts.","coordinates":{"lat":29.3,"lon":-82.4,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Alachua","Marion","Volusia","Hernando","Leon","Columbia"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The rules govern how much groundwater can be allocated before springflow is harmed.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The judge held that harm from the rules as applied would be considered per permit (ref 2); no spring-specific harm finding was made.","service":"Rules do not themselves interrupt any water service (refs 1-2).","scale":"The rules cover 30 Outstanding Florida Springs across four water management districts (ref 1).","duration":"The challenge was filed in January 2025 and dismissed May 2025 (refs 1-2), while the council says the rules largely repeat 2014 rules.","significance":"A 30-page administrative law judge order dismissed a formal rule challenge (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source gives a count of people affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"ALJ dismissed the challenge on May 5, 2025; 30 springs covered"},"measures":[{"name":"Outstanding Florida Springs covered","value":30,"unit":"springs","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"A single ruling; any appeal was not reviewed."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Rule proponent"},{"name":"Florida Division of Administrative Hearings","role":"Hearing forum"},{"name":"Florida Springs Council","role":"Challenger"}],"public_contact":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection via floridadep.gov","corrective_actions":["Rules proceed to permit-level application"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Florida springs legal challenge","publisher":"WLRN / WUFT","date":"2025-01-21","url":"https://www.wlrn.org/law-justice/2025-01-21/florida-springs-legal-challenge","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Challenge to springs rules rejected","publisher":"Ocala Gazette / News Service of Florida","date":"2025-05-07","url":"https://www.ocalagazette.com/?p=96793","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-FL-SURFACE-OUTSTANDING-SPRINGS-NITRATE","US-FL-GILCHRIST-SEVEN-SPRINGS-BOTTLING-PERMIT-2023"]},{"id":"US-FL-BISCAYNE-BAY-NUTRIENT-IMPAIRMENT-RAP-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Biscayne Bay nutrient impairment, seagrass loss and Reasonable Assurance Plan","description":"Miami-Dade DERM's 2026 report card, based on 2025 data, says most Biscayne Bay regions remain poor to fair for nitrogen, phosphorus and chlorophyll-a and nutrients rose in the south. Northern seagrass is recovering from die-offs but remains low density with high macroalgae. The county is drafting a Reasonable Assurance Plan for DEP, due Fall 2026, and finished the CERP Biscayne Bay Coastal Wetlands project in December 2025.","location":{"name":"Biscayne Bay","type":"Estuary","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Miami-Dade County bay and tributary canals.","coordinates":{"lat":25.65,"lon":-80.25,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Miami-Dade"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Nutrient and bacteria loads from canals, stormwater and septic systems degrade bay water quality and habitat.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The county cites federal Clean Water Act nutrient impairment and past seagrass die-offs, fish kills and algal blooms (ref 1).","service":"No drinking-water or access interruption is described in the county report (ref 1).","scale":"The whole bay and the canals draining Miami-Dade are assessed at 138 monitoring locations (ref 1).","duration":"Seagrass recovery is described after die-offs in recent years and nutrient problems persisted through 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"DEP approved the RAP Plan of Study in November 2024 as an alternative to a TMDL and BMAP (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source gives a count of people affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Most bay regions remain poor to fair for nitrogen, phosphorus and chlorophyll-a"},"measures":[{"name":"new performance-based septic systems approved in 2025","value":531,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"water quality monitoring locations","value":138,"unit":"locations","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"years since last major fish kill","value":"since 2022","unit":"none reported","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"North regions improved while the south saw nutrient increases (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Miami-Dade County Department of Environmental Resources Management","role":"Monitoring and RAP development"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"RAP approval"}],"public_contact":"Miami-Dade County 311 and DERM via miamidade.gov/BiscayneBay","corrective_actions":["Draft Reasonable Assurance Plan due to DEP Fall 2026","Septic-to-sewer and performance-based treatment systems","CERP Biscayne Bay Coastal Wetlands completed December 2025","Pollution source characterization grants funded by DEP"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Report on the 2026 Annual Report Card Program on the Health of Biscayne Bay","publisher":"Miami-Dade County Mayor to Board of County Commissioners","date":"2026-05-19","url":"https://www.miamidade.gov/govaction/legistarfiles/Matters/Y2026/260927.pdf","basis":"Primary county report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["independent news source"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-FL-MIAMI-KING-TIDE-SEA-LEVEL-FLOODING-2023","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Miami king tide and sunny-day flooding with $3.8 billion adaptation need","description":"On October 30, 2023, a king tide of about 2.75 feet above sea level flooded parts of Miami and Miami Beach, which deployed temporary pumps and vacuum trucks. NOAA projections cited by the Miami Herald say such flooding could occur up to 50 days a year by 2050. Miami's plan estimates about $3.8 billion by 2060 and concludes some low-lying neighborhoods cannot be kept dry.","location":{"name":"City of Miami and Miami Beach tidal flood zones","type":"Coastal urban flood zone","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Includes Little River, Shorecrest, Doral and Sweetwater groundwater flooding.","coordinates":{"lat":25.78,"lon":-80.19,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Miami-Dade"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Rising seas and groundwater overload gravity drainage in a low-lying limestone urban area.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Little River Pocket Park sat under nearly two feet of water on October 30, 2023 (ref 1); no injuries are reported.","service":"Miami deployed ten temporary pumps and seven vacuum trucks, and Miami Beach seven pumps (ref 1).","scale":"Flooding occurs across two cities and inland Doral and Sweetwater in Miami-Dade (ref 1).","duration":"Miami reached this level twice in 2022 and NOAA projects up to 50 days a year by 2050 (ref 1).","significance":"The city's adaptation plan is a planning document, not an enforcement action (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No source gives a count of people affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"King tide about 2.75 feet above sea level on October 30, 2023"},"measures":[{"name":"Miami adaptation cost estimate through 2060","value":3.8,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Estimated","note":"City plan cited by Miami Herald (ref 1)."},{"name":"sea level rise at Virginia Key gauge since 1994","value":0.5,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Frequency of this flood level is projected to rise to up to 50 days a year by 2050 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Miami","role":"Resilience and flood response"},{"name":"City of Miami Beach","role":"Stormwater pumping"},{"name":"Miami-Dade County","role":"County flood response"}],"public_contact":"Miami-Dade County 311","corrective_actions":["Temporary pumps and vacuum trucks","Citywide adaptation plan for roughly $3.8 billion through 2060"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"King tide floods offer glimpse of Miami's soggy, salty future. Can anything be done?","publisher":"WLRN / Miami Herald","date":"2023-10-31","url":"https://www.wlrn.org/environment/2023-10-31/king-tide-floods-offer-glimpse-of-miamis-soggy-salty-future-can-anything-be-done","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["2025-2026 update"],"related_ids":["US-FL-STORM-2024-SOUTH-FL-URBAN-FLOOD"]},{"id":"US-FL-FORTMEADE-DATACENTER-WATER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Fort Meade hyperscale data center water demand questioned by state and district","description":"A proposed 1.2-gigawatt data center on about 1,300 acres of former phosphate mine land in Fort Meade would draw from the Upper Floridan Aquifer. SWFWMD warned the city cannot use its existing permit to supply the project, and the state Commerce Secretary called the stated demand of about 50,000 gallons per day woefully underestimated, while Fort Meade commissioners approved a development agreement 5-0.","location":{"name":"Fort Meade water supply (proposed data center)","type":"Municipal utility service area and aquifer","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Fort Meade, Polk County; Upper Floridan Aquifer","coordinates":{"lat":27.7522,"lon":-81.8018,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Polk"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"FL6530320"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The core issue is a large new industrial withdrawal against a stressed aquifer and a small city permit.","secondary_drivers":["Aquifer demand growth","Planning and permitting gap"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No harm yet; regional planners project a 96 million-gallon-per-day deficit that conservation and alternative supplies must meet (ref 2).","service":"No service disruption is reported; the project has not begun operating (ref 2).","scale":"The Upper Floridan Aquifer supplies about 11 million people, and the regional deficit is 96 MGD (ref 2).","duration":"The deficit is projected within 10 to 15 years and the project dispute began in April 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"SWFWMD sent a formal warning letter and the state Commerce Secretary's letter called the project fundamentally flawed (ref 2); no enforcement order exists."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":5455,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by City of Fort Meade per SDWIS (ref 1); the project is not yet connected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Projected potable use about 50,000 gallons per day, versus early talks of 140,000 gallons per day (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Fort Meade permitted withdrawal","value":759500,"unit":"gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Currently pumping 563,300 gpd (ref 2)."},{"name":"Projected data center potable demand","value":50000,"unit":"gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"Questioned by state officials as underestimated (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Planning and permitting gap"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient dated history in cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Southwest Florida Water Management District","role":"Water-use permitting"},{"name":"City of Fort Meade","role":"Utility and local government"},{"name":"Florida Department of Commerce","role":"State economic development"}],"public_contact":"City of Fort Meade general line via the city website; SWFWMD general information line.","corrective_actions":["SWFWMD policy since December 2025 requires data center permits to go to its full governing board","SWFWMD letter states Fort Meade cannot use its existing permit for the project"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record FL6530320","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/FL6530320/JSON","basis":"Federal record (population served)","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":2,"title":"Lakeland watching Fort Meade data center as water concerns grow","publisher":"WUSF Public Media","date":"2026-04-22","url":"https://www.wusf.org/politics-issues/2026-04-22/lakeland-watching-fort-meade-data-center-as-water-concerns-grow","basis":"Regional news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass, agent E)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-04-22","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Final permit decision","Independent demand estimate"],"related_ids":["US-FL-STATEWIDE-DATACENTER-LAW-2026"]},{"id":"US-FL-STATEWIDE-DATACENTER-LAW-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Florida SB 484 adds water permitting rules for large data centers","description":"SB 484 (Chapter 2026-65) took effect July 1, 2026 and applies to sites with a peak load of at least 50 megawatts. Water permits cannot be issued if use harms area water resources, reclaimed water must replace some or all proposed withdrawals where available, and applications averaging 100,000 gallons a day or more need a conservation plan and a hearing. Local governments such as Titusville and Nassau County have moved to ban or pause new data centers.","location":{"name":"Florida large data center water permitting","type":"State policy","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Statewide; applies to water management district permits","coordinates":{"lat":30.4383,"lon":-84.2807,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding is a statewide rule change governing who pays for and may withdraw water for large industrial loads.","secondary_drivers":["State preemption of local control"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No harm is documented; regional water managers attribute recent restrictions to rainfall and aquifer levels, not data centers (ref 1).","service":"No service effect; the law sets permit conditions for future projects (ref 1).","scale":"The law applies statewide to any single site of 50 MW or more (ref 1).","duration":"The law took effect July 1, 2026 and the PSC rule is due by March 1, 2027 (ref 1).","significance":"A state statute, Chapter 2026-65, now binds permitting; it does not itself reject any past permit (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Applications averaging at least 100,000 gallons a day need a conservation plan and a hearing (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Large-scale data center threshold","value":50,"unit":"MW peak monthly load","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Water application hearing threshold","value":100000,"unit":"gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient dated history in cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Florida water management districts","role":"Water-use permitting"},{"name":"Florida Public Service Commission","role":"Cost-of-service rulemaking"},{"name":"Florida Legislature","role":"Enacted SB 484"}],"public_contact":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection general information line.","corrective_actions":["PSC to propose implementing rule by March 1, 2027","Reclaimed water required where suitable supply is at the property boundary"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"What to know about data centers in Florida: power, water, local control and the new law","publisher":"News4JAX","date":"2026-10-06","url":"https://www.news4jax.com/news/local/2026/10/06/what-to-know-about-data-centers-in-florida-power-water-local-control-and-the-new-law/","basis":"Regional news"},{"ref":2,"title":"Data center power, water use eyed (SB 484 committee action)","publisher":"Ocala Gazette / News Service of Florida","date":"2026-01-20","url":"https://www.ocalagazette.com/?p=105456","basis":"Regional news"},{"ref":3,"title":"Data centers fuel debate as Florida communities push for restrictions","publisher":"WOGX Fox 35","date":"2026-07-30","url":"https://www.wogx.com/news/data-centers-fuel-debate-florida-communities-push-restrictions","basis":"Regional news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass, agent E)."}],"first_seen":"2026-01-20","latest_seen":"2026-10-06","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Statewide data center water use total","PSC rule not yet issued"],"related_ids":["US-FL-FORTMEADE-DATACENTER-WATER-2026"]},{"id":"US-FL-POLK-MOSAIC-INJECTION-WELLS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Mosaic exploratory deep wells could lead to underground fertilizer wastewater injection","description":"FDEP issued draft Class V exploratory well permits on Aug. 5, 2025 for Mosaic's New Wales (Mulberry) and Bartow sites, each to about 8,000 feet. The drafts do not authorize injection, but the data would assess whether the geology could confine injected process wastewater, which would need a separate permit.","location":{"name":"Mosaic New Wales and Central Polk phosphate facilities","type":"Industrial facility, proposed deep injection","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Mulberry and Bartow, Polk County","coordinates":{"lat":27.8956,"lon":-81.989,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Polk"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is a possible new industrial wastewater disposal pathway into deep aquifer formations.","secondary_drivers":["Industrial wastewater disposal"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No injection is authorized, so harm is only potential; the draft states injection is not authorized (ref 1).","service":"No service disruption is reported (ref 1).","scale":"Two facility sites in Polk County are covered by separate draft permits (ref 1).","duration":"Applications date from February and March 2024 and drafts were issued August 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"FDEP issued formal draft permits with a public meeting and a Sept. 16, 2025 comment deadline (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Two exploratory wells, each designed to about 8,000 feet below land surface (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Exploratory well design depth","value":8000,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient dated history in cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"UIC permitting"},{"name":"Mosaic Fertilizer, LLC","role":"Applicant"}],"public_contact":"FDEP Drinking Water and Aquifer Protection Program: 850-245-8655.","corrective_actions":["Public meetings held Sept. 9 and 10, 2025","Any injection requires a separate permit"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Public Meeting: Mosaic New Wales Draft UIC Permit","publisher":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","date":"2025-08-08","url":"https://floridadep.gov/water/aquifer-protection/content/44051-public-meeting-mosaic-new-wales-draft-uic-permit","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Draft permits approved for Mosaic exploratory wells","publisher":"WUSF / News Service of Florida","date":"2025-08-08","url":"https://www.wusf.org/environment/2025-08-08/draft-permits-approved-for-mosaic-exploratory-wells","basis":"Regional news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass, agent E)."}],"first_seen":"2025-08-05","latest_seen":"2025-09-16","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Final permit status not confirmed","Any Class I injection application"],"related_ids":["US-FL-IND-PINEY-POINT-CLOSURE"]},{"id":"US-FL-POLK-PHOSPHOGYPSUM-ROAD-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Phosphogypsum test road at Mosaic New Wales challenged in federal appeals court","description":"In December 2024 EPA approved a pilot road using up to 1,200 tons of phosphogypsum at Mosaic's New Wales site. The Center for Biological Diversity sued in February 2025 citing radon, air and groundwater risks; Mosaic says it built the phosphogypsum sections between Aug. 25 and Nov. 4, 2025 and asked the 11th Circuit to dismiss the case as moot, which the group disputes.","location":{"name":"Mosaic New Wales test road","type":"Industrial facility, phosphogypsum reuse site","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Mulberry, Polk County","coordinates":{"lat":27.8956,"lon":-81.989,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Polk"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The dispute is over reuse of a radioactive industrial byproduct with possible air and groundwater pathways.","secondary_drivers":["Regulatory reversal"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The group cites radon and possible air and groundwater pollution; no measured harm is reported (ref 2).","service":"No service disruption is involved (ref 2).","scale":"A 3,200-foot pilot road at one site (ref 2).","duration":"EPA approval in December 2024 and litigation continuing past December 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"A federal lawsuit is pending in the 11th Circuit with a mootness motion filed Dec. 5, 2025 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"EPA allowed up to 1,200 tons of phosphogypsum in the pilot road (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Phosphogypsum allowed in pilot road","value":1200,"unit":"tons","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"Road length built","value":3200,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient dated history in cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","role":"Approved the pilot project"},{"name":"Mosaic Fertilizer, LLC","role":"Project operator and intervenor"},{"name":"11th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals","role":"Court"}],"public_contact":"EPA Region 4 public affairs through epa.gov.","corrective_actions":["Approval carries monitoring conditions that continue after construction (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA faces lawsuit after allowing Mosaic to build Polk test road with phosphate waste byproducts","publisher":"WUSF Public Media","date":"2025-02-19","url":"https://wusf.org/environment/2025-02-19/epa-faces-lawsuit-mosaic-build-polk-test-road-phosphate-waste-byproducts","basis":"Regional news"},{"ref":2,"title":"Group disputes claim lawsuit against Mosaic road project is moot","publisher":"WUSF / News Service of Florida","date":"2025-12-17","url":"https://www.wusf.org/environment/2025-12-17/group-disputes-claim-lawsuit-against-mosaic-road-project-moot","basis":"Regional news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass, agent E)."}],"first_seen":"2025-02-19","latest_seen":"2025-12-17","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Court ruling not found","Post-construction monitoring results"],"related_ids":["US-FL-IND-PINEY-POINT-CLOSURE","US-FL-POLK-MOSAIC-INJECTION-WELLS-2025"]},{"id":"US-FL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-FOAM-BIOSOLIDS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Florida HB 1019 phases out PFAS firefighting foam and requires biosolids sampling","description":"HB 1019 passed the 2026 Legislature to phase out PFAS-containing firefighting foam, require foam inventories and disposal plans, and mandate PFAS testing of certain wastewater biosolids. Trade reporting says results would be informational and could not support enforcement until federal standards exist, and that landfilling concentrates PFAS in leachate that returns to wastewater plants.","location":{"name":"Florida PFAS foam and biosolids rule","type":"State policy","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Statewide; county utilities face monitoring and reporting costs","coordinates":{"lat":30.4383,"lon":-84.2807,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"This is a statewide regulatory change addressing PFAS sources in foam, biosolids and leachate.","secondary_drivers":["Unfunded local mandate"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"PFAS accumulates in leachate that wastewater plants are not designed to remove (ref 2).","service":"No service disruption is reported (ref 1).","scale":"Applies to utilities and fire services statewide, with costs to counties (ref 1).","duration":"Obligations begin July 1, 2026 and phase out over multiple years (ref 1).","significance":"A state bill passed the Legislature; testing results cannot yet support enforcement (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Mandates PFAS testing for certain wastewater biosolids and phases out PFAS firefighting foam (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient dated history in cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Implements biosolids reporting"},{"name":"Florida counties and utilities","role":"Regulated parties"}],"public_contact":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection general information line.","corrective_actions":["Foam phase-out and inventories","Biosolids PFAS sampling and reporting to DEP"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2026 Water and Environmental Sustainability Passed Bills","publisher":"Florida Association of Counties","date":"2026-03-31","url":"https://www.fl-counties.com/2026-water-environmental-sustainability-passed-bills/","basis":"Local-government association"},{"ref":2,"title":"Biosolids policy: shift from reuse to risk management","publisher":"Florida Specifier","date":"2026-05-21","url":"https://floridaspecifier.com/may-june-2026/biosolids-policy-shift/","basis":"Trade news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass, agent E)."}],"first_seen":"2026-03-31","latest_seen":"2026-05-21","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Governor signature not verified in opened pages","Exact page publication date on source 1 unknown"],"related_ids":["US-FL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-FL-STATEWIDE-BIOSOLIDS-LAND-APPLICATION-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Florida tightens Class AA and Class B biosolids land application rules","description":"HB 1245 limits Class AA biosolids application rates, adds recordkeeping and bona fide sale rules and directs UF/IFAS to publish agronomic rate guidance, while HB 1285 limits Class B land-application permits where a qualifying higher-treatment facility is within 30 miles. Both passed in 2026; trade press describes a shift toward landfilling, incineration or advanced treatment and open questions on PFAS and cost allocation.","location":{"name":"Florida biosolids land application","type":"State policy","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Statewide; agricultural land application and septage","coordinates":{"lat":30.4383,"lon":-84.2807,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding is a statewide change to nutrient and contaminant pathways from biosolids on farmland.","secondary_drivers":["Cost shifting to utilities"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Legislation targets nutrient loading above agronomic rates; no site-specific harm is cited (ref 1).","service":"No service effect; counties may need to adjust biosolids contracts (ref 1).","scale":"Statewide, affecting county utilities and septage haulers (ref 1).","duration":"Policy shift extends over multiple years with UF/IFAS guidance starting 2027 (ref 2).","significance":"Two bills passed the Legislature, creating binding permit limits (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"HB 1285 limits Class B permits where a qualifying facility is within 30 miles (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Class B restriction distance","value":30,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient dated history in cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Permitting"},{"name":"UF/IFAS","role":"Agronomic rate guidance"}],"public_contact":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection general information line.","corrective_actions":["Recordkeeping and agronomic-rate limits for Class AA","UF/IFAS rate guidance starting 2027"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2026 Water and Environmental Sustainability Passed Bills","publisher":"Florida Association of Counties","date":"2026-03-31","url":"https://www.fl-counties.com/2026-water-environmental-sustainability-passed-bills/","basis":"Local-government association"},{"ref":2,"title":"Biosolids policy: shift from reuse to risk management","publisher":"Florida Specifier","date":"2026-05-21","url":"https://floridaspecifier.com/may-june-2026/biosolids-policy-shift/","basis":"Trade news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass, agent E)."}],"first_seen":"2026-03-31","latest_seen":"2026-05-21","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Governor signature and effective dates not verified in opened pages"],"related_ids":["US-FL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-FOAM-BIOSOLIDS-2026","US-FL-AGR-BMP-ENROLLMENT-GAP-2024"]},{"id":"US-FL-PLACID-LAKES-UTILITY-SALE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Sunshine Water seeks PSC approval to buy Placid Lakes Utilities","description":"The Florida PSC held a formal hearing in August 2026 on Sunshine Water Services' application to buy Placid Lakes Utilities (Docket 20260031-WS). The application seeks no immediate rate change, but residents who wrote the PSC in opposition worry about later increases as seen after other Sunshine acquisitions.","location":{"name":"Placid Lakes Utilities","type":"Investor-owned water and wastewater utility","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Lake Placid, Highlands County","coordinates":{"lat":27.267,"lon":-81.362,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Highlands"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"FL6280223"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is consolidation of a small private utility into a larger acquirer with a rate-increase history.","secondary_drivers":["Consolidation pressure","Affordability disparity"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health or service harm is reported in the sale coverage (ref 2).","service":"The application requests no change to rates, rules or service (ref 2).","scale":"About 1,970 homes and 30 businesses were served as of 2019 (ref 2).","duration":"Customers were notified in March 2026 and the hearing ran August 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"A PSC formal hearing is under way in Docket 20260031-WS (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":3307,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 1,970 homes and 30 businesses; no rate change requested in the application (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Placid Lakes 2024 rate increases revenue","value":2.37,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Consolidation pressure"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient dated history in cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Florida Public Service Commission","role":"Sale approval"},{"name":"Sunshine Water Services Company","role":"Buyer"}],"public_contact":"Florida Public Service Commission Clerk, 850-413-6770.","corrective_actions":["PSC formal hearing and public-interest review"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record FL6280223","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/FL6280223/JSON","basis":"Federal record (population served)","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":2,"title":"Placid Lakes Utilities up for sale","publisher":"Highlands News-Sun","date":"2026-08-12","url":"https://www.midfloridanewspapers.com/highlands_news-sun/news/placid-lakes-utilities-up-for-sale/article_ae2ec0f0-2367-45e9-8f81-faf6fca78ad2.html","basis":"Regional news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass, agent E)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-08-12","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["PSC decision not found","Purchase price not disclosed"],"related_ids":["US-FL-GOV-SUNSHINE-WATER-RATE-CASE-2025"]},{"id":"US-FL-SUWANNEE-RIVER-AGRICULTURE-NITRATE-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Suwannee River named endangered over dairy and poultry nitrate and aquifer pumping","description":"American Rivers listed the Suwannee among America's Most Endangered Rivers of 2026, citing nitrate from dairy, poultry and row-crop farms and irrigation pumping that cuts spring flow. A December 2025 Florida Springs Institute report estimates over 85,000 north Florida dairy cows produce about 20 million pounds of nitrogen waste yearly, a figure that may differ from industry estimates.","location":{"name":"Suwannee River and springs","type":"River and spring system","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Suwannee River basin, north Florida","coordinates":{"lat":29.98,"lon":-82.94,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Suwannee","Lafayette","Gilchrist","Columbia","Levy"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"agricultural","secondary_categories":["surface-water","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Agricultural nitrogen leaching and withdrawals degrade river and spring water quality and flow.","secondary_drivers":["Agricultural nutrient loading","Aquifer withdrawals"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Nitrogen loads at the river mouth rose over 700 percent since the 1950s to about 5,500 tons per year, fueling algal mats (ref 2).","service":"No drinking-water service loss is documented; some springs have lost flow (ref 2).","scale":"Watershed of about 11,000 square miles with over 40 dairies and about 180 poultry producers (ref 2).","duration":"The load increase spans decades, and the 2026 listing follows a December 2025 report (ref 1).","significance":"The river is covered by a DEP Basin Management Action Plan whose full enforcement is requested (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Nitrogen load at the river mouth is roughly 5,500 tons per year, up over 700 percent since the 1950s (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Nitrogen load at river mouth","value":5500,"unit":"tons per year","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"},{"name":"North Florida dairy cows (FSI estimate)","value":85000,"unit":"cows","status":"Estimated","note":"Florida Springs Institute estimate, ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient dated history in cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"BMAP enforcement"},{"name":"Suwannee River Water Management District","role":"Water-use permitting"}],"public_contact":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection general information line.","corrective_actions":["Basin Management Action Plan","Advocates request $250 million in the 2027-2028 budget for springs"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Suwannee River named one of America's most endangered rivers","publisher":"The Invading Sea","date":"2026-04-17","url":"https://www.theinvadingsea.com/2026/04/14/suwannee-river-most-endangered-agricultural-pollution-water-withdrawals-artesian-springs/","basis":"Regional news"},{"ref":2,"title":"Suwannee River: America's Most Endangered Rivers 2026","publisher":"American Rivers","date":"2026-04-17","url":"https://www.americanrivers.org/river/suwannee-river/","basis":"Nonprofit report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass, agent E)."}],"first_seen":"2025-12-01","latest_seen":"2026-04-17","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Current DEP enforcement data not opened","Source 2 publication date approximated"],"related_ids":["US-FL-SURFACE-OUTSTANDING-SPRINGS-NITRATE","US-FL-AGR-BMP-ENROLLMENT-GAP-2024"]},{"id":"US-FL-TALLEVAST-GROUNDWATER-EJ-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Tallevast historically Black community lives over spreading Lockheed Martin groundwater plume","description":"Groundwater at Tallevast, Manatee County, is contaminated with dioxane, arsenic and other substances from a former military-contractor plant now owned by Lockheed Martin. WSLR reported in October 2025 that the plume spans about 200 acres and is still spreading, that Lockheed Martin's cleanup is estimated at 50 to 100 years, and that nearly half of residents once used private wells.","location":{"name":"Tallevast community","type":"Residential community over contaminated aquifer","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Tallevast, Manatee County","coordinates":{"lat":27.418,"lon":-82.539,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Manatee"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"A long-running contamination plume affects a historically Black community and raises equity and governance questions.","secondary_drivers":["Environmental justice community"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Dioxane and arsenic contaminate groundwater, and hurricanes raised groundwater nearly five feet, pushing contamination south (ref 1).","service":"Public water arrived in the late 1980s; no current loss of service is reported (ref 1).","scale":"Residents live on roughly 200 acres of contaminated land in one community (ref 1).","duration":"Contamination dates to the 1960s and cleanup is estimated at 50 to 100 years (ref 1).","significance":"FDEP oversees the cleanup, with residents alleging the company resisted its directions (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Cleanup is estimated to take 50 to 100 years; the plume covers nearly 200 acres (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Plume area (2009 measurement)","value":200,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient dated history in cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Cleanup oversight"},{"name":"Lockheed Martin","role":"Responsible party"},{"name":"Manatee County","role":"Local government"}],"public_contact":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection Southwest District general line.","corrective_actions":["Lockheed Martin remedial action plan overseen by FDEP"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Tallevast, Part 2: Groundwater contamination keeps spreading","publisher":"WSLR News","date":"2025-10-16","url":"https://wslr.org/tallevast-part-2-groundwater-contamination-keeps-spreading/","basis":"Regional news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass, agent E)."}],"first_seen":"2025-10-16","latest_seen":"2025-10-16","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["Single news source opened","FDEP records not opened","Number of residents not verified"],"related_ids":["US-FL-GW-2023-CAPE-CORAL-MID-HAWTHORN"]},{"id":"US-FL-POLK-DEEPWELL-SUPPLY-COSTS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Polk Regional Water Cooperative deep-well supply faces rising cost for ridge cities","description":"Polk Regional Water Cooperative is building Lower Floridan wells with reverse osmosis and an 8,000-foot injection well, backed by a $305 million federal loan and half-funding from SWFWMD. Officials say bills will rise: the project is expected to cost well over $1 billion over multiple phases, and member cities must take water daily whether or not demand requires it.","location":{"name":"Polk Regional Water Cooperative service area","type":"Regional water supply cooperative","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Polk County ridge cities: Lakeland, Lake Wales, Bartow and others","coordinates":{"lat":27.9,"lon":-81.6,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Polk"],"extent":"county"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The key issue is who pays for costly alternative supply as the Upper Floridan Aquifer reaches its limit.","secondary_drivers":["Capital cost pressure","Take-or-pay purchase obligations"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health harm; the driver is projected supply deficit (ref 2).","service":"No disruption; first-phase water is expected in 2027-2028 (ref 2).","scale":"Sixteen cooperative members and a large growing county (ref 3).","duration":"Phases run to about 2032 with permit limits through 2037 (ref 2).","significance":"A $305 million federal WIFIA loan and SWFWMD cost share formalize the commitment (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Multi-phase project expected to cost well over $1 billion; first phase 7.5 million gallons a day (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Federal loan","value":305,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"ref 1"},{"name":"First phase capacity","value":7.5,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Capital cost pressure","Take-or-pay purchase obligations"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient dated history in cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Polk Regional Water Cooperative","role":"Project sponsor"},{"name":"Southwest Florida Water Management District","role":"Co-funder"}],"public_contact":"Polk Regional Water Cooperative via its website.","corrective_actions":["Drilling of Lower Floridan wells","Reverse osmosis treatment and deep injection well"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Polk County receives $305 million in federal funds to support alternative water","publisher":"ABC Action News (Tampa Bay 28)","date":"2025-01-01","url":"https://www.tampabay28.com/news/region-polk/polk-county-receives-305-million-in-federal-funds-to-support-alternative-water","basis":"Regional news"},{"ref":2,"title":"Cost of water will rise with new source, officials tell residents","publisher":"Lake Wales News","date":"2024-07-17","url":"https://www.lakewalesnews.net/story/2024/07/17/news/cost-of-water-will-rise-with-new-source-officials-tell-residents/4373.html","basis":"Regional news"},{"ref":3,"title":"Lakeland watching Fort Meade data center as water concerns grow","publisher":"WUSF Public Media","date":"2026-04-22","url":"https://www.wusf.org/politics-issues/2026-04-22/lakeland-watching-fort-meade-data-center-as-water-concerns-grow","basis":"Regional news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass, agent E)."}],"first_seen":"2024-07-17","latest_seen":"2026-04-22","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Specific rate increases not published","Source 1 publication date unknown"],"related_ids":["US-FL-FORTMEADE-DATACENTER-WATER-2026"]},{"id":"US-FL-LAKEOKEECHOBEE-ALGAL-HEALTH-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Lake Okeechobee cyanotoxin health alert and ongoing algal-bloom health study","description":"DOH-Glades issued a health alert on Sept. 9, 2026 after a Sept. 1 sample found harmful blue-green algae toxins in Lake Okeechobee and advised no contact, swimming or drinking of bloom water. A UCF-led, Florida Department of Health-funded study with FGCU is tracking long-term respiratory, gastrointestinal, skin and liver effects of cyanobacteria and red tide exposure in Lee County.","location":{"name":"Lake Okeechobee","type":"Lake","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Lake Okeechobee, Glades and surrounding counties","coordinates":{"lat":26.95,"lon":-80.8,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Glades","Okeechobee","Palm Beach","Hendry","Martin"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"other","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is human health exposure to recurring cyanotoxins in a major lake.","secondary_drivers":["Harmful algal blooms"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Toxins were detected in a Sept. 1, 2026 sample; health effects are under study, not confirmed (ref 1).","service":"Advisory only: avoid contact, no do-not-drink order for utilities (ref 1).","scale":"The lake is regional, and the health study spans Lee County residents (ref 2).","duration":"Phase 1 of the study ran five years and Phase 2 is ongoing (ref 2).","significance":"Formal county health alert issued Sept. 9, 2026 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Blue-green algae toxins detected in a Sept. 1, 2026 Lake Okeechobee sample (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient dated history in cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Florida Department of Health in Glades County","role":"Health alert"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Algae sampling"},{"name":"University of Central Florida","role":"Health study lead"}],"public_contact":"DOH-Glades Public Information Officer through the Florida Department of Health.","corrective_actions":["Health alert and public advice","UCF/FGCU long-term health study"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DOH-Glades issues blue green algae health alert for Lake Okeechobee","publisher":"Florida Department of Health","date":"2026-09-09","url":"https://www.floridahealth.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/09-09-2026-glades-bga-alert-lakeokeechobee.pdf","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"UCF is leading a study to understand health impacts of algal blooms","publisher":"UCF College of Nursing","date":"2025-09-10","url":"https://nursing.ucf.edu/news/ucf-is-leading-a-study-to-understand-health-impacts-of-algal-blooms","basis":"University news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass, agent E)."}],"first_seen":"2025-09-10","latest_seen":"2026-09-09","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Toxin concentrations not stated","Study results not yet published"],"related_ids":["US-FL-SURFACE-LAKE-OKEECHOBEE-NUTRIENTS-HAB"]},{"id":"US-FL-PALMCOAST-WATER-RATES-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Palm Coast approves 36 percent water and sewer rate rise to fund consent-order upgrades","description":"Palm Coast's council voted 3-1 in March 2025 to raise water and sewer rates 36 percent by October 2027, taking a typical 4,000-gallon bill from $90.73 to $123.46. The plan funds plant and well-field expansion under a state consent order through about $455 million in bonds, which would push city debt from about $135 million to well past $500 million.","location":{"name":"City of Palm Coast Utility","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Palm Coast, Flagler County","coordinates":{"lat":29.5845,"lon":-81.2079,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Flagler"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"FL2180863"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is a large capital program financed through steep rate increases and debt.","secondary_drivers":["Capital cost pressure","Debt growth"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No health harm is reported in the rate coverage (ref 2).","service":"No outages are reported; upgrades expand plants and wells from 67 to 73 (ref 2).","scale":"Serves about 112,000 people per SDWIS (ref 1).","duration":"Increases phase in through October 2027 (ref 2).","significance":"A state consent order requires the capital improvements (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":112324,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Water and sewer rates rise 36 percent by October 2027; typical bill from $90.73 to $123.46 (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Typical bill at 4,000 gallons (target)","value":123.46,"unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","note":"From $90.73, ref 2"},{"name":"Planned bonds","value":455,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Article also cites $415 million, ref 2"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Debt growth","Capital cost pressure"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient dated history in cited sources."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Palm Coast City Council","role":"Rate setting"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Consent order regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Palm Coast Utility Department via the city website.","corrective_actions":["Plant 1 and 2 upgrades and well-field expansion","Two bond issues in 2025 and 2028"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record FL2180863","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/FL2180863/JSON","basis":"Federal record (population served)","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":2,"title":"Palm Coast utility plan: 36 percent rate increase approved","publisher":"FlaglerLive","date":"2025-03-05","url":"https://flaglerlive.com/utility-plan-2025/","basis":"Regional news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass, agent E)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-03-05","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Consent order document not opened","Bond amount inconsistent in source ($455M vs $415M)"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-FL-LONGWOOD-WATER-RATE-PROPOSAL-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Longwood proposal to more than double water rates paused after resident backlash","description":"Longwood proposed raising the residential water base charge from $15.29 to $35.30 by October 2029 to help fund a new water treatment plant. After resident objections, commissioners unanimously passed an amended ordinance in June 2026 that dropped the increases, with the city manager saying staff need time on long-term strategy and that rate discussions will resume.","location":{"name":"City of Longwood water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"Longwood, Seminole County","coordinates":{"lat":28.7031,"lon":-81.3384,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Seminole"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"FL3590202"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is a deferred large rate increase to fund treatment-plant capital needs.","secondary_drivers":["Capital cost pressure"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health harm is reported in the rate coverage (ref 2).","service":"No service change; proposal removed from the ordinance (ref 3).","scale":"A city system serving about 23,000 people per SDWIS (ref 1).","duration":"The proposal and pause span May to June 2026 (ref 3).","significance":"A city ordinance was amended by unanimous vote, with no state enforcement (ref 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":23237,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Proposed base charge rise from $15.29 to $35.30 by October 2029, later dropped (refs 2, 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Proposed residential base charge by Oct. 2029","value":35.3,"unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","note":"From $15.29, ref 2"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Capital cost pressure"]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Increases were removed in June 2026 but the city expects to revisit them."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Longwood City Commission","role":"Rate setting"}],"public_contact":"City of Longwood via the city website.","corrective_actions":["Rate increases removed from ordinance in June 2026"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record FL3590202","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS via Envirofacts)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/FL3590202/JSON","basis":"Federal record (population served)","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":2,"title":"Longwood to vote on increasing utility rates","publisher":"WKMG ClickOrlando","date":"2026-05-18","url":"https://www.clickorlando.com/news/local/2026/05/18/longwood-to-vote-on-increasing-utility-rates/","basis":"Regional news"},{"ref":3,"title":"Longwood pauses proposed water and wastewater rate hikes","publisher":"Spectrum News 13","date":"2026-06-18","url":"https://mynews13.com/fl/orlando/news/2026/06/18/longwood-pauses-proposed-water-and-wastewater-rate-hikes","basis":"Regional news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"New record (FL in-depth pass, agent E)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-05-18","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Future rate vote date not given"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AZ-MARICOPA-ECOLI-BOIL-ADVISORY-2026","title":"Maricopa: E. coli detections in 2025 and 2026 boil advisory (Global Water)","description":"A routine sample on Aug. 26, 2025 tested positive for E. coli in Global Water's Santa Cruz system serving the City of Maricopa, and the public notice followed about four days later after ADEQ review, drawing resident complaints. On Oct. 7, 2026 two preliminary tests again suggested E. coli and the utility issued a precautionary boil advisory, which it canceled the next afternoon after repeat samples were negative.","location":{"name":"Santa Cruz Water Co. (Global Water), Maricopa","type":"Investor-owned water company service area","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"City of Maricopa, Pinal County; Global Water Resources customers","counties":["Pinal"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AZ0411131","coordinates":{"lat":33.041942,"lon":-111.999259,"precision":"city","source_ref":7}},"layer_rationale":"The issue is bacterial contamination detection and notification in a drinking-water system.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS records an MCL violation (code 1A, contaminant 8000) for August 2025 (refs 5, 6); 1 of 13 samples taken Aug. 26 was positive (ref 1), though ADEQ-reviewed repeat samples were negative.","service":"A voluntary boil water advisory ran from the evening of Oct. 7 to about 2 p.m. Oct. 8, 2026, covering drinking, cooking, ice and infant formula (refs 3, 4).","scale":"The Santa Cruz Water Company system serves 84,000 people (ref 5), below the 100,000 regional threshold.","duration":"Two separate scares 13 months apart (Aug. 26, 2025 and Oct. 7, 2026), each resolved within days (refs 1, 2).","significance":"An MCL violation entered in SDWIS (ref 6), an ADEQ-approved public notice, and an ADEQ Level 2 assessment after 2025 (refs 1, 2); no enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":84000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 5); the number of customers under the advisory was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"1 of 13 routine samples on Aug. 26, 2025 positive for E. coli, the first such detection in Maricopa's supply per the utility (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Routine samples collected Aug. 26, 2025","value":13,"unit":"samples","status":"Reported","note":"One tested positive for E. coli (ref 1)."},{"name":"Samples in the Oct. 2026 repeat round","value":6,"unit":"samples","status":"Reported","note":"Original two sites plus upstream and downstream sites; negative for E. coli and total coliform (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Two scares 13 months apart; the second was handled with an early voluntary advisory (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Global Water Resources (Santa Cruz Water Company)","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Arizona Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Global Water customer service, 866-940-1102 (per ref 4)","corrective_actions":["Increased chlorination and flushing after the Aug. 2025 detection (ref 1)","ADEQ Level 2 assessment of well-site security, cleanliness and drainage; added drainage checks at well sites (ref 2)","Voluntary precautionary boil advisory before repeat results in Oct. 2026 (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"title":"Maricopans seek answers after E. coli detected","publisher":"InMaricopa","date":"2025-09-05","url":"https://inmaricopa.com/maricopans-seek-answers-after-e-coli/","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"Maricopa's latest water scare brought a different response from Global Water","publisher":"InMaricopa","date":"2026-10-09","url":"https://inmaricopa.com/maricopas-latest-water-scare-brought-a-different-response-from-global-water/","basis":"News","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-09"},{"title":"Boil water advisory in Maricopa canceled after negative E. coli tests","publisher":"KTAR","date":"2026-10-08","url":"https://ktar.com/arizona-health-news/boil-water-maricopa-e-coli","basis":"News","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-08"},{"title":"Precautionary boil water advisory issued for Maricopa","publisher":"InMaricopa","date":"2026-10-07","url":"https://inmaricopa.com/precautionary-boil-water-advisory-issued-for-maricopa/","basis":"News","ref":4},{"title":"SDWIS water system record AZ0411131","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AZ0411131/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":5,"accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for AZ0411131","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/AZ0411131/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":6,"accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point","ref":7}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (AZ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 4 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (2) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Opened refs 1-4 (InMaricopa Sept. 5, 2025; Oct. 9, 2026; KTAR not opened; InMaricopa Oct. 7, 2026): 13 samples collected Aug. 26, 2025, precautionary advisory Oct. 7, 2026 posted ~5 p.m., canceled Oct. 8 after negative repeat results confirmed. Ref 3 (KTAR) returned HTTP 403 (not opened). No change."}],"first_seen":"2025-08-26","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","missing_fields":["Cause of the positive samples","Customer count under the advisory"],"related_ids":[],"revision":3,"change_type":"changed","primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","secondary_drivers":[],"verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[]},{"id":"US-AZ-ELOY-NITRATE-2026","title":"Eloy: nitrate above the limit; infants warned off tap water","description":"In February 2026 the City of Eloy warned families to keep tap water away from infants under six months after testing found elevated nitrate, and began handing out bottled water. The city cut back use of the affected well, leaned on lower-nitrate wells and is building a nitrate treatment system at Pump Station 1.","location":{"name":"City of Eloy water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Eloy, Pinal County","counties":["Pinal"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AZ0411030","coordinates":{"lat":32.741255,"lon":-111.594015,"precision":"city","source_ref":4}},"layer_rationale":"Nitrate in the city's well supply is a water-quality problem.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS lists two nitrate MCL violations for Q1 2026 at 11 mg/L against the 10 mg/L limit (ref 3); the city warned of risk to infants under six months (ref 1).","service":"The city supplies one case of bottled water per household per week to families with infants under six months, from City Hall (ref 1).","scale":"Eloy's system serves 8,999 people (ref 2).","duration":"The violation period is Jan. 1 to Mar. 31, 2026, with return to compliance logged Apr. 15, 2026 (ref 3), while the long-term fix is still being installed (ref 1).","significance":"A Tier 1 public notice and formal SDWIS MCL violation (refs 1, 3); no enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":8999,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2); infants under six months are the group warned (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Nitrate 11 mg/L (Q1 2026) against a 10 mg/L MCL, per SDWIS violation record (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Nitrate, Q1 2026 violation measure","value":11,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS viol_measure (ref 3); MCL is 10 mg/L."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One documented quarterly violation in the window (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Eloy Public Works","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Arizona Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Eloy Public Works, 520-466-3082 (per ref 1)","corrective_actions":["Reduced operation of the affected well and more use of lower-nitrate wells (ref 1)","Installing a nitrate treatment system at Pump Station 1 (ref 1)","Weekly bottled water for families with infants under six months (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"Eloy families warned to avoid tap water for infants due to elevated nitrate levels","publisher":"KVOA","date":"2026-02-11","url":"https://www.kvoa.com/news/local/eloy-families-warned-to-avoid-tap-water-for-infants-due-to-elevated-nitrate-levels/article_8c66060d-2d06-4d9c-84eb-040b1bb07422.html","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"SDWIS water system record AZ0411030","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AZ0411030/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for AZ0411030","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/AZ0411030/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point","ref":4}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (AZ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Opened ref 1 (KVOA, Feb. 11, 2026): infants-under-six-months warning, bottled water at City Hall, reduced affected well, lower-nitrate wells, nitrate treatment at Pump Station 1 confirmed. The 11 mg/L SDWIS figure is a database lookup, not re-opened. No change."}],"first_seen":"2026-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","missing_fields":["Date treatment starts operating","Affected well identity"],"related_ids":[],"revision":3,"change_type":"changed","primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","secondary_drivers":[],"verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[]},{"id":"US-AZ-PHOENIX-SKY-HARBOR-LEGIONELLA-2024","title":"Phoenix Sky Harbor: Legionella at 9 of 14 tested water sites, copper high at one","description":"A GSA-mandated inspection of water in TSA-leased spaces at Phoenix Sky Harbor found Legionella at nine of 14 sites, including two post-security public fountains in Terminal 3, and copper above the EPA standard at one site. The airport isolated the areas, supplied bottled water, flushed and retested, and said no Legionnaires' cases were known to be linked.","location":{"name":"Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport","type":"Airport building plumbing within a municipal system","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Phoenix, Maricopa County; City of Phoenix water service","counties":["Maricopa"],"extent":"site","pwsid":"AZ0407025","coordinates":{"lat":33.572154,"lon":-112.090132,"precision":"city","source_ref":4}},"layer_rationale":"Legionella growth and copper in building plumbing is a water-quality problem.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Legionella was found at 9 of 14 tested sites and one site exceeded the EPA copper standard, but Maricopa County reported no linked Legionnaires' cases (ref 1).","service":"Water was disabled at specific locations and bottled water was supplied to employees, including TSA breakrooms in Terminals 3 and 4 (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The positives were at TSA breakrooms and two Terminal 3 fountains, a handful of sites inside a large airport (ref 1).","duration":"Findings were announced in late July 2024 and the airport described flushing, retesting and faucet replacement as ongoing (ref 2); no later result was found.","significance":"The testing was a General Services Administration-mandated inspection (ref 1); no violation or enforcement action is cited."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Employees and travelers exposed were not counted; the city system serves 1,695,000 per SDWIS (ref 3) but only isolated airport sites were affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Legionella detected at nine of fourteen tested sites (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Sites with Legionella","value":9,"unit":"of 14 sites","status":"Reported","note":"Includes two public fountains (ref 1)."},{"name":"Sites above EPA copper standard","value":1,"unit":"site","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Only the July 2024 result set was found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Phoenix Aviation Department","role":"Airport operator"},{"name":"City of Phoenix Water Services Department","role":"Water supplier"},{"name":"Maricopa County Department of Public Health","role":"Local public health"}],"public_contact":"City of Phoenix Aviation Department, via skyharbor.com","corrective_actions":["Isolated affected areas and disabled water at specific locations (refs 1, 2)","Flush and retest plan, faucet replacement and a consulting firm for airport-wide water quality (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"title":"Phoenix Sky Harbor Airport finds legionella and copper in water, taking comprehensive measures","publisher":"Phoenix Independent","date":"2024-07-25","url":"https://www.yourvalley.net/phoenix-independent/stories/phoenix-sky-harbor-airport-finds-legionella-and-copper-in-water-taking-comprehensive-measures,524133","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"Phoenix Sky Harbor Airport Acts to Safeguard Water Quality Following Legionella and Copper Findings","publisher":"Hoodline","date":"2024-07-25","url":"https://hoodline.com/2024/07/phoenix-sky-harbor-airport-acts-to-safeguard-water-quality-following-legionella-and-copper-findings/","basis":"News","ref":2},{"title":"SDWIS water system record AZ0407025","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AZ0407025/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point","ref":4}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (AZ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Opened refs 1-2 (Phoenix Independent and Hoodline, July 25, 2024): Legionella in nine of fourteen sites, two public fountains, one site with elevated copper, bottled water provided, no known cases confirmed. The GSA/TSA-lease and Terminal 3 details were not on the opened pages. SDWIS/Census refs not re-opened. No change."}],"first_seen":"2024-07-23","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","missing_fields":["Retest results","Lab concentrations","Copper level"],"related_ids":[],"revision":3,"change_type":"changed","primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","secondary_drivers":[],"verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[]},{"id":"US-AZ-RIO-RICO-PFAS-UCMR5-2023","title":"Rio Rico: three wells at 23-41 ppt PFOS in 2023, up to 10x the 4 ppt limit","description":"UCMR 5 samples from Liberty Utilities' Rio Rico system in 2023 found PFOS between 22.9 and 40.9 ppt at Wells 6, 8 and 52 in October 2023, with PFOA up to 10 ppt. Local reporting says residents had not received specific information about a fix, and the utility says only that it is monitoring the rules; the federal limits become enforceable in 2029.","location":{"name":"Liberty Utilities Rio Rico water system","type":"Investor-owned water utility service area","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Rio Rico, Santa Cruz County","counties":["Santa Cruz"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AZ0412011","coordinates":{"lat":31.498168,"lon":-110.987798,"precision":"city","source_ref":5}},"layer_rationale":"PFAS in the system's groundwater wells is a water-quality problem.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Three Rio Rico wells returned PFOS of 22.9 to 40.9 ppt in Oct. 2023 UCMR 5 samples, far above the 4 ppt federal MCL (ref 1); the MCL is not enforceable until 2029.","service":"Nothing in the Nogales International story (ref 3) or the utility page (ref 4) describes closures or advisories; Liberty says only that it is monitoring.","scale":"Liberty's Rio Rico system serves 17,960 people (ref 2).","duration":"Both 2023 sampling rounds (Apr. 17 and Oct. 11) were high at Wells 6, 8 and 52 (ref 1), and no treatment was described as of the Dec. 2024 update (ref 3).","significance":"No state or federal enforcement; ADEQ asks systems with high results to voluntarily reduce exposure, per the article (ref 3)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":17960,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOS 40.9 ppt at Well 52 (Oct. 11, 2023) against a 4 ppt MCL (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest PFOS, UCMR 5","value":40.9,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Well 52, Oct. 11, 2023 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Highest PFOA, UCMR 5","value":10,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Well 8, Apr. 17, 2023 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Mean PFOS, UCMR 5","value":14.82,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of 12 samples, non-detects counted as zero; not a compliance running annual average (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Two 2023 rounds were similarly high (ref 1); no later series found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Liberty Utilities (Rio Rico Water and Sewer)","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Arizona Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Liberty customer line, 844-367-2030 (per ref 4)","corrective_actions":["Utility states it is monitoring PFAS rules (ref 4)","Santa Cruz County planned to gather more PFAS data (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record AZ0412011","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AZ0412011/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"title":"EPA, ADEQ: Manufactured chemicals found in Rio Rico, Tubac water suppliers","publisher":"Nogales International","date":"2023-11-16","url":"https://www.nogalesinternational.com/news/epa-adeq-manufactured-chemicals-found-in-rio-rico-tubac-water-suppliers/article_cf0df130-84be-11ee-bd23-8b0d5f139a6a.html","basis":"News","ref":3},{"title":"Water Safety (PFAS and Consumer Confidence Report)","publisher":"Liberty Utilities (Rio Rico)","date":null,"url":"https://arizona.libertyutilities.com/rio-rico/residential/safety/water/water-safety.html","basis":"Utility page, accessed on this date","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point","ref":5}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (AZ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Re-checked UCMR 5 occurrence file (July 2026 release) for AZ0412011: PFOS 40.9 ppt Well 52 and 22.9/24.0 ppt Wells 8/6 on Oct 11, 2023; PFOA 10 ppt Well 8 Apr 17, 2023; mean PFOS 14.82 ppt over 12 samples reproduced. Nogales International (Nov 16, 2023) and Liberty Rio Rico PFAS page re-read and consistent. SDWIS and Gazetteer database lookups not re-opened. No change."}],"first_seen":"2023-04-17","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","missing_fields":["Treatment plan","Post-2023 sampling"],"related_ids":["US-AZ-STATEWIDE-PFAS-SCREENING-2024"],"revision":3,"change_type":"changed","primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","secondary_drivers":[],"verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[]},{"id":"US-AZ-MARANA-PFAS-UCMR5-2025","title":"Marana: PFAS above 4 ppt limit; treatment plants and suit over Davis-Monthan","description":"Marana's municipal system returned PFOS near 18 ppt and PFOA near 6 ppt in 2025 UCMR 5 samples, and its Hartman Vistas system showed PFOS of 22-23 ppt in 2024. The town operates treatment plants and sued the federal government in September 2024, alleging Davis-Monthan Air Force Base has not acted to stop contamination migrating into its water supply.","location":{"name":"Marana Municipal water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Marana, Pima County; Marana and Hartman Vistas systems","counties":["Pima"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AZ0410150","coordinates":{"lat":32.465939,"lon":-111.135401,"precision":"city","source_ref":6}},"layer_rationale":"PFAS in the town's groundwater supply is a water-quality problem.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Marana's Park Reservoir entry point returned PFOS of 17.8-17.9 ppt and PFOA of 6.3 ppt in 2025, above the 4 ppt MCL (ref 1); the MCL is not enforceable until 2029.","service":"Marana runs treatment plants (ref 4) and regional contamination has shut more than two dozen Marana and Tucson wells (ref 3).","scale":"Marana's main system serves 15,162 people (ref 2); the Hartman Vistas system adds 5,408 (ref 5).","duration":"Samples span May 2024 to Aug. 2025 (ref 1) and the town says Davis-Monthan's contamination continues to migrate (ref 3).","significance":"Marana sued the federal government in Sept. 2024 and is a plaintiff in Tucson's suit against foam makers (refs 3, 4)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":15162,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the Marana system per SDWIS (ref 2); Hartman Vistas serves 5,408 more (ref 5)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOS 17.9 ppt and PFOA 6.3 ppt at Marana Park Reservoir (Feb. 4, 2025) against a 4 ppt MCL (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest PFOS, Marana system","value":17.9,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Marana Park Reservoir, Feb. 4, 2025 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Highest PFOS, Hartman Vistas system","value":23,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Pioneer Well, May 6, 2024 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Park Reservoir PFOS was 17.9 and 17.8 ppt six months apart (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Marana Water","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Arizona Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Marana Water, via maranaaz.gov","corrective_actions":["Operating PFAS treatment plants (ref 4)","Lawsuit seeking federal reimbursement for past and future cleanup (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results, July 2026 release)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"title":"SDWIS water system record AZ0410150","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AZ0410150/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"title":"Marana files suit against the federal government over PFAS contamination","publisher":"KJZZ","date":"2024-09-27","url":"https://www.kjzz.org/fronteras-desk/2024-09-27/marana-files-suit-against-the-federal-government-over-pfas-contamination","basis":"News","ref":3},{"title":"Experts: Removing harmful PFAS in Arizona water will take generations","publisher":"Arizona Daily Star (Arizona Republic)","date":"2026-06-22","url":"https://tucson.com/news/state-regional/article_07d65f5c-9f1f-458b-bb5e-08b47204dcf9.html","basis":"News","ref":4},{"title":"SDWIS water system record AZ0410329","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AZ0410329/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":5,"accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point","ref":6}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (AZ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Opened ref 3 (KJZZ, Sept. 27, 2024): Marana suit against the federal government over Davis-Monthan PFAS confirmed. Ref 4 (Arizona Republic via tucson.com, June 22, 2026): Marana treatment plants and more than two dozen wells shut down confirmed. UCMR 5 data and SDWIS refs (17.9 ppt PFOS, 6.3 ppt PFOA) are database files, not re-opened. No change."}],"first_seen":"2024-05-06","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","missing_fields":["Treated-water results","Total cleanup cost"],"related_ids":["US-AZ-TUCSON-PFAS-WELLS-2024","US-AZ-STATEWIDE-PFAS-SCREENING-2024"],"revision":3,"change_type":"changed","primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","secondary_drivers":[],"verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[]},{"id":"US-AZ-SAN-LUIS-TTHM-2026","title":"San Luis: trihalomethanes at 0.088-0.089 mg/L, above the 0.080 limit","description":"ADEQ told the City of San Luis that two water samples exceeded the state trihalomethane limit, with second-quarter 2026 results around 0.089 mg/L. The city says the water is safe to drink, is building a new main to improve circulation due in October, and has 90 days to show the system meets the standard.","location":{"name":"City of San Luis water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"San Luis, Yuma County","counties":["Yuma"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AZ0414005","coordinates":{"lat":32.485678,"lon":-114.721947,"precision":"city","source_ref":4}},"layer_rationale":"Disinfection byproducts above the standard are a water-quality problem tied to water age.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Two samples exceeded the 0.080 mg/L trihalomethane limit, at 0.089 per KYMA and 0.088 per SDWIS for Q2 2026 (refs 1, 3).","service":"The city says residents do not need to stop using the water (ref 1); no restriction was issued.","scale":"San Luis' system serves 39,705 people (ref 2).","duration":"The exceedance covers Q2 2026 (ref 3), and the city's circulation fix is not due until October (ref 1).","significance":"ADEQ issued a notice and gave the city 90 days to document compliance (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":39705,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM 0.089 mg/L against a 0.080 mg/L limit, two samples, Q2 2026 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"TTHM, Q2 2026 SDWIS measure","value":0.088,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS viol_measure (ref 3); KYMA reports 0.089 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One 2026 quarter documented (refs 1, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of San Luis Public Works","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Arizona Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of San Luis Public Works, via sanluisaz.gov","corrective_actions":["New main water line to improve circulation, expected October 2026 (ref 1)","ADEQ requires documentation of compliance within 90 days (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"San Luis, Arizona sees elevated contaminant water levels","publisher":"KYMA","date":"2026-09-23","url":"https://kyma.com/news/top-stories/2026/09/23/san-luis-arizona-sees-elevated-contaminant-water-levels/","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"SDWIS water system record AZ0414005","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AZ0414005/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for AZ0414005","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/AZ0414005/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point","ref":4}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (AZ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Re-checked KYMA article (Sep 23, 2026): two samples over the state THM limit of .080 mg/L, Q2 results .089, city says water is safe, new main due in October, 90 days to document compliance. Matches. SDWIS and Gazetteer database lookups not re-opened. No change."}],"first_seen":"2026-04-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","missing_fields":["Notice text","Post-fix sample results"],"related_ids":[],"revision":3,"change_type":"changed","primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","secondary_drivers":[],"verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[]},{"id":"US-AZ-BIG-PARK-ARSENIC-2024","title":"Big Park Water (Village of Oak Creek): arsenic above 10 ppb through 2024","description":"Big Park Water Company told customers in May 2024 that two of its five wells measured 12 and 13 ppb arsenic, above the 10 ppb limit, while the whole-system running average was 6.2 ppb. SDWIS records arsenic MCL violations in each 2024 quarter, resolved by April 2025 after treatment media replacement.","location":{"name":"Big Park Water Company, Village of Oak Creek","type":"Investor-owned water company service area","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Village of Oak Creek near Sedona, Yavapai County","counties":["Yavapai"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AZ0413012","coordinates":{"lat":34.781269,"lon":-111.7606,"precision":"city","source_ref":4}},"layer_rationale":"Naturally occurring arsenic above the standard is a water-quality problem.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The utility notice says two of five wells ran 12 and 13 ppb arsenic against the 10 ppb limit (ref 1); SDWIS lists MCL violations of 0.011 to 0.015 mg/L (ref 3).","service":"The notice says no alternative water supply is needed (ref 1).","scale":"Big Park serves 7,392 people (ref 2).","duration":"SDWIS shows arsenic MCL violations in every quarter of 2024, with return to compliance on Apr. 21, 2025 (ref 3).","significance":"A Tier 2 public notice dated May 17, 2024 (ref 1) and formal SDWIS MCL violations (ref 3); no enforcement order cited."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":7392,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Arsenic 12 and 13 ppb at two of five wells against a 10 ppb MCL (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest arsenic MCL violation measure","value":0.015,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Q2 2024 SDWIS record (ref 3)."},{"name":"System running annual average","value":6.2,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Per utility notice (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Violations ended after Q4 2024 and were returned to compliance Apr. 21, 2025 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Big Park Water Company","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Arizona Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Big Park Water Company, 45 Castle Rock Road, Suite 4, Sedona (per ref 1)","corrective_actions":["Replacement of filter media at treatment plants (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"Important information about your drinking water: arsenic MCL, 1st and 2nd quarter 2024","publisher":"Big Park Water Company","date":"2024-05-17","url":"https://bigparkwater.com/my_files/pdf_files/Final-Tier%202%20PN%20for%20Arsenic%20MCL%201st%20and%202nd%20Quarter%202024.pdf","basis":"Utility notice","ref":1},{"title":"SDWIS water system record AZ0413012","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AZ0413012/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for AZ0413012","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/AZ0413012/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point","ref":4}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"New record (AZ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":6,"note":"Opened ref 1 (Big Park Water Co. notice distributed 5/17/2024): arsenic averages of 12 and 13 ppb at two of five operating wells vs 10 ppb standard confirmed. SDWIS/Census refs not re-opened. No change; resolved status rests on the database record and was not re-checked."}],"first_seen":"2024-01-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","missing_fields":["Post-fix arsenic results"],"related_ids":["US-AZ-PWS-0413042-ARSENIC-2026"],"revision":3,"change_type":"changed","primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","secondary_drivers":[],"verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[]},{"id":"US-AZ-APACHE-JUNCTION-TTHM-2026","title":"Apache Junction Water District: repeat TTHM exceedance, 0.0849 mg/L in 2026","description":"Apache Junction Water District notified customers on Sept. 30, 2026 that disinfection byproducts exceed the standard, with TTHM at 0.0849 mg/L at one site against a 0.080 limit. The district blames high organic carbon in raw water and chlorine dioxide that was too low during the event; SDWIS also shows an earlier Q2 2025 TTHM violation.","location":{"name":"Apache Junction Water District","type":"Municipal water district service area","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Apache Junction, Pinal County","counties":["Pinal"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AZ0411039","coordinates":{"lat":33.382766,"lon":-111.540509,"precision":"city","source_ref":5}},"layer_rationale":"Disinfection byproducts in a surface-water supply are a water-quality problem.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The Sept. 30, 2026 notice reports a TTHM running average of 0.0849 mg/L at 3500 South Tomahawk, above the 0.080 mg/L MCL (ref 1).","service":"The district says no alternative water is needed and calls the exceedance not an emergency (ref 1).","scale":"The district serves 15,610 people (ref 3).","duration":"SDWIS lists a Q2 2025 TTHM MCL violation (0.081 mg/L) already returned to compliance (ref 4), followed by the Sept. 2026 notice (ref 1).","significance":"A formal public notice (ref 1) and SDWIS MCL violation (ref 4); the district also missed the Oct. 16, 2024 lead service line inventory deadline (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":15610,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TTHM LRAA 0.0849 mg/L at 3500 South Tomahawk against a 0.080 mg/L MCL (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"TTHM LRAA, Sept. 2026 notice","value":0.0849,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"TTHM, Q2 2025 SDWIS measure","value":0.081,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 4."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Q2 2025 violation returned to compliance in July 2025 (ref 4), then recurred in 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Apache Junction Water District","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Arizona Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Apache Junction Water District, 480-982-6030 (per ref 1)","corrective_actions":["District cites raw-water organic carbon and low chlorine dioxide dose as causes (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"Important information about Apache Junction Water District's drinking water (DBPs above standard)","publisher":"Apache Junction Water District","date":"2026-09-30","url":"https://www.ajwaterdistrict.org/public-information/public-notices/important-information-about-your-drinking-water","basis":"Local government notice","ref":1},{"title":"Important information about Lead Service Line Inventory","publisher":"Apache Junction Water District","date":"2024-12-19","url":"https://www.ajwaterdistrict.org/public-information/public-notices/important-information-about-apache-junction-water-districts-drinking-water-2","basis":"Local government notice","ref":2},{"title":"SDWIS water system record AZ0411039","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AZ0411039/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for AZ0411039","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/AZ0411039/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point","ref":5}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (AZ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Opened ref 1 (district notice dated Sept. 30, 2026): TTHM LRAA .0849 mg/L at 3500 South Tomahawk vs 0.080 MCL, high raw-water TOC and low chlorine dioxide, 'not an emergency', no alternative water needed, 480-982-6030 all confirmed. Ref 2 (Dec. 19, 2024 notice): lead service line inventory due Oct. 16, 2024 missed, confirmed. SDWIS and Census refs are database/reference lookups, not re-opened. No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2025-04-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","missing_fields":["Corrective treatment changes","Other site values"],"related_ids":[],"revision":3,"change_type":"changed","primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","secondary_drivers":[],"verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[]},{"id":"US-AZ-GRAND-CANYON-NP-MONITORING-TTHM-2026","title":"Grand Canyon National Park water: missed samples in 2024 and 2025, TTHM spike","description":"The Grand Canyon National Park water system violated drinking water standards in August 2024 and Q2 2025 by not completing required coliform, chlorine and VOC monitoring, due to an administrative error, a Transcanyon Waterline repair and lab errors. NPS says follow-up sampling was done; SDWIS separately shows a Q2 2024 trihalomethane MCL violation that was returned to compliance in December 2024.","location":{"name":"Grand Canyon National Park water system","type":"Federal park water system","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Grand Canyon Village, Coconino County","counties":["Coconino"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AZ0403702","coordinates":{"lat":36.059483,"lon":-112.157912,"precision":"city","source_ref":4}},"layer_rationale":"Monitoring gaps and a disinfection-byproduct exceedance are drinking-water quality issues.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS lists a Q2 2024 TTHM MCL violation at 0.082 mg/L (ref 3), and KTAR says missed coliform, chlorine and VOC samples leave water quality unconfirmed for those periods (ref 1).","service":"NPS told people who drank the water they need do nothing and called neither case an emergency (ref 1).","scale":"The park system serves 16,590 people (ref 2).","duration":"Gaps cover August 2024 and Q2 2025 (ref 1); the TTHM violation ran Apr. to June 2024 and was resolved Dec. 6, 2024 (ref 3).","significance":"Formal drinking water standard violations were announced by NPS (ref 1); no enforcement order cited."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":16590,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Violations in August 2024 and Q2 2025 for incomplete coliform, chlorine and VOC monitoring (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"TTHM, Q2 2024 SDWIS measure","value":0.082,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"MCL 0.080 mg/L (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Monitoring lapses in two separate periods (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"National Park Service, Grand Canyon National Park","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Arizona Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Grand Canyon National Park, via nps.gov/grca","corrective_actions":["Subsequent sampling completed for each contaminant, per NPS (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"title":"Grand Canyon National Park violated drinking water standards","publisher":"KTAR","date":"2026-01-29","url":"https://ktar.com/arizona-news/grand-canyon-water-standards/5814162/","basis":"News","ref":1},{"title":"SDWIS water system record AZ0403702","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AZ0403702/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for AZ0403702","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/AZ0403702/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point","ref":4}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"New record (AZ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":5,"note":"Opened ref 1 (KTAR via fetch, Jan. 29, 2026): August 2024 and Q2 2025 violations for incomplete total coliform, chlorine and VOC monitoring, administrative error, Transcanyon Waterline repair and lab errors, follow-up sampling completed, confirmed. SDWIS TTHM Q2 2024 figure is a database record, not re-opened. No change."}],"first_seen":"2024-04-01","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","missing_fields":["Notice text"],"related_ids":[],"revision":3,"change_type":"changed","primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","secondary_drivers":[],"verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[]},{"id":"US-AZ-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINE-INVENTORY-2024","title":"Arizona: 211 water systems cited after the Oct. 2024 lead service line inventory deadline","description":"SDWIS lists 211 Arizona systems with a health-based violation record starting Oct. 17, 2024, the day after the federal lead service line inventory deadline; 207 have since returned to compliance and 4 were open. Apache Junction Water District's notice confirms its own record was a failure to submit the inventory by Oct. 16, 2024, while Phoenix reported 480,000 services inventoried with no lead lines found.","location":{"name":"Arizona public water systems","type":"Statewide drinking-water program","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Community and non-community systems regulated by ADEQ","counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"layer_rationale":"The issue is lead exposure risk and compliance across drinking-water systems.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No lead line is reported found by Phoenix or Flagstaff (refs 3, 4), so harm is potential only; unknown-material lines remain (ref 3).","service":"Systems mail notices to customers with unknown or galvanized lines but no service restriction applies (refs 2, 3).","scale":"211 Arizona systems carry the same Oct. 17, 2024 violation record in SDWIS (ref 5), a statewide pattern.","duration":"Violations began Oct. 17, 2024 and 4 of 211 were still open when queried (ref 5).","significance":"Formal violations in SDWIS (ref 5) and a district notice admitting the miss (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":272053,"status":"Estimated","note":"Sum of SDWIS population served for the 211 systems; the violation code's meaning is inferred from Apache Junction's matching notice (ref 2), and customers actually exposed are unknown."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"211 Arizona systems with an SDWIS violation beginning Oct. 17, 2024 (ref 5)."},"measures":[{"name":"Systems with violation (code 2E, contaminant 5200)","value":211,"unit":"systems","status":"Estimated","note":"All begin 2024-10-17; code interpreted from ref 2 match (ref 5)."},{"name":"Still open at query","value":4,"unit":"systems","status":"Reported","note":"Status O (ref 5)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"207 of 211 returned to compliance (ref 5)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Individual public water systems","role":"Owners and operators"}],"public_contact":"ADEQ Safe Drinking Water Program, via azdeq.gov","corrective_actions":["Systems submitted late inventories and mailed notices for unknown or galvanized lines (refs 2, 3)","Flagstaff reports 70% of lines identified as of Nov. 2025 (ref 4)"],"sources":[{"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for AZ0411039","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/AZ0411039/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"title":"Important information about Lead Service Line Inventory","publisher":"Apache Junction Water District","date":"2024-12-19","url":"https://www.ajwaterdistrict.org/public-information/public-notices/important-information-about-apache-junction-water-districts-drinking-water-2","basis":"Local government notice","ref":2},{"title":"Phoenix lead service line inventory submitted to ADEQ","publisher":"City of Phoenix Water Services","date":"2024-11-06","url":"https://www.phoenix.gov/newsroom/water-services-news/3269.html","basis":"Local government release","ref":3},{"title":"Water Service Line Inventory","publisher":"City of Flagstaff","date":null,"url":"https://www.flagstaff.az.gov/5036/Water-Service-Line-Inventory","basis":"Local government page, accessed on this date","ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"title":"SDWIS health-based violations for Arizona (first 3,000 rows retrieved)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PRIMACY_AGENCY_CODE/AZ/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":5,"accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (AZ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 3 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (3). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Re-checked Apache Junction Water District notice (Dec 19, 2024: inventory not completed by Oct 16, 2024 deadline), Phoenix release (Nov 6, 2024: over 480,000 services inventoried, no lead lines found so far), and Flagstaff inventory page. SDWIS counts (211 systems) are database lookups and were not re-opened. No change."}],"first_seen":"2024-10-17","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","missing_fields":["Count of lead or unknown lines statewide"],"related_ids":["US-AZ-PWS-0411035-LEAD-AND-COPPER-RULE-2026"],"revision":3,"change_type":"changed","primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","secondary_drivers":[],"verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"conflicts":[]},{"id":"US-AZ-RIO-VERDE-FOOTHILLS-STANDPIPE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Rio Verde Foothills hauled-water supply: Scottsdale cutoff and EPCOR standpipe","description":"Scottsdale stopped selling treated water to haulers serving unincorporated Rio Verde Foothills on January 1, 2023, leaving homes that depend on trucked water without their main source. A stopgap Scottsdale agreement with a new standpipe district ran to December 31, 2025, and EPCOR's new permitted standpipe now serves only eligible parcels, with access capped at 150 lottery-selected owners beyond homes occupied on December 12, 2023.","location":{"name":"Rio Verde Foothills","type":"Unincorporated community on hauled water","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Unincorporated northeast Maricopa County, more than 30 miles northeast of Scottsdale","coordinates":{"lat":33.8,"lon":-111.67,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Maricopa"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The documented problem is access to a physical water supply for homes outside any municipal utility.","secondary_drivers":["cost of hauled water","utility service-area policy"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Reports describe homes relying on on-property wells and tanks filled by hauling trucks (ref 2); no contamination is documented, so only potential harm is scored.","service":"EPCOR's page limits service to homes occupied as of Dec 12, 2023 plus 150 lottery winners, and accounts above twice median use for two months risk disconnection (ref 1).","scale":"Scottsdale's 2023 stopgap allowed haulers to serve up to 750 customers (ref 2), a neighborhood-sized population.","duration":"The cutoff took effect Jan 1, 2023 (ref 2) and the permanent standpipe was due to open only on Jan 1, 2026 (ref 3), about three years of disruption.","significance":"The Arizona Corporation Commission set eligibility in a Dec 12, 2023 decision (ref 1) and homeowners sued Scottsdale after the shutoff (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No SDWIS record found for the standpipe itself; ref 2 gives only a 750-customer cap under the 2023 stopgap."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Scottsdale stopgap capped hauler service at 750 customers; EPCOR enrolled 150 lottery winners plus homes occupied Dec 12, 2023."},"measures":[{"name":"Hauler customer cap, 2023 stopgap","value":750,"unit":"customers","status":"Reported","note":"Scottsdale agreement with the Standpipe District (ref 2)."},{"name":"Lottery-selected property owners","value":150,"unit":"owners","status":"Reported","note":"Lottery held Oct 21, 2024 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Permanent EPCOR standpipe reported operational (ref 1) after the temporary Scottsdale agreement ended Dec 31, 2025 (ref 2); final rates await an EPCOR rate case (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"EPCOR Water Arizona","role":"Standpipe operator"},{"name":"Arizona Corporation Commission","role":"Rate and service regulator"},{"name":"City of Scottsdale","role":"Former water supplier to haulers"}],"public_contact":"EPCOR customer service 1-800-383-0834 (published on EPCOR's Rio Verde Foothills page)","corrective_actions":["EPCOR built and opened a dedicated standpipe at 26788 N 176th Street, open 7 a.m. to 6 p.m. daily (ref 1)","State law (SB 1432) allowed formation of a standpipe district (ref 2)","EPCOR expected to file a rate case with the ACC to settle final water costs (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Rio Verde Foothills standpipe","publisher":"EPCOR","date":null,"url":"https://www.epcor.com/about/news-announcements/rio-verde-foothills/Pages/default.aspx","basis":"Utility record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":2,"title":"Scottsdale City Council approves water partnership with Rio Verde Foothills Standpipe District","publisher":"KTAR News","date":"2023-09-06","url":"https://ktar.com/arizona-news/scottsdale-city-council-approves-water-partnership-with-rio-verde-foothills-standpipe-district","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Rio Verde Foothills water saga drawing to a close (Arizona Republic, abridged)","publisher":"Scottsdale Area Association of REALTORS","date":"2025-12-30","url":"https://www.scottsdalerealtors.org/2025/12/30/rio-verde-foothills-water-saga-drawing-to-a-close/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Permanent water solution arrives for Rio Verde Foothills after years of uncertainty","publisher":"AZFamily","date":"2025-12-30","url":"https://www.azfamily.com/2025/12/30/permanent-water-solution-arrives-rio-verde-foothills-after-years-uncertainty/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":5,"title":"EPCOR delivers water solution for Rio Verde Foothills","publisher":"EPCOR USA","date":"2025-12-30","url":"https://www.epcor.com/us/en/news/media-releases/2025-12-30-epcor-delivers-water-solution-for-rio-verde-foothills.html","basis":"Utility record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (AZ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AZ-PHOENIX-AMA-GW-UNMET-DEMAND-2024"],"conflicts":["Sources combined from two research passes; one pass rated the permanent EPCOR standpipe as a resolved supply fix, this record keeps Corrective Action Underway because access remains limited to eligible parcels (150 lottery-selected owners beyond homes occupied on 2023-12-12)."]},{"id":"US-AZ-PHOENIX-AWS-COURT-RULINGS-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Court voids ADWR groundwater rules used to halt Phoenix-area housing approvals","description":"In 2023 the Arizona Department of Water Resources began refusing new assured-water-supply approvals in parts of the Phoenix AMA after modeling showed unmet groundwater demand. On April 21, 2026 and June 8, 2026 a Maricopa County Superior Court judge voided the unmet-demand and depth-to-water standards and an alternative-designation rule, on procedural and statutory grounds, and the governor said ADWR will appeal.","location":{"name":"Phoenix Active Management Area","type":"Groundwater regulatory area","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Maricopa and Pinal Counties; West Valley fringe cities including Buckeye and Queen Creek","coordinates":{"lat":33.35,"lon":-112.45,"precision":"county","source_ref":2},"counties":["Maricopa","Pinal"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["groundwater","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns the legal framework for proving 100-year water supply rather than a physical failure of infrastructure.","secondary_drivers":["growth and development pressure","rulemaking procedure"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No health or environmental harm is documented in the rulings; they concern procedure for ADWR's review criteria (ref 1).","service":"The court coverage describes approvals withheld across large parts of Maricopa County while applications stay under review (ref 1), a restriction on new supply connections.","scale":"The rules govern the regional Phoenix AMA, and the 2023 refusals reached parts of Buckeye and Queen Creek (ref 3), a multi-city area.","duration":"ADWR refused the first subdivision permits in 2023 (ref 3) and the rulings came April and June 2026 (refs 1, 2), about three years of dispute.","significance":"Judge Scott Blaney entered partial summary judgment on June 8, 2026 voiding Rule R12-15-710(H) (ref 2), after the April 21 ruling (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Regional rules; no single population figure is given in refs 1-3."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"April 21, 2026: unmet-demand and depth-to-water rules invalid; June 8, 2026: Rule R12-15-710(H) void."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Rulings narrowed ADWR's tools while ag-to-urban and transportation orders opened other supply paths (refs 3, 4)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Water Resources","role":"Defendant; assured water supply regulator"},{"name":"Maricopa County Superior Court","role":"Court"}],"public_contact":"ADWR public information office, via the agency website","corrective_actions":["ADWR said through the governor it will appeal once the June ruling is final (ref 2)","State approved a Harquahala groundwater transportation order in July 2025 and first ag-to-urban credits in December 2025 as alternative supplies (refs 3, 4)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Arizona court halts key groundwater rule on housing projects","publisher":"Western Water","date":"2026-04-28","url":"https://www.western-water.com/2026/04/28/arizona-court-halts-key-groundwater-rule-on-housing-projects/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Arizona Court Rolls Back Another ADWR Rule: Developers Win For Now (June 8, 2026 ruling; page undated, retrieved)","publisher":"Holland & Hart LLP","date":"2026-06-24","url":"https://www.hollandhart.com/Arizona-Court-Rolls-Back-Another-ADWR-Rule-Developers-WinFor-Now","basis":"Law firm analysis","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":3,"title":"AZ water officials approve transfer of water from rural Arizona to active management areas","publisher":"KAWC","date":"2025-07-20","url":"https://www.kawc.org/news/2025-07-20/az-water-officials-approve-transfer-of-water-from-rural-arizona-to-active-management-areas","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Arizona's 1st 'ag-to-urban' water credits approval goes to Buckeye housing development","publisher":"KJZZ","date":"2025-12-11","url":"https://www.kjzz.org/politics/2025-12-11/arizonas-1st-ag-to-urban-water-credits-approval-goes-to-buckeye-housing-development","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (AZ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (0). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Opened refs 1-4: Western Water Apr. 28, 2026 (Apr. 21, 2026 ruling invalidating unmet-demand and depth-to-water rules), Holland & Hart June 24, 2026 (June 8, 2026 ruling on Rule R12-15-710(H)), KAWC July 20, 2025, KJZZ Dec. 11, 2025 confirmed. No change."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AZ-PHOENIX-AMA-GW-UNMET-DEMAND-2024","US-AZ-HARQUAHALA-TRANSPORT-ORDER-2025"]},{"id":"US-AZ-HARQUAHALA-TRANSPORT-ORDER-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"First-ever Harquahala groundwater transport order sends rural water to Buckeye and Queen Creek","description":"On July 18, 2025 ADWR issued its first groundwater transportation order, letting Buckeye withdraw up to 5,926 acre-feet a year and Queen Creek up to 5,000 acre-feet a year from the Harquahala basin. ADWR modeling found no unreasonable harm to existing users, while critics quoted by KAWC called the transfer a non-permanent fix and a precedent for raiding rural basins.","location":{"name":"Harquahala Groundwater Basin","type":"Groundwater basin outside an AMA","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Western Maricopa County; water moves to Buckeye and Queen Creek","coordinates":{"lat":33.52,"lon":-113.2,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Maricopa"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["water-rights","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The order reallocates physical aquifer storage between regions.","secondary_drivers":["urban growth demand"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"ADWR modeling found no unreasonable harm to existing users (ref 1), but an ASU expert says less than 2% of rainfall recharges the area (ref 2), so harm is potential.","service":"No service loss is reported; the order adds supply for the two towns and delivery infrastructure is still needed before permits issue (ref 2).","scale":"Volumes of 5,926 and 5,000 acre-feet a year (ref 1) cover roughly 17,000 and 15,000 homes (ref 2).","duration":"Buckeye's withdrawal term runs up to 110 years (ref 2).","significance":"ADWR issued a formal Transportation Order, the department's first (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Beneficiary populations are not stated; refs give home equivalents only."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Buckeye up to 5,926 acre-feet per year and Queen Creek up to 5,000 acre-feet per year from a basin holding over 8 million acre-feet."},"measures":[{"name":"Buckeye maximum withdrawal","value":5926,"unit":"acre-feet per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Queen Creek maximum withdrawal","value":5000,"unit":"acre-feet per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Basin storage","value":8000000,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"'Over 8 million' per ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Order issued July 2025; delivery infrastructure not yet shown (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Water Resources","role":"Issued the order"},{"name":"City of Buckeye","role":"Transport recipient"},{"name":"Town of Queen Creek","role":"Transport recipient"}],"public_contact":"Governor's office and ADWR public information channels via their websites","corrective_actions":["SB 1242 (2024) added guardrails and reporting requirements for the basin (ref 1)","Cities must prove physical delivery before permits using the water issue (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"State of Arizona Approves New Water Supply, First-Ever Groundwater Transportation Order from Harquahala Basin","publisher":"Office of the Governor","date":"2025-07-18","url":"https://azgovernor.gov/node/6607","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"AZ water officials approve transfer of water from rural Arizona to active management areas","publisher":"KAWC","date":"2025-07-20","url":"https://www.kawc.org/news/2025-07-20/az-water-officials-approve-transfer-of-water-from-rural-arizona-to-active-management-areas","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (AZ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Opened ref 1 (Governor's release, July 18, 2025): first-ever groundwater transportation order, Buckeye 5,926 and Queen Creek 5,000 acre-feet/year from Harquahala, basin over 8 million acre-feet confirmed. Ref 2 (KAWC, July 20, 2025): same volumes, critics' 'raid' quote confirmed. No change."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AZ-PHOENIX-AWS-COURT-RULINGS-2026"]},{"id":"US-AZ-BUCKEYE-AG-TO-URBAN-CREDITS-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"First ag-to-urban groundwater credits approved for 825 Buckeye homes","description":"In December 2025 ADWR issued Arizona's first groundwater savings credits under the new ag-to-urban program, covering Forestar's 825-home Buckeye project. The state says retiring farmland saves about 437 million gallons a year, and a state spokesperson said other applications are pending.","location":{"name":"Buckeye ag-to-urban project","type":"Groundwater savings credit program site","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"City of Buckeye, West Valley, Phoenix AMA","coordinates":{"lat":33.37,"lon":-112.58,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Maricopa"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["agricultural","groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding is a regulatory mechanism that shifts agricultural groundwater rights to housing.","secondary_drivers":["urban growth demand","farmland retirement"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No harm is reported; KJZZ describes the credits as saving 437 million gallons a year relative to farming (ref 1).","service":"No supply interruption is documented; the credits support 825 homes (ref 1).","scale":"The credited project spans 825 homes in one West Valley city (ref 1).","duration":"Program took effect in September 2025 and the first credits came in December 2025 (ref 1), months of history.","significance":"ADWR's formal approval is the first under a 2025 state law (ref 1), a formal action rather than an enforcement order."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Homes approved (825) are reported, not residents."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"First credits cover 825 homes and are expected to save 437 million gallons of water a year."},"measures":[{"name":"Homes covered","value":825,"unit":"homes","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Expected annual water savings","value":437,"unit":"million gallons per year","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Several other applications were said to be pending (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Water Resources","role":"Program administrator"},{"name":"City of Buckeye","role":"Host city"}],"public_contact":"ADWR public information office, via the agency website","corrective_actions":["Credits were folded into Forestar's Certificate of Assured Water Supply application (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Arizona's 1st 'ag-to-urban' water credits approval goes to Buckeye housing development","publisher":"KJZZ","date":"2025-12-11","url":"https://www.kjzz.org/politics/2025-12-11/arizonas-1st-ag-to-urban-water-credits-approval-goes-to-buckeye-housing-development","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"New record (AZ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"Opened ref 1 (KJZZ, published Dec. 11, 2025): first ag-to-urban credits for 825 Buckeye homes and 437 million gallons/year savings confirmed. No change."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AZ-PHOENIX-AWS-COURT-RULINGS-2026"]},{"id":"US-AZ-SULPHUR-SPRINGS-RIVERVIEW-SETTLEMENT-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Riverview dairy settlement funds replacement wells in Sulphur Springs Valley","description":"Arizona's Attorney General announced a January 2026 settlement, reported by Agri-Pulse on January 14, in which Riverview LLP agreed to stop irrigating 2,000 acres in phases over 12 years and put $11 million into two funds for replacement wells, hauling and tanks for affected residents. By August 2026 Riverview had approved or completed re-drilling for 22 wells, while residents and the state attribute falling water levels to heavy pumping that Riverview disputes.","location":{"name":"Sulphur Springs Valley","type":"Groundwater basin area","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Cochise County, southeastern Arizona; Riverview dairy farming operations","coordinates":{"lat":31.95,"lon":-109.85,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Cochise"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Falling groundwater levels are leaving domestic wells dry.","secondary_drivers":["industrial-scale irrigation"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The settlement exists because of falling water levels affecting residents; 22 families needed new wells by Aug 2026 (ref 2).","service":"Residents are eligible for well drilling or water hauling (ref 2) and $11 million funds aid for owners with water access problems (ref 1), partial supply loss.","scale":"The affected Sulphur Springs Valley is a rural valley-wide area and the state calls the depletion increasingly dangerous (ref 1).","duration":"Fallowing is phased over 12 years (ref 2) in a valley whose water-level decline has prompted state action.","significance":"Settlement with the State of Arizona reported Jan 14, 2026 (ref 1), with AG Mayes monitoring commitments (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The sources cite number of wells (22), not residents."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Riverview committed $11 million and 2,000 acres fallowed over 12 years; 22 wells approved or re-drilled by August 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"Settlement funds","value":11,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Two funds of $5.5 million each (ref 1)."},{"name":"Acres to stop irrigating","value":2000,"unit":"acres","status":"Reported","note":"Phased over 12 years (ref 2)."},{"name":"Wells approved or re-drilled","value":22,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"As of Aug 10, 2026 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"22 wells replaced by Aug 2026 (ref 2); commitments run through 12 years."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Attorney General","role":"Settlement party and monitor"},{"name":"Riverview LLP","role":"Settling party"},{"name":"Arizona Community Foundation","role":"Administers one fund"}],"public_contact":"Arizona Attorney General's office; Arizona Community Foundation 602-381-1400 (published in ref 2)","corrective_actions":["Riverview funds replacement wells, hauling and tanks via two $5.5 million funds (ref 1)","AG will monitor fallowing and reports (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Major Arizona dairy agrees to reduce groundwater use","publisher":"Agri-Pulse","date":"2026-01-14","url":"https://www.agri-pulse.com/articles/23997-major-arizona-dairy-agrees-to-reduce-groundwater-use","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Groundwater deal brings relief to Cochise County residents","publisher":"KVOA","date":"2026-08-10","url":"https://www.kvoa.com/news/cochisecounty/groundwater-deal-brings-relief-to-cochise-county-residents/article_cf6c9d8e-e589-4a65-9995-7b9fd9f5d4c7.html","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (AZ in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AZ-WILLCOX-GW-OVERDRAFT-2024","US-AZ-DOUGLAS-AMA-GW-NEGATIVE-BALANCE-2025"]},{"id":"US-AZ-RANEGRAS-FONDOMONTE-NUISANCE-SUIT-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"State public-nuisance suit over Fondomonte pumping in Ranegras Plain proceeds","description":"Arizona's Attorney General sued Fondomonte Arizona in December 2024 for public nuisance over groundwater pumping in the Ranegras Plain, alleging dry nearby wells, degraded water quality and subsidence. On May 12, 2026 a judge refused to pause the case while ADWR completes its AMA study, so the state's request for an abatement fund can proceed.","location":{"name":"Ranegras Plain Basin","type":"Groundwater basin","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"La Paz County, about 110 miles west of Phoenix","coordinates":{"lat":33.75,"lon":-113.7,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":2},"counties":["La Paz","Yuma"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["agricultural","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The suit alleges aquifer depletion harming nearby wells.","secondary_drivers":["irrigated alfalfa for export"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The AG alleges nearby wells ran dry, water quality degraded and land subsided (ref 1); these are allegations, not findings.","service":"Dry-well allegations (ref 1) imply partial loss of household supply; no count is given.","scale":"The alleged pumping in 2023 could have supplied more than 90,000 homes for a year (ref 2), a basin-scale draw.","duration":"Fondomonte has operated since 2014 and the AG says pumping rose since then (refs 1, 2), more than a decade.","significance":"State suit under A.R.S. 13-2917 survived a stay request on May 12, 2026 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No affected-resident count is reported in refs 1 or 2."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"AG alleges Fondomonte's 2023 pumping could supply more than 90,000 single-family homes for a year."},"measures":[{"name":"Alleged 2023 pumping, home equivalent","value":90000,"unit":"homes per year","status":"Reported","note":"AG allegation reported by KTAR (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Case continues; joint scheduling order due June 15, 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Attorney General","role":"Plaintiff"},{"name":"Arizona Department of Water Resources","role":"Conducting AMA study"},{"name":"Fondomonte Arizona LLC","role":"Defendant"}],"public_contact":"Arizona Attorney General's office, via azag.gov","corrective_actions":["Basin became Arizona's eighth AMA on Jan 9, 2026 with metering and reporting duties (ref 3)","Court allowed nuisance suit seeking an abatement fund to continue (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Attorney General Mayes wins ruling to keep public nuisance lawsuit against Fondomonte","publisher":"Arizona Attorney General","date":"2026-05-15","url":"https://www.azag.gov/index%2Ephp/press-release/attorney-general-mayes-wins-ruling-keep-public-nuisance-lawsuit-against-fondomonte","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Saudi-owned farm sued by Arizona AG over water","publisher":"KTAR News","date":"2024-12-11","url":"https://ktar.com/arizona-news/saudi-owned-farm-sued-by-arizona-ag-water","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Saudi farm faces regulation with new groundwater management area","publisher":"Western Water","date":"2026-01-14","url":"https://www.western-water.com/2026/01/14/saudi-farm-faces-regulation-with-new-groundwater-management-area/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Fondomonte: Arizona AG Kris Mayes suing company over groundwater pumping","publisher":"FOX 10 Phoenix","date":"2024-12-11","url":"https://fox10phoenix.com/news/fondomonte-arizona-ag-kris-mayes-suing-company-over-groundwater-pumping","basis":"News report"},{"ref":5,"title":"Auditor blasts Arizona Land Department over leases to Saudi-owned farm","publisher":"KJZZ","date":"2024-02-23","url":"https://kjzz.org/content/1872195/auditor-blasts-arizona-land-department-over-leases-saudi-owned-farm-low-rent-no","basis":"News report"},{"ref":6,"title":"Public nuisance law put to the test in Arizona water rights case","publisher":"Yahoo News","date":"2025-10-15","url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/public-nuisance-law-put-test-000811969.html","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (AZ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Re-checked all six sources: AG press release (May 12, 2026 order refusing a full stay pending the ADWR AMA study; abatement fund relief can proceed), KTAR and FOX 10 (Dec 11, 2024 suit; more than 90,000 homes' worth of 2023 pumping), KJZZ (Feb 23, 2024), Western Water (Ranegras AMA designation; page header misprints year as 2025, URL and text say Jan 2026), Yahoo (Oct 15, 2025). All match; no change."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AZ-RANEGRAS-PLAIN-GW-DEPLETION-2026","US-AZ-BUTLER-VALLEY-GW-NEGATIVE-BALANCE-2025"],"conflicts":[{"note":"Same Ranegras Plain nuisance suit reported under two ids; sources combined. Pumping volume reported as 31,196 acre-feet (Yahoo) and 31,194 (FOX 10)."}]},{"id":"US-AZ-STATEWIDE-DATA-CENTER-WATER-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Arizona data-center growth raises water-demand questions","description":"Arizona has roughly 100 to 115 operating data centers and about 86 more planned or under construction, according to a September 2026 report. A 2025 Circle of Blue analysis put 2025 statewide data-center use near 905 million gallons, under 0.1 percent of state use, but noted Buckeye's planned Tract campus has a city limit of 2,000 acre-feet a year of groundwater and undisclosed water plans.","location":{"name":"Arizona data-center corridor","type":"Industrial and commercial water demand","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Phoenix metro (Chandler, Buckeye), Marana and other municipalities","coordinates":{"lat":33.45,"lon":-112.07,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Maricopa","Pima"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Large industrial cooling loads compete for scarce municipal and groundwater supplies.","secondary_drivers":["data-center cooling","urban growth demand"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No harm is documented; Circle of Blue estimates 905 million gallons statewide in 2025, under 0.1% of use (ref 2).","service":"No restrictions on residents are reported, though some municipalities paused new data-center projects (ref 1).","scale":"Statewide scope, with 100 to 115 centers operating and about 86 more planned (ref 1).","duration":"Buckeye parcel sale in August 2024 and Marana's December 2024 ordinance (ref 2) mark roughly two years of tracked growth.","significance":"Local ordinances: Marana bars potable supply to data centers and Chandler caps use at 115 gallons per day per 1,000 sq ft (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide demand issue; no population figure."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 100 to 115 operating Arizona data centers and about 86 planned or under construction (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Operating data centers","value":null,"unit":"centers","status":"Estimated","note":"Roughly 100 to 115 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Projected statewide use, 2025","value":905,"unit":"million gallons","status":"Estimated","note":"Bluefield Research analyst, per ref 2."},{"name":"Buckeye Tract site groundwater limit","value":2000,"unit":"acre-feet per year","status":"Reported","note":"City planning document (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Planned and in-construction centers are about 86 on top of operating ones (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Water Resources","role":"Assured water supply regulator"},{"name":"City of Buckeye","role":"Land-use and water authority"},{"name":"Town of Marana","role":"Water-supply ordinance authority"}],"public_contact":"ADWR public information office, via the agency website","corrective_actions":["Chandler 2015 cap of 115 gallons per day per 1,000 sq ft (ref 2)","Marana ordinance bars potable water supply to data centers (ref 2)","CyrusOne reports zero-water cooling at new Chandler facilities (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"As data centers expand across Arizona, experts weigh water concerns and evolving technology","publisher":"Arizona's Family (KTVK/KPHO)","date":"2026-09-23","url":"https://www.azfamily.com/2026/09/24/data-centers-expand-across-arizona-experts-weigh-water-concerns-evolving-technology/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Data centers a small, but growing factor in Arizona's water budget","publisher":"Circle of Blue","date":"2025-04-02","url":"https://www.circleofblue.org/2025/supply/data-centers-a-small-but-growing-factor-in-arizonas-water-budget/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (AZ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Re-checked AZFamily and Circle of Blue. AZFamily page shows it was published Sep. 23, 2026 (URL carries 09/24), so source date corrected from 2026-09-24 to 2026-09-23; 100 to 115 operating and about 86 planned data centers confirmed. Circle of Blue (Apr 2, 2025): about 905 million gallons projected for 2025, under 0.1% of state use, Buckeye 2,000 acre-feet limit confirmed."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AZ-TUCSON-PROJECT-BLUE-DATA-CENTER-2025"]},{"id":"US-AZ-NAVAJO-NATION-WATER-ACCESS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"About a third of Navajo homes lack running water as settlement bill awaits Congress","description":"Navajo Nation President Buu Nygren told the Senate Indian Affairs Committee on March 11, 2026 that over 30 percent of Navajo households lack running water and haul it at about $133 per thousand gallons. The Northeastern Arizona Indian Water Rights Settlement Act (S. 953) would fund a $1.715 billion pipeline but remains pending, with Colorado, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming resisting, according to KJZZ and ProPublica.","location":{"name":"Navajo Nation (Arizona portion)","type":"Tribal lands without piped water","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Apache, Navajo and Coconino Counties, northeastern Arizona","coordinates":{"lat":36.3,"lon":-109.6,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Apache","Navajo","Coconino"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["water-rights","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Households lack piped infrastructure and some hauled sources are contaminated.","secondary_drivers":["federal funding gap","water-rights settlement delay"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Navajo testimony reports 11% of livestock wells sampled exceeded the EPA uranium limit and 17% had high arsenic, used by families that haul (ref 1).","service":"Over 30 percent of Navajo households lack running water and rely on hauling (ref 1), a loss of piped service.","scale":"The Nation serves over 420,000 enrolled members, about half residing on the reservation (ref 1), a regional population.","duration":"Settlement negotiations spanned decades and the Council approved the agreement May 23, 2024 (ref 1), a chronic gap.","significance":"Settlement bill S. 953 is pending in Congress and no enforcement order is involved (refs 1, 2), so a formal legislative process."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Share of households is reported; household count and population without water are not."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Over 30 percent of Navajo households lack running water; hauling costs $133 per thousand gallons (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Navajo households lacking running water","value":30,"unit":"percent (over)","status":"Reported","note":"Testimony wording 'over 30 percent' (ref 1); KJZZ says about one in three (ref 2)."},{"name":"Water hauling cost","value":133,"unit":"USD per thousand gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Navajo DWR figure in testimony (ref 1)."},{"name":"Proposed pipeline cost","value":1.715,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Bill pending as of KJZZ's June and July 2026 reporting (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Navajo Nation Department of Water Resources","role":"Tribal water authority"},{"name":"U.S. Senate Committee on Indian Affairs","role":"Reviewing S. 953"},{"name":"Bureau of Reclamation","role":"Pipeline cost estimate source"}],"public_contact":"Navajo Nation Department of Water Resources, via navajo-nsn.gov","corrective_actions":["S. 953 would appropriate $1.715 billion for a pipeline and fund trust accounts (ref 1)","Arizona now supports the settlement, per KJZZ (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Testimony of President Buu Nygren, Senate Committee on Indian Affairs","publisher":"Navajo Nation","date":"2026-03-11","url":"https://www.indian.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/3.11.26-Testimony-Nygren.pdf","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Some homes in AZ tribal communities don't have running water; 4 states are blocking deal to help","publisher":"KJZZ","date":"2026-07-02","url":"https://www.kjzz.org/the-show/2026-07-02/some-homes-in-az-tribal-communities-dont-have-running-water-4-states-are-blocking-deal-to-help","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Water fight returns to Congress","publisher":"Navajo Times","date":"2026-03-12","url":"https://navajotimes.com/reznews/water-fight-returns-to-congress/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Arizona tribal leaders visit D.C. over water rights","publisher":"Western Water","date":"2026-02-24","url":"https://www.western-water.com/2026/02/24/arizona-tribal-leaders-visit-d-c-over-water-rights/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"New record (AZ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":9,"note":"Opened refs 1-4: Senate testimony PDF (Mar. 11, 2026: over 30 percent without running water, $133 hauling cost, $1.715 billion pipeline), KJZZ July 2, 2026 (Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming resisting), Navajo Times Mar. 2026 (about one-third lack running water), Western Water Feb. 24, 2026 confirmed. No change."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AZ-LUKACHUKAI-URANIUM-WATER-2024","US-AZ-NTUA-WASTEWATER-DECREE-2024","US-CO-RIVER-SHORTAGE-2026","US-AZ-COLORADO-POST2026-ALLOCATION-2026"],"conflicts":[{"note":"Navajo, Hopi and San Juan Southern Paiute settlement and household water access reported under two ids; sources combined."}]},{"id":"US-AZ-SRP-RESERVOIR-STORAGE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"SRP reservoir storage falls to 54 percent after driest winter on record","description":"In January 2026 Salt River Project reported its reservoir system at 54 percent of capacity, just over 1 million acre-feet, down from 70 to 75 percent a year earlier. SRP said low snowpack and a weak monsoon in 2025 drove the decline, and that it would significantly increase groundwater pumping for summer demand if conditions did not improve by spring.","location":{"name":"Salt and Verde River reservoir system","type":"Surface-water reservoir system","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Salt and Verde watersheds serving the Phoenix metro","coordinates":{"lat":33.6,"lon":-111.4,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Maricopa","Gila"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Reduced surface storage is a physical supply shortfall.","secondary_drivers":["low snowpack","weak monsoon"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"SRP's hydrologist said worry was not necessarily the right word and called the process normal (ref 1), with no harm documented.","service":"No restrictions were reported; SRP planned to offset low reservoirs with more groundwater pumping (ref 1).","scale":"The system supplies the Phoenix metro; storage dropped to 54% of capacity from 70 to 75% (ref 1).","duration":"A drought year in 2025 and the weak La Nina winter (ref 1) mean months of decline.","significance":"No order or declaration is cited; the report is SRP's own assessment (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Metro-wide system; population not stated in ref 1."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"SRP storage at 54% of capacity, just over 1 million acre-feet, versus 70 to 75% a year earlier."},"measures":[{"name":"SRP system storage","value":54,"unit":"percent of capacity","status":"Reported","note":"January 14, 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Storage a year earlier","value":72.5,"unit":"percent of capacity","status":"Estimated","note":"Midpoint of reported 70 to 75% range (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Storage fell versus the prior year (ref 1); later update not opened."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Salt River Project","role":"Reservoir operator"},{"name":"Arizona Department of Water Resources","role":"State water planning"}],"public_contact":"SRP customer and media contacts via srpnet.com","corrective_actions":["SRP planned increased groundwater pumping if spring conditions stayed poor (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SRP water reserves under pressure after driest winter on record","publisher":"Arizona's Family (KTVK/KPHO)","date":"2026-01-14","url":"https://www.azfamily.com/2026/01/15/srp-water-reserves-under-pressure-after-driest-winter-record","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (AZ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Re-checked AZFamily (Jan 14, 2026): SRP storage 54% of capacity, just over 1 million acre-feet, versus 70 to 75% a year earlier; SRP would significantly increase groundwater pumping if conditions did not improve by spring, with reassessment in May. Matches the January 2026 snapshot; no newer figure on the page."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AZ-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2025"]},{"id":"US-AZ-ORO-VALLEY-CAP-CUT-2027","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Oro Valley told to plan for about 20 percent Colorado River cut in 2027","description":"Oro Valley Water Utility has been informally told to prepare for roughly a 20 percent reduction in its Central Arizona Project allocation starting January 1, 2027, subject to Bureau of Reclamation sign-off. The utility says customers would not see less water at the tap because the town would bank less underground, but it expects resource costs to rise 3 to 5 percent a year and its director said the region is in a state of crisis.","location":{"name":"Oro Valley Water Utility","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Town of Oro Valley, Pima County, Tucson AMA","coordinates":{"lat":32.39,"lon":-110.97,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Pima"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AZ0410164"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The issue is a projected cut to imported supply and its cost, not an infrastructure failure.","secondary_drivers":["Colorado River shortage","rising water-resource costs"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No harm is reported; the director said customers would not see the 20% cut at the tap (ref 1).","service":"The cut would reduce underground storage in 2027, not deliveries, since the utility holds tens of thousands of acre-feet of storage credits (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 42,316 people served (ref 3); 84% of customers use 0 to 7,000 gallons a month (ref 1).","duration":"Cut begins Jan 1, 2027 and deeper cuts are possible after 2028 (ref 2), a multi-year exposure.","significance":"Reclamation has not yet approved the figure (ref 1), so it is an informal notice rather than an order."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":42316,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Town told to prepare for a cut of about 20% in CAP allocation starting January 2027."},"measures":[{"name":"Expected CAP allocation reduction","value":20,"unit":"percent","status":"Estimated","note":"Informal, subject to Reclamation approval (ref 1)."},{"name":"Expected annual resource cost growth","value":4,"unit":"percent","status":"Estimated","note":"Midpoint of the director's 3 to 5% (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Cuts through 2028 were finalized in August 2026 and deeper post-2028 cuts are a risk (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Oro Valley Water Utility","role":"Water provider"},{"name":"Central Arizona Project","role":"Colorado River delivery"},{"name":"Bureau of Reclamation","role":"Approves allocation reductions"}],"public_contact":"Oro Valley Water Utility, via orovalleyaz.gov","corrective_actions":["Utility has built long-term storage credits and 18 production wells (ref 1)","Firming options include the Arizona Water Bank and CAGRD (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Oro Valley told to prep for 20% Colorado River water cut starting in 2027 (page undated, retrieved)","publisher":"KGUN 9","date":"2026-06-25","url":"https://www.kgun9.com/news/community-inspired-journalism/oro-valley/oro-valley-told-to-prep-for-20-colorado-river-water-cut-starting-in-2027","basis":"News report","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":2,"title":"Colorado River cuts could drive up your water bill","publisher":"KOLD 13 News","date":"2026-08-26","url":"https://kold.com/2026/08/27/colorado-river-cuts-could-drive-up-your-water-bill","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record, Oro Valley Water Utility (AZ0410164)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/AZ/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/ORO%20VALLEY/JSON","basis":"EPA data","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (AZ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Opened ref 1 (KGUN, June 25, 2026): 20% CAP cut from 2027 not finalized pending Reclamation sign-off, 3 to 5 percent yearly cost growth, 'state of crisis' quote confirmed. Ref 2 (KOLD, Aug. 26-27, 2026) reports the federal plan was finalized with Arizona reduced by 760,000 acre-feet for two years; Oro Valley's own final allocation is not stated there, so status is unchanged."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CO-RIVER-SHORTAGE-2026","US-AZ-COLORADO-POST2026-ALLOCATION-2026"]},{"id":"US-AZ-NOGALES-SEWAGE-FLOWS-2024","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Untreated sewage flows into Nogales Wash from Sonora pipe failures (2024)","description":"In late June 2024 untreated sewage flowed from Nogales, Sonora into the Nogales, Arizona wash and toward the Santa Cruz River after a collection-system pipe failed in Mexico, and monsoon rain enlarged the flow. The U.S. Section of the IBWC chlorinated the spill and Nogales officials said repairs were made, while the city manager noted a similar spill the previous February.","location":{"name":"Nogales Wash and Santa Cruz River","type":"Cross-border wash and river segment","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Nogales, Santa Cruz County, at the Arizona-Sonora border","coordinates":{"lat":31.3404,"lon":-110.9343,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Santa Cruz"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The spill came from a failed sewer collection pipe whose flow found an alternate route to an Arizona wash.","secondary_drivers":["Cross-border flows","Aging collection pipes"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Residents were told to avoid the wash and the city manager described green, foul-smelling water (ref 2); no contamination counts were reported, so harm is potential (ref 1).","service":"No loss of drinking-water or sewer service to Arizona customers is reported in either account (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The flow ran through the Nogales wash toward the Santa Cruz River on the U.S. side, and officials could not say how much reached the river (ref 1).","duration":"The flow lasted about a week and the city manager recalled a spill the preceding February, so it recurs (ref 2).","significance":"IBWC monitored and chlorinated and asked Mexico for timely notice of future flows (ref 2); no violation or enforcement order is cited."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population exposure figure was reported (refs 1, 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Untreated sewage has apparently been flowing from Nogales, Mexico into the Nogales, Arizona wash this past week."},"measures":[{"name":"Duration of flow before response","value":7,"unit":"days (approx.)","status":"Estimated","note":"Both reports say the flow began the week before 29 June 2024 and was repaired by 1 July; exact start date not stated."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Spills recur: February 2024 and June 2024 events are cited (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Section, International Boundary and Water Commission","role":"Federal agency responding to cross-border flows"},{"name":"City of Nogales, Arizona","role":"Local government"},{"name":"Santa Cruz County","role":"County government"}],"public_contact":"USIBWC Nogales Field Office; City of Nogales, Arizona (published general channels).","corrective_actions":["IBWC chlorinated the spill (ref 1)","Mexico repaired the failed pipe and IBWC asked for timely notification of future flows (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Untreated sewage apparently flowing from Nogales, Mexico into Nogales, Arizona wash this past week","publisher":"KVOA News 4 Tucson","date":"2024-06-29","url":"https://www.kvoa.com/news/untreated-sewage-apparently-flowing-from-nogales-mexico-into-nogales-arizona-wash-this-past-week/article_3343257c-362f-11ef-8fa6-e7896a9d08a9.html","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Officials clean up raw sewage in Nogales, residents still advised to avoid wash","publisher":"KOLD 13 News","date":"2024-07-01","url":"https://www.kold.com/2024/07/02/officials-clean-up-raw-sewage-nogales-residents-still-advised-avoid-wash/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (AZ in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AZ-NOGALES-IOI-OWNERSHIP-2024"]},{"id":"US-AZ-NOGALES-IOI-OWNERSHIP-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Nogales International Outfall Interceptor: rehabilitation done, ownership transfer awaits $12.5M","description":"The nine-mile International Outfall Interceptor carries Nogales, Sonora and Nogales, Arizona sewage to the Rio Rico plant and has a history of cracking and failure. After a $34 million federal rehabilitation, the Nogales City Council approved transferring the pipe to the USIBWC on 10 April 2024, effective only when USIBWC receives $12.5 million for operation and maintenance.","location":{"name":"International Outfall Interceptor, Nogales","type":"Cross-border sewer trunkline","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Nine-mile pipeline from the Nogales border to the Rio Rico treatment plant, Santa Cruz County","coordinates":{"lat":31.334,"lon":-110.937,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Santa Cruz"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The issue is the condition and funding of a major sewer trunkline.","secondary_drivers":["Federal funding gap","Cross-border cost sharing"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Earlier reporting describes raw sewage and industrial wastewater leaking from a cracked, worn tunnel (ref 2); USIBWC says preventive maintenance will help avoid breaks and leakage (ref 1).","service":"The sources cited describe no current loss of sewer service (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The pipe serves Nogales, Arizona and Nogales, Sonora wastewater to one international plant (refs 1, 2).","duration":"The 2004 cost-sharing settlement and a 2012 condition report show a decades-long problem (ref 2), still carrying an unfunded maintenance gap in 2024 (ref 1).","significance":"The Nogales Wastewater Improvement Act of 2023 enabled the transfer and the city council approved the agreement on 10 April 2024 (ref 1); the 2004 court settlement assigned responsibility (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Population served by the interceptor is not stated in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The agreement ... will take effect once USIBWC receives $12.5 million for operation and maintenance of the nine-mile pipeline through a congressional appropriation or other funding."},"measures":[{"name":"Federal investment in rehabilitation","value":34,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Stated by the USIBWC Commissioner (ref 1)."},{"name":"O&M funding required for transfer","value":12.5,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Pipeline length","value":9,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 1, 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Rehabilitation is funded and the transfer was agreed in 2024; whether the $12.5M was appropriated is not confirmed in sources opened."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Section, International Boundary and Water Commission","role":"Prospective owner and operator"},{"name":"City of Nogales, Arizona","role":"Current owner"}],"public_contact":"USIBWC and City of Nogales, Arizona (published general channels).","corrective_actions":["Rehabilitation funded by $34 million federal investment (ref 1)","Transfer agreement to USIBWC approved 10 April 2024 pending $12.5M (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Nogales, Arizona, agrees to transfer IOI ownership to USIBWC","publisher":"U.S. Section, IBWC","date":"2024-04-11","url":"https://www.ibwc.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Press-Release-City-of-Nogales-Arizona-agrees-to-transfer-IOI-ownership-to-USIBWC-4-11-2024.pdf","basis":"Federal agency release"},{"ref":2,"title":"Nogales has a sewage problem","publisher":"High Country News","date":"2017-03-30","url":"https://www.hcn.org/articles/nogales-has-a-sewage-problem/","basis":"News report (background; page updated 2024-01-24)"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (AZ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Opened ref 1 (USIBWC release, Apr. 11, 2024): City Council approved Apr. 10, transfer effective when USIBWC receives $12.5 million, nine-mile pipeline confirmed. Ref 2 (High Country News, published Mar. 30, 2017, updated Jan. 24, 2024; opened via fetch): IOI cracking and failure history confirmed. No change."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Whether the $12.5M appropriation was enacted"],"related_ids":["US-AZ-NOGALES-SEWAGE-FLOWS-2024","US-AZ-NOGALES-NIWTP-CAPACITY-2024"]},{"id":"US-AZ-NOGALES-NIWTP-CAPACITY-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Nogales International Wastewater Treatment Plant runs over capacity with life-expired equipment","description":"The USIBWC-managed plant at Rio Rico routinely runs up to 20 percent above its 14.7 MGD design capacity, and key components exceeded their life cycle, many by more than double. A consultant flagged lack of redundancy, and USIBWC will seek about $40 million for a fourth bioreactor and clarifier after awarding $1.16 million for equipment replacement in September 2024.","location":{"name":"Nogales International Wastewater Treatment Plant","type":"International wastewater treatment plant","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Rio Rico, Santa Cruz County; treats Nogales, Sonora and Nogales, Arizona sewage","coordinates":{"lat":31.454,"lon":-110.976,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Santa Cruz"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Capacity strain and failing equipment at a sewage plant are infrastructure problems.","secondary_drivers":["Cross-border flows","Deferred maintenance"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"USIBWC says equipment failures could negatively affect effluent quality in the Santa Cruz River (ref 1); no permit exceedance is cited, so harm is potential.","service":"The plant continues to treat flows; the release reports no interruption (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The plant serves two cities and supplies a 26-mile riparian zone that recharges aquifers in Santa Cruz and Pima counties (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Built 1972 and last upgraded 2009, with components past life cycle, many by more than double (ref 1).","significance":"Two contracts totaling $1,155,742 were awarded in September 2024 (ref 1); no consent order or notice of violation is cited."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Population served is not stated; Mexico contributes 80 percent of inflow (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"NIWTP ... routinely operates up to 20% above its design capacity of 14.7 million gallons a day."},"measures":[{"name":"Design capacity","value":14.7,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Planned additional capacity and redundancy cost","value":40,"unit":"million USD (approx.)","status":"Reported","note":"'could be in the range of $40 million' (ref 1)."},{"name":"Equipment replacement contracts","value":1.155742,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Awarded September 2024 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single-point reporting in December 2024 and January 2025."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Section, International Boundary and Water Commission","role":"Plant owner and operator"},{"name":"Arizona Department of Environmental Quality","role":"AZPDES permitting authority (not confirmed in sources opened)"}],"public_contact":"USIBWC Nogales Field Office (published general channel).","corrective_actions":["Replace diffusers, blowers, RAS pumps and flow meters (ref 1)","Seek funding for a fourth bioreactor, clarifier and RAS pump plus polymer system (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"USIBWC Nogales wastewater treatment plant to undergo first major maintenance in 15 years","publisher":"U.S. Section, IBWC","date":"2024-12-31","url":"https://www.ibwc.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/USIBWC-Nogales-wastewater-treatment-plant-to-undergo-first-major-maintenance-in-15-years.pdf","basis":"Federal agency release"},{"ref":2,"title":"Long-awaited updates planned for Nogales wastewater plant","publisher":"KJZZ Fronteras Desk","date":"2025-01-04","url":"https://www.kjzz.org/fronteras-desk/2025-01-04/long-awaited-updates-planned-for-nogales-wastewater-plant","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (AZ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Opened ref 1 (USIBWC release, Dec. 31, 2024): plant routinely up to 20% above 14.7 MGD design capacity, September 2024 contracts totaling $1,155,742, fourth bioreactor/clarifier funding sought confirmed. Ref 2 (KJZZ, Jan. 4, 2025): $40 million upgrade and equipment replacement confirmed. No change."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AZ-NOGALES-IOI-OWNERSHIP-2024"]},{"id":"US-AZ-TUCSON-SKYLINE-MAIN-BREAK-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Tucson Water 16-inch main break on Skyline Drive cuts service to about 2,000 customers","description":"On 25 October 2024 a 16-inch Tucson Water main broke at Skyline Drive and Chula Vista Road in the Catalina Foothills, closing the road and leaving roughly 2,000 customers without water or with low pressure for most of the day. Tucson Water attributed the break to old pipes, and service was restored the same day.","location":{"name":"Skyline Drive and Chula Vista Road, Tucson","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Catalina Foothills, Tucson, Pima County","coordinates":{"lat":32.3,"lon":-110.93,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Pima"],"extent":"site","pwsid":"AZ0410112"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A failed aging transmission main caused a localized outage.","secondary_drivers":["Aging pipes"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"No health impact or boil notice is reported in either account (refs 2, 3).","service":"About 2,000 customers had no water or low pressure, about 900 still affected at the last check on 25 October (refs 2, 3).","scale":"A foothills neighborhood portion of a utility serving 732,906 people (ref 1).","duration":"Service was restored the same day (refs 2, 3).","significance":"Operational event with no violation or order cited (refs 2, 3)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":732906,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Tucson Water per SDWIS (ref 1); about 2,000 customers affected by the break (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"A 16-inch water main that broke, which was caused by old pipes; about 2,000 customers left either without water, or low water pressure."},"measures":[{"name":"Customers affected","value":2000,"unit":"customers","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."},{"name":"Main diameter","value":16,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"Refs 2, 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Tucson Water","role":"Water utility"}],"public_contact":"Tucson Water customer service (published general channel).","corrective_actions":["Tucson Water repaired the main and restored service on 25 October 2024 (refs 2, 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Tucson, City of (AZ0410112)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/AZ/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/TUCSON/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":2,"title":"Water main break shuts down major road, leaves thousands without water","publisher":"KVOA News 4 Tucson","date":"2024-10-25","url":"https://www.kvoa.com/news/water-main-break-shuts-down-major-road-leaves-thousands-without-water/article_1e9f8e0c-92ec-11ef-b6d0-cb0aaea6b464.html","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Traffic hazard shuts down part of Skyline Drive in Pima County","publisher":"KOLD 13 News","date":"2024-10-25","url":"https://www.kold.com/2024/10/25/traffic-hazard-shuts-down-part-skyline-drive-pima-county/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":1,"note":"New record (AZ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":1,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":1,"note":"Re-checked KVOA and KOLD (both Oct 25, 2024): 16-inch main at Skyline Drive and Chula Vista Road, caused by old pipes, about 2,000 customers without water or low pressure, water back on. Matches; no change. SDWIS lookup not re-opened."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AZ-GLOBE-FLOOD-WATER-MAINS-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Globe water main breaks and boil advisory after September 2025 flood; recovery unfunded by FEMA","description":"After the September 2025 flooding two Globe water main breaks in two days in October 2025 interrupted service and prompted a precautionary boil-water advisory. The city reports about $96 million in final flood damage, and FEMA denied a major disaster declaration in December 2025 and again on appeal in July 2026, leaving the city and state to fund repairs.","location":{"name":"City of Globe water system","type":"Municipal water system","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Globe, Gila County","coordinates":{"lat":33.3942,"lon":-110.7865,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Gila"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"AZ0404008"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Flood damage broke water mains and left the city with unfunded infrastructure repair costs.","secondary_drivers":["Flood damage","Federal disaster aid denied"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"County health officials said the break 'may have allowed harmful bacteria or other microorganisms to enter the water system' (ref 2); no illness is reported.","service":"A rupture 'caused a pause in service' and bottled water was delivered daily during the advisory (ref 2).","scale":"The system serves 7,536 people (ref 1) and the flood also hit Miami, with Gila County damage over $100 million (ref 3).","duration":"Recovery was still unfunded and incomplete ten months later in July 2026 (refs 3, 4), after the advisory itself lasted days (ref 2).","significance":"Gov. Hobbs declared a state of emergency and FEMA denied the request and the appeal (refs 3, 4)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":7536,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by City of Globe per SDWIS (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Globe's final damage assessment for the devastating fall floods is around $96 million."},"measures":[{"name":"Final flood damage assessment, City of Globe","value":96,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Per the mayor (ref 3)."},{"name":"Main breaks in two days","value":2,"unit":"breaks","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Globe-Miami flood repair cost estimate","value":130,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Miami mayor's estimate (ref 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["City says revenue declined after the flood; recovery needs years of funding (refs 3, 4)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Mains repaired within days; funding gap persists into 2026."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Globe Water Department","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Gila County Public Health and Community Services","role":"Issued boil advisory"},{"name":"FEMA","role":"Denied major disaster declaration and appeal"}],"public_contact":"City of Globe (published general channels).","corrective_actions":["Second main break repaired 15 October 2025 and bottled water delivered (ref 2)","State agreed to reimburse 75 percent of damage (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Globe, City of (AZ0404008)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/AZ/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/GLOBE/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":2,"title":"Second water main break repaired in Globe; boil water advisory remains","publisher":"Arizona's Family (KTVK/KPHO)","date":"2025-10-15","url":"https://www.azfamily.com/2025/10/15/globe-residents-advised-boil-water-after-floods-caused-main-breaks/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Globe still reeling from $96M flood damage as Arizona prepares FEMA appeal","publisher":"Arizona's Family (KTVK/KPHO)","date":"2026-01-13","url":"https://www.azfamily.com/2026/01/14/globe-still-reeling-96m-flood-damage-arizona-prepares-fema-appeal/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"FEMA denies Globe's major disaster request appeal for deadly 2025 floods","publisher":"Arizona's Family (KTVK/KPHO)","date":"2026-07-15","url":"https://www.azfamily.com/2026/07/16/fema-denies-globes-major-disaster-request-appeal-deadly-2025-floods/","basis":"News report"},{"title":"Clean drinking water restored in Globe after floods broke mains multiple times","publisher":"KJZZ","date":"2025-10-17","url":"https://www.kjzz.org/fronteras-desk/2025-10-17/clean-drinking-water-restored-in-globe-after-floods-broke-mains-multiple-times","basis":"News","ref":5},{"title":"SDWIS water system record AZ0404008","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AZ0404008/JSON","basis":"Federal record","ref":6,"accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"title":"2024 National Places Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point","ref":7}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"New record (AZ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":7,"note":"Opened refs 2-5: azfamily Oct. 15, 2025 (main breaks, boil advisory), KJZZ Oct. 17, 2025 (water restored after mains broke multiple times), azfamily Jan. 14, 2026 ($96M final damage per mayor), azfamily July 15-16, 2026 (FEMA denied appeal; denied first request Dec. 2025; three died; $130M repair estimate; $96M). All confirmed. SDWIS and Census refs not re-opened. No change."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AZ-GILA-MOHAVE-FLOOD-2025"],"conflicts":[{"note":"Same Globe flood boil advisory reported under two ids; sources combined. Lift date not stated in opened pages."}]},{"id":"US-AZ-PHOENIX-LEAD-SERVICE-LINE-INVENTORY-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Phoenix lead service line inventory leaves about half of 500,000 lines unknown","description":"Phoenix is inventorying about 500,000 service lines under the federal Lead and Copper Rule revisions; city officials said half are not hazardous materials and the rest are unknown, including roughly 5,000 galvanized lines that may have absorbed lead. The city says field work since 2021 found no lead lines, and it submitted its inventory to ADEQ in October 2024.","location":{"name":"City of Phoenix water system","type":"Municipal water system","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Phoenix, Maricopa County","coordinates":{"lat":33.4484,"lon":-112.074,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Maricopa"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"AZ0407025"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Unknown and galvanized service line materials are a latent drinking-water risk tied to buried pipe.","secondary_drivers":["Federal rule compliance"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The city reports no lead lines found since field investigations began in 2021 (refs 2, 3), so no harm is documented.","service":"Replacement of galvanized lines is planned but no service disruption is reported (ref 3).","scale":"About 500,000 lines in a system serving 1,695,000 people (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Field investigations began in 2021 and the inventory continues over several years, with unknowns still being resolved (ref 3).","significance":"Federal LCRI notices and an ADEQ inventory submission in October 2024 (refs 2, 3); no violation is cited."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":1695000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Phoenix per SDWIS (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Phoenix is looking into 500,000 water lines ... half of those are not made of any dangerous material. The other half is unknown, except for roughly 5,000 pipe systems made of galvanized material."},"measures":[{"name":"Service lines in inventory","value":500000,"unit":"lines","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."},{"name":"Galvanized lines to be replaced","value":5000,"unit":"lines (roughly)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Inventory first published October 2024."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Phoenix Water Services Department","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Arizona Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Phoenix Water Services; pipes.phoenix.gov (published channel).","corrective_actions":["Notify customers with unknown or galvanized lines (ref 2)","Free water-quality sampling on request (ref 2)","Continue investigating unknown lines and replace galvanized lines (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Phoenix, City of (AZ0407025)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/AZ/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PHOENIX/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":2,"title":"Letters going out on lead pipe inventory, PHX water officials say not to worry","publisher":"ABC15 Arizona","date":"2024-11-14","url":"https://www.abc15.com/news/local-news/letters-going-out-on-lead-pipe-inventory-phoenix-water-officials-say-not-to-worry","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Lead and Copper Rule Compliance (service line inventory)","publisher":"City of Phoenix","date":null,"url":"https://pipes.phoenix.gov/","basis":"Local government","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (AZ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Opened ref 2 (ABC15, Nov. 2024: 500,000 lines, half not hazardous, other half unknown, ~5,000 galvanized) and ref 3 (pipes.phoenix.gov: no lead lines found since field investigations began 2021; inventory submitted to ADEQ Oct. 2024) confirmed. Ref 1 is a database lookup, not re-opened. No change."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AZ-PHOENIX-PIPELINE-LIFECYCLE-2024"]},{"id":"US-AZ-TUCSON-LEAD-SERVICE-LINE-INVENTORY-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Tucson Water mails lead-line notices as customer-side inventory begins","description":"In November 2024 thousands of Tucson Water customers received notices that their service connection might be lead, as the utility inventories the customer side of the meter for the first time under the revised federal rule. Tucson Water says it earlier found about one thousand lead connections among a quarter million and expects few more; about $112 million in federal infrastructure money was announced in March 2024 for projects including lead line replacement.","location":{"name":"Tucson Water service area","type":"Municipal water system","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Tucson, Pima County","coordinates":{"lat":32.2226,"lon":-110.9747,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Pima"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"AZ0410112"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Lead service lines are buried pipe assets that can affect tap water quality.","secondary_drivers":["Federal rule compliance"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"About 1,000 lead connections were found main-to-meter, and the utility says its water is not corrosive so leaching is unlikely (ref 2); exposure is potential.","service":"No service interruption results from the notices or inventory (ref 2).","scale":"Thousands of customers were notified in a system serving 732,906 people (refs 1, 2).","duration":"The utility has searched for decades and expects the customer-side survey to take a few years (ref 2).","significance":"Notices are required by the EPA Lead and Copper Rule revisions (ref 2); no violation is cited."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":732906,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by Tucson Water per SDWIS (ref 1); number of notified customers not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Tucson Water has already spent decades searching for lead connections from the main to the meter and found maybe one thousand out of a quarter million connections."},"measures":[{"name":"Lead connections found, main to meter","value":1000,"unit":"connections (approx.)","status":"Reported","note":"'maybe one thousand' (ref 2)."},{"name":"Federal infrastructure funding for PFAS, emerging contaminants and lead line replacement","value":112,"unit":"million USD (almost)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Customer-side inventory only began in late 2024."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Tucson Water","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Arizona Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Tucson Water customer service (published general channel).","corrective_actions":["Mail notices and inventory customer-side lines (ref 2)","Help customers replace lead connections (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: Tucson, City of (AZ0410112)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/AZ/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/TUCSON/JSON","basis":"Federal data","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":2,"title":"Tucson Water looking for lead lines again","publisher":"KOLD 13 News","date":"2024-11-22","url":"https://www.kold.com/2024/11/23/tucson-water-looking-lead-lines-again/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Federal money headed to Tucson to address PFAS, lead pipes and other water issues","publisher":"KJZZ Fronteras Desk","date":"2024-03-04","url":"https://kjzz.org/content/1873103/federal-money-headed-tucson-address-pfas-lead-pipes-and-other-water-issues","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (AZ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Re-checked KOLD (Nov 22, 2024: thousands of notices, maybe one thousand lead connections out of a quarter million) and KJZZ (Mar 4, 2024: almost $112 million from Infrastructure Law). Matches. SDWIS lookup not re-opened. No change."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AZ-TUCSON-PFAS-WELLS-2024"]},{"id":"US-AZ-STATEWIDE-ASCE-WATER-INFRASTRUCTURE-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"ASCE report card: Arizona water, wastewater and stormwater systems score no better than C","description":"A 2026 American Society of Civil Engineers report card graded Arizona's dams, wastewater, drinking water, stormwater and levees no higher than C, with rural systems pulling down the statewide average. The report cites an infrastructure gap in which maintenance costs outgrow spending and more than $12 billion in drinking-water needs over 20 years driven by new PFAS standards.","location":{"name":"Arizona statewide water infrastructure","type":"Statewide infrastructure systems","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"All Arizona counties; rural systems lag larger cities","coordinates":{"lat":34.0489,"lon":-111.0937,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding is a statewide capital shortfall across water and wastewater assets.","secondary_drivers":["Rural utility capital shortfalls","New PFAS standards"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"No specific harm is documented; the report calls a C grade 'mediocre' and 'requires attention' (ref 1).","service":"The report does not describe a specific service loss (ref 1).","scale":"The grades cover the entire state's systems (ref 1).","duration":"The ASCE chair describes an infrastructure gap where maintenance costs are outgrowing spending (ref 1).","significance":"An advisory professional assessment with no regulatory force, published 20 August 2026 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide population served is not stated in the cited article."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"None of those categories scored higher than a 'C' grade."},"measures":[{"name":"Drinking-water infrastructure need from new PFAS standards over 20 years","value":12,"unit":"billion USD (more than; excludes tribal systems)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Maintenance cost outgrowing spending (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First report card found in this pass."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"American Society of Civil Engineers, Arizona Section","role":"Report card author"},{"name":"Arizona Department of Environmental Quality","role":"State environmental regulator"}],"public_contact":"Arizona Section, American Society of Civil Engineers (published channel).","corrective_actions":["Report authors call for new strategies and adequate funding for infrastructure upgrades (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Report card gives Arizona's water systems a 'C' grade. The reason why is complicated","publisher":"KJZZ","date":"2026-08-20","url":"https://www.kjzz.org/science/2026-08-20/report-card-gives-arizonas-water-systems-a-c-grade-the-reason-why-is-complicated","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (AZ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Re-checked KJZZ (Aug 20, 2026): no ASCE category above C, rural systems pull down the average, more than $12 billion drinking-water need over 20 years from new PFAS standards. Matches; no change."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["The ASCE report itself could not be opened"],"related_ids":["US-AZ-STATEWIDE-PFAS-SCREENING-2024","US-AZ-ONSITE-WASTEWATER-AGING-2024"]},{"id":"US-AZ-PHOENIX-CAVE-CREEK-RECLAMATION-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Phoenix approves up to $300M to revive Cave Creek plant as downstream sewer capacity runs short","description":"In February 2024 Phoenix City Council approved up to $300 million to renovate and bring back online the bypassed Cave Creek Reclamation Plant. A city water official said one reason is that the city is running out of sewer capacity downstream, since north Phoenix flows are now sent to a larger plant in southwest Phoenix.","location":{"name":"Cave Creek Reclamation Plant","type":"Municipal wastewater reclamation plant","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"North Phoenix, Maricopa County","coordinates":{"lat":33.4484,"lon":-112.074,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Maricopa"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"The plant is a sewage treatment asset restored to relieve sewer capacity limits.","secondary_drivers":["Growth","Capacity limits"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No contamination or spill is reported, only a capacity concern (ref 1).","service":"The plant is currently bypassed and flows are treated elsewhere, so there is no service loss (ref 1).","scale":"North Phoenix wastewater flows are routed across the city to the southwest plant (ref 1).","duration":"Construction was planned for early 2024 with operation targeted for 2026, so the fix spans years (ref 1).","significance":"City Council voted to approve up to $300 million (ref 1); no regulatory order cited."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure was reported (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"We're running out of sewer capacity downstream."},"measures":[{"name":"Approved renovation budget","value":300,"unit":"million USD (up to)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single 2024 report; completion status unconfirmed."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Phoenix Water Services Department","role":"Utility and plant owner"},{"name":"Arizona Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Permitting authority for any purified-water use"}],"public_contact":"City of Phoenix Water Services (published general channel).","corrective_actions":["Renovate and restart the plant, targeting 2026 operation (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Phoenix City Council approves up to $300 million to renovate water treatment plant","publisher":"ABC15 Arizona","date":"2024-02-07","url":"https://www.abc15.com/news/local-news/phoenix-city-council-approves-up-to-300-million-to-renovate-water-treatment-plant","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record (AZ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"Opened ref 1 (ABC15, Feb. 7, 2024): Phoenix City Council approved up to $300 million for Cave Creek Reclamation Plant; 'running out of sewer capacity downstream' quote confirmed. No change."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Current construction status"],"related_ids":["US-AZ-PHOENIX-PIPELINE-LIFECYCLE-2024"]},{"id":"US-AZ-RESOLUTION-COPPER-WATER-DEMAND-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Resolution Copper would need at least 250 billion gallons from the Phoenix AMA","description":"Reporting on the proposed Resolution Copper mine near Superior says it would need at least 250 billion gallons from the Phoenix Active Management Area over six decades, with dewatering and recycling covering under a third. The company has banked about 313,000 acre-feet of storage credits against an estimated need of at least 775,000 acre-feet. A hydrogeologist hired by the San Carlos Apache Tribe warns groundwater could drop 10 to 1,000 feet across 300 square miles.","location":{"name":"Resolution Copper project, Superior and Oak Flat","type":"Proposed copper mine water demand","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Pinal County near Superior; water drawn from the Phoenix AMA and Desert Wellfield in the East Salt River Valley.","coordinates":{"lat":33.295,"lon":-111.09,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Pinal"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is the quantity of groundwater a new mine would draw and its aquifer effects.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Critics' hydrogeologist says groundwater levels could fall 10 to 1,000 feet across 300 square miles and many springs will probably dry up (ref 1); these are projections, not realized harm.","service":"No interruption to any public water supply is reported in the cited coverage (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The mine's demand of at least 250 billion gallons is drawn from a regional AMA serving the Phoenix area (ref 1).","duration":"Dewatering began in 2009 and the demand would run over six decades (ref 1).","significance":"The U.S. Forest Service issued a final environmental impact statement drawing about 30,000 comments, a fifth on water (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure; the issue is a future industrial demand."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"At least 250 billion gallons from the Phoenix AMA over six decades; at least 775,000 acre-feet needed, about 313,000 stored (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Water credits stored","value":313000,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"Resolution Copper long-term storage credits (ref 1)."},{"name":"Estimated need","value":775000,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"At least this amount (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Consultant estimate of 250 billion gallons dates to a 2021 report (ref 2); company banking continued by 2025 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Forest Service","role":"Environmental review"},{"name":"Arizona Department of Water Resources","role":"Groundwater and storage-credit regulator"}],"public_contact":"Arizona Department of Water Resources, through its published channels.","corrective_actions":["Company banks surface water as storage credits to offset groundwater use (ref 1).","Treated mine dewatering water is delivered to farmers near the New Magma Irrigation and Drainage District (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"While Resolution Copper banks water for mine's future, critics fear long-term impacts on Oak Flat","publisher":"KJZZ","date":"2025-03-19","url":"https://www.kjzz.org/tribal-natural-resources/2025-03-19/while-resolution-copper-banks-water-for-mines-future-critics-fear-long-term-impacts-on-oak-flat","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Proposed Oak Flat mine could impact Arizona groundwater supplies, report says","publisher":"KJZZ","date":"2021-10-06","url":"https://kjzz.org/content/1722769/proposed-oak-flat-mine-could-impact-arizona-groundwater-supplies-report-says","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (AZ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"Re-checked KJZZ (Mar 19, 2025: at least 250 billion gallons over six decades, 313,000 acre-feet stored vs 775,000 needed, dewatering/recycling under a third, 10 to 1,000 ft drawdown over 300 sq mi) and KJZZ (Oct 6, 2021). Figures and dates match; no change."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AZ-PHOENIX-AMA-GW-UNMET-DEMAND-2024"]},{"id":"US-AZ-CORONADO-COAL-ASH-POND-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"EPA lets SRP keep using unlined Coronado coal ash pond while it reviews clay-liner claim","description":"On July 23, 2026 EPA reversed its 2025 denial and allowed Salt River Project to keep using a clay-lined coal ash evaporation pond at the Coronado Generating Station near St. Johns while review continues. EPA's earlier denial said soil, engineering, groundwater and monitoring did not meet requirements. SRP says 200 to 250 feet of natural clay works like a synthetic liner, while the Sierra Club says SRP showed no new monitoring data.","location":{"name":"Coronado Generating Station ash pond","type":"Coal ash surface impoundment","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Near St. Johns, Apache County, close to the New Mexico border.","coordinates":{"lat":34.58,"lon":-109.27,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Apache"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The issue is whether an ash pond without a synthetic liner protects groundwater from coal ash contaminants.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No groundwater contamination is documented in the cited coverage; the Sierra Club's concern is leak risk, and a Duke study cited by KJZZ links clay-lined ponds to higher risk (ref 1).","service":"No drinking-water service effect is reported (refs 1, 2).","scale":"The issue is one pond at one 780-megawatt plant (ref 1).","duration":"A liner exception was requested in November 2020 and the matter was still open in July 2026, with a final demonstration report due mid-2027 (ref 1).","significance":"EPA issued a formal denial in 2025 and a reversal on July 23, 2026 (ref 1), which is a formal action rather than an enforcement order."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure; no drinking-water users are identified in the sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"SRP says a liner would have cost more than $90 million and 94 more acres; demonstration report due mid-2027 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Natural clay under pond (SRP claim)","value":225,"unit":"feet","status":"Estimated","note":"SRP cites 200 to 250 feet; midpoint shown (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"EPA's position has changed from denial in 2025 to approval in July 2026 (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Coal ash rule regulator"},{"name":"Salt River Project","role":"Plant operator"}],"public_contact":"U.S. EPA Region 9 through epa.gov.","corrective_actions":["SRP to prepare a final demonstration report for EPA (ref 1).","Sierra Club and Earthjustice submitted comments urging EPA to uphold its denial (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA reverses course on coal ash pond requirement at SRP's Coronado Generating Station","publisher":"KJZZ","date":"2026-07-24","url":"https://www.kjzz.org/business/2026-07-24/epa-reverses-course-on-coal-ash-pond-requirement-at-srps-coronado-generating-station","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA Will Allow Salt River Project to Continue to Recklessly Dump Toxic Coal Ash","publisher":"Earthjustice","date":"2026-07-23","url":"https://earthjustice.org/press/2026/epa-will-allow-salt-river-project-to-continue-to-recklessly-dump-toxic-coal-ash","basis":"Advocacy statement"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (AZ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Opened ref 1 (KJZZ, July 24, 2026): EPA reversed course July 23 allowing clay liner, SRP says liner would cost >$90 million and 94 acres, report due mid-2027, confirmed. Ref 2 (Earthjustice, July 23, 2026): confirms the approval and Jan. 2025 initial denial (the page's subheading says 'proposes to grant' while its body says EPA approved). No change."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AZ-PHOENIX-TSMC-WATER-DEMAND-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"TSMC north Phoenix fab uses 4.75 million gallons a day as expansion grows","description":"TSMC's north Phoenix operation takes about 4.75 million gallons of water a day from the City of Phoenix portfolio, mostly reclaimed wastewater, and recycles 65% of it. The company is building an industrial reclamation plant to reach 90% reuse or better, not fully operating until 2028. Reporting ties the concern to a $100 billion expansion and recent Colorado River cuts.","location":{"name":"TSMC Arizona fab, north Phoenix","type":"Industrial water customer of a municipal utility","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"North Phoenix, Maricopa County; served by City of Phoenix Water Services.","coordinates":{"lat":33.79,"lon":-112.15,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Maricopa"],"extent":"city","pwsid":"AZ0407025"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns a large industrial customer's demand on a municipal supply during Colorado River shortage.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No harm is reported; the city says it has enough water for the plant (ref 1).","service":"No restriction on other customers is reported (ref 1).","scale":"The plant draws on the Phoenix system, which SDWIS lists as serving 1,695,000 people (ref 2).","duration":"The reclamation plant that would raise reuse from 65% to 90% will not be fully operating until 2028 (ref 1).","significance":"TSMC operates under a City of Phoenix industrial pretreatment discharge permit (ref 1), a formal local requirement."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":1695000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the City of Phoenix system per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"TSMC uses 4.75 million gallons a day and recycles 65% (about 3.5 million gallons a day) (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"TSMC daily intake","value":4.75,"unit":"MGD","status":"Reported","note":"AZFamily (ref 1)."},{"name":"Reuse rate","value":65,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Target 90% or better by 2028 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Expansion by $100 billion and possible status as Phoenix's largest water customer (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Phoenix Water Services Department","role":"Water supplier and pretreatment permit issuer"},{"name":"TSMC Arizona","role":"Industrial water user"}],"public_contact":"City of Phoenix Water Services Department through phoenix.gov.","corrective_actions":["Industrial reclamation water plant under construction (ref 1).","On-site wastewater treatment before discharge to the public sewer (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Arizona's chip footprint grows, but TSMC's water demand sparks questions","publisher":"AZFamily","date":"2026-08-24","url":"https://www.azfamily.com/2026/08/24/arizonas-chip-footprint-grows-tsmcs-water-demand-sparks-questions/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record AZ0407025","publisher":"U.S. EPA (data.epa.gov)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AZ0407025/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (AZ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Opened ref 1 (azfamily, Aug. 24, 2026): 4.75 million gallons/day, 65% recycled (about 3.5 million gallons/day), push for 90% reuse by 2028, $100 billion expansion confirmed. SDWIS ref not re-opened. No change."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CO-RIVER-SHORTAGE-2026","US-AZ-TUCSON-PROJECT-BLUE-DATA-CENTER-2025"]},{"id":"US-AZ-COPPER-WORLD-APP-2024","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"ADEQ issues aquifer permit for Hudbay's Copper World mine despite liner and monitoring concerns","description":"ADEQ issued Aquifer Protection Permit P-513690 for the Copper World mine in the Santa Rita Mountains on Aug. 29, 2024, and no appeals were filed. Opponents cited the lack of liners under tailings, which ADEQ replaced with underdrains, and an inadequate monitoring well network. Pima County also questioned whether ponds can handle a 100-year storm.","location":{"name":"Copper World mine, Santa Rita Mountains","type":"Proposed copper mine aquifer permit","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"About 28 miles southeast of Tucson, Pima County; six open pits.","coordinates":{"lat":31.86,"lon":-110.77,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Pima"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The permit governs mine discharges and tailings that could affect groundwater and the Santa Cruz River.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No contamination is documented; opponents cite tailings without liners and an assumed 1% release in a dam failure (ref 2).","service":"No water-service effect is reported (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Advocates say the mine could affect the Santa Rita ecosystem and the nearby Santa Cruz River (ref 1).","duration":"ADEQ spent about 455 days preparing the draft, and the permit issued Aug. 29, 2024 remained disputed in coverage updated November 2025 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"ADEQ issued a formal aquifer protection permit, and ADEQ made five substantive changes after 55 Pima County comments (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No population figure appears in the cited coverage."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"ADEQ issued the Aquifer Protection Permit on Aug. 29, 2024; no appeals were filed (ref 2)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Air permit was still pending at the time of reporting (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Aquifer Protection Program permitting"},{"name":"Hudbay Minerals (Copper World Inc.)","role":"Permittee"}],"public_contact":"ADEQ through azdeq.gov.","corrective_actions":["Permit requires the facility not to cause or contribute to groundwater standard violations (refs 1, 2).","ADEQ approved underdrains in place of tailings liners (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"State environmental regulators ask for public input on southern AZ copper mine","publisher":"KJZZ","date":"2024-01-17","url":"https://kjzz.org/content/1868587/state-environmental-regulators-ask-public-input-southern-az-copper-mine","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Copper World aquifer permit not appealed","publisher":"Arizona Daily Star","date":"2024-10-02","url":"https://thisistucson.com/news/local/article_562a0d14-7f6b-11ef-ade1-47d5fa87c549.html","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (AZ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"Opened ref 2 (Arizona Daily Star, Oct. 2, 2024): ADEQ issued the permit Aug. 29 and opponents did not appeal; 100-year storm pond concern from Pima County confirmed. Ref 1 (KJZZ) opened: public-input notice on proposed Copper World permit, consistent. Permit number P-513690 and the liner/underdrain detail were not found in the opened pages. No change."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AZ-HERMOSA-ANTIMONY-2025"]},{"id":"US-AZ-SAN-CARLOS-FLOOD-DR4911-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"San Carlos Apache Tribe receives major disaster declaration for October 2025 flooding","description":"A presidential major disaster declaration (DR-4911) was issued on May 29, 2026 for severe storms and flooding that struck the San Carlos Apache Tribe from Oct. 10 to 13, 2025. FEMA reports more than $1.05 million approved for individuals and households across 75 applications. HUD announced foreclosure relief and grant flexibility for the tribe on June 9, 2026.","location":{"name":"San Carlos Indian Reservation","type":"Tribal reservation flood disaster area","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"San Carlos Indian Reservation, Gila County; Disaster Recovery Center on Ocotillo Road in San Carlos.","coordinates":{"lat":33.35,"lon":-110.46,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Gila"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Flood damage to housing and infrastructure on the reservation from a storm event.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"FEMA has approved $815,151 in housing assistance and $239,501 in other needs for flood-affected households (ref 1).","service":"Neither cited source reports water or other utility outages.","scale":"FEMA reports 75 approved applications (ref 1), a limited number of households.","duration":"The storms ran Oct. 10 to 13, 2025 and the declaration came about seven months later on May 29, 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"A presidential major disaster declaration with Individual Assistance was issued (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Only 75 approved applications are reported, not a population (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"$1,054,652.16 approved for individuals and households across 75 approved applications (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Individual and household assistance approved","value":1054652.16,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"FEMA DR-4911 page (ref 1)."},{"name":"Approved applications","value":75,"unit":"count","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Recovery assistance is in place; late applications reviewed case by case (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"FEMA","role":"Disaster assistance"},{"name":"San Carlos Apache Tribe","role":"Declared recipient"},{"name":"HUD","role":"Housing relief"}],"public_contact":"FEMA Disaster Recovery Center, San Carlos, Tuesday to Saturday.","corrective_actions":["Disaster Recovery Center operating in San Carlos (ref 1).","HUD foreclosure moratorium and grant flexibility (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"DR-4911: San Carlos Apache Tribe Severe Storms and Flooding","publisher":"FEMA","date":"2026-05-29","url":"https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4911","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"HUD delivers disaster aid for San Carlos Apache Tribe impacted by natural disasters","publisher":"HUD","date":"2026-06-09","url":"https://www.hud.gov/news/hud-no-26-043","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"New record (AZ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"Re-checked FEMA DR-4911 (declared May 29, 2026; incident Oct 10-13, 2025; $1,054,652.16 approved across 75 applications) and HUD release of June 9, 2026. All match; no change."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AZ-SAN-CARLOS-WASTEWATER-2024"]},{"id":"US-AZ-LPSCO-LITCHFIELD-PARK-RATES-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"ACC approves Litchfield Park water and sewer rate case with 43% wastewater bill rise","description":"In August 2026 the Arizona Corporation Commission approved a rate case for Liberty Utilities (Litchfield Park Water and Sewer), serving more than 22,000 West Valley customers. Preliminary estimates put average residential water bills up under 30%, to about $30 a month, and wastewater bills up about 43%, to about $65. Commissioners trimmed return on equity from 9.75% to 9.4%.","location":{"name":"Liberty Water LPSCO service area","type":"Private regulated water and sewer utility","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Litchfield Park and surrounding West Valley communities, Maricopa County.","coordinates":{"lat":33.4935,"lon":-112.3577,"precision":"system_centroid","source_ref":1},"counties":["Maricopa"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AZ0407046"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns regulated rate increases for a private water and sewer utility.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health or environmental harm is cited in the commission summary (ref 1).","service":"No service disruption is reported; the decision concerns bills (ref 1).","scale":"The utility serves more than 22,000 customers and SDWIS lists 57,070 people served (refs 1, 2).","duration":"The case was docketed in 2025 and rates include an Annual Rate Adjustment Mechanism for ongoing adjustments (ref 1).","significance":"The commission adopted a rate order on Aug. 12, 2026 with amended return on equity (ref 1), a formal regulatory action."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":57070,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Average residential water bills rise under 30% to about $30.00; wastewater bills rise about 43% to about $65.00 (ref 1, preliminary)."},"measures":[{"name":"Return on equity","value":9.4,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Cut from 9.75% by approved amendments (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Annual Rate Adjustment Mechanism adopted (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Bills rise under the new rates and an ARAM allows further adjustments (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Corporation Commission","role":"Rate regulator"},{"name":"Liberty Utilities","role":"Utility"}],"public_contact":"Arizona Corporation Commission through azcc.gov.","corrective_actions":["Commission cut return on equity to 9.4% (ref 1).","Final bill impacts still being calculated (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"August 12, 2026 open meeting highlights","publisher":"Arizona Corporation Commission","date":"2026-08-17","url":"https://azcc.gov/news/home/2026/08/17/august-12--2026-open-meeting-highlights","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record AZ0407046","publisher":"U.S. EPA (data.epa.gov)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AZ0407046/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (AZ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Opened ref 1 (ACC Aug. 12, 2026 open meeting highlights, posted Aug. 17, 2026): Liberty Litchfield Park rate case, >22,000 customers, preliminary water bill increase under 30% to about $30.00, wastewater about 43% to about $65.00, ROE 9.75% to 9.4% confirmed. SDWIS ref not re-opened. No change."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AZ-TUCSON-WATER-SYSTEMS-SALE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Tucson Water sells seven small water systems to private Global Water Resources","description":"Global Water Resources completed its purchase of seven water systems from Tucson Water on July 9, 2025, at about 1.05 times a rate base of roughly $7.7 million. The systems serve about 2,200 connections in and around Pima County and expect about $1.5 million in annual revenue. The buyer plans smart meters and integration with its existing utilities.","location":{"name":"Seven former Tucson Water systems, Pima County","type":"Private utility acquisition of municipal systems","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Pima County, Arizona; systems transferred from the City of Tucson to Global Water Resources.","coordinates":{"lat":32.22,"lon":-110.97,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Pima"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns municipal systems moving to a private for-profit owner.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health or environmental harm is reported (ref 1).","service":"No service interruption is reported; the sale moved ownership (ref 1).","scale":"The systems serve about 2,200 connections (ref 1).","duration":"The deal closed in July 2025, so the ownership change is about fifteen months old (ref 1).","significance":"The sale is a completed transfer of municipal utility assets to a private company at 1.05 times rate base (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":2200,"status":"Estimated","note":"About 2,200 water service connections, not people (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Seven systems, about 2,200 connections, price about 1.05 times a $7.7 million rate base (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Customer connections acquired","value":2200,"unit":"connections","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Rate base","value":7.7,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Private ownership with later rate consolidation planned by the buyer"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Rate treatment under new ownership is not reported in the cited source."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Global Water Resources","role":"Acquirer"},{"name":"Tucson Water","role":"Seller"},{"name":"Arizona Corporation Commission","role":"Rate regulator"}],"public_contact":"Tucson Water customer service through the City of Tucson website.","corrective_actions":["Acquirer plans automated meter infrastructure (ref 1).","Buyer plans to integrate the systems with its existing utilities (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Global Water Resources completes acquisition of water systems from Tucson Water","publisher":"The Fly via TipRanks","date":"2025-07-09","url":"https://tipranks.com/news/the-fly/global-water-resources-completes-acquisition-of-water-systems-from-tucson-water-thefly","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"New record (AZ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"Re-checked TipRanks/The Fly (Jul 9, 2025): seven systems from Tucson Water, about 2,200 connections, about 1.05 times a roughly $7.7M rate base, about $1.5M annual revenue. Matches; no change."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AZ-FLUORIDE-BAN-SB1019-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Arizona Senate committee advances bill to bar fluoride in public water systems","description":"Arizona SB 1019 would require ADEQ to adopt rules prohibiting anyone, including a political subdivision, from adding fluoride to public water systems. The Senate Government Committee advanced it on Jan. 28, 2026 with only Republican support, according to the Senate Republican caucus. The final floor outcome was not confirmed in sources opened for this record.","location":{"name":"Arizona public water systems (statewide)","type":"State fluoridation policy","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Statewide proposed rule change affecting fluoridating municipalities.","coordinates":{"lat":33.4484,"lon":-112.074,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns a state policy proposal on fluoridation of public water.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The sponsor cites health and consent concerns (ref 2); no harm from the bill itself is documented.","service":"The bill would change treatment practices but cause no outage (ref 1).","scale":"The bill would apply to every public water system in the state (ref 1).","duration":"The bill was prepared Jan. 16, 2026 and advanced Jan. 28, 2026 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"A Senate committee formally advanced the bill, per the caucus release (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide proposal; no affected-population figure in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"SB 1019 passed the Senate Government Committee on Jan. 28, 2026 (ref 2); floor result not verified."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Floor outcome unverified; check azleg.gov (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Arizona Legislature","role":"Bill consideration"},{"name":"Arizona Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Would adopt rules"}],"public_contact":"Arizona Senate through azleg.gov.","corrective_actions":["Bill awaiting full Senate action per the Jan. 28, 2026 release (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"SB 1019 Senate fact sheet (public water systems; fluoride; prohibition)","publisher":"Arizona Legislature","date":"2026-01-16","url":"https://www.azleg.gov/legtext/57leg/2R/summary/S.1019GOV.DOCX.htm","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Senate committee passes bill to ban fluoride additives","publisher":"Arizona Senate Republicans","date":"2026-01-28","url":"https://www.azsenaterepublicans.gov/press-releases/senate-committee-passes-bill-to-ban-fluoride-additives","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (AZ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"Opened ref 1 (Senate fact sheet for S.B. 1019, dated Jan. 16, 2026) and ref 2 (Senate Republicans release, Jan. 28, 2026): committee passage with only Republican support and 'will soon be considered by the full Senate' confirmed. Floor outcome still not verified from these pages. No change."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AZ-LAKE-POWELL-MIN-POWER-POOL-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Lake Powell could reach minimum power pool by spring 2027, threatening Glen Canyon Dam","description":"Reclamation's June 15, 2026 24-Month Study projects Lake Powell could fall to minimum power pool at 3,500 feet by spring 2027. Water year 2026 inflow is forecast at 3.40 million acre-feet, 35% of average, and annual release was cut from 7.48 to 6.00 million acre-feet. Lake Mead operations are under a Shortage Condition with mandatory cuts for Arizona.","location":{"name":"Lake Powell and Glen Canyon Dam","type":"Reservoir and dam","state":"AZ","states":["AZ"],"detail":"Glen Canyon Dam near Page, Coconino County; upstream of Arizona's Lower Basin deliveries.","coordinates":{"lat":36.937,"lon":-111.484,"precision":"facility","source_ref":1},"counties":["Coconino"],"extent":"multi_state"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","industrial-energy"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns reservoir storage and dam operation under severe drought.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"The reservoir is below 25% full and hydropower could shut down at the dam (ref 2); no loss yet is reported.","service":"Calendar 2026 is under a Shortage Condition with mandatory cuts for Arizona; Central Arizona Project delivery is 0.924 million acre-feet (ref 1).","scale":"Colorado River system storage is 19.6 million acre-feet across multiple states (ref 1).","duration":"The reservoir's decline has run since the early 2000s (ref 2).","significance":"Reclamation cut releases and a Drought Response Operations Plan calls for up to 1.00 million acre-feet from Flaming Gorge (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Basin-wide; no single population figure in the cited sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Lake Powell could reach minimum power pool of 3,500 feet by spring 2027; about 3,523 feet at end of June 2026 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Lake Powell elevation, end of June 2026","value":3523,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Water year 2026 inflow forecast","value":3.4,"unit":"million acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"35% of average (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"New 2026 record low on June 30, with further declines expected (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","role":"Reservoir operator"},{"name":"Arizona Department of Water Resources","role":"State water planning"}],"public_contact":"Bureau of Reclamation Upper Colorado Basin Region through usbr.gov.","corrective_actions":["Annual release cut to 6.00 million acre-feet (ref 1).","Emergency Flaming Gorge releases of up to 1.00 million acre-feet (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Lake Powell faces power loss by spring 2027","publisher":"Western Water","date":"2026-06-17","url":"https://www.western-water.com/2026/06/17/lake-powell-faces-power-loss-by-spring-2027/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Lake Powell drops to lowest level of 2026, on track for record-breaking territory","publisher":"KJZZ","date":"2026-07-04","url":"https://www.kjzz.org/science/2026-07-04/lake-powell-drops-to-lowest-level-of-2026-on-track-for-record-breaking-territory","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (AZ in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Opened ref 1 (Western Water, June 17, 2026): minimum power pool 3,500 ft by spring 2027, ~3,523 ft end of June 2026, 3.40 million acre-feet inflow (35% of average), release cut 7.48 to 6.00 million acre-feet confirmed. Ref 2 (KJZZ, July 4, 2026) opened: Lake Powell at lowest level of 2026. The 'Lake Mead Shortage Condition' wording was not found on the opened pages. No change."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-CO-RIVER-SHORTAGE-2026","US-AZ-COLORADO-POST2026-ALLOCATION-2026","US-AZ-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2025"]},{"id":"US-AK-KOTZEBUE-DBP-MANGANESE-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Kotzebue water: repeated disinfection-byproduct violations and record manganese","description":"EPA records show Kotzebue's municipal system with health-based MCL violations for HAA5 and TTHM in every year from 2015 through 2026, and the city reported record manganese that turned tap water brown. The plant, which went online about two years before the June 2025 report, was not designed for the changed source-water chemistry; the city planned plant modifications costing at least $500,000.","location":{"name":"Kotzebue Municipal Water System","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"City of Kotzebue, Northwest Arctic Borough; sources Devil's Lake and Vortac Lake; population per ref 4","coordinates":{"lat":66.8983,"lon":-162.5967,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Northwest Arctic"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AK2340060"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Source-water chemistry and a treatment plant not designed for it drive the contaminant problems.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"SDWIS lists HAA5 and TTHM MCL violations in each year 2015-2026, including 2 of each in 2026 (ref 3); manganese reached 0.46 mg/L, above the 0.3 mg/L health advisory (ref 1).","service":"City issued more than three dozen public notices on poor water quality since the plant opened and water ran reddish brown (ref 1); no do-not-drink order was reported.","scale":"Municipal system serves 3,234 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Disinfection byproducts exceeded federal limits every quarter from 2021 through early 2026 (ref 2), on top of a violation record back to 2015 (ref 3).","significance":"Formal federal MCL violations are on record (ref 3); no state enforcement order was found."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":3234,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Manganese reached 0.46 mg/L, more than 50% above the 0.3 mg/L health advisory level (ref 1); disinfection byproducts above federal limits every quarter 2021 to early 2026 (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Manganese peak","value":0.46,"unit":"mg/L","status":"Reported","note":"Highest the city has recorded (ref 1)."},{"name":"Years with HAA5 or TTHM health-based violation rows","value":12,"unit":"years","status":"Estimated","note":"Counted from SDWIS violation codes 2456 and 2950, 2015-2026 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Planned plant fix","value":500000,"unit":"USD minimum","status":"Reported","note":"City estimate; exact cost unknown (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Small Arctic utility facing plant redesign and a dam repair need (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Manganese is seasonal and expected to ease after lake turnover (ref 1), but DBP violations persisted through early 2026 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Kotzebue Public Works","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Kotzebue City Hall, Kotzebue, AK","corrective_actions":["City consulted the plant designer on a redesign for manganese removal (ref 1).","Council weighed household filters and waiving water fees during poor-quality periods (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Kotzebue considers options after drinking water reaches highest manganese levels on record","publisher":"KOTZ Radio","date":"2025-06-07","url":"https://www.kotz.org/kotz-local-news/2025-06-07/city-of-kotzebue-considers-options-after-drinking-water-reaches-highest-manganese-levels-on-record","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Two Kotzebue homes test above federal limit for lead in drinking water","publisher":"Alaska Public Media","date":"2026-10-02","url":"https://alaskapublic.org/news/health/2026-10-02/two-kotzebue-homes-test-above-federal-limit-for-lead-in-drinking-water","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS health-based violations, AK2340060","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/VIOLATION/PWSID/AK2340060/IS_HEALTH_BASED_IND/Y/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record AK2340060","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AK2340060/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (AK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (2). No change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AK-KOTZEBUE-LEAD-ACTION-LEVEL-2026"]},{"id":"US-AK-KOTZEBUE-LEAD-ACTION-LEVEL-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Kotzebue lead sampling: two of ten homes above the 15 ppb action level","description":"In an August 2026 routine round, two of ten Kotzebue homes sampled exceeded the EPA lead action level of 15 ppb, one of only two Alaska communities then over the limit. Officials tied it to low-alkalinity snowmelt in Vortac Lake and older kitchen faucets, not lead pipes, and the city added soda ash and doubled its testing.","location":{"name":"Kotzebue Municipal Water System","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"City of Kotzebue, Northwest Arctic Borough; Vortac Lake source","coordinates":{"lat":66.8983,"lon":-162.5967,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Northwest Arctic"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AK2340060"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Corrosive source water leaching lead from household plumbing is a quality problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Two of 10 homes sampled in August exceeded the 15 ppb lead action level (ref 1); actual readings were not published.","service":"Residents were told to flush the cold tap before drinking or cooking; the state said the water is safe to drink (ref 1).","scale":"System serves 3,234 people per SDWIS (ref 2), but only two sampled homes exceeded.","duration":"Newly found in the 2026 round after annual rounds with no exceedance (ref 1); Vortac Lake was pumped nearly empty in summer 2025.","significance":"An action-level exceedance triggers regulatory follow-up and twice-yearly testing (ref 1); no enforcement order was reported."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":3234,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2); only two sampled homes exceeded."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Two of 10 homes sampled in August exceeded the EPA lead action level of 15 ppb (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Homes above action level","value":2,"unit":"of 10 homes","status":"Reported","note":"August routine sampling (ref 1)."},{"name":"Planned sampling","value":20,"unit":"homes, twice a year","status":"Reported","note":"Doubled from 10 homes once a year (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"City previously tested annually without exceeding the limit (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Kotzebue Public Works","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Kotzebue City Hall, Kotzebue, AK","corrective_actions":["Soda ash added to raise alkalinity and cut corrosion (ref 1).","Sampling doubled to 20 homes, twice a year; DEC assisting with treatment adjustment (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Two Kotzebue homes test above federal limit for lead in drinking water","publisher":"Alaska Public Media","date":"2026-10-02","url":"https://alaskapublic.org/news/health/2026-10-02/two-kotzebue-homes-test-above-federal-limit-for-lead-in-drinking-water","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record AK2340060","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AK2340060/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (AK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AK-KOTZEBUE-DBP-MANGANESE-2025"]},{"id":"US-AK-AMBLER-WATER-SEWER-OUTAGE-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Ambler without piped water and sewer for five months after February 2026 failure","description":"A citywide water and sewer failure began in mid-February 2026 after prolonged freezing, mechanical failures and human error; as of August 4, 2026 the village of about 270 still had no water or sewer service. DOT&PF says about 85% of the main water lines are cracked and 6,000 feet of pipe must be replaced before winter; residents rely on bottled water and honey buckets.","location":{"name":"Ambler Community Water System","type":"Rural village water and sewer system","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"Ambler, Northwest Arctic Borough, Kobuk River","coordinates":{"lat":67.0867,"lon":-157.8517,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Northwest Arctic"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AK2300214"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Cracked mains and failed freeze protection, not a source problem, caused the loss of service.","secondary_drivers":["Extreme cold and freeze protection failure"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Acting tribal administrator said health aides had never seen such an influx of sickness, and residents described honey-bucket waste as a serious problem (ref 1); no lab-confirmed cases were reported.","service":"No water or sewer service for more than five months; a boil notice was lifted July 30 but residents depend on flown-in bottled water (ref 1).","scale":"Whole community of about 270 (ref 1); SDWIS lists 261 served (ref 3).","duration":"Outage began mid-February 2026 and repairs were expected to take at least two more months as of August 4 (ref 1).","significance":"State disaster declaration in late March for six Northwest Arctic villages' outages, and a tribal emergency in February (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":261,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3); the news report says about 270 residents (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 85% of Ambler's main water lines are cracked and 6,000 linear feet of water and sewer pipe must be replaced before winter (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Main water lines cracked","value":85,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"State DOT&PF figure as reported (ref 1)."},{"name":"Pipe to replace","value":6000,"unit":"linear feet","status":"Reported","note":"Before winter 2026 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Outage length as of Aug. 4, 2026","value":5,"unit":"months","status":"Reported","note":"More than five months (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Tribe reported waiting weeks for outside help; repair cost and funding not reported (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single outage from February 2026, still unresolved at the latest source (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Native Village of Ambler","role":"Tribal government, emergency response"},{"name":"Alaska DOT&PF","role":"Repair contractor oversight"},{"name":"Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Native Village of Ambler tribal office, Ambler, AK","corrective_actions":["DOT&PF contractors replacing about 6,000 feet of water and sewer pipe and building temporary restrooms and showers (ref 1).","Tribe supplying bottled water, honey buckets, portable washers and showers (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Ambler has gone 5 months without water and sewer. Fixes could take months.","publisher":"Alaska Public Media / KOTZ","date":"2026-08-04","url":"https://alaskapublic.org/news/2026-08-04/ambler-has-gone-5-months-without-water-and-sewer-fixes-could-take-months","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"A focus on maintenance and administrative fixes would improve tribal water service, report says","publisher":"KYUK","date":"2026-09-24","url":"https://www.kyuk.org/public-safety/2026-09-24/a-focus-on-maintenance-and-administrative-fixes-would-improve-tribal-water-service-report-says","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record AK2300214","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AK2300214/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (AK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AK-RURAL-NATIVE-SANITATION-ACCESS-GAP-2025"]},{"id":"US-AK-UNALAKLEET-WATER-DISTRIBUTION-REPLACEMENT-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Unalakleet leaking water mains and boil notices drive $75 million replacement","description":"Unalakleet's aging PVC distribution system has produced years of leaks, freeze-ups and frequent boil water notices. A new well field and treatment upgrades are finished, and replacement of about 4.5 miles of mainline and 245 service lines is under way, with about $36.2 million committed of an estimated $75 million.","location":{"name":"Unalakleet City Water Supply","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"City of Unalakleet, Norton Sound, Nome Census Area","coordinates":{"lat":63.8731,"lon":-160.7886,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Nome"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AK2340387"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Failing distribution pipes and source facilities are the root problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"A 2020 study found copper above allowable limits in 2012, 2014, 2016 and 2018, and cracked PVC allowed contaminated water into the system (ref 1).","service":"Boil water notices are frequent and past freeze-ups left the city without water for months at a time (ref 1).","scale":"Municipal system serves 757 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"The mayor said in 2021 the town was on boil notice more days than not (ref 2); construction runs to about 2028 with further phases to about 2035 (ref 1).","significance":"State Village Safe Water ranked the project partly on regulatory compliance because of repeated boil notices (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":757,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About $36.2 million committed so far against a 2025 estimate of $75 million; 4.5 miles of PVC to be replaced with HDPE and 245 service lines installed (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Funding committed","value":36.2,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"EPA and USDA with a 25% state match (ref 1)."},{"name":"Estimated total cost","value":75,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"2025 study (ref 1)."},{"name":"Mainline to replace","value":4.5,"unit":"miles","status":"Reported","note":"PVC to HDPE across several phases (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Total cost estimate roughly double committed funds and rising construction costs (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Source and treatment phases completed; distribution phase under construction (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Unalakleet","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Unalakleet city office, Unalakleet, AK","corrective_actions":["New well field and transmission line replaced the Powers Creek source (ref 1).","Treatment plant upgraded with a backup generator; distribution replacement under way (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Unalakleet launches next phase of long awaited water system replacement","publisher":"KNOM","date":"2026-07-23","url":"https://knom.org/2026/07/23/unalakleet-launches-next-phase-of-long-awaited-water-system-replacement/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Projects in Unalakleet set to revamp, replace aging water system","publisher":"Alaska's News Source","date":"2021-12-16","url":"https://www.alaskasnewssource.com/2021/12/16/projects-unalakleet-set-revamp-replace-aging-water-system/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record AK2340387","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AK2340387/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (AK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AK-MERTARVIK-NO-PIPED-WATER-SEWAGE-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Mertarvik: no flush toilets, overwhelmed wastewater system and school sewage backup","description":"Nearly 300 people moved from Newtok to Mertarvik beginning in 2019, but none of the 46 homes had a flush toilet or shower in 2025; residents fill jugs at a small well and use buckets. The wastewater system serving the school, clinic and worker dormitory had been overwhelmed for more than a year, and sewage backed up into the school basement in spring 2024.","location":{"name":"Mertarvik Water System","type":"Relocated village water system","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"Mertarvik, Nelson Island, Bethel Census Area","coordinates":{"lat":60.825,"lon":-164.525,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Bethel"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AK2272756"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["wastewater-sewer","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Water pipes and sewer were not built with the relocation, leaving makeshift sanitation.","secondary_drivers":["Climate relocation"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Residents use buckets as toilets and sewage backed up into the school basement in spring 2024 (ref 1); no illness data was reported.","service":"None of the houses has a flush toilet or shower, and residents carry jugs from a small well (ref 1).","scale":"Nearly 300 people live in Mertarvik (ref 1); SDWIS lists 170 served (ref 2).","duration":"Relocation began in 2019 and the wastewater system had been overwhelmed for more than a year as of May 2025 (ref 1).","significance":"No violation or order was found; the report cites oversight failures between BIA, ANTHC and the Denali Commission (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":170,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2); KYUK reports nearly 300 residents (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"None of Mertarvik's houses has a flush toilet or shower; the wastewater system serving the school, clinic and dormitory 'has been overwhelmed for more than a year' (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Residents relocated","value":300,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"'Nearly 300' (ref 1)."},{"name":"Homes","value":46,"unit":"homes","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Relocation cost","value":150,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"'More than $150 million' (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Utility build-out depends on outside federal grants (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One 2025 report; the tribal council's June 2025 plan for home plumbing was not reviewed here."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Newtok Village Council (Mertarvik)","role":"Tribal government"},{"name":"Bureau of Indian Affairs","role":"Relocation project lead since 2022"},{"name":"Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Newtok Village Council, Mertarvik, AK","corrective_actions":["Tribe and partner agencies reported starting work on home plumbing and a community sewer (not independently reviewed)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Newtok was supposed to be a model for climate relocation. Here's how it went wrong","publisher":"KYUK","date":"2025-05-29","url":"https://www.kyuk.org/science-and-environment/2025-05-29/newtok-was-supposed-to-be-a-model-for-climate-relocation-heres-how-it-went-wrong","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record AK2272756","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AK2272756/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (AK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AK-RURAL-NATIVE-SANITATION-ACCESS-GAP-2025"]},{"id":"US-AK-GUSTAVUS-AIRPORT-PFAS-WELLS-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Gustavus airport PFAS: 23 water-supply wells above state action levels","description":"Firefighting-foam PFAS found in 2018 in groundwater at Gustavus Airport has been reported above Alaska DEC action levels in 23 water-supply wells, and the state still supplies alternative drinking water to affected properties. Many wells tested at or above 70 ppt in 2024, and Alaska has no enforceable PFAS drinking-water standard.","location":{"name":"Gustavus Airport PFAS plume and wells","type":"Groundwater contamination site","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"Gustavus, Hoonah-Angoon Census Area; Gustavus Airport public water system","coordinates":{"lat":58.4156,"lon":-135.7375,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Hoonah-Angoon"],"extent":"site","pwsid":"AK2111476"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Foam-derived PFAS in the shallow aquifer contaminates drinking-water wells.","secondary_drivers":["Firefighting foam use"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"PFAS above DEC action levels in 23 water-supply wells (ref 1); many wells at or above 70 ppt in 2024 (ref 2).","service":"DOT&PF provides alternative drinking water to impacted properties (ref 1); wells are not shut off systemwide.","scale":"Small community; the airport public water system serves 56 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Discovered July 2018 (ref 1) and still being sampled, with results posted to April 2024 and a page update in March 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Handled as a state contaminated site with a site-characterization work plan and public notices (ref 1); no enforceable standard exists (ref 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":56,"status":"Reported","note":"Gustavus Airport system population per SDWIS (ref 3); the 23 affected wells serve additional private users, not counted."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFAS above Alaska DEC action levels in 23 water supply wells (ref 1); many wells at or above 70 ppt in 2024 (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Wells above DEC action levels","value":23,"unit":"wells","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Alaska recommended action level","value":70,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Not enforceable (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Stable","note":"Plume boundaries described as identified in the shallow drinking-water zone (ref 1); no remedy decision posted."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alaska DOT&PF","role":"Responsible party for airport site; water supply"},{"name":"Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Alaska DOT&PF Southcoast Region, Juneau, AK","corrective_actions":["Alternative drinking water to impacted properties (ref 1).","Expanded monitoring wells and private-well sampling since October 2021 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Gustavus Airport Contamination","publisher":"Alaska DOT&PF","date":"2026-03-10","url":"https://dot.alaska.gov/airportwater/gustavus/","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"After PFAS exposure, some Alaskans testify for stronger drinking water protections","publisher":"Alaska Public Media / KTOO","date":"2026-03-17","url":"https://alaskapublic.org/news/health/2026-03-17/after-pfas-exposure-some-alaskans-testify-for-stronger-drinking-water-protections","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record AK2111476","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AK2111476/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (AK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AK-YAKUTAT-AIRPORT-PFAS-WATERLINE","US-AK-STATEWIDE-PFAS-NO-STANDARD-2026"]},{"id":"US-AK-MOOSE-CREEK-EIELSON-PFAS-2024","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Moose Creek PFAS from Eielson AFB: wells replaced by piped water, 18 properties pending","description":"PFAS from firefighting foam at Eielson Air Force Base contaminated private wells in Moose Creek, first detected in May 2015. The Air Force paid about $30 million to extend North Pole's water system; per ATSDR, 174 of 192 properties had compliant water and 18 were still to be connected, and residents' blood showed PFHxS and PFOS up to 7.7 times national averages.","location":{"name":"Moose Creek PFAS area, Eielson AFB","type":"Groundwater contamination area","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"Moose Creek, Fairbanks North Star Borough; served by the North Pole Utilities extension","coordinates":{"lat":64.68,"lon":-147.06,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Fairbanks North Star"],"extent":"site","pwsid":"AK2310675"},"primary_category":"groundwater","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Military foam PFAS in groundwater forced replacement of private drinking-water wells.","secondary_drivers":["Military firefighting foam"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"ATSDR found PFHxS and PFOS in blood up to 7.7 times national levels among 88 participants (ref 2).","service":"Private wells were replaced with piped water; 18 of 192 properties still depended on alternative water as of ATSDR's page (ref 2).","scale":"192 properties in the area (ref 2); North Pole Utilities serves 4,005 per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"PFAS first detected in private wells in May 2015 (ref 2) and water-line work ran 2020 to 2021 (ref 1).","significance":"Federal exposure assessment and an Air Force-funded water-system remedy (refs 1, 2); the formal decision documents were not reviewed."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":4005,"status":"Reported","note":"North Pole Utilities population per SDWIS (ref 3); 192 Moose Creek properties are the directly affected area (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"174 of 192 Moose Creek properties have water that meets federal and state PFAS guidelines; the other 18 use alternative sources until connected (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Properties with compliant water","value":174,"unit":"of 192 properties","status":"Reported","note":"ATSDR page dated Nov. 12, 2024 (ref 2)."},{"name":"Blood PFHxS/PFOS vs national","value":7.7,"unit":"times","status":"Reported","note":"Age-adjusted maximum (ref 2)."},{"name":"Water-system extension cost","value":30,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Paid by the Pentagon, per 2020 report (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Most properties switched to piped water; 18 pending as of 2024 (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Air Force, Eielson AFB","role":"Source and remedy funder"},{"name":"North Pole Utilities","role":"Water system extended to Moose Creek"},{"name":"Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"North Pole Utilities, North Pole, AK","corrective_actions":["Water-system extension to Moose Creek funded by the Air Force (ref 1).","Alternative water for the remaining properties until connected (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Pentagon is paying to extend North Pole's water system due to PFAS contamination in wells","publisher":"Alaska Public Media","date":"2020-02-16","url":"https://alaskapublic.org/2020/02/16/pentagon-is-paying-to-extend-north-poles-water-system-due-to-pfas-contamination-in-wells/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"PFAS Exposure Assessment: Fairbanks North Star Borough, Alaska","publisher":"ATSDR (CDC)","date":"2024-11-12","url":"https://atsdr.cdc.gov/pfas/exposure-assessments/moose-creek-alaska.html","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"SDWIS water system record AK2310675","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AK2310675/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record (AK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AK-NORTH-POLE-REFINERY-GROUNDWATER-PLUMES"]},{"id":"US-AK-STATEWIDE-PFAS-NO-STANDARD-2026","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Alaska has no enforceable PFAS drinking-water limit; SB 219 would adopt EPA's 2024 levels","description":"Alaska recommends action at 70 ppt but has no enforceable PFAS drinking-water standard, while DEC has logged PFAS at hundreds of sites including Gustavus, Anchorage and Fairbanks. In EPA's UCMR 5 data, Utqiagvik's system was the only Alaska system with a mean PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt (PFOS mean 14.7 ppt). SB 219 and companion HB 235 would set limits at EPA's 2024 levels; DOT and DEC estimated about $19 million in first-year enforcement cost.","location":{"name":"Alaska statewide","type":"State","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"Statewide public water systems and PFAS contaminated sites","coordinates":{"lat":64.2,"lon":-149.5,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":["Statewide"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Absent standards and many contaminated sites combine regulation and water quality.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Utqiagvik's system mean PFOS was 14.7 ppt in UCMR 5, above the 4 ppt federal MCL (refs 3, 4), and Gustavus wells were at or above 70 ppt in 2024 (ref 1).","service":"No statewide advisory or service restriction was found.","scale":"DEC has logged PFAS at hundreds of sites statewide (ref 1).","duration":"The 2018 Gustavus discovery and the 2024 foam ban show a multi-year issue (ref 1).","significance":"Only a bill hearing (March 2026) so far; no state standard or order exists (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"No statewide count of people exposed was found."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Alaska recommends action at 70 parts per trillion but has no enforceable PFAS drinking-water standards; EPA's 2024 limits are 4 to 10 ppt (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Alaska recommended action level","value":70,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Not enforceable (ref 1)."},{"name":"Systems with mean PFOA or PFOS above 4 ppt in UCMR 5","value":1,"unit":"system","status":"Estimated","note":"Computed from the EPA UCMR 5 results for Alaska systems (ref 3); Utqiagvik, AK2320078."},{"name":"Estimated first-year enforcement cost of SB 219","value":19,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"DOT and DEC estimate (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The 2026 bill is new; the UCMR 5 cycle is one sampling period."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alaska Legislature","role":"SB 219 / HB 235"},{"name":"Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Alaska DEC Division of Water, Juneau, AK","corrective_actions":["Legislature ended PFAS firefighting-foam use two years before the 2026 hearing (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"After PFAS exposure, some Alaskans testify for stronger drinking water protections","publisher":"Alaska Public Media / KTOO","date":"2026-03-17","url":"https://alaskapublic.org/news/health/2026-03-17/after-pfas-exposure-some-alaskans-testify-for-stronger-drinking-water-protections","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Gustavus Airport Contamination","publisher":"Alaska DOT&PF","date":"2026-03-10","url":"https://dot.alaska.gov/airportwater/gustavus/","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"UCMR 5 data finder","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2023-09-26","url":"https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/fifth-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule-ucmr-5-data-finder","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record AK2320078","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/AK2320078/JSON","basis":"Federal record","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (AK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source dates corrected: 2 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (1) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AK-UTQIAGVIK-PFOS-UCMR5-2026","US-AK-GUSTAVUS-AIRPORT-PFAS-WELLS-2024"]},{"id":"US-AK-KIPNUK-HALONG-WATER-SYSTEM-2025","revision":3,"change_type":"changed","title":"Kipnuk water system after Typhoon Halong storm surge and fuel/sewage contamination","description":"Remnants of Typhoon Halong struck Kipnuk on Oct. 12, 2025, with a storm surge more than 6.5 feet above the normal high tide line. State officials believed the fresh water supply was contaminated, with residents reporting fuel and sewage odors, and crews prioritized restoring power to the water treatment plant. FEMA approved a tribal major disaster declaration (DR-4912) on May 29, 2026 that makes water-system repairs eligible for public assistance.","location":{"name":"Kipnuk Water System","type":"Community water system, Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"Kipnuk, Bethel Census Area; coastal village hit by Typhoon Halong remnants","coordinates":{"lat":59.939,"lon":-164.043,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Bethel Census Area"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"AK2270736"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Storm surge damaged the community and its water system, and contamination of the supply was reported.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"State officials believed the fresh water supply was contaminated, and residents reported fuel and sewage smells (ref 1).","service":"Most residents were evacuated and the treatment plant needed power restored before service could resume (ref 1); the tribe's public assistance covers water-system repairs (ref 2).","scale":"SDWIS lists 639 people served by the Kipnuk Water System (ref 4), while news reports describe about 700 to 1,000 residents, nearly all evacuated (refs 1, 2).","duration":"The storm hit Oct. 12, 2025 (ref 1) and by April 2026 IHS still described recovery work to return over 700 displaced residents (ref 3).","significance":"FEMA approved tribal declaration DR-4912 on May 29, 2026, after state declaration DR-4893 (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"status":"Reported","value":639,"note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4); news reports describe about 700 to 1,000 residents, nearly all evacuated (refs 1, 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"State emergency officials believed Kipnuk's fresh water supply was contaminated, and the state DOT estimated 90% of structures were destroyed (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Storm surge above normal high tide line","value":6.5,"unit":"feet (more than)","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Structures destroyed (DOT estimate)","value":90,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"FEMA individual and household assistance dispersed","value":12.6,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Under the state declaration (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Current water-system operating status after the 2025 storm was not reported in the sources opened."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Native Village of Kipnuk","role":"System and tribal government"},{"name":"Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"Primacy regulator and state emergency response"},{"name":"FEMA","role":"Disaster declaration and public assistance"}],"public_contact":"Native Village of Kipnuk tribal administration (published tribal office channel)","corrective_actions":["FEMA tribal major disaster declaration DR-4912 approved May 29, 2026 for public assistance including water systems.","Debris removal and infrastructure repairs under way to support return of displaced residents (IHS, April 2026)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"We got hope: the few who remain in storm-ravaged Kipnuk race to rebuild","publisher":"Alaska Public Media","date":"2025-10-22","url":"https://alaskapublic.org/2025-western-alaska-storm/2025-10-22/we-got-hope-the-few-who-remain-in-storm-ravaged-kipnuk-race-to-rebuild","basis":"news"},{"ref":2,"title":"FEMA approves tribal disaster declaration for Kipnuk","publisher":"Alaska Public Media / KYUK","date":"2026-06-08","url":"https://alaskapublic.org/news/2026-06-08/fema-approves-tribal-disaster-declaration-for-kipnuk","basis":"news"},{"ref":3,"title":"April 27, 2026: IHS Updates for Tribes and Tribal and Urban Indian Organizations","publisher":"Indian Health Service","date":"2026-04-27","url":"https://www.ihs.gov/newsroom/ihs-updates/2026-updates/april-27-2026-ihs-updates-for-tribes-and-tribal-and-urban-indian-organizations/","basis":"federal"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system lookup: Kipnuk Water System (AK2270736)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/AK/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/KIPNUK/JSON","basis":"federal","accessed":"2026-10-11"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record (AK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source dates corrected: 1 source date(s) were access dates; now publication dates (0) or undated with an accessed date (1). No change to findings."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["current water system status"],"related_ids":["US-AK-WESTERN-COAST-2025-STORM-FLOOD-RECOVERY"]},{"id":"US-AK-YUKON-RIVER-SALMON-CLOSURES-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Yukon River Chinook and summer chum closed to all users through Dec. 31, 2026","description":"Federal managers closed Yukon River federal public waters to Chinook and summer chum fishing for all users from June 2026, coordinated with ADF&G. USFWS said 2026 outlooks called for closures of all salmon species, with Chinook forecast near 64,300 fish (27,000 Canadian-origin) against a Canadian border objective of 71,000.","location":{"name":"Yukon River salmon fishery (all districts)","type":"River drainage, subsistence fishery","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"Yukon River, lower river to upper river districts; Yukon-Koyukuk and Kusilvak areas","coordinates":{"lat":62.7767,"lon":-164.5228,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Kusilvak Census Area","Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["other"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Salmon runs far below escapement goals are a surface-water ecosystem condition, with fishery restrictions as the consequence.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"USFWS forecast summer chum of 345,600 against a goal of 500,000 to 1.2 million, and cited record-low parent-year escapements (ref 1).","service":"Directed Chinook and summer chum fishing is prohibited and gillnets over 4-inch mesh or 60 feet are closed, while selective gear stays open for other species (ref 2).","scale":"The closure covers the full Yukon drainage in stages, with fall chum and coho restrictions also proposed (ref 1).","duration":"Closures run to Dec. 31, 2026 at 8:00 a.m. (ref 2), and fall chum and some spawning tributaries could stay closed into October or December (ref 1).","significance":"USFWS issued federal special action bulletins with a public hearing on April 28, 2026 (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"status":"Not reported","value":null,"note":"Subsistence users across the Yukon drainage are affected; no single population count in the sources (refs 1, 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"2026 Yukon Chinook outlook about 64,300 fish, only 27,000 Canadian-origin, against a Canadian border objective of 71,000 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Chinook forecast","value":64300,"unit":"fish","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Canadian-origin Chinook forecast","value":27000,"unit":"fish","status":"Reported","note":"Border objective 71,000 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Summer chum forecast","value":345600,"unit":"fish","status":"Reported","note":"Escapement goal 500,000 to 1.2 million (ref 1)."},{"name":"Fall chum forecast","value":311000,"unit":"fish","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Outlook cites record-low parent-year escapements (ref 1); multi-year trend not documented in sources opened."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Subsistence Management","role":"Federal subsistence fisheries manager"},{"name":"Alaska Department of Fish and Game","role":"State fisheries manager"}],"public_contact":"USFWS Office of Subsistence Management, Anchorage (published agency channel)","corrective_actions":["Staged closures to Chinook and summer chum in federal public waters through Dec. 31, 2026.","Selective-gear fishing allowed for pink, sockeye and non-salmon species with live release of closed species."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"2026 Public Hearing to Discuss Subsistence Fishery Temporary Special Actions for the Yukon Area","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, Federal Subsistence Management Program","date":"2026-04-07","url":"https://www.doi.gov/node/66476","basis":"federal"},{"ref":2,"title":"Bulletin: Yukon Area Salmon Fishery Closure in Coastal District, District 1, and District 2","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, Federal Subsistence Management Program","date":"2026-05-26","url":"https://www.doi.gov/node/66836","basis":"federal"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (AK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AK-PEBBLE-BRISTOL-BAY-VETO-LITIGATION-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Pebble mine EPA veto: summary judgment argued June 2026, no decision reported","description":"EPA's Clean Water Act veto blocks mine-waste discharge in Bristol Bay watershed waters for the proposed Pebble mine. Northern Dynasty and the Pebble Partnership are challenging it in federal court in Alaska, joined by the State of Alaska and two Native corporations. Summary-judgment argument was held June 25, 2026 and, as of a company filing dated August 12, 2026, no decision had been announced.","location":{"name":"Pebble deposit and Bristol Bay watershed","type":"Watershed, proposed mine site","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"Upper Talarik Creek and Koktuli River area near Iliamna, Bristol Bay region","coordinates":{"lat":59.8,"lon":-155.3,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lake and Peninsula Borough"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water","water-rights"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The dispute concerns whether mine-waste discharge into headwater streams and wetlands of a salmon watershed is allowed.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No discharge has occurred; EPA found the project's discharges would have an unacceptable adverse effect on spawning fishery areas (ref 1).","service":"No water service is affected; the dispute concerns a proposed project (ref 2).","scale":"The veto covers waters of the Bristol Bay watershed, home to what EPA's lawyer called the world's largest salmon fishery (ref 1).","duration":"The company's case dates to the 2023 final determination and summary judgment briefing ran from October 2025 to April 2026 (ref 2).","significance":"A federal court action is pending, with oral argument June 25, 2026 and the Army Corps case stayed (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"status":"Not reported","value":null,"note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Summary-judgment oral argument held June 25, 2026; court had not announced a decision as of Aug. 12, 2026 (ref 2)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Litigation pending."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","role":"Issued Clean Water Act veto and defendant"},{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","role":"Defendant, permit decisions stayed"},{"name":"Pebble Partnership / Northern Dynasty Minerals","role":"Plaintiff and project proponent"}],"public_contact":"U.S. EPA Region 10 public affairs (published agency channel)","corrective_actions":["EPA is defending the veto in court; the case awaits a ruling."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Trump defends Biden's Alaska mine veto in court","publisher":"E&E News","date":"2026-06-26","url":"https://www.eenews.net/articles/trump-defends-bidens-alaska-mine-veto-in-court/","basis":"news"},{"ref":2,"title":"Northern Dynasty Minerals Form 6-K, MD&A for Q2 2026","publisher":"U.S. SEC EDGAR (company filing)","date":"2026-08-12","url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001164771/000165495426007531/ndm_ex992.htm","basis":"company filing"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (AK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AK-DONLIN-GOLD-TAILINGS-SEIS-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Donlin Gold mine: court-ordered tailings-spill review on the Kuskokwim River","description":"In June 2025 a federal judge found the Army Corps' environmental review for Donlin Gold failed to analyze a large spill from the planned tailings dam. The Corps announced a supplemental EIS on January 26, 2026, with a final decision expected by May 2027. Six Kuskokwim-area tribal governments brought the case, citing river barge traffic and subsistence concerns.","location":{"name":"Donlin Gold project and Kuskokwim River","type":"Proposed mine site and river segment","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"Mine site about 12 miles north of Crooked Creek, Kuskokwim River, Southwest Alaska","coordinates":{"lat":62,"lon":-158.2,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Bethel Census Area"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The review concerns a potential tailings-dam spill and barge impacts on the Kuskokwim River and its fisheries.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No spill has occurred; the court found the 2018 study assessed only a spill of 0.5% of the tailings volume (ref 2).","service":"No service disruption; the project is not built (ref 1).","scale":"The Kuskokwim communities concerned are river villages including Crooked Creek, with a tailings dam over 550 million tons (refs 1, 2).","duration":"The Corps approved permits in August 2018 and the supplemental review runs into 2027 (ref 2).","significance":"Judge Gleason's June 2025 ruling ordered the Corps to revise its study (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"status":"Not reported","value":null,"note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Corps decision on whether to modify, reaffirm or rescind permits expected by May 2027 after the supplemental EIS (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Planned tailings dam height","value":471,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Review in progress."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","role":"Lead agency for supplemental EIS"},{"name":"Donlin Gold LLC","role":"Project proponent"}],"public_contact":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Alaska District public affairs (published agency channel)","corrective_actions":["Supplemental EIS on a larger tailings spill; draft expected with a further comment period."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Federal Agencies Launch Court-Ordered Environmental Study for the Donlin Gold Mine in Alaska","publisher":"Earthjustice","date":"2026-01-28","url":"https://earthjustice.org/?p=51026","basis":"advocacy press release"},{"ref":2,"title":"Feds begin to look at the effects of possible large spill at a proposed Alaska mine","publisher":"Alaska Beacon via Anchorage Daily News","date":"2026-02-01","url":"https://www.adn.com/business-economy/2026/02/01/feds-begin-to-look-at-the-effects-of-possible-large-spill-at-a-proposed-alaska-mine/","basis":"news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (AK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AK-COOK-INLET-TRADING-BAY-SHEEN-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"Unexplained oil sheen near idled Spark platform, Cook Inlet","description":"A pilot reported a long oil sheen near Trading Bay on Aug. 24, 2026, and DEC, the Coast Guard and Hilcorp formed a unified command. Overflights later found no sheen and the source was not identified. A sheen reappeared Sept. 9 during a test restart of the Granite Point Tank Farm outfall pipeline, and the cause remained unknown.","location":{"name":"Cook Inlet near Spark platform and Tyonek","type":"Marine water body","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"West side of Cook Inlet, about 5 miles south of Tyonek, Kenai Peninsula Borough","coordinates":{"lat":61,"lon":-151.2,"precision":"watershed","source_ref":1},"counties":["Kenai Peninsula Borough"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A hydrocarbon sheen of unknown source on a salmon-migration water body.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Reporting warned fish could be at risk because coho and sockeye were migrating, but no wildlife impacts were reported (ref 1).","service":"No water service was affected in the reporting (refs 1, 2).","scale":"A single site near an inactive platform; the original sheen was described as a stretch of about five miles (ref 2).","duration":"Sighted Aug. 24 and re-sighted Sept. 9, 2026 (ref 2), a span of about two weeks in the sources opened.","significance":"A unified command of DEC, the Coast Guard and Hilcorp responded (ref 1), a formal response without a violation finding."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"status":"Not reported","value":null,"note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Cause 'still remains unknown' after the Sept. 9, 2026 test restart (ref 2)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Source unconfirmed as of Sept. 10, 2026."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation","role":"Spill response lead"},{"name":"U.S. Coast Guard","role":"Unified command"},{"name":"Hilcorp Alaska","role":"Cook Inlet operator, unified command"}],"public_contact":"Alaska DEC Spill Prevention and Response (published agency channel)","corrective_actions":["Unified command overflights and grid searches; step-by-step test of possible sources."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Alaska officials respond to mystery spill near idled Cook Inlet oil platform","publisher":"Alaska Beacon via Arctic Today","date":"2026-08-27","url":"https://www.arctictoday.com/alaska-officials-respond-to-mystery-spill-near-idled-cook-inlet-oil-platform/","basis":"news"},{"ref":2,"title":"Oily sheen reappears in Cook Inlet during platform test by Hilcorp","publisher":"Alaska's News Source (KTUU)","date":"2026-09-09","url":"https://www.alaskasnewssource.com/2026/09/10/oily-sheen-reappears-cook-inlet-during-platform-test-by-hilcorp/","basis":"news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"New record (AK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-AK-EPA-GRANT-CANCELLATIONS-RURAL-2025","revision":2,"change_type":"changed","title":"EPA cancels about $280M in grants to Alaska communities, including Kipnuk erosion project","description":"EPA canceled about $280 million in Alaska funding in 2025, including more than $150 million of Community Change grants for nine villages and $125 million of Solar for All. Kipnuk lost a $20 million grant intended to combat Kugkaktlik River erosion, and Tyonek lost $20 million. Plaintiffs including Kipnuk sued, and a judge ruled in August 2025 that the case belongs in the Court of Federal Claims, which plaintiffs appealed.","location":{"name":"Rural Alaska villages (Kipnuk, Tyonek and others)","type":"Statewide federal grant program","state":"AK","states":["AK"],"detail":"Nine Community Change villages across Alaska, including Kipnuk and Tyonek","coordinates":{"lat":64.2,"lon":-152.5,"precision":"state","source_ref":1},"counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"Federal funding cancellations removed money for community infrastructure and erosion protection.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Kipnuk's canceled grant was for riverbank erosion protection, with flood-exposed infrastructure at stake (ref 1).","service":"No service loss is attributed to the grants; the article does not say which grants covered water and sewer work (ref 1).","scale":"About $280 million in Alaska funding was canceled across many communities (ref 1).","duration":"Tyonek's grant was terminated in May 2025 and litigation continued after the August 2025 ruling (ref 1).","significance":"Litigation by 20-plus grantees, with Judge Leon's ruling appealed (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"status":"Not reported","value":null,"note":""},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"EPA canceled about $280 million in Alaska funding in recent months (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Alaska EPA funding canceled","value":280,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Kipnuk Community Change grant canceled","value":20,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Status after the 2025 appeal not found."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","role":"Grantor that canceled the awards"},{"name":"Denali Commission","role":"Administers $100 million replacement fuel-tank funding"}],"public_contact":"U.S. EPA Region 10 public affairs (published agency channel)","corrective_actions":["Denali Commission evaluating rescinded project elements; EPA awarded it $100 million for fuel tank farms in 10 villages (not a replacement)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"EPA cancels $280M in Biden-era grants to Alaska communities","publisher":"Anchorage Daily News","date":"2025-09-26","url":"https://www.adn.com/business-economy/energy/2025/09/25/epa-cancels-280m-in-biden-era-grants-to-alaska-communities","basis":"news"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (AK in-depth pass)."},{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"Source pages re-opened and checked. Dates and figures confirmed; no change to findings."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["second source"],"related_ids":["US-AK-RURAL-NATIVE-SANITATION-ACCESS-GAP-2025","US-AK-KIPNUK-HALONG-WATER-SYSTEM-2025"]},{"id":"US-PA-NORTHAMPTON-BUCKS-PFAS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Northampton Bucks County Municipal Authority wells above federal PFAS limits","description":"UCMR 5 sampling at Northampton Bucks County Municipal Authority's treated wells from December 2024 to September 2025 found PFOA up to 19.6 ppt and PFOS up to 23 ppt at Well 4, with 14 of 15 well entry points above 4.0 ppt for PFOA. The authority and the U.S. Navy are extending public water to more Northampton Township homes on private wells in Phase 3 of a Navy PFAS remediation project, where the Navy is paying for the connections.","location":{"name":"Northampton Bucks County Municipal Authority","type":"Municipal authority service area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Northampton Township (Richboro), Bucks County","coordinates":{"lat":40.2151,"lon":-75.0071,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Bucks"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"PA1090089"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"PFAS in groundwater wells is a source-water quality problem.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 (ref 1) recorded 23 ppt PFOS and 19.6 ppt PFOA at Well 4 in December 2024, above both federal and state limits as single results.","service":"No service restriction appears in the federal records opened (refs 1-2).","scale":"SDWIS (ref 2) lists 36,750 people served by the authority.","duration":"Elevated results recur in two rounds roughly six months apart in UCMR 5 (ref 1).","significance":"UCMR 5 results (ref 1) are monitoring data; no state violation was found in the records opened."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":36750,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Estimated","text":"UCMR 5 mean PFOA of 9.71 ppt and PFOS of 7.85 ppt across 34 results, non-detects counted as zero (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOS","value":23,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Well 4, 2024-12-11 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Highest UCMR 5 PFOA","value":19.6,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Well 4, 2024-12-11 (ref 1)."},{"name":"UCMR 5 mean PFOA","value":9.71,"unit":"ppt","status":"Estimated","note":"Mean of 34 results with non-detects as zero (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":""},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Northampton Bucks County Municipal Authority","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Northampton Bucks County Municipal Authority, Richboro (published office line)","corrective_actions":["Phase 3 of the Navy PFAS Remediation Project extends public water service to homes on private wells above Department of Defense interim action levels (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-10-10","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Northampton Bucks Co Mun Auth (PA1090089)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":"2026-10-10","url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/PA1090089/JSON","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"Northampton Bucks County Municipal Authority Press Release, October 3, 2025","publisher":"Northampton Township","date":"2025-10-03","accessed":"2026-10-11","url":"https://northamptontownship.com/resources/news/article/?id=10219","basis":"Local government"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["corrective_actions","public_contact phone"],"related_ids":["US-PA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-PA-PALMERTON-PFAS-WELLS-2025","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Palmerton Municipal Authority 6th Street wells exceed PFAS limits","description":"UCMR 5 sampling of Palmerton Municipal Authority's 6th Street wells in Carbon County found 37.1 ppt PFOA and 27.6 ppt PFOS in February 2025, rising to 42.5 ppt PFOA and 40 ppt PFOS in September 2025, above the federal 4.0 ppt MCLs; the Foundry Well was non-detect. EPA, notified by Pennsylvania DEP in May 2024, found elevated PFAS on the Palmerton Zinc Pile Superfund site that likely contributes, and is installing a temporary granular activated carbon system.","location":{"name":"Palmerton Municipal Authority","type":"Municipal authority service area","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"Palmerton Borough, Carbon County; 6th Street wells","coordinates":{"lat":40.8015,"lon":-75.6102,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Carbon"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"PA3130012"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Groundwater PFAS contamination at one well field.","secondary_drivers":["PFAS"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"UCMR 5 (ref 1) shows 42.5 ppt PFOA and 40 ppt PFOS at the 6th Street wells in September 2025, about ten times the federal MCL.","service":"No restriction or outage appears in the records opened (refs 1-2).","scale":"SDWIS (ref 2) lists 7,000 people served.","duration":"Both 2025 UCMR rounds (ref 1), seven months apart, exceeded the limits, and the second was higher.","significance":"These are UCMR monitoring results (ref 1); no violation record was found."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":7000,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"PFOA 42.5 ppt and PFOS 40.0 ppt at the 6th Street Wells on 2025-09-23 (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"PFOA, 6th Street wells (Sept 2025)","value":42.5,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"PFOS, 6th Street wells (Sept 2025)","value":40,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"September 2025 results were higher than February 2025 for both PFOA and PFOS (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Palmerton Municipal Authority","role":"System owner and operator"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Palmerton Municipal Authority (published office line)","corrective_actions":["EPA is installing a temporary granular activated carbon treatment system at Palmerton's treatment and distribution system and will study a permanent treatment system or alternative supply (refs 3, 4).","Private well testing in Palmerton and Lower Towamensing Township is to start in March 2026 (ref 3)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"UCMR 5 occurrence data (all results)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":"2026-10-10","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/other-files/2023-08/ucmr5-occurrence-data.zip","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system record: Palmerton Municipal Authority (PA3130012)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":"2026-10-10","url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/PA3130012/JSON","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":3,"title":"150+ residents turn out to hear plan for PFAS remediation in Palmerton water","publisher":"WFMZ-TV","date":"2026-01-14","accessed":"2026-10-11","url":"https://www.wfmz.com/news/area/poconos-coal/150-residents-turn-out-to-hear-plan-for-pfas-remediation-in-palmerton-water/article_e3f9c022-d4f8-4fc2-993d-2f4f41f590e1.html","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"Where We Live: Residents' concerns about Palmerton drinking water valid","publisher":"Times News Online","date":"2026-01-24","accessed":"2026-10-11","url":"https://www.tnonline.com/?p=279542","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (PA in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-10","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["corrective_actions","public_contact phone"],"related_ids":["US-PA-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026"]},{"id":"US-OH-STATEWIDE-DRINKING-WATER-INFRASTRUCTURE-NEEDS-2023","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Ohio's $16 billion, 20-year drinking water infrastructure need","description":"Ohio EPA reported to the governor in October 2023 that, per the 2021 federal needs survey, Ohio's public water systems need about $16.07 billion of capital investment over 20 years for transmission, distribution, source, treatment and storage, and that the figure is likely to rise. The agency warned that delayed maintenance from lack of funding can cause water outages, use restrictions and loss of fire protection, and it relies on mandatory asset management plans to reduce depressurizations.","location":{"name":"Ohio public water systems","type":"Statewide drinking water infrastructure","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"All Ohio public water systems","counties":[],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"A statewide capital gap for aging drinking water assets.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"The report describes potential illness from failing infrastructure but no specific harm event (ref 1).","service":"It lists possible outages and restrictions as risks, not documented statewide disruptions (ref 1).","scale":"The need covers all Ohio public water systems, about $16.07 billion (ref 1).","duration":"A 20-year capital need that Ohio EPA expects to grow in the 2025 survey (ref 1).","significance":"This is a state report on needs, not an enforcement action (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Statewide; population not stated in the source."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Ohio's overall drinking water infrastructure needs total approximately $16.07 billion of capital investment over the next 20 years, according to the 2021 Needs Survey (Ohio EPA, 2023)."},"measures":[{"name":"20-year drinking water capital need","value":16.07,"unit":"billion USD","status":"Reported","note":"2021 DWINSA as reported by Ohio EPA (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Ohio EPA says rising costs make reliable systems progressively harder to maintain (ref 1)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Ohio EPA expects the need to increase in the next survey (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Ohio EPA","role":"Primacy regulator and loan fund administrator"}],"public_contact":"Ohio EPA Division of Drinking and Ground Waters, 614-644-2752","corrective_actions":["Mandatory asset management programs for public water systems under Ohio SB 2 (ref 1).","Grants for emergency generators and distribution equipment (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"State Fiscal Year 2021 through 2023 Triennial Report on the Capability Assurance Strategy for the State of Ohio","publisher":"Ohio EPA","date":"2023-10-23","url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2023-11/ohio-epa-triennial-report-capability-assurance-strategy-2023.pdf","basis":"State record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-10","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (OH in-depth pass)."}],"first_seen":"2023-10-23","latest_seen":"2026-10-10","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-10","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["2025 needs survey figure","wastewater needs"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-INGLESIDE-WATER-EMERGENCY-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Ingleside declares water emergency as South Texas reservoirs fall","description":"On April 22, 2026 the City of Ingleside in San Patricio County declared a public water emergency because Corpus Christi Water projections indicate its supply may not meet essential health, sanitation and firefighting needs for about 11,000 residents by November 2026. Lake Corpus Christi and Choke Canyon Reservoir inflows have been low, and replacement brackish groundwater and reverse osmosis supply cannot be operating before early 2027.","location":{"name":"City of Ingleside water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Ingleside, San Patricio County; supply purchased from Corpus Christi Water","coordinates":{"lat":27.877,"lon":-97.211,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["San Patricio"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TX2050002"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"The risk is a projected shortfall in raw and treated water quantity, not contamination.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"KRIS (ref 1) says supply may be insufficient for health, sanitation and firefighting needs by November 2026; no outage is reported.","service":"No service loss is reported in ref 1; the declaration is precautionary and lets the city seek state help.","scale":"About 11,000 residents per ref 1; SDWIS lists 10,106 served (ref 2).","duration":"Lake elevations are forecast to keep falling through 2026 and new supply is not due until early 2027 (ref 1), so the risk spans months.","significance":"Mayor Adame issued a formal declaration of emergency on April 22, 2026 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":10106,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2); the city cites about 11,000 residents (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Corpus Christi Water projections show supply may be insufficient for essential needs by November 2026 (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"One report from April 2026 (ref 1); no later update was opened."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Ingleside","role":"Water system owner"},{"name":"Corpus Christi Water","role":"Wholesale supplier"},{"name":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality","role":"Primacy drinking-water regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Ingleside city secretary (published on the city website).","corrective_actions":["Developing brackish groundwater wells and a reverse osmosis system, not operating until early 2027 (ref 1).","Emergency declaration lets the city request state assistance and emergency funding (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-11","title":"Ingleside declares water emergency as severe drought threatens the public supply for 11,000 residents","publisher":"KRIS-TV","date":"2026-04-22","url":"https://www.kristv.com/news/local-news/in-your-neighborhood/san-patricio-county/ingleside/ingleside-declares-water-emergency-as-severe-drought-threatens-the-public-supply-for-11-000-residents","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-11","title":"SDWIS water system record: City of Ingleside (TX2050002)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TX/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/INGLESIDE/JSON","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (daily sweep)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TX-CORPUS-CHRISTI-WATER-SUPPLY-DROUGHT-2024","US-TX-MATHIS-LAKE-CORPUS-CHRISTI-SUPPLY-2025"]},{"id":"US-VA-CHATHAM-STAGE2-WATER-EMERGENCY-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Town of Chatham declares Stage 2 water emergency as lake levels fall","description":"The Town of Chatham in Pittsylvania County declared a Stage 2 Water Emergency (Drought Warning) on September 10, 2026 after drought-like conditions persisted for most of 2026 and levels fell at the Cherrystone Lake and Roaring Fork Lake reservoirs. County officials urged customers to conserve and to prepare for an extended drought.","location":{"name":"Town of Chatham water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"VA","states":["VA"],"detail":"Town of Chatham, Pittsylvania County; Cherrystone Lake and Roaring Fork Lake reservoirs","coordinates":{"lat":36.826,"lon":-79.399,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Pittsylvania"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"VA5143114"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-supply","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Falling source reservoirs are a supply-quantity problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"WDBJ (ref 1) cites falling levels at two reservoirs but no outage or health effect.","service":"Customers are urged to conserve; no mandatory restriction is reported in ref 1.","scale":"One town system serving 2,500 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"Ref 1 says drought-like conditions lasted most of 2026 and officials say to prepare for an extended drought.","significance":"The town formally declared a Stage 2 Water Emergency on September 10, 2026 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":2500,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Stage 2 Water Emergency (Drought Warning) declared as of September 10, 2026 (ref 1)."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Declaration follows months of drought and falling reservoir levels; it stays in force until levels recover or Stage 3 or 4 is declared (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Chatham","role":"Water system owner"},{"name":"Pittsylvania County","role":"Announcing local government"},{"name":"Virginia Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy drinking-water regulator"}],"public_contact":"Town of Chatham town office (published on the town website).","corrective_actions":["Customers urged to conserve water immediately; stage escalates to 3 or 4 if drought worsens (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-11","title":"\"Prepare for an extended drought.\" Water emergency declared for Chatham","publisher":"WDBJ","date":"2026-09-11","url":"https://www.wdbj7.com/2026/09/11/prepare-an-extended-drought-water-emergency-declared-chatham/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-11","title":"SDWIS water system record: Chatham, Town of (VA5143114)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/VA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/CHATHAM/JSON","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":6,"note":"New record (daily sweep)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-VA-GRETNA-RESERVOIR-WATER-EMERGENCY-2026","US-VA-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-WATER-RESTRICTIONS-2026"]},{"id":"US-NV-COLORADO-RIVER-ROD-LAWSUIT-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Nevada sues Interior over Colorado River operating rules and cuts","description":"On August 24, 2026 Nevada, the Colorado River Commission of Nevada and the Southern Nevada Water Authority sued the U.S. Department of the Interior in federal court, challenging the record of decision that divides Colorado River water among the seven basin states. Nevada says its 300,000 acre-foot allocation could be cut by up to 213,556 acre-feet under the decision's worst case, while the four Upper Basin states face only voluntary conservation goals.","location":{"name":"Colorado River Lower Basin (Nevada)","type":"Interstate river allocation","state":"NV","states":["NV"],"detail":"Southern Nevada; Lake Mead supply to Las Vegas Valley","coordinates":{"lat":36.17,"lon":-115.14,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Clark"],"extent":"multi_state"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The dispute is over legal allocation and federal operating rules rather than a physical failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Nevada says worst-case cuts leave Las Vegas and surrounding cities less than 86,500 acre-feet a year (ref 1); no physical harm is documented yet.","service":"No service loss is reported; cuts apply only if Lower Basin shortages reach the 3.6 million acre-foot limit (ref 1).","scale":"Southern Nevada used 198,000 acre-feet in 2025 and relies on the river for most of its supply (ref 1).","duration":"The record of decision sets rules for a multi-year period and the suit is at filing stage (ref 1).","significance":"A federal lawsuit was filed August 24, 2026 asking the court to set aside the decision (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The source does not give a population figure for the dispute."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Nevada's 300,000 acre-foot allocation could be cut by up to 213,556 acre-feet, leaving under 86,500 acre-feet a year (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Maximum Nevada cut under decision","value":213556,"unit":"acre-feet","status":"Reported","note":"Worst case at 3.6 million acre-foot Lower Basin shortage (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"First state lawsuit over the new rules, filed after negotiations missed their deadlines (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Department of the Interior","role":"Defendant; issued record of decision"},{"name":"Southern Nevada Water Authority","role":"Plaintiff and water supplier"},{"name":"Colorado River Commission of Nevada","role":"Plaintiff"}],"public_contact":"Southern Nevada Water Authority public information office (published on its website).","corrective_actions":["Lawsuit asks the court to set aside the record of decision (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-11","title":"Nevada sues Interior over cuts to 'already meager' Colorado River water allocation","publisher":"The Nevada Independent","date":"2026-08-24","url":"https://thenevadaindependent.com/es/article/nevada-sues-interior-over-cuts-to-already-meager-colorado-river-water-allocation","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":8,"note":"New record (daily sweep)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-AZ-COLORADO-POST2026-ALLOCATION-2026","US-CO-RIVER-SHORTAGE-2026"]},{"id":"US-FL-LABELLE-SEWAGE-SPILL-CONSENT-ORDER-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"LaBelle spills 450,000 gallons of sewage while under state consent order","description":"About 450,000 gallons of untreated sewage spilled for three days in July 2026 from a broken pipe at LaBelle's wastewater treatment plant No. 1 into a ditch that flows toward the Caloosahatchee River, none of it recovered. The Hendry County city has been under a Florida Department of Environmental Protection consent order since 2023 after a series of spills and failures to maintain its collection system.","location":{"name":"City of LaBelle wastewater system","type":"Municipal wastewater treatment plant","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"LaBelle, Hendry County; plant No. 1 on Citrus Street, ditch tributary to the Caloosahatchee River","coordinates":{"lat":26.761,"lon":-81.438,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Hendry"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A broken pipe and chronic collection-system failures are an infrastructure problem.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Ref 1 says untreated sewage reached a ditch two-thirds of a mile from the Caloosahatchee and none was recovered; no health harm is reported.","service":"The city says the system is operating normally after the leak was repaired (ref 1).","scale":"One city plant in a small Hendry County city; spill volume was about 450,000 gallons (ref 1).","duration":"Ref 1 reports spills over at least seven years and a consent order in force since 2023.","significance":"A 2023 FDEP consent order applies, and ref 1 says a spill this size falls in the highest $15,000 penalty tier."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Ref 1 gives no population served by the sewer system."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 450,000 gallons of untreated sewage spilled over three days, July 7 to July 10, 2026, none recovered (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Sewage spilled","value":450000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Spill began July 7 and was stopped July 10, 2026 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Largest spill on record in a pattern of releases over at least seven years (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of LaBelle","role":"Wastewater utility"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Regulator; consent order"}],"public_contact":"City of LaBelle public works (published on the city website).","corrective_actions":["2023 FDEP consent order requires an updated operations and maintenance manual and emergency response plan and improved monitoring and alarm systems (ref 1).","City reports the leak repaired and says it is cooperating with regulators (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-11","title":"Labelle's Massive Sewage Spill Capped Years of Wastewater Troubles","publisher":"Calusa Waterkeeper","date":"2026-07-16","url":"https://calusawaterkeeper.org/news/labelles-massive-sewage-spill-capped-years-of-wastewater-troubles-229601/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (daily sweep)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-SAWS-RATE-INCREASE-APPROVED-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"San Antonio council approves SAWS rate increases through 2030","description":"On October 8, 2026 the San Antonio City Council voted 8-3 to approve rate increases for the city-owned San Antonio Water System, after rejecting a 32.7 percent proposal in June. The average residential bill of about $56.58 rises $3.91 in January 2027 and $3.94 in 2028, with ranges set for 2029 and 2030, to fund a multibillion-dollar infrastructure program.","location":{"name":"San Antonio Water System","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"San Antonio, Bexar County","coordinates":{"lat":29.4241,"lon":-98.4936,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Bexar"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TX0150018"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns utility rates and capital financing.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No health or environmental harm is cited in refs 1 to 3; the issue is household cost.","service":"No service disruption is reported; rates change from January 2027 (refs 2, 3).","scale":"SAWS serves 2,643,729 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Increases run in steps from 2027 through 2030, and ref 3 puts the cumulative rise at 23.7 to 29.1 percent by 2030.","significance":"The City Council passed the increases 8-3 on October 8, 2026 after a June rejection (refs 2, 3)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":2643729,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Average residential bill rises $13 to $17 by 2030, up to 29.1 percent; council vote 8-3 on October 8, 2026 (ref 3)."},"measures":[{"name":"Average residential bill, current","value":56.58,"unit":"USD per month","status":"Reported","note":"Per KSAT (ref 3); TPR reported $56.68 in June."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Council rejected the first rate plan in June 2026 citing trust and efficiency concerns (ref 1).","SAWS officials said the council's final change would require delaying even more work (ref 3)."]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Bills are scheduled to rise in four annual steps from January 2027 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"San Antonio Water System","role":"Municipal water and sewer utility"},{"name":"San Antonio City Council","role":"Rate approval authority"}],"public_contact":"San Antonio Water System customer service (published on saws.org).","corrective_actions":["City Council approved the amended rate plan October 8, 2026 (refs 2, 3).","City Public Utilities office will review the rate change each year (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"accessed":"2026-10-11","title":"SAWS made its case for a rate increase again to City Council. The vote is next week.","publisher":"Texas Public Radio","date":"2026-10-01","url":"https://www.tpr.org/government-politics/2026-10-01/saws-made-its-case-for-a-rate-increase-again-to-city-council-the-vote-is-next-week","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"accessed":"2026-10-11","title":"City Council approves SAWS rate hikes of up to 30%, debates detention center assessments","publisher":"News4 San Antonio","date":"2026-10-08","url":"https://news4sanantonio.com/news/local/city-council-to-consider-saws-rate-hikes-of-up-to-30-detention-center-assessments","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"accessed":"2026-10-11","title":"San Antonio City Council approves SAWS rate increases; up to 29% by 2030","publisher":"KSAT","date":"2026-10-08","url":"https://www.ksat.com/news/local/2026/10/08/san-antonio-city-council-to-vote-on-proposed-saws-rate-increase/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"accessed":"2026-10-11","title":"SDWIS water system record: San Antonio Water System (TX0150018)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/TX/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/SAN%20ANTONIO%20WATER/JSON","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-11","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":6,"note":"New record (daily sweep)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-11","latest_seen":"2026-10-11","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-11","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":["US-TX-SAWS-SEWER-OVERFLOW-CONSENT-DECREE-2013"]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"first_seen":"2026-10-12","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"related_ids":[],"id":"US-GA-MIDWAY-LEAD-2026","title":"Midway, Georgia announces elevated lead in drinking water; schools stop using tap water","description":"The City of Midway (Liberty County) announced on October 2, 2026 that lead was elevated at some of the locations where it collected samples. The Liberty County School System stopped using school water sources for drinking and asked students and staff to bring bottled water. The city has not said when the problem will be fixed and says it will increase monitoring to find the cause.","location":{"name":"City of Midway water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Midway, Liberty County, Georgia","coordinates":{"lat":31.8035,"lon":-81.4306,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Liberty"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"GA1790001"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","layer_rationale":"Lead at the tap points to premise plumbing or service lines affecting water quality for customers and schools.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The city reports lead was elevated at some sampled locations, with no ppb values or action-level comparison published in the article (ref 1).","service":"Liberty County schools discontinued school water sources for drinking and asked students and staff to bring bottled water (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 2,595 people and 998 connections served by the Midway system (ref 2).","duration":"The announcement is days old (ref 1) and the city has given no date for a fix.","significance":"The city issued a formal notice to residents, businesses and schools (ref 1); no enforcement order is reported."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":2595,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by the Midway community water system per SDWIS (ref 2); only some sampled locations are reported elevated."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The city says lead was elevated in \"some of the locations where samples were collected,\" and that the results do not mean every property contains lead (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Lead results at sampled locations","value":null,"unit":"ppb","status":"Not reported","note":"No sample count or ppb values in the news report (ref 1)."}],"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"First public announcement (ref 1); no earlier results reviewed."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Midway","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Liberty County School System","role":"School water users"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Midway, Georgia (drinking water and lead questions go to the city, not the schools).","corrective_actions":["City notified residents, businesses and schools (ref 1).","Liberty County School System discontinued school water sources for drinking (ref 1).","City to increase monitoring at the sites to find the root cause (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Midway announces elevated lead levels in drinking water","publisher":"WTOC","date":"2026-10-03","accessed":"2026-10-12","url":"https://www.wtoc.com/2026/10/03/city-midway-announces-elevated-lead-levels-drinking-water/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: MIDWAY (GA1790001)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS Federal via Envirofacts)","date":null,"accessed":"2026-10-12","url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/GA1790001/JSON","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (national sweep)."}],"missing_fields":["Lead sample count and ppb values","Affected locations","Regulator statement"]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","secondary_drivers":["Lead service lines or premise plumbing"],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"first_seen":"2026-10-12","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"related_ids":[],"id":"US-ND-SHEYENNE-LEAD-2026","title":"Sheyenne, North Dakota: two of five tap samples exceed lead action level","description":"The City of Sheyenne warned households that two of five water samples collected between June 1 and September 30, 2026 exceeded the 15 ppb lead action level. The city says the notice does not mean every property has lead in its water, and points to service lines, plumbing and fixtures as likely sources.","location":{"name":"City of Sheyenne water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"ND","states":["ND"],"detail":"Sheyenne, Eddy County, North Dakota","coordinates":{"lat":47.8269,"lon":-99.1181,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Eddy"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"ND1400879"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","layer_rationale":"Tap lead from service lines and plumbing is an infrastructure-driven water quality problem.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Two of five samples collected June 1 to September 30, 2026 exceeded the 0.015 mg/L lead action level (ref 1).","service":"No service restriction or alternative water is reported in the notice (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 204 people and 130 connections served (ref 2).","duration":"The exceedance comes from one four-month monitoring period ending September 30, 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"A formal lead action-level exceedance notice sent to affected households (ref 1); no enforcement order is reported."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":204,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2); exposure applies to buildings with lead plumbing sources."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Two of five samples collected June 1 to September 30, 2026 exceeded the 0.015 mg/L (15 ppb) lead action level (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Samples above lead action level","value":2,"unit":"of 5 samples","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Only the June-September 2026 round is reported (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Sheyenne","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"North Dakota Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Sheyenne, North Dakota (notice mailed to affected households).","corrective_actions":["City sent a lead public notice to affected households (ref 1).","Under the rule, exceedance requires public education and may require treatment adjustment or lead service line replacement (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"City of Sheyenne warns residents of elevated lead levels in drinking water","publisher":"Valley News Live (KVLY)","date":"2026-10-08","accessed":"2026-10-12","url":"https://www.valleynewslive.com/2026/10/08/city-sheyenne-warns-residents-elevated-lead-levels-drinking-water/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: SHEYENNE CITY OF (ND1400879)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS Federal via Envirofacts)","date":null,"accessed":"2026-10-12","url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/ND1400879/JSON","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (national sweep)."}],"missing_fields":["Sample ppb values","Corrective action plan"]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","secondary_categories":["groundwater"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"first_seen":"2026-10-12","latest_seen":"2026-10-12","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-12","confidence":"Medium"},"related_ids":[],"id":"US-MT-COLUMBIA-FALLS-PFOA-2026","title":"Columbia Falls, Montana closes oldest well after PFOA detections above 4 ppt","description":"Columbia Falls removed its oldest well (the LP well) from service as a precaution after two September 2026 tests found PFOA at 7 ppt in raw water and 7.2 ppt at the distribution point, above the 4 ppt federal limit. The city says the two samples alone do not constitute a current federal MCL violation, that its two Talbot Road wells did not test positive, and that no do-not-drink order was issued.","location":{"name":"City of Columbia Falls water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MT","states":["MT"],"detail":"Columbia Falls, Flathead County, Montana","coordinates":{"lat":48.3727,"lon":-114.1882,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Flathead"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MT0000181"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","layer_rationale":"PFOA in a municipal supply well is a groundwater-sourced drinking-water quality issue.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"PFOA measured 7 ppt raw and 7.2 ppt at the distribution point against a 4 ppt federal MCL, though the city says two samples are not a violation (ref 1).","service":"The LP well was removed from service but the two Talbot Road wells meet current needs; no do-not-drink order (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 4,450 people and 2,186 connections served (ref 2).","duration":"The detections are from two tests in September 2026 (ref 1).","significance":"Voluntary precautionary closure announced by the city; no formal violation or order is reported (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":4450,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2); the closed well is one of three, and the other two did not test positive (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"The LP well tested at 7 ppt PFOA in raw water and 7.2 ppt at the distribution point, against the 4 ppt EPA maximum contaminant level (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"PFOA, LP well raw water","value":7,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"PFOA, distribution point","value":7.2,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."}],"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Two tests in one month (ref 1); independent retesting planned."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Columbia Falls","role":"Water utility"},{"name":"Montana Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Federal PFAS standard"}],"public_contact":"Columbia Falls City Manager, 406-892-4384 (as published by the local newspaper).","corrective_actions":["LP well taken out of service as a precaution (ref 1).","Independent retesting of the LP well at a separate qualified laboratory (ref 1).","City was already planning to drill another well (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Columbia Falls well closed after \"forever chemicals\" found, but others are OK","publisher":"Hungry Horse News","date":"2026-09-23","accessed":"2026-10-12","url":"https://hungryhorsenews.com/news/2026/sep/23/columbia-falls-well-closed-after-forever-chemicals-found-but-others-are-ok/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: COLUMBIA FALLS CITY OF (MT0000181)","publisher":"U.S. EPA (SDWIS Federal via Envirofacts)","date":null,"accessed":"2026-10-12","url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MT0000181/JSON","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-12","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":2,"note":"New record (national sweep)."}],"missing_fields":["Independent retest results"]},{"id":"US-GA-ATLANTA-CHATTAHOOCHEE-PLANT-BOIL-2026","revision":2,"change_type":"resolved","title":"Atlanta boil-water advisory after main break at Chattahoochee plant","description":"A 12-inch main near Atlanta's Chattahoochee Water Treatment Plant broke around 5 p.m. on October 11, 2026, interrupting plant process water, and the Department of Watershed Management issued a boil-water advisory for parts of Atlanta, South Fulton, Fairburn, Union City, Chattahoochee Hills and Palmetto. It was lifted for Southwest and Northwest Atlanta at 3:30 p.m. on October 13 and for all remaining areas at 8 a.m. on October 14 after sampling found no contamination.","location":{"name":"Atlanta water system (Chattahoochee plant area)","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Southwest and northwest Atlanta, South Fulton, Fairburn, Union City, Chattahoochee Hills, Palmetto; Fulton County","coordinates":{"lat":33.7967,"lon":-84.4535,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Fulton"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"GA1210001"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A failed water main interrupted plant operations and distribution pressure, triggering a precautionary advisory.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No contamination reported; the advisory is precautionary pending bacteria sampling that takes 18 to 24 hours (ref 2).","service":"Several thousand customers dropped below 20 psi and some lost service entirely, with a boil advisory across six jurisdictions (ref 2, ref 3).","scale":"Fox 5 reports more than 100,000 customers affected (ref 4); the Atlanta system serves 1,089,893 per SDWIS (ref 5).","duration":"Advisory issued October 11 and fully lifted 8 a.m. October 14, about three days (refs 1, 6, 7).","significance":"Formal boil-water advisory issued by Atlanta Watershed Management through Updates 1 and 2 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":100000,"status":"Estimated","note":"Fox 5 reports 'more than 100,000' customers (ref 4); utility gave no count (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"12-inch main broke near the Chattahoochee plant October 11, 2026; advisory lifted for all areas at 8 a.m. October 14 after negative sampling."},"measures":[{"name":"Customers reported affected","value":100000,"unit":"customers","status":"Estimated","note":"'More than 100,000' per Fox 5 (ref 4)."},{"name":"Pressure threshold for advisory","value":20,"unit":"psi","status":"Reported","note":"Several thousand customers fell below this (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Third Atlanta boil advisory in 2026 after May and July advisories (see related record); this one lifted within three days."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Atlanta Department of Watershed Management","role":"Responsible utility"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"DWM Office of Communications & Community Relations 404-546-3200; ATL 311 404-546-0311","corrective_actions":["Main repaired and pressure restored above 20 psi (refs 2, 4).","Sampling found no contamination; advisory lifted October 13 for Southwest and Northwest Atlanta and October 14 for all remaining areas (refs 6, 7, 8).","Georgia EPD notified (refs 7, 8)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Boil Water Advisory Update 2 (Oct. 12) for Southwest Atlanta, South Fulton, Fairburn, Union City, Chattahoochee Hills, Palmetto","publisher":"Atlanta Department of Watershed Management","date":"2026-10-12","accessed":"2026-10-13","url":"https://atlantawatershed.org/news-release-oct-2026-12-2/","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":2,"title":"Boil water advisory issued for southwest Atlanta, South Fulton, Fairburn and Union City","publisher":"CBS News Atlanta","date":"2026-10-12","accessed":"2026-10-13","url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/atlanta/news/boil-water-advisory-issued-for-southwest-atlanta-south-fulton-fairburn-and-union-city/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Boil-water advisory issued for Southwest Atlanta and 3 other cities","publisher":"Atlanta Journal-Constitution","date":"2026-10-12","accessed":"2026-10-13","url":"https://www.ajc.com/news/2026/10/boil-water-advisory-southwest-atlanta/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Boil water advisory issued for metro Atlanta areas","publisher":"FOX 5 Atlanta","date":"2026-10-12","accessed":"2026-10-13","url":"https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/boil-water-advisory-issued-metro-atlanta-areas","basis":"News report"},{"ref":5,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: ATLANTA (GA1210001)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"accessed":"2026-10-13","url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/GA1210001/JSON","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":6,"title":"News Release: DWM Lifts Boil Water Advisory for Residents and Businesses in Southwest and Northwest Atlanta","publisher":"Atlanta Department of Watershed Management","date":"2026-10-13","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://atlantawatershed.org/news-release-oct-2026-13/","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":7,"title":"Press Release: DWM Lifts Boil Water Advisory for ALL Impacted Areas","publisher":"Atlanta Department of Watershed Management","date":"2026-10-14","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://atlantawatershed.org/news-release-oct-2026-14/","basis":"Utility notice"},{"ref":8,"title":"Atlanta lifts remaining boil water advisory following water main repairs and testing","publisher":"CBS News Atlanta","date":"2026-10-14","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/atlanta/news/atlanta-lifts-remaining-boil-water-advisory-following-water-main-repairs-and-testing/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record."},{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"Advisory lifted in two stages, October 13 and October 14, after negative sampling."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-13","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["Official customer count"],"related_ids":["US-GA-ATLANTA-BOIL-ADVISORIES-POWER-2026","US-GA-ATLANTA-DRINKING-WATER-MAIN-BREAKS-RENEWAL"]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"first_seen":"2026-10-13","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"id":"US-ME-AUGUSTA-PFAS-CERCLA-SUIT-2026","title":"Augusta utility sues four paper-industry defendants over PFAS in Riverside wells","description":"The Greater Augusta Utility District filed a federal Superfund (CERCLA) suit on Oct. 7, 2026 against Sappi North America, Huhtamaki, Kimberly-Clark and American Tissue entities, alleging upstream PFAS reached the Kennebec River aquifer feeding its Riverside wells. Wells were shut in November 2024 after a 23.3 ppt result against Maine's 20 ppt limit; a roughly $2 million ion-exchange plant now treats the water. Defendants' liability is alleged and untested; Sappi says it operates within its permits.","location":{"name":"Greater Augusta Utility District Riverside wells","type":"Municipal utility groundwater wells","state":"ME","states":["ME"],"detail":"Augusta, Kennebec County; aquifer connected to the Kennebec River","coordinates":{"lat":44.31,"lon":-69.78,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Kennebec"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"ME0090080"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Industrial PFAS discharges are alleged to have contaminated a drinking-water aquifer, so the issue is about water quality.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Riverside wells tested 23.3 ppt of the six PFAS Maine measures on Nov. 4, 2024, above the 20 ppt state limit (refs 1, 2, 3).","service":"The district shut the two Riverside wells on Nov. 19, 2024 and now draws from three Bond Brook wells (ref 3); no loss of service to customers is reported.","scale":"The utility serves 13,750 people per SDWIS (ref 4), a community-scale system.","duration":"PFAS was first detected in October 2021 and the wells were out of service from late 2024 until treatment began this summer (refs 1, 2).","significance":"A CERCLA cost-recovery complaint was filed in federal court on Oct. 7, 2026 (ref 2); allegations are untested."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":13750,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"23.3 parts per trillion of six PFAS in the Riverside wells, against a Maine limit of 20 ppt (ref 2)."},"measures":[{"name":"Riverside wells combined PFAS (six Maine-regulated compounds)","value":23.3,"unit":"ppt","status":"Reported","note":"Nov. 4, 2024 test (ref 3); Maine limit 20 ppt."},{"name":"Ion-exchange treatment cost","value":2,"unit":"million USD","status":"Estimated","note":"Press Herald says \"about $2 million,\" much from grants (ref 2)."}],"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Treatment began this summer (ref 2); cost-recovery litigation is new."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Greater Augusta Utility District","role":"Water utility and plaintiff"},{"name":"Maine Department of Health and Human Services, Drinking Water Program","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Sappi North America; Huhtamaki; Kimberly-Clark; American Tissue","role":"Named defendants (allegations only)"}],"public_contact":"Greater Augusta Utility District customer service via greateraugustautilitydistrict.org","corrective_actions":["Riverside wells shut Nov. 19, 2024 and supply moved to three Bond Brook wells (ref 3).","Ion-exchange treatment facility built; water began flowing safely this summer (ref 2).","CERCLA complaint filed Oct. 7, 2026 seeking investigation, monitoring, treatment and cleanup costs (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Augusta water utility sues paper companies over PFAS contamination in Kennebec River wells","publisher":"WGME","date":"2026-10-12","accessed":"2026-10-13","url":"https://wgme.com/news/i-team/augusta-water-utility-sues-paper-companies-over-pfas-contamination-in-kennebec-river-wells","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Augusta utility sues 4 paper mills over toxic PFAS in drinking water","publisher":"Portland Press Herald","date":"2026-10-13","accessed":"2026-10-13","url":"https://www.pressherald.com/2026/10/13/augusta-utility-sues-4-paper-mills-over-toxic-pfas-in-drinking-water/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Greater Augusta Utilities District shuts down two wells for high PFAS levels","publisher":"Central Maine / Kennebec Journal","date":"2024-12-06","accessed":"2026-10-13","url":"https://www.centralmaine.com/2024/12/06/greater-augusta-utilities-district-shuts-down-two-wells-for-high-pfas-levels/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system lookup: Greater Augusta Utility District (ME0090080)","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"accessed":"2026-10-13","url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/ME/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/GREATER%20AUGUSTA/JSON","basis":"Federal database"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":8,"note":"New record: utility files federal PFAS cost-recovery suit."}],"related_ids":["US-ME-WATERVILLE-PFAS-2023","US-ME-STATEWIDE-PFAS-UCMR5-2026","US-MULTI-AFFF-PWS-PFAS-SETTLEMENTS-2024"]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"first_seen":"2026-10-13","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"id":"US-TX-PUC-DATACENTER-SURVEY-RECORDS-SUIT-2026","title":"Texas PUC sues to withhold data-center water-planning-area records","description":"On Oct. 5, 2026 the Public Utility Commission of Texas sued the Attorney General's office in Travis County to keep two fields, facility county and regional water planning area, out of a data-center and crypto-mining energy and water survey. The survey, built with the Texas Water Development Board, covers water consumption and sources; the PUC cites the Homeland Security Act, and the allegations and arguments are untested in court.","location":{"name":"Texas data-center energy and water use survey","type":"State program and public-records dispute","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Statewide survey of 377 facilities; suit in Travis County 200th District Court","coordinates":{"lat":30.27,"lon":-97.74,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Travis"],"extent":"statewide"},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity","drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The dispute is about public disclosure of industrial water-use data that regional planners rely on.","severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No physical harm documented; the dispute is over access to water-use and location data (refs 1, 2).","service":"No service effect; the survey asked about water consumption, sources and cooling technology (ref 1).","scale":"The survey went to 377 facilities statewide, and 77 data centers and 13 crypto miners had responded by August (ref 1).","duration":"The suit was filed Oct. 5, 2026, days before the sources were published (ref 2).","significance":"A lawsuit seeks a court declaration under Government Code 552.101 and Homeland Security Act 418.181 after two AG rulings (ref 2)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Survey sent to 377 facilities; by August, 77 data centers and 13 virtual currency miners had completed it (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Facilities surveyed","value":377,"unit":"facilities","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Completed responses by August","value":90,"unit":"facilities","status":"Reported","note":"77 data centers plus 13 crypto miners (ref 1)."}],"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Suit newly filed; no court findings yet (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Public Utility Commission of Texas","role":"Survey sponsor and plaintiff"},{"name":"Texas Attorney General Open Records Division","role":"Issued rulings against withholding"},{"name":"Texas Water Development Board","role":"Survey co-developer and statewide water planner"}],"public_contact":"Public Utility Commission of Texas general line via puc.texas.gov","corrective_actions":["PUC filed suit Oct. 5, 2026 asking the court to exempt two location fields (ref 2).","Gov. Abbott directed the TWDB to take enforcement action against data centers that fail to report water use (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"PUC sues Paxton's office over release of data center records","publisher":"Texas Tribune","date":"2026-10-06","accessed":"2026-10-13","url":"https://www.texastribune.org/2026/10/06/texas-data-center-lawsuit-paxton-water/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Texas PUC sues Paxton to keep data center locations confidential","publisher":"Texas Policy Research","date":"2026-10-10","accessed":"2026-10-13","url":"https://www.texaspolicyresearch.com/?p=13412","basis":"Policy research report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record: PUC suit over data-center survey location fields."}],"related_ids":["US-TX-DATA-CENTER-WATER-DEMAND-PLANNING-GAP-2026","US-CO-DENVER-DATACENTER-WATER-RECORDS-2025"]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","secondary_drivers":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"first_seen":"2026-10-13","latest_seen":"2026-10-13","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-13","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"id":"US-NV-BAKER-LEHMAN-DECREE-NINTH-CIRCUIT-2026","title":"Ninth Circuit lets ranchers enforce 1934 Baker-Lehman water decree against U.S.","description":"On Sept. 30, 2026 a divided Ninth Circuit panel reversed dismissal of Baker Ranches v. Burgum, holding the McCarran Amendment waives federal sovereign immunity so downstream ranchers can seek enforcement of the 1934 Baker-Lehman Decree on Baker and Lehman Creeks at Great Basin National Park. The ranchers allege the government diverted creek water for campgrounds and let channels clog. The court sent the case back and did not decide the merits.","location":{"name":"Baker and Lehman Creeks, Great Basin National Park","type":"Stream system under adjudicated decree","state":"NV","states":["NV"],"detail":"White Pine County, Nevada","counties":["White Pine"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"water-rights","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The case concerns who may enforce adjudicated priority water rights against the federal government.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":0,"duration":2,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Ranchers allege infringement of rights with priority dates from 1872 to 1904; no finding on the merits (ref 1).","service":"No water-service disruption is reported in either source (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Two creeks and a handful of named ranch plaintiffs (ref 1), a local dispute with wider precedent for Western decrees (ref 2).","duration":"The decree dates to Oct. 16, 1934 and the ranchers first sued in 2021 (ref 1).","significance":"A federal appellate ruling, 2-1 with a dissent by Judge Rawlinson, reversed a dismissal (refs 1, 2)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Ninth Circuit ruled 2-1 on Sept. 30, 2026 that sovereign immunity does not bar enforcement of the 1934 Baker-Lehman Decree (ref 1)."},"measures":[{"name":"Decree entry date","value":null,"unit":"","status":"Reported","note":"Oct. 16, 1934 (ref 1)."}],"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Remanded to the district court; likely to move toward Nevada state court (ref 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals","role":"Appellate court"},{"name":"Nevada State Engineer","role":"Began the 1925 adjudication proceeding"},{"name":"U.S. Department of the Interior / National Park Service","role":"Defendant landowner"}],"public_contact":"Clerk of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, published general channel","corrective_actions":["Dismissal reversed and case remanded for further proceedings (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Ninth Circuit revives Nevada ranchers' water rights case","publisher":"Western-Water.com","date":"2026-10-06","accessed":"2026-10-13","url":"https://www.western-water.com/2026/10/06/ninth-circuit-revives-nevada-ranchers-water-rights-case/","basis":"Legal news summary"},{"ref":2,"title":"9th Circuit: U.S. government not immune to water rights enforcement","publisher":"Capital Press","date":"2026-10-01","accessed":"2026-10-13","url":"https://capitalpress.com/2026/10/01/9th-circuit-u-s-government-not-immune-to-water-rights-enforcement/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-13","status":"Ongoing Major Issue","score":5,"note":"New record: Ninth Circuit ruling on decree enforcement."}],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-TX-PADUCAH-ECOLI-BOIL-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Paducah, Texas boil notice after E. coli found in city water","description":"The City of Paducah in Cottle County is under a boil water notice after E. coli was detected in its water supply on October 9, 2026. Officials told residents to boil water for one minute or use bottled water while fresh samples are retested, and said they expect resolution within a week.","location":{"name":"City of Paducah water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"TX","states":["TX"],"detail":"Paducah, Cottle County","coordinates":{"lat":34.0171,"lon":-100.3018,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Cottle"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"TX0510001"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"E. coli presence in a public supply is a microbial water-quality failure that triggered a boil notice.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"E. coli detected in the water supply on October 9, 2026, which officials say can make people sick (ref 1).","service":"Residents told to boil water or use bottled water for drinking, teeth, ice, dishes and food (ref 1); water remains available.","scale":"Whole-city notice for a system serving 1,087 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"Detection on October 9 and notice still in force October 13 with resolution expected within a week (ref 1).","significance":"Formal boil water notice with EPA hotline and city contact listed (ref 1); no enforcement order reported."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1087,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2); the whole system is under notice."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"E. coli detected in the Paducah water supply on October 9, 2026; boil notice in effect as of October 13."},"measures":[{"name":"Population served","value":1087,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single reported event; no earlier Paducah, Texas notices checked."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Paducah","role":"Responsible utility"},{"name":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Paducah, 806-492-3713 (ref 1)","corrective_actions":["Resample water to confirm safety; officials expect resolution within a week (ref 1).","Residents advised to boil water for one minute or use bottled water (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Paducah under boil water notice due to E. Coli found in water supply","publisher":"KFDA NewsChannel 10","date":"2026-10-13","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.newschannel10.com/2026/10/13/paducah-under-boil-water-notice-due-e-coli/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: CITY OF PADUCAH (TX0510001)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/TX0510001/JSON","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (national sweep)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-14","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Cause of contamination","E. coli sample counts","Date notice lifted"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WI-MINERAL-POINT-PRESSURE-BOIL-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Mineral Point, Wisconsin boil advisory after waterworks loses pressure","description":"Mineral Point issued a boil-water advisory on October 13, 2026 after its waterworks system failed to maintain pressure. The city clerk-treasurer said the pressure loss could let contaminants such as fecal coliform or E. coli enter the distribution system; the advisory stays in effect until testing shows the water is safe.","location":{"name":"Mineral Point Waterworks","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"City of Mineral Point, Iowa County","coordinates":{"lat":42.86,"lon":-90.1807,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Iowa"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WI1250084"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality","drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A distribution-system pressure failure prompted a precautionary microbial advisory.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No contamination reported; the clerk said the pressure loss could allow fecal coliform or E. coli in (ref 1).","service":"Residents must boil tap water for one minute or use bottled water, including for dishes and hygiene (ref 1).","scale":"City-wide advisory; Mineral Point Waterworks serves 2,487 people per SDWIS (ref 2), though the article names no area (ref 1).","duration":"Issued Tuesday October 13 and open-ended pending testing (ref 1).","significance":"Formal city boil-water advisory (ref 1); no enforcement action reported."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":2487,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2); the article gives no affected count (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Waterworks failed to maintain pressure; boil advisory issued October 13, 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"Population served","value":2487,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single reported event."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Mineral Point","role":"Responsible utility"},{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Mineral Point clerk-treasurer's office (no number in source)","corrective_actions":["Boil advisory in effect until testing confirms the water is safe (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Mineral Point issues boil water advisory","publisher":"WGLR","date":"2026-10-13","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.wglr.com/2026/10/13/mineral-point-issues-boil-water-advisory/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: MINERAL POINT WATERWORKS (WI1250084)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/WI1250084/JSON","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"New record (national sweep)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-14","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["Cause of pressure loss","Affected area","Date advisory lifted","Contact number"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-MD-OAKLAND-VALVE-BREAK-BOIL-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Oakland, Maryland boil advisory for all customers after valve break","description":"The Town of Oakland in Garrett County issued a precautionary boil-water advisory at 2 p.m. on October 13, 2026 for every customer of its water system after a valve break. The town said it was guarding against possible bacterial contamination and had begun flushing; it stays in effect until the town announces a lift.","location":{"name":"Town of Oakland water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"MD","states":["MD"],"detail":"Town of Oakland, Garrett County","coordinates":{"lat":39.4076,"lon":-79.4067,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Garrett"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"MD0110008"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A failed valve led to a system-wide precautionary microbial advisory.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Advisory is precautionary against possible bacterial contamination; no contamination reported (ref 1).","service":"Customers told to boil water for a minute or use bottled water for drinking, food, ice and dishes (ref 1).","scale":"All town water customers are covered; the system serves 1,850 people per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"Issued October 13 and in force while flushing proceeds (ref 1).","significance":"Formal town advisory (ref 1); no state order reported."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1850,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2); all customers are covered by the advisory (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Valve break prompted a boil advisory for all Oakland water customers on October 13, 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"Population served","value":1850,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single reported event; the town's earlier 2024-25 drought restrictions are a separate record."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Town of Oakland","role":"Responsible utility"},{"name":"Maryland Department of the Environment","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Town of Oakland (published channels at oaklandmd.gov)","corrective_actions":["Flushing started; advisory remains until the town announces a lift (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Precautionary Boil Water Advisory","publisher":"Town of Oakland, Maryland","date":"2026-10-13","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.oaklandmd.gov/news/precautionary-boil-water-advisory","basis":"Local government"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: TOWN OF OAKLAND (MD0110008)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/MD0110008/JSON","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"New record (national sweep). The notice page links to an item titled 'advisory withdrawn' that could not be opened, so lift status is unconfirmed."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-14","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["Date advisory lifted","Which valve failed"],"related_ids":["US-MD-OAKLAND-BROADFORD-LAKE-CONSERVATION-2025"]},{"id":"US-GA-JACKSON-COUNTY-BEAR-CREEK-PUMP-BOIL-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Bear Creek Reservoir pump failure triggers boil advisories in Jackson County, GA","description":"A pump failure at Bear Creek Reservoir on October 7, 2026 dropped line pressure, and the Jackson County Water & Sewerage Authority, the Town of Braselton and the City of Hoschton issued precautionary boil-water advisories. Fox 5 Atlanta reported the advisories were lifted at about 2:20 p.m. the next day after lab testing found no contaminants.","location":{"name":"Jackson County Water & Sewerage Authority service area","type":"Regional water authority service area","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"Jackson County, including Braselton and Hoschton","coordinates":{"lat":34.1087,"lon":-83.7627,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Jackson"],"extent":"multi_county","pwsid":"GA1570117"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply","drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A raw-water pump failure interrupted supply and pressure across three providers.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Precautionary only; lab testing reportedly found no contaminants (ref 1).","service":"Pressure loss and boil advisories across three providers, boil for one minute (ref 1, ref 2).","scale":"Authority serves 33,601, Braselton 20,469 and Hoschton 6,620 per SDWIS (ref 3); no affected count was reported (ref 1).","duration":"Advisory issued October 7 and lifted about 2:20 p.m. the following day per Fox 5 (ref 1).","significance":"Formal advisories issued by the authority, Braselton and Hoschton (ref 1, ref 2); no enforcement action."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":33601,"status":"Estimated","note":"Population served by the lead authority per SDWIS (ref 3); Braselton (20,469) and Hoschton (6,620) also served; the affected count was not reported (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Pump failure at Bear Creek Reservoir on October 7, 2026 triggered boil advisories lifted the next day."},"measures":[{"name":"Jackson County authority population served","value":33601,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS GA1570117 (ref 3)."},{"name":"Braselton population served","value":20469,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS GA1570000 (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single reported event."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Jackson County Water & Sewerage Authority","role":"Responsible utility"},{"name":"Town of Braselton Public Works","role":"Responsible utility"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Jackson County Emergency Management Agency and the utilities' published channels","corrective_actions":["Advisories lifted after lab testing found no contaminants (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Thousands under boil water advisory after Jackson County pump failure","publisher":"FOX 5 Atlanta","date":"2026-10-07","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/thousands-under-boil-water-advisory-after-pump-failure-north-georgia","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Officials urge residents to boil tap water due to possible contamination","publisher":"WSB-TV","date":"2026-10-07","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.wsbtv.com/news/local/officials-urge-residents-boil-tap-water-due-possible-contamination/ZUTAYK27EZAUVP3AJPMYPSZ4K4/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: JACKSON COUNTY WATER & SEWER AUTHORITY (GA1570117)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/GA1570117/JSON","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"New record (national sweep). Page dated October 7 reports the lift on Thursday (October 8)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-14","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Number of customers affected","Pump repair details"],"related_ids":["US-GA-BRASELTON-GROWTH-SUPPLY-EXPANSION"]},{"id":"US-OK-SLICK-ECOLI-BOIL-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Slick, Oklahoma boil order after E. coli found, lifted October 12","description":"Oklahoma DEQ ordered Slick Public Water Supply in Creek County to boil water on October 3, 2026 after E. coli was found in the drinking water. DEQ announced on October 12 that the boil order had been lifted and the water was safe for human consumption.","location":{"name":"Slick Public Water Supply","type":"Small municipal water system","state":"OK","states":["OK"],"detail":"Town of Slick, Creek County","coordinates":{"lat":35.7762,"lon":-96.2917,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Creek"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OK3001921"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"E. coli detection in a public supply is a microbial water-quality failure.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DEQ states E. coli was found in the drinking water (ref 1).","service":"Residents told to boil water for a minute or use bottled water for drinking, food, dishes and teeth (ref 1).","scale":"Small system serving 148 people per SDWIS (ref 3).","duration":"Order issued October 3 and lifted by October 12 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Formal DEQ boil order and later lift release (refs 1, 2); no enforcement order reported."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":148,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"E. coli found in Slick drinking water; boil order issued October 3 and lifted October 12, 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"Population served","value":148,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 3)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Resolved within the window."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Slick Public Water Supply","role":"Responsible utility"}],"public_contact":"Oklahoma DEQ Office of Communication and Education (contact named in releases)","corrective_actions":["Boil order lifted after testing; DEQ states the water is safe (ref 2)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Boil Order Issued for Slick Public Water Supply","publisher":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2026-10-03","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://oklahoma.gov/deq/divisions/executive-offices/office-of-communication-and-education/news-releases/2026/october/boil-order-issued-for-slick-public-water-supply.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"Boil Order Lifted for Slick Public Water Supply","publisher":"Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality","date":"2026-10-12","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://oklahoma.gov/deq/divisions/executive-offices/office-of-communication-and-education/news-releases/2026/october/slick-suspension.html","basis":"State record"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: SLICK (OK3001921)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/OK3001921/JSON","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":4,"note":"New record (national sweep)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-14","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Cause of contamination","E. coli sample results"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-IN-CITIZENS-NW-INDY-MAIN-BREAK-BOIL-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Citizens Water boil advisory in northwest Indianapolis and Boone County lifted","description":"Citizens Energy Group issued a precautionary boil-water advisory on October 11, 2026 after a water main break in northwest Indianapolis, covering customers near 86th Street and Lafayette Road and parts of Boone County and Zionsville. It was lifted on the morning of October 13 after tests showed the water complied with safe drinking water standards.","location":{"name":"Citizens Water northwest Indianapolis and Boone County area","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"IN","states":["IN"],"detail":"Near 86th Street and Lafayette Road; Marion and Boone counties","coordinates":{"lat":39.9145,"lon":-86.216,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Marion","Boone"],"extent":"site","pwsid":"IN5249004"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A main break dropped pressure and prompted a precautionary advisory.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Advisory was precautionary; tests found drinking water compliant with all safe drinking water standards (ref 1).","service":"Customers in the zone told to boil tap water until the lift (ref 1).","scale":"Parts of Marion and Boone counties affected out of a system serving 880,345 per SDWIS (ref 2); no count reported (ref 1).","duration":"Issued October 11 and lifted October 13, two days (ref 1).","significance":"Formal precautionary advisory, no enforcement action reported (ref 1)."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The article gives no customer count (ref 1); the system serves 880,345 per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Main break in northwest Indianapolis prompted a boil advisory October 11, lifted October 13, 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"System population served","value":880345,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 2); only part of the system was affected."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Resolved within the window."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Citizens Energy Group","role":"Responsible utility"},{"name":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Citizens Energy Group customer service (published channels)","corrective_actions":["Advisory lifted after water quality tests confirmed compliance (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Boil water advisory lifted for Marion, Boone counties","publisher":"Current Publishing","date":"2026-10-13","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://youarecurrent.com/2026/10/13/boil-water-advisory-lifted-for-marion-boone-counties/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: CITIZENS WATER - INDIANAPOLIS (IN5249004)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/IN5249004/JSON","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"New record (national sweep)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-14","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["Customer count","Break location detail"],"related_ids":["US-IN-INDIANAPOLIS-EASTSIDE-MAIN-BREAK-2025"]},{"id":"US-FL-GROVELAND-SUNSHINE-PLANT-FAILURES-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Groveland's Sunshine plant fails three times in two weeks, thousands lose water","description":"Groveland's Sunshine Water Treatment Plant suffered three failures in two weeks, including a computer-system problem and a 16-inch main break on September 29, 2026 that left thousands without water. The existing pipe has broken five times in four years; the city is seeking $7.8 million in grant and loan money, with council approval on the October 19 agenda.","location":{"name":"Groveland Sunshine Water Treatment Plant","type":"Municipal water treatment plant and transmission main","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"City of Groveland, Lake County","coordinates":{"lat":28.5558,"lon":-81.8512,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Lake"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"FL3350476"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-supply"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"Repeated treatment-plant and transmission-main failures cut supply to the city.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":2,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"No contamination reported; city tested water after the main break (ref 1).","service":"Thousands of residents lost water after the 16-inch main broke (ref 1, ref 2).","scale":"Groveland's system serves 23,628 per SDWIS (ref 3); the exact outage count is not reported (ref 2).","duration":"Three failures in two weeks and five pipe breaks in four years (ref 1).","significance":"Funding request of $7.8 million awaits council approval; no regulatory order is reported (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Articles say 'thousands' lost water without a count (refs 1, 2); the system serves 23,628 per SDWIS (ref 3)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Three failures at the Sunshine plant in two weeks; existing pipe has broken five times in four years."},"measures":[{"name":"Pipe breaks","value":5,"unit":"breaks in four years","status":"Reported","note":"Per contractor presentation (ref 1)."},{"name":"Funding sought","value":7800000,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"Half grant, half 0% loan (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Recurring failures over two weeks and four years."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Groveland","role":"Responsible utility"},{"name":"Woodard & Curran","role":"Operations contractor"},{"name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"City of Groveland (published channels)","corrective_actions":["Backup float sensor being added and computer system replaced (ref 1).","City seeking $7.8 million for treatment plant, SCADA and main replacement; council vote October 19 (ref 2).","Workshop with city officials and utility partners set for October 15 (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Groveland residents press water contractor for answers after treatment plant failures","publisher":"WKMG News 6 (ClickOrlando)","date":"2026-10-08","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.clickorlando.com/news/local/2026/10/09/groveland-residents-press-water-contractor-for-answers-after-treatment-plant-failures/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Groveland water main break highlights aging system as city seeks $7.8 million for upgrades","publisher":"WKMG News 6 (ClickOrlando)","date":"2026-09-30","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.clickorlando.com/news/local/2026/10/01/groveland-water-main-break-highlights-aging-system-as-city-seeks-78-million-for-upgrades/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: GROVELAND WATER DEPARTMENT (FL3350476)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/FL3350476/JSON","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":5,"note":"New record (national sweep)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-14","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Number of customers without water","Outage duration","Confirmed cause of main failure"],"related_ids":["US-FL-GROVELAND-SUNSHINE-PLANT-OUTAGES-RATE-PAUSE-2026"]},{"id":"US-PA-PHILADELPHIA-SCHOOL-LEAD-FAUCETS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Philadelphia schools: high lead in kitchen and food-prep taps, district moves to 5 ppb","description":"Grid Magazine's analysis of School District of Philadelphia testing data found high lead in water sources used for food preparation at 21 of 219 tested schools, with a July 2025 kitchen sink at Roxborough High School at 6,200 ppb. In mid-September 2026 the district announced a 5 ppb standard, and at least 19 more schools are between 5 and 10 ppb.","location":{"name":"School District of Philadelphia school buildings","type":"Public school district facilities","state":"PA","states":["PA"],"detail":"City of Philadelphia schools","coordinates":{"lat":39.9526,"lon":-75.1652,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Philadelphia"],"extent":"city"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Lead from plumbing fixtures at school taps affects water used for drinking and food preparation.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Roxborough High School kitchen sink measured 6,200 ppb in July 2025, which the district called an anomaly (ref 1).","service":"Contaminated sources are shut off and filters installed, per district policy (ref 1, ref 2).","scale":"21 of 219 tested schools had high food-prep results, plus seven more schools elsewhere (ref 1).","duration":"Results span three years of testing on a five-year cycle (ref 1, ref 2).","significance":"District action level of 10 ppb, tightened to 5 ppb in September 2026; state law does not require testing (ref 1, ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Student exposure is not reported; 147 schools have full-service kitchens (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"21 of 219 tested schools had high lead in food-preparation water sources; highest result 6,200 ppb."},"measures":[{"name":"Schools with high food-prep lead","value":21,"unit":"schools","status":"Reported","note":"Of 219 tested (ref 1)."},{"name":"Highest result","value":6200,"unit":"ppb","status":"Reported","note":"Roxborough High kitchen sink, July 2025 (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Insufficient history; the district lowered its standard in September 2026."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"School District of Philadelphia","role":"Responsible owner and tester"}],"public_contact":"School District of Philadelphia (published at philasd.org)","corrective_actions":["Sources above the action level are shut off, action plans within 30 days, and filters installed (ref 2).","District reviewing 19 or more schools between 5 and 10 ppb (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"High lead levels found in Philly schools' kitchen faucets","publisher":"Grid Magazine","date":"2026-10-09","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://gridphilly.com/blog-home/2026/10/09/high-lead-levels-found-in-philly-schools-kitchen-faucets/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Water Results","publisher":"School District of Philadelphia","date":"2026-10-14","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.philasd.org/waterresults","basis":"Local government"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":6,"note":"New record (national sweep)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-14","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Number of students exposed","Article gives inconsistent counts of faucets above 10 ppb (37 vs 47)"],"related_ids":["US-PA-PHILADELPHIA-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2026"]},{"id":"US-OH-SOUTH-CHARLESTON-MAIN-BREAK-BOIL-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"South Charleston, Ohio boil advisory for entire village after main break","description":"A water main break on State Route 41 in front of Shoemakers in South Charleston, Clark County, put the entire village under a boil advisory, according to a report published October 14, 2026. Residents were told to boil water they plan to consume for 1 to 3 minutes; the village expected to know more later that day.","location":{"name":"South Charleston Village water system","type":"Village water system","state":"OH","states":["OH"],"detail":"South Charleston, Clark County","coordinates":{"lat":39.8284,"lon":-83.6313,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Clark"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"OH1204212"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A main break triggered a village-wide boil advisory.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No contamination reported; advisory is a precaution after the break (ref 1).","service":"Residents told to boil water they plan to consume for 1 to 3 minutes (ref 1).","scale":"Entire village covered; the system serves 1,660 per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"Advisory still in effect when reported October 14 (ref 1).","significance":"Formal village boil advisory (ref 1); no state order reported."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1660,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2); the article gives no affected count."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Main break on State Route 41; whole village under boil advisory as of October 14, 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"Population served","value":1660,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single reported event."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Village of South Charleston","role":"Responsible utility"},{"name":"Ohio EPA","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Village of South Charleston (published channels)","corrective_actions":["Advisory in effect; village to update residents (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Village of South Charleston issues boil advisory after water main break","publisher":"WHIO TV 7","date":"2026-10-14","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.whio.com/news/local/boil-advisory-issued-part-clark-county-after-water-main-break/DBMV2QQAYBC35MNXQA72OYCCIU/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: SOUTH CHARLESTON VILLAGE PWS (OH1204212)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/OH1204212/JSON","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"New record (national sweep)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-14","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["Date of break","Date advisory lifted","Customer count"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-GA-COMER-MAIN-BREAK-BOIL-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Comer, Georgia boil advisory after water main break","description":"The City of Comer in Madison County, Georgia issued a boil-water advisory on October 12, 2026 after a water main break dropped pressure. Crews are repairing and flushing the line and sampling for coliform, E. coli and chlorine; the advisory stays until tests are clean and the state approves lifting it.","location":{"name":"City of Comer water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"GA","states":["GA"],"detail":"City of Comer, Madison County","coordinates":{"lat":34.0657,"lon":-83.1329,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Madison"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"GA1950002"},"primary_category":"infrastructure","secondary_categories":["drinking-water-quality"],"issue_layer":"Infrastructure","layer_rationale":"A main break dropped pressure and required a boil advisory.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"Officials say pressure loss could allow harmful germs in; no contamination reported (ref 1).","service":"Residents told to boil water for three minutes or use bottled water (ref 1).","scale":"City-wide advisory; the system serves 1,531 per SDWIS (ref 2).","duration":"Issued Monday October 12 and in effect pending testing (ref 1).","significance":"Formal advisory requiring Georgia EPD approval to lift (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":1531,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2); the article gives no affected count."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Main break dropped pressure; boil advisory issued October 12, 2026."},"measures":[{"name":"Population served","value":1531,"unit":"people","status":"Reported","note":"SDWIS (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single reported event."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Comer","role":"Responsible utility"},{"name":"Georgia Environmental Protection Division","role":"Primacy regulator"}],"public_contact":"Contact named in the notice (see source)","corrective_actions":["Line repaired and flushed; samples tested for coliform, E. coli and chlorine (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Comer issues boil water advisory after water main break","publisher":"Madison County Journal / Main Street News","date":null,"accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.mainstreetnews.com/madison/madison/news/comer-issues-boil-water-advisory-after-water-main-break/article_52dd0193-68a8-41fa-9ccc-90b1ead020b1.html","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"EPA SDWIS water system record: COMER (GA1950002)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts","date":null,"accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/GA1950002/JSON","basis":"Federal record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"New record (national sweep)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-14","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Low"},"missing_fields":["Publication date of source","Date advisory lifted","Customer count"],"related_ids":[]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","issue_layer":"Infrastructure","secondary_categories":["surface-water"],"secondary_drivers":["Aging pipe installed in the early 1970s"],"first_seen":"2026-10-14","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Final volume","Date creek reopened"],"related_ids":["US-TN-CHATTANOOGA-SEWER-CONSENT-DECREE-2026"],"id":"US-TN-CHATTANOOGA-SOUTH-CHICKAMAUGA-SSO-2026","title":"Chattanooga sewer pipe failure spills 500,000-700,000 gallons into South Chickamauga Creek","description":"Chattanooga reported an active sanitary sewer overflow into South Chickamauga Creek along the Greenway. The city estimates 500,000 to 700,000 gallons of wastewater escaped after 1970s-era pipes beneath the creek failed, and the public was told about two days after it began (about Sept. 30). The creek downstream of the pedestrian bridge is closed to recreation until repairs are finished and bacteria testing allows reopening.","location":{"name":"South Chickamauga Creek Greenway, Chattanooga","type":"Creek corridor below a sewer crossing","state":"TN","states":["TN"],"detail":"Chattanooga, Hamilton County; creek drains to the Tennessee River","coordinates":{"lat":35.0456,"lon":-85.3097,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Hamilton"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","layer_rationale":"Failed aging sewer pipe under the creek released untreated wastewater to surface water.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"City estimated 500,000 to 700,000 gallons of wastewater reached South Chickamauga Creek (ref 2); the city said no immediate risk to aquatic life (ref 1), so harm is potential rather than documented.","service":"Everything downstream of the Greenway pedestrian bridge is closed to recreation and Tennessee River access is restricted (ref 1).","scale":"One creek corridor in Chattanooga; no customer service population is reported (refs 1, 2).","duration":"The overflow began about Sept. 30 and was still active in the Oct. 7 report; repairs were scheduled to start Oct. 5 (refs 1, 2).","significance":"The state granted emergency permitting for the repair (ref 1), but no violation notice or penalty is reported in the cited pages."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources do not give a population affected (refs 1, 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"An estimated 500,000 to 700,000 gallons of wastewater entered the creek (city estimate, WTVC Oct. 7)."},"measures":[{"name":"Estimated wastewater released","value":700000,"unit":"gallons (upper estimate)","status":"Estimated","note":"City range 500,000-700,000 gallons (ref 2)."},{"name":"Estimated pipe replacement cost","value":7,"unit":"million USD (upper estimate)","status":"Estimated","note":"City range $5-$7 million, work possible within two years (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single event; status after Oct. 7 not reported."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Chattanooga Wastewater Department","role":"Sewer owner and operator"},{"name":"Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC)","role":"State environmental regulator; emergency permit and monitoring"}],"public_contact":"City of Chattanooga Wastewater Department, chattanooga.gov","corrective_actions":["Crews clearing terrain for equipment access; full repairs scheduled to begin Oct. 5 under a state emergency permit (ref 1)","Containment, then bacteria testing before recreation is reopened (ref 2)","City said it will issue preliminary public notices immediately in future incidents (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Chattanooga closes South Chickamauga Creek Greenway downstream amid sewer overflow","publisher":"WTVC NewsChannel 9","date":"2026-10-02","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://newschannel9.com/news/local/chattanooga-closes-south-chickamauga-creek-greenway-downstream-amid-sewer-overflow","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Aging 1970s pipes blamed for sewage overflow into Chattanooga's South Chickamauga Creek","publisher":"WTVC NewsChannel 9","date":"2026-10-07","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://newschannel9.com/news/local/sewage-impacted-south-chickamauga-creek-gets-major-cleanup","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":4,"note":"New record."}]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","issue_layer":"Infrastructure","secondary_categories":[],"secondary_drivers":["Gulf moisture plus hurricane remnants over saturated soil"],"first_seen":"2026-10-14","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Total damage estimate","Counties covered by the disaster declaration","Federal declaration status"],"related_ids":["US-NE-STATEWIDE-FLOOD-DISASTERS-2024","US-NE-OMAHA-CSO-CONSENT-ORDER-2037"],"id":"US-NE-OMAHA-LINCOLN-FLASH-FLOOD-2026-10","title":"Omaha and Lincoln flash flooding: 80 water rescues, record Lincoln rainfall, state disaster declaration","description":"Overnight Sept. 30 to Oct. 1, storms dropped 3 to 5 inches (pockets of 6 to 8) on the Omaha metro and a record 6.15 inches on Lincoln, flooding the Papillion Creek watershed and Lincoln streets. Omaha crews made 80 water rescues, and 22 homes in Millard Woods mobile home park were later declared unlivable. Gov. Jim Pillen signed a disaster declaration.","location":{"name":"Omaha and Lincoln metro areas","type":"Urban flood zone (Papillion Creek watershed, Salt Creek basin)","state":"NE","states":["NE"],"detail":"Douglas, Sarpy and Lancaster counties; flooding also reported in Adams County and southwest Iowa","coordinates":{"lat":41.2565,"lon":-95.9345,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Douglas","Sarpy","Lancaster","Adams"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","layer_rationale":"Intense rainfall overwhelmed streams and urban drainage, damaging homes and closing roads.","severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":1,"scale":2,"duration":0,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"Omaha Fire logged 116 calls in three hours, 80 of them water rescues, with floodwater 6-8 feet deep near 62nd and J (ref 1); 22 Millard Woods homes were declared unlivable (ref 3).","service":"Roads including U.S. 75 and Nebraska 370 closed (refs 1, 5) and displaced Millard Woods households had 10 days to vacate (refs 3, 4).","scale":"Flooding hit the Omaha metro, Lincoln and southeast Nebraska, with Lincoln at 6.15 inches in a day (refs 1, 2).","duration":"Flooding lingered into the following weekend in southeast Nebraska and southwest Iowa (ref 5), though the rain event itself lasted hours.","significance":"Gov. Pillen signed a disaster declaration on Oct. 1 and ordered state resources made available (ref 2)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources report rescues and 22 uninhabitable homes but no total population affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"80 of 116 Omaha Fire Department calls between 11 p.m. and 2 a.m. were water rescues; Lincoln recorded 6.15 inches, breaking the 1910 record of 5.45 inches."},"measures":[{"name":"Lincoln one-day rainfall","value":6.15,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"Previous record 5.45 inches, August 1910 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Omaha water rescues","value":80,"unit":"rescues","status":"Reported","note":"Of 116 calls for assistance (ref 1)."},{"name":"Homes declared unlivable (Millard Woods)","value":22,"unit":"homes","status":"Reported","note":"Residents told to leave within about 10 days (refs 3, 4)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Little to no rain was forecast for at least a week after the event (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Governor of Nebraska","role":"Issued disaster declaration"},{"name":"City of Omaha and Omaha Fire Department","role":"Emergency response"},{"name":"National Weather Service Omaha","role":"Forecasting and flood warnings"}],"public_contact":"Heartland Hope Mission (402-733-1904) coordinates household recovery help per ref 4; city and county emergency management offices publish updates","corrective_actions":["State resources ordered available under the governor's disaster declaration (ref 2)","United Way provided 10 nights of temporary housing and Heartland Hope Mission began case management for displaced Millard Woods families (refs 3, 4)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"\"Never Seen It That High\": Omaha (NE) Flooding Prompts 80 Water-Rescue Calls Across City","publisher":"Fire Engineering (Omaha World-Herald)","date":"2026-10-02","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.fireengineering.com/technical-rescue/water-rescue/never-seen-it-that-high-omaha-ne-flooding-prompts-80-water-rescue-calls-across-city/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Nebraska floods: Gov. Pillen signs disaster declaration","publisher":"WOWT","date":"2026-10-01","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.wowt.com/2026/10/01/nebraska-floods-gov-pillen-plans-sign-disaster-declaration/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"22 Millard Woods homes unlivable after Omaha-area flooding, residents told to leave in 10 days","publisher":"WOWT","date":"2026-10-08","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.wowt.com/2026/10/09/22-millard-woods-homes-unlivable-after-omaha-area-flooding-residents-told-leave-10-days/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":4,"title":"Families given 10 days to leave flood-damaged Millard Woods Estates homes","publisher":"WOWT","date":"2026-10-09","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.wowt.com/2026/10/09/families-given-10-days-leave-flood-damaged-millard-woods-estates-homes/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":5,"title":"Sun's out, streams still swollen: Omaha warms up as flooding hangs on","publisher":"Hoodline","date":"2026-10-02","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://hoodline.com/2026/10/sun-s-out-streams-still-swollen-omaha-warms-up-as-flooding-hangs-on/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":7,"note":"New record."}]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","issue_layer":"Infrastructure","secondary_categories":["stormwater-flooding","surface-water"],"secondary_drivers":["Inflow and infiltration during hurricane-remnant rainfall"],"first_seen":"2026-10-14","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["State agency response","Corrective work at the junction box"],"related_ids":["US-NC-WESTERN-ISAIAS-FLASH-FLOOD-2026-10"],"id":"US-NC-MORGANTON-JUNCTION-BOX-OVERFLOW-2026-10","title":"Morganton junction box overflows about 840,000 gallons into Hunting Creek during Isaias rain","description":"Morganton reported two storm-related sewer overflows on Sunday, Oct. 11: about 840,000 gallons from a junction box on Vine Arden Road near the wastewater plant into Hunting Creek, and about 1,500 gallons from a West Fleming Drive manhole into a storm drain. City officials said the flow was mostly rainwater entering the sewer. Reports differ on duration: WBTV says about two hours, WSOC says 1 a.m. to 3 p.m.","location":{"name":"Vine Arden Road junction box, Morganton","type":"Municipal sewer junction box and creek","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Morganton, Burke County; Hunting Creek","coordinates":{"lat":35.7454,"lon":-81.6848,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Burke"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"wastewater-sewer","layer_rationale":"Rainwater infiltration overwhelmed a sewer junction box, so the harm arises from collection-system capacity.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":2,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"About 840,000 gallons entered Hunting Creek (ref 1, ref 2); the cited pages report no warnings, injuries or fish kills, so harm is potential.","service":"Neither the WBTV nor the WSOC report mentions any loss of sewer service (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Two overflows in one city system, about 841,500 gallons combined (ref 2).","duration":"The same Vine Arden Road junction box overflowed about 560,000 gallons into Hunting Creek in January 2024 (ref 3).","significance":"Only a city news release is cited; no state notice of violation or penalty appears in refs 1-3."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources give no population affected."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"About 840,000 gallons into Hunting Creek and about 1,500 gallons into a storm drain (City of Morganton, via WBTV and WSOC, Oct. 12)."},"measures":[{"name":"Junction box overflow to Hunting Creek","value":840000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Duration reported as about two hours (ref 1) or 1 a.m. to 3 p.m. (ref 2)."},{"name":"Manhole overflow to storm drain","value":1500,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"1 a.m. to 6 a.m., 810 West Fleming Drive (ref 2)."},{"name":"Prior overflow, same junction box (January 2024)","value":560000,"unit":"gallons","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 3."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Volatile or Mixed","note":"Repeat overflows at the same Vine Arden Road box in 2024 and 2026 (refs 2, 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Morganton","role":"Sewer owner and operator"},{"name":"North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality","role":"State regulator (no action reported in cited sources)"}],"public_contact":"City of Morganton Water Resources, morgantonnc.gov","corrective_actions":[],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Isaias' remnants bring flooding, 840,000 gallon sewage spill to western North Carolina","publisher":"WBTV","date":"2026-10-12","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.wbtv.com/2026/10/12/isaias-remnants-bring-flooding-840000gallon-sewage-spill-western-north-carolina/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Hurricane Isaias: hundreds of thousands of gallons of wastewater spill into local creek","publisher":"WSOC-TV","date":"2026-10-12","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.wsoctv.com/news/local/hurricane-isaias-hundreds-gallons-wastewater-spill-into-local-creek/P57ZXVX5VJESZLHEG43IX37MJU/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Flooding leads to large sewer spill in Morganton","publisher":"WSOC-TV","date":"2024-01-10","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.wsoctv.com/news/local/flooding-leads-large-sewer-spill-morganton/W7OAZMZNTJGK5NULHHI6PR3UVQ","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record."}]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","issue_layer":"Infrastructure","secondary_categories":[],"secondary_drivers":["Post-tropical cyclone rainfall"],"first_seen":"2026-10-14","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Damage estimate","Declarations"],"related_ids":["US-NC-MORGANTON-JUNCTION-BOX-OVERFLOW-2026-10","US-AL-COASTAL-HURRICANE-ISAIAS-2026-10"],"id":"US-NC-WESTERN-ISAIAS-FLASH-FLOOD-2026-10","title":"Isaias remnants flood western North Carolina: dozens of rescues, landslides, 3-10 inches of rain","description":"Remnants of Hurricane Isaias dropped 3 to 6 inches in Burke County and 4.5 to 7.5 inches in Ashe and Watauga counties on Oct. 10-11, with localized Blue Ridge totals of 8 to 10 inches. Officials reported dozens of water rescues, landslides along N.C. 226 and flood sirens near Chimney Rock as Lake Lure Dam releases increased. No North Carolina deaths were reported.","location":{"name":"Western North Carolina foothills and mountains","type":"Multi-county flash flood area","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"Blue Ridge foothills and mountains; Catawba and Broad River basins","coordinates":{"lat":35.7454,"lon":-81.6848,"precision":"county","source_ref":2},"counties":["Burke","McDowell","Ashe","Watauga","Rutherford","Mitchell"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"stormwater-flooding","layer_rationale":"Extreme rainfall on saturated ground overwhelmed creeks and roadways.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Dozens of water rescues, including a dock on the Catawba River in Burke County and a submerged vehicle on N.C. 126 (ref 2); no North Carolina deaths are attributed in ref 1.","service":"Roads such as N.C. 18 and U.S. 64 in Chesterfield County, and five landslides on N.C. 226 in McDowell County, disrupted travel (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Rain of 3 to 10 inches across Burke, McDowell, Ashe, Watauga and neighboring counties (ref 2).","duration":"Heavy rain fell Saturday night to Sunday, Oct. 10-11, and runoff flood risk persisted Sunday afternoon (ref 2).","significance":"No state or federal declaration for North Carolina is reported in refs 1-3; only National Weather Service flood warnings are cited."}},"status":"Resolved or Stabilized","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources give no population count."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"3.81 inches at Asheville Regional Airport, a daily record; over 7 inches in parts of McDowell County overnight (NWS and NC Emergency Management via Spectrum News)."},"measures":[{"name":"Ashe and Watauga rainfall","value":7.5,"unit":"inches (upper end of 4.5-7.5)","status":"Reported","note":"NWS via WBTV (ref 2)."},{"name":"Broad River forecast crest near Shelby Highway","value":16.7,"unit":"feet","status":"Reported","note":"Flood stage not given for this gauge in ref 2."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"Rain ended Sunday afternoon and drier days were forecast (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"North Carolina Emergency Management","role":"State emergency response"},{"name":"National Weather Service","role":"Flood warnings"}],"public_contact":"North Carolina Emergency Management, ncdps.gov","corrective_actions":["N.C. Swift Water Rescue Team and county emergency services performed rescues (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Isaias landslides, flash flooding in North Carolina","publisher":"Spectrum News Charlotte","date":"2026-10-11","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nc/charlotte/news/2026/10/11/isaias-landslides-flash-flooding-nc","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Isaias remnants bring flooding, rescues, road closures to western North Carolina","publisher":"WBTV","date":"2026-10-11","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.wbtv.com/2026/10/11/isaias-remnants-bring-flooding-rescues-road-closures-western-north-carolina-photos-here/","basis":"News report"},{"ref":3,"title":"Isaias' remnants bring flooding, 840,000 gallon sewage spill to western North Carolina","publisher":"WBTV","date":"2026-10-12","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.wbtv.com/2026/10/12/isaias-remnants-bring-flooding-840000gallon-sewage-spill-western-north-carolina/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Resolved or Stabilized","score":3,"note":"New record."}]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","secondary_categories":[],"secondary_drivers":["Dry late summer after a wet January-June"],"first_seen":"2026-10-14","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Well and water supply impacts","State declarations"],"related_ids":["US-WI-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-IRRIGATION-2023","US-NATIONAL-DROUGHT-2026-10"],"id":"US-WI-NORTHERN-EXCEPTIONAL-DROUGHT-2026-10","title":"Northern Wisconsin records its largest exceptional (D4) drought on record, 4.5% of the state","description":"As of Oct. 6, 4.47% of Wisconsin was in exceptional drought, the largest area on record, covering parts of Bayfield, Douglas, Iron, Ashland and Sawyer counties; the previous record was 3.29% on Sept. 19, 2023. Statewide 50.6% of Wisconsin is in drought, while southern Wisconsin is drought-free. The same Drought Monitor week also raised D4 in northern Wisconsin and spread D2 across Michigan's Upper Peninsula.","location":{"name":"Northern Wisconsin (Lake Superior region)","type":"Multi-county drought area","state":"WI","states":["WI"],"detail":"Lake Superior south shore and northwest Wisconsin","coordinates":{"lat":46.63,"lon":-91.15,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Bayfield","Douglas","Iron","Ashland","Sawyer"],"extent":"multi_county"},"primary_category":"drought-scarcity","layer_rationale":"Precipitation deficits are the documented condition affecting water availability.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Wisconsin State Climatology Office calls the northern exceptional drought the largest in state history (ref 1); the cited pages document no well, supply or crop losses, so harm is limited.","service":"No water restrictions or supply interruptions are reported in refs 1-3.","scale":"50.6% of the state is in D1-D4 and about 1.0 million residents live in drought areas (ref 2).","duration":"August 2026 was the 33rd driest on record and the area had eased to D3 in mid-September before D4 returned (ref 2, ref 1).","significance":"Classification is the U.S. Drought Monitor; no emergency declaration is cited in refs 1-3."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":1000000,"status":"Reported","note":"About 1.0 million Wisconsin residents are in areas of drought, per Drought.gov (ref 2); not all live in D4."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"4.47% of Wisconsin in exceptional drought as of Oct. 6, the largest on record (Wisconsin State Climatology Office via Spectrum News)."},"measures":[{"name":"Area in D4","value":4.47,"unit":"percent of Wisconsin","status":"Reported","note":"Prior record 3.29% on Sept. 19, 2023 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Area in D1-D4","value":50.6,"unit":"percent of Wisconsin","status":"Reported","note":"Valid Oct. 6, 2026 (ref 2)."},{"name":"August 2026 precipitation","value":2.78,"unit":"inches","status":"Reported","note":"1.00 inch below normal; 33rd driest August since 1895 (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"D4 expanded in the week valid Oct. 6 (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Wisconsin State Climatology Office","role":"State drought and climate monitoring"},{"name":"U.S. Drought Monitor (NDMC, USDA, NOAA)","role":"Drought classification"}],"public_contact":"Wisconsin State Climatology Office, climatology.aos.wisc.edu","corrective_actions":[],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Northern Wisconsin in largest exceptional drought on record","publisher":"Spectrum News 1 Wisconsin","date":"2026-10-08","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://spectrumnews1.com/wi/milwaukee/news/2026/10/08/drought-northern-wisconsin-record-history","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Drought Conditions for Wisconsin (data valid 10/06/26)","publisher":"Drought.gov (NIDIS)","date":null,"accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.drought.gov/states/wisconsin","basis":"Primary or official record"},{"ref":3,"title":"U.S. Drought Monitor weekly summary (valid Oct. 6, 2026)","publisher":"National Drought Mitigation Center","date":null,"accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Summary.aspx","basis":"Primary or official record"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record."}]},{"revision":1,"change_type":"new","issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","secondary_categories":["industrial-energy"],"secondary_drivers":["Renewable-fuels wastewater disposal"],"first_seen":"2026-10-14","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["Court docket number","Ruling"],"related_ids":[],"id":"US-MT-MADISON-AQUIFER-INJECTION-EXEMPTION-2026","title":"Pondera County and groups challenge EPA exemption for industrial wastewater injection into Madison Aquifer","description":"EPA on May 1, 2026 expanded an aquifer exemption of about 6.6 square miles west of Valier, Montana, covering two Montalban Oil & Gas wells that could take industrial wastewater from Montana Renewables. Pondera County and conservation groups petitioned the Ninth Circuit, arguing EPA did not adequately assess fluid migration and that the aquifer could serve as a future drinking water source. EPA says fluids would move about two miles in 10,000 years and the water would never be practical to drink.","location":{"name":"Madison Aquifer exemption area west of Valier","type":"Aquifer exemption area and injection wells","state":"MT","states":["MT"],"detail":"Pondera County; Jody Field 34-1 and 34-2 wells","coordinates":{"lat":48.3063,"lon":-112.2523,"precision":"city","source_ref":2},"counties":["Pondera"],"extent":"site"},"primary_category":"groundwater","layer_rationale":"Injection of industrial wastewater could affect a deep aquifer, a groundwater quality and quantity question.","severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":2},"notes":{"harm":"No contamination is reported; petitioners argue EPA did not assess fluid migration beyond the exemption and cite confining layers not present as assumed (ref 1).","service":"No water service effect is reported in refs 1-2.","scale":"The exemption covers about 6.6 square miles and two injection wells, and the irrigation district covers about 80,000 acres (refs 1, 2).","duration":"EPA decided May 1, the first petition was reported June 16, and an appeal date of Sept. 30 is reported (refs 1, 2).","significance":"Pondera County and environmental groups are challenging an EPA aquifer exemption in the Ninth Circuit (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Sources report no population; a nearby irrigation district covers about 80,000 acres (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Exemption covers about 6.6 square miles and two wells; permit covers more than 300 million gallons per well (Daily Montanan, June 16)."},"measures":[{"name":"Exemption area","value":6.6,"unit":"square miles","status":"Reported","note":"Ref 1."},{"name":"Estimated disposal need","value":230000,"unit":"gallons per day","status":"Reported","note":"December 2024 environmental assessment (ref 2)."},{"name":"EPA modeled migration","value":2,"unit":"miles downgradient over 10,000 years","status":"Reported","note":"EPA modeling disputed by petitioners (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Court appeal pending; no ruling reported."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. EPA","role":"Approved aquifer exemption"},{"name":"Montalban Oil & Gas Operations Inc.","role":"Well operator and permit holder"},{"name":"Pondera County","role":"Petitioner"},{"name":"U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit","role":"Reviewing court"}],"public_contact":"U.S. EPA Region 8, epa.gov/aboutepa/epa-region-8-mountains-and-plains","corrective_actions":["EPA states final permit conditions are intended to prevent contamination outside the exempted area (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Appeal challenges EPA approval of wastewater injection into Montana aquifer","publisher":"Water & Wastes Digest","date":"2026-10-07","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.wwdmag.com/compliance-regulations/news/55410225/appeal-challenges-epa-approval-of-wastewater-injection-into-montana-aquifer","basis":"News report"},{"ref":2,"title":"Pondera County, environmental groups petition EPA over refinery wastewater","publisher":"Daily Montanan","date":"2026-06-16","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://dailymontanan.com/2026/06/16/pondera-county-environmental-groups-petition-epa-over-refinery-wastewater/","basis":"News report"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record."}]},{"id":"US-MULTI-EPA-CWA-FRP-DELAY-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"EPA delays hazardous-substance spill response plan deadline to 2030","description":"EPA's final rule published Oct. 13, 2026 (91 FR 64774) moves the date by which onshore facilities must submit Clean Water Act hazardous-substance facility response plans from June 1, 2027 to June 1, 2030. The same rule strips climate change and environmental justice language from 40 CFR part 118. EPA says it needs time to build compliance tools; commenters from citizen and environmental groups opposed the delay, citing the risk of discharges in the meantime.","location":{"name":"U.S. facilities handling CWA hazardous substances","type":"National Clean Water Act spill-planning rule","state":"DC","states":["DC"],"detail":"Nationwide: onshore non-transportation facilities that could cause substantial harm to navigable waters from a worst-case hazardous-substance discharge (40 CFR part 118).","extent":"national","counties":[]},"primary_category":"industrial-energy","secondary_categories":["governance-affordability-equity"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding is a regulatory timing change that postpones spill-preparedness planning for industrial facilities nationwide.","secondary_drivers":["Deregulatory rulemaking under Executive Order 14192 (ref 1)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":0,"scale":2,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No discharge is attributed to the delay; commenters argued a spill in the interim could cause environmental impacts, and EPA says the delay allows more protective planning (ref 1).","service":"The rule governs facility planning and does not touch water service (ref 1).","scale":"The rule covers every facility meeting the part 118 substantial-harm criteria across dozens of industrial NAICS sectors, from chemical manufacturing to utilities (ref 1).","duration":"The 2024 final rule set a June 1, 2027 submission date; the new date of June 1, 2030 adds three years (ref 1).","significance":"A final rule, effective Dec. 14, 2026, under docket EPA-HQ-OLEM-2021-0585, drew 30 comments, 18 supporting and 11 opposing (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"The rule does not estimate people exposed (ref 1)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Compliance date for facility response plans moves from June 1, 2027 to June 1, 2030 (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Compliance delay","value":3,"unit":"years","status":"Reported","note":"June 1, 2027 to June 1, 2030 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Annualized cost savings to facilities (7% discount rate, 2024 dollars)","value":25.97,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"EPA estimate; $17.95 million at 3% (ref 1)."},{"name":"Public comments on the March 2026 proposal","value":30,"unit":"comments","status":"Reported","note":"18 supporting, 11 opposing, one requesting information (ref 1)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The 2024 rule was issued March 2024 and delayed by this rule; no earlier delays are cited (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Land and Emergency Management","role":"Rule author and regulator"}],"public_contact":"EPA Waste and Chemicals Implementation Division, 202-566-0501 (contact listed in the Federal Register notice)","corrective_actions":["EPA states it will consider implementation and compliance assistance tools and whether revisions are needed before the new deadline (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Clean Water Act Hazardous Substance Facility Response Plans: Compliance Date Delay and Changes To Reflect Administration Policy","publisher":"Federal Register (EPA)","date":"2026-10-13","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/10/13/2026-20849/clean-water-act-hazardous-substance-facility-response-plans-compliance-date-delay-and-changes-to","basis":"Federal Register final rule"},{"ref":2,"title":"Federal Water Tap, October 12, 2026","publisher":"Circle of Blue","date":"2026-10-12","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.circleofblue.org/newsletter/federal-water-tap-october-12-2026-tijuana-river-sewage-contributes-to-harmful-regional-air-pollution-health-agency-says/","basis":"News"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":5,"note":"New record (national sweep: EPA and governance)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-14","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["number of facilities required to file plans"],"related_ids":["US-MULTI-STEAM-ELECTRIC-ELG-DELAY-2025","US-MULTI-COAL-ASH-CCR-RULE-ROLLBACKS-2026"]},{"id":"US-NC-ROCKY-MOUNT-WATER-SALE-OFFER-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Rocky Mount weighs $174.6 million American Water offer amid fiscal oversight","description":"American Water offered Rocky Mount $174.6 million for its water and sewer system in mid-September 2026; the council took no vote and asked for detail on price and upgrade estimates. The offer follows a nearly 15% water and sewer rate increase in March, a state audit of billing and spending, and placement on the state Local Government Commission's Unit Assistance List. In August the council rejected a pause on utility disconnections after residents criticized billing practices.","location":{"name":"Rocky Mount water and sewer system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"NC","states":["NC"],"detail":"City of Rocky Mount, North Carolina","coordinates":{"lat":35.968514,"lon":-77.808294,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":[],"extent":"city","pwsid":"NC0464010"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Systemic/Financial","layer_rationale":"The finding concerns municipal utility finances, rates, disconnections and a proposed private sale rather than a physical failure.","secondary_drivers":["About $200 million of identified treatment, pipe and wastewater upgrades (ref 1)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No health or environmental harm is documented in the cited reports (refs 1-3).","service":"The mayor said hundreds of homes have been disconnected and about 300 households are on a list for large unpaid balances (ref 3).","scale":"NC0464010 serves 55,891 people per SDWIS (ref 4).","duration":"Rates rose in March, the audit report followed in July, the shutoff vote in August and the sale offer in September 2026 (refs 1-3).","significance":"The state auditor reported on billing (ref 2) and the Local Government Commission placed the city on its Unit Assistance List in September 2026 (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":55891,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by NC0464010 per SDWIS (ref 4)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"American Water proposed paying $174.6 million for the city's water and sewer system (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"American Water purchase offer","value":174.6,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Offer presented to council, no vote taken (ref 1)."},{"name":"Identified upgrade needs","value":200,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Company estimate, approximate (ref 1)."},{"name":"March 2026 water and sewer rate increase","value":15,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Reported as nearly 15% (ref 1)."},{"name":"Households on large-unpaid-balance list","value":300,"unit":"households","status":"Reported","note":"Mayor's approximate figure (ref 3)."},{"name":"Unpaid utility bills of two council members found by audit","value":30231.28,"unit":"USD","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Elevated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["State Local Government Commission Unit Assistance List placement (ref 1)","Rates raised nearly 15% in March amid a budget crisis (ref 1)","State audit found millions in overspending by a former city manager (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"The sale offer is new and no council vote or schedule has been reported (ref 1)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Rocky Mount City Council","role":"Utility owner and decision-maker"},{"name":"North Carolina Local Government Commission","role":"State fiscal oversight"},{"name":"North Carolina Utilities Commission","role":"Would set rates if the system were sold (per the company, ref 1)"},{"name":"American Water","role":"Prospective buyer"}],"public_contact":"City of Rocky Mount, via rockymountnc.gov","corrective_actions":["Council asked American Water for more detail on its price and upgrade estimates (ref 1)","Mayor said the council would consider more flexible payment plans (ref 3)","City leaders say finances and oversight have improved (ref 1)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"American Water makes an offer to buy Rocky Mount's water and sewer utility","publisher":"WUNC","date":"2026-09-17","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.wunc.org/environment/2026-09-17/american-water-rocky-mount","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"State auditor releases findings on Rocky Mount utility billing complaints","publisher":"ABC11","date":"2026-07-08","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://abc11.com/post/north-carolina-state-auditor-releases-findings-rocky-mount-utility-billings-complaints/19470926/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Rocky Mount city council rejects utility shutoff moratorium","publisher":"ABC11","date":"2026-08-11","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://abc11.com/post/rocky-mount-city-council-rejects-utility-shutoff-moratorium/19659773/","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record NC0464010","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/NC0464010/JSON","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 Gazetteer Files: Places","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":4,"note":"New record (national sweep: utility sale and affordability)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-14","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["customers served and customer-account count","council vote date on the offer"],"related_ids":["US-PA-AMERICAN-WATER-ESSENTIAL-MERGER-2026"]},{"id":"US-FL-GROVELAND-SUNSHINE-PLANT-OUTAGES-RATE-PAUSE-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Groveland pauses 10% water rate increase after repeated plant outages","description":"Groveland city leaders paused a scheduled 10% potable water rate increase until January 2027 after four utility disruptions in about five weeks that led to multiple boil water notices. City officials blame aging equipment and an outdated control system at the Sunshine Water Treatment Plant, including a software failure that shut off the pumps. The city estimates the two-month pause will cost about $320,000, covered from general reserves, and says it has secured nearly $8 million in loans and grants for upgrades.","location":{"name":"Groveland Water Department (Sunshine Water Treatment Plant)","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"FL","states":["FL"],"detail":"City of Groveland, Lake County, north Groveland service area","coordinates":{"lat":28.610215,"lon":-81.827086,"precision":"city","source_ref":5},"counties":["Lake"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"FL3350476"},"primary_category":"governance-affordability-equity","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Both","layer_rationale":"Equipment failures disrupt service while the council weighs a scheduled rate increase tied to system investment.","secondary_drivers":["Aging control system and a 30-year-old 16-inch water main (ref 1)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"The reports describe service disruptions and boil water notices but no illness or contamination finding (refs 1-3).","service":"Thousands of north Groveland residents lost or had disrupted water in outages, and multiple boil water notices followed (refs 1, 2).","scale":"FL3350476 serves 23,628 people per SDWIS (ref 4); the cited reports say 'thousands' were affected.","duration":"Four disruptions occurred in about five weeks to early October 2026, and the boil advisory of Sept. 27 was lifted the same day (refs 2, 3).","significance":"City leaders formally paused the scheduled increase until January (ref 2); no state enforcement action is cited."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":23628,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served by FL3350476 per SDWIS (ref 4); the number actually affected by the outages was not reported."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"Four utility disruptions in about five weeks and a 10% rate increase paused until January (ref 2)"},"measures":[{"name":"Utility disruptions","value":4,"unit":"outages in about five weeks","status":"Reported","note":"ref 2"},{"name":"Paused potable water rate increase","value":10,"unit":"percent","status":"Reported","note":"Part of a multiyear rate plan approved in 2024 (ref 1)."},{"name":"Estimated revenue cost of the pause","value":320000,"unit":"USD","status":"Estimated","note":"City estimate, to be covered from general reserves (ref 1)."},{"name":"Loans and grants secured for upgrades","value":8,"unit":"million USD","status":"Reported","note":"Described as nearly $8 million (ref 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Watch","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":["Rate revenue reduced by the pause, offset from general reserves (ref 1)"]},"trend":{"direction":"Worsening","note":"Reports count three outages in a month (ref 1) and four disruptions in about five weeks (ref 2), including a repeat of an earlier September software failure (ref 3)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"City of Groveland","role":"Utility owner and operator"},{"name":"Groveland City Council","role":"Rate decisions"}],"public_contact":"City of Groveland Utilities, via the city website","corrective_actions":["Council paused the 10% increase until January (ref 2)","City secured nearly $8 million in loans and grants for water system upgrades (ref 2)","Boil water advisory lifted Sept. 27 (ref 3)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Groveland leaders consider pausing 10% water rate increase after repeated outages","publisher":"WKMG ClickOrlando","date":"2026-10-04","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.clickorlando.com/news/local/2026/10/05/groveland-leaders-consider-pausing-10-water-rate-increase-after-repeated-outages/","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Groveland utility rate hike paused until January after water disruptions","publisher":"WFTV","date":"2026-10-06","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.wftv.com/news/local/lake-county/groveland-utility-rate-hike-paused-until-january-after-water-disruptions/O66MIV3WFJCHZLHHUPA4DM2ZPU/","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"Groveland boil water advisory remains after another pump shutdown","publisher":"Spectrum News 13","date":"2026-09-27","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://mynews13.com/fl/orlando/news/2026/09/27/groveland-boil-water-advisory-remains-after-another-pump-shutdown","basis":"News"},{"ref":4,"title":"SDWIS water system record FL3350476","publisher":"U.S. EPA","date":null,"accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWSID/FL3350476/JSON","basis":"Federal record"},{"ref":5,"title":"2024 Gazetteer Files: Places","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_place_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; place internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":3,"note":"New record (national sweep: rates and service)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-14","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":["number of customers affected","vote count on the pause"],"related_ids":["US-FL-GROVELAND-SUNSHINE-PLANT-FAILURES-2026"]},{"id":"US-MN-MILLE-LACS-HEAT-FISH-KILL-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Mille Lacs Lake heat die-off kills at least 10,000 fish, mostly cisco","description":"At least 10,000 dead fish, mainly cisco with walleye, northern pike, muskies and bass, were reported on the northeast shore of Mille Lacs Lake on Aug. 8 and Aug. 12, 2026 after water temperatures averaged about 77 degrees F. The Minnesota DNR says cisco die-offs happen nearly every year at Mille Lacs, that it was tracking 14 reports on the lake, and that the die-off is not a population-level concern. It planned September sampling to estimate cisco survival.","location":{"name":"Mille Lacs Lake","type":"Lake","state":"MN","states":["MN"],"detail":"Northeast shore near Malmo and Bergstrom Bay, east-central Minnesota","coordinates":{"lat":45.929266,"lon":-93.632748,"precision":"county","source_ref":3},"counties":["Mille Lacs"],"extent":"watershed"},"primary_category":"surface-water","secondary_categories":["drought-scarcity"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"Heat-driven warm water in a shallow lake during drought killed cold-water fish.","secondary_drivers":["Heat wave and a regional 'storage drought' (ref 1)","Hooking mortality of released game fish (ref 2)"],"severity":{"components":{"harm":2,"service":0,"scale":1,"duration":0,"significance":0},"notes":{"harm":"Reporters estimated at least 10,000 dead fish on Aug. 8 and Aug. 12, and the DNR attributes the kill to temperatures near 77-80 degrees F against a cisco tolerance of about 70 degrees F (ref 1).","service":"No drinking-water or supply interruption is reported; shoreline owners faced cleanup of carcasses (refs 1, 2).","scale":"Mille Lacs is a large lake and the die-off was concentrated on the northeast shore, with 14 DNR reports on the lake out of more than 200 statewide by late July (ref 1).","duration":"The kill unfolded over weeks in late July and August 2026 and reports were tapering by late August (refs 1, 2).","significance":"The DNR is monitoring but no enforcement or formal order is cited; the DNR calls the die-off not a population-level concern (ref 1)."}},"status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","population_affected":{"value":null,"status":"Not reported","note":"Not applicable to this ecological finding (refs 1, 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Reported","text":"At least 10,000 dead fish reported on Mille Lacs Lake (ref 1)"},"measures":[{"name":"Dead fish reported (conservative reporter estimate)","value":10000,"unit":"fish","status":"Estimated","note":"Reporter's 'extremely conservative' estimate to the DNR on Aug. 12 (ref 1)."},{"name":"DNR fish-kill reports on Mille Lacs","value":14,"unit":"reports","status":"Reported","note":"As of the Wednesday before the Aug. 24 article; more than 200 statewide by late July (ref 1)."},{"name":"Average water temperature, late July to early August","value":77,"unit":"degrees F","status":"Reported","note":"Reported average; some spots near 80 degrees (refs 1, 2)."}],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Not Indicated","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Improving","note":"The DNR says fish-kill reports were slowing as overnight temperatures dropped and kills usually taper as days shorten (refs 1, 2)."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","role":"Fisheries management and fish-kill response"}],"public_contact":"Minnesota DNR fish die-off reporting line via dnr.state.mn.us","corrective_actions":["DNR to sample the lake's fish population in September to estimate cisco survival (ref 2)","DNR urges anglers to handle fish gently and release quickly in warm water (ref 2)"],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"At least 10k dead fish wash ashore in Mille Lacs Lake die-off","publisher":"KAXE","date":"2026-08-24","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.kaxe.org/local-news/2026-08-24/at-least-10k-dead-fish-wash-ashore-in-mille-lacs-lake-die-off","basis":"News"},{"ref":2,"title":"Thousands of fish die in Mille Lacs Lake as temperatures climb","publisher":"MPR News","date":"2026-08-31","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www.mprnews.org/story/2026/08/31/thousands-of-fish-die-in-mille-lacs-lake-as-temperatures-climb","basis":"News"},{"ref":3,"title":"2024 National Counties Gazetteer File","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","date":"2024-08-30","accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_Gaz_counties_national.zip","basis":"Federal geographic reference; county internal point"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Monitoring or Emerging Risk","score":3,"note":"New record (national sweep: surface water)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-14","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified against source page","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"High"},"missing_fields":["DNR September survey result","official total dead"],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WA-PRESCOTT-BOIL-PRESSURE-LOSS-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Prescott: boil water advisory after equipment failure and system-wide pressure loss","description":"Washington DOH lists a boil water alert for the Town of Prescott (Walla Walla County), issued 10/12/2026, after an equipment failure caused system-wide pressure loss. Customers are told to boil water or use bottled water until further notice.","location":{"name":"Town of Prescott water system","type":"Municipal utility service area","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"Prescott, Walla Walla County","coordinates":{"lat":46.2999,"lon":-118.3167,"precision":"city","source_ref":1},"counties":["Walla Walla"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WA5369250"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":["infrastructure"],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"A pressure-loss event from equipment failure affects delivered water safety and the supply system.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":0,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":0,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"No illness or contaminant result is stated on the DOH alert entry for Prescott (ref 1).","service":"Boil-water recommendation covering the whole system after system-wide pressure loss (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 522 people served by the Town of Prescott system (ref 2).","duration":"Alert issued 10/12/2026, two days before this record; no lift date shown (ref 1).","significance":"Formal state-listed boil water alert, no enforcement order shown (ref 1)."}},"status":"Corrective Action Underway","population_affected":{"value":522,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"Boil water alert issued 10/12/2026; equipment failure with system-wide pressure loss."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single state alert issued; no earlier comparable record opened."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Washington State Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Town of Prescott","role":"Water system operator"}],"public_contact":"Water system contact listed on the state alerts page: 509-301-8652.","corrective_actions":["Customers advised to boil water or use bottled water until further notice (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drinking Water Alerts (active Group A alerts)","publisher":"Washington State Department of Health","date":null,"accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://doh.wa.gov/community-and-environment/drinking-water/active-alerts","basis":"State record"},{"ref":2,"title":"SDWIS water system lookup: Prescott, Town of (WA5369250)","publisher":"U.S. EPA Envirofacts (SDWIS)","date":null,"accessed":"2026-10-14","url":"https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/STATE_CODE/WA/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/PRESCOTT/JSON","basis":"Federal database"}],"history":[{"date":"2026-10-14","status":"Corrective Action Underway","score":2,"note":"New record (alert listed on state active-alerts page)."}],"first_seen":"2026-10-14","latest_seen":"2026-10-14","verification":{"status":"Verified through cited source date(s)","last_verified":"2026-10-14","confidence":"Medium"},"missing_fields":[],"related_ids":[]},{"id":"US-WA-EAGLECREST-ECOLI-BOIL-2026","revision":1,"change_type":"new","title":"Eaglecrest Water and Road Association: E. coli boil water alert, Island County","description":"Washington DOH lists a boil water alert for the Eaglecrest Water and Road Association (Island County), issued 09/04/2026, because tests show E. coli in the water. The alert was still listed on the state page on 2026-10-14.","location":{"name":"Eaglecrest Water and Road Association","type":"Community water association","state":"WA","states":["WA"],"detail":"Island County, Coupeville area","coordinates":{"lat":48.22,"lon":-122.69,"precision":"county","source_ref":1},"counties":["Island"],"extent":"system","pwsid":"WA5326091"},"primary_category":"drinking-water-quality","secondary_categories":[],"issue_layer":"Water Quality/Quantity","layer_rationale":"E. coli detection is a water quality problem at the system level.","secondary_drivers":[],"severity":{"components":{"harm":1,"service":1,"scale":0,"duration":1,"significance":1},"notes":{"harm":"DOH entry states tests show E. coli, an indicator of fecal contamination; no illnesses stated (ref 1).","service":"Boil water or bottled water until further notice (ref 1).","scale":"SDWIS lists 28 people served (ref 2).","duration":"Alert dated 09/04/2026 and still listed about six weeks later (ref 1).","significance":"State-listed alert with no order or fine shown (ref 1)."}},"status":"Ongoing Major Issue","population_affected":{"value":28,"status":"Reported","note":"Population served per SDWIS (ref 2)."},"key_measure":{"status":"Not reported","text":"E. coli detected in tests; boil water alert issued 09/04/2026."},"measures":[],"business_model_risk":{"level":"Unknown","confirmed_insolvency":false,"signals":[]},"trend":{"direction":"Insufficient History","note":"Single state alert issued; no earlier comparable record opened."},"responsible_bodies":[{"name":"Washington State Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water","role":"Primacy regulator"},{"name":"Eaglecrest Water and Road Association","role":"Water system operator"}],"public_contact":"Water system contact listed on the state alerts page: (360) 678-5336.","corrective_actions":["Customers told to boil water or use bottled water until further notice (ref 1)."],"sources":[{"ref":1,"title":"Drinking Water Alerts (active 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r | ; |   | B | u | r | e | a | u |   | o | f |   | R | e | c | l | a | m | a | t | i | o | n | ; |   | B | a | s | i | n |   | s | t | a | t | e | s |   | a | n | d |   | t | r | ","to":"U.S. Department of the Interior; Bureau of Reclamation; Basin states and tribes","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-AR-LAURELWOOD-RADIUM-MCL-2024","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"L | a | u | r | e | l | w | o | o | d |   | W | a | t | e | r |   | S | y | s | t | e | m |   | - |   | p | u | b | l | i | c |   | w | a | t | e | r |   | s | y | s | t | e | m |   | o | w | n | e | r |   | o | r |   | o | p | e | r | a | t | o | r | ; |   | A | r | k | a | n | s | a | s |   | D | ","to":"Laurelwood Water System; Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-AR-GREASY-VALLEY-HAA5-2024","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"G | r | e | a | s | y |   | V | a | l | l | e | y |   | W | a | t | e | r |   | A | s | s | o | c | i | a | t | i | o | n |   | - |   | p | u | b | l | i | c |   | w | a | t | e | r |   | s | y | s | t | e | m |   | o | w | n | e | r |   | o | r |   | o | p | e | r | a | t | o | r | ; |   | A | r | ","to":"Greasy Valley Water Association; Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-AR-HARMONY-TTHM-2024","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"H | a | r | m | o | n | y |   | W | a | t | e | r |   | A | s | s | o | c | i | a | t | i | o | n |   | - |   | p | u | b | l | i | c |   | w | a | t | e | r |   | s | y | s | t | e | m |   | o | w | n | e | r |   | o | r |   | o | p | e | r | a | t | o | r | ; |   | A | r | k | a | n | s | a | s | ","to":"Harmony Water Association; Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-AR-LAKESIDE-TTHM-2024","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"L | a | k | e | s | i | d | e |   | W | a | t | e | r |   | A | s | s | o | c | i | a | t | i | o | n |   | - |   | p | u | b | l | i | c |   | w | a | t | e | r |   | s | y | s | t | e | m |   | o | w | n | e | r |   | o | r |   | o | p | e | r | a | t | o | r | ; |   | A | r | k | a | n | s | a | ","to":"Lakeside Water Association; Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-AR-OZAN-CREEK-TTHM-2024","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"O | z | a | n |   | C | r | e | e | k |   | R | u | r | a | l |   | P | u | b | l | i | c |   | W | a | t | e | r |   | A | u | t | h | o | r | i | t | y |   | - |   | p | u | b | l | i | c |   | w | a | t | e | r |   | s | y | s | t | e | m |   | o | w | n | e | r |   | o | r |   | o | p | e | r | ","to":"Ozan Creek Rural Public Water Authority; Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-AR-TRI-COUNTY-MOORES-CHAPEL-TTHM-2024","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"T | r | i |   | C | o | u | n | t | y |   | M | o | o | r | e | s |   | C | h | a | p | e | l |   | W | a | t | e | r |   | A | s | s | o | c | i | a | t | i | o | n |   | - |   | p | u | b | l | i | c |   | w | a | t | e | r |   | s | y | s | t | e | m |   | o | w | n | e | r |   | o | r |   | o | ","to":"Tri County Moores Chapel Water Association; Arkansas Department of Health Engineering Section","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-AR-STATEWIDE-RECURRING-DROUGHT-2023-2026","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"N | a | t | i | o | n | a | l |   | W | e | a | t | h | e | r |   | S | e | r | v | i | c | e |   | - |   | d | r | o | u | g | h | t |   | m | o | n | i | t | o | r | i | n | g |   | a | n | d |   | o | u | t | l | o | o | k | ; |   | U | . | S | . |   | D | r | o | u | g | h | t |   | M | o | n | ","to":"National Weather Service; U.S. Drought Monitor; U.S. Department of Agriculture Farm Service Agency; Arkansas Department of Agriculture","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-AR-ILLINOIS-RIVER-POULTRY-LITIGATION-2026","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"U | . | S | . |   | D | i | s | t | r | i | c | t |   | C | o | u | r | t |   | f | o | r |   | t | h | e |   | N | o | r | t | h | e | r | n |   | D | i | s | t | r | i | c | t |   | o | f |   | O | k | l | a | h | o | m | a |   | - |   | f | e | d | e | r | a | l |   | a | d | j | u | d | i | c | ","to":"U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma; Oklahoma Office of the Attorney General; Oklahoma Conservation Commission; Arkansas Division of Environmental Quality","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-AR-BUFFALO-RIVER-MULTIPARAMETER-IMPAIRMENT-2024","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"A | r | k | a | n | s | a | s |   | D | i | v | i | s | i | o | n |   | o | f |   | E | n | v | i | r | o | n | m | e | n | t | a | l |   | Q | u | a | l | i | t | y |   | - |   | a | s | s | e | s | s | m | e | n | t | , |   | p | l | a | n | n | i | n | g |   | a | n | d |   | C | a | t | e | g | ","to":"Arkansas Division of Environmental Quality; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 6; National Park Service","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-AR-BAYOU-BARTHOLOMEW-OXYGEN-TURBIDITY-2026","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"A | r | k | a | n | s | a | s |   | D | i | v | i | s | i | o | n |   | o | f |   | E | n | v | i | r | o | n | m | e | n | t | a | l |   | Q | u | a | l | i | t | y |   | - |   | a | s | s | e | s | s | m | e | n | t |   | a | n | d |   | T | M | D | L |   | i | m | p | l | e | m | e | n | t | a | ","to":"Arkansas Division of Environmental Quality; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 6","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-CA-SWP-PARTIAL-ALLOCATIONS-2024-2026","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"C | a | l | i | f | o | r | n | i | a |   | D | e | p | a | r | t | m | e | n | t |   | o | f |   | W | a | t | e | r |   | R | e | s | o | u | r | c | e | s | ; |   | 2 | 9 |   | S | t | a | t | e |   | W | a | t | e | r |   | P | r | o | j | e | c | t |   | c | o | n | t | r | a | c | t | o | r | ","to":"California Department of Water Resources; 29 State Water Project contractors","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-CA-CVP-SOUTH-DELTA-ALLOCATION-2024-2026","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"U | . | S | . |   | B | u | r | e | a | u |   | o | f |   | R | e | c | l | a | m | a | t | i | o | n | , |   | C | a | l | i | f | o | r | n | i | a | - | G | r | e | a | t |   | B | a | s | i | n |   | R | e | g | i | o | n | ; |   | C | V | P |   | c | o | n | t | r | a | c | t | o | r | s","to":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, California-Great Basin Region; CVP contractors","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-CA-CENTRAL-VALLEY-NITRATE-MANAGEMENT-2025","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"C | e | n | t | r | a | l |   | V | a | l | l | e | y |   | R | e | g | i | o | n | a | l |   | W | a | t | e | r |   | Q | u | a | l | i | t | y |   | C | o | n | t | r | o | l |   | B | o | a | r | d | ; |   | S | t | a | t | e |   | W | a | t | e | r |   | R | e | s | o | u | r | c | e | s |   | ","to":"Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board; State Water Resources Control Board; CV-SALTS management zones; Growers, dairies, industrial facilities and wastewater dischargers","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-CA-CENTRAL-VALLEY-DAIRY-MANURE-NITRATE-2026","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"S | t | a | t | e |   | W | a | t | e | r |   | R | e | s | o | u | r | c | e | s |   | C | o | n | t | r | o | l |   | B | o | a | r | d | ; |   | C | e | n | t | r | a | l |   | V | a | l | l | e | y |   | R | e | g | i | o | n | a | l |   | W | a | t | e | r |   | Q | u | a | l | i | t | y |   | ","to":"State Water Resources Control Board; Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board; California dairy operators","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-CA-BAY-DELTA-PLAN-ALLOCATION-2026","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"C | a | l | i | f | o | r | n | i | a |   | S | t | a | t | e |   | W | a | t | e | r |   | R | e | s | o | u | r | c | e | s |   | C | o | n | t | r | o | l |   | B | o | a | r | d | ; |   | C | a | l | i | f | o | r | n | i | a |   | D | e | p | a | r | t | m | e | n | t |   | o | f |   | W | a | ","to":"California State Water Resources Control Board; California Department of Water Resources; U.S. Bureau of Reclamation; public water agencies and water-right holders; California Native American Tribes; Healthy Rivers and Landscapes participants","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-CT-AGRICULTURE-WEATHER-WATER-LOSSES-RECOVERY-2023-2026","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"C | o | n | n | e | c | t | i | c | u | t |   | D | e | p | a | r | t | m | e | n | t |   | o | f |   | A | g | r | i | c | u | l | t | u | r | e | ; |   | U | S | D | A |   | F | a | r | m |   | S | e | r | v | i | c | e |   | A | g | e | n | c | y | ; |   | O | f | f | i | c | e |   | o | f |   | ","to":"Connecticut Department of Agriculture; USDA Farm Service Agency; Office of Governor Ned Lamont; Connecticut congressional delegation","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-CT-MDC-HARTFORD-SEWER-OVERFLOWS-2025","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"M | e | t | r | o | p | o | l | i | t | a | n |   | D | i | s | t | r | i | c | t |   | C | o | m | m | i | s | s | i | o | n | ; |   | C | i | t | y |   | o | f |   | H | a | r | t | f | o | r | d | ; |   | C | T |   | D | E | E | P | ; |   | U | . | S | . |   | E | P | A |   | R | e | g | i | o | ","to":"Metropolitan District Commission; City of Hartford; CT DEEP; U.S. EPA Region 1; U.S. Department of Justice","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-CT-BRIDGEPORT-CSO-SSO-LTCP-2024","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"C | i | t | y |   | o | f |   | B | r | i | d | g | e | p | o | r | t | ; |   | B | r | i | d | g | e | p | o | r | t |   | W | P | C | A | ; |   | C | T |   | D | E | E | P | .","to":"City of Bridgeport; Bridgeport WPCA; CT DEEP","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-CT-GNHWPCA-SEWER-OVERFLOWS-LTCP-2024","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"G | r | e | a | t | e | r |   | N | e | w |   | H | a | v | e | n |   | W | P | C | A | ; |   | C | T |   | D | E | E | P | ; |   | m | e | m | b | e | r |   | m | u | n | i | c | i | p | a | l | i | t | i | e | s | .","to":"Greater New Haven WPCA; CT DEEP; member municipalities","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-CT-NORWICH-CSO-LTCP-2024","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"C | i | t | y |   | o | f |   | N | o | r | w | i | c | h | ; |   | N | o | r | w | i | c | h |   | P | u | b | l | i | c |   | U | t | i | l | i | t | i | e | s | ; |   | C | T |   | D | E | E | P | .","to":"City of Norwich; Norwich Public Utilities; CT DEEP","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-CT-NORWALK-WWTP-BYPASS-ORDER-2024","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"C | i | t | y |   | o | f |   | N | o | r | w | a | l | k | ; |   | N | o | r | w | a | l | k |   | W | P | C | A | ; |   | C | T |   | D | E | E | P | .","to":"City of Norwalk; Norwalk WPCA; CT DEEP","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-CT-WESTERN-FLOOD-DISASTER-2024","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"F | E | M | A | ; |   | C | T |   | D | E | M | H | S | ; |   | C | T | D | O | T | ; |   | C | T |   | D | E | E | P | ; |   | a | f | f | e | c | t | e | d |   | m | u | n | i | c | i | p | a | l | i | t | i | e | s | .","to":"FEMA; CT DEMHS; CTDOT; CT DEEP; affected municipalities","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-CT-NORTH-HARTFORD-MS4-GOVERNANCE-2025","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"C | i | t | y |   | o | f |   | H | a | r | t | f | o | r | d | ; |   | M | D | C | ; |   | U | . | S | . |   | E | P | A |   | R | e | g | i | o | n |   | 1 | ; |   | C | T |   | D | E | E | P | .","to":"City of Hartford; MDC; U.S. EPA Region 1; CT DEEP","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-CT-NY-LONG-ISLAND-SOUND-HYPOXIA-2025","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"C | T |   | D | E | E | P | ; |   | N | Y | S | D | E | C | ; |   | U | . | S | . |   | E | P | A | ; |   | L | o | n | g |   | I | s | l | a | n | d |   | S | o | u | n | d |   | P | a | r | t | n | e | r | s | h | i | p | ; |   | i | n | t | e | r | s | t | a | t | e |   | m | o | n | i | t | o | ","to":"CT DEEP; NYSDEC; U.S. EPA; Long Island Sound Partnership; interstate monitoring partners","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-CT-WOODSTOCK-LINEMASTER-GROUNDWATER-2025","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"U | . | S | . |   | E | P | A |   | R | e | g | i | o | n |   | 1 | ; |   | C | T |   | D | E | E | P | ; |   | L | i | n | e | m | a | s | t | e | r |   | S | w | i | t | c | h |   | C | o | r | p | .","to":"U.S. EPA Region 1; CT DEEP; Linemaster Switch Corp","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-CT-STRATFORD-RAYMARK-CONTAMINATION-2026","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"U | . | S | . |   | E | P | A |   | R | e | g | i | o | n |   | 1 | ; |   | U | . | S | . |   | A | r | m | y |   | C | o | r | p | s |   | o | f |   | E | n | g | i | n | e | e | r | s | ; |   | C | T |   | D | E | E | P | ; |   | T | o | w | n |   | o | f |   | S | t | r | a | t | f | o | r | d | ","to":"U.S. EPA Region 1; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; CT DEEP; Town of Stratford","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-CT-DURHAM-MEADOWS-GROUNDWATER-2025","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"U | . | S | . |   | E | P | A | ; |   | U | . | S | . |   | A | r | m | y |   | C | o | r | p | s |   | o | f |   | E | n | g | i | n | e | e | r | s | ; |   | C | T |   | D | E | E | P | ; |   | T | o | w | n |   | o | f |   | D | u | r | h | a | m | ; |   | C | i | t | y |   | o | f |   | M | i | ","to":"U.S. EPA; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; CT DEEP; Town of Durham; City of Middletown","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-CT-WATERBURY-SCOVILL-INDUSTRIAL-LANDFILL-2024","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"U | . | S | . |   | E | P | A |   | R | e | g | i | o | n |   | 1 | ; |   | C | T |   | D | E | E | P | ; |   | C | i | t | y |   | o | f |   | W | a | t | e | r | b | u | r | y | .","to":"U.S. EPA Region 1; CT DEEP; City of Waterbury","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-CT-WATERBURY-ALBERT-BROS-PRETREATMENT-SNC-2025","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"A | l | b | e | r | t |   | B | r | o | s |   | I | n | c | . | ; |   | C | T |   | D | E | E | P |   | W | a | t | e | r |   | P | e | r | m | i | t | t | i | n | g |   | a | n | d |   | E | n | f | o | r | c | e | m | e | n | t |   | D | i | v | i | s | i | o | n | ; |   | r | e | c | e | i | v | ","to":"Albert Bros Inc; CT DEEP Water Permitting and Enforcement Division; receiving POTW","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-CT-NEW-BRITAIN-GUIDA-SIEBERT-PRETREATMENT-SNC-2025","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"G | u | i | d | a | - | S | i | e | b | e | r | t |   | D | a | i | r | y |   | C | o | m | p | a | n | y | ; |   | C | T |   | D | E | E | P |   | W | P | E | D | ; |   | r | e | c | e | i | v | i | n | g |   | P | O | T | W | .","to":"Guida-Siebert Dairy Company; CT DEEP WPED; receiving POTW","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-CT-SOUTH-WINDSOR-AEROSPACE-TESTING-PRETREATMENT-SNC-2025","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"N | a | m | e | d |   | f | a | c | i | l | i | t | y | ; |   | C | T |   | D | E | E | P |   | W | a | t | e | r |   | P | e | r | m | i | t | t | i | n | g |   | a | n | d |   | E | n | f | o | r | c | e | m | e | n | t |   | D | i | v | i | s | i | o | n | ; |   | r | e | c | e | i | v | i | n | ","to":"Named facility; CT DEEP Water Permitting and Enforcement Division; receiving POTW","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-CT-WATERBURY-AMERICAN-ELECTRO-PRETREATMENT-SNC-2025","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"N | a | m | e | d |   | f | a | c | i | l | i | t | y | ; |   | C | T |   | D | E | E | P |   | W | a | t | e | r |   | P | e | r | m | i | t | t | i | n | g |   | a | n | d |   | E | n | f | o | r | c | e | m | e | n | t |   | D | i | v | i | s | i | o | n | ; |   | r | e | c | e | i | v | i | n | ","to":"Named facility; CT DEEP Water Permitting and Enforcement Division; receiving POTW","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-CT-ORANGE-AMERICAN-SEAL-PRETREATMENT-SNC-2025","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"N | a | m | e | d |   | f | a | c | i | l | i | t | y | ; |   | C | T |   | D | E | E | P |   | W | a | t | e | r |   | P | e | r | m | i | t | t | i | n | g |   | a | n | d |   | E | n | f | o | r | c | e | m | e | n | t |   | D | i | v | i | s | i | o | n | ; |   | r | e | c | e | i | v | i | n | ","to":"Named facility; CT DEEP Water Permitting and Enforcement Division; receiving POTW","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-CT-BETHEL-KANTHAL-PRETREATMENT-SNC-2025","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"N | a | m | e | d |   | f | a | c | i | l | i | t | y | ; |   | C | T |   | D | E | E | P |   | W | a | t | e | r |   | P | e | r | m | i | t | t | i | n | g |   | a | n | d |   | E | n | f | o | r | c | e | m | e | n | t |   | D | i | v | i | s | i | o | n | ; |   | r | e | c | e | i | v | i | n | ","to":"Named facility; CT DEEP Water Permitting and Enforcement Division; receiving POTW","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-CT-MERIDEN-MERIMERE-PRETREATMENT-SNC-2025","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"N | a | m | e | d |   | f | a | c | i | l | i | t | y | ; |   | C | T |   | D | E | E | P |   | W | a | t | e | r |   | P | e | r | m | i | t | t | i | n | g |   | a | n | d |   | E | n | f | o | r | c | e | m | e | n | t |   | D | i | v | i | s | i | o | n | ; |   | r | e | c | e | i | v | i | n | ","to":"Named facility; CT DEEP Water Permitting and Enforcement Division; receiving POTW","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-CT-WATERBURY-MIRROR-POLISHING-PRETREATMENT-SNC-2025","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"N | a | m | e | d |   | f | a | c | i | l | i | t | y | ; |   | C | T |   | D | E | E | P |   | W | a | t | e | r |   | P | e | r | m | i | t | t | i | n | g |   | a | n | d |   | E | n | f | o | r | c | e | m | e | n | t |   | D | i | v | i | s | i | o | n | ; |   | r | e | c | e | i | v | i | n | ","to":"Named facility; CT DEEP Water Permitting and Enforcement Division; receiving POTW","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-CT-ELLINGTON-NATURAL-COUNTRY-FARMS-PRETREATMENT-SNC-2025","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"N | a | m | e | d |   | f | a | c | i | l | i | t | y | ; |   | C | T |   | D | E | E | P |   | W | a | t | e | r |   | P | e | r | m | i | t | t | i | n | g |   | a | n | d |   | E | n | f | o | r | c | e | m | e | n | t |   | D | i | v | i | s | i | o | n | ; |   | r | e | c | e | i | v | i | n | ","to":"Named facility; CT DEEP Water Permitting and Enforcement Division; receiving POTW","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-CT-PLAINVILLE-PLATING-PRETREATMENT-SNC-2025","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"N | a | m | e | d |   | f | a | c | i | l | i | t | y | ; |   | C | T |   | D | E | E | P |   | W | a | t | e | r |   | P | e | r | m | i | t | t | i | n | g |   | a | n | d |   | E | n | f | o | r | c | e | m | e | n | t |   | D | i | v | i | s | i | o | n | ; |   | r | e | c | e | i | v | i | n | ","to":"Named facility; CT DEEP Water Permitting and Enforcement Division; receiving POTW","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-CT-MONTVILLE-RAND-WHITNEY-PRETREATMENT-SNC-2025","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"N | a | m | e | d |   | f | a | c | i | l | i | t | y | ; |   | C | T |   | D | E | E | P |   | W | a | t | e | r |   | P | e | r | m | i | t | t | i | n | g |   | a | n | d |   | E | n | f | o | r | c | e | m | e | n | t |   | D | i | v | i | s | i | o | n | ; |   | r | e | c | e | i | v | i | n | ","to":"Named facility; CT DEEP Water Permitting and Enforcement Division; receiving POTW","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-CT-WATERBURY-SEIDEL-PRETREATMENT-SNC-2025","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"N | a | m | e | d |   | f | a | c | i | l | i | t | y | ; |   | C | T |   | D | E | E | P |   | W | a | t | e | r |   | P | e | r | m | i | t | t | i | n | g |   | a | n | d |   | E | n | f | o | r | c | e | m | e | n | t |   | D | i | v | i | s | i | o | n | ; |   | r | e | c | e | i | v | i | n | ","to":"Named facility; CT DEEP Water Permitting and Enforcement Division; receiving POTW","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-CT-WINSTED-SKF-PRETREATMENT-SNC-2025","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"N | a | m | e | d |   | f | a | c | i | l | i | t | y | ; |   | C | T |   | D | E | E | P |   | W | a | t | e | r |   | P | e | r | m | i | t | t | i | n | g |   | a | n | d |   | E | n | f | o | r | c | e | m | e | n | t |   | D | i | v | i | s | i | o | n | ; |   | r | e | c | e | i | v | i | n | ","to":"Named facility; CT DEEP Water Permitting and Enforcement Division; receiving POTW","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-CT-BLOOMFIELD-SWIFT-TEXTILE-PRETREATMENT-SNC-2025","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"N | a | m | e | d |   | f | a | c | i | l | i | t | y | ; |   | C | T |   | D | E | E | P |   | W | a | t | e | r |   | P | e | r | m | i | t | t | i | n | g |   | a | n | d |   | E | n | f | o | r | c | e | m | e | n | t |   | D | i | v | i | s | i | o | n | ; |   | r | e | c | e | i | v | i | n | ","to":"Named facility; CT DEEP Water Permitting and Enforcement Division; receiving POTW","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-CT-THOMASTON-UNIMETAL-PRETREATMENT-SNC-2025","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"N | a | m | e | d |   | f | a | c | i | l | i | t | y | ; |   | C | T |   | D | E | E | P |   | W | a | t | e | r |   | P | e | r | m | i | t | t | i | n | g |   | a | n | d |   | E | n | f | o | r | c | e | m | e | n | t |   | D | i | v | i | s | i | o | n | ; |   | r | e | c | e | i | v | i | n | ","to":"Named facility; CT DEEP Water Permitting and Enforcement Division; receiving POTW","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-CT-SOUTH-WINDSOR-UNITEX-PRETREATMENT-SNC-2025","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"N | a | m | e | d |   | f | a | c | i | l | i | t | y | ; |   | C | T |   | D | E | E | P |   | W | a | t | e | r |   | P | e | r | m | i | t | t | i | n | g |   | a | n | d |   | E | n | f | o | r | c | e | m | e | n | t |   | D | i | v | i | s | i | o | n | ; |   | r | e | c | e | i | v | i | n | ","to":"Named facility; CT DEEP Water Permitting and Enforcement Division; receiving POTW","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-CT-WEST-HARTFORD-WIREMOLD-PRETREATMENT-SNC-2025","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"N | a | m | e | d |   | f | a | c | i | l | i | t | y | ; |   | C | T |   | D | E | E | P |   | W | a | t | e | r |   | P | e | r | m | i | t | t | i | n | g |   | a | n | d |   | E | n | f | o | r | c | e | m | e | n | t |   | D | i | v | i | s | i | o | n | ; |   | r | e | c | e | i | v | i | n | ","to":"Named facility; CT DEEP Water Permitting and Enforcement Division; receiving POTW","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-PA-ALCOSAN-COMBINED-SEWER-OVERFLOWS-2025","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"Allegheny County Sanitary Authority | 83 customer municipalities | U | S | EPA | Pennsylvania DEP | Allegheny County Health Department","to":"Allegheny County Sanitary Authority; 83 customer municipalities; U.S. EPA; Pennsylvania DEP; Allegheny County Health Department","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-PA-CHESAPEAKE-NUTRIENT-SEDIMENT-GAP-2024","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"Pennsylvania DEP | Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture | county conservation districts | U | S | EPA | Chesapeake Bay Program partners","to":"Pennsylvania DEP; Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture; county conservation districts; U.S. EPA; Chesapeake Bay Program partners","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-PA-HOMESTEAD-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2025","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"Pennsylvania American Water Company | PENNVEST | Pennsylvania DEP | U | S | EPA","to":"Pennsylvania American Water Company; PENNVEST; Pennsylvania DEP; U.S. EPA","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-IL-STATEWIDE-PFAS-RTK-2025","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"Illinois EPA Division of Public Water Supplies | affected community water systems | U | S | EPA for federal PFAS drinking-water regulation","to":"Illinois EPA Division of Public Water Supplies; affected community water systems; U.S. EPA for federal PFAS drinking-water regulation","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-IL-CHICAGO-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2024","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"Chicago Department of Water Management | Illinois EPA | U | S | EPA WIFIA program","to":"Chicago Department of Water Management; Illinois EPA; U.S. EPA WIFIA program","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-IL-CAHOKIA-HEIGHTS-SEWER-2024","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"City of Cahokia Heights | U | S | EPA | U | S | Department of Justice | Illinois EPA | Illinois Attorney General","to":"City of Cahokia Heights; U.S. EPA; U.S. Department of Justice; Illinois EPA; Illinois Attorney General","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-IL-EAST-ST-LOUIS-SEWER-2024","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"City of East St | Louis | U | S | EPA | U | S | Department of Justice | Illinois EPA | Illinois Attorney General","to":"City of East St. Louis; U.S. EPA; U.S. Department of Justice; Illinois EPA; Illinois Attorney General","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-IL-19-WATERS-PHOSPHORUS-2024","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"Illinois EPA | U | S | EPA Region 5 | watershed point and nonpoint-source responsible parties","to":"Illinois EPA; U.S. EPA Region 5; watershed point and nonpoint-source responsible parties","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-OH-CLEVELAND-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2024","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"Cleveland Water | Ohio EPA | U | S | EPA","to":"Cleveland Water; Ohio EPA; U.S. EPA","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-OH-DAYTON-PFAS-GROUNDWATER-2024","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"City of Dayton Department of Water | Wright-Patterson Air Force Base/U | S | Air Force | Ohio EPA | U | S | EPA","to":"City of Dayton Department of Water; Wright-Patterson Air Force Base/U.S. Air Force; Ohio EPA; U.S. EPA","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-OH-MARIETTA-WASTEWATER-ORDER-2024","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"City of Marietta | U | S | EPA Region 5 | Ohio EPA","to":"City of Marietta; U.S. EPA Region 5; Ohio EPA","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-OH-PORT-CLINTON-CSO-RESOLVED-2026","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"City of Port Clinton | Ohio EPA | U | S | EPA | U | S | Department of Justice","to":"City of Port Clinton; Ohio EPA; U.S. EPA; U.S. Department of Justice","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-OH-LAKE-ERIE-HAB-2024","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"NOAA NCCOS | Ohio EPA | U | S | EPA | Ohio Department of Natural Resources | affected drinking-water utilities","to":"NOAA NCCOS; Ohio EPA; U.S. EPA; Ohio Department of Natural Resources; affected drinking-water utilities","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-OH-MAUMEE-NUTRIENTS-2024","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"Ohio EPA | U | S | EPA Region 5 | Ohio Department of Agriculture | USDA | local soil and water conservation districts | agricultural operators","to":"Ohio EPA; U.S. EPA Region 5; Ohio Department of Agriculture; USDA; local soil and water conservation districts; agricultural operators","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-OH-EAST-PALESTINE-STREAM-CLEANUP-2024","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"U | S | EPA | Ohio EPA | Norfolk Southern | Village of East Palestine","to":"U.S. EPA; Ohio EPA; Norfolk Southern; Village of East Palestine","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-NC-STATEWIDE-PFAS-PUBLIC-WATER-2024","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources | public water systems | U | S | EPA","to":"NC DEQ Division of Water Resources; public water systems; U.S. EPA","reason":"Names had been split into single characters or at periods by a formatting error; restored."},{"id":"US-NC-CAPE-FEAR-CHEMOURS-PFAS-2023","date":"2026-10-10","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"NC DEQ | U | S | EPA | U | S | Department of Justice | Chemours","to":"NC DEQ; 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monitoring","future treatment exposure depends on results"],"reason":"Must be an array of strings; the nested signals list is kept."},{"id":"US-CA-DRY-DOMESTIC-WELLS-2026","date":"2026-10-12","field":"secondary_drivers","from":"(object: a misplaced business_model_risk block)","to":[],"reason":"Must be an array of strings; the misplaced block carried no drivers."},{"id":"US-CA-DRY-DOMESTIC-WELLS-2026","date":"2026-10-12","field":"business_model_risk.signals","from":"(object)","to":["household cost and assistance dependence may be material","the cohort is not a utility financial record"],"reason":"Must be an array of strings; the nested signals list is kept."},{"id":"US-CA-URBAN-SUPPLIER-SHORTAGE-PROJECTIONS-2025","date":"2026-10-12","field":"secondary_drivers","from":"(object: a misplaced business_model_risk block)","to":[],"reason":"Must be an array of strings; the misplaced block carried no 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Equity","to":"governance-affordability-equity","reason":"Category names must be slugs; the nearest slug is used."},{"id":"US-FL-GOV-CSWR-CONSOLIDATED-RATE-CASE-2025","date":"2026-10-12","field":"secondary_categories","from":"Utility Financial Distress and Insolvency","to":"governance-affordability-equity","reason":"Category names must be slugs; the nearest slug is used."},{"id":"US-FL-GOV-CSWR-SUNSHINE-LEGACY-RATE-2026","date":"2026-10-12","field":"secondary_categories","from":"Utility Financial Distress and Insolvency","to":"governance-affordability-equity","reason":"Category names must be slugs; the nearest slug is used."},{"id":"US-FL-GOV-GRENELEFE-RATE-COMPLIANCE-2026","date":"2026-10-12","field":"secondary_categories","from":"Utility Financial Distress and Insolvency","to":"governance-affordability-equity","reason":"Category names must be slugs; the nearest slug is used."},{"id":"US-GA-LEE-COUNTY-FLUORIDE-MCL","date":"2026-10-12","field":"trend.direction","from":"Volatile Mixed","to":"Volatile or Mixed","reason":"Contract vocabulary."},{"id":"US-HI-AGWATER-WAIAHOLE-DEBT-ADIT8","date":"2026-10-12","field":"business_model_risk.level","from":"High","to":"Elevated","reason":"Contract vocabulary (Severe, Elevated, Watch, Not Indicated, Unknown)."},{"id":"US-NJ-STATEWIDE-PFAS-PWS-2023","date":"2026-10-12","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"(nested list under one name)","to":["NJDEP Division of Water Supply and Geoscience","Affected public water systems"],"reason":"Each responsible body is one object with a string name."},{"id":"US-NJ-STATEWIDE-LEAD-SERVICE-LINES-2024","date":"2026-10-12","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"(nested list under one name)","to":["NJDEP Division of Water Supply and Geoscience","Public community water systems","New Jersey Infrastructure Bank"],"reason":"Each responsible body is one object with a string name."},{"id":"US-NJ-STATEWIDE-DROUGHT-2024-2026","date":"2026-10-12","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"(nested list under one name)","to":["New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","Water purveyors"],"reason":"Each responsible body is one object with a string name."},{"id":"US-NJ-DELAWARE-ESTUARY-SALT-FRONT-2024","date":"2026-10-12","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"(nested list under one name)","to":["Delaware River Basin Commission","NJDEP"],"reason":"Each responsible body is one object with a string name."},{"id":"US-NJ-21-MUNICIPALITIES-CSO-2024","date":"2026-10-12","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"(nested list under one name)","to":["NJDEP Division of Water Quality","CSO permittees and municipalities","New Jersey Water Bank"],"reason":"Each responsible body is one object with a string name."},{"id":"US-NJ-ATLANTIC-CITY-MS4-2024","date":"2026-10-12","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"(nested list under one name)","to":["City of Atlantic City","U.S. EPA Region 2","NJDEP"],"reason":"Each responsible body is one object with a string name."},{"id":"US-NJ-BACK-BAYS-COASTAL-FLOOD-RISK-2024","date":"2026-10-12","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"(nested list under one name)","to":["U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Philadelphia District","New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","Affected counties and municipalities"],"reason":"Each responsible body is one object with a string name."},{"id":"US-NJ-CRANFORD-ORCHARD-BROOK-FLOOD-BUYOUTS-2024","date":"2026-10-12","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"(nested list under one name)","to":["NJDEP Blue Acres Program","USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service","Cranford Township"],"reason":"Each responsible body is one object with a string name."},{"id":"US-NJ-GIBBSBORO-SHERWIN-WILLIAMS-GROUNDWATER-2025","date":"2026-10-12","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"(nested list under one name)","to":["U.S. EPA Region 2","NJDEP","Sherwin-Williams Company"],"reason":"Each responsible body is one object with a string name."},{"id":"US-NJ-EDGEWATER-QUANTA-HUDSON-SEDIMENT-2024","date":"2026-10-12","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"(nested list under one name)","to":["U.S. EPA Region 2","Potentially responsible parties"],"reason":"Each responsible body is one object with a string name."},{"id":"US-NJ-RARITAN-BAY-SLAG-2024","date":"2026-10-12","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"(nested list under one name)","to":["U.S. EPA Region 2","NJDEP","Settling responsible parties"],"reason":"Each responsible body is one object with a string name."},{"id":"US-NJ-AGRICULTURAL-DROUGHT-2024","date":"2026-10-12","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"(nested list under one name)","to":["New Jersey Department of Agriculture","NJDEP","USDA Farm Service Agency"],"reason":"Each responsible body is one object with a string name."},{"id":"US-NJ-RIVERSIDE-INDUSTRIAL-PARK-CONTAMINATION-2024","date":"2026-10-12","field":"responsible_bodies","from":"(nested list under one name)","to":["U.S. EPA Region 2","NJDEP","PPG 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proceeding."},{"id":"US-HI-FORT-SHAFTER-PFAS-2026","change_type":"merged","merged_into":"US-HI-FORT-SHAFTER-PFAS","reason":"Concurrent Hawaii baseline reconciliation: duplicate coverage of the same underlying system, incident or proceeding."},{"id":"US-HI-RED-HILL-GROUNDWATER-REMEDIATION","change_type":"merged","merged_into":"US-HI-RED-HILL-GROUNDWATER-CLEANUP-2026","reason":"Concurrent Hawaii baseline reconciliation: duplicate coverage of the same underlying system, incident or proceeding."},{"id":"US-HI-STATEWIDE-IMPAIRED-WATERS-2024","change_type":"merged","merged_into":"US-HI-SWQ-2026-INTEGRATED-REPORT","reason":"Concurrent Hawaii baseline reconciliation: duplicate coverage of the same underlying system, incident or proceeding."},{"id":"US-HI-LAHAINA-COASTAL-WILDFIRE-MONITORING","change_type":"merged","merged_into":"US-HI-SWQ-LAHAINA-POSTFIRE-COASTAL-2024","reason":"Concurrent Hawaii baseline reconciliation: duplicate coverage of the same underlying system, incident or 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identified during central reconciliation of concurrent baseline batches."},{"id":"US-HI-WAIALUA-SUGAR-PUMP2-PFAS-2023","change_type":"merged","merged_into":"US-HI-WAIALUA-SUGAR-PUMP2-PFAS","reason":"Duplicate record for the same underlying Hawaii incident or system, identified during central reconciliation of concurrent baseline batches."},{"id":"US-HI-UPCOUNTRY-MAUI-SHORTAGE-2025","change_type":"merged","merged_into":"US-HI-DROUGHT-UPCOUNTRY-MAUI-RECURRING-SHORTAGE","reason":"Duplicate record for the same underlying Hawaii incident or system, identified during central reconciliation of concurrent baseline batches."},{"id":"US-HI-RED-HILL-GROUNDWATER-REMEDIATION","change_type":"merged","merged_into":"US-HI-RED-HILL-GROUNDWATER-CLEANUP-2026","reason":"Duplicate record for the same underlying Hawaii incident or system, identified during central reconciliation of concurrent baseline 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underlying Hawaii incident or system, identified during central reconciliation of concurrent baseline batches."},{"id":"US-HI-STATEWIDE-IMPAIRED-WATERS-2024","change_type":"merged","merged_into":"US-HI-SWQ-2026-INTEGRATED-REPORT","reason":"Duplicate record for the same underlying Hawaii incident or system, identified during central reconciliation of concurrent baseline batches."},{"id":"US-HI-EAST-HONOLULU-WWTP-AMMONIA-2025","change_type":"merged","merged_into":"US-HI-WW-EAST-HONOLULU-AMMONIA-2025","reason":"Duplicate record for the same underlying Hawaii incident or system, identified during central reconciliation of concurrent baseline batches."},{"id":"US-HI-PAHALA-NAALEHU-CESSPOOLS","change_type":"merged","merged_into":"US-HI-WW-PAHALA-NAALEHU-LCC-2017","reason":"Duplicate record for the same underlying Hawaii incident or system, identified during central reconciliation of concurrent baseline 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States"],"categories":[{"slug":"groundwater","researched":true},{"slug":"agricultural","researched":true},{"slug":"drinking-water-quality","researched":true},{"slug":"drinking-water-supply","researched":true},{"slug":"infrastructure","researched":true},{"slug":"wastewater-sewer","researched":true},{"slug":"stormwater-flooding","researched":true},{"slug":"drought-scarcity","researched":true},{"slug":"surface-water","researched":true},{"slug":"industrial-energy","researched":true},{"slug":"governance-affordability-equity","researched":true},{"slug":"water-rights","researched":true},{"slug":"other","researched":true}],"unverified_fields":["Comparable household bills and burden for many systems","Complete statewide local outage, spill, drainage and enforcement archives","Affected population and exact public coordinates for some findings"],"gaps":["Researched by Claude Code agents from EPA ECHO/SDWIS, state agencies, courts and news; documented issues, not a census.","National topical pass (daily sweep 2026-10-14, Claude Code): 220 new findings, added to existing findings."],"exhaustive":false,"scope_limits":"Dedicated Hawaii all-category baseline pass; transient outages and ordinary planned projects were excluded unless evidence established a stable material issue.","baseline_note":"55 new verified records from four dedicated state passes; the national baseline remains in progress.","states_researched":["AK","AL","AR","AS","AZ","CA","CO","CT","DC","DE","FL","GA","GU","HI","IA","ID","IL","IN","KS","KY","LA","MA","MD","ME","MI","MN","MO","MP","MS","MT","NC","ND","NE","NH","NJ","NM","NV","NY","OH","OK","OR","PA","PR","RI","SC","SD","TN","TX","UT","VA","VI","VT","WA","WI","WV","WY"],"statement":"This is a ranked set of discoverable, reported, or officially documented issues, not a census of every U.S. water problem. Low coverage or missing public records do not prove the absence of an issue."},"errors":[]}